Abelmoschus esculentus (L - the University of Maine at Fort Kent
Abelmoschus esculentus (L - the University of Maine at Fort Kent
Abelmoschus esculentus (L - the University of Maine at Fort Kent
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
FOOD PLANTS IN THE AMERICAS:<br />
A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY<br />
Brian M. Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Maine</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>Fort</strong> <strong>Kent</strong>, <strong>Fort</strong> <strong>Kent</strong>, ME 04743<br />
brian.kerm<strong>at</strong>h@maine.edu -- 951-823-3507<br />
Bradley C. Bennett<br />
Florida Intern<strong>at</strong>ional <strong>University</strong>, Miami, FL<br />
bennett@fiu.edu -- 305-348-358<br />
Lydia M. Pulsipher<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Tennessee, Knoxville, TN<br />
lpulsiph@utk.edu -- 865-524-9954<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Table <strong>of</strong> Contents<br />
Section Title Pages<br />
Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas A-Z 3-834<br />
L<strong>at</strong>in Name Index 835-955<br />
Index to Common Names 956-1153<br />
Bibliography 1154-1258<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas A-Z<br />
<strong>Abelmoschus</strong> <strong>esculentus</strong> (L.) Moench [syn. Hibiscus <strong>esculentus</strong> L.]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: bamia, bandakai, gobbo, gombo, gumbo, lady’s-fingers,<br />
ochro, ocoro, ocro, okra<br />
PORTUGUESE: gombô, gombó, quigombô, quigombó, quiabo<br />
SPANISH: ají turco, algalia, bombey, candia, candiá, chaucha turca,<br />
chicombó, chimbombo, gombo, guicombo, guingambó, lagarto,<br />
molondrón, naju, ñajú, quiabo, quimbombó, quimgombó, quingombó,<br />
ruibarbo<br />
USES/NOTES: Elong<strong>at</strong>ed green pod with its mucilaginous seeds is<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en as a cooked vegetable, added to soups and stews, or<br />
pickled. M<strong>at</strong>ure seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, contain an edible oil<br />
used for cooking, and when dried and ground are used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
substitute called café de pobre in some Spanish-speaking areas.<br />
Young leaves, flowers, and calyces are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. The plant,<br />
introduced to Brazil in 1658 with <strong>the</strong> slave trade, is also<br />
medicinal and widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern Africa, perhaps Ethiopia<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin 1982, Martin<br />
and Ruberté 1978a, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Terra 1966, von Reis<br />
Altschul 1973<br />
<strong>Abelmoschus</strong> manihot (L.) Medik. [syn. Hibiscus manihot L.]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: aibika, bele, bush cabbage, bush spinach, edible hibiscus,<br />
flowering okra, hibiscus spinach, island cabbage, palm<strong>at</strong>e-leaved<br />
hibiscus, peli, silk flower, slippery cabbage, sunset hibiscus,<br />
sunset musk-mallow, sweet hibiscus, sweet mallow, yellow<br />
abelmoschus, yellow hibiscus<br />
PORTUGUESE: quiabo, quiabeiro<br />
SPANISH: abelmosco<br />
USES/NOTES: High-yielding and nutritious leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked and<br />
flower buds are edible. Although an important vegetable in<br />
Melanesia and elsewhere in <strong>the</strong> Old World tropics, A. manihot is not<br />
extensively cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> Americas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, <strong>the</strong> South Pacific, and nor<strong>the</strong>astern<br />
Australia<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, GIPI 2006, Wiersema<br />
and León 1999<br />
<strong>Abelmoschus</strong> mosch<strong>at</strong>us (L.) Medikus [syn. Hibiscus abelmoschus L.]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: annual hibiscus, musk, musk mallow, musk okra, ornamental<br />
okra, tropical jewel hibiscus<br />
PORTUGUESE: ambreta, falso-algodão, quiabeiro, quiabo, rosaalmiscarada<br />
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SPANISH: ahoga, algalia, almizcle, almizcle vegetal, almizclillo,<br />
ambarina, amiklío, malva almizclera, mishuisma, pishquisma, tsere<br />
k<strong>at</strong>a, tserék<strong>at</strong>, tserék<strong>at</strong>a<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves, young shoots, roots, and young pods are e<strong>at</strong>en, and<br />
seeds are used to flavor beverages. Also a source <strong>of</strong> an essential<br />
oil used as a flavoring agent.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Asia or Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong><br />
Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Brako and Zarucchi<br />
1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Fryxell 1992, GIPI<br />
2006, MBG n.d., OAS 1973, Renner et al. 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Abies amabilis Douglas ex Forbes<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: amabilis fir, Pacific silver fir, silver fir<br />
PORTUGUESE: abeto<br />
SPANISH: abeto<br />
USES/NOTES: Young branch tips have been used like tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from Alaska to nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
California<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1993, Munz 1968, Turner<br />
and Szczawinski 1978<br />
Abies balsamea (L.) Miller<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: balsam fir<br />
PORTUGUESE: abeto, pinheiro-do-Canadá<br />
SPANISH: abeto, abeto balsámico, abeto canadiense, pinabete<br />
USES/NOTES: Young twig tips are made into tea, trunk’s resin has<br />
been used like chewing gum or to flavor sweets, and cambium<br />
(inner bark) has been used as an emergency flour source, though<br />
described as having a disagreeable flavor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America from West Virginia to Alberta, Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1993, Morton 1976aa,<br />
Peterson 1977, Turner and Szczawinski 1978<br />
Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don in Lamb.) Lindley [syn. A.<br />
excelsior Francis]<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: giant fir, grand fir, gre<strong>at</strong> silver fir, lowland white fir,<br />
white fir<br />
PORTUGUESE: abeto<br />
SPANISH: abeto, abeto blanco americano, abeto de Vancouver<br />
USES/NOTES: Young branch tips have been made into tea, cambium has<br />
been used as an emergency food source, and gum may be chewed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: British Columbia and <strong>the</strong> northwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1993, Mabberley 1987, Munz<br />
and Keck 1959, Turner and Szczawinski 1978, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.<br />
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FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: alpine fir, sub-alpine fir<br />
PORTUGUESE: abeto<br />
SPANISH: abeto, abeto alpino, abeto blanco americano, abeto<br />
subalpino, pinabete<br />
USES/NOTES: Young branch tips are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Alaska through California and highland Arizona<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1993, Turner and<br />
Szczawinski 1978<br />
Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook.<br />
FAMILY: Nyctaginaceae (four o’clock)<br />
ENGLISH: fragrant verbena, fragrant white abronia, heart’s-delight,<br />
sand verbena, snowball, snowbell, sweet sand-verbena<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>of</strong> New Mexico ground <strong>the</strong> roots and added<br />
<strong>the</strong>m to corn prepar<strong>at</strong>ions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Gre<strong>at</strong> Plains from Texas north to <strong>the</strong> Pacific<br />
Northwest<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, LBJWC n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Abronia l<strong>at</strong>ifolia Eschsch.<br />
FAMILY: Nyctaginaceae (four o’clock)<br />
ENGLISH: seacoast abronia, yellow sand-verbena<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots were e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Chinook Indians primarily as an<br />
emergency food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993,<br />
Kunkel 1984, Munz 1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Abrus prec<strong>at</strong>orius L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: coral pea, crab’s-eye, Indian licorice, jequirity bean,<br />
jequirity seeds, jumbie beads, lucky beans, p<strong>at</strong>ernoster beans,<br />
prec<strong>at</strong>ory-bean, rosary pea, wild liquorice<br />
PORTUGUESE: tento-pequeno<br />
SPANISH: chubaroki, huailulo, jequerite, ojo de cangrejo, peonía,<br />
peronilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots have been used like common licorice (Glycyrrhiza<br />
glabra) as a flavoring agent. Deeply colored black and red,<br />
poisonous seeds, known as jequirity beans, are used as beads for<br />
necklaces and similar ornaments. Abrin, a deadly phytotoxin<br />
extracted from <strong>the</strong> seed, is used in medicines in India.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East Indies, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Cid 1978, Duke 1986, FLEPPC 2003, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Usher 1974, Wiersema et al. 1990<br />
Abuta obov<strong>at</strong>a Diels<br />
FAMILY: Menispermaceae (moonseed)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Mesocarp <strong>of</strong> this forest liana is edible and medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern Amazonian Peru, Amazonian Colombia,<br />
Amazonas (Brazil), sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Kruk<strong>of</strong>f 1982, MBG n.d.,<br />
Vásquez 1997<br />
Abutilon esculentum A. St-Hil. and A. megapotamicum (Sprengel) A.<br />
St-Hil. & Naudin<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: abutilon, Brazilian mallow<br />
PORTUGUESE: malva<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Lovelock 1973,<br />
Mabberley 1987<br />
Acacia ac<strong>at</strong>lensis Benth. [syn. A. pueblensis Brandegee]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: borrequitos, guayalote, guayote, yepaquihle, yepaquilitl<br />
USES/NOTES: Flower buds are e<strong>at</strong>en in bean tamales or mashed into a<br />
meal and consumed variously.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Puebla, Mexico to El Salvador<br />
REFERENCES: Berendsohn and Araniva de González 1989a, Hersch-<br />
Martínez 1999<br />
Acacia angustissima (Miller) Kuntze<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: prairie acacia, prairie w<strong>at</strong>tle, whiteball acacia<br />
SPANISH: carboncillo, cabello de ángel, guache, guaje, guaje<br />
blanco, guaje de bajillo, guajillo, guanacaste blanco, palo de<br />
pulque, quebracho rojo, siraku k’am<strong>at</strong>araku, timbe, timben,<br />
timbre, xixit<br />
USES/NOTES: Bark is fermented into an alcoholic beverage called<br />
pulque (a term generaly applied to alcoholic beverages made from<br />
Agave spp.) in Mexico, and fruit pods are edible. The fruit is<br />
also used to “induce” ferment<strong>at</strong>ion in agave pulque. Also<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed as an ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S. to Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, MBG n.d., Torres n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Acacia cornigera (L.) Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: bull-horn acacia<br />
SPANISH: carne suelo, cornizuelo, ixcanal<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pods are e<strong>at</strong>en by children in Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America, n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Breedlove 1986, Poveda and Sánchez 1999<br />
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
ENGLISH: cassie flower, popinac, sponge tree, sweet acacia<br />
PORTUGUESE: espinheiro, esponjinha<br />
SPANISH: aromo, espino, espino blanco, guizache, huisache, huisache<br />
dulce, huizache, pela, uña de cabra, vinorama<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, green fruit pods (which become reddish-brown<br />
when m<strong>at</strong>ure) may be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, leaves are used as a seasoning<br />
like tamarind (Tamarindus indica), and gum has been used as a<br />
famine food. The small, thorny tree, cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> early<br />
1600s in Italy, is grown as an ornamental for its flowers,<br />
delic<strong>at</strong>e fea<strong>the</strong>ry leaves, and interesting form, and its fragrant,<br />
yellow, round flowers are used in cassie perfume.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics perhaps to <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S. (Texas, New<br />
Mexico, Arizona, California, and Florida), though now widely<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized and invasive in places; previously considered to be<br />
tropical African<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Duke n.d., Facciola 1990,<br />
Godfrey 1988, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Nelson 1994, Pereira and Aparecida<br />
n.d., Poveda and Sánchez 1999, Sturtevant 1972, Taylor 1998,<br />
W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975<br />
Acacia greggii Gray<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: c<strong>at</strong>claw, c<strong>at</strong>claw acacia, c<strong>at</strong>’s claw, c<strong>at</strong>’s paw, devil’s<br />
claw, Gregg’s c<strong>at</strong>claw, paradise flower, Texas mimosa, wait-a-bit<br />
tree, wait-a-minute tree<br />
SPANISH: g<strong>at</strong>uño, tesota, uña de g<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Protein-rich pods and seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or boiled.<br />
Dried pods have been used as a flour source by Amerindians <strong>of</strong><br />
southwestern North America. Plant parts also contain prunasin a<br />
poisonous cyanogenic glycoside.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and adjacent southwestern U.S. from Texas to<br />
Utah, Nevada, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn California<br />
REFERENCES: Castetter and Underhill 1935, Chihuahuan Desert Museum<br />
n.d., Clarke 1977, Ebeling 1985, Kirk 1970, Knight and Walter<br />
2002, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. [syn. A. verek Guill. & Perrottet,<br />
Mimosa senegal L.] and A. nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. [syn. A.<br />
arabica (Lam.) Willd.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: acacia, babul, babul acacia, babul gum, Egyptian acacia<br />
(A. nilotica), Egyptian mimosa (A. nilotica), Egyptian thorn (A.<br />
nilotica), gum acacia, gum arabic, gum-arabic tree, kher,<br />
Senegal-gum (A. senegal), Sudan gum-arabic<br />
PORTUGUESE: acácia<br />
SPANISH: acacia, goma arábica<br />
USES/NOTES: Gum arabic, gum acacia, or babul gum, derived from <strong>the</strong><br />
sap <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se drought-tolerant arborescent, woody legumes, is used<br />
in confections, processed foods, adhesives, and pharmaceuticals.<br />
Flowers and young pods are edible.<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: A. senegal from North Africa, possibly to India and<br />
A. nilotica from tropical Africa to tropical Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Mabberley<br />
1987, Prasad 1964, Rhem and Espig 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Wiersema et<br />
al. 1990<br />
Acanthocereus tetragonus (L.) Hummelinck [syn. A. pentagonus (L.)<br />
Britton & Rose, A. pitajaya Dugand Ex Croiz<strong>at</strong>]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: barbed-wire cactus, dildo cactus<br />
SPANISH: dildo espinoso, pitahaya, pitahaya morada, pitajaya, xacub<br />
USES/NOTES: Shiny, scarlet fruits and cooked stems are e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Venezuela, Central America, eastern<br />
Mexico, sou<strong>the</strong>rn coastal Texas, <strong>the</strong> Florida Keys, and Guadeloupe<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Britton and Rose 1963, Duke n.d., Hoyas<br />
1989, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Acanthosyris falc<strong>at</strong>a Griseb.<br />
FAMILY: Santalaceae (sandalwood)<br />
ENGLISH: nara cherry<br />
SPANISH: sacha-pera, saucillo, yva he’e<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy, though <strong>of</strong>ten fibrous yellowish drupes (~1.5cm)<br />
are sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Foster 1958, López et al. 1987, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Acanthosyris spinescens (Mart. & Eichler) Griseb.<br />
FAMILY: Santalaceae (sandalwood)<br />
PORTUGUESE: sombra-de-touro<br />
SPANISH: quebrachillo, quebracho flojo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Chifa et al. 2000, Martin et al. 1987, Zuloaga 1997<br />
Acer circin<strong>at</strong>um Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Aceraceae (maple)<br />
ENGLISH: vine maple<br />
USES/NOTES: Sap is a minor source <strong>of</strong> sugar and syrup.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast <strong>of</strong> North America from California to<br />
Alaska<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Gibbons and<br />
Tucker 1979, Koelling and Heiligmann 1996<br />
Acer glabrum Torrey [syn. A. neo-mexicanum Greene]<br />
FAMILY: Aceraceae (maple)<br />
ENGLISH: California mountain maple, Douglas maple, dwarf maple,<br />
mountain maple, New Mexico maple, Rocky Mountain maple, Sierra<br />
maple<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots <strong>of</strong> this deciduous shrub to small tree have<br />
been e<strong>at</strong>en like asparagus (Asparagus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis) and sap may be<br />
used for syrup, though with a lower sugar content than some Acer<br />
species.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from New Mexico to Nebraska,<br />
North Dakota, Montana, and Alberta west to <strong>the</strong> coast to Alaska<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967, Koelling and<br />
Heiligmann 1996<br />
Acer grandident<strong>at</strong>um Nutt. in Torrey & A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Aceraceae (maple)<br />
ENGLISH: big-tooth maple, canyon maple, sugar maple, uvalde bigtooth<br />
maple<br />
USES/NOTES: Sap is used for syrup typically by hobbyists and not<br />
for commercial production.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico through western Texas and <strong>the</strong> Rockies<br />
to Washington and adjacent Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970,<br />
Koelling and Heiligmann 1996<br />
Acer macrophyllum Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Aceraceae (maple)<br />
ENGLISH: big-leaved maple, Oregon maple<br />
USES/NOTES: Sap is a source <strong>of</strong> maple syrup <strong>of</strong> some commercial<br />
consequence and may be boiled down fur<strong>the</strong>r to sugar. Seed sprouts<br />
and inner bark are also edible. Leaves may be wrapped around food<br />
like grape leaves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast <strong>of</strong> North America from California to<br />
British Columbia<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Gibbons and<br />
Tucker 1979, Gun<strong>the</strong>r 1981, Koelling and Heiligmann 1996, Kunkel<br />
1984, Moerman 1998, Munz 1974<br />
Acer negundo L. [syn. Negundo aceroides (L.) Moench, N. mexicanum<br />
DC., N. negundo (L.) H. Karsten nomen illegit.] and including A.<br />
negundo L. var. arizonicum Sarg., var. californicum (Torrey & A.<br />
Gray) Sarg., var. interius (Britton) Sarg. [syn. A. interius<br />
Britt.], var. mexicanum (DC.) Standley & Steyerm. [syn. A.<br />
mexicanum (DC.) Pax, Negundo mexicanum DC.], var. negundo, var.<br />
orizabense (Rydb.) Standley & Steyerm., var. texanum Pax, var.<br />
violaceum (Kirchn.) Jaeger<br />
FAMILY: Aceraceae (maple)<br />
ENGLISH: Arizona boxelder (var. arizonicum), ash-leaved maple,<br />
ashleaf maple, box elder, box-elder maple, California boxelder<br />
(var. californicum), Manitoba maple, western boxelder<br />
PORTUGUESE: acer-negundo, bôrdo-negundo<br />
SPANISH: abundio, acer, acezintle, arce, arce maple, arce negundo,<br />
negundo, negundo mexicano, palo blanco, sácere, zapoxihul<br />
USES/NOTES: Trunk is a minor source <strong>of</strong> syrup and sugar and <strong>the</strong><br />
cambium (inner bark) has been e<strong>at</strong>en as an emergency food.<br />
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Historically leaves were used to pack around apples, roots and<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r foods to help preserve freshness. The varieties<br />
californicum, mexicanum, and orizabense are uncertain and may be<br />
considered under A. negundo var. negundo.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: At <strong>the</strong> level <strong>of</strong> species, Acer negundo occurs<br />
n<strong>at</strong>urally from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada through <strong>the</strong> 48 contiguous American<br />
st<strong>at</strong>es, Mexico, and portions <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Central America (perhaps<br />
Gu<strong>at</strong>emala only). The included varieties have <strong>the</strong> following<br />
n<strong>at</strong>ural ranges: arizonicum – Arizona and New Mexico; californicum<br />
– California; interius – <strong>the</strong> Gre<strong>at</strong> Plains, Rockies, and Gre<strong>at</strong><br />
Basin <strong>of</strong> North America; mexicanum – Mexico; negundo – widespread<br />
in eastern and central North America with disjunct popul<strong>at</strong>ions in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Pacific Northwest; orizabense – sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Gu<strong>at</strong>emala;<br />
texanum – south-central U.S. extending into <strong>the</strong> mid-Atlantic<br />
st<strong>at</strong>es and Ohio; violaceum – central U.S. to <strong>Maine</strong> and Washington<br />
and adjacent sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada from coast to coast<br />
REFERENCES: Avendaño Reyes and Acosta Rosado 2000, CONAFOR n.d.,<br />
Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Fernald et al. 1958, Godfrey 1988,<br />
Harrington 1967, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Koelling and Heiligmann 1996,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Acer nigrum Michaux<br />
FAMILY: Aceraceae (maple)<br />
ENGLISH: black maple, black sugar-maple, hard maple, rock maple<br />
USES/NOTES: Abundant sap is used to make a quality maple syrup and<br />
is second to <strong>the</strong> true sugar maple (A. saccharum) as a source <strong>of</strong><br />
commercial maple syrup. Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled <strong>the</strong>n roasted and<br />
cambium is e<strong>at</strong>en cooked <strong>the</strong>n ground, generally used as a<br />
thickener.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S., excluding <strong>Maine</strong> and Florida, and<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>astern Canada, west to Arkansas and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Minnesota and<br />
South Dakota<br />
REFERENCES: Elias and Dykeman 1982, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950,<br />
Koelling and Heiligmann 1996, McPherson and McPherson 1977,<br />
Medsger 1939<br />
Acer pensylvanicum L.<br />
FAMILY: Aceraceae (maple)<br />
ENGLISH: moosewood, striped maple<br />
SPANISH: arce jaspeado<br />
USES/NOTES: Abundant sap is used to make a quality maple syrup.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Canada and nor<strong>the</strong>astern U.S., south through<br />
<strong>the</strong> highlands to Georgia, and west to Minnesota<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950,<br />
Koelling and Heiligmann 1996, Radford et al. 1968<br />
Acer rubrum L.<br />
FAMILY: Aceraceae (maple)<br />
ENGLISH: red maple, scarlet maple, sou<strong>the</strong>rn red maple, swamp maple<br />
SPANISH: arce rojo<br />
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USES/NOTES: Sap, though not as abundant as in A. nigrum and A.<br />
saccharum, is sweet and can be consumed as a beverage, a<br />
sweetener, or a quality maple syrup after boiling. The tree is<br />
probably <strong>the</strong> third leading source <strong>of</strong> commercial maple syrup after<br />
A. saccharum and A. nigrum. Seeds may be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, sprouted<br />
seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, and cambium is edible cooked. The deciduous<br />
tree is an <strong>at</strong>tractive shade specimen for its red displays <strong>of</strong><br />
spring flowers and samaras (fruits) and fall foliage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and central North America from Canada (east<br />
to Manitoba) to Florida and eastern Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Godfrey 1988,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Koelling and Heiligmann 1996, McPherson and<br />
McPherson 1977, Nelson 1994, Sturtevant 1972, Tanaka 1976, Weiner<br />
1980<br />
Acer saccharinum L.<br />
FAMILY: Aceraceae (maple)<br />
ENGLISH: silver maple, s<strong>of</strong>t maple<br />
PORTUGUESE: ácer-pr<strong>at</strong>a, ácer-pr<strong>at</strong>eado, bordo, bôrdo, bôrdo-pr<strong>at</strong>eado<br />
SPANISH: ácere, arce pl<strong>at</strong>eado, maple<br />
USES/NOTES: Sap is used occasionally for sugar and syrup, and<br />
cambium is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to South Dakota and Louisiana<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Koelling and Heiligmann<br />
1996, Nelson 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Acer saccharum J. Marsh<br />
FAMILY: Aceraceae (maple)<br />
ENGLISH: sugar maple, striped maple<br />
PORTUGUESE: bôrdo-açucareiro<br />
SPANISH: ácere, arce, arce de azúcar, arce sacarino, azcarrio,<br />
maple<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet sap is <strong>the</strong> principal source <strong>of</strong> commercial maple<br />
syrup. Sap is also made into sugar. The cambium (inner bark) is<br />
also edible, having been consumed cooked and ground into flour in<br />
times <strong>of</strong> food scarcity.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to Louisiana and <strong>the</strong> Dakotas in<br />
<strong>the</strong> lower U.S. st<strong>at</strong>es and Manitoba in Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1992, Koelling and Heiligmann<br />
1996, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Acer saccharum Marshall subsp. floridanum (Chapman) Desmarais<br />
[syn. A. barb<strong>at</strong>um Michaux, A. floridanum (Chapman) Pax]<br />
FAMILY: Aceraceae (maple)<br />
ENGLISH: Florida maple, hammock maple, sou<strong>the</strong>rn sugar maple<br />
SPANISH: arce de Florida<br />
USES/NOTES: Sap is a syrup source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern North America from Virginia and sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Illinois to Florida and eastern Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Koelling and Heiligmann 1996<br />
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Acer spic<strong>at</strong>um Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Aceraceae (maple)<br />
ENGLISH: mountain maple<br />
USES/NOTES: Sap, though not abundant, makes a quality syrup.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from Georgia and Alabama north into<br />
eastern Canada and west to Minnesota in <strong>the</strong> North<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950,<br />
Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Koelling and Heiligmann 1996, Radford et<br />
al. 1968<br />
Ach<strong>at</strong>ocarpus nigricans Triana<br />
FAMILY: Ach<strong>at</strong>ocarpaceae (ach<strong>at</strong>ocarpus)<br />
SPANISH: canfuncia, cuenta de agua, espino blanco, espuela de<br />
gallo, guirakupeti, limoncillo, palo dulce, palo verde, pico de<br />
paloma, totocal, zamurito<br />
USES/NOTES: Drupes, whitish- to greenish-white-translucent when<br />
ripe, are edible (as reported in Mexico), but can be unpleasant<br />
tasting, and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en in Bolivar, Colombia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical mainland<br />
REFERENCES: Avendaño Reyes and Acosta Rosado 2000, Eliasson 1993,<br />
FUDENA n.d., MBG n.d., Martínez-García 1985, Todzia 2001<br />
Achillea millefolium L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: fern-leaf yarrow, milfoil, yarrow<br />
PORTUGUESE: alevante, anador, aquilea, aquiléia, cibalene, erva-decarreteiros,<br />
erva-de-cortaduras, erva-do-carpinteiro, mil-emrama,<br />
mil-folhada, mil-folhas, milefólio, pronto-alívio, surcilde-vênus<br />
SPANISH: altarreina, aquilea, artemisa bastarda, colchón de pobre,<br />
mil-hojas, milefolio, milenrama, millenrama, plumajillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used in salads and soups or for tea. Leaves<br />
and flowers are made into a medicinal tea used for coughs, for<br />
stomach and urinary tract complaints, and a menstru<strong>at</strong>ion aid.<br />
Leaves also have been used as a tobacco substitute and a mosquito<br />
repellant.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe or subtropical Asia, widely<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, de Gámez 1973,<br />
Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1990,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Tucker 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher<br />
1974, Van Feu n.d.<br />
Achlys triphylla (Sm. in Rees) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Berberidaceae (barberry)<br />
ENGLISH: deerfoot, sweet-after-de<strong>at</strong>h, vanilla leaf<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves have an aroma similar to vanilla (Vanilla<br />
planifolia) and reportedly have been used as a flavoring agent.<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast range <strong>of</strong> North American from<br />
northwestern California to western British Columbia<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990<br />
Achyran<strong>the</strong>s aspera L. [syn. Achyran<strong>the</strong>s indica (L.) Mill.]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
ENGLISH: man-better-man, prickly chaff flower, worry vine<br />
PORTUGUESE: prega-prega, rabo-de-co<strong>at</strong>i<br />
SPANISH: lengua de vaca, rabo de g<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible and medicinal. Ashes are used as a<br />
salt source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Old World tropics, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Bh<strong>at</strong> 1994, Duke n.d., Rojer 1997, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Acmella brachyglossa Cass.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
PORTUGUESE: jambu, shia-pa<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a spice in Acre, Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and perhaps <strong>the</strong><br />
Antilles to Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Hokche et al. 2008, Jansen 1985, MBG n.d., Stro<strong>the</strong>r<br />
1999, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Acmella cili<strong>at</strong>a (Kunth) Cass.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
PORTUGUESE: agrião, jambó, jambu<br />
SPANISH: botoncillo, botoncite, sesa<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a spice in Acre, Brazil and leaves are<br />
added to salads in <strong>the</strong> Manaus area <strong>of</strong> Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America to Darién, Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Funk et al. 2007, Jansen 1985, MBG n.d., UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen [syn. Spilan<strong>the</strong>s acmella var.<br />
oleracea (L.) C.B. Clarke ex Hook.f., Spilan<strong>the</strong>s oleracea beta.<br />
fusca (Lam.) DC., Spilanthus oleracea L. nomen illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: alphabet plant, Brazil cress, Brazilian cress, Pará cress,<br />
perennial Pará cress, spilan<strong>the</strong>s, toothache plant<br />
PORTUGUESE: abecedária, acmela, agrião, agrião-da-ilha-de-frança,<br />
agrião-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, agrião-do-Brasil, agrião-do-norte, agrião-do-<br />
Pará, agrião-silvestre, berro-do-pr<strong>at</strong>o, botão-de-ouro, cardaminado-pr<strong>at</strong>o,<br />
erva-das-crianças, erva-de-malaca, jambu, jambu-açu,<br />
jambu-do-rio, jambu-no-rio, jambu-rana, malaca, mastruço,<br />
mastruço-do-Pará, nhambu, pimenta-da-costa, pimenta-do-Pará,<br />
rainunculo-brasileiro<br />
SPANISH: berro de Pará, botón de oro, botoncillo, cres de Pará,<br />
yambo, yanuco<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves, stems, and flower heads are added to salads and<br />
as an herb to popular Amazonian dishes th<strong>at</strong> contain tucupi (<strong>the</strong><br />
juice <strong>of</strong> Manihot esculenta) such as tacacá (shrimp/gum soup) or<br />
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p<strong>at</strong>o-no-tucupi (duck soup). The phytochemical spilanthol (or<br />
affinin), which causes <strong>the</strong> tongue to tingle and heightens its<br />
sensitivity to o<strong>the</strong>r flavors, is lost upon cooking; thus, in<br />
cooked foods, A. oleracea must be added <strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cooking<br />
process, if spilanthol’s effects are to be appreci<strong>at</strong>ed. Flower<br />
heads and leaves are steeped in hot w<strong>at</strong>er for tea used to aid in<br />
digestion or tre<strong>at</strong> lung ailments including tuberculosis. Some<br />
cultivars are less pleasing to <strong>the</strong> pal<strong>at</strong>e than o<strong>the</strong>rs. The plant<br />
is also being investig<strong>at</strong>ed as an insecticide.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, perhaps upland forests <strong>of</strong> Amazonian Brazil<br />
(eastern Amazonia?), or eastern Peru, now widespread in Amazonia<br />
and cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed on a small scale elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Carneiro<br />
Martins 1989, Cid 1978, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gottlieb 1985,<br />
Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Jansen 1985, Jardim Botânico de<br />
Brasília 1990, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Pérez-Arbeláez 1956, PFAF n.d.,<br />
Rehm and Espig 1991, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d., Wiersema<br />
and León 1999<br />
Acmella oppositifolia (Lam.) R.K. Jansen [syn. Spilan<strong>the</strong>s<br />
americana (Mutis ex L.f.) Hieron., S. oppositifolia (Lam.)<br />
D’Arcy] and A. oppositifolia (Lam.) R.K. Jansen var. repens<br />
(Walter) R.K. Jansen [syn. A. repens (Walter) Rich., Spilan<strong>the</strong>s<br />
americana (Mutis ex L.f.) Hieron var. repens (Walt.) A.H. Moore]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: button <strong>of</strong> gold, creeping spotflower (var. repens),<br />
opposite-leaf spotflower<br />
PORTUGUESE: jambu<br />
SPANISH: botón de oro, botoncillo, chisaca, chisaca calentano,<br />
chisaca de cafetal, rizaca, santa maria, yuyo quemado<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible and used medicinally to tre<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
liver by <strong>the</strong> Tupisa Choco. The Chorote people <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Argentine/Bolivian/Paraguayan border region prepare <strong>the</strong> leaves by<br />
cutting and/or chewing <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong>n placing <strong>the</strong>m in w<strong>at</strong>er with wild<br />
Capsicum peppers, salt, and o<strong>the</strong>r plants as a salad.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Florida to Texas to Peru and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Arenas and Scarpa 2006, Arenas et al. 1986, Duke n.d.,<br />
Jansen 1985, Stro<strong>the</strong>r 1999<br />
Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schlecht.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: wild tobacco<br />
SPANISH: gallinero, palo de gallina<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or as jelly. Leaves are<br />
medicinal with potential anti-cancer properties.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico through tropical South America and<br />
<strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Acorus calamus L.<br />
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FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: calamus, calamus root, flag root, myrtle sedge, sweet<br />
flag, sweet root<br />
PORTUGUESE: acoro, cálamo-aromático<br />
SPANISH: acore, ácoro, ácoro indio, ácoro verdadero, cálam,<br />
calamís, calamo, cálamo acuático, cálamo aromático, cálamo<br />
verdadero, lasturrin<br />
USES/NOTES: Spicy rootstocks <strong>of</strong> this aqu<strong>at</strong>ic herb are e<strong>at</strong>en candied<br />
and contain calamus oil, an essential oil used to flavor<br />
cordials, beer, gin, liqueurs, vinegar, and mouthwash, and to<br />
scent perfumes. Young unfurling leaves are added to salads. Also<br />
medicinal and an <strong>at</strong>tractive ornamental for wet gardens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America and temper<strong>at</strong>e Eurasia,<br />
introduced elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Harris 1972, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Kindscher 1987, Marshall 1993, Peterson 1977, Plowman 1969,<br />
Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Acrocomia acule<strong>at</strong>a (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. [syn. A. antioquensis<br />
Posada-Arango, A. erioacantha Barb. Rodr., A. intumescens Drude,<br />
A. lasiosp<strong>at</strong>ha Mart., A. media Cook, A. mexicana Karw. ex Mart.,<br />
A. panamensis Bailey, A. sclerocarpa Mart., A. totai Mart., A.<br />
vinifera Oersted]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: babosa, butter tree, corojo palm, corozo, coyol, coyoli<br />
palm, gri-gri, groo-groo, gru-gru nut, gru-gru palm, macaw palm,<br />
macaya oil palm, maccaf<strong>at</strong>, Mexican gru-gru palm, mocaya palm,<br />
Paraguay palm, prickly palm, totai, wine palm<br />
FRENCH: corosse<br />
PORTUGUESE: barriguda, bocaiúva, coco-babão, coco-baboso, coco-dec<strong>at</strong>arro,<br />
coco-de-espinho, coco-xodó, grou-grou, macaíba, macaíbamirim,<br />
macajuba, macauba, macaúba, macaúba-mirim, mocajá,<br />
mocajuba, mucaiá, mucujá (fruit), mucujazeiro (tree), palmeiramucajá,<br />
parenta<br />
SPANISH: amankayo, bocaiá, bocaiuva, c<strong>at</strong>ay, c<strong>at</strong>ey, cayara, cayiete,<br />
chunta, coco, coco baboso, coco de c<strong>at</strong>arro, cocoyol, coquito,<br />
corojo, corozo, corozo a molado, corozo caucano, corozo criollo,<br />
corozo grande, coyai, coyol, coyol espinoso, coyul, grugru, grugru,<br />
huicoyol, macaja, macamba, macauba, macaúba, mbocayá,<br />
micauba, mocarya, mocaya, mocayá, mucajá, ocori, pacora, palma de<br />
vino, palma redonda, palmito de coyol, tamaco, totaí, tucumo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en and are an edible oil source, fruit<br />
juice and stem sap are made into wine (vino de coyol in Spanish),<br />
and terminal leaf and heart are e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables. Roots are<br />
used for a medicinal tea. Henderson et al. (1995) have lumped<br />
many previously recognized species <strong>of</strong> Acrocomia as synonyms <strong>of</strong> A.<br />
acule<strong>at</strong>a.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Central America, <strong>the</strong> West Indies,<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America (Colombia, Venezuela, and <strong>the</strong> Guianas),<br />
Brazil (except central and western Amazonia and <strong>the</strong> coastal zone<br />
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from Bahia south), through Paraguay and eastern Bolivia, perhaps<br />
into nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Balick 1990, Balslev and Moraes 1989,<br />
Cavalcante 1991, Duke n.d., Grayum 2003b, Henderson 1995,<br />
Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Lentz 1990,<br />
León 1987, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Martínez et al. 2001, McCurrach 1960, Mutchnick and McCarthy<br />
1997, OAS 1973, Quero 1994, Rehm and Espig 1991, Smith et al.<br />
1992, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974, Villachica 1996, Williams 1981<br />
Acrostichum aureum L.<br />
FAMILY: Pteridaceae (maidenhair fern) or Adiantaceae (fern)<br />
ENGLISH: lea<strong>the</strong>r fern, mangrove fern, marsh fern, swamp fern<br />
SPANISH: esnargan, helecho de manglar<br />
USES/NOTES: Fiddleheads are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropics and subtropics including <strong>the</strong> Americas to<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Cowan 1983, Duke n.d., FNAEC 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Zarucchi<br />
1998<br />
Acrostichum danaeifolium Langsd. & Fischer<br />
FAMILY: Pteridaceae (maidenhair fern) or Adiantaceae (fern)<br />
ENGLISH: giant fern, giant lea<strong>the</strong>r-fern, inland lea<strong>the</strong>r-fern,<br />
lea<strong>the</strong>r fern, swamp fern<br />
SPANISH: helecho<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>of</strong> South Florida <strong>at</strong>e young buds as a<br />
vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Florida, Central America, portions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> West<br />
Indies, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 1997, FNAEC 1993, Stolze 1981<br />
Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planchon ex Miq.<br />
FAMILY: Actinidiaceae (Chinese gooseberry or kiwifruit)<br />
ENGLISH: arguta, baby kiwi, bower actinida, bower berry, grape<br />
kiwi, hardy kiwi, hardy kiwifruit, tara vine, wee-ki<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, green, smooth-skinned, sweet fruits have an<br />
agreeable flavor, and sap is potable. Though still rare in <strong>the</strong><br />
Americas, cultiv<strong>at</strong>ion is on <strong>the</strong> rise, notably in <strong>the</strong> Pacific<br />
Northwest <strong>of</strong> North America.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e China and North Korea, and perhaps Japan<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Ferguson 1999,<br />
Tanaka 1976<br />
Actinidia callosa Lindley<br />
FAMILY: Actinidiaceae (Chinese gooseberry or kiwifruit)<br />
ENGLISH: hardy kiwifruit, kiwi vine, red-spotted kiwifruit<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, sweetish/tart pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ovoid, large berry is<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, though is rare in <strong>the</strong> Americas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Taiwan, mainland China, Bhutan, Nepal, India,<br />
Myanmar, and Thailand<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, PFAF n.d.<br />
Actinidia chinensis Planchon<br />
FAMILY: Actinidiaceae (Chinese gooseberry or kiwifruit)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinese gooseberry, kiwi, kiwifruit<br />
PORTUGUESE: groselha-chinesa, kiwi<br />
SPANISH: kiwí<br />
USES/NOTES: Green, sweetish/tart pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ovoid, brown fruit<br />
(botanically a berry), rich in vitamin C and o<strong>the</strong>r nutrients, is<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or in fruit salads and is used in fruit juice<br />
blends or made into a quality wine. Leaves have been e<strong>at</strong>en as an<br />
emergency food. Though from China’s Yangtze Valley, <strong>the</strong> common<br />
name in English, kiwifruit (or kiwi for short), came from New<br />
Zealand producers in <strong>the</strong> 1950s, who were looking for a more<br />
marketable name. Once considered synonymous with A. delisiosa, A.<br />
chinensis is botanically very similar to its more widely marketed<br />
rel<strong>at</strong>ive, but has less hairy and generally smaller fruits.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e China<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Ferguson 1999, Morton 1987a,<br />
Nihoul 1976<br />
Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang & A.R. Ferguson [a<br />
horticultural species derived possibly from A. chinensis]<br />
FAMILY: Actinidiaceae (Chinese gooseberry or kiwifruit)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinese gooseberry, kiwi, kiwifruit, kiwi vine<br />
PORTUGUESE: groselha-chinesa, kiwi<br />
SPANISH: kiwí<br />
USES/NOTES: Green, sweetish/tart pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ovoid, brown, fuzzy<br />
fruit (botanically a berry), rich in vitamin C and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
nutrients, is e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or in fruit salads and is used in<br />
fruit juice blends or made into a quality wine. Though from<br />
China’s Yangtze Valley, <strong>the</strong> common name in English, kiwifruit (or<br />
kiwi for short), came from New Zealand producers in <strong>the</strong> 1950s,<br />
who were looking for a more marketable name. One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> few<br />
plants domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> 20 th century, A. delisiosa is <strong>the</strong><br />
principle kiwifruit cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and marketed outside <strong>of</strong> China.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Yangtze Valley <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn China and <strong>the</strong> Zhejiang<br />
Province <strong>of</strong> eastern coastal China<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Ferguson 1999, Guia Rural n.d.,<br />
Morton 1987a, Nihoul 1976, Rehm and Espig 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Vietmeyer 1987<br />
Actinidia kolomikta (Maxim. & Rupr.) Maxim.<br />
FAMILY: Actinidiaceae (Chinese gooseberry or kiwifruit)<br />
ENGLISH: Arctic beauty kiwi, hardy kiwi, kolomikta, Manchurian<br />
gooseberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Small fruits and leaves <strong>of</strong> this cold-hardy vine are<br />
edible. Very rarely seen in <strong>the</strong> Americas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China and Japan<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
17
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Ferguson 1999,<br />
Tanaka 1976<br />
Actinidia polygama (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim.<br />
FAMILY: Actinidiaceae (Chinese gooseberry or kiwifruit)<br />
ENGLISH: silver vine<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits and leaves are edible. Grown primarily as a<br />
landscape plant in <strong>the</strong> U.S.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Tanaka 1976<br />
Adansonia digit<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Bombacaceae (silk-cotton)<br />
ENGLISH: baoba, baobab, cream-<strong>of</strong>-tartar tree, Ethiopian sour gourd,<br />
monkey bread<br />
SPANISH: baoba, baobab<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and used to flavor foods, proteinrich<br />
seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted or fermented, and leaves are used as<br />
a po<strong>the</strong>rb. Bark and leaves may be e<strong>at</strong>en in times <strong>of</strong> food<br />
shortages or like pepper. Young seed shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Africa, rarely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Adelia barbinervis Schltr. & Cham.<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
SPANISH: <strong>at</strong>a<br />
USES/NOTES: A common weed <strong>of</strong> maize milpas, young leaves and shoots<br />
are occasionally e<strong>at</strong>en as cooked greens in <strong>the</strong> Huasteca region <strong>of</strong><br />
Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and eastern Mexico from just north <strong>of</strong> Mexico<br />
City, south into Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, El Salvador, and Honduras<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Molina 1975<br />
Adenan<strong>the</strong>ra pavonina L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: red sandalwood, redhead<br />
SPANISH: coralitos<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropics, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in warm regions including<br />
Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Long and Lakela<br />
1971, Molina 1975<br />
Adenostoma sparsifolium Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: red shanks, redshank<br />
SPANISH: chamizo colorado<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds reportedly are edible.<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
18
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn California just into nor<strong>the</strong>rn-most Baja<br />
California<br />
REFERENCES: Moerman 1998, Sweet 1962<br />
Aechmea bracte<strong>at</strong>a (Sw.) Griseb.<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
ENGLISH: bromeliad<br />
SPANISH: piña de playón<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en or made into juice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Zeven and de Wet 1982<br />
Aechmea hoppii (Harms) L.B. Sm.<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
ENGLISH: aechmea<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Lu<strong>the</strong>r 1989, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Aechmea longifolia (Rudge) L.B. Smith & M.A. Spencer [syn.<br />
Bromelia longifolia Rudge, Streptocalyx longifolius (Rudge)<br />
Baker]<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
SPANISH: gan <strong>at</strong>a<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet pulp surrounding <strong>the</strong> seeds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> variously<br />
colored fruit <strong>of</strong> this epiphyte is edible and used in beverages in<br />
places.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Amazonian Bolivia, Amazonian<br />
Brazil, Venezuela, and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 1995, Bennett 2000, Krömer et al. 1999, Lu<strong>the</strong>r<br />
1989, MBG n.d<br />
Aechmea magdalenae (André) André ex Baker<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
ENGLISH: aechmea, pingwing<br />
SPANISH: ixtle, piñuela, pita, pita floja<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked, made into juice, or<br />
fermented into an alcoholic beverage. Also grown as an ornamental<br />
epiphyte and as a rope fiber source th<strong>at</strong> is resistant to salt<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Venezuela and Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, OAS 1973, Ticktin 2002<br />
Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr.<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: bael, bael fruit, bael tree, bel, bel fruit, Bengal<br />
quince, bilva, golden apple, golden orange, siriphal<br />
SPANISH: bael, bela, membrillo de Bengala<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Hard, greenish-yellow ripe fruits are consumed usually<br />
as juice and to tre<strong>at</strong> dysentery, unripe fruit rind is <strong>the</strong> source<br />
<strong>of</strong> a yellow dye and marmelle (an essential oil), flowers are used<br />
to scent w<strong>at</strong>er, and roots and bark are used in tonics and<br />
medicines.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Himalayas <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn India and Pakistan, possibly to<br />
Burma<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Rehm and<br />
Espig 1991, Roy and Singh 1979, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974, Williams<br />
and Williams 1969<br />
Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Hippocastanaceae (buckeye or horse-chestnut)<br />
ENGLISH: California buckeye, California horse-chestnut, horsechestnut<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds were a food source for Amerindians in California,<br />
but must be boiled with several changes <strong>of</strong> w<strong>at</strong>er to remove<br />
poison. All plant parts are poisonous.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Aesculus hippocastanum L.<br />
FAMILY: Hippocastanaceae (buckeye or horse-chestnut)<br />
ENGLISH: European horse-chestnut, horse-chestnut<br />
PORTUGUESE: castanheiro-da-Índia<br />
SPANISH: castaño de indias<br />
USES/NOTES: Leached seeds reportedly have been used as a flour<br />
source, though untre<strong>at</strong>ed seeds and o<strong>the</strong>r plant parts contain<br />
poisonous glycosides. Peterson st<strong>at</strong>es th<strong>at</strong> even tre<strong>at</strong>ed seeds<br />
should not be ingested.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Balkan Peninsula<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harris 1972, Peterson 1977,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Afrocarpus gracilior (Pilger) C.N. Page [syn. Podocarpus gracilior<br />
Pilger]<br />
FAMILY: Podocarpaceae (podocarpus) or Taxaceae (yew)<br />
ENGLISH: African fern pine, fern pine, fern podocarpus, weeping<br />
podocarpus<br />
SPANISH: cobola, pino<br />
USES/NOTES: Red arils are edible. Also a landscape shrub in warm<br />
regions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Africa including Ethiopia, Kenya, Lybia,<br />
Mozambique, Tanzania, and Uganda<br />
REFERENCES: de Laubenfels 1985, W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975<br />
Agastache cana (Hook.) Wooton & Standley<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
ENGLISH: hoary balm <strong>of</strong> Gilead, hummingbird mint, mosquito plant,<br />
wild hyssop<br />
USES/NOTES: Greens can be used as a fragrant herb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern North America from Texas to Colorado,<br />
Utah, and Arizona, perhaps into Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972<br />
Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: anis, anise hyssop, blue giant hyssop, fragrant giant<br />
hyssop, giant hyssop, lavender giant hyssop, licorice mint<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers are used in teas and as a flavoring<br />
agent.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976aa<br />
Agastache mexicana (Kunth) Linton & Epling<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: Mexican giant hyssop, Mexican lemon hyssop<br />
SPANISH: melisa mexícana, toronjil morado<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic greens are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb, tea, or<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Morton 1976aa<br />
Agastache urticifolia (Benth.) Kuntze<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: giant hyssop, sawtooth mountain-mint<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic greens and flowers are used for tea, and seeds<br />
are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Munz 1974<br />
Agave americana L. [syn. A. complic<strong>at</strong>a Trel. ex Ochot., A.<br />
gracilispina Engelm. ex Trel., A. melliflua Trel. ex L. Bailey]<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) or<br />
Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: agave, American aloe, century plant, common century plant,<br />
New World aloe<br />
PORTUGUESE: agave, coro<strong>at</strong>á-açu, grav<strong>at</strong>á-açu, pita, piteira, sisal<br />
SPANISH: agave, cabuya, cabuya negra, cabuyo, cabuyo negro, cabuyo<br />
verde, chuchao, kellupancarita, magué, maguey, maguey meco,<br />
maguey mexicano, maguey México, mara, motua, pacpa, pappa, paqpa,<br />
penca, pinca, pita, pita común, sabía dulce, siglo<br />
USES/NOTES: Grown mainly as an ornamental and a durable fiber<br />
source, though juice is drunk as aguamiel, fermented into pulque,<br />
and used medicinally. Young flower stalks are e<strong>at</strong>en as a cooked<br />
vegetable and large leaf bases are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted. The name<br />
century plant is derived from <strong>the</strong> popular belief th<strong>at</strong> a century<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
must pass before flowers emerge, though fewer than ten years may<br />
be enough.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mexico, widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Franquemont et al. 1990, Gentry (H.)<br />
1982, Grayum 2003a, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), MBG n.d., Naranjo 1991, OAS<br />
1973, Purseglove 1972, Soukup 1970, Towle 1961, Williams and<br />
Williams 1969<br />
Agave angustifolia Haw.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: Caribbean agave, century plant, pulque agave, varieg<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
Caribbean agave (margin<strong>at</strong>a cultivar from <strong>the</strong> Caribbean)<br />
SPANISH: babsi, espadín, ixtle, maguey de ixtle, maguey de monte,<br />
maguey espadilla, maguey espadín, maguey lechugilla, mexcalmetl,<br />
quiote<br />
USES/NOTES: Historically <strong>the</strong> agave <strong>of</strong> choice and currently one <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> five <strong>of</strong>ficially recognized agaves for <strong>the</strong> production <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
distilled alcoholic beverage mescal for export. The plant is also<br />
a favored source <strong>of</strong> aguamiel (unfermented juice) and pulque (<strong>the</strong><br />
fermented form <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> juice).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, probably Mexico, perhaps to Costa Rica and<br />
<strong>the</strong> Caribbean<br />
REFERENCES: Avendaño Reyes and Acosta Rosado 2000, Bahre and<br />
Bradbury 1980, Brücher 1989, Chadwick 2003, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Nobel 1994, Rehm and Espig 1991, Torres n.d.<br />
Agave asperrima Jacobi [syn. A. caeciliana A. Berger, A. scabra<br />
Salm-Dyck nomen illegit., A. wislizeni Engelm. nomen illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: rough-leaved century plant, rough century plant<br />
SPANISH: maguey áspero, maguey bruto, maguey de cerro, maguey<br />
cenizo<br />
USES/NOTES: The plant is a source <strong>of</strong> aguamiel (unfermented juice)<br />
and pulque (<strong>the</strong> fermented form <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> juice). Stem and leaf<br />
juices are used as sweeteners. Young stems are sweet. The plant<br />
is currently one <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficially recognized agaves for <strong>the</strong><br />
production <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> distilled alcoholic beverage mescal for export.<br />
The accepted L<strong>at</strong>in binomial is in question and “A. asperrima” is<br />
seen incorrectly in <strong>the</strong> liter<strong>at</strong>ure as “A. esperrima.”<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Texas to south-central Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Chadwick 2003, Correll and<br />
Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Faucon 1998, Gentry (H.) 1982, ITIS<br />
n.d., Kunkel 1984, Ullrich 1992, USDA-NRCS 2004<br />
Agave <strong>at</strong>rovirens Karw. [syn. A. l<strong>at</strong>issima Jacobi]<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: agave, American aloe, pulque agave<br />
PORTUGUESE: agave<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
SPANISH: cacayas (flowers only), chahuar, guapilla, maguey, maguey<br />
manso, maguey meco, maguey pulquero, mescal, zapalote<br />
USES/NOTES: Thick stems are cooked down to a gel<strong>at</strong>inous substance,<br />
rich in vitamins B and C, which is consumed as food or fermented<br />
and distilled into an alcoholic beverage called mescal or<br />
aguardiente. Uncooked sap can be consumed fresh as aguamiel or<br />
fermented into pulque. Fruits and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en in Mexico,<br />
and leaf cuticles are used to wrap foods, especially tortillas.<br />
A. <strong>at</strong>rovirens is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> chief pulque sources and is also a<br />
fiber source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East-central Mexico to <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Gentry (H.) 1982, León 1987,<br />
Leung 1961, Loyola 1956, Nobel 1994, OAS 1973, Purseglove 1972,<br />
Sauer 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, von Reis Altschul 1973, Williams and<br />
Williams 1969<br />
Agave cantala (Haw.) Roxb. ex Salm-Dyck<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: Bombay aloe, cantala, maguey, Manila maguey<br />
PORTUGUESE: agave<br />
SPANISH: cantala, maguey, maguey de Manila<br />
USES/NOTES: Used like o<strong>the</strong>r agaves as a pulque source, though grown<br />
mainly for its leaf fiber used for making twine, hammocks, and<br />
m<strong>at</strong>s. An important fiber source in <strong>the</strong> Philippines and Indonesia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Gentry (H.) 1982, León 1987,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Purseglove 1972, Rehm and Espig 1991<br />
Agave deserti Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: desert agave<br />
SPANISH: mezcal<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf bases and young flower stalks are boiled down to a<br />
sweet mescal, sap is used for aguamiel and pulque, flowers and<br />
young buds are e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables, and nectar can be consumed<br />
directly from flowers. Seeds are said to be flour source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn California, Arizona, and adjacent<br />
northwestern Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Munz 1974, Nobel 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Agave karwinskii Zucc. [syn. A. bakeri Ross, A. corderoyi Baker]<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
SPANISH: cirial, maguey cirial, tobasiche<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed on a small and diminishing scale in Oaxaca<br />
as a mezcal source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Oaxaca and Puebla, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Gómez Arriola 2005, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes)<br />
Agave lecheguilla Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
ENGLISH: istle fiber agave, tula istle fiber agave<br />
SPANISH: istle, lecheguilla, lechuguilla, tula istle, tzuta<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots are edible and <strong>the</strong> base is a source for<br />
pulque and bacanora, a similar acaholic beverage. Leaves are <strong>the</strong><br />
source <strong>of</strong> tula istle fiber in Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico/New Mexico/Texas border region<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Brücher 1989, Bye et al. 1975,<br />
Castetter and Underhill 1935, CONAFOR n.d., Gentry (H.) 1982,<br />
Kunkel 1984, Nobel 1994, OAS 1973, Sheldon 1980<br />
Agave mapisaga Trel.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: agave<br />
SPANISH: lecheguilla, lechuguilla, maguey<br />
USES/NOTES: Transparent cuticle and underlying epidermal cell layer<br />
<strong>of</strong> leaves are used to wrap and add flavor to foods such as<br />
mixiote, which contains chicken or me<strong>at</strong> mixed with vegetables and<br />
chopped nopalitos (cactus pads), made especially during Christmas<br />
and Easter. The plant is also a source <strong>of</strong> quality aguamiel and<br />
pulque, although used less <strong>of</strong>ten than some less desirable species<br />
because <strong>of</strong> its slower growth.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Hernández Xolocotzi 1993, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Nobel 1994<br />
Agave missionum Trel. [syn. A. portoricensis Trel.]<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: Puerto Rican century plant<br />
SPANISH: corita<br />
USES/NOTES: Flower stalks <strong>of</strong> this huge agave are a juice source,<br />
flowers and central buds are edible, and flowers are a honey<br />
source. A. missionum and A. portoricensis have been tre<strong>at</strong>ed as<br />
distinct species with former having a wider range and <strong>the</strong> l<strong>at</strong>ter<br />
restricted to Puerto Rico and a few nearby islands.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Puerto Rico, <strong>the</strong> Virgin Islands, and nearby islands<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Liogier and Martorell 2000,<br />
Nellis 1994<br />
Agave palmeri Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: Palmer’s century plant<br />
SPANISH: maguey<br />
USES/NOTES: Central buds may be e<strong>at</strong>en as a fresh or dried vegetable<br />
or candied. Plant bases were e<strong>at</strong>en as a cooked vegetable. Plant<br />
bases and perhaps leaves are a wild pulque and mescal source.<br />
Seeds have been used as a flour source. Indigenous people baked<br />
and chewed <strong>the</strong> flower stalks for juice. The Apache (and perhaps<br />
<strong>the</strong> Hopi, Navajo, and o<strong>the</strong>r n<strong>at</strong>ive Americans) once mixed <strong>the</strong><br />
strained juice with fermented maize into “tiswin” (tizwin) or<br />
“tiswin w<strong>at</strong>er.”<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Mexico and adjacent Arizona and New<br />
Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Buskirk 1986, Castetter and Bell<br />
1942, Kunkel 1984, Nobel 1994<br />
Agave parryi Engelm. subsp. neomexicana (Wooton & Standley)<br />
Ullrich [basionym A. neomexicana Wooton & Standley]<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: New Mexico agave, mescal, Parry’s agave<br />
SPANISH: maguey de Nuevo México<br />
USES/NOTES: Young flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked and nectar is made into<br />
syrup. Base is a mescal and pulque source. Flower stalks may<br />
reach over five meters.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern New Mexico and adjacent Texas and Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Correll and Johnston 1970, FNAEC<br />
1993, Gentry (H.) 1982, ITIS n.d., Ullrich 1992<br />
Agave parryi Engelm. subsp. parryi Engelm. [syn. A. wislizeni<br />
Engelm. nomen illegit.] and A. parrasana A. Berger [syn. A.<br />
wislizeni Engelm. nomen illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: century plant, huachuca agave, mescal, mescal agave,<br />
Parry’s agave, Parry’s century plant, rough agave<br />
SPANISH: huachuca, mescal yapavai<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf bases and young flower stalks <strong>of</strong> this small agave<br />
are boiled down to a sweet thick porrage known as mescal (though<br />
more similar to nonalcoholic aguamiel opposed to <strong>the</strong> mescal <strong>of</strong><br />
commerce), sap is used for aguamiel and fermented pulque, flowers<br />
and young buds are e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables. Young flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
cooked, nectar is made into syrup or consumed directly, and<br />
flower stalks are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked and store well. Base is a<br />
mescal and pulque source. Young leaves have been e<strong>at</strong>en roasted<br />
and dried. The Apache baked <strong>the</strong> crowns in pits, <strong>the</strong>n pounded <strong>the</strong><br />
fleshy centers and <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong>m. The Apache also <strong>at</strong>e roasted roots.<br />
Dried leaf base cakes and flower stalks store well. Seeds can be<br />
cooked, ground and added to bread. The species name "wislizenii"<br />
has been advoc<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Texas and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Balls 1975, Basehart 1974,<br />
Buskirk 1986, Castetter 1935, Castetter and Opler 1936, Facciola<br />
1990, Gentry 1982, ITIS n.d., Kunkel 1984, Nobel 1994, Ullrich<br />
1992, Villarreal et al. 2005, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Agave pot<strong>at</strong>orum Zucc. [syn. A. verschaffeltii Lem.]<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: butterfly agave<br />
SPANISH: maguey de tobalá, maguey tobalá, mescalmetl, papalometl,<br />
tobalá<br />
USES/NOTES: Wild and cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed varieties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> powdery blue-gray,<br />
stout, succulent agave is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficially recognized<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
sources <strong>of</strong> mezcal for export and is also a source <strong>of</strong> aguamiel and<br />
pulque.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico (Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Puebla)<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Chadwick 2003, Gentry (H.) 1982,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes)<br />
Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck subsp. crassispina (Trel.) Gentry<br />
[syn. A. crassispina Trel. ex L. Bailey]<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
SPANISH: maguey manso, maguey mezcalero, maguey silvestre, maguey<br />
verde<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in Mexico as an export grade mezcal source<br />
and for pulque.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Gentry (H.) 1982, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck var. ferox (K. Koch) Gentry [syn.<br />
A. ferox K. Koch]<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: giant agave, ornamental pulque agave<br />
SPANISH: maguey de pulque, maguey gigante<br />
USES/NOTES: Central base is a pulque source in <strong>the</strong> cenrtal portion<br />
<strong>of</strong> Mexico’s Eastern Sierra Madre and likely elsewhere, though it<br />
is less desired than A. mapisaga, which is less abundant and<br />
slower growing. The plant is a horticultural variety.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Guanaju<strong>at</strong>o to Puebla and<br />
Oaxaca<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Gentry (H.) 1982, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes)<br />
Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck var. salmiana [syn. A.<br />
cochlearis Jacobi, A. lehmannii Jacobi, A. mitriformis Jacobi, A.<br />
quiotifera Trel.]<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: agave, pulque agave<br />
PORTUGUESE: agave<br />
SPANISH: ixtle, maguey ceniso, maguey pulquero, maguey mexcalero,<br />
maguey verde<br />
USES/NOTES: Sap <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> principal pulque agave is consumed as a<br />
fresh beverage (aguamiel) or fermented into <strong>the</strong> highly perishable<br />
alcoholic drink pulque. Transparent cuticle and underlying<br />
epidermal cell layer are used to wrap, and add flavor to foods<br />
such as mixiote, which contains chicken or me<strong>at</strong> mixed with<br />
vegetables and chopped nopalitos (cactus pads), popular <strong>at</strong><br />
Christmas and Easter. Sweet flower stalks are chewed like those<br />
<strong>of</strong> sugar cane (Saccharum <strong>of</strong>ficinarum). The plant is currently one<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficially recognized agaves for use in <strong>the</strong> production <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
distilled alcoholic beverage mescal for export. Also used as<br />
animal feed.<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Gentry (H.) 1982,<br />
Hernández Xolocotzi 1993, Nobel 1988, Nobel 1994, Sauer 1993,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Agave shawii Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: coastal agave, coastal century plant, Shaw’s agave<br />
SPANISH: mescal, maguey primavera<br />
USES/NOTES: Nectar, from this endangered species, is consumed<br />
directly from flowers and stem pith is e<strong>at</strong>en roasted. Flowering<br />
panicles are fed to animals.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn California and adjacent Baja California<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, ITIS n.d., Kunkel<br />
1984<br />
Agave sisalana Perrine<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: hemp plant, sisal, sisal hemp<br />
PORTUGUESE: sisal<br />
SPANISH: fique, maguey, sisal, sisal tuxtlecs, yacci, yaxcí<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed primarily for its durable, course fiber,<br />
though new shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en and sap from <strong>the</strong> flower stalks is<br />
fermented into pulque. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bailey Hortorium 1976, Brücher<br />
1989, Facciola 1990, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), OAS 1973<br />
Agave tequilana Weber [includes A. tequilana Weber var. azul nomen<br />
illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: blue agave, tequila agave<br />
PORTUGUESE: agave da tequila<br />
SPANISH: cabuya, chino azul, maguey de tequila, maguey tequilero,<br />
mexic, mezcal, mexcalmetl, pita, teometl<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf bases or heads, known in Spanish as cabezas or<br />
piñas, from this agave are <strong>the</strong> only ones th<strong>at</strong> can be used legally<br />
to make tequila, a doubly distilled and aged, highly desirable<br />
mescal. An extract from <strong>the</strong> plant has been popularized in recent<br />
years to flavor beer and o<strong>the</strong>r beverages. Tequila production is<br />
legally restricted to <strong>the</strong> Mexican st<strong>at</strong>es <strong>of</strong> Jalisco, Michohacán,<br />
Tamaulipas, Nayarit, and Guanaju<strong>at</strong>o. Commercial tequila<br />
production depends legally on <strong>the</strong> cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed variety A. tequilana<br />
var. azul, though o<strong>the</strong>r varieties are used to make o<strong>the</strong>r mescals.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Chadwick 2003, Dalton 2005, Gentry (H.) 1982, Guia<br />
Rural n.d., Gómez Arriola 2005, Gómez Arriola and López Morales<br />
2006,, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, Luna 1991, Nobel 1994, Sánchez<br />
and Orellana 2004, Sánchez et al. 1998, Sauer 1993, Valanzuela-<br />
Zap<strong>at</strong>a and Nabhan 2004, Vega et al. 2001<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Agave utahensis Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: agave, century plant, mescal agave, Utah aloe<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant centers, buds, short inflorescence stalks, and<br />
leaf bases, are removed and roasted in pits to produce a thick<br />
liquid consumed directly or fermented to make an alcoholic<br />
beverage similar to mescal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Cool, dry highlands <strong>of</strong> western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Nobel 1988, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Agave weberi Cels. ex Poisson<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: Weber’s agave, Weber’s century plant<br />
SPANISH: maguey de mezcal, maguey liso<br />
USES/NOTES: One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficially recognized sources for export<br />
grade mezcal and an aguamiel and pulque source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Texas and adjacent nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Chadwick 2003, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Agave wocomahi Gentry<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: wocomahi agave<br />
SPANISH: ojcome, wocomahi<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers and stem tops or piñas are e<strong>at</strong>en and <strong>the</strong> juice<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stems is added to tesgüino, an alcoholic beverage, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Tarahumara people, based on a mash derived mainly <strong>of</strong> maize (Zea<br />
mays), or to make mescal, an agave-based alcoholic beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern Chihuahua, adjacent Sonora, and into<br />
Durango, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Chihuahuan Desert Museum n.d., Gentry (H.) 1982, MBG<br />
n.d.<br />
Agoseris aurantica (Hook.) E. Greene [syn. Macrorhynchus<br />
troximoides Torrey & A. Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: false dandelion, mountain dandelion, orange agoseris<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians in wh<strong>at</strong> is now Nevada to Utah <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong><br />
leaves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from Alaska to New Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Agoseris glauca [includes A. villosa Rydb.]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: false dandelion, mountain dandelion, pale agoseris, pale<br />
go<strong>at</strong>-chicory<br />
USES/NOTES: L<strong>at</strong>ex was a chewing gum source for <strong>the</strong> Thompson Indians<br />
<strong>of</strong> British Columbia. A. villosa Rydb. is likely an illegitim<strong>at</strong>e<br />
name.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North-central and western North America<br />
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REFERENCES: Moerman 1998, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Aiphanes acule<strong>at</strong>a Willd. [syn. A. caryotifolia (Kunth) H. Wendl.,<br />
A. orinocensis Burret, Bactris praemorsa Poeppig ex Mart.,<br />
Martinezia caryotifolia Kunth, Martinezia ernesti Burret]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: ruffle palm, spine palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: chica-chica, pupunha-brava, pupunha-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, pupunhade-metro<br />
SPANISH: chascacay, chascara, cocos rura, corozo de chascara,<br />
macagüita, marará, mararay, palma de chascara, quindio<br />
USES/NOTES: Oily fruits, e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or candied, are a good<br />
source <strong>of</strong> vitamin A and protein.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Highland Colombia and Venezuela and southwestern<br />
Amazonian Brazil (st<strong>at</strong>e <strong>of</strong> Acre) to adjacent Peru and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Balick and Gersh<strong>of</strong>f 1990, Bernal 1992, Duke 1986, Duke<br />
and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Graf 1974, Henderson et al.<br />
1995, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Aiphanes eggersii Burret<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: Eggers plam<br />
SPANISH: chontaruro, corozo<br />
USES/NOTES: Mesocarp and <strong>the</strong> endosperm are e<strong>at</strong>en locally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Ecuador possibly into extreme northwestern<br />
Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, MBG n.d.<br />
Aiphanes linearis Burret<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: chirca, corozo de agüita<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Colombian highlands<br />
REFERENCES: Borchsenius and Bernal 1996, Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Aiphanes macroloba Burret [syn. A. chocoensis A.H. Gentry]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: chascaraza, palmito<br />
USES/NOTES: Heart is e<strong>at</strong>en locally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West-central to southwestern Colombian and<br />
northwestern Ecuadorian highlands from 600-1400 meters<br />
REFERENCES: Borchsenius and Bernal 1996, Henderson et al. 1995, MBG<br />
n.d.<br />
Aiphanes minima (Gaertner) Burret [syn. A. acanthophylla (Mart.)<br />
Burret]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: coyure palm, grigri palm, macaw palm<br />
SPANISH: coyore<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and seeds are edible. Also grown as an<br />
ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and <strong>the</strong> Lesser<br />
Antilles<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987, Uhl and<br />
Dransfield 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Alcea rosea (L.) Cav. [syn. Althaea rosea (L.) Cav.]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: garden hollyhock, hollyhock, stock rose<br />
PORTUGUESE: malva-da-Índia, malva-rosa, malvaísco, malvarisco<br />
SPANISH: alcea, malva arbórea, malva loca, malva real, malvarrosa<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb and flowers and cooked<br />
buds are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads. Flowers also are made into tea and<br />
taken as a demulcent, diuretic, and for chest ailments.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China, widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Carneiro Martins 1989, Facciola<br />
1990, Soukup 1970, Usher 1974<br />
Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. [syn. A. triloba Forst., Croton<br />
moluccanus L., J<strong>at</strong>ropha moluccana L.]<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: Belgaum walnut, candleberry, candlenut oil tree, candlenut<br />
tree, China wood-oil, Chinese tung-oil, Indian walnut, tung-oil<br />
tree, varnish tree<br />
Belgaum walnut, candleberry, candlenut oil tree, Indian walnut,<br />
varnish tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: bancoulier-dos-franceses, nogueira-da-praia, nogueirade-óleo,<br />
nogueira-de-Santa-C<strong>at</strong>arina, nogueira-do-iquape, noz-dasmolucas,<br />
tungue<br />
SPANISH: árbol candil, calumbán, camirio, lumbán, nuez de India<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds may be e<strong>at</strong>en roasted, though <strong>the</strong> tree is better<br />
known for <strong>the</strong> inedible, drying seed oil th<strong>at</strong> is used for<br />
illumin<strong>at</strong>ion and finishing wood as well as o<strong>the</strong>r industrial<br />
applic<strong>at</strong>ions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Asia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in tropical and frost-free<br />
subtropical regions<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Molina 1975, Stuppy et al. 1999, Wunderlin<br />
1998<br />
Alibertia concolor (Cham.) Schum.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
PORTUGUESE: marmelada, marmeladinha<br />
SPANISH: café bravo<br />
USES/NOTES: Small fruit’s pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE:Tropical South America from Brazil, and adjacent<br />
Bolivia, Argentina, and Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: EMBRAPA 2006, MBG n.d.<br />
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Alibertia edulis (A. Rich.) A. Rich. ex DC. [syn. A. panamensis L.<br />
Riley] and A. myrciifolia Spruce ex K. Schum.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
PORTUGUESE: apuruí, apuruizinho, arapuruí, goiaba-preta, marmelada,<br />
marmelada-de-bezerro, marmelada-de-cachorro, marmelada-de-cavalo,<br />
marmelada-lisa, marmeleiro, motu, puruí, puruí pequeno,<br />
puruizinho, puruzinho<br />
SPANISH: guayabito de monte, guaiabo, huitillo, lagartillo, madroño<br />
de comer, perija, perita, pitajoní hembra, trompillo, trompito,<br />
trompo, tutumillo, zumbo<br />
USES/NOTES: Small fruit’s pulp is edible. Leaves and bark are<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: A. edulis from Gre<strong>at</strong>er Amazonia to Nicaragua and A.<br />
myrciifolia from gre<strong>at</strong>er Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Brako and Zarucchi 1993,<br />
Cavalcante 1991, Condit and Pérez n.d., Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Jardim et al. 2003, Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975, OAS 1973,<br />
Posey 1984, Posey 1985, Poveda and Sánchez 1999, Renner et al.<br />
1990, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Alibertia hadrantha Standley<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
PORTUGUESE: apuruí<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern Amazonian Brazil, perhaps restricted to<br />
<strong>the</strong> st<strong>at</strong>e <strong>of</strong> Acre, and adjacent Peru into Amazonian Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d., UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Alibertia hexagyna H. Karsten (?) [perhaps conspecific with A.<br />
edulis (A. Rich.) A. Rich. ex DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
SPANISH: pera<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Alibertia macrophylla Schum.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
PORTUGUESE: marmelada, marmelada-de-cachorro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: EMBRAPA 2006<br />
Alibertia sessilis (Vell.) Schumann [syn. A. melloana Hook.f.]<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
PORTUGUESE: marmelada-de-cachorro, marmelinho-do-campo<br />
SPANISH: madroño<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern Brazil and adjacent Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Bernardi 1985, EMBRAPA 2006, Martin et al. 1987<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Alibertia sorbilis Ducke [syn. Borojoa sorbilis (Ducke) Cu<strong>at</strong>rec.,<br />
Thieleodoxa sorbilis Ducke]<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
PORTUGUESE: puruí grande<br />
SPANISH: borjó<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonas st<strong>at</strong>e, Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Rankin de Mérona<br />
et al. 1992<br />
Alibertia tutumilla Rusby<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
SPANISH: bicito, bisillo, tutumilla, vi chico<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit may be bitter and also sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1969, MBG n.d.<br />
Alisma plantago-aqu<strong>at</strong>ica L.<br />
FAMILY: Alism<strong>at</strong>aceae (w<strong>at</strong>er plantain)<br />
ENGLISH: mad-dog weed, w<strong>at</strong>er plantain<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en dried <strong>the</strong>n cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: nearly cosmopolitan<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker 1979<br />
Allagoptera arenaria (Gomes) Kuntze [syn. Diplo<strong>the</strong>nium maritimum<br />
Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: sand palm, seashore palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: buri-da-praia, caxandó, coco-da-praia, coco-guriri,<br />
guri, guriri<br />
SPANISH: palma costera<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en or made into a beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil’s south-central coast<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Henderson et al. 1995, Hoyas 1989, IBGE<br />
1980, Martin et al. 1987, Moraes 1996<br />
Allagoptera campestris (Mart.) Kuntze [syn. Diplo<strong>the</strong>nium campestre<br />
Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ariri, buri, buri-do-campo, emburi, guriri-do-campo,<br />
imburi, pissandó<br />
USES/NOTES: Unripe fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central interior Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Allagoptera leucocalyx (Mart.) Kuntze<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: coco-da-chapada, guriri<br />
SPANISH: motacuchí<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Bolivia to adjacent southwestern Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Allantoma line<strong>at</strong>a (Mart. ex Berg) Miers<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
ENGLISH: skittle nut<br />
PORTUGUESE: ceru, cheru, churu, tauari, xuru<br />
SPANISH: tabari<br />
USES/NOTES: Nuts occasionally are e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Prance and Mori 1979<br />
Alliaria petiol<strong>at</strong>a (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: garlic mustard<br />
USES/NOTES: Finely chopped leaves can be added to salads, young<br />
leaves can be e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked, and flowers and young seedpods<br />
are said to be e<strong>at</strong>en raw. All plant parts have a mild mustard and<br />
garlic flavor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, n<strong>at</strong>uralized and invasive in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Elias and Dykeman 1982, Facciola 1990<br />
Allium canadense L.<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: Canada garlic, Canada onion, meadow garlic, meadow leek,<br />
outlaw <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lily family, prairie onion, wild garlic, wild onion<br />
USES/NOTES: Small bulbs are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, cooked, or pickled, and<br />
leaves and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Canada to Texas and Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Gibbons 1962, Harrington 1967, Harris 1972, Kindscher<br />
1987, Peterson 1977<br />
Allium cepa L. var. cepa<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: onion<br />
PORTUGUESE: cebola, cebola-cabeça-branca, cebola-do-reino, cebolagigante,<br />
cebola-pêra, cebola-roxa, cebola-vermelha<br />
SPANISH: cebolla, cebollo<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs are <strong>the</strong> principal commercial onion, used as a<br />
condiment and a vegetable, raw, cooked, or pickled. Also<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Iran and Pakistan<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Jones<br />
and Mann 1963, Purseglove 1972<br />
Allium cepa L. var. solaninum P. Allen<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: eschallot, shallot<br />
PORTUGUESE: cebolinha, cebolinha branca<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
SPANISH: cebolla escalonia, cebolleta, chalote<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs and leaves are used as condiments or in salads.<br />
Bulbs are e<strong>at</strong>en pickled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Leung 1961, Omawale 1973,<br />
Purseglove 1972, Usher 1974<br />
Allium cernuum Rydb.<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: lady’s leek, nodding onion, nodding pink onion, nodding<br />
wild onion<br />
USES/NOTES: Strong-flavored bulbs and leaves are used to flavor<br />
soups, stews, and me<strong>at</strong>s.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: U.S. from New York and Georgia to Minnessota and<br />
Arizona<br />
REFERENCES: Gibbons 1962, Harrington 1967, Peterson 1977<br />
Allium chinensis G. Don f. [syn. A. bakeri Regel]<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinese onion<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs are e<strong>at</strong>en, <strong>of</strong>ten pickled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Allium drummondii Regel<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: wild onion<br />
SPANISH: cebolla del monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable or a condiment.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S. and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Fernald 1950, Kindscher 1987,<br />
L<strong>at</strong>orre and L<strong>at</strong>orre 1977<br />
Allium fistulosum L.<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: bunching onion, green onion, Japanese bunching onion,<br />
Peruvian onion, spring onion, Welsh onion<br />
PORTUGUESE: cebola-de-todo-ano, cebolinha, cebolhina-comum,<br />
cebolhina-verde<br />
SPANISH: cebolla de hoja, cebolla de invierno, cebolla junca,<br />
cebolla peruana, cebolleta, cebollín, cebollina galesa, cebollino<br />
inglés<br />
USES/NOTES: Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed as an edible and medicinal herb,<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten added to salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn China to Siberia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural<br />
1990, Harrington 1967, IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Purseglove 1972,<br />
Rehm and Espig 1991, Ruberté 1984, Usher 1974<br />
Allium geyeri S. W<strong>at</strong>son [also A. dicotymum E. Greene]<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: Geyer(’s) onion<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs and leaves are used to flavor soups, stews, and<br />
me<strong>at</strong>s.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967<br />
Allium glandulosum Link & Otto [syn. A. kunthii G. Don f.]<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
SPANISH: cebolla del monte, cebollita<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs are added to sauces.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984<br />
Allium porrum L. [syn. A. ampeloprasum var. porrum (L.) Gay]<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: leek<br />
PORTUGUESE: alho-macho, alho-por, alho-poró, alho-porro, alhoporrum<br />
SPANISH: ajito tierno, ajo porro, ajo puerro, cebollino, cebollita,<br />
porrino, porro, puerro, puerro silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Large, elong<strong>at</strong>ed leaf bases (or false stems), bulbs,<br />
and leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean Europe, widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d, Guia Rural 1990,<br />
Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976aa, Purseglove 1972, Rehm<br />
and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Schneider 1987, Usher<br />
1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Allium s<strong>at</strong>ivum L.<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: garlic<br />
PORTUGUESE: alho, alho-comum, alho-hortense, alho-manso<br />
SPANISH: ajo<br />
USES/NOTES: Cloves are <strong>the</strong> garlic <strong>of</strong> commerce, used to flavor<br />
foods. Also medicinal and an oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe to Central Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Leung 1961, Morton 1976aa,<br />
Purseglove 1972, Usher 1974<br />
Allium schoenoprasum L.<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: chives<br />
PORTUGUESE: cebolinha, galega<br />
SPANISH: ajo moruno, cebolla, cebolla de rama, cebolleta,<br />
cebollino, cebollino francés<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs, hollow leaves, and flowers are added to salads,<br />
soups, and o<strong>the</strong>r prepared dishes. Dried, chopped leaves are used<br />
as a spice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe perhaps through temper<strong>at</strong>e Asia<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
35
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Creasy 1990, Duke 1986, Guia Rural<br />
1990, Kunkel 1984, Leung 1961, Morton 1976aa, Omawale 1973,<br />
Purseglove 1972, Rehm and Espig 1991<br />
Allium stell<strong>at</strong>um Fraser<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: prairie onion, wild onion<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and roots are used as condiments.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sask<strong>at</strong>chewan to Ohio<br />
REFERENCES: Peterson 1977, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Allium tricoccum Aiton<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: ramp(s), wild leek, wood leek<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked and bulbs are used like common<br />
leeks (Allium porrum) added to salads or in cooking.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada to Georgia and Iowa<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons 1962, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng.<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinese chives, Chinese leek, garlic chives<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Allium unifolium Kellogg<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: one-leaf onion<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs and shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993<br />
Allium ursinum L.<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: ramsoms, wild garlic, wood garlic<br />
PORTUGUESE: alho-de-urso<br />
SPANISH: ajo silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and roots are used as condiments.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1992, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Schneider<br />
1987<br />
Allium validum S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: swamp onion<br />
USES/NOTES: Fibrous bulbs are used for flavoring in cooked foods.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990,<br />
Hickman 1993<br />
Allium vineale L.<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: crow garlic, false garlic, field garlic, wild garlic<br />
SPANISH: ajo silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Hollow leaves and roots are used as condiments.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Fernald 1950, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Peterson 1977, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Allophylus edulis (A. St-Hil., Cambess. & A. Juss.) Radlk. [syn.<br />
Schmidelia edulis A. St-Hil., Cambess. & A. Juss.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
PORTUGUESE: baga-de-morcego, chala-chala, chale-chale, frutade-parão,<br />
fruta-de-passarinho, fruta-de-pomba, murtabranca,<br />
murta-vermelha, olho-de-pomba, ovo-de-pomba, paupombo,<br />
vacum, vacunzeiro<br />
SPANISH: chal-chal, cocó, cocú, koku<br />
USES/NOTES: Red fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, <strong>the</strong> Guyanas,<br />
Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay<br />
REFERENCES: López et al. 1987, Lorenzi 2000, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don f.<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: elephant ear, giant taro<br />
PORTUGUESE: inhame-gigante, toyoea<br />
SPANISH: taro<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers, although rarely e<strong>at</strong>en, must be properly<br />
prepared as <strong>the</strong>y may be cyanogenic. Grown more frequently as an<br />
ornamental for its large, decor<strong>at</strong>ive leaf and as a medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sri Lanka, possibly to Malaya<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Plowman 1969, Sauer 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Aloë vera (L.) Burm.f. [syn. A. barbadensis Miller]<br />
FAMILY: Aloeaceae (aloe)<br />
ENGLISH: aloe, aloe vera, Barbados aloe, bitter aloes, burm, burn<br />
plant, Curaçao aloe, medicinal aloe, Old World aloe, sempervivum,<br />
senteebyebee, sinkle bible, true aloe, unguentine cactus<br />
PORTUGUESE: aloés, babosa, babosa-ananás, caragu<strong>at</strong>á-de-jardim,<br />
erva-babosa, erva-de-azebre<br />
SPANISH: acíbar, alóe, lináloe, sábila, savila, zábila<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves contain a thick, gel<strong>at</strong>inous substance used<br />
widely in topical medicines (as an oil, gel, or dried powder) and<br />
less frequently in foods such as jelly. Leaves are edible and<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir pulp is used to flavor alcoholic and non-alcoholic<br />
beverages, frozen desserts, baked goods, and confections. Seeds<br />
reportedly are edible.<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
37
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region or perhaps sou<strong>the</strong>rn Africa,<br />
introduced widely and rarely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Branch and Silva 1983, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1990,<br />
Nellis 1994, Price 1990, Rehm and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez<br />
1987, Soukup 1970, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Aloysia citriodora Palau [syn. A. triphylla (L’Hérit.) Britton]<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: lemon verbena<br />
PORTUGUESE: cidrão, cidrilha, cidrilho, cedrina, cidró, erva-luísa,<br />
falsa-erva-cidreira, limonete, lúcia-lima, salva-limão<br />
SPANISH: hierba luisa, té cedrón<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used in teas and to flavor liqueurs.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Chile,<br />
Peru, and perhaps Uruguay<br />
REFERENCES: Alves da Fonseca n.d., Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Morton 1976a, Zuloaga 1997<br />
Aloysia gr<strong>at</strong>issima (Gillies & Hook.) Tronc. [syn. A. lycioides<br />
Cham., Verbena gr<strong>at</strong>issima Gillies & Hook.]<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: bee brush, Mexican oregano, white brush<br />
PORTUGUESE: alfazema-do-brasil, erva-da-graça, erva-de-nossasenhora,<br />
erva-santa<br />
SPANISH: ángel, arrayan, azahar de campo, cedrón, cedrón de campo,<br />
cedrón de monte, cidrón, lamuña, muña, niño rupa, niño-urupá,<br />
palo amarillo, quebradora, resedá de campo, romerillo, usillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic leaves and flowers are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Disjunct popul<strong>at</strong>ions in New Mexico, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Texas<br />
and adjacent Mexico; nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, Bolivia, sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Brazil, and Paraguay; and perhaps Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Alves da Fonseca n.d., MBG n.d., Troncoso 1979, Tull<br />
1978, Zuloaga 1997<br />
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. [syn. A. speciosa<br />
(Wendl.) Schumann]<br />
FAMILY: Zingiberaceae (ginger)<br />
ENGLISH: shell flower, shell ginger<br />
SPANISH: alpinia<br />
USES/NOTES: Primarily an ornamental in <strong>the</strong> Americas, though stems,<br />
leaves, and flowers may be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Tanaka 1976, von Reis<br />
Altschul 1973<br />
Alstroemeria aurantiaca D. Don [also A. haemantha Ruiz & Pavón, A.<br />
revoluta Ruiz & Pavón, and A. versicolor Ruiz & Pavón]<br />
FAMILY: Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) or Liliaceae (lily)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
ENGLISH: herb lily (A. haemantha), Peruvian lily, purple-spot<br />
parrot-lily (A. haemantha)<br />
USES/NOTES: Rhizomes, though bland are nutritious and a good starch<br />
source. The plant is ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: A. aurantiaca and A. haemantha from Chile and<br />
Argentina to Peru, A. revoluta from Chile and Argentina to<br />
Bolivia, A. versicolor possibly restricted to Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Marticorena and<br />
Quezada 1985, Parodi 1934, Ravenna 1969, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Alstreoemeria ligtu L.<br />
FAMILY: Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) or Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: Peruvian lily<br />
SPANISH: chuno de concepción<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are a starch source sold in Chilean markets. Also<br />
grown as an ornamental for its orange flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal cloud forests <strong>of</strong> Chile and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Marticorena and Quezada 1985,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Alternan<strong>the</strong>ra brasiliana (L.) Kuntze<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
ENGLISH: Brazil chaff-flower, Brazilian amaranth, Brazilian<br />
joyweed, purple alternan<strong>the</strong>ra<br />
PORTUGUESE: caaponga, ervanço, perpétua, perpétua-do-brasil,<br />
perpétua-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: perpetua<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is used as a cooking herb. Flowers are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, likely beyond<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Mears 1977, Mentz et al. 1997<br />
Althaea <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: altea, marsh mallow, marshmallow, white mallow<br />
PORTUGUESE: alteia (altéia), althaea, malva-branca, malva-dopântano,<br />
malvarisco<br />
SPANISH: malva de pantano, malvavisco, melcocha<br />
USES/NOTES: Starchy roots were prepared to make a mucilaginous<br />
paste used like egg whites and to make <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> original<br />
marshmallow — a gummy confection made with a sweetened root<br />
decoction variously mixed with egg whites and thickeners like gum<br />
arabic (Acacia spp.). Today, marshmallows (bombón de merengue<br />
blanco in Spanish) are made with gel<strong>at</strong>in or gum thickeners, corn<br />
syrup, sugar, and flavorings. Roots and leaves have been used for<br />
tea, roots can be e<strong>at</strong>en in salads, and flower buds have been used<br />
like capers (Capparis spinosa). Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Carneiro Martins 1989, Facciola<br />
1990, Gibbons 1966, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Soukup 1970,<br />
Usher 1974<br />
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Amaioua guianensis Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
PORTUGUESE: amaina, canela-de-veado, cedro-bravo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: upland forests <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Guianas, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela,<br />
and Amazonian Brazil and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 1987, Steyermark<br />
et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Amaranthus acanthochiton Sauer [syn. Acanthochiton wrightii<br />
Torrey]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
ENGLISH: greenstripe, greenstrip amaranth<br />
USES/NOTES: Shoots and young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or dried, <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
as a famine food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Chihuahua,<br />
Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Castetter 1935, Correll and Johnston 1970, Hough 1897,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Whiting 1939<br />
Amaranthus albus L. [syn. A. graecizens L.]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
ENGLISH: prostr<strong>at</strong>e amaranth, prostr<strong>at</strong>e pigweed, spreading pigweed,<br />
stiff tumbleweed, tumble pigweed, tumbleweed, tumbleweed<br />
amaranth, white amaranth, white pigweed<br />
PORTUGUESE: bredo verdadeiro, caruru-de-porco<br />
SPANISH: bledo, cochino, quelite manchado<br />
USES/NOTES: Young plant is e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, and seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en raw,<br />
cooked, as cereal or mush, and as flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: U.S. and Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980,<br />
Kindscher 1987<br />
Amaranthus arenicola I.M. Johnston [syn. A. torreyi auct. non<br />
(Gray) Benth. ex S. W<strong>at</strong>son]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
ENGLISH: pigweed, sand amaranth, sandhill amaranth, sandhills<br />
amaranth, sandhills pigweed, Torrey amaranth<br />
PORTUGUESE: amaranto<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: U.S. Gre<strong>at</strong> Plains, from Texas to South Dakota,<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, USDA-NRCS 2004<br />
Amaranthus blitoides S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
ENGLISH: amaranth, creeping amaranth, m<strong>at</strong> amaranth, m<strong>at</strong>weed,<br />
prostr<strong>at</strong>re amaranth, prostr<strong>at</strong>e pigweed, spreading amaranth<br />
PORTUGUESE: bredu, erva-aranha<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
SPANISH: amaranto, baleo, bledo, bledo rojo, bledos, bletos, breo,<br />
ceñiglo, cenizo, hebreo, quelite manchado, sabía<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians in <strong>the</strong> western U.S. <strong>at</strong>e young plants,<br />
leaves, and seeds in various ways. Small nutritious seeds were<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en raw or ground and prepared in pinole. Young plants were<br />
added to cooked meals dried or fresh and leaves have been used as<br />
a po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America from Alaska and Quebec to Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Castetter 1935, Elmore 1944, Everitt et al. 2007,<br />
Moerman n.d., Reagan 1929, Saunders 1976, Vestal 1940, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Amaranthus caud<strong>at</strong>us L. [syn. A. edulis Speg., A. mantegazzianus<br />
Passer.]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
ENGLISH: amaranth, bush green, c<strong>at</strong>-tail, Inca whe<strong>at</strong>, love-liesbleeding,<br />
pendant amaranth, red-hot c<strong>at</strong>tail, tassel flower,<br />
tumbleweed<br />
PORTUGUESE: amaranto, amaranto de cauda, bredu, caruru<br />
SPANISH: abanico, achis, achita, amaranto, <strong>at</strong>aco, <strong>at</strong>aco morado,<br />
blero, bledo, bledos, borlas, chaquilla, chaquillon, coime,<br />
coimi, coyo, cuimi, j<strong>at</strong>aco, kiwicha, millmi, moco de pavo,<br />
qamaya, quichuicha, quichuicha, quihuicha, quinchincha,<br />
quinchuicha, quinoa, quínoa, quínoa de castilla, quínoa del<br />
valle, sangoracha, sangorache, trigo del Inca, trigo Inca<br />
USES/NOTES: Lysine-rich seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en as flour, popped, or<br />
parched. Leaves are used as an herb or a vegetable like spinach<br />
(Spinacia oleracea). Attempts to revitalize this once important<br />
Andean staple crop are underway.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> Andes from Ecuador to<br />
northwestern Argentina, though it was also cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed early in<br />
Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bonuccelli 1989, Bourke et al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969,<br />
Downton 1973, Early 1992, Estrella 1991, Guia Rural 1990,<br />
Kauffman and Weber 1990, León 1987, Leung 1961, Lobb 1993,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Martin and Telek 1979, Marx 1977, Myers 1983,<br />
Naranjo 1991, NRC 1989, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Ruberté<br />
1984, Sauer 1993<br />
Amaranthus crassipes Schlecht.<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
ENGLISH: clubfoot amaranth, spreading amaranth, tropical spreading<br />
amaranth<br />
SPANISH: tsakam chith<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant is e<strong>at</strong>en as a cooked green in Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Arizona and Texas, and perhaps New Mexico,<br />
and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in Florida, <strong>the</strong> Antilles,<br />
Venezuela, and likely elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Amaranthus cruentus L. [syn. A. panicul<strong>at</strong>us L.]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
ENGLISH: achita, amaranth, amaranthus, careless weed, Mexican grain<br />
amaranth, pigweed, prince’s fea<strong>the</strong>r, princess fea<strong>the</strong>r, purple<br />
amaranth, red amaranth, reuzen amaranth, scarlet amaranth<br />
PORTUGUESE: bredo, caruru-de-porco<br />
SPANISH: achita, alegría, bledo, calalú, hisquilite, huautle,<br />
quelite<br />
USES/NOTES: Nutritious white seeds are made into baking flour, and<br />
nutritious leaves are used like spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Once<br />
an important food <strong>of</strong> pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Also medicinal.<br />
Possibly derived from A. hybridus.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexican and/or Gu<strong>at</strong>emalan highlands, diffused into<br />
Central America and <strong>the</strong> southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Brouk 1975, Cárdenas 1969, Facciola 1990,<br />
Ford 1984, Guia Rural n.d., Hernández Xolocotzi 1993, Kauffman<br />
and Weber 1990, Martin and Ruberté 1979, Martin and Telek 1979,<br />
OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sauer 1993, Tucker 1986,<br />
Wea<strong>the</strong>rford 1988<br />
Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell. [syn. A. tristis Willd.]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
ENGLISH: amaranth, calalu, c<strong>at</strong>erpillar calalu, pigweed, wild<br />
spinach<br />
PORTUGUESE: caruru<br />
SPANISH: blero, calalú<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as greens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Honychurch 1980, Martin and<br />
Telek 1979, Omawale 1973, Pérez-Arbeláez 1956<br />
Amaranthus hybridus L. [syn. A. chlorostachys Willd., A. quitensis<br />
Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
ENGLISH: achita, amaranth, green amaranth, prince’s fea<strong>the</strong>r,<br />
princess fea<strong>the</strong>r, rough pigweed, slim amaranth, smooth amaranth,<br />
smooth pigweed, spleen amaranth, wild beet<br />
PORTUGUESE: bredo, caruru-de-porco<br />
SPANISH: achita, airampo, <strong>at</strong>aco, bledo, calalú, chan, cuiritze,<br />
hisquilite, huautle, quelite, sangorache, xtez<br />
USES/NOTES: Nutritious seeds and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en; seeds are<br />
roasted or ground into flour and baked. Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked<br />
like purslane (Portulaca oleracea).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S., highland Mexico and<br />
Central America, and probably <strong>the</strong> high tropical Andes and <strong>the</strong><br />
plains <strong>of</strong> temper<strong>at</strong>e South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Early 1992, Espejo Serna et al.<br />
n.d., Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Harrington 1967, Kauffman<br />
and Weber 1990, OAS 1973, Martin and Telek 1979, Sauer 1993,<br />
Tucker 1986, Yanovsky 1936<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. [syn. A. leucocarpus S. W<strong>at</strong>son]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
ENGLISH: burgundy amaranth, mercado grain amaranth, prince’s<br />
fea<strong>the</strong>r<br />
SPANISH: chith, guegui bledo, huauhtli, kiwicha, sith<br />
USES/NOTES: Once an important food source in Mesoamerica especially<br />
among <strong>the</strong> Aztecs, <strong>the</strong> eaves are cooked as greens and seeds are<br />
toasted and ground for <strong>at</strong>ole or e<strong>at</strong>en popped. Possibly a hybrid<br />
<strong>of</strong> A. cruentus x A. powellii.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mesoamerica<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Early 1992, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Sauer 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Wea<strong>the</strong>rford 1988<br />
Amaranthus palmeri S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
ENGLISH: pigweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds, leaves, and tender young plants are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Amaranthus powellii S. W<strong>at</strong>son [syn. A. retr<strong>of</strong>lexus var. powellii<br />
(S. W<strong>at</strong>son) Boivin]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
ENGLISH: amaranth pigweed, careless weed, pigweed, Powell’s<br />
amaranth, Powell’s pigweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Parched seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en whole or ground into meal.<br />
Young shoots and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as greens. Once cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed or<br />
encouraged by Amerindians <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rocky Mountains.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized annual weed <strong>of</strong><br />
disturbed sites<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, ITIS n.d., Tomikel 1986<br />
Amaranthus retr<strong>of</strong>lexus L. [syn. A. retr<strong>of</strong>lexus var. salicifolius<br />
I.M. Johnston]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
ENGLISH: green amaranth, pigweed, redroot, redroot pigweed, redwood<br />
amaranth, wild beet<br />
SPANISH: quintonil<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en parched, and young shoots and leaves<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en as greens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e North America, now a cosmopolitan weed<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Foster and Cordell 1992,<br />
Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Tomikel 1986<br />
Amaranthus spinosus L. [syn. A. caracasanus Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
ENGLISH: prickly amaranth, prickly calalu, red-root amaranth, spiny<br />
pigweed<br />
PORTUGUESE: bredo-de-espinhas, caruru-bravo<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
SPANISH: amaranto, <strong>at</strong>aco, bledo, bledo espinoso, bledo macho, bledo<br />
rojo, pira brava<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable. The fruit is<br />
edible. Also used to tre<strong>at</strong> fevers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pan-tropical<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Bourke et al.<br />
1987, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980, Naranjo 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Usher 1974, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Amaranthus tricolor L. [syn. A. gangeticus L.]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
ENGLISH: amaranth greens, Chinese amaranth, Chinese spinach, edible<br />
amaranth, elephant-head amaranth, Joseph’s co<strong>at</strong><br />
PORTUGUESE: amaranto, bredo-roxo, bredo-vermelho, caruru-da-m<strong>at</strong>a,<br />
caruru-grande, caruru-vermelho, crista-de-galo<br />
SPANISH: ala de oro, bledo, pira, tampala<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is edible and medicinal. Also grown as an<br />
ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, Mexico and Central America, or West Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bh<strong>at</strong> 1994, Bourke et al. 1987,<br />
IBGE 1980, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin and Ruberté 1979<br />
Amaranthus viridis L. [syn. A. gracilis Desf.]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
ENGLISH: bhajee, bhaji, calalu, chow roi bhajee, garden calalu,<br />
green amaranth, green calalu<br />
PORTUGUESE: bredo<br />
SPANISH: bledo<br />
USES/NOTES: New shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en as greens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropics<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990,<br />
Omawale 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ambelania acida Aublet [syn. A. tenuiflora Müell. Arg.]<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
FRENCH: paraveris, quienbiendent<br />
PORTUGUESE: pau-de-colher, pepino-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and central Amazonian Brazil, <strong>the</strong> Guianas,<br />
and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Steyermark et al. 1995, Zarucchi 1987<br />
Ambelania occidentalis Zarucchi<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
SPANISH: awíshru papáajiri, cuchara caspi, cucharilla, tawíshru<br />
papájiri<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe yellow fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia and Peru, perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, MBG n.d., Vásquez 1997<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Ambrosia artemisifolia L. [syn. A. maritima L.]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: hogbrake, ragweed<br />
PORTUGUESE: artemesia<br />
USES/NOTES: Achenes contain an edible oil (oil <strong>of</strong> ragweed) similar<br />
to th<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong> soybeans (Glicene max).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America, n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Correll and Johnston 1970,<br />
Cronquist 1980, Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Voeks 1997<br />
Ambrosia trifida L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: buffalo weed, giant ragweed, gre<strong>at</strong> ragweed, horse weed,<br />
ragweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible and medicinal, though better known as<br />
a hay fever source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kindscher 1987<br />
Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer [syn. A. florida<br />
Lindley]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: northwestern serviceberry, Pacific serviceberry, Sask<strong>at</strong>oon<br />
serviceberry, western shadbush<br />
SPANISH: cornijuelo, cornillo, madronillo, membrillo, tlaxisqui<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are consumed out <strong>of</strong> hand and in pies, puddings,<br />
juice, preserves, and desserts. Leaves are used for tea. Wood is<br />
dense and used for small tools and canes. Also grown as an<br />
ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America and perhaps o<strong>the</strong>r north temper<strong>at</strong>e<br />
regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Johns and Stevenson<br />
1985, Usher 1974, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Amelanchier alnifolia var. cusickii (Fern.) C. Hitchc. [syn. A.<br />
cusickii Fern.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Cusick’s serviceberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990<br />
Amelanchier arborea (Michaux f.) Fern.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: downy serviceberry, serviceberry, shadblow, shadbush<br />
USES/NOTES: Tiny, dark red to deep purple berries are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Nelson 1996<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Amelanchier bartramiana (Tausch) M. Roemer<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Bartrum shadblow<br />
USES/NOTES: Oval- to pear-shaped berry was been e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong><br />
Blackfoot.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medikus<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: downy shadblow, june berry, serviceberry, shadbush<br />
SPANISH: guillomo de Canadá, madronillo, membrillo, níspero del<br />
Canadá, tlaxisqui<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries, once important to Amerindians, are used in<br />
pies, puddings, juice, preserves, and desserts. Also grown as an<br />
ornamental and for its hard wood, used for small tools and canes.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Johns and<br />
Stevenson 1985, Mabberley 1987, Usher 1974<br />
Amelanchier laevis Wiegand [syn. A. x grandiflora Rehder]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Allegheny shadblow, apple serviceberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are made into jam or wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hendrickson 1981, Kartesz 1994<br />
Amelanchier obovalis (Michaux) Ashe<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: sou<strong>the</strong>rn juneberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990<br />
Amelanchier ovalis Medikus [also A. asi<strong>at</strong>ica Schröder]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: European june berry, snowy mespilus, swamp pear, swamp<br />
sugar pear<br />
SPANISH: bullonera, cornijuelo, cornillo, curruñé, madronillo,<br />
membrillo, tlaxisqui<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are made into jam or wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, A. asi<strong>at</strong>ica from temper<strong>at</strong>e Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Johns and Stevenson<br />
1985, Simmons 1972, Usher 1974<br />
Amelanchier stolonifera Wiegand<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: dwarf june berry, Quebec berry<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are made into jam or wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hendrickson 1981, Simmons 1972<br />
Amelanchier utahensis Koehne<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Utah serviceberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970<br />
Ammandra dasyneura (Burret) Barfod [syn. Phytelephas dasyneura<br />
Burret]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: ñume’mba, p<strong>at</strong>isak’o, tú-te-se-wa, yarina blanca, yume<br />
USES/NOTES: Liquid endosperm is drunk and leaves are used for<br />
th<strong>at</strong>ch.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia and Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Ammandra decasperma Cook [syn. Phytelephas decasperma (Cook) R.<br />
Dahlgren]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: cabecita<br />
USES/NOTES: S<strong>of</strong>t imm<strong>at</strong>ure endosperm is e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast <strong>of</strong> Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Amomyrtus luma (Molina) Legrand & Kausel [syn. Myrtus luma Molina]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: Chilean guava, Chilean myrtle<br />
PORTUGUESE: temo<br />
SPANISH: cauchao, chauchau, luma, palo madrona<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile and Argentina, possibly to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil,<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kausel 1966, Landrum 1988,<br />
Legrand 1962, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Amoreuxia palm<strong>at</strong>ifida Moçiño & Sessé ex DC.<br />
FAMILY: Bixaceae (box or boxwood) or Cochlospermaceae<br />
(cochlospermum)<br />
SPANISH: pochotilla, saya, taraqui, temasqui, yuquilla, zaya<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits and roasted roots are e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arizona, Mexico, Central America, and Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Poppendieck 1981<br />
Amorpha canescens Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: leadplant, prairie shoestrings, tea plant, wild tea<br />
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USES/NOTES: Leaves have been used for tea. The name “leadplant”<br />
derives from <strong>the</strong> grayish appearance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fine hairs th<strong>at</strong> cover<br />
<strong>the</strong> leaves, stems, and flower buds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America from Michigan west to Manitoba and<br />
Montana, south to New Mexico and Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Correll and Johnston 1970,<br />
Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, PFAF n.d., Yanovsky 1936<br />
Amorpha fruticosa L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: bastard indigo, false indigo, indigo bush<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, one-seeded, curved fruit pods may be used as a<br />
condiment. Showy purple and yellow flowers are <strong>at</strong>tractive.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America, wet areas<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Nelson 1996,<br />
Wilbur 1975<br />
Ampelocera hottlei (Standley) Standley<br />
FAMILY: Ulmaceae (elm)<br />
SPANISH: cautivo, frijolillo, guaya de monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Small edible fruits are sold in local markets in<br />
Veracruz, Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997<br />
Ampelocissus acapulcensis (Kunth) Planchon<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
SPANISH: huragüe, parra, uva cimarrona, uva silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and small red to purple fruits were e<strong>at</strong>en by<br />
Amerindians in Mexico. Fruits are described as bitter, sweet, and<br />
with potential for breeding with o<strong>the</strong>r grapes.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Honduras<br />
REFERENCES: Lombardi 2000, MBG n.d., Reyes-García and Sousa 1997<br />
Ampelopsis brevipeduncul<strong>at</strong>a (Maxim.) Trautv. [syn. A.<br />
brevipeduncul<strong>at</strong>a (Maxim.) Trautv. var. maximowiczii (Regel)<br />
Rehder, A. heterophylla (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc.]<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: amur peppe-rvine, creeper, porcelain-berry, turquoiseberry,<br />
wild grape<br />
SPANISH: vaya de porcelana<br />
USES/NOTES: Small multi-colored, shiny berries may be e<strong>at</strong>en raw or<br />
cooked and young leaves and stems are edible cooked, though all<br />
with little appreci<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Far eastern Asia from Siberia, China, Korea, and<br />
Japan; n<strong>at</strong>uralized and invasive in <strong>the</strong> eastern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Gleason and Cronquist 1991, Kunkel 1984, Tanaka 1976<br />
Amphicarpaea bracte<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Fern. [syn. A. monoica (L.) Elliott]<br />
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FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Dakota pea, ground peanut, hog peanut, pea vine, talet<br />
bean, wild peanut<br />
USES/NOTES: Subterranean seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en like boiled and though<br />
similar to a peanut in life form, <strong>the</strong> seeds are sweet and more<br />
pea-like in flavor. Generic name seen as Amphicarpa.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from New Brusnwick to central<br />
Florida to eastern Mexico and Manitoba<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Crowhurst 1972, Fernald et<br />
al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Kindscher 1987, Mabberley<br />
1987, Peña et al. 1999, Peterson 1977, Tull 1978, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Amphipterygium adstringens (Schltdl.) Standley [syn. Hypopterygium<br />
adstringens Schltdl., Juliania adstringens (Schltdl.) Schltdl.]<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy) or Julianaceae<br />
(juliania)<br />
SPANSIH: carano, chalal<strong>at</strong>e, coachalal<strong>at</strong>e, copal caraño, cuacha,<br />
cuachalalá, cuachalal<strong>at</strong>e, cuachalal<strong>at</strong>l, cuachinalá, cuauchalalá,<br />
huachinango, macerán, m<strong>at</strong>ixerán, muaxalaxlitli, palo de rosa,<br />
pacueco, volador, yalaguitu<br />
USES/NOTES: Peduncle is edible. “Juliania” appears incorrectly as<br />
“Juliana” in some sources.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and<br />
Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., MBG n.d., Molina 1975,<br />
Stevens et al. 2001<br />
Amyris elemifera L.<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: sea amyris, torchwood<br />
SPANSIH: incienso<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, dark, ovoid drupe is edible. Fragrant resinous<br />
wood is flammable and has been used for torches.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal peninsular Florida through <strong>the</strong> Keys, <strong>the</strong><br />
Bahamas, <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Antilles, coastal sou<strong>the</strong>astern Mexico, and<br />
Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Molina 1975, Nelson 1994, Taylor 1998<br />
Anacardium excelsum (Kunth) Skeels [syn. A. rhinocarpus (Kunth) DC.,<br />
Rhinocarpus excelsa Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: wild cashew<br />
PORTUGUESE: caracoli<br />
SPANISH: caracolí, espavé, espavé acajú, espavel, espavel amarillo,<br />
espavel rosado, marañón, mija, mijagua, mijao<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonian Brazil, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, Venezuela,<br />
Colombia, and Ecuador to <strong>the</strong> Pacific coast <strong>of</strong> Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
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REFERENCES: Barfod 1987, CTFS n.d., Fournier 2002, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
MBG n.d., OAS 1973<br />
Anacardium giganteum Hancock ex Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: wild cashew<br />
PORTUGUESE: caju-açu, caju-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, cajuí, cajuí-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, oloi<br />
SPANISH: sacha cashú<br />
USES/NOTES: Fleshy red peduncles, or pseudo-fruits, similar to <strong>the</strong><br />
common cashew (A. occidentale), are e<strong>at</strong>en in nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonia and<br />
<strong>the</strong> Guianas. Ka’apor use <strong>the</strong> plant for ceremonial beverages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonia through nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Silva<br />
et al. 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Anacardium humile A. St-Hil.<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: monkey nut<br />
PORTUGUESE: caju-do-campo, caju-do-cerrado, cajueiro-do-campo, cajuí,<br />
cajuzinho, cajuzinho-do-cerrado<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible, oily seeds are similar to <strong>the</strong> common cashew (A.<br />
occidentale).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazilian Cerrado and adjacen regions <strong>of</strong> Bolivia and<br />
Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Killeen and Schulenberg 1998, Martin et al. 1987, Muñoz<br />
1990<br />
Anacardium nanum A. St-Hil. [includes A. pumilum Walp.]<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cajueiro-rasteiro<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible. Perhaps best tre<strong>at</strong>ed as A. occidentale<br />
var. nanum or possibly conspecific with A. corymbosum Barb. Rodr.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Bicalho and Rezende 2001, Garruti et al. 2003, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, MBG n.d.<br />
Anacardium negrense Pires & Fróes ex G.A. Black & Pires<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cajutim, caiu-tim<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Upper Negro and Vaupes rivers <strong>of</strong> northwestern Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Anacardium occidentale L. [syn. A. macrocarpum Engl. nomen<br />
illegit., A. microcarpum Ducke, Acajuba occidentalis (L.)<br />
Gaertn.]<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: cashew, cashew apple, cashew nut<br />
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PORTUGUESE: acaiju, acaju, acajaíba, acajaúba, acajuíba, caju, cajuaçu,<br />
caju-assu, caju-do-campo, caju-manso, cajueiro, cascaantidiabética,<br />
oacaju<br />
SPANISH: acajú, acayoba, acayocha, anacardo, cacho, cajú, cajuil,<br />
casha, cashú, casú, cayo, cayutero, jocote marañón, marañón, merei,<br />
merey, nucñú baras, nucñu bares, nuez de la India, pajuí, pajuil,<br />
nuez del Brasil, uaipinu<br />
USES/NOTES: Kidney-shaped nut is <strong>the</strong> cashew <strong>of</strong> intern<strong>at</strong>ional commerce,<br />
typically e<strong>at</strong>en roasted, in confections, or as cashew butter, which<br />
is an important culinary ingredient in <strong>the</strong> Brazilian Nor<strong>the</strong>ast in<br />
such dishes as v<strong>at</strong>apá. Red to yellow fruit (actually a thick,<br />
fleshy peduncle or pseudo-fruit), called cashew apple, is consumed<br />
fresh, as juice or wine (cajuado in Brazil), or preserved. Sap is<br />
<strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> a gum similar to gum arabic. Nut shells, leaves, and<br />
roots are medicinal. Phenol is extracted from <strong>the</strong> shell. Pericarp<br />
contains cardol, a poisonous oil used in dyes, varnishes, and<br />
lubricants. The plant was introduced to <strong>the</strong> Old World by <strong>the</strong><br />
Portuguese in <strong>the</strong> mid 1500s and is today widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in<br />
favorable tropical loc<strong>at</strong>ions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern coastal Brazil, from where it spread in<br />
pre-Columbian times to eastern Amazonia, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, eastern<br />
Venezuela, and <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Bonuccelli 1989, Boom 1987, Carneiro Martins 1989,<br />
Cavalcante 1991, Cid 1978, Cundall 1995, Duke 1986, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Garruti et al. 2003, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980,<br />
Johnson 1972, Johnson 1974, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, Markley<br />
1957, Mitchell and Mori 1987, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Prance and<br />
Balick 1990, Rehm and Espig 1991, Samson 1980, Sauer 1993, Silva et<br />
al. 1977, Soukup 1970<br />
Anacardium parvifolium Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: wild cashew<br />
PORTUGUESE: cajuí<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru to eastern Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Silva et al. 1977, Vásquez 1997<br />
Anacardium spruceanum Benth. ex Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
PORTUGUESE: caju-açu, cajuí, cajuí-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil to Venezuela and Suriman<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977, Steyermark et al.<br />
1995<br />
Ananas ananassoides (Baker) L.B. Sm.<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
ENGLISH: wild pineapple<br />
PORTUGUESE: ananaí, ananás-bravo, ananás-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
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SPANISH: piña silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Acid fruits are edible and medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Berg 1984, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al.<br />
1977<br />
Ananas bracte<strong>at</strong>us (Lindley) Schultes f. in Roemer & Schultes<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ananás-de-cerca, carau<strong>at</strong>á<br />
SPANISH: karagu<strong>at</strong>á ruhá, piña de playón<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Leaf fiber is used for hammocks.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Ecuador, and<br />
Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Brücher 1989, Facciola 1990, Martin et al.<br />
1987<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia to Surinam through Brazil to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Brücher 1989, Hoyas 1989, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. [syn. A. parguazensis Camargo & L.B. Sm.,<br />
A. s<strong>at</strong>ivus Schultes f., Ananassa s<strong>at</strong>iva Lindley, Bromelia comosa<br />
L.]<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
ENGLISH: pineapple, wild pineapple (A. parguazensis)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abacaxi, abacaxi-do-campo, ananaí(A. parguazensis),<br />
ananás, grav<strong>at</strong>á (A. parguazensis), nana, nanás<br />
SPANISH: abacachí, abacaxí, aberas, achupalla, ananá, ananás, ananáz,<br />
cacama, chulu, chiju, garrafón piña, gebero piña, huacamayo piña,<br />
jambo piña, lagarto piña, m<strong>at</strong>zalt, osi, piña, piña blanca, piña de<br />
América, piña de azúcar, piña de Indias, piña montañera (A.<br />
parguazensis), piña negra, piña silvestre (A. parguazensis), piña<br />
tropical<br />
USES/NOTES: Highly esteemed edible fruits <strong>of</strong> this domestic<strong>at</strong>ed species<br />
are <strong>the</strong> pineapples <strong>of</strong> world commerce. Bromelain, from <strong>the</strong> fruit and<br />
leaf are used medicinally and as a me<strong>at</strong> tenderizer. Juice from <strong>the</strong><br />
leaf is made into a sugary syrup and alcoholic beverages. The plant<br />
is also grown for <strong>the</strong> leaf fiber and as an ornamental. Introduced<br />
to <strong>the</strong> Old World in 1548 by <strong>the</strong> Portuguese. Wild growing escapees<br />
exhibit smaller, seedy fruits than <strong>the</strong>ir cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed counterparts<br />
and have been recognized as A. parguazensis.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in southwestern to south-central<br />
Brazil from wild progenitors th<strong>at</strong> ranged from southwestern Brazil<br />
through nor<strong>the</strong>rn Paraguay; A. parguazensis is described as ranging<br />
from Colombia to Surinam through Brazil to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Anochili and Tindall 1986, Bennett 2000, Brücher 1989,<br />
Boom 1987, Cárdenas 1969, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Estrella 1991, Guia Rural n.d., Hoyas 1989, IBGE<br />
1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, Purseglove 1972, Rehm and Espig<br />
1991, Smith et al. 1992, Zeven and Zhukovsky 1975<br />
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Ananas lucidus Miller [syn. Ananas erectifolius L.B. Sm.]<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
SPANISH: guragua, piña montañera<br />
USES/NOTES: The plant is cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its edible fruit, which is<br />
similar to <strong>the</strong> common pineapple in appearance, though smaller.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: coastal Ecuador and perhaps coastal Colombia, Amazonian<br />
Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America, perhaps to<br />
<strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Brücher 1989, Holst 1994, Smith and Downs<br />
1979<br />
Ananas nanus (L.B. Sm.) L.B. Sm. [syn. A. ananassoides var. nanus<br />
L.B. Sm.]<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abacaxi-bravo<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, pineapple-like fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonia to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Balée 1994, Smith 1971, Smith and<br />
Downs 1979<br />
Anaueria brasiliensis Kosterm.<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
SPANISH: añushi morena<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Andromeda polifolia L. var. glaucophylla (Link) DC. [syn. A.<br />
glaucophylla Link]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: bog rosemary<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians reportedly made a tea from <strong>the</strong> leaves. Also<br />
reported as toxic.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Androstephium coeruleum (Scheele) E. Greene<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: blue funnel lily, funnel lily<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kindscher 1987<br />
Anethum graveolens L.<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: anethum, aniseed, baby dill (leaves), dill, dillweed (leaves)<br />
PORTUGUESE: aneto, dill, endro<br />
SPANISH: abesón, abezón doméstico, anego, aneldo, aneto, eneldo,<br />
hinojo hediondo<br />
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USES/NOTES: Leaves, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dill <strong>of</strong> commerce, are used as an herb, and<br />
seeds, oil, and flowers are used as a spices, especially in<br />
pickling. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe or sou<strong>the</strong>astern Russia<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural 1990, Morton 1976a, Rodríguez Martínez 1990,<br />
Schneider 1987, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Angelica archangelica L.<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: angelica<br />
PORTUGUESE: angélica, mendonha<br />
SPANISH: angélica, archangélica, gélica<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en candied or in salads, and are added to<br />
wines and benedictine for flavoring. Roots reported to be e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
boiled. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Angelica <strong>at</strong>ropurpurea L.<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: Alexander’s angelica, angelica, masterwort, purple angelica<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads, boiled as a vegetable,<br />
or added to stews. Roots and stems are e<strong>at</strong>en candied.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Harris 1972, Morton 1976a, Peterson 1977,<br />
Radford et al. 1968, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Angelica lucida L. [syn. Archangelica actaeifolium Michaux,<br />
Archangelica gmelini DC., Coelopleurum actaeifolium (Michaux)<br />
Coulter & Rose]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: seacoast angelica, sea w<strong>at</strong>ch, wild celery<br />
USES/NOTES: Young stems are e<strong>at</strong>en like celery (Apium graveolens). Rare<br />
in portions <strong>of</strong> its n<strong>at</strong>ural range.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America, Atlantic coast <strong>of</strong> from Virginia north and<br />
Pacific coast from nor<strong>the</strong>rn California north<br />
REFERENCES: Gleason and Cronquist 1991, Hickman 1993, ITIS n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Angostura trifoli<strong>at</strong>a (Willd.) Elias [syn. Galipea febrifuga Baillon,<br />
G. <strong>of</strong>ficinalis J. Hanc. nomen illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: angostura, angostura bark, quina<br />
SPANISH: ajam<strong>at</strong>a, angostura, angostura febrífuga, cuspa, cuspare,<br />
quiina blanca, wesochai ejichü<br />
USES/NOTES: Bark is a source <strong>of</strong> angostura bitters, used to flavor<br />
beverages such as gin and various tonics. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela<br />
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REFERENCES: Kallunki and Pirani 1998, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d.,<br />
Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Aniba canelilla (Kunth) Mez [syn. Cryptocarya canelilla Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
PORTUGUESE: canela-do-Maranhão, canelão, casca-cheirosa, cascapreciosa,<br />
casca-do-Maranhão, folha-preciosa, pau-precioso, preciosa<br />
SPANISH: canela buena, peumo<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic bark and wood shavings are used in teas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, IBGE 1980, Kainer and Duryea 1992,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Silva et al. 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Aniba firmula (Nees & Mart.) Mez [syn. Aydendron firmulum Nees &<br />
Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Luaraceae (laurel)<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic seeds have been used as a condiment in Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Kubitzki and Renner 1982, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Annona acutiflora Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pau-de-Guine<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d.<br />
Annona ambotay Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: embir<strong>at</strong>aia, envira-iodo, envir<strong>at</strong>aia<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Chácobo <strong>of</strong> Bolivia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia to central Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Annona aurantiaca Barb. Rodr.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Annona cacans Warm.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ar<strong>at</strong>icum, ar<strong>at</strong>icum-cagão, articum<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-Central Brazil and neighboring Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d.<br />
Annona cherimola Miller<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: annona, cherimoya, cherimoyer, custard apple, tukib<br />
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PORTUGUESE: anona-do-Chile, cabeça-de-negro, cherimólia, chirimolia,<br />
fruta-do-conde, grabiola, graveola, graviola<br />
SPANISH: anón, anona, anona blanca, anona de tierra fría, anona del<br />
Perú, anona poshté, bichichinejo, cachimán de la China, c<strong>at</strong>uche,<br />
cherimalla, cherimola, cherimolia, cherimoya, cherimoyales,<br />
chirimolla, chirimorriñón, chirimoya, chirimoyo, chirimoyo del<br />
Perú, girimoya, masa, momona, poox, poshté, pox, usisuiti<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet to tart fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or used in drinks,<br />
ice cream, and sherbet. Seeds contain an oil used in paints and<br />
insecticides. Leaves and seeds are used in folk remedies. Widely<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and more cold-hardy than most Annona species. The<br />
<strong>at</strong>emoya, a hybrid <strong>of</strong> A. cherimola and A. squamosa, developed in<br />
Florida, combines <strong>the</strong> hardiness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cherimoya (A. cherimola)<br />
with <strong>the</strong> sweetness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sugar apple (A. squamosa).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Cool Andean highlands <strong>of</strong> Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Bonavia et al. 2004, Bourke et al. 1987, Campbell 1984,<br />
Duke 1986, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Martin et al.<br />
1987, Morton 1987a, NRC 1989, OAS 1973, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Annona coriacea Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ar<strong>at</strong>icum, ar<strong>at</strong>icum-de-tabuleiro, cabeça-de-negro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Spichiger and Mascherpa 1983<br />
Annona cornifolia St-Hil.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: aranticó-mirim<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Annona crassiflora Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ar<strong>at</strong>icum, ar<strong>at</strong>icum-do-cerrado, coração-de-boi, marolo,<br />
ongrê<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. Seeds and leaves are used for medicnal<br />
tea, though seeds <strong>the</strong>mselves are toxic.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Alves Rodrigues et al. 2002, Jardim Botânico de Brasília<br />
1989, Martin et al. 1987, Posey 1984, Spichiger and Mascherpa 1983<br />
Annona densicoma Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ar<strong>at</strong>icum-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> large, arom<strong>at</strong>ic, oval fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil<br />
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REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Frechione et al.<br />
1989, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Annona diversifolia Saff.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: cherimoya, cherimoya-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-lowlands, ilama, papauce<br />
SPANISH: anona blanca, anona roja, ilama, izlama, mono blanco,<br />
papauce, papaunce, papusa, posta<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lowlands from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico through Gu<strong>at</strong>emala and El<br />
Salvador<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Campbell 1984, León 1987, Mabberley<br />
1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Mowry et al. 1967, OAS<br />
1973, Popenoe 1974, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Annona echin<strong>at</strong>a Dunal<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: <strong>at</strong>a-de-rama<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonian Brazil and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Silva et al. 1977<br />
Annona excellens R.E. Fries<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
SPANISH: anona<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Spichiger et al. 1989<br />
Annona glabra L. [syn. A. palustris L.]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: allig<strong>at</strong>or-apple, monkey apple, pond-apple<br />
PORTUGUESE: anona, ar<strong>at</strong>icum-paná<br />
SPANISH: anón de puerco, anón liso, boga, corcha, corazón cimarrón,<br />
coyur<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellowish fruit’s pinkish pulp, though not <strong>the</strong> best <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
annonas, is used in preserves or occasionally e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand.<br />
Leaves and twigs are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: American tropical coastal zone to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Austin and Bourne 1992, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986,<br />
FNAEC 1997, Maxwell and Maxwell 1991, Nelson 1994, Omawale 1973,<br />
Popenoe 1974, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Annona globifera Schltr.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
SPANISH: anonilla, anonita de papagayos<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are snacked on.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Martin et al. 1987, Sousa and Cabrera 1983<br />
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Annona hypoglauca Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: graviola<br />
SPANISH: guanábana sacha<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Annona impressivenia Saff. ex R.E. Fries<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: graviola-brava<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruit is similar to <strong>the</strong> sour sop (A. muric<strong>at</strong>a),<br />
though smaller, not as good, and not e<strong>at</strong>en <strong>of</strong>ten.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Silva et al. 1977, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Annona jahnii Saff. [syn. A. guaricensis Pittier]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
SPANISH: manirito, manrito<br />
USES/NOTES: Poor quality fruits are occasionally e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Steyermark et al. 1985<br />
Annona longiflora S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: wild cherimoya<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West-central Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Annona lutescens Saff.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
SPANISH: anona amarilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Williams 1981<br />
Annona montana Macfad. [syn. A. marcgravii Mart., A. pisonis Mart.]<br />
[also A. nitida Mart. and A. monticola Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: ar<strong>at</strong>icum, cimarrona, custard apple, mountain soursop, wild<br />
soursop<br />
PORTUGUESE: ar<strong>at</strong>icu, ar<strong>at</strong>icum, ar<strong>at</strong>icum-açu, ar<strong>at</strong>icum-apé, ar<strong>at</strong>icumcagão,<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-cagão-marolo, ar<strong>at</strong>icum-ponhe, ar<strong>at</strong>icurana, <strong>at</strong>inha,<br />
pasmada<br />
SPANISH: anonilla, ar<strong>at</strong>icú, ar<strong>at</strong>icú grande, c<strong>at</strong>uche cimarrón,<br />
cimarrona, guanábana cimarrona, guanábana de loma, guanábana de<br />
perro, guanabanana, guanábano, guanábano de monte, huanábana,<br />
masasambra, pohne, turagua, turaguo<br />
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USES/NOTES: Fruits are rich in sugar and f<strong>at</strong>, but inferior to <strong>the</strong><br />
soursop (A. muric<strong>at</strong>a) in flavor. Fruit, seeds, and leaves are<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and Peru, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, Venezuela, and<br />
<strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Branch and Silva<br />
1983, Cárdenas 1969, Cavalcante 1991, Estrella 1991, IBGE 1980,<br />
Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1990, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Morton 1987a,<br />
Silva et al. 1977, Smith 1977, Smith and Schultes 1990, Soukup<br />
1970, Vásquez and Gentry 1989<br />
Annona muric<strong>at</strong>a L. [syn. A. bonplandiana Kunth., A. cearensis Barb.<br />
Rodr., A. macrocarpa Werkl.]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: corossol, guanabana, jacama, prickly custard apple, soursop<br />
PORTUGUESE: ar<strong>at</strong>icum-de-comer, ar<strong>at</strong>icum-grande, ar<strong>at</strong>icum-manso,<br />
coração-de-rainha, curassol, graviola, jaca-de-pobre, jaca-do-Pará<br />
SPANISH: anona, c<strong>at</strong>oche, c<strong>at</strong>uche, chirimoya, chirimoya brasileña,<br />
guanaba, guanábana, guañábana, guanábano, huanábano, masasamba,<br />
nejo, sinini, suiti, zapote agrio<br />
USES/NOTES: Large (to 20cm long), somewh<strong>at</strong> heart-shaped, highly<br />
esteemed fruits have a white, somewh<strong>at</strong> fibrous, sweetish-tart pulp<br />
th<strong>at</strong> is consumed fresh, as juice, as ice cream, in desserts, or as<br />
wine. Leaves may be made into a tea th<strong>at</strong> induces sleep, crushed<br />
fresh leaves are said to have <strong>the</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> smelling salts to<br />
tre<strong>at</strong> fainting, and extracts are being tested as a cancer<br />
tre<strong>at</strong>ment. The soursop is <strong>the</strong> most commercially important Annona.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics most likely <strong>the</strong> Caribbean coast <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Central America, perhaps to adjacent areas <strong>of</strong> South America, and<br />
and most likely areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Austin and Bourne 1992, Bonavia et al. 2004, Campbell<br />
1984, Cárdenas 1969, Cavalcante 1991, de Candolle 1902, Duke 1986,<br />
Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Joyal 1987,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1966, OAS<br />
1973, Omawale 1973, Popenoe 1974, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, Smith et<br />
al. 1992, Soukup 1970<br />
Annona nutans R.E. Fries<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
SPANISH: ar<strong>at</strong>icum<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Bolivia and Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Spichiger and Mascherpa 1983<br />
Annona paludosa Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: custard apple<br />
PORTUGUESE: ar<strong>at</strong>icum, graviola<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible, though less flavorful than many <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed Annonas.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern Amazonian Brazil and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Balée and Gély 1989, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Annona punct<strong>at</strong>a Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Annona purpurea Moçiño & Sessé<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: soncoya<br />
PORTUGUESE: cabeça-de-negro<br />
SPANISH: cabeza de negro, guanabana torete, guanacona, manirote,<br />
sincuya, soncoya, toreta<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible, but <strong>of</strong> limited appeal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lowlands <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Condit and Pérez n.d., Duke 1986, Editorial Panapo 1988,<br />
Hartshorn and Poveda 1983, León 1987, Leung 1961, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Popenoe 1974, Smith et al. 1992, Williams 1981<br />
Annona reticul<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: bullock’s heart, custard apple, Jamaica-apple, sugar apple<br />
PORTUGUESE: condessa, coração-de-boi, pinha<br />
SPANISH: anon, anón, anon injerto, anón pelón, anona, anona colorada,<br />
anona corazón, anonillo, chirimoya, chirimoya roja, corazón,<br />
corazón de buey, mamón, guanábano, sacha anona<br />
USES/NOTES: Tasty, somewh<strong>at</strong> grainy, yellowish fruit pulp is consumed<br />
fresh, as juice, or as ice cream. Leaf is medicinal. Introduced to<br />
Europe in 1690.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and <strong>the</strong> West Indies to Peru and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969, Duke 1986, Hartshorn<br />
and Poveda 1983, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Mowry et al. 1967, OAS 1973, Popenoe 1974, Samson 1980, Vásquez and<br />
Gentry 1989<br />
Annona sanctae-crucis S. Moore<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
SPANISH: anona<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Humid tropical Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Annona scleroderma Saff.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
SPANISH: poshté<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or in desserts.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and Belize to Panama<br />
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REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975, Smith et<br />
al. 1992, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Annona sericea Dunal<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: wild soursop<br />
PORTUGUESE: <strong>at</strong>a-brava<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en in Guyana and by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor <strong>of</strong><br />
Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela and <strong>the</strong> Guianas to eastern Amazonian<br />
Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Steyermark et al.<br />
1995<br />
Annona spraguei Saff.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: custard apple<br />
SPANISH: chikiqwa, chirimoya, negrito, nonita de mono, toreta, tub<br />
galet<br />
USES/NOTES: Small fruit contains desirable, sweet pulp.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Condit and Pérez n.d., MBG n.d.<br />
Annona squamosa L. [syn. A. cinera Dunal]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: annona, custard apple, sugar apple, sweetsop<br />
PORTUGUESE: <strong>at</strong>a, fruta-do-conde, fruta-do-conde-anon, pinha<br />
SPANISH: anón, anón morado, anona, anona blanca, <strong>at</strong>á, <strong>at</strong>é, cachimán,<br />
chirimoya, manzana canella, riñón, saramullo, saramuyo<br />
USES/NOTES: Highly esteemed, sweet fruits are consumed fresh, as<br />
juice, in ice cream, or in desserts. Roots and leaves are medicinal<br />
and are burned to repel insects. The <strong>at</strong>emoya, a hybrid <strong>of</strong> A.<br />
cherimola and A. squamosa, developed in Florida, combines <strong>the</strong> cold<br />
hardiness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cherimoya (A. cherimola) with <strong>the</strong> flavor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
sugar apple (A. squamosa).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Antilles, now widespread in <strong>the</strong> Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, FNAEC 1997,<br />
Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, OAS 1973,<br />
Omawale 1973, Popenoe 1974, Vásquez and Gentry 1989<br />
Annona testudinea Saff.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
SPANISH: anona del monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Anoda crist<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Schlecht.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
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SPANISH: alache, alachi, altea, amapolita morada, huinarillo, itsucua<br />
tsip<strong>at</strong>a, malva, malva chica, malvavisco, quesito, requesón,<br />
violeta, violeta de campo, violeta del país<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea or a green vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Bye 1993, Correll and Johnston<br />
1970, Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Fryxell 1987<br />
Anredera baselloides (Kunth) Baillon [syn. Boussingaultia baselloides<br />
Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Basellaceae (basella)<br />
ENGLISH: madeira vine, mignonette vine<br />
SPANISH: arroz con coco<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en like spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and<br />
tubers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South America from Peru to Mexico and possibly Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Correll and Johnston 1970, Duke<br />
n.d., Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis<br />
FAMILY: Basellaceae (basella)<br />
ENGLISH: madeira vine, mignonette vine<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its succulent, edible greens and tubers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Subtropical and Andean South America, perhaps Brazil,<br />
Ecuador, and Peru, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in California<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Hickman 1993, Jørgensen and León-<br />
Yánez 1999, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Anredera diffusa (Moq.) Sperling<br />
FAMILY: Basellaceae (basella)<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en in Peru.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Phillips 1991<br />
Anredera vesicaria (Lam.) Gaertner [syn. A. leptostachys (Moq.)<br />
Steenis]<br />
FAMILY: Basellaceae (basella)<br />
SPANISH: sacacil<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as greens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Texas and Flroida through Mexico, <strong>the</strong> West Indies and<br />
tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Brako and Zarucchi 1993,<br />
Martínez-García and Avendaño Reyes 1996<br />
Antennaria microphylla Rydb.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: pussy-toes<br />
PORTUGUESE: antenária, pé-de-g<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
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REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kindscher 1987<br />
Antennaria neglecta E. Greene<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: c<strong>at</strong>’s-foot, c<strong>at</strong>’s paw, field pussy-toes, pussy-toes<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are chewed like gum.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern to north-central North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kindscher 1987<br />
Anthriscus cereifolium (L.) H<strong>of</strong>fm.<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: cerefolio, chervil<br />
PORTUGUESE: cerefolho, cerefólio, salsa-frisada<br />
SPANISH: cerafolio, cerafollo, perifollo<br />
USES/NOTES: Young greens are used as a condiment. Leaves are<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Asia to Iran, perhaps domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in Russia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural 1990, Guia Rural n.d.,<br />
Sturtevant 1972<br />
Anthurium breviscapum Kunth [syn. A. acrob<strong>at</strong>es Sodiro]<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: anthurium<br />
SPANISH: eep<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en like cabbage or used as a condiment by<br />
<strong>the</strong> Shuar <strong>of</strong> Ecuador.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999<br />
Anthurium fosteri Cro<strong>at</strong> sp. nov. ined.<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: anthurium<br />
PORTUGUESE: antúrio<br />
SPANISH: jergón quiro<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are burned as a source <strong>of</strong> vegetable salt.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pereira and Aparecida n.d.<br />
Anthurium rubrinervium (Link) G. Don [syn. A. alien<strong>at</strong>um Schott]<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
SPANISH: eep<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en like cabbage or used as a condiment by<br />
<strong>the</strong> Shuar <strong>of</strong> Ecuador.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America to Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999<br />
Anthurium scandens (Aublet) Engl. [syn. A. rigidulum Schott]<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
SPANISH: bejuco real, corazón de Jesús, elotillo, maicillo, piragua<br />
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USES/NOTES: Purple fruits reportedly are edible. Stems are used as<br />
cordage and juice is medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Peru and Guyana, Trinidad, and <strong>the</strong><br />
Gre<strong>at</strong>er Antilles<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Breedlove 1986, Plowman 1969<br />
Anthurium triphyllum Brongn. ex Schott<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
SPANISH: tsenke eep<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en in soups by <strong>the</strong> Shuar <strong>of</strong> Ecuador.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia to <strong>the</strong> lower elev<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eastern<br />
Andes, perhaps restricted to Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Renner<br />
et al. 1990<br />
Antidesma bunius (L.) Sprengel<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: bignai, Chinese bignay laurel, China laurel, laurel,<br />
salamander tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: louro<br />
SPANISH: antidesma, árbol salamandra, bignaj<br />
USES/NOTES: Pectin-rich berries are made into jelly, syrup, or brandy,<br />
and rarely e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand. Young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a<br />
vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, probably Malaysia<br />
REFERENCES: Gregory 1960, León 1987, Leung 1961, Rehm and Espig 1991,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertner [syn. A. panicul<strong>at</strong>um Roxb.]<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: antidesma<br />
SPANISH: antidesma, bignai<br />
USES/NOTES: Slightly tart, ripe fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or made<br />
into a non-alcoholic beverage or wine. Leaves are used to flavor<br />
foods.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Malaysia<br />
REFERENCES: León 1987, Omawale 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Antidesma pl<strong>at</strong>yphyllum Mann<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: bignay<br />
SPANISH: antidesma<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is made into jelly, wine, or syrup. Aslo a lumber<br />
source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Hawaii<br />
REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn.<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
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ENGLISH: coral vine, Mexican creeper, love chain, mountain rose,<br />
queen’s jewels, queen’s wre<strong>at</strong>h<br />
SPANISH: bellisima, cadena de amor, coamec<strong>at</strong>l, colación, coralilla,<br />
coralita, enredadera, mec<strong>at</strong>e rojo, rosa de montaña<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en, <strong>the</strong> former reportedly having<br />
a “nutty” flavor, <strong>the</strong> l<strong>at</strong>ter typically as a cooked vegetable and<br />
only rarely. Climbing vine is also planted for its showy pink to<br />
white, papery flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Duke 1986, Duke n.d., FLEPPC<br />
2003, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1996, Williams 1981,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Aphandra n<strong>at</strong>alia (Balslev & Henderson) Barfod [syn. Ammandra n<strong>at</strong>alia<br />
Balslev & Henderson]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: piaçaba, piaçava, piassaba, piassava<br />
SPANISH: chilimoyo, piassaba, tagua, wamowe<br />
USES/NOTES: Imm<strong>at</strong>ure liquid endosperm is drunk, mesocarp is e<strong>at</strong>en, and<br />
heart is edible. Leaf fiber is used for weaving or for brooms and<br />
hard seed is a vegetable ivory source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia, from Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al.<br />
1995, Pedersen and Skov 2001<br />
Apios americana Medikus [syn. A. tuberosa Moench, Glycine apios L.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: American pot<strong>at</strong>o bean, apios, Dakota peas, ground bean,<br />
groundnut, hopniss, Indian pot<strong>at</strong>o, pea vine, pot<strong>at</strong>o bean, sea<br />
vines, wild-bean, wild pot<strong>at</strong>o, wild sweet pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: apio<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, sweet tubers, appearing chain-like in form, are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en boiled, roasted, or fried, and were an important pre-<br />
Columbian food for Amerindians and early European colonists <strong>of</strong><br />
eastern North America. The tubers, which taste somewh<strong>at</strong> like<br />
turnips, were harvested primarily from <strong>the</strong> wild, though <strong>the</strong> plant<br />
was cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed on a small scale in <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. Fruits,<br />
flowers, and seeds are said to be edible as well, <strong>the</strong> l<strong>at</strong>ter e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
like dried peas. Introduced to Europe as early as 1597.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Widespread in eastern and central North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 1997, Duke 1992, Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Peterson 1977, Reynolds et al. 1990, Seabrook 1973, Sturtevant<br />
1972, Usher 1974, Wiersema et al. 1990, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Miller) Pers.<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: celery<br />
PORTUGUESE: aipo, aipo-bravo, aipo-hortense, aipo-silvestre, rabaça,<br />
salsão, salsão-selvagem (refers to wild-growing, n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
plants)<br />
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SPANISH: apio, apio de laguna, apio de monte, apio hortense, apio<br />
palustre, apio silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and petioles (leaf stalks) are used as a vegetable<br />
and for seasoning. Seeds are used as a spice. The celery <strong>of</strong><br />
commerce.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe and West Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Mentz et al. 1997, Morton 1976a, Omawale 1973,<br />
Purseglove 1968, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Schneider 1987, Yamaguchi<br />
1983<br />
Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum (Miller) Gaudich.<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: celeriac, celery root, knob celery, turnip-rooted celery<br />
PORTUGUESE: aipo, aipo-d’água, aipo-dos-pântanos, salsão<br />
SPANISH: apio, panul<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, roots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, and seeds and<br />
leaves are used as a spice. Used primarily as a spice in <strong>the</strong><br />
lowland tropics.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern European and Asian marshlands<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Morton<br />
1976a, Purseglove 1968, Rehm and Espig 1991<br />
Apocynum cannabinum L.<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
ENGLISH: dogbane, Indian hemp<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians chewed <strong>the</strong> l<strong>at</strong>ex.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Radford et al. 1968, Schwegman<br />
1991, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Aponogeton distachyus L.f.<br />
FAMILY: Aponogetonaceae (pondweed)<br />
ENGLISH: cape asparagus, cape pondweed, w<strong>at</strong>er hawthorne, w<strong>at</strong>er onion<br />
USES/NOTES: Tender tips are used like common asparagus (Asparagus<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficinalis).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Apuleia ferrea (Mart.) Baill.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pau-ferro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Arachis hypogaea L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: early almond, earth nut, goober, groundnut, monkey nut,<br />
peanut<br />
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PORTUGUESE: amendoim, mani, mendoim, mendubi, mendubim, mudubim<br />
SPANISH: aráquida, cacahu<strong>at</strong>e, cacahuete, cacao de la tierra, cacao<br />
maní, cachu<strong>at</strong>e, inchic, inchik, maní, manía, mandubí, manduví,<br />
manoví, maui<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are <strong>the</strong> peanuts <strong>of</strong> commerce, e<strong>at</strong>en raw, boiled,<br />
roasted, in soups, in baked goods, in beverages, or in ice cream.<br />
Roasted seeds are ground into peanut butter. Peanut oil is used in<br />
cooking, food processing, soaps, lubricants, and pharmaceuticals.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean lowlands <strong>of</strong> Bolivia through Paraguayan Chaco,<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, and southwestern Brazil, perhaps first<br />
domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Coe<br />
1994, Duke 1981, Estrella 1991, Ferwerda 1984, Ford 1984, Guia<br />
Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Krapovickas 1969, Krapovickas and Gregory<br />
1994, Naranjo 1991, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Peret 1985, Singh and<br />
Singh 1992<br />
Aralia cord<strong>at</strong>a Thunb.<br />
FAMILY: Araliaceae (aralia or ginseng)<br />
ENGLISH: Japanese asparagus, udo<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Japan<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Fernald et al. 1958, Mabberley<br />
1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Aralia hispida Vent.<br />
FAMILY: Araliaceae (aralia or ginseng)<br />
ENGLISH: bristly sarsaparilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots have been used to flavor beverages, such as root<br />
beer and tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950,<br />
Peterson 1977<br />
Aralia nudicaulis L.<br />
FAMILY: Araliaceae (aralia or ginseng)<br />
ENGLISH: wild sarsaparilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots have been used to flavor beverages, such as root<br />
beer and tea. Fruits reportedly are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Aralia racemosa L.<br />
FAMILY: Araliaceae (aralia or ginseng)<br />
ENGLISH: American spikenard, life-<strong>of</strong>-man, pettymorrel<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are used to flavor beverages, such as root beer,<br />
berries are e<strong>at</strong>en preserved, and young shoots are added to soup.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
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REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola<br />
1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Aralia spinosa L.<br />
FAMILY: Araliaceae (aralia or ginseng)<br />
ENGLISH: angelica tree, devil’s walking stick, Hercules’ club<br />
USES/NOTES: Young triangular leaves are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from New Jersey to Iowa and central Florida<br />
to eastern Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958,<br />
Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Godfrey 1988, Long and Lakela 1971, Nelson<br />
1994<br />
Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze [syn. A. brasiliensis A.<br />
Rich.]<br />
FAMILY: Araucariaceae (Chile pine)<br />
ENGLISH: araucaria, Brazilian monkey puzzle tree, Brazilian pine,<br />
monkey puzzle tree, Parana pine, pine nut<br />
PORTUGUESE: araucária, pinhão, pinheiro-brasileiro, pinheiro-do-Paraná<br />
SPANISH: araucaria, huén, pino, pino del Brasil, pino Paraná, piñón<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, mealy seeds and gum are edible. Rel<strong>at</strong>ed to <strong>the</strong><br />
ornamental Norfolk Island pine (A. excelsa).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil, Uruguay, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, OAS 1973, López et al. 1987, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Menninger 1977, Molina 1975, Soukup 1970, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch. [syn. A. imbric<strong>at</strong>a Pav.] [A.<br />
imbric<strong>at</strong>a possibly not conspecific with A. araucana]<br />
FAMILY: Araucariaceae (Chile pine)<br />
ENGLISH: araucaria, Chile nut, Chile pine, Chilean pine, monkey<br />
puzzle, monkey puzzle tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: araucária-do-Chile, desespero-dos-macacos, pinhão<br />
SPANISH: araucaria, araucaria de Chile, araucaria flácida, arauco,<br />
huén, pehuén, piñón<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en and made into an alcoholic beverage.<br />
Rel<strong>at</strong>ed to <strong>the</strong> ornamental Norfolk Island pine (A. excelsa).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Chile to west-central Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Aagesen 1998, Bourke et al. 1987, CONAFOR n.d., Mabberley<br />
1987, OAS 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Arbutus arizonica (A. Gray) Sarg. [syn. A. xalapensis Kunth var.<br />
arizonica A. Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
ENGLISH: Arizona madrone<br />
SPANISH: madroña, nancite macho<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico to<br />
Jalisco in central Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1995, Sargent 1965<br />
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Arbutus menziesii Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
ENGLISH: Pacific madrone<br />
SPANISH: madroña<br />
USES/NOTES: S<strong>of</strong>t fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from sou<strong>the</strong>rn British Columbia to<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn California<br />
REFERENCES: Gleason and Cronquist 1968, Kirk 1970, Munz 1974<br />
Arbutus xalapensis Kunth [syn. A. glandulosa M. Martens & Galeotti,<br />
A. texana Buckley]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
ENGLISH: lady legs, lady’s leg, madrone, manzanita, Mexican madrone,<br />
naked Indian, Texas madrone<br />
SPANISH: aile, auako-uri wirárika, banutzin, curibitso, jucay, madrón,<br />
madroña, madroño, manzanita, nuzundu, nuzu-ndu, panagsi, panángsuni,<br />
ro´coló, tunto, tuntu, ulúbasi, ulúbsi, urúbisi<br />
USES/NOTES: S<strong>of</strong>t, fleshy, red/orange fruit is edible. The species is<br />
thre<strong>at</strong>ened and is distinctive due its bright smooth red trunks and<br />
peeling bark.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: New Mexico and Texas to Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, González 1990, Hazlett 1979, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), Luteyn 1995, Torres n.d., Tull 1978, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Arctium lappa L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: big burdock, burrs, beggar’s buttons, edible burdock, gobo,<br />
gre<strong>at</strong> bur, gre<strong>at</strong> burdock, Japanese burdock root<br />
PORTUGUESE: bardana, bardana-maior, bardana-ordinária, gob<br />
SPANISH: bardana mayor<br />
USES/NOTES: Tender fresh roots and young leaves and stems are e<strong>at</strong>en in<br />
salads. Aging roots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e regions, perhaps first domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Cronquist 1980, Duke 1992, Harris 1972, IBGE 1980, Jardim<br />
Botânico de Brasília 1990, Mabberley 1987, Munz 1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Arctium minus Bernh.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: bardana, common burdock<br />
PORTUGUESE: bardana, carrapicho, pega-pega<br />
SPANISH: bardana<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is edible and dried roots are a diuretic and appetite<br />
enhancer.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1992, IBGE 1980, Usher 1974<br />
Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper in Piper & Be<strong>at</strong>tie<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
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ENGLISH: Columbia manzanita<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is consumed raw or cooked or made into a cider like<br />
beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993<br />
Arctostaphylos glauca Lindley<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: big cherry manzanita, bigberry manzanita, gre<strong>at</strong>-berried<br />
manzanita, gre<strong>at</strong> manzanita<br />
SPANISH: manzanita<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit was an important food source for Amerindians <strong>of</strong><br />
California and is a source <strong>of</strong> vinegar, cider, brandy, and jelly.<br />
Raw fruit must be consumed in moder<strong>at</strong>ion, however, as over<br />
consumption may have ill side affects.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California and Baja California<br />
REFERENCES: Bornstein et al. 2005, Clarke 1977, Luteyn 1995, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: manzanita<br />
SPANISH: manzanita<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are made into jelly and cider.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Oregon to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Baja California<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Hickman 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Arctostaphylos p<strong>at</strong>ula E. Greene<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: greenleaf manzanita<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart fruit <strong>of</strong> this evergreen shrub is used in jellies.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993,<br />
Medsger 1939, Wea<strong>the</strong>rford 1988<br />
Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: bear-berry, bear’s grape, kinnikinnick, manzanita, Mexican<br />
manzanita, mealberry, mountain cranberry, pointleaf manzanita<br />
SPANISH: guayuba del país, leño colorado, madreselva, madroño, madroño<br />
colorado, mansanilla, manzana, manzanilla, manzanillo, manzanita,<br />
manzanita mexicana, palo de pingüica, pingua, pingüica, pingüita,<br />
tepesquis-uchil, tepesquite, tepezquite, tepezquitl, tomazquitl,<br />
uhih, uitzara, uji, uví, wichari<br />
USES/NOTES: Marketed in places, <strong>the</strong> small dark yellowish- to orangebrown-bronze<br />
berries are used to make jelly and wine and are<br />
occasionally e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, though <strong>the</strong>y can be dry and mealy.<br />
The plant is also grown ornamentally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Utah and western Texas, south to<br />
Oaxaca, Mexico<br />
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REFERENCES: Chihuahuan Desert Museum n.d., Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung<br />
1961, Luteyn 1995, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., Munz 1974, Torres<br />
n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, von Reis Altschul 1973, Wea<strong>the</strong>rford 1988<br />
Arctostaphylos stanfordiana Parry<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: mayacoma manzanita, Stanford’s manzanita<br />
SPANISH: mayacoma<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellowish fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en dried.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993<br />
Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindley<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: wooly-berry manzanita, wooly manzanita<br />
SPANISH: manzanita<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit was an important food source for Amerindians in<br />
California and is a source <strong>of</strong> vinegar, brandy, cider, and jelly.<br />
Too much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> raw fruit may be dangerous.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Mexico to British Columbia<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1995, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
ENGLISH: bear-berry, kinnikinnick, manzanita<br />
PORTUGUESE: uva-ursina<br />
SPANISH: gayuba<br />
USES/NOTES: The most widespread manzanita, raw seeds <strong>of</strong> this evergreen<br />
shrub are e<strong>at</strong>en as an emergency food, and leaves are used for tea.<br />
Also reported to be effective against urinary tract infections.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn high l<strong>at</strong>itutes to mountain summits <strong>of</strong><br />
Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, though possibly absent in Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bornstein et al. 2005, Duke 1997, Facciola 1990, Fernald<br />
et al. 1958, Gibbons 1966, Harrington 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ardisia compressa Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Myrsinaceae (myrsine)<br />
SPANISH: chukil, hualpuchun, kamaku, wal puchun<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is used as a snack food in Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Lundell 1966, Molina 1975, Sommeijer et al.<br />
n.d.<br />
Ardisia coriacea Sw. [syn. A. tinifolia Sw.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrsinaceae (myrsine)<br />
ENGLISH: beefwood<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Jamaica<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Martin et al. 1987<br />
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Ardisia cren<strong>at</strong>a Sims [also A. elliptica Thunb.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrsinaceae (myrsine)<br />
ENGLISH: ardisia, coral ardisia, coral berry, hen’s eyes,<br />
scr<strong>at</strong>chthro<strong>at</strong><br />
PORTUGUESE: ardísia<br />
SPANISH: manzanita piracanta, piracanto, sarsil<br />
USES/NOTES: Red berries have little flavor, but reportedly have been<br />
used as food. Widely planted as an ornamental for its abundant and<br />
persistent berries and lea<strong>the</strong>ry, cren<strong>at</strong>e, evergreen leaves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Japan and sou<strong>the</strong>astern China to perhaps India,<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized in Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, and o<strong>the</strong>r warm regions<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, Usher 1974, USDA-NRCS 2004,<br />
W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975, Wunderlin and Hansen 2003<br />
Ardisia escallonioides Shiede & Deppe ex Schltdl. & Cham.<br />
FAMILY: Myrsinaceae (myrsine)<br />
ENGLISH: marlberry<br />
SPANISH: capulín agrio, hualpuchun, pel<strong>at</strong> puchum, pejte, wal puchun<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, black, juicy, drupe (to one cm in diameter), though<br />
with little pulp, is pleasantly tart and e<strong>at</strong>en as a snack out <strong>of</strong><br />
hand, or used in <strong>at</strong>ole in Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America, Mexico, <strong>the</strong> West Indies, and peninsular<br />
Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Morton 1977, Nelson 1994,<br />
Taylor 1998, Williams 1981<br />
Ardisia esculenta Ruiz & Pavón<br />
FAMILY: Myrsinaceae (myrsine)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mid and low Andes <strong>of</strong> Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Macbride 1959b, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Ardisia guadalupensis Duchass. & Walp. ex Griseb.<br />
FAMILY: Myrsinaceae (myrsine)<br />
ENGLISH: Guadeloupe marlberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. The little taxanomic inform<strong>at</strong>ion suggests<br />
th<strong>at</strong> this combin<strong>at</strong>ion may include A. obov<strong>at</strong>a Desv. ex Hamilton<br />
[syn. Icacorea guadalupensis (Duchass. ex Griseb.) Britton] and<br />
perhaps should be listed as A. obov<strong>at</strong>a Desv. ex Hamilton.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guadeloupe, St. Lucia, and likely o<strong>the</strong>r West Inidian<br />
islands and French Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d.<br />
Ardisia guianensis (Aublet) Mez [syn. Icacorea guianensis Aublet]<br />
FAMILY: Myrsinaceae (myrsine)<br />
PORTUGUESE: icacoré-ca<strong>at</strong>inga<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, through <strong>the</strong> West Indies, possibly to Ecuador and<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
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REFERENCES: Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Martin et al. 1987, Renner<br />
et al. 1990<br />
Ardisia manglillo Cu<strong>at</strong>rec.<br />
FAMILY: Myrsinaceae (myrsine)<br />
SPANISH: manglillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast <strong>of</strong> South America<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Ardisia panurensis Mez<br />
FAMILY: Myrsinaceae (myrsine)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cururureçá<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy, small dark berries are edible. The common name<br />
cururureçá means “frogs eyes” in reference to <strong>the</strong> berries.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Upper Rio Negro <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonia west to Amazonian<br />
Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Lundell 1981<br />
Ardisia revoluta Kunth [syn. Icacorea revoluta (Kunth) Standley]<br />
FAMILY: Myrsinaceae (myrsine)<br />
SPANISH: cereto, guastom<strong>at</strong>e, oreja de coyote, tecuico<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and<br />
Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Lundell 1966, Martin et al. 1987, Sommeijer et al. n.d.,<br />
Torres n.d.<br />
Ardisia sapida Cu<strong>at</strong>rec.<br />
FAMILY: Myrsinaceae (myrsine)<br />
SPANISH: hayuelo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Ardisia semicren<strong>at</strong>a Mez<br />
FAMILY: Myrsinaceae (myrsine)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ardisia, icacoré ca<strong>at</strong>inga<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d.<br />
Areca c<strong>at</strong>echu L.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: areca nut, areca palm, betel nut<br />
PORTUGUESE: palmeira-betel<br />
SPANISH: areca, betel, c<strong>at</strong>echu, palmera de betel<br />
USES/NOTES: Imm<strong>at</strong>ure leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, fruit skin is<br />
edible, and kernel (betel nut) slices are chewed as a stimulant in<br />
Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, León 1987, Menninger 1987,<br />
Raghavan and Baruah 1958, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Arenga pinn<strong>at</strong>a (Wurmb) Merr. [syn. A. saccharifera Labill.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: black sugar-palm, sugar palm<br />
SPANISH: barú, palma de azúcar, palmera azucarera<br />
USES/NOTES: Peduncle contains a sweet liquid, used as a sugar or<br />
vinegar source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Malaysia, infrequently cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, León 1987<br />
Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels [syn. A. sideroxylon Roemer & Schultes]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: argan tree, ironwood<br />
PORTUGUESE: pau-ferro<br />
SPANISH: argán, erguén<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds contain oil used like olive oil, gum is edible, and<br />
fruits are fed to animals. Rare in <strong>the</strong> Americas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Morocco<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Houaiss 1982, Mabberley 1987, Morton<br />
and Voss 1987<br />
Ariocarpus fissur<strong>at</strong>us (Engelm.) K. Schum.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: living rock<br />
USES/NOTES: Juice <strong>of</strong> this dull gray, cactus, which looks like a rock,<br />
is used in <strong>the</strong> prepar<strong>at</strong>ion tesgüino, an alcoholic beverage th<strong>at</strong> is<br />
generally made from maize (Zea mays). A feeling <strong>of</strong> intoxic<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
reportedly may also be achieved by chewing <strong>the</strong> plant.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coahuila and Zac<strong>at</strong>ecas, Mexico and Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Steinkraus 1983,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: green dragon<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried roots can be e<strong>at</strong>en after cooking to remove calcium<br />
oxal<strong>at</strong>e crystals.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Taylor 1998<br />
Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott in Schott & Endl.<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: cuckoo plant, Indian turnip, Iroquois breadroot, Jack-in-<strong>the</strong>pulpit,<br />
wild turnip<br />
USES/NOTES: Corms are prepared by boiling, peeling, mashing,<br />
thoroughly washing <strong>the</strong>n cooking to remove poisonous calcium oxal<strong>at</strong>e<br />
crystals, or <strong>the</strong>y can be e<strong>at</strong>en sliced and roasted until crisp.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Gibbons 1966, Plowman 1969, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Taylor 1998,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Aristolochia maxima Jacq.<br />
FAMILY: Aristolochiaceae (birthwort or Dutchman’s-pipe)<br />
ENGLISH: Dutchman’s-pipe, Florida Dutchman’s-pipe<br />
PORTUGUESE: aristolóquia<br />
SPANISH: contracapetano, cuajilote, guaco de sur<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit reportedly is e<strong>at</strong>en in parts <strong>of</strong> Costa Rica.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Central America, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn South<br />
America, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Duke n.d., FNAEC 1997, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz<br />
FAMILY: Elaeocarpaceae (elaeocarpus) or Tiliaceae (linden)<br />
SPANISH: clon, koelon, macqui, maqui, maquie, queldron<br />
USES/NOTES: Small black fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or preserved, and<br />
is used to color wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Argentina and Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, Zuloaga 1997<br />
Arm<strong>at</strong>ocereus laetus (Kunth) Backeb. ex A.W. Hill [syn. Lemaireocereus<br />
laetus (Kunth) Britton & Rose]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
USES/NOTES: Green fruit’s white pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Ecuador to central Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertner, Meyer & Scherb. [syn. A.<br />
lap<strong>at</strong>hifolia Gilib., Cochlearia armoracia L., Nasturtium armoracia<br />
(L.) Fries, Radicula armoracia (L.) B.L. Robinson, Rorippa<br />
armoracia (L.) A.S. Hitche.]<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: horseradish<br />
PORTUGUESE: rábano-bastardo, rábano picante, rábano silvestre<br />
SPANISH: rábano de caballo, rábano picante, rábano rusticano, rábano<br />
rústico, rábano salvaje, rábano silvestre, vagisco, vagueo<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are e<strong>at</strong>en pickled or as a condiment and tender young<br />
leaf sprouts are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads or as cooked green. Roots are<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Europe, perhaps into Asia and now widely<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Purseglove 1968, Schneider 1987<br />
Arnoglossum <strong>at</strong>riplicifolium (L.) H. Robinson [syn. Cacalia<br />
<strong>at</strong>riplicifolia L.]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: pale Indian plantain<br />
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USES/NOTES: Young leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990<br />
Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancr. [syn. A. esculenta DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: arracacha, arracacia, Peruvian carrot, Peruvian parsnip,<br />
white carrot<br />
PORTUGUESE: arracachá, baroa, b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-baroa, b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-cenoura, b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>asalsa,<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-suíça, cenoura-amarela, mandioquinha, mandioquinhasalsa<br />
SPANISH: apio, apio criollo, apio peruviano, arracha, arracacha,<br />
arracachá, arracache, arrakacha, arrec<strong>at</strong>e, arroz racacha, birracas,<br />
huaysapilla, lacachu, morada, racacha, rackhacha, raqacha, rumuracacha,<br />
sacarracacha, virraca, zanahoria blanca<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves and firm, whitish, carrot-sized roots are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. M<strong>at</strong>ure leaves and stalks are fed to animals.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North-central to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Andean highlands<br />
REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Cárdenas 1969, Coe 1994, Duke 1986,<br />
Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia Rural 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), León 1987, Mabberley 1987, NRC 1989, OAS 1973, Price 1990,<br />
Soukup 1970, Terra 1966, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Artemisia absinthium L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: absinth, absin<strong>the</strong>, absinthium, wormwood<br />
PORTUGUESE: absíntio-comum, absinto, aluína, alvina, erva-santa, ervados-vermes,<br />
losna, losna-maior<br />
SPANISH: ahinhus, ajenjo, ajenjo común, maestra, prodigiosa, Santa<br />
Lucía<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers and leaves contain a bitter, green arom<strong>at</strong>ic oil<br />
called absinthol, used in absin<strong>the</strong> liqueur and vermouth wine. Oil<br />
is said to cause delirium.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region, perhaps sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia Rural<br />
n.d., IBGE 1980, Rehm and Espig 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Artemisia dracunculus L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: dragon herb, dragon’s-wort, estragon, French tarragon,<br />
Russian tarragon, tarragon, wild tarragon<br />
PORTUGUESE: estragão<br />
SPANISH: dracúnculo, dragoncillo, estragón, tarragón<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic leaf is used as a spice or a condiment in cooked<br />
foods and to flavor vinegar. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia to <strong>the</strong> Himalayas and Siberia, possibly to far<br />
northwestern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Garrett 1996, Guia<br />
Rural 1990, Mabberley 1987, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Usher 1974<br />
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Artemisia dracunculus L. subsp. dracunculina (S. W<strong>at</strong>son) H.M. Hall &<br />
Clements [syn. A. dracunculoides Pursh]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: estragon, false tarragon<br />
PORTUGUESE: estragão<br />
SPANISH: estragón, tarragón<br />
USES/NOTES: Cooked leaves and oil-rich seeds are edible, and leaves<br />
are used as a spice and to flavor vinegar.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Kartesz 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Artemisia frigida Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: fringed wormwood, fringed sage<br />
SPANISH: estafi<strong>at</strong>e<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a spice, <strong>of</strong>ten to flavor corn.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Harris 1998, Kirk<br />
1970, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. [syn. A. ludoviciana subsp. mexicana<br />
(Willd. ex Spreng.) D.D. Keck, A. mexicana Willd. ex Spreng.]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: cudweed, Louisiana wormwood, Mexican oregano, white prairiesage<br />
SPANISH: estafi<strong>at</strong>e, teposano<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant is primarily medicinal, though seeds are edible and<br />
<strong>the</strong> leaves are used to flavor aguardiente, which is <strong>the</strong>n called<br />
yolixpa in Mexico’s Sierra Madre Oriental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Alaska to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, and Belize<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Balick et al. 2000,<br />
Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Kindscher 1987<br />
Artemisia trident<strong>at</strong>a Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: basin big sagebrush, big sagebrush, sage, wormwod<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, dried, or as meal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Artemisia tripartita Rydb.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: artemisia, threetip sagebrush<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: U.S. and Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Artemisia vulgaris L.<br />
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FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: artemisia, Indian wormwood, mugwort<br />
PORTUGUESE: artemísia, losna, losna-brava<br />
SPANISH: ajenjo, artemisa, artemisia<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled or used as a<br />
seasoning. Leaves and roots contain an oil used in tonics,<br />
medicines, and mosquito repellents.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Jardim<br />
Botânico de Brasília 1990, Price 1990, Tucker 1994, Usher 1974<br />
Arthrocnemum subterminale (Parish) Standley [Salicornia subterminalis<br />
Parish]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
USES/NOTES: Coahuilla Indians <strong>of</strong> California used <strong>the</strong> seeds as an<br />
edible meal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Baja California and California<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosb. [syn. A. incisa (Thunb.) L.f.,<br />
A. communis Forster & Forster f.]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: breadfruit, breadfruit tree, breadnut (seeded variety),<br />
Fosberg breadfruit, k<strong>at</strong>ahar (seeded variety)<br />
PORTUGUESE: fruta-de-pão, fruta-pão, pão-de-massa<br />
SPANISH: albopán, árbol de pan, árbol del pan, arbopén, buen pan,<br />
castaña, castaño de malabar, fruta de pan, guampán, madupuru,<br />
mapén, marure, mazapán, pan, pan de año, pan de fruta, pan de masa,<br />
pan de ñame, pan de palo, pan de pepita, pan de pobre, pan de todo<br />
el año, pan del norte, pan del árbol, pana, pana cimarrona, pana de<br />
pepitas, panapén, pandicho, pandilla, pandisho, pantriba, pepa de<br />
pan, topán, túpan<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled, baked, roasted, fried, or<br />
curried, made into flour, and used medicinally. Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
roasted, boiled, or curried. Leaves are used in folk medicine in<br />
some regions. Also a popular ornamental for its large, dark green,<br />
shiny leaves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Possibly <strong>the</strong> Sunda Archipelago <strong>of</strong> Indonesia, or<br />
elsewhere in Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, or perhaps <strong>the</strong> South Pacific islands<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, Guia Rural<br />
n.d., Horst 1992a, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Laguerre 1987, Morton<br />
1987a, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Quijano and<br />
Arango 1979, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, Vásquez and Gentry 1989,<br />
Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. [syn. A. integrifolia L.]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: jaca, jackfruit, jak, jakfruit, kowa<br />
PORTUGUESE: jaca<br />
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SPANISH: castaño, jac, jaca, jaquero, pana cimarrona, pandicho, rima,<br />
yaca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits, among <strong>the</strong> largest tree fruits, are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or<br />
cooked as a vegetable when green, added to liqueurs, or fed to<br />
animals. Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled, roasted or ground into flour. Each<br />
fruit can yeild up to a pound <strong>of</strong> flour from <strong>the</strong> seeds. Jackfruit<br />
entered Jamaica in 1782.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Humid west coast <strong>of</strong> Indian and/or Malaysian lowlands<br />
REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Duke 1986, Gregory 1960, Guia Rural n.d.,<br />
León 1987, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Peret 1985, Usher<br />
1974, Vásquez and Gentry 1989<br />
Artocarpus integer Merr. [syn. A. champeden Lour. Sprengel, A.<br />
polyphena Pers.]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: champedak<br />
SPANISH: champedak, fruta de pan<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en with rice, imm<strong>at</strong>ure fruits are used in<br />
soups, and roasted seeds are edible. Similar to A. heterophyllus,<br />
though infrequent in <strong>the</strong> Americas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Malaya<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Morton 1987a<br />
Artocarpus lacucha Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham [syn. A. lacoocha Roxb.)<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: barahar, lakoocha, monkey jack<br />
USES/NOTES: Pleasant tasting, sub-acid fruits are edible, though<br />
infrequent in <strong>the</strong> Americas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North Indian lowlands<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Artocarpus nitidus Trécul subsp. lingnanensis (Merr.) F.M. Jarrett<br />
[syn. A. lingnanenis Merr.]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: kwai muk, kwai muk breadfuit<br />
USES/NOTES: Seen infrequently in <strong>the</strong> Americas, <strong>the</strong> reddish-orange, 2-<br />
5cm, sweetish-tart fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, dried, or preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Morton 1987a<br />
Artocarpus odor<strong>at</strong>issimus Blanco<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: marang<br />
USES/NOTES: Similar to <strong>the</strong> jackfruit (A. heterophyllus), <strong>the</strong> pulp is<br />
edible. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in Florida and Venezuela.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Philippines to Indonesia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Arundinaria gigantea (Walter) Muhlenb. [syn. Arundinaria macrosperma<br />
Michaux]<br />
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FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: cane, large cane, sou<strong>the</strong>rn cane, switch cane<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians and early European settlers used seeds like<br />
whe<strong>at</strong>. Young shoots are prepared as bamboo shoots or asparagus<br />
(Asparagus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola<br />
1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Godfrey 1988, Medsger 1939, Peterson<br />
1977, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Arundo donax L.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: arundo, carrizo, giant cane, giant reed, Spanish cane, wild<br />
cane<br />
PORTUGUESE: cana, cana-brava<br />
SPANISH: carrizo, carrizo grande<br />
USES/NOTES: Bamboo-like grass’ young shoots may be e<strong>at</strong>en as a cooked<br />
vegetable or po<strong>the</strong>rb and rhizomes are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked as a vegetable<br />
or ground and mixed with grain flour. Now being considered as a<br />
bi<strong>of</strong>uel crop.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably fresh w<strong>at</strong>er margins <strong>of</strong> India, though once<br />
considered <strong>of</strong> Mediterranean origin, now widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in<br />
tropical and subtropical regions and regionally invasive<br />
REFERENCES: Bell 1997, Coyle and Roberts 1975, Kunkel 1984<br />
Asarum canadense L.<br />
FAMILY: Aristolochiaceae (birthwort or Dutchman’s-pipe)<br />
ENGLISH: American wild ginger, Canadian wild ginger, wild ginger<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots and flowers <strong>of</strong> this perennial forb are used as a<br />
ginger substitute, mixed with brown sugar to make candy, or used<br />
for tea. Leaves can irrit<strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> skin.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from sou<strong>the</strong>astern Manitoba to Nova<br />
Scotia south to eastern Oklahoma through Louisiana to <strong>the</strong> Carolinas<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Fernald 1950, FNAEC 1997, Gibbons<br />
1962, Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986<br />
Asarum caud<strong>at</strong>um Lindley<br />
FAMILY: Aristolochiaceae (birthwort or Dutchman’s-pipe)<br />
ENGLISH: long-tailed wild ginger<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are used as a ginger substitute, and leaves are used<br />
for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pacific northwestern U.S. and southwestern Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Kirk<br />
1970, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Asclepias asperula (Decne.) Woodson var. decumbens (Nutt.) Shinners<br />
[syn. Asclepiodora decumbens (Nutt.) A. Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Asclepiadaceae (milkweed)<br />
ENGLISH: spider antelope horn<br />
USES/NOTES: L<strong>at</strong>ex has been used for chewing gum.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Kaul et al. 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Asclepiadaceae (milkweed)<br />
ENGLISH: woollypod milkweed<br />
USES/NOTES: L<strong>at</strong>ex is used as a source <strong>of</strong> chewing gum.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California and Baja California<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Moerman 1998, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Asclepias incarn<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Asclepiadaceae (milkweed)<br />
ENGLISH: swamp milkweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Menominee used heads for soup. Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nova Scotia to Florida and Utah<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Moerman 1998, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Asclepias involucr<strong>at</strong>a Engelm. ex Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Asclepiadaceae (milkweed)<br />
ENGLISH: dwarf milkweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Hopi used <strong>the</strong> l<strong>at</strong>ex as chewing gum.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Sundell 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Asclepias speciosa Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Asclepiadaceae (milkweed)<br />
ENGLISH: milkweed, showy milkweed, silkweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Very young shoots are cooked and e<strong>at</strong>en like asparagus<br />
(Asparagus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis), and l<strong>at</strong>ex can be used as chewing gum. Raw<br />
plants, however, are poisonous.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Clarke 1977, Correll and Johnston<br />
1970, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Asclepias syriaca L.<br />
FAMILY: Asclepiadaceae (milkweed)<br />
ENGLISH: common milkweed, milkweed, silkweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots are cooked like asparagus (Asparagus<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficinalis), young flowers, buds, and imm<strong>at</strong>ure fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
cooked, and flowers are a sugar source. Toxins must be removed from<br />
<strong>the</strong> plant by thoroughly cooking in w<strong>at</strong>er.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Gibbons 1962, Harrington 1967,<br />
Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Asclepias tuberosa L.<br />
FAMILY: Asclepiadaceae (milkweed)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
ENGLISH: butterfly milkweed, butterfly weed, chigger flower, Indian<br />
paintbrush, pleurisy root, tuberroot<br />
USES/NOTES: Boiled fruit pods reportedly are edible, traditionally<br />
prepared with buffalo me<strong>at</strong>, flowers are said to have been used for<br />
sugar, and young shoots, young leaves, and young inflorescences are<br />
said to be e<strong>at</strong>en as cooked vegetables. Boiled roots are said to be<br />
edible. Perkins and Payne and Peterson warn th<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> entire plant<br />
is poisonous. Tubers are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from <strong>Maine</strong> and Ontario to Florida<br />
and Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967,<br />
Medsger 1939, Perkins and Payne 1978, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Asimina reticul<strong>at</strong>a Shuttleworth ex Chapman [syn. A. cune<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Shuttleworth ex A. Gray, Pityothamnus reticul<strong>at</strong>us (Shuttleworth ex<br />
Chapman) Small]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: dog banana, fl<strong>at</strong>woods pawpaw, netted pawpaw, reticul<strong>at</strong>e<br />
pawpaw<br />
USES/NOTES: Pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> oblong, yellow-green berry is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Peninsular Florida extending to <strong>the</strong> Georgia border<br />
REFERENCES: Taylor 1998<br />
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal [syn. Annona triloba L.]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: American pawpaw, common pawpaw, dog banana, false banana,<br />
Indian banana, Michigan banana, ornamental pawpaw, papaw, pawpaw<br />
SPANISH: papayo<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet creamy pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> oblong berries, yellow-green to<br />
brownish when ripe, tastes vaguely like a banana. Once more<br />
important as a food item, efforts to revive <strong>the</strong> ra<strong>the</strong>r large (to 15<br />
cm long), pulpy fruit are underway. Fruits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rel<strong>at</strong>ed Asimina<br />
obov<strong>at</strong>a (flag or Florida pawpaw) and Asimina parviflora (dwarf,<br />
small-flowered, or small-fruited pawpaw) are said to be edible<br />
though undesirable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Ontario to nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Florida and nor<strong>the</strong>astern Texas, rel<strong>at</strong>ed species A. obov<strong>at</strong>a<br />
restricted to Florida and A. parviflora to <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1992, Elias and Dykeman 1982,<br />
Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Gibbons 1962, Harrington 1967, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), Kral 1960, Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1994, Peterson 1977,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Asparagus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L.<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: asparagus, garden asparagus<br />
PORTUGUESE: aspargo, espargo, melindre<br />
SPANISH: coralillo, espárrago(s), esparraguera, montecillo, saucecillo<br />
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USES/NOTES: Young, tender to fiberous stems and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en as a<br />
cooked vegetable. Seeds may be used like c<strong>of</strong>fee (C<strong>of</strong>fea spp.). The<br />
asparagus <strong>of</strong> commerce is also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean or temper<strong>at</strong>e eastern Europe<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, OAS 1973, Ruberté 1984, Schneider 1987, Soukup<br />
1970, Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Aster macrophyllus L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: big-leaf aster, rough tongues<br />
USES/NOTES: Newly opened leaves have been used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb or like<br />
common spinach (Spinacia oleracea).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Canada to <strong>the</strong> mountains <strong>of</strong> North Carolina<br />
REFERENCES: Cronquist 1980, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Astragalus canadensis L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Canadian milkvetch, locoweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots have been e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Blackfoot, however, ingestion<br />
is not recommended unless positive identific<strong>at</strong>ion is made.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Radford et al. 1968<br />
Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. [syn. A. caryocarpus Ker-Gawler, A.<br />
succulentus Richardson, A. mexicanus A. DC., Geoprumnon succulentum<br />
(Richardson) Rydb.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: buffalo bean, buffalo pea, Indian pea, ground plum, milkvetch<br />
USES/NOTES: Imm<strong>at</strong>ure pods are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, boiled or pickled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Rocky Mountains to Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967,<br />
Isely 1990, Kindscher 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Astragalus pl<strong>at</strong>tensis Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Pl<strong>at</strong>te River milkvetch<br />
USES/NOTES: Imm<strong>at</strong>ure fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Harrington 1967, Turner 1959<br />
Astrocaryum acaule Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: unabai<br />
PORTUGUESE: palmeira lú, tucuma-í, tucumã-í, tucumãí<br />
SPANISH: corocito, corozo, espina, ma-tav-icú-li, quidíja<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruit pulp is similar to <strong>the</strong> more common A.<br />
acule<strong>at</strong>um.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia and Brazil and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela and<br />
<strong>the</strong> Guianas, especially abundant in <strong>the</strong> upper Rio Negro basin<br />
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REFERENCES: Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Silva et al. 1977<br />
Astrocaryum acule<strong>at</strong>issimum (Schott) Burret [syn. A. ayri Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: brajaúva, brejaúva<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are an edible oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Brazil from Bahia to Santa C<strong>at</strong>arina<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Astrocaryum acule<strong>at</strong>um G. Meyer [syn. A. macrocarpum Huber, A.<br />
princeps Barb. Rodr., A. manaoense Barb. Rodr., A. tucuma Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: acqueero, akuyuru, kuru, star-nut palm, tucuma, tucuma palm,<br />
tucumou<br />
PORTUGUESE: coco-de-tucumã, palmeira-tucumá-assi, tucum, tucum-assu,<br />
tucum-da-serra, tucum-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, tucum-purupuru, tucumã, tucumã-açu,<br />
tucumã-arara, tucumã-do-Amazonas, tucumã-piririca, tucumã-uassurana,<br />
tucumã-verdadeiro, uri<br />
SPANISH: chambira, chambirá, chonta, chontilla, cumare, hericungo,<br />
macanilla, panima, tucum, tucumá, tucuman, yavaide<br />
USES/NOTES: Thin, mealy, typically orange mesocarp contains three<br />
times or more vitamin A than carrots and is e<strong>at</strong>en out or hand,<br />
mashed into a thick beverage called vinho de tucumã (tucumã wine)<br />
in Brazil, or made into a nutty tasting ice cream seen frequently<br />
in Manaus, Brazil. Pulp is less fibrous than th<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong> A. vulgare.<br />
Pulp oil (tucuma oil), similar in quality to coconut oil, is used<br />
in cooking or to make soap. Kernel f<strong>at</strong> is used to make margarine.<br />
Hearts, <strong>of</strong> this single-stemmed, spiny palm, are appreci<strong>at</strong>ed by<br />
rural inhabitants <strong>of</strong> Barcelos on <strong>the</strong> middle Rio Negro in Amazonian<br />
Brazil. Burnt leaves are a source <strong>of</strong> vegetable salt. Hard, straight<br />
stem tissue is used to make bows and arrow heads. Leaves contain<br />
strong fibers useful especially for hammocks and nets. Encouraged<br />
around dwellings, though rarely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed. Has been considered<br />
conspecific with A. vulgare Mart.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Trinidad, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and Amazonian Brazil just into<br />
adjacent Colombia and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson 1977, Balick 1984, Boom 1987, Boom 1989,<br />
Cavalcante 1991, Dugand 1961, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson<br />
1995, Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Kahn and de Granville 1992,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Peret 1985, Plotkin 1993, Posey 1984, Rehm and<br />
Espig 1991, Schultes 1988, Silva et al. 1977, Wessels Boer 1965<br />
Astrocaryum campestre Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: jarivá, tucuma<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Brazil just into eastern Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995<br />
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Astrocaryum chambira Burret [syn. A. vulgare Wallace]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: fiber palm, tucum<br />
PORTUGUESE: tucum, tucuma, tucumã<br />
SPANISH: b<strong>at</strong>aí, chambirá, chambira, chonta, coco, coco de mono,<br />
corombolo, cumare, güere, hericungo, kumari, macanilla, m<strong>at</strong>aa,<br />
palma de cumare, palma coco, panima, takone, tucum, tucumá,<br />
tucuman, tuinfa<br />
USES/NOTES: Vitamin A-rich fruit pulp, from this spiny palm, is e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
and made into wine, liquid endosperm is drunk, and kernel f<strong>at</strong> is<br />
used to make margarine. Leaves contain strong fibers used for<br />
hammocks and nets, pulp oil is used to make soap, and wood is used<br />
to make bows and arrow heads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil, Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador,<br />
and Peru, just into southwestern Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson 1977, Bennett et al. 2001, Balick 1984, Boom<br />
1987, Boom 1989, Dugand 1961, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson<br />
1995, Kahn and de Granville, León 1987, Pedersen and Balslev 1992,<br />
Plotkin 1993, Rehm and Espig 1991, Schultes 1988, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Astrocaryum gynacanthum Mart. [syn. A. munbaca Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: urishi, wulo<br />
PORTUGUESE: espinho-preto, ju, jupihu, marajá, maraju, mumbaca,<br />
munbaca, munbaca-de-preta, yu, yu-’y<br />
SPANISH: amaint-nak, caburra, coco de puerco, cubarro, devéke, ruire’gö<br />
USES/NOTES: Mesocarp, <strong>of</strong> this spiny-stemmed palm, is edible and its<br />
heart is burned for vegetable salt.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, Amazonian Brazil and<br />
Colombia, just into Amazonian Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1992, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, Martin<br />
et al. 1987<br />
Astrocaryum jauari Mart. [syn. A. guara Burret]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: jauari palm, sauarai<br />
PORTUGUESE: coqueiro-javari, jauari, joari<br />
SPANISH: albarico, alvarico, chambirilla, guara, güiridima, huirima,<br />
huiririma, huirririma, jauari, ko-rü-ne, oco-be-totupí, tupí,<br />
yauari, yavarí<br />
USES/NOTES: Hearts, harvested from <strong>the</strong> wild, are <strong>of</strong> especially good<br />
flavor and texture and support a small commercial industry in<br />
Barcelos, Brazil on <strong>the</strong> middle Rio Negro — though now being phased<br />
out for plant<strong>at</strong>ion-grown peach palms (Bactris gasipaes). Because <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> tree’s cespitose (or multiple stem) form, hearts can be<br />
harvested without killing individual plants. Fruits have been used<br />
to make flour and as an oil source, and <strong>the</strong>ir liquid endosperm is<br />
rarely drunk. Fruits also are used as fish bait.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru, sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Venezuela, and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson 1987, Balick 1988, Coradin and Lleras 1988,<br />
Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, Kahn and de Granville 1992,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mejia C. 1988, Pedersen and Balslev 1990, Silva et<br />
al. 1977, Soukup 1970, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Astrocaryum mexicanum Liebm. ex Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: chaparrera, chichón, chocho, chocón, lancetilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Endosperm and emmerging inflorescence are e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central Mexico (from Veracruz) to nor<strong>the</strong>astern<br />
Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: Balick et al. 2000, Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Henderson et<br />
al. 1995, Standley and Steyermark 1958<br />
Astrocaryum murumuru var. huicungo (Kahn & Millán) Henderson [syn. A.<br />
huicungo Dammer ex Burret]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: huicungo, uicungu<br />
USES/NOTES: Heart and fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean foothills <strong>of</strong> Amazonian Peru and Ecuador and<br />
likely Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, DeWalt et al. 1999, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Astrocaryum murumuru Mart. var. murumuru<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: murumura, murumuru palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: murumuru<br />
SPANISH: chonta, chuchana, mocora, murumur, murumurá, palma murumuru<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are used to make flour, endosperms are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh<br />
or used as fish bait, and edible hearts are <strong>of</strong> high quality.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson 1977, Fearnside 1985, Henderson 1995, Henderson<br />
et al. 1995, Kahn and de Granville 1992, León 1987, Pedersen and<br />
Balslev 1992, Purseglove 1972, Soukup 1970<br />
Astrocaryum sciophilum (Miq.) Pull. [syn. A. plic<strong>at</strong>um (Mart.) Drude]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: bulishi, mumu<br />
PORTUGUESE: murumuru<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern Amazonian Brazil and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Astrocaryum standleyanum Bailey<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: black palm<br />
SPANISH: chonta, chunga, guerregue, güérregue, mocora, pejibaye<br />
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USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en infrequently and hearts are <strong>of</strong> good<br />
quality.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America, Colombia’s Pacific lowlands, and<br />
northwestern Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Bernal 1992, Duke 1986, Henderson et al. 1995, Leung 1961,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Pedersen 1994, Tabora et al. 1993<br />
Astrocaryum vulgare Mart. [syn. A. awarra de Vriesse, A. tucuma<br />
Wallace, A. segreg<strong>at</strong>um (Mart.) Drude, A. tucumoides (Mart.) Drude]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: aouará, aoura, awara, awarra palm, ocherie, tucuma palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: awara, brejaúba, coco-tucum, cumari, takamã, tucum-bravo,<br />
tucum-piranga, tucumã-do-Pará, tucumãí, tucum-verdadeiro<br />
SPANISH: awarra, chontilla, cumare, hambirá, hericungo, tucumá<br />
USES/NOTES: Orange fruit’s pulp is consumed out <strong>of</strong> hand, prepared as a<br />
beverage (vinho de tucumã), or in ice cream, and contains an edible<br />
oil, which also is used to make soap.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern Amazonian Brazil, French Guiana, and<br />
Surinam<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1992, Balick 1988, Cavalcante 1991, Henderson 1995,<br />
Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Kahn and de Granville 1992, León<br />
1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973,<br />
Pereira and Aparecida n.d., Wessels Boer 1965<br />
Atriplex argentea Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: silverscale saltbush, silvery orach<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> U.S. and portions <strong>of</strong> adjacent<br />
Canada, perhaps into Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967<br />
Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: chamiza, four-wing saltbush, shadescale<br />
SPANISH: cenizo, chamizo, costilla de vaca, saladillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Ground seeds and leaf ashes are used as a substitute for<br />
baking powder. Seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Canada, U.S., Europe, Asia, and North<br />
Africa<br />
REFERENCES: CONAFOR n.d., Tull 1978<br />
Atriplex confertifolia (Torrey & Frémont) S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: shadescale<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en as bread or mush. Leaves are boiled and<br />
<strong>the</strong> w<strong>at</strong>er is used to flavor corn pudding.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Atriplex hast<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: hast<strong>at</strong>e orache<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible and leaves are used as a cooked<br />
vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990<br />
Atriplex hortensis L.<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: aracah, butter leaves, garden orache, mountain spinach, orach<br />
SPANISH: armuelle de huerta, quenopodio de los jardines, rache<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967,<br />
Mabberley 1987<br />
Atriplex lentiformis (Torrey) S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: quail bush<br />
USES/NOTES: The Pima <strong>of</strong> Arizona <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> seeds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1974, Curtin 1949, Shreve and Wiggins<br />
1964<br />
Atriplex p<strong>at</strong>ula L.<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: halberd-leaved saltbush, orache, saltbush, spearscale<br />
SPANISH: armuelle<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves and tender tips are added to salads or e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Tull 1978<br />
Atriplex polycarpa (Torrey) S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: allscale<br />
USES/NOTES: The Pima <strong>of</strong> Arizona <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> seeds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arizona and sou<strong>the</strong>rn California and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Curtin 1949, Shreve and Wiggins 1964<br />
Atriplex semibacc<strong>at</strong>a R. Br.<br />
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FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: Australian saltbush<br />
USES/NOTES: Red berries are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Australia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in temper<strong>at</strong>e North and South<br />
America<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Marticorena and<br />
Quezada 1985<br />
Atriplex subspic<strong>at</strong>a (Nutt.) Rydb.<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: orache, saltbush, spearscale<br />
USES/NOTES: Greens and shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en raw,<br />
cooked or used for tea, and salty ashes are used for leavening.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987<br />
Atriplex wrightii S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: Wright’s saltbush<br />
USES/NOTES: Greens and shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
raw, and seeds are parched and made into a nutritious meal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Castetter and Bell 1942, Ebeling 1986, Flores Olvera 1992,<br />
Shreve and Wiggins 1964<br />
Attalea allenii H.E. Moore<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: igua, mangué, taparín, táparo<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en and liquid endosperm is drunk.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwester Colombia and Atlantic Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Attalea amygdalina Kunth [syn. A. uberrima Dugand, A. victoriana<br />
Dugand]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: almendrón, mangué, milpesos, táparo<br />
USES/NOTES: Oily seeds, <strong>of</strong> this endangered palm, are edible and fruits<br />
are made into a beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Cauca Valley, Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Bernal 1989, Duke n.d., Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, OAS 1973, Ruíz 1984<br />
Attalea butyracea (Mutis ex L.f.) Wess. Boer [syn. Scheelea<br />
bassleriana Burret, S. cephalotes (Poeppig ex Mart.) Karsten, S.<br />
costaricensis Burret, S. excelsa Karsten, S. liebmannii Becc., S.<br />
lundellii Bartlett, S. macrocarpa Karsten, S. preussii Burret, S.<br />
tessmannii Burret, S. zonensis L. Bailey]<br />
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FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: American oil palm, wine palm, yagua palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: cocão, jaci<br />
SPANISH: canambo, coquito, coroba, corozo, coyol real, huilote (rachis<br />
only), manaca (leaves only), palla, palma de agua, palma de vino,<br />
palma real, shapaja, shebón, yagua, zonza<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are an edible oil source and sap is made into wine<br />
in Colombia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela,<br />
Trinidad and Tobago, and Amazonian Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bernal 1992, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson 1995,<br />
Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987, Pinedo-Vásquez et al.<br />
1992, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uhl and Dransfield 1987<br />
Attalea cohune Mart. [syn. Orbignya cohune (Mart.) R. Dahlgren ex<br />
Standley, Orbignya guacuyule (Liebm. ex Mart.) E. Hernández]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: cohune, cohune nut, cohune palm<br />
SPANISH: cohume, cohune, coquito de aceite, coquito de colima, coroz,<br />
corozo, coyol, manaca, palma de corozo, tutz, yagua<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> cohune oil, used in foods,<br />
cooking, soaps, and oil lamps. Young buds and heart are e<strong>at</strong>en as a<br />
vegetable, fruit’s flesh is candied, and sap is made into wine.<br />
Leaves are used for th<strong>at</strong>ch, stems are used for construction, and<br />
nuts are fed to livestock. Previously described as Orbignya cohune<br />
on <strong>the</strong> Atlantic side and O. guacuyule on <strong>the</strong> Pacific side.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Atlantic coastal plain from nor<strong>the</strong>rn Nicaragua, through<br />
coastal Honduras, Belize, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Quintana Roo, Mexico, west<br />
through Gu<strong>at</strong>emala’s Petén, into Chiapas, and along <strong>the</strong> Pacific<br />
coastal plain from El Salvador through Mexico’s central coast.<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987, McCurrach 1960,<br />
McSweeney 1995, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, von Reis Altschul<br />
1973<br />
Attalea colenda (Cook) Balslev & Henderson<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: palma real<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed contains an edible oil similar in quant<strong>at</strong>y and<br />
quality to th<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador’s western lowlands<br />
REFERENCES: Balslev and Blicher-M<strong>at</strong>hiesen 1991, Blicher-M<strong>at</strong>hiesen and<br />
Balslev 1990, Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Attalea crassisp<strong>at</strong>ha (Mart.) Burret [syn. Bornoa crassisp<strong>at</strong>ha Cook,<br />
Cocos crassisp<strong>at</strong>h Mart., Maximiliana crassisp<strong>at</strong>ha Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
FRENCH: carossier<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible. Very rare, only some 25 individuals<br />
remain in <strong>the</strong> wild.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern Haiti<br />
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REFERENCES: Henderson and Balick 1991, Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Attalea cu<strong>at</strong>recasana comb nov. [syn. Orbignya cu<strong>at</strong>recasana Dugand]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: corozo, táparo, táparos<br />
USES/NOTES: Large fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast <strong>of</strong> Colombia, possibly into coastal Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Mabberley 1987<br />
Attalea dubia (Mart.) Burret [syn. Pindarea fastuosa Barb. Rodr.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: babassu, bacuaçu, camarinha, coco-indaiá, indaiá,<br />
indaiaçu, palmito-do-chão<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil’s sou<strong>the</strong>astern coast<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987<br />
Attalea exigua Drude<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: c<strong>at</strong>olé, indaiá-rasteiro<br />
USES/NOTES: Endosperm is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East-central Brazilian cerrado<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Attalea funifera Mart. ex Sprengel<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: Bahia piassava, coquilla nut, piassava palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: curuá, piaçaba, piaçava, piassava, piassava-da-Bahia<br />
SPANISH: coquilla, piasava de Bahia<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and seeds contain an edible oil. More<br />
economically important, however, for <strong>the</strong> abundant fibers near <strong>the</strong><br />
leaf bases, used for brooms and handicrafts.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central coast <strong>of</strong> Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Henderson et al. 1995, Guia Rural n.d.,<br />
León 1987, Martin et al. 1987, McCurrach 1960, Purseglove 1972,<br />
Voeks 1987, Voeks and Vinha 1988<br />
Attalea geraensis Barb. Rodr. [syn. A. guaranitica Barb. Rodr., A.<br />
monogyna Burret]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: andaiá, indaiá-do-campo, indaiá-rasteiro, insiá<br />
SPANISH: urucuri<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are rarely e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central Brazil to sou<strong>the</strong>astern Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Attalea humilis Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: c<strong>at</strong>olé, indaya, pindoba<br />
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SPANISH: yagua<br />
USES/NOTES: Martin et al. report <strong>the</strong> seed to be an edible oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil’s central coast<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Attalea maripa (Aublet) Mart. in Orb. [syn. Maximiliana maripa<br />
(Aublet) Drude in Mart., M. martiana Karsten, M. regia Mart., M.<br />
stenocarpa Burret]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: cocorite palm, curcurita palm, inaja, inajá palm, jaguá palm,<br />
kokerit palm, kokerite, kokerite palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: anajá, coco-anaiá, coco-anajá, coco-inajá, coco-najá,<br />
inajá, najá<br />
SPANISH: cucurito, huacava, inajá, inayuga, incham, shapajilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible, medicinal, and burned to smoke Hevea<br />
rubber, terminal buds and hearts are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, and<br />
seeds contain abundant edible oil similar to babassu (Attalea<br />
speciosa). Petioles are used to make darts. Villagers <strong>of</strong> Brazil’s<br />
middle Rio Negro in <strong>the</strong> st<strong>at</strong>e <strong>of</strong> Amazonas seek out wild trees for<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir quality hearts.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia through central and eastern Venezuela and <strong>the</strong><br />
Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson et al.<br />
1995, IBGE 1980, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Silva et al.<br />
1977, Tabora et al. 1993<br />
Attalea microcarpa Burret [syn. Orbignya polysticha Burret]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: mountain maripa<br />
PORTUGUESE: coco-curuá<br />
SPANISH: c<strong>at</strong>arina, c<strong>at</strong>irina, mavaco, shapaja<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and terminal buds are edible and sap is made into a<br />
fermented beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonia from nor<strong>the</strong>astern Peru, sou<strong>the</strong>astern<br />
Colombia, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonian<br />
Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balick 1985, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Attalea oleifera Barb. Rodr. [syn. A. compta Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: andaiá, c<strong>at</strong>olé, pindoba<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are an edible oil source, and leaves are used for<br />
th<strong>at</strong>ch.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Attalea phaler<strong>at</strong>a Mart. ex Sprengel [syn. A. excelsa Mart., A.<br />
princeps (Mart.) Karsten, Scheelia martiana Burret]<br />
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FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: acuri, aricuri, bacuri, cabeçudo, motacu, naiá, naya,<br />
uacuri, uricuri, uricuri-vermelho, urucuri<br />
SPANISH: motacú, shapaja, shapajilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit’s sweet mesocarp, and seed oil and <strong>the</strong> stem’s inner<br />
heart are edible. Ashes from <strong>the</strong> burned peduncular bract are added<br />
to coca chew in <strong>the</strong> tree’s western range. Oil is also used in<br />
shampoos and medicines. Roots were made into a kind <strong>of</strong> “bread”<br />
called bró in eastern Brazil th<strong>at</strong> was fed to c<strong>at</strong>tle.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru and Bolivia to eastern Amazonian Brazil,<br />
through <strong>the</strong> Brazilian Planalto to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson 1978, Cunha 1944, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, Moraes et al.<br />
1996, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Attalea racemosa Spruce<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: c<strong>at</strong>olé-de-terra-firme<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en and liquid endosperm is drunk.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil and adjacent Peru through<br />
Venezuelan Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Steyermark et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG<br />
n.d.<br />
Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Sprengel [syn. Orbignya barbosiana Burret,<br />
O. martiana Barb. Rodr., O. phaler<strong>at</strong>a Mart., O. speciosa (Mart.)<br />
Barb. Rodr.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: babassu palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: aguaçu, auaçu, babaçu, babassu, baguaçu, baguaçuí, bauaçu,<br />
coco-de-babaçu, coco-de-macaco, coco-pindoba, kunuana, palha<br />
vermelha, uauaçu<br />
SPANISH: babasu, coruba, cusi, palha, palma real, shapaja<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible seed kernel is used in infant formulas, to make<br />
flour, as an edible oil source, as animal feed, and for fertilizer.<br />
Abundant and nearly colorless kernel oil is <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> some 60<br />
percent <strong>of</strong> all edible oil consumed in Brazil. Trees produce up to<br />
3,300 pounds <strong>of</strong> fruit per year, more than any o<strong>the</strong>r known vegetable<br />
oil source. Yet most production comes from wild and semi-wild trees<br />
th<strong>at</strong> have not been improved. Endocarp is used for charcoal, leaves<br />
for th<strong>at</strong>ch, woven articles, and <strong>the</strong> like, and stems for<br />
construction. Oil is used in insect repellent.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia through sou<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonian Brazil and<br />
a disjunct popul<strong>at</strong>ion in Guyana and Surinam<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson 1977, Anderson and May 1985, Anderson et al.<br />
1991, Balée 1989, Balick 1979a, Balick 1984, Cárdenas 1969,<br />
Henderson et al. 1995, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kahn and de<br />
Granville 1992, May et al. 1985, May 1992, OAS 1973, Prance 1990,<br />
Rhem and Espig 1991, Schultes 1979b, Silva et al. 1977, Vásquez and<br />
Gentry 1989<br />
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Attalea spectabilis Mart. [syn. Orbignya spectabilis (Mart.) Burret]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: curuá, guruá, palha vermelha<br />
USES/NOTES: Reddish fruit’s pulp and seed oil are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern interior Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Silva et al. 1977<br />
Attalea tessmannii Burret<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cocão<br />
SPANISH: chonta, conta<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed is edible. Endocarps are burned to smoke raw l<strong>at</strong>ex in<br />
<strong>the</strong> processing <strong>of</strong> rubber.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil and adjacent Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson et al. 1995, Shanley and<br />
Medina 2005<br />
Auxemma oncocalyx Taubert<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pau-branco<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and <strong>the</strong> plant contains oncocalyxone,<br />
a potential anti-cancer chemical.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Endemic to Ceará, Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Ducke 1959, Martin et al. 1987, Pessoa et al. 2004<br />
Avena byzantina C. Koch<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: Indian o<strong>at</strong>, red o<strong>at</strong><br />
SPANISH: avena<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its edible seeds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region<br />
REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Burkart 1969, Facciola 1990<br />
Avena f<strong>at</strong>ua L.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: wild o<strong>at</strong><br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds have been used as a flour source in California.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized and pestiferous in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Graber 1995, Harrington 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Avena nuda L.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: hulless o<strong>at</strong>, naked o<strong>at</strong><br />
SPANISH: avena<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are ground into flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Zeven and de Wet 1982<br />
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Avena s<strong>at</strong>iva L.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: o<strong>at</strong>, o<strong>at</strong>s<br />
PORTUGUESE: aveia<br />
SPANISH: avena, avena cultivada<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed is <strong>the</strong> o<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong> commerce, used as a quality grain,<br />
fermented into alcoholic beverages, and made into a refreshing<br />
juice when blended with with w<strong>at</strong>er and sugar and a variety <strong>of</strong> <strong>at</strong>ole<br />
prepar<strong>at</strong>ions. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Probably East-central Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, Purseglove 1972,<br />
Soukup 1970, Usher 1974, Zohary and Hopf 1993<br />
Averrhoa bilimbi L.<br />
FAMILY: Oxalidaceae (wood sorrel)<br />
ENGLISH: bilimbi, bilimbing, bimbling plum, birambi, citronell,<br />
cucumber tree, sourie, tree sorrel<br />
PORTUGUESE: azedinha, bilimbi, bilimbino, biri-biri, carambolaamarela,<br />
groselha-China, limão-caiana, limão-de-caiena<br />
SPANISH: bilimbi, bilimbín, calamias, camias, grosella carambola,<br />
grosella china, limón chino, mimbro, pepino de las Indias,<br />
tiriguro, vinagrillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart fruit is consumed pickled, preserved in syrup,<br />
salted, in relish, or as juice. Flowers are edible preserved. Fruit<br />
juice is used to remove stains and tarnish from metal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Malaya<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1984, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, IBGE 1980, Leung<br />
1961, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973, Popenoe 1974,<br />
Rehm and Espig 1991, Samson 1980, Silva and Tassara 1996, Vásquez<br />
and Gentry 1989, Will 1991, Williams and Williams 1969<br />
Averrhoa carambola L.<br />
FAMILY: Oxalidaceae (wood sorrel)<br />
ENGLISH: caramba, carambola, carambola tree, coolie tamarind, fivefinger,<br />
star fruit<br />
PORTUGUESE: camerunga, carambola, caramboleiro, limão de Cayena<br />
SPANISH: árbol de pepino, caramba, carambola, caramboler, carambolera,<br />
carambolero, carambolo, grosella carambola, pepino de la India,<br />
tamarindo chino, tamarindo dulce, tiriguro, vinagrillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellowish, elong<strong>at</strong>ed, star-shaped, translucent fruit has a<br />
mild, though tart, pear-like flavor and is consumed out <strong>of</strong> hand, in<br />
fruit salads, or juiced. Flowers are also edible. Fruit contains<br />
oxalic acid, which makes it useful as a metal cleaner. Leaf, root,<br />
and fruit are used in folk medicine. Arrived in Brazil in 1817.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sri Lanka, <strong>the</strong> Moluccas, or Indonesia, or possibly China<br />
or Malaysia, widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> tropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bird and Heinlein n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante<br />
1991, Duke 1986, Gregory 1960, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), Mabberley 1987, Maxwell and Maxwell 1991, Morton 1987a,<br />
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Omawale 1973, Peret 1985, Schneider 1987, Vietmeyer 1985, Williams<br />
and Williams 1969<br />
Avicennia germinans (L.) L.<br />
FAMILY: Avicenniaceae (black mangrove) or Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: black mangrove, mangrove<br />
SPANISH: aili, calum<strong>at</strong>e, madre de sal, mangle blanco, mangle negro,<br />
mangle prieto, mangle salado, palo de sal, puyeque<br />
USES/NOTES: Sprouts and sprouting seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Uncooked<br />
seeds, however, are poisonous. Salt covered leaves are used as a<br />
salt source. Though called “black mangrove,” this species is<br />
lightest in color <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mangroves and does not grow on stilt<br />
roots.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical coasts to sou<strong>the</strong>astern coastal North America<br />
and tropical western Africa<br />
REFERENCES: CONAFOR n.d., Duke n.d., Godfrey 1988, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Nellis 1994<br />
Baccharis gaudichaudiana DC.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
PORTUGUESE: carqueja-doce<br />
SPANISH: carquesia<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are made into tea, typically to tre<strong>at</strong> stomach<br />
ailments, but also as a soothing beverage tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil to east-central Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural 1990, Mentz et al. 1997<br />
Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. [identified as B. triptera Mart. by<br />
Carneiro Martins]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bacanta, cacalia-amara, cacalia-amarga, carque, carqueja,<br />
carqueja-amarga, carqueja-amargosa, tiririca-de-babado, vassoura,<br />
vassorinha<br />
SPANISH: carquesia, hu-kuchu, quimsa-kuchu, yaguareté-ka’á<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are made into tea, typically to tre<strong>at</strong> stomach and<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r ailments, but also as a soothing beverage tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia to Ecuador, or<br />
perhaps restricted originally to Andean Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Cabrera 1978, Carneiro Martins 1989, Guia Rural 1990,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mentz et al. 1997<br />
Baccharis viminea DC.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: groundsel tree, mule’s f<strong>at</strong><br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf shoots have been e<strong>at</strong>en in times <strong>of</strong> scarcity by<br />
Amerindians.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California to adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Moerman 1998<br />
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Bactris acanthocarpoides Barb. Rodr. [syn. B. acanthocarpa var.<br />
crisp<strong>at</strong>a Drude]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: jawi, ulukpana<br />
PORTUGUESE: marajá, pupunha-de-macaco<br />
SPANISH: ñeja<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow to red fruit is reported edible by Duke and Vásquez<br />
who use ñeja as <strong>the</strong> common Spanish name, yet Henderson et al.<br />
describe <strong>the</strong> species as occurring in Brazil and <strong>the</strong> Guianas only,<br />
which are not Spanish speaking areas and do not cite it as having<br />
an edible fruit. Moreover, Henderson et al. use ñeja as a common<br />
Spanish name for B. maraja. It could be th<strong>at</strong> Duke and Vásquez<br />
incorrectly used ñeja and th<strong>at</strong> B. acanthocarpoides does not have an<br />
edible fruit.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern Amazonian Brazil and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson et al. 1995, Silva et al.<br />
1977, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Bactris brongniartii Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: bango palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: marajá, marajá-de-cacho, marajá-pupunha, maraja’i,<br />
maraj’y, maria-ci, maria-wa, murumuru, tucum-bravo<br />
SPANISH: cachepai montañero, caña negra, chacarrá, cubarro, komora,<br />
maradai, ñejilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Marketed fleshy mesocarps are edible or used to flavor<br />
beverages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela and <strong>the</strong> Guianas with a<br />
disjunct popul<strong>at</strong>ion in western Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al.<br />
1995, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Bactris concinna Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: marajá<br />
SPANISH: ansepara, chontilla, kamancha, marajaú, ñejilla, ñiejilla,<br />
palmera, nu-que, paipigu, síi<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible, fleshy, yellow-brown fruits are sold in local<br />
markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil, sou<strong>the</strong>rn-most Amazonian<br />
Colombia, Amazonian Ecuador and Peru, and most <strong>of</strong> Amazonian Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson<br />
1995, Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Bactris gasipaes Kunth [syn. B. insignis (Mart.) Baillon, B. speciosa<br />
(Mart.) Karsten, Guilielma chontaduro Triana, G. gasipaes (L.)<br />
Bailey, G. gasipaes (Kunth) Bailey, G. insignis Mart., G. speciosa<br />
Mart., G. utilis Oersted]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
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ENGLISH: paripi, peach palm, peachnut, pewa, pewa nut, poupounha,<br />
spiny-club palm, tembe<br />
PORTUGUESE: babunha, casipaes, ceriba, palmeira-chonta, pejibaye,<br />
pirajá-pupunha, pirijão, popunha, pupunha, pupunha-marajá, pupunhaverde-amarela<br />
SPANISH: bobi, cachipay, chenga, chichaguai, chichagui, chima, chonta,<br />
chonta de castilla, chonta de comer, chonta pala, chonta ruru,<br />
chontadura, chontaduro, chontaduro colombiano, chontaruro,<br />
contaruro, gachipaes, gea, huanima, ico, jijirre, macanilla,<br />
macasnilla, mantiene-moza, mas<strong>at</strong>o, melocotón, nalu, palma de<br />
durazno, palma melocotonera, palma real, pechevaye, pegibay,<br />
pejibay, pejibaya, pejibaye, pejijuayo, pejivalle, pichiguao,<br />
pifayo, pifuayo, pihiguao, pihuayo, pijiguao, pijuanyo, pijuayo,<br />
pipire, piriguao, pisba, pisbae, piva, pixabay, pixbá, pixbae,<br />
posho-guayo, puca pijuaio, pisho-guayo, sara-pifuayo, sara pijuaio,<br />
tembé, tempé, tenga, uvito, uwí, woy<br />
USES/NOTES: Starchy mesocarp, rich in protein, carbohydr<strong>at</strong>es, vitamin<br />
A, and f<strong>at</strong>, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> variably colored (orange/red/yellow) fruit is<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en boiled, sometimes mashed or added to o<strong>the</strong>r cooked foods, and<br />
is an important food source in parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Neotropics. Fruit also<br />
contains an edible oil and juice th<strong>at</strong> is made into an alcoholic<br />
drink (chicha in Spanish-speaking countries, caxixi in Brazil).<br />
Calcium-rich heart (or palmito) is <strong>of</strong> good quality and has become<br />
an item <strong>of</strong> intern<strong>at</strong>ional commerce. Plants with cespitose forms, as<br />
opposed to those with solitary stems, are preferred as <strong>the</strong>ir hearts<br />
can be harvested without killing <strong>the</strong> plant. Young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
locally like palm hearts. Some indigenous groups add boiled<br />
inflorescences with herbs to sauces. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed widely in Central<br />
America and tropical South America, <strong>the</strong> domestic<strong>at</strong>ed peach palm is<br />
thought to have potential for expansion.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably <strong>the</strong> Andean foothills <strong>of</strong> southwestern Amazonia<br />
in Bolivia and Peru, possibly Amazonian Bolivia to Panama, or<br />
western Ecuador perhaps to Costa Rica and Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson 1977, Balick 1984, Balick 1988, Boom 1987, Bourke<br />
et al. 1987, Camacho 1969, Cárdenas 1969, Cavalcante 1991, Clement<br />
1988, Clement 1989, Clement 1992, Clement and Mora Urpí 1987, Duke<br />
1986, Ferreira 1999, Ferreira et al. 1993, Ferreira et al. 1980,<br />
Guia Rural n.d., Henderson et al. 1995, Hunter 1969, IBGE 1980,<br />
Johannessen 1967, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Metzler et al. 1992, Morton<br />
1987a, OAS 1973, Pedersen and Balslev 1990, Prance 1984, Rehm and<br />
Espig 1991, Schultes 1977b, Seibert 1950a, Silva et al. 1977, Smith<br />
et al. 1992, Soria 1991, Vásquez and Gentry 1989<br />
Bactris guineensis (L.) H.E. Moore [syn. B. minor Jacq.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: black palm, spiny-club palm<br />
SPANISH: biscoyol, cana brava, corozo, coyolito, l<strong>at</strong>a, l<strong>at</strong>a de playón,<br />
l<strong>at</strong>a hembra, piritu, uvero de l<strong>at</strong>a, uvita, uvita de monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en or mashed for its juice.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela and Colombia to southwestern<br />
Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: Bernal 1992, Dugand 1961, Duke 1986, Henderson 1995,<br />
Henderson et al. 1995, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Usher 1974<br />
Bactris macana (Mart.) Pittier<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pupunha-brava, pupunha-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, pupunha-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: chinam<strong>at</strong>o, chonta, chontilla, macanilla, pijuayo del monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Round yellow fruit and heart from this small, spiny,<br />
single-stemmed palm are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern Amazonian Brazil (Acre), sou<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonian<br />
Peru, Amazonian Bolivia, and a disjunct popul<strong>at</strong>ion in nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Colombia and western Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Ferreira 1999, Henderson et al. 1995, Pedersen and Skov<br />
2001, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Bactris macroacantha Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: marajá<br />
SPANISH: kamancha, ñeeinó<br />
USES/NOTES: Round yellow fruit from this small palm is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Rio Solimões margins <strong>of</strong> Amazonian Brazil and Amazonian<br />
Peru just into sou<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonian Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Balick 1984, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Bactris major Jacq. var. infesta (Mart.) Drude [syn. B. infesta<br />
Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: marajá<br />
SPANISH: cubarro, marayáu<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela and <strong>the</strong> Guianas through Amazonian<br />
Brazil and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Bactris major Jacq. var. major [syn. B. subglobosa H. Wendl.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: hones<br />
SPANISH: caña brava, cubarro, huiscoyol, jahuacté, l<strong>at</strong>a<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Central America, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Colombia and<br />
Venezuela, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, Trinidad<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Bactris major Jacq. var. megalocarpa (Trail) Henderson [syn. B. major<br />
Jacq. var. megalocarpa Trail]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: marajá<br />
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SPANISH: cubarro<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Trinidad, eastern Venezuela, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>astern Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Bactris major Jacq. var. socialis [syn. B. socialis Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: marayáu<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Bactris maraja var. chaetosp<strong>at</strong>ha (Mart.) Henderson [syn. B.<br />
chaetosp<strong>at</strong>ha Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: marajá<br />
SPANISH: ñeja<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Bactris maraja var. juruensis (Trail) Henderson [syn. B. penicill<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Barb. Rodr., B. piranga Trail]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: marajá-piranga, palmeira-marajá-piranga, ubim-com-espinho<br />
SPANISH: ñeja<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to French Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Bactris maraja Mart. var. maraja [syn. B. actinoneura Drude & Tril,<br />
B. monticola Barb. Rodr., Pyrenoglyphis maraja (Mart.) Burret]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: maraja<br />
PORTUGUESE: marajá, marajá-açu, marajá-do-igapó, mombaca, palmeirinha,<br />
paxiubinha, tucum-bravo<br />
SPANISH: chontilla, ñejilla, niejilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are sold in local markets for <strong>the</strong>ir edible pulp.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, northwestern Colombia, Panama,<br />
and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson 1995,<br />
Henderson et al. 1995, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Martin et al. 1987, Silva<br />
et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Bactris setosa Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: coco-de-n<strong>at</strong>al, coco-de-ticum, coco-de-tucum, jucum,<br />
marajá, tucum<br />
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USES/NOTES: Purple to black, juicy fruit and its oil are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Bactris simplicifrons Mart. [syn. B. amoena Burret, B. arenaria Barb.<br />
Rodr.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: parapi-balli<br />
PORTUGUESE: marajá, marajazinha<br />
SPANISH: chontaduro de rana de rastrojo, chontaduro de tintín,<br />
cubarillo, cúwarahííba, ñejilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Red fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and one isol<strong>at</strong>ed popul<strong>at</strong>ion in<br />
northwestern Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson et al. 1995, Silva et al.<br />
1977<br />
Bactris tomentosa Mart. var. shaerocarpa (Mart.) Henderson [syn. B.<br />
shaerocarpa Trail]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: marajá-fino<br />
SPANISH: ñejilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil and adjacent Amazonian Peru and<br />
Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Bactris tomentosa Mart. var. tomentosa Trail [syn. B. arundinacea<br />
(Trail) Drude]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: marajá, palmeira-lú, palmeira-lú-i<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and central Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Bagassa guianensis Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: bagasse<br />
PORTUGUESE: t<strong>at</strong>ajuba<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern South America to Amazonian Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Balsamorhiza deltoidea Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: Puget balsamroot<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, young sprouts are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, and<br />
seeds are made into bread.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California to British Columbia<br />
REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
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Balsamorhiza hookeri Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: Hooker’s balsam root<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked and seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Munz and Keck 1959, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Balsamorhiza sagitt<strong>at</strong>a (Pursh) Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: arrowleaf balsamroot, balsamroot, Oregon sunflower<br />
USES/NOTES: Fleshy roots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, seeds are a flour source,<br />
and young stems and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern U.S. and adjacent Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Bambusa vulgaris Schrader ex Wendl. [syn. B. arundinaceae (Retz.)<br />
Willd.] and Bambusa tuldoides Munro<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: bamboo, bamboo shoots, spiny bamboo, thorny bamboo<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, takenoto, taquara<br />
SPANISH: bambú, bambú común, bambuc, cañaza, chogro, nala, ot<strong>at</strong>e,<br />
p<strong>at</strong>amba<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots, seeds, and sweet sap are<br />
edible. Over 1,200 bamboo species throughout <strong>the</strong> tropics and<br />
subtropics. Most economically-important species are from Asia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Duke n.d., Guia Rural<br />
1990, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1972, Mabberley 1987,<br />
McClure 1955, Molina 1975, Rehm and Espig 1991, Ruberté 1984, Smith<br />
et al. 1992<br />
Banisteria crotonifolia A. Juss.<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Barbarea verna (Miller) Asch. [syn. B. praecox (Sm.) R. Br., Campe<br />
verna (Miller) A. Heller]<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: American cress, Belle Isle cress, early w<strong>at</strong>er cress, early<br />
wintercress, early yellow-rocket, land cress, Normandy cress,<br />
scurvy grass, spring cress, upland cress, winter cress<br />
PORTUGUESE: agrião-da-terra, agrião-dos-jardins<br />
SPANISH: berro de jardín<br />
USES/NOTES: Vitamin A rich leaves are added to salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in favorable environments<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Gibbons 1971, Hickman 1993, IBGE<br />
1980, Mabberley 1987, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Yanovsky 1936<br />
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Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. in Aiton f.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: garden yellow rocket, rocket, winter cress, yellow rocket<br />
SPANISH: berro terrestre, hierba de Santa Bárbara<br />
USES/NOTES: Vitamin A rich greens are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked as a vegetable, in<br />
salads, or in soups, and unopened flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en like broccoli<br />
(Brassica oleracea var. botrytis).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Gibbons 1962,<br />
Harris 1972, Hickman 1993, Tomikel 1986<br />
Basella alba L. [syn. B. rubra L.] and B. crodifolia Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Basellaceae (basella)<br />
ENGLISH: Ceylon spinach, Indian spinach, Malabar nightshade, Malabar<br />
spinach, poi, vine spinach<br />
PORTUGUESE: baiano, bertalha, bretalha, couve-de-cerca, couvemanteiga,<br />
espinafre, João-Gomes<br />
SPANISH: bretana, bretaña, espinaca blanca, espinaca de Ceilán,<br />
espinaca de Malabar<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and shoots are edible, sap and berries (dried and<br />
ground) are used to color foods, and roots are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, perhaps tropical India, or South Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural<br />
1990, IBGE 1980, León 1987, Noda et al. 1984, Omawale 1973, Ruberté<br />
1984, Terra 1966, Usher 1974<br />
B<strong>at</strong>is maritima L.<br />
FAMILY: B<strong>at</strong>idaceae (saltwort)<br />
ENGLISH: American saltwort, beachwort, glasswort, Jamaica samphire,<br />
saltwort, wild banana<br />
PORTUGUESE: barriheira, barrilheira-gram<strong>at</strong>a, salicórnia, soda, sodamaior<br />
SPANISH: almajo, almarjo, barrilla, salado, salicor, sapina, sosa<br />
USES/NOTES: Salty leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en pickled or in salads. Succulent<br />
coastal dune herb also has been burned to produce ash used to make<br />
soap and glass.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical and subtropical American coasts<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Houaiss 1982, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1977,<br />
Nellis 1994, Rojer 1997, Taylor 1998, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
B<strong>at</strong>ocarpus amazonicus (Ducke) Fosberg<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: guariúba-branca<br />
SPANISH: mashonaste, najahe, tulpay<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. Also a good lumber source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
B<strong>at</strong>ocarpus orinocensis Karsten<br />
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FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: pitiu<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Shuar <strong>of</strong> Ecuador.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Brako and Zarucchi 1993<br />
Bauhinia dipetela Hemsley<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
SPANISH: bauhinia, uña de vaca, xobots’<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en as a snack and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexican and Gu<strong>at</strong>emalan highlands<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Standley and Steyermark 1946<br />
Bauhinia esculenta Burch. [syn. Tylosema esculentum A. Schreib.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: camel-foot, camel’s foot, gemsbok-bean, marama bean, morama<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and seed oil are edible. Recently introduced to <strong>the</strong><br />
Americas for its potential as a drought-tolerant legume.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Powell 1987, Usher 1974, Wiersema et al.<br />
1990<br />
Bauhinia purpurea L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: butterfly tree, camel’s foot<br />
PORTUGUESE: p<strong>at</strong>a-de-vaca<br />
SPANISH: orquidillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Flower buds, young flowers, and young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
cooked. Also planted as a flowering ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India to Malaysia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in Florida and Texas and<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r warm regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, USDA-NRCS<br />
2004, W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975<br />
Bauhinia varieg<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: bauhinia, mountain ebony, orchid tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: mororó, p<strong>at</strong>a-de-boi, p<strong>at</strong>a-de-vaca, unha-de-boi, unha-devaca<br />
SPANISH: p<strong>at</strong>a de vaca<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves, flowers, fruit pods, and seeds are edible.<br />
Also a popular ornamental in warm regions for its showy orchidlike,<br />
white to purplish flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Tanaka 1976, W<strong>at</strong>kins and<br />
Sheehan 1975<br />
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Begonia barkeri Knowles & Wescott<br />
FAMILY: Begoniaceae (begonia)<br />
ENGLISH: begonia<br />
SPANISH: begonia, tepexocoyolli, xocoyolli, xocoyolli criollo<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible petioles are sold in markets <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Puebla,<br />
Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East-central Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Basurto-Peña et al. 2003<br />
Begonia franconis Liebm.<br />
FAMILY: Begoniaceae (begonia)<br />
ENGLISH: begonia<br />
SPANISH: begonia, hiliy ts’ohool<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and petioles are cooked as greens and added to<br />
soups. Petioles <strong>of</strong> many o<strong>the</strong>r Begonia species are edible, though <strong>of</strong><br />
limited appeal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bailey Hortorium 1976<br />
Begonia fusca Liebm.<br />
FAMILY: Begoniaceae (begonia)<br />
ENGLISH: begonia<br />
SPANISH: begonia, maz<strong>at</strong>xocoyolli, xocoyolli cimarrón<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible petioles are sold in markets <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Puebla,<br />
Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East-central and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Honduras<br />
REFERENCES: Basurto-Peña et al. 2003, Burt-Utley 1985<br />
Begonia gracilis Kunth.<br />
FAMILY: Begoniaceae (begonia)<br />
ENGLISH: begonia<br />
SPANISH: caña agria, carne de doncella, flor de agosto, sangre de<br />
toro, toruri iurhiri, tsitsiki agosturi<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible petioles are sold in markets <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Puebla,<br />
Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chihuahua to Oaxaca, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Shreve and Wiggins 1964, Torres n.d.<br />
Begonia heracleifolia Cham. & Schlecht.<br />
FAMILY: Begoniaceae (begonia)<br />
ENGLISH: begonia<br />
PORTUGUESE: begonia<br />
SPANISH: begonia, pesoxocoyolli, spililixcutni, xocoyolli<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible petioles are sold in markets <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Puebla,<br />
Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East-central Mexico through Central America, perhaps to<br />
Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Basurto-Peña et al. 2003, Burt-Utley 1985, Molina 1975<br />
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Begonia incarn<strong>at</strong>a Link and Otto<br />
FAMILY: Begoniaceae (begonia)<br />
ENGLISH: begonia<br />
SPANISH: begonia, quiquiriqui<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible petioles are sold in markets <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Puebla,<br />
Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East-central Mexico from nor<strong>the</strong>rn Puebla and Hidalgo to<br />
Oaxaca<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Basurto-Peña et al. 2003<br />
Begonia manic<strong>at</strong>a Brongn. ex F. Cels<br />
FAMILY: Begoniaceae (begonia)<br />
ENGLISH: begonia<br />
SPANISH: begonia, comida de danto, mantecaxocoyolli, parona, pavana,<br />
sakil poshil majben, stalangaxcutni, tecosxocoyolli<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible petioles are sold in markets <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Puebla,<br />
Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East-central Mexico to Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Basurto-Peña et al. 2003, Burt-<br />
Utley 1985<br />
Begonia nelumbiifolia Cham. & Schlecht.<br />
FAMILY: Begoniaceae (begonia)<br />
ENGLISH: begonia<br />
SPANISH: begonia, shyash poshil, xocoyolli<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible petioles are sold in markets <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Puebla,<br />
Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East-central Mexico to Colombia and Puerto Rico<br />
REFERENCES: Basurto-Peña et al. 2003, Burt-Utley 1985<br />
Begonia sp.<br />
FAMILY: Begoniaceae (begonia)<br />
SPANISH: omencai<br />
USES/NOTES: Succulent stems are chewed as a spice and taste like<br />
rhubarb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Davis and Yost 1983<br />
Beilschmiedia anay (Blake) Kostern [syn. Hufelandia anay Blake]<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
ENGLISH: anay, anaya<br />
SPANISH: aguac<strong>at</strong>ón, anay, anaya, escalán, excalán, payta<br />
USES/NOTES: Ellipsoidal, thin-skinned, purplish-black, oily fruit,<br />
rich in f<strong>at</strong>s and protein (8%), is used like <strong>the</strong> common avocado<br />
(Persea americana var. americana), e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, mashed, or in<br />
ice cream.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Humid lowland tropics <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico through Central<br />
America and parts <strong>of</strong> Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Borys et al. 1993, Duke n.d.,<br />
Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Nishida 1999<br />
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Bellucia aequiloba Pilger<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Chácobo <strong>of</strong> Bolivia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Killeen et al. 1993, MBG n.d.<br />
Bellucia costaricensis Cogn.<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
SPANISH: coronillo, manzano de montaña, pap<strong>at</strong>urro agrio<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Standley and<br />
Williams 1963<br />
Bellucia grossularioides (L.) Triana [syn. B. brasiliensis Naudin,<br />
Melastoma grossularioides L.]<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
ENGLISH: bell apple, chiganet<br />
PORTUGUESE: araçá-de-anta, goiaba-de-anta, goiaba-de-anta-branca,<br />
muuba, papa-terra-branca, níspero<br />
SPANISH: guayabo de danta, huicama, manzana de corona, níspero,<br />
pomarrosa, sachi<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp <strong>of</strong> this species, similar to B. imperialis, is<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America, Panama, and Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1987, Boom 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Johnston and<br />
Colquhoun 1996, FUDENA n.d., Martin et al. 1987, Omawale 1973,<br />
Renner 1989, Silva et al. 1977, Sturtevant 1972, Vásquez and Gentry<br />
1989<br />
Bellucia imperialis J. Saldanha & Cogn.<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
ENGLISH: chiganet<br />
PORTUGUESE: araçá-de-anta, araçá-de-anta-vermelha, goiaba-de-anta,<br />
goiaba-de-anta-vermelha, muuba, papa-terra-vermelha<br />
SPANISH: manzana de corona<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruit pulp is similar to th<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong> B.<br />
grossularioides.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Bellucia pentamera Naudin [syn. B. axinan<strong>the</strong>ra Triana]<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
SPANISH: manzana de corona, níspero, sacha níspero, tunguia<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America to Amazonian Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Mabberley<br />
1987, Martin et al. 1987, Renner 1989<br />
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Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. [syn. B. cerifera Savi]<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: ash pumpkin, b<strong>at</strong>wa, Chinese preserving melon, Chinese winter<br />
melon, hairy melon, petha, wax gourd, white gourd, white pumpkin,<br />
winter melon<br />
SPANISH: calabaza China, melón blanco, melón de cera, tonka<br />
USES/NOTES: Unripe fruits are boiled and e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, m<strong>at</strong>ure<br />
fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en candied, seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en fried, and young leaves<br />
and buds are cooked as greens. Very fast growing.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Java<br />
REFERENCES: Heiser 1979b, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973,<br />
Price 1990, Purseglove 1968, Walters and Decker-Walters 1989<br />
Berberis aquifolium Pursh [syn. Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.]<br />
FAMILY: Berberidaceae (barberry)<br />
ENGLISH: blue barberry, holly barberry, holly mahonia, mountain grape,<br />
Oregon grape, Oregon hollygrape<br />
SPANISH: uva de Oregón<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, blue berries are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or made into juice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern U.S. and British Columbia<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Mabberley 1987, Medsger<br />
1939<br />
Berberis buxifolia Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Berberidaceae (barberry)<br />
ENGLISH: Magellan barberry<br />
SPANISH: calaf<strong>at</strong>e, michai, michay, palo amarillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark berries are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or in baked foods.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile and Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Berberis canadensis Miller<br />
FAMILY: Berberidaceae (barberry)<br />
ENGLISH: Allegheny barberry, American barberry, eastern barberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy, roundish, red berries, about a cm across, are<br />
consumed preserved, in baked goods, as a refreshing beverage, or<br />
rarely out <strong>of</strong> hand.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from Pennsylvania to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Alabama and<br />
Georgia west to Missouri<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Berberis darwinii Hook.<br />
FAMILY: Berberidaceae (barberry)<br />
ENGLISH: Darwin barberry<br />
SPANISH: calaf<strong>at</strong>e, mechay, michai, michay<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, dark, juicy berries are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or<br />
preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile and P<strong>at</strong>agonian Argentina, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in coastal<br />
California and Oregon<br />
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REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Hendrickson 1981<br />
Berberis haem<strong>at</strong>ocarpa Wooton [syn. Mahonia haem<strong>at</strong>ocarpa (Wooton)<br />
Fedde]<br />
FAMILY: Berberidaceae (barberry)<br />
ENGLISH: barberry, Mexican barberry, red hollygrape<br />
SPANISH: algerita<br />
USES/NOTES: Bright, dark red to purple, tart, juicy berries are made<br />
into jelly.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, FNAEC 1997, Harrington 1967,<br />
Medsger 1939, Munz 1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Berberis nervosa Pursh [syn. Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt.]<br />
FAMILY: Berberidaceae (barberry)<br />
ENGLISH: longleaf hollygrape, Oregon grape<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart, blue berries are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked with sugar or<br />
preserved and leaves are edible cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern California through sou<strong>the</strong>rn British<br />
Columbia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Hickman 1993, Simmons 1972<br />
Berberis pinn<strong>at</strong>a Lagasca [syn. Mahonia pinn<strong>at</strong>a (Lagasca) Fedde]<br />
FAMILY: Berberidaceae (barberry)<br />
ENGLISH: cluster hollygrape<br />
SPANISH: lena amarilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy, blue berries are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Oregon and California to Baja California, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Berberis repens Lindley [syn. B. aquifolium Pursh var. repens<br />
(Lindley) Scoggan, Mahonia repens (Lindley) G. Don f.]<br />
FAMILY: Berberidaceae (barberry)<br />
ENGLISH: creeping barberry, creeping holly grape, creeping mahonia,<br />
creeping Oregon grape, holly grape, Oregon grape<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits <strong>of</strong> this low-growing ground cover were e<strong>at</strong>en by<br />
Amerindians and early settlers and are now made into jellies and<br />
drinks.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Alberta and British Columbia to California and New<br />
Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997,<br />
Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Berberis swaseyi Buckley ex M.J. Young [syn. Mahonia swaseyi (Buckley<br />
ex M.J. Young) Fedde]<br />
FAMILY: Berberidaceae (barberry)<br />
ENGLISH: chaparral berry, holly grape, Texas mahonia, wild currant<br />
SPANISH: agrito<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow to orange tart fruits are edible.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: South-central Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Mabberley 1987<br />
Berberis trifoliol<strong>at</strong>a Moricand [syn. Mahonia trifoliol<strong>at</strong>a (Moricand)<br />
Fedde]<br />
FAMILY: Berberidaceae (barberry)<br />
ENGLISH: agarita, currant-<strong>of</strong>-Texas, Laredo mahonia, Mexican barberry<br />
SPANISH: agarita, agarito, agrito, algerita<br />
USES/NOTES: Succulent red berries ripen in early summer and are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
fresh or made into jellies, preserves, or desserts.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, western Texas, sou<strong>the</strong>rn New Mexico, and<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>astern Arizona<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Martin<br />
et al. 1987, Tull 1978<br />
Berberis vulgaris L.<br />
FAMILY: Berberidaceae (barberry)<br />
ENGLISH: barberry, common barberry, European barberry, sourberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: uva-espim<br />
USES/NOTES: Red to purple, oblong, tart berries are consumed out <strong>of</strong><br />
hand, preserved, in baked goods, or as a refreshing beverage.<br />
Leaves have been used for tea. Also a yellow dye source and a<br />
common landscape shrub with many thorns.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized and pestiferous in <strong>the</strong><br />
nor<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. and adjacent Canada and <strong>the</strong> Gre<strong>at</strong> Lakes region<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Fernald et al. 1958, FNAEC 1997,<br />
Harris 1972, Peterson 1977<br />
Berlandiera lyr<strong>at</strong>a Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: chocol<strong>at</strong>e flower<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are used as a seasoning.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central to southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. [syn. B. nobilis Miers]<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
ENGLISH: Brazil nut, brazilnut, cream nut, Pará nut<br />
PORTUGUESE: amêndoa-da-América, amendoeira da América, castanha,<br />
castanha-do-Brasil, castanha-do-Pará, castanha-mansa, castanhamaranhense,<br />
castanha-verdadeira, castanheira, castanheiro,<br />
castanhais, tocari<br />
SPANISH: almendra, almendro, almendra del Beni, castaña, castañas del<br />
Brasil, castaño de Pará, coquito del Brasil, jubia, juvia, lubia,<br />
nuez del Brasil, nuez de Pará, nuez del Pará, tocari, turury<br />
USES/NOTES: Protein- and selenium-rich seed is <strong>the</strong> Brazil nut <strong>of</strong> world<br />
commerce. Large, round, dark brown woody fruit pods (to over 2<br />
kilograms) contain between 10 and 20 or more nuts and are harvested<br />
after <strong>the</strong>y fall from <strong>the</strong> huge (to 50 meters), wild growing trees.<br />
Efforts to raise Brazil nut trees on plant<strong>at</strong>ions have met with<br />
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limited success, hence brazil nuts are harvested from <strong>the</strong> wild. Due<br />
to habit<strong>at</strong> loss, <strong>the</strong> tree is now considered thre<strong>at</strong>ened. Fibrous<br />
bark <strong>of</strong> young specimens is used as a crude rope for lashing. A<br />
medicinal tea is made from <strong>the</strong> fruit husks.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Probably origin<strong>at</strong>ed in Amazonian Brazil and <strong>the</strong>n spread<br />
to Amazonian Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Venezuela, and <strong>the</strong><br />
Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Balick 1985, Bourke et al. 1987, Branch and Silva 1983,<br />
Cárdenas 1969, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola<br />
1990, IBGE 1980, IUCN 2002, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), La Rotta 1992,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Mori and Prance 1990a, Prance and Mori 1979, Samson<br />
1980, Silva et al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992, Soukup 1970, Taylor<br />
1998, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, van Roosmalen 1985, von Reis Altschul 1973, Will<br />
1991<br />
Beta vulgaris L. subsp. cicla (L.) Koch<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: chard, Indian spinach, rainbow chard, seakale, seakale beet,<br />
spinach beet, Swiss chard<br />
PORTUGUESE: acelga, beterraba-branca, beterraba-campestre, roleso,<br />
selga<br />
SPANISH: acelga, armuelle<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and stalks are e<strong>at</strong>en as cooked vegetables. Stalks<br />
and leaf veins may be variably and intensly colored.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE<br />
1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Rehm and Espig 1991, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima (L.) Arcang.<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: sea spinach, wild sea beet<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf and stalk are e<strong>at</strong>en uncooked in salads when young and<br />
as a cooked vegetable when m<strong>at</strong>ure.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Europe from <strong>the</strong> Mediterranean to <strong>the</strong> Atlantic<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990<br />
Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: beet, common beet, mangel wurzel, sugar beet<br />
PORTUGUESE: beterraba<br />
SPANISH: betabel, betabel azucarera, betarraga azucarera, betarr<strong>at</strong>a<br />
azucarera, beteraba, remolacha, remolacha azucarera<br />
USES/NOTES: Hypocotyl, leaf, and root are edible. Sugar and molasses<br />
are produced from <strong>the</strong> root <strong>of</strong> some varieties. Also grown as forage.<br />
The sugar beet has been tre<strong>at</strong>ed by some authors as B. vulgaris L.<br />
var. conditiva and <strong>the</strong> common beet as B. vulgaris var. esculenta<br />
Salisb.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural 1990, Guia<br />
Rural n.d., Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Usher 1974, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Betonica <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. [syn. Stachys <strong>of</strong>ficinalis (L.) Trev.]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: betony, bishop’s wort<br />
SPANISH: betónica<br />
USES/NOTES: White tubers and shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked in <strong>the</strong> western<br />
U.S. and Eurasia. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958,<br />
Kirk 1970, Mabberley 1987, Zarucchi 1998<br />
Betula lenta L.<br />
FAMILY: Betulaceae (birch)<br />
ENGLISH: American birch, black birch, cherry birch, sweet birch<br />
SPANISH: abedul<br />
USES/NOTES: Sap is made into various brews including birch beer, young<br />
twigs and root bark are used for tea, and inner bark can be made<br />
into flour as an emergency food. Leaves and twigs are ground up,<br />
<strong>the</strong>n added to vinegar. Birch barrels are used to age beverages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Ontario to Alabama<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Harris<br />
1972, Mabberley 1987, Tomikel 1986<br />
Betula pubescens subsp. pubescens Ehrh. [syn. B. alba L.]<br />
FAMILY: Betulaceae (birch)<br />
ENGLISH: downy birch, European white birch, paper birch, pubescent<br />
birch, white birch<br />
PORTUGUESE: betula<br />
SPANISH: abedul, abedul pubescente<br />
USES/NOTES: Inner bark can be made into flour, leaves may be used for<br />
tea, and sap has been used for wine or vinegar. Also medicinal. B.<br />
alba may not be an accepted synonym.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, FNAEC 1997,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Tomikel 1986, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Bidens bigelovii Gray<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: beggar’s ticks<br />
USES/NOTES: N<strong>at</strong>ive Americans in Texas made a beverage from <strong>the</strong><br />
flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Bidens pilosa L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
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ENGLISH: beggar’s lice, beggartick, blackjack, hairy beggarticks,<br />
needle grass, railway beggar-ticks, Spanish needle, sticktight<br />
PORTUGUESE: carrapicho, carrapicho-agulha, carrapicho-de-duas-pontas,<br />
cuambu, erva-picão, fura-capa, goambu, herbes malingres, macela-docampo,<br />
paconca, picão, picão-das-hortas, picão-do-campo, picãopreto,<br />
piolho-de-padre, sirvulaca<br />
SPANISH: acahual, acahual blanco, aceitilla, amor seco, arponcito,<br />
cadillo, cadillo de huerta, cadillo de perro, cadillo rocera,<br />
chipaca, duarte, flamenquilla, kelem, kiku, maravilla, masiquia,<br />
pacunga, pacunja, papunga, pegarropa, pirca, rosilla, saetilla,<br />
s<strong>at</strong>uchi, sirvulaca, té de milpa<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves and shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en steamed or o<strong>the</strong>rwise<br />
cooked, or rarely raw or dried, or used for tea. Shoots are mixed<br />
with rice to make wine in <strong>the</strong> Philippines. Plant deriv<strong>at</strong>ives are<br />
used to tre<strong>at</strong> eye inflamm<strong>at</strong>ion and skin lacer<strong>at</strong>ions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: unknown, widespread weed throughout <strong>the</strong> tropics and<br />
subtropics<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Alcorn 1984, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke<br />
1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Editorial Panapo 1988, Espejo Serna et<br />
al. n.d., Facciola 1990, Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia Rural 1990,<br />
Honychurch 1986, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Soukup 1970, Van Feu<br />
n.d., von Reis Altschul 1973, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982<br />
Bidens squarrosa Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: beggarticks<br />
SPANISH: kelem ts’aah<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems are used for tea by <strong>the</strong> Huastec Maya <strong>of</strong> Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Breedlove 1986,<br />
Molina 1975, Nelson 1976<br />
Bidens tripartita L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: w<strong>at</strong>er agrimony<br />
SPANISH: cáñamo acuático<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990<br />
Bignonia capreol<strong>at</strong>a L. [syn. Tecoma crucigera (L.) Bureau]<br />
FAMILY: Bignoniaceae (bignonia or trumpet vine)<br />
ENGLISH: cross vine, quarter vine, trumpet flower, trumpet vine<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are a source <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> flavoring agent sarsaparilla.<br />
Also grown as an ornamental vine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Bixa orellana L.<br />
FAMILY: Bixaceae (box or boxwood)<br />
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ENGLISH: achiote, an<strong>at</strong>to, ann<strong>at</strong>to, arn<strong>at</strong>to, lipstick tree, parwah,<br />
roucou<br />
PORTUGUESE: açafroa, açafroa-da-serra, ann<strong>at</strong>o, colorau, ocucu, uruuva,<br />
urucu, urucum<br />
SPANISH: achihiuti, achiolillo, achiote, achiote amarillo, achiote<br />
colorado, achote, bija, bijo, bijo de monte, cacicuto, caituco,<br />
changuarica, cuajachote, esacacuya, haru, k’u-zub, ku’xub, mandur,<br />
maxë, misar, on<strong>at</strong>o, onotillo, onotillo rebalsero, onoto, onoto<br />
montañero, oronoto, pi<strong>at</strong>u, pumacua, rocú, rouco, rucú, sacha<br />
achote, shambre, shambu, shambu huayo, shambu quiro, shambu-shambu,<br />
urucú, urucúm, urukú<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds, rich in vitamin A, are used as a spice and are<br />
covered by a red to red/orange or yellow paste used as a body<br />
paint, insect repellent, textile dye, or commercial food colorant,<br />
now widely used in <strong>the</strong> food industry. Fruits can be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked<br />
with butter, leaves can be brewed into a stimul<strong>at</strong>ing beverage, and<br />
bark is <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> a gum th<strong>at</strong> can be used like gum arabic<br />
(Acacia spp.). Also grown as a medicinal, a living fence, and an<br />
ornamental. One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first domestic<strong>at</strong>ed plants in <strong>the</strong> Neotropics,<br />
now widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, perhaps southwestern Amazonian Brazil, widely<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Antúnez de Mayolo 1989, Boom 1987, Bourke et<br />
al. 1987, Carneiro Martins 1989, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Estrella 1991, FUDENA n.d., Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), Mabberley 1987, Mors and Rizzini 1966, Omawale 1973, OAS<br />
1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Roosmalen 1985,<br />
Schultes 1984, Silva et al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992, Soukup 1970,<br />
Williams and Williams 1969<br />
Blakea spp.<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit <strong>of</strong> some species are edible. The genus has many rare<br />
and endemic species.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Bolivia and portions<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Antilles<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Blephilia cili<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: downy wood-mint<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic leaves are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977,<br />
Radford et al. 1968<br />
Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: Cherokee mint, hairy wood-mint<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic leaves are used for tea.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977,<br />
Radford et al. 1968<br />
Blighia sapida Koenig<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
ENGLISH: ackee, akee, red poison fruit<br />
PORTUGUESE: aki<br />
SPANISH: akee, akí, aqui, bien-me-sabe, huevo vegetal, pan y quesito,<br />
seso vegetal<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit’s cream-colored aril is typically e<strong>at</strong>en cooked<br />
as a vegetable, primarily with fish, but also fried, boiled, in<br />
soups, cooked with rice or breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), or<br />
roasted. Ripe arils are occasionally e<strong>at</strong>en raw. The aril must be<br />
prepared soon after ripening on <strong>the</strong> tree, as it is highly poisonous<br />
until it is ripe and quickly becomes rancid after ripening. The<br />
ackee is a main ingredient in Jamaican cuisine, especially <strong>the</strong><br />
n<strong>at</strong>ional dish ackee and saltfish. Introduced to <strong>the</strong> New World<br />
probably during <strong>the</strong> slave trade <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1700s, <strong>the</strong> ackee is now<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in many parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> neotropics, but more so in <strong>the</strong><br />
Antilles, and especially in Jamaica.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical West Africa, probably coastal Guinea, now<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Gregory 1960, León 1987, Leung 1961, Omawale<br />
1973, Rashford 2001, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Williams and Williams 1969<br />
Blutaporon vermiculare (L.) Mears [syn. Philoxerus vermicularis (L.)<br />
R. Br. ex Sm.]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
ENGLISH: saltweed, samphire<br />
USES/NOTES: Succulent stems and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to subtropical America from Florida to<br />
Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Nellis 1994, Steyermark et al. 1995, Taylor 1998<br />
Boerhavia erecta L.<br />
FAMILY: Nyctaginaceae (four o’clock)<br />
PORTUGUESE: erva-tostão-de-Minas<br />
SPANISH: ap<strong>at</strong>s’ akw’aal<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as cooked greens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, IBGE 1980<br />
Bomarea acutifolia (Link & Otto) Herbert<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
USES/NOTES: Starchy tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en in Mexico<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kunkel 1984, Phillips 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
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Bomarea edulis (Tussac) Herbert<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: white Jerusalem artichoke<br />
SPANISH: coyolxóchitl<br />
USES/NOTES: Starchy tubers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> Dominican<br />
Republic and/or Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Hernández<br />
Xolocotzi 1993, Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, Phillips 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Bomarea glaucescens (Kunth) Baker<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
USES/NOTES: Starchy tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en in Ecuador.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Kunkel 1984, Phillips 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Bomarea ov<strong>at</strong>a (Cav.) Mirbel<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en in <strong>the</strong> Dominican Republic.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Kunkel 1984, Phillips 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Bomarea salsilla (L.) Herbert<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Bombax ellipticum Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Bombacaceae (silk-cotton)<br />
SPANISH: mococ, mokok<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en in Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Standley and Steyermark 1949<br />
Bontia daphnoides L.<br />
FAMILY: Myoporaceae (emu bush)<br />
ENGLISH: white-alling<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies and nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Nellis 1994<br />
Borago <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L.<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
ENGLISH: borage<br />
PORTUGUESE: borragem<br />
SPANISH: becoquino, borraja<br />
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USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers are edible. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Creasy 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Pérez-<br />
Arbeláez 1956, Schneider 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Borassus aethiopum Mart. [perhaps conspecific with B. flabellifer]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: African fan palm, black rhum palm, palmyra palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: palmira<br />
SPANISH: boraso, palma de palmira, palma palmira, palmira<br />
USES/NOTES: Large (to >10cm), nearly round, yellow to brown fruits and<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir seeds, which contain a whitish liquid endosperm, are edible,<br />
sap is used for toddy, sugar, and vinegar, heart is e<strong>at</strong>en as a<br />
vegetable, and leaves are a salt source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Africa from Ethiopia to Ghana<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990,<br />
Hoyas 1989, Mabberley 1987, Menninger 1987, Molina 1975, Morton<br />
1988<br />
Borassus flabellifer L. [perhaps conspecific with B. aethiopum]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: palmyra palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: palmeira-da-Índia, palmira<br />
SPANISH: boraso, palma de palmira, palma palmira, palmira<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits and seeds are edible, sap is used for toddy, sugar,<br />
and vinegar, heart is e<strong>at</strong>en as a veg<strong>at</strong>able, and leaves are a salt<br />
source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, perhaps Malaya<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Mabberley<br />
1987, Menninger 1987, Morton 1988<br />
Borojoa p<strong>at</strong>inoi Cu<strong>at</strong>rec.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: borojo<br />
SPANISH: borojó<br />
USES/NOTES: Marketed locally for its esteemed fruit, <strong>of</strong>ten e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
preserved or in desserts. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombian Chocó, now spread to Ecuador, Panama, and<br />
Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Pérez-Arbeláez<br />
1956, Ricker et al. 1997<br />
Borojoa stipularis (Ducke) Cu<strong>at</strong>rec. [syn. Thieleodoxa stipularis<br />
Ducke]<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Borrichia arborescens (L.) DC.<br />
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FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: sea oxeye, seaside oxeye<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, <strong>the</strong> West Indies, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Nellis 1994<br />
Bouea macrophylla Griffith [syn. B. gandaria Blume]<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: bandaria, gandaria, maprang<br />
SPANISH: bandaria, gandaria<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible fresh or in jams.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably lowland Malaysia<br />
REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Samson 1980, Usher 1974<br />
Bourreria huanita (La Llave & Lex.) Hemsley [syn. B. formosa (DC.)<br />
Hemsl]<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
ENGLISH: popped maize-flower<br />
SPANISH: esquizuchitl, palo de rosa, rosa blanca<br />
USES/NOTES: Flower was used by <strong>the</strong> Aztecs to flavor chocol<strong>at</strong>e.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, portions <strong>of</strong> Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, El Salvador, and<br />
Nicaragua, to Guanacaste, Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Coe 1994, Gibson 1970, MBG n.d.<br />
Bourreria ov<strong>at</strong>a Miers<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
ENGLISH: Bahama strongbark, oval-leaf strongbark, strongbark<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, round, red drupes are edible, though not especially<br />
pleasing to <strong>the</strong> pal<strong>at</strong>e. Leaves are made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Florida to <strong>the</strong> Bahamas<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Morton 1976a, Nelson<br />
1994, von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Bourreria succulenta Jacq.<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
ENGLISH: pigeon berry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Florida, West Indies, Mexico, Central America, Colombia,<br />
and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Nellis 1994<br />
Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lagerh. ex Griffith<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: blue grama<br />
USES/NOTES: Though primarily a pasture grass today, seeds were a food<br />
source for Amerindians in <strong>at</strong> least parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plant’s range.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kindscher 1987<br />
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Brahea arm<strong>at</strong>a S. W<strong>at</strong>son [syn. Ery<strong>the</strong>a arm<strong>at</strong>a (S. W<strong>at</strong>son) S. W<strong>at</strong>son]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: blue fan palm, blue hesper palm, hesper palm, Mexican blue<br />
palm, rock palm<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is reportedly is edible. Plant is similar to<br />
Washingtonia palms.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Baja California and a small popul<strong>at</strong>ion on <strong>the</strong> eastern<br />
shore <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sea <strong>of</strong> Cortez in Sonora, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bornstein et al. 2005, Facciola 1990, Henderson et al.<br />
1995, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Shreve and Wiggins 1964<br />
Brahea brandeegei (Purpus) H.E. Moore<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: San José hesper palm<br />
SPANISH: palma de tlaco, palma negra<br />
USES/NOTES: Heart is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Baja California and a small popul<strong>at</strong>ion on <strong>the</strong><br />
eastern shore <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sea <strong>of</strong> Cortez in Sonora, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Blombery and Rodd 1982, Henderson et al. 1995, Tabora et<br />
al. 1993<br />
Brahea dulcis (Kunth) Mart. [syn. B. salvadorensis H. Wendl. ex<br />
Becc.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: rock palm<br />
SPANISH: capulín, cocaisle, miche, michire, palma abanico, palma de<br />
sombrero, palma dulce, soyal, soy<strong>at</strong>e, suy<strong>at</strong>e<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is sweet and seeds contain an edible oil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico through Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, nor<strong>the</strong>rn El Salvador, Belize,<br />
and Honduras into nor<strong>the</strong>rn Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Guzmán-Rivas 1984, Henderson et<br />
al. 1995, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995, Martin et al. 1987, McCurrach<br />
1960, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Brahea edulis H. Wendl. ex S. W<strong>at</strong>son [syn. Ery<strong>the</strong>a edulis (H. Wendl.)<br />
S. W<strong>at</strong>son]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: Guadeloupe fan palm, Guadeloupe Island fan palm, Guadeloupe<br />
palm<br />
USES/NOTES: Pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fleshy, round (2.5 cm) fruit and young shoots<br />
are edible. The ten meter tall tree is thre<strong>at</strong>ened in <strong>the</strong> wild due<br />
to introduced go<strong>at</strong>s.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico’s Guadeloupe Island <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> Pacific coast <strong>of</strong> Baja<br />
California<br />
REFERENCES: Bornstein et al. 2005, Facciola 1990, Henderson et al.<br />
1995, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Brasenia schreberi J. Gmelin<br />
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FAMILY: Cabombaceae (w<strong>at</strong>er-shield), previously Nymphaeaceae (w<strong>at</strong>erlily)<br />
ENGLISH: purple wen-dock, w<strong>at</strong>er-shield<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, opening leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en seasoned with vinegar in<br />
Japan, and roots are edible cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and western Canada and U.S., Mexico, Central<br />
America, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, sou<strong>the</strong>astern Venezuela, East<br />
Asia, eastern Australia, and Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Burger 1977, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Gibbons and Tucker<br />
1979, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Brassica chinensis L.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: cabbage, celery cabbage, Chinese cabbage, choi sum, mustard,<br />
pak choi, shantung cabbage<br />
PORTUGUESE: couve-chinesa, couve-da-China, repolho-chinês<br />
SPANISH: col China, col de China<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and stalks are e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East Asia, perhaps China<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute<br />
1974, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Purseglove 1968<br />
Brassica juncea (L.) Czerniak.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: brown mustard, Indian mustard, leaf mustard, mustard greens<br />
PORTUGUESE: mostarda, mostarda-da-China, mostarda-da-India, mostardade-folha,<br />
mostarda-vermelha<br />
SPANISH: mostaza<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or uncooked. Seeds are<br />
used to make mustard spreads. Probably derived from B. campestris<br />
and B. nigra.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwest Asia to India<br />
REFERENCES: Allchin 1969, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural 1990, Harrington<br />
1967, Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1968, Sauer 1993, Usher 1974<br />
Brassica napus L.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: canola (a widely adopted trade name), colza, rape, rapeseed<br />
PORTUGUESE: colza, nabiça, nabo silvestre<br />
SPANISH: nabo de invierno<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed oil, marketed as Canola or Puritan oil, is used in<br />
cooking, medicines, and industry. Seeds and inflorescence are<br />
edible. Plant is used as fodder. Well-suited to cool clim<strong>at</strong>es.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region<br />
REFERENCES: Clayton 1994, Downey 1990, Howard 1994, Leung 1961,<br />
Purseglove 1968, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sauer 1993<br />
Brassica napus L. var. napobrassica (L.) Reichb. [syn. B.<br />
napobrassica (L.) Miller]<br />
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FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: rutabaga<br />
PORTUGUESE: couve-nabo, nabo sueco, rutabaga<br />
SPANISH: rutabaga<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers are edible. Also fed to livestock.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Kartesz 1994, Leung 1961, Purseglove 1968<br />
Brassica nigra (L.) Koch<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: black mustard, mustard, wild mustard<br />
PORTUGUESE: mostarda-preta<br />
SPANISH: mostaza, mostaza negra<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> common mustard paste, used as<br />
a condiment and <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> an emetic oil. Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as<br />
cooked greens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterannean region, now widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1992, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sauer 1993, Schneider<br />
1987, Usher 1974<br />
Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: borecole, collard, collard greens, common kale, kale, Scotch<br />
kale<br />
PORTUGUESE: couve, couve-crespa, couve-de-folhas, couve-manteiga,<br />
couve-palmito, couve-repolhuda<br />
SPANISH: berza común<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark green leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable and fed to<br />
livestock.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Purseglove 1968,<br />
Usher 1974, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: broccoli, cauliflower<br />
PORTUGUESE: brcolis, brócolo, couve-brócolo, couve-flor<br />
SPANISH: brecól, coliflor<br />
USES/NOTES: Floret (or head) is e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable. Green cultivars<br />
are known in English as broccoli and white cultivars as<br />
cauliflower. Seeds, rarely allowed to develop, can be used like<br />
those <strong>of</strong> mustard (B. nigra).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe and <strong>the</strong> Mediterranean region<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Howard 1994, Leung 1961,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Purseglove 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Brassica oleracea L. var. capit<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: cabbage, common cabbage, European cabbage<br />
PORTUGUESE: couve, repolho<br />
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SPANISH: berza, col común, repollo<br />
USES/NOTES: Leafy, green head is used as a vegetable, cooked or<br />
uncooked. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> West Indies about 1500.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., Omawale 1973, Rehm<br />
and Espig 1991, Sauer 1993, Schwanitz 1966<br />
Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera (DC.) Lenke<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: Brussels sprouts (seen also as Brussel’s sprouts or Brussel<br />
sprouts)<br />
PORTUGUESE: couve-de-Bruxelas, repolho-de-Bruxelas<br />
SPANISH: bretón, bretón de Bruselas, col de Bruselas<br />
USES/NOTES: Round, golf ball-sized, green axillary buds are e<strong>at</strong>en as a<br />
vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe to <strong>the</strong> Mediterranean region<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural 1990, Guia Rural n.d.,<br />
Leung 1961, Purseglove 1968<br />
Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: Hungarian turnip, knol-khol, kohlrabi<br />
PORTUGUESE: couve-rábano<br />
SPANISH: berza perruna, colinabo, naba<br />
USES/NOTES: Stem is e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable and <strong>the</strong> plant is fed to<br />
animals.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region, probably sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974<br />
Brassica rapa var. amplexicaulis Tanaka & Ono [syn. B. pekinensis<br />
(Lour.) Rupr.]<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: bok choi, celery cabbage, chihli, Chinese cabbage, pak choi,<br />
Peking cabbage, Shantung cabbage, wong-bok<br />
PORTUGUESE: couve-China, couve-chinesa, repolho-chinês<br />
SPANISH: col China<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and stalks are e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables. Seed is an oil<br />
source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute 1974, IBGE 1980,<br />
Kartesz 1994, Leung 1961, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sauer 1993, Usher<br />
1974<br />
Brassica rapa var. rapa L. [syn. B. campestris L., B. campestris L.<br />
var. rapa (L.) Hartman]<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: bird rape (seed), turnip (root)<br />
PORTUGUESE: colza (seed), nabo (root), rábano (root)<br />
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SPANISH: jitka (seed), llullu (seed), mostacilla (seed), mostaza<br />
(seed), naba (root), nabicol (root), nabo (root), nabo gallego<br />
(root), nabo gordo (root), nabo redondo (root), nabos (root),<br />
rapush sangra sangra (seed), urqun (seed), yuyo (seed)<br />
USES/NOTES: The root <strong>of</strong> some cultivars and <strong>the</strong> seed <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs are<br />
edible. Seed oil is used as a lubricant, luminant, for cooking, and<br />
in soap. Bran is used in bird seed mixes. The plant is fed to<br />
animals. Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as greens. B. campestris has been used<br />
for <strong>the</strong> seed cultivar and B. campestris var. rapa has been used for<br />
<strong>the</strong> root cultivar.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, seed cultivar from sou<strong>the</strong>rn European highlands,<br />
root cultivar from eastern or central Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia Rural<br />
n.d., Leung 1961, Soukup 1970, Tsunoda et al. 1980, Usher 1974,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Brodiaea douglasii S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
USES/NOTES: Corms and seed pods are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Canada through California<br />
REFERENCES: Kirk 1970<br />
Brodiaea pulchella (Salisb.) Greene<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: blue dicks<br />
USES/NOTES: Corms and flowers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990<br />
Bromelia alsodes St. John [syn. B. slyvestris Burm.f.]<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
SPANISH: ahuama, cardoncillo, guapilla, jalbay, piña silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en as a snack and <strong>the</strong>ir juice is fermented<br />
to make a kind <strong>of</strong> pulque (an alcoholic beverage <strong>of</strong>ten associ<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
with Agave species).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bennett 2000<br />
Bromelia chrysantha Jacq.<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
SPANISH: maya, piña silvestre, piñuela<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or in jams and drinks.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America to Trinidad<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Bromelia hemisphaerica Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
ENGLISH: pinuela<br />
SPANISH: piñuela<br />
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USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en or made into fermented and unfermented<br />
beverages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 2000<br />
Bromelia nidus-puellae (André) André ex Mez<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
SPANISH: cro<strong>at</strong>a, piñuela, piraju, piro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en or made into fermented and unfermented<br />
beverages. Also grown as a living fence and used medicinally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Duke n.d.<br />
Bromelia pinguin L. [syn. B. fastuosa Lindley, Agallostachys fastuosa<br />
(Lindley) Beer, A. ignea Beer, A. pinguin (L.) Beer,<br />
Kar<strong>at</strong>as pinguin (L.) Miller]<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
ENGLISH: bromelia, pinguin<br />
PORTUGUESE: banana-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, bromélia, caragu<strong>at</strong>á, caroá, caro<strong>at</strong>á,<br />
coroá, coro<strong>at</strong>á, croá, curauá, grav<strong>at</strong>á, oa, pinguin, pita,<br />
Caragu<strong>at</strong>á,<br />
SPANISH: aguama, car<strong>at</strong>a, chaguar, chaguarí, chibe-chibe, chibichibe,<br />
chigüichigüe, chilemot<strong>at</strong>e, curujujul, guamara, huipilla, karagu<strong>at</strong>á,<br />
maya, mot<strong>at</strong>e, muta, oa, penca, piña de r<strong>at</strong>ón, pinguin, piñuela,<br />
piñuelo, piro<br />
USES/NOTES: Pleasant tasting, though somewh<strong>at</strong> fibrous, variously<br />
colored fruits (green, yellow, orange, red, or maroon) are e<strong>at</strong>en or<br />
made into ei<strong>the</strong>r fermented or unfermented beverages. Inflorescence<br />
and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en fried. A fiber, known in Brazil as caragu<strong>at</strong>á,<br />
grav<strong>at</strong>á, or pita, is obtained from <strong>the</strong> leaves. With its sharply<br />
spined leaves, <strong>the</strong> herbaceous, perennial, pineapple-like plant<br />
forms dense colonies and makes an effective living fence.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, <strong>the</strong> West Indies, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, Venezuela,<br />
Colombia, and Ecuador, perhaps into Peru, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in some warm<br />
regions (e.g., Florida)<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Duke 1986, Duke n.d., Editorial Panapo 1988,<br />
Facciola 1990, Holst 1994, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961,<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>r 1989, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., OAS 1973, Pérez-Arbeláez<br />
1956, Silva and Tassara 1996, Smith and Downs 1979, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Usher 1974, Utley and Burt-Utley 1994, Will 1991<br />
Bromelia plumieri (E. Morren) L.B. Sm. [syn. B. kar<strong>at</strong>as L., Kar<strong>at</strong>as<br />
plumieri E. Morren]<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
ENGLISH: bromelia, pinuela<br />
SPANISH: chaguar, chaguarí, chigüichigüe, karagu<strong>at</strong>á, maya, maya de<br />
puerco, muta, piñuela, ts’uxuum<br />
USES/NOTES: Young inflorescence is e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable or made into<br />
marmalade, ripe, slightly acid, pleasant-tasting fruits are made<br />
into a beverage called <strong>at</strong>ol de piñuela or <strong>at</strong>ol de piña in Spanish,<br />
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and young leaf bases are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Also grown as a living fence<br />
and a medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from Mexico to Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bennett 2000, Horst 1992a, Hoyas 1989,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, OAS 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974,<br />
Williams 1981<br />
Bromelia trianae Mez ex Mez<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
SPANISH: piñuela<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Smith and Downs 1979<br />
Bromus carin<strong>at</strong>us Hook. & Arn.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: California brome<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds <strong>of</strong> this drought tolerant perennial are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S. and Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Munz 1974, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Bromus c<strong>at</strong>harticus Vahl [syn. B. angust<strong>at</strong>us Pilg., B. unioloides<br />
Kunh]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians <strong>of</strong> Chile.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Widespread in <strong>the</strong> Americas from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada to<br />
Argentina and Chile, occuring in <strong>the</strong> highlands in <strong>the</strong> tropics<br />
REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Peterson and Planchuelo 1998, Schmeda-<br />
Hirschmann et al. 1999<br />
Bromus mango E. Desv.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
SPANISH: mango<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible, once an important food <strong>of</strong> Amerindians <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Andes.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina and Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Zeven and de Wet 1982,<br />
Zuloaga et al. 1994<br />
Bromus porteri (J.M. Coulter) Nash [may include B. anomalus Rupr. ex<br />
Fourn.]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: brome, Porter brome, Porter’s chess<br />
SPANISH: bromo cebadillo, bromo frondoso<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a yeast source in <strong>the</strong> production <strong>of</strong><br />
tesgüino, an alcoholic beverage <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico important in<br />
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) culture. Some resources suggest th<strong>at</strong> B.<br />
porteri may be synonymous with B. anomalus.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: B. porteri is more restricted from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to<br />
portions <strong>of</strong> New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado, whereas B. anomalus<br />
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ranges from Panama through Mexico into <strong>the</strong> southwestern U.S. to<br />
Colorado<br />
REFERENCES: Beetle et al. 1987, Bye 2004, MBG n.d., Torres n.d.<br />
Brosimum acutifolium Huber<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: muira piranga, mururé, mururé-da-terra-firme<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed is edible. Bark and roots are antirheum<strong>at</strong>ic and used<br />
to tre<strong>at</strong> malaria.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1984, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Martin et al. 1987, Silva et<br />
al. 1977<br />
Brosimum alicastrum Sw. [syn. B. terrabanum Pittier]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: breadnut tree, breadnut, Mayan breadnut, ramon, ramón, ramon<br />
breadnut tree<br />
SPANISH: a-agl, apomo, capomo, guáimaro, hairi, hairi-te, huje, huji,<br />
Juan Diego, lan-fe-la, masico, mosaico, nazareno samaritano, nuez<br />
de pan, ojite, ojoche, ox, oox, k án oox, ramón, ramón blanco,<br />
tunumi-taján<br />
USES/NOTES: Primarily a famine food, <strong>the</strong> seed may be consumed raw,<br />
cooked, mashed, dried, ground and made into tortillas, or prepared<br />
in beverages. L<strong>at</strong>ex is said to be potable. Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled.<br />
Leaves are used for fodder. Drought tolerant species <strong>of</strong>ten is<br />
associ<strong>at</strong>ed with Mayan ruin sites. Introduced as an ornamental<br />
outside its n<strong>at</strong>ural range.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Ecuador, and <strong>the</strong><br />
Gre<strong>at</strong>er Antilles<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Duke n.d.,<br />
Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Facciola 1990, Lambert and Arnason 1982,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Niembro Rocas 1992, OAS 1973, Pohl and Miksicek<br />
1985, Schlesinger 2002, Turner and Miksicek 1984, Usher 1974, Will<br />
1991<br />
Brosimum costaricanum Liebm.<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: masicarán, ojoche<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica and Panama<br />
REFERENCES: CTFS n.d., Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973<br />
Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: fruta-de-cera, mama-cadela, maminha-de-cadela<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits and sap are edible. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bernardi 1985, Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1989, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, Pereira and Aparecida n.d.<br />
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Brosimum guianense (Aublet) Huber [syn.B. aubletii Poeppig & Endl.,<br />
B. discolor Schott.]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: leopard-wood, snakewood<br />
PORTUGUESE: inharé-mole, muira pinima<br />
SPANISH: coquillo, machinga, tamamuri<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Martin et al. 1987, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Brosimum lactescens (S. Moore) C. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: caucho, inharé, manitê, manixi, mururé<br />
SPANISH: cajimán, charo, charo colorado, charo macho, guaímero,<br />
machinga, m<strong>at</strong>apalo, misionero negro, tamamuri, yuquito<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia into <strong>the</strong> Colombian Chocó and perhaps into <strong>the</strong><br />
Venezuelan Llanos<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., Ramírez-<br />
Orjuela and Sánchez-Dueñas 2005, Renner et al. 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Brosimum potabile Ducke<br />
PORTUGUESE: amapá-doce<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: machinga<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Amazonian Brazil to Amazonian Peru, perhaps<br />
beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Brosimum utile (Kunth) Pittier [syn. B. galactodendron D. Don]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: cow tree<br />
SPANISH: árbol de leche, avichurí, guaimaro, leche vegetal (sap),<br />
lechero, mast<strong>at</strong>e, palo de leche, palo de vaca, sande, vaco<br />
USES/NOTES: L<strong>at</strong>ex, known as leche vegetal in Spanish, is potable and<br />
may be made into a cheese-like food. Fruit is edible raw or cooked.<br />
L<strong>at</strong>ex is also used for torches.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Duke n.d., Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973<br />
Brosimum utile (Kunth) Pittier subsp. longifolium (Ducke) C. Berg<br />
[syn. B. longifolium Ducke]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: cow tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: amapá-murué<br />
SPANISH: árbol de la leche, árbol vaca, avichurí, chingonga, leche<br />
vegetal (sap), machinga, palo de leche, palo de vaca, sande, vacuno<br />
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USES/NOTES: Mainly medicinal, though <strong>the</strong> l<strong>at</strong>ex reportedly is edible<br />
and used as a chewing gum base.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Mabberley 1987, OAS<br />
1973, Silva et al. 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Brosimum utile (Kunth) Pittier subsp. ov<strong>at</strong>ifolium (Ducke) C. Berg<br />
[syn. B. ov<strong>at</strong>ifolium Ducke]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: cow tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: garrote<br />
SPANISH: árbol de la leche, árbol vaca, avichurí, leche vegetal (sap),<br />
palo de leche, palo de vaca, sande, vacuno<br />
USES/NOTES: Mainly medicinal, though <strong>the</strong> l<strong>at</strong>ex reportedly is edible<br />
and used as a chewing gum base.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Silva et al. 1977,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Buddleja cord<strong>at</strong>a Kunth [syn. B. humboldtiana Roem. & Schultes]<br />
FAMILY: Scrophulariaceae (figwort or snapdragon), Loganiaceae or<br />
Buddlejaceae (butterfly-bush)<br />
ENGLISH: butterfly bush<br />
PORTUGUESE: verbasco<br />
SPANISH: b<strong>at</strong>owí, cayolozán, m<strong>at</strong>owí, salvia silvestre, tepoza, tepozán,<br />
tepozán blanco, zompán<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves <strong>of</strong> this shrub to small tree are used as a spice in<br />
eastern/central Mexico. The genus has been spelled Buddleia with an<br />
“i” as opposed to a “j.”<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chihuahua and Durango, Mexico to Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Norman 2000, Torres n.d.<br />
Bunchosia argentea (Jacq.) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
ENGLISH: peanut-butter fruit<br />
SPANISH: ciruelo de fraile, ciruela de monte, ciruelo de monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Small brownish to red fruits have a sweet rich flavor and<br />
a texture similar to peanut butter, though are not much<br />
appreci<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Andean South America from Peru to Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Hoyas 1989, Renner et al. 1990<br />
Bunchosia armeniaca (Cav.) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ameixa-do-Peru<br />
SPANISH: chico mamey, ciruela, ciruela de fraile, ciruela verde,<br />
indano<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in parts <strong>of</strong> Ecuador and Colombia for its fruit,<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or preserved.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Central Andes, perhaps restricted to Ecuador, but likely<br />
from Colombia to Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Popenoe 1924,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Bunchosia costaricensis Rose<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
SPANISH: cereza, ciruela<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Bunchosia glandulifera (Jacq.) Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
SPANISH: café falso, cerezo, cerezo de fraile, ciruela, ciruela de<br />
fraile<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and <strong>the</strong> plant is widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Antilles through Venezuela (and perhaps <strong>the</strong> Guianas) to<br />
eastern Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: FUDENA n.d.<br />
Bunchosia glandulosa (Cav.) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: almeixa, ameixa-braba, ameixa-do-Pará, café-do-Amazonas,<br />
caferana, caramela, ciruela, ciruela-de-graile<br />
SPANISH: cabra, cabrita, café forastero, ciruela, ciruela-de-la-China,<br />
ciruela verde, yeso<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Ducke 1946, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Bunchosia lanceol<strong>at</strong>a Turcz.<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
SPANISH: ciruela, miinte’<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en toasted or fried and fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out<br />
<strong>of</strong> hand, mainly by children.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Hazlett 1979<br />
Bursera hindsiana (Benth.) Engler<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
ENGLISH: copal<br />
SPANISH: copal, torote prieto<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en in times <strong>of</strong> food scarcity. Tree is used a<br />
living fence.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Sonora and Baja California, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Lauri 2000, Shreve and Wiggins 1964<br />
Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
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ENGLISH: gumbo limbo, naked Indian, red birch, turpentine tree, West<br />
Indian birch<br />
SPANISH: almácigo, caraña, car<strong>at</strong>e, car<strong>at</strong>ero, chaca, chacah, chaco,<br />
chakaj, chibu, cucheme, ginicuiste, gumbolimbo, incienso, indio<br />
desnudo, isicaguo, jicuite, jiñocuavo, jinote, jiote, jobo liso,<br />
mara, marare, mararo, mul<strong>at</strong>o, palo chino, palo de incienso, palo<br />
jiote, palo mul<strong>at</strong>o, pellejo de indio, picagua, quiote, resbalamono,<br />
sasafrás<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are made into tea (primarily medicinal), resin has<br />
been used to flavor confections, and young shoots are said to be<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en as a cooked vegetable. Also <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> chibou, cachibou,<br />
or gomart resin, used in varnishes, incense, and medicines.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Florida, <strong>the</strong> Antilles, Mexico, Central America,<br />
Venezuela, and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke n.d., Facciola 1990, FUDENA n.d., Nellis<br />
1994, Nelson 1994, Niembro Rocas 1992, Niembro Rocas 1993, OAS<br />
1973, Schlesinger 2002<br />
Butia capit<strong>at</strong>a (Mart.) Becc. [syn. Cocos capit<strong>at</strong>a Mart., C. odor<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Barb. Rodr., C. pulposa Barb. Rodr., Cocos australis nomen<br />
illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: butia palm, jelly palm, pindo palm, wine palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: butiá, butiá-açu, butiá-azedo, butiá-da-praia,<br />
butiazeiro, cabeçudo, coco-azedinho, coqueiro-cabeçudo<br />
SPANISH: butiá<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or jellied, juice is used for<br />
vinegar, and <strong>the</strong> seed is an edible oil source. The tree is also<br />
grown as an ornamental throughout <strong>the</strong> tropics and subtropics for<br />
its blue/green fea<strong>the</strong>r-like, pinn<strong>at</strong>e leaves, small size (to five<br />
meters), and cold hardiness.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Brazil from Bahia and Goiás south into Uruguay<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Maixner<br />
1977/78, Martin et al. 1987, Mentz et al. 1997, Pereira and<br />
Aparecida n.d., W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975<br />
Butia eriosp<strong>at</strong>ha Becc. [syn. Cocos eriosp<strong>at</strong>ha Mart. ex Drude]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: butiá, butiá-da-serra, butiá-verdadeiro, i<strong>at</strong>aí<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and used to make an alcoholic<br />
beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Mentz et al. 1997<br />
Butia y<strong>at</strong>ay Becc. [syn. B. capit<strong>at</strong>a subsp. y<strong>at</strong>ay (Mart.) Herter nomen<br />
illegit., Cocos y<strong>at</strong>ay Mart., Syagrus y<strong>at</strong>ay (Mart.) Glassman]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: jelly palm, y<strong>at</strong>ay palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: coqueiro-y<strong>at</strong>ay<br />
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SPANISH: arir, butía, palma y<strong>at</strong>ay, y<strong>at</strong>aí, y<strong>at</strong>ay<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Border region <strong>of</strong> Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Henderson et al. 1995, Jozamí and Muñoz<br />
1983, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Uhl and Dransfield 1987<br />
Byrsonima aerugo Sagot<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
ENGLISH: sour pear<br />
PORTUGUESE: muruci-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en in Guyana.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guyana, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, and Roraima, Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Nunes 1998<br />
Byrsonima chrysophylla Kunth [syn. B. peruviana A. Juss., B.<br />
peruviana var. eglandulosa A. Juss.]<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: murici pinima<br />
SPANISH: indano<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Bark is medicinal in Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil to lowland Peru and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et<br />
al. 1987<br />
Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth [syn. B. cinerea DC., B. cotinifolia<br />
Kunth, B. ferruginea, Malpighia crassifolia L.] [B. cinerea<br />
possibly not conspecific with B. crassifolia]<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
ENGLISH: byrsonima, craboo, crapoo, golden spoon, huria, nance, wild<br />
cherry<br />
PORTUGUESE: mirixi, murici, murici-do-campo, murici-pitanga, muruchi,<br />
muruci, muruci-da-praia, muruci-do-campo<br />
SPANISH: agrio, chaparro changogo, changunga, chaparro de chinche,<br />
chaparro manteca, chengua, chi, cimarrón, huizaa, mami-hña,<br />
manteco, maricas, maricao cimarrón, maricao verde, nananche, nance,<br />
nancé, nancé manteca, nanche, nancite, nancito, noro, palo de<br />
gallina, paralejo, peraleja, peralejo, sabanero, tapal, tax, u-e,<br />
u-eo, yaga-huizaa, yoco, yuco<br />
USES/NOTES: Vitamin C rich, small yellow fruit (2cm) is consumed as<br />
juice, in sweets and ice cream, as an ingredient in chicha, and as<br />
a flavoring agent in liqueurs. Fruit also yields an edible butterlike<br />
substance and is used as green dye. Wood is a charcoal source<br />
and <strong>the</strong> plant is medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Mexico or Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Bourke et al. 1987, Bye and<br />
Linares 1990, Campbell 1984, Cavalcante 1991, Clement et al. 1982,<br />
Duke 1986, Duke n.d., IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Morton 1987a, Niembro<br />
Rocas 1992, OAS 1973, Silva et al. 1977, Usher 1974, Will 1991,<br />
Williams 1981<br />
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Byrsonima crispa A. Juss.<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: murici, murici-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, muruci-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Silva et al. 1977<br />
Byrsonima densa (Poiret) DC. [syn. B. amazonica Griseb., Malpighia<br />
densa Poiret]<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: murici branco, murici-vermelho, muruci-vermelho<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian upland forests<br />
REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante<br />
1991, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss.<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: gangica<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, Paraguay, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Byrsonima laevig<strong>at</strong>a DC.<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: muruci-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: French Guiana to eastern Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994<br />
Byrsonima lancifolia A. Juss.<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: murici-de-capoeira, murici-miúdo, muruci-da-capoeira,<br />
muruci-miúdo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et<br />
al. 1977<br />
Byrsonima lucida (Miller) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
ENGLISH: key byrsonima, locustberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Reddish-brown, juicy fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Florida and <strong>the</strong> Florida Keys<br />
REFERENCES: Nelson 1994, Taylor 1998, Wunderlin 1998<br />
Byrsonima lucidule Huber<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: murici-vermelho<br />
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USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d.<br />
Byrsonima nitida D. Don<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: muruci<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989<br />
Byrsonima sericea DC. [syn. B. brasiliensis Griseb., B. chrysophylla<br />
Mart., Malpighia rutilans Salzm.]<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: murici, murici-da-fruta-miuda, murici-da-praia murici-dobrejo,<br />
murici-miúdo, murici-penima<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Lorenzi 2000, Martin et al. 1987, Silva and<br />
Tassara 1996, Voeks 1996<br />
Byrsonima spic<strong>at</strong>a (Cav.) Kunth [syn. B. coriacea (Sw.) DC. var.<br />
spic<strong>at</strong>a (Cav.) Niedenzu, Malpighia spic<strong>at</strong>a Cav.]<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: maricao, murici, murici vermelho, mirixi<br />
SPANISH: indano, indano colorado, maricao, paralejo, peralejo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en. Astringent bark is medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kennard<br />
and Winters 1960, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Byrsonima stipulacea A. Juss.<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: muruci-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor <strong>of</strong> Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, eastern and central Amazonian<br />
Brazil, and Amazonian Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994<br />
Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) Rich. ex A. Juss.<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: douradinha-falsa, murici-cascudo, murici-de-tabuleiro,<br />
murici-rasteiro, orelha-de-burro, orelha-de-veado<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, IBGE 1980, Jardim Botânico de Brasília<br />
1989, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Byttneria acule<strong>at</strong>a (Jacq.) Jacq. [syn. B. carthagenensis Jacq.]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
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PORTUGUESE: cipó-malva<br />
SPANISH: bolool othow<br />
USES/NOTES: Considered a famine food, shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en as greens.<br />
Roots are a substitute for sarsaparilla.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to South America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Cristóbal 1976, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Meliaceae (mahogany)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cangerana, canjerana, canarana, cajarana, canharana,<br />
caiarana, cedro-bravo, cedro-canjerana, jitó<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. [syn. C. crista L.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: bonduc, fever nut, gray nickel, gray nicker, gray nicker<br />
bean, hold-back, nicker bean, nickernut, sea bean<br />
SPANISH: calentura, m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds, called “warry stones” or “pet rocks” in <strong>the</strong> West<br />
Indies and “sea pearls” elsewhere, are used as beeds and in maracas<br />
and are said to be used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute when roasted, though<br />
Taylor notes th<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> seeds are poisonous.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies to perhaps o<strong>the</strong>r warm regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Americas and possibly beyond, now widespread<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke n.d., Isely 1975, Lewis 1987, Mabberley<br />
1987, Nellis 1994, Nelson 1996, Taylor 1998<br />
Caesalpinia gilliesii (Wallich ex Hook.) D. Dietr.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: bird <strong>of</strong> paradise tree, desert bird <strong>of</strong> paradise, yellow bird<br />
<strong>of</strong> paradise<br />
SPANISH: barba de chivo, mal de ojo, ponciano<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed primarily as an ornamental for its showy yellow<br />
and scarlet flowers. Stamens are dried, ground, and added to<br />
saffron (Crocus s<strong>at</strong>ivus). Seeds reportedly contain anti-tumor<br />
compounds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Uruguay and adjacent sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil and nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Argentina, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987<br />
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
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ENGLISH: Barbados flower fence, Barbados pride, bird <strong>of</strong> Paradise<br />
flower, flower fence, paradise flower, peacock flower, pride <strong>of</strong><br />
Barbados<br />
PORTUGUESE: árvore-da-ave-do-paraíso, barba-de-bar<strong>at</strong>a, brio-deestudante,<br />
chagas-de-Jesus, chagueira, flamboianzinho, flor-da-avedo-paraíso,<br />
flor-de-pavão, flor-do-paraíso, maravilha, poincianaanã,<br />
renda-de-ouro<br />
SPANISH: angelite, clavellina, flor de pavo, gallito, ponciana,<br />
tabachín<br />
USES/NOTES: Young seeds and yellow flowers are said to be edible,<br />
though <strong>the</strong> plant is also a purg<strong>at</strong>ive and has been used to tre<strong>at</strong><br />
epilepsy.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, now pantropical<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987,<br />
Bailey Hortorium 1976, Duke n.d., Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Voeks 1997<br />
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. [syn. C. bicolor DC., C. cajan (L.) Huth<br />
var. bicolor, C. flavus DC., C. indicus (L.) Millsp., C. indicus<br />
Sprengel]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Angola pea, arhar dahl (dwarf variety, C. cajan var. bicolor<br />
DC.), bush bean, Congo bean, Congo pea, dahl, gandul, green pea,<br />
gungo pea, no-eye pea, pigeon pea, red gram, yellow dahl<br />
PORTUGUESE: andu, andu-feijão, feijão-andu, feijão-crista, feijãocuandu,<br />
feijão-guando, feijão-guiné, feijão-quandu, feijão-setecamadas,<br />
guando, guandu-de-fava-larga<br />
SPANISH: alberja, alverja, arbeja, arveja, cachito, cascabelillo,<br />
cerudo, chícaro de árbol, chícaro de cumaná, chicaros, chícharo,<br />
chícharo de árbol, chícharo de paloma, chícharo de vaca,<br />
chimbolito, cumandá, cumandá-ibiraí, frejol cerudo, fréjol de palo,<br />
frijol canario, frijol chino, frijol de palo, frijol de gandul,<br />
frijol gandul, frijol quinchoncho, frijoles del monte, frijolillo,<br />
gandal, gandul, gandules, garbanzo falso, guand (dwarf variety),<br />
guando, guandó, guandu, guandú, guandul, guardarraya, guisante de<br />
Angola, guisante de paloma, guisante enano, ibiraí, kumandá ibiraí,<br />
lenteja, poroto gandul, puspo-poroto, puspu-poroto, quimbolillo,<br />
quinchoncillo, quinchoncho, quinconcho, timbolillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Young pods are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, and dried seeds are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en boiled and mashed or ground into flour. Important in many<br />
tropical countries for forage, ground cover, hedges, windbreaks,<br />
and medicine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Probably eastern-central Africa to Egypt, previously<br />
thought to have come from India<br />
REFERENCES: Austin and Bourne 1992, Borget 1992, Bourke et al. 1987,<br />
Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke 1981, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, IBGE 1980, Kay 1979, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Martin<br />
1984a, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Singh and Singh 1992, Soukup 1970,<br />
Vásquez and Gentry 1989, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982<br />
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Cakile edulenta (Bigelow) Hook.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: American sea rocket, sea rocket<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads and as a po<strong>the</strong>rb. Rootstocks<br />
are ground and added to flour as an emergency food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Cakile lanceol<strong>at</strong>a (Willd.) O. Schulz<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: sea rocket<br />
USES/NOTES: Fresh or cooked leaves and cooked stems, buds, and fleshy<br />
fruit pods are e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn coastal U.S. through Central America and <strong>the</strong><br />
West Indies to nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Nellis 1994, Sousa and Cabrera 1983,<br />
Taylor 1998<br />
Cakile maritima Scop.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: sea rocket<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves, stems, buds, and pods are edible and ground<br />
roots are used in breads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal North Africa and Europe, n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987<br />
Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. [syn. C. sororium Schott, Arum bicolor<br />
Aiton]<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: caladium, dog’s ear, heart-<strong>of</strong>-Jesus, Jesus’ heart<br />
PORTUGUESE: aninga-d’agua, mangara, tajá<br />
SPANISH: capa de rey, corazón de Jesús, corazón de maripa, corazón<br />
sangrienta, hoja de leche, oreja de perro, paleta del pintor,<br />
quequeshque manchade, toyoba brava<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits, seeds, leaves, and rhizomes are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Also<br />
medicinal and ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to <strong>the</strong> lower elev<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eastern Andes<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bennett et al. 2001, Berg 1984,<br />
Cro<strong>at</strong> and Lambert 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Madison 1981,<br />
Plowman 1969, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Caladium lindenii (André) Madison [includes Phyllotaenium lindenii<br />
André, Xanthosoma lindenii (André) Engl.]<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: angel’s wing, elephant ear, Indian kale<br />
SPANISH: picha de g<strong>at</strong>o, yautía<br />
USES/NOTES: Tuber is e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, though cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed primarily as<br />
an ornamental elephant ear.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia into Panama’s Darién and San Blas regions<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Madison 1981, MBG n.d.<br />
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Caladium schomburgkii Schott<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: caladium<br />
SPANISH: napiniu wanchup, tsánku<br />
USES/NOTES: The rhizome is e<strong>at</strong>en in eastern Ecuador.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guianas, Venezuela, and adjacent Amazonian Brazil,<br />
perhaps to eastern Ecuador where it is cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bennett et al. 2001, Madison 1981,<br />
MBG n.d., Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Calandrinia cili<strong>at</strong>a (Ruiz & Pavón) DC. [syn. C. menziesii (Hook.)<br />
Torrey & A. Gray, C. micrantha Schltdl.]<br />
FAMILY: Portulacaceae (purslane)<br />
ENGLISH: redmaids, rock purslane<br />
PORTUGUESE: beldroega<br />
SPANISH: hierba San Nicolás<br />
USES/NOTES: Twigs and leaves are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb or garnish and<br />
black seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America to Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Hickman 1993, Leung 1961, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Cala<strong>the</strong>a allouia (Aublet) Lindley [syn. C. macrosepala Schumann, C.<br />
violacea (Roscoe) Lindley, Allouya americana Lam.]<br />
FAMILY: Marantaceae (arrowroot)<br />
ENGLISH: allouya, cala<strong>the</strong>a, dale-dale, dali-dali, leren, Guinea<br />
arrowroot, sweet corm root, sweet corn root, tambu, tampo, topeetambo,<br />
topee-tambu, topi-tambo, topi-tamboo, topinambour,<br />
topeetampo<br />
FRENCH: alléluia, touple nambours<br />
PORTUGUESE: ariá, b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-ariá, cauaçu, cauassu, láirem<br />
SPANISH: agua bendita, ariá, bijao, casupo, chufle, cocurito, dale,<br />
dale-dale, faldita morada, irwa, kakiska, láiren, lairén, leren,<br />
lerén, lerenes, llerén, llerenes, macús, maxán, motelilla enana,<br />
sal, tambu, topitambo, tumpinambou, uariá, yeren, yerén<br />
USES/NOTES: Starchy rhizomes store well and are e<strong>at</strong>en like pot<strong>at</strong>oes,<br />
young flower clusters are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
cooked, and m<strong>at</strong>ure leaves are used to wrap food, make blankets,<br />
m<strong>at</strong>tresses, pillows, umbrellas, and baskets. Leaves also are<br />
medicinal in parts <strong>of</strong> South America. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed or collected from<br />
<strong>the</strong> wild.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America and <strong>the</strong> West Indies, possibly to<br />
western Amazonia, introduced elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bennett et al. 2001,<br />
Bueno and Weigel 1981, Denevan 1985, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, Facciola 1990, Gragson 1997, IBGE 1980, Kay 1973, León 1987,<br />
Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin and Cabanillas 1976, Noda et al.<br />
1984, Noda et al. 1994, OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Posey<br />
1985, Rehm and Espig 1991, Soukup 1970, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
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Cala<strong>the</strong>a lutea Schultes<br />
FAMILY: Marantaceae (arrowroot)<br />
ENGLISH: cala<strong>the</strong>a<br />
PORTUGUESE: cauassu<br />
SPANISH: bijagüa, bijao, cauasú, hoja blanca, hoja de verijado,<br />
tirita, urwa gassib<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are used as a spice. Cooked roots are<br />
medicinal. Leaf undersides produce cauassu wax, similar to carnaúba<br />
wax from Copernica prunifera.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics likely including Peru and Brazil north to<br />
Colombia and <strong>the</strong> Antilles and perhaps Central America and sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brücher 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Ibarra-<br />
Manríquez et al. 1997, Kennedy et al. 1988, Mabberley 1987, MBG<br />
n.d., Schultes 1979b<br />
Calendula <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: calendula, common marigold, pot marigold, ruddles, scotch<br />
marigold<br />
PORTUGUESE: calêndula, malmequer<br />
SPANISH: caléndula, caléndula <strong>of</strong>icinal, caldo, chuncho, maravilla,<br />
maravillosa, mercadela, uchu k’aspa, virreina<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are edible and are consumed dried to aid in<br />
digestion or as a stimulant. Also used to color butter and thicken<br />
soups.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe to <strong>the</strong> Middle East<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Creasy 1990, Duke<br />
n.d., Franquemont et al. 1990, Mabberley 1987, Sanecki 1974, Usher<br />
1974<br />
Calla palustris L.<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: bog arum, calla, calla lily, w<strong>at</strong>er arum, w<strong>at</strong>er dragon, wild<br />
calla, wild dragon<br />
USES/NOTES: Starchy rhizomes are mashed and dried for a long period <strong>of</strong><br />
time, <strong>the</strong>n used for bread. Dried seeds may also be used for bread,<br />
young leaves can be e<strong>at</strong>en boiled, and berries are said to be<br />
edible. The plant contains calcium oxal<strong>at</strong>e crystals, which irrit<strong>at</strong>e<br />
<strong>the</strong> skin and can cause de<strong>at</strong>h if ingested in large quantities. Thus,<br />
care must be taken in handling <strong>the</strong> plant and proper prepar<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
must precede e<strong>at</strong>ing.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Bogs, swamps, and w<strong>at</strong>er body margins <strong>of</strong> north temper<strong>at</strong>e<br />
regions – from eastern Canada and nor<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. to Alaska in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Cody 2000, C<strong>of</strong>fey 1993, Fernald 1950, Fernald et al. 1958,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Plowman 1969, Sch<strong>of</strong>ield 1989, Tomikel 1986<br />
Callicarpa americana L.<br />
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FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: American beauty-berry, beauty berry, beautyberry, beautybush,<br />
Bermuda mulberry, French mulberry, sour berry, sow berry, Spanish<br />
mulberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Tiny, magenta (rarely white) drupes, which cluster around<br />
petioles, may be e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or preserved. Out <strong>of</strong> hand, <strong>the</strong><br />
fruits are <strong>of</strong>ten flavorless to astringent <strong>at</strong> times and <strong>of</strong>ten mealy.<br />
Leaves <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Japanese species (Callicarpa japonica) are used for<br />
tea. Recent liter<strong>at</strong>ure suggests possible placement in <strong>the</strong> mint<br />
family (Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from Maryland, to Florida, to Texas,<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>astern Mexico, Bermuda, <strong>the</strong> Bahamas, and parts <strong>of</strong> Cuba<br />
REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Martin et al. 1987, Nelson<br />
1994, Taylor 1998, W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975<br />
Callicarpa japonica L.<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: Japanese beautyberry, Japanese callicarpa<br />
USES/NOTES: Although cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed as an ornamental in <strong>the</strong> Americas, <strong>the</strong><br />
leaves are used for tea in Japan. The cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed variety<br />
“leucocarpa” produces white fruit instead <strong>of</strong> magenta. Recent<br />
liter<strong>at</strong>ure suggests possible placement in <strong>the</strong> mint family (Labi<strong>at</strong>ae<br />
or Lamiaceae).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Japan and China perhaps to Korea, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North<br />
Carolina<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, PFAF n.d.<br />
Callirhoe digit<strong>at</strong>a Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: fringed poppy mallow, winecups<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> roots.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Hyam and Pankhurst 1995, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Callirhoe involucr<strong>at</strong>a (Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray) A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: buffalo rose, finger poppy-mallow, low poppy-mallow, purple<br />
poppy-mallow, winecups<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are e<strong>at</strong>en like sweet pot<strong>at</strong>oes and leaves are used to<br />
thicken soups.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central North America from south-central Canada and<br />
North Dakota through Texas into Mexico and west to Utah,<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized in Florida and elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995,<br />
Kindscher 1987, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Calochortus aureus S. W<strong>at</strong>son [once considered conspecific with C.<br />
nuttallii (Bailey Hortorium)]<br />
FAMILY: Calochortaceae (mariposa lily) or Liliaceae (lily)<br />
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ENGLISH: golden mariposa, sego lily<br />
USES/NOTES: The Navajo and Hopi <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American West <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> Bulds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Cronquist et al. 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Calochortus barb<strong>at</strong>us (Kunth) J.H. Painter<br />
FAMILY: Calochortaceae (mariposa lily) or Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: mariposa lily<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and northwestern Mexico, into sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
California and perhaps beyond in <strong>the</strong> southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Balls 1975, PFAF n.d., Yanovsky 1936<br />
Calochortus clav<strong>at</strong>us S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Calochortaceae (mariposa lily) or Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: Arroyo de la Cruz mariposa lily, club-hair mariposa lily,<br />
slender mariposa lily<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California<br />
REFERENCES: Balls 1975, Hickman 1993, Munz 1974, PFAF n.d., Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Calochortus elegans Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Calochortaceae (mariposa lily) or Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: elegant mariposa lily, northwestern mariposa lily, star tulip<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Northwest have been known to<br />
e<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> bulbs.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California to Washington and Montana and adjacent Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Hickman 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Calochortus flexuosus S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Calochortaceae (mariposa lily) or Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: bent-stem mariposa, mariposa lily, sego lily, segolily<br />
mariposa, straggling mariposa lily, twining mariposa, weak-stem<br />
mariposa lily, winding mariposa lily<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb, seeds are made into an edible<br />
paste, and flowers are added to salads. Once an important food for<br />
Amerindians and early European settlers in <strong>the</strong> American West.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. from Colorado to California<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Hickman 1993, Munz 1974<br />
Calochortus gunnisonii S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Calochortaceae (mariposa lily) or Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: Gunnison mariposa, mariposa lily, sego lily, segolily<br />
mariposa<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb, seeds are made into an edible<br />
paste, flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads, bulbs are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked,<br />
and dried bulbs are a flour source. Cheyenne dried <strong>the</strong> sweet bulbs<br />
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for winter use. Once an important food <strong>of</strong> Amerindians and early<br />
European settlers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western and central U.S. and adjacent Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967,<br />
Kindscher 1987<br />
Calochortus luteus Douglas ex Lindley<br />
FAMILY: Calochortaceae (mariposa lily) or Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: c<strong>at</strong>’s ear, gold nuggets, golden mariposa, yellow mariposa<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California<br />
REFERENCES: Balls 1975, Munz 1974, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Calochortus macrocarpus Douglas<br />
FAMILY: Calochortaceae (mariposa lily) or Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: green-banded mariposa, mariposa lily, sagebrush mariposa,<br />
sego lily<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are added to salads, and bulbs are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S. including <strong>at</strong> least California to Washington<br />
and Montana and probably beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967, Moerman 1998,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Calochortus nuttallii Torrey & A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Calochortaceae (mariposa lily) or Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: mariposa lily, Nuttall’s mariposa lily, sego lily, segolily<br />
mariposa, yellow mariposa<br />
USES/NOTES: Greens <strong>of</strong> Utah’s st<strong>at</strong>e flower are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb, seeds<br />
are made into an edible paste, flowers are used in salads, and<br />
bulbs are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, boiled, or fried. Once an important food <strong>of</strong><br />
Amerindians and early European settlers, C. nuttallii saved <strong>the</strong><br />
lives <strong>of</strong> many Mormon’s in 1848 when pests damaged crops. Cheyenne<br />
dried <strong>the</strong> sweet bulbs for winter use.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Craighead et al. 1963, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967,<br />
Hickman 1993, Kindscher 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Calochortus pulchellus Douglas ex Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Calochortaceae (mariposa lily) or Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: canary globe-tulip, mount diablo fairy-lantern, mount diablo<br />
globe-lily, mount diablo globe-tulip, mount diablo mariposa-lily,<br />
Oakland star-tulip<br />
USES/NOTES: Small bulbs are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or roasted.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Endemic to <strong>the</strong> Mount Diablo area <strong>of</strong> California<br />
REFERENCES: Moerman 1998, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Calochortus tolmiei Hook. & Arn.<br />
FAMILY: Calochortaceae (mariposa lily) or Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: c<strong>at</strong>’s-ears, beavertail grass, Tolmie star-tulip<br />
USES/NOTES: Small bulbs are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or roasted.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: California, Oregon, and Washington, perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Moerman 1998, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Calochortus uniflorus Hook. & Arn.<br />
FAMILY: Calochortaceae (mariposa lily) or Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: globe tulip, Monterey mariposa lily<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or roasted.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California and Oregon<br />
REFERENCES: Balls 1975, Hickman 1993, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Calochortus venustus Douglas ex Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Calochortaceae (mariposa lily) or Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: beautiful mariposa, butterfly mariposa lily, white mariposa<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California<br />
REFERENCES: Balls 1975, Moerman 1998, Munz 1974, Sweet 1962, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Calophyllum inophyllum L.<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
ENGLISH: Alexandrian laurel, Indian laurel, laurelwood, mast wood<br />
SPANISH: maría<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit and seeds are edible and seeds are an edible oil<br />
source. Also ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, FLEPPC 2003,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Stevens et al. 2001<br />
Calopogonium caeruleum (Benth.) C. Wright ex Sauvalle<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: wild jícama<br />
SPANISH: cudzú criollo, jícama de monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Mayan people <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> vine’s root primarily in times <strong>of</strong><br />
food shortages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical mainland from Mexico to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
and portions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Antilles<br />
REFERENCES: Carvalho-Okano and Leitão Filho 1985, Coe 1994, MBG n.d.<br />
Caltha leptosepala DC.<br />
FAMILY: Ranunculaceae (buttercup)<br />
ENGLISH: marsh marigold, western marsh marigold<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves make an excellent po<strong>the</strong>rb, and buds are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
pickled like capers (Capparis spinosa).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from Alaska to nor<strong>the</strong>rn New Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995<br />
Caltha palustris L.<br />
FAMILY: Ranunculaceae (buttercup)<br />
ENGLISH: buttercup, cowflock, cowslip, kingcup, marsh marigold,<br />
mayblob, meadow bright<br />
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USES/NOTES: Leaves, roots, and stems are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked and flower buds<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en pickled. Also reported as poisonous.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Gibbons 1966, Hyam and<br />
Pankhurst 1995, Mabberley 1987, Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Calycanthus floridus L.<br />
FAMILY: Calycanthaceae (calycanthus)<br />
ENGLISH: Carolina allspice, pineapple shrub, spicebush, strawberry<br />
shrub, sweet scrub, sweet shrub<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic bark is used as a spice like cinnamon.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Pennsylvania to nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Florida and Mississippi<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Taylor 1998, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Calycanthus occidentalis Hook. & Arn.<br />
FAMILY: Calycanthaceae (calycanthus)<br />
ENGLISH: California allspice<br />
USES/NOTES: Bark can be used as a spice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987<br />
Calycolpus moritizianus (O. Berg) Burret [syn. Psidium caud<strong>at</strong>um<br />
McVaugh]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: cínaro<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are said to be good to e<strong>at</strong>.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela and perhaps elsewhere in nor<strong>the</strong>rn South<br />
America<br />
REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Landrum 1989<br />
Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes [syn. C. borealis (Sw.) Salisb.]<br />
FAMILY: Orchidaceae (orchid)<br />
ENGLISH: calypso, cy<strong>the</strong>rea, fairy slipper, pink slipper orchid<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> tubers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Canadian boreal forests to New Mexico in <strong>the</strong><br />
southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Calyptran<strong>the</strong>s arom<strong>at</strong>ica A. St-Hil.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: craveiro-da-terra<br />
USES/NOTES: Small fruits are used like allspice (Pimenta dioica)and<br />
flowers like cloves (Syzygium arom<strong>at</strong>icum) in Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South America<br />
REFERENCES: Figueiredo Filho 2005, Legrand 1962, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Calyptran<strong>the</strong>s grandifolia O. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
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PORTUGUESE: brasaviva<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Calyptran<strong>the</strong>s pallens Griseb. [syn. Eugenia pallens Poiret]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: pale lidflower<br />
SPANISH: tapón blanco<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, juicy, red to dark purple berries are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Florida, Florida Keys, West Indies, and<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>astern Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Martin et al. 1987, Nelson 1994<br />
Calyptran<strong>the</strong>s plic<strong>at</strong>a McVaugh<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: cowadewe, saka, venado panga yura<br />
USES/NOTES: The Waorani <strong>of</strong> Ecuador e<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> ripe fruits and <strong>the</strong> Shuar<br />
use <strong>the</strong> leaves medicinally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Davis and Yost 1983, MBG n.d., Vásquez 1997<br />
Calyptran<strong>the</strong>s schiedeana O. Berg. [syn. Myrcia arom<strong>at</strong>ica Schltdl.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: cinco negritos<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a spice in Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico perhaps to Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Sánchez-Vindas 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Calyptran<strong>the</strong>s zuzygium (L.) Sw. [syn. Myrtus zuzygium L.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: myrtle-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-river<br />
USES/NOTES: Small black berries are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Florida, Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alain 1953, Long and Lakela 1971, Nelson 1994<br />
Calyptronoma plumeriana (Mart.) Lourteig [syn. C. dulcis (C.H. Wright<br />
ex Griseb.) L. Bailey<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: confite, manaca<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet flower petals are collected and e<strong>at</strong>en, sometimes<br />
candied.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Cuba and Hispaniola<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Kunkel 1984<br />
Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br.<br />
FAMILY: Convolvulaceae (morning-glory or sweet-pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: hedge bindweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots and boiled roots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropics and subtropics<br />
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REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Camassia leichtlinii (Baker) S. W<strong>at</strong>son [seen as Quamasia]<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: Atlantic camass, eastern camass, Leichtlin’s camass, wild<br />
hyacinth<br />
SPANISH: camasia<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs, once an important food source in North America, are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en raw, boiled, baked, fried, cooked in pies, or dried.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Kindscher<br />
1987, Yanovski 1936<br />
Camassia quamash (Pursh) E. Greene [seen as Quamasia]<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: blue camass, camas, camash, camass, camass lily, meadow<br />
hyacinth, meadow quill, quamash, wild camass<br />
SPANISH: camasia<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs, once an important food source for Amerindians and<br />
early European settlers, were e<strong>at</strong>en raw, fried, baked, steamed, in<br />
camass pie, or ground and made into bread.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker<br />
1979, Harrington 1967, Heiser 1993, Mabberley 1987<br />
Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory [syn. C. esculenta (Raf.) Cory, C.<br />
hyacinthina (Raf.) Britton]<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: camass<br />
SPANISH: camasia<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs are edible, though primarily cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed as an<br />
ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Kartesz 1994, Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Camellia japonica L.<br />
FAMILY: Theaceae (tea) or Camelliaceae (camellia)<br />
ENGLISH: camellia, camillia, garden camellia<br />
PORTUGUESE: camélia<br />
SPANISH: camelia, camelio<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried flowers can be e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, seeds are an<br />
edible oil source, and leaves can be brewed into tea, though<br />
primarily a popular flowering ornamental in warm regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Americas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975, Zeven<br />
and de Wet 1982<br />
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze [syn. C. <strong>the</strong>a Link, Thea sinensis L.]<br />
FAMILY: Theaceae (tea) or Camelliaceae (camellia)<br />
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ENGLISH: Chinese tea, common tea, Japanese tea, tea<br />
PORTUGUESE: chá, chá-da-Índia, chá-japonês, chá-preto<br />
SPANISH: té<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves, buds, and internodes are <strong>the</strong> principal tea <strong>of</strong><br />
commerce. Fruits and seed oil are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Hobhouse 1986, IBGE 1980, Steinkraus<br />
1983, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, von Reis Altschul 1973, von Reis Altschul and<br />
Lipp 1982<br />
Campanula rapunculoides L.<br />
FAMILY: Campanulaceae (bellflower)<br />
ENGLISH: creeping bellflower, harebell, rover bellflower<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves and shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en as a po<strong>the</strong>rb or in<br />
salads. Roots are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled, roasted, or fried.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967<br />
Campnosperma panamense Standley<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
SPANISH: sajo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Economically important in <strong>the</strong> Chocó.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Moist lowlands <strong>of</strong> eastern Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa<br />
Rica, and Panama, and western Colombia, and northwestern Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Barfod 1987, Duke n.d., Martin et al. 1987, Nelson 1979<br />
Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg [syn. C. cerulea O. Berg,<br />
C. obscura O. Berg]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: guabiroba, guaviramí<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, made into juice, or<br />
made into an alcoholic beverage similar to aguardiente in Paraguay.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Landrum 1986, Martin et al. 1987, Reed 1995<br />
Campomanesia arom<strong>at</strong>ica (Aublet) Griseb. [syn. Psidium arom<strong>at</strong>icum<br />
Aublet] and C. guaviroba (DC.) Kiaerskov [syn. Abbevillea fenzliana<br />
O. Berg, nomen illegit., Psidium guaviroba DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: guabiroba, guava strawberry, guavaberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: gabiraba, gabiroba, gabirova, guabiroba, guaviroba,<br />
palilho<br />
SPANISH: michinche, palillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible and leaves are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South America and <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Bernardi 1985, Bonuccelli 1989, Cavalcante<br />
1991, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Landrum 1986, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974<br />
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Campomanesia line<strong>at</strong>ifolia Ruiz & Pavón [syn. C. cornifolia Kunth,<br />
Psidium rivulare DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: araçá-lima, guabiraba<br />
SPANISH: guayaba de leche, guayaba de mono, guayabo anselmo,<br />
michinche, palillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, succulent fruit pulp is consumed primarily in<br />
juices, ice creams, and preserves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil and Amazonian Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, Duke n.d.,<br />
Landrum 1986, Martin et al. 1987, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Campomanesia phaea (O. Berg) Landrum [syn. Paivaea langsdorffi O.<br />
Berg]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cambuci, cambucizeiro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. Wood is used to make tool handles.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: São Paulo highlands, Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: guabiroba<br />
SPANISH: guavirá pytá<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit, collected from <strong>the</strong> wild, are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Mentz et al. 1997, Reed 1995<br />
Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg var. xanthocarpa [syn. C.<br />
cren<strong>at</strong>a O. Berg]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: guaviramí<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or made into an<br />
alcoholic beverage similar to aguardiente.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Landrum 1986, Legrand and Klein 1977, Reed 1995<br />
Campsiandra angustifolia Spruce ex Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
SPANISH: huacapurana<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Cowan 1961, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Campsiandra comosa Benth. and C. comosa var. laurifolia (Benth.)<br />
Cowan [syn. C. laurifolia Benth.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: apikara<br />
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PORTUGUESE: acapurana<br />
SPANISH: chigo, guamo chigo, huacapurana<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible and can be soaked in w<strong>at</strong>er to form a<br />
paste used to make a beverage. Also to treak dysentery.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Cowan 1953, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Hoyas 1989, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Canarium commune L.<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
SPANISH: almendro de Java, canari<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible seeds are rich in oil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Malaysia or Java, cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Canarium ov<strong>at</strong>um Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
ENGLISH: pili nut<br />
SPANISH: nuez de Filipinas, nuez pili<br />
USES/NOTES: Kernel oil is used in pastries.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Luzon Island, Philippines<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Campbell 1984, Leung 1961, Rehm and<br />
Espig 1991, Usher 1974<br />
Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. [syn. C. ladi<strong>at</strong>a DC., Dolichos<br />
ensiformis L., Malocchia ensiformis (L.) Savi]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: chickasaw lima, giant stockbean, grudge pea, horse bean, jack<br />
bean, Jamaican horse bean, overlook bean, overlooker plant, sabre<br />
bean, sama, sword bean, wonderbean<br />
PORTUGUESE: feijão-de-porco<br />
SPANISH: abono negro, café soga, canavalia, chilipuca montés, coca,<br />
fréjol gigante, fréjol machete, frijol de abono, frijol de caballo,<br />
haba blanca, haba común, haba criolla, haba de burro, haba de<br />
caballo, habilla, judía de caballo, kumandá as, kumandá usú,<br />
nescafé, pallar de los gentiles, quemasusu, sia, y<strong>at</strong>iguá<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe pods and seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en well cooked. Dried seeds<br />
have been used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute, though unripe seeds have<br />
been described as toxic. Also grown for forage, as green manure,<br />
and for erosion control.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, introduced widely<br />
REFERENCES: Bonuccelli 1989, Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi<br />
1993, Duke 1981, Duke 1986, Estrella 1991, Facciola 1990, Kay 1979,<br />
Kitajima et al. 1979, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Naranjo 1991,<br />
Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Vásquez and Gentry<br />
1989, Wiersema et al. 1990<br />
Canavalia gladi<strong>at</strong>a (Jacq.) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: swordbean<br />
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SPANISH: canavalia, pallar de los gentiles, habilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds may be e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable if carefully prepared.<br />
Also medicinal and grown for cover and forage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia or Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1981, Estrella 1991, León 1987<br />
Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC. [syn. C. maritima Thouars]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: bay bean, beach pea, Mackenzie bean, seaside bean<br />
USES/NOTES: Young fruit pods are edible cooked and seeds may be<br />
roasted and brewed like c<strong>of</strong>fee (C<strong>of</strong>fea spp.). M<strong>at</strong>ure seeds may be<br />
toxic according to Taylor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical and subtropical shores<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciolla 1990, Mabberley 1987, Nellis 1994,<br />
Taylor 1998<br />
Canavalia villosa Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: choncho, koxol wits<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America, perhaps to South America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984<br />
Canella winterana (L.) Gaertner [syn. C. alba A. Murr., Laurus<br />
winterana L.]<br />
FAMILY: Canellaceae (wild cinnamon)<br />
ENGLISH: canella, cinnamon bark, white cinnamon, wild cinnamon<br />
SPANISH: barbasco, canela blanca, cúrbana<br />
USES/NOTES: Grey bark is used like cinnamon in spice blends and as a<br />
tobacco additive. Dried, imm<strong>at</strong>ure, green berries (red when m<strong>at</strong>ure)<br />
are used as a spice. Also planted sparingly as a landscape plant.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Florida and <strong>the</strong> West Indies to nor<strong>the</strong>astern South<br />
America<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Mabberley 1987, Nellis 1994, Nelson 1994, OAS<br />
1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Canna flaccida Salisb.<br />
FAMILY: Cannaceae (canna)<br />
ENGLISH: golden canna<br />
USES/NOTES: Rhizome is an edible starch source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958<br />
Canna glauca L.<br />
FAMILY: Cannaceae (canna)<br />
ENGLISH: canna<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are e<strong>at</strong>en in Brazil and <strong>the</strong> Antilles.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Texas to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Correll and Johnston 1970, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
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Canna indica L. [syn. C. coccinea Miller, C. edulis Ker-Gawler] [also<br />
C. panicul<strong>at</strong>a Ruiz & Pavón]<br />
FAMILY: Cannaceae (canna)<br />
ENGLISH: achira, Australian arrowroot, canna lily, edible canna,<br />
Indian shot, purple arrowroot, Queensland arrowroot, Spanish<br />
arrowroot, tous les mois (refers to <strong>the</strong> starch), wild tapioca<br />
PORTUGUESE: araruta bastarda, bananeirinha, bandua de uribe, berg,<br />
bery, birú manso, imbrig, imbiry, merú<br />
SPANISH: acher, achera, achinachin<strong>at</strong>a, achira, achira cimarrona (C.<br />
panicul<strong>at</strong>a), adeira, adura, anchera, araruta bastarda, <strong>at</strong>sera,<br />
bandera, bandera de uribe, cañaacoros, capacho, chisgua, chisqua,<br />
gruya, imocona, kaska, luano, maraca, piriquitoya, pl<strong>at</strong>anillo,<br />
punyapong, sugú, tikas, tolumán<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible rhizomes are rich in starch, called tous les mois.<br />
The plant is medicinal, grown as a forage plant, and ornamental. C.<br />
panicul<strong>at</strong>a, with similar common names, also is edible, medicinal,<br />
and ornamental. C. indica pre-d<strong>at</strong>es maize (Zea mays) and cassava<br />
(Manihot esculenta) as a cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed plant in coastal Peru.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mid-elev<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tropical Andes<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Estrella 1991, Facciola<br />
1990, Kartesz 1994, Kay 1973, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Naranjo<br />
1991, Purseglove 1972, Sauer 1952, Sturtevant 1969, Ugent et al.<br />
1984, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Canna lutea Miller<br />
FAMILY: Cannaceae (canna)<br />
SPANISH: k’uuwaap, tabil<br />
USES/NOTES: Rhizomes are e<strong>at</strong>en as an emergency food and leaves are<br />
used to wrap tamales.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984<br />
Cannabis s<strong>at</strong>iva L.<br />
FAMILY: Cannabaceae (cannabis or hemp)<br />
ENGLISH: cannabis, cannabis s<strong>at</strong>iva, dope, ganja, grass, hash, hashish,<br />
hemp, marihuana, marijuana, maryjane, pot, weed<br />
PORTUGUESE: <strong>at</strong>chi, birra, cânhamo, cânhamo-da-Índia, diamba, diambo,<br />
fumo-d’Angola, haxixe, liamba, liambo, maconha, moconha<br />
SPANISH: canac, cáñamo, churras, hachich, hachís, haschich, henequén<br />
europeo, mariguana, marihuana, marijuana, zac<strong>at</strong>e inglés<br />
USES/NOTES: The illegal marijuana <strong>of</strong> commerce. Stem fiber <strong>of</strong> some<br />
varieties is <strong>the</strong> hemp <strong>of</strong> commerce. Though rarely e<strong>at</strong>en, nutritious<br />
seeds are high in protein and Omega alpha-linolenic acids and may<br />
be added to baked goods and cereals, and have appeared as a healthy<br />
powdered condiment; seed oil has industrial uses and can be used in<br />
foods; though rarely e<strong>at</strong>en, leaves and flower buds are prepared as<br />
tea or smoked for <strong>the</strong>ir psychoactive properties, and are used as a<br />
medicinal and ceremonial psychoactive drug by traditional peoples;<br />
flower resin is smoked as a psychoactive drug. Though illegal in<br />
most places, <strong>the</strong> plant also has medicinal uses for tre<strong>at</strong>ing<br />
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glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, and <strong>the</strong> nausea <strong>of</strong> chemo<strong>the</strong>rapy.<br />
Taxonomic uncertainty exists: C. s<strong>at</strong>iva subsp. indica (Lam.) Small<br />
& Cronq. (C. indica Lam.) has been applied to plants with higher<br />
levels <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> intoxicant delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Asia, widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Comitos 1975, de Gámez 1973, Duke<br />
1986, Duke 1992, Fernald et al. 1958, FNAEC 1997, Harrington 1967,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Kirk 1970, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973,<br />
Purseglove 1968, Rubin 1975, Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974<br />
Capparis spinosa L.<br />
FAMILY: Brassicaceae (brassica) or Capparidaceae (caper)<br />
ENGLISH: caper, capers, common caperbush<br />
PORTUGUESE: alcaparra<br />
SPANISH: alcaparra, alcaparrera, alcaparro, alcaparrón<br />
USES/NOTES: Flower buds are <strong>the</strong> capers <strong>of</strong> commerce, typically pickled<br />
or used as a condiment. Berries can be e<strong>at</strong>en pickled, and young<br />
sprouts are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Infrequently cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> Americas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Africa, perhaps to Mediterranean Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Bianchini and Corbetta 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Creasy<br />
1982, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig<br />
1991, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Capirona decordicans Spruce [syn. Loretoa peruviana Standley]<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
PORTUGUESE: escorrega-macaco, mamalu, mamaluco, mamaluco-escorregamacaco,<br />
mul<strong>at</strong>eiro-escorrega-macaco, pau-mul<strong>at</strong>o-da-terra-firme<br />
SPANISH: meto huayo<br />
USES/NOTES: Nut is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru, Ecuador, and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Macbride 1936, Pinedo-Vásquez et<br />
al. 1992, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992, Renner et al. 1990,<br />
UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Capraria biflora L.<br />
FAMILY: Scrophulariaceae (figwort or snapdragon)<br />
ENGLISH: go<strong>at</strong>weed, Jamaica tea, West Indian tea, wild tea<br />
PORTUGUESE: balsaminha, chá-bravo, chá-da-América, chá-da-terra, cháde-Marajó,<br />
m<strong>at</strong>e<br />
SPANISH: savadilla, té de santa maría, té del país<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics and subtropics from Florida and Texas through<br />
<strong>the</strong> Bahamas, <strong>the</strong> West Indies, and Central America to Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Grupo de Comunicação Três 1998,<br />
UFA/NYBG n.d., von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medikus<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinese cress, lady’s purse, salt-and-pepper, shepherd’s<br />
purse, w<strong>at</strong>er chestnut vegetable<br />
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PORTUGUESE: bolsa-de-pastor<br />
SPANISH: paniquesilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its green pod, rich in vitamins A and C,<br />
used as a peppery spice or a salad green. Leaves are used like<br />
spinach (Spinacia oleracea), seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en ground into meal, and<br />
roots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Harris 1972, Peterson<br />
1977, Tomikel 1986, Tull 1978<br />
Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum [syn. C. annuum var. grossum (L.)<br />
Sendtner, C. grossum L.]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: hot varieties- capsicum pepper, cayenne, chili pepper, chilli<br />
pepper, ginnie pepper, Hungarian wax pepper, jalapeño, little<br />
monkey dick pepper, monkey dick pepper, pepper, red pepper; sweet<br />
varieties- banana pepper, bell pepper, cherry pepper, cubanelle,<br />
Italian pepper, mango pepper, paprika, pepperoncini, pimento,<br />
squash pepper, sweet bell pepper, sweet pepper, sweet red pepper,<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>o pepper<br />
PORTUGUESE: hot varieties- malagueta, malaguetão, pimenta, pimenta-de-<br />
Caiena, pimenta-de-cheiro, pimenta vermelha; sweet varieties-<br />
páprica, pimenta-americana, pimenta-doce, pimentão, pimentão-doce,<br />
pimentão-quadrado, pimienta gorda<br />
SPANISH: hot varieties- ají, ají boni<strong>at</strong>o, ají largo, ají jalapeño, ají<br />
pingüita de mono, ancho (when dry), bombalón, cacho de cabra<br />
(cayenne cvr.), caloro, caribe, chamborote, chile cayena (cayenne<br />
cvr.), chile chocol<strong>at</strong>e, chile de agua, chile de relleno, chile<br />
joto, chile max, chile para rellenar, chile piquín grande, chile<br />
poblano, chile verde (when unripe), chilhuacqui, chiltomo, chorro<br />
(when dry), guajillo, güero (yellow cultivars), jalapeño, pasilla,<br />
miahu<strong>at</strong>eco (when dry), mirasol, mul<strong>at</strong>o (when dry), pimienta,<br />
pimiento, pimiento de perro, pingüita de mono, poblano,<br />
quitonquillón (cayenne cultivar), Santa Fe Grande, serranito,<br />
serrano, uchu, uchú; sweet varieties- ají dulce, cerecilla, chile<br />
de relleno, chile dulce, chile morrón, morrón, pimienta roja,<br />
pimiento, pimientón, pimentón, pucunucho<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> many cultivars come in different sizes,<br />
colors, shapes, and degrees <strong>of</strong> hotness. Chili cultivars are made<br />
into chili powder, added to sauces such as mole, or added with<br />
skins removed to cooked dishes such as chiles rellenos. Sweet<br />
varieties are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, pickled, or cooked, and (red varieties)<br />
are used for paprika to stuff olives, or as salad vegetables.<br />
Capsaicin, a complex <strong>of</strong> vanillyl amides from Capsicum peppers, is<br />
used in <strong>at</strong>tack/defense sprays. Capsaicin, is said to produce<br />
euphoria when taken in large concentr<strong>at</strong>ions and may be mildly<br />
addictive. Fruit also contains oleoresin, an edible coloring agent.<br />
Taxonomy and nomencl<strong>at</strong>ure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> capsicums are extremely confusing,<br />
as common names frequently cross over taxa lines.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Capsicums probably origin<strong>at</strong>ed in sou<strong>the</strong>astern Bolivia<br />
into <strong>the</strong> Brazilian cerrado, C. annuum var. annuum probably was<br />
domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in Mesoamerica, though varieties have emerged<br />
throughout tropical and subtropical America and beyond —<br />
ancho/poblano from near Pueblo, Mexico; serrano from central<br />
Mexico, perhaps in <strong>the</strong> mountains north <strong>of</strong> Pueblo; jalapeño from<br />
Mexico; paprika from Mesoamerica; cayenne possibly from French<br />
Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Andrews 1992, Andrews 1995, Andrews 1998,<br />
D’Arcy 1987a, Dille and Belsinger 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Eshbaugh 1980, Eshbaugh 1993, Eshbaugh et al. 1983, Guia Rural<br />
n.d., IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Loaiza-Figueroa et al. 1989, Nee<br />
1986, Niembro Rocas 1992, OAS 1973, Pickersgill 1969, Pickersgill<br />
1984, Pickersgill 1988, Purseglove 1972, Robbins 1992, von Reis<br />
Altschul and Lipp 1982<br />
Capsicum annuum L. var. aviculare (Dierbach) D’Arcy & Eshbaugh [syn.<br />
C.a. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill, C.a. var.<br />
minimum (Miller) Heiser, C. frutescens L. var. frutescens, C.<br />
hispidum var. glabriusculum Dunal, C. indicum var. aviculare<br />
Dierbach, C. minimum Miller]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: arbol chili (long cv.), bird chili, bird pepper, bird’s-eye<br />
pepper, Brazil pepper (long cv.), chilpiquín, chiltecpin, chiltepin<br />
(short cv.), fish-eye pepper, long bird-pepper, pinhead pepper,<br />
piquin, short bird-pepper, tepin (small round), tree chili (long<br />
cv.), tree pepper (long cv.)<br />
PORTUGUESE: malagueta (generally refers to C.a. var. frutescens),<br />
murupi (generally applied to cultivars <strong>of</strong> C. chinense), pimenta-demesa,<br />
quau-chile<br />
SPANISH: ají pajarito, amash, amomo, chicniqui, chile amomo, chile<br />
bravo, chile Chiapas, chile chiltepe, chile congo, chile de iguana,<br />
chile de árbol, chile de pájaro, chile de perro, chile del monte,<br />
chile enano, chile max, chile montero, chile mosquito, chile<br />
parado, chile pepe, chile piquín (short cv.), chile pulga, chile<br />
silvestre, chili piquín (short cv.), chilillo pequeño, chilipiquín<br />
(short cv.), chillipiliento, chilpaya, chilpiquín, chiltecpín, cola<br />
de r<strong>at</strong>a, chiltepec, chiltepillo, chiltepín, chiltepiquín,<br />
chiltipiquín, diente de tlacuache, estiércol de pájaro, guindilla,<br />
huarahuao, imiá, kabur, korí sivre, max, max-ic, pájaro pequeño,<br />
parado, pico de pájaro, pico de paloma, piquén, piquín, sibili,<br />
sivuli, skapín, tecpintle, tempenchile, tepín, tlilchilli,<br />
totocuitl<strong>at</strong>l de pájaro, ululte<br />
USES/NOTES: Highly variable in size from small, ovoid or conical to<br />
long and thin, very hot red fruits are used as a piquant condiment.<br />
Leaves may be used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ion began before 3,500<br />
B.C. Today, although some landraces are considered semidomestic<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
and o<strong>the</strong>rs are cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed, fruit from wild popul<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
are harvested in <strong>the</strong> Sonoran Desert region and likely in o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
places as well. Two basic cultivars are recognized: <strong>the</strong> short bird-<br />
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pepper and <strong>the</strong> long bird-pepper. Taxanomic uncertainty persists<br />
with some recent authors listing <strong>the</strong> aviculare variety as a synonym<br />
<strong>of</strong> glabrisculum (ITIS n.d.), while o<strong>the</strong>rs place aviculare under<br />
glabrisculum.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Arizona, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Texas, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
through Mexico, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, Nicaragua, Panama and into Colombia and<br />
<strong>the</strong> Bahamas, cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Andrews 1995, Andrews 1998, Bye 1985, D’Arcy<br />
1987, D’Arcy and Eshbaugh 1974, Eshbaugh 1980, Eshbaugh 1993,<br />
Eshbaugh et al. 1983, Gentry and Standley 1974, Heiser 1969, ITIS<br />
n.d., Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Long-Solís 1986, Martínez et al. 2001, MBG<br />
n.d., Nabhan et al. 1989, Nee 1986, Perramond 2005, Reyes-García<br />
and Sousa 1997, Sauer 1993, Sousa and Cabrera 1983, Stevens et al.<br />
2001, Tewksbury et al. 1999, Torres n.d.<br />
Capsicum annuum L. var. conicum (G.F.W. Meyer) Voss [includes C.<br />
conicum G.F.W. Meyer and perhaps includes C.a. var. conoide<br />
(Miller) Irish, C. conicum Lam. all <strong>of</strong> which are probably best<br />
tre<strong>at</strong>ed as C.a. var. annuum conoid cultivar group]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: cone pepper<br />
SPANISH: coralito, carolito<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are among <strong>the</strong> hottest cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed capsicums.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Capsicum annuum var. frutescens (L.) Kuntze [syn. C. frutescens L.]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: bird pepper, go<strong>at</strong> pepper, red pepper, tabasco, wiri-wiri<br />
PORTUGUESE: comarim, cumarim, malagueta, malaguetinha, pimenta-branca,<br />
pimenta-cumari, pimenta-de-comari, pimenta-de-salão, pimentalambari,<br />
pimenta-madeira, pimenta-malagueta, pimenta-tabasco,<br />
pimentinha, tabasco<br />
SPANISH: ají agujeta, ají arnaucho, ají bravo, ají caballero, ají<br />
caribe, ají chirel, ají coralillo, ají guaguao, ají pajarito, ají<br />
picante, ají tabasco, ajicito montecino, ajillo, arnacucho,<br />
arnaucho, arnauchox, charapilla, chile chiltepín, chile de zope,<br />
chile juipín, chilepete, chilpepe, chiltepe, chiltepín, chirel,<br />
chiv<strong>at</strong>o, conguito, coralito, kapur, tabasco<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, typically elong<strong>at</strong>ed red peppers are used primarily<br />
in hot sauces. Also grown as an ornamental and for its medicinal<br />
leaf. Taxanomically perhaps <strong>the</strong> least certain <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Capsicum spp.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia or perhaps Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Andrews 1992, Andrews 1995, Austin and Bourne 1992, Berg<br />
1984, Duke 1986, Eshbaugh 1980, Eshbaugh 1993, Eshbaugh et al.<br />
1983, Estrella 1991, Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980,<br />
León 1987, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Pickersgill 1969, Rehm and Espig<br />
1991, Soukup 1970<br />
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Capsicum bacc<strong>at</strong>um L. - including var. pendulum (Willd.) Eshbaugh<br />
[syn. C. pendulum Willd.] and var. praetermissum (Heiser & P.G.<br />
Sm.) Hunz.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: Andean ají, Brazilian tree pepper (var. praetermissum),<br />
Brown’s pepper, golden horn pepper, golden pepper, kellu-uchu,<br />
orchid pepper, Penn’s golden pepper, Peruvian pepper, yellow chili,<br />
yellow Peruvian chili<br />
PORTUGUESE: cambuci, chapéu-de-frade, chifre-de-veado, dedo-de-moça,<br />
pimentinha, quau-chile, sertãozinho<br />
SPANISH: ají amarillo, ají chirel, ají escabeche (red cultivar), ají<br />
flor, ají limón, ají oro, ají puca-uchu, ají verde (unripe), cuerno<br />
de oro, cuerno de oro (puca uchu cvr.), cusqueño (dried), cuzqueño<br />
(dried), kellu-uchu, munición uchu, nupu uchu, puca-uchu, uchu<br />
USES/NOTES: Extremely hot fruits are added to a variety <strong>of</strong> dishes<br />
throughout <strong>the</strong> central Andes and beyond.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Bolivian Andes or central coastal Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Andrews 1995, Andrews 1998, Brako and Zarucchi 1993,<br />
Editorial Panapo 1988, Eshbaugh 1968, Eshbaugh 1980, Eshbaugh et<br />
al. 1983, Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, León 1987, Macbride<br />
1962, NRC 1989<br />
Capsicum cardenasii Heiser & Sm.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: ulupica<br />
USES/NOTES: Small pungent round red fruits are edible. When crossed<br />
with <strong>the</strong> rocoto (C. pubescens) <strong>the</strong> result is referred to as a<br />
rocopica. Of <strong>the</strong> purple flowered group, closely rel<strong>at</strong>ed to C.<br />
eximium and C. pubescens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Andean South America<br />
REFERENCES: Andrews 1995, Facciola 1990, Heiser 1969, Onus and<br />
Pickersgill 2000<br />
Capsicum chacoense Hunz.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: a’teshiuk, a’tesiuk, ají del campo, ají del monte, ají<br />
quitucho, ‘pahana, puta-parió<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, generally red pungent fruits are used raw as a<br />
condiment. Harvested from home gardens or small farms or from <strong>the</strong><br />
wild <strong>the</strong> fruits are consumed domestically or marketed locally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina and adjacent Bolivia and Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Arenas and Scarpa 2006, Del Vitto et al. 1997, Serrano and<br />
Terán 2000<br />
Capsicum chinense Jacq.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: bonnet pepper, bonnie pepper, d<strong>at</strong>el pepper, d<strong>at</strong>il, d<strong>at</strong>il<br />
pepper, habanero, mindoran, minorcan, scotch bonnet, scot’s bonnet,<br />
West Indian hot pepper, yellow d<strong>at</strong>e pepper<br />
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PORTUGUESE: bode, cumari-do-Pará, murici, murupi, pimenta-de-cheiro,<br />
pimenta-bode, pimenta-habaneiro<br />
SPANISH: ají dátil, chaki-uchú (dried), charapillo (habanero), chile<br />
dátil, chinchi-uchú, común-uchú, habanero, habañero, rocotillo,<br />
uvilla grande<br />
USES/NOTES: Hot, generally squ<strong>at</strong> (though <strong>the</strong> d<strong>at</strong>il is elong<strong>at</strong>ed)<br />
fruits, among <strong>the</strong> hottest widely distributed peppers, are used<br />
primarily in sauces and cooked foods. The “red savina” cultivar is<br />
said to be <strong>the</strong> hottest pepper <strong>at</strong> 577,000 Scoville units, or 50<br />
times hotter than most jalapeños. Capsaicin, a complex <strong>of</strong> vanillyl<br />
amides from Capsicum peppers is used in <strong>at</strong>tack/defense sprays.<br />
Capsaicin is said to produce euphoria when ingested in high<br />
concentr<strong>at</strong>ions and may be mildly addictive. Popular among home<br />
gardeners in <strong>the</strong> U.S. Perhaps conspecific with C. annuum.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America, or perhaps Peru,<br />
cultivars from diverse loc<strong>at</strong>ions: d<strong>at</strong>il from <strong>the</strong> West Indies (to<br />
St. Augustine, Florida some 200 years ago); habanero from Cuba or<br />
<strong>the</strong> Yuc<strong>at</strong>án Peninsula; scotch bonnet and West Indian hot from <strong>the</strong><br />
West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Andrews 1995, Andrews 1998, D’Arcy 1987, Dille and<br />
Belsinger 1994, Eshbaugh 1980, Eshbaugh 1993, Eshbaugh et al. 1983,<br />
Guia Rural n.d., Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, Nee 1986, Pickersgill<br />
1966, Pickersgill 1984, Pickersgill 1988, Renner et al. 1990,<br />
Robbins 1992<br />
Capsicum eximium Hunz.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: ulupica<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, fruits <strong>of</strong> this wild, though incipient domestic<strong>at</strong>e<br />
are marketed in Bolivia. Of <strong>the</strong> purple flowered group, closely<br />
rel<strong>at</strong>ed to C. cardenasii and C. pubescens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina and adjacent Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Eshbaugh 1993, Onus and Pickersgill 2000<br />
Capsicum galapagoensis Hunz.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
USES/NOTES: Small red fruits <strong>of</strong> this wild species are hot.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Isabela and Santa Cruz Islands <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Galapagos<br />
Archipelago<br />
REFERENCES: Eshbaugh 1993<br />
Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pavón<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: apple chili, rocoto pepper<br />
PORTUGUESE: pimento<br />
SPANISH: aguyi, ají picante, ají-rocoto, chile amarillo (yellow cv.),<br />
chile caballo, chile canario (yellow cv.), chile jutiapa, chile<br />
ll<strong>at</strong>a, chile manzano (red cv.), chile perón, chinchi-huaika,<br />
escabeche, g<strong>at</strong>lo uchu, locoto, lokoto, mar<strong>at</strong>i, misti uchu,<br />
panameño, pimienta, piris, piscu uchu, pluana uchu, puma quiru,<br />
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rocot uchu (antiqu<strong>at</strong>ed), rocoto, rokkoto, sempiri, siete caldos,<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e uchu, uchu, yucute<br />
USES/NOTES: Domestic<strong>at</strong>ed some 5,000 years ago, fruits may be nearly as<br />
hot as C. chinense, though vary widely in hotness, and are used<br />
widely in cooking and as a tasty pepper sauce, which is highly<br />
esteemed in Bolivia and Peru. Distinguished from o<strong>the</strong>r Capsicum<br />
spp. by having purple instead <strong>of</strong> white flowers, black ra<strong>the</strong>r than<br />
white seeds, and hairy (or pubescent) leaves. The plant is grown<br />
widely in home gardens for domestic consumption and on small farms<br />
for sale in local markets. When crossed with <strong>the</strong> ulupica (C.<br />
cardenasii) <strong>the</strong> result is referred to as a rocopica.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Bolivian and perhaps Peruvian Andes, from 1,500 and<br />
2,900 meters, widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Andrews 1992, Andrews 1995, Andrews 1998, Heiser 1969,<br />
Joyal 1987, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, NRC 1989, Rick 1950, Sauer<br />
1993, Soukup 1970<br />
Cardamine bonariensis Pers. [syn. C. nasturtioides Cambess.]<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
SPANISH: berro, berro blanco, berros<br />
USES/NOTES: Fresh leaves are added to salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical mainland<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999,<br />
MBG n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Zuloaga 1997<br />
Cardamine diphylla (Michaux) Wood [syn. Dentaria diphylla Michaux]<br />
and C. conc<strong>at</strong>en<strong>at</strong>a (Michaux) O. Schwartz [syn. Dentaria lacin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Muhlenb. ex Willd.]<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: crinkleroot, cut toothwort (C. conc<strong>at</strong>en<strong>at</strong>a), pepper-root,<br />
two-leaved toothwort, toothwort<br />
USES/NOTES: Iroquois <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> crisp, white roots raw or boiled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker<br />
1979, Radford et al. 1968, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Cardamine hirsuta L.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: bitter cress, hairy bitter cress, lady’s smock, lamb’s cress<br />
USES/NOTES: Greens are added to salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, perhaps to highland Africa, now widespread in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Correll and Johnston<br />
1970, Fernald 1950, Hickman 1993, Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. in Torey & A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: bitter cress, few-seeded bittercress, little western<br />
bittercress, spring cress<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves can be e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Munz 1974<br />
Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: Pennsylvania bittercress<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves may be used like w<strong>at</strong>er-cress (Rorippa nasturtiumaqu<strong>at</strong>icum)<br />
in salads and soups.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Kunkel 1984, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cardamine pr<strong>at</strong>ensis L.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: cuckoo flower, lady’s smock, meadow cress, spinks<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves used like w<strong>at</strong>er cress (Rorippa nasturtiumaqu<strong>at</strong>icum)<br />
and an emergency food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Carduus nutans L. [syn. C. thoermeri Weinm.]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: musk thistle, nodding plumeless thistle, Scotch thistle<br />
PORTUGUESE: cardo<br />
SPANISH: cardo pendiente<br />
USES/NOTES: Dired flowers have been used to curdle milk, and <strong>the</strong> pith<br />
may be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked like asparagus (Asparagus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe through Siberia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized and invasive<br />
in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Carica papaya L. [syn. C. pelt<strong>at</strong>a Hook. & Arn., Papaya carica (L.)<br />
Gaertner]<br />
FAMILY: Caricaceae (papaya)<br />
ENGLISH: melon tree, papaw, papaya, pawpaw<br />
PORTUGUESE: mamão, papaieira, pinoguaçu<br />
SPANISH: ababaya, árbol de melón, fruta bomba, kwarkw<strong>at</strong>ta, lechosa,<br />
lechoso, mamón, mamona, mapayo, melón zapote, papanajo, papaya,<br />
papaya de mico (C. pelt<strong>at</strong>a), papayo, sach papaya, utsun<br />
USES/NOTES: Nutritious fruits, highly variable in size, color, and<br />
flavor, are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh when ripe or cooked as a vegetable when<br />
unripe. Roots are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled with sugar, seeds are used as a<br />
peppery spice, and leaves, inflorescences, young stems, and flowers<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en as cooked vegetables. Leaves, roots, and seeds are also<br />
medicinal. L<strong>at</strong>ex contains papain, an enzyme used in me<strong>at</strong><br />
tenderizers, to make beer, cheese, chewing gum, medicines, and in<br />
tanning. C. pelt<strong>at</strong>a has been tre<strong>at</strong>ed as a distinct species <strong>of</strong><br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r Central or South American origin. C. papaya is now<br />
considered to be <strong>the</strong> only Carica species based on geographic<br />
isol<strong>at</strong>ion in Central America and its hollow, as opposed to pithy<br />
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stems; all o<strong>the</strong>rs were recently placed in <strong>the</strong> closely rel<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
Vasconcellea genus.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Uncertain; previously believed to be <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Andean<br />
origin, but recent research suggests Central America, perhaps<br />
n<strong>at</strong>urally spreading north to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and south to Andean<br />
Ecuador, now widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in humid, frost-free regions<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Aradhya et al. 1999, Boom 1987, Bourke et al.<br />
1987, Brücher 1989, Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE<br />
1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, Lewis and Woodward 1950, Martin<br />
et al. 1987, Morshidi 1997, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973,<br />
Prance 1984, Purseglove 1968, Smith et al. 1992, Stevens et al.<br />
2001, Storey 1976, Van Feu n.d., von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982<br />
Cariniana pyriformis Miers<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
ENGLISH: Colombian mahogany<br />
PORTUGUESE: ceru, jequitibá-amarella, jequitibá-rosa, tauary<br />
SPANISH: abarco, bacu, chibugá<br />
USES/NOTES: Thre<strong>at</strong>ened tree’s fruit aril is edible. Also a fine lumber<br />
source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Calderón et al. 2002, La Rotta 1992, Prance and Mori 1979<br />
Carissa carandas L.<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
ENGLISH: Christ’s thorn, karanda<br />
PORTUGUESE: karanda<br />
SPANISH: caranda, karanda<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en typically preserved. Also grown as an<br />
ornamental or a hedge.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Martin et al. 1987, W<strong>at</strong>kins and<br />
Sheehan 1975<br />
Carissa macrocarpa (Ecklon) A. DC. [syn. C. grandiflora (E. Meyer) A.<br />
DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
ENGLISH: am<strong>at</strong>ungula, carissa, n<strong>at</strong>al plum<br />
SPANISH: cerezo de n<strong>at</strong>al, ciruela de n<strong>at</strong>al<br />
USES/NOTES: Egg shaped, reddish berry is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, as jelly or jam,<br />
canned, or in sherbets. Also a valued ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern to Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Johns and Stevenson 1985, León 1987,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Mowry et al. 1967, Nelson 1996, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975<br />
Carludovica palm<strong>at</strong>a Ruiz & Pavón<br />
FAMILY: Cyclanthaceae (cyclanthus)<br />
ENGLISH: h<strong>at</strong> palm, jipijapa, jippi jappa, Panama h<strong>at</strong> palm, Panama h<strong>at</strong><br />
plant, screw pine<br />
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PORTUGUESE: bombonassa, chila, jipijapá, luc<strong>at</strong>iva, xila<br />
SPANISH: alagua, api-ttara, <strong>at</strong>adero, bombonaje, cestillo, chidra,<br />
guachibán, guachiván, hiraca, iraca, jipi, jipijapa, junco, kuskin,<br />
lucaica, luc<strong>at</strong>ero, lucua, murrapo, nacumas, naguala, oropo, paja<br />
toquilla, palma de jipijapa, palma de sombrero, palmilla, porto<br />
rico, portorrico, sabalet, soso, sombonaza, toquilla, toquillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaf shoots (nacumas in Spanish), young<br />
inflorescences, and rhizomes are e<strong>at</strong>en locally. Leaf fiber is used<br />
to make Panama h<strong>at</strong>s, brooms, m<strong>at</strong>s, baskets, etc., and for ro<strong>of</strong><br />
th<strong>at</strong>ch. Also medicinal. Ecuador is <strong>the</strong> world’s leading producer for<br />
commercial fiber. In parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yuc<strong>at</strong>án <strong>the</strong> plant’s fibers are<br />
crafted in caves – <strong>of</strong>ten dug near dwellings – to maintain optimal<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ure and humidity.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America, perhaps first cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in Panama,<br />
introduced and escaped in some warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bennett 1992, Bennett et al. 1992, Bristol<br />
1961, Cid 1978, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Kunkel 1984, Naranjo 1991, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Soukup<br />
1970, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britton & Rose [syn. Cereus giganteus<br />
Engelm., Pilocereus engelmannii Lem. nom nov., P. giganteus<br />
Rumpler]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: giant cactus, saguaro cactus, sahuaro cactus<br />
PORTUGUESE: mandacaru<br />
SPANISH: saguaro, sahuaro<br />
USES/NOTES: Large, red to purple fruits are consumed raw, cooked,<br />
dried, preserved, or juiced. Seeds are ground into flour or made<br />
into a buttery paste used on tortillas, and are an edible oil<br />
source. Juice is made into a fermented beverage. Also, <strong>the</strong> largest<br />
<strong>of</strong> all cacti, to over 20 meters.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and <strong>the</strong> Southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Carpinus caroliniana Walter [syn. C. americana Michaux]<br />
FAMILY: Betulaceae (birch) or Carpinaceae (carpinus)<br />
ENGLISH: American hornbeam, blue beech, blue hornbeam, ironwood,<br />
musclewood, w<strong>at</strong>er beech<br />
SPANISH: carpe, palo de barranco<br />
USES/NOTES: Small ribbed nutlet may be e<strong>at</strong>en parched. Also an<br />
<strong>at</strong>tractive understory tree with fine, deciduous foliage and an<br />
interesting muscled trunk. Hard wood has been used for tool<br />
handles.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S., wet woods<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, FNAEC 1997, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley<br />
1987, Martin et al. 1987<br />
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Carpobrotus aequil<strong>at</strong>erus (Haw.) N.E. Br. [syn. C. aequil<strong>at</strong>eralis<br />
(Willd.) J. Black, Mesembryan<strong>the</strong>mum aequil<strong>at</strong>eralum Haw.]<br />
FAMILY: Aizoaceae (carpetweed or fig-marigold)<br />
ENGLISH: pig’s face, sea fig<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, and fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western American and Australian coasts<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Carpobrotus chilensis (Molina) N.E. Br., [syn. Mesembryan<strong>the</strong>mum<br />
chilense Molina]<br />
FAMILY: Aizoaceae (carpetweed or fig-marigold)<br />
ENGLISH: sea fig<br />
SPANISH: hielitos<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Oregon to Baja California in North America and<br />
Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976<br />
Carpobrotus deliciosus (L. Bolus) L. Bolus<br />
FAMILY: Aizoaceae (carpetweed or fig-marigold)<br />
ENGLISH: sweet hottentot fig<br />
USES/NOTES: Large fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987<br />
Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E. Br. [also C. dulcis L. Bolus, C. muirii<br />
(L. Bolus) L. Bolus]<br />
FAMILY: Aizoaceae (carpetweed or fig-marigold)<br />
ENGLISH: hottentot fig<br />
PORTUGUESE: chorão<br />
SPANISH: deditos<br />
USES/NOTES: Succulent leaves and large, yellow to purple fruits are<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: all three from South Africa, C. edulis n<strong>at</strong>uralized in<br />
California, o<strong>the</strong>rs’ st<strong>at</strong>us in <strong>the</strong> Americas is uncertain<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987<br />
Carpotroche brasiliensis (Raddi) A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: canudo-de-pito, pau-de-lepra, sapucaínha<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart to sweet, whitish aril is said to be edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gallia 2000-2003, Pérez-Arbeláez 1956<br />
Carpotroche longifolia Poeppig & Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia)<br />
SPANISH: cacahuillo, champa huayo<br />
USES/NOTES: Aril is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America into Panama<br />
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REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Renner et al. 1990, Sleumer 1980<br />
Carthamus tinctorius L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: kurdee, Mexican saffron, safflower<br />
PORTUGUESE: açafroa<br />
SPANISH: alazor, azafrán bastardo, cártama, cártamo<br />
USES/NOTES: Flower heads contain an edible red dye used to color<br />
butter, liqueurs, breads, candles, and cosmetics, especially rouge.<br />
An edible and drying oil, known as kurdee oil, is extracted from<br />
<strong>the</strong> seed. Edible fruits are used in chutney and as poultry feed.<br />
Seeds are fed to c<strong>at</strong>tle.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region, perhaps Egypt<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Houaiss 1982, León 1987, Mabberley<br />
1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974, Weiss 1971,<br />
Weiss 1983, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Carum carvi L.<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: caraway, kummel, wild caraway<br />
PORTUGUESE: alcarávia, alcavária, cariz, carvi, cominho<br />
SPANISH: alcarahueya, alcarava, alcaravea, alcaravia, alcosoria,<br />
carvi, carvia, comino del prado, hinojo de prado, hinojo del prado<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are used as a condiment and in medicines, leaves are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, and roots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Asia Minor, widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d.,<br />
Harris 1972, Rehm and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez 1990,<br />
Schneider 1987, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Carya aqu<strong>at</strong>ica (Michaux f.) Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: bitter pecan, w<strong>at</strong>er hickory<br />
USES/NOTES: Kunkel says th<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> kernels, o<strong>the</strong>rwise described as<br />
bitter, are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. from Virginia to Florida to eastern<br />
Texas<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Godfrey 1988, Kunkel 1984<br />
Carya cordiformis (Wagenh.) K. Koch [syn. Hicoria cordiformis (Wang.)<br />
Britton]<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: bitternut, bitternut hickory, pignut<br />
USES/NOTES: Thin shelled nuts contain edible, though bitter kernels.<br />
The large deciduous tree is similar in appearance to <strong>the</strong> pecan (C.<br />
illinoinensis).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from sou<strong>the</strong>astern Canada to<br />
Minnesota, to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Florida, and eastern Texas<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Graves 1956, Kunkel 1984, Yanovsky 1936<br />
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Carya floridana Sarg.<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: Florida hickory, Florida scrub hickory, scrub hickory<br />
USES/NOTES: Small kernels <strong>of</strong> this small to medium sized, somewh<strong>at</strong> rare<br />
tree are sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Peninsular Florida<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Godfrey 1988, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes)<br />
Carya glabra (Miller) Sweet [syn. C. ovalis (Wangenh.) Sarg., Hicoria<br />
glabra (Miller) Britton, Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britton]<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: hognut, littlenut hickory, pignut, pignut hickory, small<br />
pignut, sweet pignut<br />
USES/NOTES: Thick shelled kernels <strong>of</strong> this large, deciduous, <strong>at</strong>tractive<br />
tree can be sweet or bitter. The small-fruited variety (littlenut<br />
hickory or small pignut) has been tre<strong>at</strong>ed as a distinct species (C.<br />
ovalis).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Vermont, Ontario, sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Michigan, and Illinois, to central Florida and eastern Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, FNAEC 1997, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Godfrey<br />
1988, Graves 1956, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Manning 1950, Nelson 1994,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch [syn. C. oliviformis (Michaux<br />
f.) Nutt., Hickoria pecan (Marsh.) Britton]<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: pecan, pecan nut<br />
PORTUGUESE: noz-pecã, pecã<br />
SPANISH: nogal morado, nogal pecanero, nuez encarcelada, nuez pecan,<br />
pacana, pecana<br />
USES/NOTES: Giant (to over 50 meters), shaggy-barked deciduous tree is<br />
commercially cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its sweet nut, which comes in a hardshelled,<br />
oblong, green fruit. Nut oil is used in cosmetics. The<br />
Texas st<strong>at</strong>e tree has some 500 named varieties. The L<strong>at</strong>in binomial<br />
is also seen spelled as C. illinoensis.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mississippi floodplain including some tributaries <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
U.S. from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Ohio to <strong>the</strong> Gulf <strong>of</strong> Mexico, eastern Oklahoma and<br />
Texas, and small isol<strong>at</strong>ed popul<strong>at</strong>ions in nor<strong>the</strong>astern Mexico,<br />
sparsely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in favorable loc<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, FNAEC 1997, Godfrey 1988, Guia Rural<br />
n.d., Hall 2000, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Nelson 1994, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974, Woodro<strong>of</strong> 1979<br />
Carya laciniosa (Michaux f.) Loudon [syn. Hicoria laciniosa (Michaux<br />
f.) Sarg.]<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: big shellbark hickory, king nut, shellbark hickory<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet kernels are edible and an edible oil source, and sap<br />
can be made into syrup.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Ontario and New York<br />
to nor<strong>the</strong>astern Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, FNAEC<br />
1997, Mabberley 1987, Medsger 1939<br />
Carya myristiciformis (Michaux f.) Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: nutmeg hickory<br />
SPANISH: nogal<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet kernels <strong>of</strong> this rare species are edible and an<br />
edible oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern Mexico to <strong>the</strong> south-central U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Manning 1949, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Carya ov<strong>at</strong>a (Miller) K. Koch [syn. C. mexicana Engelm. ex Hemsley,<br />
Hicoria ov<strong>at</strong>a (Miller) Britton], includes C. ov<strong>at</strong>a var. australis<br />
(Ashe) Little [syn. C. carolinae-septentrionalis (Ashe) Engl. &<br />
Graebn.]<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: Carolina hickory, Mexican hickory, scalybark hickory,<br />
shagbark hickory, shellbark hickory, Sou<strong>the</strong>rn shagbark hickory<br />
(var. australis)<br />
USES/NOTES: Kernels are sweet and an edible oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from sou<strong>the</strong>astern Canada, through<br />
<strong>the</strong> eastern U.S. into nor<strong>the</strong>astern Mexico; var. australis ranges<br />
from Deleware to Georgia<br />
REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, FNAEC 1997, Godfrey 1988, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: pale hickory, sand hickory<br />
USES/NOTES: Small kernel is sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from Maryland to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, FNAEC 1997, Godfrey 1988<br />
Carya texana Buckley [syn. C. buckleyi Durand]<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: black hickory<br />
USES/NOTES: Small kernel is sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central U.S. from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Illinois to central Texas and<br />
western Georgia<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997<br />
Carya tomentosa (Poiret in Lam.) Nutt. [syn. C. alba K. Koch, Hicoria<br />
alba (L.) Britton]<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: mockernut, mockernut hickory, white-heart hickory<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet kernels are e<strong>at</strong>en as nuts or used as an edible oil<br />
source.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Mabberley 1987<br />
Caryocar amygdaliferum Mutis<br />
FAMILY: Caryocaraceae (souari)<br />
ENGLISH: cariocar, sawarri nut, suari nut<br />
PORTUGUESE: piquiá<br />
SPANISH: achiotillo, almendrón, caqui, chachapoyas, mani, nogal de<br />
Barquisimeto, nuez souari<br />
USES/NOTES: Nuts are edible roasted and are much appreci<strong>at</strong>ed. Edible<br />
kernel oil is called sawarri f<strong>at</strong> or souari f<strong>at</strong> in some Englishspeaking<br />
areas and aceite de piquia in Colombia. Wood is used in<br />
general carpentry. Potential for expansion.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and just into Panama, and perhaps into adjacent<br />
Ecuador and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Prance, Ghillean and Freitas<br />
da Silva 1973, Schultes 1979a, Vásquez and Gentry 1989<br />
Caryocar coriaceum Wittm.<br />
FAMILY: Caryocaraceae (souari)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pequi, pequi-branco, pequiá, piquiá, piquiarana<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are much appreci<strong>at</strong>ed e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, and are an<br />
edible oil source. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Planalto <strong>of</strong> central Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Prance and Silva 1973<br />
Caryocar cune<strong>at</strong>um Wittm.<br />
FAMILY: Caryocaraceae (souari)<br />
PORTUGUESE: piqui, piquizeiro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Prance and Silva 1973<br />
Caryocar glabrum (Aublet) Pers.<br />
FAMILY: Caryocaraceae (souari)<br />
ENGLISH: almendra, soapwood<br />
PORTUGUESE: cabeleira, jiqui, piquiá-da-areia, piquiá-arana,<br />
piquiarana, piquiarana-vermelha<br />
SPANISH: almendra colorada, almendro colorado<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, Prance and Silva 1973, Salick 1992,<br />
Silva et al. 1977<br />
Caryocar microcarpum Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Caryocaraceae (souari)<br />
ENGLISH: b<strong>at</strong> sawari<br />
PORTUGUESE: pequia-rana, pequiarana-do-igapó<br />
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SPANISH: almendra, almendra de bajo, almendro blanco, almendro<br />
colorado, barbasco, cojón de verraco, jigua<br />
USES/NOTES: Kernel is edible, though fruit pulp reportedly is<br />
poisonous.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lesser Antilles to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Prance<br />
and Silva 1973, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Caryocar nuciferum L.<br />
FAMILY: Caryocaraceae (souari)<br />
ENGLISH: butter nut, butter nut <strong>of</strong> Guiana, Guiana butternut, Guiana<br />
nut, paradise nut, pekea-nut, sawari, sawari nut, souari, souari<br />
nut, suari nut<br />
FRENCH: arbre de beurre, noisette indienne, pékéa t<strong>at</strong>a-youba, portenoix<br />
PORTUGUESE: ameixa-do-Peru, pequiá, piqui, piquia branco, piquiáverdadeiro,<br />
piquiarana, t<strong>at</strong>a-yuba<br />
SPANISH: aceite de piquia, achiotillo, ajo, almendra, almendro,<br />
almendrón cagüí, almendrón maní, nuez souari<br />
USES/NOTES: Nuts are edible roasted and are much appreci<strong>at</strong>ed. Edible<br />
kernel oil is called sawarri f<strong>at</strong> or souari f<strong>at</strong> in some Englishspeaking<br />
areas and aceite de piquia in Colombia. Wood is used in<br />
general carpentry. Potential for expansion.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonian Brazil, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Venezuela and adjacent Colombia, perhaps into eastern Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Clay and Clement 1993, Coe 1994, Duke<br />
1986, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Menninger 1987, NRC 1975, OAS<br />
1973, Peret 1985, Rehm and Espig 1991, Steyermark et al. 1995,<br />
Vásquez and Gentry 1989, von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Caryocar pallidum A.C. Sm.<br />
FAMILY: Caryocaraceae (souari)<br />
PORTUGUESE: piquiarana, piquirana<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Caryocar tomentosusm Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Caryocaraceae (souari)<br />
ENGLISH: suari tree<br />
USES/NOTES: Nut is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Caryocar villosum (Aublet) Pers. [syn. C. butyrosum (Aublet) Willd.]<br />
and C. brasiliense Cambess.<br />
FAMILY: Caryocaraceae (souari)<br />
ENGLISH: b<strong>at</strong>s sauari, butter nut, pequi, piquia-oil plant, souri,<br />
suari nut<br />
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PORTUGUESE: amêndoa-de-espinho, amêndoa-do-Peru, pequi, pequiá-brava,<br />
pequiá, pequiá-pedra, pequizeiro, piqui, piquiá, piquiá-verdadeiro,<br />
ruamahi, suari<br />
USES/NOTES: Highly esteemed yellow fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or made<br />
into a liqueur popular in Brazil, kernels are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or roasted<br />
and used as a condiment, oil extracted from <strong>the</strong> kernel and <strong>the</strong><br />
pericarp is edible and used in paint, cotyledons are e<strong>at</strong>en, and<br />
leaves are medicinal. Endocarp is used for fuel, dried or as<br />
charcoal. Wood is used for furniture and is a yellow dye source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: C. brasiliense from central Brazil to adjacent Paraguay<br />
and Bolivia; C. villosum from <strong>the</strong> central Brazilian Cerrado, north<br />
through central Amazonia, possibly to French Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, NRC 1975, Prance and Balick 1990,<br />
Prance and Silva 1973, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Caryodendron amazonicum Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
PORTUGUESE: castanha-de-porco, castanhola, castaninha, mamaluco<br />
USES/NOTES: Medium to large tree’s seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked by<br />
local popul<strong>at</strong>ions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Upland primary forests <strong>of</strong> western Amazonian Brazil and<br />
adjacent Amazonian Colombia to Amazonian Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Shanley and Medina 2005,<br />
UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Caryodendron grandifolium (Müell. Arg.) Pax<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
PORTUGUESE: castanhola<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil and Amazonian Peru and Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Caryodendron orinocense Karsten<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: tacay nut<br />
SPANISH: cacay, caquetá, castaño, inche, inchi, maní de árbol, meta,<br />
meto huayo, nogal de Barquisimeto, palo de nuez, putumayo, tacay,<br />
taque<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en toasted and are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> a quality<br />
cooking oil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Upper Orinoco <strong>of</strong> Venezuela and Colombia and adjacent<br />
Amazonas, Brazil to Amazonian Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Brücher 1989, Duke n.d., Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Nieto and Rodríguez<br />
2002a, Schultes 1979b<br />
Caryota urens L.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: fish-tail palm, jaggary palm, toddy palm<br />
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PORTUGUESE: palmeira-rabo-de-peixe<br />
SPANISH: palma de sagú de Malabar, palmera de sagú de Malabar<br />
USES/NOTES: Terminal bud and heart are e<strong>at</strong>en as a cooked vegetable,<br />
stem juice is made into alcoholic beverages and is a sugar source,<br />
and stem is a starch source. Also ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Blombery and Rodd 1982, Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990,<br />
Standley and Steyermark 1958, Tabora et al. 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Casasia clusiifolia (Jacq.) Urban [syn. Genipa clusiifolia (Jacq.)<br />
Grisb.]<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: seven-year apple<br />
USES/NOTES: After <strong>the</strong> pear-shaped, green fruit ripens and becomes<br />
prune-like in appearance, its seedy, dark pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en. Some say<br />
it tastes like licorice, o<strong>the</strong>rs like a dried apple.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies to South Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Bush and Morton n.d., Long and Lakela 1971, Morton 1977,<br />
Nellis 1994, Nelson 1994, Taylor 1998<br />
Casearia combaymensis Tul.<br />
FAMILY: Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: piabinha<br />
SPANISH: shulla muyo<br />
USES/NOTES: Shrub to small tree has a yellow fruit with an aril th<strong>at</strong><br />
is e<strong>at</strong>en in Amazonian Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989, MBG n.d., Silva et al. 1977, Vásquez 1997<br />
Casearia corymbosa Kunth [syn. C. pringlei Briq.]<br />
FAMILY: Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia)<br />
ENGLISH: casearia<br />
SPANISH: cafecito de costa, canjura, cerillo, cerito, chilam<strong>at</strong>e,<br />
comida de culebra, coralillo, frutilla, p<strong>at</strong>a de cotuza, plomillo<br />
blanco, raspa lengua, raspa guacal, tica, vara blanca<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow to red fruit’s red aril is edible, but <strong>the</strong> plant is<br />
poisonous. Casearia nitida (L.) Jacq. May be conspecific.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean to Colombia and<br />
Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Fouqué 1973, MBG n.d., Pool and Smith 2001<br />
Casearia decandra Jacq. [syn. C. parviflora Willd. nomen illegit., C.<br />
nitida Sieber ex Grisebach nomen illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia)<br />
ENGLISH: biscuitwood, pipewood, wild honey-tree<br />
FRENCH: bois jaune, caca ravet, caséaria á petites, feuilles, jaune<br />
d’oeut<br />
SPANISH: cerezo, cerito, cotorrelillo, fortuga capsi, gia mausa, limón<br />
capsi, machacomo, tapaculo, tostado.<br />
USES/NOTES: Red fruit’s aril is edible.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: d’Eeckenbrugge and Ferla 2000, Fouqué 1973, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Martínez et al. 2001, Sleumer 1980<br />
Casearia fascicul<strong>at</strong>a (Ruiz & Pavón) Sleumer<br />
FAMILY: Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia)<br />
SPANISH: tamarillo, yepenemoncawe<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet arils are e<strong>at</strong>en in Amazonia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Sleumer 1980<br />
Casearia prunifolia Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia)<br />
SPANISH: siccha muyo, yamakainim, yepenemoncawe<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet arils are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Sleumer 1980, MBG n.d<br />
Casimirella ampla (Miers) R.A. Howard [syn. Humirian<strong>the</strong>ra ampla<br />
(Miers) Baehni, Humirian<strong>the</strong>ra duckei Huber]<br />
FAMILY: Icacinaceae (icacina)<br />
PORTUGUESE: manga-brava, surucuína<br />
USES/NOTES: Potentially large tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en after tre<strong>at</strong>ment.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Colombia, Peru, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999,<br />
Kunkel 1984, Phillips 1991, Steyermark et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Casimiroa edulis Llave & Lex.<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: casimiroa, m<strong>at</strong>asano, Mexican apple, white sapote<br />
SPANISH: abché, ahache, mango tarango, m<strong>at</strong>asano, pera criolla, sapote<br />
blanco, zapote, zapote blanco<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart, arom<strong>at</strong>ic, apple-sized fruit is consumed raw or in<br />
drinks. Also used in folk remedies.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexican highlands, now widespread<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, Mabberley<br />
1987, Morton 1987a, Mowry et al. 1967, OAS 1973, Popenoe 1974,<br />
Rodríguez Martínez 1987, Usher 1974, Will 1991<br />
Casimiroa sapota Oersted<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
SPANISH: m<strong>at</strong>asano, m<strong>at</strong>azano<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: Cowan 1983, Morton 1987a, Smith et al. 1992, Sousa and<br />
Cabrera 1983<br />
Casimiroa tetrameria Millsp.<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
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ENGLISH: wooly leaf sapote<br />
SPANISH: m<strong>at</strong>asano de mico, yuy, zapote blanco<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, Sousa and Cabrera<br />
1983<br />
Cassia fistula L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: golden shower<br />
SPANISH: caña fistola, cañafístola, cañafítula, guayaba cimarrona,<br />
lluvia de oro<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow flowers are edible, though leaves and pods are<br />
lax<strong>at</strong>ive. Shrub is grown in <strong>the</strong> Americas as an ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lower valleys <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Himalyas to Sri Lanka,<br />
widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and n<strong>at</strong>uralized in warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, MBG n.d., Molina 1975<br />
Cassia grandis L.f.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: horse cassia, licorice tree, stinking toe<br />
SPANISH: bucte, cañadonga, cañafístola cimarrona, canafístula<br />
cimarrona, cañafístula cimarrona, cañafístula de castilla,<br />
cañafístula, canaflote, cañaflote, cañandonga de masa, cañandonga,<br />
capote, carago, caragua, caragüe, carámbano, carao, carmano,<br />
chácara, marimari, marimarí, sandal, sandalo, saragundín<br />
USES/NOTES: Unpleasant smelling fruit is edible, though lax<strong>at</strong>ive.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Venezuela, and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke n.d., Irwin 1966b, Irwin and Barneby<br />
1982, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997, OAS 1973, Smith et al. 1992,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cassia leiandra Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá-mari, marimari, marimari-da-várzea, seruaia<br />
USES/NOTES: Long, cylindrical fruit pod is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonas and Pará, Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Castanea dent<strong>at</strong>a (Marshall) Borkh.<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: American chestnut, chestnut<br />
PORTUGUESE: castanha<br />
SPANISH: castaña<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible kernels are highly esteemed as nuts e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong><br />
hand or cooked in various foods. Oil is also edible. Trees have<br />
suffered gre<strong>at</strong>ly, especially since 1930, from chestnut blight<br />
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imported from Asia. Efforts are underway to revive <strong>the</strong> once<br />
commercially important American tree.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada to nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, FNAEC 1997, Leung 1961, Mabberley<br />
1987, Woodro<strong>of</strong> 1979<br />
Castanea mollissima Blume<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinese chestnut<br />
PORTUGUESE: castanha<br />
SPANISH: castaña<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible nuts are rich in carbohydr<strong>at</strong>es and low in f<strong>at</strong>s and<br />
oil. The tree is resistant to chestnut blight.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern China and Korea<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Menninger 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Castanea pumila (L.) Miller var. pumila [syn. C. alnifolia Nutt.]<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: Allegheny chinkapin, ashe chinkapin, chinkapin, chinquapin,<br />
downy chinquapin, dwarf chestnut, trailing chinquapin<br />
PORTUGUESE: castanha<br />
SPANISH: castaña, chinquapín<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, sweet nuts are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted or raw.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East-central and sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. to from Pennsylvania<br />
to Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Godfrey 1988, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Medsger 1939, Smith 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Castilla ulei Warb.<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: caucho, uli<br />
SPANISH: caucho, hebe, hule, ule<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. L<strong>at</strong>ex is used to make a rubber inferior<br />
to Pará rubber (Hevea brasiliensis).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kainer and Duryea 1992, Mabberley<br />
1987, Martin et al. 1987, Renner et al. 1990<br />
Castilleja linariaefolia Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Orobanchaceae (broom-rape), previously Scrophulariaceae<br />
(figwort or snapdragon)<br />
ENGLISH: Indian paintbrush, Wyoming paintbrush<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en raw.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America, n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990<br />
C<strong>at</strong>esbaea spinosa L.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
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ENGLISH: lilythorn<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America and <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Molina 1975<br />
C<strong>at</strong>haranthus roseus (L.) G. Don f. [syn. Lochnera rosea (L.) Reichb.,<br />
Vinca rosea L.]<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
ENGLISH: churchyard blossum, go<strong>at</strong> rose, Madagascar periwinkle, old<br />
maid, old maid’s oleander, periwinkle, ram rose, rosy periwinkle,<br />
vinca periwinkle<br />
PORTUGUESE: boa noite, bom dia, maria-sem-vergonha<br />
SPANISH: isabelita, ojo de nocia, vinca<br />
USES/NOTES: Though very young leaves <strong>of</strong> this o<strong>the</strong>rwise toxic plant are<br />
edible, <strong>the</strong> rosy periwinkle is best known for <strong>the</strong> alkaloids<br />
vincristine and vinblastine used to tre<strong>at</strong> cancer including<br />
Hodgkin’s disease and childhood leukemia. Also widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed,<br />
along with rel<strong>at</strong>ed species, as an ornamental ground cover for its<br />
showy flowers, evergreen foliage, and hardy n<strong>at</strong>ure.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Madagascar, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in warm<br />
regions<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Berg 1984, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Nellis<br />
1994, Niembro Rocas 1993, Plotkin 1990, Rojer 1997, Voeks 1997,<br />
Wilson 1992<br />
Caulanthus glaucus S. W<strong>at</strong>son [syn. Streptanthus glaucus Jepson]<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: wild cabbage<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> plant as a vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nevada, Utah, and California<br />
REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cavanillesia pl<strong>at</strong>anifolia (Bonpl. in Humb. & Bonpl.) Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Bombacaceae (silk-cotton)<br />
SPANISH: cuipo, macondo<br />
USES/NOTES: Large seeds <strong>of</strong> this fast growing, huge tree are edible.<br />
Roots are a potable w<strong>at</strong>er source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America to nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Martin et al. 1987<br />
Cavanillesia umbell<strong>at</strong>a Ruiz & Pavón<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Bombacaceae (silk-cotton)<br />
SPANISH: árbol del tambor, lupuna bruja, pretino, puca lupuna<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible and a cooking oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South America<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Cavendishia adenophora Mansf.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
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SPANISH: quereme, quereme rosa, uvito<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruits reportedly are sold in markets <strong>of</strong> Cali,<br />
Colombia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia’s Cordillera Occidental<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1983<br />
Cavendishia bracte<strong>at</strong>a (Ruiz & Pavón ex J. St-Hil.) Hoerold [syn. C.<br />
cordifolia (Kunth) Hoerold]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
SPANISH: clavel georgino, flor de montaña, flor de niño, gualicón,<br />
shash, uvito, uva, uvo, uvo de anís<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico through Central America to Bolivia, widespread<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1983, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Cavendishia divaric<strong>at</strong>a A.C. Sm.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: uva, zanca de mula<br />
USES/NOTES: Large, sweet, abundant fruits are edible and with much<br />
commercial potential.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia’s Cordillera Occidental<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1983<br />
Cavendishia dulcis Luteyn<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are <strong>of</strong> good quality with commercial<br />
potential.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia’s Cordillera Occidental<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1983<br />
Cavendishia pubescens (Kunth) Hemsley<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: camarona, manzana, manzanito, quemadera, quereme, uva, uva de<br />
monte, uvito, uvito noble<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits reportedly are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Luteyn 1983, Luteyn 1996,<br />
Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Cavendishia tarapotana (Meissner) Benth. & Hook. var. gilgiana<br />
(Hoerold) Luteyn [syn. C. gilgiana Hoerold]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: espelma<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible, though not sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Border region <strong>of</strong> Andean Ecuador and Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994, Luteyn 1983, Luteyn 1996<br />
Cayaponia ruizii Cogn.<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
SPANISH: cagiwenca<br />
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USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Waorani <strong>of</strong> eastern Ecuador.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Davis and Yost 1983<br />
Ceanothus americanus L.<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: buckbrush, ceanothus, Indian tea, inland ceanothus, Jersey<br />
tea, New Jersey tea, mountain sweet, redroot, snowbrush, soapbloom,<br />
wild lilac, wild snowball<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to make a beverage or medicinal tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Texas to Quebec<br />
REFERENCES: Gibbons 1962, Godfrey 1988, Harrington 1967, Kindscher<br />
1987, Tull 1978, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ceanothus cune<strong>at</strong>us (Hook.) Nutt. in Torrey & A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: snowbrush, wild lilac<br />
SPANISH: bracillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970, Munz 1974<br />
Ceanothus fendlari A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: Fendler(‘s) buckbrush, Fendler(‘s) ceanothus<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea and fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967<br />
Ceanothus herbaceous Raf. [syn. C. ov<strong>at</strong>us auct. non Desf.]<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: New Jersey tea, smaller red-root<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Harrington 1967,<br />
Kartesz 1994<br />
Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: Oregon tea tree<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Munz and Keck 1959<br />
Ceanothus velutinus Douglas ex Hook.<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: sticky laurel, tobacco brush<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves may be used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North American plains<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967<br />
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Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol.<br />
FAMILY: Cecropiaceae (cecropia or tree-grape)<br />
SPANISH: chancarro, guaruma, guarumbo, guarumo, yarumo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en infrequently and are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Berg and Franco Rosselli 1993, Duke n.d., Ibarra-Manríquez<br />
et al. 1997, OAS 1973, Niembro Rocas 1993, Sousa and Cabrera 1983<br />
Cecropia palm<strong>at</strong>a Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Cecropiaceae (cecropia or tree-grape)<br />
ENGLISH: snakewood tree, trumpet tree, yarumo<br />
PORTUGUESE: imbaúba<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits, similar to common figs (Ficus carica), are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
fresh or in baked goods. Young buds also are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Kunkel 1984, Mowery et al. 1967,<br />
OAS 1973<br />
Cecropia pelt<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Cecropiaceae (cecropia or tree-grape)<br />
ENGLISH: congo pump, Indian snakewood, snakewood, trumpet tree,<br />
trumpetwood, wild pawpaw<br />
PORTUGUESE: ambaí, ambaíba, ambaitinga, amb<strong>at</strong>i, ambau, árvore-dapreguiça,<br />
ibaíba, ibaituga, imbaúba, pau-de-lixa, umbaúba<br />
SPANISH: eporro, guarumba, guarumo, nilauala, yarumo<br />
USES/NOTES: Buds occasionally are e<strong>at</strong>en as a po<strong>the</strong>rb or cooked<br />
vegetable, fruits can be e<strong>at</strong>en in moder<strong>at</strong>ion, pith is edible, and<br />
leaves are medicinal. Leaves <strong>of</strong> an unidentified Cecropia species,<br />
called congo pump, reportedly are used for tea in Guyana.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, now widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Johnston and<br />
Colquhoun 1996, OAS 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cecropia sciadophylla Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Cecropiaceae (cecropia or tree-grape)<br />
ENGLISH: cecropia<br />
PORTUGUESE: imbaúba-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, imbaúba-gigante, imbaúba-roxa, imbaúbavermelha<br />
SPANISH: cetico, guarumba, guarumo, purma cetico, yarumo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are appreci<strong>at</strong>ed in Amazonian Ecuador, roots are a<br />
potable w<strong>at</strong>er source, and leaf ashes are added to coca chew.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Davis and Yost 1983, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG<br />
n.d.<br />
Ceiba aesculifolia (Kunth) Britton & Baker [syn. Eriodendron<br />
aesculifolium (Kunth) DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Bombacaceae (silk-cotton)<br />
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SPANISH: ceibillo, pochote<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and fruit pulp are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted or boiled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico’s Yuc<strong>at</strong>án through Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Niembro<br />
Rocas 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Williams 1981<br />
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertner [syn. C. occidentalis (Spreng.)<br />
Burkill, Bombax pentandrum L., Eriodendron anfractuosum DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Bombacaceae (silk-cotton)<br />
ENGLISH: ceiba, kapok, kapok tree, silk cotton tree, silk cottonwood<br />
PORTUGUESE: kapok, paina, sumaúma, sumaúma-verdadeira, sumaumeira<br />
SPANISH: árbol capoc, barrigón, bonga, capoc, capoca, capoquero,<br />
ceiba, ceiba de lana, ceiba yuca, ceibo, ceibón, cumaca, habillo,<br />
huimba, idu, igarwala, jabillo, kapoc, kapok, lupona, lupona<br />
blanca, lupuna, lupuna blanca, miraguano, murules, palo santo,<br />
parana, pasayo, pochote, puto, saquisaqui, toborochi<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves <strong>of</strong> this massive rainforest canopy emergent<br />
species are edible, young fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked and mashed, and<br />
seeds from <strong>the</strong> ripe fruit pods contain an edible oil, which is also<br />
used in soaps and burned for illumin<strong>at</strong>ion. Large fruit pods contain<br />
kapok, a silky fiber used for insul<strong>at</strong>ion, to stuff m<strong>at</strong>tresses and<br />
life preservers, and to tie blowguns toge<strong>the</strong>r. Trunks occasionally<br />
are used for dugout canoes. In some regions, a wrap made from <strong>the</strong><br />
tree is placed around trunks <strong>of</strong> fruit trees to guard against leafe<strong>at</strong>ing<br />
ants. Ceiba pentandra is <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> kapok <strong>of</strong><br />
commerce, <strong>the</strong> n<strong>at</strong>ional tree <strong>of</strong> Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, and is an icon in <strong>the</strong><br />
humid tropics for its tremendous vertical reach (50m to 65m<br />
occasionally), huge spreading crown (to 45m in diameter), and<br />
massive buttresses. Considered sacred and <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> spirit world by<br />
some cultures, kapok trees are called “God trees” and “devil trees”<br />
in parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Caribbean and “jumbie trees” in parts <strong>of</strong> Guyana – a<br />
“jumbie” is a ghost-like spirit rooted in African traditions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Although nearly pan-tropical under favorable conditions<br />
today, exact diffusion mechanisms (n<strong>at</strong>ural and human) from probable<br />
Neotropical (perhaps Central American), though less likely African<br />
origin remain unclear<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
FUDENA n.d., Gómez-Beloz 2002, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Martin and Rubarté 1979, MBG n.d., OAS 1973, Silva<br />
et al. 1977<br />
Celastrus scandens L.<br />
FAMILY: Celastraceae (spindle tree)<br />
ENGLISH: American bittersweet, bittersweet, climbing bittersweet,<br />
false bittersweet, staff-vine, waxwork<br />
SPANISH: falsa dulcamara<br />
USES/NOTES: Bark, twigs, and cambium <strong>of</strong> this spreading deciduous vine<br />
were e<strong>at</strong>en in times <strong>of</strong> food scarcity. Today leafless bittersweet<br />
stems bearing brightly colored, persistent yellowish-red to<br />
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reddish-orange fruit are harvested in <strong>the</strong> fall for use in home<br />
decor<strong>at</strong>ions. The fruit and uncooked plant parts are poisonous.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: All U.S. st<strong>at</strong>es east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rockies except Florida and<br />
perhaps New Mexico and in sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada from Quebec to<br />
Sask<strong>at</strong>chewan and perhaps Alberta<br />
REFERENCES: Dillingham 1907, Fernald 1950, Moerman 1998, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Celtis ehrenbergiana (Klotzsch) Liebm. [syn. C. pallida Torrey, C.<br />
sellowiana Miq., C. spinosa var. pallida (Torrey) M.C. Johnston, C.<br />
tala Gillies ex Planchon, C. tala var. pallida (Torrey) Planchon]<br />
FAMILY: Celtidaceae (celtis) or Ulmaceae (elm)<br />
ENGLISH: desert hackberry, spiny desert hackberry, spiny hackberry<br />
SPANISH: acébuche, garab<strong>at</strong>o, granjeno, l<strong>at</strong>ón, s<strong>at</strong>ajche, tala<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are used in honey production and fruits are<br />
edible. Wood is used for fence posts.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Arizona, New Mexico, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida, and<br />
Texas through Mexico, Central America, and South America to<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Berg and Dahlberg 2001, FNAEC 1997, Leung 1961, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, Nee n.d., Romanczuk 1987, Usher 1974, von Reis Altschul<br />
and Lipp 1982, Wea<strong>the</strong>rford 1988, Zuloaga 1997<br />
Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. [syn. C. boliviensis Planchon, C.<br />
brasiliensis (Gardner) Planchon, C. morifolia Planchon, C.<br />
pubescens Spreng., C. spinosa Sprengel]<br />
FAMILY: Celtidaceae (celtis) or Ulmaceae (elm)<br />
ENGLISH: hackberry, iguana hackberry, snaky<br />
PORTUGUESE: cipó-farinha-seca, grapia<br />
SPANISH: azufaifo, barimiso, bejuco cagalero, bejuco espino del<br />
diablo, berraco, cagalera, cagalero, cali cali, cali cali casha,<br />
casha huasca, chichapí, gallito, gavilán, granjeiro, guacharaguero,<br />
guarab<strong>at</strong>o blanco, madroño, marimiso, maíz tostado, meloncito<br />
blanco, mogroño, palo blanco, raspador, rina de g<strong>at</strong>o, rompecaite,<br />
s<strong>at</strong>ajchi, s<strong>at</strong>asche, surrumbo, uña de g<strong>at</strong>o, urcu quiru<br />
USES/NOTES: M<strong>at</strong>ure fruits are edible, medicinal, and used in curare<br />
prepar<strong>at</strong>ions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, possibly to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida, though<br />
unconfirmed<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Berg and Dahlberg 2001, Boom 1989,<br />
Carauta 1974, d’Eeckenbrugge and Ferla 2000, Duke n.d., Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, FNAEC 1997, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Nee n.d.,<br />
UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Celtis laevig<strong>at</strong>a Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Celtidaceae (celtis) or Ulmaceae (elm)<br />
ENGLISH: hackberry, Mississippi hackberry, sou<strong>the</strong>rn hackberry,<br />
sugarberry<br />
SPANISH: l<strong>at</strong>ón, palo blanco<br />
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USES/NOTES: Small, orange to reddish-brown drupes are sweet, though<br />
with little pulp. Also, a potentially large, <strong>at</strong>tractive, deciduous<br />
shade tree.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. to Texas and nor<strong>the</strong>astern Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), Medsger 1939, Peterson 1977<br />
Celtis occidentalis L.<br />
FAMILY: Celtidaceae (celtis) or Ulmaceae (elm)<br />
ENGLISH: American hackberry, beaver wood, common hackberry, hackberry,<br />
nettle tree, sugarberry<br />
SPANISH: almez americano<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow or dark red to purple drupes are nibbled for <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
sweet, though scant pulp or are pounded, seeds and all, and used to<br />
flavor prepared foods.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central and eastern Canada and much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eastern<br />
and central U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Graves 1956, Harris<br />
1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Celtis reticul<strong>at</strong>a Torrey [syn. C. douglasii Planchon, C. laevig<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Willd. var. reticul<strong>at</strong>a (Torrey) L. Benson]<br />
FAMILY: Celtidaceae (celtis) or Ulmaceae (elm)<br />
ENGLISH: hackberry, netleaf hackberry, sugarberry<br />
SPANISH: palo blanco<br />
USES/NOTES: Small fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Kindscher 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Wea<strong>the</strong>rford 1988<br />
Celtis triflora (Klotzsch) Miq. [syn. C. glycycarpa Mart. ex Miq.]<br />
FAMILY: Celtidaceae (celtis) or Ulmaceae (elm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: grão-de-galho<br />
SPANISH: tala<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Argentina to Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Carauta 1974, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Centropogon cornutus (L.) Druce<br />
FAMILY: Campanulaceae (bellflower)<br />
PORTUGUESE: aninga, bico-de-papagaio, crista-de-peru<br />
SPANISH: gallo-cresta-rango<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled. Plant is also used as<br />
a fish poison.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Jeppesen 1981, UFA/NYBG n.d., Voeks<br />
1997<br />
Cerastium semidecandrum L.<br />
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FAMILY: Caryophyllaceae (pink)<br />
ENGLISH: mouse ear chickweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant is e<strong>at</strong>en as a po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, introduced in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Radford et al. 1968, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cer<strong>at</strong>onia siliqua L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: algarroba bean, carob, carob tree, locust bean, Saint John’s<br />
bread<br />
PORTUGUESE: alfarrobeira<br />
SPANISH: algarrobo, ervilla, arveja, arvejera, caroba, algarrobo<br />
europeo, algarroba<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pod is e<strong>at</strong>en or used more frequently as animal feed,<br />
pod’s gum is used as a food thickener, seeds are used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
and chocol<strong>at</strong>e substitute, and bean pulp is made into molasses. Also<br />
grown as an ornamental, medicinal, and for industrial applic<strong>at</strong>ions.<br />
From <strong>the</strong> Bible, <strong>the</strong>se are John <strong>the</strong> Baptist’s "husks th<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> swine<br />
did e<strong>at</strong>."<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean (perhaps Syria), introduced to <strong>the</strong><br />
U.S. and Mexico by Spanish missionaries by <strong>the</strong> mid-1800s<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1981, Mabberley 1987, Morton<br />
1987a, Rehm and Espig 1991, Soukup 1970, Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Usher 1974<br />
Cer<strong>at</strong>opteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn.<br />
FAMILY: Parkeriaceae (w<strong>at</strong>er fern)<br />
ENGLISH: w<strong>at</strong>er fern<br />
SPANISH: helecho de agua<br />
USES/NOTES: Young stem, leaf, and friut are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia to Japan<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher<br />
1973<br />
Cercis canadensis L. [syn. C. occidentalis Torrey & A. Gray] and<br />
several varieties including C. canadensis var. mexicana (Rose) M.<br />
Hopkins [syn. C. mexicana Rose]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: California redbud (C. occidentalis), eastern redbud, Judas<br />
tree, Mexican redbud (var. mexicana), redbud, western redbud (C.<br />
occidentalis)<br />
SPANISH: algarrobo loco, árbol de Judea, árbol del amor canadiense,<br />
ciclamor, duraznillo, durazno de madera<br />
USES/NOTES: Fl<strong>at</strong>, knife-shaped fruit pods are e<strong>at</strong>en raw (best when<br />
imm<strong>at</strong>ure), boiled, or sautéed; flowers are added to salads in<br />
Mexico or may be e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand as a snack; and flower buds may<br />
be e<strong>at</strong>en pickled. Flowers and pods taste somewh<strong>at</strong> like bean<br />
(Phaseolus vulgaris) and pea (Pisum s<strong>at</strong>ivum) cultivars and were<br />
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e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians throughout <strong>the</strong> plant’s range and by early<br />
European settlers in <strong>the</strong> eastern U.S. Small trees also are widely<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for <strong>the</strong>ir abundant, magenta to pink, spring flowers. The<br />
California redbud (C. occidentalis) has been tre<strong>at</strong>ed both as a<br />
distinct species and a synonym <strong>of</strong> C. canadensis. The name “Judas<br />
tree” refers more appropri<strong>at</strong>ely to a western Asian Cercis species,<br />
probably C. siliquastrum L. (árbol del amor in Spanish), from witch<br />
Judas is said to have hung himself.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America; var. mexicana from Texas and nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons<br />
and Tucker 1979, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Munz 1974, Nelson<br />
1994, Peterson 1977, Sternberg and Wilson 1995, Tull 1978, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Cereus columna-trajani Karw.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: higos de tetezo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Cereus hexagonus (L.) Miller<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: cacto columnar, ciergé pascal, pitajón, yaurero<br />
USES/NOTES: White to pinkish fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh. Widely<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its showy flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America and <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Martin<br />
et al. 1987<br />
Cereus jamacaru DC.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
PORTUGUESE: jamacaru, mandacaru, mandacaru-de-boi<br />
USES/NOTES: White pulp from <strong>the</strong> large, red fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, and<br />
stems are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable. Large plants also are planted for<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir showy, night-blooming white flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Abreu M<strong>at</strong>os n.d., Britton and Rose 1963, Pio Corrêa 1984<br />
Cereus margaritensis Johnston [syn. Subpilocereus margaritensis<br />
(Johnston) Backeb., S. russelianus (Otto) Backeb.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: cardón higo, yarero de Margarita<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Margarita Island, Venezuela perhaps to Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Cereus pernambucensis Lemaire [syn. C. variabilis Pfeiffer]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
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PORTUGUESE: jumbeba<br />
USES/NOTES: Reddish fruit’s white pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Brazil from north <strong>of</strong> Bahia south to Uruguay,<br />
inland perhaps to Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Cereus repandus (L.) Miller [syn. C. peruvianus Miller, Pilocereus<br />
repandus (L.) Schumann, Subpilocereus repandus (L.) Backeb.,<br />
Stenocereus peruvianus (Miller) Kiesling]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: apple cactus, hedge cactus, torch thistle<br />
PORTUGUESE: cacto, mandacaru, tuna, urumbeva<br />
SPANISH: pitahaya, cardón blanco, d<strong>at</strong>o blanco, yaurero<br />
USES/NOTES: Deep pink fruit is tasty. Also grown as an ornamental and<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies and nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America, widely<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Britton and Rose 1963, Hoyas<br />
1989, IBGE 1980, Mentz et al. 1997, Morton 1987a, W<strong>at</strong>kins and<br />
Sheehan 1975<br />
Ceroxylon echinul<strong>at</strong>um Galeano<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: Andean wax palm<br />
SPANISH: palma real, pumbo<br />
USES/NOTES: Boiled peduncles are added to salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and rarely western Andean slopes <strong>of</strong> Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Uhl and Dransfield 1987<br />
Cestrum nocturnum L.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: jasmine, lady-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-night, night jessamine<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked with tortillas. Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
for its fragrant flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> tropics and<br />
subtropics<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990,<br />
Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: flowering quince, Japanese quince, japonica<br />
PORTUGUESE: camélia, japoneira<br />
SPANISH: camelia japonesa, membrillero del Japón, membrillero japonés,<br />
membrillo japonés<br />
USES/NOTES: Hard, acid fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, de Gámez 1973, Houaiss 1982, Johns and<br />
Stevenson 1985, Pearce and Thieret 1991<br />
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Chaerophyllum bulbosum L.<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: parsnip chervil, tuberous chervil, turnip-rooted chervil<br />
PORTUGUESE: b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-baroa, b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-baronesa, cerefólio-de-raiz,<br />
cerefólio-tuberoso, mandiquinha-salsa<br />
USES/NOTES: Tuber is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980<br />
Chamaedorea costaricana Oersted<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: pacaya palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: camedórea-da-Costa-Rica<br />
SPANISH: pacaya, pacayita, tenera<br />
USES/NOTES: Young inflorescence is e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Mexico and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Hodel et al. 1995, Williams 1981<br />
Chamaedorea elegans Mart. [syn. Collinia elegans (Mart.) Liebm. ex<br />
Oersted] and C. graminifolia H. Wendl., C. pinn<strong>at</strong>ifrons (Jacq.)<br />
Oersted [syn. C. pacaya Oersted], C. sartorii Liebm., and C.<br />
seifrizii Burret [syn. C. erumpens H.E. Moore]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: bamboo palm (C. seifrizii), chapai (C. graminifolia), goodluck<br />
palm, monkey-tail pacaya, pacaya (C. pinn<strong>at</strong>ifrons), parlor<br />
palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: bimi (C. pinn<strong>at</strong>ifrons), camedórea-elegante (C. elegans),<br />
murumuru (C. pinn<strong>at</strong>ifrons), palmeirinha (C. pinn<strong>at</strong>ifrons), ubim (C.<br />
pinn<strong>at</strong>ifrons)<br />
SPANISH: cashipana (C. pinn<strong>at</strong>ifrons), ch<strong>at</strong>é, chontilla (C.<br />
pinn<strong>at</strong>ifrons), corozillo, hembra, j<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>illa (C. pinn<strong>at</strong>ifrons),<br />
molinillo (C. pinn<strong>at</strong>ifrons), nean<strong>the</strong> bella (C. elegans), pacaya,<br />
palmilla, San Pablo (C. pinn<strong>at</strong>ifrons), tepejilote (C. sartorii),<br />
tepejilotillo (C. pinn<strong>at</strong>ifrons), x<strong>at</strong>e, x<strong>at</strong>é, xi<strong>at</strong>, xia<strong>at</strong><br />
USES/NOTES: Unopened, slightly bitter inflorescence is e<strong>at</strong>en as a<br />
vegetable, raw, boiled, or fried. Astringent terminal bud and heart<br />
(or garrote in parts <strong>of</strong> Gu<strong>at</strong>emala) are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, boiled, or<br />
roasted. Flowers are edible. Leaves are used in <strong>the</strong> cut foliage<br />
trade for floral arrangements and holiday decor<strong>at</strong>ions, and are now<br />
included in sustainable development str<strong>at</strong>egies in parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
ranges. Small, shade-tolerant palms are widely grown as<br />
houseplants, especially C. elegans (generally solitary stem or<br />
colony-forming), C. seifrizii (multi-stemmed and colony-forming),<br />
and C. pinn<strong>at</strong>ifrons (solitary stem) to a lesser degree.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: C. elegans from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Belize, and Gu<strong>at</strong>emala,<br />
perhaps beyond; C. graminifolia from Atlantic side <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Mexico, Belize, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Costa Rica; C. pinn<strong>at</strong>ifrons<br />
from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil; C. sartorii has<br />
disjunct popul<strong>at</strong>ions, one in south-central Mexico, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r on <strong>the</strong><br />
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north coast <strong>of</strong> Honduras; C. seifrizii from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico,<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, Belize, and northwestern Honduras<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Balick et al. 2000, Graf 1974, Henderson et<br />
al. 1995, Hodel 1992, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Martin 1992, Nelson 1976, Niembro Rocas 1992, Perera 1993, Quero<br />
1994, Reining and Heinzman 1992, Tabora et al. 1993, UFA/NYBG n.d.,<br />
Williams 1981<br />
Chamaedorea tepejilote Liebm. [syn. C. wendlandiana (Oersted)<br />
Hemsley]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: pacaya palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: camedórea-pacaia<br />
SPANISH: boda, bola, caña verde, ch<strong>at</strong>é, hembra, nuru, pacaya,<br />
palmilla, palmito dulce, tepejilote, x<strong>at</strong>e, xi<strong>at</strong>, xia<strong>at</strong><br />
USES/NOTES: Unopened, slightly bitter inflorescence (called pacaya) is<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, raw, boiled, or fried, protein-rich terminal<br />
bud and heart (garrote in Gu<strong>at</strong>emala) are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, boiled, or<br />
roasted, and flowers are edible. Cut leaves are included in floral<br />
arrangements and holiday decor<strong>at</strong>ions. Small, shade-tolerant palms<br />
also are widely grown as houseplants, and are important in<br />
sustainable harvest str<strong>at</strong>egies in parts <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and<br />
Central America.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to northwestern Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Castillo Mont et al. 1994, Duke 1986,<br />
Henderson et al. 1995, Hodel et al. 1995, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung<br />
1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin 1992, Niembro Rocas 1992, Perera 1993,<br />
Reining and Heinzman 1992, Standley and Steyermark 1958, Williams<br />
1981<br />
Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. [syn. An<strong>the</strong>mis nobilis L.]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: camomile, camomille, chamomile, English chamomile, romaine,<br />
Roman chamomile<br />
PORTUGUESE: camomila, camomila-dos-alemães, camomila-nobre, camomilaromana,<br />
camomila-verdadeira, macela-dourada<br />
SPANISH: camamile, camomila, camomila de jardín, manzanilla,<br />
manzanilla común, manzanilla de castilla, manzanilla dulce,<br />
manzanilla romana<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are used for tea, in tonics, or as a flavoring<br />
agent, and contain oil used in cosmetics and liqueurs. Sprigs are<br />
used as a cooking herb. The plant is also used to flavor beer.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural<br />
1990, Guia Rural n.d., Hickman 1993, IBGE 1980, Jardim Botânico de<br />
Brasília 1990, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, Rehm and Espig 1991<br />
Chamaerops humilis L.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: dwarf fan palm, European fan palm, hair palm, palmetto<br />
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PORTUGUESE: palmeira-leque-da-Europa<br />
SPANISH: palmera enano, palmito europeo<br />
USES/NOTES: Though rarely e<strong>at</strong>en in <strong>the</strong> Americas, <strong>the</strong> fruit and heart<br />
<strong>of</strong> Europe’s only n<strong>at</strong>ive palm are edible, <strong>the</strong> l<strong>at</strong>ter reportedly <strong>of</strong><br />
good quality. Popular in <strong>the</strong> Americas as a cold-hardy, small<br />
landscape palm.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe and North Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Graf 1974, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Tabora et al. 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Chamaesarcha coronopus (Dunal) A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: false nightshade<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries have been e<strong>at</strong>en by Hopi and Navajo people in <strong>the</strong><br />
western U.S.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Munz 1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Chamissoa altissima (Jacq.) Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed)<br />
SPANISH: akw’aalil pal<strong>at</strong>s, bejuco pedorro<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are cooked as greens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical and subtropical America from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Breedlove 1986, Duke<br />
n.d.<br />
Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert [syn. M<strong>at</strong>ricaria chamomilla L., M.<br />
recutita L.]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: camomile, wild chamomile<br />
PORTUGUESE: camomila, m<strong>at</strong>ricária<br />
SPANISH: camomila<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Asia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Dillon 1981, Duke 1986, Facciola 1990,<br />
Guia Rural 1990, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Jardim Botânico de<br />
Brasília 1990, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977<br />
Cheiloclinium cogn<strong>at</strong>um (Miers) A.C. Sm. [syn. Salacia cogn<strong>at</strong>a (Miers)<br />
Peyr.]<br />
FAMILY: Celastraceae (spindle tree) or Hippocr<strong>at</strong>eaceae (dehiscent<br />
fruit)<br />
PORTUGUESE: uarutama<br />
USES/NOTES: Succulent, sweet pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Boom 1989, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante<br />
1991, Renner et al. 1990<br />
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Chelyocarpus ulei Dammer<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: chila, xila<br />
SPANISH: sacha aguajillo, sacha bombanaje, ushpa aguaje<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems are burned for vegetable salt.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia Peru just into adjacent Brazil, Colombia, and<br />
Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG<br />
n.d.<br />
Chemerion l<strong>at</strong>ifolium (L.) Holub [syn. Chamaenerion l<strong>at</strong>ifolium (L.)<br />
T.C.E. Fries & Lange]<br />
FAMILY: Onagraceae (evening primrose)<br />
ENGLISH: dwarf fireweed, river beauty<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves and shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked and m<strong>at</strong>ure leaves<br />
are used as tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker<br />
1979, Peterson 1977<br />
Chenopodium album L.<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: common lambsquarters, f<strong>at</strong>-hen, goosefoot, lamb’s quarters,<br />
lambsquarters, pigweed, white goosefoot<br />
PORTUGUESE: anserina-branca, quenopódio<br />
SPANISH: anserina, armuelle, cenizo, cenizo blanco, ceñiglo, quelite,<br />
quenopodio<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb and seeds are used as<br />
flour. Fruits are fed to chickens. Seeds were possibly an important<br />
food for early inhabitants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North America.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e North and South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1992, Ford 1984, Leung 1961,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Miller 1960, Rehm and Espig 1991, Smith 1984, Usher<br />
1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. [syn. C. ambrosioides L. var.<br />
an<strong>the</strong>lmiticus (L.) A. Gray, C. an<strong>the</strong>lminticum L., Teloxys<br />
ambrosioides (L.) Weber]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: American goosefoot, American wormseed, bitter weed, epazote,<br />
goosefoot, hedge mustard, Jerusalem parsley, Jerusalem tea, Mexican<br />
tea, skunkweed, Spanish tea, sweet pigweed, West Indian goosefoot,<br />
wormseed, wormweed<br />
PORTUGUESE: ambrósia, anserina-vermifuga, caacica, cravinho-do-m<strong>at</strong>o,<br />
erva-de-Santa-Maria, erva-formigueira, erva-santa, formigueira,<br />
herva-das-cobras, herva-das-lombrigas, herva-de-Santa-Maria, herva<br />
santa, herva vomiqueira, lombrigueira, mastruço, mastruz,<br />
menstruço, menstrusco, mentrusco, mentrusto, mentruz<br />
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SPANISH: amush, apasote, apazote, baíco, cam<strong>at</strong>ai, cashiva, cashua,<br />
epasote, epasote de comer, epasotle, epazote, hierba f<strong>at</strong>ua, hierba<br />
hormiguera, hormiguera, huac<strong>at</strong>ay, karé, lipasote, lukum, paicco,<br />
paico, páico, paico mocho, paiko, pasote, payco, payqu, pazoli,<br />
pazote, pazotl, pyco, qhishwa pimpinilla, té de España, té de<br />
México, té español, yerba de santa maría, yerba sagrada, yerba<br />
santa<br />
USES/NOTES: Young plant is used to add its unique pungent flavor to<br />
cooked foods in Ecuador and Mexico and medicinally elsewhere.<br />
Leaves are added to tamales and o<strong>the</strong>r foods in Mexico. Seeds are<br />
also edible. Leaf and root are used to comb<strong>at</strong> intestinal worms.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical and subtropical America, now widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969,<br />
Duke 1992, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Foster and Cordell 1992,<br />
Franquemont et al. 1990, FUDENA n.d., Joyal 1987, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Leung 1961, Mujica et al. 2001, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Price<br />
1990, Rehm and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, Soukup 1970,<br />
Usher 1974, von Reis Altschul 1973, von Reis Altschul and Lipp<br />
1982, Wiersema and León 1999<br />
Chenopodium berlandieri Moq.<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: bacon weed, chou grass, f<strong>at</strong>-hen, frostblite, goosefoot,<br />
Indian spinach, lamb’s quarters, lambsquarters, netseed<br />
lambsquarters, pigseed goosefoot, pigweed, pitseed goosefoot,<br />
poulette, sou<strong>the</strong>rn huauzontle, wild spinach<br />
SPANISH: bledo extranjero, chía roja, huauzontle<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked, and seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
dried and cooked or ground into meal. Seeds were possibly an<br />
important food for early inhabitants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North America.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Alaska<br />
REFERENCES: Bye 1993, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Heiser 1993,<br />
Kindscher 1987, León 1987, Miller 1960, N<strong>at</strong>ive Seeds/SEARCH 1991,<br />
Sauer 1993, Smith 1984<br />
Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. subsp. nuttalliae (Saff.) H.D. Wilson &<br />
Heiser [syn. C. nuttalliae Saff.]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: Nuttall’s goosefoot, sou<strong>the</strong>rn huauzontle<br />
SPANISH: bledo extranjero, huauthli, huazontle<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are a minor cereal grain and leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Heiser and Nelson 1974, Wiersema and León<br />
1999, Wilson and Heiser 1979<br />
Chenopodium botrys L.<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
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ENGLISH: ambrosia, fea<strong>the</strong>r geranium, Jerusalem oak, Jerusalem oak<br />
goosefoot<br />
PORTUGUESE: ambrósia-dos-boticas<br />
SPANISH: bien granada<br />
USES/NOTES: An arom<strong>at</strong>ic tea reportedly is made from <strong>the</strong> leaves. Also<br />
reported to be poisonous to animals.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe to western Asia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995,<br />
Kunkel 1984, Wiersema and León 1999<br />
Chenopodium capit<strong>at</strong>um (L.) Asch. [syn. Blitum capit<strong>at</strong>um L.]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: beetberry, blite goosefoot, Indian-paint, strawberry blite,<br />
strawberry spinach<br />
SPANISH: bledo<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and young shoots are used toge<strong>the</strong>r as a po<strong>the</strong>rb,<br />
fleshy fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or raw, and seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Chenopodium carnosulum Moq.<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: ridged goosefoot<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central U.S. through Mexico, Central America, and<br />
<strong>the</strong> Andes to Argentina and Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Marticorena and Quezada 1985,<br />
Mujica et al. 2001<br />
Chenopodium fremontii S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: chenopodium, desert lambsquarters, Fremont’s goosefoot<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are ground into meal and <strong>the</strong> plant is used as a<br />
po<strong>the</strong>rb or salad green.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from nor<strong>the</strong>rn Baja California to<br />
western Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Hickman 1993, Munz 1974, Moerman 1998,<br />
Wiggins 1980, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Chenopodium hircinum Schrad.<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: avian goosefoot<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and leaves <strong>of</strong> this wild progenitor <strong>of</strong> common quioa<br />
(C. quinoa) are edible.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: South America from Brazil to Ecuador and south, perhaps<br />
having evolved in nor<strong>the</strong>rn Andean Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Mujica et al. 2001, Wiersema and León 1999, Wilson and<br />
Heiser 1979<br />
Chenopodium incanum (S. W<strong>at</strong>son) Heller<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: chenopodium, mealy goosefoot<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are ground into meal and <strong>the</strong> plant is used as a<br />
po<strong>the</strong>rb or salad green.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and southwestern U.S. to South Dakota<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Harrington 1967, Munz 1974<br />
Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: chenopodium, narrow-leaf goosefoot, narrow-leaf lambsquarters<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are ground into meal and <strong>the</strong> plant is used as a<br />
po<strong>the</strong>rb or salad green.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from Mexico to British Columbia<br />
REFERENCES: Dorn 1984, Harrington 1967, Moerman 1998, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Chenopodium murale L.<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: Australian spinach, green f<strong>at</strong>-hen, lamb’s quarters, netleaf<br />
goosefoot, nettle-leaved goosefoot, salt greens, sowbane, wall<br />
goosefoot<br />
PORTUGUESE: pé-de-ganso<br />
SPANISH: pie de ganso, quinoa negra<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible parched and ground and <strong>the</strong> plant is used<br />
as a po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps Old World, perhaps South America’s<br />
Pacific coast, now cosmopolitan<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola<br />
1990, Wiersema and León 1999, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen [syn. C. canihua Cook]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: canihua, kaniwa<br />
SPANISH: aara, ahara hupa, ajara, ayara, cañagua, canahua, cañahua,<br />
cañigua, cañihua, cañiwa, cuchi-quinoa, iswalla hupa, kañagua,<br />
kañahua, kañawa, kañiwa, qañawi, quinua silvestre, quitacañigua<br />
USES/NOTES: Protein-rich seeds are toasted <strong>the</strong>n mixed with a variety<br />
<strong>of</strong> solid and liquid foodstuffs. Plant is tolerant <strong>of</strong> cold, drought,<br />
saline soils, and pests.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Bolivia and Peru<br />
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REFERENCES: Bonuccelli 1989, Cárdenas 1969, Gade 1970, Heiser 1979a,<br />
Heiser and Nelson 1974, Hunziker 1943, Macbride 1937, Mujica et al.<br />
2001, NRC 1989, Risi and Galwey 1984, Sauer 1993<br />
Chenopodium petiolare Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
SPANISH: llipocha<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled in <strong>the</strong> Vilconaota Valey <strong>of</strong><br />
Peru.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Highlands <strong>of</strong> Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Chile<br />
and Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Gade 1975, López 2000, Marticorena and Quezada 1985<br />
Chenopodium quinoa Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: Inca rice, kinoa, Peruvian rice, petty rice, quinoa, quinua,<br />
sweet quinoa, white quinoa<br />
PORTUGUESE: arroz-miúdo-do-Peru, espinafre-do-Peru, quinoa<br />
SPANISH: arrocillo, arroz del Perú, cañahua, candonga, dahué (whiteseeded<br />
variety), guanache (white-seeded variety), guañaschi (whiteseeded<br />
variety), huazontle, kinoa, quínia, quinoa, quínoa, quinua,<br />
quinua dulce, quinqua, suba, supha, trigo Inca, trigrillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds, rich in lysine and o<strong>the</strong>r amino acids, have been an<br />
important grain in <strong>the</strong> Andes for up to 5,000 years. They are <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
prepared with pot<strong>at</strong>oes and capsicum peppers in soup called quinoa<br />
uchu, or consumed toasted, brewed into beer, or mixed with milk or<br />
cheese. Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en like common spinach (Spinacia oleracea) or<br />
used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb. Stems are burned to a lime-rich ash for use in<br />
coca chew. Attempts to revitalize this traditional crop have been<br />
under way for some time.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: C. quinoa’s likely progenitor, C. hircinum Schrad.<br />
(avian goosefoot), may be from nor<strong>the</strong>rn Andean Argentina, but<br />
domestic<strong>at</strong>ion must have occurred in <strong>the</strong> Peruvian and/or Bolivian<br />
Andes, probably near Lake Titicaca, but had diffused to sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Ecuador and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Chile by <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Spanish encounter<br />
REFERENCES: Bruno and Whitehead 2003, Heiser 1979a, Heiser and Nelson<br />
1974, Joyal 1987, Lobb 1993, McCamant 1992, Mujica et al. 2001, NRC<br />
1975, NRC 1989, OAS 1973, Risi and Galwey 1984, Sauer 1993, Smith<br />
1994, Soukup 1970, Wilson 1988, Zimmerer 1992<br />
Chenopodium quinoa Willd. var. melanospermum Hunziker<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: black quinoa, wild quinoa<br />
SPANISH: ashpa quinoa, ayaras, quinoa ayara, quinoa negra<br />
USES/NOTES: This weedy rel<strong>at</strong>ive <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> domestic<strong>at</strong>ed quinoa (C. quinoa)<br />
was grown along side its emerging domestic<strong>at</strong>e in antiquity. The<br />
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seeds, though smaller and dark, and leaves presumably were e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
along with <strong>the</strong> gastronomically superior quinoa.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Andes<br />
REFERENCES: Bruno and Whitehead 2003, Foster 1958, Heiser and Nelson<br />
1974, Mujica et al. 2001<br />
Chenopodium simplex (Torrey) Raf. [syn. C. gigantospermum Aellen]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: giant-seed goosefoot, large-seed goosefoot, mapleleaf<br />
goosefoot, tree spinach<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb or in salads and large seeds<br />
may be ground into an edible meal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: U.S. and Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Martin and Hutchins 1980,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Chenopodium urbicum L.<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: city goosefoot, upright goosefoot<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are used like spinach (Spinacia oleracea).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: north temper<strong>at</strong>e regions, perhaps Europe, n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Marticorena and Quezada 1985<br />
Chimaphila macul<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: spotted wintergreen<br />
SPANISH: encinilla, hierba de madroño, hierba del hígado<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant contains a fermenting agent used to make <strong>the</strong><br />
alcoholic beverage tesgüino in Mexico. Leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S., Mexico, and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Fernald et al. 1958, Luteyn<br />
1995, Molina 1975, Steinkraus 1983<br />
Chimaphila umbell<strong>at</strong>a (L.) W. Barton<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: pipsissewa, prince’s pine<br />
SPANISH: encinilla, hierba de madroño, hierba del hígado<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea or as a flavoring agent. Plant is<br />
used medicinally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, possibly to North America<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Fernald et<br />
al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Kirk 1970, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Morton 1976a, Steinkraus 1983<br />
Chiococca alba (L.) A. Hitchc.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: David’s root, snowberry<br />
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SPANISH: lágrimas de maría, puut’ ts’aah<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, white drupes are e<strong>at</strong>en as a snack, or used to tre<strong>at</strong><br />
snake bites. Also, small tree is grown as an ornamental for its<br />
unusual display <strong>of</strong> white fruit clusters.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to south Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Duke 1986,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Taylor 1998<br />
Chionanthus virginicus L.<br />
FAMILY: Oleaceae (lilac or olive)<br />
ENGLISH: flowering ash, fringe flower, fringe tree, grandsie-graybeard,<br />
greybeard, old man’s beard, snowdrop tree, white fringe tree<br />
USES/NOTES: Egg-shaped, one to two cm long, dark blue/purple fruits<br />
can be e<strong>at</strong>en like common olives (Olea europaea) pickled in vinegar<br />
or apple cider. They are, however quite astringent. Grown today for<br />
its showy, hanging, fragrant flowers and dark green deciduous<br />
foliage. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from central Florida to New Jersey, eastern<br />
Texas, and Ohio<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Harris 1972, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Kunkel 1984, Moerman 1998, Nelson 1994, PFAF n.d., W<strong>at</strong>kins and<br />
Sheehan 1975<br />
Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: amole, soap plant, wild pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers and young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Young leaves are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en raw.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Munz 1974<br />
Chondodendron pl<strong>at</strong>yphyllum Miers<br />
FAMILY: Menispermaceae (moonseed)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abutua, abutua legítima, abutua preta, abutua verdadeira,<br />
baga-da-praia, buta, butua, jaboticaba-de-cipó, jabuticaba-de-cipó,<br />
jabutocabeira-de-cipó, orelha-de-onça, parreira-brava, uva-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Vine’s red fruit pulp, similar to a grape (Vitis spp.) or<br />
a jaboticaba (Myrciaria spp.), is said to be edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Chondrodendron tomentosum Ruiz & Pavón<br />
FAMILY: Menispermaceae (moonseed)<br />
ENGLISH: curare, pareira root<br />
PORTUGUESE: curare, pareira-brava<br />
SPANISH: ampihuasca, curaré<br />
USES/NOTES: Martin et al. claim th<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> fruit pulp <strong>of</strong> this liana is<br />
edible. More important, however, roots are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong><br />
Dtubocurarine, a muscle relaxant used in surgery and curare, a<br />
poison concoction generally including ingredients from several<br />
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species, for arrows and darts. Wild C. tomentosum remains <strong>the</strong> sole<br />
source <strong>of</strong> D-tubocurarine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Davis 1996, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Hyam and Pankhurst<br />
1995, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1977, Myers 1992,<br />
Phillips 1991<br />
Chromolaena collina (DC.) R.M. King & H. Robinson [syn. Eup<strong>at</strong>orium<br />
collinum DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
SPANISH: yerba de ángel<br />
USES/NOTES: Used as a hops (Humulus lupulus) substitute in beer.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Berendsohn and Araniva de González 1989b, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Chrysan<strong>the</strong>mum coronarium L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: crown daisy<br />
USES/NOTES: Young stems and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a cooked vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990<br />
Chrysan<strong>the</strong>mum segetum L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: corndaisy, corn marigold<br />
PORTUGUESE: crisântemo<br />
SPANISH: espinaca China<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1992, Leung 1961, Zeven and Zhukovsky 1975<br />
Chrysobalanus icaco L.<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
ENGLISH: cocoplum, f<strong>at</strong>pork, icaque, kulimiro, Spanish nectarine,<br />
zicaque<br />
PORTUGUESE: abajeru, agiru, ajiru, ajuru, ariu, guajiru, guajuru,<br />
uajuru<br />
SPANISH: ciruela de América, hicaco, hicaco de costa, icacillo, icaco,<br />
icaco dulce, icaco negro, icaco rosado, icaquero, jicaco, uichup,<br />
xicaco<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark purple drupes, one to four cm long, are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong><br />
hand, preserved, or stewed, and <strong>the</strong>ir seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Humid Neotropics from Mexico and South Florida through<br />
Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Duke<br />
1986, IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987, Nelson 1994,<br />
Omawale 1973, Prance 1972a, Silva et al. 1977, Will 1991<br />
Chrysolepis chrysophylla (Douglas ex Hook.) Hjelmquist [syn.<br />
Castanopsis chrysophylla (Douglas ex Hook.) A.DC.]<br />
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FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: giant chinkapin, giant chinquapin, golden chinkapin, golden<br />
chinquapin, giant golden chinkapin, giant golden chinquapin<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, hard-shelled, sweet nuts were esteemed by<br />
Amerindians from nor<strong>the</strong>rn California to Washington.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central California through Oregon, and Washington west<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sierras<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Medsger 1939, Smith 1976<br />
Chrysolepis sempervirens (Kellogg) Hjelmquist<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: bush chinquapin, bush golden chinquapin, sierra chinkapin,<br />
sierra chinquapin<br />
USES/NOTES: Nuts are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California through southwestern Oregon<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Medsger 1939,<br />
Smith 1976<br />
Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq. subsp. argenteum [syn. C. glabrum<br />
Jacq., C. microcarpum Sw.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: milky iron, smooth star apple, wild kaimit, wild star apple<br />
FRENCH: boui, caimitier bois, peti bouis, petit caimitier bois, petite<br />
caimite<br />
SPANISH: caimitillo, caimito, caimito cocuyo, caimito dulce, caimito<br />
largo, caimito lechero, caimito morado, caimito negro, caimito<br />
verde, guajirote de agua, lechecillo, macanabo, macauabo, veru<br />
caimito<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Antilles and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Fouqué 1973, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington<br />
1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq. subsp. aur<strong>at</strong>um (Miq.) Penn. [syn. C.<br />
aur<strong>at</strong>um Miq. in Mart., C. sericeum A. DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: small bullet wood, sururuburuen, wild star apple<br />
PORTUGUESE: maçaranduba, maparajuba, rozada braba<br />
SPANISH: caimitillo, caimito, caimito dulce, caimito largo, caimito<br />
lechero, caimito morado, caimito negro, guajotire de agua,<br />
guanavanillo, majagua negra, níspero caimito, pauhui montañero,<br />
verraco<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guianas and Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil,<br />
and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990<br />
Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq. subsp. ferrugineum (Ruiz & Pavón) Penn.<br />
[syn. C. ferrugineum (Ruiz & Pavón) Steudel, C. pavonii Cronq.,<br />
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Cynodendron ferrugineum (Ruiz & Pavón) Bernardi, Nycterisition<br />
ferrugineum Ruiz & Pavón]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: barbasco caspi, caimitillo, caimito, chacalema, chirinumi,<br />
masaranduvilla, palo barbasco, quinilla, yaso<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian slopes <strong>of</strong> Andean Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington 1990<br />
Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq. subsp. panamense (Pittier) Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: wild star apple<br />
SPANISH: caimito, caimito morado, caimo de monte, caimo liso de monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are sweet, though rich in l<strong>at</strong>ex.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica, Panama, western Colombia, and western<br />
Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Chrysophyllum bombycinum Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana-da-folha-grande, coquirana<br />
SPANISH: bal<strong>at</strong>illo, caimitillo-hoja-grande<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Chrysophyllum cainito L. [syn. C. bicolor (Poiret) Baehni, C.<br />
monopyrenum Sw.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: caimit, caimite, caimito, cainit, cainito, damsel, golden<br />
leaf, green-skinned star apple, kaimit, purple star apple, star<br />
apple, star-plum, white-skinned star apple<br />
FRENCH: abiaba, buis, caimite, caïnite, macoucou, pied caimite or<br />
caimitier a feuilles d’or, pomme étoilée, pomme de lait, pomme<br />
surette<br />
PORTUGUESE: ajara, camiquié, caimitier, caimiteiro, cainito, camitié<br />
SPANISH: ablaca, aguay, caimillo, caimitero, caimito, caimito<br />
maduraverde, caimo, caimo morado, cauje, estrella, guayabillo,<br />
maduraverde, murucuja, olivoa, sapotillo<br />
SURINAMESE: apra, goudblad boom, sterappel<br />
USES/NOTES: Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed fruits are sweet and much appreci<strong>at</strong>ed,<br />
but produce a sticky, glue-like l<strong>at</strong>ex when very ripe. Horizontally<br />
cut fruit exposes a star p<strong>at</strong>tern on <strong>the</strong> cut surface. Wood is good<br />
for lumber.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gre<strong>at</strong>er Antilles, widely introduced and cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute 1974,<br />
Cavalcante 1991, Foster and Cordell 1992, Fouqué 1973, Morton<br />
1987a, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Pennington 1990, Popenoe 1974<br />
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Chrysophyllum cuneifolium (Rudge) A. DC. in DC. [syn. Ecclinusa<br />
cuneifolia (Rudge) Aubrév. nomen illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
FRENCH: bal<strong>at</strong>a poire, cou<strong>at</strong>a beauly, kw<strong>at</strong>a bobi, oulapele, quilapele,<br />
wilapele, zolive<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonian Brazil to French Guiana and Surinam<br />
REFERENCES: Fouqué 1973, Pennington 1990<br />
Chrysophyllum eximium Ducke [syn. C. rufocupreum Ducke]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is said to be edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Amazonian Brazil to Surinam<br />
REFERENCES: Fouqué 1973, Pennington 1990<br />
Chrysophyllum gonocarpum (Mart. & Eichler) Engl. [syn. C.<br />
lucumifolium Griseb.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: aguaí, aguaí da serra, aguaí guazu, bapeba, baulia de<br />
onça, cutite branco, gu<strong>at</strong>ambu<br />
SPANISH: aguaí, aguaí blanco, aguaja, bvoi’i, gu<strong>at</strong>ambu<br />
USES/NOTES: Marketed fruits are made into sweets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>ast Brazil (Ceará) to Paraguay, nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Argentina, Uruguay, and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Chrysophyllum lucentifolium subsp. pachycarpum Pires & Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiu, abiu branco, cariuba, guajara<br />
SPANISH: aguai, almendra, cajure, caimito, canoche, capure, capurillo,<br />
chaparo manteco, chupón, palo manteco<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Panama, Colombia, western Ecuador and Peru, Venezuela,<br />
and Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Pennington 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Chrysophyllum macoucou Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
FRENCH: caimitier macoucou, macoucou, z’olivo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: French Guiana and perhaps Guyana<br />
REFERENCES: Fouqué 1973, Pennington 1990<br />
Chrysophyllum manaosense (Aubrév.) Penn. [syn. Prieurella manaosense<br />
Aubrév.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: caimitillo, quinilla, sacha caimito<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia to Surinam<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington 1990<br />
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Chrysophyllum mexicanum Brandegee in Standley<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: chike, damsel, siciya, wild cocoplum, wild star apple<br />
SPANISH: caimitillo, caimito, caimito cimarrón, camitillo, cimarrón,<br />
palo de muerto, pisouabite, siguiya, sikiya, siquilla, thiiw<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en mostly by children.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mexico to Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Martin et al. 1987, Mutchnick and McCarthy<br />
1997, Pennington 1990<br />
Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. subsp. oliviforme [syn. C. cainito L.<br />
var. b, C. monopyrenum Sw. var. microphyllum (Jacq.) Miq. in Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: damson-plum, olive plum, s<strong>at</strong>in leaf, star apple, tuko, wild<br />
star apple<br />
FRENCH: petite caïmite<br />
SPANISH: caimitillo, caimito, eslo, pipa, teta de burra<br />
USES/NOTES: Small fruits, similar in appearance to olives (Olea<br />
europaea), are sweet and make good preserves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Bahamas, Gre<strong>at</strong>er Antilles, and South Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute 1974, Facciola<br />
1990, Fouqué 1973, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1977,<br />
Nelson 1994, OAS 1973, Pennington 1990<br />
Chrysophyllum peruvianum Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: caimitillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Chrysophyllum pomiferum (Eyma) Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: haimara-kushi, limonabali, paripiballi<br />
FRENCH: bal<strong>at</strong>a jaune d’oeuf<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana<br />
SPANISH: capurillo, felipe pena, punte, purguillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruit is similar to C. cainito, and l<strong>at</strong>ex is added<br />
to chicle in places.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Venezuela, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, Amazonian Brazil, and<br />
Amazonian Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Pennington 1990<br />
Chrysophyllum prieurii A. DC. [syn. Ecclinusa prieurii (A. DC.)<br />
Aubrév.,]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
FRENCH: bal<strong>at</strong>a jaune d’oeuf, bal<strong>at</strong>a poirier, jaune d’oeuf a grandes<br />
feuilles, malobi, pepe boiti, pepe poirer, talakama, zolive<br />
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PORTUGUESE: abiu, abiurana, abiurana-maçaranduba, abiurana-vermelha,<br />
castanha vermelha, maçarandubarana, massaranduba<br />
SPANISH: bolaquiro, caimitillo negro, carana, coto quinilla, cuyuri,<br />
nuoma, palo de cuyure, quinilla colorada, renaco<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, Venezuela, Amazonian<br />
Peru, Colombia, and Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Fouqué 1973, Pennington 1990, Silva<br />
et al. 1977<br />
Chrysophyllum revolutum Mart. & Eichler in Miq.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: ahuashi yacu, shaina<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible, though insipid.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: San Martín, Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum (Pierre) Baehni subsp. bal<strong>at</strong>a (Ducke)<br />
Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana, bal<strong>at</strong>a, bal<strong>at</strong>a-braba, bal<strong>at</strong>a-branca, bal<strong>at</strong>aucuquirana,<br />
coquirana, coquirana-braba, coquirana-da-ca<strong>at</strong>inga,<br />
coquirana-dorada, coquirana-folha-grande, coquirana-mollenita,<br />
coquirana-visguenta, irana<br />
SPANISH: bal<strong>at</strong>a blanca, mar<strong>at</strong>, ocuquirana, saunan-yek, ucuquirana,<br />
ucuquirana brava, ucuquirana de altura, ucuquirana de selva baja,<br />
ucuquirana de tierra firme<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. L<strong>at</strong>ex is a bal<strong>at</strong>a source, used to make<br />
figurines and industrial compounds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia and Peru, central Amazonian Brazil,<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, and Guyana<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum (Pierre) Baehni subsp. sanguinolentum<br />
[syn. Ecclinusa sanguinolenta Engl.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: bal<strong>at</strong>a-balli, bal<strong>at</strong>a pomme, bar<strong>at</strong>aballi, bartaballi<br />
FRENCH: bal<strong>at</strong>a singe rouge, mama doosou, suitiamini<br />
SPANISH: bal<strong>at</strong>a sapotina, moyeja<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela and <strong>the</strong> Guianas to Amapá, Brazil, and<br />
Amazonian Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum (Pierre) Baehni subsp. spurium (Ducke)<br />
Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiu, bal<strong>at</strong>a-braba, bal<strong>at</strong>a-rana, bal<strong>at</strong>a-ucuquirana,<br />
cajurana-coquirana, coquirana-braba, coquirana-brava, coquiranaverde,<br />
ucuquirana, ucuquirana-brava<br />
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SPANISH: bal<strong>at</strong>a, bal<strong>at</strong>a sapotina, ka-he-pa, moyeja, moyera,<br />
paloyancha, temare, temare montañero<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. L<strong>at</strong>ex is a bal<strong>at</strong>a source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington 1990<br />
Chrysophyllum scalare Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Chrysophyllum sparsiflorum Klotzsch ex Miq. in Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiu grosalia, abiu ucuuba, mangabarana<br />
SPANISH: pascualito<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia and Brazil through Guyana and<br />
Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Balée and Gély 1989, Pennington 1990,<br />
Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Chrysophyllum venezuelanense (Pierre) Penn. [syn. C. excelsum Huber,<br />
Cornuella venezuelanensis Pierre]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: sebul, wild zapote<br />
FRENCH: zolive<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiu-bravo, guajara, guajará, sorva-do-Peru<br />
SPANISH: caimitillo, canistel de montaña, chicozapote del monte,<br />
chupón negro, chupón risa, jaguilla, magaranduva, m<strong>at</strong>asano, nupi,<br />
palo de sobo, plátano, sapote apestoso, sapote de monte, sapotilla,<br />
sh<strong>at</strong>o, taco, tapaón, trompillo de montana, zapote de chango, zapote<br />
de mico<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit pulp is edible, though can be insipid.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico through Central America, Colombia,<br />
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, and French Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1983, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Ibarra-Manríquez<br />
et al. 1997, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990<br />
Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pallas ex Pursh) Britton<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: rabbit brush, rubber rabbit-brush<br />
USES/NOTES: L<strong>at</strong>ex was chewed by Amerindians. Also a possible rubber<br />
source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern California and Nevada to New Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. [may include C. confinis E.<br />
Greene]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
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ENGLISH: Douglas rabbit-brush, green rabbit-brush, rabbit brush,<br />
yellow rabbit-brush<br />
USES/NOTES: L<strong>at</strong>ex from <strong>the</strong> root has been used as chewing gum and<br />
salted flower buds have been e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians in New Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from sou<strong>the</strong>rn British Columbia<br />
through California, Montana and New Mexico to Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Moerman 1998, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Cicer arietinum L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Bengal gram, chickpea, dove’s dung, garbanzo bean, Indian<br />
pea, sparrow’s dung, yellow-gram<br />
PORTUGUESE: chicaro, ervanço, grão-de-bico, homos<br />
SPANISH: garbanza, garbanzo, gravancos<br />
USES/NOTES: Protein-rich, yellowish seeds, young sprouts, leaves, and<br />
pods are widely e<strong>at</strong>en. Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en whole, made into flour, and<br />
mashed. Roasted roots are used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute. The plant is<br />
also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean, <strong>the</strong> Caucasus, or <strong>the</strong> Himalayas<br />
REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Duke 1981, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE<br />
1980, Kay 1979, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Singh and Singh 1992,<br />
Smartt 1976, Wiersema et al. 1990<br />
Cichorium endivia L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: endive, escarole<br />
PORTUGUESE: almeirão, chicória, escarola<br />
SPANISH: achicoria, achicoria de rizada, endibia, endivia, escarola<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are added to salads or used as a<br />
vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, possibly sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe, India, Egypt, or<br />
China<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Leung<br />
1961, Mabberley 1987, Ruberté 1984, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974,<br />
Van Feu n.d.<br />
Cichorium intybus L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: Belgian endive, blue sailors, chiccory, chicory, radicchio<br />
(red-leaf variety), succory, wild chicory, wild endive, wild<br />
succory, witlo<strong>of</strong><br />
PORTUGUESE: almeirão, almeirão-selvagem, almeirão-silvestre,<br />
c<strong>at</strong>alônha, c<strong>at</strong>alônia, chicória-amarga, chicória-selvagem,<br />
escarola, radite<br />
SPANISH: achicoria, achicoria amarga, achicoria de bruselas,<br />
achicoria silvestre, almirón, amargón, ambubeya, barbaja,<br />
camaroja, camarroya, chicoria, endivia, hierba de café, xicoria<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted or ground and used like c<strong>of</strong>fee,<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten blended with c<strong>of</strong>fee, and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en uncooked in<br />
salads or cooked as a vegetable.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe or <strong>the</strong> Middle East, widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
and n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1992, Guia Rural 1990, Harris<br />
1972, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Prance and<br />
Balick 1990, Schneider 1987, Sokolov 1991, Usher 1974<br />
Cinchona calisaya Wedd. [also C. ledgeriana Bern. Moens, C.<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficinalis L., C. pubescens Vahl (syn. C. cordifolia Mutis, C.<br />
succirubra Pavón ex Klotzsch)]<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: cinchona, crown bark (C. <strong>of</strong>ficinalis), loxa bark (C.<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficinalis), quinine, red cinchona (C. pubescens), yellow bark<br />
PORTUGUESE: cinchona, quina, quina-morada (C. pubescens), quinina,<br />
quinino<br />
SPANISH: calisaya, capirona del bajo, cascarilla, cascarilla<br />
amarilla, cinchona, costrona fina, loja, quina, quina roja,<br />
quinquina<br />
USES/NOTES: Bark (called cinchona bark) contains <strong>the</strong> alkaloid<br />
quinine used medicinally to tre<strong>at</strong> malaria, or to flavor beverages<br />
like tonic w<strong>at</strong>er, bitters, ice cream, and baked goods. C.<br />
calisaya is <strong>the</strong> principal commercial quinine source today, while<br />
C. pubescens was <strong>the</strong> first such source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: C. calisaya and C. <strong>of</strong>ficinalis from montane forests<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eastern tropical Andes (Colombia to Peru), some o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
species range into Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Brücher 1989, Cárdenas 1969,<br />
Facciola 1990, Hobhouse 1986, Houaiss 1982, Joyal 1987, Mabberley<br />
1987, OAS 1973, Purseglove 1968<br />
Cinnamomum verum J. Presl [syn. C. zeylanicum Nees, Laurus<br />
cinnamomum L.]<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
ENGLISH: Ceylon cinnamon, cinnamon, spice<br />
PORTUGUESE: canela, canela-da-Índia, canela-de-cheiro, canela-do-<br />
Ceilão, canela-verdadeira, cinamomo<br />
SPANISH: alcanfor, canela, canelo, canelo de Ceilán<br />
USES/NOTES: Bark is <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> commercial cinnamon spice,<br />
arom<strong>at</strong>ic oil is used as a flavoring agent and in incense and<br />
perfumes, and leaves are used as a spice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Humid lowlands <strong>of</strong> southwestern India or Sri Lanka<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Carneiro Martins 1989, Duke 1986,<br />
Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Ilyas 1978, Oldfield<br />
1981, Omawale 1973<br />
Cirsium drummondii Torrey & A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: Drummond’s thistle, dwarf thistle<br />
SPANSIH: thistle enano<br />
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USES/NOTES: Young leaves are used in salads, m<strong>at</strong>ure leaves are used<br />
for tea, and cooked roots, cooked stalks, fruits, and prickly<br />
flowers (thistles) are edible. Once a food source <strong>of</strong> Amerindians<br />
and early American settlers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, USDA-NRCS 2004, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Cirsium edule Nutt. [syn. Carduus edulis (Nutt.) E. Greene]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: edible thistle, Indian thistle<br />
SPANSIH: thistle comestible<br />
USES/NOTES: The Cheyenne and o<strong>the</strong>r Amerindians peeled and <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong><br />
s<strong>of</strong>t, sweet stems. Roots and young shoots are also edibe.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern U.S., western Canada, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Alaska<br />
REFERENCES: Saunders 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Cirsium horridulum Michaux<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: bull thistle, purple thistle, spiny thistle, yellow<br />
thistle<br />
SPANISH: thistle amarillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as salad greens or cooked vegetables.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. from <strong>Maine</strong> to Texas and<br />
into Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Cronquist 1980, Tull 1978<br />
Cirsium ochocentrum Gray<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: yellow-spined thistle<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems and roots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Munz 1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cirsium pallidum Wooton & Standley<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: pale thistle<br />
SPANSIH: thistle pálido<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians have e<strong>at</strong>en <strong>the</strong> seeds cooked or made into<br />
flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: New Mexico and Colorado<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, USDA-NRCS 2004<br />
Cirsium texanum Buckley<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: Texas thistle<br />
SPANSIH: thistle de Texas<br />
USES/NOTES: Greens are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads or as a cooked vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Texas, Oklahoma, and Missouri<br />
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REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Tull 1978, USDA-NRCS 2004<br />
Cirsium undul<strong>at</strong>um (Nutt.) Sprengel<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: thistle, wavy-leaved thistle<br />
SPANSIH: thistle de la ondulado-hoja, thistle gris<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible cooked, raw stalks can be e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
peeled, flowers, roots, and seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked, and<br />
seeds are made into an edible meal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Mississippi and <strong>the</strong> Gre<strong>at</strong><br />
Lakes region<br />
REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, USDA-NRCS 2004<br />
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: bull thistle, bur thistle, common thistle, Johnny green<br />
SPANISH: thistle común, thistle de la lanza, thistle escocés<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and peeled stalks are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked after<br />
thorns have been removed. Roots are e<strong>at</strong>en raw as a survival food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized and invasive in North<br />
America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986<br />
Cissampelos pareira L. [syn. Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandw.]<br />
FAMILY: Menispermaceae (moonseed)<br />
ENGLISH: false pareira root<br />
PORTUGUESE: abuta, abútua, c<strong>at</strong>uaba, cipó-abuta, cipó-de-cobra,<br />
erva-de-nossa-senhora, parreira-brava, parreirinha-do-m<strong>at</strong>o,<br />
pitomba-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, uva-do-rio, xexuá<br />
SPANISH: abuta, abutua, ancabesux, barbasco, bejuco de r<strong>at</strong>ón,<br />
butua, caimitillo, imchich masha, k’on k’ach, motelo sanango,<br />
palo de motelo, pancha muca, pareira, pareira brava, quaymitu,<br />
sanango, soga, trompetero sacha<br />
SURINAMESE: b<strong>of</strong>rusiri<br />
USES/NOTES: Brown to yellowish fruits <strong>of</strong> this liana are edible,<br />
though <strong>the</strong> plant is known primarily for its medicinal qualities.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador to Maranhão, Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Balée 1994, Bennett et al. 2001, Blanco<br />
2002, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., Mentz et al. 1997,<br />
Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d., Van Feu n.d.<br />
Cissus biformifolia Standley [syn. C. erosa L.]<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
SPANISH: come mano, navarria<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en in Guyana. Elsewhere used to tre<strong>at</strong><br />
arthritis.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Väsquez 1994, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996,<br />
Sommeijer et al. n.d.<br />
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Cissus gongylodes (Baker) Burchell ex Planchon<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: curtain vine, winged-stemmed grape ivy<br />
PORTUGUESE: cipó-de-aquecer-leite<br />
SPANISH: terés<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultivaed by <strong>the</strong> Kayapo for its edible fruit.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America from Amazonian Brazil, Bolivia<br />
and Peru to Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Lombardi 2000, MBG n.d., Múlgura 1978, Phillips 1991<br />
Cissus verticill<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Nicolson & C.E. Jarvis [syn. C. sicyoides<br />
L., Vitis sicyoides (L.) Miq.]<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: possum grape, pudding wi<strong>the</strong>, snake wi<strong>the</strong>, toad vine<br />
PORTUGUESE: cipó-puca<br />
SPANISH: amp<strong>at</strong>o huasca, bejuco iasú, paja de culebra, sapo huasca,<br />
tripa de zopilote, uva silvestre, vid silvestre, yedra<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, dark, ripe fruits reportedly are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Ecuador and possibly Brazil, <strong>the</strong> West<br />
Indies, and perhaps sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Adams 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Taylor 1998<br />
Citharexylum fruticosum L.<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: fiddlewood<br />
SPANISH: palo de guitarra, pendula<br />
USES/NOTES: Small (to a cm in diameter), reddish-brown drupe is<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies to central Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Nelson 1994, OAS 1973<br />
Citrullus lan<strong>at</strong>us (Thunb.) M<strong>at</strong>sumura & Nakai [syn. Cucurbita<br />
citrullus L.] and Citrullus lan<strong>at</strong>us var. lan<strong>at</strong>us [syn. C.<br />
vulgaris Schrader]<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: w<strong>at</strong>ermelon<br />
PORTUGUESE: melancia, melão-d’água<br />
SPANISH: cuchuña, melón de agua, paitilla, p<strong>at</strong>illa, sandía, sanía,<br />
sandla<br />
USES/NOTES: Large fruits (<strong>the</strong> w<strong>at</strong>ermellons <strong>of</strong> commerce) and seeds<br />
<strong>of</strong> this vine are edible and medicinal. Seeds contain an edible<br />
oil. Rind can be e<strong>at</strong>en preserved in vinegar or sugar.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Kalahari Desert region <strong>of</strong> Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1987, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., Kartesz 1994,<br />
León 1987, Leung 1961, Munz 1974, Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1968,<br />
Rehm and Espig 1991, Schneider 1987, Soukup 1970<br />
Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle [syn. Limonia aurantifolia<br />
Christm.] [also C. limetta Risso]<br />
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FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: key lime, lime, Mexican lime, sour lime, West Indian lime<br />
PORTUGUESE: lima, lima-comum, lima-da-Pérsia, lima-de-bico, limão,<br />
limãozinho<br />
SPANISH: lima, lima boba, limasa, limón, limón agrio, limón<br />
mexicano, limón sutil, limonero, limonero mexicano, naranjo<br />
cajero, rimo, sutí<br />
USES/NOTES: Small fruit <strong>of</strong> this small. thorny tree is consumed as<br />
juice, in desserts, pickled, or as a seasoning. Essential oil is<br />
used in perfumes. Key lime cultivars are popular for use in <strong>the</strong><br />
key lime pie <strong>of</strong> Florida. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern India and <strong>the</strong> East Indies, possibly to<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn China, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in many tropical and nearly frostfree<br />
subtropical regions<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Berg 1984, Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987,<br />
IBGE 1980, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Leung 1961, Morton 1987a,<br />
Nelson 1994, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Peret 1985, Samson 1980,<br />
Sokolov 1991, Vásquez and Gentry 1989<br />
Citrus x aurantium L. [hybrid <strong>of</strong> C. maxima x C. reticul<strong>at</strong>a]<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: bigarade, bitter orange, Seville orange, sour orange<br />
PORTUGUESE: laranja-amarga, laranja-azeda, laranja-bigarade,<br />
laranja-branca, laranja-da-terra, laranja-de-Sevilha<br />
SPANISH: apepú, cajel, naranja, naranja agria, naranja cajero,<br />
naranjo, naranjo agrio, naranjo amargo, naranjo cajero, zamboa<br />
USES/NOTES: Sour to bitter fruits are used in marmalades and<br />
occasionally in pie similar to Key lime pie. Rind is used in<br />
distilled orange-flavored liqueurs, is a flavoring oil source,<br />
and is medicinal. Flowers are used in perfumes. Also used as a<br />
rootstock for o<strong>the</strong>r citrus cultivars.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung<br />
1961, Morton 1987a, Nelson 1994, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Samson<br />
1980, Sauer 1993, Usher 1974<br />
Citrus aurantium L. subsp. bergamia (Risso & Poit.) Wight & Arn.<br />
[syn. C. bergamia Risso & Poit.]<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: bergamot citron, bergamot orange<br />
PORTUGUESE: bergamota, lima<br />
SPANISH: apepú, bergamota, bergamote, bergamoto, cajel<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed primarily for <strong>the</strong> essential oil bergamot<br />
extracted from <strong>the</strong> fruit rind and used in perfumes and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
scented products, though <strong>the</strong> fruit occasionally is e<strong>at</strong>en. Also<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Taylor 1970, Usher 1974<br />
Citrus aurantium var. brasiliensis Tanaka<br />
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FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: riverside navel orange, Washington navel orange<br />
PORTUGUESE: laranja-Bahia, laranja-baianinha, laranja-banana,<br />
laranja-c<strong>at</strong>arina, laranja-sem-caroços, laranja-tacuari, laranjaumbigo<br />
SPANISH: apepú, cajel, naranja, naranja agria, naranjo, nébula<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit <strong>of</strong> this New World variety <strong>of</strong> an Asian fruit is<br />
edible. Leaf is medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: New World variety <strong>of</strong> Asian Citrus<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, OAS 1973, Usher 1974<br />
Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f. [hybrid <strong>of</strong> C. aurantifolia x C. medica]<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: lemon<br />
PORTUGUESE: limão, limão-amargo, limão-azedo, limão-china, limãocomum,<br />
limão-de-molho, limão-mirim, limão-rosa, limão-silvestre,<br />
limão-taiti<br />
SPANISH: limón, limón ácido, limón agrio, limón amargo, limón<br />
criollo, limón de cabro, limón francés, limón real, limón sutil,<br />
limonero, limonia<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is used for flavoring or a diluted juice, and<br />
rinds are e<strong>at</strong>en candied. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia to <strong>the</strong> subtropical<br />
zone<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973, OAS<br />
1973, Peret 1985, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Samson 1980, Sauer<br />
1993, Usher 1974, Vásquez and Gentry 1989<br />
Citrus maxima (Burm.f.) Merr. [syn. C. decumana (L.) L., C.<br />
grandis (L.) Osbeck ]<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: forbidden fruit, pamplemousse, pamplemusa, pomelo, pumelo,<br />
pummelo, pompelmous, shaddock<br />
PORTUGUESE: pomelo, toranja<br />
SPANISH: cidra, pomela, toranja<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits, variable in color, shape, and size (though<br />
generally large), are edible fresh, juiced, or fermented into<br />
alcoholic beverages. The largest citrus fruit, larger than <strong>the</strong><br />
grapefruit (C. paradisi). Also an essential oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, perhaps Malaya<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973,<br />
Sauer 1993, Samson 1980, Usher 1974<br />
Citrus medica L.<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: citron, citron<br />
PORTUGUESE: cidra, cidr<strong>at</strong>, limão-galego<br />
SPANISH: azambo, azamboero, cidra, cidr<strong>at</strong>ero, cidr<strong>at</strong>o, cidrera,<br />
cidrero, cidro, cedro limón, citrón, lima, limón cidra, poncidre,<br />
poncil, toronja<br />
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USES/NOTES: Thick skinned fruits are consumed as juice or candied,<br />
though are more important medicinally and ceremonially.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India or perhaps Southwest Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al.1987, Carneiro Martins 1989, Leung 1961,<br />
Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Peret 1985, Purseglove 1968, Sauer 1993,<br />
Vásquez and Gentry 1989<br />
Citrus paradisii Macfad. [hybrid <strong>of</strong> C. grandis and C. sinensis]<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: grapefruit<br />
PORTUGUESE: grêpe, grapefruit, pomelo, toranja, toronja<br />
SPANISH: pamplemusa, pomelo, toranja, toronja<br />
USES/NOTES: Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its large, generally tart fruits.<br />
Wood is used for fuel.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Hybrid most likely developed in <strong>the</strong> West Indies,<br />
probably Barbados, in <strong>the</strong> mid 18th century from C. grandis and C.<br />
sinensis.<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Morton 1987a, Omawale<br />
1973, Renner et al. 1990, Samson 1980, Sauer 1993, Soukup 1970,<br />
Sturtevant 1972<br />
Citrus reticul<strong>at</strong>a Blanco [also hybrids C. reticul<strong>at</strong>a x <strong>Fort</strong>unella<br />
spp. (reported as Citr<strong>of</strong>ortunella spp.) and C. reticul<strong>at</strong>a x C.<br />
sinensis]<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: calamondin (C. reticul<strong>at</strong>a x <strong>Fort</strong>unella spp.), king orange<br />
(C. reticul<strong>at</strong>a x C. sinensis), mandarin orange, s<strong>at</strong>suma, s<strong>at</strong>suma<br />
orange, tangerine<br />
PORTUGUESE: bergamoto, michirica, tangerina<br />
SPANISH: calamondín (C. reticul<strong>at</strong>a x <strong>Fort</strong>unella spp.), fruto<br />
cítrico de Filipinas (C. reticul<strong>at</strong>a x <strong>Fort</strong>unella spp.),<br />
mandarina, mandarino, naranja de China (C. reticul<strong>at</strong>a x C.<br />
sinensis), s<strong>at</strong>suma, tangerina<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are highly esteemed. Oil from <strong>the</strong> fruit<br />
skin is used to flavor foods and liqueurs.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: C. reticul<strong>at</strong>a from Cochin, China, C. reticul<strong>at</strong>a x<br />
<strong>Fort</strong>unella spp. from <strong>the</strong> Philippines, and C. reticul<strong>at</strong>a x C.<br />
sinensis from China or Japan<br />
REFERENCES: Bird and Heinlein n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980,<br />
Leung 1961, León 1987, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, Samson 1980, Usher<br />
1974, Vásquez and Gentry 1989<br />
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck [syn. C. aurantium var. sinensis L.]<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: common orange, orange, sweet orange<br />
PORTUGUESE: laranja-caipira, laranja-comum, laranja-da-China,<br />
laranja-doce, laranja-sina<br />
SPANISH: china, chino, naranja, naranja de China, naranja dulce,<br />
naranjo dulce<br />
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USES/NOTES: Fruit is <strong>the</strong> principal orange <strong>of</strong> commerce, consumed out<br />
hand, as juice, or as a dessert fruit. Rind is a flavoring agent,<br />
pectin, and oil source. Flowers are used in honey production. The<br />
hybrid C. sinensis x C. paradisii, known as chironja, is popular<br />
in places.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn China, possibly to Malaysia, <strong>the</strong> hybrid C.<br />
sinensis x C. paradisii is from Puerto Rico<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Bueso 1980, IBGE 1980, León 1987,<br />
Leung 1961, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Samson 1980,<br />
Usher 1974<br />
Cladium jamaicense Crantz [syn. C. mariscus (L.) Pohl subsp.<br />
jamaicense (Crantz) Kükenth.]<br />
FAMILY: Cyperaceae (sedge)<br />
ENGLISH: saw grass<br />
USES/NOTES: Shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S., Mexico, <strong>the</strong> West Indies, and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bennett (unpublished), Breedlove 1986,<br />
Correll and Johnston 1970<br />
Clarisia ilicifolia (Spreng.) Lanj. & Rossberg [syn. C. strepitans<br />
(Allemão) Lanj., Sahagunia racemifera Huber, Sahagunia strepitans<br />
(Allemão) Benth. & Hook.]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: fura-fura, janitá<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is reportedly edible and <strong>the</strong> l<strong>at</strong>ex potable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lowland tropical South America from Venezuela and<br />
Surinam to Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Foster 1958, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: wampee, wampi<br />
PORTUGUESE: vampi<br />
SPANISH: lansio, uampi, wampi<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellowish, grape-like, sweet to sour fruit is edible.<br />
Also an ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South China<br />
REFERENCES: Bird and Heinlein n.d., Houaiss 1982, León 1987,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974, Will 1991<br />
Clavija lancifolia Desf.<br />
FAMILY: Theophrastaceae (<strong>the</strong>ophrasta)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Balée and Gély 1989<br />
Clavija tarapotana Mez<br />
FAMILY: Theophrastaceae (<strong>the</strong>ophrasta)<br />
PORTUGUESE: maspã<br />
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SPANISH: yampak<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador and Peru and western Amazonian<br />
Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, UFA/NYBG<br />
n.d.<br />
Clavija weberbaueri Mez<br />
FAMILY: Theophrastaceae (<strong>the</strong>ophrasta)<br />
PORTUGUESE: maspa<br />
SPANISH: yampak<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador and Peru and western Amazonian<br />
Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Ståhl 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Claytonia acutifolia Pallas ex Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Portulacaceae (purslane)<br />
ENGLISH: Bering Sea springbeauty, springbeauty<br />
USES/NOTES: N<strong>at</strong>ive Alaskans e<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> fleshy taproots, leaves are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked, and raw flowers are added to salads or may<br />
be nibbled on.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e and Arctic zones<br />
REFERENCES: Moerman 1998, PFAF n.d., Sch<strong>of</strong>ield 1989, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Claytonia caroliniana Michaux<br />
FAMILY: Portulacaceae (purslane)<br />
ENGLISH: broad-leaved springbeauty, Carolina springbeauty,<br />
springbeauty<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, starchy corms are good, though tedious to ga<strong>the</strong>r<br />
and prepare.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Canada to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Georgia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Peterson 1977,<br />
Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Claytonia lanceol<strong>at</strong>a Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Portulacaceae (purslane)<br />
ENGLISH: lance-leaf springbeauty, western springbeauty<br />
USES/NOTES: Starchy corms and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Moerman 1998, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Claytonia megarrhiza (A. Gray) Parry ex S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Portulacaceae (purslane)<br />
ENGLISH: alpine springbeauty<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and roots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Flowers are also<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S. highlands<br />
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REFERENCES: Elias and Dykeman 1982, Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1973,<br />
Harrington 1967<br />
Claytonia perfoli<strong>at</strong>a Donn ex Willd. var. perfoli<strong>at</strong>a [syn. Montia<br />
perfoli<strong>at</strong>a (Willd.) J. Howell, Limnia perfoli<strong>at</strong>a (Donn ex Willd.)<br />
Haw.]<br />
FAMILY: Portulacaceae (purslane)<br />
ENGLISH: Cuban spinach, Indian lettuce, miner’s lettuce, winter<br />
purslane<br />
USES/NOTES: An important food source for Amerindians and early<br />
American settlers in <strong>the</strong> Rockies, now cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and e<strong>at</strong>en as a<br />
fresh green in many regions. Roots and flowers are also edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Harrington 1967, Kirk 1970, Mabberley<br />
1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Claytonia sibirica L. [syn. Montia sibirica (L.) Howell]<br />
FAMILY: Portulacaceae (purslane)<br />
ENGLISH: pink purslane, Siberian purslane<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Canada and U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Elias and Dykeman 1982, Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993<br />
Claytonia tuberosa Pallas ex Schultes<br />
FAMILY: Portulacaceae (purslane)<br />
ENGLISH: tuberous springbeauty<br />
USES/NOTES: N<strong>at</strong>ive Alaskans <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> tuberous corms, leaves arte<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked and are a good source <strong>of</strong> vitamins A and C,<br />
and raw flowers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Alaska and nor<strong>the</strong>astern Russia<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Moerman 1998, PFAF n.d., Sch<strong>of</strong>ield<br />
1989, USDA-NRCS 2004<br />
Claytonia umbell<strong>at</strong>a W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Portulacaceae (purslane)<br />
ENGLISH: Gre<strong>at</strong> Basin springbeauty<br />
USES/NOTES: Corms, leaves, and flowers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gre<strong>at</strong> Basin <strong>of</strong> Oregon, Nevada, and California<br />
REFERENCES: Moerman 1998, PFAF n.d., Sch<strong>of</strong>ield 1989, USDA-NRCS 2004<br />
Claytonia virginica L.<br />
FAMILY: Portulacaceae (purslane)<br />
ENGLISH: fairy spuds, springbeauty, Virginia springbeauty<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves, stems, and starchy roots are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or<br />
cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada to Georgia and Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Harrington<br />
1967, Harris 1972, Kindscher 1987, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
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Cleistocactus acanthurus (Vaupel) D. Hunt [syn. Borzicactus<br />
acanthurus (Vaupel) Britton & Rose, B. eriotrichus (Werderm. &<br />
Backeb.) Backeb.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
USES/NOTES: Globular fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central coastal Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Cleistocactus baumannii (Lemaire) Lemaire<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: firecracker cactus, scarlet bugler<br />
SPANISH: candelilla, pitahayacita<br />
USES/NOTES: Red fruit’s white pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Bolivia, Paraguay, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina,<br />
and Uruguay<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, MBG n.d., von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Cleistocactus sepium (Kunth) F.A.C. Weber [syn. Borzicactus sepium<br />
(Kunth) Britton & Rose]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: muyusa<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en in Amb<strong>at</strong>o, Ecuador.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Ecuador and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Britton and Rose 1963,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cleistocactus smaragdiflorus (F.A.C. Weber) Britton and Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: sitiquira<br />
USES/NOTES: Globose fruit’s pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina perhaps to adjacent Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Cleome gynandra L.<br />
FAMILY: Brassicaceae (brassica) or Capparidaceae (caper)<br />
ENGLISH: African spider-flower, bastard-mustard, c<strong>at</strong> whiskers,<br />
c<strong>at</strong>’s-whiskers, spiderwisp, wild spider flower<br />
SPANISH: acaya, mouzambi, vol<strong>at</strong><br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb or a vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Old World tropics, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Americas from<br />
<strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S. to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987<br />
Cleome isomeris E. Greene [syn. Isomeris arborea Nutt. in Torrey &<br />
A. Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Brassicaceae (brassica) or Capparidaceae (caper)<br />
ENGLISH: bladderbush, bladderpod, bladderpod spider-flower,<br />
burrowf<strong>at</strong><br />
USES/NOTES: Green fruit pods are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, traditionally in <strong>the</strong><br />
ground.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Arizona, California, and Baja California<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Cleome lutea Hook.<br />
FAMILY: Brassicaceae (brassica) or Capparidaceae (caper)<br />
ENGLISH: golden cleome, yellow bee plant, yellow cleome, yellow<br />
spider-flower<br />
USES/NOTES: Greens are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb and seeds are ground into<br />
meal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S. perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967<br />
Cleome serrul<strong>at</strong>a Pursh [syn. C. integrifolia (Nutt.) Torrey & A.<br />
Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Brassicaceae (brassica) or Capparidaceae (caper)<br />
ENGLISH: clammy weed, Rocky Mountain bee plant, spiderflower,<br />
stinking clover<br />
USES/NOTES: Shoots, leaves, and flowers are used as po<strong>the</strong>rbs after<br />
boiling with several changes <strong>of</strong> w<strong>at</strong>er. Blackish residue from <strong>the</strong><br />
w<strong>at</strong>er is used as a dye. Seeds are ground into an edible meal.<br />
Amerindians in New Mexico <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> plant with cornmeal porridge,<br />
after removing its alkaline taste. Once cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed or encouraged<br />
around dwellings by Amerindians <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American West.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Harrington<br />
1967, Kindscher 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Cleome speciosa Raf. [syn. Gynandropsis speciosa (Kunth) DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Brassicaceae (brassica) or Capparidaceae (caper)<br />
ENGLISH: spider plant<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cleome viscosa L. [syn. Polanisia viscosa (L.) DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Brassicaceae (brassica) or Capparidaceae (caper)<br />
ENGLISH: spiderflower<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, seeds and<br />
juice are used as spices, and pods are e<strong>at</strong>en pickled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropics<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Lawesson et al. 1987<br />
Clerodendrum ligustrinum (Jacq.) W.T. Aiton [syn. Clerodendron<br />
ligustrinum (Jacq.) E.Br. nomen illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
SPANISH: icimte, itzimte, mosqueta, musté, muzte<br />
USES/NOTES: The Maya once used <strong>the</strong> plant to flavor sweet pot<strong>at</strong>oes.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and Gu<strong>at</strong>emala to Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Coe 1994, Cowan 1983, Molina 1975,<br />
Sousa and Cabrera 1983<br />
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Clethra occidentalis (L.) Kuntze [syn. C. tinifolia Sw.]<br />
FAMILY: Clethraceae (white-alder)<br />
ENGLISH: soapwood, sweet pepper, wild pear<br />
SPANISH: asajarillo, zapote<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical mainland America from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to<br />
Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Molina 1975, Stevens et<br />
al. 2001<br />
Cleyera <strong>the</strong>aeoides (Sw.) Choisy [syn. C. panamensis (Standley)<br />
Kobuski, Eurya <strong>the</strong>aeoides (Sw.) Blume]<br />
FAMILY: Theaceae (tea)<br />
ENGLISH: wild damson<br />
SPANISH: aceituna<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used in parts <strong>of</strong> Cuba as a tea substitute<br />
and fruit are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies, Mexico, and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Hazlett 1979, Standley and Williams 1961,<br />
Torres n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Clidemia chinautlana Triana<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Cowan 1983, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Clidemia heterophylla (Desr.) Gleason [syn. Maieta heterophylla<br />
DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
ENGLISH: bush currant<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
ENGLISH: bush currant<br />
PORTUGUESE: folha-do-fogo, pixirica<br />
SPANISH: camaey peludo, mullaca, mullaca morada<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and <strong>the</strong> plant is medicinal and magical.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Peru and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Molina 1975, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Voeks 1996<br />
Clidemia petiolaris (Schltdl. & Cham.) Schltdl. ex Triana [syn. C.<br />
deppeana Steudel, C. naudiniana Cogn.]<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
SPANISH: tsakam chikab ts’ohool<br />
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USES/NOTES: Fruits and leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico through Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Breedlove 1986, Cowan 1983, Molina 1975,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Clinopodium vulgare L. [includes S<strong>at</strong>ureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch.]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: field basil, wild basil<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a spice or as tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe and eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Fernald 1950, Peterson 1977, Voss 1996<br />
Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf. [also C. umbell<strong>at</strong>a (Michaux)<br />
Morong]<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: bluebead, corn lily, cow tongue, speckled wood-lily, straw<br />
lily<br />
USES/NOTES: Very young leaves are used in salads and as a po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Radford et al. 1968, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Clitoria tern<strong>at</strong>ea L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: blue pea, blue vine, butterfly pea, kord<strong>of</strong>an pea<br />
SPANISH: yuca de r<strong>at</strong>ón<br />
USES/NOTES: Pods are e<strong>at</strong>en like common green beans, flowers produce<br />
an edible blue dye, and leaves are edible and <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> a<br />
food colorant.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably Neotropics, perhaps Mexico and Central<br />
America, now pantropical<br />
REFERENCES: Berendsohn and Araniva de González 1989a, Bourke et al.<br />
1987, Facciola 1990, Janzen and Liesner 1980, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Sousa and Cabrera 1983<br />
Clusia sp.<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
SPANISH: mora, palo de tinta amarilla<br />
USES/NOTES: An unidentified Clusia sp. reportedly is e<strong>at</strong>en in <strong>the</strong><br />
Gu<strong>at</strong>emalan Petén.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps <strong>the</strong> Petén <strong>of</strong> Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997<br />
Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Miller) I.M. Johnston [syn. J<strong>at</strong>ropha<br />
aconitifolia Miller]<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: chaya, stinging nettle, tree spinach<br />
PORTUGUESE: cansancao, favela<br />
SPANISH: chay, chaya, mala mujer<br />
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USES/NOTES: Leaves occasionally are e<strong>at</strong>en like spinach (Spinacia<br />
oleracea), though <strong>the</strong>y have irrit<strong>at</strong>ing hairs th<strong>at</strong> persist until<br />
cooked. Also medicinal. Previously an important quielite (green<br />
leafy vegetable) for <strong>the</strong> Maya.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical to subtropical America, probably Central<br />
America, north through Mexico, possibly into Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Coe 1994, Leung 1961, Martin and Ruberté 1978b, Martin<br />
and Ruberté 1979, NRC 1975, Price 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Cnidoscolus chayamansa McVaugh<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: chaya, Mayan spinach, tree spinach<br />
PORTUGUESE: cansancao, favela<br />
SPANISH: chaaya, chay, chaya, chayamansa<br />
USES/NOTES: Large, palm<strong>at</strong>e, dark green, sometimes bitter leaves and<br />
young shoots, rich in protein, carotene, calcium, and iron, are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en boiled like spinach (Spinacia oleracea), sometimes flavored<br />
with citrus juice in <strong>the</strong> Yuc<strong>at</strong>án. Leaves have fine, somewh<strong>at</strong><br />
irrit<strong>at</strong>ing hairs th<strong>at</strong> become imperceptible when boiled. Fast<br />
growing herbaceous plant adapts to a wide range <strong>of</strong> habit<strong>at</strong>s, but<br />
is not cold hardy. Also used as an animal feed and a medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to adjacent Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, Martin and Ruberté 1978b,<br />
Martin and Ruberté 1979, Niembro Rocas 1992, NRC 1975, Price<br />
1990, Ross-Ibarra and Molina-Cruz 2002, Ruberté 1984<br />
Cnidoscolus multilobus (Pax) I.M. Johnston<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: spurge nettle, tread-s<strong>of</strong>tly<br />
SPANISH: ‘ak, ay uätiktäua, chaya, chaya silvestre, chichicastle,<br />
hortiga, mala mujer, popo<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en fried with eggs and young shoots are<br />
cooked as greens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America and Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Breedlove 1986, MBG n.d.<br />
Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus (Müll. Arg.) Pax & L. H<strong>of</strong>fm. [syn.<br />
J<strong>at</strong>ropha phyllacantha Müell. Arg.]<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: faveleira nut<br />
PORTUGUESE: favela, faveleira, faveleiro<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are an edible oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Daun et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Lima 1996<br />
Cnidoscolus texanus (Müell. Arg.) Small<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: bull nettle<br />
SPANISH: mala mujer<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Tull 1978<br />
Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur [syn. C. marcgravii Pohl, J<strong>at</strong>ropha<br />
urens L.]<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: pendo tree, spurge nettle, tread s<strong>of</strong>tly<br />
PORTUGUESE: cansancão-de-leite, cansanção, joj<strong>of</strong>á, pinhaquemadeira,<br />
urtiga-branca, urtiga-cansancão<br />
SPANISH: piñon<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible and a source <strong>of</strong> cooking oil. Roots are<br />
medicinal and <strong>the</strong> plant is cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed as a living fence.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lesser Antilles and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Voeks 1997<br />
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt [syn. C. indica Wight & Arn., C.<br />
cordifolia (L.) Cogn.]<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: baby cucumber, baby pumpkin, ivy gourd<br />
SPANISH: papasan<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, typically by children, or<br />
prepared in sweets. Young shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia<br />
REFERENCES: León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, Rhem and Espig<br />
1991<br />
Coccocypselum aureum (Sprengel) Cham. & Schlecht.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
SPANISH: yutwinaek<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Shuar in Ecuador.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001<br />
Coccoloba caracasana Meissner<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
SPANISH: pap<strong>at</strong>urro, pap<strong>at</strong>urro blanco<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Coccoloba densifrons Mart. ex Meissner [syn. C. barbeyana Lindley]<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
SPANISH: vino huayo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Brandbyge 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq. [syn. C. floridana Meissner]<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
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ENGLISH: dove plum, mountain grape, pigeon plum, snailseed, tietongue<br />
SPANISH: cucubano, uvilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, dark red to nearly black, egg-shaped fruit is<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: coastal sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida, Bahamas, <strong>the</strong> West Indies,<br />
and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Martin et al. 1987, Nelson 1994<br />
Coccoloba margin<strong>at</strong>a Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
SPANISH: vino huayo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Howard 1960<br />
Coccoloba obov<strong>at</strong>a Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
SPANISH: uvillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pantropical<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Coccoloba pichuma Huber<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pixuna<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Coccoloba plumieri Griseb. [syn. C. polystachya Wedd. var.<br />
jamaicensis F. & R.]<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: mountain grape<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark fruit is edible, though <strong>of</strong>ten astringent.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Jamaica<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972<br />
Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (Buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: Jamaican kino, sea grape, seaside grape<br />
PORTUGUESE: uva de praia<br />
SPANISH: cocolobo, guiabara, micongo, niche, nii-che, nula,<br />
sargazo, uva caleta, uva de la playa, uva de mar, uvera, uvero,<br />
uvero de playa, uvero macho<br />
USES/NOTES: Nearly round to egg-shaped, one to two cm long,<br />
reddish/purple fruit is consumed fresh, as juice, preserved, or<br />
as wine. Bark and roots are medicinal. Sap is used as a dye and<br />
for tanning lea<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Atlantic coast <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Neotropics and subtropics from<br />
central peninsular Florida and <strong>the</strong> Bahamas through <strong>the</strong> West<br />
Indies, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Central America, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn South<br />
America to <strong>the</strong> Guianas, now widespread in warm coastal zones<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Creasy<br />
1982, Duke 1986, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Nelson 1994, Niembro Rocas 1992, Omawale 1973, Samson 1980, Usher<br />
1974<br />
Coccoloba venosa L.<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
SPANISH: calambrena<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Puerto Rico<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Coccothrinax argent<strong>at</strong>a (Jacq.) L. Bailey<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: Biscayne palm, Florida silver palm, seamberry palm, silver<br />
palm, silver th<strong>at</strong>ch palm, silvertop, th<strong>at</strong>ch palm<br />
SPANISH: knacás, palma de guano, palmicha, yaraguana de costa<br />
USES/NOTES: Purple to black fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en or made into wine, and<br />
heart is e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable. Also planted as an ornamental and<br />
used for th<strong>at</strong>ch.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern coastal Florida through <strong>the</strong> Florida<br />
Keys, <strong>the</strong> Bahamas, parts <strong>of</strong> Cuba, <strong>the</strong> Cayman Islands, Jamaica,<br />
coastal Yuc<strong>at</strong>án, and <strong>the</strong> Bay Islands <strong>of</strong> Honduras<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Nellis 1994, Nelson 1994, OAS<br />
1973, Taylor 1998<br />
Cocculus spp.<br />
FAMILY: Menispermaceae (moonseed)<br />
ENGLISH: moonseed<br />
PORTUGUESE: abutua<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits <strong>of</strong> some species are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Phillips 1991<br />
Cocos nucifera L. [syn. Palma cocos Miller]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: coconut, coconut palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: coco, coco-da-Bahia, coco-da-praia, coco-de-Índia,<br />
coco-de-Bahia<br />
SPANISH: coco, cocotero, ogop, palma de coco, palma indiana<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit’s pulp (or me<strong>at</strong>) is edible, liquid endosperm is<br />
drunk, and oil is used in cooking, industry, and medicine.<br />
Terminal bud and heart are edible. Leaves, stems, husks, shells,<br />
and bracts are used in various ways. The coconut <strong>of</strong> intern<strong>at</strong>ional<br />
commerce was introduced to Hispaniola early in <strong>the</strong> 1500s.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: South Pacific (Melanisia or Polynesia), or perhaps<br />
Indochina or Indonesia, though now widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized throughout<br />
tropical coastal zones<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Ferreira et al. 1998,<br />
Ferwerda 1984, Henderson et al. 1995, Horst 1997, IBGE 1980,<br />
Naranjo 1991, Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1972, Rehm and Espig 1991,<br />
Schneider 1987<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica L.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: Arabian c<strong>of</strong>fee, arabica c<strong>of</strong>fee, common c<strong>of</strong>fee, c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
PORTUGUESE: café<br />
SPANISH: cabi, café, café arábica<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are <strong>the</strong> principal c<strong>of</strong>fee beans <strong>of</strong> commerce, used<br />
to make <strong>the</strong> morning beverage c<strong>of</strong>fee, liqueurs, and confections.<br />
Roasted whole seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en as a snack, and red fruit pulp is<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en locally. Also medicinal and a caffeine source. In economic<br />
terms, c<strong>of</strong>fee beans are second to petroleum as an intern<strong>at</strong>ionally<br />
traded commodity.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uplands <strong>of</strong> southwestern Ethiopia, sou<strong>the</strong>astern Sudan,<br />
and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Kenya<br />
REFERENCES: Anthony et al. 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Cid 1978, Duke<br />
1986, Ferwerda 1976, Guia Rural n.d., Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Kushalappa<br />
1989, Oldfield 1981, Smith et al. 1992, Wrigley 1988<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea canephora Pierre ex Fröhner [syn. C. robusta]<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: Congo c<strong>of</strong>fee, Río Nuñez c<strong>of</strong>fee, robust c<strong>of</strong>fee, robusta<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
PORTUGUESE: café<br />
SPANISH: café, café robusta<br />
USES/NOTES: Roasted seeds are used to make c<strong>of</strong>fee, especially<br />
instant c<strong>of</strong>fee and cheap blends. The plant resists c<strong>of</strong>fee leaf<br />
rust, is more tolerant <strong>of</strong> direct sun, is more productive, and is<br />
better suited to <strong>the</strong> lowland tropics than o<strong>the</strong>r C<strong>of</strong>fea species.<br />
Also a caffeine source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guinea coast and Congo Basin to Uganda, and perhaps<br />
Madagascar<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Mabberley 1987, Oldfield 1981,<br />
Omawale 1973, Sauer 1993, Smith et al. 1992, Usher 1974<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea liberica W. Bull ex Hiern<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: abeokuta c<strong>of</strong>fee, liberica c<strong>of</strong>fee, Liberian c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
PORTUGUESE: café<br />
SPANISH: café, café Liberia, café de Liberia<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are blended as a filler with o<strong>the</strong>r c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
sources, though becoming less important than C. canephora and C.<br />
arabica. Also a caffeine source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Africa, probably Liberia<br />
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REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Mabberley 1987, Oldfield 1981,<br />
Omawale 1973, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Coix lacryma-jobi L.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: adlay, Job’s tears, jumbie beads, virgin’s tear, whe<strong>at</strong><br />
PORTUGUESE: adlai, adlay, biurá, capim-de-contas, capim-missanga,<br />
capim-de-Nossa-Senhora, capim-de-contas, capim-rosário, lágrimasde-Job,<br />
lágrima(s)-de-Nossa-Senhora, trigo-de-Israel, trigo-deverão,<br />
tsiku<br />
SPANISH: adlay, camándula, lágrimas de Davíd, lágrimas de Job,<br />
lágrimas de la virgen, lágrimas de San Pedro, larmes de Job,<br />
mulla de la virgen, mullo de la virgen, mullo huayo, oi, ovina,<br />
ruema, ta, trigo tropical, uchpa mullo, ullpa mullo, zac<strong>at</strong>e de<br />
perla<br />
USES/NOTES: Young seeds are used as cereal grains, <strong>of</strong>ten mixed with<br />
common whe<strong>at</strong> (Triticum aestivum), for tea, to make flour, and<br />
medicinally. Dried seeds are used as rosary beads, used for<br />
religious purposes. Roasted seeds have been used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
substitute. The plant is also grown for fodder.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986,<br />
Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Joyal 1987,<br />
Leung 1961, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Salick<br />
1989, UFA/NYBG n.d., Usher 1974, Williams and Williams 1969<br />
Cola acumin<strong>at</strong>a (Pal.) Schott & Endl.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
ENGLISH: ab<strong>at</strong>a cola, cola nut, kola nut<br />
PORTUGUESE: cola, noz-de-cola, obi<br />
SPANISH: ab<strong>at</strong>a kola, cola, col<strong>at</strong>ero (<strong>the</strong> tree), kola, nuez de cola<br />
USES/NOTES: Nuts are a source <strong>of</strong> caffeine and a principal flavoring<br />
agent for cola s<strong>of</strong>t drinks, also used to flavor ice cream,<br />
liqueurs, and o<strong>the</strong>r beverages, and as a masticant. Red kernels<br />
are used to color foods. Also a stimulant and diuretic.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical western and central Africa, cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in<br />
portions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Menninger 1987, Morton 1976a, Rehm and Espig 1991, Smith et al.<br />
1992, Usher 1974, Voeks 1997<br />
Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
ENGLISH: cola nut, kola nut<br />
PORTUGUESE: abaja, café-de-Sudão, cola, cola-africana, cola-debalayi,<br />
cola-medicinal, cola-vera, colaeira, col<strong>at</strong>eira, coleira,<br />
goucou, guru, mangone, nangone, noz-de-cola, noz-de-gondja, nozde-guran,<br />
noz-de-Sudão, obi, orobo, oubi, riquezu<br />
SPANISH: cola, col<strong>at</strong>ero (<strong>the</strong> tree), kola, nuez de cola<br />
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USES/NOTES: Nuts are a source <strong>of</strong> caffeine and a flavoring agent for<br />
cola s<strong>of</strong>t drinks, ice cream, liqueurs, and o<strong>the</strong>r beverages. Also<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical West Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Mabberley 1987, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott [syn. C. esculenta var. antiquorum<br />
(Schott) Hubb. & Rehder, C. antiquorum Schott, C. esculenta var.<br />
esculenta (L.) Schott, Arum colocasia L., Caladium colocasia L.,<br />
Caladium esculentum L.]<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: Barbados eddo, Chinese eddo, Chinese taro, Chinese tayer,<br />
coco, cocoa-fingers, cocoyam, curcas, dasheen, eddo, eddoe,<br />
elephant ear, old cocoyam, malanga, tannia, tanier, tannier,<br />
tanyah, taro, white eddo, wild taro<br />
PORTUGUESE: coió-rosa, inhame, inhame quiçaré, inhame-água, inhamechinês,<br />
inhame-d’água, inhame-São-Tomé, inhame-taiá, quiçaré,<br />
taiá-japonês, taioba, taioba-São-Tomé<br />
SPANISH: bore, chonque, choque, cocoyán, colocasia, danchi, guagui,<br />
impanti, imp<strong>at</strong>i, mafafa, malagay, malanga isleña, malanga tayoba,<br />
malangay, malangu, maranga, mesusu, moena, ñame, ocumo culin,<br />
otoe, papa china, pelma, pituca, quiquisque, tarkwa, tayoba,<br />
tuyo, uncú, uncucha, usami, yautía, yautía malanga<br />
USES/NOTES: Small central corm, <strong>of</strong> some cultivars, its many large<br />
cormels, and leaves are edible, though <strong>the</strong> leaves <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dasheen<br />
(C. esculenta var. esculenta) are more highly esteemed. The<br />
dasheen cultivar is <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> Portland arrowroot. The large<br />
corm and its smaller cormels <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eddo variety are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
roasted, baked, or boiled. Young leaves <strong>of</strong> some cultivars are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, though <strong>the</strong>y must be cooked properly to<br />
remove <strong>the</strong> calcium oxal<strong>at</strong>e. Young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en like asparagus<br />
(Asparagus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis). The Hawaiian dish, poi, is made by<br />
pounding boiled corms and fermenting <strong>the</strong> paste. The lamina is<br />
chopped and boiled with o<strong>the</strong>r ingredients to make calaloo soup in<br />
Trinidad. The plant is among <strong>the</strong> most shade-tolerant food plants.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, or perhaps Polynesia, arrived in <strong>the</strong><br />
West Indies via Africa with <strong>the</strong> early slave trade, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in<br />
warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Caribbean Food and Nutrition<br />
Institute 1974, Coe 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FLEPPC 2003,<br />
Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kay 1973, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), NRC 1975,<br />
O’Hair 1990, Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1972, Salick 1989, Sauer<br />
1993, Usher 1974, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Colubrina asi<strong>at</strong>ica (L.) Brongn.<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: Asian naked-wood, Asian snakeroot, Asian snakedwood,<br />
Asi<strong>at</strong>ic colubrina, common colubrina, hoop wi<strong>the</strong>, lea<strong>the</strong>r-leaf,<br />
wild c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: East Indies, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in warm regions and invasive<br />
in Florida, Hawaii, and <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, FLEPPC 2003, Mabberely 1987<br />
Colubrina elliptica (Sw.) Briz. & Stern [syn. C. reclin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
(L’Hérit.) Brongn., Ceanothus reclin<strong>at</strong>us L’Hérit.]<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: mawbie, nakedwood, smooth snakebark, soldierwood<br />
SPANISH: bijáguara, mabi, quitarán, yayajabico<br />
USES/NOTES: Bark is used to make a drink called mabi champán in<br />
Puerto Rico, and mabee or mawbie elsewhere in <strong>the</strong> Caribbean. The<br />
tree is considered endangered in Florida where occurs in <strong>the</strong> Keys<br />
and Miami-Dade County.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies, Venezuela, Mexico, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, and<br />
Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Mabberely 1987, Morton 1977, OAS 1973,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Colubrina ferruginosa Brongn.<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: black velvet, snake wood<br />
USES/NOTES: Bark is made into a refreshing beverage, mabi in Puerto<br />
Rico and mabie in Antigua.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Florida, West Indies, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Honduras<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Standley and Steyermark<br />
1949b<br />
Colubrina texensis (Torrey & A. Gray) A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: hog plum<br />
SPANISH: coma<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are used to make a tart beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, L<strong>at</strong>orre and<br />
L<strong>at</strong>orre 1977<br />
Comandra umbell<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Santalaceae (santal)<br />
ENGLISH: bastard toadflax, comandra, false toadflax<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Mabberely 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Comarostaphylis arbutoides Lindley subsp. arbutoides<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: chilú, nariz de chucho, nariz de perro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits <strong>of</strong> this shruby tree are e<strong>at</strong>en in Honduras.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chiapas, Mexico to Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1995<br />
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Comarostaphylis discolor (Hook.) Diggs subsp. discolor<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: flor de mayo, garambullo, madroño, madroño borracho<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Jalisco, Mexico to Gu<strong>at</strong>emala from 2,000-3,000 meters<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1995<br />
Comarostaphylis longifolia (Benth.) Klotzsch<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: madroñillo, madroño, tepemesquite<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits reportedly are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1995<br />
Comarum palustre L. [syn. Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves have been used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Kunkel 1984<br />
Commelina communis L.<br />
FAMILY: Commelinaceae (spiderwort)<br />
ENGLISH: common dayflower, dayflower, spreading dayflower<br />
USES/NOTES: The young plant is edible cooked as a green or chopped<br />
fresh and added to salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East Asia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Tomikel 1986<br />
Commicarpus tuberosa (Lam.) Standley [syn. Boerhaavia tuberosus<br />
Lam.]<br />
FAMILY: Nyctaginaceae (four o’clock)<br />
SPANISH: yerba de purgación<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B. Gillett [syn. Bursera<br />
leptophloeos Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
ENGLISH: bursera<br />
PORTUGUESE: emburana, imburana, umburana<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Compsoneura <strong>at</strong>opa (A.C. Sm.) A.C. Sm.<br />
FAMILY: Myristicaceae (nutmeg)<br />
SPANISH: josebé<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
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REFERENCES: La Rotta 1992, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Comptonia peregrina (L.) J. Coulter<br />
FAMILY: Myricaceae (wax-myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: sweetfern<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic leaves may be used for tea or as a spice and<br />
fruits may be e<strong>at</strong>en as a snack.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Manitoba to<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Nova Scotia in <strong>the</strong> north to <strong>the</strong> mountains <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Georgia<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Fernald et al. 1958, FNAEC 1997, Gibbons<br />
and Tucker 1979, Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987, Medsger 1939,<br />
Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Conan<strong>the</strong>ra bifolia Ruiz & Pavón [also C. simsii Sweet]<br />
FAMILY: Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Condalia mexicana Schltdl.<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
SPANISH: capul<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Condalia spp. [ei<strong>the</strong>r C. obov<strong>at</strong>a Hook. or C. hookeri M.C.<br />
Johnston]<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: bluewood, brasil, condalia, purple haw, graythorn<br />
SPANISH: brasil, capul negro, espino, guetz<strong>at</strong><br />
USES/NOTES: Purple to black fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en raw or preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Texas and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Medsger 1939, Tull 1978, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Conostegia xalapensis (Bonpl.) D. Don ex DC., C. arborea<br />
(Schltdl.) Steudel, C. mexicana Cogn., and C. icosandra (Sw. ex<br />
Wikstr.) Urban [syn. C. subhirsuta DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
SPANISH: capirote, capulín, capulincillo, chi-cab, chikab té, dos<br />
caras, nigua, nigua grande (C. xalapensis), papelillo, quita<br />
manteca, raspa lengua, serin, serita (C. xalapensis), teshu<strong>at</strong>e<br />
(C. xalapensis)<br />
USES/NOTES: Small round fruit capsules, generally dark when ripe,<br />
green and pubescent when imm<strong>at</strong>ure, are e<strong>at</strong>en as a snack food in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Huasteca region <strong>of</strong> Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: C. arborea possibly restricted to Mexico, o<strong>the</strong>rs from<br />
Mexico to Colombia<br />
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REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, CTFS n.d., Espejo Serna et al. n.d.,<br />
Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975, Sommeijer et al.<br />
n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Williams 1981<br />
Conradina verticill<strong>at</strong>a Jennison<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: Cumberland false rosemary, Cumberland rosemary, Cumberland<br />
snow, Cumberland snow conradina, mountain rosemary, upland<br />
rabbitbane<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic needle-like leaves <strong>of</strong> this endangered low<br />
growing evergreen shrub with purple flowers can be used as a<br />
cooking herb like common rosemary (Rosmarinus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis).<br />
“Snow” in <strong>the</strong> common names refers to a white-flowered variety.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. and restricted to north-central<br />
Tennessee and adjacent <strong>Kent</strong>ucky, with a possible disjunct<br />
popul<strong>at</strong>ion South Carolina<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, USFWS 1996<br />
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: Canada fleabane, horseweed<br />
PORTUGUESE: conizina-do-Canadá<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and seedlings are e<strong>at</strong>en as a cooked vegetable,<br />
and are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> an edible essential oil used to flavor<br />
food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cronquist 1980, Facciola 1990,<br />
Neumann n.d.<br />
Copaifera sp.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Brazilian copaiba, copaiba, copaíba, Jesuit’s balsam,<br />
maran<br />
PORTUGUESE: copaíba, copaíba-branca, copaíba-jutaí, copaíbaverdadeira,<br />
copaibeira-de-Minas, mal-dos-sete-dias, mari-mari,<br />
pau-de-oleo<br />
SPANISH: aceite de palo, básamo de copayba, cabima, calimbo,<br />
cobeni, copaíba, copal, palo de aceite<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed <strong>of</strong> an unidentified Copaifera species is an edible<br />
oil source in Guyana and called maran. The Spanish names above<br />
refer to C. <strong>of</strong>ficinalis (Jacq.) L., which may or may not be <strong>the</strong><br />
species identified by Johnston and Colquhoun as containing edible<br />
oil. C. <strong>of</strong>ficinalis and o<strong>the</strong>r species <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same genus are <strong>the</strong><br />
source <strong>of</strong> balsam <strong>of</strong> copaíba, an oleoresin used widely in<br />
traditional medicine, non-prescription popular herbal medicine,<br />
and in commercial medicinal prepar<strong>at</strong>ions, especially as a topical<br />
tre<strong>at</strong>ment for skin ailments.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
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REFERENCES: FUDENA n.d., Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Roosmalen<br />
1985<br />
Copernicia prunifera (Miller) H.E. Moore [syn. C. cerifera (Arruda<br />
ex Koster) Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: carnauba palm, carnauba wax palm, wax palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: carnaúba<br />
SPANISH: caranday, carnauba, cera (de) carnauba, palma de cera<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are used as a flavoring agent, fruits and<br />
inflorescences are edible, seeds may be used like c<strong>of</strong>fee, and<br />
stems are an edible starch source. Leaves’ waxy co<strong>at</strong>ing is <strong>the</strong><br />
carnauba wax <strong>of</strong> commerce, used for candles and automobile<br />
polishes.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arid nor<strong>the</strong>astern Brazil, now cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Dahlgren and Glassman 1961, Genders<br />
1994, Guia Rural n.d., Johnson 1970, OAS 1973, Purseglove 1972,<br />
Rehm and Espig 1991<br />
Corchorus capsularis L.<br />
FAMILY: Tiliaceae (linden)<br />
ENGLISH: jute, white jute<br />
PORTUGUESE: juta<br />
SPANISH: cáñamo de las Indias, yute<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant’s long fiber is <strong>the</strong> principal jute <strong>of</strong> commerce,<br />
made into sacks, such as those used for dried foodstuffs like<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee beans, and o<strong>the</strong>r durable woven items. Young shoots are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en like spinach (Spinacia oleracea), though consumed<br />
infrequently in <strong>the</strong> Americas, and leaves can be used like tea.<br />
Grows well in inund<strong>at</strong>ed areas. The.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn China, diffused to India and beyond, or<br />
perhaps India, now n<strong>at</strong>uralized in many areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tropics<br />
REFERENCES: Anochili and Tindall 1986, Bailey Hortorium 1976,<br />
Denton 1993, Facciola 1990, Fearnside 1985, Guia Rural n.d.,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Martin and Ruberté 1979<br />
Corchorus olitorius L.<br />
FAMILY: Tiliaceae (linden)<br />
ENGLISH: bush okra, Jew’s mallow, jute, tossa jute<br />
PORTUGUESE: juta<br />
SPANISH: cáñamo de las Indias, yute<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant’s long fiber is made into sacks, such as those<br />
used to contain dried foodstuffs like c<strong>of</strong>fee beans, and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
durable woven items. Young shoots can be e<strong>at</strong>en like spinach<br />
(Spinacia oleracea), though consumed infrequently in <strong>the</strong><br />
Americas, leaves are a tea substitute, and fruits are edible.<br />
Grows well in upland sites. Uncommon in <strong>the</strong> Americas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, perhaps India or elsewhere in South<br />
Asia, or possibly Africa<br />
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REFERENCES: Anochili and Tindall 1986, Bailey Hortorium 1976,<br />
Denton 1993, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Martin and Ruberté<br />
1979<br />
Corchorus siliquosus L.<br />
FAMILY: Tiliaceae (linden)<br />
ENGLISH: American jute, slippery bur<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies, Central America, Mexico, Florida, and<br />
Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Breedlove 1986, Long and Lakela 1971, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Cordia alba (Jacq.) Roemer & Schultes [syn. C. dent<strong>at</strong>a Poiret]<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
ENGLISH: black sage, cordia<br />
SPANISH: chachalaca, chirimo, uvito<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible, stems are used to clean teeth,<br />
and leaves are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Austin and Bourne 1992, Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Omawale 1973<br />
Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pavón) Oken [syn. Cerdana alliodora Ruiz<br />
& Pavón]<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
ENGLISH: clammy cherry<br />
PORTUGUESE: freijó<br />
SPANISH: ajos quiro, al<strong>at</strong>rique, amapa hasta, añallo caspi, árbol de<br />
ajo, baría, bojón, bojón prieto, canalete, canjelón, capá, capá<br />
prieta, capá roja, caujaro, copá prieta, hormiguero, hormigillo,<br />
laurel, laurel blanco, laurel macho, laurel negro, palo de rosa,<br />
palo maría, pardillo, peterebí, solera, suchicahue, tambor,<br />
varía, varía negra, varía prieta<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and bark is used as a condiment. Also<br />
an important timber source in <strong>the</strong> Neotropics.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cordia boissieri A. DC.<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
ENGLISH: wild olive<br />
SPANISH: anacahuite, anacuahuitl, nacahuita, nacahuite, rascaviejo,<br />
siricote, trompillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en and used for molasses. The plant also<br />
has medicinal properties, is a dye source, and an ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Espejo Serna et al. n.d.,<br />
von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
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Cordia calocephala Cham.<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
PORTUGUESE: clariaba<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Cordia collococca L.<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
ENGLISH: clammy cherry, manjack<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Mabberley 1987, Miller 1988<br />
Cordia dodecandra A. DC. [syn. C. angiocarpa A. Rich.,<br />
Plethostephia angiocarpa (A. Rich.) Miers]<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
ENGLISH: laurel<br />
SPANISH: anacahuite, canalete, cericote, chacopte, chak k’ kopté,<br />
chak’opté, ciricote, cópite, cópite trampillo, cópte, cupape,<br />
cupapé, freijo, koop-té, k’oopté, k´opte´, kopté, kópte, laurel,<br />
peterebi, siricote, trompillo, zericote, ziricote<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible, though unfortun<strong>at</strong>ely <strong>the</strong> tree is<br />
less common in <strong>the</strong> wild due to over-harvest for its <strong>at</strong>tractive<br />
high quality, dark, hard wood used in cabinetry, flooring, and<br />
for carvings.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico from <strong>the</strong> Yuc<strong>at</strong>án and Veracruz through<br />
Tabasco and Chiapas into Belize, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, El Salvador,<br />
Honduras, and possibly to Cuba<br />
REFERENCES: Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Molina 1975, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997, Niembro Rocas 1992,<br />
Niembro Rocas 2002a, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cordia grandiflora (Desv.) Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
PORTUGUESE: jaguara-muru<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Cordia lom<strong>at</strong>oloba I.M. Johnston<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor <strong>of</strong> Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil to <strong>the</strong> Guianas, sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Venezuela, and Amazonian Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Renner et al. 1990, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Cordia nodosa Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
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ENGLISH: maho<br />
PORTUGUESE: caramurizinho, grão-de-galho, ovo-de-mucura, pau-deformiga,<br />
saco-de-mucura<br />
SPANISH: añallo caspi, chinkias, ovo-de-galo, uvilla blanca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996,<br />
Salick 1992, Silva et al. 1977, Soler Alarcón 2005, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Cordia scabrifolia A.DC.<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor <strong>of</strong> Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil to <strong>the</strong> Guianas, sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Venezuela, and Amazonian Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Cordia sebestena L.<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
ENGLISH: geiger tree<br />
SPANISH: anaconda, avellano criollo, vomitel colorado<br />
USES/NOTES: Egg-shaped, 3-5 cm fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Florida, <strong>the</strong> West Indies, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico,<br />
Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Breedlove 1986, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Nellis 1994, Nelson 1994, OAS 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cordia sellowiana Cham.<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
PORTUGUESE: chá-de-bugre, freijó, louro-mole, m<strong>at</strong>a-fome<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp may be e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992,<br />
UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Cordia superba Cham.<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
PORTUGUESE: babosa branca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Cordia tetranda Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
ENGLISH: clammy cherry, glue berry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by children. Also sticky fruit pulp is<br />
used as a glue and a coagulant, leaf extract is used to tre<strong>at</strong><br />
stomach ailments, and wood is a local lumber source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably Neotropics, though many Cordia species with<br />
similar uses are found throughout <strong>the</strong> tropics<br />
REFERENCES: Omawale 1973, Usher 1974<br />
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Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. var. tinctoria [syn. C. cardaminefolia<br />
(DC.) Torrey & A. Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: annual coreopsis, tickseed<br />
USES/NOTES: Decoction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plant has been used as a beverage by<br />
<strong>the</strong> Zuni Indians.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central to southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Coriandrum s<strong>at</strong>ivum L.<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: cilantro, Chinese parsley, coriander (seed only)<br />
PORTUGUESE: coentro<br />
SPANISH: cilandro, cilantrico, cilantro, colentro, coriandro,<br />
culandro, culantro, culantro del país, verdecito<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweetish, mildly lemon flavored seeds are ground and<br />
used as a spice used in cooking and to flavor liqueurs. Arom<strong>at</strong>ic<br />
fresh greens are used as an herb (cilantro). Seeds also are used<br />
in medicines and perfumes, and are thought to be an aphrodisiac.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia<br />
Rural n.d., Joyal 1987, Leung 1961, Purseglove et al. 1981,<br />
Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Schneider 1987<br />
Coriaria ruscifolia L.<br />
FAMILY: Coriariaceae (coriarias)<br />
SPANISH: dew<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit reportedly is made into wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, Zuloaga 1997<br />
Cornus canadensis L.<br />
FAMILY: Cornaceae (dogwood)<br />
ENGLISH: bunchberry, dwarf cornel<br />
USES/NOTES: Bright red, somewh<strong>at</strong> dry fruits may be e<strong>at</strong>en preserved<br />
or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn North America from Alaska to West Virginia<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker<br />
1979, Harris 1972, Peterson 1977<br />
Corylus americana Walter [syn. C. americana var. indehiscens<br />
Palmer & Steyerm.]<br />
FAMILY: Betulaceae (birch) or Corylaceae (hazelnut)<br />
ENGLISH: American hazel, American hazelnut, filbert, hazel, havel<br />
brush, hazelnut<br />
PORTUGUESE: avelã<br />
SPANISH: avellana, avellano<br />
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USES/NOTES: Small nut is <strong>of</strong> good quality and is e<strong>at</strong>en raw, cooked,<br />
or ground as flour. The large shrub is considered a pest for its<br />
thicket-forming habit and rough texture, which makes it nearly<br />
impenetrable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern to north-central North America<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Usher 1974<br />
Corylus avellana L. [also C. maxima Miller]<br />
FAMILY: Betulaceae (birch) or Corylaceae (hazelnut)<br />
ENGLISH: European hazel (C. avellana), European hazelnut (C.<br />
avellana), filbert, giant filbert, hazelnut<br />
PORTUGUESE: avelã<br />
SPANISH: avellana, avellana común, avellana grande, avellano,<br />
avellano turco (C. maxima)<br />
USES/NOTES: Nut is e<strong>at</strong>en raw, in pastries, or made into butter. Nut<br />
oil is used in food prepar<strong>at</strong>ions, and <strong>the</strong> leaf is medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: C. avellana from eastern Europe to Iran, n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
in British Columbia, C. maxima from <strong>the</strong> Balkan Peninsula through<br />
Turkey to <strong>the</strong> Caucuses<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, FNAEC 1997, IBGE 1980, Leung 1961,<br />
Rehm and Espig 1991, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974, Zohary and Hopf<br />
1993<br />
Corylus cornuta subsp. californica (A. DC.) E. Murray [syn. C.<br />
californica (A. DC.) Rose]<br />
FAMILY: Betulaceae (birch) or Corylaceae (hazelnut)<br />
ENGLISH: California hazel, California hazelnut<br />
PORTUGUESE: avelã<br />
SPANISH: avellana, avellano<br />
USES/NOTES: Nut is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from sou<strong>the</strong>rn British Columbia<br />
to central California<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Usher 1974, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Corylus cornuta Marshall subsp. cornuta [syn. C. rostr<strong>at</strong>a Aiton]<br />
FAMILY: Betulaceae (birch) or Corylaceae (hazelnut)<br />
ENGLISH: beaked hazel, beaked hazelnut, hazelnut<br />
PORTUGUESE: avelã<br />
SPANISH: avellana, avellano<br />
USES/NOTES: Nut is e<strong>at</strong>en raw, in baked goods, or ground into meal,<br />
and is used in liqueurs.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to western Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Usher 1974, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Coryphantha vivipara var. arizonica (Engelm.) W.T. Marshall [syn.<br />
C. arizonica Engelm.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: sour cactus<br />
USES/NOTES: Sour green fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en dried.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arizona perhaps into Utah and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
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REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990<br />
Cosmos caud<strong>at</strong>us Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
PORTUGUESE: flor-de-branco<br />
SPANISH: margarita<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and young tops are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Cronquist 1980, Facciola 1990, Molina 1975, UFA/NYBG<br />
n.d.<br />
Costus amazonicus (Loes.) J.F. Macbr. subsp. krukovii Maas<br />
FAMILY: Costaceae (spiral flag) or Zingiberaceae (ginger)<br />
PORTUGUESE: boita, orelha-de-onça<br />
SPANISH: iwajyu<br />
USES/NOTES: Stem is a potable w<strong>at</strong>er source. The plant is used to<br />
tre<strong>at</strong> anemia in Acre, Brazil<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Costus erythrocoryne Schumann<br />
FAMILY: Costaceae (spiral flag) or Zingiberaceae (ginger)<br />
SPANISH: gone-quemo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are sucked for <strong>the</strong>ir spicy juice and to<br />
allevi<strong>at</strong>e hunger while traveling in <strong>the</strong> forest.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador and Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Davis and Yost 1983<br />
Costus pulverulentus C. Presl [syn. C. ruber Wright ex Griseb.]<br />
FAMILY: Costaceae (spiral flag) or Zingiberaceae (ginger)<br />
SPANISH: pakab olom<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems are chewed to relieve thirst and <strong>the</strong> plant is <strong>the</strong><br />
source <strong>of</strong> numerous medicinal concoctions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984<br />
Costus scaber Ruiz & Pavón<br />
FAMILY: Costaceae (spiral flag) or Zingiberaceae (ginger)<br />
PORTUGUESE: orelha-da-onça<br />
SPANISH: cañagre<br />
USES/NOTES: Waorani suck <strong>the</strong> stems as a spicy refreshment and use<br />
<strong>the</strong> herb as a condiment.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Davis and Yost 1983, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kainer and<br />
Duryea 1992<br />
Costus speciosus (J. König) Sm.<br />
FAMILY: Costaceae (spiral flag) or Zingiberaceae (ginger)<br />
ENGLISH: spiral-flag, wild ginger<br />
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USES/NOTES: Primarily an ornamental, though shoots may be e<strong>at</strong>en as<br />
a cooked vegetable and fruits and rhizomes are said to be edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Sturtevant 1972, Tanaka 1976<br />
Couepia bracteosa Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
ENGLISH: aruadan, pajura<br />
PORTUGUESE: coró, mariana, oiti, pajurá, pajurá-de-racha, pajurá<br />
verdadeiro, papuá do m<strong>at</strong>o, uiti curube<br />
SPANISH: olosapo, payura<br />
USES/NOTES: Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed on a small scale for <strong>the</strong> oval, brown<br />
fruit’s fleshy, cream-colored mesocarp, considered among <strong>the</strong> best<br />
in Amazonia. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, and <strong>the</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Peret 1985, Prance 1972a, Silva et al. 1977, von Reis Altschul<br />
and Lipp 1982<br />
Couepia chrysocalyx (Poeppig & Endl.) Benth. ex Hook.<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: parinari<br />
SPANISH: parinari, sapay ocote<br />
USES/NOTES: Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its edible fruit.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, Colombia, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Prance 1972a<br />
Couepia dolicopoda Prance<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: parinari<br />
SPANISH: hamaca huayo, parinari<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Prance 1989a<br />
Couepia edulis (Prance) Prance [syn. Acioa edulis Prance]<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: castanha-de-cutia<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en locally, and seeds contain 73 % <strong>of</strong> an<br />
edible oil with commercial potential.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Mabberley 1987, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Couepia guianensis Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
SPANISH: merecure<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil<br />
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REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Prance 1972a, Prance<br />
1989a<br />
Couepia longipendula Pilger<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: castanha-de-galinha, castanha-pêndula<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en and are an edible oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Prance 1972a,<br />
Silva et al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Couepia paraensis (Mart. & Zucc.) Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: caripé, oiti, pirauxi, tucuriba, umirirana, uxirana-doigapó<br />
SPANISH: parinari<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruit pulp is <strong>of</strong> good quality and is similar to<br />
<strong>the</strong> uxi (Endopleura uchi), though little known beyond its n<strong>at</strong>ive<br />
range.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Prance 1972a,<br />
Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Couepia polyandra (Kunth) Rose<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
SPANISH: olosapo, olozapote, zapote amarillo, zapote bolo,<br />
zapotillo amarillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, fibrous fruits are found in local markets <strong>of</strong><br />
Veracruz, Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico through Central America, perhaps to<br />
Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Couepia rufa Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: coró-de-Pernambuco, oiti-coró<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its edible fruits, sold in markets <strong>of</strong><br />
Recife, Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pernambuco, Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Prance 1972a<br />
Couepia subcord<strong>at</strong>a Benth. [syn. C. amazonica R.E. Fries.]<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: marirana, umarirana<br />
SPANISH: parinari, supay ocote<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are rarely e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Amazonian Brazil to Amazonian Ecuador and<br />
Peru<br />
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REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Silva et al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Couma gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis Standley<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
USES/NOTES: L<strong>at</strong>ex has been used as a chewing gum base.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Couma guianensis Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
ENGLISH: star apple<br />
PORTUGUESE: sorva<br />
SPANISH: poirier de la Guiana, sorva<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible and l<strong>at</strong>ex is used locally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guiana and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Mabberley<br />
1987, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1987<br />
Couma macrocarpa Barb. Rodr.<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
ENGLISH: cow tree, milk tree, sorb, sorva, sorva gum, sowa<br />
PORTUGUESE: cumã, cumã-açu, omnamshifi, sorva, sorva-da-m<strong>at</strong>a,<br />
sorva-grande<br />
SPANISH: árbol de leche, aso, avichuri, capirona, chicle, fransoca,<br />
juansoco, leche caspi, leche huayo, osurba, palo de vaca,<br />
perillo, pero, popa<br />
USES/NOTES: L<strong>at</strong>ex is used as a chewing gum base and sweet fruits<br />
are occasionally sold in local markets. Sorva l<strong>at</strong>ex is<br />
economically important in portions <strong>of</strong> South America, especially<br />
Amazonia, and has captured a small, though not insignificant,<br />
percentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> intern<strong>at</strong>ional chewing gum market from Manilkara<br />
zapota.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Arkoll 1986, Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Duke<br />
and Vásquez 1994, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), N<strong>at</strong>ions 1992, Padoch and de<br />
Jong 1991, Rehm and Espig 1991, Silva et al. 1977, Soukup 1970,<br />
Usher 1974, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, von Reis Altschul and Lipp<br />
1982<br />
Couma rigida Müell. Arg.<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
PORTUGUESE: itapeuá<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Couma utilis (Mart.) Müell. Arg. [syn. C. dulcis Spruce]<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
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PORTUGUESE: couma, cumã, huansoco, sorva, sorva-miuda, sorvapequena,<br />
sorvarana, sorvinha<br />
SPANISH: couma, juansoco, leche caspi<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, sweet, green fruits are sold in western and<br />
central Amazonian markets, frequently tied in bunches to small<br />
sticks. L<strong>at</strong>ex is used as a chewing gum base, sold as leche caspi<br />
in Peru, juansoco in Colombia, and sorva in Brazil. Also planted<br />
in urban environments for its <strong>at</strong>tractive flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Couroupita guianensis Aublet subsp. surinamensis (Mart.) Eyma<br />
[syn. C. surinamensis Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
ENGLISH: cannonball tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: castanha-de-macaco, coité-de-macaco<br />
SPANISH: ayahuma, coco de mono, coco hediondo, mamey hediondo,<br />
muco, mucurutú, taparo de monte, taparón<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and <strong>the</strong> unpleasant-smelling pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> large<br />
fruits (to 20cm) reportedly are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Mori and Prance 1990, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Couroupita subsessilis Pilger<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
SPANISH: ayahuma<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits reportedly are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Mori and<br />
Prance 1990<br />
Coussarea brevicaulis Krause<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bacuri, casca-doce, João-mole<br />
SPANISH: omancomo, supinin<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Waorani and Shuar <strong>of</strong><br />
eastern Ecuador and reported as edible in Acre, Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Davis and Yost 1983, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Cowania mexicana D. Don<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: cliffrose, quinine bush<br />
USES/NOTES: Large, evergreen shrub’s leaves have been used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970<br />
Craniolaria annua L.<br />
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FAMILY: Pedaliaceae (pedalium) or Martyniaceae (unicorn)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fleshy roots are e<strong>at</strong>en preserved in sugar.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Steyermark et al. 1995, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus aestivalis (Walter) Torrey & A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: apple haw, may haw, may hawthorn<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, red, slightly acidic, juicy, round fruits make a<br />
fine jelly.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Medsger 1939, Nelson 1994, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus x anomala Sarg. (pro sp.) [syn. C. arnoldiana Sarg.]<br />
[possible hybrid <strong>of</strong> C. intric<strong>at</strong>a x C. mollis, and perhaps best<br />
tre<strong>at</strong>ed under C. mollis, although <strong>the</strong> Freckmann Herbarium<br />
indic<strong>at</strong>es th<strong>at</strong> C. arnoldiana Sarg. is a synonym for C. submollis<br />
Sarg.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: anomalous hawthorn, Arnold hawthorn<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. and adjacent Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Gleason 1968, Sargent 1965<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus douglasii Lindley syn. [syn. C. brockwayae Sarg.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: black haw, black hawthorn<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet and juicy fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en preserved or<br />
occasionally out <strong>of</strong> hand.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America east in <strong>the</strong> north to<br />
northwestern Wisconsin<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Turner and Szczawinski 1979<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus flava Aiton<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: hawthorn, summer haw, yellow haw<br />
SPANISH: espino amarillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, pectin-rich fruits, typically red-orange, though<br />
variously yellow to greenish-yellow, to red or purple, are used<br />
in jellies or to make tea. Also <strong>at</strong>tractive spring flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Nelson 1994, Peterson<br />
1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus greggiana Egglest.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Gregg’s hawthorn<br />
SPANISH: tejocote rojo<br />
USES/NOTES: Red fruits are edible. Shrub to small tree is rare.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Edward’s Pl<strong>at</strong>eau <strong>of</strong> Texas through portions <strong>of</strong> Coahila<br />
and Nuevo León in nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: USDA-NRCS 2004<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus marshallii Egglest.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: parsley haw, parsley-leaved haw<br />
USES/NOTES: Bright red fruits are edible or may be used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern to central U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus mollis Scheele<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: downy haw, downy hawthorn, red haw, summer haw, turkey<br />
apple<br />
SPANISH: acerola roja<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are used for jellies or may be e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong><br />
hand. Fruit and twigs have been used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and eastern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Gilmore 1913, Medsger 1939,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus pubescens (Kunth) Steudel [syn. C. mexicana Moçiño ex<br />
Sessé, C. stipulosa Steudel]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: manzanita, Mexican hawthorn<br />
PORTUGUESE: estrepeiro, pilriteiro<br />
SPANISH: chiste, cr<strong>at</strong>egus, fruto de piedra, huagra manzana,<br />
karhashi, manzanilla, manzanita, tejocote, tejocote cimarrón,<br />
texócotl<br />
USES/NOTES: Cold hardy small yellow to red fruit is used locally<br />
and regionally, being consumed fresh, preserved, or in syrups and<br />
punches (ponches in Mexico). Also a pectin source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Highlands <strong>of</strong> Mexico and Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Bye and Linares 1990, Duke 1992,<br />
Houaiss 1982, León 1987, Leung 1961, Mabberely 1987, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, OAS 1973, Popenoe 1974, Torres n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher<br />
1974<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus punct<strong>at</strong>a Jacq.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: dotted hawthorn<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are made into jelly.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Turner and Szczawinski 1979<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: fleshy hawthorn, succulent hawthorn<br />
USES/NOTES: Bright, scarlet juicy fruits are made into jelly.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Turner and Szczawinski 1979<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus uniflora Münchh.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: dwarf haw, one-flowered haw, one-flowered hawthorn<br />
USES/NOTES: Brownish-red, one cm fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Florida and adjacent Georgia and Alabama<br />
REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Nelson 1994, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aeva gynandra L.<br />
FAMILY: Brassicaceae (brassica) or Capparidaceae (caper)<br />
ENGLISH: b<strong>at</strong>-and-ball<br />
PORTUGUESE: pau-d’alho, tapiá<br />
SPANISH: cachimbo amarillo, estrella, granado macho, manzana de<br />
playa, naranjillo, palo de guaco<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America, perhaps Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Omawale 1973, Pérez-Arbeláez 1956<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aeva tapia L.<br />
FAMILY: Brassicaceae (brassica) or Capparidaceae (caper)<br />
ENGLISH: garlic pear, garlic pear tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: capança, pau-d’alho, tapiá, trapiá<br />
SPANISH: cachimbo, cahuara micuna, cascarón, colocmaax, kolo,<br />
kolokmaax, kolomaax, manzana de playa, palo de guaco, poporo,<br />
tamara blanca, tapia, tejoruco, trompo, xkolocmaax, yuy,<br />
zapotilla amarillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe fruits are edible, bark is used to tre<strong>at</strong><br />
dysentery, as a tonic, and to reduce fevers, and roots are<br />
applied to blistered skin.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bolles 1997, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Espejo<br />
Serna et al. n.d., IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al.<br />
1977, UFA/NYBG n.d., Usher 1974<br />
Crepidospermum goudotianum (Tul.) Triana & Planchon<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bawã-piei-muka, breu-de-campina<br />
USES/NOTES: Aril is edible. Amerindians in Acre, Brazil also use<br />
<strong>the</strong> plant to tre<strong>at</strong> dizziness.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Crepidospermum prancei Daly<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
SPANISH: copal blanco<br />
USES/NOTES: Aril is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Daly 1987a, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
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Crescentia cujete L.<br />
FAMILY: Bignoniaceae (trumpet creeper)<br />
ENGLISH: calabash, calabash gourd, calabash tree, tree-calabash<br />
PORTUGUESE: cabaça, coite, cuia, cuiera, cuiete, cuio, cuite<br />
SPANISH: árbol de las calabazas, buhango, calabacero, calabaza,<br />
calabazo, camasa, cayeira, cochopi, crescencia, cujete, guacal,<br />
guaje, guaromo, guarumo, güira, güiro, higüero, huingo, jícaro,<br />
joma, júcaro, mase, m<strong>at</strong>e, paguacha, pamuco, p<strong>at</strong>e, p<strong>at</strong>i, pumuko,<br />
quire, taparito, taparo, taparo de caño, tecom<strong>at</strong>e, totumillo,<br />
totumo, tutuma, tutumo<br />
USES/NOTES: Large, durable fruit shell has many uses: cut in half,<br />
it becomes a bowl or a cup for e<strong>at</strong>ing and drinking or a scoop<br />
used frequently by Amazonian peasants to bail w<strong>at</strong>er from canoes.<br />
Cut closer to one end and keeping <strong>the</strong> end as a cap, taparas (in<br />
Venezuela) are used to carry and store liquids. Fruit pulp is<br />
rarely e<strong>at</strong>en, and leaves are made into bush tea in places. Leaf<br />
and fruit’s pulp and juice are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps western Amazonia or sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Mexico and Central America, widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Berg 1984, Boom 1987, Bourke et<br />
al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969, Clement 1989, Coe 1994, Ducke and Black<br />
1954, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., Estrella 1991, Gentry<br />
1993, Heiser 1979b, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mors and Rizzini 1966,<br />
Niembro-Rojas 1992, OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Soukup<br />
1970, Sturtevant 1972<br />
Crocus s<strong>at</strong>ivus L.<br />
FAMILY: Iridaceae (iris)<br />
ENGLISH: crocus, saffron<br />
PORTUGUESE: açafrão<br />
SPANISH: azafrán<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried and ground scarlet stigma <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> flower is used<br />
to flavor and color foods, as a dye, and in incense. Some 50,000<br />
stigmas are needed for a half pound <strong>of</strong> spice, making Saffron<br />
among <strong>the</strong> most expensive spices. Demand has been diminishing due<br />
to cost and competition from altern<strong>at</strong>ives. Roots are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
cooked. Also used to aid in menstru<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Europe to Iran<br />
REFERENCES: Kunkel 1984, Morton 1976a, Schneider 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Usher 1974, Zohary and Hopf 1993<br />
Crotalaria longirostr<strong>at</strong>a Hook. & Arn.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: crotalaria<br />
PORTUGUESE: crotalária<br />
SPANISH: chapile, chepil, chepilín, chipilín, crotalaria, cumandáguirá,<br />
quinchonchillo<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves, shoots, and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or<br />
uncooked, especially appreci<strong>at</strong>ed when added to tamales.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Berendsohn and Araniva de González 1989a, Facciola<br />
1990, Leung 1961, OAS 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1987, Usher 1974<br />
Crotalaria vitellina Ker-Gawler [syn. C. carmioli Polakows, C.<br />
gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis Benth. ex Oersted]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: r<strong>at</strong>tlebox<br />
SPANISH: chinchín de zope, chipilín de caballo, chipilín de venado,<br />
chipilín de zope, chipilín montés, cohetillo, quiebra pl<strong>at</strong>o,<br />
zap<strong>at</strong>ito del obispo<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a po<strong>the</strong>rb or as a cooked vegetable<br />
like spinach (Spinacia oleracea).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Central America, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Berendsohn and Araniva de González 1989a, Coe 1994,<br />
Ducke 1953, Duke n.d., Lewis 1987, Standley and Steyermark 1946,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Wiersema and León 1999<br />
Croton eluteria Sw.<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: cascarilla, cascarilla bark, croton<br />
PORTUGUESE: cascarija, cascarilha<br />
SPANISH: cascarilla, cascarillo, crotón, sasafrás<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic bark is used as incense and in tonics. Bark,<br />
root, sap, and leaf decoctions are used to tre<strong>at</strong> skin, eye, and<br />
intestinal complaints. Seeds <strong>of</strong> this and o<strong>the</strong>r Croton species are<br />
used as a purg<strong>at</strong>ive, fish stupifier, and insecticide.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies including <strong>the</strong> Bahamas, possisbly to<br />
Mexico, Colombia, and Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Usher 1974, von<br />
Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Croton niveus Jacq.<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: copalchi bark<br />
SPANISH: copalchí<br />
USES/NOTES: Bark is used in tonics and bitters.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987<br />
Croton reflexifolius Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
SPANISH: copalchí, hoja amarga, sasafrás, oliy<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a famine food and along with<br />
arom<strong>at</strong>ic fruits and bark are used to flavor rum.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990<br />
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Croton texensis (Klotzsch) Müell. Arg.<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: skunkweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Reportedly used for tea. Also an insecticide source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987<br />
Cryosophila nana (Kunth) Blume ex Salomon [syn. Acanthorrhiza<br />
acule<strong>at</strong>a (Liebm.) H. Wendl.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: escoba, zoyamiche<br />
USES/NOTES: White fruit’s juice is feremented into wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast <strong>of</strong> Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Evans 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Cryosophila stauracantha (Heynh.) R. Evans [syn. C. argentea<br />
Bartlett]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: give-and-take<br />
SPANISH: escobo<br />
USES/NOTES: Parts are e<strong>at</strong>en in <strong>the</strong> Petén.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, and Belize<br />
REFERENCES: Evans 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, Mutchnick and<br />
McCarthy 1997<br />
Cryptocarya alba Looser<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
SPANISH: peumo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Schmeda-Hirschmann et al. 1999<br />
Cryptocarya mosch<strong>at</strong>a Nees & Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
ENGLISH: Brazilian nutmeg<br />
PORTUGUESE: noz-moscada-do-Brasil<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is used as a spice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Minas Gerais to Bahia, Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987<br />
Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: honeywort, wild chervil<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems and leaves are used as greens or dried and used<br />
as herbs, and roots are e<strong>at</strong>en fried. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in Japan.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e North America to temper<strong>at</strong>e East Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Tomikel 1986<br />
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Cucumis anguria L. [syn. C. anguria var. longipes (Hook.f.)<br />
Meeuse]<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: bur gherkin, gherkin, West Indian gherkin, wild cucumber<br />
PORTUGUESE: cornichão-antilhano, maxixe, maxixe-bravo, maxixe-dom<strong>at</strong>o,<br />
maxixeiro, maxixo, maxixola, pepininho, pepino-castanha,<br />
pepino-de-burro, pepino-de-espinho<br />
SPANISH: cocombro, mashishe, mashishi, melón de coyote, meloncillo,<br />
pepinillo, pepinito, pepino<br />
USES/NOTES: Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed, <strong>the</strong> small, green, cucumber-like<br />
fruits, covered with pliable barbs, are e<strong>at</strong>en as a fresh<br />
vegetable, pickled, cooked, or sometimes curried.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Africa, though long established in <strong>the</strong> Neotropics,<br />
especially <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Caribbean<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Correll and Johnston<br />
1970, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kitajima<br />
et al. 1979, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin 1984b, Molina<br />
1975, Purseglove 1968, Soukup 1970, Sturtevant 1972, Terra 1966,<br />
Vásquez and Gentry 1989, von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Cucumis melo L. var. canteloupensis Naudin [syn. C. melo L. var.<br />
ch<strong>at</strong>e]<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: canteloupe, melon, ogen melon, rock melon<br />
PORTUGUESE: melão, cantalupe<br />
SPANISH: melón<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, succulent fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: C. melo probably from West Africa or Asia, possibly<br />
first domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> Nile Valley, C. melo var.<br />
canteloupensis may be from Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Johns and Stevenson 1985, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Purseglove 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Cucumis melo L. var. inodorus<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: cassaba melon, honeydew melon, winter melon<br />
PORTUGUESE: melão<br />
SPANISH: melón tuna<br />
USES/NOTES: Pale green fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North Africa or Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Purseglove 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Cucumis melo L. var. reticul<strong>at</strong>us<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: musk melon, netted melon, nutmeg melon<br />
PORTUGUESE: melão<br />
SPANISH: melón<br />
USES/NOTES: Orange fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North Africa or Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1968, Usher 1974<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Cucumis metuliferus E. Meyer ex Naudin<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: African horned melon, horned cucumber, jelly-melon, kiwano<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Morton 1987b, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1987<br />
Cucumis s<strong>at</strong>ivus L.<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: cucumber, gherkin (when imm<strong>at</strong>ure)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pepino<br />
SPANISH: cohombro, cohombros, machicho, pepinillo, pepino de<br />
castilla, pepino<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable or pickled and contain<br />
an edible oil. Seeds are edible roasted or raw. Imm<strong>at</strong>ure fruits<br />
are called gherkins.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Himalayas <strong>of</strong> India<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., León<br />
1987, Leung 1961, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Soukup 1970, Usher<br />
1974, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Cucurbita argyrosperma J.C. Huber subsp. argyrosperma [syn. C.<br />
argyrosperma J.C. Huber var. callicarpa Merrick & D.M. B<strong>at</strong>es, C.<br />
mixta Pangalo, C. mosch<strong>at</strong>a (Duchesne ex Lam.) Duchesne ex Poiret<br />
var. argyrosperma Naudin]<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: cushaw, greenstripe cushaw, mixta squash, pipian, pumpkin,<br />
winter squash<br />
PORTUGUESE: abóbora moranga, jerimum<br />
SPANISH: ayote, calabaza, calabaza de pepita gruesa, calabaza<br />
pinta, calabaza pipiana, chihua, ka, pipián, pipitoria, sakil,<br />
saquil, tamalayote, xka<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
roasted, and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en fried. The plant was domestic<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
by <strong>at</strong> least 7,000 years ago in <strong>the</strong> highlands <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Highlands <strong>of</strong> Mexico and Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Berg 1984, Bourke et al. 1987, CONANP<br />
2006, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Naranjo 1991, NRC 1989,<br />
Purseglove 1968, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974, Wiersema and<br />
León 1999<br />
Cucurbita digit<strong>at</strong>a A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: coyote gourd, fingerleaf gourd, finger-leaved gourd<br />
SPANISH: calabacilla, calabaza amarga, chichicayote, meloncillo,<br />
melón de coyote<br />
USES/NOTES: Protein-rich seed is edible, but fruit pulp is<br />
poisonous. The name coyote is <strong>of</strong>ten used with wild rel<strong>at</strong>ives <strong>of</strong><br />
domestic<strong>at</strong>ed plants in southwestern North America.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn California, Arizona, New Mexico and <strong>the</strong><br />
adjacent Mexican st<strong>at</strong>es <strong>of</strong> Baja California del Norte, Chihuahua,<br />
and Sonora<br />
REFERENCES: Couplan 1998, Dimmitt 2000, Munz 1974<br />
Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché [syn. Pepo ficifolia Britton, P.<br />
malabaricus Sagaret]<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: black-seed squash, cidra, figleaf gourd, malabar gourd,<br />
sidra, victoria squash<br />
PORTUGUESE: abóbora-chila, cafuzo, mestiço, mul<strong>at</strong>o, vitória-régia,<br />
zambo<br />
SPANISH: alcay<strong>at</strong>a, alcayota, alcayota común, alcayote, cabello de<br />
ángel, cayote, chilacayote, chilacayotl, chiberre, chiverre,<br />
cidra, cidra cayote, cidracayote, cucurbita, lacahuiti, lacayote,<br />
pepian, sidra, tzilacayote, tzilacayotli, victoria, vitoria,<br />
zambo<br />
USES/NOTES: Young fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en like zucchini squash (C. pepo),<br />
large m<strong>at</strong>ure fruits (<strong>of</strong>ten as alrge as and resembling large<br />
w<strong>at</strong>ermelons) are sweet and used for desserts, and seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
roasted prepared with honey and e<strong>at</strong>en as a desert in Chiapas,<br />
Mexico known as palanquetas. Fruits keep exceptionally well. Also<br />
reported to cause nausea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Domestic<strong>at</strong>ed species probably origin<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong><br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Andean highlands, or perhaps highland Mexico or Central<br />
America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Cárdenas<br />
1969, Coe 1994, Heiser 1979b, Hernández Bermejo and León 1994,<br />
Houaiss 1982, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin<br />
1984b, Naranjo 1991, Nee 1990, NRC 1989, OAS 1973, Sauer 1993<br />
Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: buffalo gourd, chili coyote, coyote gourd, fetid gourd,<br />
Missouri gourd, stinking gourd, wild pumpkin, wild pumpkin gourd<br />
SPANISH: aala, aisiki arisi, alidimai, ara chiki, calabacilla,<br />
calabacilla amarga, calabacilla de burro<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are ground for mush or dried and salted. Roots<br />
are processed for <strong>the</strong>ir starch and protein.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwest Texas and Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, Lira and Caballero 2002,<br />
Tull 1978<br />
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: acorn squash, autumn squash, gourd, hubbard squash,<br />
mammoth squash, melon pumpkin, pumpkin, squash gourd, winter<br />
squash<br />
PORTUGUESE: abóbora, abóbora menina, jerimum, girimu, moranga<br />
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SPANISH: ahuyama, auyama, ayote, calabaza, calabaza amarilla,<br />
calabaza grande, calabazona, casposo, hoyito, liso, moranga,<br />
sapayo, tamacayota, tamalayota, zapallitos de árbol, zapallo,<br />
zapallu<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, raw, cooked, or<br />
roasted. Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted and contain an oil used for<br />
cooking and lighting.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal and/or perhaps Andean Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1984, Bourke et al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969, Cid 1978,<br />
Coe 1994, Foster and Cordell 1992, Guia Rural 1990, Houaiss 1982,<br />
IBGE 1980, León 1987, Leung 1961, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989,<br />
Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Pérez-Arbeláez 1956, Purseglove 1968,<br />
Rehm and Espig 1991, West and Whitaker 1979, Whitaker and Davis<br />
1962<br />
Cucurbita mosch<strong>at</strong>a (Duchesne ex Lam.) Duchesne ex Poiret [syn. C.<br />
pepo var. mosch<strong>at</strong>a Duchesne ex Lam.]<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: butternut squash, buttersquash, crookneck, crookneck<br />
squash, Cuban pumpkin, cushaw, golden cushaw, Japanese pumpkin,<br />
melon squash, muskmelon, musky pumpkin, musky squash, musky<br />
winter squash, squash, pumpkin, Seminole pumpkin, summer squash,<br />
winter crookneck, winter squash, winter straightneck squash<br />
PORTUGUESE: abóbora cheirosa, abóbora almiscar, abóbora c<strong>at</strong>inga,<br />
abóbora melão, abóbora rasteira, jerimum<br />
SPANISH: ahuyama, anco, andaí, aullama, auyama, ayote, calabacín,<br />
calabaza, calabaza de pepita menuda, calabaza moscada, chaay<br />
k’uum, chaay pach, ch’um, joko, kalamasa, kum, lacahuite,<br />
lacayote, lakawiti, mocure, sapayo, seiyou, semheeya, xnuk kuum,<br />
zapallo, zapayo, zapotilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is cooked as a vegetable or dried and used<br />
for flour, seed is edible after roasting, and leaves <strong>of</strong> some<br />
varieties are e<strong>at</strong>en. Cucurbita mosch<strong>at</strong>a cultivars are a common<br />
source <strong>of</strong> canned pumpkin pie filling in North America.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Highlands <strong>of</strong> Mexico and Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Bonuccelli 1989, Bourke et al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969,<br />
CONANP 2006, Duke 1986, Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, León 1987,<br />
Leung 1961, Madsen 1991, MBG n.d., Naranjo 1991, Niembro Rocas<br />
1992, NRC 1989, OAS 1973, Purseglove 1968, Rehm and Espig 1991,<br />
Soukup 1970, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Cucurbita pepo L.<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: autumn pumpkin, autumn squash, bush scallop, bush squash,<br />
common pumpkin, field pumpkin, gem squash, gourd, marrow,<br />
pumpkin, summer pumpkin, summer squash, vegetable marrow, winter<br />
squash, zucchini<br />
PORTUGUESE: abóbora-carneira, abóbora-cheirosa, abóbora-de-porco,<br />
abóbora-mocanga, abóbora-moranga, abóbora-porqueira, abóborarasteira,<br />
cambuquira, jerimu, jurumum<br />
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SPANISH: ayote, bonetera, calabacín, calabacera, calabaza, calabaza<br />
común, calabaza mensejo, calabazo, chamol, escariote, hüicoy, kan<br />
tsol, lacayote, loche, mensejo, pipián, purú, sapaelis, sapallu,<br />
sapuyo, ts’ol, tsol, tsolitas, zambo, zapallito italiano,<br />
zapallo, zapallo del tiempo, wolis tsol<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp, seeds, and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en. Domestic<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
some 8,000 years ago possibly from C. pepo subsp. fr<strong>at</strong>erna (L.<br />
Bailey) Andres and C. pepo subsp. ovifera var. texana (Scheele)<br />
Decker [syn. C. texana Scheele].<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, perhaps to <strong>the</strong> central U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: B<strong>at</strong>es et al. 1989, Bonuccelli 1989, Bourke et al. 1987,<br />
Cárdenas 1969, Carneiro Martins 1989, CONANP 2006, Decker 1988,<br />
Foster and Cordell 1992, Heiser 1979a, Heiser 1993, IBGE 1980,<br />
Leung 1961, MBG n.d., NRC 1989, Price 1990, Purseglove 1968,<br />
Rodríguez Martínez 1987, Sauer 1993, Soukup 1970, Whitaker and<br />
Davis 1962<br />
Cucurbita pepo subsp. fr<strong>at</strong>erna (L. Bailey) Andres [syn. C.<br />
fr<strong>at</strong>erna L. Bailey]<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
SPANISH: calabacilla, calabacilla loca, calabaza amargosa<br />
USES/NOTES: Imm<strong>at</strong>ure fruits and seeds are edible. C. fr<strong>at</strong>erna is a<br />
likely progenitor <strong>of</strong> C. pepo and appears C. pepo subsp. fr<strong>at</strong>erna.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern Mexico, perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Lira and Caballero 2002, Sanjur et al. 2002, Sauer 1993<br />
Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo (L.) Alef.<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: courgettes, Zucchini<br />
PORTUGUESE: abobrinha, abobrinha-italiana, abóbora-de-moita,<br />
abóbora-árvore<br />
SPANISH: auyama<br />
USES/NOTES: Young fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural 1990, León 1987, Mabberley 1987<br />
Cuminum cyminum L.<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: cumin<br />
PORTUGUESE: cominho<br />
SPANISH: anís comino, comino, comino común, cumín, cumino<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic seed is an important spice, used in stews,<br />
soups, cheeses, liqueurs, and o<strong>the</strong>r foodstuffs, and is <strong>the</strong> source<br />
<strong>of</strong> an arom<strong>at</strong>ic edible oil used as a flavoring agent.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region, probably Egypt or Turkey<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Morton 1976a, Rodríguez Martínez 1990,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Cunila origanoides (L.) Britton<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
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ENGLISH: dittany, Maryland dittany, stone mint<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic leaves are used as tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Illinois and New York to Texas and Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Morton<br />
1976a, Peterson 1977<br />
Cupania prisca Standley<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
SPANISH: tzol<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant is e<strong>at</strong>en in <strong>the</strong> Petén.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and Petén, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997<br />
Curcuma longa L. [syn. C. domestica Lour.]<br />
FAMILY: Zingiberaceae (ginger)<br />
ENGLISH: curcuma, turmeric<br />
PORTUGUESE: açafroa, açafrão-da-Índia, açafrão-da-terra, b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>inhaamarelo,<br />
cúrcuma, gengibre-amarelo, mangar<strong>at</strong>aia, mangar<strong>at</strong>iá<br />
SPANISH: achirilla, azafrán, azafrán de la India, b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>illa,<br />
camotillo, cúrcuma, guisador, jengibrillo, palillo, raíz<br />
americana, tumérico, turmero, yuquilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried and ground, yellow to orange rhizome is used as a<br />
condiment, a spice, an edible yellow dye, and a stimulant. Widely<br />
used as a colorant and flavoring agent in yellow mustards and<br />
curry powder. Also hailed by <strong>the</strong> herbal suppliments industry due<br />
to <strong>the</strong> compound curcumin as an anti-inflamm<strong>at</strong>ory effective<br />
against arhtritic and o<strong>the</strong>r pain and an antioxidant with possible<br />
anti-cancer effects. Extract, known as curcuma longa, in<br />
combin<strong>at</strong>ion with sweet flag (Acorus calamus) is said to repel<br />
mosquitoes th<strong>at</strong> transmit yellow fever.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Asia to <strong>the</strong> East Indies, probably domestic<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
in India<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cobley 1956, Duke 1986, Duke 1997,<br />
Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Jardim<br />
Botânico de Brasília 1990, León 1987, Leung 1961, Omawale 1973,<br />
OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Plotkin 1993, Terra 1966,<br />
Tucker 1994, Usher 1974<br />
Curupira tefeensis G.A. Black<br />
FAMILY: Olacaceae (American hog plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: castanha curupira, curupira<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Silva et al. 1977<br />
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (L.) Taubert [syn. C. psoraloides DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: cluster bean, guar, gwar<br />
PORTUGUESE: guar<br />
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SPANISH: guar<br />
USES/NOTES: Pods and protein-rich seeds are edible and <strong>the</strong> seed is<br />
<strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> guar gum, used as a thickening agent in cooked and<br />
processed foods, especially sauces, dressings, and ice cream.<br />
Also grown as a cover and forage crop.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India and Pakistan, or perhaps Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1981, Kay 1979, Martin 1984a, NRC 1975, Usher<br />
1974, Whistler and Hymowitz 1979<br />
Cycas circinalis L.<br />
FAMILY: Cycadaceae (cycad)<br />
ENGLISH: crozier queen sago, false sago, queen sago, sago palm<br />
SPANISH: palma brashic, pelo ponte<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are leached to remove toxins <strong>the</strong>n ground into an<br />
edible starchy meal. Also grown widely as a landscape plant for<br />
<strong>the</strong> tropical look its elegant palm-like leaves impart.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Dehgan 1983, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Hyam and Pankhurst<br />
1995, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan<br />
1975<br />
Cycas revoluta Thunb.<br />
FAMILY: Cycadaceae (cycad)<br />
ENGLISH: Japanese sago-palm, sago palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: cico, palmeira-sagu, sagu<br />
SPANISH: palmera de sagú, sagú<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and heart are edible, <strong>the</strong> former after removing<br />
toxins. More cold hardy than C. circinalis.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Japan<br />
REFERENCES: Dehgan 1983, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, W<strong>at</strong>kins and<br />
Sheehan 1975<br />
Cyclan<strong>the</strong>ra dissecta (Torrey & A. Gray) Arn.<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: cutleaf cyclan<strong>the</strong>ra, cyclan<strong>the</strong>ra<br />
SPANISH: aca’hua, chayotillo, huisquilete, macuilquilitl<br />
USES/NOTES: Young greens and fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en as a quelite<br />
vegetable in Puebla, Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arizona to Kansas to Louisiana south through Texas to<br />
Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Lira and Caballero 2002, Lira and Casas 1998, Nee 1993,<br />
Stevens et al. 2001<br />
Cyclan<strong>the</strong>ra explodens Naudin<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Andes<br />
REFERENCES: Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994, León 1987<br />
Cyclan<strong>the</strong>ra ped<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Schrader [syn. C. edulis Naudin]<br />
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FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: cyclan<strong>the</strong>ra, slipper gourd, stuffing cucumber, wild<br />
cucumber<br />
PORTUGUESE: taimiá de cipó, taimiá de comer<br />
SPANISH: achoca, achocha, achoccha, achogcha, achojcha, achokkcha,<br />
achoncha, achoscha, archucha, caigua, caihua, caygua, cayhua,<br />
cayua, chayotero, korila, maxixi peruano, pepino andino, pepino<br />
de comer, pepino de rellenar, pepino de relleno, pepino hueco<br />
USES/NOTES: Small fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable like cucumbers,<br />
fresh or pickled. Seeds are made into a medicinal tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: high tropical Andes <strong>of</strong> South America<br />
REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1969, Coe 1994, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, Estrella 1991, Leung 1961, Martin 1984b, Naranjo 1991, NRC<br />
1989, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Rehm and Espig 1991, Soukup 1970,<br />
Vásquez and Gentry 1989, Williams 1981<br />
Cyclan<strong>the</strong>ra tonduzii Cogn.<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
SPANISH: caiba<br />
USES/NOTES: Young fruits and tender shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en in rural<br />
areas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Williams 1981<br />
Cyclanthus bipartitus Poit.<br />
FAMILY: Cyclanthaceae (cyclanthus)<br />
SPANISH: calzón panga<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible raw or cooked, salt is produced from<br />
<strong>the</strong> ash <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> burned plant, and leaves are used to wrap fish.<br />
Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian and lower Andean forests <strong>of</strong> Peru and<br />
Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994<br />
Cycloloma <strong>at</strong>riplicifolia (Sprengel) Coulter [syn. Salsola<br />
<strong>at</strong>riplicifolia Sprengel]<br />
FAMILY: Chenopodaiceae (goosefoot)<br />
USES/NOTES: Ground seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en in cakes, typically with<br />
cornmeal<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Fernald 1950, Munz 1974,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Cydonia oblonga Miller [syn. C. vulgaris Pers., Pyrus cydonia L.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: quince<br />
PORTUGUESE: marmelo, marmelo da Europa<br />
SPANISH: marumero, membrillo, zamboa<br />
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USES/NOTES: Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in temper<strong>at</strong>e regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
for its tart to astringent pectin-rich fruit, which is used<br />
primarily in preserves, sweet me<strong>at</strong>s, and wines, though also e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
out <strong>of</strong> hand and variously cooked. Mucilage from <strong>the</strong> seed is used<br />
as a topical skin tre<strong>at</strong>ment.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Caspian Sea to <strong>the</strong> Black Sea, probably Iran<br />
REFERENCES: Andrada 2000, Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE<br />
1980, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Martin et al.<br />
1987, Schneider 1987<br />
Cylindropuntia leptocaulis (DC.) F.M. Knuth [syn. Opuntia<br />
leptocaulis DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: desert Christmas cactus, jumping cactus, pencil cholla<br />
SPANISH: aguijilla, tasajillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Red to yellow fruits are tasty, though possibly<br />
hallucinogenic.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Nobel 1994, Tull 1978, Vigueras<br />
and Portillo 2001<br />
Cymbopetalum costaricense (Donn. Sm.) Saff.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: ear flower<br />
USES/NOTES: Flower petals have been used to flavor chocol<strong>at</strong>e.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica and Panama and likely Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Nelson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cymbopetalum penduliflorum (Sessé & Moç. ex Dunal) Baillon [syn.<br />
Porcelia cinnamomea Ruiz & Pavón ex G. Don]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: ear flower, guanabano, m<strong>at</strong>a boni, m<strong>at</strong>aboni<br />
SPANISH: orejuelo, teunacaztli, uei nacaztli, xochinacaztli<br />
USES/NOTES: Aztecs and o<strong>the</strong>r Mesoamericans used <strong>the</strong> dried, earshaped,<br />
spicey flowers <strong>of</strong> this large tree to flavor chocol<strong>at</strong>e.<br />
“Guanabano” and “m<strong>at</strong>aboni” are both listed as being used in<br />
Belize; wh<strong>at</strong> is not mentioned, however, is whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> terms are<br />
used by Spanish or English speakers. It may th<strong>at</strong> “guanabano” is<br />
derived from <strong>the</strong> Spanish term “guanábano” and used by English<br />
and/or o<strong>the</strong>r non-English speakers. It is also possible th<strong>at</strong><br />
Spanish speaking Belizians use <strong>the</strong> term.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Belize, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, and Honduras<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Coe 1994, MBG n.d., Murray 1993,<br />
Wagner 1964<br />
Cymbopetalum sp.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: aku-cabiá<br />
USES/NOTES: Unsepcified parts <strong>of</strong> an undetermined species are said to<br />
be e<strong>at</strong>en in <strong>the</strong> st<strong>at</strong>e <strong>of</strong> Acre <strong>of</strong> western Amazonian Brazil.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil (Acre)<br />
REFERENCES: UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Cymbopogon citr<strong>at</strong>us (DC. ex Nees) Stapf<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: citronella, lemongrass, West Indian lemongrass<br />
PORTUGUESE: capim-bar<strong>at</strong>a, capim-cheiroso, capim-cidrão, capimcidreira,<br />
capim-cidró, capim-de-cheiro, capim-limão, capimmarinho,<br />
capim-santo, chá-de-estrada, citronela, erva-cidreira,<br />
erva-príncipe, jacapé, vervena<br />
SPANISH: caña de limón, citronella, hierba de limón, hierba luisa,<br />
limoncillo, malojillo, maría luisa, pasto limón, té limón, yerba<br />
limón, yerba luisa, zac<strong>at</strong>e limón, zorra de limón<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is made into a beverage tea and a medicinal tea<br />
used to sooth <strong>the</strong> stomach and is <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> lemongrass oil, an<br />
essential oil used in perfumes, cosmetics, and flavorings. Also<br />
grown for soil conserv<strong>at</strong>ion and mulch. More common in <strong>the</strong><br />
Americas than C. nardus.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Carneiro<br />
Martins 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Editorial Panapo 1988, Guia<br />
Rural n.d., Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Padoch and de Jong 1991, Price 1990,<br />
Purseglove 1972, Rehm and Espig 1991, Salick 1989, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle [syn. Andropogon nardus L.]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: Ceylon citronella, citronella, citronella grass,<br />
lemongrass, mana grass<br />
PORTUGUESE: citronela, citronela-de-Java<br />
SPANISH: citronela, citronella, hierba de limón, limoncillo,<br />
limoncillo de té, sontol, té limón, yerba de limón, yerba limón<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant contains citronella oil, an essential oil used in<br />
perfumes, cosmetics, insect repellents (sold commercially in<br />
candles, as mosquito repellent), and disinfectants. Leaf is used<br />
to flavor foods and to make tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sri Lanka or India<br />
REFERENCES: Barber and Hall 1950, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d.,<br />
Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez<br />
1990, Tucker 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cymopterus acaulis var. fendleri (Gray) Goodrich [syn. C. fendleri<br />
Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: biscuit root, corkwing, wafer parsnip, wild celerey<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots, young stems, and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked<br />
and roots are added to me<strong>at</strong> for flavor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
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Cymopterus bulbosus Nelson [syn. Phellopterus bulbosus (Nelson)<br />
Coulter & Rose]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: biscuit root, bulbous springparsley, corkwing, onion<br />
springparsley, wafer parsnip, wild celerey<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots, young stems, and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Moerman 1998, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Cymopterus globosus (S. W<strong>at</strong>son) S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: cympoterus, globe springparsley<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots and leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East-central California, Nevada, and Utah<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Cymopterus longipes S. W<strong>at</strong>son [syn. Aulospermum longipes (S.<br />
W<strong>at</strong>son) Coulter & Rose]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: biscuit root, corkwing, wafer parsnip, wild celerey<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots, young stems, and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cymopterus montanus Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray [syn. Phellopterus<br />
montanus Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: biscuit root, corkwing, wafer parsnip, wild celerey<br />
USES/NOTES: Young stems and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked. Roots<br />
are made into flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Cymopterus newberryi (S. W<strong>at</strong>son) M.E. Jones<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: biscuit root, corkwing, wafer parsnip, wild celerey<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots, young stems, and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cymopterus purpurascens (Gray) M.E. Jones<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: biscuit root, corkwing, purple springparsley, wafer<br />
parsnip, wild celerey<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots, young stems, and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or raw.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Munz 1974<br />
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Cymopterus purpureus S. W<strong>at</strong>son [syn. Aulospermum purpureum (S.<br />
W<strong>at</strong>son) Coulter & Rose]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: purple springparsley<br />
USES/NOTES: Navajo used <strong>the</strong> plant as a po<strong>the</strong>rb to flavor soups.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Cynara cardunculus L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: artichoke thistle, cardon, cardoni, cardoon<br />
PORTUGUESE: alcach<strong>of</strong>ra-brava, cardo, cardo-santo, cardona<br />
SPANISH: cardo, cardón<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf stalks and roots are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, and<br />
dried flowers are used in flower arrangements. Some consider <strong>the</strong><br />
artichoke <strong>of</strong> commerce (Cynara scolymus) as a variety <strong>of</strong> C.<br />
cardunculus.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized and invasive<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Americas from California to Chile<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Usher 1974,<br />
Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Cynara scolymus L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: artichoke, French Artichoke, globe artichoke<br />
PORTUGUESE: alcach<strong>of</strong>ra<br />
SPANISH: alcach<strong>of</strong>a, alcach<strong>of</strong>era, arcacil, cardo alcoch<strong>of</strong>a, cardo de<br />
comer<br />
USES/NOTES: Imm<strong>at</strong>ure flower head is <strong>the</strong> artichoke <strong>of</strong> commerce. The<br />
scale-like bracts, known botanically as phyllaries, are steamed<br />
and dipped in butter as a delicacy, and <strong>the</strong> flower head base and<br />
heart are much appreci<strong>at</strong>ed, <strong>of</strong>ten pickled. Some consider C.<br />
scolymus to be a variety <strong>of</strong> artichoke thistle (Cynara<br />
cardunculus).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Jardim Botânico de<br />
Brasília 1990, Leung 1961, Rehm and Espig 1991, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Cyperus <strong>esculentus</strong> L. var. s<strong>at</strong>ivus Boeck.<br />
FAMILY: Cyperaceae (sedge)<br />
ENGLISH: chufa, earth almond, ground almond, nut-grass, nut-sedge,<br />
rush nut, tiger nut, yellow nut-grass, yellow nut-sedge, zulu nut<br />
PORTUGUESE: chufa, juncinha-mansa, junça, junquinho<br />
SPANISH: chufa<br />
USES/NOTES: Sucrose- and starch-rich tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en as a<br />
vegetable, squeezed to produce a beverage, dried to make flour,<br />
and used as an additive for cocoa (Theobroma spp.) and c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
(C<strong>of</strong>fea spp.). Tubers also are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> chufa oil, a nondrying<br />
cooking oil. Young plant bases are used in salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nile River basin, widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
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REFERENCES: Duke 1992, Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1966, Harrington<br />
1967, Harris 1972, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Mentz et al. 1997,<br />
Pascual et al. 2000, Peterson 1977, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974,<br />
Zeven and Zhukovsky 1975, Zohary and Hopf 1993<br />
Cyperus rotundus L.<br />
FAMILY: Cyperaceae (sedge)<br />
ENGLISH: coco grass, nut-grass, tulillo<br />
PORTUGUESE: dandá, dandá-da-costa<br />
SPANISH: cebolleta, cobollín, coquí, coquillo, coquito, corocillo,<br />
coyolillo, junquillo, totorilla, totorillo, tulillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Air dried stems and tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, baked,<br />
boiled, or as flour. Grounds also are used to brew a c<strong>of</strong>fee-like<br />
beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Africa, n<strong>at</strong>uralized widely in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
and elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Bh<strong>at</strong> 1994, Fernald et al. 1958, Mabberley 1987, Medsger<br />
1939, Morton 1977, OAS 1973, Tull 1978, Voeks 1997<br />
Cyperus squarrosa L. [syn. C. arist<strong>at</strong>us Rottb., C. inflexus<br />
Muhlenb.]<br />
FAMILY: Cyperaceae (sedge)<br />
ENGLISH: sedge<br />
USES/NOTES: Tuberous roots have been e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians <strong>of</strong> New<br />
Mexico. Plant’s aroma is similar to curry powder.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical and warm temper<strong>at</strong>e regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Tucker 1994b, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Cyphomandra cajanumensis (Kunth) Walp. [syn. C. casana A. Child]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: casana, tom<strong>at</strong>e silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Small fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Ecuador, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Peru from 1,500-3,000<br />
meters<br />
REFERENCES: Bohs 1994, Child 1985, Facciola 1990<br />
Cyphomandra corymbiflora Sendtner<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
PORTUGUESE: baga-de-veado, baga-de-veado-gigante<br />
SPANISH: tom<strong>at</strong>e de monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits reportedly are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Bohs 1994<br />
Cyphomandra crassicaulis (Ortega) Kuntze [syn. C. betacea (Cav.)<br />
Sendter, C. crassifolia (Ortega) Kuntze]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: tamarillo, tree tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
PORTUGUESE: tom<strong>at</strong>e chimango, tom<strong>at</strong>e de árvore, tom<strong>at</strong>e francês,<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>eiro da serra<br />
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SPANISH: árbol del tom<strong>at</strong>e, berenjena, chilto, gallinazo panga,<br />
granadilla, lima tom<strong>at</strong>e, naranjilla, naranjito, palo de tom<strong>at</strong>e,<br />
pepino de árbol, pimiento, sima, tamarillo, tomarillo, tom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
cimarrón, tom<strong>at</strong>e de agua, tom<strong>at</strong>e de árbol, tom<strong>at</strong>e de castilla,<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e de la paz, tom<strong>at</strong>e de lima, tom<strong>at</strong>e de palo, tom<strong>at</strong>e del<br />
campo, tom<strong>at</strong>e del monte, tom<strong>at</strong>e del serrano, tom<strong>at</strong>e extranjero,<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e francés, tom<strong>at</strong>e granadilla, tom<strong>at</strong>e mora, tom<strong>at</strong>e silvestre,<br />
toronjo, yunc<strong>at</strong>om<strong>at</strong>e<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked, made into juice, and jam,<br />
and is medicinal. The principal tree tom<strong>at</strong>o <strong>of</strong> commerce.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mid elev<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> central Andes, first cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
in Peru, introduced elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Bohs 1989, Bohs 1994, Bourke et al. 1987, Campbell<br />
1984, Duke 1986, Gregory 1960, Heiser 1984, Hume 1949, León 1987,<br />
NRC 1989, Popenoe 1974, Soukup 1970<br />
Cyphomandra diplocanes (Mart.) Sendtner<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
PORTUGUESE: baga-de-bugre, baga-de-veado<br />
SPANISH: guava tamarillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Frutis repordedly are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Brazil from 50-1,000 meters<br />
REFERENCES: Bohs 1994<br />
Cyphomandra endopogon Bitter<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: asna panga, chupo sacha del monte, ora panga, shuposacha<br />
machoa, takup<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits reportedly are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Andes <strong>of</strong> Colombia, Ecuador, and nor<strong>the</strong>astern<br />
Peru, into western Brazil, from 100-1,000 meters<br />
REFERENCES: Bohs 1994<br />
Cyphomandra fragrans Sendtner<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: guava tamarillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Orange fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Child 1985, Facciola 1990<br />
Cyphomandra hartwegii (Miers) Walp. [syn. C. splendens Dunal]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: tree tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: asna panga, fruta de agua, gallinazo panga, naranjilla,<br />
pepinillo, sandillo, tom<strong>at</strong>e de árbol, tom<strong>at</strong>e de indio, tom<strong>at</strong>e del<br />
monte, tom<strong>at</strong>e silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, sweetened, or made into<br />
juice and jelly. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Ecuador and possibly Chile and Argentina<br />
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REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Bohs 1986, Bohs 1994, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994<br />
Cyphomandra heterophylla Taubert<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: pepinillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Cyphomandra naranjilla Pittier<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: naranjilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Cyphomandra obliqua (Ruiz & Pavón) Sendtner<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
PORTUGUESE: jurubeba<br />
SPANISH: asna panga, chupo sacha, cupa sacha, poshno rao, tom<strong>at</strong>e de<br />
campo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Bohs 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Cyphomandra sibundoyensis Bohs<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: tom<strong>at</strong>e salvaje, tom<strong>at</strong>e silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sibundoy, Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Bohs 1994<br />
Cyphomandra stell<strong>at</strong>a Bohs<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: sacha macho<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds reportedly are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru (nor<strong>the</strong>astern), Ecuador, and Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Bohs 1994<br />
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link [syn. Sarothamnus scoparius (L.)<br />
W.D.J. Koch, Spartium scoparium L.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: broom, scotch broom<br />
PORTUGUESE: giesta, giesteira-das-vassouras<br />
SPANISH: escobón, hiniesta, retama de escoba<br />
USES/NOTES: Flower buds and fruit pods can be pickled, flowers are<br />
used like hops (Humulus lupulus), and seeds can be used as a<br />
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c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute. Introduced as an ornamental garden plant in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Pacific Northwest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> U.S.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Americas and regionally<br />
invasive in <strong>the</strong> western U.S. and portions <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn South<br />
America<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Neumann<br />
n.d., Parker et al. 1994, Peterson 1977<br />
Dacryodes belemensis Cu<strong>at</strong>rec.<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
SPANISH: copal, tencanencahue<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>of</strong> Colombia make a drink from <strong>the</strong> creamy<br />
yellow, round fruit.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, and possibly present in<br />
Surinam and Bolivia and perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d.<br />
Dacryodes peruviana (Loes.) Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
SPANISH: copal, cunchaya, guiimencahue, guiimonca, huaqueneeo,<br />
huyimonca, ichilia copal, kunché, macacao, macaco, numi kunchai,<br />
pene, qunché, shasha, tumbado, witageño, yaguarmuyu<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en after removing husks and ripe fruits<br />
are sweet. L<strong>at</strong>ex is used for caulking and to ward <strong>of</strong>f bad spirits<br />
in parts <strong>of</strong> Amazonian Ecuador.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and western Amazonian Brazil to Peru,<br />
Ecuador, and Colombia, and perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, MBG n.d.,<br />
Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992<br />
Dahlia coccinea Cav.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
SPANISH: dalia<br />
USES/NOTES: Tuberous roots were e<strong>at</strong>en in pre-Columbian Mexico. Now<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its red to yellow flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Coe 1994, Mabberley 1987, Nash 1976<br />
Dahlia lehmanii Hieron.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
SPANISH: dalia<br />
USES/NOTES: Tuberous roots were e<strong>at</strong>en in pre-Columbian Mexico. Now<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed as an ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Coe 1994<br />
Dahlia pinn<strong>at</strong>a Cav. [syn. D. rosea Cav.]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: dahlia, garden dahlia<br />
PORTUGUESE: dália<br />
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SPANISH: dalia<br />
USES/NOTES: Tuberous roots are edible and an inuline source. Also<br />
grown as a flowering ornamental. Now cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> Andes from<br />
Colombia to Bolivia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Gu<strong>at</strong>emala and Honduras<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Molina 1975, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974,<br />
West 1989a<br />
Dalea candida Willd. [syn. Petalostemon candidum Michaux] and<br />
Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torrey) Shinners [syn.<br />
Petalostemon oligophyllum (Torrey) Rydb.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: prairie clover, slender white prairie clover, white<br />
prairie clover<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet roots were e<strong>at</strong>en raw by Amerindians <strong>of</strong> New<br />
Mexico, Dried leaves have been used as tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Dalea lan<strong>at</strong>a Sprengel var. lan<strong>at</strong>a [syn. Parosela lan<strong>at</strong>a (Sprengel)<br />
Britton]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: indigo bush<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet roots were e<strong>at</strong>en fresh by <strong>the</strong> Hopi.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern to western North America and adjacent<br />
Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Isely 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Dalea purpurea Vent. [syn. Petalostemon purpureus (Vent.) Rydb.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: indigo bush, purple prairie clover, violet prairie clover<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea and N<strong>at</strong>ive Americas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Missouri River region chewed <strong>the</strong> roots. Also planted for its<br />
showy purple flowers, to <strong>at</strong>tract butterflies, and to fix nitrogen<br />
in prairie plantings.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada, <strong>the</strong> U.S. and perhaps into nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Isely 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Dasylirion cedrosanum Trel.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave), Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis), or<br />
Nolinaceae (nolina), previously Liliaceae (lily)<br />
SPANISH: sereque, soto, sotol<br />
USES/NOTES: Sap is used to prepare sotol, an alcoholic beverage<br />
somewh<strong>at</strong> like mexcal, which is derived from Agave spp.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
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REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d.<br />
Dasylirion leiophyllum Engelm. ex Trel.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave), Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis), or<br />
Nolinaceae (nolina), previously Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: desert candle, green sotol, smooth-leaved sotol, smooth<br />
sotol<br />
SPANISH: sereque, sotol brillante<br />
USES/NOTES: A sotol source and leaves have been used to make m<strong>at</strong>s,<br />
baskets, and paper.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Texas, sou<strong>the</strong>astern New Mexico, and adjacent<br />
Coahila and Chihuahua, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bogler 1994, Correll and Johnston 1970<br />
Dasylirion texanum Scheele<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave), Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis), or<br />
Nolinaceae (nolina), previously Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: green sotol, sotol, Texas sotol<br />
SPANISH: sereque, sotol<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet central bud is e<strong>at</strong>en and sap is used to prepare<br />
<strong>the</strong> alcoholic beverage sotol. Also a fiber source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Texas to <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexican<br />
st<strong>at</strong>es <strong>of</strong> Coahuila and Chihuahua<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Dasylirion wheeleri S. W<strong>at</strong>son ex Rothr.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave), Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis), or<br />
Nolinaceae (nolina), previously Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: blue sotol, common sotol, desert candle, desert spoon,<br />
grey sotol, sotol, spoon plant, Wheeler’s sotol<br />
SPANISH: sereque, sotol de desierto<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet central bud is e<strong>at</strong>en after cooking in pits,<br />
flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, sap is used to prepare sotol, seeds may<br />
be made into flour, and <strong>the</strong> plant is an alcohol and fiber source.<br />
Flower stalks may reach five meters.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, and adjacent nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Chihuahuan Desert Museum n.d., Correll and Johnston<br />
1970, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Daucus carota L. subsp. carota<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: bird’s nest, Queen Anne’s lace, wild carrot<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are used as a seasoning, and white roots are<br />
occasionally e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: temper<strong>at</strong>e Eurasia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987<br />
Daucus carota subsp. s<strong>at</strong>ivus (L.) Schuebler & Martens<br />
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FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: carrot, common carrot<br />
PORTUGUESE: cenoira, cenoura, cenourinha<br />
SPANISH: acenoria, azanoria, azenoria, carota, dauco, nabo<br />
amarillo, pastinaca selvaje, safranoria, zanahoria, zanoria<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible, orange roots are high in vitamin A and are <strong>the</strong><br />
carrots <strong>of</strong> commerce.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Afghanistan or Mediterranean Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Schneider<br />
1987, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Daucus pussilus Michaux<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: American carrot, r<strong>at</strong>tlesnake weed<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots, once more important than today, are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or<br />
cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Davilla kunthii A. St-Hil.<br />
FAMILY: Dilleniaceae (dillenias)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cipó-caboclo<br />
SPANISH: paujil chaqui<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked, and stem is a potable<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er source. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Breedlove 1986,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Voeks 1996<br />
Davilla nitida (Vahl) Kubitzki<br />
FAMILY: Dilleniaceae (dillenias)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cipó-de-fogo<br />
USES/NOTES: Stem is a potable w<strong>at</strong>er source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico through Ecuador and Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Breedlove 1986<br />
Deeringothamnus rugelii (B.L. Rob.) Small [syn. Asimina rugelii<br />
B.L. Rob.]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: pretty false pawpaw, royal false pawpaw, Rugel’s false<br />
pawpaw, Rugel’s pawpaw, yellow squirrel-banana<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Rare and endemic to east-central Florida, now<br />
restricted to portions <strong>of</strong> Volusia County<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Helkowski and Norman 1997, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Kral 1960, Small 1930, Taylor 1998, Wunderlin 1998<br />
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Deeringothamnus rugelii (B.L. Rob.) Small var. pulchellus (Small)<br />
D.B. Ward [syn. D. pulchellus Small, Asimina pulchella (Small)<br />
Rehder & Dayton]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: beautiful pawpaw, pretty false pawpaw, royal false pawpaw,<br />
squirrel-banana, white squirrel-banana<br />
USES/NOTES: Pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> yellowish fruit, to 7 cm long, is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Endemic to central and southwestern Florida, perhaps<br />
restricted to Orange, Charlotte, and Lee counties<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Kral 1960, Rehder and Dayton 1944, Taylor<br />
1998, Wunderlin 1998<br />
Dendrobangia boliviana Rusby<br />
FAMILY: Icacinaceae (icacina)<br />
SPANISH: iporuro de altura<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is made into an alcoholic beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru and Bolivia to central Amazonian<br />
Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Pinedo-Vásquez et al. 1992, Rankin de Mérona et al.<br />
1992<br />
Dendrocalamus asper (Schultes f.) Heyne<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: bamboo<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, takenoto, taquara<br />
SPANISH: bambú<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and young, vitamin A-rich shoots are edible.<br />
There are over 1,200 bamboo species throughout <strong>the</strong> tropics and<br />
subtropics, many <strong>of</strong> which have edible parts. Most economically<br />
important species are from Asia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Malaya<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Guia Rural 1990, Mabberley 1987, Molina<br />
1975<br />
Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: giant bamboo<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, takenoto, taquara<br />
SPANISH: bambú<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Burma<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural 1990, Mabberley 1987<br />
Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: Calcutta bamboo, male bamboo<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, taquara<br />
SPANISH: bambú<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and young, vitamin A-rich shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India<br />
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REFERENCES: Guia Rural 1990, Purseglove 1972, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Molina 1975<br />
Descurainia incana subsp. incisa (Englem.) Kartesz & Ghandi [syn.<br />
Sophia incisa (Engelm.) E. Greene]<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: tansy mustard<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible parched and ground.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Descurainia pinn<strong>at</strong>a subsp. halictorum (Cockerell) Detling [syn.<br />
Sophia halictorum Cockerell]<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: tansy mustard<br />
USES/NOTES: Pueblo Indians <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> tender greens. Seed is a minor<br />
oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Descurainia pinn<strong>at</strong>a subsp. pinn<strong>at</strong>a (Walter) Britton [syn.<br />
Sisymbrium canescens Nutt., Sophia pinn<strong>at</strong>a (Walter) Howell]<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: tansy mustard<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en, contain an edible oil, and are made<br />
into a refreshing drink.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: flixweed, tansy mustard<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are parched and ground into an edible meal, used<br />
like common mustard (Brassica nigra), or made into pinole. Young<br />
shoots are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb. Reportedly poisonous to c<strong>at</strong>tle.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Desmanthus illinoensis (Michaux) MacMillan ex. Robinson & Fern.<br />
[syn. D. brachylobus (Willd.) Benth.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: bundleflower, false sensitive plant, Illinois<br />
bundleflower, Illinois desmanthus, prairie bundleflower, prairie<br />
mimosa, prickleweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Protein-rich seeds may be mixed with o<strong>the</strong>r grains.<br />
Research is underway to develop a viable perennial commercial<br />
grain crop for human consumption.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
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REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Kulakow 1999,<br />
Radford et al. 1968, Schwegman 1991<br />
REFERENCES: Brako et al. 1995, Correll and Johnston 1970, Cox et<br />
al. 2006, DeHaan et al. 2003, Facciola 1990, ITIS n.d., Kulakow<br />
1999, MBG n.d., PFAF n.d., Radford et al. 1968, Schwegman 1991<br />
Desmodium cinereum (Kunth) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: tickclover<br />
SPANISH: hierba del ángel<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is edible. Also used as a green manure.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Terra 1966, Zeven and Zhukovsky 1975<br />
Desmodium incanum DC. [syn. D. frutescens Schindler]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: ironweed, kaimi-clover, w<strong>at</strong>chman<br />
PORTUGUESE: carrapicho, vernônia<br />
SPANISH: ambrosía, rompezaragüelles<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf and stem are made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Omawale 1973, UFA/NYBG n.d., Usher 1974, Wiersema et<br />
al. 1990<br />
Desmoncus cirrhiferus A. Gentry & Zardini<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: bora negra, m<strong>at</strong>amba<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Colombia and Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Desmoncus orthacanthos [syn. D. longifolius Mart., D. prostr<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Lindman]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: basket tie-tie, bayal, grigri palm, karwari<br />
PORTUGUESE: jacitara<br />
SPANISH: balaire, ballí, bayal, camuari, m<strong>at</strong>amba, m<strong>at</strong>ambilla,<br />
urubamba, volador<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Mexico through South America East <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Andes to sou<strong>the</strong>astern Brazil and Trinidad and Tobago<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Phillips 1991<br />
Desmoncus polyacanthos Mart. var. polyacanthos [syn. D.<br />
macroanthus Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: kamawarri<br />
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PORTUGUESE: coco-titara, espera-aí, jacitara, jassitara, jequitá,<br />
jipiti, titara<br />
SPANISH: bejuco alcalde, ca-mu-vé, enredadera, pishuallo rojo, vara<br />
casha, voladora, yasitara<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits, larger than those <strong>of</strong> D. polyacanthos var.<br />
prunifer, contain edible pulp.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia through most <strong>of</strong> Brazil, <strong>the</strong> Guianas,<br />
Trinidad, and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson et al. 1995, 1995,<br />
IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Desmoncus polyacanthos var. prunifer (Mart.) Henderson [syn. D.<br />
prunifer Poeppig ex Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: jacitara, tipiti, vara casha<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson 1995, Martin et al.<br />
1987<br />
Dialium guianensis (Aublet) Sandw.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpiniaceae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: jutaí-pororoca, jutaicica, pororoca, roxinho, roxinhorana,<br />
sacupembinha, tamarina, tamarindo<br />
SPANISH: dicademo, guapaque, huapaque, palo de lacandón, palo<br />
sangre, paque, paquí, tamarindo silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Powdery, yellowish, tart aril is e<strong>at</strong>en dried or soaked<br />
in w<strong>at</strong>er.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico through tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Balée and Gély 1989, Davis and Yost 1983,<br />
Duke and Vásquez 1994, Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997, Silva et al.<br />
1977, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Dialyan<strong>the</strong>ra acumin<strong>at</strong>a Standley<br />
FAMILY: Myristicaceae (nutmeg)<br />
SPANISH: cuángare<br />
USES/NOTES: Aril is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Diclidan<strong>the</strong>ra penduliflora Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Polygalaceae (milkwort)<br />
SPANISH: coto huayo<br />
USES/NOTES: Powdery aril is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America, perhaps Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Diclinanona tessmannii Diels<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
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PORTUGUESE: manga-de-anta<br />
SPANISH: tortuga blanca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Spichiger et al. 1989, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Dictyocaryum lamarckianum (Mart.) H. Wendl. [syn. D. schultzei<br />
Burret]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: barrigona, barrigona blanca, basanco, palma barrigona,<br />
palma bombona, palma real, pona<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit and heart are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: p<strong>at</strong>chy from eastern Panama through Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson 1990, Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Dicypellium caryophyll<strong>at</strong>um Nees & Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
PORTUGUESE: caneleiro-cravo, craveiro-do-Maranhão, craveiro-dom<strong>at</strong>o,<br />
louro-cheiroso, louro-cravo, pau-cravo<br />
USES/NOTES: Clove-scented bark is sold in markets as a spice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987<br />
Dilkea retusa Masters [syn. D. acumin<strong>at</strong>a Masters, D. wallisii<br />
Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
PORTUGUESE: grão-de-bode<br />
SPANISH: granadilla caspi<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Silva<br />
et al. 1977<br />
Dillenia indica L.<br />
FAMILY: Dilleniaceae (dillenias)<br />
ENGLISH: chalta, dillenia, elephant apple, Indian dillenia<br />
PORTUGUESE: árvore-da-p<strong>at</strong>aca, árvore-do-dinheiro, flor-de-abril<br />
SPANISH: coca, dilenia, hondapara, manzana de elefante, manzanote<br />
USES/NOTES: Grown primarily as an ornamnetal and for shade in <strong>the</strong><br />
Americas, though <strong>the</strong> large apple-scented bitter fruit is used in<br />
curries, sauces, and preserves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India and probably Malaysia, perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1986, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., Omawale<br />
1973, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982, Stevens et al. 2001<br />
Dimerocostus strobilaceus Kuntze subsp. strobilaceus Maas<br />
FAMILY: Zingiberaceae (ginger) or Costaceae (spiral flag)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cana-de-macaco<br />
SPANISH: nenenquemo, untuntu<br />
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USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en as a refreshing snack in Amazonian<br />
Ecuador.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Davis and Yost 1983, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Dimocarpus longan Lour. [syn. Euphoria nephelium L., Nephelium<br />
longana Cambess.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
ENGLISH: longan, longyen, lungan<br />
PORTUGUESE: longan, longana, olho-de-boi, olho-de-dragão<br />
SPANISH: longán, mamoncillo chino<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit’s bitter-sweet, though pleasant, juicy aril,<br />
similar to <strong>the</strong> litchi (Litchi chinensis), is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, dried,<br />
canned, and in jellies.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India, sou<strong>the</strong>rn China, or Thailand<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, IBGE 1980, Johns and<br />
Stevenson 1985, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Mowry et al.<br />
1967, Will 1991<br />
Dioon edule Lindley<br />
FAMILY: Zamiaceae (zamia) or Cycadaceae (cycad)<br />
ENGLISH: chestnut dioon, dion, dioon, Mexican fern palm, sago palm<br />
SPANISH: chamal, palma de la virgen, palma de macetas<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled or roasted <strong>the</strong>n ground and used<br />
as a starchy flour for tortillas. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed as an ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mexico from sea level to about 1,500m in <strong>the</strong><br />
Sierra Madre Oriental<br />
REFERENCES: Dehgan 1983, Jones 1993, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley<br />
1987, Stevenson et al. 1990, Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Dioscorea al<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Dioscoreaceae (yam)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinese yam, gre<strong>at</strong>er Asi<strong>at</strong>ic yam, gre<strong>at</strong>er yam, Guyana<br />
arrowroot, Lisbon yam, ten months yam, w<strong>at</strong>er yam, white yam,<br />
winged yam<br />
PORTUGUESE: cará-branco, cará-chinês, cará-cultivado, cará-da-<br />
Guiné, cará-de-agua, cará-de-Angola, cará-inhame, inhame-da-<br />
China, inhame-da-Índia, inhame-liso, sachapapa<br />
SPANISH: cabeza de negro, cará, chami papa, igname, iñame, malli,<br />
mallica, ñame asiático, ñame blanco, ñame chino, ñame de agua,<br />
ñame de mina, ñame grande, ñame mayor de Asia, ñame morado, ñame<br />
peludo, ñampi, nang<strong>at</strong>e, ñang<strong>at</strong>e, papa de montaña, tabena, tus,<br />
yame blanco<br />
USES/NOTES: The most widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed Dioscorea species is grown<br />
for its edible bulbils and large starchy tubers, which may weigh<br />
50 kilograms. Large heart-shaped leaves and winged stems<br />
characterize this fast growing vine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South or Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, perhaps near <strong>the</strong> Bay <strong>of</strong><br />
Bengal, n<strong>at</strong>uralized and pestiferous in warm regions<br />
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REFERENCES: Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Editorial Panapo 1988, FLEPPC 2003, Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980,<br />
Kay 1973, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, Martin 1976, O’Hair 1984,<br />
Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Purseglove 1972, Rodríguez Martínez 1987,<br />
Sauer 1969, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Dioscorea brasiliensis Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Dioscoreaceae (yam)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cará-branco<br />
USES/NOTES: Nutritious tubers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro 1991, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Dioscorea bridgesii Griseb ex R. Knuth<br />
FAMILY: Dioscoreaceae (yam)<br />
SPANISH: ñame<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Schmeda-Hirschmann et al.<br />
1999<br />
Dioscorea bulbifera L.<br />
FAMILY: Dioscoreaceae (yam)<br />
ENGLISH: acom, acom yam, aerial yam, air pot<strong>at</strong>o, bulbil bearing<br />
yam, otaheite pot<strong>at</strong>o, otaheite yam, pot<strong>at</strong>o yam, turkey-liver yam<br />
PORTUGUESE: b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-de-rama, b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-do-ar, cará-de-espinho, cará-de-<br />
São-Tomé, cará-de-sap<strong>at</strong>eiro, cará-do-ar, cará-do-céu, carásap<strong>at</strong>eiro,<br />
inhame-casco, inhame-de-Angola<br />
SPANISH: b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a del aire, bondá, huayra papa, ñame, ñame congo,<br />
ñame criollo, ñame de m<strong>at</strong>a, ñame del aire, ñame papa, ñ<strong>at</strong>i papa,<br />
papa caribe, papa del aire, papa voladora<br />
USES/NOTES: Young axillary bulbils, or aerial tubers, <strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> leaf<br />
bases <strong>of</strong> this aggressive climber are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, though are<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten bitter. Tubers also are edible, though typically as a<br />
famine food and only after detoxific<strong>at</strong>ion. Bulbils and tubers<br />
also are starch sources, and inflorescences reportedly are<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Africa and Asia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized and invasive in<br />
warm regions including <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro<br />
1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Kay 1973,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Martin 1974, O’Hair 1984, OAS<br />
1973, Schneider 1987, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Dioscorea cayenensis Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Dioscoreaceae (yam)<br />
ENGLISH: affoo, afou, cut-and-come-again yam, dye yam, Guinea yam,<br />
hard yam, negro yam, neroo yam, twelve months yam, yellow yam<br />
PORTUGUESE: cará-amarelo, cará-de-Pará<br />
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SPANISH: congo amarillo, mapuey morado, ñame amarillo, ñame<br />
amarillo de Guinea, ñame chomo, ñame de Guinea, ñame negro,<br />
niame, yame amarillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed, especially in <strong>the</strong> Antilles, for its<br />
sweetish tuber, which is e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Kay 1973, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961,<br />
O’Hair 1984, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1972, Rodríguez<br />
Martínez 1987, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Dioscorea cinnamonifolia Hook. [syn. D. teretiuscula Klotzsch, D.<br />
tuberosa Vell.]<br />
FAMILY: Dioscoreaceae (yam)<br />
ENGLISH: yam<br />
PORTUGUESE: cará-açu, cará-mimoso<br />
USES/NOTES: Large, starchy, tubers are harvested from wild and<br />
spontaneous plants.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern and central Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Dioscorea dodecaneura Vell. [syn. D. hebantha Mart.?]<br />
FAMILY: Dioscoreaceae (yam)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cará-barbado, car<strong>at</strong>inga-roxa, inhame-branco<br />
SPANISH: ñame<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed, mucilaginous, almond-tasting tubers are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or uncooked in Brazil. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax [syn. D. triphylla L. var.<br />
dumetorum (Kunth) R. Knuth]<br />
FAMILY: Dioscoreaceae (yam)<br />
ENGLISH: African bitter yam, bitter yam, cluster yam, three-leaved<br />
yam, trifoli<strong>at</strong>e yam<br />
PORTUGUESE: cará-trifoliado, inhame-bravo<br />
SPANISH: ñame amargo, ñame de tres hojas<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers, highly variable in form, quality, and color,<br />
are edible, though highly toxic before being cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical West Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro 1991, Kay 1973, Rehm and<br />
Espig 1991<br />
Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill [syn. D. acule<strong>at</strong>a L.]<br />
FAMILY: Dioscoreaceae (yam)<br />
ENGLISH: Asi<strong>at</strong>ic yam, Chinese yam, lesser Asi<strong>at</strong>ic yam, lesser yam,<br />
pot<strong>at</strong>o yam<br />
PORTUGUESE: bracanaã, cará-guine, cará-pé-de-anta, inhame-branco,<br />
inhame-da-costa, inhame-de-São-Tomé, tuia<br />
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SPANISH: ñame asiático, ñame azucar, ñame boni<strong>at</strong>o, ñame chino, ñame<br />
de China, ñame menor de Asia, ñame papa, ñame pequeño, tongo,<br />
yame papa, yampí<br />
USES/NOTES: Tuber is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Indochina, perhaps Thailand<br />
REFERENCES: Alexander and Coursey 1969, Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro<br />
1991, Kay 1973, O’Hair 1984, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Rehm and<br />
Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez 1987<br />
Dioscorea hast<strong>at</strong>a C. Presl<br />
FAMILY: Dioscoreaceae (yam)<br />
ENGLISH: yam<br />
PORTUGUESE: cará-branco, cará-coco<br />
USES/NOTES: Occasionally cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its edible tubers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central and sou<strong>the</strong>astern Brazil, and perhaps<br />
Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Dioscorea heptaneura Vell.<br />
FAMILY: Dioscoreaceae (yam)<br />
ENGLISH: yam<br />
PORTUGUESE: cará-preto, inhame-roxo<br />
USES/NOTES: Mucilaginous tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, or are<br />
used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute after being roasted and ground. Also<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps south-central Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Dioscorea humifusa Poeppig var. humifusa and D. humifusa var.<br />
gracilis (H. & A.) Navas<br />
FAMILY: Dioscoreaceae (yam)<br />
SPANISH: ñame<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Schmeda-Hirschmann et al.<br />
1999<br />
Dioscorea macrostachya Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Dioscoreaceae (yam)<br />
SPANISH: camote amarillo, cuculmeca, panil book<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers, leaves, and shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Also used<br />
to stun fish.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990, OAS 1973<br />
Dioscorea m<strong>at</strong>agalpensis Uline<br />
FAMILY: Dioscoreaceae (yam)<br />
SPANISH: panil book<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Nicaragua<br />
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REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984<br />
Dioscorea oppositifolia L. [syn. D. b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>as Decne.]<br />
FAMILY: Dioscoreaceae (yam)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinese pot<strong>at</strong>o, Chinese yam, cinnamon vine, cinnamon yam<br />
PORTUGUESE: cará-amarela, inhame-da-China<br />
SPANISH: ñame de China, yampi<br />
USES/NOTES: Cold-hardy, mucilaginous tuber is e<strong>at</strong>en in a variety <strong>of</strong><br />
cooked dishes and is <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> Guiana arrowroot starch.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, perhaps sou<strong>the</strong>rn China or Malaysia<br />
REFERENCES: Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro 1991, Kay 1973, Facciola<br />
1990, Kitajima et al. 1979, Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991<br />
Dioscorea rotund<strong>at</strong>a Poiret<br />
FAMILY: Dioscoreaceae (yam)<br />
ENGLISH: eight months yam, Guinea yam, negro yam, Portuguese yam,<br />
proper yam, white Guinea yam, white yam<br />
PORTUGUESE: cará-branco, inhame-de-guine<br />
SPANISH: ñame blanco, ñame blanco de Guinea<br />
USES/NOTES: Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> Antilles and West Africa for<br />
its edible tuber. Similar to D. cayenensis.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro 1991, Kay 1973,<br />
O’Hair 1984, OAS 1973, Rodríguez Martínez 1987<br />
Dioscorea trifida L.f.<br />
FAMILY: Dioscoreaceae (yam)<br />
ENGLISH: bell yam, cush-cush yam, igname, Indian yam, mapuey yam,<br />
sweet yam, wild pot<strong>at</strong>o, yampee, yampi, yampie<br />
PORTUGUESE: b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-nambu, cará-doce, cará-mimoso, caraquento,<br />
inambu, inhame-caraquento, inhame-da-terra<br />
SPANISH: aja, ajé, mallica, mapuey, ñame, ñame cush-cush, ñame de<br />
la India, ñame mapuey, ñame morado, ñame papa, ñame vino, ñame<br />
ycampi, ñampí, papa de montaña, pëa, sacha papa, sacha papa<br />
morada, yampé, yampí<br />
USES/NOTES: Early domestic<strong>at</strong>e <strong>of</strong> Amerindians, <strong>the</strong> tubers are easily<br />
digested. Also harvested from wild popul<strong>at</strong>ions. Uncooked rhizome<br />
is medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America, perhaps Guyana from where it<br />
may have spread n<strong>at</strong>urally through <strong>the</strong> Caribbean to <strong>the</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Bennett et al. 2001, Boom 1987, Chu and<br />
Figueiredo-Ribeiro 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gragson 1997,<br />
IBGE 1980, Kay 1973, León 1987, Martin and Degras 1978, O’Hair<br />
1984, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Rodríguez<br />
Martínez 1987, Soukup 1970<br />
Dioscorea trifoli<strong>at</strong>a Kunth in Humb. & Bonpl. & Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Dioscoreaceae (yam)<br />
ENGLISH: yam<br />
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PORTUGUESE: cará-pé-de-anta, caranambu, inhame-nambu<br />
SPANISH: ñame<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweetish tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en in Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil, now widespread in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro 1991, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Steyermark et al. 1995, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Diospyros artanthaefolia Mart. ex Miq. [also D. praetermissa<br />
Sandw.]<br />
FAMILY: Ebenaceae (ebony)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cuquí<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Diospyros blancoi A. DC. [syn. D. discolor Willd., D. philippensis<br />
(Desr.) Guerke]<br />
FAMILY: Ebenaceae (ebony)<br />
ENGLISH: butter fruit, mabola, mabolo, peach bloom, Philippine<br />
persimmon, Velvet apple<br />
PORTUGUESE: mabolo<br />
SPANISH: camagón, mabolo<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, apple-sized, pubescent fruit, with a cheese-like<br />
odor, is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh after peeling or preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Philippines<br />
REFERENCES: Gregory 1960, Johns and Stevenson 1985, León 1987,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973,<br />
Popenoe 1974, Usher 1974<br />
Diospyros conz<strong>at</strong>tii Standley<br />
FAMILY: Ebenaceae (ebony)<br />
SPANISH: uzxaca, zapote negro silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Oaxaca, Mexico to Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Provance and Sanders 2006, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Diospyros inconstans Jacq. [syn. Maba inconstans Griseb.]<br />
FAMILY: Ebenaceae (ebony)<br />
SPANISH: negra lora<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Antilles<br />
REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Diospyros kaki L.f. [syn. D. chinensis Blume]<br />
FAMILY: Ebenaceae (ebony)<br />
ENGLISH: caqui, Chinese d<strong>at</strong>e plum, Chinese persimmon , fuyu<br />
persimmon (non-astringent variety), hachiya persimmon (astringent<br />
variety), Japanese persimmon, kakee, kaki, kaki plum<br />
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PORTUGUESE: caqui, caqui-chocol<strong>at</strong>e<br />
SPANISH: caqui, fruta del Asia, gallina ciega, hachiya (astringent<br />
variety), locuá, kaki, kaki del Japón, níspero del Japón, palo<br />
santo, palosanto<br />
USES/NOTES: Orange-red fruit, with <strong>the</strong> general appearance <strong>of</strong> a<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>o, is e<strong>at</strong>en raw or dried. Some varieties are juicy, some<br />
gel<strong>at</strong>inous. The hachiya variety is astringent until very ripe and<br />
s<strong>of</strong>t and should not be e<strong>at</strong>en while still firm. The fuyu variety<br />
is squ<strong>at</strong>ter in form and can be e<strong>at</strong>en while still firm, as it is<br />
not astringent. The fruit is also a sugar source. The Chinese<br />
plant was taken to Japan where it was discovered by Americans and<br />
brought to <strong>the</strong> US in 1870.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., Leung 1961,<br />
Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig 1991,<br />
Schneider 1987, Usher 1974<br />
Diospyros lotus L.<br />
FAMILY: Ebenaceae (ebony)<br />
ENGLISH: d<strong>at</strong>e plum<br />
PORTUGUESE: caqui<br />
SPANISH: ébano<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe, dark, two cm long fruits taste like d<strong>at</strong>es<br />
(Phoenix dactylifera) and are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, dried, or fresh.<br />
Also used as a rootstock for D. kaki.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Warm regions <strong>of</strong> western Asia to China<br />
REFERENCES: Houaiss 1982, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995, Johns and<br />
Stevenson 1985, Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel.<br />
FAMILY: Ebenaceae (ebony)<br />
SPANISH: ébano malabárico<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, though astringent ripe fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or<br />
in marmalades.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Indo-Malaysia<br />
REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Mabberley 1987<br />
Diospyros revoluta Poiret [syn. D. ebenaster auct. non Retz.] and<br />
D. digyna Jacq. [syn. D. obtusifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., D.<br />
ebenaster (according to Mabberley)]<br />
FAMILY: Ebenaceae (ebony)<br />
ENGLISH: black persimmon, black sapote, chocol<strong>at</strong>e pudding fruit<br />
PORTUGUESE: caqui, ebano<br />
SPANISH: barbacoa, caimitillo, ébano, ébano agrio, guayabota,<br />
m<strong>at</strong>asano de mico, m<strong>at</strong>azano de mico, sapote, sapote negro,<br />
sapuche, sapuchi, zapote de mico, zapote negro<br />
USES/NOTES: S<strong>of</strong>t, chocol<strong>at</strong>e-colored ripe fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en as a<br />
snack. Unripe fruits are poisonous and used as a fish poison.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal lowlands <strong>of</strong> Mexico to Costa Rica, D. digyna<br />
also to <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
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REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Brücher 1989, Bourke et al. 1987, Campbell<br />
1984, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Leung 1961, Mabberley<br />
1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, Popenoe 1974,<br />
Usher 1974<br />
Diospyros texana Scheele<br />
FAMILY: Ebenaceae (ebony)<br />
ENGLISH: black persimmon, Texas persimmon<br />
SPANISH: chapote, sapote prieto, zapote negro<br />
USES/NOTES: Round, black, ripe fruit tastes somewh<strong>at</strong> like a prune<br />
(Prunus domestica), though unripe fruit is astringent. Flowers<br />
are a good honey source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Texas and Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Tull 1978<br />
Diospyros virginiana L.<br />
FAMILY: Ebenaceae (ebony)<br />
ENGLISH: American persimmon, common persimmon, North American<br />
ebony, persimmon, possumwood<br />
PORTUGUESE: caqui<br />
SPANISH: caqui, caqui americano, guayacán de Virginia, placaminero<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow to dark orange fruits, once relished as a<br />
foodstuff in <strong>the</strong> eastern U.S., remain astringent until very ripe<br />
when <strong>the</strong>y become s<strong>of</strong>t and sweet and can be e<strong>at</strong>en out hand or in<br />
various cooked desserts. Leaves can be steeped into a quality<br />
tea, and seeds may be used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute. Potentially<br />
large, deciduous, hardwood tree has <strong>at</strong>tractive fall foliage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from New Jersey to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida in<br />
<strong>the</strong> east to sou<strong>the</strong>astern Kansas and eastern Texas in <strong>the</strong> west<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1992, Godfrey 1988, Hyam and<br />
Pankhurst 1995, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Peterson 1977, Popenoe 1974, Sokolov 1991, Stamps and<br />
S<strong>at</strong>terthwaite 1995<br />
Diphysa americana (P. Miller) M. Sousa [syn. D. robinioides Benth.<br />
ex Benth. & Oersted]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
SPANISH: cuachipil, gauchipilín<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Sousa 1990<br />
Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: sand rocket, stinking wall-rocket, wall rocket<br />
SPANISH: jaramago<br />
USES/NOTES: Piquant leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh in salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe, sparsely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
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REFERENCES: Bianchini et al. 1988, Holmgren et al. 2005, Zuloaga<br />
1997<br />
Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: Lincoln weed, perennial wall-rocket, sand mustard, sand<br />
rocket, slimleaf wall-rocket, wall rocket, wild arugola, wild<br />
rocket<br />
PORTUGUESE: pinchão, rúcula<br />
SPANISH: jamargo, jaramago, jaramargo, rúcula<br />
USES/NOTES: Piquant leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh in salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Padulosi and Pignone 1996, Pensiero and Gutiérrez 2005,<br />
PFAF n.d., Fernald 1950, Zuloaga 1997<br />
Diplotropis martiusii Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
SPANISH: chonta quiro<br />
USES/NOTES: Salty leaf ash is mixed with coca leaf chew. Also a<br />
lumber source and a medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Lima<br />
1985<br />
Dipteryx micrantha (Harms) Ducke [syn. Coumarouna micrantha<br />
(Harms) Ducke]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cumaru-ferro<br />
SPANISH: charapilla, shihuahuaco<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South American lowlands<br />
REFERENCES: Ducke 1949, Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Dipteryx odor<strong>at</strong>a (Aublet) Willd. [syn. Coumarouna odor<strong>at</strong>a (Willd.)<br />
Aublet] and D. punct<strong>at</strong>a (S.F. Blake) Amsh<strong>of</strong>f [syn. Coumarouna<br />
punct<strong>at</strong>a S.F. Blake]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Dutch tonka, English tonka, rumara, tonka, tonka bean,<br />
tonka bean tree, tonka tree, tonquin bean<br />
PORTUGUESE: coumarou (refers to <strong>the</strong> fruit), cumaru, cumaru-amarelo<br />
(D. punct<strong>at</strong>a), cumaru-de-cheiro (D. punct<strong>at</strong>a), cumaru-de-ferro<br />
(D. odor<strong>at</strong>a), cumaru-ferro (D. odor<strong>at</strong>a), cumaru-roxa, cumaruverdadeiro,<br />
feijão (D. odor<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
SPANISH: charapillo, charapilla del murciélago, choiba, choibá,<br />
choidá, coumarona punct<strong>at</strong>a (refers to fruit), cumarín, cumarú,<br />
haba tonca, haba tonka, sarrapia/o, sarrapia real, shihuahuaco,<br />
shirihuaco, tonka, yape<br />
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USES/NOTES: Coumarin, an arom<strong>at</strong>ic oil extracted from <strong>the</strong> seed, is<br />
used as a vanilla flavoring substitute and to scent tobacco,<br />
snuff, soap, perfume, etc. Seeds occasionally are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled<br />
and are cured in rum in Trinidad. Sweet fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh<br />
in some places. Also medicinal and a construction lumber source.<br />
Tree is among <strong>the</strong> tallest in <strong>the</strong> forest. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in parts <strong>of</strong><br />
its n<strong>at</strong>ive range (most notably Venezuela), <strong>the</strong> West Indies, and<br />
Nigeria.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lowlands <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America from nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Brazil, Venezuela, and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gentry 1993,<br />
Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Kainer and Dureya 1992, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973,<br />
Plotkin 1993, Purseglove 1968, Rehm and Espig 1991, Silva et al.<br />
1977, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Dipteryx oleifera Benth. [syn. D. panamensis (Pittier) Record &<br />
Mell, Coumarouna oleifera (Benth.) Taub., Oleiocarpon panamense<br />
(Pittier) Dwyer]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: eboe, ebor, mountain almond, tonka bean tree<br />
SPANISH: almendro, almendro amarillo, almendro corozo, almendro de<br />
montaña, almendrón, choibá, choiva, igua, igua sapi<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds <strong>of</strong> this large tree are used like those <strong>of</strong> D.<br />
odor<strong>at</strong>a, edible after boiling or roasting, cured in rum for <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
flavor, or to scent tobacco and o<strong>the</strong>r items. The large,<br />
<strong>at</strong>tractive tree is used to shade cacao (Theobroma cacao) and <strong>the</strong><br />
fruit is consumed by <strong>the</strong> increasingly endangered, gre<strong>at</strong> green<br />
macaw (Ara ambigua).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lowlands <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Ecuador through Colombia to<br />
Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Disterigma acumin<strong>at</strong>um (Kunth) Nied.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
SPANISH: mortiño blanco, pipisiki<br />
USES/NOTES: Translucent whitish fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1987, Luteyn 1996, Luteyn 2002<br />
Disterigma al<strong>at</strong>ernoides (Kunth) Nied. [syn. D. popenoei Blake]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
SPANISH: chirimote, fiapilla, mortiño, perlillo, tirá, zchirpe<br />
USES/NOTES: Translucent whitish to pink, or reddish-wine colored<br />
fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and<br />
Bolivia<br />
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REFERENCES: Luteyn 1987, Luteyn 1996, Luteyn 2002, Martin et al.<br />
1987, MBG n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Wilbur 1992<br />
Distichlis palmeri (Vasey) Fassett ex I.M. Johnston [syn. Uniola<br />
palmeri Vasey]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: Palmer’s saltgrass, wild whe<strong>at</strong><br />
SPANISH: trigo gentil<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en as a nut or a cereal grain.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Foster and Cordell 1992, Gould and Moran<br />
1981, Yensen 1987<br />
Ditaxis heterantha Zucc. [syn. Argythamnia heterantha Müll.]<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae(spurge)<br />
SPANISH: azafrán de bolita<br />
USES/NOTES: Extract from <strong>the</strong> protein and oil-rich seed is used to<br />
color and flavor o<strong>the</strong>r foods.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Semi-arid regions <strong>of</strong> central Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Méndez-Robles et al. 2004, Webster 1994<br />
Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
ENGLISH: Florida hopbush, hopbush, hopseed bush, hopwood, n<strong>at</strong>ive<br />
hops, n<strong>at</strong>ive hopseed, purple hopseed bush (purpurea cultivar),<br />
sticky hopbush, varnish-leaf<br />
PORTUGUESE: erva-de-veado, faxina-vermelha, vassoura-vermelha<br />
SPANISH: cachoveano, candelas, canelillo, chac<strong>at</strong>ca, chac<strong>at</strong>ía,<br />
chamalo, chamana, chanchillo, chapulixctli, chapulixtle, chirca,<br />
chirca de monte, chivo, crestona, jarilla, jarilla de día,<br />
m<strong>at</strong>agusano, ocotillo, pirumu<br />
USES/NOTES: Although little used as food plant, <strong>the</strong> three-winged<br />
fruit capsules have been used as a substitute for hops (Humulus<br />
lupulus), though perhaps not in <strong>the</strong> Americas, and <strong>the</strong> seeds<br />
reportedly may be used as a spice, though <strong>the</strong>y are also described<br />
as astringent and bitter. The shrub to medium-sized tree is<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed primarily as a specimen tree or hedge. The purpurea<br />
cultivar, with its purplish fruits, is especially popular as a<br />
landscape plant. Most plant parts also have medicinal<br />
applic<strong>at</strong>ions and poisonous leaves are high in tannin.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical and warm temper<strong>at</strong>e regions <strong>of</strong> all continents<br />
and most archipelagos with disjunct popul<strong>at</strong>ions in <strong>the</strong> U.S.<br />
including peninsular Florida, sou<strong>the</strong>rn California and sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Arizona, and perhaps sou<strong>the</strong>rn Louisiana and along <strong>the</strong> Texas<br />
coast, and from <strong>the</strong> Bahamas through <strong>the</strong> Antilles and from Mexico<br />
through Central America to Uruguay and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Facciola 1991, Foster 1958,<br />
MBG n.d., Mentz et al. 1997, Niembro Rocas 1986, Pesman 1962,<br />
Torres n.d.<br />
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Doliocarpus dent<strong>at</strong>us (Aublet) Standley, D. macrocarpus Mart. ex<br />
Eichler, and D. major J. Gmelin subsp. major<br />
FAMILY: Dilleniaceae (dillenias)<br />
ENGLISH: w<strong>at</strong>ervine<br />
PORTUGUESE: cipó-de-agua<br />
SPANISH: puca huasca<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems contain potable w<strong>at</strong>er.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Dovyalis abyssinica (Eichler) Warb. [syn. D. engleri Gilg, Aberia<br />
abyssinica Clos] [also <strong>the</strong> hybrid D. abyssinica x hebecarpa<br />
(Gardner) Warb.]<br />
FAMILY: Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia)<br />
ENGLISH: Abyssinian gooseberry, African dove plum, African<br />
gooseberry, apricot velvet berry (hybrid), Florida gooseberry<br />
(hybrid), hybrid dovyalis, kitembilla (hybrid), tropical apricot<br />
(hybrid)<br />
SPANISH: aberia, kei (hybrid), ketembilla (hybrid), mukambura<br />
(hybrid)<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy, apricot-colored fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, stewed,<br />
or preserved. Fuzzy, dark purple to brown hybrid fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
out <strong>of</strong> hand or preserved. Dovyalis has appeared incorrectly<br />
spelled as Doryalis.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda, hybrid from South Asia<br />
or Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Bird and Heinlein n.d., Campbell 1984, Facciola 1990,<br />
León 1987, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton<br />
1987a, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harvey) Warb. [syn. Aberia caffra<br />
Harvey & Sonder]<br />
FAMILY: Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia)<br />
ENGLISH: kei-apple, umkokolo, umkolo<br />
SPANISH: aberia, kei, manzana de kei<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe fruits are made into jams, tarts, and desserts,<br />
unripe fruits are made into jelly. Also grown as an ornamental<br />
hedge.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Bird and Heinlein n.d., León 1987, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974, Will 1991<br />
Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warb. [syn. Aberia gardneri Clos,<br />
Roumea hebecarpa Gardner]<br />
FAMILY: Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia)<br />
ENGLISH: Ceylon gooseberry, ketambilla, kitambilla, kitembilla<br />
SPANISH: aberia, cereza de Ceilán, ketambila, ketembilla,<br />
kitembilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Reddish-purple, two and a half cm long fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
in jellies and preserves.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, probably Sri Lanka, perhaps India<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Gregory 1960, León 1987, Leung<br />
1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Mowry et<br />
al. 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974, Will 1991<br />
Dracontium asperum K. Koch<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: dracontium<br />
PORTUGUESE: erva-jararaca, herva-de-Santa-Maria, jararaca,<br />
jararaca-tajá, milho-de-cobra, tajá-de-cobra, tája-de-cobra,<br />
tarumã<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Brazil to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Plowman 1969, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Dracontium loretense K. Krause<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: fer-de-lance<br />
PORTUGUESE: milho-de-cobra<br />
SPANISH: hierba del jergón, jergón sacha<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers reportadly are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Dracontium margaretae Bogner<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
SPANISH: changuange sabanero<br />
USES/NOTES: Corms are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled, or boiled <strong>the</strong>n roasted over an<br />
open fire.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Paraguay and Brazil to central Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Gragson 1997<br />
Dracontium pittieri Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
SPANISH: hombrón<br />
USES/NOTES: Large tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Plowman 1969<br />
Dracontium polyphyllum L.<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
PORTUGUESE: jararaca-mirim, jiracaca<br />
SPANISH: jararaca merim, jergón sacha<br />
USES/NOTES: Tuberous rootstocks are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Also used to<br />
tre<strong>at</strong> snakebites.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America to Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Plowman 1969, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Drimys winteri Forster & Forster f. [syn. D. chilensis DC., D.<br />
punct<strong>at</strong>a Lam.]<br />
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FAMILY: Winteraceae (winteria)<br />
ENGLISH: winter’s bark<br />
SPANISH: boighe, canelo, chachaca, chilillo, cupís, palo de ají,<br />
palo de chile, palo de mambo, quinón<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic bark is used as a spice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile and Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, OAS 1973, Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Zuloaga 1997<br />
Duckesia verrucosa (Ducke) Cu<strong>at</strong>rec. [syn. Sacoglottis verrucosa<br />
Ducke]<br />
FAMILY: Humiriaceae (bastard bullet tree)<br />
PORTUGUESE: uchi-cora, uxi-corôa, uxicuruá<br />
SPANISH: loro shungo, manchari caspi<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Amazonian Brazil to Amazonian Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Cu<strong>at</strong>recasas 1961, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Dudleya edulis (Nutt. in Torrey & A. Gray) Moran [syn. Cotyledon<br />
edulis (Nutt.) Brewer, Stylophyllum edule (Nutt.) Britton & Rose]<br />
and D. lanceol<strong>at</strong>a (Nutt. in Torrey & A. Gray) Britton & Rose<br />
[syn. Cotyledon lanceol<strong>at</strong>a (Nutt.) Brewer & W<strong>at</strong>son]<br />
FAMILY: Crassulaceae (stonecrop)<br />
ENGLISH: mission lettuce (D. edulis)<br />
USES/NOTES: Tender leaves and sweetish, though somewh<strong>at</strong> chalky<br />
stems are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Hickman 1993, Munz 1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Dudleya pulverulenta subsp. typica Moran [syn. D. pulverulenta<br />
(Nutt.) Britton & Rose, Cotyledon pulverulenta (Nutt.) Brewer &<br />
W<strong>at</strong>son]<br />
FAMILY: Crassulaceae (stonecrop)<br />
ENGLISH: chalk lettuce, teilplant<br />
USES/NOTES: Tender leaves and sweetish, though chalky stems are<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California<br />
REFERENCES: Moran 1943, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Duguetia bahiensis Maas [syn. D. bracteosa Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pinhão<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Maas et al. 1993, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Duguetia flagellaris Huber<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
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SPANISH: cherimoya del monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru to central Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992, Salick 1992<br />
Duguetia lanceol<strong>at</strong>a St-Hil.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: beribá, beribazeiro, pindaíva<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Duguetia macrophylla R.E. Fries<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
SPANISH: júúmyba, tortuga caspi<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible and bark is used in a medicinal balm.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Duguetia marcgraviana Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ameiju, beribá, biribá-verdadeiro, envireira, jaca-depobre,<br />
meiju, pindaeua<br />
SPANISH: tortuga caspi<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or made into a beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Cavalcante 1991, IBGE 1980, Martin et al.<br />
1987<br />
Duguetia riparia Huber [syn. D. insculpta R.E. Fries]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: envir<strong>at</strong>aí, imbir<strong>at</strong>aia, invir<strong>at</strong>aí<br />
SPANISH: tortuga caspi<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor <strong>of</strong> Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: French Guiana, Suriname, Amazonian Brazil to<br />
Amazonian Bolivia, Colombia and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Boggan et al. 1997, GIPI 2006, Hashimoto<br />
2002, Maas et al. 2003<br />
Duguetia spixiana Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: biribarana, envira-conduru<br />
SPANISH: amero, chirimoillo, chirimoya del monte, dupurari, huabu<br />
midha, huevo de tortuga, pancho de chancho, tortuga caspi<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia from western Amazonian Brazil and<br />
Amazinian Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Duguetia stenantha R.E. Fries<br />
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FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: jaboti, mão-de-cabra, pé-de-jaboti<br />
SPANISH: tortuga caspi<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellowish, sometimes fibrous sweet pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
irregularly shaped fruit, with numerous globular sections<br />
(similar to Annona spp.), is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central to western Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Duranta erecta L. [syn. D. macrophylla Bose, D. plumieri Jacq., D.<br />
repens L.]<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: duranta, golden dewdrop(s), pigeon-berry, skyflower<br />
PORTUGUESE: puruí-grande<br />
SPANISH: espino chivo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized and invasive in warm,<br />
humid regions<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d.<br />
Durio zibethinus A. Murray<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Bombacaceae (silk-cotton)<br />
ENGLISH: civet fruit, durian<br />
PORTUGUESE: durião<br />
SPANISH: durián, durio, durión, erizo de árbol<br />
USES/NOTES: Large, spiny fruit (to 30 cm in length and 8 kg) has an<br />
unpleasant odor when ripe, yet is highly esteemed in Asia for its<br />
abundant, creamy, sweet aril, e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, in desserts,<br />
dried, as a paste, or cooked as a vegetable before ripening.<br />
Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled, roasted, or fried. Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in<br />
tropical Asia, though uncommon in <strong>the</strong> Americas. Thailand is <strong>the</strong><br />
leading producer today.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Malaysia, probably domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in Borneo<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Leung<br />
1961, Morton 1987a, Myers 1992, OAS 1973, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and<br />
Espig 1991, Smith et al. 1992, Steinkraus 1983, Subhadrabandhu<br />
and Ketsa 2001, Usher 1974, Will 1991<br />
Duroia eriopila L.f.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: komaramara<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to <strong>the</strong> Guianas and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Johnston and Colquhoun 1996<br />
Duroia genipoides Hook.f. ex Schumann [syn. Amaioua genipoides<br />
Spruce ex Benth. & Hook.f.]<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: komaramara<br />
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PORTUGUESE: apuruí, jenipapinho, puruí, puruí-do-igapó<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is similar to, though smaller than jenipapo<br />
(Genipa americana).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to <strong>the</strong> Guianas and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Silva et al. 1977,<br />
Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Duroia hirsuta (Poeppig & Endl.) K. Schum.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
PORTUGUESE: sapequeiro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Lorence 1999, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Duroia macrophylla Huber<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
PORTUGUESE: apuruí, cabeça-de-urubu, puruí-grande-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart fruit is similar in flavor to tamarind (Tamarindus<br />
indica).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992, Silva et<br />
al. 1977<br />
Duroia saccifera (Mart. ex Roemer & Schultes) Hook.f. ex Schumann<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cabeça-de-urubu, puruí, puruí-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, puruí-grande<br />
SPANISH: hormiga caspi<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru and Brazil to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Silva et al. 1977, Steyermak et al. 1995<br />
Ebenopsis ebano (Berland.) Barneby & Grimes) [syn. Acacia<br />
flexicaulus Benth., Chloroleucon ebano (Berland.) L. Rico, Mimosa<br />
ebano Berland., Pi<strong>the</strong>cellobium ebano (Berland.) C.H. Muller,<br />
Pi<strong>the</strong>cellobium flexicaule (Benth.) Coulter]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Texas ebony<br />
SPANISH: ébano<br />
USES/NOTES: Young pods and toasted or boiled seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en and<br />
seed co<strong>at</strong>s are used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Texas and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Rico-Arce 1991, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ecclinusa bull<strong>at</strong>a Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bal<strong>at</strong>a, coquirana-de-pelo<br />
SPANISH: cuquirana, irana, pendare, pendare de sapo<br />
USES/NOTES: L<strong>at</strong>ex is added to chicle prepar<strong>at</strong>ions.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela and adjacent nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonian<br />
Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Ecclinusa guianensis Eyma [syn. Chrysophyllum guianensis (Eyma)<br />
Baehni]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: bartabali, parai, purah<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana-abiu, abiurana-bacuri, abiurana-caju,<br />
abiurana-guiina, bacuri, caramuri, cauchorana, guajaraí<br />
SPANISH: bal<strong>at</strong>illa, chicle, chicle de capure, chupón chicle,<br />
p<strong>at</strong>illo, pulguillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. L<strong>at</strong>ex is mixed with superior bal<strong>at</strong>a.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and Amazonian Brazil,<br />
possibly to Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Fouqué 1973,<br />
Pennington 1990, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Ecclinusa lanceol<strong>at</strong>a (Mart. & Eichler) Pierre<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: coquirana, coquirana braba, coquirana-do-igapó<br />
SPANISH: bal<strong>at</strong>a<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and l<strong>at</strong>ex is used for chewing gum.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Panama, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and Amazonian Peru and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington 1990<br />
Ecclinusa ramiflora Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiu-f<strong>of</strong>o, aca preto, barpeba preta, coquirana braba<br />
grande, coquirana brava<br />
SPANISH: bal<strong>at</strong>a barbacona, bal<strong>at</strong>illa, moregum negro<br />
USES/NOTES: M<strong>at</strong>ure fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Surinam,<br />
Amazonian and coastal Brazil, and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington 1990<br />
Echinocactus grandis Rose [includes E. pl<strong>at</strong>yacanthus Link & Otto<br />
fo. grandis (Rose) Bravo]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: biznaga, viznaga<br />
USES/NOTES: Pulp from <strong>the</strong> huge stem is used to make candy called<br />
“acitrón” or “dulce de viznaga” in sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East-central and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico from Puebla and<br />
Oacxaca<br />
REFERENCES: Bravo-Hollis 1978, Bravo-Hollis and Sánchez-Mejorada<br />
1991, Britton and Rose 1963, Espejo Serna et al. n.d, Facciola<br />
1990, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes)<br />
Echinocactus horizonthalonius Lem.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
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SPANISH: manca caballo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Texas, sou<strong>the</strong>rn New Mexico and Arizona, and<br />
adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Echinocactus ingens Zucc. ex Pfeiffer<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
USES/NOTES: Stem pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en in salads or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984<br />
Echinocereus conglomer<strong>at</strong>us Forster<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: alicoche, pitahaya de agosto, pitahya de agosto<br />
USES/NOTES: Globular fruit’s pulp is edible, though somewh<strong>at</strong> acid<br />
and seedy.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Echinocereus engelmannii (Parry ex Engelm.) Lem.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: calico cactus, Engelmann hedgehog, Engelmann’s hedgehog<br />
cactus, hedgehog cactus, Indian strawberry, strawberry cactus<br />
SPANISH: órgano-pequeño fresa<br />
USES/NOTES: Spiny, ovoid fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or preserved and<br />
taste somewh<strong>at</strong> like strawberries.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993,<br />
ITIS n.d.<br />
Echinocereus enneacanthus Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: hedgehog cactus, pitaya, smallspine pitaya, strawberry<br />
cactus<br />
SPANISH: órgano-pequeño alicoche real<br />
USES/NOTES: Globular, juicy fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or preserved and<br />
taste like strawberries.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn New Mexico and Texas and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, ITIS n.d.,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Tull 1978, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Echinocereus pectin<strong>at</strong>us (Scheidw.) Engelm. and E. pectin<strong>at</strong>us var.<br />
dasycanthus (Engelm.) W. Earle ex N. Taylor [syn. E. dasyacanthus<br />
Engelm.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: hedgehog cactus (E. pectin<strong>at</strong>us var. dasycanthus), rainbow<br />
cactus<br />
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SPANISH: chihuahua, órgano-pequeño peine<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, greenish-purple fruits are sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: E. pectin<strong>at</strong>us from central Mexico, E. pectin<strong>at</strong>us var.<br />
dasycanthus from southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, ITIS n.d.,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Echinocereus stramineus (Engelm.) Rumpler<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: Mexican strawberry, strawberry cactus, strawberry hedgehog<br />
cactus<br />
SPANISH: órgano-pequeño sanjuanero<br />
USES/NOTES: Red spiny fruits, e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or preserved, taste like<br />
strawberries.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Texas, New Mexico, and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, ITIS n.d., Tull 1978, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Echinocereus triglochidi<strong>at</strong>us Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: claretcup cactus, hedgehog cactus, kingcup cactus, Mohave<br />
mound cactus, Mojave mound cactus, red-flowered hedgehog cactus,<br />
red hedgehog cactus, strawberry cactus<br />
SPANISH: órgano-pequeño copa de vino<br />
USES/NOTES: Bright red fruit’s pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, cooked, or<br />
pickled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and <strong>the</strong> southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Echinochloa frumentacea Link [syn. E. crusgalli var. frumentacea<br />
(Link) W. Wight]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: barnyard grass, barnyard millet, billion dollar grass,<br />
Japanese millet, jungle rice, sanwa millet<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are ground into flour. Also grown as a food<br />
source in Japan and Korea and cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed as a forage crop in <strong>the</strong><br />
U.S.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Old World, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Echinodorus panicul<strong>at</strong>us Micheli<br />
FAMILY: Alism<strong>at</strong>aceae (w<strong>at</strong>er-plantain)<br />
ENGLISH: arrowroot<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible, starchy root is used like common arrowroot<br />
(Maranta arundinacea).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropcal South America<br />
REFERENCES: Reed 1995<br />
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Echinopsis chiloensis (Colla) Friedrich & G.D. Rowley [includes<br />
Cactus chiloensis Colla, Cereus chiloensis (Colla) DC., Cereus<br />
quisco Remy, Trichocereus chiloensis (Colla) Britton & Rose]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: cactus, cardón de candelabro, quisco<br />
USES/NOTES: Globular fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en or made into drinks.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Faucon 1998,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ehretia anacua (Teran & Berland.) I.M. Johnston<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
ENGLISH: anacua, anaqua, sugarberry<br />
SPANISH: anacua, manzanita del monte, raspa sombrero<br />
USES/NOTES: Reddish-yellow to orange fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Texas to Arizona<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, L<strong>at</strong>orre and L<strong>at</strong>orre 1977, Tull 1978<br />
Ehretia bourreria L.<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
ENGLISH: currant tree<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Jamaica<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Ehretia elliptica DC.<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
ENGLISH: knock away, sugarberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ehretia tinifolia L.<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
ENGLISH: bastard cherry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975<br />
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laub. [syn. E. speciosa Kunth,<br />
Piaropus crassipes (Mart.) Britton, Pontederia crassipes Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Pontederiaceae (pickerel weed)<br />
ENGLISH: w<strong>at</strong>er hyacinth<br />
PORTUGUESE: aguapé<br />
SPANISH: buchón de agua, camalote, clara agua, icina de agua,<br />
jacinto acuático, jacinto de agua, lechuga de agua, lechuguilla,<br />
no-me-olvide, putu-putu, santa clara, taruya<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves, petioles, and flower spikes are edible<br />
cooked, but have little flavor. Because <strong>of</strong> its nutritional value<br />
and productive n<strong>at</strong>ure, NASA has considered it as a possible food<br />
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source for astronauts. While growing, <strong>the</strong> aqu<strong>at</strong>ic plant serves as<br />
a n<strong>at</strong>ural w<strong>at</strong>er filter, and it has been used as an animal feed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and Peru (and perhaps Colombia) to<br />
Venezuela and <strong>the</strong> Guianas, n<strong>at</strong>uralized and pestiferous in<br />
w<strong>at</strong>erways <strong>of</strong> many warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Guia Rural n.d., Kunkel 1984, Usher 1974<br />
Elaeagnus commut<strong>at</strong>a Bernh. ex Rydb. [also E. argentea Pursh]<br />
FAMILY: Elaeagnaceae (oleaster)<br />
ENGLISH: silverberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en dried, cooked, or made into jelly.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb. and E. pungens Thunb.<br />
FAMILY: Elaeagnaceae (oleaster)<br />
ENGLISH: cherry elaeagnus, goumi, longipe bush, silverthorn (E.<br />
pungens)<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, acid fruits are made into preserves and<br />
fermented into alcoholic beverages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: E. multiflora from Japan, E. pungens from Japan and<br />
China, infrequently n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Johns and Stevenson 1985,<br />
Usher 1974, W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975<br />
Elaeagnus philippensis Perrottet<br />
FAMILY: Elaeagnaceae (oleaster)<br />
ENGLISH: lingaro<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, pinkish tart fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Philippines<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975<br />
Elaeis guineensis Jacq. [syn. E. melanococca Gaertner]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: abbey palm, African oil palm, oil palm, red palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: caiaué, coco-dendê, coco-de-dendê, dendê, dendêafricana,<br />
dendezeiro, mariuô (young leaves)<br />
SPANISH: corojo, palma aceitera, palma africana, palma africana de<br />
aceite, palmera aceitera africana, palmera de aceite, uruta<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and kernel are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> commercial palm<br />
oil, an edible cooking and industrial oil rich in vitamins A and<br />
E. Pressed endosperm cakes are fed to c<strong>at</strong>tle and chickens,<br />
endocarp is used as fuel, and ash from burned infructescence is<br />
used as a fertilizer. Widespread in <strong>the</strong> Americas, especially<br />
Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical West Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Ferwerda 1984, Frechione et al. 1989, Guia<br />
Rural n.d., Henderson 1995, IBGE 1980, Kahn and de Granville<br />
1992, León 1987, Mors and Rizzini 1966, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973,<br />
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Pedersen and Balslev 1990, Schultes 1990, Simpson and Conner-<br />
Ogorzaly 1986, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, Voeks 1997<br />
Elaeis oleifera (Kunth) Cortés [syn. E. melanococca Mart.,<br />
Alfonsia oleifera Kunth, Corozo oleifera (Kunth) L. Bailey]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: American oil palm, noli palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: caiaué, dendê-do-Pará<br />
SPANISH: coquito palmiche, corojo, corozo, nolí, peloponte, puma<br />
yarina<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is an edible oil and wine source, thought to have<br />
much potential for economic expansion.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Honduras to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Colombia, French Guiana and<br />
Surinam, and Amazonian Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson 1995,<br />
Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Schultes<br />
1990, Silva et al. 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Elaeocarpus serr<strong>at</strong>us L.<br />
FAMILY: Elaeocarpaceae (elaeocarpus) or Tiliaceae (linden)<br />
ENGLISH: Ceylon elaeocarpus, Ceylon olive<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are used like <strong>the</strong> common olive (Olea europaea).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North India to Malaysia<br />
REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974<br />
Elaeoluma glabrescens (Mart. & Eichler) Aubrév. [syn. Gymnoluma<br />
glabrescens (Mart. & Eichler) Baillon, Lucuma glabrescens Mart. &<br />
Eichler in Miq.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana, jaraí-do-igapó, lombrigueira, mangue, pau-der<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: boya de mono, yuquito banero<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit <strong>of</strong> this typically wetland, small tree is sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Panama, Amazonian Colombia, Brazil, and Peru, and<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Silva et al. 1977, Steyermark et al.<br />
1995<br />
Elaeoluma schomburgkiana (Miq.) Baillon<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana, lombrigueira, mangue, pau-de-r<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: boya de mono, yuquito banero<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, Guyana, and Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Henschel [syn. E. tuberosa Schultes,<br />
Scripus tuberosus Roxb.]<br />
FAMILY: Cyperaceae (sedge)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinese w<strong>at</strong>er chestnut, w<strong>at</strong>er chestnut, w<strong>at</strong>ernut<br />
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SPANISH: cabezas de negrito<br />
USES/NOTES: White, crisp corms are e<strong>at</strong>en as a fresh or cooked<br />
vegetable, typically sold canned in <strong>the</strong> U.S. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed varieties<br />
also are grown for starch or poultry feed. Leaves are used to<br />
make baskets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Creasy 1982, Kay 1973, Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig<br />
1991<br />
Elettaria cardamamomum (L.) M<strong>at</strong>on<br />
FAMILY: Zingiberaceae (ginger)<br />
ENGLISH: cardamom<br />
PORTUGUESE: cardamomo<br />
SPANISH: cardamomo<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed is used as a condiment, and its oil is used in<br />
liqueurs, medicines, and perfumes. Europe has imported cardamom<br />
since Roman times. Gu<strong>at</strong>emala is among <strong>the</strong> world’s leading<br />
exporters.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India and Sri Lanka<br />
REFERENCES: Elbow 1989, Guia Rural 199ba, León 1987, Mabberley 1987<br />
Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertner<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: African millet, coracan, finger millet, ragi<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en or fermented into alcoholic beverages.<br />
Among <strong>the</strong> first domestic<strong>at</strong>ed plants in Africa.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995, Mabberley 1987<br />
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: crab grass, goose grass, wiregrass, yard grass<br />
PORTUGUESE: capim-de-burro, capim-de-cidade, capim-de-galhina,<br />
capim-pé-de-galhina, grama-sapo, pé-de-papagaio<br />
SPANISH: grama, pasto estrada, p<strong>at</strong>a de gallina<br />
USES/NOTES: Grown primarily as a forage grass in <strong>the</strong> Americas,<br />
though seeds can be added to soup and young blades may be e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
as a vegetable. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Old World tropics, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Harris 1972, IBGE<br />
1980, Mabberley 1987<br />
Eleuth<strong>the</strong>rine bulbosa (Miller) Urban<br />
FAMILY: Iridaceae (iris)<br />
SPANISH: tsakam ap<strong>at</strong>s’<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Brako and Zarucchi 1993<br />
Elymus canadensis L.<br />
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FAMILY: Gramineae <strong>of</strong> Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: Canada wild rye<br />
USES/NOTES: Wild seeds were e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians <strong>of</strong> Nevada and<br />
Utah.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Doebley 1984, Kindscher 1987<br />
Elymus repens (L.) Gould [syn. Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.,<br />
Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex B.D. Jackson var. repens]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae <strong>of</strong> Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: couch grass, quackgrass, twitch grass, whe<strong>at</strong>grass, witch<br />
grass<br />
SPANISH: hierba estañera<br />
USES/NOTES: Tough rhizomes are dried and ground into flour, and<br />
seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Emmotum fagifolium Desv. ex Hamilton [also E. nitens (Benth.)<br />
Miers]<br />
FAMILY: Icacinaceae (icacina)<br />
ENGLISH: manobodin<br />
PORTUGUESE: mariana-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, muiraximbé<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996,<br />
Silva et al. 1977<br />
Empetrum nigrum L.<br />
FAMILY: Empetraceae (crowberry)<br />
ENGLISH: crowberry, curlew berry<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are consumed out <strong>of</strong> hand, dried, or added to<br />
sour milk.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e North America, perhaps to o<strong>the</strong>r north<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Gleason 1968, Hickman 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: brittlebush, white brittlebush<br />
SPANISH: incienso<br />
USES/NOTES: Resin is used as chewing gum or incense.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. to Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Encyclia cochle<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Lemée [syn. Epidendrum cochle<strong>at</strong>um L.]<br />
FAMILY: Orchidaceae (orchid)<br />
ENGLISH: tree orchis<br />
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USES/NOTES: Mucilaginous pseudobulbs are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Cowan 1983, Facciola 1990<br />
Endopleura uchi (Huber) Cu<strong>at</strong>rec. [syn. Sacoglottis uchi Huber]<br />
FAMILY: Humiriaceae (bastard bullet tree)<br />
PORTUGUESE: uchi, uixi, uxi, uxi-amarelo, uxi-liso, uxi-pucu,<br />
uxipuca<br />
SPANISH: uchi<br />
USES/NOTES: Pleasant tasting, variably colored (green, yellow, to<br />
red-purple or dark purple), oily fruits, somewh<strong>at</strong> egg-shaped and<br />
three cm long, are consumed fresh, as juice, in ice cream and<br />
desserts, and as a folk medicine. Seeds are an edible oil source.<br />
Also an ornamnetal fruit tree. Fruits are harvested from <strong>the</strong> wild<br />
or from cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed trees.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and central Amazonian Brazil, <strong>the</strong> Guianas,<br />
and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Frechione et al. 1989, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987, Peret 1985, Shanley and<br />
Medina 2005, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Entada gigas (L.) Fawcett & Rendle [syn. Entada scandens Benth.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: cacoon, climbing entada, Mackay bean, nicker bean, sea<br />
bean, St. Thomas bean, sword bean<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves <strong>of</strong> this liana are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable and<br />
fl<strong>at</strong>, brown seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted. Also a saponin and fiber<br />
source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America, tropical South America, West Indies,<br />
and tropical Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bennett 1995,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. [syn. Inga cyclocarpa<br />
(Jacq.) Willd., Mimosa cyclocarpa Jacq.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae, or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: ear-tree, earpodtree, elephant-ear, elephant’s ear,<br />
guanacaste, monkey soap<br />
SPANISH: anjera, árbol de orejas, carito, caro, conacaste, corotu,<br />
curutú, dormilón, guanacaste, Juan de Acaste, oreja, orejero,<br />
oviero, palo de orejas, parota, piche, piñón, piñón de oreja,<br />
tusipono<br />
USES/NOTES: Young pods and seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, toasted seeds<br />
are ground after removing <strong>the</strong> testa and used like c<strong>of</strong>fee, fruit<br />
and bark are used as soap, and sap is medicinal. Durable wood is<br />
used for canoes, w<strong>at</strong>er troughs, and cabinets. The fast-growing,<br />
decor<strong>at</strong>ive, huge tree is <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> goma de caro gum, and is<br />
grown as a landscape plant, though it is highly susceptible to<br />
breakage.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, and tropical South America,<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized in many warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke<br />
1986, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, OAS 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher<br />
1974, W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975, Wiersema et al. 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ephedra americana Humb. ex Bonpl. [also E. antisyphilitica<br />
Berland. ex C. Meyer and E. ochre<strong>at</strong>a Miers]<br />
FAMILY: Ephedraceae (ephedra or joint-fir)<br />
ENGLISH: American ephedra, Californica desert tea (E.<br />
antisyphilitica), clapweed (E. antisyphilitica), ephedra, erect<br />
ephedra (E. antisyphilitica), Indian tea, joint-fir, Mexican tea,<br />
Mormon tea, squaw tea<br />
SPANISH: belcho, canadillo, can<strong>at</strong>illa, cola de caballo, efedra,<br />
naranja naranja, pfiuco, pfirco, pinco-pinco, pingo-pingo, pinkupinku,<br />
popote (E. antisyphilitica), popotillo, suelda consuelda,<br />
suelda-suelda, té Mormón<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds were ground into flour and made into bread by<br />
several Amerindian groups. An infusion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stems and roots is<br />
used locally as a diuretic and to “purify” <strong>the</strong> body. Many o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
speicies in Eurasia have similar uses. Fruit <strong>of</strong> E. ochre<strong>at</strong>a is<br />
said to be edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: E. americana from North and South America, E.<br />
antisyphilitica from Mexico and <strong>the</strong> southwestern U.S., and E.<br />
ochre<strong>at</strong>a from Argentina and Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Franquemont et al. 1990,<br />
Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Soukup 1970, Usher 1974<br />
Ephedra nevadensis S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Ephedraceae (ephedra or joint-fir)<br />
ENGLISH: boundary ephedra, desert tea, ephedra, grey ephedra,<br />
Indian tea, Mexican tea, Mormon tea, Nevada ephedra, Nevada<br />
joint-fir, squaw tea<br />
SPANISH: cañutillo, efedra, efedra de Nevada, popotillo, té Mormón,<br />
tutut<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds were ground into flour and made into bread by<br />
several Amerindian groups. Stems were made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Oregon and California through Utah and western Texas<br />
into Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Castetter and Underhill 1935, Chihuahuan Desert Museum<br />
n.d., Eberling 1986, Jaeger 1969<br />
Ephedra torreyana S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Ephedraceae (ephedra or joint-fir)<br />
ENGLISH: Brigham tea, Brigham Young tea, joint-fir, Mexican tea,<br />
Mormon tea, Torrey ephedra, Torrey’s joint fir<br />
SPANISH: cañutilla, cañutillo, popotillo, té Mormón, tepopote<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems are used to make tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas, and<br />
Chihuahua<br />
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REFERENCES: Chihuahuan Desert Museum n.d., Correll and Johnston<br />
1970, Gibbons 1973, Harrington 1967<br />
Ephedra trifurca Torrey ex S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Ephedraceae (ephedra or joint-fir)<br />
ENGLISH: desert tea, joint fir, joint pine, longleaf ephedra,<br />
Mexican tea, Mormon tea<br />
SPANISH: hierba de las coyunturas, té Mormón<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems are used to make desert or teamster tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Texas to California and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Shreve and Wiggins 1964, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ephedra viridis Coville<br />
FAMILY: Ephedraceae (ephedra or joint-fir)<br />
ENGLISH: green ephedra, Mormon tea<br />
SPANISH: té Mormón<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems are used to make a medicinal tea and seeds are<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Kirk 1970, Munz 1974<br />
Epilobium angustifolium L. subsp. angustifolium [syn. Chamaenerion<br />
angustifolium (L.) Scop.]<br />
FAMILY: Onagraceae (evening primrose)<br />
ENGLISH: blooming Sally, fireweed, willow herb<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en like asparagus (Asparagus<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficinalis). Tender young leaves are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb, in<br />
salads, and tea. Older leaves are bitter. Gel<strong>at</strong>inous pith is used<br />
to thicken soups.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Tomikel<br />
1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Epiphyllum biforme (Lindley) Don<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: paxte de palo<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark reddish-purple fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gu<strong>at</strong>emala and Honduras<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987, Standley and<br />
Williams 1962<br />
Epiphyllum phyllanthus (L.) Haw.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: flor de baile<br />
USES/NOTES: Red fruit’s white pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en locally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America through Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bennett et al. 2001, Britton and<br />
Rose 1963, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987<br />
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Equisetum arvense L.<br />
FAMILY: Equisetaceae (horsetail)<br />
ENGLISH: horsetail<br />
PORTUGUESE: cavalinha, cavalinha-dos-campos, cola-de-cavalo, rabode-cavalo<br />
USES/NOTES: Young plants are cooked as greens and peeled shoots are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable. Dried shoots were used as tea. Older plants<br />
and those which have been cut for more than two days should not<br />
be e<strong>at</strong>en. Romans <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> cooked shoots like asparagus (Asparagus<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficinalis) and made tea from <strong>the</strong> dried leaves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: cosmopolitan<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Mabberley 1987, Neumann n.d.,<br />
Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Van Feu n.d.<br />
Equisetum laevig<strong>at</strong>um A. Braun<br />
FAMILY: Equisetaceae (horsetail)<br />
ENGLISH: horsetail<br />
SPANISH: cañuela, cola de caballo<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians made an edible mush from <strong>the</strong> plant.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Gleason and Cronquist 1968, Munz 1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Equisetum pr<strong>at</strong>ense Ehrh.<br />
FAMILY: Equisetaceae (horsetail)<br />
ENGLISH: horsetail<br />
USES/NOTES: Rhizomes have been e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians in Minnesota.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e North America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Erechtites valerianifolius (Link ex Spreng) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: Brazilian fireweed<br />
PORTUGUESE: capiçoba, capiçoba-vermelha, capiçova-vermelha, caruruamargoso<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and flower heads are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Williams 1976b<br />
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindley [syn. Photinia japonica<br />
Thunb.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Japanese medlar, Japanese plum, loqu<strong>at</strong>, nispero<br />
PORTUGUESE: ameixa-amarela, ameixa-do-Japão, nêspera, nêspera-do-<br />
Japão<br />
SPANISH: ciruela japónica, locuá, manzanilla, níspero, níspero de<br />
España, níspero del Japón, níspero japonés, víspero<br />
USES/NOTES: Acidic, yellow to orange, 3 cm long, ovoid fruits, are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or preserved. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed widely in warm regions as an<br />
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ornamental fruit tree. Has become a food source for exotic birds<br />
and a host for <strong>the</strong> Caribbean fruit fly in South Florida.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central China to Japan, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in humid<br />
tropical and subtropical America from Florida to Peru and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Breedlove 1986, IBGE 1980, Johns<br />
and Stevenson 1985, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Popenoe 1974, Works 1990,<br />
Wunderlin 1998<br />
Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn.) Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Hydrophyllaceae (w<strong>at</strong>erleaf)<br />
SPANISH: yerba santa<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are chewed for refreshment and are used for tea.<br />
Leaf extract is used as a flavoring agent.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California to Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Morton 1976a,<br />
Munz and Keck 1959<br />
Eriogonum corybosum Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: umbrella plant, wild buckwhe<strong>at</strong><br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians in Arizona <strong>at</strong>e boiled leaves with cornmeal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Eriogonum infl<strong>at</strong>um Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: desert trumpet, umbrella plant, wild buckwhe<strong>at</strong><br />
USES/NOTES: Young stems are e<strong>at</strong>en raw before flowers appear.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Eriogonum longifolium Nutt. & Frémont<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: Indian turnip<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> roots.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Erio<strong>the</strong>ca gracilipes (Schumann) Robyns [syn. Bombax gracilipes<br />
Schumann]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Bombacaceae (silk-cotton)<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Erisma calcar<strong>at</strong>um (Link) Warm.<br />
FAMILY: Vochysiaceae (vochysia)<br />
SPANISH: cacahuillo, jabuti, quillo sisa<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and medicinal.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Erisma japura Spruce ex Warm.<br />
FAMILY: Vochysiaceae (vochysia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: japurá<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are ground into an oily butter th<strong>at</strong> is e<strong>at</strong>en with<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r foods in Amazonia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonia to Colombia and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Dufour 1990, Mabberley 1987, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hérit. ex Aiton<br />
FAMILY: Geraniaceae (African violet)<br />
ENGLISH: alfilerea, filaree, heronbill, red-stemmed filaree,<br />
stork’s-bill<br />
USES/NOTES: Greens are e<strong>at</strong>en raw in salads or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North and South America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Erodium mosch<strong>at</strong>um (L.) L’Hérit.<br />
FAMILY: Geraniaceae (African violet)<br />
ENGLISH: common heronbill, musk-clover, white-stem filaree<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are added to salads or used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North and South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990<br />
Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. s<strong>at</strong>iva (Miller) Thell. [syn. E.<br />
s<strong>at</strong>iva Miller]<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: arugula, garden rocket, rocket, rocket salad, roquete,<br />
roquette, rucola, rugola, rugula<br />
PORTUGUESE: pinchão, roquete, rúcola, rúcula, taramira<br />
SPANISH: arugula, jaramago, rúcula<br />
USES/NOTES: Piquant leaves and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh in salads,<br />
and seeds are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> a pungent edible oil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe, now widespread<br />
REFERENCES: Ferwerda 1984, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), Mabberley 1987, Padulosi and Pignone 1997, Rehm and<br />
Espig 1991<br />
Eryngium aqu<strong>at</strong>icum var. ravenelii (Gray) M<strong>at</strong>hias & Constance [syn.<br />
E. floridanum Coulter & Rose]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: Florida eryngo, sea holly<br />
SPANISH: acap<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>e<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Usher 1974<br />
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Eryngium foetidum L.<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: false coriander, fitweed, go<strong>at</strong> chaser, New World<br />
coriander, prickly herb, spirit-weed, voodoo devil, wild<br />
coriander<br />
PORTUGUESE: chicória, coentro-de-caboclo, recão-de-monte<br />
SPANISH: chillangua, cilantro, cilantro de monte, cilantrón,<br />
culantrillo de monte, culantro, culantro coyote, culantro de<br />
monte, kawaw<strong>at</strong>, sacha culantro, silandro sabanero, sinca cardo,<br />
sinca culantro, siuca, siuca culantro, suico culantro<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and roots are used as seasonings, fruits are<br />
edible, and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en pickled or used for tea. Leaf and<br />
root also are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Cid 1978, Coe 1994, Duke 1986,<br />
Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Omawale<br />
1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Price 1990, Ríos 1991, Soukup<br />
1970, UFA/NYBG n.d., von Reis Altschul 1973, von Reis Altschul<br />
and Lipp 1982<br />
Eryngium maritimum L.<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: sea eryngo, sea holly<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are candied and used in tonics. Young sprouts are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en like asparagus (Asparagus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Erythrina americana (Dryand.) Miller<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: coral bean, coral tree, naked coral-tree<br />
SPANISH: chak-mol-che, colorín, flor de colorín, moté, parencsuni,<br />
p<strong>at</strong>ol, pemoche, pito, sompantle, te’b<strong>at</strong>ai, tzompantle, xoyo,<br />
zumpantle<br />
USES/NOTES: Beautiful red flowers are soaked in w<strong>at</strong>er or boiled<br />
<strong>the</strong>n dried and cooked with eggs, or cooked and added to salads<br />
and soups, or steeped as tea. Tender, young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as<br />
greens. Flowers are also medicinal and <strong>the</strong> tree is grown as an<br />
ornamental, to shade and support c<strong>of</strong>fee, cacao, and o<strong>the</strong>r crops,<br />
as a living fence, and for animal feed. Poisonous red seeds are<br />
used as beads for jewelry.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico through Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990, García-M<strong>at</strong>eos et al. 2001,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997<br />
Erythrina berteroana Urban<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
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ENGLISH: coral bean, machete<br />
PORTUGUESE: mulungu<br />
SPANISH: búcaro, bucayo, cañaro, cresta de gallo, elequeme,<br />
gallito, palo santo, parsu, pernilla de casa, pito, pito de<br />
peronilla, poro, porotón, quilite, sacha porota<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves and shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Estrella 1991, Leung 1961, Naranjo 1991, OAS<br />
1973, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982<br />
Erythrina corallodendron L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: coral bean, cutlass bush, duppy machete, Spanish machete<br />
SPANISH: amapola, bucare peonía, chocho, colorín, coral, elequeme,<br />
gualiqueme, pito, yaca<br />
USES/NOTES: Young flowers and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Hispaniola<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Nellis 1994, OAS 1973<br />
Erythrina edulis Triana [syn. E. esculenta Sprague]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: basul<br />
PORTUGUESE: chachafruto, mulungu<br />
SPANISH: antipurutu, balú, baluy, balsuy, basul, boleú,<br />
chachafruto, chafruto, calú, frisol calú, nopás, pajuro, poroto,<br />
fréjol de árbol, anteporoto, frijol de árbol, frijol de Inca,<br />
pachullo, amasisa, pajurro, pisonay, poroto pashigua, sachafruto,<br />
sachapuruto, sacha puruto, sachaporoto, shapurutu<br />
USES/NOTES: E<strong>at</strong>en as a side dish and a famine food, <strong>the</strong> seed must<br />
be cooked first to remove toxins, typically boiled with salt.<br />
Tree is grown as a living fence and to shade c<strong>of</strong>fee and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
crops.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andes<br />
REFERENCES: Barrera Marín 1991, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cárdenas<br />
1969, Gentry 1992, Naranjo 1991, NRC 1989, OAS 1973, Soukup 1970<br />
Erythrina glauca Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: bucare, swamp immortelle<br />
PORTUGUESE: mulungu<br />
SPANISH: ahuejote, ahuijote, amasisa, anauco, assacu, assasu rana,<br />
cámbulo, moté manso, palo prieto, pito<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or used as a condiment by<br />
n<strong>at</strong>ive Amazonians. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gu<strong>at</strong>emala through tropical South America and <strong>the</strong> West<br />
Indies<br />
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REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994, García-M<strong>at</strong>eos et al.<br />
2001, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), OAS 1973, Silva et al. 1977, Williams 1981<br />
Erythrina herbacea L. [syn. E. arborea (Chapman) Small, E.<br />
rubrinervia Jacq.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: cardinal-spear, Cherokee bean, coral bean, eastern coral<br />
bean, red cardinal<br />
SPANISH: búcaro, bucayo, gallito, jutucu, pitp<br />
USES/NOTES: Five cm long scarlet flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled.<br />
Poisonous, hard, red seeds are used as beads and contain an<br />
extract used in r<strong>at</strong> poison. A decoction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> roots is used to<br />
reduce fevers. Shrub to small tree is also planted occasionally<br />
in urban landscapes in <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. for its <strong>at</strong>tractive<br />
flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern North America, Mexico, and <strong>the</strong> West<br />
Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Nelson<br />
1994, Niembro Rocas 1992, OAS 1973, von Reis Altschul 1973,<br />
W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975, Wiersema et al. 1990<br />
Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
SPANISH: poró, poro gigante<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers taste like green beans and are used similarly.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: neotropics BO, BR, EC, PU, CO, Antilles, VE, CA<br />
Barry Hammel 1996, Lewis 1987, Neill and Palacios 1989<br />
Erythrina standleyana Kruk<strong>of</strong>f<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
SPANISH: hutucu, jutucu<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled, dried, <strong>the</strong>n fried, <strong>of</strong>ten with<br />
tamales, and imm<strong>at</strong>ure fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Belize, and Cuba<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Sousa and Cabrera 1983<br />
Erythronium albidum Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: white trout-lily<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbous roots are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked, leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
raw in salads or cooked, and flowers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Gleason and<br />
Cronquist 1991<br />
Erythronium americanum Ker-Gawler<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
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ENGLISH: trout-lily, yellow adder’s tongue<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbous roots are e<strong>at</strong>en as a cooked vegetable, leaves<br />
are added to salads or e<strong>at</strong>en as cooked greens, yellow flowers are<br />
edible, young plants are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb, and corms are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
in salads. Corms also may have emetic properties.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Harrington<br />
1967, Tomikel 1986<br />
Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh [syn. E. parviflorum (S. W<strong>at</strong>son)<br />
Goodding]<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: adder’s tongue, dogtooth violet, fawnlily, glacierlilly,<br />
trout-lily, yellow fawnlily, yellow glacierlily<br />
USES/NOTES: Petals, leaves, and corms are e<strong>at</strong>en raw in salads, but<br />
may have emetic properties. Young plants are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Erythronium oreganum Appleg<strong>at</strong>e<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: trout-lily<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbous roots are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, Kunkel 1984<br />
Erythroxylum coca Lam. var. coca Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Erythroxylaceae (coca)<br />
ENGLISH: Bolivian coca, coca, coca shrub, Huanuco coca<br />
PORTUGUESE: coca, epadu, hayo, ipadu<br />
SPANISH: coca, coca huánuco, cuca, hayo, huánuco, jaya, spadic<br />
USES/NOTES: Cocaine-containing leaf, widely chewed in <strong>the</strong> Andean<br />
highlands as a stimulant and to relieve hunger pangs and altitude<br />
sickness, is a minor source <strong>of</strong> vitamins A, C, and D. Leaf also is<br />
<strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> a commonly consumed tea called m<strong>at</strong>e de coca in<br />
Spanish, and an extract (with <strong>the</strong> cocaine removed) used to flavor<br />
Coca Cola®, and wine. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for <strong>at</strong> least 5,000 years, E.<br />
coca var. coca is <strong>the</strong> most commercially important source <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
alkaloid cocaine, widely used as an illicit drug and a medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Andes <strong>of</strong> Ecuador, Peru, and/or Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Balick 1985, Boucher 1991, Burchard 1975, Cooper 1949,<br />
Duke et al. 1975, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Plowman<br />
1979, Plowman 1984, Schultes 1984, Wea<strong>the</strong>rford 1988<br />
Erythroxylum coca Lam. var. ipadu Plowman<br />
FAMILY: Erythroxylaceae (coca)<br />
ENGLISH: Amazonian coca<br />
PORTUGUESE: epadu, ipadu<br />
SPANISH: coca, hayo, jaya, yapadú<br />
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USES/NOTES: Leaves are used medicinally, as a cocaine source, in<br />
m<strong>at</strong>e de coca tea, and as a chew for <strong>the</strong>ir stimul<strong>at</strong>ive effects and<br />
infrequently to relieve hunger pangs and altitude sickness.<br />
Though lower in cocaine content than o<strong>the</strong>r Erythroxylum spp., E.<br />
coca var. ipadu is <strong>the</strong> most important coca in lowland Amazonia.<br />
Some commercial production has moved to <strong>the</strong> Colombian Llanos.<br />
Also grown as a medicinal in home gardens in rural Amazonia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Balick 1985, Clement 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Plowman 1979, Plowman 1984, Schultes 1984<br />
Erythroxylum havanense Jacq. [syn. E. chiapense Lundell, E.<br />
mexicanum Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Erythroxylaceae (coca)<br />
ENGLISH: bracelet<br />
SPANISH: chilillo, tetilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Purple to bright red succulent fruit reportedly is<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., MBG n.d., Plowman 1991,<br />
Plowman and Hensold 2004<br />
Erythroxylum novogran<strong>at</strong>ense (Morris) Hieron. var. novogran<strong>at</strong>ense<br />
Rusby<br />
FAMILY: Erythroxylaceae (coca)<br />
ENGLISH: Colombian coca<br />
PORTUGUESE: coca, ipadu<br />
SPANISH: coca<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf occasionally is chewed for its stimul<strong>at</strong>ing effects<br />
or used for m<strong>at</strong>e de coca tea and is a minor cocaine source. Plant<br />
has <strong>the</strong> gre<strong>at</strong>est environmental range.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Andes <strong>of</strong> Colombia and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Plowman 1979, Plowman 1984<br />
Erythroxylum novogran<strong>at</strong>ense (Morris) Hieron. var. truxillense<br />
(Rusby) Plowman [syn. E. truxillense Rusby]<br />
FAMILY: Erythroxylaceae (coca)<br />
ENGLISH: Trujillo coca<br />
PORTUGUESE: coca<br />
SPANISH: coca<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is a cocaine source, though less commercially<br />
important than E. coca var. coca, used as a masticant by Andean<br />
peasants to relieve altitude sickness and hunger pangs, and for<br />
m<strong>at</strong>e de coca tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Drier Andean valleys <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Peru and/or Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Plowman 1979, Plowman 1984<br />
Eschscholzia californica Cham. in Nees<br />
FAMILY: Papaveraceae (poppy)<br />
ENGLISH: California goldpoppy, California poppy, desert goldpoppy<br />
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SPANISH: amapola de California, amapola del campo, copa de oro<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves, <strong>of</strong> California’s st<strong>at</strong>e flower, are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled<br />
or roasted. Also widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its variable, showy<br />
flowers, which are famous for blanketing <strong>the</strong> landscape with a<br />
golden glow.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico, widely<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, FNAEC 1997, Marticorena and Quezada<br />
1985, Munz 1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Eschweilera compressa (Vell.) Miers [syn. Lecythis angustifolia<br />
(Mart.) Engl. ex O. Berg]<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
PORTUGUESE: sapucaia-mirim<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed is an edible oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Mori and Prance 1990b<br />
Eschweilera grandiflora (Aublet) Sandw. [syn. Lecythis grandiflora<br />
Aublet]<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
SPANISH: machimango<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guianas through Amazonian Brazil to Amazonian Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Mori and<br />
Prance 1990b, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Eschweilera ov<strong>at</strong>a (Cambess.) Miers [syn. Lecythis ov<strong>at</strong>a Cambess.]<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
PORTUGUESE: biriba, biriba-branca, biriba-preta, ibiraba, imbiriba,<br />
sapucaia, sapucaínha, tauarisinho<br />
USES/NOTES: Though primarily exploited for lumber, seeds are an<br />
edible oil source and wood is used to make <strong>the</strong> bow <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
berimbau, a single-stringed instrument used especially for<br />
capoeira music in nor<strong>the</strong>astern Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Brazilian forests from Amapá to Espirito<br />
Santo to <strong>the</strong> interior <strong>of</strong> M<strong>at</strong>o Grosso and M<strong>at</strong>o Grosso do Sul<br />
REFERENCES: Graham and Robinson 2003, Gusson 2003, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Mori 2001, Mori and Prance 1990b<br />
Escobaria vivipara (Nutt.) Buxbaum<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: ball cactus, bunch cactus, cushion cactus, golfball<br />
cactus, mammillaria, nipple cactus, pincushion cactus, purple<br />
mammillaria, spinystar, sprouting pincushion cactus<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked, and stems<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and western North America from sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Kindscher 1987<br />
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Escontria chiotilla (Schumann) Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: chiotilla, geotilla, jiotilla, tuna<br />
USES/NOTES: Sold in local markets, purple, scaly fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
fresh or dried and are said to taste like gooseberries.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico from Guerrero, Michoacán, Oaxaca, and<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Puebla<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Espostoa lan<strong>at</strong>a (Kunth) Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: cottonball, Peruvian old man cactus<br />
SPANISH: soroco<br />
USES/NOTES: Whitish fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Gómez 1966,<br />
Madsen 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Etlingera el<strong>at</strong>ior (Jack) R.M. Sm. [syn. Nicolaia el<strong>at</strong>ior (Jack)<br />
Horan, Phaeomeria speciosa nomen illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Zingiberaceae (ginger)<br />
ENGLISH: Philippine waxflower, torch ginger<br />
SPANISH: bastón del emperador<br />
USES/NOTES: Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed as an ornamental. Inflorescence, stem<br />
centers, and fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Malaya<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990<br />
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. [also o<strong>the</strong>r Eucalyptus spp.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: blue gum, eucalyptus, fever tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: eucalipto<br />
SPANISH: eucalipto<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves can be used to make a dilute tea, and leaf’s<br />
essential oil is used as a flavoring agent and in medicines. Wood<br />
is used for fuel.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Victoria and Tasmania, Australia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized and<br />
invasive in <strong>the</strong> New World, especially in <strong>the</strong> Andes and parts <strong>of</strong><br />
Central America and California<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, Schneider 1987, Tanaka<br />
1976, Usher 1974<br />
Eugenia acapulcensis Steudel [syn. E. maritima DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: arrayán, barazón, capulín, chilonche, guayabillo, muñeco,<br />
palo agrio<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> tree and sold<br />
occasionally in local markets.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and Belize to Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Molina 1975, Sánchez-<br />
Vindas 1990, Stevens et al. 2001<br />
Eugenia aggreg<strong>at</strong>a (Vell.) Kiaerskov<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: cherry-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-Rio-Grande<br />
SPANISH: cerezo de Río Grande<br />
USES/NOTES: Reddish-purple, tart fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or<br />
preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bird and Heinlein n.d., Facciola 1990, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Mowry et al. 1967<br />
Eugenia axillaris (Sw.) Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: black cherry, white stopper<br />
SPANISH: chamiso, escobo, grajo, guairaje<br />
USES/NOTES: Red to blue/black, sweet berries are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand.<br />
The plant’s common name (stopper) comes from <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> its<br />
leaves to tre<strong>at</strong>, or “stop” diarrhea. The plant emits an odor<br />
similar to <strong>the</strong> odor <strong>of</strong> skunks.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal central Florida through <strong>the</strong> Keys, <strong>the</strong> West<br />
Indies, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Morton 1977, Nelson 1994,<br />
Taylor 1998<br />
Eugenia biflora (L.) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: black-rodwood<br />
PORTUGUESE: murta, murtinha<br />
SPANISH: hoja menuda, pitanga, pitanguera<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, pinkish/red to dark, pubescent fruits are<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Martin et al. 1987, McVaugh 1969, Nelson<br />
1994, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. [syn. E. dombeyi (Sprengel) Skeels, E.<br />
dombeyana DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: Brazil cherry, Brazilian cherry<br />
PORTUGUESE: cag<strong>at</strong>eira, cereja-brasileira, grumichama, grumixama,<br />
gruixameira, pitomba<br />
SPANISH: cumbixaba, grumichama, grumixaba, grumixama, pomarosa<br />
forastera, pomarrosa forastera,<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, yellow, red, or dark red, globose fruits are<br />
consumed fresh, jellied, in pies, or fermented into wine. Leaf<br />
and bark are medicinal. Bark is used to tan lea<strong>the</strong>r and wood is<br />
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used in carpentry. Slender, erect tree, to about 8 m, is grown as<br />
an ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn coastal Brazil perhaps to Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Guia Rural n.d.,<br />
Hoyas 1989, Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Morton 1987a, Mowry et al. 1967, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig<br />
1991, Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Eugenia capuli (Schltdl. & Cham.) O. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: capulín, guacoquito, yaga<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Eugenia c<strong>at</strong>ingiflora Griseb. [includes E. actiniflora Wr.,<br />
Pseudanamomis c<strong>at</strong>ingflora (Griseb.) Bisse]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guianas and <strong>the</strong> West Indias<br />
REFERENCES: Alain 1953, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Eugenia confusa DC. [syn. E. garberi Sarg., E. krugii Kiaerskov]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: ironwood, red stopper, redberry eugenia, redberry stopper<br />
SPANISH: arrayán de baya roja, cieneguillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, round, bright red berry is juicy and edible.<br />
Also an <strong>at</strong>tractive understory shrub for landscaping<br />
ORIGIN: South Florida (where it is endangered), Cuba, Puerto Rico,<br />
<strong>the</strong> Virgin Islands, and elsewhere in <strong>the</strong> Antilles<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alain 1953, Long and Lakela 1971, Nelson<br />
1994<br />
Eugenia conz<strong>at</strong>tii Standley<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: yaga<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Eugenia cren<strong>at</strong>a Vell.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cambuhy<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Eugenia cumini (L.) Druce [syn. E. jambolana Lam., Syzygium cumini<br />
(L.) Skeels, Syzygium jambolanum DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
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ENGLISH: black plum, jamoon, jambolan, jambolan plum, jambolana,<br />
jambolim, java plum, Peru naval, plum rose, rose apple, sweet<br />
olive<br />
PORTUGUESE: ameixa, ameixa-do-Pará, fruta-azeitona, jalão, jamborosa,<br />
jambolão, jamboleiro, jamelão<br />
SPANISH: aceituna, aceituna dulce, ciruela del Japón, guayabo<br />
pescua, guayabo pesgua, jambolán, jambolana, jambolón, jambolona,<br />
jambul, mirto del Río, pesgua, poma rosa, puma rosa, uvero<br />
extranjero<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or made into wine. Also grown as<br />
an ornamental shade tree.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East Indies, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in humid, frost-free regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bh<strong>at</strong> 1994, Bourke et al. 1987, Caribbean Food and<br />
Nutrition Institute 1974, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
FLEPPC 2003, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Molina 1975, Omawale<br />
1973, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig 1991, Vásquez and Gentry 1989,<br />
Will 1991<br />
Eugenia dichotoma DC.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Small fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies perhaps to <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Kunkel 1984, Martin et al. 1987, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Eugenia discolorans Wright & Sauv. [syn. Marlierea glomer<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Griseb.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: yellow jaboticaba<br />
PORTUGUESE: cambucá<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Alain 1953, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Eugenia disticha DC.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: wild c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark purple, ripe fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Jamaica<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Eugenia domingensis O. Berg [syn. E. aeruginea DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: guasábara, guásara, guasávara<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Puerto Rico<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Sánchez-Vindas 1990<br />
Eugenia dulcis O. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Eugenia dysentericus O. Berg [syn. Stenocalyx dysentericus O.<br />
Berg]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cagaiteira<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed fresh, in jellies, or as wine, but<br />
should be consumed in moder<strong>at</strong>ion, as <strong>the</strong>y may be lax<strong>at</strong>ive.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1989, Martin et<br />
al. 1987<br />
Eugenia eggersii Kiaerskov<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: guasábara<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Puerto Rico<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Eugenia eurcheila O. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Balée 1994<br />
Eugenia foetida Pers. [syn. E. buxifolia (Sw.) Willd., E.<br />
myrtoides Poir.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: boxleaf eugenia, boxleaf stopper, Spanish stopper<br />
SPANISH: anguila, chilonche<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Florida, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Antilles, Belize, Mexico’s<br />
Yuc<strong>at</strong>án Peninsula, and <strong>the</strong> Petén <strong>of</strong> Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Correll 1982, Liogier and Martorell 2000,<br />
MBG n.d., Wunderlin 1992<br />
Eugenia guabiju O. Berg [possibly included with E. uruguayensis<br />
Cambess.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: guabiju, guabira-açu, guavira-açu, ibadiu<br />
SPANISH: guabijú<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil, Uruguay, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Kunkel 1984, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Eugenia haem<strong>at</strong>ocarpa Alain<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: luquillo mountain stopper<br />
SPANISH: uvillo<br />
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USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Endangered.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Puerto Rico<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Eugenia inund<strong>at</strong>a DC.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: juanache, mishquina<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or made into juice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, McVaugh 1969<br />
Eugenia itacolumensis O. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Eugenia jambos L. [syn. Jambosa jambos (L.) Millsp., Jambosa<br />
vulgaris DC., Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: jamrosade, plum rose, rose apple<br />
PORTUGUESE: jambo-amarelho, jambo-branco, jambo-cheirosa, jambocomum,<br />
jambo-da-Índia, jambo-moreno, jambo-rosa, jamboverdadeiro,<br />
jambre, maçã-rosa<br />
SPANISH: arazá, fruta rosa, manzana, manzana de agua, manzana de<br />
rosa, manazana rosa, manzanita de rosa, poma-rosa, pomarosa,<br />
pomarrosa, pomarroso, pomo, puma rosa, yambo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en <strong>of</strong>ten preserved and are medicinal,<br />
flowers are edible, and <strong>the</strong> tree is ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East Indies, perhaps to <strong>the</strong> South Pacific,<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized in humid, frost-free regions<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi<br />
1993, Duke 1986, FLEPPC 2003, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973, Popenoe 1974, Rehm<br />
and Espig 1991, Ríos 1991, Usher 1974, Will 1991<br />
Eugenia klotzschiana O. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: calabacinha-do-campo, pêra-do-campo, pereira-do-campo<br />
USES/NOTES: Occasionally cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its arom<strong>at</strong>ic, pear-shaped<br />
yellow fruits used in jellies.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: León 1987, Popenoe 1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Eugenia lambertiana DC. [syn. E. schomburkii Benth.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Lesser<br />
Antilles<br />
REFERENCES: Amsh<strong>of</strong>f 1951, Balée 1994<br />
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Eugenia ligustrina (Sw.) Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: black cherry, privet stopper<br />
PORTUGUESE: grumixama-da-Índia, pitanga-miúda, pitangueira-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: arraiján, arrayán, birigí, escobón de aguja, granadillo,<br />
ibarubá, palo de muleta<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies and possibly Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, IBGE 1980, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, TAMU-BWG n.d.<br />
Eugenia luschn<strong>at</strong>hiana Klotzsch ex O. Berg [syn. E. lucescens<br />
Nied., Phyllocalyx luschn<strong>at</strong>hianus O. Berg]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pitomba, ubaia-do-campo, uvalha-do-campo, uvalheira<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy, acid fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en raw or preserved, and<br />
seed is e<strong>at</strong>en roasted. Seed also is used to tre<strong>at</strong> dysentery.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Bahia, Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton<br />
1987a, Mowry et al. 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Eugenia mcvaughii Steyerm. & Lasser<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989<br />
Eugenia monticola (Sw.) DC. [syn. E. maleolens Pers.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: bird cherry<br />
SPANISH: birijí, hija menuda<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from South Florida to Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Stevens et al. 2001<br />
Eugenia muric<strong>at</strong>a DC. [syn. E. riparia DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru to eastern Amazonian Brazil and <strong>the</strong><br />
Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Brako and Zarucchi 1993<br />
Eugenia myrcian<strong>the</strong>s Niedenzu<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: iba-jayi<br />
USES/NOTES: Tennis ball-sized, yellow fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Paraguay to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Brücher 1989<br />
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Eugenia myrobalana DC.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: guabiraba, guabiroba-do-Pará, guabirobeira<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Eugenia nhanica Cambess.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: nanica, nhanica<br />
SPANISH: ñanica<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Eugenia oerstedeana O. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: turú<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en as a snack.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, OAS 1973<br />
Eugenia origanoides O. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: capulín<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Kunkel 1984, Martin et al. 1987, McVaugh 1963<br />
Eugenia p<strong>at</strong>risii Vahl [syn. E. inocarpa DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: fox cherry, hitchu, wild cherry<br />
PORTUGUESE: fruta-de-jaboti, ubaia<br />
SPANISH: sacha guayaba<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil to Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Martin et al. 1987, McVaugh 1969,<br />
Omawale 1973<br />
Eugenia pisiformis Cambess.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Eugenia pitanga (O. Berg) Kiaerskov [syn. Stenocalyx pitanga O.<br />
Berg]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: Surinam cherry<br />
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PORTUGUESE: pitanga, pitanga-comum<br />
SPANISH: pitanga<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en as jelly or occasionally out <strong>of</strong> hand.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, IBGE<br />
1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes)<br />
Eugenia procera (Sw.) Poiret<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: ironwood<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Eugenia pseudopsidium Jacq.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lesser Antilles (Martinique) to central Amazonian<br />
Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992<br />
Eugenia pumila Gardner<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. [syn. E. uvalha Cambess.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: kirschmyrte, uvaia<br />
FRENCH: jamboisier rouge<br />
PORTUGUESE: mapari, ubacaba, ubaia, ubaia-do-campo, ubalha, ubalhado-m<strong>at</strong>o,<br />
uvaia, uvaia-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, uvalha<br />
SPANISH: perita costeña, uvayema<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is consumed in s<strong>of</strong>t drinks, candies, as syrup,<br />
and in folk medicines.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, León 1987, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Peret 1985, Pérez-Arbeláez 1978<br />
Eugenia rhombea (O. Berg) Krug & Urban<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: red stopper, spiceberry eugenia<br />
USES/NOTES: Small dark fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn-most peninsular Florida, Florida Keys,<br />
Gre<strong>at</strong>er Antilles, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Lesser Antilles, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Central<br />
America, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Kunkel 1984, Nelson 1994, Taylor 1998<br />
Eugenia selloi O. Berg [syn. Phyllocalyx edulis O. Berg]<br />
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FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pitangão, pitanga-preta, pitanga-tuba<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ribbed fruit is used in preserves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Eugenia stipit<strong>at</strong>a McVaugh subsp. sororia McVaugh [also E.<br />
stipit<strong>at</strong>a McVaugh subsp. stipit<strong>at</strong>a]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: araza<br />
PORTUGUESE: araçá-boi, araçá-comum-de-Pará, araçá-piranga,<br />
araçandiva, araçanduba, goiabarana, pichi<br />
SPANISH: arazá, arasa, araza buey, araza-boi, guaba brasiliensis,<br />
guayaba brasilera, pichi, rupina caspi<br />
USES/NOTES: Vitamin C-rich, tennis ball-sized, yellow fruit is<br />
consumed fresh, as juice, or in ice cream.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia, probably Peru, now somewh<strong>at</strong> widely<br />
spread<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Clement 1989, Coomes and Ban 2004,<br />
Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gentil and Clement 1997, Guia Rural n.d.,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, McVaugh 1956, Morton 1987a, Silva et<br />
al. 1977, Vásquez and Gentry 1989<br />
Eugenia sulc<strong>at</strong>a Spring ex Mart. [syn. Stenocalyx sulc<strong>at</strong>us (Spring<br />
ex Mart.) O. Berg]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pitanga<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Legrand and Klein 1969, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Eugenia supraaxillaris Sprengel<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: fruta-de-t<strong>at</strong>u, guaiarajea, tala<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Eugenia tapacumensis O. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonia, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and <strong>the</strong> Lesser<br />
Antilles<br />
REFERENCES: Amsh<strong>of</strong>f 1951, Balée 1994<br />
Eugenia uniflora L. [syn. E. michelii Lam., E. oblongifolia Sagot,<br />
Plinia rubra Vell., Stenocalyx michelii O. Berg, Stenocalyx<br />
uniflorus (L.) Kausel]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
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ENGLISH: Brazil cherry, Cayenne cherry, Florida cherry, fruiting<br />
myrtle, pitanga, pitanga cherry, Surinam cherry<br />
PORTUGUESE: caaginja, ginja, groselha, ibipitanga, ioioca, jabotí<br />
pitanga, jambo, jamboeiro de Malacca, murta, pitanga, pitanga-dejardim,<br />
pitanga-do-norte, pitanga-do-campo, pitanga-vermelha,<br />
pitangauba, pitang<strong>at</strong>uba, pitangueira-do-campo, pitangueiravermelha,<br />
umirirana<br />
SPANISH: arrayán, cajuilito de Surinam, cereza cuadrada, cereza de<br />
Suriname, cereza del Brasil, cerezo de Cayena, cerezo de Gayana,<br />
grosella de México, guinda, mangapiri, manzana de agua, manzana<br />
malaya, marañón de Curazao, marañón japonés, ñangapirá, ñangapiré,<br />
nangapiri, ñangapirú, pendanga, pitanga, pomagás, pomarrosa<br />
americana, pomarrosa de Malaca, pomarrosa del Brasil, puca quiro,<br />
puca rupiña, vara real<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, red, delic<strong>at</strong>e-skinned, ribbed fruits are<br />
consumed out <strong>of</strong> hand or as juice. Leaves are used in folk<br />
medicine and as an insect repellent. Small tree also is grown as<br />
an ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Brazil, possibly to eastern Paraguay,<br />
now widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, FLEPPC<br />
2003, Gregory 1960, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kausel 1966,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, López et al. 1987, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Popenoe<br />
1974, Rutter 1990, Samson 1980, Silva et al. 1977, Smith et al.<br />
1995, Will 1991, Works 1990<br />
Eulychnia acida (Schumann) Phil.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: copao, tuna de cobado<br />
USES/NOTES: Fleshy fruit pulp is acid, but e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Marticorena and<br />
Quezada 1985, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Eulychnia spinibarbis (Pfeiffer) Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: guillave<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Eup<strong>at</strong>orium dalea L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: cigar bush<br />
PORTUGUESE: eup<strong>at</strong>ório<br />
USES/NOTES: Strong-scented leaves have been used as a vanilla<br />
substitute.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Cuba, perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Neumann n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
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Euphorbia helioscopia L.<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: todai-gusa<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are used for tea and young stems are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: north temper<strong>at</strong>e regions, perhaps temper<strong>at</strong>e regions,<br />
now widespread<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Marticorena<br />
and Quezada 1985, Munz 1974, Tanaka 1976<br />
Euphorbia margin<strong>at</strong>a Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: snow-on-<strong>the</strong>-mountains<br />
USES/NOTES: L<strong>at</strong>ex has been used for chewing gum.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Radford et al. 1968, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Euterpe broadwayi Becc. ex Broadway<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: manac, manicol<br />
USES/NOTES: Hearts are consumed locally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lesser Antilles from Trinidad to Dominica<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Euterpe c<strong>at</strong>inga Wallace var. c<strong>at</strong>inga [syn. E. controversa Barb.<br />
Rodr.] and E. c<strong>at</strong>inga var. roraimae (Dammer) Henderson & Galeano<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: euterpe palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: açaizinho, açaí-ca<strong>at</strong>inga, açaí-chumbo, açaí-da-c<strong>at</strong>inga,<br />
açaí-mirim, assaí-chumbinho, assaí-cubinha, uaçaí-chumbo, uaçaímirim<br />
SPANISH: asaí de sabana, asaí paso, huasaí de varillal, manaca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is made into beverages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Contiguous range in northwestern Amazonian Brazil and<br />
adjacent Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, and western Guyana, with<br />
disjunct popul<strong>at</strong>ions in western Amazonian Ecuador and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Euterpe edulis Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: euterpe palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: açaí, palmito-açaí, jiçara, joçara, juçara, palmito,<br />
palmito-doce, palmito-juçara<br />
SPANISH: yayih<br />
USES/NOTES: Commercially important heart is <strong>of</strong> excellent quality,<br />
but becoming scarce in places due to over-harvest.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Brazil from Recife south to Santa C<strong>at</strong>arina<br />
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REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Henderson and Galeano 1996, IBGE<br />
1980, Voeks 1996<br />
Euterpe oleracea Mart. [syn. E. badiocarpa Barb. Rodr., E.<br />
cu<strong>at</strong>recasana Dugand, C<strong>at</strong>is martiana Cook] [incorrectly identified<br />
as E. edulis Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: euterpe palm, heart palm, manicola palm, manicole, Pará<br />
palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: açaí, açaí-do-Pará, açaí-de-planta, açaí-de-touceira,<br />
açaí-pardo, assaí, assaí-do-Pará, jiçara, joçara, juçara,<br />
palmiteiro, palmito, palmito-açaí, palmito-doce, palmito-juçara,<br />
piná<br />
SPANISH: anare, asahí, asaí, manaca, morroque, naidí, palmito,<br />
panabi, uasaí<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible; deep maroon (sometimes yellow) fruit<br />
juice is used in ice creams and soups, or to make beverages<br />
generally referred to as vinho (wine) in Portuguese, <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
sweetened with sugar, sometimes fermented (known in Brazil as<br />
açaituira); kernel oil is used for cooking and in medicines; and<br />
terminal leaf buds and hearts are <strong>of</strong> good flavor and texture and<br />
are highly sought after for <strong>the</strong> commercial palm heart industry.<br />
With its its cespitose (multi-stemmed) growth form, which allows<br />
<strong>the</strong> plant to survive harvest, <strong>the</strong> tree is considered to be a more<br />
sustainable palm heart source than species with solitary stems.<br />
E. oleracea is <strong>the</strong> more commonly cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed Euterpe palm for<br />
commercial production in eastern Amazonia. Extracts from <strong>the</strong><br />
berries are said to have potential in dentistry for detecting<br />
plaque on teeth. The tree makes a graceful ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern Venezuela through <strong>the</strong> Guianas and<br />
eastern and central Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson 1988, Bennett et al. 2001, Bernal 1992, Boom<br />
1987, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Elias de Paula<br />
1975, Gómez-Beloz 2002, Guia Rural n.d., Henderson 1995,<br />
Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996,<br />
Kahn and de Granville 1992, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, Mabberley<br />
1987, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992, Silva et al. 1977, Strudwick<br />
and Sobel 1988, Sturtevant 1972<br />
Euterpe prec<strong>at</strong>oria Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: euterpe palm, heart palm, manicola palm, mountain cabbage<br />
PORTUGUESE: açaí-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, açaí-do-Amazonas, açaí-mirim, açaísolteiro,<br />
assaí, assaí-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, assaí-mirim, guaçaí, juçara,<br />
palmito, palmito-mole<br />
SPANISH: asaí, chonta, huasaí, palma de rosario, palmiche de Río<br />
Negro, palmicho, palmito, panabi, winamoru<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible, deep maroon (sometimes yellow) fruit<br />
juice is used in ice creams and soups, or to make beverages<br />
generally referred to as vinho (wine) in Portuguese, sometimes<br />
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sweetened with sugar, sometimes fermented (known in Brazil as<br />
açaituira), kernel oil is medicinal and used for cooking, and<br />
terminal leaf buds and hearts are <strong>of</strong> good flavor and texture,<br />
highly sought after for <strong>the</strong> commercial palm heart industry.<br />
Numbers <strong>of</strong> wild plants are diminishing because <strong>of</strong> over-harvest.<br />
E. oleracea is thought to be more sustainable due to its<br />
cespitose (multi-stemmed) form. Leaf is used for th<strong>at</strong>ch, to make<br />
brooms, and in <strong>the</strong> floral industry. Plant wastes are used to<br />
raise edible grubs known as suri in Spanish-speaking Amazonia.<br />
Also a graceful ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia through Venezuela and Colombia, north into<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Belize<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson 1988, Bernal 1992, Boom 1987, Boom 1989,<br />
Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson 1995, Henderson<br />
et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Gómez-Beloz 2002, Kahn and de Granville<br />
1992, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, Silva et al. 1977, Strudwick<br />
and Sobel 1988<br />
Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. [syn. Solidago graminifolia (L.)<br />
Salisb.]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: fragrant goldenrod<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Cronquist 1980, Facciola 1990<br />
Exellodendron barb<strong>at</strong>um (Ducke) Prance<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
USES/NOTES: Drupes are e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor people <strong>of</strong> Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and eastern<br />
Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Eysenhardtia polystachya (Ortega) Sarg. [syn. Viborquia<br />
polystachya Ortega]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Arizona kidneywood, kidneywood<br />
SPANISH: árbol de palo dulce, co<strong>at</strong>illo, co<strong>at</strong>l, cohu<strong>at</strong>li,<br />
cualadulce, cu<strong>at</strong>e, cu<strong>at</strong>e blanco, cu<strong>at</strong>le, lanaé, cu<strong>at</strong>e macho, palo<br />
azul, palo cu<strong>at</strong>e, palo dulce, palo santo, rosilla, taray,<br />
tlapahuaxp<strong>at</strong>li, ursa, vara dulce, varaduz, yitu bishi<br />
USES/NOTES: Cooked inflorescence reportedly is edible and sold in<br />
local markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Disjunct distribution from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Arizona, New<br />
Mexico, and Texas in <strong>the</strong> U.S. to Oaxaca, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: CMCDG n.d., Hersch-Martínez 1995, McVaugh 1987, Sousa<br />
et al. 2003, Torres n.d.<br />
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench [syn. F. sagitt<strong>at</strong>um L.]<br />
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FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: buckwhe<strong>at</strong>, kangra buckwhe<strong>at</strong><br />
PORTUGUESE: sarraceno, trigo-mourisco, trigo-preto, trigo-sarraceno<br />
SPANISH: alforfón, alforjón, trigo-sarraceno<br />
USES/NOTES: Kernals are edible as a cereal grain, or used for flour<br />
or to make beer, seedlings are added to salads, and leaves are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Also used as a ground-cover, a green manure, and an<br />
animal feed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nepal to Siberia<br />
REFERENCES: Bianchini and Corbetta 1976, Duke 1986, Guia Rural<br />
n.d., IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sturtevant<br />
1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Fagopyrum t<strong>at</strong>aricum (L.) Gaertner<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: duck whe<strong>at</strong>, Siberian buckwhe<strong>at</strong>, t<strong>at</strong>arian buckwhe<strong>at</strong>,<br />
tartary buckwhe<strong>at</strong><br />
PORTUGUESE: trigo-mourisco, trigo-preto, trigo-sarraceno<br />
SPANISH: alforfón, alforjón, trigo-sarraceno<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are made into flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nepal to Siberia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Fernald 1950, Fernald et al. 1958, Guia<br />
Rural n.d., Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sturtevant 1972,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: American beech, beech, beechnut<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible buds and nuts occasionally are sold in markets.<br />
Nuts are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted whole or as flour, are a quality oil<br />
source, and may be used like c<strong>of</strong>fee (C<strong>of</strong>fea spp.).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Ontario to<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Florida and Texas<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1993, Harris 1972, Nelson 1994, Peterson 1977,<br />
Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Fagus sylv<strong>at</strong>ica L.<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: beech, European beech, faia<br />
PORTUGUESE: landes-de-faia<br />
SPANISH: faia, haya, landes de faia<br />
USES/NOTES: Nuts are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted, oil is used for cooking, in<br />
soaps, or for illumin<strong>at</strong>ion, and wood is used as charcoal. Wood<br />
also has been used for Windsor chairs in Chiltens, England.<br />
Occasionally cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in North America.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe to Central Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1989, FNAEC 1993, Harris 1972,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Faramea capillipes Müell. Arg.<br />
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FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Chácobo <strong>of</strong> Bolivia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America, perhaps Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989<br />
Faramea miconioides Standley<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
SPANISH: supinim yutai<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001<br />
Faramea rectinervia Standley<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
PORTUGUESE: coração-de-negra/negro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil to Amazonian Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Feijoa sellowiana O. Berg [syn. Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: Brazilian guava, feijoa, fig guava, guavasteen, pineapple<br />
guava<br />
PORTUGUESE: araçazeiro-do-campo, feijoa, goiaba, goiaba-da-serra,<br />
gioaba-do-campo, goiabeira-do-campo<br />
SPANISH: feijoa, guayabo, guayabo del país, guavastín<br />
USES/NOTES: Cream colored, arom<strong>at</strong>ic pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> golf ball sized<br />
fruit, covered with a wrinkly green skin, is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or<br />
preserved. Flower pedals are edible. Also planted widely in warm<br />
regions for its <strong>at</strong>tractive flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil, Uruguay, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, and<br />
eastern Paraguay, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Gentry 1993, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, M<strong>at</strong>tos 1983, Morton 1987a,<br />
Popenoe 1974<br />
Fernaldia pandur<strong>at</strong>a (A. DC.) Woodson [syn. Echites pandur<strong>at</strong>a A.<br />
DC., Echites pinguifolia Standley, Mandevilla velutina Schumann,<br />
Mandevilla potosina T.S. Brandeg., Urechites karwinskii Müell.<br />
Arg.]<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
ENGLISH: fernaldia<br />
SPANISH: bajo de wey, floroco, lengua de vaca, loroco, quilite<br />
USES/NOTES: Unopened buds and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked and tender<br />
leaves and vine tips are e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables. Flowers are said to<br />
taste like corn.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Honduras<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Coe 1994, Leung 1961, Morton et al. 1990,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
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Ferocactus acanthodes (Lem.) Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: barrel cactus<br />
USES/NOTES: Small oblong fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, cooked, or dried and<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir juice is fermented into an alcoholic beverage. Liquid from<br />
<strong>the</strong> globular to columnar stem is drunk, stem pulp is candied,<br />
ground seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en mashed and made into a cake, and flower<br />
buds are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn California, Nevada, and Baja California<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990<br />
Ferocactus ham<strong>at</strong>acanthus (Muehlenpfordt) Britton & Rose [syn.<br />
Ham<strong>at</strong>ocactus ham<strong>at</strong>acanthus (Houghton) W.T. Marshall]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: lemon cactus, Turk’s head<br />
SPANISH: biznaga de limilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark, brownish, oblong, juicy fruits, to 5 cm, are<br />
edible and used as a lemon substitute in cooking. Flower buds are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Texas and New Mexico and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ferocactus pilosus (Galeotti ex Salm-Dyck) Werdermann [syn. F.<br />
piliferus (Lemaire ex Labouret) G. Unger, F. pringlei (J.M.<br />
Coulter) Britton & Rose, F. stainesii (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose,<br />
F. stainesii (Hook.) Britton & Rose var. pilosus (Galeotti)<br />
Backeb., F. stainesii (Hook.) Britton & Rose var. pringlei<br />
(Coulter) Backeb., Echinocactus piliferus Lem. ex Labouret,<br />
Echinocactus pilosus Galeotti ex Salm Dyck var.<br />
pringlei J.M.Coulter, Echinocactus pilosus Galeotti var.<br />
stainesii Salm-Dyck, Echinocactus pringlei (Coulter) Rose,<br />
Echinocactus stanesii Hook.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: fire barrel cactus, Mexican fire barrel cactus, red barrel<br />
cactus<br />
SPANISH: cabuches (refers to flowers), viznaga de lima<br />
USES/NOTES: Flower buttons <strong>of</strong> this large barrel cactus with red<br />
spines are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Durango and Nuevo León, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bravo 1978, Espejo Serna et al. n.d.<br />
Ferocactus viridescens (Torrey & A. Gray) Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: coast barrel cactus<br />
USES/NOTES: Reddish, somewh<strong>at</strong> acidic fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh and<br />
flower buds are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn California and Baja California<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Munz 1974<br />
Ferocactus wislizeni (Engelm.) Britton & Rose<br />
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FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: Arizona barrel cactus, fish-hook cactus, southwestern<br />
barrel cactus<br />
SPANISH: bisnaga<br />
USES/NOTES: Stem pulp is a source <strong>of</strong> candy, stem juice is<br />
refreshing, and seeds are ground for flour or mush.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Mexico and southwestern U.S. from<br />
western Texas to sou<strong>the</strong>rn California<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Correll and Johnston 1970,<br />
Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ferula foetida (Bunge) Regel [syn. F. assa-foetida L.]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: asafoetida, food-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-gods<br />
PORTUGUESE: férula, funcho-gigante<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots and leaves may be e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables and roots<br />
are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> a resin th<strong>at</strong> is used as a flavoring agent.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Asia, widely introduced<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Morton 1976a, Neumann n.d., Sturtevant<br />
1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Festuca paradoxa Desv.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: fescue<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987<br />
Festuca subverticill<strong>at</strong>a (Pers.) Alexeev [syn. F. obtusa Biehler]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: fescue<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987<br />
Fevillea cordifolia L.<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: antidote cacoon, antidote vine, fevillea, segra seed<br />
PORTUGUESE: nhandiroba<br />
SPANISH: sequa<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible seeds are rich in oil, similar to peanut oil.<br />
Commercial potential as an edible oil source may be gre<strong>at</strong>.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and Peru possibly to Honduras and<br />
<strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Gentry and Wettach<br />
1986, Hoyas 1989, Molina 1975, Renner et al. 1990<br />
Ficus americana Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: stangler fig, West Indian laurel fig<br />
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SPANISH: m<strong>at</strong>apalo, renaco<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, perhaps beyond throughout <strong>the</strong> Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Berg et al. 1984, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FNAEC 1997<br />
Ficus an<strong>the</strong>lminthica Rich. ex DC. [syn. Pharmacosicea<br />
an<strong>the</strong>lmintica Miq.]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cachimguba, cachinguba, caxinguba, coajinguva,<br />
cuaxinguba, gameleira-branca, gameleira-brava, gameleira-mansa,<br />
gameleira-roxa, guaxinduba-brava, lombrigueira, ogé, renaco,<br />
uapuim-açu<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and toxic l<strong>at</strong>ex is medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al.<br />
1977<br />
Ficus aurea Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: golden fig, stangler fig<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, paired, red fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn West Indies to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 1995, Bennett 1997, FNAEC 1997, Taylor 1998<br />
Ficus benghalensis L. [syn. F. indica L.]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: banyan, banyan tree, Indian fig, Krishna’s cup<br />
PORTUGUESE: árvore-do-banyan, figo<br />
SPANISH: árbol del banyan, higo<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots and tender leaves are sometimes e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
Fruit is an aphrodisiac, bark and roots are medicinal, and leaves<br />
are a silk worm food source. The tree begins as an epiphyte, but<br />
aerial roots become large trunks allowing <strong>the</strong> tree to spread to<br />
about 200 meters.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pakistan and India, perhaps to <strong>the</strong> Philippines,<br />
widely introduced in <strong>the</strong> humid tropics and n<strong>at</strong>uralized in<br />
favorable loc<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Usher 1974<br />
Ficus carica L.<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: common fig, edible fig, fig<br />
PORTUGUESE: figo<br />
SPANISH: brevo, higo, higuera<br />
USES/NOTES: The fig <strong>of</strong> commerce is e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, candied, or<br />
in pastries.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean, introduced and escaped<br />
elsewhere<br />
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REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, FNAEC 1997, Guia Rural n.d., Morton<br />
1987a, Schneider 1987<br />
Ficus citrifolia Miller [syn. F. laevig<strong>at</strong>a Vahl]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: shortleaf fig, wild banyan tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: figo, figueira<br />
SPANISH: am<strong>at</strong>illo, higo, majagua, m<strong>at</strong>apalo, renaco<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, dark, round fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from Paraguay to Mexico and South Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Berg and Villavicencio 2003, Burger 1977, Bush and<br />
Morton n.d., Duke and Vásquez 1994, FNAEC 1997, MBG n.d., Nellis<br />
1994, Taylor 1998<br />
Ficus dulciaria Dugand<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: higuerón guayabo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Ficus gigantosyce Dugand<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: higuerón<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia to Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Ficus insipida Willd. subsp. insipida [syn. F. glabr<strong>at</strong>a Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cachimguba, caxinguba, gameleira, subi-irã<br />
SPANISH: doctor ojé, higo, ojé<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Berg et al. 1984, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Ficus involuta (Licbro.) Miq.<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: am<strong>at</strong>e, am<strong>at</strong>o blanco, m<strong>at</strong>apalo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ficus ma<strong>the</strong>wsii (Miq.) Miq. [syn. F. err<strong>at</strong>ica Standley]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: kumakaballi<br />
SPANISH: shaa yapit<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Shuar <strong>of</strong> Ecuador. L<strong>at</strong>ex is used<br />
in plaster in Guyana.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Berg et al. 1984, Johnston and<br />
Colquhoun 1996<br />
Ficus obtusifolia Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: apuí<br />
SPANISH: palo de higo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is a snack food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Berg et al. 1984, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Ficus pallida Vahl<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: higuito, m<strong>at</strong>apalo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and leaves are added to salads or<br />
cooked as a po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, to<br />
Amazonian Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, Martin et al.<br />
1987<br />
Ficus pertusa L.f [syn. F. padifolia Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: bibosi palomo, camichón, igo, higo, higuillo, palo de<br />
coco, tsakam ts’uh<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are sold in local Mexican markets and<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en as a snack. FNAEC st<strong>at</strong>es th<strong>at</strong> this is an illegitim<strong>at</strong>e name<br />
for F. americana.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mainland Neotropics from Mexico to Bolivia and<br />
Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Berg et al. 1984, Bernardi<br />
1985, FNAEC 1997, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ficus pseudopalma Blanco<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: Philippine fig<br />
SPANISH: higuera dracena, palmiforme<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Philippines<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989<br />
Ficus sapida (Liebm.) Miq.<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: higuito<br />
USES/NOTES Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Ficus surinamensis Miq. [possibly conspecific with F. citrifolia]<br />
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FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: bird fig<br />
PORTUGUESE: figo<br />
SPANISH: higo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern South America<br />
REFERENCES: Omawale 1973<br />
Ficus velutina Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: oticón<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. and. F. ramontchi L’Hérit.<br />
FAMILY: Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia)<br />
ENGLISH: governor’s plum, Madagascar plum, Indian plum, psidium,<br />
ramontchi<br />
PORTUGUESE: ameixa-de-Madagascar<br />
SPANISH: ciruela del gobernador, ciruela de Madagascar, ciruela<br />
gobernadora<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, dark fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en preserved, in pies, or out<br />
<strong>of</strong> hand occasionally, and are medicinal. Wood is used in<br />
construction.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Madagascar or tropical Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Cavalcante 1991, Mabberley 1987, Martin<br />
et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973, Popenoe 1974, Usher<br />
1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Flacourtia inermis Roxb.<br />
FAMILY: Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia)<br />
ENGLISH: louvi, lovi-lovi, plum <strong>of</strong> Martinique, thornless rukam<br />
USES/NOTES: Acid fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in<br />
tropical Asia, but rare in <strong>the</strong> Americas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South to Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Morton 1987a<br />
Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Räuschel [syn. F. c<strong>at</strong>aphracta Roxb.]<br />
FAMILY: Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinese plum, Indian plum, paniala, runeala plum<br />
PORTUGUESE: ameixa-de-Madagascar<br />
SPANISH: ciruela gobernadora<br />
USES/NOTES: Slightly acidic fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or preserved.<br />
Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed widely in Madagascar and Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, but rare in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Americas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987, Morton<br />
1987a, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
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Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Morton<br />
FAMILY: Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia)<br />
ENGLISH: Indian prune, rukam<br />
USES/NOTES: Rarely seen in <strong>the</strong> Americas, fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India, Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, and Oceania<br />
REFERENCES: Morton 1987a<br />
Foeniculum vulgare Miller [syn. F. <strong>of</strong>ficinale All.]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: anise, bitter fennel, common fennel, fennel, Florence<br />
fennel, sweet anise, sweet fennel, wild fennel<br />
PORTUGUESE: anis-doce, erva-doce, funcho, funcho-de-Florença,<br />
funcho-doce, mar<strong>at</strong>ro, runchu<br />
SPANISH: anís, hinojo, semilla de anís<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed oil is used in liqueurs and perfume, seeds and<br />
leaves are used as seasonings, young sprouts are edible, and<br />
seeds, leaves, and roots are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region, widely introduced and<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized in places<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Morton 1976a,<br />
Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Schneider 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Van Feu<br />
n.d., Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Forestiera neo-mexicana A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Oleaceae (lilac or olive)<br />
ENGLISH: New Mexican olive, wild olive<br />
USES/NOTES: Tiny fruits can be used like common olives (Olea<br />
europaea).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colorado and New Mexico to California<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Munz 1974<br />
<strong>Fort</strong>unella japonica (Thunb.) Swingle [also F. crassifolia Swingle,<br />
F. hindsii Swingle, and F. margarita (Lour.) Swingle]<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: comqu<strong>at</strong>, cumqu<strong>at</strong>, kumqu<strong>at</strong>, Homg Kong wild kumqu<strong>at</strong> (F.<br />
hindsii), large round kumqu<strong>at</strong> (F. crassifolia), marumi kumqu<strong>at</strong><br />
(F. japonica), nagami (F. margarita), nagami kumqu<strong>at</strong> (F.<br />
margarita), oval kumqu<strong>at</strong> (F. margarita), round kumqu<strong>at</strong> (F.<br />
japonica)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cunqu<strong>at</strong>e (F. margarita), kinkan, kunqu<strong>at</strong>, laranjajabuticaba<br />
(F. margarita), laranja-kunqu<strong>at</strong>, laranjinha-japonesa<br />
SPANISH: marumi (F. japonica), nagami (F. margarita), naranja<br />
china, naranjita japonesa, quinoto<br />
USES/NOTES: Acid fruit, similar to an orange, is used in preserves<br />
or e<strong>at</strong>en raw.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: F. japonica from sou<strong>the</strong>rn China or Japan, o<strong>the</strong>rs from<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>astern China<br />
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REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Morton<br />
1987a, Purseglove 1968, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974, Will<br />
1991<br />
Fouquieria splendens Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Fouquieriaceae (ocotillo)<br />
ENGLISH: candlewood, coach-whip, ocotillo<br />
SPANISH: albarda, ocotillo, rotilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or dipped in b<strong>at</strong>ter and fried,<br />
or soaked in w<strong>at</strong>er to make a beverage. Nectar is sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. to Durango, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Facciola 1990, Mabberley<br />
1987, Martínez 1990, Tull 1978<br />
Fragaria ananassa Duchesne [syn. F. grandiflora Ehrh.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: common strawberry, garden strawberry, pineapple<br />
strawberry, strawberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: morango<br />
SPANISH: fresa, fresa piña<br />
USES/NOTES: Large, hybrid fruit <strong>of</strong> F. chiloensis and F. virginiana<br />
is <strong>the</strong> principal strawberry <strong>of</strong> commerce. Some cultivars taste<br />
somewh<strong>at</strong> like a pineapple.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably developed in Europe, now nearly cosmopolitan<br />
REFERENCES: Estrella 1991, Hancock and Luby 1993, NRC 1989, Pérez-<br />
Arbeláez 1956, Samson 1980, Sauer 1993, Schneider 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Usher 1974<br />
Fragaria ananassa var. cuneifolia (Nutt. ex Howell) Staudt (pro<br />
nm.) [syn. F. cuneifolia Nutt. ex Howell]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: wild strawberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North American escapee <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> domestic<strong>at</strong>ed hybrid<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994<br />
Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Miller<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Chilean strawberry, chiloe strawberry<br />
SPANISH: frutilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or in preserves, jellies,<br />
and jams. Crossed with F. virginiana to produce <strong>the</strong> common<br />
strawberry (F. ananassa).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast <strong>of</strong> North America from nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
California to Alaska, spread to <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong> central Chilean coast,<br />
and Hawaii perhaps by birds, probably first cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Hancock and Luby 1993, Sauer 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
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Fragaria vesca subsp. americana (Porter) Staudt [syn. F. americana<br />
(Porter) Britton]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: alpine strawberry, American strawberry, American wood<br />
strawberry, wood strawberry, wild strawberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: morango, morango-silvestre<br />
SPANISH: fresca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or in preserves, jams, and<br />
jellies, and leaves are dried and used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994, Neumann<br />
n.d., Peterson 1977, Sauer 1993, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Fragaria vesca subsp. bracte<strong>at</strong>a (Heller) Staudt [syn. F. bracte<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Heller]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: strawberry, wild strawberry, woodland strawberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: morango<br />
SPANISH: fresca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits, a good source <strong>of</strong> vitamin C, are cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed,<br />
especially for jam, in <strong>the</strong> tropical highlands and temper<strong>at</strong>e<br />
regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New World.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia and North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, IBGE 1980, Kartesz 1994, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Sauer 1993, Tull 1978, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Fragaria virginiana subsp. glauca (S. W<strong>at</strong>son) Staudt<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Rocky Mountain strawberry, wild strawberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en raw, cooked, or dried, and young<br />
leaves are dried and steeped for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Rocky Mountains <strong>of</strong> western Canada and <strong>the</strong> U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hancock and Luby 1993, Harrington 1967<br />
Fragaria virginiana subsp. virginiana [syn. F. australis (Rydb.)<br />
Rydb., F. ovalis (Lehm.) Rydb.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: scarlet strawberry, Virginia(n) strawberry, wild<br />
strawberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: morango<br />
SPANISH: fresca<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit, e<strong>at</strong>en raw, cooked, or dried, is <strong>of</strong><br />
excellent quality. Young leaves are dried and steeped for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and central North America from Winnipeg and<br />
Nova Scotia to Louisiana and central Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Hancock and Luby 1993,<br />
Kartesz 1994, Kindscher 1987, Tull 1978<br />
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.<br />
FAMILY: Oleaceae (lilac or olive)<br />
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ENGLISH: American ash, Canadian ash, green ash, red ash<br />
PORTUGUESE: freixo<br />
SPANISH: ceniza, crucecilla (applied to o<strong>the</strong>r Fraxinus sp. in Baja<br />
California, not necessarily to F. pennsylvanica), fresno<br />
USES/NOTES: Ojibwa Indians <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> cooked cambium <strong>of</strong> this<br />
potentially large, <strong>at</strong>tractive, deciduus tree, which has been<br />
over-planted in <strong>the</strong> eastern U.S. as a shade tree.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Quebec and Manitoba to<br />
Florida and Texas, perhaps to portions <strong>of</strong> Arizona<br />
REFERENCES: Hunter 1997, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Fritillaria camsch<strong>at</strong>censis (L.) Ker-Gawler<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: black sarana, kamch<strong>at</strong>ka lily, rice-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-earth<br />
USES/NOTES: Small bulbs have been e<strong>at</strong>en raw, dried, or cooked in<br />
Alaska and British Columbia and are said to be similar to rice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Asia to coastal northwestern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Heller 1981, Lovelock 1973, Mabberley<br />
1987, Turner and Szczawinski 1979, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Fritillaria pudica (Pursh) Sprengel<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: yellow fritillaria, yellow fritillary<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or boiled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: British Columbia and Montana to California and Utah<br />
REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Munz 1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Fuchsia arborescens Sims<br />
FAMILY: Onagraceae (evening primrose)<br />
SPANISH: flor de verano, pipilito<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hazlett 1979, Molina 1975, von Reis<br />
Altschul and Lipp 1982, Williams 1981<br />
Fuchsia boliviana Carrière<br />
FAMILY: Onagraceae (evening primrose)<br />
SPANISH: coralina, fuchsia<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, oblong (2 cm long) fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand<br />
or preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gu<strong>at</strong>emala to Venezuela and Bolivia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Hoyas 1989, von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Fuchsia corymbifolia Ruiz & Pavón<br />
FAMILY: Onagraceae (evening primrose)<br />
ENGLISH: fuchsia<br />
PORTUGUESE: brinco-de-princesa, fúchsia, fúcsia<br />
SPANISH: fuchsia, sarcillos, zarcillo, zarcillos<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Joyal 1987, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Fuchsia denticul<strong>at</strong>a Ruiz & Pavón<br />
FAMILY: Onagraceae (evening primrose)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Fuchsia magellanica Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Onagraceae (evening primrose)<br />
ENGLISH: hardy fuchsia<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile, widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Fuchsia racemosa Sessé & Moçiño [syn. F. fulgens DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Onagraceae (evening primrose)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Fuchsia splendens Zucc. [syn. F. cordifolia Benth.]<br />
FAMILY: Onagraceae (evening primrose)<br />
SPANISH: melocotón<br />
USES/NOTES: Large fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand to quench thirst.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hazlett 1979, Martin et al. 1987, Molina<br />
1975, Williams 1981<br />
Fusaea longifolia (Aublet) Saff.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: fusáia, kar<strong>at</strong>u’a’a<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America from western Colombia to<br />
Amazonian Bolivia and pre-Amazonian Maranhão, Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991,<br />
Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Gaillardia pinn<strong>at</strong>ifida Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: adobe blanket-flower, blanket flower, Hopi blanket-flower,<br />
red dome blanket-flower<br />
SPANISH: coronilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds may be used as a buttery spread.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central and southwestern U.S. to Durango, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, MBG n.d., Moerman 1998, Whiting<br />
1939<br />
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Galinsoga parviflora Cav. and G. quadriradi<strong>at</strong>a Ruiz & Pavón [syn. G.<br />
aristul<strong>at</strong>a Bicknell, G. cili<strong>at</strong>a (Raf.) S.F. Blake]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: galinsoga, gallant soldier(s), Kew weed, quickweed<br />
SPANISH: guascas<br />
USES/NOTES: Young plants may be consumed as a po<strong>the</strong>rb, a vegetable, or<br />
prepared as juice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Subtropical South America, now nearly cosmopolitan<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Harrington 1967,<br />
Harris 1972, Leung 1961, Simmons 1979, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Galium aparine L.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: bedstraw, cleavers, goose grass<br />
SPANISH: amor de hortelano<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves and stems are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb, dried seeds<br />
are used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute, and dried leaves are used for tea.<br />
Prickly hairs make uncooked greens difficult to e<strong>at</strong>.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986,<br />
Tull 1978, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Galium odor<strong>at</strong>um (L.) Scop.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: sweet woodruff<br />
PORTUGUESE: aspérula-odorífera<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to flavor beverages and snuff or as tea.<br />
Flowers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, Neumann n.d.<br />
Galium verum L.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: cheese rennet, lady’s bedstraw, yellow bedstraw<br />
PORTUGUESE: erva-coalheira<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers are used to curdle milk, stems and<br />
leaves contain an edible yellow dye, and young flowers are used to<br />
flavor beverages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harris 1972, Morton 1976a, Neumann n.d.,<br />
Radford et al. 1968<br />
Garcinia benthamiana Planchon & Triana [syn. Rheedia benthamiana<br />
Planchon & Triana]<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
ENGLISH: garcinia<br />
PORTUGUESE: bacuri-de-espinho, bacuri-selvagem<br />
SPANISH: charichuelo<br />
USES/NOTES: Occasionally cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for <strong>the</strong> small fruit’s whitish,<br />
tart pulp.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al.<br />
1977, Smith et al. 1992, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Garcinia brasiliensis Mart. [syn. Rheedia brasiliensis (Mart.)<br />
Planchon & Triana]<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
ENGLISH: bacupary, rheedia<br />
PORTUGUESE: bacu, bacupari, bacuri, bacuri-liso, bacuripari,<br />
bacuripari-liso<br />
SPANISH: bacupari, pakuri<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits <strong>of</strong> this small riparian tree are sold in local<br />
markets for <strong>the</strong>ir transluscent pulp, similar in flavor to <strong>the</strong><br />
mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Morton 1987a, Reed 1995, Smith et al. 1992, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Garcinia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Choisy<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
ENGLISH: garcinia<br />
PORTUGUESE: mangostão amarelo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh and leaves are added to cooked<br />
dishes.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Indochina<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Sturtevant 1972<br />
Garcinia dulcis Kurz<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
ENGLISH: baniti, sweet garcinia<br />
SPANISH: garcinia, mandu, manzana de oro<br />
USES/NOTES: Sour fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en, usually cooked. Green dye is<br />
extracted from <strong>the</strong> bark.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Molucca Islands<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Johns and Stevenson<br />
1985, Leung 1961, OAS 1073, Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974<br />
Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
ENGLISH: African mangosteen, imbe<br />
PORTUGUESE: imbé<br />
SPANISH: imbé<br />
USES/NOTES: Plum-sized, reddish-orange to reddish-purple fruits are<br />
consumed out <strong>of</strong> hand, preserved, or made into wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Johns and Stevenson 1985, León 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
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Garcinia macrophylla Mart. [syn. Rheedia macrophylla (Mart.) Planchon<br />
& Triana]<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
ENGLISH: bacury-pary, rheedia<br />
PORTUGUESE: bacupari, bacuri, bacuripari, bacuripari-selvagem, jamboboliviano<br />
SPANISH: achuni-caspi, bacupari, bacuri, bacuripari, bao, baro ehuhi,<br />
brea caspi charichuela, charichuela, charichuelo, cotoiba, cozoiba,<br />
cozoiba picuda, fruta de mono, guapomó, machari, madroño, manaju,<br />
pacuriguazu, penka, renaquilla, wadanidi-ishadu<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow fruit’s slightly acidic, whitish aril is e<strong>at</strong>en out<br />
<strong>of</strong> hand or preserved. Wood is used for cabinets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America and Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and<br />
Zarucchi 1993, Cárdenas 1969, Cavalcante 1991, Facciola 1990, Hoyas<br />
1989, Kearns 1998, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973,<br />
Padoch and de Jong 1991, Popenoe 1974, Silva et al. 1977, Smith et<br />
al. 1992, Soukup 1970, UFA/NYBG n.d., Will 1991<br />
Garcinia madruno (Kunth) Hemmel. [syn. Rheedia acumin<strong>at</strong>a (Ruiz &<br />
Pavón) Planchon & Triana, R. floribunda (Miq.) Planchon & Triana,<br />
R. madruno (Kunth) Planchon & Triana]<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bacupari, bacuri, bacuri-azedo, bacuri-bexiga, bacuri-deespinho,<br />
bacuri-espinho, bacuri-pau, bacurizinho<br />
SPANISH: achachairú, brea huayo, cero, charichuelo, cozoiba, cozoiba<br />
negra, cozoiba rebalsera, fruta de mono, fruto mono, jorco,<br />
kamururu, machari, madroño, madruno, manaju, morón, naranjita,<br />
naranjito, ocoró crespo, peramán de agua, pl<strong>at</strong>anillo, shiquishi<br />
USES/NOTES: Whitish, translucent, tart aril is highly esteemed, e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
out <strong>of</strong> hand or preserved. Wood is used for cabinets and sap is used<br />
for tre<strong>at</strong>ing sores and ulcers. Much taxonomic uncertainty.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cárdenas 1969,<br />
Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, FUDENA n.d., Hammel 1989, Hoyas 1989,<br />
Kearns 1998, León 1987, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong<br />
1991, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig 1991, Silva et al. 1977, Soukup<br />
1970, Steyermark et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG n.d., von Reis Altschul and<br />
Lipp 1982, Will 1991<br />
Garcinia mangostana L.<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
ENGLISH: dodol, mangosteen<br />
PORTUGUESE: mangosta, mangusta, mangustão<br />
SPANISH: jobo de la India, mangostán, mangostín, mangostino, manzana<br />
de oro<br />
USES/NOTES: Baseball-sized purple fruit’s aril is very flavorful, but<br />
does not keep well.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Malayan Peninsula, Sunda Islands, and/or Molucca Islands<br />
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REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Campbell 1984, Gregory 1960, Mabberley<br />
1987, OAS 1973, Usher 1974<br />
Garcinia pictorius (Roxb.) D’Arcy [syn. G. tinctoria Dunn, G.<br />
xanthochymus Hook.f. ex T. Anderson]<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
ENGLISH: gamboge, kandis<br />
PORTUGUESE: guta<br />
SPANISH: kandis, r<strong>at</strong>a-gorake<br />
USES/NOTES: Acid fruit is edible when fresh, preserved, in sherbets,<br />
and as a flavoring. The coloring agent gamboge used in w<strong>at</strong>ercolors<br />
and dyes is extracted from <strong>the</strong> trunk.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn India to western Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Will 1991<br />
Garcinia spicul<strong>at</strong>a Hook.f.<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
SPANISH: garcinia amarga<br />
USES/NOTES: Slightly bitter fruits are used in marmalades.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India, cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in Venezuela and Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989<br />
Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr. [syn. G. jasminoides J. Ellis]<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: cape jasmine, common gardenia, gardenia<br />
PORTUGUESE: gardênia, jasmim-do-cabo<br />
USES/NOTES: Nearly exclusively an ornamental in <strong>the</strong> Americas, though<br />
flowers may be used to scent teas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>s<strong>at</strong>ern China, Taiwan, and Japan<br />
REFERENCES: Faucon 1998<br />
Gardenia brasiliensis Sprengel<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bacupari-açu<br />
USES/NOTES: Orange-sized fruit reportedly is edible. The validity <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> species, however, is questionable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria acumin<strong>at</strong>a Schltdl. & Cham.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: achocapa, arrayán, axocapaque<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits <strong>of</strong> this shrub are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Honduras<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1995<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria bracte<strong>at</strong>a (Cav.) D. Don<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: pachyla-pachyla<br />
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USES/NOTES: Shrub’s fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Peru to Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1995<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria bradeana Sleumer<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
PORTUGUESE: urze de brade<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1995<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria domingensis Urban<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
FRENCH: myrtilles des hautes<br />
SPANISH: niquivá<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Hispaniola, Guadelupe, and Martinique<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1995<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria erecta Vent.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: arrayán, axocarpa, macha macha, mortiño, mullaca, pachín,<br />
pasas, uva<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to sou<strong>the</strong>astern Brazil and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1995<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria glomer<strong>at</strong>a (Cav.) Sleumer<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: borrachera, cachuito, mullaca, p<strong>at</strong>a de gallo<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are made into juice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Venezuela to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1995<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria hapolotricha A.C. Sm.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: cacahuito, mistela<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Venezuela to Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1995<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria hispidula (L.) Muhlenb. ex Bigelow [syn. Chiogenes<br />
hispidula (L.) Torrey & A. Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
ENGLISH: birchberry, creeping snowberry, moxie-plum<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries, sold in markets, are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or preserved.<br />
Berries and leaves are made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to British Columbia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
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Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria humifusa (Graham) Rydb. [syn. G. myrsinites Hook.]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
ENGLISH: alpine wintergreen, checkberry, creeping wintergreen,<br />
teaberry, western wintergreen<br />
USES/NOTES: Fresh leaves are made into tea, young tender leaves are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en as cooked greens, and small dark fruits are made into jam.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria insipida Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: misijallo<br />
USES/NOTES: Shrub’s fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia to Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1995<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria ov<strong>at</strong>ifolia A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
ENGLISH: mountain checkerberry, Oregon wintergreen<br />
USES/NOTES: Spicey, red berries are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria procumbens L.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
ENGLISH: checkerberry, mountain tea, partridge berry, teaberry,<br />
winterberry, wintergreen<br />
PORTUGUESE: gualtéria, oleo de gualtéria<br />
SPANISH: gaulteria, pirola<br />
USES/NOTES: Spicy berries are used in pies and tarts, or may be<br />
nibbled fresh, leaves are made into mountain tea, and may be added<br />
to salads when young, and <strong>the</strong> plant’s essential oil is used as a<br />
flavoring agent.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1992, Gibbons 1966, Harris 1972, Houaiss 1982, Morton<br />
1976a, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria schultesii Camp in Schultes<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: capulincillo del diablo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en locally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Oaxaca, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1995<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria shallon Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
ENGLISH: salal, shallon<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, in baked goods, and preserved, or<br />
used for syrups, drinks, and wine.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Creasy 1982, Harrington 1967, Turner and<br />
Szczawinski 1979, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria tomentosa Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: duraznillo, laurel<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Ecuador to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994, Luteyn 1995, Luteyn 1996<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria vaccinoides Wedd.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: macha macha<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits reportedly are edible, though also reported<br />
to poison livestock and intoxic<strong>at</strong>e humans if ingested in large<br />
quantities.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Peru to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1995<br />
Gaussia maya (Cook) Quero & Read [syn. Opsiandra maya Cook]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: palmasito<br />
SPANISH: cambo, pacaya, palma cimarrona, palmasito<br />
USES/NOTES: Reportedly e<strong>at</strong>en in <strong>the</strong> Petén, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Quintana Roo, Mexico, Belize, and Petén, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997, Sousa<br />
and Cabrera 1983, Standley and Steyermark 1958<br />
Gaylussacia bacc<strong>at</strong>a (Wangenh.) K. Koch<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
ENGLISH: black huckleberry, huckleberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Multi-seeded shiny black drupes are sweet and used like<br />
blueberries (Vaccinium spp.).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Gaylussacia brachycera (Michaux) Gray<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
ENGLISH: box huckleberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Multi-seeded, light blue drupes are sweet and may be used<br />
like blueberries (Vaccinium spp.).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Gaylussacia buxifolia Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
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Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) Torrey & A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
ENGLISH: dwarf huckleberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Multi-seeded, juicy, shiny black drupes, though not as<br />
good as some Gaylussacia spp., are used like blueberries (Vaccinium<br />
spp.).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Long and Lakela<br />
1971, Radford et al. 1968, Taylor 1998, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) Torrey & A. Gray ex Torrey var. nana A.<br />
Gray and G. frondosa (L.) Torrey & A. Gray ex Torrey var. tomentosa<br />
A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
ENGLISH: blue huckleberry, blue tangle, dangleberry, dwarf huckleberry<br />
(var. nana), tall huckleberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy and sweet, small light blue drupes, though seedy,<br />
are used like blueberries (Vaccinium spp.). Nelson (1996) places<br />
<strong>the</strong>se varieties as distinct species: G. nana (A. Gray) Small and G.<br />
tomentosa (A. Gray) Small. The Institute for System<strong>at</strong>ic Botany <strong>at</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> South Florida lists <strong>the</strong> taxon as G. frondosa var.<br />
tomentosa with var. nana as a synonym.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Nelson<br />
1996, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Gaylussacia resinosa (Aiton) Torrey & A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
ENGLISH: black huckleberry, high-bush huckleberry, whortleberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Drupe is said to be <strong>of</strong> good quality, e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, cooked,<br />
or preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harris 1972, Tomikel 1986<br />
Gaylussacia ursina (M.A. Curtis) Torrey & A. Gray ex A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
ENGLISH: bear huckleberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Seedy drupes are used like blueberries (Vaccinium spp.).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Geissanthus longistamineus (A.C. Sm.) Pipoly [syn. Ardisia<br />
longistaminea A.C. Sm. ]<br />
FAMILY: Myrsinaceae (myrsine)<br />
SPANISH: capulí, fósforo blanco<br />
USES/NOTES: Round black fruit’s tart pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lowlands <strong>of</strong> coastal Colombia, coastal and Amazonian<br />
Ecuador, and Amazonian Peru<br />
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REFERENCES: Dodson and Gentry 1978, MBG n.d., Renner et al. 1990<br />
Genipa americana L. [syn. G. americana var. caruto Kunth, G. caruto<br />
Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: genip, genipap, lana, marmaladebox genip<br />
PORTUGUESE: jenipá, jenipaba, jenipapo, jenipapo-manso, jenipapinho,<br />
yaco-huito<br />
SPANISH: abugui, bi, caruto, chipara, gapindá, genipap, genipapo,<br />
gigul<strong>at</strong>é, gigualtí, guaitil, guaytil blanco, huito, irayol, jagua,<br />
jagua dulce, jenipapo, maluco, nandipá, nanë, ñapindá, quipara,<br />
saptur, tambor, tiñedientes, vito, yaco huito<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, arom<strong>at</strong>ic, wrinkled, brown, highly perishable, ripe<br />
fruits are in high demand as an excellent fruit juice, liqueur, or<br />
wine. Unripe fruits are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> a dark blue dye used<br />
traditionally by indigenous peoples as body paint. Bark, fruit, and<br />
roots are medicinal. Wood is used for cabinets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Duke 1986,<br />
Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), Mabberley 1987, Naranjo 1991, OAS 1973, Silva et al. 1977,<br />
Steyermark 1974, Will 1991<br />
Genipa curviflora Dwyer<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
PORTUGUESE: apuruí<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from Brazil to Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Lorence 1999, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Genipa spruceana Steyerm.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
PORTUGUESE: jenipapo<br />
SPANISH: yacuruna huito<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is used like G. americana, though <strong>of</strong> inferior<br />
quality.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Steyermark 1974<br />
Ge<strong>of</strong>froea decorticans (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Burkart [syn.<br />
Gourliea decorticans Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: chanal, chañar<br />
USES/NOTES: Regionally important, tart ripe fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong><br />
hand or made into an alcoholic beverage (aloja de chañar in<br />
Spanish). Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North-central Chile and Argentina into <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Chaco region<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Mabberley 1987, Marticorena and<br />
Quezada 1985, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Valenzuela et al. 1984<br />
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Ge<strong>of</strong>froea superba Humb. & Bonpl.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: almendoa, umari<br />
SPANISH: jigua<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit and seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Geonoma camana Trail<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: assaí-rana, juriti-ubim, ubim<br />
SPANISH: hoja de guacamayo<br />
USES/NOTES: Small palm is burned as a salt source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru to western<br />
Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Geonoma deversa (Poit.) Kunth [syn. G. macropoda Burret]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: baruaru, ubim, ubim-bravo, ubim-juriti<br />
SPANISH: chontillo, j<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a, palma de San Pablo, palmiche<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, understory, clump-forming palm is a salt and th<strong>at</strong>ch<br />
source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Belize through Colombia, Venezuela, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and<br />
Amazonian Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Flores and Ashton 2000, Henderson et al. 1995, Silva et<br />
al. 1977<br />
Geonoma interrupta (Ruiz & Pavón) Mart. [syn. G. binervia Oersted]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ubim<br />
SPANISH: caña brava, chocho blanco, chontilla, coco macaque,<br />
cortadera, palmiche, San Pablo, súrtuba<br />
USES/NOTES: Uph<strong>of</strong> reported <strong>the</strong> inflorescence as being e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, Lesser Antilles, Haiti,<br />
Colombia, Venezuela, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, nor<strong>the</strong>astern Amazonian Brazil,<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonian Bolivia, and Amazonian Peru and Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Geonoma maxima (Poit.) Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: palmeirinha, ubim<br />
SPANISH: baru-baru, palmicha, pui paso<br />
USES/NOTES: Burned leaves are a vegetable salt source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and <strong>the</strong> Magdalena Valley <strong>of</strong><br />
Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG<br />
n.d.<br />
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Geophila cordifolia Miq.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Chácobo <strong>of</strong> Bolivia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Renner et al. 1991, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Geum rivale L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: avens, chocol<strong>at</strong>e root, Indian chocol<strong>at</strong>e, purple avens, w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
avens<br />
USES/NOTES: Rootstocks are used to make a beverage similar to<br />
chocol<strong>at</strong>e.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker<br />
1979, Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Geum triflorum Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: prairie smoke<br />
USES/NOTES: Rootstocks are used to make a tea-like beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Kirk 1970<br />
Geum urbanum L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: avens root, clove root, herb bennet, wood avens<br />
PORTUGUESE: erva-benta, geum<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic rhizome has <strong>the</strong> scent <strong>of</strong> cloves or cinnamon and<br />
is used as a spice or to flavor liqueurs and beer.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, introduced in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Neumann n.d., Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Gevuina avellana Molina<br />
FAMILY: Proteaceae (protea)<br />
ENGLISH: Chilean hazel<br />
SPANISH: avellano<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds, similar to hazelnuts (Corylus spp.), are e<strong>at</strong>en in<br />
Chile.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Mabberley 1987, Marticorena and<br />
Quezada 1985, Menninger 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ginkgo biloba L.<br />
FAMILY: Ginkgoaceae (ginkgo or maidenhair tree)<br />
ENGLISH: ginkgo, maidenhair tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: ginco, ginkgo, ginkgo biloba, ginkgoácea, ginko, nogueirado-Japão<br />
SPANISH: árbol sagrado, gingo, ginkgo, ginko<br />
USES/NOTES: Extremely rare in <strong>the</strong> wild, this botanically ancient<br />
species d<strong>at</strong>ing back some 200 million years, sometimes known as a<br />
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“living fossil,” is grown in <strong>the</strong> Americas principally as ei<strong>the</strong>r a<br />
medicinal or a highly adaptable and tolerant ornamental, though<br />
seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted, boiled, or ground as a spice in Japan, and<br />
are an edible oil source. The leaves and seeds are said to contain<br />
compounds th<strong>at</strong> enhance human longevity and brain function, and are<br />
marketed as botanical health supplements. The largest ginkgo<br />
plant<strong>at</strong>ion in <strong>the</strong> world today is in South Carolina.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern China, possibly to Japan in historic times, and<br />
perhaps worldwide in antiquity, now weakly n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North<br />
America and elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Alves da Fonseca n.d., Facciola 1990, Foster 1996, Huxley<br />
1992, Menninger 1987, Neumann n.d., Oken 1999, Tyler 1998, Young<br />
2001<br />
Glaux maritima L.<br />
FAMILY: Primulaceae (primrose)<br />
ENGLISH: sea milkwort<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Munz and Keck 1959, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Glechoma hederacea L.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: aleho<strong>of</strong>, gill-over-<strong>the</strong>-ground, ground ivy<br />
PORTUGUESE: hera-terrestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea, and young shoots are edible<br />
cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in temper<strong>at</strong>e North and South<br />
America<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1966, Morton 1976a,<br />
Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Neumann n.d.<br />
Gleditsia triacanthos L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: common honey-locust, honey locust, honey-shucks locust,<br />
sweet-bean locust, sweet locust, thorny locust<br />
SPANISH: acacia, acacia de tres púas<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet young pods are e<strong>at</strong>en like string beans (Phaseolus<br />
vulgaris), raw or boiled, or made into beverages including a beerlike<br />
fermented beverage. Thornless forms (G.t. f. inermis) have<br />
been selected for ornamental horticulture.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western slopes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Appalachian Mountains from central<br />
Pennsylvania almost to New Orleans west to eastern Texas and north<br />
to eastern South Dakota including sou<strong>the</strong>rn Wisconsin and Michigan,<br />
and outlier popul<strong>at</strong>ions in northwestern Florida; now widely<br />
introduced and n<strong>at</strong>uralized in places<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Godfrey 1988, Peterson 1977,<br />
Tull 1978, Yanovsky 1936<br />
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Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. [syn. Robinia sepium Jacq.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Aaron’s rod, grow-stick, mo<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> cocoa, Nicaraguan cacao<br />
shade, quick-stick<br />
SPANISH: baba, bala, balo, bien vestido, cacahuananche, cocoite,<br />
cocoíte, kakawanance, kan-te, madera negra, madero negro, madre,<br />
madre de cacao, madrecacao, madreado, madregao, madriado, madura,<br />
m<strong>at</strong>a-r<strong>at</strong>ón, muite, oreja de r<strong>at</strong>ón, palo cubano, palo de hierro,<br />
piñón de Cuba, piñón cubano, piñón florido, primavera<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers occasionally are e<strong>at</strong>en fried in Central America<br />
and leaves are used for bush tea in parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Caribbean, though<br />
grown primarily to shade crops (especially cacao and c<strong>of</strong>fee), to<br />
add nitrogen to <strong>the</strong> soil, as a living fence, as a fuel wood source,<br />
and in reforest<strong>at</strong>ion efforts. Bark and seed extracts are used in<br />
r<strong>at</strong> poison.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America and/or nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Budowski 1987, Duke 1986, Horst<br />
1992a, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Price<br />
1990, Usher 1974, Williams and Williams 1969<br />
Gloeospermum sphaerocarpum Planchon & Triana<br />
FAMILY: Violaceae (violet)<br />
SPANISH: pepito, tamarillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et<br />
al. 1987<br />
Glycine max (L.) Merr. [syn. G. soja Siebold & Zucc., G. hispida<br />
(Moench) Maxim., Soja max (L.) Piper]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Cindarella bean, edamame, miracle bean, soy, soya, soya bean,<br />
soybean<br />
PORTUGUESE: semente-de-soja, soja<br />
SPANISH: semilla de soja, soja, soya<br />
USES/NOTES: Protein-rich seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, <strong>of</strong>ten as t<strong>of</strong>u, or<br />
made into flour, juice is used in infant formula and dairy<br />
substitutes, seed oil is edible and used in pharmaceuticals, and<br />
young sprouts are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable. Also may contain anticancer<br />
compounds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn to central China<br />
REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Borget 1992, de Candolle 1902, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d., Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1968, Rehm<br />
and Espig 1991, Singh and Singh 1992<br />
Glycydendron amazonicum Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
PORTUGUESE: castanha-de-porco, miridimba-doce<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet l<strong>at</strong>ex and small, somewh<strong>at</strong> ‘wrinkly’ fruits are<br />
edible.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Renner et al. 1990, Silva et al.<br />
1977<br />
Glycyrrhiza glabra L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: common licorice, Italian licorice, licorice root, liquorice,<br />
Spanish licorice<br />
PORTUGUESE: alcaçuz, alcaçuz-da-Europa, alcaçuz-glabro, madeira-doce,<br />
raíz-doce<br />
SPANISH: agarradera, alcazuz, licórice, melosa, orozuz, palo dulce,<br />
paloduz, regaliz, raíz de orozuz<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet rhizomes are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> common licorice used to<br />
flavor and/or scent candy, foods, beer and o<strong>the</strong>r alcoholic<br />
beverages, medicines, and tobacco. Glycyrrhizin, contained in <strong>the</strong><br />
roots, is many times sweeter than sucrose. Also, highly touted as a<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Carneiro Martins<br />
1989, Duke 1981, Duke 1997, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, Usher<br />
1974<br />
Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: American licorice, dessert root, licorice, wild licorice<br />
SPANISH: regaliz de América<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet roots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or uncooked, or dried and<br />
used for tea. Young shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Kindscher 1987, Kirk 1970, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Gnetum gnemon L.<br />
FAMILY: Gnetaceae (gnetum)<br />
ENGLISH: buko, joint fir, melindjo<br />
PORTUGUESE: ituá<br />
SPANISH: manindio, uva marina, uvas de mar<br />
USES/NOTES: Shoots, young leaves, and roasted fruits and seed kernels<br />
are edible. Bark is a fiber source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia from India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Papua New<br />
Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, sou<strong>the</strong>rn China, Vietnam, Malaysia,<br />
rarely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Molina 1975, Rehm and Espig 1991, Terra<br />
1966<br />
Gnetum leyboldii Tul.<br />
FAMILY: Gnetaceae (gnetum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ituá<br />
SPANISH: bala huayo, hambre huayo, paujíl ruro<br />
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USES/NOTES: Roasted seeds taste like chestnuts and are e<strong>at</strong>en as a nut,<br />
ground into flour (called farinha-de-ituá in Brazil), or fried as a<br />
cracker after <strong>the</strong> flour has dried in <strong>the</strong> sun.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Silva et al. 1977,<br />
Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Gnetum nodiflorum Brongn.<br />
FAMILY: Gnetaceae (gnetum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: hava, ituá<br />
SPANISH: bala huayo, hambre huayo, paujíl ruro<br />
USES/NOTES: Roasted seeds taste like chestnuts and are e<strong>at</strong>en as a nut,<br />
ground into flour (called farinha-de-ituá in Brazil), or fried as a<br />
cracker after <strong>the</strong> flour has dried in <strong>the</strong> sun. Also, bark is <strong>the</strong><br />
source <strong>of</strong> a gummy medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Renner et al. 1990, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Gnetum panicul<strong>at</strong>um Spruce ex Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Gnetaceae (gnetum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ituá<br />
USES/NOTES: Roasted seeds taste like chestnuts and are e<strong>at</strong>en as a nut,<br />
ground into flour (called farinha-de-ituá in Brazil), or fried as a<br />
cracker after <strong>the</strong> flour has dried in <strong>the</strong> sun.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Rio Negro basin <strong>of</strong> North-central Amazonian Brazil and<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Gnetum schwackeanum Taubert ex Markgraf<br />
FAMILY: Gnetaceae (gnetum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ituá, ituaí<br />
USES/NOTES: Roasted seeds taste like chestnuts and are e<strong>at</strong>en as a nut,<br />
ground into flour (called farinha-de-ituá in Brazil), or fried as a<br />
cracker after <strong>the</strong> flour has dried in <strong>the</strong> sun.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Rio Negro basin <strong>of</strong> North-central Amazonian Brazil and<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Silva et al. 1977, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Gnetum urens (Aublet) Blume<br />
FAMILY: Gnetaceae (gnetum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: blume-huá-açu, cipó-do-caçador, cipó-grande, gneto-toá,<br />
itoá, ituá, toá<br />
USES/NOTES: Roasted seeds taste like chestnuts and are e<strong>at</strong>en as a nut,<br />
ground into flour (called farinha-de-ituá in Brazil), or fried as a<br />
cracker after <strong>the</strong> flour has dried in <strong>the</strong> sun.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern Amazonian Brazil, <strong>the</strong> Guianas and sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Venezuela<br />
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REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Gnetum venosum Spruce ex Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Gnetaceae (gnetum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ituá<br />
USES/NOTES: Roasted seeds taste like chestnuts and are e<strong>at</strong>en as a nut,<br />
ground into flour (called farinha-de-ituá in Brazil), or fried as a<br />
cracker after <strong>the</strong> flour has dried in <strong>the</strong> sun.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil to Manaus<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Gonolobus edulis Hemsley<br />
FAMILY: Asclepiadaceae (milkweed)<br />
SPANISH: guay<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica possibly to Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberely 1987<br />
Gonolobus niger (Cav.) Schultes in Roemer & Schultes<br />
FAMILY: Asclepiadaceae (milkweed)<br />
SPANISH: ooy<br />
USES/NOTES: Imm<strong>at</strong>ure fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fried with maize dough and<br />
spices.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984<br />
Gossypium arboreum L.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: cotton tree, tree cotton<br />
PORTUGUESE: algodão-moro<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible and seeds contain an edible oil similar<br />
to olive oil (Olea europaea). Boll contains a minor textile fiber.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: warm regions <strong>of</strong> Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990,<br />
León 1987<br />
Gossypium barbadense L. [syn. G. peruvianum Cav.]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: buck cotton, cotton, Sea Island cotton, South American<br />
cotton, tree cotton<br />
PORTUGUESE: algodão, amandiú, brum, mandiú<br />
SPANISH: algodón, algodón blanco, algodón de monte, algodón silvestre,<br />
huaxmënë, riñón<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed is an edible oil source. Also, boll contains a long<br />
silky fiber used for cotton fabrics.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably first domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in its n<strong>at</strong>ive southwestern<br />
Ecuador between 3500 and 3000 B.C., possibly independantly<br />
domestic<strong>at</strong>ed l<strong>at</strong>er in <strong>the</strong> Atlantic Sea Islands <strong>of</strong> North America<br />
and/or <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
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REFERENCES: Anochili and Tindall 1986, Ayala Flores 1984, Bailey<br />
Hortorium 1976, Boom 1987, Boswell 1989, Damp and Pearsall 1994,<br />
Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Madsen 1991, Omawale<br />
1973<br />
Gossypium herbaceum L.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: levant cotton, short-staple American cotton<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed is a source <strong>of</strong> cottonseed oil used in cooking, to<br />
make margarine, and as a lard substitute, pressed into an edible<br />
cake, roasted, or as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute. Leaf is edible and boll<br />
contains a minor textile fiber.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Africa, Asia Minor, and India<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, León 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Gossypium hirsutum L.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: buck cotton, cotton, upland cotton<br />
PORTUGUESE: algodão, algodão-branco<br />
SPANISH: algodón<br />
USES/NOTES: Boll is <strong>the</strong> principal commercial cotton source. Fruit and<br />
seed are edible after removing <strong>the</strong> toxic gossypol, and seeds are<br />
<strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> commercially important and edible cottonseed oil.<br />
Boiled leaves are used to make medicinal b<strong>at</strong>hs.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Middle America from Mexico to <strong>the</strong> Caribbean coast <strong>of</strong><br />
South America, <strong>the</strong> West Indies, and South Florida, perhaps first<br />
domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in Mexico’s Yuc<strong>at</strong>án<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Branch and Silva 1983, Facciola<br />
1990, Ford 1984, Guia Rural n.d., León 1987, Omawale 1973,<br />
Purseglove 1968, Sauer 1993<br />
Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urban [syn Banisteria lupuloides L.]<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: chew stick<br />
USES/NOTES: Bitter stems have been used like hops to flavor beer. Also<br />
chewed to clean teeth.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America, West Indies, and Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1977<br />
Gouania polygama (Jacq.) Urban<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
SPANISH: limpia dientes<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves have been used like hops to flavor beer.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America, <strong>the</strong> West Indies, and<br />
Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990, Williams 1981<br />
Goupia glabra Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Celastraceae (spindle tree) or Goupiaceae (goupia)<br />
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PORTUGUESE: cupiúba<br />
USES/NOTES: Red to nearly black fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor <strong>of</strong><br />
Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and <strong>the</strong> Guianas to Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Mabberley 1987, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Greigia sodiroana Mez<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
SPANISH: guicondo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Lu<strong>the</strong>r 1989, Smith and Downs 1979<br />
Greigia sphacel<strong>at</strong>a (Ruiz & Pavón) Regel<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: chapéu<br />
SPANISH: chupón, chupones, guicondo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Usher<br />
1974<br />
Grias cauliflora L.<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
ENGLISH: anchovy pear, wild mammy<br />
SPANISH: jaguay, jaguillo, madre de cocoa, membrillo, paco, pera de<br />
ancho, sacha mangua<br />
USES/NOTES: Pear-shaped, unripe fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en raw or pickled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: perhaps Jamaica, or elswhere in <strong>the</strong> West Indies, and<br />
Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Mabberley1987, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Prance and Mori 1979<br />
Grias haughtii R. Knuth<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is consumed raw or cooked into a syrup.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Prance and Mori 1979<br />
Grias neuberthii J.F. Macbr. [syn. G. loretensis R. Knuth]<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
ENGLISH: anchovy pear<br />
SPANISH: cocora, cocorro, pepe guare, sacha mango, sacha mangue,<br />
wingaca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits and seeds are edible, <strong>the</strong> former typically as an<br />
emergency food by <strong>the</strong> Waorani.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru and Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Davis and Yost 1983, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Macbride 1941, Martin et al. 1987, Prance and Mori<br />
1979<br />
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Grias peruviana Miers<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
SPANISH: aguac<strong>at</strong>e de mente, aguac<strong>at</strong>illo, apai, cocora, llanero,<br />
mancoa, pito, sacha mango, sacha mangua, sapote de perro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lowlands <strong>of</strong> Ecuador and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Prance and<br />
Mori 1979, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: gum plant, resinweed<br />
PORTUGUESE: mal-me-quer<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea and resinous covering <strong>of</strong> leaves<br />
and flower heads have been used as a chewing gum substitute. Also<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Cronquist 1980, Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, Kirk 1970,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Munz 1974, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Guadua angustifolia Kunth and G. l<strong>at</strong>ifolia (Humb. & Bonpl.) Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu<br />
SPANISH: guadúa<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Berendson and Araniva de González 1991, Brako and Zarucchi<br />
1993, Londoño and Davidse 1991, Morán Ubidia 1991, OAS 1973<br />
Guaiacum <strong>of</strong>ficinale L.<br />
FAMILY: Zygophyllaceae (lignum-vitae)<br />
ENGLISH: lignum-vitae, guayacán<br />
PORTUGUESE: pau-santo<br />
SPANISH: guajacán negro, lignum-vitae<br />
USES/NOTES: Cooked fruits are edible and <strong>the</strong> vanillin-containing wood<br />
resin (guaicum) is used to flavor beverages, candy, ice cream, gum,<br />
baked goods, and o<strong>the</strong>r sweets. Also medicinal and a hard wood<br />
source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Panama, West Indies, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Nellis 1994, Neumann<br />
n.d.<br />
Guaiacum sanctum L. [syn. G. gu<strong>at</strong>emalense Planchon]<br />
FAMILY: Zygophyllaceae (lignum-vitae)<br />
ENGLISH: holywood, lignum-sanctum, lignum-vitae, roughbark lignumvitae,<br />
tree <strong>of</strong> life<br />
FRENCH: bois sant, gaïac blanc, gaïac femelle<br />
SPANISH: guayacán, guayacán blanco, guayacán de vera, guayacancillo,<br />
lignum sanctum, palo santo<br />
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USES/NOTES: Resin is used to flavor beverages, candy, ice cream, gum,<br />
baked goods, and o<strong>the</strong>r foods. Also medicinal, a hard wood source,<br />
and a regionally popular landscape specimen for its showy blue<br />
flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gre<strong>at</strong>er Antilles and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Lesser Antilles, <strong>the</strong><br />
Yuc<strong>at</strong>an, eastern Gu<strong>at</strong>emala and Honduras, to <strong>the</strong> Florida Keys,<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Little and Wadsworth<br />
1964, Nelson 1994<br />
Guarea grandifolia DC. [syn. G. borisii Harms]<br />
FAMILY: Meliaceae (mahogany)<br />
SPANISH: bola requia<br />
USES/NOTES: Small drops <strong>of</strong> sap, though toxic, are added to chicha (a<br />
fermented beverage made from <strong>the</strong> juice <strong>of</strong> Manihot esculenta) to<br />
"increase" alcohol content.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia and adjacent lowland Andes<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington et al. 1981<br />
Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer [syn. G. guara (Jacq.) Wilson, G.<br />
trichilioides L.]<br />
FAMILY: Meliaceae (mahogany)<br />
ENGLISH: allig<strong>at</strong>or wood, muskwood, West Indian redwood<br />
PORTUGUESE: acajou, itaubarana, j<strong>at</strong>uauba, jitó<br />
SPANISH: cabima, cabirma, cabirma santa, cedro macho, guanquero,<br />
guaraguao, l<strong>at</strong>api, l<strong>at</strong>aqui, requia, trompillo, yamao, yamagua<br />
USES/NOTES: Brown fruit’s pulp is occasionally e<strong>at</strong>en. Grown mainly as<br />
a medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
OAS 1973, Pennington et al. 1981, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Gu<strong>at</strong>teria buchtienii R.E. Fries<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
SPANISH: chocol<strong>at</strong>illo negro, piraguina negra<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989, MBG n.d.<br />
Gu<strong>at</strong>teria elong<strong>at</strong>a Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guianas to eastern Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994<br />
Gu<strong>at</strong>teria gracilipes R.E. Fries<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989<br />
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Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. [syn. G. guazuma (L.) Cockerell, G. tomentosa<br />
Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
ENGLISH: bastard cedar, mutamba, West Indian elm<br />
PORTUGUESE: ar<strong>at</strong>icum bravo, cabeça-de-negro, embira, embiru, guazimamacho,<br />
guaxina, ibixuna, mutamba, mutamba-preta, mutamba-verdadeira<br />
periquiteira, mutambo, nutamba, pau-de-bicho, pojó<br />
SPANISH: <strong>at</strong>adijo, bolaina, cabeza de negrito, cablote, caulote,<br />
chicharrón, guácima, guácimo, guásimo, jacocalalu, pishoy, tablote,<br />
tepescohuite<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, mucilangenous fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, IBGE 1980, Kainer and Duryea 1992,<br />
Little and Wadsworth 1964, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997, OAS 1973, Silva et al. 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Guettarda argentea Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: black guava<br />
USES/NOTES: Small (~1cm), dark purple, s<strong>of</strong>t fruit, is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Hispaniola<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Mabberley 1987<br />
Guettarda scabra (L.) Vent.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: rough velvetseed, velvetseed<br />
USES/NOTES: Red, velvety, berry-like, cm in diameter fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to south Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Nelson 1994, Taylor 1998<br />
Guettarda speciosa L.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
PORTUGUESE: angélica<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Guettarda uruguensis Cham. & Schltdl.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: velvet seed<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Uruguay<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Gunnera tinctoria (Molina) Mirb. [syn. G. chilensis Lam.]<br />
FAMILY: Haloragaceae or Gunneraceae (gunnera)<br />
SPANISH: nalcas, pangue, panke<br />
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USES/NOTES: Young, somewh<strong>at</strong> acidic leaf stalks are e<strong>at</strong>en peeled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile to P<strong>at</strong>agonian Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, OAS<br />
1973, Soukup 1970, Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Gustavia augusta L. [syn. G. mexiana R. Knuth, Grias mexiana R.<br />
Knuth]<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
PORTUGUESE: castanha-fedorenta, envira-fedorenta, general, geniparana,<br />
jeniparana, m<strong>at</strong>a-m<strong>at</strong>á-branco, mucurão<br />
SPANISH: chopé, sacha chopé<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. Wood emits a disagreeable odor some days<br />
after cutting.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Macbride 1941, Prance and Mori<br />
1979, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Gustavia longifolia Poeppig ex O. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
SPANISH: chopé, chopé masha, cocora, mangua, nonginca, sacha chopé,<br />
sacha manga, tripa de polla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western and central Amazonia from Brazil, Peru, and<br />
Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Davis and Yost 1983, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, Prance and Mori 1979<br />
Gustavia macarenensis Philipson subsp. macarenensis<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
SPANISH: chopé, iniaku<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Shuar <strong>of</strong> Ecuador.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru<br />
REFERENCE: Bennett et al. 2001, Prance and Mori 1979<br />
Gustavia nana Pittier<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
SPANISH: achucalo, membrillo, pacó<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Prance and Mori 1979<br />
Gustavia speciosa (Kunth) A. DC. subsp. speciosa<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
SPANISH: chupa, chupo<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its edible nut and yellow fruit pulp, which<br />
may cause <strong>the</strong> skin to turn yellow if taken in excess.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, La Rotta 1992, Martin et al. 1987, Prance<br />
and Mori 1979<br />
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Gustavia superba (Kunth) O. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
ENGLISH: wild mango<br />
SPANISH: chupo, chupo membrillo, pacó<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked and <strong>the</strong> mashed pulp is used<br />
like cooking greese.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: <strong>Kent</strong>ucky c<strong>of</strong>fee tree<br />
USES/NOTES: Roasted seeds may be e<strong>at</strong>en like nuts or ground and used as<br />
a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute. Fresh seeds and fruit pulp, however, are<br />
poisonous. Wood is a hard lumber source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from New York to eastern Oklahoma,<br />
principally west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Appalachia<br />
REFERENCES: Peterson 1977, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Haageocereus decumbens (Vaupel) Backeb.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Haageocereus pseudomelanostele (Werderm. & Backeb.) Backeb.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Stuva et al. 2006<br />
Halesia carolina L.<br />
FAMILY: Styracaceae (storax)<br />
ENGLISH: Carolina silverbell, little silverbell, silverbell tree, wild<br />
olive<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe, four-winged, tart fruits may be nibbled, while<br />
unripe fruits may be e<strong>at</strong>en pickled. Attractive, white-flowered,<br />
small trees make a nice landscape addition as well.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from Michigan, to Florida, Texas, and<br />
California<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al.<br />
1958, Munz and Keck 1959, Nelson 1994<br />
Hamamelis virginiana L.<br />
FAMILY: Hamamelidaceae (witch hazel or sweet gum)<br />
ENGLISH: witch hazel<br />
PORTUGUESE: hamamelis<br />
SPANISH: nogal de la brujería<br />
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USES/NOTES: Leaves <strong>of</strong> this yellow-flowered, <strong>at</strong>tractive small tree are<br />
made into tea and oily seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada to central<br />
Florida and Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Nelson 1994, Tomikel 1986,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Hamelia p<strong>at</strong>ens Jacq.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: firebush, Mexican firebush, red berry, scarlet bush<br />
PORTUGUESE: valmoura<br />
SPANISH: anileto, azulillo, bálsamo, benzen yuca, cachimbilla,<br />
cascarilla, chacloc, chichipince, coralillo, palo camarón, p<strong>at</strong>a de<br />
pájaro, pico de pájaro, pissi, tisicu panga, unkumutsuwake, usiaey,<br />
uvero, yoshin coshqui rao, yuto blanco, zapote maduro,<br />
zorrillo, zorrillo real<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, dark red to purplish-black, ovoid, juicy, ripe<br />
fruits, with a bland to pleasant flavor, are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or<br />
made into juice or alcoholic beverages. Fruit and o<strong>the</strong>r plant parts<br />
are also medicinal. Attractive, fast growing shrub is also used in<br />
urban landscaping in tropical to nearly frost-free regions for its<br />
abundant scarlet flowers and green to red foliage and because it<br />
<strong>at</strong>tracts butterflies and hummingbirds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Humid Neotropics from Paraguay and Bolivia to Mexico,<br />
<strong>the</strong> Antilles, central and sou<strong>the</strong>rn peninsular Florida, and Bermuda<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Bernardi 1985, Bush and Morton<br />
n.d., Duke n.d., Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Lorence<br />
1999, Martin et al. 1987, Nelson 1994, Sommeijer et al. n.d.,<br />
UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Hancornia speciosa B.A. Gomes<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
PORTUGUESE: fruta-de-doente, mangaba, mangabeira, mangabinha-do-norte<br />
SPANISH: mangaba, mangabera, mango jsú<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits, poisonous until fully ripe, are consumed fresh, in<br />
sherbets, preserved, or made into wine. L<strong>at</strong>ex is <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong><br />
mangabeira rubber. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn to nor<strong>the</strong>astern Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE<br />
1980, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Schneider 1987, Silva et<br />
al. 1977<br />
Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. ex Krause<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: cape ash, kaffir plum<br />
SPANISH: ciruelo de kafir<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its fruit pulp, e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or in jellies.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987<br />
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Harrisia aboriginum Small<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: prickly apple-cactus, shellmound apple-cactus, west coast<br />
apple-cactus<br />
USES/NOTES: Globose yellow fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwester coastal Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Morton 1977<br />
Harrisia balansae (K. Schumann) N.P. Taylor & Zappi [syn. H.<br />
guelichii Britton & Rose, Cereus guelichii Speg.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
USES/NOTES: Potentially spinless red fruit’s white pulp is said to be<br />
very sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina to adjacent Bolivia, Brazil, and<br />
Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Kessler et<br />
al. 2000, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d.<br />
Harrisia eriophora (Pfeiffer) Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: fragrant apple-cactus<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow fruits, to 6 cm, are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Cuba and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963<br />
Harrisia fragrans Small [syn. H. eriophora (Pfeiffer & Otto) Britton<br />
var. fragrans (Small ex Britton & Rose) D.B.Ward, Cereus eriophorus<br />
var. fragrans (Small) L.D. Benson]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: Caribbean apple-cactus, fragrant apple-cactus, Indian River<br />
prickly-apple<br />
USES/NOTES: Globose, 4-6 cm red prickly fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Indian River region <strong>of</strong> Florida’s central-east coast<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Morton 1977<br />
Harrisia pomanensis Weber [syn. H. bonplandii (Parmentier ex<br />
Pfeiffer) Britton & Rose]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: apple cactus<br />
USES/NOTES: Globular red fruit’s white pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Argentina, Paraguay, and southwestern Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et<br />
al. 1987<br />
Harrisia portoricensis Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: Puerto Rico apple-cactus<br />
SPANISH: higo chumbo<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow fruit’s pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Puerto Rico<br />
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REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Harrisia simpsonii Small in Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: apple cactus, Simpson’s apple-cactus<br />
USES/NOTES: Red to yellow fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central east coast and sou<strong>the</strong>rn coastal Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola<br />
1990, Morton 1977<br />
Hasseltia dioica (Benth.) Sleumer<br />
FAMILY: Salicaceae (willow), previously Tiliaceae (linden) or<br />
Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia)<br />
SPANISH: canelo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en in <strong>the</strong> Petén.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Petén, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997<br />
Hechtia montana Brandegee<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
SPANISH: chikana, haamxooíi, hichiconi, huidbori<br />
USES/NOTES: Rosette bases <strong>of</strong> this wild plant, called guasipari, are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en roasted in portions <strong>of</strong> its range.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arid to semiarid regions <strong>of</strong> Chihuahua, Sonora, Sinaloa,<br />
and Baja California del Sur<br />
REFERENCES: Felger 2000, Rios and Khan 1998, Smith and Downs 1974,<br />
Yetman and Van Devender 2002<br />
Hedeoma drummondii Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: New Mexican pennyroyal<br />
SPANISH: polello, poleo, toronjil<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowering tops are brewed with teas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico into <strong>the</strong> southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990, von Reis Altschul 1973,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: American pennyroyal, squaw mint<br />
PORTUGUESE: hedeoma<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried leaves are used as a peppermint-like condiment, made<br />
into tea, and <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> a commercial essential oil used as a<br />
flavoring agent. Leaves are also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Gibbons and Tucker 1979,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, Peterson 1977<br />
Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig [syn. H. spic<strong>at</strong>um Lodd.]<br />
FAMILY: Zingiberaceae (ginger)<br />
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ENGLISH: butterfly ginger, butterfly lily, garland flower, ginger-lily<br />
PORTUGUESE: borboleta, lágrima-de-moça, lírio-branco, lírio-brejo,<br />
lírio-do-brejo, napoleão<br />
SPANISH: amapola, caña de indio, lirio, mariposa<br />
USES/NOTES: Primarily an ornamental in <strong>the</strong> Americas, though buds and<br />
showy, white, fragrant flowers may be e<strong>at</strong>en or used for flavoring.<br />
Fruits <strong>of</strong> some varieties reportedly are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Roots and<br />
leaf tea are used medicinally in parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> neotropics.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Duke and Vásquez 1994, Mabberley<br />
1987, Kunkel 1984, Sommeijer et al. n.d., Silva et al. 1977, Tanaka<br />
1976, Torres n.d., Vázquez et al. 1995<br />
Hedyosmum angustifolium (Ruiz & Pavón) Solms-Laub.<br />
FAMILY: Chloranthaceae (chloranthus)<br />
SPANISH: anís de monte, guayusa<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a tea substitute.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Andes from Ecuador to Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Todzia 1988<br />
Hedyosmum maximum (Kuntze) Schumann<br />
FAMILY: Chloranthaceae (chloranthus)<br />
SPANISH: chavarquero, chisco de monte, granicillo, granizo, guayusa,<br />
guayusa hembra<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to flavor alcoholic beverages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia to Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Todzia 1988<br />
Hedyosmum mexicanum C. Cordem.<br />
FAMILY: Chloranthaceae (chloranthus)<br />
SPANISH: almizcle, anillo, colchón de pobre, gallinazo, granizo,<br />
planta del soldado, silva-silva, té azteco, vara blanca<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, succulent, white fruits are edible and leaves are<br />
used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, from Mexico to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Facciola 1990, MBG n.d., Molina 1975<br />
Hedyosmum nutans Sw.<br />
FAMILY: Chloranthaceae (chloranthus)<br />
ENGLISH: headache bush<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola<br />
REFERENCES: Todzia 1988<br />
Hedyosmum racemosum (Ruiz & Pavón) G. Don f.<br />
FAMILY: Chloranthaceae (chloranthus)<br />
SPANISH: canutillo, espejuelo, granizo, itacopa, pito, silva-silva<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used like tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America to Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Todzia 1988<br />
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Hedysarum alpinum L. [syn. H. alpinum var. americanum Michaux ex<br />
Pursh]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: hedysarum<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots, e<strong>at</strong>en raw, boiled, or roasted, were an important<br />
food source for N<strong>at</strong>ive Alaskans.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn U.S. and Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Gleason 1968, Rollins 1940, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Hedysarum boreale subsp. mackenzii (Richardson) S.L. Welsh [syn. H.<br />
mackenzii Richardson]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: liquorice root, sweet broom, sweet root<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet roots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central U.S. to Alaska<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Kirk 1970,<br />
Northstrom and Welsh 1970, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Hedysarum occidentale E. Greene<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: liquorice root, sweetvetch<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet roots, e<strong>at</strong>en raw or roasted, taste like licorice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970, Rollins 1940<br />
Helianthus annuus L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: common sunflower, sunflower<br />
PORTUGUESE: girassol<br />
SPANISH: acahual, chimalte, flor del sol, gigantón, girasol, maíz de<br />
Texas, maíz meco, maravilla, mirabel, mirasol, papa de caña,<br />
quisnaniquitonale, tornasol, xaricam<strong>at</strong>a<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed is an edible and medicinal oil source, among <strong>the</strong> most<br />
commercially important vegetable oils. Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or<br />
cooked, young seed sprouts are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads, and flowers are fed<br />
to animals, grown for honey production, and are a dye source. Also<br />
medicinal and ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S. into Mexico, possibly first domesticaed in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Gulf Coast region <strong>of</strong> Tabasco, Mexico, or <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S.,<br />
perhaps Arizona<br />
REFERENCES: Bianchini and Corbetta 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Espejo<br />
Serna et al. n.d., Guia Rural n.d., Heiser 1976, Lentz et al. 2001,<br />
Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig<br />
1991, Sauer 1993, Usher 1974, Weiss 1971, Weiss 1983<br />
Helianthus doronicoides Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: oblong-leaf sunflower<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers were e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> central U.S.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Central and western U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Helianthus giganteus L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: giant sunflower<br />
USES/NOTES: Choctaw people made bread from <strong>the</strong> ground seeds mixed with<br />
cornmeal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to <strong>the</strong> Mississippi<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Fernald 1950, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Helianthus maximilianii Schrader<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: Maximilian sunflower<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots have been e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada to <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S., Texas, and<br />
California<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kirk 1970, Tull 1978, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Helianthus tuberosus L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: Jerusalem artichoke, sunchoke, topinambur<br />
PORTUGUESE: alcach<strong>of</strong>ra-de-Jerusalém, b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-tupinambá, girassolb<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>eiro,<br />
girassol-de-b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a, topinambour, tupinambo, tupinambur<br />
SPANISH: agu<strong>at</strong>urma, alcach<strong>of</strong>a de Jerusalén, cotufa, papa de caña,<br />
p<strong>at</strong>aca, topinámbur, tupinambo, tupinambur<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked and are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong><br />
levulose sugar, tubers and leaves are medicinal, and seeds are an<br />
oil source. Also used for fodder. Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in France as a<br />
forage plant and as an alcohol source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke 1987, Brücher 1989, Duke 1992, Foster and Cordell<br />
1992, Guia Rural 1990, Leung 1961, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974<br />
Heliconia bihai (L.) L. [syn. H. humilis Jacq.]<br />
FAMILY: Heliconiaceae (heliconia) or Musaceae (banana)<br />
ENGLISH: balisier, false plantain, firebird, heliconia, lobster-claw,<br />
macaw flower, wild banana, wild plantain<br />
PORTUGUESE: bico-de-tucano<br />
SPANISH: heliconia, pl<strong>at</strong>anillo, riqui-riqui<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots are edible. Flowering bract is a brilliant<br />
red and yellow.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lesser Antilles through nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America and<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Andersson 1981, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Brako and Zarucchi<br />
1993, Dodson and Gentry 1978, Mabberley 1987, Silva et al. 1977,<br />
Steyermark et al. 1995, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Heliconia caribaea Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Heliconiaceae (heliconia) or Musaceae (banana)<br />
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ENGLISH: balisier, false plantain, heliconia, wild plantain<br />
SPANISH: heliconia, pl<strong>at</strong>anillo, riqui-riqui<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots and dark blue fruit’s black seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
and roots are an edible starch source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies to Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Kunkel<br />
1984, Sturtevant 1972<br />
Heliconia hirsuta L.f.<br />
FAMILY: Heliconiaceae (heliconia) or Musaceae (banana)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bananeira-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, bananeirinha, bananinha, bananinhabrava<br />
(perhaps)<br />
SPANISH: heliconia, millua situlli, pl<strong>at</strong>anillo, riqui-riqui<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are edible and fermented into an alcoholic beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Andersson 1985, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Schultes and<br />
Raffauf 1990, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Heliconia l<strong>at</strong>isp<strong>at</strong>ha Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Heliconiaceae (heliconia) or Musaceae (banana)<br />
ENGLISH: expanded lobster-claw, heliconia, lobster-claw<br />
SPANISH: heliconia, pl<strong>at</strong>anillo, riqui-riqui<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and used for cooking in <strong>the</strong> Yuc<strong>at</strong>án.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: moist lowlands <strong>of</strong> central Mexico, <strong>the</strong> Yuc<strong>at</strong>án, and<br />
Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Andersson 1992, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Niembro Rocas 1992<br />
Heliconia psittacorum L.f.<br />
FAMILY: Heliconiaceae (heliconia) or Musaceae (banana)<br />
ENGLISH: parakeet flower, parrot’s beack<br />
SPANISH: heliconia, pl<strong>at</strong>anillo, riqui-riqui<br />
USES/NOTES: Rhizome is crushed and e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuelan dry forests, perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Gragson 1997, Kress 1997<br />
Heliconia rostr<strong>at</strong>a Ruíz and Pavón<br />
FAMILY: Heliconiaceae (heliconia) or Musaceae (banana)<br />
ENGLISH: lobster-claw<br />
PORTUGUESE: caeté, helicônia<br />
SPANISH: heliconia, pl<strong>at</strong>anillo, situlli<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are edible and fermented into an alcoholic beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, tropical central Andes, to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Berry and Kress 1991, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994<br />
Heliconia velutina L. Andersson [illegitim<strong>at</strong>e name according to<br />
Bailey Hortorium]<br />
FAMILY: Heliconiaceae (heliconia) or Musaceae (banana)<br />
SPANISH: heliconia, pl<strong>at</strong>anillo del monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to wrap food.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Andersson 1985, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Salick 1992<br />
Helicostylis elegans (Macbr.) C. Berg [syn. Perebea elegans Macbr.]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: inharé<br />
SPANISH: misho chaqui<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Helicostylis scabra (Macbr.) C. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: inharé<br />
SPANISH: misho chaqui<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Helicostylis tomentosa (Poeppig & Endl.) Macbr.<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: <strong>at</strong>inha, inaré, inharé, mão-de-g<strong>at</strong>o, pama, pama branca,f<br />
xubaco<br />
SPANISH: cajimán, charo macho, charo peludo, misho chaqui, p<strong>at</strong>a de<br />
Morrocoy<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, and fruit are e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Chácobo<br />
<strong>of</strong> Bolivia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia into Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Berg 1972, Boom 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Duke<br />
and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Heliopsis buphthalmoides (Jacq.) Dunal<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
SPANISH: botoncillo grande<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried, ground leaves are used as a condiment and fresh<br />
leaves are added to salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Peru and Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Blake 1940<br />
Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. [syn. H. lilioasphodelus var. fulvus L.]<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily) or Hemerocallidaceae (day-lily)<br />
ENGLISH: day-lily, double tawny day-lily, orange day-lily, tawny daylily<br />
PORTUGUESE: hemerocalis, lírio-amarelo<br />
SPANISH: lirio de un día<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots, flowers, and young shoots and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
cooked, and roots are a starch source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Asia, perhaps to Europe, now widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North<br />
America and somewh<strong>at</strong> n<strong>at</strong>uralized in Central America<br />
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REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1962, Harrington<br />
1967, Schwegman 1991<br />
Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. [syn. H. flava (L.) L., H.<br />
lilioasphodelus var. flavus L.]<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily) or Hemerocallidaceae (day-lily)<br />
ENGLISH: day-lily, lemon lily, yellow day-lily<br />
PORTUGUESE: hemerocalis, lírio<br />
SPANISH: lirio<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots, flowers, and young shoots and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1959<br />
Henriettea succosa (Aublet) DC. [syn. Melastoma succosa Aublet]<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
SPANISH: oluka<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Trinidad, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, Venezuela, Colonbia, Central<br />
America, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Standley and Williams 1963<br />
Heracleum maximum Bartram [syn. H. lan<strong>at</strong>um Midax]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: cow parsnip<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> roots, young shoots and flowers are<br />
used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb and in salads, older stems are peeled and e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
raw or cooked, and <strong>the</strong> plant base can be used as a salt substitute.<br />
The plant is also said to be poisonous, if improperly prepared.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e North America from Wisconsin to nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
California and Alaska to nor<strong>the</strong>ast Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Facciola 1990,<br />
Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Heracleum sphondylium L.<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: common cow parsnip, cow parsnip, European cow parsnip,<br />
hogweed<br />
PORTUGUESE: heracleum<br />
USES/NOTES: Boiled leaves and fruits are made into an alcoholic<br />
beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America and nor<strong>the</strong>ast Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Harrington 1967,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Neumann n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Herrania albiflora Goudot [syn. Theobroma albiflora (Goudot) De<br />
Wild.]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
SPANISH: cacao cimarrón, cacao monteras<br />
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USES/NOTES: Edible seeds sometimes are mixed with those <strong>of</strong> T.<br />
cacao.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Schultes 1958<br />
Herrania camargoana R. Schultes [syn. Theobroma camargoanum (R.<br />
Schultes) Ducke]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
USES/NOTES: Ground seeds are used to flavor me<strong>at</strong>.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Venezuela to <strong>the</strong> Colombian Chocó<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Schultes 1958<br />
Herrania mariae (Mart.) Decne. ex Goudot var. mariae [syn. Abroma<br />
mariae Mart., Theobroma mariae (Mart.) Schumann]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cacaoti, cacau-quadrado, cacaurana, cacauú, cacau-jacaré<br />
SPANISH: cacao, chocol<strong>at</strong>e<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed and fruit pulp are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: widespread in Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Shanley and Medina 2005, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Herrania nitida (Poeppig) R. Schultes [syn. Abroma nitida Poeppig,<br />
Theobroma nitidum (Poeppig) K. Schum. nomen illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cacau-jacaré<br />
SPANISH: boginca, cacahuillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible and seeds are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Cerón 1995, Davis and Yost 1983, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Macbride 1956, Schultes 1958, UFA/NYBG n.d., Vásquez 1997<br />
Hesperis m<strong>at</strong>ronalis L.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: dame’s rocket, dame’s violet, garden rocket, mo<strong>the</strong>r-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>evening,<br />
purple rocket, rocket, scented rocket, sweet rocket,<br />
vesper-flower, white rocket<br />
USES/NOTES: Piquant leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh in salads, seeds are an<br />
edible oil source, and seed sprouts are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Europe, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Grieve 1931, PFAF n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Zuloaga 1997<br />
Hesperomeles ferruginea (Pers.) Benth. [syn. H. lanuginosa Ruiz &<br />
Pavón ex Hook. nomen illegit., Eriobotrya cord<strong>at</strong>a Lindl.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
SPANISH: cerote, coca coca, norito, yanaquero<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is sweet and tart.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia from Colombia and Venezuela to Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Foster 1958, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d.<br />
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Heteromeles arbutifolia (Lindley) M. Roemer [syn. H. salicifolia (C.<br />
Presl) Abrams, Photina arbutifolia Lindley]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: California holly, Christmas berry, tollon, toyon<br />
SPANISH: tollón, toyón<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or roasted.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California to Baja California<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, Martin et al. 1987, Phipps<br />
1992, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Heteropsis sp.<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
SPANISH: otome<br />
USES/NOTES: Waorani <strong>of</strong> Ecuador e<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> yellow fruit and extract a<br />
strong fiber from <strong>the</strong> bark <strong>of</strong> an unidentified species.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Davis and Yost 1983<br />
Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müell. Arg.<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: caoutchouc, hevea rubber, rubber, rubber tree, Pará rubber<br />
PORTUGUESE: borracha, seringa, seringa-real, seringa-verdadeira,<br />
seringueira<br />
SPANISH: árbol del caucho, árbol del cielo, carama jihui, caucho,<br />
caucho de Pará, goma de Pará, hule, jebe, jebe débil fino,<br />
sernambi, shiringa<br />
USES/NOTES: Protein-rich seeds are infrequently e<strong>at</strong>en after cooking to<br />
remove toxins. H. brasiliensis accounts for most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world’s<br />
quality n<strong>at</strong>ural rubber, worth over $3 billion in exports annually.<br />
Malaysia is <strong>the</strong> most economically important producer followed<br />
closely by Indonesia. Brazil, <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> most n<strong>at</strong>ural rubber up<br />
untill World War I, is a net importer <strong>of</strong> rubber today.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn half <strong>of</strong> Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Balick 1985, Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Fearnside 1989, Hunter 1997, Imle 1978, León 1987,<br />
Oldfield 1981, OAS 1973, Schultes 1977a, Silva et al. 1977, Smith<br />
et al. 1992, UFA/NYBG n.d., Vásquez and Gentry 1989<br />
Hevea guianensis Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: caoutchouc, hevea rubber, rubber, rubber tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: seringa, seringa-itaúba, seringa-taúba, seringa-vermelha<br />
SPANISH: shiringa amarilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are infrequently e<strong>at</strong>en after cooking to remove<br />
toxins. L<strong>at</strong>ex is drunk by some indigenous groups, and is mixed with<br />
th<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong> H. brasiliensis to make rubber.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn half <strong>of</strong> Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Schultes 1977a, Silva et al. 1977,<br />
UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
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Hevea pauciflora (Spruce ex Benth.) Müell. Arg. var. coriacea Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
PORTUGUESE: seringa<br />
SPANISH: shiringa, shiringa maposa<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed has been e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. L<strong>at</strong>ex is mixed with th<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong> H.<br />
brasiliensis to make rubber.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Hexachlamys edulis (O. Berg) Kausel & D. Legrand [syn. Eugenia edulis<br />
Benth., Myrciaria edulis (Vell.) Skeels nomen illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are made into vinegar in Argentina.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, Uruguay, eastern Paraguay, and<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: M<strong>at</strong>tos 1983, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Hibiscus bifurc<strong>at</strong>us Cav. [syn. H. uncinellus DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
PORTUGUESE: algodão-do-brejo, algodoeiro-bravo, algodoeiro-do-brejo,<br />
amanduerana, amanduerana-bravo, amaniu-rana, campanha-de-canudo,<br />
faja, fajan, fanja-maioranta, fanjan, majorona, malva-vinagreira,<br />
mamorana, m<strong>at</strong>a-cobras, m<strong>at</strong>a-pinto, quiaborana, uaicima-do-brejo,<br />
vacina-do-brejo, vinagreira-do-campo<br />
SPANISH: flor de paisto<br />
USES/NOTES: Acidic leaves are cooked as a vegetable and sap can be<br />
used to clarify syrups. Medicinal in Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Hibiscus cannabinus L.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: ambari hemp, bimplip<strong>at</strong>um tree, Deccan hemp, hemp-leaved<br />
hibiscus, kenaf, kenaf hibiscus<br />
PORTUGUESE: cânhamo-brasileiro, papoula, papoula-São-Fransisco, umbaru<br />
SPANISH: amapola de San Francisco, cáñamo de gambó, cáñamo de la<br />
India, cáñamo falso, kenaf, linda mañana, mañanera, pavona<br />
encendida<br />
USES/NOTES: Though rarely used as food in <strong>the</strong> Americas, seeds are<br />
edible and <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> an edible cooking oil. Flowers and young<br />
leaves also are edible. Grown chiefly for its fiber, similar to,<br />
though coarser than jute (Corchorus olitorius), and abundant paper<br />
pulp, which requirs less bleaching than tree pulp. Yields three to<br />
five times more paper pulp than sou<strong>the</strong>rn pine trees and reaches<br />
harvest age in half a year.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably East Africa, long n<strong>at</strong>uralized in India<br />
REFERENCES: Anochili and Tindall 1986, Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola<br />
1990, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974,<br />
Wilson 1992<br />
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Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: China rose, Chinese hibiscus, hibiscus, shoe black, shoe<br />
flower<br />
PORTUGUESE: brincos, brinco-de-princesa, flor-de-graxa, goela-de-leão,<br />
graxa, graxa-de-estudante, graxa-de-soldado, hibisco, mimo-devênus,<br />
papoula, papoula-dobrada, rosa-da-China<br />
SPANISH: bis, bonche, cayena, clavel, cucarda, escandalosa roja,<br />
gallardete, hibisco, mar pacífico, marimoña, papo, pavona,<br />
resucitado, resucitado rojo, rosa china, rosa sínica, tapo,<br />
tilipán, tulipa, tulipán<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, boiled, or fried, and are used as a<br />
n<strong>at</strong>ural food colorant. Young leaves are edible. Flowers are also<br />
medicinal. Also <strong>the</strong> principal ornamental hibiscus in tropical and<br />
frost-free subtropical regions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical East Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Berg 1984, Bh<strong>at</strong> 1994, Facciola 1990, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Van Feu n.d., W<strong>at</strong>kins and<br />
Sheehan 1975<br />
Hibiscus sabdariffa L.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: African mallow, China rose, Florida cranberry, hibiscus tea<br />
flower, Indian sorrel, Jamaican sorrel, Jamaican tea flower, Java<br />
jute, pink lemonade flower, red sorrel, red tea, rosella, roselle,<br />
roselle hemp, rozelle, sorrel, Sudanese tea<br />
PORTUGUESE: agrilla, azeda, azedinha, caruru-da-Guiné, caruru-azedo,<br />
cuxá, graxa-de-estudante, groselheira, quiabo-azedo, quiabo-da-<br />
Angola, quiabo-róseo, quiabo-roxo, rosela, vinagreira<br />
SPANISH: acedera de Guinea, acedera rojo de Guinea, agrio de Guinea,<br />
agrilla, aleluya, cabitutu, cañamo de Guinea, chirigu<strong>at</strong>a, flor de<br />
Jamaica, jamaica, jamica, maravilla, rosa de Jamaica, rosa Jamaica,<br />
rosella, serení, viña, vinagrillo, viñuela<br />
USES/NOTES: Enlarged, vitamin C- and pectin-rich, dark red, imm<strong>at</strong>ure,<br />
acidic calyces and bracts have an acidic, sorrel- or cranberry-like<br />
flavor and are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or made into teas and o<strong>the</strong>r tart<br />
beverages known as jamaica in Mexico, wines, sauces, pies and<br />
jellies and o<strong>the</strong>r preserves including Jamaica’s famous rosella jam.<br />
Leaves, young stems, and large yellow flowers are used as herbs,<br />
and leaves have been used as cooked greens with a somewh<strong>at</strong> tart<br />
flavor. Ground seeds are edible. Stems are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> roselle<br />
fiber and <strong>the</strong> plant is medicinal. Roselle tea is used to tre<strong>at</strong><br />
hangovers in Gu<strong>at</strong>emala.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably West Africa, though once considered part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Indian flora and now widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong><br />
tropics<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Balick et al. 2000, Bourke et al.<br />
1987, Bown 1995, Crane 1949, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
FUDENA n.d., Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Johns and Stevenson 1985,<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Manandhar 2002, Morton 1987a,<br />
Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Usher 1974, von Reis Altschul 1973, Wilson<br />
1999<br />
Hibiscus syriacus L.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: hibiscus, rose-<strong>of</strong>-Sharon, shrub al<strong>the</strong>a<br />
SPANISH: rosa de Siria<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en and used for tea.<br />
Fibrous roots can be used as a famine food. Though containing<br />
edible parts, H. syriacus is cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed primarily as a flowering<br />
ornamental th<strong>at</strong> is more cold hardy than many o<strong>the</strong>r Hibiscus<br />
species.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China, though now n<strong>at</strong>uralized in places and widely<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950,<br />
Mabberley 1987, W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975<br />
Hibiscus tiliaceus L.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: cotton tree, cottonwood, hau, mahoe, sea hibiscus<br />
PORTUGUESE: algodão-da-praia, algodoeiro-da-Índia, algodoeiro-da-praia<br />
SPANISH: emajagua, majagua<br />
USES/NOTES: Tender inner bark and young leaves are edible, flowers are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en raw, boiled or fried, and roots were an aboriginal food<br />
source. Also medicinal and a fiber source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Probably tropical Pacific shores, now pantropical along<br />
seashores<br />
REFERENCES: Abreu M<strong>at</strong>os n.d., Accorsi et al. n.d., Facciola 1990,<br />
FLEPPC 2003, Mabberley 1987, Nellis 1994, OAS 1973, Pio Corrêa<br />
1984, W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975<br />
Hippocr<strong>at</strong>ea volubilis L.<br />
FAMILY: Celastraceae (spindle tree) or Hippocr<strong>at</strong>eaceae (dehiscent<br />
fruit)<br />
ENGLISH: medicine vine<br />
PORTUGUESE: fava-de-arara<br />
SPANISH: bejuco camarón rojo, wayan ‘ak<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds <strong>of</strong> this high-climbing vine reportedly are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from Florida and Mexico through tropical<br />
South America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Hayden 2006, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d.,<br />
Wunderlin and Hansen 2003<br />
Hippuris vulgaris L.<br />
FAMILY: Hippuridaceae (mare’s tail)<br />
ENGLISH: female horsetail, mare’s tail, marsh-barren horsetail<br />
SPANISH: corregüela hembra<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions, across Canada and <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
U.S. to <strong>Maine</strong> in <strong>the</strong> east and to New Mexico in <strong>the</strong> south<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, USDA-NRCS<br />
2004<br />
Hiraea reclin<strong>at</strong>a Jacq. [syn. Malpighia obov<strong>at</strong>a (Kunth) Nied., M.<br />
reclin<strong>at</strong>a (Jacq.) Colla]<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp <strong>of</strong> this climbing vine is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Continental Neotropics from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Martin et al. 1987, Vásquez 1997<br />
Hirtella americana L.<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
ENGLISH: pigeon plum, wild coco plum<br />
SPANISH: carita de negro, guauiluna, icaco de aura, icaco paludo,<br />
ic<strong>at</strong>illo, pasa, pasito, yaya<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Prance 1972a<br />
Hirtella bicornis Mart. ex Zucc.<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
SPANISH: coloradillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Renner et al. 1990, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Hirtella bull<strong>at</strong>a Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
SPANISH: ururau<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guyana through nor<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil to Amazonian Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Prance 1972a<br />
Hirtella lightioides Rusby, H. pilosissima Mart. & Zucc., and H.<br />
racemosa Lam. var. racemosa<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: caripé (H. racemosa var. racemosa), macucu-peludo (H.<br />
racemosa var. racemosa)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia, H. racemosa var. racemosa from<br />
Central America, tropical South America, and <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Boom 1989, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Hirtella triandra Sw.<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: caripé-branco<br />
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SPANISH: barazón, camaroncille, carap<strong>at</strong>e, chicharrón, icacillo,<br />
jicaco, pasito<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Prance 1972a, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
H<strong>of</strong>fmanseggia glauca (Ortega) Eifert [syn. H. densiflora Benth., H.<br />
falcaria Cav.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: rush pea<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. to western South America<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: ocean spray<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970<br />
Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh. subsp. peploides [syn. Arenaria<br />
peploides L.]<br />
FAMILY: Caryophyllaceae (pink)<br />
ENGLISH: sea purslane, seabeach sandwort<br />
USES/NOTES: Inuits have e<strong>at</strong>en <strong>the</strong> leaves fresh or preserved in oil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Hordeum jub<strong>at</strong>um L.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: foxtail barley, squirrel-tail grass<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed is edible and used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute. Also<br />
ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Hordeum vulgare L. [syn. H. distichon L.]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: barley, common barley, four-rowed barley, six-rowed barley,<br />
two-rowed barley<br />
PORTUGUESE: cervejeira, cevada forrageira<br />
SPANISH: cebeda<br />
USES/NOTES: Domestic<strong>at</strong>ed some 10,000 years ago, seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
cooked, used in beer and whisky malts, and occasionally brewed lie<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee (C<strong>of</strong>fea spp.).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Fertile Crescent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Middle East<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Purseglove 1972, Smith 1994<br />
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Hovenia dulcis Thunb.<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: honey tree, Japanese raisin tree, raisin tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: chico-magro, passa-do-japão, uva-do-japão<br />
SPANISH: árbol de las pasas, hovenia<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible fresh, dried, or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern China, Korea, and Japan, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in warm,<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>e regions <strong>of</strong> North and South America including Virginia and<br />
Texas, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina through adjacent Brazil and Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, MBG n.d.<br />
Huilaea ecuadorensis Wurdack<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
SPANISH: tuno<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Valencia et al. 2000<br />
Huilaea macrocarpa (L.) Uribe<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
SPANISH: tuno<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d.<br />
Humiria balsamifera Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Humiriaceae (bastard bullet tree)<br />
ENGLISH: taurniro<br />
PORTUGUESE: muréua, umiri<br />
SPANISH: couranira, oloroso<br />
USES/NOTES: Small fruits <strong>of</strong> this diminutive tree are edible. Also<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Humirian<strong>the</strong>ra rupestris Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Icacinaceae (icacina)<br />
PORTUGUESE: b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a mairá, mauirá<br />
USES/NOTES: Potentially large tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en after tre<strong>at</strong>ment.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Kunkel 1984, Phillips 1991, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Humiriastrum cuspid<strong>at</strong>um (Benth.) Cu<strong>at</strong>rec.<br />
FAMILY: Humiriaceae (bastard bullet tree)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989<br />
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Humulus lupulus L.<br />
FAMILY: Cannabaceae (cannabis or hemp)<br />
ENGLISH: common hop(s), hop(s)<br />
PORTUGUESE: lúpulo<br />
SPANISH: lúpulo<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are <strong>the</strong> hops <strong>of</strong> commerce, used as a condiment or<br />
more importantly added to beer and ale malts. (In botanical terms,<br />
<strong>the</strong> word “hops” refers to <strong>the</strong> plant’s pistill<strong>at</strong>e strobiles.) Young<br />
shoots are edible, and leaves and fruit are used for tea. Also <strong>the</strong><br />
source <strong>of</strong> an edible arom<strong>at</strong>ic oil and a medicinal. Domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in<br />
Europe with <strong>the</strong> brewing <strong>of</strong> hopped beer.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: The plant was domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in Europe and <strong>the</strong> wild forms<br />
present in <strong>the</strong> Americas were ei<strong>the</strong>r n<strong>at</strong>ive or have n<strong>at</strong>uralized from<br />
escapees <strong>of</strong> introduced plants<br />
REFERENCES: Creasy 1982, DeLyser and Kasper 1994, Edwardson 1952,<br />
FNAEC 1997, IBGE 1980, Neve 1976, Parsons 1940, Rehm and Espig<br />
1991, Small 1980<br />
Hydrophyllum appendicul<strong>at</strong>um Michaux<br />
FAMILY: Hydrophyllaceae (w<strong>at</strong>erleaf)<br />
ENGLISH: w<strong>at</strong>erleaf<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Hydrophyllum canadense L.<br />
FAMILY: Hydrophyllaceae (w<strong>at</strong>erleaf)<br />
ENGLISH: broad-leaved w<strong>at</strong>erleaf, John’s salad, Shawnee salad<br />
USES/NOTES: Shoots and young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled with one or more<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er changes. Roots are e<strong>at</strong>en as a famine food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Fernald 1950, Peterson 1977, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Hydrophyllum occidentale (S. W<strong>at</strong>son in King) A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Hydrophyllaceae (w<strong>at</strong>erleaf)<br />
ENGLISH: western squaw lettuce<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Munz and Keck 1959, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Hydrophyllum virginianum L.<br />
FAMILY: Hydrophyllaceae (w<strong>at</strong>erleaf)<br />
ENGLISH: Indian salad, John’s cabbage, Shawnee salad, Virginia<br />
w<strong>at</strong>erleaf<br />
USES/NOTES: Shoots and young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled with one or more<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er changes.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
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REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Hyam and Pankhurst<br />
1995, Medsger 1939, Peterson 1977, Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Hyeronima macrocarpa Müell. Arg. [syn. H. colombiana Cu<strong>at</strong>rec.]<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
SPANISH: motilón<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994,<br />
Martin et al. 1987<br />
Hylenaea comosa (Sw.) Miers [syn. Hippocr<strong>at</strong>ea comosa Sw.]<br />
FAMILY: Celastraceae (spindle tree) or Hippocr<strong>at</strong>eaceae (dehiscent<br />
fruit)<br />
PORTUGUESE: fava-de-arara<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, oily seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America and <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, Jørgensen and<br />
León-Yánez 1999, Phillips 1991, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Hylocereus costaricensis (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: pitahaya<br />
USES/NOTES: Oblong, scarlet fruit, to 10 cm, <strong>of</strong> this climbing,<br />
epiphytic cactus is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987, Nobel 1988,<br />
Rivas 1995<br />
Hylocereus lemairei (Hook.) Britton & Rose [syn. H. polyrhizus<br />
Britton & Rose]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: pitahaya<br />
USES/NOTES: Oblong, scarlet to purple fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en or made into<br />
refreshing beverages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Trinidad and Tobago, Surinam, Venezuela, Colombia, and<br />
Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Hylocereus ocamponis (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose [syn. Cereus<br />
ocamponis Salm-Dyck]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: cereus cactus, night-blooming cactus, night-blooming cereus,<br />
pitahaya, pitaya, strawberry pear<br />
PORTUGUESE: céreo<br />
SPANISH: pitahaya, pitahaya roja, pitajaya<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy, wine-red fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or made into juice.<br />
Night-blooming flowers make for an interesting and showy<br />
ornamnetal.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Morton 1987a, Standley and Williams 1962<br />
Hylocereus triangularis (L.) Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: cereus cactus, God okra, prickle wi<strong>the</strong>, strawberry pear<br />
USES/NOTES: Large crimson fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Jamaica<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Britton and Rose 1963<br />
Hylocereus trigonus (Haw.) Saff.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: pitahaya<br />
USES/NOTES: Large oblong fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies possibly to Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Hylocereus und<strong>at</strong>us (Haw.) Britton & Rose [syn. H. gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis<br />
(Eichlam) Britton & Rose, Cereus trigonus var. gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis<br />
Eichlam, Cereus und<strong>at</strong>us Haw.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: cereus cactus, night-blooming cactus, night-blooming cereus,<br />
pitahaya, pitaya, strawberry pear<br />
PORTUGUESE: cardo-ananás, c<strong>at</strong>o-barse, céreo<br />
SPANISH: chacam, chacoub (red fruited variety), flor de caliz, junco,<br />
junco tap<strong>at</strong>ío, pitahaya, pitahaya blanca, pitahaya cardón, pitahaya<br />
de cardón, pitahaya orejona, pitahaya roja, pitajava, pitajaya,<br />
pitaya, reina-de-la-noche, tasajo, zacoub (white fruited variety)<br />
USES/NOTES: Large, reddish/purple, green, yellow, or creamy-white<br />
fruit’s juicy pulp is consumed fresh, as juice, or made into syrup.<br />
Fruits are sold in markets. Tender stems and unopened flowers are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Large, beautiful, night-blooming flowers have made<br />
this climbing, sometimes epyphitic cactus a popular ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Uncertain, perhaps Mexico to Costa Rica, now widely<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and n<strong>at</strong>uralized throughout <strong>the</strong> tropics and subtropics<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Breedlove 1986, Britton and Rose 1963,<br />
Cárdenas 1969, Facciola 1990, FLEPPC 2003, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León<br />
1987, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a,<br />
Mowry et al. 1967, Niembro Rocas 1992, Omawale 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Usher 1974, Wunderlin 1998<br />
Hymenaea courbaril L. [syn. H. courbaril var. stilbocarpa (Hayne)<br />
A.T. Lee & Langenheim, H. stilbocarpa Hayne]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: anami gum, Brazilian cherry, Brazilian copal, copal, coubari,<br />
courbaril, dry courbaril, kerosene tree, kaúrabali, locust, Simiri<br />
locust, South American locust, stinking toe, West Indian locust<br />
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PORTUGUESE: burandã, jassaí, j<strong>at</strong>aí, j<strong>at</strong>aíba, j<strong>at</strong>obá, jetaí, jutaí,<br />
jutaí-açu, jutaí-grande, jutaicita<br />
SPANISH: ab<strong>at</strong>í, ab<strong>at</strong>í tembary, algarroba, algarrobo, anime, av<strong>at</strong>í,<br />
azúcar huayo, copalhuallo, copalillo, copinol, corobore, coroboré,<br />
corama, courbaril, cuahupinoli, cuapile, cuapinol, cuapinoli,<br />
curbaril, guapinal, guapinol, guapinoli, gui-se, jaku huayaka,<br />
j<strong>at</strong>ayva, lai-tus, limpia dientes, nazareno, nere, pacay, pacuy,<br />
pakay, paquió, paquío, tsa´pushan, tundityú<br />
USES/NOTES: Powdery, odoriferous pulp from hard-shelled, dark brown<br />
fruit pod is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or cooked or used to make an alcoholic<br />
beverage. Sap is medicinal and burned as an illumin<strong>at</strong>e. Fruits are<br />
collected from <strong>the</strong> wild, from cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed trees, and from trees th<strong>at</strong><br />
arise spontaneously around dwellings and villages. Wood is used in<br />
construction for canoes and furniture.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Branch and<br />
Silva 1983, Cárdenas 1969, Carneiro Martins 1989, Cavalcante 1991,<br />
Denevan 1985, Denevan et al. 1984, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d.,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Reed 1995,<br />
Rehm and Espig 1991, Silva et al. 1977, Wiersema et al. 1990,<br />
Williams and Williams 1969, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Hymenaea courbaril var. altissima (Ducke) A.T. Lee & Langenheim [syn.<br />
H. altissima Ducke]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: courbaril<br />
PORTUGUESE: j<strong>at</strong>aí, j<strong>at</strong>obá, jutaí<br />
SPANISH: copalillo, curbaril<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Lee and Langenheim 1975<br />
Hymenaea intermedia Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: locust<br />
PORTUGUESE: j<strong>at</strong>obá, j<strong>at</strong>obá-curuba<br />
USES/NOTES: Powdery fruit aril is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989, Cruz et al. 2001<br />
Hymenaea martiana Hayne<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: courbaril<br />
PORTUGUESE: j<strong>at</strong>aí, j<strong>at</strong>obá, jutaí<br />
SPANISH: copalillo, curbaril<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
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REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Lee and Langenheim 1975<br />
Hymenaea oblongifolia Huber var. oblongifolia and H. oblongifolia<br />
Huber var. palustris (Ducke) A.T. Lee & Langenheim [syn. H.<br />
palustris (Ducke) A.T. Lee & Langenheim]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: j<strong>at</strong>obá, jutaí, jutaí-da-folha-grande<br />
SPANISH: amahuaca, azúcar huayo<br />
USES/NOTES: Odoriferous powdery fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Lee and Langenheim 1975, OAS 1973,<br />
UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Hymenaea parvifolia Huber<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: copal<br />
PORTUGUESE: jutaí-curuba, jutaí-mirim<br />
SPANISH: paquió<br />
USES/NOTES: Powdery fruit pulp is edible. Fruit is smaller than H.<br />
courbaril.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Miller 1997 (pers. comm.), Silva et al. 1977<br />
Hymenaea reticul<strong>at</strong>a Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: j<strong>at</strong>obá<br />
SPANISH: azúcar huayo<br />
USES/NOTES: Odoriferous powdery fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: courbaril<br />
PORTUGUESE: j<strong>at</strong>aí, j<strong>at</strong>obá-capão, j<strong>at</strong>obá-de-casca-fina, j<strong>at</strong>obá-docampo,<br />
j<strong>at</strong>obá-do-cerrado, jitaí, jutaí, jutaicica<br />
SPANISH: copalillo, curbaril<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Ducke 1953, IBGE 1980, Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1989,<br />
Rizzini 1976<br />
Hymenocallis spp.<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: spider lily<br />
SPANISH: lirio<br />
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USES/NOTES: Well cooked roots <strong>of</strong> some species are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Warm regions <strong>of</strong> North America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984<br />
Hymenopappus filifolius Hook.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: woolly white<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>of</strong> New Mexico chewed <strong>the</strong> roots like gum.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Hymenoxys odor<strong>at</strong>a DC. [syn. Actinella odor<strong>at</strong>a (DC.) Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: bitterweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Hickman 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Hypericum perfor<strong>at</strong>um L.<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia), previously<br />
Hypericaceae (St. John’s-wort)<br />
ENGLISH: go<strong>at</strong>weed, Klam<strong>at</strong>h weed, St. John’s wort<br />
PORTUGUESE: erva-de-são-joão, hiperição, hipérico, milfurada<br />
SPANISH: corazoncillo, cori, hierba de San Juan, hipérico, hipericón<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are said to be edible, though <strong>the</strong> plant has been<br />
considered to be mildly toxic to animals. Leaves and fruits have<br />
been used for tea and now are added to commercially bottled herbal,<br />
health teas. Long used as an anti-depressant in Europe, now popular<br />
as an herbal dietary supplement used to tre<strong>at</strong> mild depression. Also<br />
noted, due to <strong>the</strong> phytochemical hypericin, as an anti-viral.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in temper<strong>at</strong>e zones and<br />
pestiferous in places<br />
REFERENCES: Alves da Fonseca n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Crowhurst 1972,<br />
Duke 1997, Facciola 1990, Krohne 1998, Marticorena and Quezada<br />
1985, Neumann n.d., Sirvent et al. 2002, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Hyptis albida Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
SPANISH: amargocilla, dosábali, rosáwori, salvia<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to flavor food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Bye 1985, Torres n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Hyptis emoryi Torrey [syn. H. lan<strong>at</strong>a Torrey]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: desert lavender<br />
SPANISH: chía<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
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Hyptis multiflora Pohl<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
PORTUGUESE: betônia, betônica, betônica-brava<br />
SPANISH: betónica<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is edible and medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980<br />
Hyptis pectin<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Poit.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: comb hyptis, piaba<br />
PORTUGUESE: neves<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Adams 1972, Epling 1949, Facciola<br />
1990, Molina 1975<br />
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: bush tea plant, konivari, pignut, spikenard<br />
PORTUGUESE: mentrasto-do-grande, neve-cheiroso<br />
SPANISH: ajonjolí cimarrón, botón morado, chán, chana, chía de colima,<br />
chía gorda, chía grande, chichinguaste, clavito, confitura,<br />
confiturilla, conibare, conivari, goyohuali, guarijio conivari,<br />
herva cidreira, hierba de la reuma, hierba de las muelas, jujure,<br />
lavapl<strong>at</strong>os, mamajuana, marubio, mastrantillo, mastranto, mastranto<br />
de perro, mastranto de sabana, mastronto, menta, mentrasto-dogrande,<br />
orégano, orégano cimarrón, salvia purgaperro, sangura,<br />
yerba de la mula, yerba de las muelas, yerba de reuma<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used like tea, mucilaginous seeds are made into<br />
a beverage, and shoot tips are used to flavor o<strong>the</strong>r foods. Also<br />
contains potential anti-cancer compounds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, now pantropical<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Epling 1949, Facciola 1990, FUDENA n.d., Lobb<br />
1997, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, N<strong>at</strong>ive Seeds/SEARCH 1991,<br />
Torres n.d., Voeks 1997, von Reis Altschul 1973, Williams 1981<br />
Ibicella lutea (Lindley) Eselt.<br />
FAMILY: Pedaliaceae (pedalium) or Martyniaceae (unicorn)<br />
ENGLISH: yellow unicorn plant<br />
USES/NOTES: Abundant fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en pickled or as a sweetme<strong>at</strong>.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, Uruguay, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bretting 1984, Facciola 1990, Munz 1974, Soraru 1979<br />
Ilex amara Loes. in Engl. & Prantl<br />
FAMILY: Aquifoliaceae (holly)<br />
SPANISH: m<strong>at</strong>e<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves sometimes are mixed with those <strong>of</strong> I. paraguariensis<br />
to make m<strong>at</strong>é, a pleasant, tea-like hot beverage.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Argentina, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil, and Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ilex cassine L.<br />
FAMILY: Aquifoliaceae (holly)<br />
ENGLISH: cassena, cassina, cassine, Christmas berry, dahoon, dahoon<br />
holly<br />
SPANISH: acebo<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried and generally roasted leaves were crushed and made<br />
into a caffeine-free tea by <strong>the</strong> Creek people. Caution is advised,<br />
however, as ill side effects may result. Berries can cause nausea<br />
and diarrhea and should not be consumed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S., coastal plain from possibly Virginia,<br />
to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida, to sou<strong>the</strong>astern Texas, portions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Bahamas, and Cuba<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958,<br />
Godfrey 1988, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, Medsger<br />
1939, Morton 1977, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Wunderlin and<br />
Poppleton 1977, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ilex conocarpa Reissek<br />
FAMILY: Aquifoliaceae (holly)<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves, <strong>of</strong>ten mixed with those <strong>of</strong> I. paraguariensis, are<br />
used to make m<strong>at</strong>é, a pleasant, tea-like beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ilex glabra (L.) A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Aquifoliaceae (holly)<br />
ENGLISH: Appalachian tea, bitter gallberry, gallberry, inkberry,<br />
winterberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves can be used to make a caffeine-containing tea.<br />
Flowers are a honey source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Wet areas <strong>of</strong> North America’s coastal plain from Nova<br />
Scotia, to Florida, to eastern Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958,<br />
Gibbons and Tucker 1979, W<strong>at</strong>kins & Sheehan 1975, Wunderlin and<br />
Poppleton 1977, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ilex guayusa Loes.<br />
FAMILY: Aquifoliaceae (holly)<br />
PORTUGUESE: congonha, m<strong>at</strong>e-falso<br />
SPANISH: guayusa<br />
USES/NOTES: Caffeine-rich leaves are brewed into a stimul<strong>at</strong>ing tea,<br />
consumed alone or blended with alcoholic and o<strong>the</strong>r beverages. Also<br />
used to "cleanse" <strong>the</strong> body and to relieve hangovers and <strong>the</strong> ill<br />
side effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> halucinigen ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis caapi).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern slopes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> central Andes<br />
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REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Cooper 1949, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Naranjo 1991, P<strong>at</strong>iño 1968, Schultes and<br />
Raffauf 1990<br />
Ilex opaca Aiton [includes I. opaca Aiton var. arenicola (Ashe) Ashe,<br />
I. opaca Aiton var. opaca]<br />
FAMILY: Aquifoliaceae (holly)<br />
ENGLISH: American holly (var. opaca), hammock holly (var. arenicola),<br />
scrub holly (var. arenicola)<br />
SPANISH: acebo<br />
USES/NOTES: Caffeine-free leaves have been used to make a tea th<strong>at</strong> was<br />
popular during <strong>the</strong> American Civil War. Berries, however, can cause<br />
nausea and diarrhea. Also various medicinal uses.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958,<br />
Gibbons 1966, Kunkel 1984, Moerman 1998, Nelson 1994, Peterson<br />
1977, Wunderlin and Poppleton 1977, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ilex paraguariensis J. St-Hil. [seen also as I. paraguayensis]<br />
FAMILY: Aquifoliaceae (holly)<br />
ENGLISH: Brazilian tea, Jesuit tea, m<strong>at</strong>é, Paraguay tea, South American<br />
holly, South American tea<br />
PORTUGUESE: chá-de-m<strong>at</strong>e, chá-do-Brasil, congonha, congonhinha, ervam<strong>at</strong>e,<br />
herva-m<strong>at</strong>e, m<strong>at</strong>e, m<strong>at</strong>é<br />
SPANISH: caá, caá guazú, herva m<strong>at</strong>é, hierba del Paraguay, hierba m<strong>at</strong>e,<br />
m<strong>at</strong>é, té argentino, té brasileño, té del Paraguay, yerba m<strong>at</strong>é,<br />
yerba de m<strong>at</strong>é<br />
USES/NOTES: Caffeine-rich leaves and shoots are <strong>the</strong> principal m<strong>at</strong>é <strong>of</strong><br />
commerce, used to make a stimul<strong>at</strong>ing hot beverage more widely<br />
consumed than c<strong>of</strong>fee and true tea (Camellia sinensis) in portions<br />
<strong>of</strong> Argentina, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Border region <strong>of</strong> Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and<br />
Uruguay<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cooper 1949, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE<br />
1980, Facciola 1990, López et al. 1987, Mabberley 1987, Porter<br />
1950, Rehm and Espig 1991, von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Ilex verticill<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Gray<br />
FAMILY: Aquifoliaceae (holly)<br />
ENGLISH: black alder, common winterberry, feverbush, winterberry<br />
SPANISH: acebo<br />
USES/NOTES: Caffeine-free leaves are made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker<br />
1979, Harris 1972, Nelson 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Wunderlin and Poppleton<br />
1977<br />
Ilex vomitoria Aiton<br />
FAMILY: Aquifoliaceae (holly)<br />
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ENGLISH: Carolina tea, cassina, emetic holly, winterberry, yaupon,<br />
yaupon holly<br />
PORTUGUESE: apalachina, chá-dos-apalaches<br />
SPANISH: apalachina<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried, caffeine-rich, young leaves and twig tips have long<br />
been used by Amerindians to make a ceremonial or medicinal tea<br />
known as black drink, dark drink, or Carolina tea. Early pioneers<br />
used <strong>the</strong> brew as a beverage tea, though it must be consumed in<br />
moder<strong>at</strong>ion due to its emetic effects. Leaves also have been used to<br />
flavor ice cream and s<strong>of</strong>t drinks. Berries are an emetic medicinal.<br />
Also planted as a landscape specimen, including a dwarf, fruitless<br />
variety, known as Schillings, used especially for hedges.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Alston and Schultes 1951, Bailey Hortorium 1976, de Gámez<br />
1973, Facciola 1990, Houaiss 1982, Jeffords 1949, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Nelson 1994, Peterson 1977, Taylor 1998, Usher 1974, Wunderlin and<br />
Poppleton 1977, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Illicium floridanum Ellis [syn. I. mexicanum A.C. Sm.]<br />
FAMILY: Illiciaceae (star-anise) or Magnoliaceae (magnolia)<br />
ENGLISH: Florida anise, Mexican anise tree, pole-c<strong>at</strong>-tree, purple<br />
anise, red-flowered anise, star anise, starbush, stink-bush,<br />
stinking laurel, tree anise<br />
SPANISH: anís<br />
USES/NOTES: Small dark seeds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> star-shaped, fluted fruit pod<br />
reportedly have been used as a spice. Fruit pods eventually explode<br />
after drying, which can send seeds flying up to several meters. The<br />
small, evergreen, understory shrub is also used in moist, shady<br />
landscapes for its showy, dark red to purple or rarely white,<br />
highly arom<strong>at</strong>ic flowers. White-flowered cultivars are being sold in<br />
<strong>the</strong> horticultural trade.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Flood plain forests <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Georgia and adjacent<br />
Florida to Louisiana and an isol<strong>at</strong>ed popul<strong>at</strong>ion in Vera Cruz<br />
Mexico, which has been tre<strong>at</strong>ed as a distinct species (I. mexicanum)<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Godfrey<br />
1988, Hopkins 1972, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1994,<br />
Thien et al. 1983<br />
Illicium verum Hook.f.<br />
FAMILY: Illiciaceae (star-anise) or Magnoliaceae (magnolia)<br />
ENGLISH: China star anise, Chinese anise, star anise<br />
PORTUGUESE: anis, anis-estrelado, badiana-de-China<br />
SPANISH: anís estrella, anís estrellado<br />
USES/NOTES: Unripe fruits are chewed to freshen bre<strong>at</strong>h, dried fruits<br />
are used as a spice, and <strong>the</strong> distilled essential oil is used as a<br />
flavoring agent, especially for sweets and liqueurs. USES/NOTES:<br />
Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for nearly two thousand years as a flavoring agent, <strong>the</strong><br />
seeds are used in cooking, beverages, liqueurs, and confections.<br />
Both I. verum and <strong>the</strong> unrel<strong>at</strong>ed Pimpinella anisum (aniseseed)<br />
contain <strong>the</strong> compound “anethole,” which is used to make <strong>the</strong><br />
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essential oil “oil <strong>of</strong> anise.” Historically I. verum was <strong>the</strong> most<br />
important source <strong>of</strong> anise oil in <strong>the</strong> U.S., but today, most anise<br />
oil in <strong>the</strong> U.S. comes from <strong>the</strong> ripe seeds <strong>of</strong> P. anisum. Illicium<br />
verum should not be confused with I. anis<strong>at</strong>um L. (syn. I.<br />
religiosum Siebold & Zucc.), as I. anis<strong>at</strong>um is poisonous, yet is<br />
known by some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same common names as I. verum and is listed as<br />
a spice in some references. The poisonous I. anis<strong>at</strong>um, <strong>of</strong> Japan and<br />
Korea also is a popular landscape plant in warm regions and is<br />
somewh<strong>at</strong> similir to o<strong>the</strong>r Illicium spp., especially I. parviflorum<br />
Michaux ex Vent. <strong>of</strong> central Florida, which is not considered<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern China to nor<strong>the</strong>astern Vietnam<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Hopkins 1972, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, Small 1996<br />
Imp<strong>at</strong>iens capensis Meerb. [syn. I. biflora Walter]<br />
FAMILY: Balsaminaceae (balsam)<br />
ENGLISH: jewelweed, orange balsam, snapweed, spotted touch-me-not<br />
USES/NOTES: Shoots and young stems can be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, but only in<br />
moder<strong>at</strong>ion and generally with o<strong>the</strong>r vegetables, as <strong>the</strong>y may be<br />
purg<strong>at</strong>ive like <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plant. Also, contains <strong>the</strong> compound<br />
lawsone, reported to effectively tre<strong>at</strong> poison ivy, nettles, and<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r poisonous plants.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and central North America from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada<br />
to Florida and Oklahoma<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1997, Gibbons 1966, Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986<br />
Imp<strong>at</strong>iens pallida Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Balsaminaceae (balsam)<br />
ENGLISH: jewelweed, pale jewelweed, pale touch-me-not<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots can be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked after a couple w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
changes. Also, contains <strong>the</strong> compound lawsone, reported to<br />
effectively tre<strong>at</strong> poison ivy, nettles, and o<strong>the</strong>r poisonous plants.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada to Georgia and Kansas<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Fernald 1950, Gibbons and Tucker 1979,<br />
Peterson 1977<br />
Inga adenophylla Pittier<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Macbride 1943<br />
Inga affinis DC.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Sousa 1993<br />
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Inga alba (Sw.) Willd. [syn. Mimosa alba Sw.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá-chichica, ingá-ferro, ingá-titica, ingá-turi, ingáxixica,<br />
ingá-vermelha, ingaxixica, ingaxixi<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977, Sousa 1993, UFA/NYBG<br />
n.d.<br />
Inga aria J.F. Macbr. [tre<strong>at</strong>ed as I. aria Benth. by Duke and Vásquez]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Inga auristellae Harms<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: estralador, ingá<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia through sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Ducke 1949, Irwin 1966a, Roosmalen 1985,<br />
UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Inga bourgonii (Aublet) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to <strong>the</strong> Andean lowlands.<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Sousa 1993<br />
Inga brevial<strong>at</strong>a Ducke [syn. I. suturalis Ducke]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Ducke 1949<br />
Inga calantha Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá-vermelho<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Ducke 1949, Irwin 1966a, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
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Inga canaminensis Rusby<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: poroto shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Killeen et al. 1993, Pinedo-Vásquez et al. 1992<br />
Inga capit<strong>at</strong>a Desv. [syn. I. falcistipula Ducke]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá-açu, ingá-chichica, ingá-costela, ingá-ferradura,<br />
ingá-xixica, ingaí-ferro, ingapé<br />
SPANISH: guamo negro, shimbillo, verano shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> elong<strong>at</strong>ed, plump fruit pod is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to <strong>the</strong> eastern slopes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Andes<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Inga cayennensis Sagot ex Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá-verdadeiro, ingá-vermelho<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Roosmalen 1985, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Inga chartacea Poeppig & Endl.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá-seca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gre<strong>at</strong>er Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Foster 1958, Macbride 1943, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Inga cili<strong>at</strong>a C. Presl [syn. I. coerulescens Walp. possibly according<br />
to Lewis]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: pairajo de altura<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Lewis 1987, Sousa 1993<br />
Inga cinnamomea Spruce ex Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: inga, padoo, whykee, whytee<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá, ingá-açu, ingá-chinela, ingá-chinelo, ingá-grossa<br />
SPANISH: huaba, pacay, p<strong>at</strong>erna, shimbillo, vaca paleta<br />
USES/NOTES: Pulp from <strong>the</strong> long, plump green to yellow fruit is edible<br />
and medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil and <strong>the</strong> Guianas, perhaps beyond<br />
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REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Ducke 1946, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Estrella 1991, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Omawale 1973, Peret 1985, Roosmalen<br />
1985, Shanley and Medina 2005, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Inga coruscans Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: churimo, shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to <strong>the</strong> Colombian Chocó<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, León 1966, Ramírez-Orjuela and<br />
Sánchez-Dueñas 2005, Sousa 1993<br />
Inga densiflora Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: guaba<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, León 1966, Sousa 1993<br />
Inga dumosa Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Inga edulis Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: ice-cream bean, food inga, ingapadoo, whykee, whytee<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá-cipó, ingá-de-metro, ingá-verdadeiro<br />
SPANISH: cajetaho, guaba, guaba chilillo, guaba de la costa, guaba<br />
forastera, guabo, guaje, guama/o, guamo bejuco, guamo liso, guamo<br />
rabo de mico, guamo santafereño, guava, guavo bejuco, guavo machek,<br />
inga espada, inga sipó, ingaguazu, maria, pacae, pacai, pacay,<br />
p<strong>at</strong>erna, pepetón, rabo de mico, rabo de mono, shimbile, shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet white pulp surrounding <strong>the</strong> seeds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> long pod is<br />
edible a favorite snack food in many regions. The tree is also<br />
medicinal and widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed to add nitrogen to <strong>the</strong> soil and to<br />
shade o<strong>the</strong>r crops.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, FUDENA<br />
n.d., Irvine 1989, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, Omawale 1973, OAS<br />
1973 1985, Rehm and Espig 1991, Silva et al. 1977, Sousa 1993,<br />
Vásquez and Gentry 1989, Works 1990<br />
Inga feuillei DC. [syn. I. reticul<strong>at</strong>a Spruce]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
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ENGLISH: ice-cream bean<br />
SPANISH: guamá, guava, pacae, pacai, pacay, pacay del Perú<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> Inca for its sweet white aril. Now also<br />
planted as a nitrogen-fixing shade tree for o<strong>the</strong>r crops including<br />
Trujillo coca (Erythroxylum novogran<strong>at</strong>ense var. truxillense) and<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee (C<strong>of</strong>fea spp.).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Andes <strong>of</strong> South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bonuccelli 1989, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, Martin et al. 1987, NRC 1989, Plowman 1984, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Inga gracilifolia Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet aril is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Lewis 1987<br />
Inga heterophylla Willd. [syn. I. umbell<strong>at</strong>a G. Don f.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá-chichica, ingá-de-macaco, ingá-xixica, ingaí,<br />
ingaxixi<br />
SPANISH: guamo cajeto, guamo copero, shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin<br />
et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Silva et al. 1977, Sousa 1993<br />
Inga ilta T.D. Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: guamo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and embryo are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999<br />
Inga ingoides (Rich.) Willd. [syn. Mimosa ingoides Rich.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: guabilla, guamo cafetero<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia to Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kartesz 1994, León 1966, Martin et<br />
al. 1987<br />
Inga insignis Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: guamá<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
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Inga killipiana J.F. Macbr.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Inga klugii Standley ex J.F. Macbr.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Inga lallensis Spruce ex Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Inga l<strong>at</strong>eriflora Miq.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. [syn. I. fagifolia (L.) Willd. ex Benth.,<br />
non G. Don f., nomen illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: sackysac inga, swe<strong>at</strong> pea<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá-curumim, ingá-cururu, ingá-de-macaco<br />
SPANISH: cansamuelas, churimito, churimo, cuajinicuil, cuajiniquil,<br />
cushín, gina, guaba, guamá, guamo cansamuelas, guamo rosario,<br />
guava, ingua, mari, p<strong>at</strong>ernilla, p<strong>at</strong>ernillo, p<strong>at</strong>ernita, tuetajo<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed and sweet whitish aril are edible. Tree is planted<br />
for shade and nitrogen fix<strong>at</strong>ion in c<strong>of</strong>fee plant<strong>at</strong>ions in Puerto<br />
Rico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Cavalcante 1991, Ducke 1946, Duke<br />
n.d., Facciola 1990, León 1966, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Silva<br />
et al. 1977, Sousa 1993, von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Inga leiocalycina Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá-leite<br />
SPANISH: rosario shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
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REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Sousa 1993, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Inga leptoloba Schltr.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: chalahuite silvestre, guamo, pepeto negro, pepito<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Inga line<strong>at</strong>a Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: rosario shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to <strong>the</strong> Andes<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Inga longipes Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: rosca pacae<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Sousa 1993<br />
Inga lopadadenia Harms<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Inga macrophylla Humbl. & Bonpl. ex Willd. [syn. I. calocephala<br />
Poeppig, I. quadrangularis Ducke]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá-peba<br />
SPANISH: guamo, pacal amarillo, pacae, pacay, panaecillo colorado<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and adjacent Andes<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, Ducke 1946,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Salick 1992, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Inga micheliana Harms<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: cushín<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to wrap tamales giving <strong>the</strong>m a purple<br />
color.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Williams 1981<br />
Inga minutula (Schery) T.S. Elias [syn. I. spuria Humb. & Bonpl.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
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SPANISH: chalahuite, churimo, cuje, cujín, guabilla, guamo arroyero,<br />
guamo bejuco, gu<strong>at</strong>ope, nacaspilo, pepetillo, pepeto de río<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
OAS 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Inga mucuna Walp. & Duchass.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: churimo, guaba<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Panama and <strong>the</strong> Colombian Chocó<br />
REFERENCES: Ramírez-Orjuela and Sánchez-Dueñas 2005, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Inga multijuga Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: guavitos, tabla shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: León 1966, Martin et al. 1987, Sousa 1993<br />
Inga nobilis Willd. [syn. I. ma<strong>the</strong>wsiana Benth.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá-canela<br />
SPANISH: guaba, shimbillo, yacu shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Roosmalen 1985, Shanley and Medina 2005, UFA/NYBG<br />
n.d.<br />
Inga obidensis Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Inga obtus<strong>at</strong>a Spruce ex Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá-peludo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Silva et al. 1977<br />
Inga oerstediana Benth. ex Seemann<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: guabilla, pepeto<br />
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USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, León 1966, Sommeijer et al. n.d.,<br />
Sousa 1993<br />
Inga paraensis Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil possibly to Amazonian Peru and<br />
Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Ducke 1949<br />
Inga p<strong>at</strong>erno Harms [syn. I. radians Pittier]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: ice-cream bean, p<strong>at</strong>erna<br />
SPANISH: chalahuite, guama, guava real, jinicuil, p<strong>at</strong>erna, p<strong>at</strong>erno<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible pulp and imm<strong>at</strong>ure seeds are sold in markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Mexico and Central America, possibly to<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Facciola 1990, Ibarra-Manríquez et al.<br />
1997, León 1966, OAS 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974, von Reis<br />
Altschul 1973, Williams 1981<br />
Inga pilosula (Rich.) J.F. Macbr. [syn. I. affinis Steudel]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: purma shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, León 1966, Roosmalen 1985<br />
Inga plumifera Spruce ex Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: coto shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Inga poeppigiana Benth. [I. cili<strong>at</strong>a Poeppig, nomen illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Inga pruriens Poeppig<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
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PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: huapo shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Inga punct<strong>at</strong>a Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá-ch<strong>at</strong>a<br />
SPANISH: pepeto de río, shimbillo, vaina<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical mainland<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997, León<br />
1966, Sommeijer et al. n.d., Sousa 1993, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Inga qu<strong>at</strong>ern<strong>at</strong>a Poeppig & Endl.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá, ingá-azeda<br />
SPANISH: churimo, pairajo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to <strong>the</strong> Colombian Chocó<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Ramírez-Orjuela and Sánchez-Dueñas<br />
2005, Sousa 1993, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Inga rubiginosa (Rich.) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonia, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Ducke 1949, Roosmalen 1985, Steyermark et al.<br />
1995<br />
Inga ruiziana G. Don f. [syn. I. fagifolia G. Don f., I. foliosa<br />
Benth.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá-costela-de-vaca, ingá-curumin, ingá-cururu, ingá-demacaco<br />
SPANISH: ingá peua, rufindi, toparejo<br />
USES/NOTES: Squ<strong>at</strong> fruit’s pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Central and South America<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Hartshorn and Poveda 1983, León 1966, Sousa 1993, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Inga salzmanniana Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Inga santaremnensis Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Inga sapindoides Willd. [syn. I. preussii Harms, I. rensonii Pittier]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: caspirol, cujín, cujinicuil, guajiniquil, nacaspilo,<br />
quijiniquil<br />
USES/NOTES: Imm<strong>at</strong>ure green pod is occasionally boiled and e<strong>at</strong>en as a<br />
vegetable and ripe aril is e<strong>at</strong>en like o<strong>the</strong>r Inga species.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, OAS 1973,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Inga semial<strong>at</strong>a (Vell.) Mart. [syn. I. margin<strong>at</strong>a Willd., nomen<br />
illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá-de-m<strong>at</strong>a, ingá-mirim<br />
SPANISH: guaba, guamo chirimo, guamo negrito, negrito, pacai de los<br />
ríos, poroto shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Whitish aril is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Kainer and Duryea 1992, OAS 1973, Sousa 1993, von<br />
Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Inga spectabilis (Vahl) Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá, ingá-ferro<br />
SPANISH: guaba, guaba macheto, guaba machetona, guamo, guamo macheto,<br />
guava de castilla, guava real, guavo de castilla, guavo real,<br />
macheto, pacae colombiano<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990,<br />
OAS 1973, Sousa 1993, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Inga splendens Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá, ingá-facão<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Roosmalen 1985, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
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Inga stenocarpa Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Inga strigillosa Spruce ex Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Roosmalen 1985<br />
Inga thibaudiana DC. [syn. I. peltadenia Harms]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá-chichica<br />
SPANISH: guaba, rufinde, shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989, Bennett et al. 2001, Brako and<br />
Zarucchi 1993, Sousa 1993<br />
Inga tocacheana D. Simpson<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Simpson 1975<br />
Inga tomentosa Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and <strong>the</strong> Andes<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Inga umbellifera (Vahl) Steudel [syn. I. myriantha Poeppig]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá, ingá-de-baixo<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo menuda<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and <strong>the</strong> adjacent Andean foothills, <strong>the</strong> Guianas,<br />
to Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Ducke 1949, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Irwin<br />
1966a, León 1966, Sousa 1993, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
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Inga velutina Willd. [syn. I. expansa Rusby, Mimosa velutina (Willd.)<br />
Poiret]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá-de-fogo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonia to <strong>the</strong> Andes<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, Silva et al.<br />
1977<br />
Inga vera Willd. [syn. I. inga (L.) Britton]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: cuhuniquil, cuje, guaba, pepeto<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Tree is planted for shade and<br />
nitrogen fix<strong>at</strong>ion in c<strong>of</strong>fee plant<strong>at</strong>ions in Puerto Rico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Sommeijer et al. n.d., Smith et al. 1992<br />
Inga villosissima Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1974, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Inga virescens Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ingá<br />
SPANISH: shimbillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Iochroma fuchsioides (Humb. ex Bonpl.) Miers<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: pico pico<br />
USES/NOTES: Small red fruits are said to be e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, Jørgensen and<br />
León-Yánez 1999, Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994<br />
Ipomoea alba L. [syn. I. bona-nox L., Calonyction acule<strong>at</strong>um (L.)<br />
House, Calonyction album (L.) House]<br />
FAMILY: Convolvulaceae (morning-glory or sweet-pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: moonflower, morning-glory, night ipomoea<br />
PORTUGUESE: b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>arana<br />
SPANISH: b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>illo, bejuco b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>illo, bejuco de vaca, botuca/o, buenas<br />
noches, flor de noche, galan de noche, nicua, nigua, nícula<br />
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USES/NOTES: Young leaves are used occasionally as a po<strong>the</strong>rb and seeds<br />
are edible, though <strong>the</strong> plant is cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed mainly for its showy,<br />
fragrant night-blooming flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in many warm areas<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Brako and Zarucchi<br />
1993, Duke n.d., Facciola 1990, FUDENA n.d., Jørgensen and León-<br />
Yánez 1999, Mabberley 1987, UFA/NYBG n.d., Zarucchi 1998<br />
Ipomoea aqu<strong>at</strong>ica Forssk. [syn. I. reptans (L.) Poiret, Convolvulus<br />
reptans L.]<br />
FAMILY: Convolvulaceae (morning-glory or sweet-pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinese cabbage, Chinese spinach, ipomoea, kangkong, swamp<br />
cabbage, swamp morning-glory, w<strong>at</strong>er calalu, w<strong>at</strong>er spinach<br />
PORTUGUESE: ipoméia<br />
SPANISH: espinaca de agua, kangkong<br />
USES/NOTES: Young stem and leaf are e<strong>at</strong>en as cooked green vegetables<br />
and <strong>the</strong> stem may also be e<strong>at</strong>en pickled. Also grown for fodder.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized and pestiferous in warm<br />
regions<br />
REFERENCES: Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute 1974, Duke 1986,<br />
FLEPPC 2003, Houaiss 1982, León 1987, Omawale 1973, Rehm and Espig<br />
1991, Ruberté 1984, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ipomoea b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>as (L.) Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Convolvulaceae (morning-glory or sweet-pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: Brazilian arrowroot, kumara, Louisiana yam, mabi, maby,<br />
Spanish pot<strong>at</strong>o, sweet pot<strong>at</strong>o, yam<br />
PORTUGUESE: b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-da-terra, b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-doce, getica, j<strong>at</strong>ica, jetica<br />
SPANISH: age, aje, apichu, apichú, b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a, b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a dulce, bonetero,<br />
boni<strong>at</strong>o, buni<strong>at</strong>o, camote (refers to leaf only), camotli (refers to<br />
<strong>the</strong> root), cari hosho, chaco, cumar, cumara, jety, kualu, madam<br />
sentá, moni<strong>at</strong>o, mori<strong>at</strong>o, muni<strong>at</strong>o, papas, tsesëcari, tuctuca<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers, variable in size, shape and color, are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
cooked or rarely raw and are a major staple food in <strong>the</strong> tropics.<br />
Tender young leaves, though edible and e<strong>at</strong>en locally by some<br />
groups, are typically fed to animals. Called yam in some regions,<br />
though not a true yam <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dioscorea genus.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, possibly coastal Peru to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Cárdenas<br />
1969, Contreras et al. 1995, Duke 1986, Estrella 1991, Heiser<br />
1979a, Kay 1973, León 1984, León 1987, Munsell et al. 1949, Naranjo<br />
1991, Omawale 1973, Onwueme 1978, OAS 1973, Reed 1995, Sauer 1993,<br />
Schneider 1987<br />
Ipomoea bracte<strong>at</strong>a Cav.<br />
FAMILY: Convolvulaceae (morning-glory or sweet-pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: bejuco blanco, jícama<br />
USES/NOTES: Large roots <strong>of</strong> this vine are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked in<br />
Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
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REFERENCES: Austin and Huáman 1996, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ipomoea dumosa (Benth.) L.O. Williams<br />
FAMILY: Convolvulaceae (morning-glory or sweet-pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: suyu<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a cooked green or raw as a snack.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Williams 1970<br />
Ipomoea leptophylla Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Convolvulaceae (morning-glory or sweet-pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: big-root morning glory, bush moonflower, bush morning glory,<br />
man root, man-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-earth, wild pot<strong>at</strong>o vine<br />
USES/NOTES: Large roots have been e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Kindscher 1987, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ipomoea pandur<strong>at</strong>a (L.) G. Meyer<br />
FAMILY: Convolvulaceae (morning-glory or sweet-pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: big-root morning glory, Indian pot<strong>at</strong>o, man-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-earth,<br />
pot<strong>at</strong>o vine<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> roots.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br.<br />
FAMILY: Convolvulaceae (morning-glory or sweet-pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: beach morning-glory, railroad vine, seaside morning-glory<br />
PORTUGUESE: aboro-aibá, salsa-de-praia<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves, roots, and stems reportedly are edible, though<br />
also reported to cause dizziness. Leaves are made into a medicinal<br />
tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical to warm subtropical beaches<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke n.d., Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999,<br />
Lawesson et al. 1987, Nellis 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Voeks 1997<br />
Ipomoea violacea L. [syn. I. macrantha Roemer & Schultes, I. tuba<br />
(Schltr.) G. Don f.]<br />
FAMILY: Convolvulaceae (morning-glory or sweet-pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: moon vine<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and <strong>the</strong> West Indies to <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Nellis 1994<br />
Iriartea deltoidea Ruiz & Pavón [syn. I. ventricosa Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: barrigona palm, stilt palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: paxiúba-barriguda, paxiubão, paxiubinha<br />
SPANISH: bambil, barrigón, barrigona, barriguda, bomba, camona, copa,<br />
cosho, huacrapona, maquenque, pambil<br />
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USES/NOTES: Heart is edible and fruits are used as emergency food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nicaragua to Bolivia and perhaps <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson 2004, Arrazola et al. 2000, Balslev and Moraes<br />
1989, Bennett et al. 2001, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995,<br />
UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Iris setosa Pallas ex Link<br />
FAMILY: Iridaceae (iris)<br />
ENGLISH: beachhead iris<br />
USES/NOTES: Ground, roasted seeds have been used like c<strong>of</strong>fee by n<strong>at</strong>ive<br />
Alaskans.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Alaska to eastern Canada and Siberia to Japan<br />
REFERENCES: Marshall 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Iryan<strong>the</strong>ra elliptica Ducke [also I. juruensis Warb., I. lancifolia<br />
Ducke, I. paraensis Huber, and I. ulei Warb.]<br />
FAMILY: Myristicaceae (nutmeg)<br />
PORTUGUESE: envira-sangue-de-boi, sangue-de-boi, ucuúba-da-terra-firme<br />
(I. juruensis), ucuúba-punã, ucuúba-puna, ucuúba-sangue<br />
SPANISH: cumala colorada<br />
USES/NOTES: Arils are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Iryan<strong>the</strong>ra laevis Markgraf<br />
FAMILY: Myristicaceae (nutmeg)<br />
SPANISH: cumala colorada<br />
USES/NOTES: Aril is e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia to central Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, La Rotta 1992, Rankin de Mérona et<br />
al. 1992<br />
Ischnosiphon arouma (Aublet) Koern. [syn. Maranta arouma Aublet]<br />
FAMILY: Marantaceae (arrowroot)<br />
PORTUGUESE: guarumã<br />
USES/NOTES: Shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Panama through Ecuador, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and Amazonian<br />
Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Andersson 1977, Balée 1994<br />
Itaya amicorum H.E. Moore<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: xila<br />
SPANISH: marimiipa<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems are burned for vegetable salt.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern Amazonian Peru just into adjacent Brazil<br />
and Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Iva annua L.<br />
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FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: marsh elder, samp, sumpweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Cooked fruit kernals were an important food for<br />
Amerindians.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987<br />
Ixora sp.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: baby ice apple, ixora<br />
PORTUGUESE: ixora<br />
SPANISH: jazmín<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. Also, twigs are chewed to relieve<br />
toothache pain and <strong>the</strong> plant is grown as an ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Omawale 1973, Usher 1974<br />
Jacar<strong>at</strong>ia digit<strong>at</strong>a (Poeppig & Endl.) Solms-Laub. [syn. Carica<br />
boliviana Rusby, C. digit<strong>at</strong>a Poeppig & Endl.]<br />
FAMILY: Caricaceae (papaya)<br />
ENGLISH: tree papaya<br />
PORTUGUESE: jarac<strong>at</strong>iá, jarac<strong>at</strong>iara, mamão, mamão-brabo, mamuí<br />
SPANISH: chamburo, jacar<strong>at</strong>ia, papaya caspi, papaya de monte, papaya<br />
de monte espinuda, papaya del venado, shamburi, toronchi<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western and southwestern Amazonia from Colombia,<br />
Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Martin et al. 1987, Smith et al. 1992, UFA/NYBG<br />
n.d., Van den Eynden et al. 1999<br />
Jacar<strong>at</strong>ia mexicana A. DC. [syn. Carica mexicana (A. DC.) L.O.<br />
Williams]<br />
FAMILY: Caricaceae (papaya)<br />
SPANISH: bonete, coahuayote, coalsuayote, cuayote, guayote, julepe,<br />
kunché, orejona, papaya orejona, yuc<strong>at</strong>ec<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable cooked or raw, or prepared<br />
with sugar as sweet me<strong>at</strong>.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to El Salvador and Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, Moreno 1980, OAS 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Williams 1981<br />
Jacar<strong>at</strong>ia spinosa (Aublet) A. DC. [syn. J. dodecaphylla (Vell.) A.<br />
DC., Carica spinosa Aublet]<br />
FAMILY: Cariacaceae (papaya)<br />
PORTUGUESE: chamburu, jacar<strong>at</strong>ia, jarac<strong>at</strong>ia, mamão, mamão-bravo,<br />
mamão-de-veado, mamão-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, mamão-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, mamãorana,<br />
mamãozinho<br />
SPANISH: higo, jacar<strong>at</strong>iá, ñacar<strong>at</strong>iá, papayillo de venado, papayón,<br />
yacar<strong>at</strong>iá<br />
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USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and roasted seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical to subtropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 1983, Balée 1992, Balée and Gély<br />
1989, Cavalcante 1991, Dodson and Gentry 1977, Facciola 1990,<br />
Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Reed<br />
1995, Zuloaga 1997<br />
Jacquinia caracasana Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Theophrastaceae (<strong>the</strong>ophrasta)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Jaltom<strong>at</strong>a bicolor (Ruiz & Pavón) Mione<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: sand tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: shulpac<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central highland Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Mione et al. 1993<br />
Jaltom<strong>at</strong>a biflora (Ruiz & Pavón) Benítez<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: sand tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: capulí de campo, capulí silvestre, tom<strong>at</strong>e cimarrón,<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>illo cimarrón<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central highland Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Mione et al. 2001<br />
Jaltom<strong>at</strong>a chiuahuensis (Bitter) Mione & Bye [syn. Saracha<br />
chiuahuensis Bitter]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: sand tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: jaltom<strong>at</strong>a, me’taresi, metárusi, metrusi, me’tresi<br />
USES/NOTES: Two races with edible fruit, one purple fruit, one green<br />
fruit. Rootstock <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> purple race is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Tarahumara.<br />
Green race is semi-domestic<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Durango, Chiuahua, and Jalisco, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Mione and Bye 1996, Pennington 1963<br />
Jaltom<strong>at</strong>a procumbens (Cav.) J.L. Gentry [also J. confinis (Morton)<br />
J.L. Gentry and J. viscosa (Schrader) D’Arcy & Davis] [syn.<br />
Saracha spp.]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: creeping false holly, sand tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: acahualera, belladona cimarrona, bix<strong>at</strong>e, cachumba,<br />
carrizo, chichawac, cinco negrito, cinco negros, comida de<br />
culebra, dulce, hierba ixbolul, hierba mora, huahuachocho, huevo<br />
de sapo, il brilloso semilla verde, jaltom<strong>at</strong>a, jaltom<strong>at</strong>e,<br />
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jaltom<strong>at</strong>l, madre jilete, manirusi, mora hueca, metárusi, ojo de<br />
minado, ojo de shara, pacheca, pichecua, pisekua, pucheca,<br />
quelite, quelite cojudo, quelite tom<strong>at</strong>e, rarusi, rurus, rurusí,<br />
rusí, seresa, ta-ru-sí, tom<strong>at</strong>e arenoso, tom<strong>at</strong>e de arena, tom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
de la arena, tom<strong>at</strong>illo, tom<strong>at</strong>illo cimarrón del Perú, tom<strong>at</strong>illo<br />
del monte, tom<strong>at</strong>illo negro, tom<strong>at</strong>illo silvestre, tom<strong>at</strong>l arenoso,<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>l xalli, tu-tintázuu, turusí, turus, uchuba negra,<br />
xaltom<strong>at</strong>l, xaltotom<strong>at</strong>l, yerba mora, yerba de mora<br />
USES/NOTES: Small marble-sized, dark fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
Leaves and roots also are e<strong>at</strong>en. Spanish names refer to several<br />
Jaltom<strong>at</strong>a species including those listed above. J. procumbens and<br />
J. confinis are perennials, while J. viscosa is an annual.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: J. procumbens from Mexico and Central America, genus<br />
ranges from <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. to Bolivia and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean,<br />
domestic<strong>at</strong>ion process taking place in Mexico and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Bye 1993, Davis 1986, Davis and Bye, 1982, Espejo Serna<br />
et al. n.d., Mione and Bye 1996, Torres n.d., von Reis Altschul<br />
1973, Williams 1981<br />
Jaltom<strong>at</strong>a ventricosa (Baker) Mione in Mione, G.J. Anderson & M.<br />
Nee<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: sand tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: sogorome<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Otuzco Province, Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Mione et al. 1993<br />
Jarilla heterophylla (Cerv. ex La Llave) Rusby [syn. J. caud<strong>at</strong>a<br />
(Brandegee) Standley<br />
FAMILY: Cariacaceae (papaya)<br />
SPANISH: granadilla, jarilla, machicuqa<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Mexico, Chihuahua, Michoacán, and Jalisco<br />
REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Martin et al. 1987, McVaugh 2001, Torres<br />
n.d.<br />
J<strong>at</strong>ropha curcas L.<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: physic nut, pulza, purging nut<br />
PORTUGUESE: fogo-do-inferno, pião-branco, pinhão-branco, pinhão-depurga,<br />
pinhão-manso, purgueira<br />
SPANISH: frailejón, palo de piñón, piñón, piñón blanco<br />
USES/NOTES: Peeled, toasted seeds reportedly are added to cooked<br />
dishes such as chili, though also reported as poisonous. Also<br />
ornamental, medicinal, and a potential biodiesel source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Berg 1984, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Mabberley 1987, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997, Silva<br />
et al. 1977<br />
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J<strong>at</strong>ropha multifida L.<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: coral bush, coral plant, French physic nut, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
rhubarb, physic nut, Spanish physic nut<br />
SPANISH: chicaquil, flor de coral, tortora, yuca cimarrona<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are poisonous, though Leaves reportedly are<br />
edible. Also ornamental and a potential biodiesel source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Jubaea chilensis (Molina) Baillon [syn. J. spectabilis Kunth,<br />
Cocos chilensis (Molina) Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: Chilean wine palm, coquito palm, jubaea palm, honey palm,<br />
syrup palm, wine palm<br />
SPANISH: coco chileno, coco de Chile, coquito, palma chilena, palma<br />
de coquitos<br />
USES/NOTES: Sap from <strong>the</strong> thick (~1 meter in diameter) stem is used<br />
to make wine, o<strong>the</strong>r beverages, and a honey-like substance called<br />
miel de palma in Chile. Endocarps and seeds, sold intern<strong>at</strong>ionally<br />
as a snack food, are e<strong>at</strong>en, sometimes candied, and are an edible<br />
oil source. Leaves are used to make baskets. Over-harvest for<br />
wine production led to a popul<strong>at</strong>ion decline <strong>of</strong> this endangered<br />
and geographically restricted palm. Efforts are under way to<br />
improve harvest techniques. Occuring <strong>at</strong> 36 o S. l<strong>at</strong>itude, J.<br />
chilensis ranges about as far south as any American palm (<strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r being Syagrus romanz<strong>of</strong>fiana), but will not toler<strong>at</strong>e ei<strong>the</strong>r<br />
extremes <strong>of</strong> hot or cold temper<strong>at</strong>ures.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West-central Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Graf 1974, Henderson et al. 1995,<br />
Johnson 1988, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Pedersen and<br />
Balslev 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Juglans australis Griseb. [syn. J. brasiliensis Dode]<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: Argentine walnut, brazilian walnut, tropical walnut<br />
SPANISH: nogal, nogal blanco<br />
USES/NOTES: Small nuts have thick, tough shells, but are sold<br />
never<strong>the</strong>less in markets. The fine kernel is <strong>of</strong>ten mixed with milk<br />
and sugar to make a s<strong>of</strong>t sweet bar called nogada de Ibarra. Wood<br />
is valued for construction and to make musical instruments. May<br />
include Juglans boliviana.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Bolivia and Paraguay to southwestern Brazil<br />
and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Killeen et al. 1993, Manning 1960,<br />
Manning 1978, Martin et al. 1987, NRC 1989, OAS 1973<br />
Juglans boliviana (C. DC.) Dode [syn. J. nigra var. boliviana C.<br />
DC., J. peruviana Dode]<br />
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FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: Bolivian black walnut, Bolivian walnut<br />
SPANISH: nogal negro<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible nuts are appreci<strong>at</strong>ed much like <strong>the</strong> similar J.<br />
neotropica.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Foster 1958, Killeen et al. 1993, Manning 1960, Manning<br />
1978, Martin et al. 1987, NRC 1989, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Juglans californica S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: California black walnut, California walnut, sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
California black walnut, sou<strong>the</strong>rn California walnut<br />
SPANISH: nogal de California, nogal negro, nuez, nuez de California<br />
USES/NOTES: Small nuts are difficult to extract from <strong>the</strong>ir thick<br />
shells, but potentially <strong>of</strong> good quality.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Hickman 1993, Kirk 1970, Munz<br />
1974<br />
Juglans cinerea L.<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: butternut, oilnut, white butternut, white walnut<br />
SPANISH: nogal ceniciento, nogal de Cuba<br />
USES/NOTES: Nuts are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or cooked and <strong>the</strong> trunk is a syrup<br />
source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Canada to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Georgia and <strong>the</strong> southcentral<br />
U.S. to eastern Minnesota<br />
REFERENCES: Angier 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Fernald 1950, Peterson<br />
1977, Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Juglans hindsii Jepson ex R.E. Sm. [syn. J. californica var.<br />
hindsii Jeps.]<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: Hind’s black walnut, Hind’s walnut, nor<strong>the</strong>rn California<br />
walnut<br />
SPANISH: nogal<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, hard-shelled nut is <strong>of</strong> good quality. Also widely<br />
planted as a rootstock for growing commercial black walnuts from<br />
J. regia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North-central California<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Kirk 1970, Munz and Keck 1959<br />
Juglans hirsuta Manning<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: Nuevo Leon walnut<br />
SPANISH: nogal de Nuevo León<br />
USES/NOTES: Nut is e<strong>at</strong>en as a snack.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Estern and nor<strong>the</strong>astern Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984<br />
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Juglans jamaicensis C. DC. [syn. J. insularis Griseb.]<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: West Indian walnut, West Indies Walnut<br />
SPANISH: nogal, palo de nuez<br />
USES/NOTES: Nut is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico, perhaps n<strong>at</strong>urally<br />
to Jamaica and o<strong>the</strong>r nor<strong>the</strong>rn West Indian islands<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Betancourt-Barroso 1987, Britton 1926,<br />
Manning 1960, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973<br />
Juglans major (Torrey) A.A. Heller [syn. J. arizonica Dode, J.<br />
elaeopyron Dode, J. torreyi Dode]<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: Arizona black walnut, Arizona walnut<br />
SPANISH: nogal, nogal silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Small nut is occasionally e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Kirk 1970<br />
Juglans microcarpa Berland. [syn. J. rupestris Engelm. ex Torrey]<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: little walnut, river walnut, Texas black walnut, Texas<br />
walnut<br />
SPANISH: namboca, nogalillo, nogalito<br />
USES/NOTES: Nuts are edible, though not consumed <strong>of</strong>ten.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, L<strong>at</strong>orre and L<strong>at</strong>orre 1977,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Juglans microcarpa var. stewartii (I.M. Johnston) Manning<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
SPANISH: namboca, nogalillo, nogalito<br />
USES/NOTES: Nuts are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Manning 1978<br />
Juglans mollis Engelm. [syn. J. mexicana S. W<strong>at</strong>son]<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: Gu<strong>at</strong>emalan walnut, Mexican walnut<br />
SPANISH: cuartololote, nogal, nuez corriente, nuez meca, tih ti,<br />
tutiki<br />
USES/NOTES: Nut is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Cabrera et al. 1998, Casas et al. 1994, Torres n.d.<br />
Juglans neotropica Diels [syn. J. andina Triana & Cortés, J.<br />
colombiensis Dode nomen illegit., J. honorei Dode, J.<br />
venezuelensis Manning nomen illegit.]<br />
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ENGLISH: Andean walnut, Colombian walnut, Ecuadorian black walnut,<br />
Ecuadorian walnut, nogal, tropical black walnut, tropical walnut,<br />
Venezuelan walnut<br />
PORTUGUESE: nogueira, noz<br />
SPANISH: cayuri, cedro grande, cedro negro, cedro nogal, laurel,<br />
nogal, nogal blanco, nogal bogotano, nogal cayure, nogal<br />
cimarrón, nogal criollo, nogal de Caracas, nogal de la tierra,<br />
nogal de monte, nogal plance, nogal silvestre, tocte<br />
USES/NOTES: Nuts are sold in markets and are <strong>of</strong>ten mixed with milk<br />
and sugar to make a s<strong>of</strong>t sweet bar called nogada de ibarra. Wood<br />
is valued for construction and to make musical instruments. J.<br />
venezuelensis has been applied to specimens restricted to <strong>the</strong><br />
country’s nor<strong>the</strong>rn mountains and now considered thre<strong>at</strong>ened with<br />
extinction.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean highlands <strong>of</strong> Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and<br />
Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola<br />
1990, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Nieto and Rodríguez<br />
2002a, OAS 1973, NRC 1989, Rhem and Espig 1991, Seibert 1950b,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Juglans nigra L.<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: black walnut, eastern black walnut<br />
PORTUGUESE: noz, nogueira<br />
SPANISH: nogal, nogal americano, nogal negro, nuez de nogal,<br />
nocedal, tocte<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible nut is <strong>of</strong> good quality and its arom<strong>at</strong>ic oil is<br />
used to flavor o<strong>the</strong>r foods. Nuts are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, in baked goods,<br />
or in soup. Sap is made into sugar and syrup. Dark, hard wood is<br />
a valued lumber source for cabinetry.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from western New England<br />
through Ontario and sou<strong>the</strong>astern South Dakota, to eastern Texas<br />
and northwestern Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974, Woodro<strong>of</strong> 1979<br />
Juglans olanchana Standley & L.O. Williams [syn. J. gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis<br />
Manning]<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: Central American walnut, Gu<strong>at</strong>emalan walnut<br />
SPANISH: cedro blanco, cedro nogal<br />
USES/NOTES: Nut is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Ibarra-Manríquez and Sinaca Colín 1995, Ibarra-Manríquez<br />
et al. 1997, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Juglans regia L.<br />
FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut)<br />
ENGLISH: English walnut, Persian walnut, walnut<br />
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PORTUGUESE: nogueira, nogueira-de-iguapé, nogueira-do-litoral, noz<br />
SPANISH: nocedal, nogal, nogal común, nogal de Europa, nogal europeo,<br />
nuez, nuez de nogal<br />
USES/NOTES: Nut is highly esteemed for its culinary uses and<br />
contains an edible oil. Ground shells are edible and leaves are<br />
used for tea. Wood is prized for furniture.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Europe to western Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987,, Leung 1961,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Menninger 1977, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sturtevant<br />
1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974, Woodro<strong>of</strong> 1979<br />
Juniperus californica Carrière<br />
FAMILY: Cupressaceae (cypress)<br />
ENGLISH: California juniper, Cedar Island juniper, Cedros island<br />
juniper, desert white cedar, sweet-berried juniper, white cedar<br />
SPANISH: cedro, enebro de California, gu<strong>at</strong>a, hu<strong>at</strong>a<br />
USES/NOTES: Fleshy cones are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, dried, or ground into<br />
flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: disjunct popul<strong>at</strong>ions in California to adjacent<br />
portions <strong>of</strong> west-central Arizona, southwestern Utah, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
most Nevada, and portions <strong>of</strong> Baja California del Norte<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936, Zanoni and Adams<br />
1973<br />
Juniperus communis L.<br />
FAMILY: Cupressaceae (cypress)<br />
ENGLISH: common juniper, dwarf juniper, juniper<br />
PORTUGUESE: zimbro<br />
SPANISH: buto, ciprés, enebrina, enebro, enebro común, enebro real,<br />
junípero, nebrina, nebro, sabina, yunípero<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet arom<strong>at</strong>ic fruit contains an essential oil used to<br />
flavor gin, liqueurs, and o<strong>the</strong>r beverages, and has been used as a<br />
condiment, to repel mosquitoes, and as a urogenital stimulant.<br />
Stems and leaves have been used for tea. Also grown widely as a<br />
landscape specimen.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e zones to alpine regions to <strong>the</strong> south<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, FNAEC 1993, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Schneider 1987, Tucker 1994, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Juniperus deppeana Steudel [syn. J. pachyphlaea Torrey]<br />
FAMILY: Cupressaceae (cypress)<br />
ENGLISH: allig<strong>at</strong>or juniper, checker-barked cedar, sweet-fruited<br />
juniper<br />
SPANISH: aborí, aorí, awarf, awarí, cedro chino, enebro, enebro<br />
alig<strong>at</strong>or, enebro chino, kawarí, koarí, oyorique, tásc<strong>at</strong>e,<br />
yunípero arboreo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fleshy cones are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, roasted, dried, ground into<br />
meal, baked in cakes, or prepared as mush.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
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REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Harrington 1967, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), Kirk 1970, Torres n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Juniperus horizontalis Moench<br />
FAMILY: Cupressaceae (cypress)<br />
ENGLISH: blue carpet, creeping juniper<br />
SPANISH: ciprés rastrero, junípero rastrero, sabina horizontal,<br />
yunípero rastrero<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible and twigs are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn North America, predominantly Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, FNAEC 1993, Turner and<br />
Szczawinski 1978<br />
Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.<br />
FAMILY: Cupressaceae (cypress)<br />
ENGLISH: cherrystone juniper, desert juniper, New Mexico cedar,<br />
one-seed juniper, Utah juniper<br />
SPANISH: enebro de sombra, sabina<br />
USES/NOTES: Fleshy cones have been used as a flavoring agent and <strong>the</strong><br />
gum has been used as chewing gum.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central U.S. to Arizona and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1993, Harrington 1967, ITIS<br />
n.d., Yanovsky 1936<br />
Juniperus occidentalis Hook.<br />
FAMILY: Cupressaceae (cypress)<br />
ENGLISH: sierra juniper, western juniper<br />
SPANISH: sabina americana<br />
USES/NOTES: Fleshy cones are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or in baked goods.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1993, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Juniperus osteosperma (Torrey) Little [syn. J. utahensis (Engelm.)<br />
Lemmon]<br />
FAMILY: Cupressaceae (cypress)<br />
ENGLISH: Utah juniper<br />
SPANISH: sabina morena<br />
USES/NOTES: Fleshy cones are sometimes added to cakes.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. into Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1993, Harrington 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.<br />
FAMILY: Cupressaceae (cypress)<br />
ENGLISH: Colorado juniper, Colorado red cedar, red cedar, Rocky<br />
Mountain juniper, Rocky Mountain red cedar<br />
SPANISH: cedro colorado, enebro de las montañas rocosas, enebro<br />
ripario<br />
USES/NOTES: Fleshy cones have been e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked by<br />
Amerindians. Dried seeds may be ground into meal or roasted and<br />
used like c<strong>of</strong>fee (C<strong>of</strong>fea spp.).<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from Alberta to northwestern<br />
Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Harrington 1967, Turner and<br />
Szczawinski 1978, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana and J. v. var. silicicola<br />
(Small) E. Murray [syn. J. silicicola (Small) Bailey]<br />
FAMILY: Cupressaceae (cypress)<br />
ENGLISH: Carolina cedar (var. silicicola), cedar, cedar apple,<br />
coast juniper, coastal red cedar (var. silicicola), eastern red<br />
cedar, eastern red juniper, juniper, pencil cedar, pencil<br />
juniper, red cedar, red cedar juniper, red juniper, sand cedar,<br />
savin red cedar, sou<strong>the</strong>rn juniper (var. silicicola), sou<strong>the</strong>rn red<br />
cedar (var. silicicola), sou<strong>the</strong>rn red juniper (var. silicicola),<br />
Tennessee red cedar (var. silicicola), Virginian cedar, Virginian<br />
pencil cedar<br />
PORTUGUESE: cedro-vermelho<br />
SPANISH: cedro, cedro colorado, cedro de Virginia, cedro rojo de<br />
Virginia, enebro americano, enebro criollo, enebro de Virginia,<br />
enebro rojo americano, enebro virginiano, sabina de la costa,<br />
sabina de Virginia<br />
USES/NOTES: Extract <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> berry-like, bluish cone and young twigs<br />
is used to flavor gin and o<strong>the</strong>r beverages. Cones, e<strong>at</strong>en by many<br />
birds, also are edible in small quantities. J. virginiana var.<br />
virginiana is <strong>the</strong> larger variety; both are fast growing under<br />
favorable conditions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: var. virginiana - eastern North America from sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Ontario and Quebec to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Florida; var. silicicola -<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>astern coastal plain from <strong>the</strong> Carolinas through Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1986, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Godfrey 1988,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Kunkel 1984, Nelson 1994, Tomikel 1986<br />
Justicia pectoralis Jacq.<br />
FAMILY: Acanthaceae (acanthus)<br />
ENGLISH: carpenter’s grass, garden balsam, justicia<br />
PORTUGUESE: mash farhenak, paxararok, takurushni<br />
SPANISH: hojas de tilo, lluichu lancetilla, pinipsa, tsemantsma,<br />
wirink, yerba del carpintero, yoman rao<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as an herb and a medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India and East Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Editorial Panapo 1988, Leung<br />
1961, Terra 1966, UFA/NYBG n.d., Usher 1974, von Reis Altschul<br />
and Lipp 1982, Williams and Williams 1969<br />
Kallstroemia maxima (L.) Hook. & Arn. [syn. Tribulus maximus L.]<br />
FAMILY: Zygophyllaceae (caltrop)<br />
ENGLISH: big caltrop, caltrop<br />
SPANISH: abrojo terrestre, hierba de pollo, monte tarralla,<br />
verdolaga de playa<br />
USES/NOTES: Green leaves are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb in Central America.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong><strong>at</strong>ern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Molina 1975, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schultes) Zucc.<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: buckthorn, coyotillo, Humboldt coyotillo<br />
SPANISH: cacachila, coyotillo, tullidora<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp reportedly is edible, although o<strong>the</strong>r plant<br />
parts, perhaps including <strong>the</strong> fruit, are toxic. The lutler has<br />
been used to tre<strong>at</strong> tetanus in Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Texas and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke 1895, Mabberley 1987, Martínez et al. 1998, Tull<br />
1999<br />
Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes [includes K. crist<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Pers., K. pyramid<strong>at</strong>a auct. non (Lam.) P. Beauv.]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: crested c<strong>at</strong>’s-tail, crested hair-grass, junegrass,<br />
koeleria, mountain junegrass, prairie junegrass, prairie Koeler’s<br />
grass<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds were made into bread or mush before <strong>the</strong><br />
introduction <strong>of</strong> whe<strong>at</strong> (Triticum aestivum) to <strong>the</strong> Americas. Now<br />
rarely e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America, Alaska to Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Arnow 1994, Kindscher 1987, Mejía-Saulés and Dávila<br />
1992, McVaugh 1983, Moerman 1998, Soreng 1993, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Krameria erecta Willd. ex J.A. Schultes<br />
FAMILY: Krameriaceae (krameria)<br />
ENGLISH: heart nut, littleleaf, littleleaf r<strong>at</strong>any, Pima r<strong>at</strong>any,<br />
Pima rh<strong>at</strong>any, purple hea<strong>the</strong>r, range r<strong>at</strong>any, r<strong>at</strong>any, rh<strong>at</strong>any<br />
PORTUGUESE: r<strong>at</strong>anhia<br />
SPANISH: cowasi, haxz iztim, tamichil<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant is used to make a refreshing tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. from sou<strong>the</strong>rn California to western<br />
Texas and northwestern Mexico from Durango to Baja California<br />
REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Simpson 1989<br />
Krugiodendron ferreum (Vahl) Urban<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: black ironwood, ironwood, leadwood<br />
SPANISH: bariaco, carey, carey de costa, ciguamo, espejuelo, palo<br />
de hierro, quebrahacha<br />
USES/NOTES: Small black drupes are said to be juicy and sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Honduras, West Indies, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Morton 1977, OAS 1973<br />
Kutchubaea sericantha Standley [incorrectly as Kotchubaea<br />
sericantha Standley]<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
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PORTUGUESE: cabeça-de-urubu, puruí, puruí-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, puruí-grange<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru, Brazil, Ecuador and perhaps Colombia<br />
through so<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: de Oliveira and Mori 1999, Maguire and Wurdack 1964, MBG<br />
n.d., Silva et al. 1977, Vásquez 1997<br />
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet [syn. L. vulgaris, L. niger Medikus,<br />
Dolichos lablab L., Dolichos purpureus L.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: banner bean, banny bean, butter bean, bonavis, bonavis<br />
pea, bonavist, bonavist bean, bonavista, bonavista bean, bunabis,<br />
dolichos, dolichos bean, Egyptian kidney bean, Egyptian bean,<br />
field bean, hyacinth bean, hyacinth pea, Indian bean, Indian<br />
butter bean, lablab, lubia, saeme<br />
PORTUGUESE: cumand<strong>at</strong>iá, cumandi<strong>at</strong>a, dolicho lablab, dolichos, favacumand<strong>at</strong>iá,<br />
feijão-da-Índia, feijão-lablab, feijão-mangalô, labelabe,<br />
mangalô<br />
SPANISH: alberjón, alverjones, cacha, cencapuspu, caraota chiv<strong>at</strong>a,<br />
chaucha, chícaro, chicaros, chícharo, chicharros, chichaso,<br />
chimbolo verde, chonete, cumandá-tupí, cumani tupi, dolicos,<br />
engorda muchacho, frijol bocón, frijol bocón chileno, frijol<br />
caballero, frijol chileno, frijol de antibo, frijol de la tierra,<br />
frijol dólico, frisoles, gallinazo blanco, gallinita, hayuelo,<br />
judía de Egipto, lablab, plantigras, poroto bombero, poroto<br />
japonés, quiguagua, senccapuscu, tapicuruso, taconcillos, weet’<br />
thakní, zarandeja<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en after boiling to destroy a<br />
poisonous glucoside. Young pods are e<strong>at</strong>en as snap beans and<br />
leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a leafy green vegetable like spinach<br />
(Spinacia oleracea). Flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked and starchy<br />
roots are edible. Woody stems ignite easily. Also for forage and<br />
green manure.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably India, perhaps tropical Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi<br />
1993, Brouk 1975, Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute 1974,<br />
Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Kay 1979, Leung 1961,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991,<br />
Soukup 1970, Thomasson 1992, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Lacistema aggreg<strong>at</strong>um (Berg.) Rusby<br />
FAMILY: Lacistem<strong>at</strong>aceae (lacistema)<br />
USES/NOTES: E<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Kayapó <strong>of</strong> Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989<br />
Lacmellea acule<strong>at</strong>a (Ducke) Monach.<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
SPANISH: chicle huayo<br />
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USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Pinedo-Vásquez et al. 1992<br />
Lacmellea arborescens (Müell. Arg.) Markgraf [syn. Zschokkea<br />
arborescens Müell. Arg.]<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
ENGLISH: chicle<br />
PORTUGUESE: caramuri, cumaí, molongó, pau-de-colher, sorvinha,<br />
tucujá<br />
SPANISH: chicle huayo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al.<br />
1987<br />
Lacmellea edulis Karsten<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
SPANISH: lechemiel, lechero negro, tachuelo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and l<strong>at</strong>ex are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: FUDENA n.d., Martin et al. 1987<br />
Lacmellea floribunda (Poeppig) Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
SPANISH: chicle, chicle huayo, tachuelo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin<br />
et al. 1987<br />
Lacmellea gracilis (Müell. Arg.) Markgraf<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
PORTUGUESE: caramurizinho, sorvinha<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Silva et al. 1977<br />
Lacmellea lactescens (Kuhlm.) Markgraf<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
SPANISH: chicle huayo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Toasted, powdered leaves are mixed<br />
with Cecropia ashes and chewed like coca (Erythroxylum spp.).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Lacmellea peruviana (Van Huerck & Müell. Arg.) Markgraf [syn. L.<br />
arborescens (Müell. Arg.) Monach. var. peruviana (Van Huerck &<br />
Müell. Arg.) Monach., Zschokkea peruviana Van Huerck & Müell.<br />
Arg.]<br />
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FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
ENGLISH: chicle<br />
SPANISH: chicle huayo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Lacmellea speciosa Woodson<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
SPANISH: perillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Lactuca canadensis L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: prickly lettuce, wild lettuce<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads or boiled as greens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America to <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Harrington 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Lactuca ludoviciana (Nutt.) Riddell<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: prickly lettuce, wild lettuce<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads or boiled as greens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Harrington 1967<br />
Lactuca s<strong>at</strong>iva L. [syn. L. longifolia (Michaux) Farw., L. romana<br />
Garsault]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: curled lettuce, garden lettuce, head lettuce, iceberg<br />
lettuce, lettuce, romaine lettuce, salad lettuce<br />
PORTUGUESE: alface, alface-de-mesa<br />
SPANISH: lechuga<br />
USES/NOTES: Highly variable leaf is <strong>the</strong> lettuce <strong>of</strong> commerce, used<br />
widely in salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Iran, or Turkmenistan<br />
REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Omawale 1973, Schneider 1987, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Lactuca serriola L. [syn. L. scariola L., L. virosa L.]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: compass plant, prickly lettuce, wild lettuce<br />
PORTUGUESE: alface-selvagem<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh in salads or boiled.<br />
Previously used as a sed<strong>at</strong>ive by Amerindians.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized throughout <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Marticorena and Quezada<br />
1985, Nuemann n.d., Tomikel 1986<br />
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Lactuca t<strong>at</strong>arica var. pulchella (Pursh) Breitung [syn. L.<br />
pulchella (Pursh) DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: larkspur lettuce, prickly lettuce, wild lettuce<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads or as boiled greens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lacunaria grandiflora (Oliver) Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Quiinaceae<br />
PORTUGUESE: moela-de-mutum<br />
SPANISH: sacha guayaba<br />
USES/NOTES: Ellipsoidal fruit’s succulent pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guianas, Brazil, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al.<br />
1977<br />
Lacunaria jenmani (Oliver) Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Quiinaceae<br />
PORTUGUESE: moela-de-mutum, papo-de-mutum<br />
SPANISH: sacha guayaba<br />
USES/NOTES: Ellipsoidal fruit’s succulent pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley [syn. L. leucantha (Duchesne<br />
ex Lam.) Rusby, L. vulgaris Ser.]<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: bottle gourd, calabash gourd, calabash marrow, calabash<br />
squash, gourd, spaghetti squash, squash, white-flowered gourd,<br />
white pumpkin<br />
PORTUGUESE: abóboro de carneiro, cabaça, cabaça purunga, cabaça<br />
verde, cabaceira, cabaço amargoso, cabaceiro amargosa, cabaceiro<br />
amargoso, cocombro, cuia, cuiteseira, porongo, porongueiro,<br />
taquera<br />
SPANISH: ancara, botella, cadungo amargo, calabacera, calabaza,<br />
calabaza de San Roque, calabazo, camasa, carracho, cogorda,<br />
cohombro, cojombro, cuyabra, güícharo, mambiro, m<strong>at</strong>e, m<strong>at</strong>i,<br />
nambiro, poto-p<strong>at</strong>e, pulo, puru, totumo, ts<strong>at</strong>ano, x<strong>at</strong>amo, x<strong>at</strong>ano,<br />
zaranda<br />
USES/NOTES: Young fruit’s pulp is edible and medicinal. Tough,<br />
variously shaped pericarp, or shell, has many uses especially to<br />
contain liquids, but also for ornaments, musical instruments,<br />
handicrafts, protective nests for caged birds, and <strong>the</strong> like. One<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> earliest domestic<strong>at</strong>ed plants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americas, d<strong>at</strong>ing to <strong>at</strong><br />
least 7,200 B.C.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Africa, perhaps Egypt, with dispersion to <strong>the</strong><br />
Americas likely occurring n<strong>at</strong>urally by flo<strong>at</strong>ing, or perhaps by<br />
pre-Columbian African sailors<br />
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REFERENCES: Bonuccelli 1989, Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Brako<br />
and Zarucchi 1993, Cárdenas 1969, Duke and Vásquez 1993, FUDENA<br />
n.d., Heiser 1989, Heiser 1993, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung<br />
1961, Martin 1979, Martin 1984a, Martin et al. 1987, Mentz et al.<br />
1997, Munsell et al. 1949, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Pérez-Arbeláez<br />
1956, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sauer 1993, Usher 1974<br />
Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb.<br />
FAMILY: Lythraceae (loosestrife)<br />
ENGLISH: crape myrtle<br />
SPANISH: locura<br />
USES/NOTES: Gum from this large tree is said to be edible, though<br />
grown mainly for its showy flowers, similar to its smaller,<br />
immensely popular rel<strong>at</strong>ive, <strong>the</strong> common crape myrtle (L. indica<br />
L.)<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990<br />
Lamium amplexicaule L.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: dead nettle, henbit<br />
PORTUGUESE: urtiga<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves, stems, and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en in soups and<br />
salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Tull 1978<br />
Lansium domesticum Jack<br />
FAMILY: Meliaceae (mahogany)<br />
ENGLISH: duku, langs<strong>at</strong>, lanson<br />
SPANISH: dookoo, langs<strong>at</strong>, lansón, lanzón<br />
USES/NOTES: Aril is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or made into syrup.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Malayasian lowlands<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Campbell 1984, Gregory 1960<br />
Lantana camara L.<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: common lantana, lantana, sweet sage, white sage, wild<br />
mint, wild sage, yellow sage<br />
PORTUGUESE: camara, camará, camará-de-cheiro, camará-de-chumbo,<br />
camará-de-espinho, camará-juba, camará-miúdo, camará-verdadeiro,<br />
cambara, cambará, cambara-amarelha, cambara-branca, cambará-dechumbo,<br />
cambará-de-cheiro, cambará-de-espinho, chumbinho,<br />
cidreirinha, erva-chumbinho, lantana<br />
SPANISH: albahaca de caballo, aya albaca, cinco negritos, hierba de<br />
la maestranza, hierba de zorro, hierba sagrada, palo del diablo,<br />
pasarín, San Rafelito, tsak p<strong>at</strong>elax, tunchi albaca, venturosa<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems, leaves, and young flowers <strong>of</strong> non-toxic varieties<br />
are said to be brewed as a beverage tea. Stems, leaves, and<br />
flowers <strong>of</strong> toxic varieties are used for medicinal tonics and<br />
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stimulant teas. Tiny black drupes reportedly are e<strong>at</strong>en as a snack<br />
food by <strong>the</strong> Huastec Maya, though caution must be used as some<br />
varieties are toxic. Also grown for showy, colorful flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Humid Neotropics, n<strong>at</strong>uralized and pestiferous in warm<br />
regions<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Austin and<br />
Bourne 1992, Berg 1984, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, FLEPPC 2003, IBGE 1980, Omawale<br />
1973, Silva et al. 1977, Simberl<strong>of</strong>f 1997, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974,<br />
von Reis Altschul 1973, W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975, Voeks 1997<br />
Lantana involucr<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: lantana, wild mint, wild sage<br />
SPANISH: tarepe<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a condiment and tiny, dark reddish<br />
drupes are said to be edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, <strong>the</strong> West Indies, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Molina 1975, Nellis 1994,<br />
Sousa and Cabrera 1983<br />
Lantana trifolia L.<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: lantana, wild sage<br />
SPANISH: aya machana, lauraimena, siete colores, tunchi albaca,<br />
yona rao<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Plant also is medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Lapageria rosea Ruiz & Pavón<br />
FAMILY: Smilacaceae (smilax or c<strong>at</strong>brier) or Philesiaceae<br />
ENGLISH: Chilean bellflower<br />
SPANISH: copihue<br />
USES/NOTES: Large yellow berry <strong>of</strong> Chile’s n<strong>at</strong>ional flower reportedly<br />
has sweet pulp.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Valenzuela<br />
et al. 1984<br />
Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell<br />
FAMILY: Urticaceae (nettle)<br />
ENGLISH: wood-nettle<br />
USES/NOTES: Shoots and young leaves may be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Canada to Oklahoma and Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Peterson 1977<br />
Lardizabala bitern<strong>at</strong>a Ruiz & Pavón<br />
FAMILY: Lardizabalaceae (akebias and holboellias)<br />
ENGLISH: zabala fruit<br />
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SPANISH: aquibuquil, zabala<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Larix occidentalis Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: western larch<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet sap may be chewed or made into syrup and has been<br />
used as a substitute for gum arabic (Acacia spp.) for processed<br />
foods. Also an important lumber tree.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern North America from British Columbia to<br />
Idaho<br />
REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Larrea trident<strong>at</strong>a (Sessé & Moçiño ex DC.) Cov. [syn. L. mexicana<br />
Moricand]<br />
FAMILY: Zygophyllaceae (caltrop or creosote-bush)<br />
ENGLISH: chaparral, creosote bush, greasewood<br />
SPANISH: chaparral, gobernadora, hediondilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Flower buds are pickled and used like capers (Capparis<br />
spinosa), stems and leaves are brewed into medicinal tea, resin<br />
is used to preserve foods, and twigs are chewed for <strong>the</strong>ir juice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Kunkel 1984, Nabhan 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
L<strong>at</strong>hyrus brachycalyx Rydb. subsp. brachycalyx [syn. L. orn<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Nutt.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: pea vine, wild pea<br />
USES/NOTES: Pods are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western and central North America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
L<strong>at</strong>hyrus japonicus var. maritimus (L.) Kartesz & Ghandi [syn. L.<br />
maritimus (L.) Bigelow]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: beach pea, sea pea<br />
USES/NOTES: Roasted seeds are used like c<strong>of</strong>fee and stalks and<br />
sprouts are e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: circumboreal<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
L<strong>at</strong>hyrus ochroleucus Hook.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
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ENGLISH: pea vine, wild pea, yellow vetchling<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds have been e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
L<strong>at</strong>hyrus odor<strong>at</strong>us L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: sweet pea<br />
SPANISH: chureca, clarín, chícaro, choreque, chorreque, doncenon,<br />
guisante de olor, guisante oloroso, haba de las Indias<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and flowers were formerly used to scent<br />
soaps.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Italy<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Mabberley 1987<br />
L<strong>at</strong>hyrus polymorphus Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: hoary pea vine<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds were a minor food source <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Omaha and Ponca.<br />
Leaves may be e<strong>at</strong>en, however, some L<strong>at</strong>hyrus species are<br />
poisonous.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
L<strong>at</strong>hyrus s<strong>at</strong>ivus L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: chickling pea, chickling vetch, chickling vetchling,<br />
dogtooth pea, grass pea, grass peavine, Indian pea, kasari,<br />
khesari, riga pea<br />
PORTUGUESE: chícharo<br />
SPANISH: alverjas, chícharo, frijol gallinazo, garbanzo, jaramago<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible and fed to livestock. Among <strong>the</strong> first<br />
plants cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in Europe.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably <strong>the</strong> Balkan Peninsula<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Kay 1979, Kislev 1989, Mabberley 1987,<br />
OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Wiersema et al. 1990<br />
L<strong>at</strong>hyrus tuberosus L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: earth chestnut, earth-nut vetchling, groundnut, pea vine,<br />
tuberous pea, tuberous sweetpea<br />
SPANISH: guija tuberosa<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in temper<strong>at</strong>e regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Mabberley 1987, PFAF n.d.<br />
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Launaea intybacea (Jacq.) Beauvis. [syn. Lactuca intybacea Jacq.]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: wild lettuce<br />
USES/NOTES: Young plant is e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Nellis 1994<br />
Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz & Pavón) Tul. [syn L. serr<strong>at</strong>a Bertero]<br />
FAMILY: Monimiaceae (monimia)<br />
ENGLISH: Chilean laurel, Peruvian nutmeg<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf and bark are used as spices.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile and Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Zuloaga 1997<br />
Laurocerasus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis M. Roemer<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: cherry laurel<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves can be used to make a dilute, almond-flavored<br />
tea-like beverage, though care must be taken as too much can be<br />
poisonous.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean region<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Laurus nobilis L.<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
ENGLISH: bay, bay laurel, bay leaf, bay tree, European laurel,<br />
Grecian laurel, laurel, sweet bay tree, sweetbay, true laurel<br />
PORTUGUESE: loureiro-comum, loureiro-de-apolo, loureiro-de-presunto,<br />
loureiro-dos-poetas, loureiro-ordinário, louro, louro-de-cozinha<br />
SPANISH: lore, laurel, laurel de España, laurel de los poetas,<br />
laurel noble, laureo<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as an herb (called bay leaf) in me<strong>at</strong><br />
dishes and sauces. Also used to tre<strong>at</strong> intestinal ailments and an<br />
ingredient in veterinary medicines. Leaves may be used as a<br />
cockroach repellent. Seeds contain an oil used in soaps, skin<br />
lotions, and medicines.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe or <strong>the</strong> Middle East<br />
REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Leung<br />
1961, Mabberley 1987, Pérez-Arbeláez 1956, Rehm and Espig 1991,<br />
Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Schneider 1987, Tucker 1994, Usher 1974<br />
Lecythis ampla Miers [syn. L. costaricensis Pittier]<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
ENGLISH: monkey pot<br />
SPANISH: coco de mono, coco salero, cocoboloa, jícaro, olla de mono<br />
pansuba, sapucaia<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Atlantic coast <strong>of</strong> Central America from Nicaragua to<br />
Panama’s Darién through <strong>the</strong> Magdalena Valley in Colombia to<br />
northwestern Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Flores 2002b, Martin et al. 1987, Mori and Prance 1990b<br />
Lecythis lanceol<strong>at</strong>a Poiret<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
PORTUGUESE: sapucaia-branca<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed is an edible oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guianas and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Mori and Prance 1990b<br />
Lecythis minor Jacq. [syn. L. elliptica Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
ENGLISH: monkey pot<br />
PORTUGUESE: sapucaia<br />
SPANISH: cazuela de mono, coco de mono, hoyamono, nuez del Brasil,<br />
olla de mono, palo de toro, sapucayo<br />
USES/NOTES: Oily nuts are used in chocol<strong>at</strong>es and o<strong>the</strong>r confections.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Humid lowlands <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Campbell 1984, Gregory 1960, La<br />
Rotta 1992, Martin et al. 1987, Mori et al. 1990, OAS 1973,<br />
Prance and Mori 1979, von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Lecythis ollaria L.<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
ENGLISH: monkey pot<br />
PORTUGUESE: sapucaia<br />
SPANISH: cazuela de mono, coco de mono, hoyamono, nuez del Brasil,<br />
olla de mono, palo de toro, sapucayo<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible nut is used in chocol<strong>at</strong>es and o<strong>the</strong>r confections.<br />
When grown under certain conditions seeds may contain a toxic<br />
substance th<strong>at</strong> can result in hair and fingernail loss when e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
in large quantities.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Humid lowlands <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Gregory 1960, La Rotta 1992, Mori et al.<br />
1990, OAS 1973, Prance and Mori 1979, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, von Reis<br />
Altschul 1973<br />
Lecythis pisonis Cambess. [syn. L. amapaensis Ledoux, L. amazonum<br />
Mart. ex O. Berg, L. pisonis Cambess. subsp. usit<strong>at</strong>a S.A. Mori &<br />
Prance, L. paraensis Huber, L. usit<strong>at</strong>a Miers, L. usit<strong>at</strong>a Miers<br />
var. paraensis (Ducke) F. Knuth, Pachylecythis egleri Ledoux]<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
ENGLISH: cream nut, monkey nut, Pará nut, paradise nut, sapucaia<br />
PORTUGUESE: castanha-sapucaia, sapokaia, sapucaia, sapucaia-do-<br />
Amapá, sapucaia-grande, sapucaínha<br />
SPANISH: castaña de monte, kakeralli<br />
USES/NOTES: Protien-rich, edible nut and its oil are similar in<br />
quality to <strong>the</strong> Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), but are less<br />
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commercially <strong>at</strong>tractive because <strong>the</strong> nut is more difficult to<br />
harvest and store. A medicinal tea is made from <strong>the</strong> bark. Wood,<br />
used in construction, is especially durable in w<strong>at</strong>er.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Branch and Silva 1983,<br />
Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, La Rotta 1992, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, Mori et al. 1990, Mors and Rizzini 1966, Pérez-Arbeláez<br />
1956, Posey 1985, Prance and Mori 1979, Silva et al. 1977, Smith<br />
et al. 1992, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Lecythis zabucajo Aublet [syn. L. hians A.C. Sm.]<br />
FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut)<br />
ENGLISH: monkey pot, paradise nut<br />
PORTUGUESE: sapucaia<br />
SPANISH: cazuela de mono, nuez del Brasil, nuez del paraíso, olla<br />
de mono, palo de toro, zabucajo<br />
USES/NOTES: Nut is used in confections, especially chocol<strong>at</strong>es. Also<br />
an essential oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Moist lowlands <strong>of</strong> tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Campbell 1984, Gregory 1960,<br />
Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Mori et al. 1990, Rankin de Mérona<br />
et al. 1992, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ledum glandulosum Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
ENGLISH: glandular Labrador tea<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea, and fresh leaves can be chewed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Hickman 1993<br />
Ledum groenlandicum Oeder<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
ENGLISH: bog tea, Labrador tea<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Medsger 1939, Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ledum palustre subsp. decumbens (Aiton) Hultén [syn. L. decumbens<br />
(Aiton) Lodd. ex Steudel]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: bog tea, crystal tea, crystal tea ledum, Labrador tea,<br />
wild rosemary<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North American tundra<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Lemaireocereus chichipe (Gossw.) Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: chichibe (tree), chichipe (tree), chichituna (fruit)<br />
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USES/NOTES: Edible fruits <strong>of</strong> this large tree-like cactus are sold in<br />
markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola<br />
1990, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Lemaireocereus deficiens Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
USES/NOTES: Spiny fruit’s red to white pulp is edible. Also common<br />
as a hedge plant.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central coastal Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), Martin et al. 1987<br />
Lemaireocereus griseus (Haw.) Britton & Rose [syn. Stenocereus<br />
griseus (Haw.) F. Buxb.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: cardón d<strong>at</strong>a, d<strong>at</strong>o, yaraguey<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit and stems are e<strong>at</strong>en. Dried woody stems are used in<br />
house construction. Burned wood is used for fertilizer. Also<br />
grown as a living fence.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Venezuela and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Caribbean islands from<br />
Curaçao to Trinidad<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Hoyas<br />
1989, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Lemaireocereus gummosus (Engelm.) Britton & Rose [includes Cereus<br />
gummosus Engelm., Macheocereus gummosus (Engelm.) Britton & Rose,<br />
Stenocereus gummosus (Engelm.) Gibs.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: creeping devil, dagger cactus, sour pitaya<br />
SPANISH: pitahaya, pitahaya agria, pitaya agria<br />
USES/NOTES: Red fruit’s purple pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en or made into wine and<br />
seeds are edible. Stem pulp is mashed and used as a fish poison.<br />
Also grown as a living fence.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola<br />
1990, Martin et al. 1987, Lauri 2000, Nobel 1988, Nobel 1994,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Lemaireocereus margin<strong>at</strong>us (DC.) Backeb. & F. Knuth [syn. Cereus<br />
margin<strong>at</strong>us DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: organo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Mabberley<br />
1987<br />
Lemaireocereus queretaroensis (Weber) Saff.<br />
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FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: pitahaya<br />
USES/NOTES: Spiny fruit (to 8 cm long) <strong>of</strong> this tree-like cactus, is<br />
edible. Previously placed in <strong>the</strong> genus Pachycereus.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola<br />
1990, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Lemaireocereus stell<strong>at</strong>us (Pfeiffer) Britton & Rose [syn.<br />
Stenocereus stell<strong>at</strong>us (Pfeiffer) Britton & Rose]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: joconostle<br />
USES/NOTES: Spiny red fruit’s pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCE: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola<br />
1990, Martin et al. 1987.<br />
Lemaireocereus weberi (J. Coulter) Britton & Rose [syn.<br />
Pachycereus weberi (J. Coulter) Backeb., Stenocereus weberi<br />
(Coult.) Buxbaum]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: candebobe, candelabro, cardón, cardón espinoso, chico<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits and seeds <strong>of</strong> this tree-like cactus are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn and south-central Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Lemna minor L.<br />
FAMILY: Lemnaceae (duckweed)<br />
ENGLISH: duckme<strong>at</strong>, duckweed, lesser duckweed<br />
PORTUGUESE: lentilha-d’água, nadabau<br />
SPANISH: lenteja de agua<br />
USES/NOTES: Aqu<strong>at</strong>ic plant, generally fed to ducks and geese, has<br />
been used as a vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: cosmopolitan<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin and<br />
Ruberté 1975, Usher 1974<br />
Lens culinaris Medikus [syn. L. esculenta Moench, Ervum lens L.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: lentil, masur, red dhal<br />
PORTUGUESE: lentilha<br />
SPANISH: lenteja<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds, rich in protein and nutrients, are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked<br />
or as flour and young pods are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable. Seeds also<br />
are medicinal and stalks are used for fodder. The lentil <strong>of</strong><br />
commerce was domestic<strong>at</strong>ed over 10,000 years ago and is well<br />
adapted to dry conditions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Fertile Crescent, perhaps Turkey<br />
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REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Duke 1981, Guia Rural n.d., Howard 1994,<br />
Kartesz 1994, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991,<br />
Singh and Singh 1992<br />
Leonia glycycarpa Ruiz & Pavón<br />
FAMILY: Violaceae (violet)<br />
PORTUGUESE: coração-de-negro, fruto-de-macaco, gogó-de-guariba<br />
SPANISH: kunkuim nujint, nina caspi, tamara, yemenca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Davis and<br />
Yost 1983, Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Leonia triandra Cautrec. ex L.B. Sm. & A. Fernández<br />
FAMILY: Violaceae (violet)<br />
SPANISH: yema de huevo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, perhaps to Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl.<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: grape hyacinth<br />
SPANISH: camasia<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, boiled, baked, fried, cooked in<br />
pies, pickeled, or dried.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Leopoldinia piassaba Wallace<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: monkey bass, Pará piassava, piassaba palm, piassava palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: piaçaba, piaçava, piassaba, piassaba-do-Pará, piassava<br />
SPANISH: chiquechique, chíquechíque, chiquichique, chiquichiqui,<br />
chiqui-chiqui, fibra, malama, málama, manamazu, maramapé,<br />
piasaba, piasava, piasavá, titiá<br />
USES/NOTES: Fiber, used for rope, brooms, baskets, hammocks, h<strong>at</strong>s,<br />
and <strong>the</strong> like, is obtained from a fibrous mass around <strong>the</strong> stem<br />
just below <strong>the</strong> tree’s lowest living leaves. Fruits are made into<br />
an enjoyable creamy beverage by adding w<strong>at</strong>er to <strong>the</strong> pulp mash.<br />
Fruits also are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> an industrial oil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Upper Rio Negro and Orinoco river w<strong>at</strong>ersheds in <strong>the</strong><br />
border region <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, and<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>astern Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Bernal 1992, Dugand 1961, Guia Rural n.d., Henderson et<br />
al. 1995, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Lescure et al. 1992, OAS 1973, Putz<br />
1979, Silva et al. 1977, Schultes 1988<br />
Leopoldinia pulchra Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
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PORTUGUESE: jará<br />
SPANISH: cucurito, yará<br />
USES/NOTES: Liquid endosperm <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> small, fl<strong>at</strong>tened, 2.5 cm fruit<br />
tastes like coconut (Cocos nucifera) and is sipped from open<br />
fruits as a snack by inhabitants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> middle Rio Negro near<br />
Barcelos, Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Rio Negro margins <strong>of</strong> Amazonas, Brazil, Colombia, and<br />
Venezuela extending to <strong>the</strong> upper Orinoco, and rarely along whitew<strong>at</strong>er<br />
streams elsewhere in Brazil’s Amazonas st<strong>at</strong>e<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Listabarth 1999,<br />
Silva et al. 1977<br />
Lepidium campestre (L.) Br.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: bastard cress, cow cress, field pepergrass, pepperwort<br />
USES/NOTES: Peppery greens and seed pods are added to salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Peterson 1977<br />
Lepidium fremontii S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: pepperweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en as flour or used as a flavoring agent.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lepidium l<strong>at</strong>ifulium L.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: dittander<br />
USES/NOTES: Ancient Greeks added <strong>the</strong> peppery greens to salads, and<br />
roots and seeds may be used as spicy condiments.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region, Europe and North Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Lepidium meyenii Walp.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: maca, Peruvian ginseng<br />
SPANISH: ayak, ayak willku, chichira, chijura, maca, maca-maca,<br />
maíno, maka<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, brown, turnip-like roots <strong>of</strong> this rare, highland<br />
species are e<strong>at</strong>en baked and roasted (sometimes in ear<strong>the</strong>n pits),<br />
made into porridge (called mazamorra) after being dried and<br />
soaked or boiled, and fermented into maca chicha, a beverage<br />
sometimes mixed with o<strong>the</strong>r alcoholic beverages to make coctel de<br />
maca. Roots also are used to flavor aguardiente, an alcohol<br />
derived from sugarcane. Small leaves are used as salad greens and<br />
are fed to guinea pigs, an Andean delicacy.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Andean highlands from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Peru through<br />
Bolivia into northwesterm Argentina, now nearly restricted to <strong>the</strong><br />
Lake Junín region <strong>of</strong> Peru<br />
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REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1969, King 1987, King 1988, León 1964,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Ochoa and Ugent 2001, NRC 1989, Rehm and Espig<br />
1991, Vietmeyer 1992, Wilson 1992<br />
Lepidium s<strong>at</strong>ivum L.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: common garden cress, cress, garden cress, garden pepper<br />
cress, pepper grass<br />
PORTUGUESE: agrião-da-terra, agrião-da-terra-enxuta, agrião-do-seco,<br />
agrião-dos-jardins, mastruço, mastruço-do-sol, mastruço-hortense<br />
SPANISH: cresón, lepidio, mastuerzo<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a salad green, roots occasionally are<br />
used as a condiment, and seeds are an edible oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Egypt to West Asia, now nearly cosmopolitan<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bianchini and Corbeta 1976, Bourke et al.<br />
1987, Duke 1986, Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Schneider 1987,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Van Feu n.d.<br />
Lepidium virginicum L.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: peppergrass, poor man’s pepper, Virginia cress, wild<br />
pepper-grass<br />
SPANISH: papayita<br />
USES/NOTES: Greens and seed pods may be added to salads or used as a<br />
garnish.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America, now nearly cosmopolitan<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Bye 1993, Facciola 1990,<br />
Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Jonsell 1982, Morton 1976a, Peterson<br />
1977, Tomikel 1986<br />
Leptochloopsis virg<strong>at</strong>a (Poiret) Y<strong>at</strong>es [syn. Uniola virg<strong>at</strong>a<br />
(Poiret) Griseb.]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: limestone grass, wiregrass<br />
SPANISH: espartillo, yerba de alambre<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: All <strong>the</strong> Gre<strong>at</strong>er Antilles and <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Lesser<br />
Antilles, and perhaps to o<strong>the</strong>r Caribbean islands<br />
REFERENCES: Liogier and Martorell 2000, Nellis 1994, Peterson 2001,<br />
Webster and Peterson 1996<br />
Leptotes bicolor Lindley [syn. Tetramicra bicolor (Lindley) Rolfe]<br />
FAMILY: Orchidaceae (orchid)<br />
ENGLISH: bicolored leptotes<br />
USES/NOTES: Seedpod has been used as a flavoring agent like vanilla,<br />
especially for ice cream. The small epiphytic orchid produces<br />
beautiful white and purple flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil from Bahia to Santa C<strong>at</strong>arina and eastern<br />
Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Bicalho 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
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Lespedeza capit<strong>at</strong>a Michaux<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: round-head lespedeza<br />
USES/NOTES: Comanche made a tea from <strong>the</strong> plant.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America, from Ontario to Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kindscher 1987<br />
Leucaena esculenta (Moçiño & Sessé) Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: leucaena<br />
PORTUGUESE: leucena<br />
SPANISH: guaje<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds, sold in local markets, are e<strong>at</strong>en salted when<br />
still green or cooked when m<strong>at</strong>ure. Young leaves also are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Martin and Ruberté 1975, Smith et al.<br />
1992, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit [syn. L. glauca auct. non (L.)<br />
Benth.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: cowbush, jumbie bean, jumpy bean, leadtree, leucaena,<br />
miracle tree, shack-shack, West Indies mimosa, white popinac,<br />
wild mimosa, wild taman, wild tamarind<br />
PORTUGUESE: leucena<br />
SPANISH: acacia, acacia palida, aroma blanca, aroma boba, aroma<br />
mansa, barba de león, calguaje, calloaxin, chalip, dormilín, efe,<br />
frijol guaje, granadillo bobo, granadino, guache, guache de<br />
tierra caliente, guaje blanco, guaje de casa, guaje de casero,<br />
guaje verde, guas, guash, guash de castilla, guashe, hediondilla,<br />
huaje, huaxin, ipilipil, ipil-ipil, leucena, lino, lino criollo,<br />
mac<strong>at</strong>a, mac<strong>at</strong>a blanca, mimosa, monval, panelo, pashaquilla,<br />
tamarindillo, tantan, tumbarabu, uaxim, vaxi, yage, yail ba’ ade<br />
USES/NOTES: Protein-rich seeds, pods, leaves, and flower buds are<br />
edible, though infrequently e<strong>at</strong>en. Young leaves are a quelite<br />
source in parts <strong>of</strong> Mexico – quelite being a generic term for<br />
certain kinds <strong>of</strong> green leafy vegetables <strong>of</strong>ten used like common<br />
spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Young seeds and pods are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
cooked or fresh when very young, dried young seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
popped, and m<strong>at</strong>ure seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled or are ground and used<br />
like c<strong>of</strong>fee (C<strong>of</strong>fea spp.). Gum can be used to thicken foods.<br />
Planted widely in Middle America, and increasingly elsewhere, as<br />
a source <strong>of</strong> fuel wood, fodder, green manure, to shade o<strong>the</strong>r crops<br />
(such as c<strong>of</strong>fee), as a living fence, and for its ability to<br />
n<strong>at</strong>urally fix nitrogen in <strong>the</strong> soil. Because <strong>of</strong> its rapid growth<br />
and multiple uses, it is being grown as a plant<strong>at</strong>ion cultivar to<br />
reduce pressure on n<strong>at</strong>ural forests. Referred to as <strong>the</strong> miracle<br />
tree for its vers<strong>at</strong>ility and rapid growth (to 6 meters/year).<br />
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Planting outside its n<strong>at</strong>ive range, although widely practiced, is<br />
potentially probelm<strong>at</strong>ic as this tree escapes easily from<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ion to become invasive under favorable conditions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, n<strong>at</strong>uralized and<br />
pestiferous in many warm regions from Brazil to Florida to parts<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Old World<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FLEPPC 2003,<br />
Guia Rural n.d., Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Morton 1976a, Myers 1992, NAS<br />
1977, Nelson 1994, Oakes 1968, Parrotta 2002, Smith et al. 1992,<br />
Vietmeyer 1986<br />
Leucaena pulverulenta (Schltr.) Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: gre<strong>at</strong> leadtree, leadtree, leucaena<br />
PORTUGUESE: leucena<br />
SPANISH: palo haux, tepehuaje<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pod is cooked with chili or fermented to make<br />
pulque and young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable. The hybrid, L.<br />
pulverulenta x L. leucocephala grows rapidly and is cold hardy<br />
but susceptible to pests.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Texas through Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Brewbaker and Sorensson 1990, Smith et al.<br />
1992<br />
Leucan<strong>the</strong>mum integrifolium (Richards.) DC. [syn. Chrysan<strong>the</strong>mum<br />
integrifolium Steetz in Seemann]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: chop suey greens, entireleaf daisy, garland chrysan<strong>the</strong>mum<br />
USES/NOTES: Young stems and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a cooked vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Berendsohn and Araniva de González 1989b, Facciola 1990<br />
Leucan<strong>the</strong>mum vulgare Lam. [syn. L. leucan<strong>the</strong>mum (L.) Rydb.,<br />
Chrysan<strong>the</strong>mum leucan<strong>the</strong>mum L.]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: daisy, dog daisy, marguerite, moon daisy, ox-eye daisy<br />
SPANISH: hierba amarilla, marguerite<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, arom<strong>at</strong>ic leaves are added to salads or cooked as<br />
greens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Mabberley<br />
1987, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986<br />
Levisticum <strong>of</strong>ficinale (Baillon) Koch<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: bladderseed, lovage<br />
PORTUGUESE: levístico<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a po<strong>the</strong>rb, rhizomes are used as a<br />
spice, and fruits are added to flavor foods and liqueurs.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe<br />
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REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Mabberley 1987, Nuemann n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Lewisia rediviva Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Portulacaceae (purslane)<br />
ENGLISH: bitterroot, bitterroot lewisia<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible roots have been appreci<strong>at</strong>ed by Amerindians. Nuts<br />
must be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked to remove bitterness.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Harrington 1967,<br />
Kirk 1970, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Leymus arenarius (L.) Hochst.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: sea lyme-grass, strand whe<strong>at</strong><br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en like rice and o<strong>the</strong>r cereal grains.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions, introduced to temper<strong>at</strong>e<br />
South America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Marticorena and<br />
Quezada 1985<br />
Leymus condens<strong>at</strong>us (J. Presl) Löve [syn. Elymus condens<strong>at</strong>us J.<br />
Presl]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: giant rye, giant wild rye<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians made flour from <strong>the</strong> seeds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Leymus racemosus (Lam.) Tzvelev [syn. Elymus racemosus Lam.]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: Volga wild rye<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and tender roots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kartesz 1994<br />
Leymus triticoides (Buckley) Pilger [syn. Elymus triticoides<br />
Buckley]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: beardless wild rye, squaw grass, wild beardless rye, wild<br />
rye, wild whe<strong>at</strong><br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> ground seeds in porridge and bread.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S. and Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Kirk 1970, Medsger 1939, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Li<strong>at</strong>ris punct<strong>at</strong>a Hook.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: blazing star, dotted button-snake-root, dotted gay<br />
fea<strong>the</strong>r, gayfea<strong>the</strong>r, Kansas gayfea<strong>the</strong>r, starwort<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
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REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Licania apetala (E. Meyer) Fritsch [syn. L. pendula Benth.]<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ajuru, caraipé, caripé, caripé-da-várzea, caripévermelho,<br />
cariperana, macucu-chiador, uchirana, uxí-do-igapó<br />
SPANISH: apacharama<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru and Brazil and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Prance 1972a,<br />
Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Licania canescens Benoist<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: macucu, macucu-chiador<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor <strong>of</strong> Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and Bolivia to<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela and French Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Steyermark et al.<br />
1995, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Licania glabriflora Prance<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: macucu, mucucu<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor <strong>of</strong> Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Licania heteromorpha Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
ENGLISH: kairiaballi<br />
PORTUGUESE: ajuru, macucu, macucu-xiador<br />
SPANISH: apacharama, casharana<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Also to tre<strong>at</strong> diarrhea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil and Guyana to Amazonian Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Johnston and<br />
Colquhoun 1996, Martin et al. 1987, Prance 1972a, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Licania hypoleuca Benth. var. hypoleuca<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
SPANISH: guarrey macho, hierrillo, hierrillo blanco, jocote de<br />
fraile<br />
USES/NOTES: Reddish pear-shaped fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical humid lowlands from Gu<strong>at</strong>emala to <strong>the</strong><br />
Guianas and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: FUDENA n.d.<br />
Licania incana Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ajuru<br />
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USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, Guiana, Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Licania kunthiana Hook.f.<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: oiti, pajurazinho<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor <strong>of</strong> Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Licania l<strong>at</strong>ifolia Benth. ex Hook.f.<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: macucu-de-sangue, macucu-sangue<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor <strong>of</strong> Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador to eastern Amazonian Brazil and<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Silva et al.<br />
1977, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Licania licaniiflora (Sagot) S.F. Blake [syn. L. parinarioides<br />
Hub.]<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: copuda<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Prance 1972a<br />
Licania macrocarpa Cu<strong>at</strong>rec.<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
SPANISH: parinari<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia into<br />
northwestern Ecuador, western Colombia, and central Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Prance 1972a, Prance 1989a,<br />
Renner et al. 1990<br />
Licania macrophylla Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: anauerá, macucu-terra<br />
SPANISH: anaura<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Licania michauxii Prance<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
ENGLISH: gopher apple, ground oak<br />
USES/NOTES: Two to three cm long drupe is edible, though generally<br />
bland to undesirable in flavor. Growing generally no more than 25<br />
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cm tall and spreading by stolons and seeds, <strong>the</strong> gopher apple<br />
makes for an excellent ground cover for dry, sunny sites.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Dunes and sand hills <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern coastal<br />
plain from South Carolina to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida and Louisiana<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett (unpublished), Godfrey 1988, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Prance 1972a, Taylor 1998<br />
Licania oblongifolia Standley<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: macucu-chiador<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Prance 1972a, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Licania octandra (H<strong>of</strong>fsgg. ex R. & S.) Kuntze subsp. pallida<br />
(Hook.f.) Prance<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: caraipé, caripé, caripé-vermelho, uxi-do-igapó<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Licania parviflora Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ajuru<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Prance 1972a<br />
Licania pl<strong>at</strong>ypus (Hemsley) Fritsch.<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
ENGLISH: monkey apple, sansapote, sunsapote<br />
SPANISH: chupa, mesonzapote, sangre, sansapote, sonzapote, sapote,<br />
sumn, súngano, sunza, sunzapote, uraca, urraca, urraco, zapote,<br />
zapote cabello, zinzapote, zunza<br />
USES/NOTES: Large round yellow berries contain an edible pulp.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, and tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, León 1987, Leung<br />
1961, Martin et al. 1987, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997, OAS 1973,<br />
Usher 1974<br />
Licania pyrifolia Griseb.<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
SPANISH: merecure<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its edible fruits.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and Martinique<br />
REFERENCES: FUDENA n.d., Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Prance<br />
1972a<br />
Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch<br />
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FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bragança, goiti, oiti, oiti-cagão, oiti-da-praia, oitimirim,<br />
oiticica<br />
USES/NOTES: Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its edible fruit.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern Brazil to <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, Prance<br />
1972a, Smith et al. 1995<br />
Ligusticum scothicum L.<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: Scotch lovage<br />
USES/NOTES: Green sprouts are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb, leafstalks are used<br />
like celery (Apium graveolens), and young shoots and roots are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en candied like angelica (Angelica archangelica).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald et al 1958, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ligusticum scothicum L. subsp. hultenii (Fern.) Calder & Taylor<br />
[syn. L. hultenii Fern.]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
USES/NOTES: The plant is e<strong>at</strong>en as an herb with fish.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Alaska and western Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lilium brownii F. Br. ex Miellez<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: Hong Kong lily<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs and fruit are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Porterfield 1951, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Lilium columbianum Hort. ex Baker<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: Columbia lily, Oregon lily<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn California to British Columbia and Idaho<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Lilium lancifolium Thunb. [syn. L. tigrinum Ker-Gawler]<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: tiger lily<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs and fruit are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Porterfield 1951<br />
Lilium parviflorum Holzinger<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: pan<strong>the</strong>r lily<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs have been e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians in British<br />
Columbia.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lilium philadelphicum L. var. andinum (Nutt.) Ker-Gawler [syn. L.<br />
montanum Nelson, L. umbell<strong>at</strong>um Pursh]<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: orange-cup lily, western orange-cup lily, wood lily<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs <strong>of</strong> this rare and protected plant taste like<br />
chestnuts (Castanea spp.) and are used like pot<strong>at</strong>oes or to<br />
thicken soup.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and western North America,<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967, Marshall 1993,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lilium superbum L.<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: American Turk’s-cap lily, lily-royal, swamp lily, Turk’s<br />
cap, Turk’s-cap lily<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs harvested from <strong>the</strong> wild are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or used<br />
to thicken soups. Large orange-red flowers are <strong>at</strong>tractive.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Canada to Georgia and Alabama<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Marshall 1993, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Limnophila arom<strong>at</strong>ica (Lam.) Merr.<br />
FAMILY: Scrophulariaceae (figwort or snapdragon)<br />
ENGLISH: finger grass, rice paddy herb, swamp leaf<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Asia and Australia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Tanaka 1976, Zarucchi 1998<br />
Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume [syn. L. aestivale var. pubescens<br />
(Palmer & Steyerm.) Rehder, Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees]<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
ENGLISH: Benjamin bush, common spicebush, spicebush, wild allspice<br />
USES/NOTES: Red drupes, to about a cm long, may be e<strong>at</strong>en raw or more<br />
typically dried and ground as a spice in cooked foods, arom<strong>at</strong>ic<br />
young leaves, twigs, bark, and fruits are used for tea or as a<br />
spice like allspice (Pimenta dioica), and young bark may be<br />
chewed. Deciduous shrub to small tree adds interest to <strong>the</strong><br />
landscape for its aroma and edibility.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Ontario to central Florida<br />
and eastern Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1997, FNAEC 1997, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Harris<br />
1972, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1994, Peterson<br />
1977, Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Linum bienne Miller<br />
FAMILY: Linaceae (flax)<br />
ENGLISH: blue flax<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds contain linseed oil, a drying oil used in<br />
processed foods and paints, varnishs, and o<strong>the</strong>r industrial<br />
compounds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Munz 1968<br />
Linum lewisii Pursh [syn. L. perenne L. var. lewisii]<br />
FAMILY: Linaceae (flax)<br />
ENGLISH: prairie flax, Rocky Mountain flax<br />
USES/NOTES: Pleasant tasting seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked with o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
foods. Due to cyanide content, seeds must not be e<strong>at</strong>en raw.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, Munz 1974<br />
Linum perenne L.<br />
FAMILY: Linaceae (flax)<br />
ENGLISH: blue flax, wild flax<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked with o<strong>the</strong>r foods. Uncooked seeds,<br />
however, contain cyanide and must not be e<strong>at</strong>en raw.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe and North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970, Mabberley 1987, Munz 1968<br />
Linum usit<strong>at</strong>issimum L.<br />
FAMILY: Linaceae (flax)<br />
ENGLISH: flax, lin, linseed<br />
PORTUGUESE: linão, linho<br />
SPANISH: linaza, lino<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or used as tea, and seed oil is<br />
used in cooking, medicines, and industry. Also a fiber source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean and temper<strong>at</strong>e Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Allchin 1969, Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d.,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Marcin 1983, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974<br />
Lippia alba (Miller) N.E. Br. ex Britton & Wilson [syn. L.<br />
gemin<strong>at</strong>a Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: anise verbena, colic mint, cullen mint, false melissa,<br />
Guinea mint, licorice verbena, oregano<br />
PORTUGUESE: alecrim-do-campo, alecrim-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, carmelitana, ervacidreira,<br />
erva-cidreira-do-campo, melissa, salsa-brava, salsalimão<br />
SPANISH: hierbabuena, hierba de negro, mirto, pampa orégano, té de<br />
país<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is made into a beverage or medicinal tea.<br />
Occasionally cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Americas from Texas to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina and <strong>the</strong><br />
West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Morton 1976a, UFA/NYBG<br />
n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974, Voeks 1997<br />
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Lippia berlandieri Schauer<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
SPANISH: epazote, hierba dulce, orégano<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to season food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Lippia graveolens Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: Mexican oregano, mintweed, redbrush lippia<br />
SPANISH: hierba dulce, oreganillo, orégano, orégano de la sierra,<br />
orégano cimmarrón, salva real, té de país<br />
USES/NOTES: Greens are used as a spice like oregano (Origanum<br />
vulgare), or for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Texas and Mexico, perhaps into portions <strong>of</strong><br />
Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Harris 1998,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Tull 1978<br />
Lippia mexicana Grieve<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: Mexican oregano<br />
SPANISH: orégano<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves reportedly were used to season tortillas in pre-<br />
Columbian Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela and possibly Cuba<br />
REFERENCES: Coe 1994<br />
Lippia micromera Schauer and L. micromera var. helleri (Britton)<br />
Mold. [syn. L. helleri Britton]<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: fine-leaf thyme, oregano, Puerto Rican oregano (L.<br />
micromera var. helleri), Spanish thyme<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf and young stems are used as po<strong>the</strong>rbs and <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
essential oil is used to flavor liqueurs.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973<br />
Liquidambar styraciflua L. [syn. L. styraciflua var. mexicana<br />
Oerst.]<br />
FAMILY: Hamamelidaceae (witch hazel)<br />
ENGLISH: American sweetgum, bilsted, gum, redgum, sweetgum<br />
SPANISH: árbol del ámbar, caraña, copalme, estoraque, goma dulce,<br />
liquidámbar, maripenda, nogal s<strong>at</strong>inado, ocozote, quirambaro<br />
USES/NOTES: Bitter resin <strong>of</strong> this large, deciduous tree has been used<br />
like chewing gum. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S., eastern Mexico, and parts <strong>of</strong> Central<br />
America to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Costa Rica<br />
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REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Nelson 1994, OAS 1973, Peterson 1977<br />
Litchi chinensis Sonn. [syn. Dimocarpus litchi Lour., Nephelium<br />
litchi Cambess., Scytalia chinensis Gaertn.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
ENGLISH: litchi, lychee, lychee nut<br />
PORTUGUESE: lechia, lichia, litchi, litchia<br />
SPANISH: lechia, lichi, lichí, litchi, mamoncillo chino, quenepa<br />
china<br />
USES/NOTES: Hard shelled 2-3cm oblong red drupe’s juicy, whitish<br />
pink to reddish aril, with <strong>the</strong> consistency <strong>of</strong> a grape, is e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
fresh, canned, or dried. Seen under cultiv<strong>at</strong>ion on a modest scale<br />
in warm, moist subtropical regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Warm, moist lowlands <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn China<br />
REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Gregory 1960, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung<br />
1961, Popenoe 1974, Usher 1974<br />
Lithocarpus densiflora (Hook. & Arn.) Rehder in L. Bailey<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: tanbark oak, tan-oak<br />
USES/NOTES: Acorns can be e<strong>at</strong>en after leaching to remove tannins and<br />
bitterness.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, Munz 1974, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lithospermum <strong>of</strong>ficinale L.<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
ENGLISH: common gromwell<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to make Bohemian or Cro<strong>at</strong>ian tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> eastern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Litsea glaucecens Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
SPANISH: aureli, canelillo, chico, ccp<strong>at</strong>li de chietla, laurel,<br />
laurel chico, laurelillo, sufricalla, tzij uch, tzil tzil ujch’,<br />
tziltzil zujch, tziltzilzujch’, zit-zuch<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is used as a spice in a variety <strong>of</strong> cooked dishes<br />
and is prepared as a beverage tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Linares 2003, MBG n.d., Torres n.d.<br />
Litsea neesiana (Schauer) Hemsley<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
ENGLISH: litsea<br />
SPANISH: laurel de la sierra<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is prepared as a beverage or medicinal tea,<br />
especially to sooth <strong>the</strong> stomach.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Central America<br />
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REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Lobelia berlandieri A. DC.<br />
FAMILY: Campanulaceae (bellflower)<br />
SPANISH: ithim pal<strong>at</strong>s<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are cooked and e<strong>at</strong>en as greens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984<br />
Lom<strong>at</strong>ium ambiguum (Nutt.) Coulter & Rose [syn. Cogswellia ambigua<br />
(Nutt.) Jones], also L. canbyi (Coulter & Rose) Coulter & Rose<br />
[syn. Cogswellia canbyi (Coulter & Rose) Jones], L. cous (S.<br />
W<strong>at</strong>son) Coulter & Rose [syn. Cogswellia cous (S. W<strong>at</strong>son) Jones],<br />
and L. farinosum (Hook.) Coulter & Rose [syn. Cogswellia farinosa<br />
(Hook.) Jones]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: cous root, wild parsnip<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or pounded and made into cakes or<br />
biscuits.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lom<strong>at</strong>ium californicum (Nutt.) M<strong>at</strong>hias & Constance<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: wild celery-parsley<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots and tops are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Munz 1974<br />
Lom<strong>at</strong>ium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) M<strong>at</strong>hias & Constance<br />
[syn. Leptotaenia multifida Nutt.]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: cough root, Indian balsam, fern-leaved biscuit root<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are edible and made into a medicinal tea. Seeds<br />
and spouts have been used for food, though also to be poisonous.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Kartesz 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lom<strong>at</strong>ium foeniculaceum (Nutt.) Coulter & Rose [syn. Cogswellia<br />
foeniculacea (Nutt.) Coulter and Rose]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: carrot-leaved lom<strong>at</strong>ium, prairie parsley<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are added to salads and dried roots are made into<br />
flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Yanovsky 1936<br />
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Lom<strong>at</strong>ium hallii (S. W<strong>at</strong>son) Coulter & Rose [syn. L. macrocarpum<br />
(Hook. & Arn.) Coulter & Rose, Cogswellia macrocarpa (Nutt.)<br />
Jones]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: large fruited buscuit-root<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots and seeds are edible, and leaves are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, Kirk 1970, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lom<strong>at</strong>ium nudicaule (Pursh) Coulter & Rose [syn. Cogswellia<br />
nudicaulis (Pursh) Jones]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: cow parsley, smyrnium<br />
USES/NOTES: Vitamin C rich greens are e<strong>at</strong>en as a veg<strong>at</strong>able, and<br />
roots are occasionally e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, Munz and Keck 1959,<br />
Sturtevant 1972, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lom<strong>at</strong>ium utricul<strong>at</strong>um (Pursh) Coulter & Rose [syn. Cogswellia<br />
utricul<strong>at</strong>a (Nutt.) Jones]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: desert gold, pomo celery<br />
USES/NOTES: Greens are e<strong>at</strong>en as a veg<strong>at</strong>able.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, Munz 1974, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lonchocarpus longistylus Pittier<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
SPANISH: bal-ché, balché, palo gusano, saayab, sakiab, xbal-che’<br />
USES/NOTES: The Maya added strips <strong>of</strong> bark from this and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
Lonchocarpus spp. to a w<strong>at</strong>er and honey or sugar concoction th<strong>at</strong><br />
was allowed to ferment into an alcoholic, ceremonial beverage,<br />
called balché. The bark reportedly has psychoactive properties.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, adjacent Belize and Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Coe 1994, Niembro Rocas 2002b, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Lonicera caerulea L.<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle)<br />
ENGLISH: honeysuckle<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed as a landscape plant, and for its edible<br />
fruit.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e Asia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Zarucchi 1998<br />
Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) D.C.<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle)<br />
ENGLISH: honeysuckle<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are edible.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn California to Alaska<br />
REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lonicera involucr<strong>at</strong>a Banks ex Sprengel<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle)<br />
ENGLISH: bearberry, bearberry honeysuckle, twinberry honeysuckle,<br />
twinberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Black berries are said to be <strong>of</strong> good quality, e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
fresh or dried.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern North America through <strong>the</strong> high Rockies<br />
<strong>of</strong> New Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lonicera japonica Thunb.<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle)<br />
ENGLISH: gold-and-silver flower, Japanese honeysuckle<br />
PORTUGUESE: madressilva<br />
SPANISH: madre selva, madreselva<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried leaves, young buds, and flowers <strong>of</strong> this vigorous<br />
twining vine are made into tea. Flowers and young leaves are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable and <strong>the</strong> sweet nectar is sucked from flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Japan, n<strong>at</strong>uralized and invasive in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Crowhurst 1972, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, Facciola 1990, FLEPPC 2003, W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975<br />
Loreya arborescens (Aublet) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
SPANISH: sacha nisperillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guianas to Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Renner 1989<br />
Loreya spruceana Benth. ex Triana [syn. L. coll<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a Wurdack,<br />
Bellucia spruceana (Benth. ex Triana) J.F. Macbride]<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
SPANISH: titemeneca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador to central Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Davis and Yost 1983, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992<br />
Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: angled lo<strong>of</strong>ah, Chinese okra, ghingie, lo<strong>of</strong>ah, luffa,<br />
ridged gourd, sponge gourd, vegetable gourd<br />
PORTUGUESE: bucha, bucha de purga, bucha dos campistas, bucha verde,<br />
esponja-vegetal<br />
SPANISH: calabazo, coladera, esponja, esponja vegetal, esponjilla,<br />
estopa, estropajo, estropajole, jaboncillo, lufa, loufa,<br />
melocotón, mochilita, muñeco, musu, musú, paiste, paste, paxte,<br />
payste, pazte, servilleta del pobre<br />
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USES/NOTES: Young fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked and dried fruits are<br />
medicinal. The m<strong>at</strong>ure fruit fiber is used as a filter, a sponge,<br />
and for stuffing or padding, as in packaging.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India (probably Northwestern India)<br />
REFERENCES: Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute 1974, Duke 1986,<br />
Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Martin 1979, Martin<br />
1984b, Oldfield 1981, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong<br />
1991, Rehm and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, von Reis<br />
Altschul and Lipp 1982<br />
Luffa aegyptiaca Miller [syn. L. cylindrica (L.) Roemer]<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: b<strong>at</strong>h sponge, Chinese okra, dishcloth gourd, ghingie,<br />
lo<strong>of</strong>ah, luffa, smooth lo<strong>of</strong>ah, sponge gourd, vegetable gourd<br />
PORTUGUESE: bucha, bucha de coco, bucha de pescador, bucha de purga,<br />
bucha dos paulistas, buchinha, esfregão, esponja-vegetal, fruta<br />
dos paulistas, gonçalinho, lava pr<strong>at</strong>os, maxixe-do-Pará, pepinobravo,<br />
quingombô grande<br />
SPANISH: bejuco esponjilla, calabazo, coladera, esponja, esponja<br />
vegetal, estopa, estopón, esponjilla, estropajo, estropajole,<br />
jaboncillo, lufa, loufa, melocotón, mochilita, muñeco, musu,<br />
musú, paiste, paste, paxte, payste, pazte, servilleta del pobre,<br />
tzonayotli<br />
USES/NOTES: Young fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, dried fruits are<br />
medicinal, and m<strong>at</strong>ure fruit’s fiber is used as a filter, a<br />
sponge, or for stuffing and padding, as in packaging.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India (probably Northwestern India)<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Martin 1979,<br />
Martin 1984b, Oldfield 1981, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Price 1990,<br />
Rodríguez Martínez 1987<br />
Luffa opercul<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Cogn.<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: lo<strong>of</strong>ah, luffa<br />
PORTUGUESE: buchinha-do-nordeste, buchinha-do-norte, cabacinha,<br />
esponja-vegetal<br />
SPANISH: esponja vegetal<br />
USES/NOTES: Young fruits <strong>of</strong> non-bitter varieties are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
Fiberous m<strong>at</strong>ure fruit is used as a sponge.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Brücher 1989<br />
Lupinus albus L. [syn. L. termis Forssk.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Egyptian lupine, field lupine, tremoco, white lupine,<br />
wolfbean<br />
PORTUGUESE: tremoço-branco<br />
SPANISH: altramuz blanco, lupino, lupino blanco, tremoco<br />
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USES/NOTES: Seed is edible macer<strong>at</strong>ed, roasted seeds are used as a<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute, and <strong>the</strong> plant is grown for forage, soil<br />
improvement, and as a green manure.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe’s Balkan Peninsula<br />
REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Cárdenas 1969, Duke 1981, Guia Rural n.d.,<br />
Haq 1993, Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974,<br />
Wiersema et al. 1990<br />
Lupinus littoralis Douglas<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinook-licorice, comnuchtan, seashore lupine, shore<br />
lupine<br />
USES/NOTES: Long, starchy roots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked and can be sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast from nor<strong>the</strong>rn California to Canada,<br />
coastal dunes<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Dunn and Gillett 1966, Gun<strong>the</strong>r<br />
1981, Moerman 1998, Turner 1995, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lupinus luteus L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: European yellow lupine, yellow lupin, yellow lupine<br />
PORTUGUESE: tremoço-amarelo, tremoço-amarelo-doce<br />
SPANISH: altramuz, lupino<br />
USES/NOTES: Roasted seeds are used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute and green<br />
tops are e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetable. Also grown as a green manure.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Guia Rural n.d., Haq 1993, IBGE 1980,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974, Wiersema et al.<br />
1990, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lupinus mutabilis Sweet<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Andean lupin, bush lupine, lupin(e), pearl lupin(e), South<br />
American lupine, tarwi<br />
PORTUGUESE: tremoço<br />
SPANISH: altramuz, <strong>at</strong>ramuz, chochito, chocho, chochos, chuchus,<br />
chuchus muti, lupino, tarhui, tarui, tarwi, taura, tauri, taurí,<br />
ullus<br />
USES/NOTES: Nutritious, protein-rich, oily seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en after<br />
drying and processing to remove poisonous, bitter alkaloids –<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten ground into flour. Leaves also have been e<strong>at</strong>en. Once an<br />
important food plant in <strong>the</strong> Andes compared to today. Also grown<br />
for fodder and as an ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Bolivia and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Cárdenas 1969, Coe 1994, Duke 1981, Gade<br />
1969, Haq 1993, Heiser 1979a, Leung 1961, NRC 1989, Rehm and<br />
Espig 1991, Zimmerer 1996<br />
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Lupinus perennis L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: sundial lupine, wild lupine<br />
USES/NOTES: Facciola reports th<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked after<br />
proper prepar<strong>at</strong>ion, but Taylor describes <strong>the</strong>m as poisonous.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America from Alaska to Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Dunn and Gillett 1966, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950,<br />
Fernald et al. 1958, Medsger 1939, Taylor 1998<br />
Lycian<strong>the</strong>s asarifolia (Kunth & Bouché) Bitter [syn. Solanum<br />
asarifolium Kunth & Bouché]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: alien weed, bitter gingerleaf, gingerleaf<br />
SPANISH: bo’bosh, botobobo, botovovo, childa, m<strong>at</strong>ojobobo, motojobobo,<br />
motojobobo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America from nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
through Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru, and perhaps beyond, n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
and invasive in places including Texas and Louisiana<br />
REFERENCES: Arenas and Scarpa 2006, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin<br />
et al. 1987, MBG n.d., USDA-NRCS 2004<br />
Lycian<strong>the</strong>s mociniana (Dunal) Bitter [syn. Solanum mozinianum<br />
Dunal]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: coyote tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: tom<strong>at</strong>e coyote<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are encouraged to grow in maize fields and<br />
are collected and sale in local markets. Production in parts <strong>of</strong><br />
Mexico can be very high.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Altieri and Trujillo 1987, Bye 1993, Nee 1986<br />
Lycium andersonii A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: Anderson wolfberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Red fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or dried.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arizona to California<br />
REFERENCES: Munz 1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lycium berlandieri Dunal<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: wolfberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or dried.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Lycium carolinianum Walter<br />
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FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: boxthorn, Carolina wolfberry, Christmas berry<br />
USES/NOTES: Ovoid, red berries are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S. and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Medsger 1939, Facciola 1990<br />
Lycium fremontii A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lycium halimifolium Miller [syn. L. barbarum L.]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: m<strong>at</strong>rimony vine<br />
USES/NOTES: Reportedly e<strong>at</strong>en as a po<strong>the</strong>rb, though also listed as<br />
poisonous to animals. L. barbarum is tre<strong>at</strong>ed as a distinct<br />
species by some authorities.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> eastern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994,<br />
Munz 1974<br />
Lycium pallidum Miers<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: box thorn, desert thorn, pale wolfberry, rabbit thorn,<br />
wolfberry<br />
SPANISH: tom<strong>at</strong>illa<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> southwestern U.S. have e<strong>at</strong>en <strong>the</strong><br />
fruit fresh, boiled, or dried and mixed with clay to remove<br />
bitterness.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Harrington 1967, Mabberley<br />
1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lycium torreyi A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Harrington 1967, Munz 1974<br />
Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme (Dunal) A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: cherry tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
PORTUGUESE: tom<strong>at</strong>e-silvestre<br />
SPANISH: miltom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, typically red fruits <strong>of</strong> this ancestor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
common tom<strong>at</strong>o (L. esculentum var. esculentum) are edible and<br />
widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed both commercially and in home gardens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: possibly Peru<br />
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REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, León 1987, Leung 1961, Purseglove 1968, Sauer<br />
1993<br />
Lycopersicon esculentum Miller var. esculentum [syn. L.<br />
lycopersicum (L.) Karsten ex Farw., Solanum lycopersicum L.]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: common tom<strong>at</strong>o, tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
PORTUGUESE: tom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
SPANISH: jiltom<strong>at</strong>e, jitom<strong>at</strong>e, tom<strong>at</strong>e, tom<strong>at</strong>e riñón, tom<strong>at</strong>l<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is <strong>the</strong> tom<strong>at</strong>o <strong>of</strong> commerce, consumed as a vegetable<br />
(fresh, cooked, or preserved), in sauces, or as juice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, possible ancestors range from coastal<br />
Ecuador to coastal Chile, and from northwestern South America and<br />
Panama, yet domestic<strong>at</strong>ion probably took place first in <strong>the</strong><br />
Mexican highlands, where its progenitors may have arrived via<br />
bird droppings<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Heiser 1984, Jenkins<br />
1948, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Naranjo 1991, Omawale 1973,<br />
Purseglove 1968, Sauer 1993, Simmons 1979<br />
Lycopersicon humboldtii Dunal<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: Choco tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: tom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
USES/NOTES: Small fruits <strong>of</strong> this possible ancestor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> common<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>o are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela, and perhaps<br />
elsewhere in <strong>the</strong> Neotropical mainland<br />
REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984<br />
Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (L.) Miller<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: currant tom<strong>at</strong>o, German raison tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Small fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, cooked, dried, or<br />
pickled. Also used to cross with common tom<strong>at</strong>oes.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Sauer 1993, Wilson 1992<br />
Lycopus asper E. Greene<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: clubmoss<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lycopus uniflorus Michaux<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: bugleweed<br />
USES/NOTES: White tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Fernald et al. 1958, Harris 1972,<br />
Hickman 1993, Peterson 1977, Radford et al. 1968<br />
Lycopus virginicus L.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: Virginia bugleweed, Virginia w<strong>at</strong>er horehound<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and Central North America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, USDA-NRCS 2004<br />
Lygodesmia grandiflora (Nutt.) Torrey & A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: large-flower skeletonplant, skeleton plant<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked with me<strong>at</strong>.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Lysimachia clethroides Duby<br />
FAMILY: Primulaceae (primrose)<br />
ENGLISH: gooseneck loosestrife<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves, fruits, and flowers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China, perhaps elsewhere in Asia, n<strong>at</strong>uraled in <strong>the</strong><br />
U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Lythrum salicaria L.<br />
FAMILY: Lythraceae (loosestrife)<br />
ENGLISH: purple loosestrife, rainbow weed, salicaire, spiked<br />
loosestrife<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaf shoots are edible. Also widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed as<br />
an ornamental for its purple flowering spikes, but now considered<br />
to be one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most invasive exotic plants in North America.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized and invasive in North<br />
America and beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Thompson et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Mabea longifolia (Britton) Pax & H<strong>of</strong>fm.<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Chácobo <strong>of</strong> Bolivia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian and sub-Andean Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989<br />
Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche<br />
FAMILY: Proteaceae (protea)<br />
ENGLISH: Australian nut, macadamia, macadamia nut, Queensland nut,<br />
smooth-shelled macadamia nut, smooth-shelled Queensland nut<br />
PORTUGUESE: macadâmia, nogueira-do-Havaí<br />
SPANISH: macadamia, nuez australiana, nuez de Queensland, nogal de<br />
Australia, nuez de Australia<br />
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USES/NOTES: Smooth-shelled nuts are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, roasted, or in<br />
pastries and candies. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed commercially in a number <strong>of</strong><br />
American countries including <strong>the</strong> U.S. (Hawaii and California),<br />
Brazil, Costa Rica, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, Jamaica, and Paraguay. U.S. is <strong>the</strong><br />
world’s leading exporter and Hawaii leads production <strong>the</strong>re.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Moist forests <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Gre<strong>at</strong> Dividing Range, Queensland<br />
to New South Wales, Australia<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural<br />
n.d., Samson 1980, Smith et al. 1992, Usher 1974, Will 1991<br />
Macadamia tetraphylla L. Johnson<br />
FAMILY: Proteaceae (protea)<br />
ENGLISH: Australian nut, macadamia, macadamia nut, rough-shelled<br />
macadamia nut, rough-shelled Queensland nut<br />
SPANISH: macadamia rugosa<br />
USES/NOTES: Rough-shelled nuts are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, roasted, or in<br />
pastries and candies, and contain an edible oil. Often crossed<br />
with <strong>the</strong> smooth-shelled species, M. integrifolia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Moist forests <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Gre<strong>at</strong> Dividing Range, Queensland<br />
to New South Wales, Australia<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Smith<br />
et al. 1992<br />
Machaeran<strong>the</strong>ra grindelioides (Nutt.) Shinn. var. grindelioides<br />
[syn. Haplopappus nuttallii Torrey & A. Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: Nuttall goldenweed, rayless aster, rayless tansyaster,<br />
tahoka daisy<br />
USES/NOTES: Hopi people made a tea from <strong>the</strong> roots.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Alaska to north-central Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Macleania benthamiana Walp. [syn. M. popenoei S.F. Blake]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
SPANISH: joyapa<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1996, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Macleania rupestris (Kunth) A.C. Sm. [syn. M. ecuadoriensis<br />
Hoerold, Cavendishia nitida (Kunth) A.C. Sm.]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
SPANISH: uva camarona<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible berries are sold in Bogotá markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Panama to Venezuela and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Luteyn 1983, Luteyn 1996,<br />
Luteyn 1997, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C. Schneider<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
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ENGLISH: bow wood, hedge apple, osage orange<br />
USES/NOTES: Although no part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plant is edible, extracts can<br />
be used as food preserv<strong>at</strong>ives. Roots are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> a yellow<br />
dye and leaves are fed to silkworms. M. pomifera is <strong>the</strong> only<br />
Maclura species according to Bailey Hortorium, FNAEC, and<br />
Mabberley. Reports <strong>of</strong> Maclura spp. have appeared under<br />
Chlorophora tinctoria, which is here tre<strong>at</strong>ed as Maclura<br />
tinctoria.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma, and nor<strong>the</strong>astern<br />
Texas, n<strong>at</strong>uralized sporadically in warm, humid regions,<br />
especially <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Chopra et al. 1986, FNAEC 1997,<br />
Godfrey 1988, Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1994, Usher 1974<br />
Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. [syn. Broussonetia<br />
xanthoxylum Mart., Broussonetia xanthoxylon (L.) Mart., Chlorophora<br />
tinctoria (L.) Gaudin ex Benth. in Benth. & Hook.f., Morus<br />
tinctoria L.] [C. tinctoria (L.) Gaudin ex B.D. Jackson listed<br />
under Maclura tinctoria (L.) Steudel subsp. tinctoria in Brako and<br />
Zarucchi & Maclura tinctoria (L.) Gaudin in Duke and Vásquez]<br />
[Maclura mora Griseb. used by Martin et al. may be M. tinctoria, or<br />
possibly Chlorophora brasiliensis (Mart.) Standley ex J.F.<br />
Macbride, which is listed under Maclura brasiliensis (Mart.) Endl.<br />
by Brako and Zarucchi]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: fustic, fustic tree, old fustic, osage orange<br />
PORTUGUESE: amarelinho, amoeira-de-espinho, amora, amora-branca,<br />
amora-de-espinho, amora-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, amoreira, amoreira-amarela,<br />
amoreira-branca, amoreira-brava, amoreira-de-espinho, amoreira-docampo,<br />
amoreira-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, espinheiro-branco, espinheiro-bravo,<br />
itajuba, j<strong>at</strong>aíba, j<strong>at</strong>auba, limaorama, limaorama-amarelo, limorama,<br />
mora-de-espinho, mor<strong>at</strong>ama, moreira, moreira-branca, pau-amarelo,<br />
pau-brasil, pau-de-cores, pau-de-fogo, runa, taiuva, taiúva,<br />
taiuva-vermelha, tajauba, tajiba, tajuba, tajuba-de-espinho,<br />
tajuva, tajuvao, t<strong>at</strong>aiba, t<strong>at</strong>aiuva, t<strong>at</strong>ajiba, t<strong>at</strong>ajuba, t<strong>at</strong>ajubade-espinho,<br />
t<strong>at</strong>ajuca, t<strong>at</strong>ajuva, t<strong>at</strong>ane, t<strong>at</strong>arema, tauba<br />
SPANISH: amarillo, brasil, charo, cordoncillo, dinde, fustete, incira,<br />
insira, insira amarilla, išúk, iwšúk, limulana, lóxuk, lunda-e<br />
quec, mono, mora, moradilla, moral, moral fino, moral fustete,<br />
morilla, moro, palo amarillo, palo de Cuba, palo de mora, palo<br />
mora, t<strong>at</strong>aguiba, t<strong>at</strong>aybá, t<strong>at</strong>ayibá, t<strong>at</strong>ayieva, t<strong>at</strong>ayiva, t<strong>at</strong>ayvá,<br />
tsachik, yaga-huil, yaga-hui<br />
USES/NOTES: Spiny shrub to medium sized tree’s rough skinned, juicy<br />
fruits (~1cm) are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand locally in some areas, though<br />
also reported as “caustic.” Missionaries in Paraguay use <strong>the</strong> fruit<br />
to make pie. Heartwood is <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> fustic, a yellow to<br />
orange/red dye. Several plant parts are also used medicinally and<br />
<strong>the</strong> tree is cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed as a living fence. Sticky l<strong>at</strong>ex is abundant<br />
upon cutting and is medicinal. The taxonomic nomencl<strong>at</strong>ure is not<br />
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clear; <strong>the</strong> taxon may be best tre<strong>at</strong>ed as Chlorophora tinctoria<br />
subsp. tinctoria.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from central Mexico and <strong>the</strong> West Indies to<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, introduced elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Bernardi 1985, Bourke et al.<br />
1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Burger 1977, Carvalho 1994, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Foster 1958, Mabberley<br />
1987, Martin et al. 1987, Martínez et al. 2001, MBG n.d., Molina<br />
1975, OAS 1973, Schulenberg and Awbrey 1997, Silva et al. 1977,<br />
UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Macoubea guianensis Aublet [syn. M. wititorum R. Schultes]<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
ENGLISH: pequia nut<br />
PORTUGUESE: pequiá, pitiá<br />
SPANISH: amapa, jarabe huayo, loro micuna<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit and nut are edible and <strong>the</strong> wood is used for<br />
lumber.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Brazil, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, Colombia, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako & Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, Smith et al. 1992, Voeks 1996<br />
Macroptilium l<strong>at</strong>hyroides (L.) Urban [syn. Phaseolus l<strong>at</strong>hyroides<br />
L.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: phasemy bean<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropics and subtropics, in <strong>the</strong> Americas from Paraguay<br />
and Bolivia to <strong>the</strong> Caribbean, Mexico, and <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Barroso 1965, Facciola 1990, Howard 1988<br />
Magnolia grandiflora L.<br />
FAMILY: Magnoliaceae (magnolia)<br />
ENGLISH: bullbay, loblolly magnolia, magnolia, sou<strong>the</strong>rn magnolia<br />
SPANISH: magnolio, yolosuchil<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers reportedly have been e<strong>at</strong>en pickled or dried and<br />
ground as a spice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. from North Carolina and Tennessee<br />
south through Florida and west to eastern Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Legg<strong>at</strong>t 1987, Nelson 1994<br />
Magnolia virginiana L.<br />
FAMILY: Magnoliaceae (magnolia)<br />
ENGLISH: laurel magnolia, magnolia, swampbay, sweetbay, sweetbay<br />
magnolia, whitebay<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are said to be used as a spice or for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. west to Missouri<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Medsger 1939, Nelson 1994,<br />
Tull 1978<br />
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Maieta guianensis Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru through nor<strong>the</strong>astern Amazonia and <strong>the</strong><br />
Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Maieta poeppigii Mart. ex Cogn.<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Wurdack 1980<br />
Malacomeles denticul<strong>at</strong>a (Kunth) Engelm. [syn. Amelanchier<br />
denticul<strong>at</strong>a (Kunth) K. Koch]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Big Bend serviceberry, juneberry, sou<strong>the</strong>rn false<br />
serviceberry, too<strong>the</strong>d serviceberry<br />
SPANISH: cimarrón, madronillo, mantzan<strong>at</strong>ez, membrillito, membrillo,<br />
tlaxisqui, tlaxistle<br />
USES/NOTES: Red to dark puple-black fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. through Mexico and Gu<strong>at</strong>emala to<br />
Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Correll and Johnston 1970, González-<br />
Elizondo et al. 1993, MBG n.d., Jones 1945, Molina 1975, Williams<br />
1981<br />
Malpighia cnide Sprengel<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Dominican Republic<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Meyer 2000<br />
Malpighia coccigera L.<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
ENGLISH: dwarf holly, holly malpighia, mini<strong>at</strong>ure holly, Singapore<br />
holly<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its round, red drupes, e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand<br />
or preserved. Also a landscape specimen.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 1987, W<strong>at</strong>kins<br />
and Sheehan 1975<br />
Malpighia emargin<strong>at</strong>a Sessé & Moçiño ex DC. [syn. M. glabra auct.<br />
non L., M. punicifolia auct. non L.]<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
ENGLISH: acerola cherry, cherry, West Indian cherry<br />
PORTUGUESE: acerola, cereja-das-Antilhas, cereja-do-Pará<br />
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SPANISH: acerola, cemerea, cereza/o, cereza colorada, guayabito,<br />
guayacté, semeruco<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, red, tart fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or in jellies<br />
and desserts. Also used as a vitamin C source in vitamin<br />
supplements. Taxonomic confusion among M. emargin<strong>at</strong>a, M. glabra,<br />
and M. punicifolia exists.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Lesser Antilles, Puerto<br />
Rico, and Ecuador, tropical lowlands<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Hoyas 1989, Kartesz 1994,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Smith et al. 1992, Vivaldi 1981<br />
Malpighia fuc<strong>at</strong>a Ker-Gawler<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Jamaica<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Malpighia glabra L. [syn. M. nitida Miller, M. peruviana Moricand,<br />
M. punicifolia L.]<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
ENGLISH: acerola, acerola cherry, Barbados cherry, chereese,<br />
cherry, Indian cherry tree, Jamaican cherry, Puerto Rican cherry,<br />
West Indian cherry, West Indies cherry<br />
PORTUGUESE: acerola, cereja-das-Antilhas, cereja-do-Pará<br />
SPANISH: acerola, cemeruco, cereza, cereza de Barbados, cereza del<br />
país, cerecilla, cerezo, cerezo tropical, grosella, guinda de las<br />
Indias, nance, nanche, semeruco, uste<br />
USES/NOTES: Vitamin C-rich fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh and in syrups or<br />
jams and is used as a vitamin C source for vitamin tablets.<br />
Taxonomic confusion among M. emargin<strong>at</strong>a, M. glabra, and M.<br />
punicifolia exists.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lowland, humid tropics from Central America, <strong>the</strong><br />
Antilles, and non-Amazonian nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Asenjo 1980, Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi<br />
1993, Campbell 1984, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, Editorial Panapo<br />
1988, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Hoyas 1989, Kartesz 1994,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Morton 1987a, Naranjo 1991, Omawale 1973, Samson 1980, Smith et<br />
al. 1995, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, Vivaldi 1981, Will 1991<br />
Malpighia linearis Jacq. [syn. M. angustifolia L.]<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
ENGLISH: bastard cherry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Rojer 1997<br />
Malpighia macrophylla Pers.<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Malpighia mexicana A. Juss. [syn. M. edulis Donn. Sm., M. oaxacana<br />
Niedenzu, Bunchosia guadalajarensis S. W<strong>at</strong>son]<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
SPANISH: guachocote, manzanito, nanche, nanche colorado<br />
USES/NOTES: Small shrub’s small red fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico from Durango through Oaxaca<br />
REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., MBG n.d., Standley 1982<br />
Malpighia setosa Sprengel<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Malpighia urens L.<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
ENGLISH: Barbados cherry, cow-itch cherry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Malus angustifolia (Aiton) Michaux [syn. Pyrus angustifolia Aiton]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: crab apple, sou<strong>the</strong>rn crabapple<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellowish-green sour fruits make good cider and jelly<br />
and are e<strong>at</strong>en pickled with o<strong>the</strong>r fruits. Also appreci<strong>at</strong>ed and<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its <strong>at</strong>tractive spring flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern North America from Virginia to nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Florida and Missouri<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Nelson 1994, Tomikel 1986,<br />
Tull 1978<br />
Malus bacc<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Borkh.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: crab apple, Siberian crab, sou<strong>the</strong>rn crab<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, green fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en dried or preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Tanaka 1976<br />
Malus coronaria (L.) Miller var.coronaria [syn. Pyrus coronaria<br />
L.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: crab apple, fragrant crab apple, garland crab, wild sweet<br />
crab<br />
USES/NOTES: Sour fruits are best used in preserves or pickled with<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r fruits.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
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REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Malus fusca (Raf.) C. Schneider [syn. Pyrus fusca Raf., P.<br />
rivularis Douglas ex Hook.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Oregon crab, Oregon crab apple, western crab<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or jellied.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Turner and Szczawinski 1979,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Malus ioensis (Wood) Britton var. ioensis [syn. Pyrus ioensis<br />
(Wood) Bailey]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: crab apple, Iowa crab, prairie crab<br />
USES/NOTES: Sour green fruit is too sour to e<strong>at</strong> out <strong>of</strong> hand, but is<br />
used to make cider and jelly. Sour ripe fruits may be e<strong>at</strong>en out<br />
<strong>of</strong> hand or preserved. Leaves and seeds are toxic.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kartesz 1994, Tull 1978, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinese apple, plum-leaf crab<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Possible ancestor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> common<br />
apple (M. pumila).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Malus pumila Miller [syn. M. communis Poiret, M. domestica<br />
(Borkh.) Borkh.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: apple, common apple<br />
PORTUGUESE: maçã, maçã-branca, maçã-doce<br />
SPANISH: maguillo, manzana, manzano, perote<br />
USES/NOTES: Pectin-rich fruit, <strong>the</strong> apple <strong>of</strong> commerce, is consumed<br />
fresh, cooked, preserved, or juiced.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central to sou<strong>the</strong>astern Europe and/or west-central<br />
Asia, perhaps between <strong>the</strong> Black Sea and <strong>the</strong> Caspian Sea<br />
REFERENCES: Kartesz 1994, Radford et al. 1968, Rhem and Espig 1991,<br />
Sauer 1993<br />
Malus sylvestris Miller [syn. M. malus (Miller) Britton, Pyrus<br />
malus L.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: crab apple, European crab apple, French crab apple<br />
PORTUGUESE: maçã-ácida<br />
SPANISH: maguillo, maíllo, manzana, manzano, manzano silvestre,<br />
perote<br />
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USES/NOTES: Sour fruits are consumed fresh, cooked, as jelly, or<br />
juiced, and are a pectin source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe and/or central Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d.,<br />
IBGE 1980, Kartesz 1994, Munsell et al. 1949, Schwanitz 1966,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Malva neglecta Wallr. [syn. M. rotundifolia auct. non L.]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: buttonweed, cheese weed, cheeses, cheeseplant, common<br />
mallow, dwarf mallow, mallow, round-leaf mallow, running mallow<br />
SPANISH: malva<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb, soup thickner, and a salad<br />
green, imm<strong>at</strong>ure fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or pickled, and leaves are<br />
a commercial source <strong>of</strong> malva tea. Possibly conspecific with M.<br />
rotundifolia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Old World, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950,<br />
Harrington 1967, IBGE 1980, Kartesz 1994, Munz 1974, Tomikel 1986<br />
Malva niacennsis All. [syn. M. setosa Moench]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: mallow<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987<br />
Malva parviflora L.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: cheese weed, Egyptian mallow, mallow<br />
USES/NOTES: Young fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en and <strong>the</strong> plant is used as<br />
po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean to Afghanistan, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967<br />
Malva rotundifolia L. [syn. M. pusilla Sm. and possibly<br />
conspecific with M. neglecta Wallr.]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: common mallow, dwarf mallow, low mallow, running mallow<br />
PORTUGUESE: malva<br />
SPANISH: malva<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a tea substitute and fruits are<br />
edible. Leaves and flowers are medicinal. Seeds may remain viable<br />
for over a century under <strong>the</strong> right conditions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Fernald 1950, IBGE 1980,<br />
Mabberley 1987<br />
Malva sylvestris L.<br />
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FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: blue mallow, high mallow, medicinal mallow<br />
PORTUGUESE: malva, malva-das-boticas, malva-das-hortas, malva-decasa,<br />
malva-grande, malva-maior, malva-medicinal, malva-selvagem,<br />
malva-silvestre<br />
SPANISH: malva, malva blanca, malva extranjera<br />
USES/NOTES: Although this plant’s principal use is for its<br />
medicinal leaves and flowers, leaves also are e<strong>at</strong>en like common<br />
spinach or made into tea, flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, and<br />
unripe fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e Europe, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Dalby 1968, Facciola 1990, Guia<br />
Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Usher 1974<br />
Malva verticill<strong>at</strong>a L. and M. verticill<strong>at</strong>a L. var. crispa<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: mallow, whorled mallow<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb and young fruits are edible.<br />
M. verticill<strong>at</strong>a var. crispa is cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987<br />
Malvaviscus arboreus Dill. ex Cav. var. arboreus [syn. M. arboreus<br />
var. mexicanus Schltdl.], M. penduliflorus DC. [syn. M. arboreus<br />
var. penduliflorus (DC.) Schery], and M. arboreus var. drummondii<br />
(Torrey & A. Gray) Schery [syn. M. drummondii Torrey & A. Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinese h<strong>at</strong>, Drummond’s wax-mallow (var. drummondii), fire<br />
dart, firecracker hibiscus, Mexican Turk’s cap, pepper hibiscus<br />
(M. penduliflorus), sleeping hibiscus, Texas mallow (var.<br />
drummondii), Turk’s cap, wild apple, wild manzanilla, wax mallow,<br />
yori<br />
PORTUGUESE: hibisco-colibri, malvavisco, malvavisco-rosa, malvisco<br />
SPANISH: amapala, amapola, amapola de monte, avispa, chitzu,<br />
cucarda caspi (M. penduliflorus), flor de arito, flor de santos,<br />
ix bek’em, malvavisco, manzanilla, manzanita silvestre, mar<br />
pacífico, mazapán (M. penduliflorus), molinillo (M.<br />
penduliflorus), monacillo, monacillo colorado (M. penduliflorus),<br />
mozote, piñon ceque<strong>at</strong>i (M. penduliflorus), obelisco de la sierra,<br />
quesillo, quesito, simonillo (M. penduliflorus), sísip, tripa de<br />
buey, tlalxonpili, tulipán, tulipán silvestre, tulipancillo,<br />
xbisil<br />
USES/NOTES: Small green fruit, becoming white <strong>the</strong>n red when ripe,<br />
is edible. The sometimes vining or spreading shrub is cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
primarily for its showy red nodding flowers. Taxanomic<br />
uncertainty persists; M. arboreus var. drummondii and M.<br />
penduliflorus may or may not be distinc taxa.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: M. arboreus var. arboreus from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Texas to<br />
Brazil, M. arboreus var. drummondii from Texas and Mexico, and M.<br />
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penduliflorus only in cultiv<strong>at</strong>ion – widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in<br />
favorable loc<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Fryxell 1988,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., McVaugh 2001, Sommeijer et al. n.d.<br />
Mammea americana L.<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
ENGLISH: apricot, mamey, mamey apple, mamey sapote, mami, mammee<br />
apple, man support, South American apricot<br />
PORTUGUESE: abricó, abricó-das-Antilhas, abricó-de-Pará, abricó-de-<br />
São-Domingo, abricó-do-Pará, abricó-selvagem, abricote,<br />
abricoteiro, mamey-Cartagena, pêcoyo-de-Santo-Domingo, zapotemamey<br />
SPANISH: mamey, mamey amarillo, mamey de Cartagena, mamey de Santo<br />
Domingo, mameyo, mami, m<strong>at</strong>a serrano, ruri, zapote, zapote de<br />
Cartagena, zapote domingo, zapote mamey<br />
USES/NOTES: Large round fruit’s orange flesh is edible and<br />
medicinal, resin is used as an insecticide, flowers are used in a<br />
beverage to aid in digestion, mesocarps are e<strong>at</strong>en or made into a<br />
liqueur, young shoots are used in brandy, and sap is made into<br />
wine. Fruit is highly esteemed especially in Cuba<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Moist lowlands <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> West Indies, nor<strong>the</strong>rn South<br />
America, or Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, Editorial<br />
Panapo 1988, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Naranjo 1991, Omawale 1973, Peret 1985, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and<br />
Espig 1991, Schneider 1987<br />
Mammillaria heyderi var. meiacantha (Engelm.) L.D. Benson [syn. M.<br />
gummifera var. meiacantha (Engelm.) L.D. Benson, M. meiacantha<br />
Engelm.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: little nipple cactus, small-spined cream pincushion<br />
SPANISH: viejito<br />
USES/NOTES: Scarlet fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Texas and New Mexico and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
into Nuevo Leon<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972<br />
Mammillaria mammillaris (L.) Karsten [syn. M. simplex Haw.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: buchito<br />
USES/NOTES: Fresh red fruits are edible and stems contain a<br />
pal<strong>at</strong>able milky juice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Antilles, Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao,<br />
Venezuela’s Caribbean islands, and northwestern Venezuelan<br />
mainland<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989<br />
Mammillaria maz<strong>at</strong>lanensis K. Schum. & Gürke<br />
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FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
USES/NOTES: Brownish-red Fruits <strong>of</strong> some cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed forms are e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western coastal Mexico from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Sonora to Colima<br />
REFERENCES: Bravo and Sánchez 1991, Espejo Serna et al. n.d.,<br />
Shreve and Wiggins 1964<br />
Mammillaria nivosa Link ex N. Pfeiffer<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: snowy cactus, wooly nipple cactus<br />
USES/NOTES: Red fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Lesser Antilles from Antigua through <strong>the</strong><br />
Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and <strong>the</strong> Bahamas<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Nellis 1994<br />
Mangifera indica L.<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: mango<br />
PORTUGUESE: manga, mangueira<br />
SPANISH: maca, manga, mango, mango mamey<br />
USES/NOTES: Heavy, fibrous, oval fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand when<br />
ripe or in salads, pickled, or salted when green. The mango <strong>of</strong><br />
commerce is immensely popular throughout <strong>the</strong> tropics. Seeds may<br />
be ground into flour. Fruit also is a dye and medicine source.<br />
Leaves are medicinal. Wood is used in cabinetmaking.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Probably nor<strong>the</strong>astern India perhaps to Bangladesh,<br />
introduced to <strong>the</strong> New World around 1700 via nor<strong>the</strong>astern Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1987, Cid 1978, IBGE 1980, León 1987, Omawale<br />
1973, Peret 1985, Prance and Balick 1990, Purseglove 1968, Sauer<br />
1993, Smith et al. 1992, Wilkins 1942<br />
Mangifera odor<strong>at</strong>a Griffith<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: kuini, kurwini, ma-mut<br />
SPANISH: bogimoncamo, mango<br />
USES/NOTES: Fibrous fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Malaysian lowlands<br />
REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Davis and Yost 1983, Popenoe 1974, Usher<br />
1974<br />
Manicaria saccifera Gaertner<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: bussu palm, monkey-cap palm, skyduster, temiche palm,<br />
troolie<br />
FRENCH: palmier toulouri<br />
PORTUGUESE: baçu, bassu, bussu, gerua, ubuçu, ubussu<br />
SPANISH: cabeza de negro, escomfra, guágara, jíquera, mavaco,<br />
mekuá-bak, palma de jícara, palma temiche, temiche, turury, ubí,<br />
ubussu, wa-heé, washí, yaha, yajuji, yarinilla, yolillo<br />
SURINAMESE: truli<br />
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USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible, used to cure fevers, cough, and<br />
asthma, and are fed to animals. Liquid endosperm is drunk and<br />
after germin<strong>at</strong>ion, <strong>the</strong> endosperm is e<strong>at</strong>en. Oil is extracted from<br />
<strong>the</strong> seeds and stems are a source <strong>of</strong> palm starch (sago) in <strong>the</strong><br />
Orinoco delta.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Atlantic coast <strong>of</strong> Central America to Ecuador,<br />
Colombia, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil, Venezuela, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and Trinidad<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1984, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gómez-Beloz 2002,<br />
Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, Hoyas 1989, Jones 1995,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Manihot esculenta Crantz [syn. M. dulcis Pax, M. utilissima Pohl]<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: bitter cassava, bitter manioc, cassava, gari, manioc,<br />
sweet cassava, sweet manioc, tapioca plant, yuca<br />
PORTUGUESE: bitter varieties- mandioca, mandioca-braba, mandiocabranca,<br />
mandioca-brava, mandioca-cacau, mandioca-vassourinha,<br />
maniva, tapioca; sweet varieties- aipi, aipim, macaxeira,<br />
mandioca-doce, mandioca-mansa, tapioca<br />
SPANISH: bitter varieties- <strong>at</strong>sa raoxo, cabeza de mono, canaqui,<br />
casabe, casava, caxcamote, guacamote, lengua de venado, mandioca,<br />
nasisi, palca, p<strong>at</strong>a de paloma, poiquinihua, raoxo, ruma, runcha<br />
(dried), xëbi <strong>at</strong>sa, xoya <strong>at</strong>sa, yuca, yuca agria, yuca amarga,<br />
yuca brava, yuca morada; sweet varieties- aypi, cuacamote,<br />
huacamote, machetazo, mama, runcha (dried), sacharuma, sacharuna,<br />
yuca, yuca blanca, yuca dulce, yuca guariche, zopa<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers, an important staple in <strong>the</strong> tropics, are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
sliced and fried; sliced and pounded <strong>the</strong>n fried; boiled; roasted;<br />
boiled in soups; gr<strong>at</strong>ed and roasted to a grainy flour known<br />
locally as farine in Guyana; farinha, farinha de mandioca, or<br />
far<strong>of</strong>a (when a finer grade) in Brazil; chivé in Bolivia; and<br />
mañoco in Venezuela, and made into bread-like cakes called<br />
cassava. Tubers <strong>of</strong> bitter varieties must be cooked adequ<strong>at</strong>ely to<br />
remove poisons (cyanogenic compounds) before e<strong>at</strong>ing, however,<br />
sweet varieties are e<strong>at</strong>en raw in Africa. Tubers also are a starch<br />
(tapioca) and alcohol source. Tapioca (or mañoco in Venezuela)<br />
consists <strong>of</strong> small white pellets e<strong>at</strong>en as a breakfast food in<br />
Amazonia or made into tapioca pancakes called beiju in Brazil.<br />
Plant juice is boiled to remove toxins <strong>the</strong>n made into <strong>the</strong> popular<br />
tucupí sauce <strong>of</strong> Amazonian Brazil (cassarip in <strong>the</strong> Guianas) th<strong>at</strong><br />
is used in a variety <strong>of</strong> regional dishes. The sauce is mixed with<br />
cheese in Bolivia to make kuñapé. An alcoholic beverage (chicha<br />
in Spanish) is made by fermenting a mash <strong>of</strong>ten in containers with<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r plant ingredients. Previously, and still in some indigenous<br />
communities chicha is made by chewing <strong>the</strong> leaves and spitting<br />
<strong>the</strong>m into <strong>the</strong> container to ferment. Although made differently,<br />
similar alcoholic beverages, known as sarawau and parakari, are<br />
made in Guyana. Young leaves <strong>of</strong> sweet varieties contain 5-10<br />
percent protein and are e<strong>at</strong>en in places. Discarded stems <strong>of</strong> sweet<br />
varieties are fed to animals.<br />
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The poison content <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> morphologically variable cultivars<br />
derives from <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> cyanogenic glucosides and ranges<br />
from very low in sweet varieties to very high in bitter<br />
varieties. In sweet varieties, <strong>the</strong> poisons are found mainly in<br />
<strong>the</strong> root bark. Sweet varieties, previously recognized as M.<br />
dulcis, typically produce smaller tubers and are more susceptible<br />
to pests than bitter varieties. Domestic<strong>at</strong>ed occurred perhaps<br />
10,000 years ago probably in South-central Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America, possibly first cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed by<br />
<strong>the</strong> Guarani in South-central Brazil (probably in wh<strong>at</strong> is now <strong>the</strong><br />
st<strong>at</strong>e <strong>of</strong> Goiás); sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico has been postul<strong>at</strong>ed as a<br />
possible second center <strong>of</strong> independent domestic<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
REFERENCES: Allem 2002, Balagopalan 2002, Berg 1984, Bh<strong>at</strong> 1994,<br />
Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969, Davis 1996, Duke<br />
1986, Duke n.d., Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., Guia Rural<br />
n.d., Henkel 2004, Hillocks et al. 2002, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), León 1984, Mabberley 1987, Moran 1976, Mow<strong>at</strong> 1989,<br />
Nassar 1978, Niembro Rocas 1992, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Piperno<br />
et al. 2000, Sauer 1993, Schultes 1979a, Schultes 1984, Silva et<br />
al. 1977, Stone 1984, Wilson and Dufour 2002, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Manihot glaziovii Müell. Arg. in Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: Ceará rubber<br />
PORTUGUESE: mandioca-brava, maniçoba<br />
SPANISH: caucho blanco, caucho de Ceará, manisoba<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers and seeds are edible, though infrequently e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Burger and Huft 1995, Facciola 1990, OAS 1973<br />
Manilkara bella Monach. [syn. Mimusops el<strong>at</strong>a Allemão]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: maçaranduba, maçaranduba-vermelha, paraju<br />
USES/NOTES: Martin et al. describe <strong>the</strong> fruit as edible. Also<br />
valuable and scarce lumber source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil’s south-central coastal forest (Rio de Janeiro<br />
and Espírito Santo)<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990<br />
Manilkara bident<strong>at</strong>a (A. DC.) A. Chev. subsp. bident<strong>at</strong>a [syn. M.<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>a (Pierre) Dubard, M. darienensis Pittier, Mimusops<br />
bident<strong>at</strong>a A. DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: bal<strong>at</strong>a, bal<strong>at</strong>a bullet tree, bullet tree, bully tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: bal<strong>at</strong>a<br />
SPANISH: acana-acana, acano, bal<strong>at</strong>a, bal<strong>at</strong>á, bal<strong>at</strong>á de Panamá,<br />
caimetillo, cuberu, leche de plátano, mupero, níspero, níspero<br />
montañero, purgo, purguo, purguo blanco, purguo morado,<br />
purguillo, purvio, quinilla, quinilla colorada, trapichero<br />
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USES/NOTES: L<strong>at</strong>ex is used for non-elastic, industrial rubber and<br />
occasionally as chicle (M. zapota) for chewing gum, and <strong>the</strong> fruit<br />
is edible and medicinal. The tree is also an important lumber<br />
source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Panama, western Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French<br />
Guiana, Amazonian Peru and Brazil, Trinidad, Guadeloupe, and<br />
Martinique<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973,<br />
Pennington 1990, Smith et al. 1992, Usher 1974, Williams and<br />
Williams 1969<br />
Manilkara bident<strong>at</strong>a (A. DC.) A. Chev. subsp. surinamensis (Miq.)<br />
Penn. [syn. M. amazonica (Huber) Chev., M. bal<strong>at</strong>a var.<br />
domingensis (Pierre) Dubard, M. nitida (Sessé & Mociño) Dubard,<br />
M. surinamensis (Miq.) Dubard]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: black bal<strong>at</strong>a, bullet wood, bully tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: bal<strong>at</strong>a, caramuxi, maçaranduba, maçaranduba-bal<strong>at</strong>a,<br />
maçaranduba-braba, maçaranduba-casca-lisa, maçaranduba-chicle,<br />
maçaranduba-da-ca<strong>at</strong>inga, maçaranduba-da-terra-firme, maçarandubade-folha-miúda,<br />
maçaranduba-da-restinga, maçaranduba-do-igapó,<br />
maçaranduba-folha-verde, maçaranduba-irana, maçaranduba-mansa,<br />
maçaranduba-pendaria, maçaranduba-vermelha, maparajuba,<br />
massaranduba, pendaria, pendaria-da-serra<br />
SPANISH: ausubo, chicle, oopow, pendare, pendare purue, quinilla<br />
colorada<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit <strong>of</strong> this huge forest tree is edible, though <strong>of</strong> no<br />
commercial value. L<strong>at</strong>ex has been used in large quantities, for<br />
chewing gum. Also a quality lumber source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gre<strong>at</strong>er Amazonia, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, Dominican Republic,<br />
Puerto Rico, and <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Lesser Antilles<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, OAS 1973, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington<br />
1990, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Manilkara chicle (Pittier) Gilly<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: male sapodilla<br />
PORTUGUESE: maçaranduba, massaranduba<br />
SPANISH: chicle, chicle macho, chico zapote, chiquibul, muy,<br />
níspero, níspero de montaña, níspero de monte, oreja de burro,<br />
sapodilla macho, temala<br />
USES/NOTES: Rough-skinned, brown fruit is edible, but <strong>of</strong> limited<br />
appeal, and exudes sticky white l<strong>at</strong>ex. Tree is a minor chicle and<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>a source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Central America, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Pennington 1990<br />
Manilkara excelsa (Duke) Standley [syn. Mimusops excelsa Ducke]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
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PORTUGUESE: maçaranduba, maparajuba<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit and l<strong>at</strong>ex reportedly are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil primarily along <strong>the</strong> Tapajos River<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990<br />
Manilkara huberi (Ducke) A. Chev. [syn. Mimusops huberi Ducke,<br />
Mimusops triflora (Allemão) Monach.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: black bal<strong>at</strong>a, bulletwood, cow tree, milk tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: maçaranduba, maçaranduba-bal<strong>at</strong>a, maçaranduba-boisvache,<br />
maçaranduba-da-terra-firme, maçaranduba-mansa,<br />
maçaranduba-verdadeira, maparajuba, massaranduba<br />
SPANISH: chupón, pulgo negro, purgo, purguo<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow to dark, ripe fruits are edible and sold in<br />
local markets. L<strong>at</strong>ex has <strong>the</strong> consistency and color <strong>of</strong> cream and<br />
an agreeable flavor. Too much l<strong>at</strong>ex, however, is said to cause<br />
constip<strong>at</strong>ion. Large tree also is a valuable lumber source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Cavalcante 1991, IBGE 1980, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Pennington 1990, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Manilkara jaimiqui (C. Wright in Grisebach) Dubard subsp.<br />
emargin<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Cronq. [syn. M. bahamensis (Baker) Lam. & Meeuse,<br />
Mimusops sieberi auct. non. A DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: wild dilly<br />
USES/NOTES: Roundish, golf-ball sized, brown fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Florida (Cape Sable), <strong>the</strong> Florida Keys and<br />
Bahamas<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Nelson 1994<br />
Manilkara salzmannii (A. DC.) Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: maçaranduba, maçaranduba-de-fruta-vermelha,<br />
maçaranduba-mirim, maçaranduba-preta, maçaranduba-verdadeira,<br />
massaranduba<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark, purple to black ruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Brazil from Paraíba to Rio de Janeiro<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Manilkara staminodella Gilly<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: sapodilla<br />
PORTUGUESE: maçaranduba, massaranduba<br />
SPANISH: chicle de segunda, chiquibul, sapodilla, tijerillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Tree is a chicle source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gu<strong>at</strong>emala and Belize to Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Lundell 1976, Pennington 1990<br />
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Manilkara valenzuelana (A. Rich.) Penn. [syn. Labourdonnaisia<br />
albescens (Grisebach) Benth. in Benth. & Hook.f.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: acana, acana blanca, almique, nisperilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Cuba and Hispaniola, possibly to Puerto Rico<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990<br />
Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen [syn. M. achras (Miller) Fosberg,<br />
M. zapotilla (Jacq.) Gilly, Achras mammosa L. nomen illegit.,<br />
Achras sapota L., Achras zapota L., Sapota achras Miller]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: beef apple, chicle, chicle sapote, chicle tree, chiku,<br />
mespel sapodilla, naseberry, red sapodilla, sapodilla, sapodilla<br />
plum, wild sapote<br />
PORTUGUESE: sapota, sapoti, sapotilha<br />
SPANISH: caimito brasilero, canistel, chico, chicle, chico sapote,<br />
chico zapote, chiko, chupa-chupa, isperhuala, mamey colorado,<br />
níspero, peruétano, sapote, sapodillo, sapotilla, ya, yaa,<br />
zapote, zapote blanco, zapote chico, zapote colorado, zapote<br />
chupachupa, zapote morado, zapotillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellowish-brown, rough-skinned fruits have a sweet rich<br />
flavor, and white l<strong>at</strong>ex (called chicle) from <strong>the</strong> trunk is a<br />
principal commercial chewing gum source. Powdered seeds are<br />
medicinal, and wood is used in general carpentry. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for<br />
millenniums by <strong>the</strong> Aztecs and Maya, now widespread.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and Central America to Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Balick 1985, Campbell 1984, Duke 1986,<br />
Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d., León 1987, Moran 1982,<br />
Morton 1987a, N<strong>at</strong>ions 1992, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Pennington<br />
1990, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig 1991, Reining and Heinzman<br />
1992, Samson 1980, Schneider 1987, Smith et al. 1992, Will 1991<br />
Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A. Gentry [syn. Pachyptera alliacea (Lam.)<br />
A. Gentry, Pseudocalymma alliaceum (Lam.) Sandw.]<br />
FAMILY: Bignoniaceae (trumpet creeper)<br />
ENGLISH: garlic vine, wild garlic<br />
SPANISH: aaxux ts’aah, ajo sacha, boens, nia boens<br />
USES/NOTES: Garlic-flavored leaves and stems are used as a<br />
seasoning.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gentry 1979a,<br />
Omawale 1973<br />
Mansoa hymenaea (A. DC.) A. Gentry [syn. Bignonia hymenaea A. DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Bignoniaceae (trumpet creeper)<br />
SPANISH: ajo sacha macho<br />
USES/NOTES: Garlic-flavored leaves and stems are used as a<br />
seasoning.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
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REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gentry (A.) 1982<br />
Mansoa standleyi (Steyerm.) A. Gentry [syn. Pseudocalymma<br />
standleyi Steyerm.]<br />
FAMILY: Bignoniaceae (trumpet creeper)<br />
SPANISH: ajo sacha<br />
USES/NOTES: Garlic-flavored leaves and stems are used as a<br />
seasoning.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gentry (A.) 1982<br />
Maranta arundinacea L.<br />
FAMILY: Marantaceae (arrowroot)<br />
ENGLISH: arrowroot, bermuda arrowroot, maranta, Saint Vincent<br />
arrowroot<br />
PORTUGUESE: agutiguepe, araia, araruta, embiri, vai-vem<br />
SPANISH: amaranta, ara-ruta, ararú, araruta, arroruz, arrurruz,<br />
aru-aru, bribri, caualla, chuchute, guapo, gu<strong>at</strong>e, jamachipeke,<br />
juajua, maranta, sagú, shimi pampana, tsmo, yuquilla, zulú<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers, from cultivars or collected from <strong>the</strong> wild, are<br />
made into flour, starch (edible and industrial), baby food, and<br />
pudding. Finely ground powder is used in glue, body powders, and<br />
paperless carbon copying. Considered <strong>the</strong> most digestible starch.<br />
The arrowroot <strong>of</strong> commerce.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela and Brazil perhaps to <strong>the</strong> Lesser Antilles<br />
REFERENCES: Bh<strong>at</strong> 1994, Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Cárdenas<br />
1969, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gragson 1997, Guia Rural<br />
n.d., Howard 1994, León 1987, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Omawale<br />
1973, OAS 1973, Purseglove 1972, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Maranta divaric<strong>at</strong>a Roscoe<br />
FAMILY: Marantaceae (arrowroot)<br />
USES/NOTES: Root is an emergency food in Paraguay.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Brücher 1989<br />
Maranta ruiziana Koern.<br />
FAMILY: Marantaceae (arrowroot)<br />
SPANISH: maaihiiba<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its edible root.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kennedy et al. 1988<br />
Marcgravia sp.<br />
FAMILY: Marcgraviaceae (marcgravia)<br />
SPANISH: namontaque<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits <strong>of</strong> a climing Marcgravia species are e<strong>at</strong>en by<br />
Waorani children <strong>of</strong> Amazonian Ecuador.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Davis and Yost 1983<br />
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Maripa panamensis Hemsley<br />
FAMILY: Convolvulaceae (morning-glory or sweet-pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: miel quemada<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Panama, Colombia, and nor<strong>the</strong>astern Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Fouqué, 1972, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Maripa sp.<br />
FAMILY: Convolvulaceae (morning-glory or sweet pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: French Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Phillips 1991<br />
Marlierea edulis Niedenzu<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: cambuca, yellow jaboticaba<br />
PORTUGUESE: cambucá, cambucá-verdadeiro, cambucazeiro<br />
SPANISH: guayaba pilosa<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and <strong>the</strong> wood is used for tool handles.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Hoyas 1989, IBGE 1980,<br />
Martin et al. 1987<br />
Marliarea guildingiana (Griseb.) Krug. & Urban<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lesser Antilles, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Central America, Guyana,<br />
and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Johnston and Colquhoun 1996<br />
Marlierea montana (Aublet) Amsh. [syn. M. obtusa O. Berg]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: quackoo jamoon, packoo jamoon<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and made into wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973<br />
Marrubium vulgare L.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: horehound, white horehound<br />
PORTUGUESE: marroio-branco<br />
SPANISH: marrubio<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are candied, used as a flavoring agent, or made<br />
into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Gibbons 1966,<br />
Morton 1976a, Neumann n.d., Tull 1978<br />
Marsilea polycarpa Hook. & Grev.<br />
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FAMILY: Pteridophyta (ferns)<br />
ENGLISH: pepperwort<br />
SPANISH: lepido, mastuerzo, sabelección<br />
USES/NOTES: Stem and leaf <strong>of</strong> this aqu<strong>at</strong>ic herb are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pan-tropical<br />
REFERENCES: Davidse et al. 1995, Omawale 1973<br />
M<strong>at</strong>elea rivularis Woodson<br />
FAMILY: Asclepiadaceae (milkweed)<br />
SPANISH: tsemtsem<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Shuar <strong>of</strong> Ecuador.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia to <strong>the</strong> eastern Andes<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Woodson 1960<br />
M<strong>at</strong>isia bicolor Ducke [syn. Quararibea bicolor (Ducke) Cu<strong>at</strong>rec.]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Bombacaceae (silk-cotton)<br />
PORTUGUESE: sapota-macho<br />
USES/NOTES: Rarely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed, <strong>the</strong> succulent fruit’s flavor is<br />
similar to <strong>the</strong> mango (Mangifera indica).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil to Amazonian Peru and<br />
Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, MBG n.d., Shanley and Medina<br />
2005<br />
M<strong>at</strong>isia cord<strong>at</strong>a Humb. & Bonpl. [syn. Quararibea cord<strong>at</strong>a (Humb. &<br />
Bonpl.) Vischer]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Bombacaceae (silk-cotton)<br />
PORTUGUESE: sapota, sapota-do-Peru, sapota-do-Solimões, sapote<br />
SPANISH: chupa-chupa, mame colorado, numiallamihe, sapote, sapote<br />
de monte, sapotillo, zapote, zapote amarillo, zapote de monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Succulent to fibrous, golden pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> s<strong>of</strong>tball<br />
sized, brownish-green fruit is edible. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed from around<br />
Manaus to Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Also encountered<br />
in <strong>the</strong> wild.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Amazonian Brazil to Amazonian Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, Clement 1989,<br />
Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, Morton 1987a,<br />
Padoch and de Jong 1991, Shanley and Medina 2005, Soukup 1970,<br />
Vásquez and Gentry 1989<br />
M<strong>at</strong>isia ochrocalyx Schumann [syn. Quararibea ochrocalyx (Schumann)<br />
Vischer]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Bombacaceae (silk-cotton)<br />
SPANISH: machín sapote<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Alverson 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
M<strong>at</strong>teuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro [syn. M. pensylvanica<br />
(Willd.) Raymond, Osmunda struthiopteris L.]<br />
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FAMILY: Pteridophyta (ferns)<br />
ENGLISH: fiddleheads, ostrich fern<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, tightly curled fiddleheads are e<strong>at</strong>en generally<br />
well cooked as a vegetable or pickled. Considered a delicacy in<br />
<strong>Maine</strong>, <strong>the</strong>y are harvested from <strong>the</strong> wild in early spring before<br />
unfurling.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. and adjacent Canada to portions <strong>of</strong><br />
temper<strong>at</strong>e regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Old World.<br />
REFERENCES: Harris 1972, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Tomikel<br />
1986<br />
Mauritia carana Wallace [syn. Orophoma carana (Wallace) Spruce]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: caraná, caranã-grande, caranãzinho<br />
SPANISH: aguaje, aguaje del varillal, canangucha de sabana, caraná<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Amazonian lowlands from Colombia and<br />
Peru through western Amazonian Brazil, and extreme sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson et al. 1995, Silva et<br />
al. 1977<br />
Mauritia flexuosa L.f. [syn. M. vinifera Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: aeta, alta palm, buriti palm, eta, ita palm, ite, ite<br />
palm, mauritia, mauritia wine, miriti palm, moriche palm, wine<br />
palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: bâche, boriti, buriti, buriti-do-brejo, buritizeiro,<br />
caranda-guaçu, liokoho, meriti, miriti, moriti, muriti, palmeirados-brejos,<br />
p<strong>at</strong>oá<br />
SPANISH: acho, achual, aguaje, aguaschi, bache, canangucha,<br />
cananguche, iñéjhe, kekyura, moriche, moréte, marití, mirití,<br />
murití, ohidu, palma mauritia, nain, ne, non, palma real<br />
USES/NOTES: Mesocarps <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> scaly, golf ball-sized, dark, reddish<br />
fruits, rich in carbohydr<strong>at</strong>es and vitamins B-1 and C, are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
out <strong>of</strong> hand, dried and used for a starchy flour, or mashed for<br />
juice (vinho de buriti in Brazil), which may be fermented into an<br />
alcoholic beverage (chiche de moriche in Colombia, chicha in<br />
Ecuador), or for ice cream. Fruits also are an edible oil source.<br />
Sweet sap (to 50% sugar) tapped from <strong>the</strong> inflorescence is boiled<br />
down and directly consumed, or used for palm wine. A fiber used<br />
for weaving is obtained from <strong>the</strong> petiole. Spongy m<strong>at</strong>erial from<br />
<strong>the</strong> petiole is sometimes used for bottle corks and <strong>the</strong> petiole<br />
itself can be made into paper. Spiny or smooth stems are<br />
fashioned into canoes and weapons. Seeds are used to make<br />
buttons. Important in local markets and for subsistence<br />
consumption.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gre<strong>at</strong>er Amazonia through <strong>the</strong> Guianas and Venezuela to<br />
Trinidad<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cid 1978, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Fearnside 1985, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980,<br />
Gómez-Beloz 2002, Kahn and de Granville 1992, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Padoch 1988,<br />
Pedersen and Balslev 1990, Rehm and Espig 1991, Schultes 1988,<br />
Silva et al. 1977, Soukup 1970, UFA/NYBG n.d., Vásquez and Gentry<br />
1989<br />
Mauritiella acule<strong>at</strong>a (Kunth) Burret [syn. Mauritia aculi<strong>at</strong>a Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: buritirana, caranã-de-espinhos, caraná, caranaí<br />
SPANISH: aguajillo, cadanarite, moriche, morichito<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Margins <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rio Negro <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonian Brazil<br />
into Colombia, and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson 1978, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson 1995,<br />
Henderson et al. 1995, Listabarth 1999, Martin et al. 1987, Silva<br />
et al. 1977<br />
Mauritiella arm<strong>at</strong>a (Mart.) Burret [syn. Mauritia arm<strong>at</strong>a Mart.,<br />
Mauritia huebneri Burret, Mauritia martiana Spruce]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: baby ité<br />
PORTUGUESE: buriti-caranã, buriti-mirim, buritirana, caraná,<br />
caranã, caraná-grande, caranaí, caran<strong>at</strong>inga, jussara<br />
SPANISH: aguajillo, buriticilli, canaguchillo, caraña, caranaí,<br />
kantine-é, kauwaya, moretillo, morichito, morichito de tierra<br />
firme, palmilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is made into juice and liquid mesocarp is<br />
drunk.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia into eastern Venezuela, Guyana, and Surinam<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalconte 1991, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Mayna grandifolia Karsten<br />
FAMILY: Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: carrapicho-bravo<br />
SPANISH: achiote de venado<br />
USES/NOTES: Aril is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Sleumer 1980, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Mayna odor<strong>at</strong>a Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: anilina, escova-de-macaco, grão-de-macaco, m<strong>at</strong>a-calado<br />
SPANISH: bogimoncamo, uchich tumashnum<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by Amazonian Amerindians. Also used as a<br />
tonic.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil (Acre and probably Amazonas)<br />
to <strong>the</strong> lowland eastern Andes <strong>of</strong> Peru and Ecuador<br />
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REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Davis and Yost 1983, Sleumer 1980,<br />
UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Maytenus boaria Molina<br />
FAMILY: Celastraceae (spindle tree)<br />
ENGLISH: Chilean mayten tree, mayten tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: boaria<br />
SPANISH: maitén<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds produce an edible cooking oil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Argentina and Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Marticorena and Quezada 1985<br />
Medeola virginiana L.<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: cucumber-root, Indian cucumber, Indian cucumber-root<br />
USES/NOTES: Small tuberous rhizomes are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, cooked, or<br />
pickled, though may be diuretic or purg<strong>at</strong>ive in sufficient<br />
volumes.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Canada to Louisiana and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
(endangered in Florida)<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons 1966, Harris<br />
1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Radford et al. 1968, Tomikel<br />
1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Medicago lupulina L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: black medic, black medick, hop clover, shamrock, yellow<br />
trefoil<br />
SPANISH: trébol amarillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible, <strong>of</strong>ten made into a cracker spread.<br />
Said to be <strong>the</strong> original shamrock.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986<br />
Medicago s<strong>at</strong>iva L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: alfalfa, buffalo herb, hay, lucern, lucerne, sweet lucerne<br />
PORTUGUESE: alfafa, alfafa-de-flor-roxa, alfafa-de-provença,<br />
alfafa-verdadeira<br />
SPANISH: alfa alfa, alfalfa, alfar, guaranda, lucerne, mielga, omas<br />
USES/NOTES: Grown primarily for livestock feed, hay, fodder, and<br />
silage, though leaves and stems are a chlorophyll source and seed<br />
produce a dying oil or are used as a condiment. Also grown by<br />
beekeepers as a honey source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Middle East, western Persia, or perhaps Europe or<br />
North Africa, now n<strong>at</strong>uralized and weedy in favorable environments<br />
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REFERENCES: Ducke and Black 1954, Franquemont et al. 1990, Harris<br />
1972, IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, OAS 1973, Schwanitz 1966, Soukup<br />
1970, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Melicoccus bijug<strong>at</strong>us Jacq. [syn. Melicocca bijuga L.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
ENGLISH: chenet, genip, genip tree, guinep, honeyberry, kenip,<br />
mamocillo, mamoncillo, pitomba, Spanish lime<br />
PORTUGUESE: olho-de-boi, pitomba<br />
SPANISH: escanjocote, grosella de miel, guaco, guayo, limoncillo,<br />
macao, maco, mamón, mamoncillo, muco, papamundi, pitomba, quenepa<br />
USES/NOTES: Thin tart aril from <strong>the</strong> small, green fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
fresh and seeds may be e<strong>at</strong>en roasted. Seeds also are used to<br />
tre<strong>at</strong> dysentery. Fruits are similar to <strong>the</strong> pitomba (Talisia<br />
esculenta), though somewh<strong>at</strong> larger and green ra<strong>the</strong>r than brown<br />
when ripe. Sold in markets frequently in bunches tied <strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
stems.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America, or <strong>the</strong> Antilles,<br />
now widespread<br />
REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute<br />
1974, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Peret 1985,<br />
Popenoe 1974, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, Silva et al. 1977, Usher<br />
1974<br />
Melicoccus lepidopetala Radlk.<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit aril is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America and <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Melilotus alba Medik.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: melilot, white melilot, white sweet clover<br />
USES/NOTES: Protein-rich seeds and young leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Melilotus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis (L.) Pall.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: yellow melilot, yellow sweet clover<br />
USES/NOTES: Protein-rich seeds and young leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Melissa <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L.<br />
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FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: balm, common balm, garden balm, lemon balm, melissa, sweet<br />
balm, tea balm<br />
PORTUGUESE: capim-da-lapa, carmelitana, carmelita, chá-de-França,<br />
cidrilha, citronela maior, erva-cidreira, limonete, melissa,<br />
melissa-romana, meliteria<br />
SPANISH: cedrón limonera, cidrón, cidronella, melisa, torongil,<br />
toronjil, toronjina<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a condiment in salads and cooked<br />
dishes, a flavoring in liqueurs, and a medicinal tea. Also <strong>the</strong><br />
source <strong>of</strong> an oil used in medicines, perfumes, and salves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean or sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Carneiro Martins 1989, Guia Rural<br />
n.d., Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, Rodríguez Martínez 1990,<br />
Schneider 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Melocactus caesius Wendl. in Miq. [syn. M. curvispinus subsp.<br />
caesius (Wendl. in Miq.) N. Taylor]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: buche, pichiguey<br />
USES/NOTES: Fresh fruits are said to be tasty.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Venezuela to nearby coastal Colombia,<br />
Trinidad, and perhaps to coastal Surinam<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Hoyas 1989<br />
Melocactus curvispinus Pfieffer [syn. M. ruestii Schumann]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: barba de viejo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fresh fruits are tasty.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990,<br />
Taylor 1991<br />
Melocactus intortus (Miller) Urban [syn. M. communis (Aiton) Link<br />
& Otto]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: melon cactus, Turk’s cap cactus, Turk’s head<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn West Indies, <strong>the</strong> Bahamas, and <strong>the</strong> Turks and<br />
Caicos Islands<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990,<br />
Nellis 1994, Taylor 1991<br />
Melothria pendula L.<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: creeping cucumber, Guadeloupe cucumber<br />
PORTUGUESE: abóbora-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: chinchinkias<br />
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USES/NOTES: The Shuar <strong>of</strong> Ecuador e<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1 cm long, slightly<br />
elong<strong>at</strong>ed fruit, which resembles a small w<strong>at</strong>ermelon. The fruit is<br />
reported as being lax<strong>at</strong>ive also.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: widespread in <strong>the</strong> Americas where sufficient moisture<br />
is available from <strong>the</strong> tropics to <strong>the</strong> warmer midl<strong>at</strong>itudes<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bennett et al. 2001, Correll and<br />
Johnston 1970, Russell et al. n.d.<br />
Mentha aqu<strong>at</strong>ica L. [syn. M. dumetorum var. n<strong>at</strong>alensis Briq.]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: lemon mint, w<strong>at</strong>er mint<br />
PORTUGUESE: hortelã-pimenta, menta<br />
SPANISH: hierbabuena, menta, menta silvestre, poleo, polleo,<br />
yerbabuena<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed as a condiment.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987<br />
Mentha arvensis L.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: cornmint, field mint, mint, wild mint<br />
PORTUGUESE: hortelã-pimenta, menta<br />
SPANISH: hierbabuena, menta, menta silvestre, poleo, polleo,<br />
yerbabuena<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a condiment. The oil is used as a<br />
medicine, to flavor candy, foods, and beverages, and to scent<br />
cigarettes. The principal menthol source for cigarettes.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean, or possibly China<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., Hylton 1974,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sanecki 1974, von Reis<br />
Altschul 1973<br />
Mentha x piperita L. (pro sp.) [possible hybrid <strong>of</strong> M. aqu<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
(w<strong>at</strong>er mint) and M. x spic<strong>at</strong>a (spearmint)]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: mint, peppermint<br />
PORTUGUESE: hortelã, hortelã-das-cozinhas, hortelã-das-panelas,<br />
hortelã-do-campo, hortelã-pimenta, hortelã-preta, menta<br />
SPANISH: hierbabuena, hierbabuena, menta inglesa, yerbabuena<br />
USES/NOTES: The source <strong>of</strong> peppermint oil, an essential, arom<strong>at</strong>ic<br />
oil used to flavor chewing gum, candies, and liqueurs. Also<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia to North Africa, or England<br />
REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Ellis and Stevenson 1950, IBGE<br />
1980, Guia Rural n.d., Kartesz 1994, Mabberley 1987, Soukup 1970,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Mentha pulegium L.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: English pennyroyal, European pennyroyal, pennyroyal<br />
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PORTUGUESE: erva-de-São-Lourenço, poejo, poejo-das-hortas, poejoreal<br />
SPANISH: poleo<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic leaf is used as a seasoning and for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980<br />
Mentha spic<strong>at</strong>a L. [syn. M. viridis L.]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: bush mint, spearmint<br />
PORTUGUESE: hortelã, hortelã-comum, levante, menta, vik<br />
SPANISH: hierbabuena, menta, menta crespa, menta romana, menta<br />
verde, hierbabuena, khoa, té de yerbabuena<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic essential oil is used to flavor candy and<br />
chewing gum and dried leaves are used as a spice. Carvone<br />
containing tops and leaves are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, Asia, and North Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Branch and<br />
Silva 1983, Guia Rural n.d., Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1990,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, Soukup 1970, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, von Reis<br />
Altschul 1973<br />
Mentha suaveolens Ehrh.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: apple mint, big-leaf mint, pineapple mint, wooly mint<br />
SPANISH: hierbabuena<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used in mint sauces and jellies.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn and western Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987<br />
Mentha x verticill<strong>at</strong>a L. [hybrid M. aqu<strong>at</strong>ica L. x M. arvensis L.]<br />
[syn. M. s<strong>at</strong>iva L.]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: common mint, mint, scotch spearmint, whorled mint<br />
PORTUGUESE: hortelã, hortelã-comum, hortelã-das-hortas, hortelãromana<br />
SPANISH: hierbabuena, menta romana, poleo<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is used as a condiment.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980<br />
Mentzelia albicaulis (Douglas ex Hook.) Douglas ex Torrey & A.<br />
Gray<br />
FAMILY: Loasaceae (blazing star)<br />
ENGLISH: mentzelia<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible parched and ground into a fine meal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Menyan<strong>the</strong>s trifoli<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
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FAMILY: Gentianaceae (gentian)<br />
ENGLISH: bean trefoil, bitter trefoil, bitterworm, bog bean, bog<br />
hop, bog myrtle, bog nut, brook bean, buck bean, marsh clover,<br />
marsh trefoil, moonflower, w<strong>at</strong>er shamrock, w<strong>at</strong>er trefoil<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried and powdered rhizome is used in bread by Alaskan<br />
n<strong>at</strong>ives and leaves are made into tea or used as a substitute for<br />
hops (Humulus lupulus), though used more as a medicine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Harris 1972, Mabberely 1987, Sievers 1930, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Menziesia ferruginea Sm.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: false huckleberry, rustyleaf<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn California to Alaska<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Merremia quinquefolia (L.) Hallier f.<br />
FAMILY: Convolvulaceae (morning-glory or sweet-pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: akan k’<strong>at</strong>haw, bejuco de mano, bejuco peludo, camotillo,<br />
campanita blanca, manecilla blanca<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are cooked as greens in <strong>the</strong> Huasteca region <strong>of</strong><br />
Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, RSPM 2003<br />
Mertensia maritima (L.) Gray<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
ENGLISH: gromwell, oysterleaf, sea lungwort<br />
USES/NOTES: Rhizome is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn hemisphere<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Mespilodaphne sassafras Meissner [includes Ocotea sassafras<br />
(Meisner) Mez]<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
ENGLISH: sassafras nut, South American ocotea, South American<br />
sassafras<br />
PORTUGUESE: canela-funcho, canela-sassafrás, louro-sassafrás, paufuncho,<br />
sassafrás, sassafrás-amarelo<br />
SPANISH: sasafrás<br />
USES/NOTES: Bark is used as a spice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980<br />
Metteniusa edulis Karsten<br />
FAMILY: Icacinaceae (icacina)<br />
SPANISH: cantyi, kanji<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en in <strong>the</strong> highlands <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sierra Nevada de<br />
Santa Marta.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Cuadros 1990, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Metteniusa nucifera (Pittier) Sleumer<br />
FAMILY: Icacinaceae (icacina)<br />
SPANISH: macagua, urupagua<br />
USES/NOTES: Cooked seeds and fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Maian<strong>the</strong>mum racemasum (L.) Link var. racemosum [syn. Smilacina<br />
racemosa (L.) Desf.]<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: American spikenard, false Solomon’s seal, false spikenard,<br />
Solomon’s plume, treacle berry, wild spikenard<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked, but become lax<strong>at</strong>ive in<br />
excess. Young shoots and roots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada to Tennessee and North Carolina<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Harrington 1967,<br />
Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Sturtevant 1972<br />
Maian<strong>the</strong>mum stell<strong>at</strong>um (L.) Link [syn. Smilacina stell<strong>at</strong>a (L.)<br />
Desf.]<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: false Solomon’s seal, Solomon’s plume<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked, but can be lax<strong>at</strong>ive if<br />
taken in excess. Young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en as a po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994<br />
Miconia boomii Wurdack<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
SPANISH: bimichëxë<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit are e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Chácobo <strong>of</strong> Bolivia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Killeen et al. 1993<br />
Miconia punct<strong>at</strong>a (Desv.) Don ex DC<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
SPANISH: auquey, camasey, canelón, Canilla de mula, Ramillo<br />
colorado<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit are e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America from Belize and Gu<strong>at</strong>emala and <strong>the</strong><br />
Antilles from Puerto Rico through <strong>the</strong> Guianas and Gre<strong>at</strong>er<br />
Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d.<br />
Miconia affinis DC. [also M. klugii Gleason, M. longispic<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Triana, M. poeppigii Triana, M. splendens (Sw.) Griseb., M.<br />
tomentosa (Rich.) Don ex DC.]<br />
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FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
PORTUGUESE: buxixu, c<strong>at</strong>uaba (M. poeppigii)<br />
SPANISH: camasey, saquiyac<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit are e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Chácobo <strong>of</strong> Bolivia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and <strong>the</strong> Guianas, M. splendens ranges to <strong>the</strong><br />
West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Boom 1989, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
ENGLISH: Georgia whiteman, whiteback<br />
PORTUGUESE: buxixu, folha-branca<br />
SPANISH: serin de culebra, serin de niguey<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, blueish-green berries are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and <strong>the</strong> West Indies to tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1989, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, MBG n.d., Sommeijer et al. n.d.<br />
Miconia calvescens Schrank & Mart. ex DC.<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
ENGLISH: bush currant, velvet tree<br />
SPANISH: barbecho, chiriya tetacho, colca, coloradillo blanco,<br />
eshaona aqui, sierrilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark purple fruits, about one-half inch in diameter,<br />
are sweet<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d.<br />
Miconia cili<strong>at</strong>a (Rich.) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
USES/NOTES: Small dark purple fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: d’Eeckenbrugge and Ferla 2000<br />
Miconia desmantha Benth. [questionable - Martin et al. 1987 listed<br />
it as edible in CO/Ven., but MBG restricts it to S.MX-Panama, and<br />
no o<strong>the</strong>r sources to it being e<strong>at</strong>en]<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, dark purplish fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and<br />
Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Miconia holosericea (L.) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
USES/NOTES: Small fruits, yellow when unripe and dark when ripe,<br />
are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical mainland from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and Belize<br />
through tropical South America to Bahia, Brazil, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and<br />
Amazonian Bolivia<br />
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REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d.<br />
Miconia liebmannii Cogn.<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark purple fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Miconia ligustrina (Sm.) Triana<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
SPANISH: esmeraldo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Miconia macrothyrsa Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989<br />
Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
PORTUGUESE: fruto-de-jacu<br />
SPANISH: camasey<br />
USES/NOTES: Tiny, dark berries are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from Mexico to Paraguay and <strong>the</strong> West<br />
Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Jørgensen and<br />
León-Yánez 1999, Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975, Renner et al.<br />
1990, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Miconia serrul<strong>at</strong>a (DC.) Naudin [syn. M. macrophylla (Pavon ex D.<br />
Don) Triana]<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
SPANISH: camasey, chanchák, jau-jau, palo estrella blanco, payas<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, dark red berries are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from <strong>the</strong> West Indies and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
to Bolivia, Brazil, and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Almeda 2001, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999,<br />
MBG n.d., Renner et al. 1990, Salick 1992, Wurdack 1980<br />
Micrandra spruceana (Baillon) R. Schultes<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
SPANISH: conoco, shiringa masha<br />
USES/NOTES: Poisonous seeds are processed into a foodstuff by<br />
Amerindians <strong>of</strong> Colombia’s Vaupes River basin. L<strong>at</strong>ex is mixed with<br />
th<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong> Hevea brasiliensis for an inferior rubber.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
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REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Schultes 1979b<br />
Micropholis acutangula (Ducke) Eyma<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (spapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiu-carambola<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, elong<strong>at</strong>ed, ribbed fruit, similar in shape to <strong>the</strong><br />
carambola (Averrhoa carambola), though with more rounded ribs, is<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern and central Amazonian Brazil and French<br />
Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Pennington 1990<br />
Micropholis crotonoides (Pierre) Pierre in Pierre & Urban<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
FRENCH: bal<strong>at</strong>a chien<br />
SPANISH: caimitillo, vara de maría<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits taste like grapes (Vitis spp.)<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Atlantic side <strong>of</strong> Costa Rica and Panama, western<br />
Colombia, northwestern Ecuador, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, and portions<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Lesser Antilles (St Lucia)<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Micropholis egensis (A. DC.) Pierre in Pierre & Urban<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: caimitillo, caimito, cajou, lagarto moona, quinilla,<br />
quinilla negra, sapote yacu, shakashak, yaas<br />
USES/NOTES: Two-three cm long fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Panama, Colombia, and Amazonian Ecuador, Peru,<br />
Brazil, Venezuela, Surinam, and French Guiana, below 500 meters<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington 1990<br />
Micropholis guyanensis (A. DC.) Pierre subsp. guyanensis<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (spapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: wild bal<strong>at</strong>a, wild caimite, wild star apple<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiu, abiu mangabarana, abiurana, aca-cipó, babepa<br />
preta, bal<strong>at</strong>a brava, bal<strong>at</strong>a rosadinha, caramori, chicle bravo,<br />
maçaranduba, mangabarana, maparajuba, maparajuba de m<strong>at</strong>a, rosadabrava,<br />
rosada-mansa, rosadinha<br />
SPANISH: bal<strong>at</strong>a, bal<strong>at</strong>a gomosaa, bal<strong>at</strong>a rosada, bolaqueiro,<br />
bolaqueiro caspi colorado, caimite, caimitillo, caimitillo<br />
amarillo, chicle, caspi colorado, massarandubilla, olivo, purvio<br />
colorado, purvio negro, quinilla blanca, tariconana, tiorocoriba,<br />
torocoriba, tushmo blanco<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. L<strong>at</strong>ex has been mixed with better<br />
quality bal<strong>at</strong>as.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica, Panama, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles, and<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America through tropical Brazil to Amazonian<br />
Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Pennington 1990, Silva et al. 1977<br />
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Micropholis melinoniana Pierre<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiufi<br />
SPANISH: baricoco, cajón, lagartomoena, lechoso, man<strong>at</strong>in, silion<br />
blanco<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, and Amazonian Ecuador, Peru,<br />
Venezuela, and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Micropholis obscura Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: ufu<br />
PORTUGUGESE: abiurana-de-massa<br />
SPANISH: quinilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits reportedly taste like apples or prunes.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru, Brazil, and Venezuela, French Guiana,<br />
and Guyana<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Micropholis rugosa (Sw.) Pierre [syn. Sideroxylon rugosum (Sw.)<br />
Roemer & Schultes]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: beef apple, bull apple, bully apple<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow to orange-yellow ripe fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Jamaica<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990<br />
Micropholis venulosa (Mart. ex Eichler) Pierre<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (spapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: fogel kop, kiudibushi, kudibushi, vogel kop<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiu, abiurana-branca, mulungu, piramiri, rosadinha,<br />
rosada verde, uvinha<br />
SPANISH: akayas, bal<strong>at</strong>illa, caimitillo negro, caimito, cupurillo,<br />
manigowae, mimisa yek, moraballi, palo de chamanare, palo<br />
peruano, palo sangre, purguillo félix, purquillo, rosada,<br />
sachapua, shaska-shakyas, timuri, yuquito<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Panama through lowland South America to<br />
coastal Brazil in <strong>the</strong> east and Peru in <strong>the</strong> south<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington 1990, Silva et al.<br />
1977<br />
Mimulus gutt<strong>at</strong>us Fischer ex DC.<br />
FAMILY: Plantaginaceae (plantain), previously Scrophulariaceae<br />
(figwort or snapdragon)<br />
ENGLISH: common large monkeyflower, common monkeyflower, common<br />
yellow monkeyflower, seep monkeyflower, yellow monkeyflower<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, somewh<strong>at</strong> bitter leaves are added to salads.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Western North America to <strong>the</strong> central Andes<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Jørgensen<br />
and Ulloa Ulloa 1994, Kirk 1970, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Mimusops commersonii auct. non (G. Don f.) Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (spapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: sapotillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Very ripe fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Madagascar<br />
REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989<br />
Mimusops elengi L.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: bulletwood, Indian medlar, Spanish cherry<br />
SPANISH: mimusops<br />
USES/NOTES: Pulp, though scant, is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India, Sri Lanka, and Burma<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Minquartia guianensis Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Olacaceae (American hog plum)<br />
ENGLISH: ironwood<br />
PORTUGUESE: acariquara, acariquara-roxa, acariúba, aquariquara,<br />
aquariquara-roxa<br />
SPANISH: fierro caspi, huacapú<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits <strong>of</strong> this large tree are edible. Durable, rotresistant,<br />
dense wood is used in construction and for telephone<br />
poles.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Silva et al.<br />
1977, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz & Pavón) Standley<br />
FAMILY: Nyctaginaceae (four o’clock)<br />
ENGLISH: marvel <strong>of</strong> Peru, mauka<br />
SPANISH: arracacha de toro, arricón, camotillo, chaco, chago,<br />
chagos, cushipe, cushpe, mauca, mauka, miso, pega pega, shallca<br />
yuca, shallja, taso, tazo, yuca, yuca de la jalca, yuca inca<br />
USES/NOTES: Variously colored, from white to yellow to orange,<br />
tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Andes, today especially in <strong>the</strong> Cajamarca<br />
region <strong>of</strong> Peru and isol<strong>at</strong>ed pockets in Ecuador and western<br />
Bolivia, though it is cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed from <strong>the</strong> Venezuelan Andes to<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cárdenas 1969, NRC 1989, Rehm<br />
and Espig 1991<br />
Mirabilis jalapa L.<br />
FAMILY: Nyctaginaceae (four o’clock)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
ENGLISH: beauty-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-night, false jalap, four o’clock, marvel <strong>of</strong><br />
Peru<br />
PORTUGUESE: beijos-de-frade, belas-noites, boas-noites, bonina,<br />
jalapa-falsa, maravilha<br />
SPANISH: clavelilla, isabelita<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for <strong>the</strong> edible red dye obtained from showy<br />
flowers. Leaves also are e<strong>at</strong>en and seeds are mixed with black<br />
pepper (Piper nigrum) as a spice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps from Chile to Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Brako and Zarucchi 1993,<br />
Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Van Feu n.d.<br />
Mirabilis multiflora (Torrey) A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Nyctaginaceae (four o’clock)<br />
ENGLISH: desert four o’clock<br />
USES/NOTES: Root has been used for food since pre-Columbian times.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987<br />
Mitchella repens L.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: Christmas berry, partridge berry, squaw vine, twinberry,<br />
twinflower, two-eye-berry<br />
USES/NOTES: Bright red drupe, to about a cm, is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. to Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Fernald et<br />
al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Medsger 1939, Nelson 1996,<br />
Standley and Williams 1975, Taylor 1998<br />
Mitran<strong>the</strong>s obscura (DC.) Legrand [syn. Calyptran<strong>the</strong>s obscura DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Legrand 1958, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don f.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: cheeses, mauve<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to make sun-brewed tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990<br />
Momordica charantia L. and M. balsamina L.<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: baan caryla, balsam apple (M. balsamina), balsam pear,<br />
bitter cucumber, bitter gourd, bitter melon, caryla, cerasee (M.<br />
balsamina), coraila, leprosy gourd, wild cerasee (M. charantia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ejinrin, erva-de-lavadeira, erva-de-São-Caetano, ervade-São-Vicente,<br />
fruta-de-cobra, fruta-de-negro, melão-de-São-<br />
Caetano, São-Caetano, São-Caitano<br />
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SPANISH: balsamina/o (M. balsamina), bejuco pepino (M. charantia),<br />
cundeamor, cundiamor, kum de amor, melón, momórdiga, papailla,<br />
sorosi<br />
USES/NOTES: Young fruits, especially <strong>of</strong> M. charantia, are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
cooked. Young shoots are used as a vegetable in Asia. Sap,<br />
leaves, fruit, and stems are medicinal, fruit to regul<strong>at</strong>e blood<br />
sugar.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Old World tropics, perhaps India, widely established<br />
in warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Austin and Bourne 1992, Ayala Flores 1984,<br />
Bourke et al. 1987, Branch and Silva 1983, Coe 1994, Duke 1997,<br />
Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., IBGE 1980, León 1987, Leung<br />
1961, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1967, Niembro Rocas 1992, Omawale<br />
1973, Price 1990, Purseglove 1968, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher<br />
1974, Voeks 1997, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982<br />
Monarda citridora Cerv. ex Lagerh.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: lemon beebalm, lemon mint, monarda<br />
USES/NOTES: The Hopi people <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> leaves with me<strong>at</strong>.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn and south-central U.S. into nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Monarda didyma L. [syn. M. menthaefolia Graham]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: bee balm, beebalm, bergamot tea, horse mint, monarda,<br />
Oswego beebalm, Oswego-tea, red bergamot, scarlet beebalm, wild<br />
bergamot<br />
PORTUGUESE: bergamota, hortelã silvestre<br />
SPANISH: hierbabuena, menta<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and flower heads are used as a vegetable, a<br />
condiment, a beverage tea, and a medicinal tea to tre<strong>at</strong> stomach<br />
complaints and to aid in menstru<strong>at</strong>ion. Leaves are also used for<br />
chewing or as a cooking spice like oregano. Leaf oil is used<br />
medicinally and in perfumes. The tea was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> teas used as<br />
a substitute following <strong>the</strong> Boston Tea Party.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Taylor 1970,<br />
Usher 1974, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Monarda fistulosa L.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: American horsemint, beebalm, bergamot, fern mint,<br />
horsemint, mintleaf beebalm, monarda, Oswego-tea, plains beebalm,<br />
plains lemon monarda, wild bergamot beebalm, wild bergamot<br />
horsemint<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and flower heads are used for tea or as a<br />
seasoning, and are chewed fresh or dried to freshen bre<strong>at</strong>h.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: New England to Georgia and Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1997, Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, Peterson 1977<br />
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Monarda pectin<strong>at</strong>a Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: horse mint, miner’s lettuce, monarda, plains beebalm, pony<br />
beebalm, spotted beebalm<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a spice with boiled me<strong>at</strong>.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Monolepsis nuttalliana (Schultes) E. Greene<br />
FAMILY: Chenopodiaceae (gooseffot)<br />
ENGLISH: poverty weed<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are cooked in f<strong>at</strong> and seeds are used for pinole.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Monstera adansonii Schott [syn. M. pertusa (L.) de Vriese]<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
PORTUGUESE: chaga-de-são-sebastião, dragão-fedorento, folha-furada,<br />
imbé-furado, imbé-de-San-Pedro, imbé-manso, mimbi, são-pedro,<br />
timbo-manso<br />
SPANISH: harpón, hoja de serene, madre de harpón<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit spadix is sweet, though unripe fruit contains<br />
calcium oxal<strong>at</strong>e, which may upset <strong>the</strong> stomach.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Grupo de Comunicação Três 1998, Plowman 1969<br />
Monstera deliciosa Liebm.<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: ceriman, cheeseplant, delicious monstera, false<br />
breadfruit, hurricane plant, monstera, swiss-cheese plant<br />
PORTUGUESE: ananás japonês, banana-de-brejo, banana-de-macao,<br />
banana-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, costela-de-adão, fruta-de-México, monstera<br />
SPANISH: anona piña, árbol del pan mexicano, arpón común, balazo,<br />
cerimán, cerimán de México, filodendro, guembé, güembé, harpón,<br />
hojadillo, huracán, ojal, piña anona, piñanona<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit spadix is consumed fresh, as juice, in<br />
desserts, or in jelly and jam. Unripe spadix contains calcium<br />
oxal<strong>at</strong>e, which may upset <strong>the</strong> stomach. Aerial roots are used to<br />
make baskets. Also grown as a popular ornamental in <strong>the</strong> humid<br />
tropics and frost-free areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> subtropics and as a<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, though widely<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed today<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 1995, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Kennard and<br />
Winters 1960, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a,<br />
OAS 1973, Plowman 1969, Usher 1974<br />
Monstera dilacer<strong>at</strong>a (K. Koch & Sello) K. Koch [syn. M. peruviana<br />
Engl.]<br />
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FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
SPANISH: chirrivaca, costilla de Adan, m<strong>at</strong>a palo<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe, whitish fruit spadix is consumed fresh, as juice,<br />
in desserts, or as preserves. Unripe fruit contains calcium<br />
oxal<strong>at</strong>e, which may upset <strong>the</strong> stomach.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical mainland from Belize to Amazonian<br />
Bolivia, Brazil, and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Grayum<br />
1997, MBG n.d., Plowman 1969<br />
Montia fontana L.<br />
FAMILY: Portulacaceae (purslane)<br />
ENGLISH: blinks, w<strong>at</strong>er blinks, w<strong>at</strong>er chickweed<br />
PORTUGUESE: merujas<br />
SPANISH: coruja, perifollo<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as salad greens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Cosmopolitan or nearly so from Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, to<br />
Alaska, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987<br />
Montrichardia arborescens (L.) Schott<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: w<strong>at</strong>er chestnut<br />
FRENCH: malanga-gr<strong>at</strong>ter, moucou-moucou<br />
PORTUGUESE: aninga, aninga-uba, imbé-da-praia<br />
SPANISH: aninga, arracacho, boroboro, castaña, chupaya, fruta del<br />
diablo, guacamay, guembé taya, hemuru, mocomoco, monomoco,<br />
mucumucu, raya balsa<br />
SURINAMESE: mocou-mocou<br />
USES/NOTES: Cooked or toasted seeds and fresh, fruiting spadix are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Fouqué 1973, Gómez-Beloz 2002,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Plowman 1969<br />
Morinda citrifolia L.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: hog apple, Indian mulberry, morinda, noni<br />
PORTUGUESE: noni<br />
SPANISH: morinda, noni<br />
USES/NOTES: Odorous fruits are used in tonics or e<strong>at</strong>en cooked when<br />
imm<strong>at</strong>ure. Juice is marketed as a nutritious health supplement.<br />
Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted and young leaves may be e<strong>at</strong>en as a<br />
vegetable green.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India to Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia and Oceania, widely<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> hot, humid tropics<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke 1986, Hoyas 1989, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Morton 1992, Nellis 1994<br />
Morinda royoc L. [syn. M. yuc<strong>at</strong>anensis Greenm.]<br />
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FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: cheese shrub, Indian mulberry, red gal, redgal, strongbark<br />
SPANISH: dub inagolosa, garañón, xoyen ak’<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellowish drupe is edible. The plant’s phytochemicals<br />
show promise in medicine. Used to tre<strong>at</strong> warts in Belize.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela through<br />
<strong>the</strong> West Indies to Florida and Central America to sou<strong>the</strong>astern<br />
Mexico (Oaxaca through <strong>the</strong> Yuc<strong>at</strong>án)<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Lorence 1999, MBG n.d., Taylor 1998<br />
Moringa oleifera Lam. [syn. M. moringa (L.) Small, M.<br />
pterygosperma Gaertner, Guilandina moringa L.]<br />
FAMILY: Moringaceae (moringa)<br />
ENGLISH: ben nuts, ben-oil tree, ben tree, benzolive tree,<br />
drumstick tree, horseradish tree, moringa pea tree, oil-<strong>of</strong>-ben<br />
tree, sijan, West Indian ben, wild rhuda, w<strong>at</strong>er purifying tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: acácia-branca, moringa, muringueiro<br />
SPANISH: angela, árbol de las perlas, árbol de los aspáragos, ben,<br />
jacinto, jazmín francés, maranga, maranga calalu, marango,<br />
moringa, palo blanco, palo de abejas, palo de aceite, paraíso,<br />
paraíso blanco, paraíso francés, perlas, picante blanco, resedá,<br />
teberinto, terebinto<br />
USES/NOTES: Although grown mainly as a landscape tree and for its<br />
medicinal properties, roots were once dried and ground and used<br />
as a condiment like horseradish (Armoracia lap<strong>at</strong>hifolia), young<br />
shoots, leaves, and flowers are used as spices, leaves make a<br />
nutritious vegetable, and inner pods are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled. Although<br />
<strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> roots as a horseradish substitute in India during<br />
<strong>the</strong> British colonial period was widespread, it should be noted<br />
th<strong>at</strong> roots contain small amounts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> toxic alkaloid<br />
moringinine th<strong>at</strong> can have neg<strong>at</strong>ive health consequences, when<br />
ingested in sufficient quantities. Seeds, or “ben nuts” contain<br />
oil <strong>of</strong> ben, used as a lubricant and cooking oil. Leaf, pod, and<br />
bud are fed to animals and seeds have been used to render w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
potable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sub-Himalayan regions <strong>of</strong> northwestern India, though<br />
widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> tropics and subtropics and n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
in many (especially dry) parts <strong>of</strong> Africa and to a lesser extent<br />
<strong>the</strong> Neotropics, including Nicaragua, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, Costa Rica,<br />
Panama, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cáceres et al. 1991, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), Morton 1991, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Purseglove 1968,<br />
Ruberté 1984, Schabel 2002a, Stevens et al. 2001, Verma et al.<br />
1976, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982<br />
Morisonia americana L.<br />
FAMILY: Brassicaceae (brassica) or Capparidaceae (caper)<br />
SPANISH: cebo de mico, higicho, mucurutú, naranjuelo, zorrocloco<br />
USES/NOTES: Pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> variously colored dark red to light or dark<br />
brown fruit is sweet, though potentially seedy.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Ecuador and<br />
Venezuela including <strong>the</strong> Antilles<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d.<br />
Morrenia odor<strong>at</strong>a (Hook. & Arn.) Lindley [also M. varieg<strong>at</strong>a<br />
(Griseb.) Meyer]<br />
FAMILY: Asclepiadaceae (milkweed)<br />
ENGLISH: l<strong>at</strong>ex plant<br />
SPANISH: doca, guaikuru rembi’u, jupuaroke, paraguayita, tasi,<br />
uruma<br />
USES/NOTES: Young fruit <strong>of</strong> this typically herbaceous vine is e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
raw, young seeds are sometimes e<strong>at</strong>en mashed and salted, young<br />
leaves, shoots, and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or boiled, and older<br />
stems are chewed. Parts are collected from <strong>the</strong> wild. The fruit <strong>of</strong><br />
M. brachystephana Griseb., M. grandiflora Malme, M. herzogii<br />
Schlecht., M. schulziana Meyer, M. stormiana (Morong) Malme are<br />
said to be edible, but not e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gran Chaco <strong>of</strong> Eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Argentina to Uruguay and southwestern Brazil, M. odor<strong>at</strong>a is<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized in Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Arenas 1999, Foster 1958, MBG n.d., Meyer and Bacigalupo<br />
1979, von Reis Altschul 1973, Wunderlin 1998<br />
Morus alba L.<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: mulberry, Russian mulberry, silkworm mulberry, white<br />
mulberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: amora branca<br />
SPANISH: mora, mora blanca, moral blanco, morera, morera blanca<br />
USES/NOTES: Typically white to pinkish, though sometimes dark,<br />
"collective" fruits are insipid to sweet. Unripe fruits and young<br />
leaf shoots are cooked as vegetables. Leaves have been fed to<br />
silkworms for centuries.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Gibbons 1962, IBGE 1980, Johns and Stevenson<br />
1985, Nelson 1994, Peterson 1977, Sokolov 1991, Usher 1974<br />
Morus alba var. multicaulis (Perrottet) Laud. [syn. M. multicaulis<br />
Perrottet]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: mulberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: amora<br />
SPANISH: morera roja<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed out <strong>of</strong> hand or in jams, sweets, and<br />
juices.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975<br />
Morus celtidifolia Kunth [syn. M. mexicana Benth., M. microphylla<br />
Buckley]<br />
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FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: mulberry, Texas mulberry<br />
SPANISH: mora<br />
USES/NOTES: Red fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central and southwestern U.S. (sou<strong>the</strong>rn Arizona<br />
to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Texas) through Mexico to Bolivia, though possibly<br />
introduced to Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1998, Breedlove 1986, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d.,<br />
Shreve and Wiggins 1964<br />
Morus nigra L.<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: black mulberry, common mulberry, Persian mulberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: amora preta<br />
SPANISH: mora, mora negra, moral, moral negro, moreda, morera, moro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> a syrup used to sooth<br />
sore thro<strong>at</strong>s.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Asia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Johns and Stevenson 1985,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974<br />
Morus rubra L.<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: red mulberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: amora<br />
SPANISH: mora, moral rojo<br />
USES/NOTES: Delic<strong>at</strong>e skinned fruits, orange-red to dark when ripe<br />
and somewh<strong>at</strong> longer than those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Asian white mulberry (M.<br />
alba), are consumed out <strong>of</strong> hand, in pies and jellies, or as juice<br />
and wine. Young, unfolding leaves may be e<strong>at</strong>en as a cooked<br />
vegetable. Peterson warns th<strong>at</strong> unripe fruits and uncooked greens<br />
are hallucinogenic. Milky sap causes skin irrit<strong>at</strong>ion. Small to<br />
medium sized trees with generally downy leaves are messy due to<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir abundant juicy fruits, but excel <strong>at</strong> <strong>at</strong>tracting wildlife.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Ontario to Florida and<br />
Texas, n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Breedlove 1986, Gibbons 1962,<br />
Godfrey 1988, Harris 1972, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Nelson 1994, Perkins<br />
and Payne 1978, Peterson 1977, Sokolov 1991, Tomikel 1986, Turner<br />
and Szczawinski 1979, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Mouriri acutiflora Naudin [syn. M. pendulifolia Cogn.]<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
ENGLISH: mamuriballi<br />
FRENCH: bois de fléche, bois de méche, topi<br />
PORTUGUESE: cruili, muriti, murta-de-parida<br />
SPANISH: guayavilla, lanza caspi, momo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Brazil to<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, and <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and probably beyond<br />
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REFERENCES: d’Eeckenbrugge and Ferla 2000, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Killeen et al. 1993, MBG n.d.,<br />
Morley 1976, Steyermark et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Mouriri apiranga Spruce ex Triana<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
PORTUGUESE: apiranga, gurguí, piranga<br />
SPANISH: apiranga<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al.<br />
1987, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Mouriri crassifolia Sagot<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
FRENCH: bois-fléche, prunier, topi<br />
SPANISH: yocoro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guianas and adjacent Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: d’Eeckenbrugge and Ferla 2000, Morley 1976<br />
Mouriri domingensis (Tussac) Spach<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
SPANISH: murta<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Morley 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Mouriri eugeniifolia Spruce ex Triana<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cucui, dauicu<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow fruits are collected from <strong>the</strong> wild and e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
locally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Upper Rio Negro and Rio Branco <strong>of</strong> Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Morley 1976<br />
Mouriri ficoides Morley<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
PORTUGUESE: muriri<br />
SPANISH: dereillo yokoro, tinajuito<br />
USES/NOTES: Round, two cm, typically yellow fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en locally<br />
out <strong>of</strong> hand or made into a refreshing juice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Amazonia to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Morley 1976,<br />
Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Mouriri guianensis Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
ENGLISH: pomikie, wild-kers<br />
PORTUGUESE: creoli, criuri, criviri, gurguri, socoró, ururi<br />
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SPANISH: cascarito, cometure<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Wood is hard and fine-grained.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Hoyas 1989<br />
Mouriri huberi Cogn.<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
PORTUGUESE: mamãozinho<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en locally by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor <strong>of</strong> Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador to eastern Amazonian Brazil and<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Steyermark et<br />
al. 1995<br />
Mouriri macrophylla Cham. [syn. M. grandiflora A. DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
ENGLISH: maniballi<br />
PORTUGUESE: camutin, guajarai, gurguí, mirauba, tucunaré-mereçá<br />
SPANISH: charachuela, lanza caspi<br />
FRENCH: bois-fléche<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guianas and Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, d’Eeckenbrugge and Ferla 2000, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Morley 1976, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Mouriri oligantha Pilger<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
SPANISH: lanza caspi<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Mouriri pseudo-gemin<strong>at</strong>a Pittier<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
SPANISH: p<strong>at</strong>a de paují, paují<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Mouriri pusa Gardner<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
ENGLISH: silverwood<br />
PORTUGUESE: jaboticaba-do-campo, manapuçá, mandapuçá, munduru, puçá,<br />
puçá-preta<br />
USES/NOTES: Red to black, two and a half cm long fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Mouriri sagotiana Triana<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
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USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en locally by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: French Guiana, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, and eastern<br />
Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Mouriri trunciflora Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
PORTUGUESE: mamão-bravo, mamãozinho, mirauba<br />
USES/NOTES: Large (to 25 cm), succulent sweet fruits are edible,<br />
though viscous.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, d’Eeckenbrugge and Ferla 2000, Silva et<br />
al. 1977<br />
Moutabea acule<strong>at</strong>a (Ruiz & Pavón) Poeppig & Endl.<br />
FAMILY: Polygalaceae (milkwort)<br />
SPANISH: caimito de monte, coto huayo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Moutabea angustifolia Huber<br />
FAMILY: Polygalaceae (milkwort)<br />
PORTUGUESE: gogo-de-guariba<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Moutabea chod<strong>at</strong>iana Huber<br />
FAMILY: Polygalaceae (milkwort)<br />
PORTUGUESE: fruta-de-guariba, gogo-de-guariba, suassureçá<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Mucoa duckei (Markgraf) Zarucchi<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (milkwort)<br />
SPANISH: yahuarayo blanco<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1983, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Bengal bean, Bengal velvetbean, cow itch, cowage<br />
velvetbean, Florida velvetbean, lyon-bean, Mauritius velvetbean,<br />
velvet bean, Yokohoma velvetbean<br />
SPANISH: frijol terciopelo, haba de terciopelo, nescafé, nescao<br />
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USES/NOTES: Young pods and seeds are edible. M<strong>at</strong>ure seeds are<br />
edible, used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute, and are fed to animals.<br />
Known as cow itch because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> irrit<strong>at</strong>ing hairs.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kay 1979, Mabberley 1987, Martin<br />
1984a, Rehm and Espig 1991, Wiersema et al. 1990<br />
Mucuna pruriens var. utilis (Wallach ex Wight) Baker ex Burck<br />
[syn. Stizolobium deeringianum Bort]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: mucuna-anã<br />
SPANISH: frijol de terciopelo, habichuela terciopelo, mucuna,<br />
mucuna rayada, terciopelo<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried seeds are used to make a c<strong>of</strong>fee-like beverage and<br />
<strong>the</strong> plant is intercropped with perennials to enrich <strong>the</strong> soil with<br />
nitrogen.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Guia Rural n.d., OAS 1973<br />
Muehlenbeckia hastul<strong>at</strong>a (Sm.) I.M. Johnston [syn. M. chilensis<br />
Meisner]<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is said to be edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Chile to Bolivia and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Foster 1958, d’Eeckenbrugge and Ferla 2000, Standley<br />
1937b<br />
Muehlenbeckia sagittifolia (Ortega) Meisner<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
PORTUGUESE: salsa, salsaparrilha<br />
USES/NOTES: Vine’s fleshy, pink to red fruit is said to be edible.<br />
Also medicinal to tre<strong>at</strong> syphilis.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, Uruguay, Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil (Rio<br />
Grande do Sul), Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Cialdella and Brandbyge 2001, d’Eeckenbrugge and Ferla<br />
2000, Mentz et al. 1997, Troncoso 1987<br />
Muhlenbergia spp.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: hair grass<br />
USES/NOTES: Apache used <strong>the</strong> seeds as a flour source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Warm regions <strong>of</strong> North America<br />
REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987<br />
Muntingia calabura L.<br />
FAMILY: Muntingiaceae (muntingia) or perhaps Malvaceae (mallow),<br />
previously Elaeocarpaceae (elaeocarpus), Flacourtiaceae<br />
(flacourtia), or Tiliaceae (linden)<br />
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ENGLISH: calabur, capulin, guasem, Jamaican cherry, Panama berry,<br />
strawberry tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: calabura, curumi, pau-de-seda<br />
SPANISH: acurucó, bolina, bolaina, calabura, capuli, capulín,<br />
capulín blanco, capulín de comer, capulín de montaña, capulina,<br />
capulinas, cedrillo, cedrillo majagua, cerezo caspi, chapulí,<br />
chirriador, chit<strong>at</strong>ó, chitoto, crespo caspi, guácimo hembra,<br />
guinda yumanasa, iumanasa, jon<strong>at</strong>e, mahaujo, majagua, majaguillo,<br />
majagüillo, majagüito, majangua, majanjo, memiso, memizo,<br />
mullacahuayo, pasito, periquito, puán, nigua, nigüito, niguo,<br />
tapabotija, yumanasa, yumanaza<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, sweet, reddish berry is a good vitamin C source,<br />
leaves are made into tea, bark is a rope fiber source, and<br />
flowers are used as an antispasmodic.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Benn and Lemke 1991, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Duke<br />
and Vásquez 1994, León 1987, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martínez<br />
et al. 2001, Morton 1987a, Nelson 1996, Niembro Rocas 1992, OAS<br />
1973, Soukup 1970, Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974, Will<br />
1991<br />
Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan [syn. Commelina nudiflora L.]<br />
FAMILY: Commelinaceae (spiderwort)<br />
ENGLISH: commelina, w<strong>at</strong>erweed<br />
PORTUGUESE: capim-gomoso, grama-da-terra, Maria-mole, marianinha,<br />
trapoeraba-azul<br />
SPANISH: anagalide azul<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is edible and <strong>the</strong> root is medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S., Mexico, Central America, and<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, IBGE 1980, Kartesz 1994, Mabberley 1987<br />
Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: curry, curry leaf, karpoolay<br />
PORTUGUESE: caril, curry<br />
SPANISH: cari, curry<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a spice in curries and tonics, and<br />
fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sri Lanka or India, cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Bird and Heinlein n.d., Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Morton 1976a, Omawale 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991<br />
Murraya panicul<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Jacq. [syn. M. exotica L.]<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinese box, jasmine orange, orange jasmine, orange<br />
jessamine<br />
PORTUGUESE: murta-da-praia<br />
SPANISH: naranjilla<br />
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USES/NOTES: Leaves are used in curries and tonics, flowers are used<br />
in teas, and fruits reportedly are edible. Also grown as an<br />
ornamental for its showy, fragrant spring flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola<br />
1990, FLEPPC 2003, Long and Lakela 1971, Mabberley 1987, Tanaka<br />
1976, Voeks 1997<br />
Musa acumin<strong>at</strong>a Colla, including M. nana Lour. [syn. M. cavendishii<br />
Lamb. ex Paxton, M. chinensis Lamb. ex Paxton]<br />
FAMILY: Musaceae (banana)<br />
ENGLISH: cavendish banana, Chinese banana, dwarf banana<br />
PORTUGUESE: banana, banana-açucarina, banana-baiê, banana-cambota,<br />
banana-c<strong>at</strong>arina, banana-casca-verde, banana-chorona, banana-da-<br />
China, banana-de-italiano, banana-d’água, banana-inglesa, bananamangalô,<br />
banana-nanica, banana-peroá, banana-petiça, banana-t<strong>at</strong>u<br />
SPANISH: banana china, banano enano, cachaco, calicero, cambur<br />
enano, cambur pigmeo, carapé, chino, colicero, congo,<br />
cu<strong>at</strong>r<strong>of</strong>ilos, curro, dame-más (a tiny variety from <strong>the</strong> Dominican<br />
Rupublic), guineo, guineo enano, majoncho, mocho, orito, pacová<br />
carapé, pigmeo, plátano tabasco, popocho, verdín<br />
USES/NOTES: Six to twelve cm long sweet fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand<br />
or prepared variously for desserts. The dáme-más ("give me more"<br />
in Spanish) variety is so named because it is so good and so<br />
small th<strong>at</strong> one is left always wanting more.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Malaya to New Guinea<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Chapman 2008, IBGE 1980, Jenkins 2000,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Koeppel 2007, Leung 1961, Morton 1987a, OAS<br />
1973, Sauer 1993, Simmonds 1966, Smith et al. 1992, Usher 1974<br />
Musa x paradisiaca L. (pro sp.) [hybrid <strong>of</strong> Musa acumin<strong>at</strong>a Colla x<br />
M. balbisiana Colla]<br />
FAMILY: Musaceae (banana)<br />
ENGLISH: Adam’s banana, Adam’s fig, horse banana, plantain, totoyam<br />
plantain<br />
PORTUGUESE: banana, banana-Caiena, banana-c<strong>at</strong>urra-galega, bananachorona,<br />
banana-comprida, banana-da-terra, banana-pacobeira,<br />
banana-pacobuçu, banana-pacova, banana-samburá, banana-São-Tomé,<br />
chifre-de-boi, pacoveira-grande<br />
SPANISH: banano indio, banano macho, bárbaro, bellaco, burro,<br />
butuco, ch<strong>at</strong>o, chumbe (dried leaf only), chumbo, coto, cuadrado,<br />
cuerno de toro, curraré, cuyaco, hartón, isleño, majoncho,<br />
m<strong>at</strong>aburros, pacobusú, plátano, plátano bárbaro, plátano blanco,<br />
plátano burro, plátano de cocinar, plátano de la isla, plátano<br />
dominico, plátano hembra, plátano guineo, plátano macho, plátano<br />
maqueño, plátano rulo, plátano tabasco, plátano viando, preto,<br />
resplandor, rulo, salvaje, sapucha, topocho, zapalote<br />
USES/NOTES: Long, narrow fruit, firmer and less sweet than <strong>the</strong><br />
smaller banana, typically is e<strong>at</strong>en boiled or fried as ei<strong>the</strong>r a<br />
fruit or a vegetable, though sweet cultivars, sometimes e<strong>at</strong>en out<br />
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<strong>of</strong> hand, exist. Root has been used as a famine food in parts <strong>of</strong><br />
Mexico. Leaves are used to wrap food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Indomalaya<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Berg 1984, Cavalcante 1991, Chapman 2008,<br />
Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980, Jenkins 2000, Koeppel 2007,<br />
Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Purseglove 1972, Sauer 1993, Simmonds<br />
1966, Smith et al. 1992, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Musa x sapientum L. [syn. M. paradisiaca L. var. sapientum (L.)<br />
Kuntze] [hybrid <strong>of</strong> Musa acumin<strong>at</strong>a Colla x M. balbisiana Colla]<br />
FAMILY: Musaceae (banana)<br />
ENGLISH: banana, cayenne banana, common banana<br />
PORTUGUESE: banana, banana-figo, banana-maçã, banana-marmelo,<br />
banana-ouro, banana-pr<strong>at</strong>a, banana-roxa, banana-São-Domingos,<br />
banana-São-Tomé-legítima, c<strong>at</strong>urra<br />
SPANISH: banana, banano, cambur, capirona, guineo, guineo de oro,<br />
guineo rulo, mampurro, camburí, murrapo, zambo, índio, plátano de<br />
seda, seda, plátano fruta, plátano ro<strong>at</strong>án, ro<strong>at</strong>án, guineo de<br />
seda, guineo gigante, guineo p<strong>at</strong>riota, p<strong>at</strong>riota, bocadillo,<br />
cu<strong>at</strong>r<strong>of</strong>ilos, curraré, chamaluco, guineo chamaluco, mafafo,<br />
majoncho, malango, otaita, pacífico, pacová, pacová de oro,<br />
piche, guineo morado, pumerillo, muquichi, viejillo, enano,<br />
manzano, guineo injerto, polines, guineo guarán, guarán, guineo<br />
martinico, guineo mínimo, guineo Monte Cristo (var. suaveolens<br />
Blanco), guineo Monte Cristo enano (var. lac<strong>at</strong>an Blanco), guineo<br />
lac<strong>at</strong>án (var. lac<strong>at</strong>an Blanco), lac<strong>at</strong>án (var. lac<strong>at</strong>an Blanco),<br />
guineo colorado (var. rubra Baker), guineo morado (var. rubra<br />
Baker), guineo dátil (dwarf var. champa Baker), guineo niño<br />
(dwarf var. champa Baker), guineo de rosa (dwarf var. champa<br />
Baker), guineo manzana/o (dwarf var. champa Baker in places)<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe fruits are <strong>the</strong> bananas <strong>of</strong> world commerce, generally<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en out out <strong>of</strong> hand or in desserts when ripe. Green fruits are<br />
cooked and e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable or a dessert. Fruit is also<br />
sliced and deep fried like pot<strong>at</strong>o chips. Leaves are used locally<br />
as a fiber source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, perhaps Malaya<br />
REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Cavalcante 1991, Chapman 2008, Denevan<br />
1985, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980, Jenkins 2000, Koeppel<br />
2007, Niembro Rocas 1992, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Samson 1980,<br />
Sauer 1993, Smith et al. 1992, Simmonds 1966, van Sertima 1994<br />
Muss<strong>at</strong>ia hyacinthina (Standley) Sandw.<br />
FAMILY: Bignoniaceae (trumpet creeper)<br />
SPANISH: chamairo<br />
USES/NOTES: Stem bark is added to coca (Erythroxylum spp.) to<br />
sweeten <strong>the</strong> flavor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gentry (A.) 1982<br />
Myrceugenia fernandeziana (Hook. & Arn.) Johow<br />
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FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: luma<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit reportedly is used like allspice (Pimenta dioica).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Landrum 1981<br />
Myrcia fallax (Rich.) DC. [syn. M. acumin<strong>at</strong>a (Kunth) DC., M.<br />
macrophylla DC., M. negrensis O. Berg, M. spruceana O. Berg,<br />
Eugenia fallax Rich.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: araçá, coração-tinto, frutineira, murta grande, murta<br />
parida<br />
SPANISH: ahashi, curame, rupiña, yispi<br />
USES/NOTES: Variably colored fruits (yellow, red, to black) are<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America, <strong>the</strong> West Indies,<br />
and part <strong>of</strong> Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Frechione et al. 1989, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Myrcia fenestr<strong>at</strong>a DC.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: saka<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001<br />
Myrcia guianensis (Aublet) DC. [syn. Aulomyrcia lauriflora (DC.)<br />
O. Berg]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: saka, yaas silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador and Peru to central Amazonian<br />
Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Rankin de<br />
Mérona et al. 1992<br />
Myrcia multiflora (Lam.) DC. [syn. M. sphaerocarpa DC., Aulomyrcia<br />
sphaerocarpa (DC.) O. Berg]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cambuizeiro, pedra-ume-caá<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. Plant is used to tre<strong>at</strong> diabetes.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Carneiro Martins 1989, Martin<br />
et al. 1987<br />
Myrcia paivae O. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor <strong>of</strong> eastern Amazonian<br />
Brazil.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru to eastern Amazonian Brazil and <strong>the</strong><br />
Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994<br />
Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: birchberry<br />
SPANISH: hoja menuda<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, dark berries are e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Balée 1994, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin<br />
et al. 1987<br />
Myrcia tomentosa (Aublet) DC. [syn. Eugenia tomentosa Cambess.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cabeludinha, cabeluda, cabeludeira<br />
SPANISH: cabelluda<br />
USES/NOTES: Vitamin C-rich fruit is consumed out <strong>of</strong> hand, as jelly,<br />
or in liqueurs. Improvement is called for to increase success.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Brazil, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, Ecuador, and Trinidad<br />
REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Donadio 1997, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980,<br />
Kawasaki 1989, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999. Mabberley 1987,<br />
Martin et al. 1987<br />
Myrcian<strong>the</strong>s foliosa (Kunth) McVaugh [syn. Amyrsia foliosa (Kunth)<br />
Kausel, Eugenia foliosa Kunth, Myrtus foliosa Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: arrayán<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, Martin et al.<br />
1987, McVaugh 1958, Popenoe 1924, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Myrcian<strong>the</strong>s fragrans (Sw.) McVaugh [syn. Eugenia fragrans Willd.,<br />
Myrtus fragrans Sw.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: Simpson’s stopper, twinberry, twinberry stopper, zebra<br />
wool<br />
SPANISH: arrayán, guayabillo, pimientilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, round, orange to red berries are highly variable<br />
in flavor, ranging from bitter to pleasantly tart with an unusual<br />
turpentine-like aftertaste, to sweet with little aftertaste when<br />
fully ripe. Also <strong>at</strong>tractive for its displays <strong>of</strong> white, snowflakelike<br />
arom<strong>at</strong>ic flowers, red fruit, flaking reddish bark, and<br />
arom<strong>at</strong>ic, lustrous, evergreen leaves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mexico, Central America, <strong>the</strong> West Indies,<br />
coastal peninsular Florida, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and<br />
Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975, Nelson 1994, Taylor 1998<br />
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Myrcian<strong>the</strong>s pungens (O. Berg) Legrand [syn. Acreugenia pungens (O.<br />
Berg) Kausel, Eugenia pungens O. Berg]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: arrayán, guabijú, guabirá, guabiyú, guavijú, guaviyú,<br />
guayabo, ibaviyú, m<strong>at</strong>o, yvavi’ju<br />
USES/NOTES: Pungent dark, pulpy fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or<br />
preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South America’s gre<strong>at</strong>er Gran Chaco region from<br />
Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, into nearby Brazil and Uruguay<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Brücher 1989, MBG n.d., Reed<br />
1995, Serrano and Terán 2000<br />
Myrciaria cauliflora (DC.) O. Berg [syn. Myrtus cauliflora Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: Brazilian grape tree, jaboticaba, sabara jaboticaba,<br />
tropical plum<br />
PORTUGUESE: camboim, goiaba-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, goiabinha, guaperu, guapuru,<br />
hivapuru, jaboticaba, jaboticaba-de-Campinas, jaboticaba-sabará,<br />
jabuticaba, jabuticaba-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, jabuticaba-paulista, jabuticabamurta,<br />
yabuticaba, yba-puru<br />
SPANISH: guapurú, jaboticaba<br />
USES/NOTES: Highly esteemed, though delic<strong>at</strong>e, juicy fruits, similar<br />
in appearance to muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia), are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
fresh, preserved, or made into fermented beverages. Bark and leaf<br />
are made into a medicinal tea. Fruits appear on <strong>the</strong> trunk and on<br />
older branches <strong>of</strong>ten hidden by foliage. The fruit is similar to<br />
those <strong>of</strong> M. jaboticaba, M. peruviana var. trunciflora, and M.<br />
tenella.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern and central Brazil, eastern Paraguay,<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, and Uruguay, now somewh<strong>at</strong> widespread in <strong>the</strong><br />
humid tropics and nearly frost-free areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> subtropics<br />
REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Brücher 1989, Cárdenas 1969, Facciola 1990,<br />
Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, Morton<br />
1987a, Mowry et al. 1967, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974<br />
Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh [syn. M. caurensis Steyerm., M.<br />
paraensis O. Berg, M. spruceana O. Berg, Psidium dubium Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: camu-camu<br />
PORTUGUESE: araçá, caçari, camu-camu<br />
SPANISH: camo-camo, camu-camu, guayabillo blanco, guayabito,<br />
guayabo<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, bright red to deep purple when fully m<strong>at</strong>ure, acid<br />
to sweet fruits are consumed fresh, as juice, or in ice cream.<br />
Vitamin C content is <strong>the</strong> highest <strong>of</strong> all known cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed plants,<br />
perhaps 30 times gre<strong>at</strong>er than Citrus species and twice th<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Barbados (or acerola) cherries (Malpighia spp.). Much potential<br />
for use in vitamin C supplements.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: River margins <strong>of</strong> Amazonian Ecuador and nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Amazonian Peru to eastern Amazonian Brazil (Maranhão), <strong>the</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Guianas, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, perhaps to Amazonian<br />
Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante<br />
1991, Duke 1997, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Hoyas 1989, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), León 1987, Morton 1987a, Peters and Hammond 1990,<br />
Plotkin 1993, Prance 1989b, Renner et al. 1990, Smith et al.<br />
1992, Steyermark et al. 1995, Vásquez and Gentry 1989<br />
Myrciaria floribunda (West ex Willd.) O. Berg [syn. M. protracta<br />
O. Berg, Eugenia floribunda West ex Willd.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: guavaberry, rumberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: camu-camu, goiaba-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, goiabinha<br />
SPANISH: arrayán, cabo de chivo, camu-camu árbol, camu-camu negro,<br />
escobillo, guásara, jabotocoba amarilla, mije, mije colorado,<br />
mijo, mirto, multa, murta<br />
USES/NOTES: Bitter-sweet, vitamin C-rich fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or<br />
prepared as preserves and drinks including a liqueur th<strong>at</strong> has<br />
been exported to Europe.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Silva et<br />
al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Myrciaria jaboticaba O. Berg [syn. Myrtus jaboticaba Vell., Plinia<br />
jaboticaba (Vell.) Kausel]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: Brazilian grape tree, gre<strong>at</strong> jaboticaba<br />
PORTUGUESE: goiabinha, goiaba-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, jaboti-c<strong>at</strong>uba, jaboticaba,<br />
jaboticaba-b<strong>at</strong>uba, jaboticaba-de-São-Paulo, jaboticaba-grande,<br />
jaboticaba-olho-de-boi, jabotic<strong>at</strong>uba-grande, jabuticaba,<br />
jabuticaba-açu, jabuticaba-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, jabutic<strong>at</strong>uba, yabuticaba<br />
SPANISH: guapurú, jaboticaba<br />
USES/NOTES: Highly esteemed, though delic<strong>at</strong>e, juicy fruits, similar<br />
in appearance to muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia), are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
fresh, preserved, and made into fermented beverages. Bark and<br />
leaves are used for a medicinal tea. Fruits appear on older<br />
branches <strong>of</strong>ten hidden by foliage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: St<strong>at</strong>es <strong>of</strong> São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro <strong>of</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>astern Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Cárdenas 1969, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Leung 1961, Morton 1987a, Mowry et al. 1967, Rehm and Espig 1991,<br />
Usher 1974<br />
Myrciaria peruviana var. trunciflora M<strong>at</strong>tos [syn. M. trunciflora<br />
O. Berg, Eugenia rabeniana Kiaersk., Plinia trunciflora (O. Berg)<br />
Kausel]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: long-stemmed jaboticaba<br />
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PORTUGUESE: jaboticaba-de-cabinho, jaboticaba-de-cipó, jaboticabado-Pará,<br />
jaboticaba-miúda<br />
SPANISH: jaboticaba<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy fruit is similar to a muscadine grape (Vitis<br />
rotundifolia).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, and eastern<br />
Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Bernardi 1985, IBGE 1980, Legrand 1962,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, M<strong>at</strong>tos 1983, Morton 1987a, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Myrciaria plic<strong>at</strong>ocost<strong>at</strong>a O. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cambucá<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Myrciaria pumila (Gardner) O. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Myrciaria rivularis var. baporetii (Legrand) Legrand [syn. M.<br />
baporeti Legrand]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: yvaporoity<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or made into an<br />
alcoholic beverage similar to aguardiente from sugar cane<br />
(Saccharum <strong>of</strong>ficinarum).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guyana, Brazil, and Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Reed 1995<br />
Myrciaria tenella (DC.) O. Berg [syn. Eugenia tenella DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cambiu preto, camboinzinho, cambuizeiro preto,<br />
goiabinha, guayabo colorado, jaboticaba-macia, murta-do-campo<br />
SPANISH: guayabo colorado<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil through central coastal<br />
Brazil and Uruguay<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Balée and Gély 1989, Brako and Zarucchi<br />
1993, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Myrciaria vex<strong>at</strong>or McVaugh [syn. M. pittieri Burret ex Badillo]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: blue grape<br />
SPANISH: guayabo negro, pésjua morada<br />
USES/NOTES: Delicious fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
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REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989<br />
Myrciaria vismeifolia (Benth.) O. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: taparau<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guyana and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Johnston and Colquhoun 1996<br />
Myriaspora egensis Mart. ex DC. [syn. M. decipiens Naudin]<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
SPANISH: tuno<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Myrica cerifera L. [syn. M. cerifera var. pumila Michaux, M.<br />
pumila (Michaux) Small]<br />
FAMILY: Myricaceae (wax-myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: bayberry, candleberry, candletree, common wax myrtle,<br />
dwarf wax myrtle (var. pumila), sou<strong>the</strong>rn bayberry, sou<strong>the</strong>rn wax<br />
myrtle, tallow shrub, wax myrtle, wax wood, waxberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: árvore-da-cera<br />
SPANISH: árbol de cera, arraigán, arrayán, arrayán brabántico, cera<br />
vegetal, cerero, palo de velas, mirica cerífera<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and tiny, nut-like drupes may be used as a<br />
substitute for bay leaves (Laurus nobilis) to season me<strong>at</strong>s,<br />
sauces, soups, and stews, or as tea. Drupes are co<strong>at</strong>ed with <strong>the</strong><br />
fragrant myrtle wax (or bayberry tallow) used for candles. A<br />
tonic is made from <strong>the</strong> root bark. Also popular in urban<br />
landscapes, especially as a clipped hedge.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S., Mexico, Belize, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, Gre<strong>at</strong>er<br />
Antilles, Guadeloupe, Bahamas, and Bermuda<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, de Gámez 1973, FNAEC<br />
1997, Godfrey 1988, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), OAS 1973, Peterson 1977,<br />
Rehm and Espig 1991, Tull 1978, Usher 1974<br />
Myrica gale L.<br />
FAMILY: Myricaceae (wax-myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: bog myrtle, meadow fern, sweet gale<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves <strong>of</strong> this typically wetland shrub have been used to<br />
flavor beer. Leaves and nutlets have been used as a spice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern and northwestern U.S., much <strong>of</strong> Canada<br />
and Alaska, northwestern Europe, and nor<strong>the</strong>astern Siberia<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Fernald et al. 1958, FNAEC 1997,<br />
Graves 1956, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, Peterson 1977<br />
Myrica pennsylvanica Mirbel<br />
FAMILY: Myricaceae (wax-myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: nor<strong>the</strong>rn bayberry<br />
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USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic leaves and grayish-white and waxy nutlets may<br />
be used as a spice. Waxy co<strong>at</strong>ing on <strong>the</strong> nutlets has been used as<br />
a candle wax.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. and adjacent Canada<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Peterson 1977<br />
Myriophyllum aqu<strong>at</strong>icum (Vell.) Verdc. [syn. M. brasiliense<br />
Cambess.]<br />
FAMILY: Haloragaceae or Gunneraceae (gunnera)<br />
ENGLISH: parrot’s fea<strong>the</strong>r<br />
PORTUGUESE: cavalinho-d’agua<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en in parts <strong>of</strong> Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn tropical and temper<strong>at</strong>e South America<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, Marticorena and<br />
Quezada 1985<br />
Myristica fragrans Houtt. [syn. M. arom<strong>at</strong>ica Lam., M. mosch<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Thunb., M. <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L.f.]<br />
FAMILY: Myristicaceae (nutmeg)<br />
ENGLISH: mace, nutmeg<br />
PORTUGUESE: macis, moscadeira, muscadeira, noz-moscada<br />
SPANISH: macia, macias, mirística, nuez de especia, nuez moscada<br />
USES/NOTES: Introduced into South America through French Guiana in<br />
1809, seeds and red arils are <strong>the</strong> spices <strong>of</strong> intern<strong>at</strong>ional<br />
commerce known respectively as nutmeg and mace. Fruits may be<br />
made into an oily butter and <strong>the</strong>ir husks can be made into jelly.<br />
Fruit oil is used in perfumes, medicines and toothpaste.<br />
Myristicine contained in <strong>the</strong> seed is hallucinogenic. The West<br />
Indian island <strong>of</strong> Grenada is <strong>the</strong> world’s leading producer.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Moluccas Islands <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> East Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Boswell 1989, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Duke n.d,<br />
Guia Rural n.d., Howard 1994, IBGE 1980, León 1987, Myers 1974,<br />
Purseglove et al. 1981, Usher 1974<br />
Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms [syn. M. toluifera Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: balsam <strong>of</strong> tolu, tolu balsam<br />
PORTUGUESE: bálsamo, bálsamo-caboriba, bálsamo-de-tolu, cabreúva,<br />
oleo-bálsamo, oleo-vermelho, pau-de-bálsamo, pau-de-incenso,<br />
sangue-de-g<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: bálsamo, bálsamo de tolú, bálsamo del valle, chirraca<br />
(resin only), estoraque, kina-kina, palo de bálsamo, quina-quina,<br />
quino-quino<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic resin, balsam <strong>of</strong> tolu, is used in perfumes and<br />
for flavoring cough syrups and sweets. Green leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as<br />
a vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela to Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE<br />
1980, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, OAS 1973, Soukup 1970<br />
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Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae (Royle) Harms [syn. M. pereirae<br />
Klotzsch, Toluifera pereirae Miller]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: balsam <strong>of</strong> Peru, El Salvador balsam, Peru-balsam<br />
PORTUGUESE: bálsamo, bálsamo-do-Peru<br />
SPANISH: bálsamo, bálsamo blanco, bálsamo de El Salvador, bálsamo<br />
de maría, bálsamo de Perú, bálsamo negro, chuete, nabá, paila,<br />
palo de bálsamo, pidoquera, semilla del Perú, tache, yapoteco<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic resin, balsam <strong>of</strong> Peru, is used in perfumes,<br />
medicines, chewing gum, candies, and o<strong>the</strong>r foods. Seeds are used<br />
to flavor aguardiente.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Duke 1986, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a,<br />
OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974, Wiersema et al. 1990,<br />
Williams and Williams 1969<br />
Myrsoma cannifolia L.f.<br />
FAMILY: Marantaceae (arrowroot)<br />
SPANISH: guapo<br />
USES/NOTES: Tuber is e<strong>at</strong>en roasted under <strong>the</strong> sand with hot embers,<br />
boiled, or occasionally raw.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela to Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Gragson 1997, Steyermark et al.<br />
1995<br />
Myrtillocactus cochal (Orcutt) Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: cochol<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is said to be e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
California.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn California and Arizona<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Shreve and Wiggins 1964<br />
Myrtillocactus geometrizans (Mart.) Console [syn. Cereus<br />
geometrizans Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: garambullo, garrambulla, grambula<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, purplish-blue fruits <strong>of</strong> this large cactus are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or dried like raisons.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to northwestern Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Usher 1974<br />
Nagei nagi (Thunb.) Kuntze [syn. Podocarpus nagi (Thunb.) Makino]<br />
FAMILY: Podocarpaceae (podocarpus) or Taxaceae (yew)<br />
ENGLISH: Asian bayberry, broadleaf podocarpus, nagi<br />
SPANISH: cobola, pino<br />
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USES/NOTES: Young leaves can be e<strong>at</strong>en boiled. Also an <strong>at</strong>tractive<br />
landscape specimen in warm regions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Japan, occasionally n<strong>at</strong>uralized in o<strong>the</strong>r warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: de Laubenfels 1985, de Laubenfels 1987, Facciola 1990,<br />
W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975<br />
Narcissus jonquilla L.<br />
FAMILY: Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: jonquil, narcissus<br />
PORTUGUESE: narciso<br />
SPANISH: narciso<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers reportedly are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: cosmopolitan<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Radford et al. 1968<br />
Nasturtium <strong>of</strong>ficinale R. Br. [syn. Rorippa nasturtium-aqu<strong>at</strong>icum (L.)<br />
Hayek, Sisymbrium nasturtium-agu<strong>at</strong>icum L.]<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: common w<strong>at</strong>er cress, Chilean w<strong>at</strong>er cress, European w<strong>at</strong>ercress,<br />
green w<strong>at</strong>ercress, summer w<strong>at</strong>ercress, w<strong>at</strong>er cress, w<strong>at</strong>ercress<br />
PORTUGUESE: agrião, agrião-comum, agrião-d’água, agrião-da-fonte,<br />
agrião-da-ponte, agrião-das-hortas, agrião-de-água, agrião-de-rio,<br />
agrião-ordinário, saúde-do-corpo<br />
SPANISH: berro, berro de agua, blero, chijchi, mastuerzo, mastuerzo de<br />
agua, mayu mostazilla, michi michi, mostazilla, occoruro<br />
USES/NOTES: Nutritious leaves and stems <strong>of</strong> this aqu<strong>at</strong>ic herb are used<br />
as a salad vegetable, a condiment, and a medicinal. The w<strong>at</strong>er cress<br />
<strong>of</strong> commerce.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe and West Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Carneiro Martins 1989, Duke 1986,<br />
Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1968,<br />
Ruberté 1984, Schneider 1987, Soukup 1970, Tull 1978<br />
Nauclea l<strong>at</strong>ifolia Sm. [syn. N. esculenta (Afzel. ex Sabine) Merr.]<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: pin-cushion, pin-cushion tree<br />
SPANISH: acerico<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americas especially Central<br />
America and Venezuela for its interesting form and flowers and<br />
edible red fruit.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Africa and Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989<br />
Naucleopsis concinna (Standley) C. Berg [syn. Perebea concinna<br />
Standley]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: nanã<br />
SPANISH: capinurí, llanchama de altura<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, perhaps to o<strong>the</strong>r areas <strong>of</strong> lowland tropical<br />
South America<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Naucleopsis mello-berretoi (Standley) C. Berg [syn. Brosimum<br />
mello-berretoi Standley]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: llanchamillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, perhaps elsewhere in lowland tropical South<br />
America<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Naucleopsis pseudonaga (Mildbr.) C. Berg [syn. Ogcodeia pseudonega<br />
Mildbr.]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: jaca-brava, muir<strong>at</strong>inga, pama-amarela, pama-mao-de-onça<br />
SPANISH: puma chaqui<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, perhaps elsewhere in lowland tropical South<br />
America<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Naucleopsis ternstroemiiflora (Mildbr.) C. Berg [syn. Ogcodeia<br />
ternstroemiiflora Mildbr.]<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: motelo chaqui<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, perhaps elsewhere in lowland tropical South<br />
America<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Neea <strong>the</strong>ifera Oersted<br />
FAMILY: Nyctaginaceae (four o’clock)<br />
PORTUGUESE: caparosa, caparosa-do-campo<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a soothing tea, especially as a<br />
digestion aid and for intestinal relief.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1989, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Nelumbo lutea Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Nelumbonaceae (lotus-lily)<br />
ENGLISH: American lotus, American w<strong>at</strong>er-lotus, duck acorn, nelumbo,<br />
pancake rose, pond nuts, w<strong>at</strong>er bean, w<strong>at</strong>er chinquapin, w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
lotus, w<strong>at</strong>er nut, wonkapin, yanquapin, yellow lotus, yellow<br />
nelumbo<br />
SPANISH: nelumbio<br />
USES/NOTES: Rhizomes are e<strong>at</strong>en like sweet pot<strong>at</strong>oes (Ipomea b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>as)<br />
or ground and made into bread, seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en whole or ground<br />
into flour, and young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Ontario to Texas and<br />
Florida, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Honduras<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Fernald et al. 1958, FNAEC 1997,<br />
Harris 1972, Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977,<br />
Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner [syn. Nelumbium nelumbo (L.) Druce]<br />
FAMILY: Nelumbonaceae (lotus-lily)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinese lotus, East Indian lotus, Egyptian bean, Indian<br />
lotus, lotus, oriental lotus, pink lotus, sacred lotus<br />
SPANISH: nelumbio<br />
USES/NOTES: Rhizomes <strong>of</strong> this aqu<strong>at</strong>ic herb are used as a starch<br />
source and <strong>the</strong> fruit receptacle is occasionally e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia and Australia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>astern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Creasy 1982, FNAEC 1997,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Neoraimondia arequipensis (Meyen) Backeb. [syn. N. macrostibas<br />
(Schumann) Britton & Rose]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
USES/NOTES: Purple fruit’s red pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963<br />
Neoraimondia herzogiana (Backeb.) Buxb. [syn. Neocardenasia<br />
herzogiana Backeb.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: baseball-b<strong>at</strong> cactus<br />
SPANISH: caraparí, cariparí, palo caraparí<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp reportedly is esteemed, though <strong>the</strong> plant s<br />
also indic<strong>at</strong>ed as having psychoactive properties.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990<br />
Nepeta c<strong>at</strong>aria L.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: c<strong>at</strong>mint, c<strong>at</strong>nip<br />
USES/NOTES: Grown especially for <strong>the</strong> way it <strong>at</strong>tracts c<strong>at</strong>s, though<br />
used sparingly as a mint-like tea high in vitamins A and C.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Tull 1978, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Nephelium lappaceum L.<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
ENGLISH: rambutan<br />
PORTUGUESE: rambutã, rambuteira<br />
SPANISH: mamón chino, rambutan, rambután<br />
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USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for <strong>the</strong> sweet and tart, succulent whitishtranslucent<br />
aril, which are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh after easily breaking<br />
away <strong>the</strong> firm red to yellow spiny skin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2-3.5cm fruit.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lowland tropical Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, Mabberley<br />
1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a<br />
Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh. [syn. N. mutabile Blume]<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
ENGLISH: pulasan<br />
SPANISH: bulela, pulasán<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is considred among <strong>the</strong> best Asian fruits. Seeds<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted and contain an edible oil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Malayasia to <strong>the</strong> Philippines<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Idris and Lin 2002,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973<br />
Nicotiana tabacum L.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: tobacco<br />
PORTUGUESE: fumo, tabaco<br />
SPANISH: tabaco, uar<br />
USES/NOTES: The tobacco <strong>of</strong> commerce — widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its<br />
leaves, which are smoked in cigarettes and <strong>the</strong> like, taken as<br />
snuff or chew, or used as a nicotine source for insecticides — is<br />
<strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> an edible powdered protein, which may be variously<br />
consumed like o<strong>the</strong>r powdered proteins. Unidentified plant part<br />
reportedly is a food source among residents <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Extractive<br />
Reserve Cachoiera in Acre, Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, Feinhandler et al. 1979, Guia<br />
Rural n.d., Kainer and Duryea 1992, Purseglove 1968, Sheen and<br />
Sheen 1985, Usher 1974<br />
Nopalea dejecta (Salm-Dyck) Salm-Dyck<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: nopal chamacuero<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Panama or perhaps Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Nopalxochia ackermanii (Haw.) F. Knuth [perhaps a hybrid]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: beni kujaku<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Nothoscordum gracile (Aiton) Stearn [syn. N. inodorum (Aiton)<br />
Asch. & Graebner]<br />
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FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: false garlic<br />
PORTUGUESE: alho-silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Greens are used as a condiment like garlic.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics and subtropics<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Sturtevant<br />
1972<br />
Nuphar advena (Aiton) Aiton f. in Aiton & Aiton f. [syn. N. lutea<br />
subsp. advena (Aiton) Kartesz & Gandhi]<br />
FAMILY: Nymphaeaceae (w<strong>at</strong>er-lily)<br />
ENGLISH: common sp<strong>at</strong>terdock, cow lily, yellow pond lily<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots and seeds are edible<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Ontario through sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Wisconsin to Florida and Texas to Mexico and Cuba<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Harrington 1967<br />
Nuphar polysepala Engelm. [syn. N. lutea (L.) Sm. subsp.<br />
polysepala (Engelm.) E.O. Beal, Nymphaea polysepala (Engelm.) E.<br />
Greene]<br />
FAMILY: Nymphaeaceae (w<strong>at</strong>er-lily)<br />
ENGLISH: cow lily, pond lily, sp<strong>at</strong>terdock, yellow w<strong>at</strong>er lily<br />
USES/NOTES: Rootstocks are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled or baked. Meal made from<br />
<strong>the</strong> roots is used to thicken soups. Parched seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en or<br />
made into meal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from California to Alaska<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, FNAEC 1997, Mabberley 1987<br />
Nuphar varieg<strong>at</strong>a Durand in Clinton [syn. N. lutea (L.) Sm. subsp.<br />
varieg<strong>at</strong>a (Durand) E.O. Beal]<br />
FAMILY: Nymphaeaceae (w<strong>at</strong>er-lily)<br />
ENGLISH: bull-head pond lily, sp<strong>at</strong>terdock<br />
USES/NOTES: Large rootstocks are e<strong>at</strong>en as a starchy vegetable,<br />
seeds are used in breads, soups, or popped like corn, and roots<br />
have a strong, unappealing flavor th<strong>at</strong> can be removed by boiling<br />
twice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Canada through <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Tomikel 1986<br />
Nymphaea ampla (Salisb.) DC. [syn. Castalia ampla (DC.) Small]<br />
FAMILY: Nymphaeaceae (w<strong>at</strong>er-lily)<br />
ENGLISH: white w<strong>at</strong>er-lily<br />
SPANISH: flor de agua, loto azul<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and tuberous roots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Texas and Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, FNAEC 1997, Molina 1975, Tomikel 1986, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Nymphaea elegans Hook.<br />
FAMILY: Nymphaeaceae (w<strong>at</strong>er-lily)<br />
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ENGLISH: blue w<strong>at</strong>er lily, lotus lily<br />
PORTUGUESE: nenufar<br />
SPANISH: cabeza de negro<br />
USES/NOTES: Greens and seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S., nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, and <strong>the</strong> West<br />
Indies<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Leung 1961, Omawale 1973, Terra 1966<br />
Nymphaea odor<strong>at</strong>a Aiton subsp. odor<strong>at</strong>a [syn. Castalia odor<strong>at</strong>a<br />
(Aiton) Woodville & Wood]<br />
FAMILY: Nymphaeaceae (w<strong>at</strong>er-lily)<br />
ENGLISH: American w<strong>at</strong>erlily, fragrant w<strong>at</strong>er-lily, pond lily, w<strong>at</strong>erlily,<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er-nymph, white w<strong>at</strong>er-lily<br />
SPANISH: ninfa aquática<br />
USES/NOTES: Bitter roots are baked, peeled, and e<strong>at</strong>en like sweet<br />
pot<strong>at</strong>oes (Ipomoea b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>as), seeds are edible raw, boiled,<br />
roasted, or ground into flour, young flower buds and leaves<br />
(purplish below) are e<strong>at</strong>en as cooked vegetables, and flower buds<br />
may be e<strong>at</strong>en pickled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to <strong>the</strong> Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Harris 1972,<br />
Peterson 1977, Tull 1978, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Nymphaea odor<strong>at</strong>a subsp. tuberosa (Paine) Wiersema & Hellq. [syn.<br />
N. tuberosa Paine]<br />
FAMILY: Nymphaeaceae (w<strong>at</strong>er-lily)<br />
ENGLISH: tuberous w<strong>at</strong>er-lily, white w<strong>at</strong>er-lily<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible cooked or popped. Brown, bitter tubers<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en occasionally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Canada and nor<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, FNAEC 1997, Gibbons and Tucker<br />
1979, Peterson 1977<br />
Nyssa aqu<strong>at</strong>ica L.<br />
FAMILY: Nyssaceae (nyssa, sour-gum, or tupelo)<br />
ENGLISH: swamp tupelo, w<strong>at</strong>er gum, w<strong>at</strong>er tupelo<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark, golf-ball sized, fleshy drupes are occasionally<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en, typically preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S., Virginia to Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Godfrey 1988<br />
Nyssa ogeche Bartram ex J. Marsh<br />
FAMILY: Nyssaceae (nyssa, sour-gum, or tupelo)<br />
ENGLISH: ogeechee lime, ogeechee plum, ogeechee tupelo, sour<br />
tupelo, tupelo gum<br />
USES/NOTES: Golf ball-sized, fleshy, reddish drupes occasionally<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en preserved and were previously marketed locally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S., South Carolina to Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Couplan 1998, Fernald et al. 1958, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Nelson 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
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Nyssa sylv<strong>at</strong>ica var. biflora (Walter) Sarg.<br />
FAMILY: Nyssaceae (nyssa, sour-gum, or tupelo)<br />
ENGLISH: black gum, pepperidge, tupelo, swamp black gum<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, dark, sour drupes <strong>of</strong> this wetland tree can be<br />
chewed or made into preserves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America, wetland forests<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Godfrey 1988, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Lakela and Wunderlin 1980, Nelson 1994<br />
Nyssa sylv<strong>at</strong>ica Marshall var. sylv<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
FAMILY: Nyssaceae (nyssa, sour-gum, or tupelo)<br />
ENGLISH: pepperidge, sour gum, tupelo<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, dark, sour drupes have little pulp, but can be<br />
chewed or made into preserves. This upland variety also makes an<br />
<strong>at</strong>tractive landscape tree under <strong>the</strong> right edaphic conditions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America, upland forests<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Godfrey 1988, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Lakela and Wunderlin 1980, Nelson 1994<br />
Oberna behen (L.) Ikon. [syn. Silene infl<strong>at</strong>a Sm. nomen illegit.,<br />
S. vulgaris (Moench) Garcke]<br />
FAMILY: Caryophyllaceae (pink)<br />
ENGLISH: bladder campion, bladder silene, cowbell, maiden’s tears,<br />
r<strong>at</strong>tleweed<br />
PORTUGUESE: bermim, erva-cucubalus, erva-traqueira, erv<strong>at</strong>ranqueira,<br />
orelha-de-boi, rilha-de-boi<br />
SPANISH: colleja, coneles, escafidos, silene<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots and leaves occasionally are used as a<br />
po<strong>the</strong>rb, added to soups, or used like spinach (Spinacia<br />
oleracea). Also a potential immunostimulant, antiviral, and<br />
antibacterial.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in temper<strong>at</strong>e North and South<br />
America<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Harris 1972,<br />
Hickman 1993, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ocimum basilicum L. [syn. O. pilosum Willd.]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: annual weed, basil, bush basil, duppy basil, garden basil,<br />
sweet basil<br />
PORTUGUESE: alfavaca, alfavaca-cheiroso, alfavaca-de-América,<br />
alfavaca-de-cheiro, basilicum-grande, erva-real, manjericão,<br />
manjercão-de-folha-larga, manjercão-de-molho, manjercão-doce,<br />
manjercão-dos-cozinheiros, manjercão-grande, quiôiô, remédio-devaqueiro<br />
SPANISH: albaca, albahaca, albahaca de gallina, albahaca fina,<br />
albahaca moruna, albahaga, alfábaga, alfábega, basílico, fábrega,<br />
hierba del vaquero, hierba real, orégano falso, pisep, vaca monte<br />
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USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a spice, flowers are edible, and<br />
leaves and oil repel mosquitoes. Aslo medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Egypt, <strong>the</strong> Greek Isles, Iran, or India<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Carneiro Martins 1989, Duke 1986,<br />
Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, Honychurch 1980, IBGE 1980,<br />
Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Schneider 1987, Tucker 1994, Van Feu<br />
n.d.<br />
Ocimum campechianum Willd. [syn. O. micranthum Willd.]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: barsley, married-man-pork, wild basil, balm<br />
PORTUGUESE: alfabaca, alfavaca, alfavaca-de-galinha, alfavaca-docampo<br />
SPANISH: albaca, albahaca, albahaca blanca, albahaca de calvo,<br />
albahaca de monte, albahaca siete esencias, albaque simarron,<br />
amhág, albahaca montés, albahaca cimarrona, alva-aka, albahaca<br />
blanca, abaca, albaca silvestre, iroro, pichana albaca, pichana<br />
alvaca, pichana blanca<br />
USES/NOTES: Stem and leaf are used to season foods. Leaf also is<br />
used to relieve earaches.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, <strong>the</strong> West Indies, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
through Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., Kainer<br />
and Duryea 1992, Omawale 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Soukup<br />
1970, UFA/NYBG n.d., Usher 1974, Voeks 1997, von Reis Altschul<br />
1973<br />
Ocimum canum Sims<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: hoary basil, jumbie balsam, tulsie<br />
PORTUGUESE: c<strong>at</strong>inga-de-criola, manjericão<br />
USES/NOTES: Used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb to flavor food, especially in East<br />
Indian dishes. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Old World tropics, perhaps India or nor<strong>the</strong>astern<br />
Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Voeks 1997<br />
Ocimum gr<strong>at</strong>issimum L.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: clove basil, East Indian basil, tree basil, wild basil<br />
PORTUGUESE: alfavaca-cravo, mangerição-cheiroso<br />
SPANISH: albaca, albahaca<br />
USES/NOTES: Greens are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropics<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980<br />
Ocimum tweedianum Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
PORTUGUESE: alfavaca, segurelha<br />
SPANISH: s<strong>at</strong>ureja<br />
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USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropics<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Mentz et al. 1997<br />
Ocotea brenesii Standley [syn. O. cymbarum Kunth, Nectandra<br />
brenesii (Standl.) C.K. Allen]<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
ENGLISH: sassafras<br />
PORTUGUESE: louro-inamuí, pau-sassafrás, sassafrás<br />
SPANISH: cascarillo, salsafrás, sasafrás<br />
USES/NOTES: Brazilian sassafras oil, a safrole containing essential<br />
oil, is extracted from <strong>the</strong> root and bark and is used to flavor<br />
beverages and in disinfectants and perfumes. Safrole is now<br />
considered carcinogenic. O. cymbarum was previously described as<br />
a species restricted to Brazil, whereas O. brenesii was<br />
considered a Central American species.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica to Colombia, Venezuela, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and<br />
Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Burger and van der Werff 1990, FUDENA n.d., Guia Rural<br />
n.d., Rohwer 1993, Silva et al. 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, van der Werff<br />
2002<br />
Ocotea odorifera (Vellozo) Rohwer [syn. O. pretiosa Benth. & Hook.<br />
f. nomen illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
ENGLISH: Brazilian sassafras<br />
PORTUGUESE: canela-cheirosa, canela-sassafrás, canelinha, cascacheirosa,<br />
casca-preciosa, louro-cheiroso<br />
USES/NOTES: Bark is used as a spice like cinnamon (Cinnamomum<br />
verum) and a medicinal. Brazilian sassafras oil, a safrole<br />
containing essential oil, is extracted from <strong>the</strong> root, bark, and<br />
trunk wood and is used to flavor beverages and in disinfectants<br />
and perfumes. Safrole is now considered carcinogenic, however.<br />
Extracts are used in insecticides. Taxanomic confusion exists; O.<br />
pretiosa has been described as a synonym <strong>of</strong> O. cymbarum.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, possibly to <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, MBG n.d., Sturtevant 1972<br />
Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm. [syn. Nectandra cinnamomoides<br />
(Kunth) Nees]<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
PORTUGUESE: louro<br />
SPANISH: canela, canella, ishpingo, ispingo, laurel, moena,<br />
oc<strong>at</strong>uhue viqui<br />
USES/NOTES: Bark and calyx are a cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum)<br />
substitute and a locally important medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador into Colombia and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Rohwer 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Odontadenia nitida (Vahl) Müell. Arg.<br />
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FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
USES/NOTES: Unidentified part is used to flavor foods in Guyana.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Johnston and Colquhoun 1996<br />
Oemleria cerasiformis (Torrey & A. Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon<br />
[syn. Osmaronia cerasiformis (Torrey & A. Gray ex Hook. & Arn.)<br />
E. Greene]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Indian plum, osoberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>of</strong> British Columbia <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> fruits.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: British Columbia to California<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Oenan<strong>the</strong> sarmentosa C. Presl in DC.<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: Pacific w<strong>at</strong>er dropwort, w<strong>at</strong>er parsley<br />
USES/NOTES: Black tuber’s sweet, white flesh becomes creamy when<br />
boiled and tastes somewh<strong>at</strong> like parsley.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal marshes from British Columbia to central<br />
California<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993,<br />
Medsger 1939, Munz 1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: bacaba oil palm, kumu, lu, mapure<br />
PORTUGUESE: bacaba, bacaba-açu, bacaba-verdadeira, bacabeira<br />
SPANISH: bacaba, cudidi, macaba, manoco, mapora, milpesillo,<br />
p<strong>at</strong>abá, seje, seje pequeño, sejito, unguraui<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are mashed to extract an edible oil and to make<br />
a creamy beverage similar, though inferior to th<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong> O. b<strong>at</strong>aua,<br />
Heart is <strong>of</strong> good quality.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonian Brazil, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Venzuela, and eastern Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Facciola 1990, Henderson 1995,<br />
Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Silva et al. 1977<br />
Oenocarpus balickii Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bacaba, bacaba-de-caranaí, bacabao<br />
SPANISH: sinamillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are used to make a beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Oenocarpus b<strong>at</strong>aua Mart. var. b<strong>at</strong>aua [syn. Jessenia b<strong>at</strong>aua (Mart.)<br />
Burret, J. polycarpa Karsten, J. weberbaueri Burret]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
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ENGLISH: jessenia palm, p<strong>at</strong>aua, turu palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: bacabao (refers to hybrid <strong>of</strong> O. b<strong>at</strong>aua x O. mapora in<br />
Acre, Brazil), b<strong>at</strong>auá, p<strong>at</strong>auá, p<strong>at</strong>auá-branca, p<strong>at</strong>auá-roxa, p<strong>at</strong>oá<br />
SPANISH: aricaguá, b<strong>at</strong>auá, b<strong>at</strong>ú, chapil, comé, consá, cosá, coreo,<br />
coroba, huangurahui, he-bu-ca-nu, itsama, jagua, kunkúkmajo,<br />
majo, mayo, mil peso, milpesos, majo, margarita, palma b<strong>at</strong>aua,<br />
palma de leche, palma lechera, palma seje, p<strong>at</strong>abá, p<strong>at</strong>auá,<br />
sacumana, seje, seje grande, seje hembre, shiwamuyo, siname,<br />
trupa, unama, unamo, unghuaray, ungurabe, ungurabe morado,<br />
unguragua, ungurahua, ungurahui, unguraui, unguravi, ungurawi<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark, oily fruits are soaked in w<strong>at</strong>er <strong>the</strong>n mashed to<br />
produce a popular, muddy-colored beverage called vinho de p<strong>at</strong>auá<br />
(p<strong>at</strong>auá wine) in Brazil, mesocarp oil is much like olive oil<br />
(Olea europaea) used for cooking, and hearts are e<strong>at</strong>en as a<br />
vegetable. Oil also is used to preserve me<strong>at</strong>, for illumin<strong>at</strong>ion,<br />
and medicinally. Young inflorescences are sometimes burned for<br />
salt. Petioles are tied toge<strong>the</strong>r to make house doors, leaves are<br />
used for th<strong>at</strong>ch, and petiole spines are used for blowgun darts.<br />
Woody stems are used for construction and for weapons. Roots are<br />
medicinal. Considered to have much potential as a commercial<br />
source <strong>of</strong> edible oil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America, just into Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Balick 1979a, Balick 1984, Balick and Gersh<strong>of</strong>f 1981,<br />
Boom 1987, Cavalcante 1991, DeWalt et al. 1999, Henderson 1995,<br />
Henderson et al. 1995, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), MBG n.d., Miller 2002,<br />
NRC 1975, OAS 1973, Pedersen 1991, Pedersen and Balslev 1990,<br />
Schultes 1979a, Silva et al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992, UFA/NYBG<br />
n.d.<br />
Oenocarpus b<strong>at</strong>aua var. oligocarpa (Griseb. & H. Wendl.) Henderson<br />
[syn. O. oligocarpa (Griseb. & H. Wendl.) Wess. Boer, Jessenia<br />
b<strong>at</strong>aua subsp. oligocarpa (Griseb & H. Wendl.) Balick, J.<br />
oligocarpa Griseb. & H. Wendl.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: turu palm, yagua palm<br />
SPANISH: aricaguá, palma de leche<br />
USES/NOTES: Much like O. b<strong>at</strong>aua var. b<strong>at</strong>aua, hearts are edible and<br />
friuts are a nutriticious beverage and edible oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Venezuela, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and Trinidad<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, OAS 1973<br />
Oenocarpus distichus Mart. [syn. O. discolor Barb. Rodr., O.<br />
tarampabo Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: bacaba palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: bacaba, bacaba-açu, bacaba-de-azeite, bacaba-de-leite,<br />
bacaba-de-leque, bacaba-do-Pará, bacaba-verdadeira, bacabaí,<br />
bacabinha, hokoma, palmeira-bacaba-y, pindiwa’y, pinduwa’ywa,<br />
pinuwa-’y, pinuwa’yw<br />
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SPANISH: bacaba, caimba, ciama, cinamillo, corunto, cusi, manaco,<br />
manoco, mapora, posuy, punáma, quëboitsama, seja, seje pequeño,<br />
sejito, siama, siamba, sinami, sinamillo, ungurauy, vacavilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Terminal bud and heart are edible, and fruits are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en, made into a creamy beverage, and are an edible oil source.<br />
Leaves are used for th<strong>at</strong>ch and <strong>the</strong>ir stems for n<strong>at</strong>ive weapons.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern margin <strong>of</strong> Amazonian Brazil through<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonia just into Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson 1977, Balick 1979b, Balick 1986, Boom 1987,<br />
Cavalcante 1991, Henderson 1995, IBGE 1980, Kahn and de Granville<br />
1992, OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Ruberté 1984, Silva et<br />
al. 1977, Vásquez and Gentry 1989<br />
Oenocarpus makeru R. Bernal, Galeano, & Henderson [possibe hybrid<br />
<strong>of</strong> O. b<strong>at</strong>aua x O. mapora]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: makeru<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is an edible oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Oenocarpus mapora Karsten [syn.O. macrocalyx Burret, O.<br />
multicaulis Spruce]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: turu palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: abacaba, bacaba, bacabaí, bacabao (refers to hybrid <strong>of</strong><br />
O. b<strong>at</strong>aua x O. mapora in Acre, Brazil), bacabinha, bacabi, cocobacaba<br />
SPANISH: bacaba, bacabi, bacabiña, caimba, chicyorah, chimbo,<br />
ciamba, cinamo, cinamillo, corunto, don Pedrito, huicosa, kumunk,<br />
mapora, maquenque, milpesillo, posuí, pusuy, quëboitsama, shimbu,<br />
sinamillo, sinami, vacavilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and an edible oil source, and its<br />
juice is fermented to make chicha. Similar to, and possibly<br />
conspecific with O. minor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Bolivia, eastern Peru, northwestern Brazil,<br />
western Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, and Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, Facciola 1990, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE<br />
1980, Martin et al. 1987, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Oenocarpus minor Mart. [syn. O. huebneri Burret, O. intermedius<br />
Burret, O. microspadix Burret]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bacaba-mirim, bacabaí, bacabi, bacabinha<br />
SPANISH: bacaba, cinamillo, milpesillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark fruit’s pulp is made into a beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and western Amazonian Brazil just into<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>astern Colombia<br />
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REFERENCES: Cavalacante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson<br />
1995, Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, Silva<br />
et al. 1977<br />
Oeno<strong>the</strong>ra albicaulis Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Onagraceae (evening-primrose)<br />
ENGLISH: evening primrose<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit were e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Apache.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Rocky Mountains and <strong>the</strong> western Gre<strong>at</strong> Plains<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Oeno<strong>the</strong>ra biennis L.<br />
FAMILY: Onagraceae (evening-primrose)<br />
ENGLISH: evening primrose, German rampion, weedy evening-primrose<br />
PORTUGUESE: minuana<br />
USES/NOTES: Young basal leaves, once a popular vegetable, are<br />
somewh<strong>at</strong> piquant, and roots, also piquant, may be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked<br />
with several changes <strong>of</strong> w<strong>at</strong>er.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Gibbons and<br />
Tucker 1979, Kindscher 1987, Peterson 1977, Taylor 1998, Tomikel<br />
1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Oeno<strong>the</strong>ra hookeri Torrey & A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Onagraceae (evening-primrose)<br />
ENGLISH: Hooker’s evening primrose<br />
PORTUGUESE: minuana<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves and shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked, and<br />
young fruits and roots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967,<br />
Kirk 1970<br />
Oeno<strong>the</strong>ra speciosa Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Onagraceae (evening-primrose)<br />
ENGLISH: evening primrose, pink evening-primrose, pink ladies,<br />
showy evening-primrose, showy primrose, white evening-primrose<br />
PORTUGUESE: minuana<br />
SPANISH: amapola del campo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits <strong>of</strong> this invasive ground cover may be e<strong>at</strong>en raw<br />
or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central U.S. to nor<strong>the</strong>astern Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mentz et al. 1997, Neary 1998,<br />
Tull 1978<br />
Oeno<strong>the</strong>ra villosa Thunb. subsp. strigosa (Rydb.) W. Dietr. & Raven<br />
[syn. O. strigosa (Rydb.) Mackenzie & Bush]<br />
FAMILY: Onagraceae (evening-primrose)<br />
ENGLISH: evening primrose, sundrops<br />
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USES/NOTES: Young leaves and shoots are added to salads or used as<br />
po<strong>the</strong>rbs. Cooked roots are e<strong>at</strong>en like parsnips (Pastinaca<br />
s<strong>at</strong>iva).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967<br />
Olea europaea L.<br />
FAMILY: Oleaceae (lilac or olive)<br />
ENGLISH: common olive, olive, olive tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: azeitona<br />
SPANISH: acebuche (tree), acebuchina (fruit), aceituna, aceituno,<br />
oliva, olivo, zambujo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are <strong>the</strong> olives <strong>of</strong> commerce, e<strong>at</strong>en canned or<br />
pickled, ripe or fresh, and are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most<br />
widely consumed edible oils. Sap, called lucca gum, is used in<br />
perfumes.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Greece, Iran, Syria, Palestine, or Egypt<br />
REFERENCES: Bianchini and Corbetta 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Rehm<br />
and Espig 1991, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974<br />
Olneya tesota A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: desert ironwood, tesota<br />
SPANISH: tesota<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds can be e<strong>at</strong>en raw or roasted and may be stored for<br />
winter use.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California to New Mexico and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Omphalea diandra L.<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: toad vine<br />
PORTUGUESE: cipó-castanha<br />
SPANISH: comrade de vaquero, sapo huasca, wayãpi<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and cooked seeds <strong>of</strong> this liana are edible.<br />
Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Panama and <strong>the</strong> West Indies to Brazil and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, Martin et al. 1987, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Omphalea megacarpa Hemsley<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: hunter’s nut<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Omphalea triandra L.<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
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ENGLISH: Jamaica cobseed, Jamaican cabnut, pop nut<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Jamaica<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Onoclea sensibilis L.<br />
FAMILY: Pteridophyta (ferns)<br />
ENGLISH: sensitive fern<br />
USES/NOTES: Young fiddleheads and roots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Onychopetalum kruk<strong>of</strong>fii R.E. Fr.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: envira-caju<br />
SPANISH: schisohsiom<br />
USES/NOTES: Round red fruit, to 4cm, is e<strong>at</strong>en locally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Acre in western Amazonian Brazil and adjacent Bolivia<br />
and Madre de Dios, Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Maas et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Shanley and Medina 2005,<br />
UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Oplopanax horridus Miq. [Syn. Echinopanax horridus (Sm.) Decne. &<br />
Planchon ex Harms, F<strong>at</strong>sia horrida (Sm.) Benth. & Hook.f.]<br />
FAMILY: Araliaceae (aralia or ginseng)<br />
ENGLISH: devil’s club<br />
USES/NOTES: Succulent young stems have been e<strong>at</strong>en in Alaska.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Michigan to Oregon and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Alaska<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Opuntia amyclaea Tenore [syn. O. ficus-indica (L.) Miller var.<br />
amyclaea (Tenore) A. Berger]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: prickly pear<br />
SPANISH: tuna blanca, tuna mansa<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe, light greenish-yellow fruits are plump, juicy,<br />
and edible. The plant is also a host plant for cochineal dye<br />
production.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bravo 1978, Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Flores and<br />
Gallegos 1993, Vigueras and Portillo 2001<br />
Opuntia <strong>at</strong>ropes Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: nopal blanco<br />
USES/NOTES: This thre<strong>at</strong>ened species is highly sought after in<br />
Jalisco for its desirable nopalitos (cactus pads).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central Mexico including Guerrero, Jalisco,<br />
México, Michoacan, and Morelos<br />
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REFERENCES: Sierra 1999, Vigueras and Portillo 2001<br />
Opuntia azurea Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: nopal cyotillo, nopalillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Zac<strong>at</strong>ecas to Durango, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & Bigelow<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: bakersfield cactus, beavertail cactus, beavertail<br />
pricklypear, Grand Canyon beavertail cactus, Heil’s beavertail<br />
pricklypear, rose tuna, Trelease’s beavertail pricklypear<br />
SPANISH: nopal, nopal costero, nopal del desierto<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>at</strong>e stem joints, buds, and flowers after<br />
steaming <strong>the</strong>m in pits.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arizonia, California, Nevada, Utah, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Baja<br />
California and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Sonora, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Clarke et<br />
al. 2006, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Opuntia bonplandii (Kunth) F.A.C. Weber [syn. Cactus bonplandii<br />
Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Valencia et al. 2000<br />
Opuntia chlorotica Engelm. & Bigelow<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: pancake pricklypear<br />
USES/NOTES: Purple fruit’s green pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and <strong>the</strong> southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Opuntia clav<strong>at</strong>a Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: cholla cactus<br />
USES/NOTES: Fresh fruits and roasted stems have been e<strong>at</strong>en in times<br />
<strong>of</strong> food scarcity.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central New Mexico possibly to northwestern Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Opuntia cochenillifera (L.) Miller [syn. Nopalea cochenillifera<br />
(L.) Salm-Dyck]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
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ENGLISH: cochineal, cochineal cactus, cochineal plant, nopal<br />
cactus, prickly-pear cactus, roast pork, smooth pear<br />
PORTUGUESE: palma, palma-doce, palm<strong>at</strong>ória-doce<br />
SPANISH: higo chumbo, nopal, pak’am, palera, tuna blanca<br />
USES/NOTES: Red fruits are edible. Plant also is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong><br />
cochineal, a tiny insect, from which a deep red dye is derived,<br />
used primarily for coloring fabrics, such as British redco<strong>at</strong>s,<br />
but also to color foods. Stems are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Perhaps Mexico, now widespread<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Britton and Rose 1963,<br />
IBGE 1980, Lee 1947-48, Martin et al. 1987, Niembro Rocas 1992,<br />
Nobel 1994, OAS 1973, Usher 1974, West 1989b<br />
Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: nopal, prickly pear cactus<br />
SPANISH: cacanapo, tuna<br />
USES/NOTES: Succulent fruits, stems, flowers, pads, and seeds are<br />
edible, fruits <strong>of</strong>ten as jelly, stems fried, and seeds dried and<br />
parched.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and adjacent sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Harrington 1967, Tull 1978<br />
Opuntia engelmannii var. linguiformis (Griffiths) B.D. Parfitt &<br />
Pinkava [includes O. lindheimeri var. linguiformis (Griffiths)<br />
L.D. Benson, O. linguiformis Griffiths]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: cactus apple, cow’s tongue, tongue pricklypear<br />
SPANISH: língua de vaca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp has been made into jelly. The plant is<br />
considered extinct in <strong>the</strong> wild by <strong>the</strong> IUCN.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central Texas probably into nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Correll and Johnston 1970,<br />
Facciola 1990, ITIS n.d., T<strong>at</strong>e 1976<br />
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller [syn. O. megacantha Salm-Dyck]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: barbary, cactus fruit, Indian fig, mission tuna, nopal,<br />
prickley pear, spineless cactus, tuna<br />
PORTUGUESE: palma-santa, palm<strong>at</strong>ória<br />
SPANISH: cacto, chumbera, chumbo, higo chumbo, higuera chumba,<br />
higuera de tuna, higuera de las Indias, higuera de pala, jarrito,<br />
nopal, nopal de castilla, nopal manso de castilla, nopal tapón,<br />
optunia, palera, pescuezón, tasajillo, tuna, tuna de castilla,<br />
tuna fina, tuna mansa, tunal<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, typically purple fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, stewed,<br />
or preserved. Young cladodes or pads (nopales or nopalitos in<br />
Spanish) are chopped and cooked as a vegetable. A slimy mash from<br />
<strong>the</strong> pads is used in cooking, in medicines, and to clean hair. The<br />
plant is also grown as a host for <strong>the</strong> cochineal insect<br />
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(Dactylopius coccus Costa), <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> red cochineal dye.<br />
Plant constituents are believed to reduce cholesterol and are now<br />
sold powdered as a medicinal food supplement.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Probably <strong>the</strong> Neotropics and subtropical America,<br />
though not n<strong>at</strong>ive in Ecuador; perhaps domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in Mexico, now<br />
pan-tropical<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Britton and Rose 1963, Colclough<br />
and MacDonald 1991, Donkin 1977, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Espejo<br />
Serna et al. n.d., Flores and Gallegos 1993, Griffith 2004, IBGE<br />
1980, López 2000, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., OAS 1973, Pimienta-<br />
Barrios 1993, Portillo and Arreola 1994, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and<br />
Espig 1991, Russell and Felker 1987, Solomon 2001, Vigueras and<br />
Portillo 2001, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Opuntia fulgida Engelm. [syn. Cylindropuntia fulgida (Engelm.)<br />
F.M. Knuth]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: chain-fruit cholla, jumping cactus<br />
SPANISH: cholla, velas de coyote<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy fruit <strong>of</strong> this tree-like cactus is consumed raw or<br />
made into beverages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sonora and Sinaloa, Mexico and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Arizona<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola<br />
1990, Martin et al. 1987, Nobel 1994<br />
Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. [syn. O. compressa (Salisb.) J.F.<br />
Macbr.; O. opuntia (L.) Karsten nomen illegit.] and O. tortispina<br />
Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: devil’s tongue, prickly pear, western prickly pear (O.<br />
tortispina)<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe purplish fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, cooked, or<br />
preserved, green pads are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, and seeds may be e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
parched.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: O. humifusa from Ontario to Missouri and Florida,<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized in Europe, O. tortispina from Wisconsin to New Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950,<br />
Harrington 1967, Taylor 1998, Wunderlin 1998, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Opuntia imbric<strong>at</strong>a (Haw.) DC. [syn. Cylindropuntia imbric<strong>at</strong>a (Haw.)<br />
F.M. Knuth]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: cane cholla, chain-link cactus, cholla, prickly pear, tree<br />
cholla, walking-stick cactus<br />
SPANISH: cholla, nopal, tuna, xoconostle, xoconostli cardón<br />
USES/NOTES: Flower buds and young stem joints are e<strong>at</strong>en, sometimes<br />
fried. Sour yellow fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or raw.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and adjacent southwestern U.S. to Kansas<br />
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REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola<br />
1990, Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987, Tull 1978, Vigueras and<br />
Portillo 2001, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Opuntia jaliscana Bravo<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: azucar<br />
USES/NOTES: Stem joints are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guanaju<strong>at</strong>o, Jalisco, and Michoacán, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bravo 1978, CITES-PC 2002, Espejo Serna et al. n.d,<br />
Vigueras and Portillo 2001<br />
Opuntia joconostle F.A.C. Weber<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: sour prickly pear<br />
SPANISH: joconoxtle, nopal hediondo, tempranilla, tuna blanca,<br />
xoconostle<br />
USES/NOTES: Stem joints are e<strong>at</strong>en as nopales and sour fruits are<br />
edible as jelly, a vegetable, or as a flavoring agent.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexican st<strong>at</strong>es <strong>of</strong> Hidalgo, Jalisco, México,<br />
Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, and Zac<strong>at</strong>ecas<br />
REFERENCES: Bravo 1978, Espejo Serna et al. n.d, Vigueras and<br />
Portillo 2001, Zavaleta-Beckler et al. 2001<br />
Opuntia leucotricha DC.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: arborescent prickly pear<br />
SPANISH: duraznillo blanco, nopal blanco, nopal duraznillo,<br />
xoconostle<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic, sour pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> white to red fruit is<br />
edible, but difficult to remove from <strong>the</strong> rind. As <strong>the</strong> English<br />
name suggests, <strong>the</strong> plant is a tree-like cactus, growing to 5<br />
meters.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Faucon 1998, Flores and Gallegos<br />
1993, Martin et al. 1987, Vigueras and Portillo 2001<br />
Opuntia littoralis (Engelm.) Cockerell<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: coast pricklypear, coastal pricklypear, western prickly<br />
pear<br />
SPANISH: nopal del litoral<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy, deeply pigmented dark reddish fruit is edible,<br />
though with abundant fl<strong>at</strong>tened hard seeds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn coastal California and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Baja<br />
California<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke et al. 2006, Elias and Dykeman 1982, Harrington<br />
1967, ITIS n.d., Saunders 1976<br />
Opuntia macrorhiza Engelm.<br />
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FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: prickly pear<br />
SPANISH: tuna<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits, pads, buds, and dried seeds <strong>of</strong> this clumpforming<br />
cactus are said to be e<strong>at</strong>en, though Britton and Rose<br />
claim o<strong>the</strong>rwise for <strong>the</strong> fruit.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Missouri and Kansas to Texas, Arizona, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Kindscher<br />
1987<br />
Opuntia m<strong>at</strong>udae Scheinvar<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: sour prickly pear<br />
SPANISH: xoconostle<br />
USES/NOTES: Joints are e<strong>at</strong>en as nopals and fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Jalisco, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Vigueras and Portillo 2001, Zavaleta-Beckler et al.<br />
2001<br />
Opuntia monacantha (Willd.) Haw. [syn. O. vulgaris Miller, Cactus<br />
indicus Roxb., Cactus monacanthos Willd.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: cochineal prickly pear, common prickly pear, drooping<br />
prickly pear, drooping tree pear, Joseph’s co<strong>at</strong><br />
PORTUGUESE: arumbeva, monducuru, palma-santa, palm<strong>at</strong>ória,<br />
palm<strong>at</strong>ória-espinhosa, urumbeba<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, typically purple fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, stewed,<br />
or preserved. Young pads are chopped and cooked as a vegetable in<br />
<strong>the</strong> West Indies. A slimy mash from <strong>the</strong> pads is used in cooking,<br />
in medicines, and to clean hair.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: coastal Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina into eastern<br />
Paraguay, now widespread and invasive in many warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Mentz et<br />
al. 1997<br />
Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: Englishman prickly pear<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits and pads are edible, seeds are dried <strong>the</strong>n<br />
parched and ground into meal for use in gruel and cakes, and<br />
young stems are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted or boiled, used somewh<strong>at</strong> like green<br />
beans, or added to scrambled eggs.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Texas to Arizona and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Nobel 1994<br />
Opuntia phaeacantha var. camanchica (Engelm. & Bigelow) L. Benson<br />
[syn. O. camanchica Engelm. & Bigelow]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
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ENGLISH: prickly pear<br />
SPANISH: tuna<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Texas to sou<strong>the</strong>rn California and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Opuntia polyacantha Haw.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: many-spined opuntia<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp, though dry, is said to be e<strong>at</strong>en raw or<br />
cooked. Stem joints are also edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and western North America from Texas to<br />
Alberta, Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Opuntia pottsii Salm-Dyck<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: prickly pear<br />
USES/NOTES: Stem pulp is used like egg whites.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Texas and New Mexico to central Chihuahua, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, T<strong>at</strong>e 1976<br />
Opuntia quimilo K. Schum.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: kajuták, quimiles, quimilo, tunilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellowish-green fruit’s pulp and seed mass are edible<br />
after removing <strong>the</strong> skin. Plant is arboresent in form.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina and adjacent Paraguay and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: FAO 1995, Kileen et al. 1993, MBG n.d., Montenegro 2005<br />
Opuntia robusta Wendl.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: dinner-pl<strong>at</strong>e<br />
SPANISH: nopal camueso<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its edible fruits and pads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Flores and Gallegos 1993,<br />
Steinkraus 1983, T<strong>at</strong>e 1976, Vigueras and Portillo 2001<br />
Opuntia soederstromiana Britton & Rose [syn. O. dobbieana Britton<br />
& Rose]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, juicy, red fruits are edible, though<br />
infrequently e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Opuntia streptacantha Lemaire<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
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ENGLISH: prickly pear<br />
SPANISH: cardón, nopal cardón, tuna cardona<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible dull red to yellow fruits are important in<br />
Mexican markets, pads are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable (nopalitos), and<br />
<strong>the</strong> plant is a cochineal dye source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bravo-Hollis 1978, Britton and Rose 1963, De la Rosa<br />
and Santamaría 1998, Flores and Gallegos 1993, Steinkraus 1983,<br />
T<strong>at</strong>e 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Vigueras and Portillo 2001<br />
Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: prickly pear<br />
SPANISH: tuna<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy, red to purple, pear-shaped fruits (to 6 cm long)<br />
are edible. Green pads (nopalitos in Spanish) are e<strong>at</strong>en like<br />
vegetables.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Florida to Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Texas and western Cuba<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Correll and Johnston 1970,<br />
Taylor 1998, Wunderlin 1998<br />
Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. var. dillenii (Ker-Gawler) L. Benson<br />
[syn. O. dillenii (Ker-Gawler) Haw.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: Dillen prickly pear, Dillen’s prickly pear, erect prickly<br />
pear, prickly pear, seaside tuna<br />
SPANISH: tuna<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy, red to purple, pear-shaped fruits (to 8 cm<br />
long), though not as good as <strong>the</strong> common prickly pear (O. ficusindicus)<br />
are consumed raw, in jams and jellies, or fermented into<br />
wine. Green pads (nopalitos in Spanish) are e<strong>at</strong>en like vegetables<br />
or fed to c<strong>at</strong>tle.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern coast <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> U.S., east coast <strong>of</strong> Mexico,<br />
Central America, north coast <strong>of</strong> South America, <strong>the</strong> West Indies,<br />
and Bermuba, n<strong>at</strong>uralized and pestiferous in some regions<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Britton and Rose 1963, Bush and Morton<br />
n.d., Facciola 1990, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Martin et al. 1987, Nellis<br />
1994, Nobel 1994<br />
Opuntia tenuispina Engelm. & Bigelow<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: prickly pear<br />
USES/NOTES: Small fruits (to 4 cm) are e<strong>at</strong>en or made into wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Texas to Arizona and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, T<strong>at</strong>e 1976<br />
Opuntia tomentosa Salm-Dyck<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: tree pear, woollyjoint prickly pear<br />
SPANISH: nopal chamacuerito, San Gabriel<br />
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USES/NOTES: Ovoid fruits are sweet. The plant is also a cochineal<br />
dye source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico, widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
elsewhere including Australia<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Munz 1974, T<strong>at</strong>e 1976, Vigueras<br />
and Portillo 2001<br />
Opuntia versicolor Engelm. ex Coulter<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: pencil cholla<br />
SPANISH: cholla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit <strong>of</strong> this sprawling shrub or small tree is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and adjacent Arizona<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987, Nobel 1994,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Opuntia whipplei Engelm. & Bigelow<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: prickly pear<br />
USES/NOTES: Pads are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable fresh or dried, spineless<br />
fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, stewed, or dried, and seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en dried<br />
and parched.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Utah, southwestern Colorado, Arizona, and<br />
New Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963,<br />
Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Oreocereus leucotrichus (Phil.) Wagenknecht [syn. O.<br />
hendriksenianus Backeb.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: chica-chica<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Aldun<strong>at</strong>e et al. 1983, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola<br />
1990<br />
Origanum majorana L.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: marjoram, sweet marjoram<br />
PORTUGUESE: manjerona, manjerona-inglesa, manjerona-verdadeira,<br />
oregão-vulgar<br />
SPANISH: majorana, mejorana, orégano, sarilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is used as a condiment, a medicinal, and for its<br />
essential oil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern Africa, Middle East, or India<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980,<br />
Schneider 1987<br />
Origanum vulgare L.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
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ENGLISH: European oregano, oregano, origanum, pot marjoram, wild<br />
marjoram<br />
PORTUGUESE: manjerana-selvagem, orégano, orégão, ouregão<br />
SPANISH: orégano<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is <strong>the</strong> principal oregano <strong>of</strong> commerce, used as a<br />
fresh seasoning or cooked as a spice and for its arom<strong>at</strong>ic oil.<br />
Leaves and young stem tips may be used as tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe to central Asia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> eastern<br />
U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Mabberley<br />
1987, Rehm and Espig 1991<br />
Orobanche bulbosa (Gray) G. Beck [syn. O. tuberosa (Gray) Heller]<br />
FAMILY: Orobanchaceae (broom-rape)<br />
ENGLISH: broomrape<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> roots.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Orobanche californica Cham. & Schltdl.<br />
FAMILY: Orobanchaceae (broom-rape)<br />
ENGLISH: broomrape<br />
USES/NOTES: Underground stems are e<strong>at</strong>en and chewed to quench<br />
thirst.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Orobanche fascicul<strong>at</strong>a Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Orobanchaceae (broom-rape)<br />
ENGLISH: broomrape<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant was once a food item for Amerindians <strong>of</strong> Utah and<br />
Nevada.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Orobanche ludoviciana Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Orobanchaceae (broom-rape)<br />
ENGLISH: broomrape<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow to white roots are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Orogenia linearifolia S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: Indian pot<strong>at</strong>o, Gre<strong>at</strong> Basin orogenia<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots, similar to parsnips (Pastinaca s<strong>at</strong>iva), are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en boiled or fried.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994<br />
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Orontium aqu<strong>at</strong>icum L.<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: goldenclub<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and roots have been e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians. Roots<br />
must be thoroughly washed to remove <strong>the</strong> acrid flavor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Mabberley 1987, Plowman<br />
1969, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Oryza s<strong>at</strong>iva L.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: common rice, rice<br />
PORTUGUESE: arroz<br />
SPANISH: arosa, arroz, arroz cruzeño, oroz<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible seed is <strong>the</strong> rice <strong>of</strong> commerce, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most<br />
important grains in <strong>the</strong> world.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1987, Duke 1986, Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1972<br />
Oryzopsis asperifolia Michaux<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: Indian millet, Indian mountain rice, Indian rice grass,<br />
rice grass<br />
USES/NOTES: Parched grains are ground into an edible meal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994, Mabberley 1987<br />
Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roemer & Schultes) Rickler ex Piper [syn.<br />
Eriocoma cuspid<strong>at</strong>a Nutt.]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: Indian millet, Indian mountain rice, Indian rice grass,<br />
rice grass<br />
USES/NOTES: Parched grains are ground into an edible meal. Probably<br />
<strong>the</strong> most valuable wild n<strong>at</strong>ive grass historically used by<br />
southwestern Amerindians.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Kindscher 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Osmanthus americanus (L.) A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Oleaceae (lilac or olive)<br />
ENGLISH: American olive, devilwood, wild olive<br />
USES/NOTES: Medium sized (1-2cm), dark drupe may be crushed in a<br />
salt brine and e<strong>at</strong>en and small, fragrant flowers are used in<br />
teas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Godfrey 1988, Tanaka 1976<br />
Osmanthus megacarpus (Small) Small ex Little<br />
FAMILY: Oleaceae (lilac or olive)<br />
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ENGLISH: wild olive<br />
USES/NOTES: Medium sized (2-3cm), dark drupe may be crushed and<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en and small, fragrant flowers can be used in teas. Shrub (to<br />
3 meters) makes a good landscape plant.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Taylor 1998<br />
Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb. ex A. Murray) Lour.<br />
FAMILY: Oleaceae (lilac or olive)<br />
ENGLISH: fragrant olive, osmanthus<br />
USES/NOTES: Unripe drupes are e<strong>at</strong>en pickled like common olives<br />
(Olea europaea) and flowers are used to scent beverages. Also<br />
used in landscaping.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975, Zarucchi 1998<br />
Osmorhiza claytoni (Michaux) C.B. Clarke<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: hairy sweet cicely, sweet javril, woolly sweet cicely<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>of</strong> Wisconsin <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> roots and branches to<br />
gain weight.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Osmorhiza depauper<strong>at</strong>a Phil. [syn. O. obtusa (Coulter & Rose)<br />
Fern.]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: sweet cicely, sweetroot<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots give an anise or sweet licorice taste to foods.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994<br />
Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray) Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: sweet cicely, sweetroot, western sweet cicely<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots give an anise or sweet licorice taste to foods.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967<br />
Osmunda cinnamomea L.<br />
FAMILY: Osmundaceae (royal fern)<br />
ENGLISH: cinnamon fern<br />
USES/NOTES: Fiddleheads or buckhorns may be e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America and Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Osmunda regalis L.<br />
FAMILY: Osmundaceae (royal fern)<br />
ENGLISH: flowering fern, gray fern, royal fern<br />
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SPANISH: helecho real<br />
USES/NOTES: Fiddleheads are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e areas to Africa and South America<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987<br />
Ossaea capillaris (Don) Cogn.<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Wurdack 1980<br />
Otholobium glandulosum (L.) Grimes [syn. Psoralea glandulosa L.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea in Chile.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean to coastal Chile and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Grimes 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Otoba parvifolia (Markgraf) A. Gentry [syn. Dialyan<strong>the</strong>ra<br />
parvifolia Markgraf]<br />
FAMILY: Myristicaceae (nutmeg)<br />
PORTUGUESE: macis, moscadeira, noz-moscada, tauá, ucuúba, ucuúbabranca,<br />
ucuúba-da-terra-firme, ucuúba-vermelha<br />
SPANISH: aguanillo, cumala colorada, mamilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Aril is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gentry<br />
1979b, La Rotta 1992, Renner et al. 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Our<strong>at</strong>ea macrobotrys Rusby and O. nitida Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Ochnaceae (Ochna)<br />
USES/NOTES: E<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Chácobo <strong>of</strong> Bolivia (O. macrobotrys) and<br />
<strong>the</strong> Kayapó <strong>of</strong> Brazil (O. nitida).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Boom 1989<br />
Oxalis acetosella L.<br />
FAMILY: Oxalidaceae (wood-sorrel)<br />
ENGLISH: European wood-sorrel, Irish shamrock, shamrock, trefoil,<br />
wood-sorrel<br />
PORTUGUESE: azedinha, oxálida-azeda, oxális-azeda<br />
SPANISH: ecederilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart leaves and stems <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> true Irish shamrock are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or cooked, sometimes with sugar as a dessert food.<br />
The flavor is similar to sorrel (Rumex acetosa).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions, perhaps originally<br />
restricted to north temper<strong>at</strong>e Eurasia and possibly Japan, now<br />
widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Fernald et al. 1958, Harris<br />
1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Wiersema and León 1999, Yanovsky 1936<br />
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Oxalis cornicul<strong>at</strong>a L. [syn. O. repens Thunb.]<br />
FAMILY: Oxalidaceae (wood-sorrel)<br />
ENGLISH: creeping lady’s sorrel, creeping oxalis, creeping woodsorrel,<br />
creeping woods, edge teeth, lady’s wood-sorrel, oxalis,<br />
procumbent yellow wood-sorrel, sheep sorrel, wild sorrel, woodsorrel,<br />
yellow oxalis, yellow sorrel, yellow wood-sorrel<br />
PORTUGUESE: azeda-rasteira, azedinha, trevo, trevo-azedo, pé-depombo,<br />
três-corações<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en like sorrel (Rumex acetosa) or as<br />
a snack.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps pan-tropical, now nearly<br />
cosmopolitan – considered n<strong>at</strong>ive in Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Accorsi et al. n.d., Brako and Zarucchi<br />
1993, Conard 1969, Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990,<br />
Fernald 1950, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Marticorena and Quezada<br />
1985, Munz 1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Wunderlin 1998, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Oxalis cytisoides C. Mart. & Zucc. [syn. O. barrelieri L.]<br />
FAMILY: Oxalidaceae (wood-sorrel)<br />
ENGLISH: Barrelier’s woodsorrel<br />
PORTUGUESE: azedinha, trevo-de-agua<br />
SPANISH: acederilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from Costa Rica to Bolivia, <strong>the</strong> Guianas,<br />
Brazil, and perhaps Paraguay and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Burger 1991, Foster 1958, IBGE 1980<br />
Oxalis debilis Kunth var. corymbosa (DC.) Lourteig [syn. O.<br />
corymbosa DC., O. martiana Zucc.]<br />
FAMILY: Oxalidaceae (wood-sorrel)<br />
ENGLISH: lilac oxalis, pink wood-sorrel, shamrock, wood-sorrel<br />
PORTUGUESE: azedinha-de-sapo, macaxim, trevo-azedo<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart leaves are used as a seasoning with a flavor<br />
similar to tamarind (Tamarindus indica).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina,<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Mabberley<br />
1987, Zuloaga 1997<br />
Oxalis l<strong>at</strong>ifolia Kunth [syn. O. intermedia A. Rich.]<br />
FAMILY: Oxalidaceae (wood-sorrel)<br />
ENGLISH: broadleaf woodsorrel, Cuban purple woodsorrel (O.<br />
intermedia), fishtail oxalis (O. l<strong>at</strong>ifolia), pink shamrock (O.<br />
l<strong>at</strong>ifolia), West Indian woodsorrel (O. intermedia), wood-sorrel<br />
PORTUGUESE: azedinha-de-folhas-roxas<br />
SPANISH: hilil ts’ohool<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable or made into<br />
tea in Mexico. Oxalis l<strong>at</strong>ifolia and O. intermedia are considered<br />
distinct by some recent authorities.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: South-central U.S. through Mexico and Central America<br />
to tropical South America – considered n<strong>at</strong>uralized in sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Brazil, Florida and elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Denton 1973,<br />
Hickman 1993, Wiersema and León 1999, Wunderlin 1998<br />
Oxalis oregana Nutt. in Torrey & A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Oxalidaceae (wood-sorrel)<br />
ENGLISH: evergreen Oregon oxalis, Oregon oxalis, redwood sorrel<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and stalks are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads, and stalks are<br />
used in pies.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast from British Columbia to nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
California, especially in shaded redwood forests<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970, Munz and Keck 1959<br />
Oxalis pes-caprae L.<br />
FAMILY: Oxalidaceae (wood-sorrel)<br />
ENGLISH: Bermuda buttercup, buttercup oxalis, soursob<br />
USES/NOTES: Bulbs reportedly are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Africa, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Munz and Keck<br />
1959, Wiersema and León 1999, Zuloaga 1997<br />
Oxalis stricta L.<br />
FAMILY: Oxalidaceae (wood-sorrel)<br />
ENGLISH: common yellow oxalis, erect woodsorrel, sheep sorrel,<br />
sourgrass, tall wood-sorrel, toad sorrel, upright yellow-sorrel,<br />
upright yellow wood-sorrel, yellow oxalis, yellow wood-sorrel<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked. The Kiowa<br />
Indians chewed <strong>the</strong> leaves to relieve thirst. Seedpods (called<br />
little bananas), flowers, and bulbs also are edible. The plant<br />
was a food item in pre-European North America.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e North America and Asia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Bonzani et al. 2002, Correll and Johnston 1970, Fernald<br />
1950, Kindscher 1987, Long and Lakela 1971, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Oxalis tetraphylla Cav. [syn. O. deppei Lodd. ex Sweet]<br />
FAMILY: Oxalidaceae (wood-sorrel)<br />
ENGLISH: Deppe’s wood-sorrel, false shamrock, four-leaved clover,<br />
good-luck leaf, good-luck plant, iron cross oxalis, iron cross<br />
plant, lucky clover, Mexican wood-sorrel<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads and roots are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en boiled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, portions <strong>of</strong> Central<br />
America, and perhaps beyond, now cosmopolitan<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Burger 1991, Facciola 1990,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
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Oxalis tuberosa Molina [syn. O. cren<strong>at</strong>a Jacq.]<br />
FAMILY: Oxalidaceae (wood-sorrel)<br />
ENGLISH: kao, oca, oka, oxalis, Peruvian oca, Peruvian oka, New<br />
Zealand yam, sorrel<br />
PORTUGUESE: azedinha-tuberosa<br />
SPANISH: agrillo, aipilla, apilja, apilla, apio blanco, bueno<br />
grillo, chulco (green vegetable only), ciuva, cuíba, huisisai,<br />
ibia, ibias, macachin, miquichi, oca, occa-occa, papa extranjera,<br />
papa roja, quiba, vinagrilo<br />
USES/NOTES: This Andean endemic plant has been cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for<br />
perhaps 4,000 years for its medium-sized, variously colored<br />
tubers, which are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, boiled, steamed, or roasted.<br />
Numerous varieties exist, some <strong>of</strong> which are ra<strong>the</strong>r sweet.<br />
Dehydr<strong>at</strong>ed tubers are called chuña in parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plant’s n<strong>at</strong>ive<br />
range. Leaves are also edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Peruvian and Bolivian Andes, possibly to Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Estrella 1991, IBGE 1980, Kay 1973, King<br />
1987, King 1988, King and Gersh<strong>of</strong>f 1987, León 1987, Martins 1976,<br />
Naranjo 1991, NRC 1989, Soukup 1970, Sperling and King 1990,<br />
Terra 1966, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Oxalis violacea L. [syn. Acetosella violacea (L.) Kuntze]<br />
FAMILY: Oxalidaceae (wood-sorrel)<br />
ENGLISH: purple wood-sorrel, sheep sorrel, violet wood-sorrel<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart leaves, roots, and <strong>at</strong>tractive pinkish-purple<br />
flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked. Three-lobed, shamrock-like<br />
leaves also may be steeped to make a tea-like beverage. The<br />
plant’s sourness derives from small amounts <strong>of</strong> oxalic acid, <strong>the</strong><br />
same compound th<strong>at</strong> renders some plants, like rhubarb, deadly, if<br />
not properly prepared.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Much <strong>of</strong> North America, exclusive <strong>of</strong> Florida, perhaps<br />
beyond North America, now widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Denton 1973, Fernald 1950,<br />
Foster 1958, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Kindscher 1987, Morton 1976a,<br />
Peterson 1977, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: sorrel tree, sourwood, tree sorrel, titi<br />
USES/NOTES: Sour leaves can be added to salads or chewed to quench<br />
thirst. Flowers are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> sourwood honey <strong>of</strong> Appalachia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Nelson 1996, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Oxyrhynchus volubilis Brandegee<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
SPANISH: wal pooy<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Texas, Mexico, and <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984<br />
Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: alpine sorrel, mountain sorrel, round-leaf sorrel<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America and <strong>the</strong> Eurasian Arctic<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Pachira aqu<strong>at</strong>ica Aublet [syn. P. grandiflora Tussac, P. longifolia<br />
Hook., P. macrocarpa (Schltdl. & Cham.) Walp., Bombax aqu<strong>at</strong>icum<br />
(Aublet) Schumann]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Bombacaceae (silk-cotton)<br />
ENGLISH: American chestnut, Cayenne nut, Guinea chestnut, kwaheri,<br />
Malabar chestnut, provision tree, saba nut, wild ch<strong>at</strong>aigne, wild<br />
cocoa<br />
PORTUGUESE: cacao selvagen, castanheira-das-Guianas, castanha-do-<br />
Maranhão, embir<strong>at</strong>anha, imbiruçu, paina-de-Cuba, paneira-de-Cuba,<br />
sapote-grande, mamorana, monguba, munguba, mungubarana, samaúma<br />
SPANISH: amida, apombo, apompo, bellaco caspi, cacagüillo,<br />
cacaquillo, cacao cimarrón, cacao de agua, cacau de monte,<br />
carolina, castaño, castaño de mono, ceibillo, ceibo de agua,<br />
chila blanca, homoarao, huimba, palo de boya, punga,<br />
pumpunjunche, sacha pandicho, sacha pandisho, sapotón, shila<br />
blanca, sunzapote, tetón, wimba, zapote bobo, zapote de bobo,<br />
zapotón, zumzapote<br />
USES/NOTES: Roasted seeds, similar in flavor to peanuts (Arachis<br />
hypogaea), and fruit pulp are e<strong>at</strong>en in times <strong>of</strong> food shortages.<br />
Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, probably Central America and Mexico,<br />
perhaps Brazil and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, FUDENA n.d., Gómez-Beloz 2002, Graf<br />
1974, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973,<br />
Silva et al. 1977, Soukup 1970, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Pachira insignis (Sw.) Sw. ex Savigny [syn. P. spruceana Decne.,<br />
Bombax spruceanum (Decne.) Ducke]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Bombacaceae (silk-cotton)<br />
PORTUGUESE: mamomana-grande, munguba, nuni<br />
SPANISH: castaño, castañón, punga de altura<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Antilles to Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum (Engelm.) Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
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SPANISH: cardón, hecho hecho<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and seeds are an edible flour<br />
source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Shreve and Wiggins 1964, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Pachycereus pringlei (S. W<strong>at</strong>son) Britton & Rose [includes Cereus<br />
pringlei S. W<strong>at</strong>son, Pilocereus pringlei S. W<strong>at</strong>son]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: cardon cactus, elephant cactus, Mexican giant cactus<br />
SPANISH: cardón, cardón pelón<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp, though dry, and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh,<br />
seeds are an edible flour source, and fruits are ponded in w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
to make juice. The huge plant is similar to <strong>the</strong> giant saguaro<br />
cactus (Carnegiea gigantea).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sonora and Baja California, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Lauri 2000,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Shreve and Wiggins 1964<br />
Pachycereus schottii (Engelm.) D. Hunt [syn. Lophocereus schottii<br />
(Engelm.) Britton & Rose]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: cabeza de viejo, cina, cinita del<strong>at</strong>illa, senita, sinita<br />
USES/NOTES: Generally spineless, small fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Mexico to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Arizona<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Pachyrhizus ahipa (Wedd.) Parodi [syn. Dolichos ahipa Wedd.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: ahipa, pot<strong>at</strong>o bean<br />
PORTUGUESE: ahipa, feijão-macucu<br />
SPANISH: achipa, ahipa, ajima, ajipa, chícama, dabau, dolichos<br />
ajipa, fríjol chuncho, judía b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a, poroto b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a, jícama,<br />
jíquima, xiquima<br />
USES/NOTES: Crunchy tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en raw (typically in salads),<br />
steamed, or boiled. Tubers remain crunchy even when cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Peru and Bolivia, perhaps to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1969, Foster and Cordell 1992, Naranjo 1991,<br />
Noda et al. 1984, NRC 1989, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sørensen 1988,<br />
Usher 1974, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban [syn. P. angul<strong>at</strong>us Rich. ex DC., P.<br />
palm<strong>at</strong>ilobus Benth. & Hook., Cacara erosa Thouars, Dolichos<br />
erosus L.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: jicama, jicana, pot<strong>at</strong>o bean, yam bean<br />
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PORTUGUESE: feijão-acutupé, feijão-b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a, feijão-macuçu, jac<strong>at</strong>upé,<br />
jacutupé<br />
SPANISH: achipa, ahipa, ajipa, ashipa, carota de caballo, frijol<br />
chuncho, frijol de jícama, guavita cansa-boca, habilla, jac<strong>at</strong>upé,<br />
jícama, jícama dulce, jícana, jiquima, nupe, nupera, poroto<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a, yuca de bejuco<br />
USES/NOTES: Imm<strong>at</strong>ure tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or cooked, m<strong>at</strong>ure<br />
tubers are a starch source and an animal feed, and pods<br />
occasionally are e<strong>at</strong>en as a green vegetable. Seeds and roots<br />
contain rotenone, a compound toxic to cold-blooded animals, used<br />
to kill fish and insects. More widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed than P.<br />
tuberosus.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Davis and Yost 1983, Duke 1986, IBGE 1980, Kay 1973,<br />
León 1987, Noda et al. 1984, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991,<br />
Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Pachyrrhizus tuberosus (Lam.) Sprengel [syn. Cacara tuberosa<br />
(Lam.) Britton, Dolichos tuberosus Lam.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: ahipa, jicama, pot<strong>at</strong>o bean, yam bean<br />
PORTUGUESE: feijão-macuçu, feijão-yac<strong>at</strong>upé<br />
SPANISH: ahipa, ajima, ajipa, ashipa, chícama, choreque blanco,<br />
coén, cohén, haba de tocón, jícama, jícama de agua, macucú, nupe,<br />
sincamas, xiquima<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pods and starchy tubers are edible. Seeds are<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian headw<strong>at</strong>ers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eastern Andes <strong>of</strong> Ecuador,<br />
Peru, and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1969, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Foster 1958,<br />
Naranjo 1991, Noda et al. 1984, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991,<br />
Sørensen 1988, Sørensen et al. 1993, Usher 1974, Wiersema et al.<br />
1990, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Panax quinquefolium L.<br />
FAMILY: Araliaceae (aralia or ginseng)<br />
ENGLISH: American ginseng, ginseng<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic roots are chewed fresh or e<strong>at</strong>en candied and<br />
leaves and roots are made into tea. Now used in <strong>the</strong> herbal<br />
supplements industry, like Asian ginseng (P. ginseng C. Meyer)<br />
and Siberian ginseng (Eleu<strong>the</strong>rococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.)<br />
Maxim., Araliaceae) as an energy booster, an aphrodisiac, and for<br />
its reported anti-aging properties. The U.S. exports over $100<br />
million worth <strong>of</strong> American ginseng annually mostly to Asia. P.<br />
ginseng is grown sparingly beyond China and is now rare in its<br />
n<strong>at</strong>ive Asia due to over-harvesting.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1997, Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1966, Peterson 1977,<br />
Rolfsmeier et al. 1988, Suits et al. 2003<br />
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Panax trifolium L.<br />
FAMILY: Araliaceae (aralia or ginseng)<br />
ENGLISH: dwarf ginseng, ginseng<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, swollen roots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada and nor<strong>the</strong>rn U.S. to high elev<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
<strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Georgia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Fernald et al. 1958,<br />
Peterson 1977<br />
Pandanus tectorius Parkinson<br />
FAMILY: Pandanaceae (screw pine)<br />
ENGLISH: nicobar breadfruit, pandanus, screw pine<br />
SPANISH: palma de cinta, palma de tornillo, pandano<br />
USES/NOTES: Large fruits, actually composite drupes, are e<strong>at</strong>en raw,<br />
boiled, or made into paste or flour. Youngest leaf base is e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
as palm heart. Also an <strong>at</strong>tractive landscape plant in frost-free<br />
areas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Malayasia to Polynesia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Molina 1975<br />
Pandanus utilis Bory<br />
FAMILY: Pandanaceae (screw pine)<br />
ENGLISH: common screw pine, pandanus, screw pine<br />
PORTUGUESE: pândano, vacuá<br />
SPANISH: palma de cinta, palma de tornillo, pandano<br />
USES/NOTES: Large fruits, actually composite drupes, are e<strong>at</strong>en raw,<br />
boiled, or made into paste or flour. Youngest leaf base is e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
as palm heart. Also an <strong>at</strong>tractive landscape plant in frost-free<br />
areas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Madagascar<br />
REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Figueiredo Filho 2005, Hoyas 1989, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), Mabberley 1987<br />
Panicum hirticaule J. Presl [syn. P. sonorum Beal]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: panic grass, Mexican panic-grass, Sonoran panic-grass,<br />
sagui, sauwi<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its edible, lysine-rich seeds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, N<strong>at</strong>ive Seeds/SEARCH 1991<br />
Panicum miliaceum L.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: blackseeded proso millet, broom corn, brown-corn millet,<br />
hog millet, millet, proso millet, Russian millet, wild proso<br />
millet<br />
PORTUGUESE: milhete, milheto<br />
SPANISH: mijo, proso<br />
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USES/NOTES: Seeds, <strong>of</strong> this ancient cultivar, are e<strong>at</strong>en like rice,<br />
ground into flour, fermented into tempeh or miso, and fed to<br />
animals. Young sprouts are added to salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Africa or sou<strong>the</strong>rn Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Martin 1949, Bourke et al. 1987, Brunken<br />
et al. 1977, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Purseglove 1972,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Panicum obtusum Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: panic grass, vine mesquite, wiregrass<br />
USES/NOTES: Hopi added ground seeds to cornmeal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Papaver somniferum L.<br />
FAMILY: Papaveraceae (poppy)<br />
ENGLISH: common poppy, opium, opium poppy, poppy, poppy seed<br />
PORTUGUESE: dormideira, papoula<br />
SPANISH: adormidera, amapola, amapola azul (p. somniferum var.<br />
nigrum), amapola blanca, amapola real<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for seeds, used widely in baking as poppy<br />
seeds and a source <strong>of</strong> oil used in paints. L<strong>at</strong>ex is a painreliever<br />
and sed<strong>at</strong>ive and <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> opium and heroin.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably sou<strong>the</strong>astern Europe to sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia,<br />
widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, FNAEC 1997, Neumann n.d., Rehm and<br />
Espig 1991, Usher 1974<br />
Parahancornia amapa Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
PORTUGUESE: amapá, amapá-amargoso, amapá-doce, sorva-maparajuba<br />
USES/NOTES: L<strong>at</strong>ex and large red fruit’s pulp are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Silva<br />
et al. 1977<br />
Parahancornia fascicul<strong>at</strong>a (Poir.) Benoist<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
PORTUGUESE: amapá<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit and l<strong>at</strong>ex are e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor people.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela to eastern Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Parahancornia peruviana Monach.<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
SPANISH: naranjo podrido<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru<br />
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REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Zarucchi 1991<br />
Parajubaea cocoides Burret<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: Quito palm<br />
SPANISH: coco, coco cumbé<br />
USES/NOTES: Grown primarily as an ornamental, though <strong>the</strong> golf-ball<br />
sized, coconut-like fruit is edible and an edible oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989<br />
Paramyrciaria delic<strong>at</strong>ula (DC.) Kausel [syn. Eugenia delic<strong>at</strong>ula<br />
DC., Myrciaria delic<strong>at</strong>ula (DC.) O. Berg, Myrciaria linearifolia<br />
O. Berg]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cambuizeiro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Sobral 1991<br />
Paramyrciaria glomer<strong>at</strong>a (O. Berg) Sobral [syn. Eugenia cabelludo<br />
Kiaerskov, Myrciaria glomer<strong>at</strong>a O. Berg, Plinia glomer<strong>at</strong>a (O.<br />
Berg) Amsh<strong>of</strong>f]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: yellow jaboticaba<br />
PORTUGUESE: cabeluda, cabeludo<br />
SPANISH: cabelluda, cabelludo, guayaba pilosa<br />
USES/NOTES: Small yellow fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Popenoe<br />
1974, Sobral 1991<br />
Para<strong>the</strong>sis crenul<strong>at</strong>a (Vent.) Hook.f. [syn. P. serrul<strong>at</strong>a (Sw.) Mez]<br />
FAMILY: Myrsinaceae (myrsine)<br />
SPANISH: capulín<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is a snack food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984<br />
Parinari campestris Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
ENGLISH: bohorada<br />
SPANISH: guaray, mercurilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and used as a flavoring agent.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, <strong>the</strong> Guianes, Venezuela, and Trinidad<br />
REFERENCES: Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Martin et al. 1987, Prance<br />
1972a, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Parinari excelsa Sabine<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
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PORTUGUESE: uchi-de-tambaqui, uchirana<br />
SPANISH: guari, merecurillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to east-central Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Prance 1972a<br />
Parinari montana Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: castanheira-de-pedra, pajurá-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, pajurá-grande,<br />
pajurá-pedra, parinari<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Parinari pachyphyla Rusby<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: parinari, uará<br />
SPANISH: guari, merecure de muntaña, parinari, pasa, perehuétano,<br />
perguetana<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Colombia and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Prance 1972a<br />
Parinari sprucei Hook.f.<br />
FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: parinari, uará<br />
SPANISH: pasa, pasa comestible, uimáru, varete, vimarú, waashe,<br />
wara<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Morales Rojas and Castillo Suárez<br />
2005, Prance 1972a<br />
Parkia balslevii H.C. Hopkins<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: cera, cira<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are covered with a sweet, honey-like substance.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Hopkins 1986<br />
Parkia multijuga Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
POTUGUESE: faveira, paricá-grande-da-terra-firme, tambury<br />
SPANISH: guarango, tankám<br />
USES/NOTES: Ground seeds are mixed with flour in Amazonian<br />
Colombia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Hopkins 1986<br />
Parkia nitida Miq.<br />
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FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
POTUGUESE: angico, fava-pé-de-arara, faveira<br />
SPANISH: caro blanco, goma pasheca, guarango, pashaco<br />
USES/NOTES: Unripe pods are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Hopkins 1986, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Parkia panurensis Benth. ex H.C. Hopkins<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
POTUGUESE: faveria, visguerio<br />
SPANISH: casaba murciélago, goma pashaco, guama de perro, pashaco<br />
USES/NOTES: Resinous seed covering is edible. Seeds are used in<br />
handicrafts.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Hopkins 1986<br />
Parkia pl<strong>at</strong>ycephala Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
POTUGUESE: badoqueiro, beloca, fava-de-bolota, fava-de-boi,<br />
faveira, visgueiro<br />
USES/NOTES: Pods are fermented to produce alcohol. Also an<br />
important forage food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>ast Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Hopkins 1986<br />
Parkinsonia acule<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Jerusalem thorn, Mexican paloverde<br />
SPANISH: agüijote, cina cina, espino blanco, lluvia de oro, retama<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en whole or ground into flour and flowers<br />
are a good honey source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Uruguay, perhaps<br />
through Central America to Texas, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in Florida and<br />
perhaps elsewhere across <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S. and <strong>the</strong> Pacific coast<br />
to Washington<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, MBG n.d., Tull 1978<br />
Parkinsonia florida (Benth. ex A. Gray) S. W<strong>at</strong>son [syn. Cercidium<br />
floridum Benth ex A. Gray, C. torreyanum (S. W<strong>at</strong>son) Sarg.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: blue paloverde, paloverde<br />
SPANISH: brea, palo verde azul, palo verde<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians in California and Arizona have made<br />
beverages from <strong>the</strong> seeds and cakes from <strong>the</strong> ground seeds, which<br />
were also mixed with mesquite (Prosopis spp.) pod meal. Young<br />
seeds and pods are edible and young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a<br />
vegetable. May include P. microphylla.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: sou<strong>the</strong>rn California, Arizona, and adjacent Mexico<br />
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REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Carter 1974, Clarke 1977, Kirk<br />
1970, MBG n.d., Sousa et al. 2003, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Parkinsonia microphylla Torrey [syn. Cercidium microphyllum<br />
(Torrey) Rose & I.M. Johnston]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: foothill paloverde, littleleaf paloverde (P. microphylla),<br />
paloverde, small-leaved paloverde (P. microphylla), yellow<br />
paloverde (P. microphylla)<br />
SPANISH: palo verde, palo verde amarillo, palo verde de hoja<br />
pequeña<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians in California and Arizona have made<br />
beverages from <strong>the</strong> seeds and cakes from <strong>the</strong> ground seeds, which<br />
were also mixed with mesquite (Prosopis spp.) pod meal. Young<br />
seeds and pods are edible and young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a<br />
vegetable. Possibly conspecific with P. florida.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California, Arizona, and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Carter 1974, Clarke 1977, Kirk<br />
1970, MBG n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Parmentiera aculetea (Kunth) Seemann [syn. P. edulis A. DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Bignoniaceae (trumpet creeper)<br />
ENGLISH: candalero, candletree, food candletree, parmentiera<br />
PORTUGUESE: árvore de velas, cerieira<br />
SPANISH: ain ché, chote, cuachilote, cuajilote, guajilote,<br />
gueroxiga, pepino de árbol<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh like a cucumber, cooked, roasted<br />
in ashes, or preserved, and is used for animal feed. Roots are<br />
medicinal and <strong>the</strong> tree is grown for shade.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and/or Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Coe 1994, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Niembro Rocas 1992, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig<br />
1991, Rutter 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974, von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Parmentiera al<strong>at</strong>a (Kunth) Miers [syn. Crescentia al<strong>at</strong>a L.]<br />
FAMILY: Bignoniaceae (trumpet creeper)<br />
ENGLISH: Mexican calabash<br />
PORTUGUESE: cabaça, cuia-pequenha-do-igapó<br />
SPANISH: cuchara, cutuco, guaje cirial, morrito, morro, tapara,<br />
tapara montañera, totumo<br />
USES/NOTES: Ground seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en mixed with rice and o<strong>the</strong>r seeds<br />
and are used to make <strong>the</strong> beverage horacha. Fruit pulp is edible<br />
and medicinal, empty, dry shells are used as containers, and wood<br />
is used for lumber.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Baja California and Sonora, Mexico, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, and El<br />
Salvador<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Heiser 1979b,<br />
Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
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Parmentiera cerifera Seemann<br />
FAMILY: Bignoniaceae (trumpet creeper)<br />
ENGLISH: candletree<br />
SPANISH: palo de velas<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its edible fruits.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Gentry 1980, Mabberley 1987<br />
Parmentiera stenocarpa Dugand & L.B. Sm.<br />
FAMILY: Bignoniaceae (trumpet creeper)<br />
ENGLISH: candletree<br />
SPANISH: árbol de la jujias, palo vela, pl<strong>at</strong>anilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Martin et al. 1987<br />
Par<strong>the</strong>nocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planchon [syn. Hedera<br />
quinquefolia L.]<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: American ivy, confeder<strong>at</strong>e vine, five-fingered ivy, fiveleaf<br />
vine, five-leaved ivy, Mexican creeper, redtwig creeper,<br />
Virginia creeper, woodbine<br />
SPANISH: hiedra, parra<br />
USES/NOTES: Yanovsky st<strong>at</strong>ed th<strong>at</strong> fruits were e<strong>at</strong>en raw and peeled<br />
stalks were e<strong>at</strong>en boiled by Amerindians <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn U.S.<br />
Peterson, however, warns th<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> fruit should not be e<strong>at</strong>en. The<br />
deciduous plant, grown as an ornamental beyond its n<strong>at</strong>ive range,<br />
makes an effective, though aggressive ground cover with<br />
<strong>at</strong>tractive, red foliage in <strong>the</strong> fall. The plant is sometimes<br />
mistaken for poison ivy (Rhus radicans – Anacardiaceae), although<br />
it is unrel<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: widespread from Canada throughout <strong>the</strong> eastern and<br />
central U.S. to Mexico and Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, and China, widely<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Fernald 1950, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Moerman 1998, Peterson 1977, Standley and Steyermark 1949d,<br />
Tanaka 1976, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Passiflora actinia Hook.<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujá<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil (Paraná, perhaps beyond)<br />
REFERENCES: Vanderplank 1996<br />
Passiflora adenopoda DC.<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
SPANISH: granadilla de monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Orange fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mainland Neotropics from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico tp Peru<br />
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REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990,<br />
von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982<br />
Passiflora al<strong>at</strong>a Curtis [syn. P. al<strong>at</strong>a Dryander]<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
ENGLISH: passionfruit<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracuchá, maracujá, maracujá-açu, maracujá-amarelo,<br />
maracujá-comprido, maracujá-comum, maracujá-de-refresco,<br />
maracujá-grande, maracujá-mamão, maracujá-melão, maracutango,<br />
maracutão<br />
SPANISH: granadilla, mburucuyá, mburukuyá, pasionaria<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its large yellow fruits, e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or<br />
used in drinks.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonian Peru and Amazonian<br />
Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Davidse et al. 1994, Deginani 2001, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al.<br />
1977, Voeks 1996<br />
Passiflora ambigua Hemsley<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
SPANISH: granadilla de monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Large fruit’s tart pulp is said to be <strong>of</strong> good flavor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982<br />
Passiflora amethystina Mikan<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujá-azul, maracujá-da-serra, maracuja-de-cobra,<br />
maracujá-verde<br />
SPANISH: mburucuyá<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Deginani 2001, Kunkel 1984, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Passiflora antioquiensis Karsten<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
ENGLISH: banana passionfruit<br />
SPANISH: curuba antioqueana<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed fresh, in beverages, or in<br />
desserts.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andes, probably Colombia, perhaps to Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Kunkel 1984, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Passiflora caerulea L.<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
ENGLISH: blue crown passionflower, blue granadilla, blue<br />
passionflower<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujá, maracujá-azul, maracujá-de-cobra<br />
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SPANISH: burucuyá, flor de cristo, flor de la pasión, flor de<br />
pasión, granadilla, mburucuyá, mburucuyá común, ocara,<br />
pasionaria, piogola, umburucuya<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe fruits are consumed fresh, in beverages, or in<br />
desserts, and unripe fruits may be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, widespread on <strong>the</strong> Neotropical mainland<br />
from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina (apparently introduced<br />
in Ecuador, perhaps elsewhere including tropical China)<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Deginani 2001,<br />
IBGE 1980, Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994, Simmons 1972<br />
Passiflora capsularis L. [syn. P. paraguayensis Chod<strong>at</strong>]<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujá-branco, maracujá-branco-miúdo, maracujazinho,<br />
maracujá-branco-miúdo, murujá-branco-miúdo<br />
SPANISH: mburucuyá, mburucuyá morotí<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed fresh, in beverages, or in<br />
desserts.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Deginani 2001, Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, IBGE 1980,<br />
Sousa and Cabrera 1983<br />
Passiflora cincinn<strong>at</strong>a Masters<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujá-de-serra<br />
SPANISH: burucuyá, mburucuyá, mburukuyá, moro-coya, pachío, parcha<br />
andina<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is consumed fresh, in beverages, or in<br />
desserts.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Deginani 2001, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Passiflora coccinea Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
ENGLISH: red granadilla, scarlet passionfruit<br />
PORTUGUESE: guacu, maracujá-bravo, maracujá-poranga<br />
SPANISH: costada sacha, granadilla agria, granadilla sachavaca,<br />
granadilla venenosa<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart fruits are consumed in beverages and ice cream,<br />
and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en. Also cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed as an ornamental and<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Salick 1992, Silva et al. 1977, Smith et al.<br />
1992<br />
Passiflora edulis Sims [includes <strong>the</strong> purple variety P. edulis var.<br />
edulis and <strong>the</strong> yellow variety P. edulis var. flavicarpa]<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
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ENGLISH: golden passion fruit, Hawaiian passion fruit, mountain<br />
sweet cup, passion fruit, purple granadilla, purple passion<br />
fruit, yellow granadilla, yellow passion fruit<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujá, maracujá-comum, maracujá-da-garapa, maracujáde-comer,<br />
maracujá-de-ponche, maracujá-doce, maracujá-do-m<strong>at</strong>o,<br />
maracujá-escuro, maracujá-mirim, maracujá-peroba, maracujá-preto,<br />
maracujá-redondo, maracujá-roxo, maracujá-suspiro, peroba<br />
SPANISH: burucuya, ceibey, chinola, chisqui, curuba, fruta de la<br />
pasión, granadilla, granadilla de quijos, granadilla morada,<br />
gulupa, gulupa-curuba, maracujá, maracuya, maracuyá, maracuyá<br />
amarilla, mburucuyá, murucuyá, parcha, parche, parchita morada,<br />
pasiflora, pasionaria, tacso, tacsonia, tasco, taxo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit’s tart aril is consumed fresh, in ice cream and<br />
desserts, as juice, as an alcohol mixer, made into liqueur, as a<br />
flavoring agent, and in salad dressings. An edible oil is<br />
extracted from <strong>the</strong> seeds. Juice also is medicinal. Climbing vines<br />
also are grown for <strong>the</strong>ir beautiful flowers and to <strong>at</strong>tract<br />
butterflies. The passion fruit <strong>of</strong> commerce is widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
in <strong>the</strong> tropics.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Brazil possibly to eastern Amazonian Peru,<br />
Paraguay, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bonuccelli 1989, Bourke et al. 1987, Branch<br />
and Silva 1983, Campbell 1984, Carneiro Martins 1989, Deginani<br />
2001, Estrella 1991, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Johns and<br />
Stevenson 1985, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Naranjo 1991, Omawale 1973,<br />
Peret 1985, Popenoe 1974, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, Schneider<br />
1987, Silva et al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992, Will 1991<br />
Passiflora foetida L.<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
ENGLISH: love in a mist, running pop, semito, sim<strong>at</strong>oo, stinking<br />
passion-flower, tagua passionflower, wild semitoo, wild passionflower,<br />
wild w<strong>at</strong>er-lemon<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujá-c<strong>at</strong>inga, maracujá-de-cheiro, maracujá-decobra,<br />
maracujá-de-estalo, maracujá-de-lagartinho, maracujá-deraposa,<br />
maracujá-de-sapo, maracujá-fedorento, maracujá-hirsutodo-sul<br />
SPANISH: <strong>at</strong>aco, bedoca, bejuco canastilla, bombillo, caguajasa,<br />
caguaza, caguazo, canizo, cinco-llagas, clavellín blanco, corona<br />
de cristo, flor de granadita, flor de pasión silvestre,<br />
granadilla cimarrona, granadilla colorada, granadilla de culebra,<br />
granadilla montés, granadilla silvestre, hóntayek, injito<br />
colorado, ké-pá, lokhoste, mburucuyá, mburucuyá aceitoso,<br />
mburucuyá campero, mburucuyá menor, mburucuyá rastrero, murucuyá<br />
miní, ñorbo cimarrón, ñorbo hediondo, parcha de culebra, parcha<br />
de monte, parchita de montaña, parchita de sabana, pasionaria de<br />
la candelaria, pasionaria, pasionaria hedionda, pedón, pocoto,<br />
puro-puro, puru-puru, sandía de culebra, tagua-tagua<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp <strong>of</strong> this now widespread, weedy climber is<br />
snacked on, though is inferior to many o<strong>the</strong>r Passiflora species.<br />
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Young leaves may be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Also used to tre<strong>at</strong> nem<strong>at</strong>odes<br />
and fl<strong>at</strong>worms.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to tropical South America, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
in warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Austin and Bourne 1992, d’Eeckenbrugge<br />
and Ferla 2000, Deginani 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FLEPPC<br />
2003, Honychurch 1980, Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, Marcano 2003,<br />
Martin and Nakasone 1970, Martin et al. 1987, Omawale 1973, Rehm<br />
and Espig 1991, Soukup 1970, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982<br />
Passiflora incarn<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
ENGLISH: apricot vine, may apple, maypop(s), passion flower, purple<br />
passion-flower, wild passion-flower<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujá-encarnado, maracujá-mirim, maracujá-vermelho,<br />
maracujazeiro vermelho<br />
SPANISH: pasiflora, pasionaria<br />
USES/NOTES: Though used infrequently as food today, P. incarn<strong>at</strong>a<br />
has been cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed since pre-Columbian times for its orangeyellow,<br />
nutritious (niacin and vitamin A), tart fruit, which may<br />
be used for jellies, beverages, wine, and sherbet. Pulp can be<br />
spooned out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rind and blended with w<strong>at</strong>er and sugar to make<br />
a refreshing beverage. Young leaves reportedly are e<strong>at</strong>en as<br />
cooked greens or in salads and flowers may be e<strong>at</strong>en as a<br />
vegetable or made into syrup. Today, <strong>the</strong> climbing vines are grown<br />
more <strong>of</strong>ten in gardens for <strong>the</strong>ir showy purple and white flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Pennsylvania to Florida,<br />
Texas, and Kansas, scarcely introduced elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker<br />
1979, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Martin et al.<br />
1987, McGuire 1999, Medsger 1939, Peterson 1977, Simmons 1972,<br />
Tull 1978, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Passiflora laurifolia L.<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
ENGLISH: bell apple, golden apple, Jamaican honeysuckle, simito,<br />
semitoo, sweet cup, vinagar pear, w<strong>at</strong>er lemon, yellow granadilla<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujá-comum, maracujá-doce, maracujá-laranja<br />
SPANISH: granadilla amarilla, maracuyá, parcha, parcha de culebra,<br />
pasionaria con hojas de laurel<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow to orange fruits <strong>of</strong> this vigorous climber are<br />
edible. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> West Indies.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America and <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, IBGE 1980, León 1987, Martin and Nakasone<br />
1970, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973, Salick 1992, Soukup 1970,<br />
Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Passiflora ligularis Juss.<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
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ENGLISH: bell-apple, granaditta, Jamaican huneysuckle, sweet<br />
granadilla, w<strong>at</strong>er lemon<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujá<br />
SPANISH: apincoya, burucuya, granada, granada china, granadilla,<br />
granadilla común, granadilla de China, granadilla dulce,<br />
mburucuyá, parchita amarilla, poka, tumbo<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and marketed for its fruit, consumed out <strong>of</strong><br />
hand, as juice, or in ice cream.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America from Venezuela to Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Adamas 1972, Bonuccelli 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, Martin and Nakasone 1970, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, Morton 1987a, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989, OAS 1973,<br />
Popenoe 1974, Smith et al. 1992, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Passiflora maliformis L.<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
ENGLISH: bell-apple, conch apple, conch nut, hard-shelled passion<br />
flower, sweet calabash, sweetcup, w<strong>at</strong>er lemon<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujá<br />
SPANISH: calabacita de indio, ceibey cimarrón, chulupa, culupa,<br />
curuba, granadilla, granadilla de hueso, granadilla de mono,<br />
granadilla de piedra, guerito, kuruba, parcha cimarrona<br />
USES/NOTES: Orange-yellow pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tough-skinned fruit is used<br />
for juice or is mixed with wine in Jamaica.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies, possibly to nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
(Venezuela, Colombia, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Ecuador)<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Martin et al. 1987, Martin and Nakasone<br />
1970, Morton 1987a, Naranjo 1991, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989,<br />
Omawale 1973, Smith et al. 1992, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Passiflora manic<strong>at</strong>a (Juss.) Pers.<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
SPANISH: parcho<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andes<br />
REFERENCES: Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Passiflora membranacea Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
SPANISH: granadilla bellísima<br />
USES/NOTES: Elong<strong>at</strong>ed, large (to 10 cm) fruit’s pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico (Chiapas) to Darién, Panama,<br />
generally above 2,000 meters in elev<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975,<br />
Standley and Williams 1961b<br />
Passiflora menispermifolia Kunth [syn. P. villosa Dombey ex Triana<br />
& Planchon]<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
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PORTUGUESE: nuxilha<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mainland Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Passiflora mixta L.f. var. mixta [syn. P. tomentosa Lam.]<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
SPANISH: curuba de indio<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is consumed as juice, marmalade, ice cream,<br />
or in alcoholic beverages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America to Venezuela and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Hoyas 1989<br />
Passiflora morifolia Masters [syn. P. warmingii Masters]<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
ENGLISH: woodland passionflower<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujá-da-capoeira, maracujá-mirim, maracujá-peludo<br />
SPANISH: comida de víboras, granadilla, pachío azulito, pachito,<br />
pasionaria de hoja de moral, wan’tox tih’ may<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit’s whitish pulp is edible, sometimes preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: perhaps Brazil to Paraguay and Colombia, though<br />
widespread in <strong>the</strong> mainland Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Breedlove 1986, Davidse et al.<br />
1994, Deginani 2001, Radford et al. 1968, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Passiflora mucron<strong>at</strong>a Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujá-pintado, sururu<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Passiflora nitida Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujá-bravo, maracujá-de-r<strong>at</strong>o, maracujá-do-m<strong>at</strong>o,<br />
maracujá-suspiro<br />
SPANISH: granadilla, parchita de monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet pulp, <strong>of</strong> this tenis-ball sized, orange-yellow,<br />
fruit, is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or in drinks. Similar to P. edulis var.<br />
flavicarpa.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps central Amazonian Brazil into<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Cavalcante 1991, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al.<br />
1977, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Passiflora organensis Gardner<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
PORTUGUESE: nensi<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Passiflora pinn<strong>at</strong>istipula Cav.<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
SPANISH: galupa, granadilla, gulupa, tasco<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Passiflora pl<strong>at</strong>yloba Killip<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
SPANISH: granadilla ácida, monesa granadilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Kunkel 1984, Martin et al. 1987, Sousa and Cabrera 1983<br />
Passiflora popenovii Killip<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
SPANISH: chisiqui, granadilla de quijos<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are sold in markets for <strong>the</strong>ir edible pulp.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Passiflora quadrangularis L. [syn. P. macrocarpa Masters, P.<br />
tetragona M. Roemer]<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
ENGLISH: barbodine, giant granadilla, granadilla, passionfruit<br />
banana<br />
PORTUGUESE: flor-de-paixão, maracujá-açu, maracujá-amarelo,<br />
maracujá-comprido, maracujá-de-Caiena, maracujá-grande, maracujámamão,<br />
maracujá-melão, maracujá-silvestre<br />
SPANISH: badea, burucuya, curuba, granadilla, granadilla badea,<br />
granadilla cimarrona, granadilla gigante, granadilla pasionaria,<br />
granadilla real, gu<strong>at</strong>e-gu<strong>at</strong>e, maracuyá cascuda, mburucuyá,<br />
nutsulet, parcha granadina, quijón, sandía de la pasión,<br />
sirsirsijo, tintin, trombos, tumbo, tumbo costeño<br />
USES/NOTES: Large fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en in desserts, made into juice, or<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable while still green. Tubers also are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably Central America, perhaps Nicaragua, and/or<br />
possibly Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bonuccelli 1989, Bourke et al. 1987,<br />
Cárdenas 1969, Carneiro Martins 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986,<br />
Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Popenoe 1974, Purseglove 1968, Smith et<br />
al. 1992, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, Williams and Williams 1969,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
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Passiflora riparia Mart. ex Masters<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujá-de-cheiro, maracujazinho<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et<br />
al. 1977<br />
Passiflora rubra L.<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
ENGLISH: b<strong>at</strong>-wing, Dutchman’s laudanum, passionflower<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujazeiro suspiro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en or added to chicha.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Chan 1980, Facciola 1990, Holm-Nielsen et<br />
al. 1988, Martin et al. 1987, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982<br />
Passiflora schlimiana Triana & Planchon<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
SPANISH: curuba<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Passiflora seemannii Griseb.<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
SPANISH: gu<strong>at</strong>e-gu<strong>at</strong>e<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or in drinks.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Panama and possibly beyond to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America, n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Breedlove 1986, Davidse et al. 1994, Duke<br />
1972, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989<br />
Passiflora serr<strong>at</strong>odigit<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
ENGLISH: passionfruit, tagua<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujá-de-urubu, maracujá-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, maracujá-pedra<br />
SPANISH: tagua-tagua<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is consumed in desserts and beverages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies to Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Martin and<br />
Nakasone 1970, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Passiflora suberosa L. [syn. P. pallida L.]<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
ENGLISH: corky-stemmed passionflower<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujazinho, maracujá-mirim, maracujá-decortica<br />
SPANISH: granadilla, manazana de mono, mburucuyá, mburucuyá chico,<br />
mburucuya-í, ñorbito<br />
USES/NOTES: Pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> small (~1 cm) purple/black berry is edible.<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps Florida and <strong>the</strong> West Indies,<br />
and/or Mexico to Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Deginani 2001, Facciola 1990, Nelson 1996,<br />
Taylor 1998<br />
Passiflora tenuifila Killip<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujá-de-cobra<br />
SPANISH: comida de víboras, granadilla, lockhoste, lokoste,<br />
mburuguia, mburucuyá, mburucuyá montés, moro-coyo, pachío<br />
USES/NOTES: Whitish pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina and adjacent portions <strong>of</strong> Bolivia,<br />
southwestern Brazil, and Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Deginani 2001, MBG n.d<br />
Passiflora tripartita (Juss.) Poiret var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm-<br />
Nielsen & Jørgensen [syn. P. mollissima (Kunth) Bailey, P.<br />
tomentosa var. mollissima (Kunth) Triana and Planchon, Tacsonia<br />
mollissima Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
ENGLISH: banana passionfruit, banana poka, passionflower, pink<br />
banana passionfruit, s<strong>of</strong>tleaf<br />
PORTUGUESE: maracujá<br />
SPANISH: curuba, curuba de castilla, curuba sabanero blanco,<br />
granadilla cimarrona, parcha, tacso, tagso, tauso, taveso,<br />
tintin, trompos, tumbo, tumbo del norte, tumbo serrano<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its juicy fruit pulp used in drinks,<br />
marmalades, and ice cream and its showy, lavender flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia, now n<strong>at</strong>uralized and<br />
invasive in places<br />
REFERENCES: Bonuccelli 1989, Facciola 1990, Holm-Nielsen et al.<br />
1988, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, N<strong>at</strong>ional<br />
Research Council 1989, Smith et al. 1992, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Passiflora tripartita (Juss.) Poiret var. tripartita [syn. P.<br />
psilantha (Sodiro) Killip]<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
SPANISH: granadilla, gullán, tacso<br />
USES/NOTES: Occasionally cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its tart fruit pulp used in<br />
beverages and ice cream.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa<br />
1994, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Popenoe 1924, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Passiflora umbilic<strong>at</strong>a (Griseb.) Harms<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
SPANISH: enredadera del cerro, flor de la pasión, granadillo,<br />
granado, lockosti<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rnwester Andean Argentina to Cochabamba,<br />
Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Deginani 2001, Foster 1958, Vanderplank 1996<br />
Passiflora vespertilio L.<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
SPANISH: cheshteya, granadilla, yacu granadillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador, perhaps elswhere in Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988<br />
Passiflora vitifolia Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower)<br />
ENGLISH: grape-leaved passionfruit<br />
SPANISH: chulupo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America to Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Martin and Nakasone 1970,<br />
Martin et al. 1987<br />
Pastinaca s<strong>at</strong>iva L.<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (Carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: parsnip<br />
PORTUGUESE: cenoura branca, cherivia, pastinaga<br />
SPANISH: cañota, chirivía, pastinaca<br />
USES/NOTES: Cold-hardy, white roots, similiar in appearance to<br />
common carrotts (Daucus carota var. s<strong>at</strong>ivus), are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Usher 1974, Yamaguchi 1983, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
P<strong>at</strong>inoa almirajo Cu<strong>at</strong>rec.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Bombacaceae (silk-cotton)<br />
SPANISH: almirajó<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and fleshy arils are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America, perhaps Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Paullinia al<strong>at</strong>a (Ruiz & Pavón) G. Don<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
PORTUGUESE: m<strong>at</strong>a-fome<br />
SPANISH: <strong>at</strong>sa dheve, barbasco negro, chanchák, pangki naek<br />
USES/NOTES: Reddish fruit’s white aril is edible, though <strong>the</strong> vine<br />
has wider medicinal applic<strong>at</strong>ions and is <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> a fish<br />
poison.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia through western Amazonian Brazil,<br />
Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia to sou<strong>the</strong>astern Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d., UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Paullinia cupana Kunth [includes P. sorbilis Mart.]<br />
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FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
ENGLISH: Brazilian cocoa, cupana, guarana<br />
PORTUGUESE: cupana, gisipó, guaraná, guaraná-iiva, guaraná-ripó,<br />
guaraná-sipo, guaraná-uva, naraná, naranajeiro, naranazeiro,<br />
quarana, uarana, uaraná, uraná<br />
SPANISH: cupana, cupania, guaraná, palo cuadrado, paulinia, uabano,<br />
yoco<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds (containing guaranine and up to 5 % caffeine), <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> yellow to red/orange fruits, are processed into syrup for use<br />
in juice, s<strong>of</strong>t drinks, and liqueurs, or roasted and ground into<br />
powder to make tea or various medicinal stimulants — said to<br />
improve strength and energy, aid digestion, improve sexual<br />
performance, and act as a lax<strong>at</strong>ive. Guaraná products are readily<br />
available in Brazil and increasingly so in health food stores <strong>of</strong><br />
developed countries. Guaraná is now an ingredient in s<strong>of</strong>t drinks<br />
and bottled teas in North America and is marketed as a health<br />
suppliment in powdered gel capsules. Guaraná s<strong>of</strong>t drink sales<br />
rival those <strong>of</strong> colas in Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably centered near Mundurucina between <strong>the</strong><br />
Tapajós and Madeira rivers <strong>of</strong> central Amazonian Brazil, perhaps<br />
into <strong>the</strong> Brazil-Colombia-Venezuela border region, now spread to<br />
Amazonian Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Balick 1985, Bourke et al. 1987, Carneiro Martins 1989,<br />
Cavalcante 1991, Clement 1989, Corrêa et al. 1979, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Erickson et al. 1984, Guia Rural n.d., Henman 1982,<br />
León 1987, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Meurer-Grimes et al. 1998, Mors and<br />
Rizzini 1966, Morton 1976a, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989, OAS<br />
1973, Prance and Balick 1990, Renner et al. 1990, Silva et al.<br />
1977<br />
Paullinia macrophylla Cambess.<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
SPANISH: bejuco prieto<br />
USES/NOTES: Aril is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia to French Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Paullinia obov<strong>at</strong>a var. subrotunda (Ruiz & Pavón) D. Simpson [syn.<br />
P. subrotunda (Ruiz & Pavón) Pers.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
PORTUGUESE: guaraná-bravo<br />
USES/NOTES: Aril and seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Simpson 1976, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Paullinia pinn<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
ENGLISH: bread-and-cheese, cheese-and-bread, supple jack<br />
PORTUGUESE: cipó, cipó-cruapé, cipó-cruapé-vermelho, cipó-cururu,<br />
cipó-timbó, cipó-tingui, cruape-vermelho, cumaru-ape, cumaru-apé,<br />
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curuapé, cururu, cururu-apé, guar<strong>at</strong>imbo, mafome, m<strong>at</strong>a-fome, m<strong>at</strong>aporco,<br />
sipo-timbo, timbo, timbó, timbó-cipó, timbó-de-peixe,<br />
timbó-liane, timbó-sipo, tingui, tipi, tururu-ape<br />
SPANISH: apgi, azucarito, barbasco, bejuco costilla, bejuco de<br />
barbasco, bejuco de costilla, bejuco de tres filos, bejuco de<br />
vieja, bejuco de zarcillo, bejuco prieto, bejuco vaquero, bejuco<br />
zarcillo, bejuquillo, chilmec<strong>at</strong>e, cuamec<strong>at</strong>e, cuaumec<strong>at</strong>e, guarana,<br />
liane carrée, luruche, macalte-id, morolico, nistamal,<br />
nistamalillo, p<strong>at</strong>e, pietie, pozolillo, sachahuasca, sapo huasca,<br />
tie-tie, timbó, trefilo, tres filos<br />
USES/NOTES: Aril and flowers are occasionally e<strong>at</strong>en, plant contains<br />
a fish poison, and roots and crushed leaves are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, and <strong>the</strong> West Indies and<br />
perhaps Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Carneiro Martins 1989, Cro<strong>at</strong> 1977, Duke<br />
1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, OAS 1973, Omawale<br />
1973, Prance and Balick 1990<br />
Paullinia yoco R. Schultes & Killip<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
SPANISH: canaguche yoco, huarmi yoco, po-yoko, taruco yoco, tigre<br />
yoco, totoa-yoco, yagé-yoco, yoco, yoco colorado, yoco blanco,<br />
yoco-cu, yoco de brujo, yoco negro, yoco verde, yoco-yajé<br />
USES/NOTES: Caffeine-rich stems are used to make a highly<br />
stimul<strong>at</strong>ing beverage with hallucinogenic properties. Becoming<br />
more scarce in <strong>the</strong> wild due to over-harvest.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern South America, probably confined to <strong>the</strong><br />
border region <strong>of</strong> Colombia and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Schultes<br />
1986, Schultes and Raffauf 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Pectis papposa A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: cinchweed, chinchweed, fetid marigold, many-bristle<br />
chinchweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers, leaves, and seeds have been used as a spice,<br />
and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Kirk 1970, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Pedicularis langsdorfii Fischer ex Steven<br />
FAMILY: Scrophulariaceae (figwort or snapdragon)<br />
ENGLISH: Arctic lousewort, Langsdorf’s lousewort, lousewort<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and roots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Canadian arctic<br />
REFERENCES: Hultén 1968, Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit.<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
ENGLISH: bird cactus, sweetie<br />
SPANISH: grosella, ipecacuana, ipecacuana de monte, pie de niño<br />
USES/NOTES: Flower’s nectar is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, von Reis<br />
Altschul 1973<br />
Pediomelum castoreum (S. W<strong>at</strong>son) Rydb. [syn. Psoralea castorea S.<br />
W<strong>at</strong>son]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: beaver bread, scurfpea<br />
USES/NOTES: Large, starchy roots were once an important food<br />
source, e<strong>at</strong>en raw, cooked, or as flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Pediomelum cuspid<strong>at</strong>um (Pursh) Rydb. [syn. Psoralea cuspid<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Pursh]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: scury pea<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried roots are pounded into flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Tull 1978, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydb. [syn. Psoralea esculenta<br />
Pursh]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: common breadroot, Indian breadroot, prairie pot<strong>at</strong>o,<br />
prairie turnip, scurfpea<br />
USES/NOTES: Starchy roots were among <strong>the</strong> most important wild foods<br />
harvested on <strong>the</strong> prairie for Amerindians and early European<br />
settlers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern to Central North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Kindscher 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Pediomelum hypogaeum (Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray) Rydb. var.<br />
hypogaeum [syn. Psoralea hypogaea Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Indian breadroot, scurfpea<br />
USES/NOTES: Starchy tubers, once an important food for Amerindians<br />
and early European settlers, are peeled and cooked like a pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
or dried and ground into flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Tull 1978, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
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Pediomelum mephiteum (S. W<strong>at</strong>son) Rydb. [syn. Psoralea mephitica S.<br />
W<strong>at</strong>son]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: scurfpea<br />
USES/NOTES: Starchy roots were once an important food source, e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
raw, cooked, or as flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern Rocky Mountains<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967<br />
Pellaea mucron<strong>at</strong>a (D. E<strong>at</strong>on) D. E<strong>at</strong>on<br />
FAMILY: Pteridophyta (fern)<br />
ENGLISH: bird foot’s fern, bird’s-foot cliff-brake, tea fern<br />
USES/NOTES: Fronds are made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970<br />
Peltandra sagittifolia (Michaux) Morong<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: arrow arum, red-fruited arrow arum, spoonflower<br />
USES/NOTES: Corms, dried and roasted and generally made into flour,<br />
were an important food for Amerindians in <strong>the</strong> American Sou<strong>the</strong>ast.<br />
Cooked, dried fruits have been e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Peterson 1977, Plowman 1969, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott & Endl.<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: arrow arum, green arrow arum, green arum, tuckahoe,<br />
Virginia arrow-arum<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds, berries, boiled spadix, roasted, and pot<strong>at</strong><strong>of</strong>lavored,<br />
starchy rhizomes and corms were important Amerindian<br />
foods.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Florida to Louisiana<br />
through Missouri, Michigan, and Ontario to <strong>Maine</strong><br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Peterson 1977,<br />
Plowman 1969, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Peltiphyllum pelt<strong>at</strong>um (Torrey) Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: Indian rhubarb, umbrella plant<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf stalks are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, added to salads, or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast <strong>of</strong> North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970<br />
Peniocereus greggii (Engelm.) Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: deerhorn cactus, night-blooming cereus<br />
USES/NOTES: Long fruits and tuberous roots are edible. Also<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its showy, fragrant flowers.<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S. and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972,<br />
T<strong>at</strong>e 1976, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. [syn. P. americanum (L.) Leeke]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: African millet, American fountaingrass, bulrush, common<br />
millet, Indian millet, pearl millet, pigeongrass, spiked millet,<br />
wild millet, yellow bristlegrass, yellow foxtail<br />
PORUGUESE: bajra, mexoeira, milhete, milheto, milho-africano,<br />
milho-miúdo, painço, peniseto<br />
SPANISH: bajri, gero, mijo candela, mijo negro, mijo perla, panizo<br />
negro, pasto italiano<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its edible seeds, which are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
boiloed or steamed, or as flour, or used in beer malts.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987<br />
Penstemon confertus Douglas ex Lindley<br />
FAMILY: Scrophulariaceae (figwort or snapdragon)<br />
ENGLISH: yellow penstemon<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Penstemon procerus Douglas ex Graham<br />
FAMILY: Scrophulariaceae (figwort or snapdragon)<br />
ENGLISH: littleflower penstemon, pincushion beardtongue, smallflowered<br />
penstemon<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990<br />
Pentagonia brachyotis (Standley) Standley<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
SPANISH: murciélago<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Pentagonia macrophylla Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
SPANISH: murciélago<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975, Renner et al. 1990,<br />
Standley and Williams 1975<br />
Pentagonia parvifolia Steyermark<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
SPANISH: boyomo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Davis and Yost 1983<br />
Pentaphylloides floribunda (Pursh) Löve [syn. Potentilla fruticosa<br />
auct. non L.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: bush cinquefoil<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to make kurile tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Canada into <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn U.S. and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Harrington 1967,<br />
Kindscher 1987, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Peperomia acumin<strong>at</strong>a Ruiz & Pavón<br />
FAMILY: Piperaceae (pepper)<br />
SPANISH: culantro de montaña<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a seasoning like cilantro<br />
(Coriandrum s<strong>at</strong>ivum).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America, Central America, sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Mexico, and <strong>the</strong> Gre<strong>at</strong>er Antilles<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Breedlove, Burger<br />
1971, Facciola 1990, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982<br />
Peperomia angust<strong>at</strong>a Kunth [syn. P. viridispica Trel.]<br />
FAMILY: Piperaceae (pepper)<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and South America<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Peperomia fraseri C. DC. [syn. P. resedaeaflora Linden & André]<br />
FAMILY: Piperaceae (pepper)<br />
PORTUGUESE: erva-de-jaboti, peperômia doméstica<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are added to salads. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Carneiro Martins 1989<br />
Peperomia maculosa (L.) Hook.<br />
FAMILY: Piperaceae (pepper)<br />
SPANISH: xutsun p<strong>at</strong>hum<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are sold in markets for use as a seasoning like<br />
cilantro (Coriandrum s<strong>at</strong>ivum) to flavor beans.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Peru and <strong>the</strong> Gre<strong>at</strong>er Antilles<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Brako and Zarucchi 1993,<br />
Molina 1975<br />
Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Piperaceae (pepper)<br />
ENGLISH: greenhouse tea plant, man-to-man, pepper elder, rabbit<br />
ear, r<strong>at</strong> ear, r<strong>at</strong>ta-temper<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
PORTUGUESE: alfavaquinha-de-cobra, erva-de-jaboti, iriri, oriri<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves <strong>of</strong> this herbaceous weed are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads or<br />
brewed into tea. Also contains antibiotic compounds with<br />
commercial potential.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. through Mexico, Central America,<br />
<strong>the</strong> West Indies, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America to Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997,<br />
Martin and Ruberté 1975, Molina 1975, Silva et al. 1977, Voeks<br />
1997, Zeven and de Wet 1982<br />
Peraphyllum ramosissimum Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: squaw apple<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is made into jelly.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994<br />
Perebea guianensis Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: sunkash<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Shuar <strong>of</strong> Ecuador.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Berg 1972<br />
Perebea mollis (Poeppig & Endl.) Huber<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: mor<strong>at</strong>inga, pama, pama-caucho, pama-de-onça, pama-maode-onça<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Chácobo <strong>of</strong> Bolivia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Pereskia acule<strong>at</strong>a Miller [syn. P. pereskia (L.) Karsten, Cactus<br />
pereskia L.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: Barbados gooseberry, bladeapple, gooseberry shrub, leaf<br />
cactus, lemon vine, Spanish gooseberry, sweet Mary, West Indian<br />
gooseberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: groselha, m<strong>at</strong>a-velha, ora-pro-nóbis, rosa-mole<br />
SPANISH: bledo, buganvilla blanca, corona de novia, grosella<br />
blanca, guamacho, grosella de (la) Florida, grosellero,<br />
grosellero de novia, naca, naju de espinas, ramo de novia,<br />
sacharosa<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, yellow fruits (to 2 cm) are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, stewed,<br />
preserved, or in sweets, and protein-rich young leaves and shoots<br />
are important vegetables in some rural areas (especially Brazil),<br />
and flowers are used for honey production. Also used in folk<br />
medicine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Probably <strong>the</strong> West Indies and nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America,<br />
perhaps beyond, now widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Abreu M<strong>at</strong>os n.d., Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al.<br />
1987, Britton and Rose 1963, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE<br />
1980, Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Usher 1974<br />
Pereskia colombiana Britton & Rose [syn. P. guamacho F.A.C. Weber]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: guamache, guamacho<br />
USES/NOTES: Bitter-sweet, orangish, globular fruits are said to be<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Colombia through Venezuela to Margarita<br />
Island<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Nobel 1988<br />
Pereskia grandifolia Haw. [syn. Cactus bleo Kunth, P. bleo (Kunth)<br />
DC.] and P. bahiensis Guerke<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: Barbados gooseberry, rose cactus, wax rose<br />
PORTUGUESE: cacto-rosa, groselha, ora-pro-nobis, rosa-madeira,<br />
rosa-mole, sem-vergonha<br />
SPANISH: bleo de chupa, clarol, grosella, naju de culebra, naju de<br />
espinas, pipchuelo<br />
USES/NOTES: Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for pear shaped, yellow fruit (to 5<br />
cm long), consumed out <strong>of</strong> hand, pickled, or as juice. Stems are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en as greens. Also grown as a living fence.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: P. grandifolia from Brazil in general and P.<br />
bahiensis from arid regions <strong>of</strong> eastern Brazil, widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
and n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Abreu M<strong>at</strong>os n.d., Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976,<br />
Britton and Rose 1963, Duke 1986, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Omawale 1973<br />
Pereskiopsis aquosa (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: tasajillo, tuna de agua<br />
USES/NOTES: Pear-shaped, yellow/green fruits are made into<br />
refreshing drinks and preserves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guadalajara, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963<br />
Pereskiopsis porteri (Brandegee) Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: alcajer<br />
USES/NOTES: Orange, elong<strong>at</strong>ed fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, Nobel 1988<br />
Periandra dulcis Mart. ex Benth.<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: alcaçuz-do-Brasil, raíz-doce<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are used like liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra).<br />
Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Ducke 1949, Ducke 1953, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) M<strong>at</strong>hias [syn. P. montana<br />
(Blank.) Dorn, Atenia montana (Blank.) Rydb., Carum gairdneri<br />
(Hook. & Arn.) Gray, Carum montanum Blank.]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: edible-rooted caraway, false caraway, Indian caraway,<br />
squawroot, wild caraway, yampa<br />
USES/NOTES: Nutty-tasting roots are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, boiled, or fried and<br />
are said to have been a favorite <strong>of</strong> Amerindians.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Widespread West <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rockies in <strong>the</strong> U.S., perhaps<br />
extending into Canada and Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton [syn. P. ocymoides L. nomen<br />
illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: aka-shiso (red-leaf variety), ao-shiso (green-leaf<br />
variety), beefsteak plant, shiso<br />
PORTUGUESE: aka-dyssô (red-leaf variety), ao-dyssô (green-leaf<br />
variety), chissô<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves <strong>of</strong> green-leaf variety are used as a seasoning,<br />
especially in Japanese cuisine, leaves <strong>of</strong> red-leaf variety are<br />
used to color foods, seed oil is edible, and leaves <strong>of</strong> some<br />
varieties are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Himalayas to East Asia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural<br />
1990, Morton 1976a, Tanaka 1976<br />
Peritassa dulcis (Benth.) Miers [syn. Salacia dulcis Benth.]<br />
FAMILY: Celastraceae (spindle tree) or Hippocr<strong>at</strong>eaceae (dehiscent<br />
fruit)<br />
PORTUGUESE: wai<strong>at</strong>eima<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Peritassa laevig<strong>at</strong>a (H<strong>of</strong>fm. & Link) A.C. Sm.<br />
FAMILY: Celastraceae (spindle tree) or Hippocr<strong>at</strong>eaceae (dehiscent<br />
fruit)<br />
PORTUGUESE: golosa, gulosa<br />
SPANISH: gogo<br />
USES/NOTES: Aril is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
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REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Pernettya prostr<strong>at</strong>a (Cav.) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: arrayán, borrachero, capulincillo, fruta de perro,<br />
garambullo, macha macha, mortillo, mortiño<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits reportedly are edible, though also said to<br />
poison livestock and intoxic<strong>at</strong>e humans.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico through <strong>the</strong> Andes to northwestern<br />
Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1995<br />
Persea americana Miller var. americana [syn. P. gr<strong>at</strong>issima<br />
Gaertner f., P. leiogyna S.F. Blake, Laurus persea L.]<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
ENGLISH: allig<strong>at</strong>or pear, avocado, avocado pear, avoc<strong>at</strong>o pear,<br />
butter pear, Florida avocado, midshipman’s butter, palta, pear,<br />
vegetable butter, West Indian avocado<br />
PORTUGUESE: abac<strong>at</strong>e, abac<strong>at</strong>e-roxo, agnac<strong>at</strong>e, louro-abac<strong>at</strong>e, palta<br />
SPANISH: abac<strong>at</strong>e, aguac<strong>at</strong>e, aguac<strong>at</strong>e oloroso, apahu<strong>at</strong>a, ashue,<br />
avac<strong>at</strong>e, bego, cupandra, cura, curo, gurapo (seed only), huira<br />
palta, okze, pagua, pahua, palta, palto, on, testículos<br />
USES/NOTES: Generally smooth-skinned, oily fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, as<br />
juice, in ice cream, in salads, or mashed as guacamole, fruit’s<br />
edible oil is produced commercially, and flowers are prized for<br />
honey production. Leaves, or hojas de aguac<strong>at</strong>e in Spanish, are<br />
used like bay leaves (Laurus nobilis), sometimes added to salsas.<br />
A cross between P. americana var. americana and P. gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis,<br />
known as <strong>the</strong> haas avocado, is <strong>the</strong> smallest, darkest, and<br />
roughest-skinned avocado available on intern<strong>at</strong>ional markets.<br />
Avocados are considered to be a healthy source <strong>of</strong> vegetable f<strong>at</strong>s.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico or elsewhere in Mesoamerica, or<br />
possibly Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Boom 1987, Brouk 1975, Carneiro<br />
Martins 1989, Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, Ford 1984, Guia Rural<br />
n.d., Heiser 1979a, Howard 1994, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Mabberley 1987, Morton 1987a, Niembro Rocas 1992, OAS 1973,<br />
Schneider 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, von Reis Altschul 1973, Whiley et al.<br />
2002, Williams 1977<br />
Persea americana var. drymifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) Blake [syn. P.<br />
drymifolia Cham. & Schltdl.]<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
ENGLISH: Mexican avocado<br />
SPANISH: aguac<strong>at</strong>e mexicano, aguac<strong>at</strong>illo, avac<strong>at</strong>e oloroso<br />
USES/NOTES: Thin skined, <strong>of</strong>ten “loose” seeded, green to black<br />
fruit, generally smaller to much smaller than th<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong> P.<br />
americana var. americana, is e<strong>at</strong>en as a snack, skin and pulp, or<br />
prepared as a condiment. E<strong>at</strong>ing <strong>the</strong> fruit skin and all, makes for<br />
an interesting flavor, as <strong>the</strong> pulp is typical <strong>of</strong> quality oily<br />
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avocados and <strong>the</strong> skin imparts a bay leaf (Laurus nobilis) flavor.<br />
Leaves, or hojas de aguac<strong>at</strong>illo in Spanish, are used like bay<br />
leaves (Laurus nobilis), sometimes added to salsas. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
began <strong>at</strong> least 8,000 years ago. Avocados are considered to be a<br />
healthy source <strong>of</strong> vegetable f<strong>at</strong>s.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexican highlands<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Coe 1994, Heiser 1979a, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, Smith et al. 1992, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Whiley et<br />
al. 2002<br />
Persea borbonia (L.) Sprengel<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
ENGLISH: Carolina bay, red bay, tisswood<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic leaves are used as a bay leaf (Laurus nobilis)<br />
substitute in sauces, soups, and stews.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. to Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Morton 1977, Nelson 1994, Smith et al.<br />
1992, Tull 1978, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Persea gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis Lundell [syn. P. americana Miller var.<br />
gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis]<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
ENGLISH: Gu<strong>at</strong>emalan avocado<br />
SPANISH: aguac<strong>at</strong>e<br />
USES/NOTES: Hard, tennis-ball sized, generally dark fruit is<br />
edible. Skin is rougher than <strong>the</strong> Mexican avocado. Avocados are<br />
considered to be a healthy source <strong>of</strong> vegetable f<strong>at</strong>s.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gu<strong>at</strong>emalan highlands, perhaps just into Chiapas,<br />
Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Heiser 1979a, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Smith et al. 1992<br />
Persea nubigena var. gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis L. Wms. [possibly conspecific<br />
with P. gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis]<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
ENGLISH: Gu<strong>at</strong>emalan avocado<br />
SPANISH: aguac<strong>at</strong>e cimarrón<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Heiser 1979a, Morton 1987a, Smith et al. 1992, Storey<br />
et al. 1987<br />
Persea schiedeana Nees [syn. P. gr<strong>at</strong>issima var. schiedeana (Nees)<br />
Meissner]<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
ENGLISH: coyo, coyo avocado, shinnini, wild pear<br />
SPANISH: aguac<strong>at</strong>e del monte, aguac<strong>at</strong>e gu<strong>at</strong>emalteco, aguac<strong>at</strong>ón,<br />
chalte, chineni, chinini, chucte, chupte, cotyo, coyo, coyó,<br />
coyocte, shucte, yas<br />
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USES/NOTES: Buttery, coconut-tasting fruit <strong>of</strong> this huge tree is<br />
used like, and resembles <strong>the</strong> common avocado (P. americana var.<br />
americana), though it is more slender and contains more tough<br />
fibers. Avocados are considered to be a healthy source <strong>of</strong><br />
vegetable f<strong>at</strong>s.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Panama, perhaps first cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
near Orizaba, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Balick et al. 2000, Bourke et al. 1987, Burger and<br />
Werff 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, Popenoe<br />
1952, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: bitterbur, sweet coltsfoot<br />
USES/NOTES: N<strong>at</strong>ive Americans in Alaska <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> leaves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America, n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Petasites palm<strong>at</strong>us (Aiton) A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: palm<strong>at</strong>e bitterbur, sweet coltsfoot<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers are edible, and <strong>the</strong> plant is burned<br />
for a salt source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Petroselinum crispum (Miller) Nyman ex A.W. Hill [syn. P. hortense<br />
H<strong>of</strong>fm. nomen nudum, P. s<strong>at</strong>ivum L., Apium petroselinum L.]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: garden parsley, parsley<br />
PORTUGUESE: salsa, salsa-das-hortas, salsa-de-cheiro, salsinha<br />
SPANISH: perejil<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a garnish, a condiment, and a<br />
medicinal, oil is used as a condiment and a medicinal, and fruits<br />
are used as a medicinal. Roots <strong>of</strong> some varieties are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean region<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural<br />
1990, Omawale 1973, Sanecki 1974, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974<br />
Peumus boldus Molina [syn. Boldoa fragrans Lindley]<br />
FAMILY: Monimiaceae (monimia)<br />
ENGLISH: boldo<br />
PORTUGUESE: aluma, boldo, boldo-baiano, boldo-do-Chile, boldojaponês<br />
SPANISH: boldo<br />
USES/NOTES: Drupes are edible, though rarely e<strong>at</strong>en, and leaves are<br />
brewed for tea to aid in digestion. Primarily medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile and Peru<br />
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REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola<br />
1990, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1968, Martin et al.<br />
1987<br />
Phaseolus acutifolius var. l<strong>at</strong>ifolius G. Freeman<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: moth bean, pawi, tepary bean, Texan bean<br />
SPANISH: escomite, escumite, frijol de colima, frijol piñuelero,<br />
frijol trigo, garbacillo bolando, papavi, tépari, todasaguas,<br />
xmayum<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds <strong>of</strong> this drought- and disease-resistant legume are<br />
edible and highly nutritious. Once commonly cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong><br />
arid southwestern U.S., <strong>the</strong> tepary was largely replaced with <strong>the</strong><br />
common bean (P. vulgaris), though <strong>at</strong>tempts to revive it are<br />
underway.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North-central Mexico, perhaps to <strong>the</strong> southwestern<br />
U.S. and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Brouk 1975, Brücher 1989, Coe 1994,<br />
Debouck 1994, Duke 1981, Facciola 1990, Kaplan and Kaplan 1992,<br />
Kay 1979, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Pr<strong>at</strong>t and Nabhan 1988, Nabhan 1987,<br />
Nabhan and Felger 1978, Nabhan and Teiwes 1983<br />
Phaseolus coccineus L. [syn. P. multiflorus Willd.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: butter bean, caseknife bean, multiflora bean, perennial<br />
bean, red-flowered runner bean, red-flowered vegetable bean,<br />
runner bean, scarlet runner, scarlet runner bean, seven-year bean<br />
PORTUGUESE: feijão-da-Espanha, feijão-de-trepar, feijão-trepador<br />
SPANISH: ayacote, ayecote, ayocote, botil, botol, caraota florida,<br />
chamborote, chiapas, chilipuca, chomborote, cubá, frijol ayocote,<br />
frijol chamborote, icaraota, ixcumite, judía de España, judía<br />
encarnada, judía escarl<strong>at</strong>a, judía pinta, p<strong>at</strong>ol<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en green or dried and cooked, tubers are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en boiled in places where growing conditions permit tuber<br />
development, young pods are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, and flowers are<br />
edible. Also grown as an ornamental for its scarlet flowers and<br />
dark green foliage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, probably first cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in nor<strong>the</strong>astern<br />
Mexico 2,200 years ago, perhaps into nor<strong>the</strong>rn Central America,<br />
now widespread<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Brücher<br />
1989, Creasy 1990, Debouck 1994, Delgado Salinas 1988, Duke 1981,<br />
Hernández Xolocotzi et al. 1959, Kaplan and Kaplan 1992, Kay<br />
1979, Leung 1961, Martin 1984a, Piper 1926, Schmit and Debouck<br />
1991<br />
Phaseolus filiformis Benth.<br />
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FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
SPANISH: frijolillo<br />
USES/NOTES: M<strong>at</strong>ure seeds and young pods <strong>of</strong> this highly drought<br />
tolerant species are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arid regions <strong>of</strong> Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Maréchal et al. 1978, N<strong>at</strong>ive Seeds/SEARCH 1991<br />
Phaseolus flavescens Piper<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: murutungo bean<br />
SPANISH: chaguita, murutungo<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed pods <strong>of</strong> this highland bean are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Venezuelan and Colombian Andes, perhaps to Mexico and<br />
Jamaica<br />
REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Piper 1926<br />
Phaseolus lun<strong>at</strong>us L. [syn. P. limensis Macfad.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Burma bean, butter bean, Carolina bean, civet bean, duffin<br />
bean, haricot bean, lima bean, Madagascar bean, Rangoon bean,<br />
saemésim, sieva bean, sugar bean, towe bean, white bean<br />
FRENCH: pois souche (small seed in Haiti)<br />
PORTUGUESE: fava, fava-de-Belém, feijão-de-lima, feijão-farinha,<br />
feijão-fava, feijoa, margal-amargo, mangalô-amargo<br />
SPANISH: general names- avitas poroto, chuvi, fréjol de manteca,<br />
frijol caballero, frijol de iztagapa, frijol de lima, frijol de<br />
mantequilla, frijol de media luna, frijol iztagapa, habichuela,<br />
harhui, huevo de piche, judía de la peladilla, pángoa, soperí,<br />
zaragosa; small-seeded variety- cachas, caraota, carauta,<br />
chilipuca, comba, cubá, cubace, frijol caballero, frijol comba,<br />
frijol cubaces, frijol de año, frijolillo, frijolito de Cuba,<br />
furuna, guaracaro, haba(s), ib, icaraota, ixtapacal, kedeba,<br />
panamito, p<strong>at</strong>ashete, quimbolito, sieva; large-seeded variety-<br />
haba lima, haricot de lima, ica, judía de lima, judión, layo,<br />
lima, manteca, pal<strong>at</strong>o, pallar, pallares, poroto, poroto de<br />
manteca, poroto manteca, torta(s)<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds <strong>of</strong> this variably sized bean (large seeds from<br />
0.5-3gm and small seeds from 0.3-0.7gm) are e<strong>at</strong>en dried and<br />
boiled or green, and young pods and shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en as<br />
vegetables. Dried seeds are made into a sweet called dulce de<br />
pallar in Peru. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> large variety d<strong>at</strong>es to 8,000<br />
years before present in coastal Peru and 1,200 years in Mexico<br />
for <strong>the</strong> small seeded varity.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Large, lima (or pallar) varieties from Peru and<br />
small, sieva varieties from western Mexico perhaps to adjacent<br />
southwestern U.S.<br />
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REFERENCES: Borget 1992, Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Debouck<br />
1994, Duke 1981, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990,<br />
IBGE 1980, Kaplan and Kaplan 1992, Kay 1979, Leung 1961,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Naranjo 1991, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Soukup 1970<br />
Phaseolus polyanthus Greenman. [syn. P. coccineus L. subsp.<br />
darwinianus E. Hernández & S. Miranda]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: feijão<br />
SPANISH: botil, cacha, cache, dzich, m<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>ropa, petaco, piligüe,<br />
piloy, piloya, toda la vida<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en green or dried and cooked, young pods<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, and flowers are edible. P. polyanthus<br />
is thought to be <strong>the</strong> least evolved <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> domestic<strong>at</strong>ed Phaseolus<br />
beans and has been considered a synonym <strong>of</strong> P. coccineus by some<br />
authorities.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, probably Mesoamerica, perhaps Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Debouck 1994, Delgado Salinas 1988,<br />
Hernández Xolocotzi et al. 1959, Kaplan and Kaplan 1992, Schmit<br />
and Debouck 1991<br />
Phaseolus polystachios (L.) Britton, Sterns, & Pogg.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: bean vine, wild bean<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Phaseolus ritensis M.E. Jones [syn. P. macul<strong>at</strong>us Mart., P.<br />
metcalfei Wooton & Standley, P. retusus Benth.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Metcalfe bean, wild cocolmeca<br />
SPANISH: cocolmeca<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en toasted. The Rarámuri (Tarahumara)<br />
people <strong>of</strong> north-central Mexico add prepared roots as a ‘c<strong>at</strong>alyst’<br />
during <strong>the</strong> prepar<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> tesgüino – a maize (Zea mays) based<br />
alcoholic beverage – to ‘streng<strong>the</strong>n’ <strong>the</strong> beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arizona and New Mexico and adjacent nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico,<br />
generally above 1,500 meters<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Kirk 1970, N<strong>at</strong>ive<br />
Seeds/SEARCH 1991, Pennington 1963, Shreve and Wiggins 1964,<br />
Steinkraus 1983<br />
Phaseolus vulgaris L. [includes P. vulgaris var. aborigineus<br />
(Burkart) Baudet [syn. P. vulgaris subsp. aborigineus (Burkart)<br />
Burkart & H. Brücher, P. aborigineus Burkart]]<br />
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FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: black bean, common bean, cranberry bean, dwarf bean, field<br />
bean, flageolet, French bean, garden bean, green bean, haricot<br />
bean, harikot bean, kidney bean, navy bean, nor<strong>the</strong>rn bean, pea<br />
bean, pinto bean, popbeans, popping beans, senebone bean, snap<br />
bean, string bean, wax bean, white bean<br />
PORTUGUESE: chumbinho opaco, feijão, feijão-comum, feijão-vagem,<br />
feijão-de-vagem, feijão-de-vara, feijoeiro, vagem, vagem-feijão<br />
SPANISH: ajote, alubia, alubias rojas (red kidney bean variety),<br />
ayacote, bajoca, balín, caraota, cocacho, chocho, cholo, cumandáab<strong>at</strong>ity,<br />
ejote, frejol, fréjol, frijol, frijol de castilla,<br />
frijol de rienda, frijol mono, frijole, frijoles, frisol, haba,<br />
judía, judía común, habichuela, habichuela colorada, habichuela<br />
negra, habichuela verde, icaraota, nuñas (popping variety),<br />
panamitos, p<strong>at</strong>achete, pindayo, poncha, porotillo, poroto, purutu,<br />
tapiramo, tineco, verdura, zarandaja<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried seeds, <strong>of</strong> this most widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and highly<br />
variable bean, are e<strong>at</strong>en after boiling, imm<strong>at</strong>ure pods are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
as a vegetable, and leaves are sometimes used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
Varieties from <strong>the</strong> Andes are dried and popped like popcorn.<br />
Plants are used for fodder after harvesting <strong>the</strong> pods.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Uncertain, some varieties probably independently<br />
domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico/Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, in sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Brazil/Paraguay, and o<strong>the</strong>rs, such as <strong>the</strong> popping bean, in <strong>the</strong><br />
central Andes. The common bean’s likely progenitor, P. vulgaris<br />
var. aborigineus, is widespread from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Argentina. The common bean first appeared in <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>astern<br />
U.S. before 1300 A.D.<br />
REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Coe<br />
1994, Debouck et al. 1993, Duke 1981, Guia Rural n.d., Harlan<br />
1971, Hart and Scarry 1999, Heiser 1979a, Horst 1992b, IBGE 1980,<br />
Kaplan 1981, Kaplan and Kaplan 1988, Kaplan and Kaplan 1992, Kay<br />
1979, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Madsen 1991, Maréchal et<br />
al. 1978, Naranjo 1991, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989, Omawale<br />
1973, OAS 1973, Singh et al. 1991, Smartt 1969, Smartt 1976,<br />
Soukup 1970<br />
Phenakospermum guyannense (Rich.) Endl. [syn. Ravenala guyannensis<br />
(Rich.) Petersen]<br />
FAMILY: Musaceae (banana) or Strelitziaceae (bird <strong>of</strong> paradise)<br />
ENGLISH: big palulu, red traveler’s palm, South American traveler’s<br />
palm, traveler’s palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: banana-brava, banana-de-leque, banana-de-viajante,<br />
pacosororoca, pacová-sororoca, sororoca<br />
SPANISH: abacá, palmera suramericana de los viajeros, pl<strong>at</strong>anillo,<br />
taná<br />
USES/NOTES: Red aril is e<strong>at</strong>en by some Amazonians. Plant is<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its huge banana-like leaves.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn and eastern Amazonia to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Andersson 1985, Balée 1994, Boggan et al. 1997, Duke<br />
and Vásquez 1994, Figueiredo Filho 2005, Hoyas 1989, Posey 1984,<br />
Silva et al. 1977<br />
Philodendron bipinn<strong>at</strong>ifidum (Schott) Schott [syn. P. selloum K.<br />
Koch]<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: arborescent philodendron, philodendron, self-heading<br />
philodendron, selloum, split-leaf philodendron<br />
PORTUGUESE: banana-de-imbé, banana-de-macaco, cipó-de-imbé, cipóimbé,<br />
fructo-de-imbé, guimbé, imbé-de-comer, tracuá<br />
SPANISH: balazo, filodendro, guembé<br />
USES/NOTES: Red fruits are made into jellies and sweets and are<br />
much appreci<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> plant’s n<strong>at</strong>ive range. Also, a popular<br />
landscape plant in warm regions for <strong>the</strong> tropical look <strong>of</strong> its<br />
large (to over a meter), deeply incised, dark green leaves and<br />
arborescent, or tree-like form.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, Bolivia, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, and eastern<br />
Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Crisci and Gancedo 1971, Facciola 1990, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), Martin et al. 1987, Mayo 1991, Plowman 1969, Ragonese<br />
and Martínez Crovetto 1947, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975<br />
Philodendron remifolium R. Schultes<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
SPANISH: be-ke-ta-po<br />
USES/NOTES: Chopped leaves are used by <strong>the</strong> Tukano <strong>of</strong> Colombia to<br />
flavor chicha, an alcoholic beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Amazonia from Colombia’s Vaupes river<br />
valley to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Plowman 1969<br />
Philodendron squamiferum Poeppig & Endl.<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
SPANISH: guiambé<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible berries are siad to have a "spicey" flavor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern South America<br />
REFERENCES: Plowman 1969<br />
Philodendron warszewiczii K. Koch & Bouché<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
SPANISH: cupapayo, guacamaya, mano de león<br />
USES/NOTES: Large fruits are sweet and juicy. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico through Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Plowman 1969<br />
Phoenix canariensis Hort. ex Chabaud<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
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ENGLISH: Canary Island d<strong>at</strong>e palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: tamareira-das-canárias<br />
SPANISH: palma canaria<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and sap may be made into a sweet syrup.<br />
Also important as a frost-tolerant landscape palm.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Canary Islands<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984<br />
Phoenix dactylifera L.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: d<strong>at</strong>e, d<strong>at</strong>e palm, edible d<strong>at</strong>e<br />
PORTUGUESE: támara, tamareira, tamareira-comum<br />
SPANISH: dátil, d<strong>at</strong>ilera, palma d<strong>at</strong>ilera, palma de dátiles, palmera<br />
d<strong>at</strong>ilera<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits, containing 60 to 70 percent sugar, are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, candied, in desserts, cookies, and o<strong>the</strong>r sweets, and<br />
are made into liqueurs, alcohol, vinegar, and <strong>the</strong> esteemed shakes<br />
<strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn California. Unexposed leaf bases are e<strong>at</strong>en as palm<br />
heart. Leaves are made into knitting needles, and seeds are<br />
soaked in w<strong>at</strong>er and used as fodder. Though <strong>the</strong> tree grows in many<br />
environments, fruit is produced best in warm, dry clim<strong>at</strong>es. A<br />
popular landscape palm in frost-free regions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Middle East, probably Mesopotamia <strong>of</strong> Iraq<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Morton 1987a, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig 1991, Schneider 1987,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Phoenix reclin<strong>at</strong>a Jacq.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: dwarf d<strong>at</strong>e palm, reclining d<strong>at</strong>e palm, Senegal d<strong>at</strong>e palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: tamareira-do-Senegal<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruit pulp <strong>of</strong> this curvacious, multi-stemmed palm<br />
is edible, stems are tapped for sap to make wine, and seeds are<br />
used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute. Also an <strong>at</strong>tractive, cold-hardy<br />
landscape palm.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Africa, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FLEPPC 2003, Martin et al. 1987, W<strong>at</strong>kins<br />
and Sheehan 1975<br />
Pholidostachys syan<strong>the</strong>ra (Mart.) H.E. Moore<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ubim, ubim uassu<br />
SPANISH: chalar, kampanak, palmicha, palmiche, palmiche grande, peco-r,<br />
wayúr mayna<br />
USES/NOTES: Heart is e<strong>at</strong>en and leaves are used for th<strong>at</strong>ch. Similar<br />
to Geonoma palms. The only species <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> genus in western<br />
Amazonia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and western Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al.<br />
1995, Kahn and de Granville 1992<br />
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Phoradendron californicum Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Viscaceae or Loranthaceae (c<strong>at</strong>kin-mistletoe)<br />
ENGLISH: California mesquite mistletoe, desert mistletoe, mesquite<br />
mistletoe, mistletoe<br />
SPANISH: aaxt, guhoja, toji<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits may be e<strong>at</strong>en dried.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New<br />
Mexico, perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Phoradendron juniperinum Engelm. ex Gray<br />
FAMILY: Viscaceae or Loranthaceae (c<strong>at</strong>kin-mistletoe)<br />
ENGLISH: juniper mistletoe, mistletoe<br />
USES/NOTES: Hopi Indians used <strong>the</strong> seeds to make a c<strong>of</strong>fee-like<br />
beverage, fruit reportedly have been used as a famine food, and<br />
leaves have been used as a tea for childbirth.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S. from Oregon through Texas into Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Kuijt 2003, Swank 1932, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Phormium tenax Forster & Forster f.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave), previously Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: bush flax, New Zealand flax, New Zealand hemp<br />
PORTUGUESE: fórmio<br />
SPANISH: cáñamo de Nueva Zelanda, formio, fornio, lino de Nueva<br />
Zelanda<br />
USES/NOTES: Grown primarily for its fiber, though its sweet nectar<br />
is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: New Zealand<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d, Mabberley 1987<br />
Photinia floribunda (Lindl.) Robertson & Phipps [also tre<strong>at</strong>ed as <strong>the</strong><br />
Aronia x prunifolia (Marshall) Rehder (pro sp.) a hybrid A.<br />
arbutifolia (L.) Pers. and A. melanocarpa (Michaux) Elliott]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: black chokeberry, hybrid chokeberry, purple chokeberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Pectin- and sugar-rich fruits are astringent when raw, but<br />
may be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or preserved, or for juice. Also popular as an<br />
ornamental for its showy flowers and to <strong>at</strong>tract birds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America, cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES:<br />
Photinia melanocarpa (Michaux) K.R. Robertson & J.B. Phipps [syn.<br />
Aronia melanocarpa (Michaux) Elliott, Aronia melanocarpa Spach<br />
nomen illegit., Aronia mitshurinii Skvortsov & Maitulina, Aronia<br />
nigra (Willd.) Koehne nomen illegit., Hahnia arbutifolia var. nigra<br />
Medik., Mespilus arbutifolia L. var. melanocarpa Michaux, Pyrus<br />
arbutifolia (L.) L.f. var. nigra Willd., Pyrus melanocarpa<br />
(Michaux) Willd., Pyrus nigra (Willd.) Sarg., Sorbus melanocarpa<br />
(Michaux) Heynh.]<br />
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FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: aronia, black chokeberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Pectin- and sugar-rich fruits are astringent when raw, but<br />
may be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or preserved, but are used commercially more<br />
for juice. Fruits also contain antioxidants in some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> highest<br />
concentr<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>of</strong> any food plant. Also popular as an arnamental for<br />
its showy flowers and to <strong>at</strong>tract birds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America, cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker<br />
1979, Wu et al. 2004<br />
Photinia pyrifolia (Lam.) K.R. Robertson & J.B. Phipps [syn. Aronia<br />
arbutifolia (L.) Pers., Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. var.<br />
brilliantissima hort., Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus pyrifolia Lam., Mespilus<br />
arbutifolia L., Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L.f., Sorbus arbutifolia<br />
(L.) Heynh.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: red chokeberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, bright red, astringent fruits were used in pemmican<br />
and may be consumed cooked, preserved, or as juice. Aronia x<br />
prunifolia, <strong>the</strong> hybrid <strong>of</strong> A. arbutifolia x A. melanocarpa, is known<br />
as <strong>the</strong> purple chokeberry. Also popular as an arnamental for its<br />
showy flowers and to <strong>at</strong>tract birds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Sturtevant 1972<br />
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel [syn. P. communis<br />
Trin.]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: cane, common reed, giant reed, giant reedgrass, reed, reed<br />
grass, roseau, roseau cane, yellow cane<br />
SPANISH: carrizo<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and shoots <strong>of</strong> this wetland grass are edible, and<br />
roots are made into flour and contain a sweet exud<strong>at</strong>e once e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
by n<strong>at</strong>ive Americans.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, now cosmopolitan<br />
REFERENCES: Blossey 2003, Mabberley 1987, Saltonstall 2002, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Phyla scaberrima (A. Juss. ex Pers.) Mold.<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: Aztec sweet herb, sweet lippia<br />
SPANISH: oro azul, orosul, orozuz<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots taste like common licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)<br />
and leaves are added to salads, used as a condiment, or chewed<br />
for <strong>the</strong>ir sweetness.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984, Linneo n.d., Williams 1981<br />
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Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels [syn. P. distichus (L.) Müell.<br />
Arg., Cicca acida nomen illegit., Cicca disticha L.]<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: iba, jimbling, otaheite gooseberry, star gooseberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: groselha, groselha-da-Índia<br />
SPANISH: cerezo agrio, cerezo amarillo, grosella, grosellero,<br />
grosello, guinda, manzana lora, murusol<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en salted, pickled, or in jams and<br />
jellies, and are made into vinegar and a red colorant. Leaves<br />
also are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Madagascar or possibly India, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong><br />
Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Breedlove 1986, Caribbean Food and<br />
Nutrition Institute 1974, Duke 1986, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Mowry et al. 1967, Niembro<br />
Rocas 1992, Omawale 1973, Samson 1980, Smith et al. 1992, von<br />
Reis Alschul 1973, Will 1991<br />
Phyllanthus adenodiscus Müell. Arg.<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
SPANISH: cascabel<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit reportedly is e<strong>at</strong>en as a snack, though <strong>the</strong> plant<br />
is used primarily as a medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984<br />
Phyllanthus emblica L.<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: ambal, emblic, emblic myrobalan, myrobalan<br />
PORTUGUESE: mirabólano, mirobálano<br />
SPANISH: mirabolanos, mirabolanos emblicos, mirobálano émblico,<br />
nelí<br />
USES/NOTES: Vitamin C-rich, bitter fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, stewed,<br />
or preserved. Bark is a tannin source and a medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India<br />
REFERENCES: Allchin 1969, Bourke et al. 1987, Leung 1961, Mabberley<br />
1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1960, Samson 1980, Usher 1974<br />
Phyllanthus niruri L.<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: carry-me seed, flyroost, gale <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wind, gale-wind<br />
grass, hurricane weed, leaf-flower, mimosa, pea leaf-flower,<br />
quinine weed, seed-on-<strong>the</strong>-leaf, sh<strong>at</strong>ter stone, stonebreaker<br />
PORTUGUESE: arrebenta-pedra, erva-pomba, erva-pombinha, filanto,<br />
quebra-pedra, quebra-pedra-branca, saxifraga<br />
SPANISH: chanca piedra, filanto urinario, flor escondida, huevo<br />
abajo, quinino de pobre, niruri, pitirishi, quinina criolla,<br />
sacha foster<br />
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USES/NOTES: Leaf infusion is used as a beverage tea or, when brewed<br />
stronger, to tre<strong>at</strong> kidney and gall stones. Also being studied as<br />
an antiviral compound to tre<strong>at</strong> hep<strong>at</strong>itis B.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bh<strong>at</strong> 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Carneiro Martins 1989, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Neumann n.d., RNI 1996-<br />
2001, Silva et al. 1977, Unander et al. 1990, Venk<strong>at</strong>eswaran et<br />
al. 1987<br />
Phyllanthus nobilis (L.f.) Müell. Arg. [syn. Margaritaria nobilis<br />
L.f.]<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: bastard hog-berry<br />
SPANISH: barudo<br />
USES/NOTES: Imm<strong>at</strong>ure, green fruits are tart.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and <strong>the</strong> West Indies to tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Burger and Huft<br />
1995, Facciola 1990, Renner et al. 1990, Webster 1979<br />
Phyllocactus biformis (Lindley) Labouret<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
USES/NOTES: Ovoid, red-wine colored fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gu<strong>at</strong>emala and Honduras<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987, Standley and<br />
Williams 1962<br />
Phyllospadix scouleri Hook.<br />
FAMILY: Potamogetonaceae (pondweed)<br />
ENGLISH: surf grass<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>of</strong> Washington st<strong>at</strong>e <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> roots.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coasts<br />
REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Phyllostachys arcana McClure<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: bamboo, half-back bamboo<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, takenoto, taquara<br />
SPANISH: bambú<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are edible. Over 1,200<br />
bamboo species throughout <strong>the</strong> tropics and subtropics. Most<br />
economically-important species from Asia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, McClure 1957<br />
Phyllostachys aurea Riviere & C. Riviere<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: fish-pole bamboo, golden bamboo<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, takenoto, taquara<br />
SPANISH: bambú<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and young, vitamin A-rich shoots are edible.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, Molina 1975<br />
Phyllostachys aureosulc<strong>at</strong>a McClure<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: yellow bamboo, yellow-groove bamboo<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, takenoto, taquara<br />
SPANISH: bambú<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or<br />
uncooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, McClure 1957<br />
Phyllostachys bambusoides Siebold & Zucc. [syn. P. sulphurea<br />
(Carrière) Riviere & C. Riviere, P. viridis Riviere & C. Riviere]<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: green sulphur, madake bamboo, timber bamboo<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, takenoto, taquara<br />
SPANISH: bambú<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or<br />
uncooked depending on growing conditions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Guia Rural 1990, Mabberley 1987, McClure<br />
1957, Molina 1975<br />
Phyllostachys dulcis McClure<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: sweetshoot bamboo<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, takenoto, taquara<br />
SPANISH: bambú<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are highly esteemed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central China<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, McClure 1957<br />
Phyllostachys elegans McClure<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: flowered bamboo<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, takenoto, taquara<br />
SPANISH: bambú<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, McClure 1957<br />
Phyllostachys flexuosa (Carrière) Riviere & C. Riviere<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: zig-zag bamboo<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, takenoto, taquara<br />
SPANISH: bambú<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
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REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Phyllostachys makinoi Hay<strong>at</strong>a<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: bamboo<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, takenoto, taquara<br />
SPANISH: bambú<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, McClure 1957, Tanaka 1976<br />
Phyllostachys nidularia Munro<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: bamboo<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, takenoto, taquara<br />
SPANISH: bambú<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are <strong>of</strong> excellent quality.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, McClure 1957, Molina 1975<br />
Phyllostachys nigra Munro<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: black bamboo<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, takenoto, taquara<br />
SPANISH: bambú<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, McClure 1957, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Phyllostachys nuda McClure<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: bamboo<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, takenoto, taquara<br />
SPANISH: bambú<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, McClure 1957<br />
Phyllostachys pubescens (S.Y. Wang) Mazel<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: moso bamboo<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, takenoto, taquara<br />
SPANISH: bambú,<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are economically important<br />
for canned bamboo shoots.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Tanaka 1976<br />
Phyllostachys rubromargin<strong>at</strong>a McClure<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
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ENGLISH: red-margined bamboo<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, takenoto, taquara<br />
SPANISH: bambú,<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, McClure 1957<br />
Phyllostachys viridi-glauscens Riviere & C. Riviere<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: bamboo<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, takenoto, taquara<br />
SPANISH: bambú,<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or<br />
uncooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Molina 1975<br />
Phyllostachys vivax McClure<br />
FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: giant timber bamboo<br />
PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, takenoto, taquara<br />
SPANISH: bambú,<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or<br />
uncooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, McClure 1957<br />
Phyllostylon rhamnoides (Poisson) Taubert<br />
FAMILY: Ulmaceae (elm)<br />
SPANISH: baitoa, canche, cerón, coanextle, escobilla, j<strong>at</strong>iá,<br />
membrillo, oot´ te, palo amarillo, palo de lanza, palo de lauza,<br />
sabanaemico, serón<br />
USES/NOTES: Nuts are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, Cuba and<br />
Hispaniola<br />
REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973,<br />
Zuloaga 1997<br />
Physalis angul<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: cutleaf ground cherry, ground cherry, Indian papoos,<br />
papoos, tom<strong>at</strong>illo groundcherry, wild gouma, winter cherry<br />
PORTUGUESE: b<strong>at</strong>e-testa, bicho-de-rã, camambu, camapu, camaru,<br />
canapu, canapum, joá, juá-de-capote, juá-poca, m<strong>at</strong>a-fome<br />
SPANISH: alquequenje, bolsa mullaca, camapum, canapum, capulí<br />
cimarrón, mullaca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is consumed out <strong>of</strong> hand, cooked, or as juice.<br />
Leaves, sap, and roots are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
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REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991,<br />
Carneiro Martins 1989, Cid 1978, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Frechione<br />
et al. 1989, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Morton 1977, Omawale<br />
1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Soukup 1970, Vásquez and Gentry<br />
1989, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982, Williams 1981<br />
Physalis brasiliensis Sendtn. in Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: ground cherry<br />
PORTUGUESE: b<strong>at</strong>e-testa, camapu, joá<br />
SPANISH: capulí<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980<br />
Physalis heterophylla Nees [also P. fendleri Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: clammy ground-cherry, ground cherry, husk tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, cooked, or in sauces.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Kindscher 1987,<br />
Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Wea<strong>the</strong>rford 1988, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Physalis lanceol<strong>at</strong>a auct. non Michaux [syn. P. hispida (W<strong>at</strong>erf.)<br />
Cronq.]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: ground cherry, husk tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, cooked, or in sauces.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994<br />
Physalis longifolia Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: ground cherry, husk tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, cooked, or in sauces.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Physalis longifolia var. subglabr<strong>at</strong>a (Mackenzie & Bush) Cronq.<br />
[syn. P. subglabr<strong>at</strong>a Mackenzie & Bush]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: ground cherry, husk tom<strong>at</strong>o, jamberry, smooth ground-cherry<br />
SPANISH: tom<strong>at</strong>illo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, cooked, or in sauces.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Canada to Georgia, Texas, and Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994, Mabberley 1987, Peterson<br />
1977<br />
Physalis melanocystis (Robinson) Bitter var. melanocystis<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
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USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit is a snack food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984<br />
Physalis peruviana L. [syn. P. chenopodifolia Lam., P. edulis<br />
Sims]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: cape gooseberry, giant groundcherry, goldenberry, groundcherry-<strong>of</strong>-Peru,<br />
husk tom<strong>at</strong>o, jam fruit, Peruvian cape gooseberry,<br />
Peruvian cherry, Peruvian groundcherry, physalis, poha<br />
PORTUGUESE: b<strong>at</strong>e-testa, camapu, camapum, groselha do Perú, herva<br />
noiva do Perú, tom<strong>at</strong>e inglês, tom<strong>at</strong>eiro inglês<br />
SPANISH: aguallumantu, aguayllumantu, aguaymanto, alquequenje,<br />
capuli de la costa, capulíamor en bolsa, cereza del Perú,<br />
cuchuva, lengua de vaca, miltom<strong>at</strong>e, motojobobo, motojobobo<br />
embolsado, pasa capulí, sacabuche, tom<strong>at</strong>e silvestre, tom<strong>at</strong>illa,<br />
topotopo, uchuva, uchuba, uvilla, yuyo de ojas<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, vitamin A-rich berry, housed in a thin, papery<br />
she<strong>at</strong>h, is edible and sold in local markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Andes <strong>of</strong> South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Bye 1993, Cárdenas 1969, IBGE 1980,<br />
Leung 1961, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989, Rehm and Espig 1991,<br />
Soukup 1970, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982<br />
Physalis philadalphica Lam. [syn. P. ixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem.]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: ground cherry, husk tom<strong>at</strong>o, jamberry, Mexican husk tom<strong>at</strong>o,<br />
purple ground-cherry, tom<strong>at</strong>illo, tom<strong>at</strong>illo<br />
SPANISH: jiltom<strong>at</strong>e, miltom<strong>at</strong>e, Tarahumara tom<strong>at</strong>illo, tom<strong>at</strong>e de<br />
cáscara, tom<strong>at</strong>e verde, tom<strong>at</strong>illo, tóm<strong>at</strong>l, Zuni tom<strong>at</strong>illo<br />
USES/NOTES: Green fruits, contained in papery husks, are e<strong>at</strong>en in<br />
stews and sauces. Especially good in salsa.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1969, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, Mabberley<br />
1987, Morton 1987a, N<strong>at</strong>ive Seeds/SEARCH 1991, Rehm and Espig<br />
1991, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982, West 1989a, Williams 1981<br />
Physalis pruinosa L.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: husk tom<strong>at</strong>o, strawberry tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its edible, husk-covered, sweet, ripe<br />
fruits, which are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or preserved. Leaves and<br />
unripe fruits are poisonous.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: <strong>Maine</strong> to Ohio to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977<br />
Physalis subul<strong>at</strong>a Rydb. var. neomexicana (Rydb.) W<strong>at</strong>erf. ex<br />
Kartesz & Ghandi [syn. P. neo-mexicana Rydb.] and P. pubescens L.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
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ENGLISH: Barbados gooseberry, downy groundcherry, ground berry,<br />
ground cherry, ground cherry tom<strong>at</strong>o, ground tom<strong>at</strong>o, husk tom<strong>at</strong>o,<br />
strawberry tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
PORTUGUESE: balãosinho, b<strong>at</strong>e-testa, camapu, joá-de-capote, pimentacamapu<br />
SPANISH: bolsa mullaca, bolsa mullaca blanca, capulí, miltom<strong>at</strong>e,<br />
mullaca, muyaca, tom<strong>at</strong>e de campo, tópiro, uvilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are used in sauces and preserves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Leung<br />
1961, Martin et al. 1987, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Usher 1974,<br />
von Reis Altschul 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Physalis virginiana Miller<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: Virginia ground-cherry<br />
SPANISH: tom<strong>at</strong>illo del monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is a snack food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada to Florida, through Mexico, and<br />
perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Physalis viscosa L.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: gooseberry, ground cherry, sand cherry, sticky cape,<br />
sticky ground-cherry<br />
PORTUGUESE: camapu<br />
SPANISH: tom<strong>at</strong>illo del monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow fruit is edible. Taylor considers P. walteri and<br />
P. viscosa as conspecific.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Morton 1976a,<br />
Taylor 1998, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Wunderlin 1998<br />
Physalis walteri Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: ground cherry, sand cherry<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow fruit is edible. Taylor considers P. walteri and<br />
P. viscosa as conspecific.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Gleason and Cronquist 1991, Taylor 1998, Wunderlin 1998<br />
Phytelephas aequ<strong>at</strong>orialis Spruce [also P. macrocarpa Ruiz & Pavón,<br />
P. seemanni (Cook) Seemann, and P. tumacana Cook]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: common ivory palm, ivory nut palm, ivory nuts, ivory palm,<br />
tagua, tagua nut palm, tagua palm, vegetable ivory, vegetable<br />
marble<br />
PORTUGUESE: garinha, jarina, marfim-vegetal<br />
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SPANISH: allagua, antá (P. seemanni), cabeza de negra, cabeza de<br />
negro, cade, chique de tagua, guagra changa (palm heart), homero,<br />
humira, marfil vegetal (hard kernel), nuez de marfil (hard<br />
kernel), palma de marfil, pelo ponto, pepe del tagua, pimbu-ku,<br />
humiro, polo ponto, pullipunta, pullipuntu, sagu, tagua, yarina<br />
(P. macrocarpa), yau-ku<br />
USES/NOTES: Hard, white to cream-colored endosperm is <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong><br />
Vegetable ivory, used to make buttons for clothing and objects<br />
such as chessmen and furniture knobs. Before ripening <strong>the</strong> liquid<br />
endosperm makes a thirst-quenching beverage; when <strong>the</strong> endosperm<br />
becomes more firm and jelly-like, it is appreci<strong>at</strong>ed as a snack.<br />
Orange, fleshy mesocarp, <strong>of</strong> P. aequ<strong>at</strong>orialis, P. seemanni, and P.<br />
tumacana, is highly esteemed as a food item, typically e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
cooked. Fruits also are an edible oil source and hearts are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
in parts <strong>of</strong> Ecuador. The vegetable ivory industry suffered with<br />
<strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> plastic buttons, but <strong>at</strong>tempts to revitalize it<br />
as a sustainable industry are under way. P. aequ<strong>at</strong>orialis is <strong>the</strong><br />
principal source <strong>of</strong> vegetable ivory and Ecuador is <strong>the</strong> leading<br />
producer.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: P. aequ<strong>at</strong>orialis from coastal Ecuador, P. macrocarpa<br />
from western Amazonia (Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru), P. seemanni<br />
from northwestern Colombia and Panama, P. tumacana from sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
coastal Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Barfod 1991, Barfod et al. 1990, Bernal 1992, Bourke et<br />
al. 1987, Davis and Yost 1983, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Henderson et al. 1995, Koziol and Pedersen 1993, León 1987, OAS<br />
1973, Pedersen 1991, Pedersen and Balslev 1992, Plotkin 1993,<br />
Runk 1998, Silva et al. 1977, Soukup 1970, Uhl and Dransfield<br />
1987<br />
Phytolacca americana L.<br />
FAMILY: Phytolaccaceae (pokeweed)<br />
ENGLISH: garget, inkberry, pigeon berry, pocan, poke, poke salad,<br />
pokeberry, pokeweed, scoke, Virginia poke<br />
SPANSIH: hierba carmín<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Seeds and roots are<br />
poisonous.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. to Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Angier 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987,<br />
Gibbons 1962, Morton 1977, Tomikel 1986, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Phytolacca dioica L.<br />
FAMILY: Phytolaccaceae (pokeweed)<br />
PORTUGUESE: umbu<br />
SPANISH: bella sombra<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits, young leaves, and shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Tanaka 1976, Zuloaga 1997<br />
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Phytolacca icosandra L. [syn. P. octandra L.]<br />
FAMILY: Phytolaccaceae (pokeweed)<br />
ENGLISH: green pokeweed, tropical pokeweed<br />
SPANISH: congeraman, cóngora, conguera-man, conguerán, conjira,<br />
elote jabonoso, fitolaca, k’onguarani, kongaran, kongarani,<br />
konguera, konguera blanca, konguera prieta, konguerai, lava ropa,<br />
mazorquilla, quelite, reventón, sachón, yiwa chi´na<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves and new shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked in<br />
portions <strong>of</strong> Gu<strong>at</strong>emala and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico (though m<strong>at</strong>ure plant<br />
parts are considered toxic); dark purple fruits are used to color<br />
ixtle fibers; fruits, leaves, and roots are used in soap<br />
prepar<strong>at</strong>ions for laundry and hair; and <strong>the</strong> plant is used<br />
variously in folk medicine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bye 1993, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Torres n.d.<br />
Phytolacca rivinoides Kunth & Bouché<br />
FAMILY: Phytolaccaceae (pokeweed)<br />
ENGLISH: buck bhajee, calalu, deer calalu, deer callalou, Indian<br />
poke, pokeberry, pokeweed, Venezuela pokeberry, Virginia poke<br />
PORTUGUESE: caruru, tinturera<br />
SPANISH: airambo, airampo, apacas, <strong>at</strong>usara, choyllo-choyllo, col de<br />
monte, hierba de culebra, hierba carmín, huanturmo, jaboncillo,<br />
jaboncillo airambo, maíz de perro, nipirihe, poe-hoe, wampakar<br />
USES/NOTES: Stem and leaf may be e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable after proper<br />
processing, roots are used as soap, and <strong>the</strong> plant is medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989, Bennett et al. 2001, Dufour 1990,<br />
Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Honychurch 1980,<br />
Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Omawale 1973, Padoch and de Jong<br />
1991, Pérez-Arbeláez 1956, Salick 1992, Soukup 1970, Usher 1974,<br />
von Reis Altschul 1973, Williams 1981<br />
Picea glauca (Moench) Voss<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: spruce, white spruce<br />
PORTUGUESE: abeto, pícea, pinho<br />
SPANISH: abeto falso, pícea<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems are a source <strong>of</strong> spruce gum, used to flavor s<strong>of</strong>t<br />
drinks, chewing gum, etc. Cambium, young cones, and sap are<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn North America<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Facciola 1990, Gleason and<br />
Cronquist 1968, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a<br />
Picea mariana (Miller) Britton, Sterns, & Pogg.<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: black spruce, bog spruce, spruce<br />
PORTUGUESE: abeto, pícea, pinho<br />
SPANISH: abeto falso, pícea<br />
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USES/NOTES: Boiled shoots are used to make spruce beer, and resin<br />
is a source <strong>of</strong> spruce gum, a masticant, and spruce oil, a<br />
flavoring agent.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn North America<br />
REFERENCES: Gibbons 1962, Facciola 1990, Gleason and Cronquist<br />
1968, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Picea rubens Sarg.<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: red spruce, spruce<br />
PORTUGUESE: abeto, pícea, pinho<br />
SPANISH: abeto falso, pícea<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves have been used for tea. Tree is a principal<br />
source <strong>of</strong> spruce gum.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn North America<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Picramnia spp. [may include P. sellowii Planchon subsp. spruceana<br />
(Engl.) Pirani]<br />
FAMILY: Picramniaceae (picramnia) or Simaroubaceae (quassia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: anilim-bravo, anilina<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds <strong>of</strong> some species are used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute<br />
and a purple dye source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin<br />
et al. 1987, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planchon [syn. Quassia excelsa Sw.]<br />
FAMILY: Simaroubaceae (quassia)<br />
ENGLISH: bitterbark, Jamaican quassia<br />
USES/NOTES: Wood is <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> a bitter extract used to flavor<br />
beverages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Rehm and Espig 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Piloblephis rigida (Bartram ex Benth.) Raf. [syn. S<strong>at</strong>ureja rigida<br />
Bartram ex Benth.]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: pennyroyal<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used in herbal teas or as a spice. Seminoles<br />
flavored turtle me<strong>at</strong> with <strong>the</strong> leaves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett (unpublished), Taylor 1998, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Pilocereus royenii (L.) Byles & Rowley<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: dildo cactus<br />
SPANISH: sebucán<br />
USES/NOTES: Red fruit’s reddish pulp is used in beverages or as a<br />
condiment.<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Puerto Rico, <strong>the</strong> Virgin Islands, and o<strong>the</strong>r nearby<br />
islands<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987, Nellis 1994<br />
Pilocereus russelianus (Salm-Dyck) Rumpler [syn. Cephalocereus<br />
russelianus Rose]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: cardón peludo<br />
USES/NOTES: Pinkish fruit’s white pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Colombia and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. [syn. P. <strong>of</strong>ficinales Lindley, Eugenia<br />
pimenta (L.) DC., Myrtus pimenta L.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: allspice, Jamaican pepper, pimento<br />
PORTUGUESE: pimenta-da-Jamaica<br />
SPANISH: ausú, jamaica, malagueta, pimienta, pimienta de Jamaica,<br />
pimienta gorda, pimienta inglesa, pimienta malagueta, socosóchil<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits and seeds are used as a arom<strong>at</strong>ic spices,<br />
flavoring agents, food preserv<strong>at</strong>ives, stimulants, and as<br />
ingredients in <strong>the</strong> alcoholic beverages pimentadrab, benedictine,<br />
and bay rum. Leaves are used in beverages and leaf oil is used in<br />
perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and as a vanilla substitute.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, Cuba, and Hispaniola<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d.,<br />
N<strong>at</strong>ions 1992, Oldfield 1981, Purseglove et al. 1981, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Pimenta haitiensis (Urban) Landrum<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
FRENCH: malaquette<br />
SPANISH: malagueta<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are used as a condiment.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Hispaniola<br />
REFERENCES: Landrum 1986<br />
Pimenta racemosa (Miller) J. Moore [syn. P. acris (Sw.) Kostel.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: bay, bay berry, bay oil, bay rum, bay rum tree, bay tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: canela<br />
SPANISH: bayrum, malaguesa, malagueta, malaguete, ozua, ozua<br />
berrón, ron de laurel, ron de malagueta<br />
USES/NOTES: Distilled leaf oil is used in bay rum and cosmetics.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America, <strong>the</strong> Antilles, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn South<br />
America<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Cobley 1956, Honychurch<br />
1980, Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez<br />
1987, Rodríguez Martínez 1990<br />
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Pimpinella anisum L. [syn. Anisum vulgare Gaertner, A. <strong>of</strong>ficinarum<br />
Moench]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: anise, aniseed, sweet Alice<br />
PORTUGUESE: anis, anis-verde, erva-doce<br />
SPANISH: anís, anís común, anís verde, metalahura, simiente dulce<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for nearly two thousand years as a flavoring<br />
agent, <strong>the</strong> seeds are used in cooking, beverages, liqueurs, and<br />
confections. Both P. anisum and <strong>the</strong> unrel<strong>at</strong>ed Illicium verum<br />
(star anise) contain <strong>the</strong> compound “anethole,” which is used to<br />
make <strong>the</strong> essential oil “oil <strong>of</strong> anise.” Historically I. verum was<br />
<strong>the</strong> most important source <strong>of</strong> anise oil in <strong>the</strong> U.S., but today,<br />
most anise oil in <strong>the</strong> U.S. comes from <strong>the</strong> ripe seeds <strong>of</strong> P.<br />
anisum.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean, probably Greece or Egypt,<br />
possibly East Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Guia Rural n.d., Hopkins 1972,<br />
IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Schneider<br />
1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Pinus albicaulis Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: whitebark pine<br />
USES/NOTES: Large, sweet seeds were once widely consumed roasted<br />
and ground for flour by N<strong>at</strong>ive Americans. The cambium was also<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast <strong>of</strong> North America<br />
REFERENCES: Parish et al. 1996, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Pinus ayacahuite Ehrenb. ex Schltdl.<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: Arizona white pine, ayacahuite pine, Mexican white pine<br />
SPANISH: acahite, acahuite, pino enano<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are a quality pine nut. The large tree has been a<br />
desirable source <strong>of</strong> s<strong>of</strong>t wood, but has been seriously depleted in<br />
much <strong>of</strong> its range.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico to Honduras<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Lanner and Lanner<br />
1981, MBG n.d., Molina 1975, Perry 1991<br />
Pinus cembroides Zucc.<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: Mexican piñon, Mexican pinyon, nut pine, pine nut, piñon,<br />
piñon pine nut, pinyon pine, stoneseed piñon, threeleaf piñon<br />
PORTUGUESE: pinhão<br />
SPANISH: ocote, pino piñón, pino piñonero, piñón<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds have long been e<strong>at</strong>en locally and have become<br />
popular gourmet items.<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. from sou<strong>the</strong>rn California to<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Texas and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico from Baja California to<br />
Veracruz<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Farjon and Styles 1997, FNAEC 1993,<br />
Foster and Cordell 1992, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Lauri 2000, Leung 1961,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Menninger 1987, OAS 1973, Perry 1991, Styles<br />
1993, Woodro<strong>of</strong> 1979<br />
Pinus clausa (Chapman ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg.<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: sand pine<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or roasted, needles can be made<br />
into tea, and <strong>the</strong> inner bark (cambium) can be used as an<br />
emergency flour source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Alabama and Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Nelson 1994, Stamps and S<strong>at</strong>terthwaite<br />
1994<br />
Pinus coulteri D. Don<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: big-cone pine, Coulter(’s) pine, nut pine, pitch pine<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds were once e<strong>at</strong>en regularly by Amerindians, but are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en less <strong>of</strong>ten today.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Contra Costa County, California to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Baja<br />
California del Norte<br />
REFERENCES: Bornstein et al. 2005, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993,<br />
Gibbons 1973, Menninger 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Pinus edulis Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: Colorado piñon, nut pine, pine nut, piñon, piñon pine nut,<br />
pinyon pine, Rocky Mountain nut pine<br />
SPANISH: pino manco, piñón<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds have long been e<strong>at</strong>en locally and now are becoming<br />
popular gourmet items.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. to Chihuahua, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Harrington 1967, Mabberley<br />
1987, Medsger 1939<br />
Pinus elliottii Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: slash pine<br />
USES/NOTES: The towering (to 40 meters) slash pine, once a dominant<br />
fe<strong>at</strong>ure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> landscape in <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S., has been an<br />
important source <strong>of</strong> lumber and pulp. Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or<br />
roasted, needles can be made into tea, and <strong>the</strong> inner bark<br />
(cambium) can be used as an emergency flour source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Carolina to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Nelson 1994, Stamps and S<strong>at</strong>terthwaite<br />
1994<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf. in A. Murr. [syn P. ponderosa var.<br />
jeffreyi Balf. ex Vasey]<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: Jeffrey pine, yellow pine<br />
SPANISH: pino amarillo, pino colorado, pino Jeffrey, pino negro<br />
USES/NOTES: Large seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: From Baja California to northwestern Oregon<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Lauri 2000, Menninger 1987,<br />
Munz 1974<br />
Pinus lambertiana Douglas<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: big sugar pine, gre<strong>at</strong> sugar pine, sugar pine<br />
SPANISH: ocote, pino de azucar, pino dulce, pino ocote<br />
USES/NOTES: Huge cone’s seeds are edible and sap is used as a<br />
sweetener.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North American Pacific coast from Oregon to Baja<br />
California<br />
REFERENCES: Arno and Gyer 1973, Facciola 1990, Farjon and Styles<br />
1997, FNAEC 1993, Gibbons 1973, Munz 1974<br />
Pinus maximartinezii Rzed.<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: Martinez piñon<br />
SPANISH: ocote, piñón<br />
USES/NOTES: Large seeds, to two cm long, <strong>of</strong> this thre<strong>at</strong>ened<br />
species, are edible and sold in local markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Zac<strong>at</strong>ecas, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Lanner and Lanner 1981, Styles 1993<br />
Pinus monophylla Torrey & Frémont<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: single-leaf pine, single-leaf pinyon<br />
SPANISH: ocote, pino piñonero, piñón<br />
USES/NOTES: Starchy seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or roasted.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Utah to sou<strong>the</strong>rn California and Baja<br />
California<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Gibbons and Tucker 1979,<br />
Lanner and Lanner 1981, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Pinus nelsonii E. Shaw<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
SPANISH: piñón<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible seeds are sold in Mexican markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Styles 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Pinus palustris Miller<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
ENGLISH: longleaf pine, pitch pine<br />
USES/NOTES: The towering (to 40 meters) and beautiful longleaf pine<br />
was once a dominant fe<strong>at</strong>ure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> landscape in <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>ast and<br />
has been an important source <strong>of</strong> lumber, pulp, and turpentine.<br />
Protein-rich seeds (over 25% protein) are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or roasted,<br />
needles can be made into tea, and <strong>the</strong> inner bark (cambium) can be<br />
used as an emergency flour source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Virginia to Florida and Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1994, Short and Epps 1976,<br />
Stamps and S<strong>at</strong>terthwaite 1994<br />
Pinus pinceana L.<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
SPANISH: piñón<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible seeds are ga<strong>the</strong>red and sold in local markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey and Hawksworth 1988, Lanner 1981, Styles 1993<br />
Pinus pinea L.<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: Italian stone pine, pignon, stone pine, umbrella pine<br />
SPANISH: piñón<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987<br />
Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C. Lawson [syn. P. scopulorum<br />
(Engelm.) Lemmon]<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: ponderosa pine<br />
SPANISH: pino amarillo occidental, pino ponderosa<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and cambium have been e<strong>at</strong>en by N<strong>at</strong>ive Americans<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> southwestern U.S.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S. and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Castetter and Opler 1936, FNAEC 1993, MBG n.d.<br />
Pinus quadrifolia Parl. ex Sudw. [syn. P. parryana Engelm.]<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: four-leaved nut pine, Parry pine, Parry piyon<br />
SPANISH: pino piñonero, piñón, Sierra Juárez piñon<br />
USES/NOTES: Oily seeds <strong>of</strong> this now rare pine were once an important<br />
food for Amerindians <strong>of</strong> Baja California.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California/Baja California border area<br />
REFERENCES: Elias 1987, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Munz 1974,<br />
Pe<strong>at</strong>tie 1950, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Pinus sabiniana Douglas ex Douglas<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: digger pine, gray pine<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Large, oily, sweet seeds were an important food source<br />
for Amerindians <strong>of</strong> California. Large cone’s s<strong>of</strong>t center also is<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California endemic<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Clarke 1977, FNAEC 1993, Gibbons<br />
1973, Mabberley 1987, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Pinus serotina Michaux<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: pond pine<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or roasted, needles can be made<br />
into tea, and <strong>the</strong> inner bark (cambium) can be used as an<br />
emergency flour source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: New Jersey to Florida and Alabama<br />
REFERENCES: Nelson 1994, Stamps and S<strong>at</strong>terthwaite 1994<br />
Pinus strobus L. [syn. P. chiapensis (Martínez) Andresen, P.<br />
strobus var. chiapensis Martínez, Strobus strobus (Linnaeus)<br />
Small]<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: Eastern white pine, Nor<strong>the</strong>rn white pine, white pine<br />
SPANISH: pino blanco<br />
USES/NOTES: Young needles are made into tea, young shoots can be<br />
combined with syrup and made into candy, inner bark can be used<br />
as an emergency food source, and imm<strong>at</strong>ure male cones may be e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
boiled. Also important economically as valued lumber and pulp<br />
source, <strong>the</strong> white pine has been described as “<strong>the</strong> tree th<strong>at</strong> built<br />
America.”<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America through Mexico to Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Elias 1987, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Gibbons 1966,<br />
Gibbons 1973, Peterson 1977, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carrière [includes P. t. subsp. insularis<br />
J.R. Haller and P. t. subsp. torreyana]<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: island Torrey pine (P. torreyana subsp. insularis),<br />
mainland Torrey pine (P. torreyana subsp. torreyana), soledad<br />
pine, Torrey pine<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds <strong>of</strong> this rare and protected pine have been e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
raw or roasted. Two small popul<strong>at</strong>ions remain, one near San Diego<br />
on <strong>the</strong> Mainland (subspecies torreyana), <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r on Santa Rosa<br />
Island (subspecies insularis)<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn coastal and insular California<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1993, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Pinzona coriacea Mart. & Zucc.<br />
FAMILY: Dilleniaceae (dillenias)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cipó-d’agua<br />
SPANISH: paujil huasca, pinzona<br />
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USES/NOTES: Stems provide potable w<strong>at</strong>er.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to <strong>the</strong> lower elev<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Andes<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Soler<br />
Alarcón 2005<br />
Piper aduncum L.<br />
FAMILY: Piperaceae (pepper)<br />
ENGLISH: wild pepper<br />
PORTUGUESE: aduncum, betis-branco, beto branco, pimenta-longa, tinixpu<br />
SPANISH: cordoncillo, higuillo, kuturu, m<strong>at</strong>ico<br />
USES/NOTES: Pungent fruits are used as a seasoning and arom<strong>at</strong>ic<br />
leaves are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb or in b<strong>at</strong>hs. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, and tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Alcorn 1984, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG<br />
n.d., Voeks 1996<br />
Piper amalago L.<br />
FAMILY: Piperaceae (pepper)<br />
SPANISH: cordillero, mecaxochitl, yaxal<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers <strong>of</strong> this vine reportedly were used to flavor<br />
chocol<strong>at</strong>e by <strong>the</strong> Aztecs. Medicinal in Mexico today.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Coe 1994<br />
Piper asterotrichum C. DC.<br />
FAMILY: Piperaceae (pepper)<br />
SPANISH: unkuch<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en like lettuce (Lactuca s<strong>at</strong>iva).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001<br />
Piper biseri<strong>at</strong>um C. DC. [syn. P. auritum Trel.]<br />
FAMILY: Piperaceae (pepper)<br />
SPANISH: acuyo, cordoncillo, hoja de santa maría, makulan, m<strong>at</strong>ico<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to season tamales.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Burger 1971, Facciola 1990, Tebbs 1989, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Piper immut<strong>at</strong>um Trel.<br />
FAMILY: Piperaceae (pepper)<br />
SPANISH: ukuch<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en like cabbage (Brassica spp.).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001<br />
Piper margin<strong>at</strong>um Jacq.<br />
FAMILY: Piperaceae (pepper)<br />
PORTUGUESE: caapeba-cheirosa, pimenta-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, pimenta-dos-índios<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
SPANISH: cordoncillo, k<strong>at</strong>io<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are used as a condiment.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980<br />
Piper nigrum L.<br />
FAMILY: Piperaceae (pepper)<br />
ENGLISH: black pepper, Magadascar pepper, pepper, peppercorn<br />
(fruit), white pepper<br />
PORTUGUESE: malago, motanga, pimenta-da-Índia, pimenta-do-reino,<br />
pimenta-ordinária, pimenta-preta<br />
SPANISH: cordoncillo, grano de pimienta (fruit), pimentero,<br />
pimienta, pimienta blanca de la India, pimienta negra, pimiento<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried, ground fruit is used as a common table and<br />
cooking spice, a preserv<strong>at</strong>ive, and a stimulant. Black pepper<br />
comes from <strong>the</strong> whole, unripe peppercorn, while white pepper comes<br />
from <strong>the</strong> inner seed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ripe fruit.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Omawale<br />
1973, Purseglove et al. 1981, Usher 1974, Van Feu n.d.<br />
Piper pelt<strong>at</strong>um (L.) Raf. [syn. Lepian<strong>the</strong>s pelt<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Raf.,<br />
Pothomorphe pelt<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Miq.] and P. umbell<strong>at</strong>um L. [syn.<br />
Lepian<strong>the</strong>s umbell<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Raf., Pothomorphe umbell<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Miq.]<br />
FAMILY: Piperaceae (pepper)<br />
ENGLISH: lizard’s tail pepper<br />
PORTUGUESE: caapeba, caapeba-branca (P. pelt<strong>at</strong>um), caapeba-donorte,<br />
capeba, capeba-branca, c<strong>at</strong>agé, malvaisco, malvarisco,<br />
pariparoba (P. umbell<strong>at</strong>um), txu-xan-pei-bainekia (P. pelt<strong>at</strong>um),<br />
txu-xan-pei-nimeraua (P. umbell<strong>at</strong>um), txuxan-pei-bainekia (P.<br />
pelt<strong>at</strong>um), txuxan-pei-huxupa (P. pelt<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
SPANISH: hoja de maría, santa maría<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are wrapped around o<strong>the</strong>r foods, giving <strong>the</strong>m<br />
flavor, and fruits reportedly are edible. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and Central America to Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Mentz et al. 1997,<br />
Standley and Steyermark 1952b, Tebbs 1993, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Piper sanctum Schltr. ex Miq.<br />
FAMILY: Piperaceae (pepper)<br />
SPANISH: acueyo, cordoncillo, hierba santa, m<strong>at</strong>ico<br />
USES/NOTES: Large arom<strong>at</strong>ic leaves are used to flavor fish and<br />
soups.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Highland Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Piper trumanyunckerii Callejas<br />
FAMILY: Piperaceae (pepper)<br />
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SPANISH: tunchitunch<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en like cabbage (Brassica spp.).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001<br />
Pistacia chinensis Bunge<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China to <strong>the</strong> Philippines<br />
REFERENCES: Kartesz 1994, Mabberley 1987<br />
Pistacia lentiscus L.<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: chios, chios mastic, mastic, mastic tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: almécega, lentisco, mastique<br />
SPANISH: alfóncigo, almáciga, charneca, lentisco, masilla, m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
USES/NOTES: Resin, called mastic, is used in adhesives, varnishes,<br />
cements, and o<strong>the</strong>r industrial items, and less frequently to<br />
flavor chewing gum.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, de Gámez<br />
1973, Mantell 1950<br />
Pistacia vera L.<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: pistachio, pistachio nut<br />
PORTUGUESE: pistache, pistacho, pistácia<br />
SPANISH: alfóncigo, pistachero, pistacho<br />
USES/NOTES: Drought-tolerant plant produces <strong>the</strong> edible pistachio<br />
nut <strong>of</strong> intern<strong>at</strong>ional commerce.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably Central Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974,<br />
Whitehouse 1957<br />
Pisum s<strong>at</strong>ivum L. [syn. P. s<strong>at</strong>ivum var. macrocarpon Ser., Vicia<br />
s<strong>at</strong>iva L.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: common pea, common vetch, edible podded pea, field pea,<br />
garden pea, pea, snap pea, vetch<br />
PORTUGUESE: alverón, arveja, ervilha, ervilha-de-vagem, ervilhaca<br />
SPANISH: albergas, albergas blancas, albergas rojas, alberja,<br />
alverja, arbeja, arbella, arveja, arvejas, bisaltera, chicharo,<br />
cachito, cascabelillo, cerudo, chícharo de árbol, chícharo de<br />
paloma, chimbolito, clarín, cumaná, cumandá-ibiraí, ebo, frejol<br />
cerudo, frejol de palo, frijol canario, frijol guandú, gandul,<br />
garbanzo falso, guandul, guardarraya, guisante, guinconcho,<br />
pitipuá, poroto gandul, quimbolillo, quinchoncho, quinconcho,<br />
tacón, timbolillo, veza común<br />
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USES/NOTES: Green seeds and pods, dried seeds (whole, split, or as<br />
flour), and leaves are edible, <strong>the</strong> plant is grown for fodder and<br />
to improve soil nitrogen, and seed oil is medicinal. Domestic<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
some 8,000 years ago.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Medterranean Asia or sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe, widely<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Duke 1981, Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia<br />
Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Kay 1979, Leung 1961, OAS<br />
1973, Purseglove 1968, Rehm and Espig 1991, Soukup 1970,<br />
Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Pi<strong>the</strong>cellobium calostachys Standley<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: ahogador, amuchile, chico humo, guamúchil, ogador, palo de<br />
humo<br />
USES/NOTES: Aril is e<strong>at</strong>en as a snack.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Avendaño Reyes and Acosta Rosado 2000<br />
Pi<strong>the</strong>cellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. [syn. Inga dulcis (Roxb.)<br />
Willd.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: ape’s-earring, bread-and-cheese, gaumachil, gaumuchil,<br />
guayamochil, kamachil wood, Madras thorn, Manila tamarind, monkey<br />
pod, opiuma, sweet inga, tamarind<br />
SPANISH: azabache, bebguiche, chiminango, chininango, chucum<br />
blanco, cuamuche, cuamuchil, cuamuchitl, dinde, espino de playa,<br />
gallinero, guachimol, guamá americana, gaumache, guamo americano,<br />
guamo blanco, guamoche, guamúche, guamúchil, guayacán blanco,<br />
guaymochil, guaymochile, guamache, guau-mochtli, guamuti,<br />
huamuchil, humo, ingá dulce, jaguay, laguarí, lala-nempá, lileka,<br />
macachuni, macochín, ma-dju, ma-gju, m<strong>at</strong>úrite, mangolan,<br />
michiguiste, mochiguiste, mongollano, muchite, múchitl, nempa,<br />
nipe, nocuana-guiche, ojito de nena, payandé, pe-qui-che,<br />
pequijche, pinzán, pinzón, piquiche, sak chucum, suyché,<br />
taguapire, ticuahndi, tiraco, tsuuíche, umi, umuh, yacure, yagabiguichi,<br />
yaga-bixihui, yaga-de-guiche, yaga-piquiche, yarure<br />
USES/NOTES: Aril from <strong>the</strong> twisted, spiraling, reddish-brown pod is<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en raw or made into a beverage. Protein-rich seed is edible<br />
cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-cental Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela,<br />
escaped and n<strong>at</strong>uralized where cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in favorable loc<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Espejo Serna et al.<br />
n.d., FUDENA n.d., Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976b, Niembro Rocas<br />
1992, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Pérez-Arbeláez 1956, Rico-Arce<br />
1991, Sommeijer et al. n.d., Torres n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974,<br />
von Reis Altschul 1973, Wiersema et al. 1990<br />
Pi<strong>the</strong>cellobium hymenaeifolium (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
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SPANISH: barba de ángel<br />
USES/NOTES: Aril is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Killip 1936, Breedlove 1986, Martin et al.<br />
1987<br />
Pi<strong>the</strong>cellobium lanceol<strong>at</strong>um (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: buche<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Pi<strong>the</strong>cellobium unguis-c<strong>at</strong>i (L.) Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: black Jessie, blackbead, c<strong>at</strong>claw, c<strong>at</strong>claw blackbead, c<strong>at</strong>’s<br />
claw<br />
USES/NOTES: Young fruit pod <strong>of</strong> this spineless woody shrub is e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
infrequently.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America to South Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1994,<br />
Taylor 1998, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Plantago lanceol<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Plantaginaceae (plantain)<br />
ENGLISH: lamb’s tongue, rib grass, ribwort, ribwort plantain<br />
PORTUGUESE: tanchagem, tanchagem lanceol<strong>at</strong>a, tanchagem miúda<br />
SPANISH: llanten<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and cooked young leaves can be e<strong>at</strong>en as emergency<br />
foods. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Carneiro Martins 1989, Facciola 1990,<br />
Harrington 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Plantago major L. [also P. rugelii Decne.]<br />
FAMILY: Plantaginaceae (plantain)<br />
ENGLISH: American plantain (P. rugelii), black-seeded plantain (P.<br />
rugelii), broad-leaved plantain, common plantain, English plantain,<br />
gre<strong>at</strong>er plantain, Indian whe<strong>at</strong>, plantain, red-stalked plantain (P.<br />
rugelii), Rugel’s plantain (P. rugelii)<br />
PORTUGUESE: tanchagem, tanchagem maior, tansagem, transage,<br />
tranchagem, transagem<br />
SPANISH: llanten<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves can be e<strong>at</strong>en as cooked greens, as a po<strong>the</strong>rb,<br />
pureed or blanched in salads, or dried for tea. Uncooked m<strong>at</strong>ure<br />
leaves may cause indigestion. Seeds may be parched and ground into<br />
meal. Roots are edible, though rarely e<strong>at</strong>en. The plant is medicinal<br />
in Peru. P. rugelii has been used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb in <strong>the</strong> Rocky<br />
Mountains and is a green, gold, or yellow dye source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: perhaps Eurasia, now cosmopolitan<br />
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REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bennett et al. 2001, Carneiro Martins 1989,<br />
Cox and Moore 1993, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and<br />
Tucker 1979, Harrington 1967, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Tomikel 1986,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Pl<strong>at</strong>an<strong>the</strong>ra sparsiflora (S. W<strong>at</strong>son) Schltr. var. sparsiflora [syn.<br />
Habenaria sparsiflora S. W<strong>at</strong>son]<br />
FAMILY: Orchidaceae (orchid)<br />
ENGLISH: fringe orchid<br />
USES/NOTES: Plants are e<strong>at</strong>en as an emergency food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern North America and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Pl<strong>at</strong>anus occidentalis L.<br />
FAMILY: Pl<strong>at</strong>anaceae (plane-tree)<br />
ENGLISH: American sycamore, buttonball tree, buttonwood, plane tree,<br />
sycamore<br />
SPANISH: plátano de occidente, sicómoro<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet sap, <strong>of</strong> this large, deciduous tree with flaking bark<br />
and large, lobed leaves, has been used for syrup and sugar and an<br />
emergency source <strong>of</strong> w<strong>at</strong>er for drinking or cooking. As a shade tree,<br />
<strong>the</strong> sycamore has been over planted throughout its range and beyond<br />
and is susceptible to anthracnose.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America, from sou<strong>the</strong>astern Canada to<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Florida, west to central Texas and nor<strong>the</strong>astern Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons 1962, Godfrey 1988, Graves<br />
1956, Hunter 1997, Nelson 1994, Peterson 1977<br />
Pl<strong>at</strong>onia esculenta (Arruda) Rickett & Stafleu [syn. P. insignis<br />
Mart., Aristoclesia esculenta Stuntz]<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
ENGLISH: bacur, bacuri, bacury, bakuri, bakury, Guiana orange<br />
PORTUGUESE: bacuri, bacuri-açu, bacuri-pari, bacuri-uva, bacupari,<br />
bacuriba, ibacopari<br />
SPANISH: babari, bacurí, charichuelo, pacuri<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet to acidic fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand when sweet, and<br />
used in candies, ice cream, and juice when acid, seed is edible,<br />
medicinal, and contains an oil used in candles and soap. Wood is<br />
used in construction.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and eastern Amazonian Brazil and pre-Amazonia<br />
(Maranhão, Piauí, and Goiás) to <strong>the</strong> Guianas and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
and perhaps nor<strong>the</strong>astern Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, IBGE<br />
1980, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Peret 1985,<br />
Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig 1991, Silva et al. 1977, Steyermark et<br />
al. 1995<br />
Pl<strong>at</strong>ymiscium pinn<strong>at</strong>um (Jacq.) Dugand<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
SPANISH: cachimbo, cristobal, roble<br />
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USES/NOTES: Used as a spice by roasting o<strong>the</strong>r foods, such as maize,<br />
wrapped in <strong>the</strong> leaves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1972, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987<br />
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Sprengel [syn. Coleus amboinicus<br />
Lour., C. arom<strong>at</strong>icus Benth., C. carnosus Hassk. nomen illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: adjeran, coarse-leaf thyme, coleus, country borage, Cuban<br />
oregano, daoon ajenton, five seasons herb, Spanish thyme<br />
PORTUGUESE: cóleo, tapete-de-oxalá<br />
SPANISH: orégano brujo, orégano de castillo, orégano de España,<br />
orégano extranjero, orégano orejón<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and young stems <strong>of</strong> this cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed herb are used to<br />
season me<strong>at</strong> or make tea. Various leaf decoctions are used to wash<br />
clo<strong>the</strong>s and hair or tre<strong>at</strong> bronchitis and asthma.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Malaya or Indonesia, cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong><br />
neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bh<strong>at</strong> 1994, Facciola 1990, Houaiss 1982, Leung 1961, MBG<br />
n.d., Morton 1976a, Omawale 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974, Voeks<br />
1997<br />
Plukenetia volubilis L.<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: Inca peanut, mountain peanut, sacha peanut<br />
PORTUGUESE: amendoim-de-Inka, falso-amendoim, ticazo, ticazo-cipóda-Colômbia<br />
SPANISH: amuio, maní del monte, maní estrella, sacha inche, sacha<br />
inchi, sacha yuchi, supua<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted like peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)<br />
and are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> an edible quality oil considered to have<br />
commercial promise. Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lesser Antilles, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa<br />
Rica, Panama, Amazonian Colombia to Bolivia, Amazonian Brazil,<br />
<strong>the</strong> Guianas, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Dodson and Gentry 1978, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Hokche<br />
et al. 2008, Foster 1958, Funk et al. 2007, Krivankova et al.<br />
2007, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., Peréz et al. 2005, Sa<strong>the</strong> et al.<br />
2002, Soukup 1970, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, Webster and Huft 1988<br />
Plumeria rubra L.<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
ENGLISH: frangipani, pagoda tree, temple flower, temple tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: jasmim-manga<br />
SPANISH: franchipán, frangipán, flor de mayo<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are edible and used for tea. Also medicinal and<br />
ceremonial to Buddhists.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical mainland<br />
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REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993,<br />
Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Sommeijer et al.<br />
n.d.<br />
Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) Sweet<br />
FAMILY: Podocarpaceae (podocarpus) or Taxaceae (yew)<br />
ENGLISH: big-leaf podocarp, Japanese yew, plum pine, yew plum-pine,<br />
yew podocarpus<br />
SPANISH: cobola, pino<br />
USES/NOTES: S<strong>of</strong>t, juicy, dark purple arils are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or in<br />
baked goods. Also a popular landscape hedge in warm regions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Japan, Taiwan, and sou<strong>the</strong>astern China, locally<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized in warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: de Laubenfels 1985, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Tanaka 1976, W<strong>at</strong>kins<br />
and Sheehan 1975<br />
Podocarpus macrostachys Parl. [syn. P. oleifolius var. macrostachys<br />
(Parl.) J. Buchholz & N.E. Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Podocarpaceae (podocarpus) or Taxaceae (yew)<br />
SPANISH: cobola, pinete, pino romerón<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia to Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: de Laubenfels 1985, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973<br />
Podophyllum pelt<strong>at</strong>um L.<br />
FAMILY: Berberidaceae (barberry)<br />
ENGLISH: American mandrake, American mayapple, mandrake, mayapple,<br />
wild lemon<br />
PORTUGUESE: limão-bravo<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe, yellow to somewh<strong>at</strong> purplish, round fruits <strong>of</strong> this<br />
perennial herb are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or in jellies. Leaves, roots, seeds,<br />
and unripe green fruits contain poisonous compounds useful in<br />
producing, anti-cancer medicines.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Gibbons 1962, Moraes et al. 2000, Neumann n.d., Taylor<br />
1998, Tomikel 1986, Tull 1978, Turner and Szczawinski 1979<br />
Pogogyne douglasii subsp. parviflora (Benth.) Howell [syn. P.<br />
parviflora Benth.]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds have been used to flavor pinole, and leaves for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: p<strong>at</strong>chouli, p<strong>at</strong>chouly, p<strong>at</strong>chuli<br />
PORTUGUESE: p<strong>at</strong>chuli<br />
SPANISH: pachulí<br />
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USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to season foods, and its arom<strong>at</strong>ic oil is<br />
used to flavor foods or scent perfumes, cosmetics, and soap.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Morton 1976a, Usher 1974<br />
Polian<strong>the</strong>s tuberosa L.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) previously<br />
Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: tuberose<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible flowers are used as a flavoring agent. Grown<br />
primarily today for fragrant flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropics<br />
REFERENCES: Davidse et al. 1994, Lott and García-Mendoza 1994,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Standley and Steyermark 1952a, Steinkraus 1983,<br />
Tanaka 1976<br />
Poliomintha incana (Torrey in Emory) A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: rosemary mint<br />
USES/NOTES: Hopi <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> plant raw or boiled. Flowers are used to<br />
season food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Kirk 1970, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Poliomintha longiflora A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: Mexican oregano<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic leaves are used as a spice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, L<strong>at</strong>tore and L<strong>at</strong>orre 1977<br />
Polyandrococos caudescens (Mart.) Barb. Rodr.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bori, buri<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits and seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en infrequently.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Brazil from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Voeks 1996<br />
Polygala nitida Brandegee var. lithophila (Blake) Wendt.<br />
FAMILY: Polygalaceae (milkwort)<br />
SPANISH: tsakam tsak mokok<br />
USES/NOTES: Swollen roots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984<br />
Polygon<strong>at</strong>um biflorum (Walter) Elliott<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: small Solomon’s seal, Solomon’s seal<br />
USES/NOTES: Rhizomes and young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S.<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Polygon<strong>at</strong>um biflorum var. commut<strong>at</strong>um (Schultes & Schultes f.) Morong<br />
[syn. P. commut<strong>at</strong>um (Schultes & Schultes f.) A. Dietr., P.<br />
giganteum A. Dietr.]<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: gre<strong>at</strong> Solomon’s seal<br />
USES/NOTES: Rhizomes are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America and temper<strong>at</strong>e Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Polygonum amphibium L. var. emersum Michaux [syn. P. coccineum<br />
Muhlenb. ex Willd., P. muehlenbergii S. W<strong>at</strong>son]<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: knotweed, w<strong>at</strong>er snakeweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Sioux Indians <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> shoots. Seeds appear <strong>of</strong>ten in<br />
archaeological sites.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kindscher 1987<br />
Polygonum aviculare L.<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: knotweed, pinkweed, smartweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a spice, however intestinal irrit<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
may result by e<strong>at</strong>ing as a salad or cooked vegetable. Seeds have<br />
been used for pinole.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Tull 1978, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Polygonum bistortoides Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: American bistort, bistort, English serpentary, snakeroot,<br />
western bistort<br />
PORTUGUESE: bistorta<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb and starchy roots are used in<br />
soups.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Polygonum cuspid<strong>at</strong>um Sieb. & Zucc. [syn. Reynoutria japonica Houtt.]<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: Japanese knotweed, knotweed, Mexican bamboo<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots are used as a salad or cooked green, though<br />
<strong>the</strong>y can cause intestinal irrit<strong>at</strong>ion, stems can be made into jelly,<br />
and roots are edible cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East Asia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967,<br />
Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986<br />
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Polygonum douglasii E. Greene<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae<br />
ENGLISH: Douglas knotweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are made into flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Polygonum persicaria L. [syn. Persicaria vulgaris Webb & Moq.]<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: heartweed, lady’s thumb, red leg, smartweed<br />
PORTUGUESE: persicária<br />
USES/NOTES: Tender greens are added to salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Polygonum viviparum L. [syn. P. fugax Small, Bistorta vivipara (L.)<br />
S.F. Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: alpine bistort, alpine smartweed, serpent grass, viviparous<br />
bistort<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a po<strong>the</strong>rb, small flower buds are<br />
nibbled, and small starchy rhizomes are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arctic and high alpine areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> north<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Polymnia sonchifolia Poeppig & Endl. [syn. P. edulis Wedd.]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: jiquima, yacon, yacon strawberry<br />
SPANISH: ajipa, arboloco, aricoma, aricona, asipa, jacón, llacjón,<br />
llacón, llakuma, llamón, jícama, jíkima, jíquima, jíquimilla, puhe,<br />
yacón, yacuma<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in Andean home gardens from Colombia to<br />
northwestern Argentina for its crisp, white tubers, e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or<br />
uncooked. Stems are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable and are an alcohol source.<br />
Much potential for expansion.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North-central Andes from nor<strong>the</strong>rn Peru and Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1969, Estrella 1991, Mabberley 1987, N<strong>at</strong>ional<br />
Research Council 1989, Rehm and Espig 1991, Soukup 1970, Vietmeyer<br />
1992<br />
Polypodium aureum [syn. P. areol<strong>at</strong>um Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., P.<br />
leuc<strong>at</strong>omos Poir., Phlebodium aureum (L.) J.Sm.] also P.<br />
polypodioides (L.) W<strong>at</strong>t<br />
FAMILY: Polypodiaceae (polypody)<br />
SPANISH: canahuala, helecho, palmita, polipodio<br />
USES/NOTES: An unidentified plant part is added to tesgüino.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Stolze 1981, Torres n.d., Trujano 1990<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Polypodium glycyrrhiza D. E<strong>at</strong>on<br />
FAMILY: Polypodiaceae (polypody)<br />
ENGLISH: licorice fern<br />
USES/NOTES: Liquorice-flavored rhizomes have been e<strong>at</strong>en by<br />
Amerindians.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North American Pacific coast from Alaska to central<br />
California and Asian Pacific coast<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1993, Mabberley 1987<br />
Poncirus trifoli<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Raf.<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: hardy orange, mock orange, trifoli<strong>at</strong>e orange<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow fruit’s bitter pulp is rarely used as a flavoring<br />
agent, and rinds are e<strong>at</strong>en candied.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in o<strong>the</strong>r warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Nelson 1994, Simmons 1972,<br />
Tanaka 1976<br />
Pontederia cord<strong>at</strong>a L. [syn. P. lanceol<strong>at</strong>a Nutt.]<br />
FAMILY: Pontederiaceae (w<strong>at</strong>er hyacinth)<br />
ENGLISH: pickerelweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, roasted, or ground to make cereal or<br />
flour, and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern temper<strong>at</strong>e North America to <strong>the</strong> Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1972, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker 1979,<br />
Tomikel 1986, Tull 1978, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Populus alba L.<br />
FAMILY: Salicaceae (willow)<br />
ENGLISH: white poplar<br />
PORTUGUESE: álamo, choupo-branco<br />
SPANISH: álamo blanco<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried inner bark is ground into flour for bread or cut<br />
into strips and e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked in soup.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Grupo de Comunicação Três 1998, Tomikel 1986<br />
Populus deltoides subsp. wislizeni (S. W<strong>at</strong>son) Eckenwalder [syn. P.<br />
wislizeni (S. W<strong>at</strong>son) Sarg.]<br />
FAMILY: Salicaceae (willow)<br />
ENGLISH: cottonwood, Rio Grande cottonwood<br />
PORTUGUESE: choupo<br />
SPANISH: álamo<br />
USES/NOTES: Pueblo people have e<strong>at</strong>en <strong>the</strong> c<strong>at</strong>kins. Inner bark, buds,<br />
and seeds also are said to be edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colorado through Texas and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: PFAF n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Populus grandident<strong>at</strong>a Michaux<br />
FAMILY: Salicaceae (willow)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
ENGLISH: bigtooth aspen, Canadian aspen, large-too<strong>the</strong>d aspen<br />
USES/NOTES: Cambium has been e<strong>at</strong>en boiled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Populus tremuloides Michaux<br />
FAMILY: Salicaceae (willow)<br />
ENGLISH: quaking aspen<br />
USES/NOTES: Sap and inner bark are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Munz 1974,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Poraqueiba guianensis Aubl.<br />
FAMILY: Icacinaceae (icacina)<br />
PORTUGUESE: mari, umari<br />
SPANISH: umarí<br />
USES/NOTES: Oily fruits are edible. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed beyond its n<strong>at</strong>ural<br />
range in nor<strong>the</strong>astern Peru and likely elsewhere.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern and north-central Amazonian Brazil, <strong>the</strong><br />
Guianas, probably sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, and perhaps beyond to<br />
Chiriquí, Panama<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Shanley and Medina 2005, Vásquez 1997<br />
Poraqueiba paraensis Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Icacinaceae (icacina)<br />
PORTUGUESE: mari, mari-gordo, umari, umari-amarelo<br />
SPANISH: guacurí, humarí, marí, nemote, umarí, umarí amarillo, umarí<br />
rojo<br />
USES/NOTES: Orange-yellowish, generally oblong, oily fruits are<br />
esteemed regionally for <strong>the</strong>ir fleshy mesocarps, e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand<br />
or fermented. Mesocarps also are a cooking oil source. Widely<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed trees have become scarce in <strong>the</strong> wild.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and central Amazonia to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela,<br />
perhaps into sou<strong>the</strong>astern Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), MBG n.d.,<br />
Peret 1985, Shanley and Medina 2005, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Poraqueiba sericea Tul.<br />
FAMILY: Icacinaceae (icacina)<br />
PORTUGUESE: mari, mari-gordo, mari-preto, umari<br />
SPANISH: humarí, marí negro, umarí, umarí negro<br />
USES/NOTES: Brownish, generally oblong, oily fruits are esteemed<br />
regionally for <strong>the</strong>ir fleshy mesocarps, especially around Iquitos,<br />
Peru, e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or fermented. Mesocarps also are a cooking<br />
oil source, used to fry fish. Leaves are made into a medicinal tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and western Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Ducke 1946, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE<br />
1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Peret 1985, Shanley and Medina 2005, Silva<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
et al. 1977, Soukup 1970, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, von Reis<br />
Altschul 1973, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982<br />
Porcelia nitidifolia Ruiz & Pavón<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Bolivia and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Porcelia ponderosa (Rusby) Rusby [syn. P. saffordiana Rusby]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: <strong>at</strong>a-amarela, <strong>at</strong>a-brava, manga-de-anta<br />
USES/NOTES: Large fruits, sometimes reaching 30 kilograms, are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Bolivia, Peru, and adjacent Brazil (st<strong>at</strong>e <strong>of</strong> Acre)<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 1987, Mabberley<br />
1987, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Porophyllum ruderale var. macrocepholum (DC.) Cronq. [syn. P.<br />
ruderale subsp. macrocepholum (DC.) R.R. Johnson]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
SPANISH: mithith, papaloquelite<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is e<strong>at</strong>en with tortillas and sold in local markets <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> San Andrés Tuxtlas region <strong>of</strong> Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arizona through Mexico, Central America, and tropical<br />
South America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997<br />
Portulaca oleracea L. [syn. P. retusa Engelm.]<br />
FAMILY: Portulacaceae (purslane)<br />
ENGLISH: common purslane, hog bhajee, purslane, pursley, pussley,<br />
verdolagas<br />
PORTUGUESE: beldroega, beldroega-da-horta, beldroega-pequena,<br />
beldroega-vermelha, berdolaga, berdorrega, berduega, bredo-deporco,<br />
caaponga, ora-pro-nobis, porcelana, salgadeira, verdolaga<br />
SPANISH: llutuyuyu, verdolaga<br />
USES/NOTES: Young stems and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en like spinach (Spinacia<br />
oleracea) and are taken medicinally, usually as tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps Eurasia, possibly to Western North<br />
America, now cosmopolitan<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1992, Estrella 1991, Foster and<br />
Cordell 1992, Guia Rural 1990, Honychurch 1980, IBGE 1980,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Portulaca pilosa L.<br />
FAMILY: Portulacaceae (purslane)<br />
ENGLISH: hairy portulaca, shaggy purslane<br />
PORTUGUESE: alecrim-de-São-José, amor-crescido, beldroega, caaponga,<br />
flor-de-um-dia, perrexi<br />
SPANISH: amor de un r<strong>at</strong>o, flor de mediodía, flor de once<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or prepared as a medicinal<br />
tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S. to South America, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Alcorn 1984, Carneiro Martins 1989,<br />
Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Nellis 1994<br />
Posoqueria l<strong>at</strong>ifolia Roemer & Schultes<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: monkey apple, Brazilian oak<br />
PORTUGUESE: jazmín-de-monte<br />
SPANISH: boca de vieja, fruta de mono, huitillo, sacha huito<br />
USES/NOTES: Golf-ball sized yellow fruit’s aril is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to Panama Canal region<br />
REFERENCES: CTFS n.d., Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola<br />
1990, Martin et al. 1987, von Reis Altschul 1983<br />
Posoqueria longifolia Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
SPANISH: kamadani<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, yellow fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Pérez-Arbeláez 1956, Renner et al. 1990<br />
Potalia amara Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Loganiaceae (butterfly-bush) or Potaliaceae<br />
PORTUGUESE: anabi, pau-de-cobra<br />
SPANISH: curarina, sacha curarina<br />
USES/NOTES: Reportedly e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Chácobo <strong>of</strong> Bolivia. Also many<br />
medicinal uses including snake bite tre<strong>at</strong>ment.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Ayales Flores 1984, Boom 1989, Mabberley 1987, Renner et<br />
al. 1990, Silva et al. 1977, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Potamogeton n<strong>at</strong>ans L.<br />
FAMILY: Potamogetonaceae (pondweed)<br />
ENGLISH: fishweed, pondweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Rhizomes are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e to warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Potamogeton pectin<strong>at</strong>us L.<br />
FAMILY: Potamogetonaceae (pondweed)<br />
ENGLISH: fennel-leaf pondweed, sago pondweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: brackish or limy w<strong>at</strong>ers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn and eastern<br />
U.S. to South America, Africa, and Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967<br />
Potentilla anserina L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
ENGLISH: argentine, cinquefoil, five-finger grass, five-leaf grass,<br />
goose grass, goose tansy, moor grass, silverweed, silverweed<br />
cinquefoil<br />
PORTUGUESE: ansarinha<br />
USES/NOTES: Rhizomes may be e<strong>at</strong>en raw, boiled, fried, or roasted, and<br />
are said to taste like like ei<strong>the</strong>r parsnips (Pastinaca s<strong>at</strong>iva) or<br />
sweet pot<strong>at</strong>oes (Ipomoea b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>as). Roots also are e<strong>at</strong>en candied and<br />
leaves are made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker<br />
1979, Harrington 1967, Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Potentilla erecta (L.) Raüsch.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: tormentil<br />
PORTUGUESE: potentila<br />
USES/NOTES: Rhizomes have been used like tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, introduced in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Potentilla glandulosa Lindley<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: cinquefoil<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves were boiled to make a drink by Amerindians on <strong>the</strong><br />
west coast <strong>of</strong> North America.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Poulsenia arm<strong>at</strong>a (Miq.) Standley<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: chanchama<br />
SPANISH: cocuá, corocho, tachiore<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Bark fibers are used for cloth.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Ecuador,<br />
Peru, Bolivia, and western Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Renner et al. 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Poupartia amazonica Ducke [syn. Antrocaryon amazonicum (Ducke) B.L.<br />
Burtt and A.W. Hill]<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cedro-branco, cedrorana, fruta-de-cedro, jacaicá,<br />
taperebá-açu, taperebá-cedro, yacá-yacá<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy mesocarp <strong>of</strong> this huge tree’s yellow-skinned fruit is<br />
edible, typically used in refreshing beverages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Silva et al. 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
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Pourouma acumin<strong>at</strong>a Mart. ex Miq.<br />
FAMILY: Cecropiaceae (cecropia or tree grape), previously Moraceae<br />
(mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: imbaúba-puruma, map<strong>at</strong>i<br />
SPANISH: sacha uvilla, uvilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Berg et al. 1990, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Pourouma bicolor Mart. subsp. bicolor [syn. P. schultesii Cu<strong>at</strong>rec.]<br />
FAMILY: Cecropiaceae (cecropia or tree grape), previously Moraceae<br />
(mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: garguaba, imbaúba, imbaúbarana, map<strong>at</strong>irana, tamaoquare,<br />
torém-abac<strong>at</strong>e<br />
SPANISH: caimarón de mico, cay-bari-cay, cirpe hembra, cirpe macho,<br />
cormi, cucura, cucure, paú shuina, sarasara, sirpe hembra, sirpe<br />
macho, uva de monte, uva menueda<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Berg et al. 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Pourouma bicolor Mart. subsp. tessmannii (Mildbr.) C. Berg & van<br />
Heusden [syn. P. tessmannii Mildbr.]<br />
FAMILY: Cecropiaceae (cecropia or tree grape), previously Moraceae<br />
(mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: shuiya, tanta shuiya, tentar shuina, uva de monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru and Ecuador and western Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Berg et al. 1990<br />
Pourouma cecropiifolia Mart. [syn. P. sapida Karsten]<br />
FAMILY: Cecropiaceae (cecropia or tree grape), previously Moraceae<br />
(mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: Amazon grape, Amazon tree grape, grape tree, uvilla<br />
PORTUGUESE: ambaúba-do-vinho, ambaúva-mansa, cucura, cucuva, embaúba,<br />
imbaúba, imbaúba-do-vinho, imbaúba-mansa, imbaúba-de-cheiro,<br />
inbaúba, map<strong>at</strong>i, purumã, purumã-í, sucuba, sucuúba, tararangapreta,<br />
uva<br />
SPANISH: baacohe, caimarón, caimarón guarumo, caimarón silvestre,<br />
caime, caimurro, camuirro, chimiqua, cocura, cucura, guarumo,<br />
gurucaná, hiye, joyahiye, puruma, quëxquixauini, sadajii, sacha<br />
uvilla, sirpe, suia, tanaribe, ubilla, uva, uva caimarona, uva del<br />
monte, uva silvestre, uvilla, uvo, xaquit<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its pleasant tasting, grape-like<br />
fruit, e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or made into beverages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and<br />
Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Balick 1985, Berg et al. 1990, Berg and Rosselli 1993,<br />
Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Clement et al.<br />
1982, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Morton<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
601
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
1987a, Posey 1984, Schultes 1977b, Silva et al. 1977, Soukup 1970,<br />
Vásquez and Gentry 1989<br />
Pourouma guianensis Aublet subsp. guianensis<br />
FAMILY: Cecropiaceae (cecropia or tree grape), previously Moraceae<br />
(mulberry)<br />
ENGLISH: buruma, sandpaper<br />
PORTUGUESE: amap<strong>at</strong>i, embaúba-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, embaúba-lixa, imbaúba-torém,<br />
imbaúbarana, itararanga, lixa-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, map<strong>at</strong>i, pau-de-jacu, sucuba,<br />
tararanga-branca, torém-folha-de-lixa<br />
SPANISH: amía-yek, chaparro de agua, papaquillo, papaya del monte,<br />
sacha ubilla, uvilla, uvilla blanca, shuiyá, tacona bacalau<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Humid tropical South America from Venezuela to Brazil<br />
and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989, Berg et al. 1990, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, IBGE 1980, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Pourouma herrerensis C. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Cecropiaceae (cecropia or tree grape), previously Moraceae<br />
(mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: sacha ubilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Berg et al. 1990, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Pourouma minor Benoist<br />
FAMILY: Cecropiaceae (cecropia or tree grape), previously Moraceae<br />
(mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: torém, torém-abac<strong>at</strong>e<br />
SPANISH: majagua, sacha ubilla, shuvija, uvilla, uva silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: Berg et al. 1990, Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Pourouma mollis Trécul subsp. mollis<br />
FAMILY: Cecropiaceae (cecropia or tree grape), previously Moraceae<br />
(mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ama’yrary, imbaúba, imbaúbarana-vermelha, map<strong>at</strong>irana, saouro,<br />
tararanga, tararanga-vermelha, uva-de-macaco<br />
SURINAMESE: boroma<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guianas and tropical Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989, Berg et al. 1990<br />
Pourouma tomentosa Miq. subsp. tomentosa<br />
FAMILY: Cecropiaceae (cecropia or tree grape), previously Moraceae<br />
(mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ambaúba-do-vinho, imbaúba-do-vinho<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
602
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
SPANISH: chiricaba, cocora, cocora montanera, cucura, paú shuina, paú<br />
shuiya, sacha uvilla, uva de monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and<br />
Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Berg et al. 1990<br />
Pourouma villosa Trécul [syn. P. laevis Benoist]<br />
FAMILY: Cecropiaceae (cecropia or tree grape), previously Moraceae<br />
(mulberry)<br />
FRENCH: bois canon, papaye<br />
PORTUGUESE: embaúba-branca, imbaúba-benguê, imbaúba-branca, imbaúbade-cheiro-uvilha<br />
SPANISH: uva de monte<br />
SURINAMESE: boroma, kobé, manbospapaja, pourouma, puruma, yarayara<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador and Brazil to French Guiana and<br />
Surinam<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Berg et al. 1990<br />
Pouteria amygdalicarpa (Pittier) Penn. [syn. Sideroxylon<br />
amygdalicarpum Pittier]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: chupón, chupón colorado, níspero colorado, níspero monte,<br />
níspero zapote, sapotillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela, to 1,250<br />
meters<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990, Steyermark et al.<br />
1995<br />
Pouteria arguacoensium (Karsten) Baehni [syn. Lucuma arguacoensium<br />
Karsten]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: manzana, manzano, nawe<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and similar in taste to <strong>the</strong> unrel<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Magdalena Valley, Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Pouteria bilocularis (Winkler) Baehni<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: moraballi<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana<br />
SPANISH: gallo runto, quinilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guianas and Amazonian Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia,<br />
Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
603
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Pouteria bull<strong>at</strong>a (S. Moore) Baehni<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria butyrocarpa (Kuhlm.) Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cupão, fruta de manteiga, pão-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit reportedly is delicious. Cotyledons have a high oil<br />
content and may have potential commercial value.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Bahia and Espírito Santo, Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pavón) Radlk. [syn. P. laurifolia (Gomes)<br />
Radlk., Achras caimito Ruiz & Pavón, Lab<strong>at</strong>ia caimito (Ruiz & Pavón)<br />
Mart., Lucuma caimito Roemer & Schultes, Lucuma lasiocarpa (Mart.)<br />
A. DC. in DC., Lucuma laurifolia (Gomes) DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: asipoka, asipokoballi, canistel, egg fruit, yellow star<br />
apple<br />
PORTUGUESE: abeiro, abi, abiu, abiurana, abiurana-aquariquara,<br />
abiurana-do-caranzal, abiurana-seca, abiurana-vermelho, caimito,<br />
guapeba, ymaad<br />
SPANISH: abio, abiú, árbol de purma, auinaquina, caimitillo, caimito,<br />
caimo, cajui, cajure, canistel, cauje, caimitillo, madura verde,<br />
melaito, purgo, quëo, quinilla, quinilla caimitillo, sacha<br />
quinilla, temara, temare, temare amarillo, temari, temure, toa,<br />
tocino caimito, yarazo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is considered among <strong>the</strong> best tasting sapotaceous<br />
fruits, though sticky l<strong>at</strong>ex makes it somewh<strong>at</strong> difficult to e<strong>at</strong>.<br />
Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed, especially around homes, and sold in markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps from Costa Rica through Amazonia, to<br />
coastal Brazil, perhaps first cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in eastern Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Branch and Silva 1983,<br />
Cavalcante 1991, Clement 1989, Ducke 1946, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Guia Rural n.d., Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, Morton 1987a,<br />
Pennington 1990, Popenoe 1974, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni [syn. Lucuma campechiana Kunth,<br />
L. nervosa A. DC., L. palmeri Fern., L. salicifolia Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: canistel, egg fruit, jácana, mamee ciruela, Mexican<br />
sapodilla, yellow sapote<br />
PORTUGUESE: caimito<br />
SPANISH: caca de niño, caimitillo, caimito de monte, caniste, caniste<br />
zapotillo, caniste zapotillo blanco, canistel, fruta huevo, huevo<br />
vegetal, huicón, guacamo, guicume, huecamo, huecome nisperillo,<br />
huicame, huicume, kakixo, kanixte, lucuma, macuá, mante, narraco,<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
604
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
nisperillo, ocotillo, sapote amarillo, sarocloco, trompillo, zapote<br />
amarillo, zapote blanco, zapote borracho, zapote de niño, zapote<br />
t<strong>at</strong>ú, zapotillo, zapotillo blanco, zapotillo blanco caniste,<br />
zapuyul<br />
USES/NOTES: Small to large, egg-shaped, yellow fruits, common in<br />
markets throughout its range, are much appreci<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico through Panama, cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Breedlove 1986, Campbell 1984, Duke 1986,<br />
León 1987, Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975, Morton<br />
1987a, OAS 1973, Pennington 1990, Popenoe 1974<br />
Pouteria cayennensis (A. DC.) Eyma<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: amarun-yek<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, Guyana, and French Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria chiricana (Standley) Baehni<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: níspero, níspero colorado, níspero de monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria cladantha Sandw.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: haimara kushi<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana seca, caramuri preto<br />
SPANISH: acuchipuru mira, cacho venado, palo de ardilla, pulguillo,<br />
quinilla caimitillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Venezuela, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and Amazonian Brazil<br />
and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria collina (Little) Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: caimitillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pacific Coast <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Ecuador and Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria cuspid<strong>at</strong>a (A. DC.) Baehni subsp. cuspid<strong>at</strong>a<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: bastard kooteritiballi, courouitaballi, kokeritiballi,<br />
kooteritiballi<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana, abiurana flor miuda, abiurana m<strong>at</strong>am<strong>at</strong>a, jara,<br />
maparajuba de m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
605
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
SPANISH: caimitillo, purguillo felix, taymarito, temare<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, Guyana, and Amazonian<br />
Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria cuspid<strong>at</strong>a (A. DC.) Baehni subsp. robusta (Mart. & Eichler)<br />
Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana, cabecudo, maparajuba<br />
SPANISH: caimitillo, caimito, níspero, temare, yuquito<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Surinam, French Guiana,<br />
and Amazonian Peru and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria dominigensis (Gaertner f.) Baehni subsp. dominigensis [syn.<br />
Lucuma serpentaria Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: jocuma, sapote culebra, sapotillo, siguapa, yema de huevo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, and South Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria durlandii (Standley) Baehni subsp. durlandii<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: asipokoballi, mammey cedera, mammey cederia, plantain stick<br />
SPANISH: caimito blanco, cosahuico, lucumito, zapotilla hoja ancha,<br />
zapotillo, zapotillo blanco<br />
USES/NOTES: Smooth, 2.5 cm long fruit is sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Atlantic Mexico and Central America, Colombia,<br />
Venezuela, Guyana, sou<strong>the</strong>astern Brazil, Amazonian Peru and Bolivia,<br />
and possibly Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997, Salick 1992<br />
Pouteria egregia Sandw.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: kokeritiballi<br />
PORTUGUESE: cururu<br />
SPANISH: purguillo, purguillo amaraillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Succulent, sweet fruits are <strong>of</strong> good quality.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pará, Brazil, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, and<br />
Amazonian Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria elegans (A. DC.) Baehni [syn. Neoxy<strong>the</strong>ce elegans (A. DC.)<br />
Aubrév.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana, cajurana, caramuri, guajará, jaraí, lacrão,<br />
maparajuba, massarandubinha<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
606
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
SPANISH: pico de lombriz, shibwichi<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, whitish fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Brazil, and Venezuela, and Guyana<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria engleri Eyma<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: halchiballi<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guianas and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria filipes Eyma<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: kamahora<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiorana, abiurana<br />
SPANISH: buyero<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern Brazil, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Pouteria fossicola Cronq.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: mamey, mamey de injerto, mamey verde, zapote<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits reportedly are <strong>of</strong> very good quality.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica and Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Pilz 1981, Prance and Mori 1979<br />
Pouteria franciscana Baehni<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiorana-branca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Pouteria gardneri (Mart. & Miq.) Baehni<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: leitero folha miuda, massaranduba vermelha, sapotinha,<br />
tadumo<br />
SPANISH: traponu-icha<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and sou<strong>the</strong>astern Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria gardneriana (A. DC.) Radlk. [syn. P. suavis Hemsley]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: agua, aguai, aguai-guacu, aguai-guaw, aguya, auya<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits reportedly are e<strong>at</strong>en in Uruguay and Paraguay, yet<br />
also are reported as poisonous.<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Brazil from Piauí to Rio Grande do Sul,<br />
Uruguay, Paraguay, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria glauca Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: caimito, caimito de mono<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria glomer<strong>at</strong>a (Miq.) Radlk. subsp. glomer<strong>at</strong>a<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiorana, abiorana-do-igapó, abiu, abiu-f<strong>of</strong>o, abiurana,<br />
abiurana-de-igapó, abiurana-de-várzea, abiurana-roxa, coquiranagogo,<br />
maca-de-agua<br />
SPANISH: abio, boquetero, chicosapote, chupon, cojón de verraco, m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
m<strong>at</strong>a caspi, níspero de montaña, pan de la vida, socovite, temare,<br />
tilapo, zapote, zapote prieto, zapotillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Large fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, tropical South America to<br />
Paraguay and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Pouteria glomer<strong>at</strong>a (Miq.) Radlk. subsp. stylosa (Pierre) Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: guayabito, níspero mono<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, to eastern<br />
Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria gomphiifolia (Mart.) Radlk.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana de baixo, abiurana do igapó, abiurana estreita,<br />
abiurana maparajuba, massaranduba<br />
SPANISH: caimitillo, quinilla blanca del bajo, quinilla amarilla,<br />
temarito, temarito rebalsero, temarote rebalsero<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit is said to be edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington 1990, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Pouteria gongrijpii Eyma [syn. Franchetella gongrijpii (Eyma)<br />
Aubrév.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
GUIANAS: akoinsiba, aprahoedoe, bal<strong>at</strong>a poirier, kokeritje balli,<br />
niamboka, pepe boiti, zolive<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiu<br />
SPANISH: quinilla blanca<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Pennington describes <strong>the</strong> range <strong>of</strong> P.<br />
gongrijpii as excluding Peru, yet Pinedo-Vásquez et al. identify<br />
<strong>the</strong> plant as occurring <strong>the</strong>re. Pinedo-Vásquez et al. use <strong>the</strong> common<br />
name quinilla blanca, which is used for o<strong>the</strong>r Sapotaceae species.<br />
Without fur<strong>the</strong>r investig<strong>at</strong>ion, it is difficult to say whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong><br />
quinilla blanca described by Pinedo-Vásquez et al. is P. gongrijpii<br />
or not.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela and Surinam into Amazonian Brazil<br />
and possibly Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Pinedo-Vásquez et al. 1992<br />
Pouteria grandiflora (A. DC.) Baehni<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bapeba, bapeba preta, oisi-toroba, talo fino<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Brazil from Pernambuco to Rio de Janeiro<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria guianensis Aublet [syn. P. tovarensis Klotzsch & Karsten ex<br />
Engl., Lucuma huallagae Standley ex L.O. Williams]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: asepoko, asipoko, kamahora<br />
FRENCH: zolive<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiu, abiurana, abiurana abiu, abiurana casca fina,<br />
abiurana gigante, abiurana sabia, caoquirana caranazal, gutta<br />
percha<br />
SPANISH: bal<strong>at</strong>a, bayastillo, caimito, caimito morado, caimitillo,<br />
carrizalero, huangana caspi, juan colorado, mamurillo, níspero de<br />
monte, purvio amarillo, quinilla blanca, uchpa quinilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruit is similar to P. caimito.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian and north coastal Brazil, Amazonian Peru, <strong>the</strong><br />
Guianas, and Trinidad<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Martin<br />
et al. 1987, Pennington 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Pouteria hispida Eyma<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: kamahora<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana, abiurana braba, abiurana caramuri<br />
SPANISH: caimito amarillo, caimito negro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela and <strong>the</strong> Guianas through Amazonian Brazil to<br />
Amazonian Peru and Bolivia, and sou<strong>the</strong>astern Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992, Steyermark<br />
et al. 1995<br />
Pouteria hypoglauca (Standley) Baehni<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: pan de la vida, zapote blanco, zocohuite<br />
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USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp <strong>of</strong> this increasingly rare, cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed species<br />
is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, and perhaps El Salvador<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Breedlove 1986, León 1987, Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria jariensis Pires & Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
FRENCH: zolive<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiu, guajará<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil to French Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria laevig<strong>at</strong>a (Mart.) Radlk.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana, abiurana da casca grossa, abiuran sapota,<br />
caramuri, caucho<br />
SPANISH: árbol de churuco, caimitillo, caramury caucho, pendare<br />
rebalsero, quina quina blanca, shiringa arana<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Peru, and Brazil, to French Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria lucuma (Ruiz & Pavón) Kuntze [syn. P. insignis Baehni,<br />
Achras lucuma Ruiz & Pavón, Lucuma bifera Molina, L. obov<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Kunth., L. turbin<strong>at</strong>a Molina, Richardella lucuma (Ruiz & Pavón)<br />
Aubrév.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: lucuma<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana<br />
SPANISH: logma, lohma, louma, lucma, lucmo, lúcuma, lucumo, lugma,<br />
maco, mamón, rucma, sapote mamei<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed centuries for its highly esteemed large (to 12<br />
cm long), fruits, which are sold in markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andes from Colombia to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Estrella 1991, León 1987, Morton 1987a,<br />
N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989, OAS 1973, Pennington 1990, Popenoe<br />
1974, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Pouteria macrocarpa (Mart.) Dietr. [syn. Lab<strong>at</strong>ia macrocarpa Mart.,<br />
Lucuma paraensis Standley]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiu grande, abiurana cutitiribá, cabeça-de-macaco,<br />
cortica, cutitiribá, cutitiribá-amarelo, genipapo, t<strong>at</strong>uruba<br />
SPANISH: caimito brasileño, lucuma<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are said to be e<strong>at</strong>en in Brazil, but also poisonous<br />
in Colombia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica, Colombia, and Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Pennigton 1990, Silva et al. 1977<br />
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Pouteria macrophylla (Lam.) Eyma [syn. Chrysophyllum macrophyllum<br />
Lam., Lucuma rivicola Gaertner f., Richardella macrophylla (Lam.)<br />
Aubrév., R. rivicoa (Gaertner f.) Pierre, Vitellaria rivicola<br />
(Gaertner f.) Radlk.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: bully tree, choky apple, egg fruit<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiorana-preta, abiurana, acara-uba, banana-da-m<strong>at</strong>a,<br />
curiti, cutite, cutitiribá, cutitirabá-grande, cutité-tiribá, oititiribá,<br />
sapotilha, t<strong>at</strong>aruba, tutiribá, tuturubá, uititiriba<br />
SPANISH: caimitillo, caimito del monte, caimo, canistel, coquino,<br />
jacana, lucma, lucuma, sapotilla, siguapa, soroclocco, trompillo,<br />
yema-de-huevo<br />
USES/NOTES: Potentially large (to 6 cm), arom<strong>at</strong>ic, starchy fruits are<br />
sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Surinam and French Guiana to Amazonian and coastal<br />
Brazil and Amazonian Bolivia and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE<br />
1980, Martin et al. 1987, Pennigton 1990, Posey 1984, Smith et al.<br />
1992, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Pouteria maguirei (Aubrév.) Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: cabeza de baba, palo de babilla, temare rebalsero<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela and adjacent Brazil, upper Rio Negro<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria multiflora (A. DC.) Eyma [syn. P. carabobensis Pittier, P.<br />
macrocarpa (Huber) Baehni, Lucuma macrocarpa Huber, Lucuma<br />
multiflora A. DC., Radlk<strong>of</strong>erella macrocarpa (Huber) Aublet,<br />
Vitellaria multiflora (A. DC.) Radlk.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: bully tree, chuky apple, galimento, penny piece, savana<br />
bully tree, white bully tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: cutite-grande, cutitiribá, cutitiribá grande<br />
SPANISH: caimitillo, caimito, caimito del monte, chupón torito,<br />
galimenta, garcigonzalez, jacana, kaashi bar<strong>at</strong>ji, lengua de vaca,<br />
lengevaco, logma, lucuma, lucma, lucma chuncha, maicillo, mun dupi,<br />
níspero montañero, purguillo negro, soroclocco, taco, trompillo,<br />
zapotillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Large fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Jamaica, Puerto Rico, <strong>the</strong> Lesser Antilles, Panama,<br />
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela, introduced elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin<br />
et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria nemorosa Baehni<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: coquino<br />
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USES/NOTES: Fruits typiaclly are e<strong>at</strong>en preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria opposita (Ducke) Penn. [syn. Chrysophyllum oppositum<br />
(Ducke) Ducke]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiu, caramuri<br />
SPANISH: quinilla amarilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, sweet, yellow fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Pouteria pallida (Gaertner f.) Baehni [syn. Oxy<strong>the</strong>ce fabrilis<br />
Pierre]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: bal<strong>at</strong>a<br />
FRENCH: bal<strong>at</strong>a blanc, bal<strong>at</strong>a chien, bal<strong>at</strong>e, bois bal<strong>at</strong><br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Lesser Antilles<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria pariry (Ducke) Baehni [syn. Eglerodendron pariry (Ducke)<br />
Aubrév. & Pellegrin, Lucuma pariry Ducke]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: frutão, pariri<br />
USES/NOTES: Potentially large, round, green to orange, arom<strong>at</strong>ic, tart<br />
fruit is locally esteemed, e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, with sugar, or used for<br />
beverages. Potentially large tree also is a lumber source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990,<br />
Silva et al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Pouteria penicill<strong>at</strong>a Baehni [syn. Pseudolab<strong>at</strong>ia penicill<strong>at</strong>a (Baehni)<br />
Aubrév.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: fine-leaved kamahora<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guyana and adjacent Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Pennington 1990, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992<br />
Pouteria plic<strong>at</strong>a Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana-do-igapó, abiurana-de-várzea, juturuba<br />
SPANISH: caimitillo, purguillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela, Amazonian and nor<strong>the</strong>astern Brazil, and<br />
Amazonian Peru and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington 1990<br />
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Pouteria polysepala Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiorana-massa<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and Peru and tropical Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Pouteria procera (Mart.) Penn. [syn. Lucuma procera Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana-cascuda, caramuri-de-várzea, maçaranduba-devárzea,<br />
maparajuba, mucuri<br />
SPANISH: cacaito, caimito, caimito colorado, caimitillo, chupón,<br />
quina quina, quinilla blanca, quinilla de bajo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Venezuela to Amazonian Bolivia and Brazil,<br />
and coastal Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington<br />
1990, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk. [syn. Lucuma parviflora Benth.ex<br />
Miq. in Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiu, abiu carriola, abiu do campo, curiola, graos de<br />
galho, guajará, guapeva currioloa, ibocoixa, mandapuca,<br />
maçaranduba, maçaranduba-vermelha, maçarandubinha, muira pixi,<br />
pitomba de leite<br />
USES/NOTES: Small greenish-yellow fruit’s pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en in jelly and<br />
blended beverages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and Bolivia to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil and<br />
Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990, Silva and Tassara<br />
1996<br />
Pouteria reticul<strong>at</strong>a (Engl.) Eyma subsp. reticul<strong>at</strong>a [syn. P.<br />
unilocularis (Donn. Sm.) Baehni]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: wild cherry<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiu, abiurana, abiurana branca, abirurana cascuda,<br />
abiurana folha estreita, abiurana preta, bapeba, fruta de r<strong>at</strong>o,<br />
guapeva vermehla<br />
SPANISH: anumu, caimitillo, nisperito, níspero zapote, nopotapeste,<br />
quina quina, quinilla blanca, quinilla de fruto negro, tushmo<br />
amarillo, zap<strong>at</strong>illo, zap<strong>at</strong>illo negro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fleshy fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Central America, and tropical South<br />
America to Bolivia and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington<br />
1990<br />
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Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stern [syn. P. mammosa (L.)<br />
Cronq., Achras mammosa L. nomen illegit., Calocarpum mammosum (L.)<br />
Pierre, Calocarpum sapota (Jacq.) Merr., Lucuma mammosa A. DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: mamey, mamey apple, mammee zapote, marmalade fruit,<br />
marmalade plum, red sapote, sapote<br />
PORTUGUESE: mamey, sapota, sapote<br />
SPANISH: chachaas, chachalhaas, guaicume, lava-zapote, mamey, mamey<br />
colorado, mamey de tierra, mamey m<strong>at</strong>a serrana, mamey rojo, mamey<br />
sapote, mamey-zapote, pixtle, sapota, sapote, sapote colorado,<br />
sapote de montaña, tezón-zapote, zapote, zapote colorado, zapote de<br />
carne, zapote de tierra, zapote grande, zapote mamey, zapotillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or preserved and are highly<br />
esteemed, l<strong>at</strong>ex has been used with chicle for chewing gum, and<br />
toasted and ground seeds, reminiscent <strong>of</strong> almonds, are used in<br />
sauces, sometimes added to chocol<strong>at</strong>e in parts <strong>of</strong> Mexico and Central<br />
America. Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and sold in markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Humid lowlands <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Gu<strong>at</strong>emala and<br />
Honduras, possibly to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Nicaragua, widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Coe 1994, Gregory 1960, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Leung 1961, Leving 1961, Morton 1987a, Mowry et al. 1967, Naranjo<br />
1991, OAS 1973, Pennington 1990, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig 1991,<br />
Smith et al. 1992, Standley 1931, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982,<br />
Will 1991<br />
Pouteria simulans Monach.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: anumu, purgo macho, trompillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en locally in Anzoátegui, Venezuela.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, MBG n.d., Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria speciosa (Ducke) Baehni [syn. Lucuma speciosa Ducke,<br />
Richardella speciosa (Ducke) Aubrév.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pajurá, pajurá-de-Óbidos<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp, similar to th<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong> Couepia bracteosa, is e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
fresh or made into an alcoholic beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guyana, French Guiana, and Pará, Brazil, possibly to<br />
Surinam, and an isol<strong>at</strong>ed popul<strong>at</strong>ion in Amazonian Colombia<br />
REFERENCE: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et. al. 1987, Pennington 1990,<br />
Silva et al. 1977<br />
Pouteria splendens (A. DC.) Kuntze [syn. Lucuma valparadisea Molina]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: lucuma, lucumo, palo colorado<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Chile<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria surumuensis Baehni<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: bakupar<br />
PORTUGUESE: cucutiriba, cutitiba, goiti<br />
SPANISH: makararo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and sou<strong>the</strong>astern Venezuela, Guyana, and<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk. subsp. glabra Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: asipoko, broad-leaved asipokoballi<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiorana-preta, abiurana, abiurana caranazal, abiurana<br />
gutta, coquirana do igapó, tchutchú-bem-púm<br />
SPANISH: bampara amarilla, caimitillo, caimito, caimito coto<br />
colorado, canalete aragu<strong>at</strong>o, cuimasao, quina quina, quinilla,<br />
quinilla blanca, sacha caimito, sapotina<br />
USES/NOTES: M<strong>at</strong>ure fruit reportedly is sweet. Formerly a gutta l<strong>at</strong>ex<br />
source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guianas to Colombia, south to Bolivia, and Amazonian<br />
Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk. subsp. torta [syn. Lucuma torta<br />
(Mart.) A. DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cabo-de-machado, guapeba, guapeva<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and coastal Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk. subsp. tubercul<strong>at</strong>a (Sleumer) Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana-de-goma<br />
SPANISH: dupi, quinilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Hairy fruit’s pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Shuar <strong>of</strong> Ecuador.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico through Central America, Colombia,<br />
Ecuador, Peru, and Amazonian Brazil, and French Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria trigonosperma Eyma [syn. Radlk<strong>of</strong>erella trigonosperma (Eyma)<br />
Aubrév., Richardella trigonosperma (Eyma) Baehni]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: kamahora<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guyana, Surinam, and eastern Amazonian Brazil<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria triplarifolia P. Allen ex Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: sapote<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Puntarenas, Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria ucuqui Pires & Schultes<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ká-ha-pa, oó-le-da, puch-pee-á, tukuro, ucuqui<br />
SPANISH: ucuqui, ukuki, yoco, yucú<br />
USES/NOTES: Pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> large yellowish/orange fruit is much<br />
appreci<strong>at</strong>ed and an important part <strong>of</strong> local diets, e<strong>at</strong>en cooked and<br />
mixed with cassava flour or tapioca starch.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Border region <strong>of</strong> Amazonian Colombia, Brazil, and<br />
Venezuela along <strong>the</strong> Negro and Casiquiare rivers<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990,<br />
Smith et al. 1992<br />
Pouteria venosa (Mart.) Baehni subsp. amazonica Penn. [syn. Lucuma<br />
dissepala (Krause) Ducke]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: kamahora<br />
PORTUGUESE: abiurana, abiurana-grande, abiurana-preta, cutiribaamarelo,<br />
cutiti-açu, cutitiribá-rana, guajará<br />
SPANISH: abiruana, abiurana grande, árbol de vaca, bampara, bampera,<br />
bar<strong>at</strong>a, capure, chicle, conserva, goma de guaca, mantequilla,<br />
merecurillo, níspero montañero, perguillo negro, purguillo,<br />
purguillo chicle, purguillo negro, purguillo terciopelo, terciopelo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and Amazonian and eastern<br />
Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: FUDENA n.d., Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990<br />
Pouteria viridis (Pittier) Cronq. [syn. Calocarpum viride Pittier]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: green sapote, red faisan, white faisan<br />
SPANISH: chulul, ingerto, injerto, injerto verde, raxtul, yash-tul,<br />
zapote injerto, zapote mico, zapote verde<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, in preserves, and in desserts,<br />
and l<strong>at</strong>ex is used as a chewing gum base.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Mexico to Costa Rica, introduced elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, Pennington 1990, Popenoe 1974<br />
Pradosia beardii (Monach.) Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: kakarua, swamp kukarua, wild kaimit<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
SPANISH: cakak-orai-yek<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Trinidad, sou<strong>the</strong>astern Venezuela, and Guyana<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Pradosia brevipes (Pierre) Penn. [syn. Chrysophyllum soboliferum<br />
Rizzini]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cajueiro-de-campo, curiola-rasteria, fruto-de-t<strong>at</strong>u<br />
USES/NOTES: Small fruit’s thin layer <strong>of</strong> mucilagenous pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Goiás to Paraná, Brazil and eastern Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Silva and Tassara 1996<br />
Pradosia huberi (Ducke) Ducke [syn. Glycoxylon huberi Ducke]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: paracuúba-doce, pau-doce<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, from Minas Gerais to Amapá, and French Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990<br />
Pradosia lactescens (Vell.) Radlk. [syn. Chrysophyllum buranhem<br />
Riedel nomen nudum]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellowish fruit reportedly is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, from Paraná north to Pernambuco, perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Fouqué 1973, Pennington 1990<br />
Pradosia ptychandra (Eyma) Penn. [syn. Neopometia ptychandra (Eyma)<br />
Aubrév., Pouteria ptychandra Eyma]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
FRENCH: bal<strong>at</strong>a pommier, kimboto, kou<strong>at</strong>abobi, malobi-weti, zolive<br />
USES/NOTES: Orange fruit’s pulp is edible, described as delicious by<br />
Pennington.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: French Guiana and Surinam<br />
REFERENCES: Fouqué 1973, Pennington 1990<br />
Pradosia schomburgkiana (A. DC.) Cronq. subsp. schomburgkiana [syn.<br />
Glycoxylon inophyllum (Mart.) Ducke, Glycoxylon pedicell<strong>at</strong>um Ducke]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: cacarrowa, kakarua<br />
PORTUGUESE: ajarahy, ajaraí, casca-doce, jaraí, jaraí-da-terra-firme,<br />
miracehen, pau-doce<br />
SPANISH: chicle, guayabón, kakkayek, temariti, temarito banero,<br />
yoquito<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow fruit’s sweet, gel<strong>at</strong>enous pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en locally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Brazil, and Venezuela, to Surinam<br />
and Guyana<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990, Silva et al. 1977,<br />
Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
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Pradosia surinamensis (Eyma) Penn. [syn. Pouteria surinamensis Eyma]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: widieko<br />
PORTUGUESE: xixiro<br />
SPANISH: chupón, g<strong>at</strong>eado, yorón<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Prestoea acumin<strong>at</strong>a (Willd.) H.E. Moore<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: cuaste, guimague, manaca, mandari panga, maquenque, palma de<br />
ramos, palma justa, palma ramosilla, palmicho, palmito, palmito<br />
dulce, puma chincha, sada, sisagua, tintuk<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit and heart <strong>of</strong> this multi-stemmed palm are e<strong>at</strong>en,<br />
seeds are used for blowgun projectiles, and leaves are used for<br />
th<strong>at</strong>ch.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Antilles, Central America, and <strong>the</strong> Andes from Venezuela<br />
and Colombia to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Grayum 2003b, Henderson et al. 1995, MBG n.d., Pedersen<br />
and Skov 2001, Young and León 1990<br />
Prestoea acumin<strong>at</strong>a (Willd.) H.E. Moore var. montana (Graham)<br />
Henderson & Galeano [syn. P. montana (Graham) G. Nicholson]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: mountain cabbage, mountain cabbage palm, sierra palm,<br />
sierran palm<br />
SPANISH: manacla, palma de ramos, palma de sierra, palma manacla,<br />
palmito<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit and heart <strong>of</strong> this single-stemmed palm are e<strong>at</strong>en. The<br />
fruit is also an important food source for <strong>the</strong> endangered Puerto<br />
Rican parrot. This variety along with P. acumin<strong>at</strong>a have been<br />
tre<strong>at</strong>ed as a single species. It is important to note, however, th<strong>at</strong><br />
multi-stemmed forms can be better sustained for <strong>the</strong> commercial<br />
production <strong>of</strong> palm hearts. Fruit is also an important food source<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Puerto Rican Amazon parrot.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Antilles<br />
REFERENCES: Grayum 2003b, Henderson et al. 1995, MBG n.d., Pedersen<br />
and Skov 2001, Young and León 1990<br />
Prestoea schultzeana (Burret) H.E. Moore [syn. Euterpe schultzeana<br />
Burret]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: açaizinha<br />
SPANISH: chincha, palma de pantona, palma ramosilla, palmito, tintuk<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit and heart are e<strong>at</strong>en, seeds are used for blowgun<br />
projectiles, and leaves are used for th<strong>at</strong>ch.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia/Andean ecotone <strong>of</strong> Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru,<br />
and into Acre, Brazil<br />
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REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al.<br />
1995, Kahn and de Granville 1992, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Primula veris L.<br />
FAMILY: Primulaceae (primrose)<br />
ENGLISH: cowslip<br />
PORTUGUESE: primavera, prímula<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable and flowers are added<br />
to salads or made into wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions from Canada and <strong>the</strong> U.S. to<br />
China<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gleason 1968, Grieve 1931, Neumann n.d.,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Proboscidea fragrans (Lindley) Decne.<br />
FAMILY: Pedaliaceae (sesame) or Martyniaceae (unicorn)<br />
ENGLISH: Chihuahuan devil’s claw<br />
SPANISH: cuernitos<br />
USES/NOTES: Young pods, seeds, and leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990<br />
Proboscidea louisianica (Miller) Thell.<br />
FAMILY: Pedaliaceae (sesame) or Martyniaceae (unicorn)<br />
ENGLISH: devil’s claw, unicorn plant<br />
USES/NOTES: Imm<strong>at</strong>ure fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or pickled and proteinrich<br />
seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or raw.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Harrington 1967, Kindscher 1987,<br />
Mabberley 1987<br />
Proboscidea parviflora (Wooton) Wooton & Standley<br />
FAMILY: Pedaliaceae (sesame) or Martyniaceae (unicorn)<br />
ENGLISH: devil’s claw<br />
SPANISH: uña de g<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Young seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Munz 1974<br />
Prosopis alba Griseb. and P. alba var. panta Griseb. [syn. P. panta<br />
(Griseb.) Hieron.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Argentine mesquite<br />
SPANISH: algarrobo, algarrobo blanco, thaco, thako<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pods are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile, and<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>astern Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Burkart 1976, Burkart 1987, López et al. 1987, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, Schmeda-Hirschmann et al. 1999<br />
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Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Chilean algarrobo, Chilean mesquite, mesquite<br />
SPANISH: acacia de c<strong>at</strong>arina, algarroba, algarrobo, algarrobo blanco,<br />
algarrobo de Chile, amansa caballo, cambrón, carbón, c<strong>at</strong>zimec,<br />
chachaca, gu<strong>at</strong>apana, kitwe, manca-caballo, mesquite, nacascol,<br />
plumo de oro, trupillo, yaque<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its nutritious seeds and sweet fruit pods,<br />
which are used for bread, mush, <strong>at</strong>ole (a beverage), and beer.<br />
Possibly conspecific with P. juliflora (Sw.) DC.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Argentina and central and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Chile,<br />
likely to Bolivia and Peru, and perhaps beyond in South America,<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized in many favorable loc<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
REFERENCES: Burkart 1976, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Kunkel<br />
1984, Mabberley 1987, Soukup 1970, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Prosopis glandulosa Torrey var. glandulosa [syn. P. juliflora auct.<br />
non (Sw.) DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: cashaw, honey mesquite, honeypod, mesquite<br />
PORTUGUESE: alfarroba, alfarrobeira, algaroba, algarobia, algarrobo,<br />
goma-de-mesquite<br />
SPANISH: aroma, bayahonda, cují carora, cují yaque, curí carora, curí<br />
yaque, manca-caballo, mesquite, mezquita, mezquite, tornillo,<br />
trupilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet pods are consumed fresh, cooked, dried and ground<br />
into flour, or fermented into an alcoholic beverage. Flowers and<br />
sweet gum are edible, and chipped wood is added to barbecues for<br />
flavor. Pestiferous in parts <strong>of</strong> its range due to overgrazing. Also<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976,<br />
Cutter et al. 1991, Duke 1986, Harrington 1967, Heywood 1978, OAS<br />
1973, Tull 1978, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) I.M. Johnston [syn.<br />
P. juliflora var. torreyana L. Benson, P. odor<strong>at</strong>a Torrey & Frémont]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: western honey mesquite<br />
PORTUGUESE: alfarroba, algaroba, algarrobo, goma-de-mesquite<br />
SPANISH: mesquite<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet pods and gum are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjoining Mexico, n<strong>at</strong>uralized and<br />
invasive in o<strong>the</strong>r warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Cronk and Fuller 1995, Felger and<br />
Moser 1971, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: ironwood, mesquite<br />
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PORTUGUESE: algarroba, prosópis<br />
SPANISH: algarroba, algarrobo, bayahonda, cují negro<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet pods, once an important food source for indians <strong>of</strong><br />
Peru, Chile and Argentina, may be used in flour, beverages, and<br />
syrup. Possibly conspecific with P. chilensis (Molina) Stuntz.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, Piura Desert <strong>of</strong> Peru and perhaps beyond, or<br />
Neotropics in general<br />
REFERENCES: Habit and Saavedra 1988<br />
Prosopis laevig<strong>at</strong>a (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) M. Johnston [syn. P.<br />
dulcis Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: mesquite<br />
SPANISH: mesquite<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is a snack food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Texas and Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Prosopis nigra (Griseb.) Hieron.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: algaroba<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and used to make an alcoholic beverage in<br />
Argentina.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Burkart 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Prosopis pallida (Willd.) Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: mesquite<br />
PORTUGUESE: algaroba<br />
SPANISH: bayahonda, mesquite<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pod is e<strong>at</strong>en and is <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> a sweet syrup used<br />
in drinks.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South America, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in Hawaii<br />
REFERENCES: Cronk and Fuller 1995, Mabberley 1987<br />
Prosopis pubescens Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: screw bean, screw bean mesquite, tornillo<br />
SPANISH: tornillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Pods are boiled to produce syrup, ground into meal, and<br />
fermented into an alcoholic beverage. Flowers are also edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967, Kirk 1970, Tull<br />
1978, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Prosopis tamarugo Phil.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pods are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Schmeda-Hirschmann et al.<br />
1999<br />
Protium aracouchini (Aublet) Marchand<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
PORTUGUESE: breu<br />
SPANISH: anime, canfincillo, copal, guitaguemo, miimoncahue<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil through Amazonian Peru and<br />
Ecuador and north to Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, MBG n.d., Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992, Renner<br />
et al. 1990<br />
Protium brasiliense Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
PORTUGUESE: almecera, amescla<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are an edible oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Minas Gerais, Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Protium decandrum (Aublet) Marchand<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
PORTUGUESE: breu<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru through eastern Amazonian Brazil and<br />
French Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Rankin de Mérona et<br />
al. 1992<br />
Protium fimbri<strong>at</strong>um Sw.<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
PORTUGUESE: breu<br />
SPANISH: chipia<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Protium giganteum Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
PORTUGUESE: breu-branco<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and Central Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992<br />
Protium grandifolium Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
SPANISH: brea caspi, copal<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit aril is edible and l<strong>at</strong>ex is used as a caulking<br />
compound.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela and north-central Amazonia to<br />
Amazonian Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Protium heptaphyllum (Aublet) Marchand<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
PORTUGUESE: almecega-cheirosa, breu-branco, breu-branco-verdadeiro,<br />
breu-de-campina, mescla<br />
SPANISH: aceitico, anime, caraña, caraño, tacamahaco<br />
USES/NOTES: Red fruit pulp is edible. Resin is used as a cerimonial<br />
incense.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Berg 1984, Martin et al. 1987, OAS<br />
1973, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Protium nodulosum Swart<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
PORTUGUESE: breu<br />
SPANISH: copal<br />
USES/NOTES: Aril is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Renner et al. 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Protium pallidum Cu<strong>at</strong>rec.<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
PORTUGUESE: breu-branco<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and Central Amazonian Brazil to French Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992<br />
Protium polybotryum (Turcz.) Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
PORTUGUESE: breu<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor <strong>of</strong> eastern Amazonian Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and Central Amazonian Brazil to French Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992<br />
Protium sagotianum Marchand<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
ENGLISH: haiwa<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians <strong>of</strong> Guayana.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992<br />
Protium spruceanum (Benth.) Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
PORTUGUESE: almecegueira, amescla-branca<br />
SPANISH: aliso, anime, copal<br />
USES/NOTES: Whitish fruit aril is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Widespread in gre<strong>at</strong>er Amazonian South America<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Alves Rodrigues et al. 2002, Daly 1987b, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, MBG n.d.<br />
Protium subserr<strong>at</strong>um (Engl.) Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
SPANISH: copal<br />
USES/NOTES: Aril is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Daly 1987b, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Rankin de Mérona et al.<br />
1992<br />
Protium tenuifolium (Engl.) Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
PORTUGUESE: breu<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, through<br />
Panama and Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Rankin de<br />
Mérona et al. 1992<br />
Protium trifoliol<strong>at</strong>um Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
PORTUGUESE: breu-almecega<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil to Amazonian Peru and Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994<br />
Protium unifoliol<strong>at</strong>um Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
PORTUGUESE: breu, breu-peludo, breuzinho<br />
SPANISH: copal<br />
USES/NOTES: Ovoid fruit’s aril is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Chácobo <strong>of</strong> Bolivia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Boom 1989, Silva et al. 1977,<br />
UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Prumnopitys andina (Poeppig & Endl.) de Laub. [syn. Podocarpus<br />
andinus Poeppig & Endl.]<br />
FAMILY: Podocarpaceae (podocarpus) or Taxaceae (yew)<br />
ENGLISH: plum fir, plum-fruited yew<br />
SPANISH: lieuque, mañiu, pino<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central to sou<strong>the</strong>rn coastal Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Marticorena and Quezada 1985,<br />
Martin et al. 1987<br />
Prunella vulgaris L.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: all-heal, self-heal<br />
SPANISH: consuelda menor, hierba de las heridas, prunella<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Powdered leaves are made into a refreshing beverage. Young<br />
shoots and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Kirk<br />
1970, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Radford et al. 1968<br />
Prunus alabamensis Mohr<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Alabama cherry, Alabama chokecherry<br />
SPANISH: cereza<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy, dark red to black fruits occasionally are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
preserved or rarely out <strong>of</strong> hand.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. coastal plain, North Carolina to<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Florida and Alabama<br />
REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1994<br />
Prunus americana Marshall<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: American plum, American wild plum, August plum, goose plum,<br />
North American plum, river plum, wild plum<br />
USES/NOTES: Often tart, though sometimes sweet fruits, occasionally<br />
sold in markets, are e<strong>at</strong>en preserved, cooked, or rarely dried or<br />
out <strong>of</strong> hand. Kernel is said to be edible. Small tree, with<br />
exfoli<strong>at</strong>ing bark, also is grown for its abundant, sweetly fragrant,<br />
white flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America, widespread from north-central<br />
Florida to sou<strong>the</strong>astern Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Godfrey 1988, Harrington 1967,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1994, Sauer<br />
1993, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Prunus angustifolia Marshall [syn. P. chicasa nomen illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: chickasaw plum, Indian cherry, mountain cherry, wild plum<br />
USES/NOTES: Crimson to pink or yellow fruits, <strong>of</strong> wild and cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
varieties, vary in quality and degree <strong>of</strong> tartness from very tart to<br />
sweet and are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, or more typically cooked or<br />
preserved. Thicket forming, small trees are used sparingly in urban<br />
landscaping for <strong>the</strong>ir abundant, though insipid smelling, white<br />
flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Godfrey 1988, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley<br />
1987, Nelson 1994, Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Prunus angustifolia Marshall var. w<strong>at</strong>sonii<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: sand chickasaw plum, sand plum, sandhill plum<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Medsger 1939, Kindscher 1987<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Prunus armeniaca L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: apricot<br />
PORTUGUESE: abricó, damasco<br />
SPANISH: abridor, albaricoque, albaricoquero, chabacano, chabano,<br />
damasco<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed fresh, dried, canned, in pastries, in<br />
ice cream, or as juice. Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en raw and also contain a<br />
semi-drying, edible oil used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and<br />
foods. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for nearly 4,000 years.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, IBGE<br />
1980, Mabberley 1987, Schneider 1987, Soukup 1970, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Prunus avium (L.) L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: gean, hagberry, mazzard, sweet cherry, wild cherry, wild<br />
sweet cherry<br />
PORTUGUESE: cereja-da-Europa, cereja-dos-pássaros, cereja-galega<br />
SPANISH: cereso, cereza, cerezo, cerezo dulce, cereza dulce<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990,<br />
IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Sauer 1993, Schneider 1987, Sturtevant<br />
1972, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Prunus besseyi Bailey<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Bessey cherry, bush berry, Rocky Mountain cherry, western<br />
sand cherry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, dried, or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Harrington 1967, Medsger<br />
1939, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: cherry plum, myrobalan, myrobalan plum, mirabelle, Newport<br />
plum<br />
PORTUGUESE: cereja<br />
SPANISH: cereza, mirobolán, mirobálano<br />
USES/NOTES: Used mainly as a root stock for o<strong>the</strong>r Prunus spp., though<br />
also planted as an ornamental and for its edible, though inferior<br />
fruit.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Caucusus <strong>of</strong> Western Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Mabberley<br />
1987, Sauer 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Prunus cerasus L. [probably derived from P. avium and P. fruticosa]<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: amarelle cherry, cherry, morello cherry, pie cherry, sour<br />
cherry<br />
PORTUGUESE: cereja, cereja-da-Europa, gingeira<br />
SPANISH: cereza, cerezo, cerezo ácido, guinda, guindo<br />
USES/NOTES: More than 50 varieties are cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for <strong>the</strong>ir highly<br />
esteemed fruits, e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, preserved, or in pies. The principal<br />
cherry <strong>of</strong> commerce.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe to western Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980,<br />
Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974<br />
Prunus domestica L. [probably derived from P. cerasifera and P.<br />
spinosa]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: black plum, damson plum, European plum, plum, prune (when<br />
dried)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ameixa<br />
SPANISH: bruno, bruño, ciruela, ciruelo, ciruelo europeo, ciruelero,<br />
pasa (when dried)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed out <strong>of</strong> hand, dried (as prunes),<br />
preserved, in confections, as juice, or made into alcoholic<br />
beverages. In Eastern Europe fruits are fermented and distilled<br />
into liqueurs such as slivovitz. Flowers are edible and made into<br />
tea. Hundreds <strong>of</strong> named cultivars and perhaps over a 1,000 cultivars<br />
in all exist. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lower Danube, Iran, Armenia, and <strong>the</strong> Caucuses<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Sauer 1993, Schneider<br />
1987, Schwanitz 1966, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Prunus dulcis (Miller) D. Webb [syn. P. amygdalus B<strong>at</strong>sch, Amygdalus<br />
dulcis Miller]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: almond<br />
PORTUGUESE: amêndoa<br />
SPANISH: almendra, almendro, moca, palo de burro, pilón<br />
USES/NOTES: Highly esteemed, edible nut is <strong>the</strong> almond <strong>of</strong> commerce and<br />
<strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> a flavoring agent.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Probably western Asia to sou<strong>the</strong>astern Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Kartesz 1994, Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973,<br />
Sauer 1993, Schneider 1987, Woodro<strong>of</strong> 1979<br />
Prunus genicul<strong>at</strong>a R.M. Harper<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: scrub plum<br />
USES/NOTES: Pinkish to dark red fruits are edible. Plant is much like<br />
a diminutive chickasaw plum (P. angustifolia).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Taylor 1998<br />
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627
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Prunus gracilis Engelm. & A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Oklahoma plum, prairie cherry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arkansas, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Correll and Johnston 1970,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Prunus hortulana L. Bailey<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: hog plum, hortulan(a) plum, wild goose plum<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S. for its fruit, e<strong>at</strong>en in<br />
preserves and marmalades.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and sou<strong>the</strong>astern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Fernald et al. 1958, Mabberley<br />
1987, Medsger 1939, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: evergreen cherry, holly-leaf cherry, islay, mountain holly,<br />
wild cherry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and seeds are edible. Coahuila people made<br />
<strong>at</strong>ole from <strong>the</strong> seed meal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California and Baja California<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kirk 1970, Munz 1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Prunus maritima Marshall<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: beach plum<br />
USES/NOTES: Purplish fruits are sold in markets for use in jellies and<br />
preserves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern coastal U.S. from <strong>Maine</strong> to Delaware<br />
REFERENCES: Angier 1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Prunus mexicana S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: fall plum, bigtree plum, Mexican plum<br />
PORTUGUESE: ameixeira-do-México<br />
SPANISH: cerezo mexicano, ciruelo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, in preserves, or dried.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S. extending north along <strong>the</strong> coasts and<br />
south into nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990<br />
Prunus munsoniana W. Wight & Hedr.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: wild goose plum<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed red fruits, sold in markets, are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong><br />
hand or in jellies and preserves.<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Gleason 1968, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urban<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: myrtle laurel-cherry, myrtle-leaved cherry laurel, West<br />
Indian cherry, West Indian laurel-cherry<br />
PORTUGUESE: pessegueiro-bravo, pessegueiro-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: almendrito, membrillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are used to flavor wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies to South Florida (Rankin de Mérona et al.<br />
1992 report it from central Amazonia, but its n<strong>at</strong>ivity is not<br />
indic<strong>at</strong>ed.)<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mentz et al. 1997, Nelson 1994, Rankin de<br />
Mérona et al. 1992, Sturtevant 1972<br />
Prunus nigra Aiton<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Canada black plum, Canadian plum<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are sold in markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Turner and Szczawinski 1979, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Prunus occidentalis Sw.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: pruan tree, prune tree, West Indian cherry laurel<br />
SPANISH: almendrillo, almendrón, cuajawi, membrillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn West Indies to St. Vincent, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, and<br />
Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973<br />
Prunus pensylvanica L.f.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: bird cherry, fire cherry, pin cherry, wild red cherry<br />
USES/NOTES: Sour red fruit, though with little pulp, is e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
preserved or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Canada to Georgia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1962, Harrington 1967, Harris 1972,<br />
Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, Turner and Szczawinski 1979<br />
Prunus persica (L.) B<strong>at</strong>sch [syn. Amygdalus persica L., Persica<br />
vulgaris Miller]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: peach<br />
PORTUGUESE: pêssego<br />
SPANISH: blanquillo, durazno, guaytambo, melocotón, prisco<br />
USES/NOTES: Velvety skinned fruits, commercially important in North<br />
America, are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, cooked, or canned.<br />
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629
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn China, n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Godfrey 1988, Kartesz 1994, OAS 1973,<br />
Sauer 1993, Schneider 1987, Schwanitz 1966, Usher 1974<br />
Prunus persica (L.) B<strong>at</strong>sch var. nucipersica C. Schneider and P.<br />
persica (L.) B<strong>at</strong>sch var. nectarina Maxim. [syn. Amygdalus persica<br />
L.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: nectarine<br />
PORTUGUESE: nectarina, pêssego<br />
SPANISH: abridero, abridor, blanquillo, griñón, melocotón, nectarina,<br />
nectarino<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit, a variety <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> common peach (Prunus persica), is<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, cooked, canned, or dried, and is used to flavor<br />
liqueurs.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Sauer<br />
1993, Usher 1974<br />
Prunus pumila L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: sand cherry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, dried, or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and nor<strong>the</strong>astren North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Gibbons and Tucker 1979,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Prunus salicina Lindley<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Japanese plum<br />
SPANISH: ciruela Reina Claudia<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, preserved, stewed, or in<br />
baked goods. Rare in <strong>the</strong> Americas until <strong>the</strong> l<strong>at</strong>e 1800s.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Creasy 1982, Leung 1961, Sauer 1993, Usher 1974, Zarucchi<br />
1998<br />
Prunus serotina Ehrh.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: American black cherry, black cherry, rum cherry, wild black<br />
cherry, wild cherry<br />
PORTUGUESE: cereja-preta<br />
SPANISH: capulí, cereza, cereza Americana, cerezo negro silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, dark red to black, tart fruits, <strong>of</strong> this potentially<br />
large deciduous tree, are consumed fresh, as juice, in marmalades,<br />
or in baked goods. Bark extract and fruit are used as flavoring<br />
agents, <strong>the</strong> l<strong>at</strong>ter in alcoholic beverages including rum, hence <strong>the</strong><br />
common name rum cherry. Twigs, leaves, and fresh seeds contain<br />
hydrocyanic acid and should not be e<strong>at</strong>en. Though not an especially<br />
<strong>at</strong>tractive landscape tree, P. serotina does produce excellent fall<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
foliage and abundant food for wildlife. Dark <strong>at</strong>tractive wood has<br />
been valued for cabinet and furniture making.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to eastern Texas and<br />
central Florida, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized and pestiferous elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958,<br />
Gibbons 1962, Godfrey 1988, Harris 1972, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Martin et<br />
al. 1987, Morton 1976a, Nelson 1994, OAS 1973, Peterson 1977,<br />
Taylor 1998, Tomikel 1986<br />
Prunus serotina subsp. capuli (Cav.) McVaugh [syn. P. capuli Cav.,<br />
P. capullin Zucc., P. salicifolia Kunth, P. serotina var.<br />
salicifolia (Kunth) Koehne]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: black cherry, capuli cherry, Mexican cherry<br />
PORTUGUESE: cereja<br />
SPANISH: capoli, capulí, capolín, capulín, capulín blanco, ceraso,<br />
cereso, cereto, cereza, cerezo, cerezo de los Andes, cetsé,<br />
chencua, chengua, chimal-ma-u, cusabi, detsé, ghoto, guasiqui,<br />
jeco, pa ksmuk, p<strong>at</strong>e, sac<strong>at</strong>ón, t-mundaya, tunday, tzu´uri, usabi<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart fruit is edible and made into wine and preserves.<br />
Seed kernel is e<strong>at</strong>en roasted.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico, Central America, possibly to nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
South America<br />
REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Leung 1961, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989,<br />
OAS 1973, Popenoe 1974, Smith et al. 1992, Torres n.d., Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Prunus spinosa L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: blackthorn, blackthorn slöe, slöe<br />
PORTUGUESE: abrunheiro-bravo, abrunho, pruneira<br />
SPANISH: acacia bastarda, andrino, asarero, ciruelo silvestre,<br />
endrino, endrino azul<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, dark, bitter fruits are used to make liqueurs like<br />
slöe gin, and are rarely e<strong>at</strong>en raw, preserved, or in baked goods.<br />
Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe and Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Morton 1976a,<br />
Schneider 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Prunus subcord<strong>at</strong>a Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Klam<strong>at</strong>h plum, Pacific Plum, sierra plum<br />
USES/NOTES: Esteemed fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California in <strong>the</strong> Sierra Nevada and nor<strong>the</strong>rn coastal<br />
range mountains and western Oregon<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kirk 1970, Munz and Keck 1959,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Prunus tomentosa Thunb. [syn. Cerasus tomentosa Wall ex Baker in<br />
Hook.f.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinese bush fruit, Hansen’s bush cherry, mancha cherry,<br />
Nanking cherry<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, dark, bitter fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked, and<br />
are made into liqueurs such as slöe gin.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e East Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Tanaka 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Zarucchi 1998<br />
Prunus umbell<strong>at</strong>a Elliott<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: black slöe, fl<strong>at</strong>woods plum, hog plum, small wild plum,<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn slöe, wild plum<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, tart to astringent fruits, red to yellow when<br />
imm<strong>at</strong>ure, generally becoming purple when ripe, are occasionally<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en preserved or cooked. Also <strong>at</strong>tractive for its showy white<br />
spring flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S., coastal plain<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Nelson 1994,<br />
Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Prunus virginiana L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: American chokecherry, chokecherry, common chokecherry, wild<br />
cherry<br />
SPANISH: cerezo de Virginia<br />
USES/NOTES: Bitter fresh fruits are edible, dried and mixed with dried<br />
me<strong>at</strong> to make pemmican, or prepared into jelly and preserves. Twigs<br />
are used to flavor cooked foods and seed kernals are added to<br />
pemmican. Bark and twigs are brewed as tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America from Canada to Georgia and perhaps west<br />
to Arizona<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Harris<br />
1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torrey [syn. P. virginiana<br />
subsp. demissa (Nutt. in Torrey & A. Gray) R.L. Taylor & Macbr., P.<br />
demissa (Nutt.) Walp.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: western chokecherry<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or prepared.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (Nelson) Sarg. [syn. P.<br />
melanocarpa (Nelson) Rydb.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: black western chokecherry, chokecherry, Rocky Mountain<br />
cherry<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or prepared.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Kartesz 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Pseudanamomis umbellulifera (Kunth) Kausel [syn. Myrcia<br />
umbellilifera (Kunth) DC., Myrcian<strong>the</strong>s umbellulifolia (Kunth)<br />
Alain, Eugenia umbellilifera (Kunth) Krug & Urban]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: monos plum<br />
SPANISH: cereza de mono, paují de amú<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy, sweet, yellow fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al.<br />
1987, McVaugh 1989<br />
Pseudananas sagenarius (Arruda) Camargo<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
SPANISH: garrab<strong>at</strong>á, ivirá, y-vira (Guaraní)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador and Peru through Brazil, Bolivia,<br />
Paraguay, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, MBG n.d., Smith and Downs 1979<br />
Pseudobombax munguba (Mart. & Zucc.) Dugand [syn. Bombax munguba<br />
(Mart.) Zucc.]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Bombacaceae (silk-cotton)<br />
PORTUGUESE: manguba<br />
SPANISH: munguba, pretino punga, punga<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and <strong>the</strong>ir yellowish oil are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola<br />
1990, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Pseudolmedia laevig<strong>at</strong>a Trécul<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: pama amarilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America to Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Salick 1992<br />
Pseudolmedia laevis (Ruiz & Pavón) J.F. Macbr.<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pama, pama-ferro, pama-pequena, pama-preta<br />
SPANISH: chimi, chimiqua, itauba amarilla, pama cal<strong>at</strong>a colorada<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Berg 1972, Boom 1989, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
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Pseudolmedia macrophylla Trécul<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pama, pama-de-tamanho-médio<br />
SPANISH: pama morongke<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Boom 1989, Salick 1992, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Pseudolmedia oxyphyllaria F.D. Sm.<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: manash<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and Belize to Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997<br />
Pseudolmedia rigida (Klotzsch & Karsten) Cu<strong>at</strong>rec. subsp. rigida<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: chimi, guaimarillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador through nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Berg 1972, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Pseudophoenix ekmanii Burret<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: cacheo, cacheo de Oviedo<br />
USES/NOTES: Stem’s sweet sap has been made into beverages including<br />
wine. Unfortun<strong>at</strong>ely, wine production, which included cutting <strong>the</strong><br />
tree down, has led to <strong>the</strong> palm’s demise.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Barahona Peninsula, Dominican Republic<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Pseudophoenix vinifera (Mart.) Becc.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: buccaneer palm, cherry palm, wild d<strong>at</strong>e palm<br />
FRENCH: k<strong>at</strong>ié<br />
SPANISH: cacheo<br />
USES/NOTES: Stem’s sweet sap has been made into beverages including<br />
wine. Unfortun<strong>at</strong>ely, wine production, which included cutting <strong>the</strong><br />
tree down, along with general popul<strong>at</strong>ion pressure have led to <strong>the</strong><br />
palm’s demise.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Hispaniola<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Henderson et al. 1995, Tanaka 1976, Uhl and<br />
Dransfield 1987<br />
Pseudostellaria jamesiana (Torrey) W.A. Weber & R.L. Hartman [syn.<br />
Stellaria jamesiana Torrey]<br />
FAMILY: Caryophyllaceae (carn<strong>at</strong>ion)<br />
ENGLISH: chickweed, starwort<br />
USES/NOTES: Small tubers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Wyoming to Texas<br />
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REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994<br />
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: Douglas fir<br />
USES/NOTES: Needles and young stems are made into tea, young shoots<br />
can be used to flavor o<strong>the</strong>r foods, and sweet sap is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Psidium acutangulum DC. [syn. P. grandifolium Ruiz & Pavón, Britoa<br />
acida O. Berg, B. sellowiana O. Berg]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: Pará guava<br />
PORTUGUESE: araçá-do-Pará, araçá-pera, araçá-pomba, guabiroba-da-m<strong>at</strong>a,<br />
sete-casacas<br />
SPANISH: ararai, guayabilla, guayabo agrio, guayabo montañero<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart fruits are used in drinks and marmalades and rarely<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en raw.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Hoyas 1989, Martin<br />
et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Smith et al. 1992, Vickers and Plowman<br />
1984<br />
Psidium albidum Cambess.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: araçazeiro-branco<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Legrand 1962, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Psidium arayan (Kunth) Burret [syn. Myrtus arayan Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: arrayán<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 1987, McVaugh 1958<br />
Psidium c<strong>at</strong>tleianum Sabine [syn. P. chinense Hort., P. littorale<br />
Raddi]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: Calcutta guava, c<strong>at</strong>tley guava, cherry guava, Chinese guava,<br />
Chinese strawberry guava, pineapple guava, purple guava, strawberry<br />
guava, yellow strawberry guava (yellow cultivar)<br />
PORTUGUESE: araçá da praia, goiaba<br />
SPANISH: araza, cas dulce, cas guava, guayaba, guayaba fresa, guayaba<br />
japonesa, guayaba peruana, guayabo pequeño, guayaba rosada, guisaro<br />
USES/NOTES: Red, golf-ball-sized fruit is edible and <strong>the</strong> plant is<br />
ornamental. P. c<strong>at</strong>tleianum var. lucidum is a yellow variety.<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Brazilian lowlands, widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized in warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciolla 1990, FLEPPC 2003, Mabberley<br />
1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Mowry et al. 1967, Popenoe<br />
1974, Smith et al. 1992, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Psidium cinereum var. incanescens (Mart. ex DC.) Legrand [syn. P.<br />
incanescens Mart. ex DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Bernardi 1985, Legrand and Klein 1977, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Psidium friedrichsthalianum O. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: Costa Rican guava, cas guava<br />
PORTUGUESE: goiaba<br />
SPANISH: arrayán, cas, guayaba, guayaba agria, guayaba de fresco,<br />
guayaba de mico, guayabillo, guayabo, guayabo agrio<br />
USES/NOTES: Green, nearly round, pectin-rich, tart 3-5cm fruits are<br />
used in beverages, pies, and preserves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico (sou<strong>the</strong>rn Vera Cruz and Oaxaca) through<br />
Gu<strong>at</strong>emala and Honduras to Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Johns and Stevenson 1985, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., Morton<br />
1987a, Price 1990, Sánchez-Vindas 1990, Sánchez-Vindas 2001, Smith<br />
et al. 1992, Standley 1930, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Psidium guajava L.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: common guava, guava<br />
PORTUGUESE: araçá-açu, araçá-goiaba, araçá-guaiaba, goiaba, guaiaba,<br />
guaiava<br />
SPANISH: arasa, chura-c<strong>at</strong>oco, coloc, guayaba, guayabo, guayabo<br />
blanco, nulu, pachí, pichí, purijo, saguinto, sahuintu<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or preserved, <strong>of</strong>ten as a paste<br />
(bocadillo) or as puree for baby food. Fruits contain two to five<br />
times <strong>the</strong> vitamin C <strong>of</strong> oranges. Bark and leaves are medicinal.<br />
Leaves are used as an astringent.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, probably first domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in Peru, though<br />
possibly <strong>the</strong> West Indies or Mexico, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in warm<br />
regions and once thought to be <strong>of</strong> Old World origin<br />
REFERENCES: Austin and Bourne 1992, Boom 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Duke<br />
1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Estrella 1991, FLEPPC 2003, Flannery<br />
1973, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Meyer-Arendt 1979, Naranjo 1991,<br />
Oldfield 1981, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Peret 1985, Popenoe 1974,<br />
Reed 1995, Schneider 1987, Silva et al. 1977<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Psidium guineensis Sw. [syn. P. araca Raddi, P. costaricense O.<br />
Berg, P. fluvi<strong>at</strong>ile Rich., P. guyanense Pers., P. laurifolium O.<br />
Berg, P. molle Bertol., P. schiedeanum O. Berg]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: Brazilian guava, Castilian guava, guisaro, wild guava<br />
PORTUGUESE: aracahy, araçá, araçá-do-campo, araçá-mirim, araçá-pêra,<br />
araçaí, fruta-de-campo<br />
SPANISH: allpa guayaba, arasá, arazá, cas extranjero, chamach,<br />
chamacch, guabillo, guayaba ácida, guayaba agria, guayaba arraiján,<br />
guayaba brava, guayaba de sabana, guayaba hedionada, guayaba<br />
sabanera, guayaba silvestre, guayabillo, guayabita, guayabita de<br />
sabana, guisaro, huayava, p<strong>at</strong>aj, pichippul, sacha guayaba<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are used in beverages, ice cream, and medicines.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lowland tropics <strong>of</strong> South America, Mexico, Central<br />
America, and <strong>the</strong> West Indies, previously thought to be <strong>of</strong> African<br />
origin<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Amsh<strong>of</strong>f 1951, Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante<br />
1991, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Mcvaugh 1963, Mcvaugh 1969, Morton<br />
1987a, Posey 1985, Sánchez-Vindas 1989, Sánchez-Vindas 1990, Silva<br />
et al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992, Soukup 1970, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Psidium humile Vell.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Psidium incanum (O. Berg) Burret [syn. Myrtus incana O. Berg]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Kausel 1966, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Psidium longipes (O. Berg) McVaugh [syn. Eugenia longipes O. Berg]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: mangrove berry<br />
USES/NOTES: Small red fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Florida, <strong>the</strong> Bahamas, and <strong>the</strong> Lesser Antilles<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Psidium luridum (Spreng.) Burret [syn. Myrtus mucron<strong>at</strong>a Cambess.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: araçá-de-pedra, araçá-do-campo, guabiroba-do-campo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Kausel 1966, Legrand 1962, Martin et al. 1987, Mentz et<br />
al. 1997<br />
Psidium montanum Sw.<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: mountain guava, spice guava<br />
SPANISH: almendrón de las Antillas<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit tastes somewh<strong>at</strong> like a mango (Mangifera indica).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Jamaica, perhaps to o<strong>the</strong>r West Indian Islands<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Psidium multiflorum Cambess.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
PORTUGUESE: guabiroba-dos-gerais<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Backes 1971, Martin et al. 1987, Smith et al.<br />
1992<br />
Psidium oerstedeanum O. Berg<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
SPANISH: arrayán<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975, Standley<br />
1937a<br />
Psidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Niedenzu [syn. P. microphyllum<br />
Britton, Calyptropsidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Krug & Urban ex<br />
Urban, Mitran<strong>the</strong>s sartoriana O. Berg]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: guava, Puerto Rican guava<br />
SPANISH: arrayán, arrayón, guayaba, guayabillo, guayabita arrayán,<br />
guayabito del Perú, pichiché<br />
USES/NOTES: Bitter-sweet, spicey fruits occasionally are e<strong>at</strong>en,<br />
usually preserved. Dried fruits are made into a refreshing<br />
beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Alain 1953, Hoyas 1989, Lott 1993, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
McVaugh 1969, Smith et al. 1992, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. [also P. palustris Desv.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: asparagus pea, dambala, dragon bean, four-angled bean, fourcornered<br />
bean, Goa bean, Manila bean, prince’s pea, princess pea,<br />
winged bean, winged pea<br />
PORTUGUESE: fava-de-cavalho, feijão-de-asa<br />
SPANISH: dólico de Goa, habichuela alada<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves, flowers, pods, seeds, and tubers are edible,<br />
though grown mainly for <strong>the</strong> imm<strong>at</strong>ure pods, e<strong>at</strong>en as a fresh<br />
vegetable. Described by Wilson as a "one-species supermarket," with<br />
much potential for expansion as a food plant according to some<br />
authors (N<strong>at</strong>ional Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences), though <strong>of</strong> limited appeal<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
according to o<strong>the</strong>rs (Hunter). Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed on a small scale,<br />
though rarely for human consumption in <strong>the</strong> Americas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, most likely New Guinea, P. palustris<br />
from tropical Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Borget 1992, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1981,<br />
Howard 1988, Hunter 1997, Kay 1979, Kitajima et al. 1979, Lewis<br />
1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin 1984a, Myers 1983, NAS 1975, Noda et<br />
al. 1984, Wilson 1992<br />
Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb. [syn. Psoralea tenuiflora<br />
Pursh]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: few-flowered psoralea, scurfpea<br />
USES/NOTES: Though leaves are poisonous, roots, once a food <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Kiowa Indians, are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, cooked, or ground into flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern Rocky Mountains<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Psychotria galeottiana (M. Martens) C.M. Taylor & Lorence [syn. P.<br />
skutchii Standley]<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit reportedly is e<strong>at</strong>en in Gu<strong>at</strong>emala.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Vera Cruz, Mexico through Nicargua and perhaps<br />
Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Lorence 1999, MBG n.d.<br />
Psychotria nervosa Sw. [syn. P. und<strong>at</strong>a Jacq.]<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: Seminole balsamo, shiny-leaved wild c<strong>of</strong>fee, wild c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
PORTUGUESE: chacrona, chacruna<br />
SPANISH: cachimbo, café silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds reportedly have been used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute,<br />
but with little substanti<strong>at</strong>ion. Leaves are used in medicinal<br />
teas. Shrub is also <strong>at</strong>tractive as a landscape plant for its<br />
glossy, evergreen foliage and showy, white flowers. Chacrona was<br />
used for an unspecified Psychotria sp. in Acre, Brazil (UFA/NYBG)<br />
and is also <strong>of</strong>ten applied to Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pavón,<br />
which is used in traditional medicine and shamanistic rituals.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Hamilton 1989, Nelson 1978, Taylor<br />
1998, UFA/NYBG n.d., USDA-NRCS 2004<br />
Ptelea trifoli<strong>at</strong>a L. [syn. P. baldwinii Torrey & A. Gray] and P.<br />
trifoli<strong>at</strong>a var. mollis Torrey & A. Gray [syn. P. tomentosa Raf.]<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: common hop-tree, hop tree, skunk bush, stinking ash, wafer<br />
ash, w<strong>at</strong>er ash<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers and bitter pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rounded, winged samara are<br />
used like hops (Humulus lupulus) to flavor beer and seeds are said<br />
to have been ground and added to bread.<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Connecticut, sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Ontario, and Michigan in <strong>the</strong> north, to Florida and eastern Texas<br />
and Mexico in <strong>the</strong> south, west to Nebraska<br />
REFERENCES: Coon 1975, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Godfrey<br />
1988, Mabberely 1987, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Nelson 1994,<br />
Taylor 1998, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn in Decken [includes P. aquilinum (L.)<br />
Kuhn var. caud<strong>at</strong>um (L.) Sadebeck [syn. Pteris caud<strong>at</strong>a L.]]<br />
FAMILY: Dennstaedtiaceae or Polypodiaceae (polypody)<br />
ENGLISH: brake, brake fern, bracken, bracken fern, eagle fern,<br />
eastern bracken, hog-pasture brake, lacey bracken (var. caud<strong>at</strong>um),<br />
pasture brake, tailed bracken, warabi, western bracken<br />
PORTUGUESE: pau-jacaré, samambaia-do-campo, samambaia-verdadeira<br />
SPANISH: helecho<br />
USES/NOTES: Young unopened fiddleheads, or croziers, (called munhecas<br />
in Brazil) have been widely e<strong>at</strong>en, though now considered<br />
carcinogenic in large quantities, especially if uncooked.<br />
Fiddleheads have also been e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, dried, or preserved. Boiled<br />
rhizomes are edible and <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> warabi starch, used like<br />
arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea). Dried rhizomes are used for bread<br />
and rhizomes and fronds have been used like hops (Humulus lupulus)<br />
in beer.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: varieties in <strong>the</strong> Americas from Canada, U.S., Mexico,<br />
Central America, West Indies, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, <strong>the</strong><br />
Guianas, Peru, and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, FNAEC<br />
1993, Harrington 1976, Hodge 1973, IBGE 1980, Jardim Botânico de<br />
Brasília 1989, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Lep<strong>of</strong>sky et al. 1985, Mabberley<br />
1987, Norton 1979, Peterson 1977, Rymer 1976, Stolze 1981, Tomikel<br />
1986, Tryon 1941, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Pterodon emargin<strong>at</strong>us Vogel [syn. P. pubescens Benth.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: fava-de-santo-inacio, pessoek, sicupira, sucupira,<br />
sucupira-branca<br />
USES/NOTES: Bark extract is used to flavor liqueurs and medicines.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil from Maranhão to Rio Grande do Sul west into<br />
Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, ILDIS 2005, Lewis 1987, Mabberley 1987<br />
Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lob<strong>at</strong>a (Willd.) Maesen & S.M.<br />
Almeida [syn. P. lob<strong>at</strong>a (Willd.) Ohwi, P. montana (Lour.) Merr., P.<br />
thunbergiana (Sieber & Zucc.) Benth., Dolichos lob<strong>at</strong>us Willd.,<br />
Pachyrhizus thunbergianus Sieber & Zucc. and includes Pueraria<br />
lob<strong>at</strong>a var. montana (Lour.) Maesen]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Japanese arrowroot, Japanese kudzu, ko, ko hemp, kudzu,<br />
kudzu vine<br />
PORTUGUESE: kudzu<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
SPANISH: cudzú, kudzú<br />
USES/NOTES: Aggressive vine has been grown as a cover crop, for<br />
erosion control, and for fodder. Roots, leaves, fruit pods, and<br />
flowers are edible, though infrequently e<strong>at</strong>en. Flowers can be used<br />
to make jelly and are used as a honey source. Starchy roots may<br />
grow to 35 kg. Introduced to North America in 1876 as an<br />
ornamental, kudzu was l<strong>at</strong>er used for erosion control, from where it<br />
quickly spread to become an invasive plant throughout <strong>the</strong> eastern<br />
U.S., from Florida to Long Island, through sou<strong>the</strong>rn Michigan to<br />
eastern Texas, though most troublesome in sou<strong>the</strong>rn Appalachia. The<br />
root extracts daidzin and puerarin have been shown to suppress <strong>the</strong><br />
desire to consume alcohol in alcohol-addicted rodents and kudzu tea<br />
reportedly can be used to tre<strong>at</strong> hangovers. Knoxville, Tennessee has<br />
an annual kudzu festival.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East Asia, probably Japan, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized and<br />
invasive, especially in <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1981, Duke 1997, Guia Rural n.d., Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Keung et al. 1996, Keung and Vallee 1993, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Overstreet et al. 1996, Shurtleff and Aoyagi 1985, Tanner et al.<br />
1979, Usher 1974, W<strong>at</strong>son 1989, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Punica gran<strong>at</strong>um L.<br />
FAMILY: Punicaceae (pomegran<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
ENGLISH: pomegran<strong>at</strong>e<br />
PORTUGUESE: granado, romã, romã-de-granada<br />
SPANISH: balaustra, granada, granado, granda<br />
USES/NOTES: Large (to 10cm), round, dark red berries contain many<br />
small seeds surrounded by juicy, red arils th<strong>at</strong> are much prized<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or added to sauces and fruit salads. Fruit juice<br />
is used to make <strong>the</strong> drink grenadine; tannin from <strong>the</strong> tough skin is<br />
used commercially to tan lea<strong>the</strong>r; and bark is used medicinally to<br />
tre<strong>at</strong> intestinal worms, diarrhea and fevers. Seeds are used in New<br />
Year’s celebr<strong>at</strong>ions for good luck in parts <strong>of</strong> Brazil. Of ancient<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ion, <strong>the</strong> trees are also grown as ornamentals.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mild clim<strong>at</strong>e niches from <strong>the</strong> Balkans to <strong>the</strong> Himalayas,<br />
possibly more restricted to <strong>the</strong> Caspian region<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural<br />
n.d., Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Omawale<br />
1973, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig 1991, Schneider 1987, Usher<br />
1974, Van Feu n.d., Zohary and Hopf 1993<br />
Punica nana L. [syn. P. gran<strong>at</strong>um var. nana (L.) Pers.]<br />
FAMILY: Punicaceae (pomegran<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
ENGLISH: dwarf pomegran<strong>at</strong>e<br />
PORTUGUESE: romã<br />
SPANISH: granada<br />
USES/NOTES: Arils around <strong>the</strong> many tiny seeds are highly esteemed. Also<br />
grown as an ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe/Asia<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Usher 1974<br />
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Puya berteroniana Mez<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
ENGLISH: blue puya, green-flowered puya, turquoise puya<br />
SPANISH: cardón, chagual, magüey, puya<br />
USES/NOTES: Young central leaf buds are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads, but <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
removal kills <strong>the</strong> plant. Considered thre<strong>at</strong>ened in <strong>the</strong> wild, <strong>the</strong><br />
plant is also cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its beautiful blue-green flower spikes<br />
th<strong>at</strong> can reach 2 meters.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Chile<br />
REFERENCES: H<strong>of</strong>fmann 1998, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Smith and<br />
Downs 1974<br />
Puya chilensis Molina [syn. P. boliviensis Blake]<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
ENGLISH: Chilean puya<br />
SPANISH: chagual<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaf sprouts are edible. Older leaves are used as a<br />
durable fiber source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, Marticorena<br />
and Quezada 1985, Smith 1964, Smith and Downs 1974<br />
Puya coerulea Lindley<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
ENGLISH: Chilean puya<br />
SPANISH: chagual, chagualillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984, Smith 1964<br />
Puya ham<strong>at</strong>a L.B. Sm.<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
SPANISH: achupalla<br />
USES/NOTES: Juice from <strong>the</strong> leaf bases is made into a sweet beverage<br />
called jugo de aguaronge in Spanish. Tender leaf bases are e<strong>at</strong>en in<br />
salads and made into flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Benzing 1980, Smith and Downs 1974<br />
Puya sodiorona Mez [syn. P. gummifera Mez & Sodiro]<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
SPANISH: achupalla<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf bases are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994, Lu<strong>the</strong>r 1989,<br />
Smith and Downs 1974<br />
Pycnan<strong>the</strong>mum incanum (L.) Michaux<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
ENGLISH: hoary mountain-mint, horsemint, wild basil<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are made into a tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Crins 1989, Facciola 1990<br />
Pycnan<strong>the</strong>mum muticum (Michaux) Pers.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: cluster mountain-mint, short-too<strong>the</strong>d mountain-mint<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves have a mint aroma and are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990<br />
Pycnan<strong>the</strong>mum verticill<strong>at</strong>um var. pilosum (Nutt.) Cooperrider [syn. P.<br />
pilosum Nutt.]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: hairy mountain-mint<br />
USES/NOTES: Minty leaves are made into an arom<strong>at</strong>ic tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990<br />
Pycnan<strong>the</strong>mum virginianum (L.) T. Durand & B.D. Jackson ex Robinson &<br />
Fern.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: Virginia mountain-mint<br />
USES/NOTES: Chippewa flavored me<strong>at</strong> and broth with buds and flowers.<br />
Leaves are used to make an arom<strong>at</strong>ic tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walter) DC.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: Carolina desert chicory, flase dandelion, leafy-stemmed<br />
dandelion<br />
USES/NOTES: Kiowa people <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> roots.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America, from Texas to eastern Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Fernald 1950, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Pyrularia pubera Michaux<br />
FAMILY: Santalaceae (sandalwood)<br />
ENGLISH: buffalo nut, elk nut, oil nut<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Pyrus betulifolia Bunge<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: birch-leaved pear<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers, fruits, and leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn China, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990<br />
Pyrus calleryana Decne.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Bradford pear, callery pear, flowering pear, red-spire<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Also used as a rootstock and a<br />
landscape specimen despite its tendency to split easily.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Neary 1998, Nelson 1994, von Reis Altschul<br />
1973<br />
Pyrus communis L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: pear<br />
PORTUGUESE: pêra, vergamota<br />
SPANISH: pera, peral<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for millennia, dessert quality, sweet fruit is<br />
<strong>the</strong> pear <strong>of</strong> commerce.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Europe to southwestern Asia, perhaps <strong>the</strong><br />
Balkans, Greece, or Turkey, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural<br />
n.d., Usher 1974<br />
Qualea paraensis Ducke [also Q. acumin<strong>at</strong>a Spruce ex Warming, Q.<br />
parviflora Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Vochysiaceae (vochysia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: mandioqueira, mandioqueira-escamosa, mandioqueiravermelha,<br />
pau-terra (Q. parviflora)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, Q. paraensis from upland forests, Q. acumin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
along w<strong>at</strong>er margins<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Boom 1989, Jardim Botânico de<br />
Brasília 1989, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Quararibea funebris (Llave) Vischer [syn. Q. fieldii Millsp.]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Bombacaceae (silk-cotton)<br />
SPANISH: canela, molinillo, saha<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are used to flavor chocol<strong>at</strong>e beverages, especially<br />
tej<strong>at</strong>e used as a medicinal beverage. Leaves are sold as a spice in<br />
markets <strong>of</strong> Veracruz, Mexico. Flowers contain <strong>the</strong> alkaloids funebral<br />
and funebrine, both similar to drugs used to comb<strong>at</strong> convulsions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Lowland tropics <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and Belize through<br />
Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d.,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, West 1992<br />
Quararibea wittii Schumann & Ulbr.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Bombacaceae (silk-cotton)<br />
SPANISH: bara muyo, chucula caspi, nenepekago, nenepekawe, sapotillo,<br />
yurac saputi<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellowish fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Pinedo-Vásquez et al. 1992, Renner et al. 1990<br />
Quassia amara L. [syn. Q. simarouba L.f., Simarouba amara Aublet,<br />
Simarouba glauca DC., Zwingera amara (Aublet) Willd.]<br />
FAMILY: Simaroubaceae (quassia)<br />
ENGLISH: bitter damson, bitterwood, dysentery bark, paradise tree,<br />
quassia wood, simarouba, stave wood, Surinam quassia<br />
FRENCH: bois amer, bois blanc, bois frene, bois negresse, simaba<br />
PORTUGUESE: caixeta, cajú-rana, marubá, marupá, marupá-preto,<br />
pitomba, quassia, simarouba, tamanqueira<br />
SPANISH: aceituna, aceituno, amargo, cedro blanco, chiriguana,<br />
cuassia, daguilla, gavilán, hombre grande, Juan Primero,<br />
jucumico, kininu, malacacheta, marupa, negrito, palo amargo, palo<br />
blanco, palo huaco, quassia, quina de Cayena, robleceillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Bark is a source <strong>of</strong> a bitter flavoring used in beverages<br />
as a substitute for quinine (Cinchona spp.). Root bark is<br />
medicinal. Fruit pulp reportadly is edible and seeds contain an oil<br />
used in bitters. Extracts have been used effectively to tre<strong>at</strong><br />
dysentery and o<strong>the</strong>r ailments.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: coastal hammocks <strong>of</strong> central and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida, <strong>the</strong><br />
Bahamas, <strong>the</strong> West Indies, Mexico, Central America, and tropical<br />
South America<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Balick et al. 1996, Bourke et al. 1987,<br />
Facciola 1990, Lakela and Wunderlin 1980, Mabberley 1987, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, Nelson 1994, OAS 1973, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992, Rehm<br />
and Espig 1991, Silva et al. 1977, Taylor 2002, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Quercus agrifolia Née<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: California field oak, California live oak, coast live oak<br />
USES/NOTES: Acorns have been e<strong>at</strong>en in breads and soups after leaching<br />
to remove bitter tannins.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal California into nor<strong>the</strong>rn Baja California<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, FNAEC<br />
1997, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Quercus alba L.<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: eastern white oak, white oak<br />
SPANISH: encino, roble blanco de América<br />
USES/NOTES: Nutritious acorns are <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sweeter white oak group, and<br />
have been used as a food source, generally dried, leached, <strong>the</strong>n<br />
mashed for use in soups and breads. Oak wood from various species<br />
have been used for barrels to age o<strong>the</strong>r beverages and in barbeques<br />
to cook o<strong>the</strong>r foods. In both cases, oak flavor is imparted on <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r foods.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from sou<strong>the</strong>astern Canada to<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Florida and eastern Texas<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Godfrey<br />
1988, Harris 1972, Nelson 1994, Peterson 1977<br />
Quercus bicolor Willd. in Muhlenb.<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: swamp white oak<br />
USES/NOTES: Large acorns are leached <strong>the</strong>n ground and e<strong>at</strong>en, typically<br />
with o<strong>the</strong>r foods.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from sou<strong>the</strong>astern Canada to<br />
Tennessee<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Medsger 1939, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Quercus candicans Née<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: red oak<br />
SPANISH: bellotero, corturapi, encino aguac<strong>at</strong>illo, encino ahu<strong>at</strong>l,<br />
encino blanco, encino cenizo, encino colorado, encino de asta,<br />
encino papantla, encino rosillo, roble, teposcohuite, urupcu<br />
USES/NOTES: Nut is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and adjacent Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Romero Rangel et al. 2002, Torres n.d.<br />
Quercus emoryi Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: bellota, Emory oak<br />
SPANISH: bellota<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible acorns <strong>of</strong> this rel<strong>at</strong>ively small, evergreen oak have<br />
been sold in local markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Quercus gambelii Nutt. [syn. Q. utahensis Rydb.]<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: Gambel oak, Utah oak<br />
SPANISH: encino<br />
USES/NOTES: Acorns are ground into meal, <strong>the</strong>n leached to remove bitter<br />
tannins before being added to cooked foods.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Harrington 1967,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Quercus garryana Douglas<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: Garry oak, Oregon oak, Oregon white oak, western oak<br />
USES/NOTES: Acorns can be e<strong>at</strong>en after leaching to remove bitter<br />
tannins.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn British Columbia through California<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Turner<br />
and Szczawinski 1979, Yanovsky 1936<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Quercus gemin<strong>at</strong>a Small [syn. Q. virginiana Miller var. gemin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
(Small) Sargent]<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: sand live oak<br />
USES/NOTES: Elong<strong>at</strong>ed acorns, which generally come in pairs (hence <strong>the</strong><br />
specific name), are <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sweet white group <strong>of</strong> oaks and are edible<br />
after leaching to remove bitterness. Attractive, long-lived tree<br />
with its sprawling curvaceous limbs, similar to, though generally<br />
smaller than <strong>the</strong> live oak (Q. virginiana), is underutilized as a<br />
landscape specimen.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. from sou<strong>the</strong>astern Virginia<br />
through Louisiana<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Godfrey 1988, Hall 1989, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes)<br />
Quercus lob<strong>at</strong>a Née<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: California white oak, valley oak<br />
USES/NOTES: Acorns can be e<strong>at</strong>en after leaching to remove bitter<br />
tannins.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California endemic<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Clarke 1977, FNAEC 1997, Mabberley<br />
1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Quercus macrocarpa Michaux [syn. Q. iberica nomen illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: burr oak, mossy-cup oak<br />
USES/NOTES: Nuts, said to be among <strong>the</strong> best acorns for e<strong>at</strong>ing, are<br />
prepared by leacing, <strong>the</strong>n cooking in a variety <strong>of</strong> foods including<br />
soups and breads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern to central and south-central North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958,<br />
FNAEC 1997, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: chinkapin oak, chinquapin oak, yellow chestnut oak<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet acorns are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern to south-central North America from sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Ontario to Florida, New Mexico, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, FNAEC 1997, Godfrey 1988<br />
Quercus nigra L.<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: possum oak, w<strong>at</strong>er oak<br />
USES/NOTES: Acorns, though <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bitter black group, have been e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
after thoroughly leaching to remove tannins.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Quercus palustris Münchh.<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: pin oak<br />
USES/NOTES: Acorns have been used for food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East-central U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, FNAEC 1997, Kunkel 1984<br />
Quercus rubra L.<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: nor<strong>the</strong>rn red oak, red oak<br />
PORTUGUESE: carvalho<br />
SPANISH: roble americano, roble colorado<br />
USES/NOTES: Bitter acorns have been e<strong>at</strong>en cooked in some form after<br />
leaching.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from eastern Canada to Georgia and<br />
Oklahoma<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Kunkel<br />
1984, Schwegman 1991<br />
Quercus rugosa Née [syn. Q. reticul<strong>at</strong>a Humb. & Bonpl.]<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: netleaf oak<br />
SPANISH: alvellana, avellana, cu-hó, encino, encino avellano, encino<br />
blanco, encino blanco liso, encino cuero, encino de asta, encino de<br />
miel, encino negro, encino prieto, encino quiebra hacha, encino<br />
roble, palo colorado, roble, sharari, t-nuyá, tocus, tocuz, tulán<br />
USES/NOTES: The acorn (bellota in Spanish) is used like c<strong>of</strong>fee (C<strong>of</strong>fea<br />
spp.).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. through Mexico to Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Torres n.d.,<br />
Vázquez-Yanes et al. 1999<br />
Quercus virginiana Miller and Q. gemin<strong>at</strong>a Small [syn. Q. virginiana<br />
Miller var. gemin<strong>at</strong>a (Small) Sargent]<br />
FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak)<br />
ENGLISH: live oak (Q. virginiana), sand live oak (Q. gemin<strong>at</strong>a),<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn live oak (Q. virginiana)<br />
USES/NOTES: Acorns (<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sweeter white group), <strong>of</strong> Georgia’s st<strong>at</strong>e<br />
tree (Q. virginiana), were e<strong>at</strong>en by early inhabitants after<br />
leaching to remove bitterness. Acorn oil has been used as a coking<br />
oil. Also <strong>at</strong>tractive landscape specimen and important lumber<br />
source. Q. gemin<strong>at</strong>a is under-utilized as a landscape tree.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Q. virginiana from sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. from Virginia<br />
through Florida to Texas, Q. gemin<strong>at</strong>a from coastal North Carolina<br />
through Florida to coastal Louisiana<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 1997, Deuerling and Lantz 1993, FNAEC 1997,<br />
Godfrey 1988, Hall 1989, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Yanovsky 1936<br />
Quiina florida Tul. [syn. Q. poeppigiana Tul.]<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
FAMILY: Quiinaceae (quiina)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pama<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Renner et al. 1990, Steyermark et al.<br />
1995<br />
Randia acule<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: box brier, Christmas tree, dogwood, indigoberry, ink berry,<br />
white indigoberry<br />
FRENCH: bois de lance<br />
SPANISH: agalla de costa, cambrón, corallero, cracilla, crucecilla de<br />
la costa, crucecita, cruceto, dragale, escambrón, espina cruz, Juan<br />
de la cruz, maíz tostado, maría angola, palo de cotorra, palo de<br />
cruz, papachilla, pitajoní bravo, pitajoní espinoso, tintero,<br />
tintillo, yamaguey de costa<br />
USES/NOTES: Small white drupe’s bluish pulp is edible. Once an<br />
economic dye source, now cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed primarily as a landscape<br />
specimen.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to South Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Martin et al. 1987<br />
Randia arm<strong>at</strong>a (Sw.) DC. [syn. Basanacantha arm<strong>at</strong>a (Sw.) Hook.f. nomen<br />
illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
SPANISH: crucillo, crucito, limoncillo, mostrenco, rosetillo, tintero<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Randia echinocarpa Sessé & Moq.<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
SPANISH: kakwara, papache<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is appreci<strong>at</strong>ed and bark is used in <strong>the</strong><br />
prepar<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> tesgüino, an alcoholic beverage made from maize (Zea<br />
mays).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Steinkraus 1983, von Reis Altschul 1983<br />
Randia laetevirens Standley<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
SPANISH: tsootsoob olom<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is a snack food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Breedlove 1986<br />
Ranunculus bulbosus L.<br />
FAMILY: Ranunculaceae (buttercup)<br />
ENGLISH: bulbous buttercup, bulbous crowfoot<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
SPANISH: fracesilla, hierba velluda<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers and bulbs are edible, <strong>the</strong> l<strong>at</strong>ter thouroughly<br />
boiled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe and West Asia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958,<br />
FNAEC 1997, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Kirk 1970, Munz and Keck 1959<br />
Ranunculus ficaria L.<br />
FAMILY: Ranunculaceae (buttercup)<br />
ENGLISH: celandine, lesser celandine, pilewort<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ranunculus pallasii Schltr.<br />
FAMILY: Ranunculaceae (buttercup)<br />
ENGLISH: buttercup<br />
USES/NOTES: Rootstocks are e<strong>at</strong>en in Alaska.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arctic region<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rapanea ovalifolia Mez.<br />
FAMILY: Myrsinaceae (myrsine)<br />
PORTUGUESE: jómirim<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Raphanus raphanistrum L.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: white charlock, wild radish<br />
PORTUGUESE: nabiça, rabanete-de-cavalo, saramago<br />
SPANISH: nabiza<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980<br />
Raphanus s<strong>at</strong>ivus L.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinese radish, Japanese radish, movrai, oriental radish,<br />
radish<br />
PORTUGUESE: nabo-chinês, rabanete, rábano<br />
SPANISH: rabaneta, rabanete, rábano<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots, ei<strong>the</strong>r small and red or large and white, are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
raw in salads and cooked, and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Seeds<br />
sometimes are used as a diuretic and plants are fed to livestock.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e Europe or Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1986, IBGE 1980, Kay 1973, Leung 1961, Purseglove<br />
1968, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Raphia taedigera (Mart.) Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: rafia<br />
PORTUGUESE: jup<strong>at</strong>i, jup<strong>at</strong>y<br />
SPANISH: m<strong>at</strong>omba, pángana, rafia, yolillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp reportedly is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East coast <strong>of</strong> Nicaragua through Costa Rica, Panama, and<br />
adjacent western Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1984, Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987, OAS<br />
1973<br />
R<strong>at</strong>hbunia alamoensis (J. Coulter) Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: boa constrictor, sina<br />
USES/NOTES: Globular, red, bitter fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en occasionally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990<br />
Renealmia alpinia (Rottb.) P. Maas<br />
FAMILY: Zingiberaceae (ginger)<br />
PORTUGUESE: assafroa (applied to members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> genus in Acre, Brazil)<br />
SPANISH: kumpia, mishquipanga, murusi<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and produces a red-purple dye used for<br />
textiles.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Peru and Ecuador through Amazonia to Venezuela’s<br />
Orinoco Delta<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gómez-Beloz<br />
2002, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Renealmia breviscapa Poeppig & Endl.<br />
FAMILY: Zingiberaceae (ginger)<br />
SPANISH: chiank<br />
USES/NOTES: Seedless fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en peeled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian and Andean Peru and Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Maas 1976,<br />
Maas 1977<br />
Renealmia mexicana Klotzsch ex Petersen [syn. R. jalapensis<br />
Gagnepain, Ethanium mexicanum (Klotzsch ex Petersen) Kuntze]<br />
FAMILY: Zingiberaceae (ginger)<br />
SPANISH: hoja de bexo<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is used as a spice in Veracruz, Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997, Maas 1977<br />
Reynosia septentrionalis Urban<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: darling plum, guamaberry, ironwood, red ironwood<br />
USES/NOTES: Egg-shaped, small (to 2 cm long) dark, drupe is said to be<br />
sweet.<br />
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651
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies to South Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1977, Nelson 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Reynosia uncin<strong>at</strong>a Urban<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
SPANISH: cascarola<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Puerto Rico<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Rhamnus crocea Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: redberry, redberry buckthorn<br />
USES/NOTES: Apache <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> fruits with me<strong>at</strong>.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and Baja California, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Kirk 1970, Munz 1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rhamnus purshiana DC. [syn. Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper nomem<br />
illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: cascara, cascara buckthorn, cascara Persian berry, cascara<br />
sagrada, western buckthorn<br />
PORTUGUESE: ameiro-negro, cáscara-sagrada<br />
SPANISH: cáscara, cáscara sagrada<br />
USES/NOTES: Purple fruits are edible, though rarely e<strong>at</strong>en, and bark<br />
extract is used as a flavoring agent. Dried bark is a commercially<br />
important medicine source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast <strong>of</strong> North America from Baja California to<br />
British Columbia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Heiser 1993, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a,<br />
Munz and Keck 1959, Rehm and Espig 1991, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rheedia edulis Planchon & Triana [syn. Calophyllum edulis Seemann]<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
ENGLISH: waiki plum<br />
SPANISH: arrayán, berba, caimito, caimito de montaña, chaparrón,<br />
jorco, sastra, mameyito, palo de frutilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Occasionally cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its edible fruit.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America and tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rheedia gardneriana Miers ex Planchon & Triana<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bacuri-mirim, bacupari, bacupari-miúdo, bucuporé<br />
SPANISH: charichuelo de hoja menuda<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980<br />
Rheedia l<strong>at</strong>eriflora L.<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
ENGLISH: wild mammey<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Antilles to Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Rheedia longifolia Triana & Planchon<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bahoeri<br />
SPANISH: charichuelo<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Spichiger et al. 1989, UFA/NYBG n.d., von Reis Altschul<br />
and Lipp 1982<br />
Rheedia spruceana Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
SPANISH: contaca, cozoiba rebalsera, naranjita<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Andes from about 500-1000 meters<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Davis and Yost 1983, Hoyas 1989<br />
Rheum <strong>of</strong>ficinale Baillon<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: medicinal rhubarb, rhubarb<br />
PORTUGUESE: ruibarbo, ruibarbo-da-China<br />
SPANISH: ruibarbo, ruibarbo medicinal<br />
USES/NOTES: Rhizomes are purg<strong>at</strong>ive and lax<strong>at</strong>ive and used in tonics.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North-eastern Asia, especially China<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Usher 1974, Yamaguchi<br />
1983<br />
Rheum rhaponticum L. and R. rhaborabarum L.<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: garden rhubarb, rhubarb<br />
PORTUGUESE: ruibarbo<br />
SPANISH: ruibarbo<br />
USES/NOTES: Stalks are e<strong>at</strong>en stewed and in pies and roots are used as<br />
a purg<strong>at</strong>ive. Plants contain calcium oxil<strong>at</strong>e (highest concentr<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
is in <strong>the</strong> leaf), a poison, th<strong>at</strong> can be f<strong>at</strong>al when ingested.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Siberia<br />
REFERENCES: Howard 1994, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974<br />
Rhexia virginica L.<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
ENGLISH: deer grass, meadow beauty<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads or boiled, and roots are<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru through nor<strong>the</strong>astern Amazonia and <strong>the</strong><br />
Guianas<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990,<br />
Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Peterson 1977<br />
Rhigospira quadrangularis (Müell. Arg.) Miers<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ariá, goiaba-de-anta<br />
SPANISH: yahuarhuayo colorado<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG<br />
n.d.<br />
Rhipsalis baccifera (Sol. ex J. Miller) Stearn [syn. R. cassutha<br />
Gaertner]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: currant cactus, mistletoe cactus<br />
SPANISH: azote<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, abundant, white-to-pink, grape-like, sweet fruits<br />
<strong>of</strong> this epiphytic cactus are e<strong>at</strong>en as a snack in Mexico. R.<br />
cassutha is also seen as R. cassytha.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola<br />
1990, Mabberley 1987<br />
Rhizophora mangle L.<br />
FAMILY: Rhizophoraceae (mangrove)<br />
ENGLISH: American red mangrove, mangrove, red mangrove<br />
SPANISH: candelón, mangle, mangle colorado, mangle rojo, purguá,<br />
zap<strong>at</strong>ero<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves, though rich in tannins, may be made into tea and<br />
fruits, roots, and young hypocotyls have been used as emergency<br />
foods.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coasts <strong>of</strong> Florida through <strong>the</strong> Neotropics and West Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1972, Facciola 1990, Morton 1977,<br />
Nellis 1994, OAS 1973<br />
Rhododendron periclymenoides (Michaux) Shinners [syn. R. nudiflora<br />
(L.) Nutt., Azalea nudiflora L.]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: honeysuckle azalea, pinxter flower, wild azalea<br />
PORTUGUESE: azaleia<br />
SPANISH: rododendro<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf and stem galls, called May apples, are e<strong>at</strong>en pickled<br />
or raw. Pickling <strong>of</strong> May apples d<strong>at</strong>es to <strong>the</strong> days <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pilgrims.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Medsger 1939,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
ENGLISH: downy myrtle, downy rose myrtle, hill gooseberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fuzzy skinned, purple berries are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or more<br />
typically in pies, jellies, and preserves. Also grown for showy<br />
rose-like, pink flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical East Asia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized and invasive in frost<br />
free loc<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
REFERENCES: FLEPPC 2003, Martin et al. 1987, Taylor 1998, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975<br />
Rhus arom<strong>at</strong>ica Aiton<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: fragrant sumac<br />
SPANISH: zumaque, zumaque aromático<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe berries are dried and used in teas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rhus copallina L.<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: dwarf sumac, mountain sumac, shining sumac, winged sumac<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are made into jelly or a refreshing beverage called<br />
Indian lemonade.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from Michigan to Florida and Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Angier 1972, Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977, Stamps and<br />
S<strong>at</strong>terthwaite 1995, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rhus glabra L.<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: lemonade tree, scarlet sumac, sleek sumac, smooth sumac,<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn sumac, sumac<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried, ripe berries are used in teas or a lemonade-like<br />
beverage. Shoots and peeled roots are e<strong>at</strong>en raw.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Florida and Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1962, Harris 1972, Kindscher 1987,<br />
Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rhus hirta (L.) Sudworth [syn. R. typhina L.]<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: lemonade tree, staghorn sumac, sumac, velvet sumac, vinegar<br />
tree<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are used to make a refreshing beverage or are added<br />
to pies.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Canada to Georgia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Harrington 1967,<br />
Harris 1972, Kunkel 1984, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rhus integrifolia (Nutt.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Brewers & S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: lemonade berry, lemonade sumac, sour berry<br />
SPANISH: hiedra, lentisco<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are used to make a refreshing drink, similar to<br />
lemonade.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn California and Baja California<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rhus microphylla Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: desert sumac, littleleaf sumac, littleleaf sumach, sumach<br />
SPANISH: agrito<br />
USES/NOTES: Shrub’s small reddish berry has little pulp, but can be<br />
group and made into preserves or soaked in w<strong>at</strong>er to make a tart<br />
beverage. Sap reportedly may irrit<strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> skin <strong>of</strong> some people.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn California to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Texas and adjacent<br />
Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Moerman 1998, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rhus ov<strong>at</strong>a S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: sugar bush, sugar sumac<br />
SPANISH: hiedra, lentisco<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible (usually sucked), a sweet, waxy sap<br />
from <strong>the</strong> fruit is used as a flavoring agent, and leaves are made<br />
into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Baja California<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rhus trilob<strong>at</strong>a Nutt. [syn. Schmaltzia trilob<strong>at</strong>a (Nutt.) Small]<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: lemonade sumac, skunbush, skunbush sumac, squaw berry,<br />
squawbush, three-leaf sumac<br />
SPANISH: agrillas, agrito<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits have been e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians and are made into a<br />
beverage. Leaves are added as an adulterant to tobacco. Bark is<br />
used to make baskets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Torres n.d.,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Wea<strong>the</strong>rford 1988, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rhynchelytrum longeracemosa Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
SPANISH: tsanakw’il t’eel<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits reportedly are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990<br />
Ribes americanum Miller<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: American black currant, black currant, eastern black currant,<br />
wild black currant, wild currant<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en in jellies, pies, and sauces, or made<br />
into wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Harris 1972, Tomikel 1986<br />
Ribes aureum Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: buffalo currant, golden currant, squaw currant, wax currant<br />
USES/NOTES: Drought tolerant shrub is cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in some regions for<br />
its large, flavorful fruit. Dried fruits were mixed with buffalo<br />
me<strong>at</strong> and tallow to make pemmican.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ribes bracteosum Douglas ex Hook.<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: stink currant, wild currant<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or mixed in salmon roe.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ribes cereum Douglas<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: squaw currant, wax currant<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruits should not be e<strong>at</strong>en in large quantities.<br />
Leaves and flowers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Wea<strong>the</strong>rford 1988<br />
Ribes cynosb<strong>at</strong>i L. [syn. Grossularia cynob<strong>at</strong>i (L.) Mill.]<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: American wild gooseberry, dogberry, eastern prickly<br />
gooseberry, gooseberry, pasture gooseberry, prickly gooseberry,<br />
prickly wild gooseberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: groselha<br />
SPANISH: grosella<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are used primarily in sauces and desserts.<br />
Most cultivars deriving from R. cynosb<strong>at</strong>i are hybrids.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Freckmann Herbarium, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Mabberley<br />
1987, Peterson 1977, Usher 1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ribes divaric<strong>at</strong>um Douglas [syn. Grossularia divaric<strong>at</strong>a (Douglas)<br />
Coville & Britton]<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: coast gooseberry, worcesterberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en dried.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Yanovsky 1936<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
657
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Ribes glandulosum Grauer<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: skunk currant, wild currant<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ribes hirtellum Michaux [syn. Grossularia hirtella (Michaux) Spach]<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: American gooseberry, gooseberry, gooseberry currant,<br />
wedgeleaf gooseberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its berries, e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, dried, or in<br />
pies, jellies, and jams.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Freckmann Herbarium, Harrington 1967,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ribes hudsonianum Richardson<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: Canadian black currant, Hudson Bay currant, nor<strong>the</strong>rn black<br />
currant<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries, though not <strong>of</strong> good quality, are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or<br />
preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Turner and Szczawinski 1979<br />
Ribes inerme Rydb. [syn. Grossularia inermis (Rydb.) Coville &<br />
Britton]<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: gooseberry, gooseberry currant, white-stem gooseberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Thorny shrubs berries are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or in pies, jellies,<br />
and jams.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poiret<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: bristly black currant, gooseberry, gooseberry currant,<br />
prickly currant, spiny swamp currant, swamp black currant<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or in pies, jellies, and jams.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Freckmann Herbarium, Harrington 1967,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ribes missouriense Nutt. [syn. Grossularia missouriensis (Nutt.)<br />
Coville & Britton]<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: Missouri gooseberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart berries are e<strong>at</strong>en in pies, jellies and jams, or<br />
rarely fresh.<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
658
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ribes montigenum McCl<strong>at</strong>chie<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: gooseberry, gooseberry currant<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or in pies, jellies, and jams, or<br />
are used to make s<strong>of</strong>t drinks and a liqueur.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ribes nigrum L.<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: black currant, European black currant, garden black currant,<br />
wild currant<br />
PORTUGUESE: groselha, groselha-preta<br />
SPANISH: grosella negra<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible, dried, leaves are used as tea, leaves<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en in soups, and flower buds are added to ice creams and<br />
liqueurs.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in temper<strong>at</strong>e regions and n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
in <strong>the</strong> U.S. and Chile in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Freckmann Herbarium, Harrington 1967<br />
Ribes odor<strong>at</strong>um H. Wendl. [syn. R. aureum var. villosum DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: buffalo currant, clove currant, golden currant, Missouri<br />
currant<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, cooked, or dried.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Kindscher 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ribes oxyacanthoides subsp. setosum (Lindley) Sinnott [syn. R.<br />
setosum Lindley, Grossularia setosa (Lindley) Coville & Britton]<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: feverberry, gooseberry, gooseberry currant, groser, inland<br />
gooseberry, red-shoot gooseberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are consumed fresh, in pies, jellies, or jams, in<br />
sauces, or made into wine. Young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West-central and Rocky Mountain region <strong>of</strong> North America<br />
from Utah into Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Harris 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, USDA-NRCS 2004,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ribes punct<strong>at</strong>um Ruiz & Pavón<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae, previously Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: currant<br />
PORTUGUESE: groselha, passa-de-corinto<br />
SPANISH: grosella<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or dried.<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
659
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Schwanitz 1966<br />
Ribes reclin<strong>at</strong>um L. [syn. R. grossularia L.]<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: English gooseberry, European gooseberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: groselha-espinosa, pitanga-branca<br />
SPANISH: grosella, grosellero espinosa, grosellero, grosellero<br />
silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible, used in sauces and desserts, or made into<br />
wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Usher 1974<br />
Ribes rubrum L.<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: cherry currant, cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed currant, garden red currant,<br />
garnetberry, red currant<br />
PORTUGUESE: groselha-vermelha<br />
SPANISH: grosella roja<br />
USES/NOTES: Occasionally cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its berries used in pies,<br />
jellies, jams, and sauces.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Freckmann Herbarium, Harris 1972, IBGE 1980, Mabberley<br />
1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ribes s<strong>at</strong>ivum (Reichb.) Syme<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: domestic red currant, garden currant, garden red currant, red<br />
currant, white currant<br />
USES/NOTES: Vitamin C- and pectin-rich fruit is edible fresh or<br />
cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and n<strong>at</strong>uralized in temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Johns and Stevenson 1985,<br />
Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ribes triste Pallas<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: American red currant, drooping currant, swamp red currant,<br />
wild currant<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are sometimes e<strong>at</strong>en raw, but are used mostly in<br />
pies, cakes, and preserves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ribes viscosissimum Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: sticky currant, wild currant<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
660
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rinorea laevig<strong>at</strong>a (Sol. ex Gingins) Hekking [syn. R. castaneaefolia<br />
(Sprengel) Kuntze, R. physiphora (Mart.) Kuntze, Alsodeia<br />
physiphora Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Violaceae (violet)<br />
PORTUGUESE: lobo-lobo<br />
USES/NOTES: Cooked leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en like a mucilaginous spinach<br />
(Spinacia oleracea) in parts <strong>of</strong> Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Hekking 1988, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Robinia neomexicana A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: New Mexican locust<br />
SPANISH: acacia<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are said to be edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. from Texas to California and adjacent<br />
Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Robinia pseudoacacia L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: bastard acacia, black locust, false acacia, post locust,<br />
white locust, yellow locust<br />
SPANISH: acacia blanca<br />
USES/NOTES: Cooked seeds and flowers are edible. O<strong>the</strong>r plant parts,<br />
however, are poisonous. Also a cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Appalachia and Ozark Mountains, possibly to<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Florida, now widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized and invasive in many<br />
hospitable loc<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Molina 1975, Nelson 1994, Peterson 1977,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rollinia cardiantha Diels<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE:<strong>at</strong>a<br />
SPANISH: anona, anonilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Rollinia cuspid<strong>at</strong>a Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: <strong>at</strong>a<br />
SPANISH: anonilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
661
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Maas et al. 1987, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Rollinia discreta L. [syn. Rolliniopsis discreta Saff.]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: fructa-de-macaco<br />
USES/NOTES: Occasionally cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its edible fruit.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guianas to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rollinia edulis Triana & Planchon<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
SPANISH: anón, anona, anonilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Rollinia emargin<strong>at</strong>a Schltr. [syn. R. occidentalis R.E. Fries]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ar<strong>at</strong>icum-mirim<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and seeds are edible. Also used as a grafting<br />
stock for <strong>the</strong> less drought resistant, though more desirable<br />
cherimoya (Annona cherimola).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 1987, Smith et al.<br />
1992<br />
Rollinia exsucca (DC. ex Dunal) A. DC. [syn. R. multiflora Slitg. in<br />
Hoeven & Vriese]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: black maho<br />
PORTUGUESE: ar<strong>at</strong>icum-macho, <strong>at</strong>a-brava, biribá-brava, envira, envirabôbo,<br />
envira-preta, envireira, ingireira<br />
SPANISH: anoncillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruit is <strong>of</strong> minor importance.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Surinam and Guyana through eastern and central Amazonian<br />
Brazil to Minas Gerais and Ceará<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Martin et al.<br />
1987<br />
Rollinia laurifolia Schltr.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ar<strong>at</strong>icum-mirim<br />
SPANISH: anonilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and South America<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rollinia longifolia A. St-Hil.<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
662
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baillon [syn. R. curvipetala R.E. Fries, R.<br />
deliciosa Saff., R. jimenzii Saff., R. orthopetala (L.) A. DC., R.<br />
pulchrinervis A. DC., R. sieberi A. DC., Annona mucosa Jacq.]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: annona, cachiman montagne, wild cachiman, wild sugar apple,<br />
wild soursop, wild sweetsop<br />
PORTUGUESE: ar<strong>at</strong>icu, ar<strong>at</strong>icum, ar<strong>at</strong>icum pitaia, <strong>at</strong>a-brava, baribá,<br />
beribá, biribá, biribá-bravo, biribá-de-Pernambuco, condessa,<br />
fruta-da-condessa, jaca-de-pobre<br />
SPANISH: anón cimarrón, anona, anona babosa, anonilla, anonillo de<br />
monte, biribá, cachimán, candongo, chirimoya, guanábana cimarrona,<br />
mul<strong>at</strong>o, riñón, riñón de montaña, riñón de monte, zambo<br />
USES/NOTES: Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed around homes and on small farms for <strong>the</strong><br />
large, segmented, yellow fruit with its custard-like, sweet pulp,<br />
consumed as juice, wine, or in ice cream. Fruit and seed also are<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably western Amazonian Brazil and adjacent Peru,<br />
though previously thought to be from <strong>the</strong> West Indies, now<br />
widespread in <strong>the</strong> neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Balée 1994, Berg 1984, Brako and<br />
Zarucchi 1993, Bourke et al. 1987, Campbell 1984, Cavalcante 1991,<br />
Clement 1989, Clement et al. 1982, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE<br />
1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975, Morton<br />
1987a, Peret 1985, Renner et al. 1990, Silva et al. 1977, Smith et<br />
al. 1992, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Vásquez and Gentry 1989<br />
Rollinia pittieri Saff. [syn. R. papilionella Diels]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
SPANISH: cherimoya, sacha anona<br />
USES/NOTES: Planted and encouraged in old fields for edible fruit pulp<br />
and wood used in general construction.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994<br />
Rollinia sylv<strong>at</strong>ica (A. St.-Hil.) Mart. [syn. R. exalbida (Vell.)<br />
Mart., R. fagifolia A. St.-Hil., Annona cherimola auct. non<br />
Mill. nomen illegit., A. exalbida Vell., A. fagifolia A. St.-Hil. &<br />
Tul., A. silvestris Vell., A. sylv<strong>at</strong>ica A. St.-Hil. (basionym)]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: alchexu, ar<strong>at</strong>icu, ar<strong>at</strong>icu-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, ar<strong>at</strong>icum, ar<strong>at</strong>icumalvadio,<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-do-grande, ar<strong>at</strong>icum-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, bananinha, biribá,<br />
cortica, cortica-de-comer, embira-vermelha, pinha<br />
USES/NOTES: White, creamy fruit pulp is sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil from Rio Grande do Sul in <strong>the</strong> south through Minas<br />
Gerais and Bahia<br />
REFERENCES: Maas et al. 1992, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
663
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Rosa arkansana Porter<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Arkansas rose, low prairie rose, prairie rose, prairie wild<br />
rose, wild prairie rose, wild rose<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en raw, stewed, or made into jelly. Young<br />
shoots and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, flower petals are edible, and<br />
leaves, flowers, and fruits are made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central North America from Manitoba to New Mexico and<br />
Texas east to New York<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987<br />
Rosa blanda Aiton<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Labrador rose, meadow rose, smooth rose, wild prairie rose,<br />
wild rose<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits and flowers <strong>of</strong> North Dakota’s st<strong>at</strong>e flower are<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn central and eastern U.S. and adjacent Canada,<br />
extending fur<strong>the</strong>r south in <strong>the</strong> east<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gleason and Cronquist 1991, Turner and<br />
Szczawinski 1979<br />
Rosa californica Cham. & Schltdl.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: California rose, California wild rose<br />
SPANISH: macu<strong>at</strong>a, rosa de California, rosa silvestre de California<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe fruits, called macu<strong>at</strong>as in Spanish, are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or<br />
steamed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Oregon to Baja California<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rosa canina L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: brier rose, dog brier, doghip, dogrose, rose hips (fruit<br />
only)<br />
PORTUGUESE: rainha-das-flores, rosa, rosa-canina, rosa-de-cão, rosamosqueta,<br />
rosa-selvagem<br />
SPANISH: rosa, rosa-silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as tea, edible fruits, known as rose hips,<br />
are rich in vitamin C, and flowers are used in salads, candied, or<br />
as a flavoring agent.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe and North Africa, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola<br />
1990, Mabberley 1987, Neumann n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rosa carolina L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Carolina rose, pasture rose<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits and flowers are edible.<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
664
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988<br />
Rosa centifolia L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: cabbage rose<br />
PORTUGUESE: rosa-aromática, rosa-de-maio, rosa-de-Provença, rosal-decem-folhas,<br />
rosal-romano<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits and flowers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Morton 1976a, Sturtevant 1972<br />
Rosa chinensis Jacq.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: China rose<br />
PORTUGUESE: rosa<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots and flowers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990<br />
Rosa damascena Miller<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: damask rose<br />
PORTUGUESE: rosa-Damasco, rosa-de-Damasco<br />
USES/NOTES: Petals and leaves are used as flavoring agents and young<br />
shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Morton 1976a<br />
Rosa eglanteria L. [syn. R. rubiginosa L.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: eglantine, sweet brier<br />
PORTUGUESE: rosa-amarela<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are used in jellies and flower petals are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rosa gallica L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: apo<strong>the</strong>cary rose, French rose<br />
PORTUGUESE: rosa-vermelha<br />
USES/NOTES: Flower petals are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Morton 1976a<br />
Rosa mosch<strong>at</strong>a Herrm.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: musk rose<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers and young shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe<br />
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REFERENCES: Facciola 1990<br />
Rosa multiflora Thunb.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Japanese rose, multiflora rose<br />
PORTUGUESE: rosa-japonesa<br />
SPANISH: rosa japonesa<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves and fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East Asia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988<br />
Rosa nutkana K. Presl<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: nootka rose, nutka rose<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy fruits and young shoots are edible, though fruits<br />
are considered undesirable by some.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern North America from central California<br />
REFERENCES: Bornstein et al. 2005, Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972,<br />
Turner and Szczawinski 1979, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rosa pisocarpa Gray<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: cluster rose, mortar rose<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en or made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984<br />
Rosa rugosa Thunb.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Japanese rose, Ramanas rose, rugosa rose<br />
PORTUGUESE: rosa-dos-ventos, rosa-japonesa<br />
SPANISH: rosa japonesa, rosa ramanas, rosa rugosa<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits, young shoots, and leaves are edible and leaves are<br />
made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East Asia, cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons 1966,<br />
Harrington 1967<br />
Rosa spinosissima L. [syn. R. pimpinellifolia L.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: burnet rose, scotch rose<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972<br />
Rosa villosa L. [syn. R. pomifera Herrm., R. villosa var. pomifera<br />
(Herrm.) Crépin]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: apple rose, rose, rose hips (fruit only)<br />
PORTUGUESE: fruta-da-roseira<br />
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SPANISH: rosa<br />
USES/NOTES: Vitamin C-rich fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en after removing seeds, as<br />
jelly, in puddings, in tarts, or made into syrup, used in fruit<br />
salads, baby foods, and vitamin supplements. Leaves are used in<br />
teas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe to Iran, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Johns and Stevenson<br />
1985, Usher 1974<br />
Rosa virginiana Miller<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Virginia rose<br />
USES/NOTES: Buds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rosa woodsii Lindley<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Wood’s rose<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Turner and Szczawinski 1979, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rosenbergiodendron longiflorum (Ruiz & Pavón) Fagerl. [syn. Randia<br />
ruiziana DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
SPANISH: huitillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rosmarinus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: rosemary<br />
PORTUGUESE: alecrim, alecrim-da-horta, alecrim-de-jardim, ervacoroada,<br />
flor-do-olimpo, rosa-marinha, rosmarinho<br />
SPANISH: romero<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried leaves contain an arom<strong>at</strong>ic oil and are used as a<br />
condiment to flavor cooked foods. Dried leaves also are made into a<br />
medicinal tea to relieve headache, or are burned and used to tre<strong>at</strong><br />
asthma. Flowers are a honey source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe and Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Guia Rural n.d., Mabberley 1987,<br />
Schneider 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Roystonea regia (Kunth) Cook, R. borinquena Cook, and R. oleracea<br />
(Jacq.) Cook [syn. Oreodoxa oleracea (Jacq.) Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: American cabbage palm, cabbage palm, Caribbean royal palm (R.<br />
oleracea), Cuban royal palm (R. regia), palmiste, Puerto Rican<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
royal palm (R. borinquena), royal palm, South American royal palm<br />
(R. oleracea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: juçara, palmeira-imperial, palmitiqueira, palmito,<br />
palmito-do-campo<br />
SPANISH: cana, chaguaramo (R. oleracea), palma (R. borinquena), palma<br />
de yaguas (R. borinquena), palma real, palma real cubana (R.<br />
regia), palma real puertorriqueña (R. regia), palmera de las<br />
Antillas, palmiche (fruit <strong>of</strong> R. regia), palmillo (heart <strong>of</strong> R.<br />
regia), palmito (heart <strong>of</strong> R. regia)<br />
USES/NOTES: Heart (palmito or yema) is e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, fresh,<br />
pickled, or prepared with eggs or me<strong>at</strong>. Fruit pulp <strong>of</strong> R. borinquena<br />
is edible, though typically fed only to animals. Fruits <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
species also are fed to animals. Also grown as ornamentals. R.<br />
oleracea is <strong>the</strong> tallest.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: R. borinquena from Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and <strong>the</strong><br />
Virgin Islands, R. oleracea from <strong>the</strong> Lesser Antilles and <strong>the</strong> middle<br />
and lower Orinoco, R. regia from Cuba, coastal Yuc<strong>at</strong>án <strong>of</strong> Mexico,<br />
and <strong>the</strong> Florida Keys<br />
REFERENCES: Blombery and Rodd 1982, Bourke et al. 1987, Brouk 1975,<br />
Graf 1974, Henderson et al. 1995, Horst 1997, Houaiss 1982,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973<br />
Rubus adenotrichus Schltr.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: blackberry<br />
SPANISH: frambuesa, mora, mora común<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, in jellies, and desserts, and are<br />
sold in markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America to Peru<br />
REFERENCES: León 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rubus allegheniensis Porter<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Allegheny blackberry, mountain blackberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand and in pies and jellies.<br />
Young shoots may be used in salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rubus arcticus L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Arctic berry, Arctic blackberry, Arctic bramble, Arctic<br />
raspberry, crimson bramble, nagoonberry, plumboy<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow to dark fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand and leaves are<br />
made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arctic region<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972, Turner and Szczawinski<br />
1979, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Rubus argutus Link<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: blackberry, Florida prickly blackberry, highbush blackberry,<br />
tall blackberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible fresh or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Cronk and Fuller 1995, Facciola 1990, Taylor<br />
1998<br />
Rubus betulifolius Small<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: highbush blackberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy fruits are <strong>of</strong> good quality, young leaves can be used<br />
for tea, and young shoots can be e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Peterson 1977<br />
Rubus bogotensis Kunth [syn. R. porphyromallus Focke]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
SPANISH: hierbamora, mora de cerro, mora de piedra, mora, zarza,<br />
zarzamora, zarzamora de la grande, zarzamora de loma<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Foster 1958, Jennings et al. 1990, Martin et al. 1987, MBG<br />
n.d., Rivera et al. 1997<br />
Rubus brasiliensis Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
PORTUGUESE: amora-branca, amora-da-selva, amora-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, amora-preta,<br />
amora-verde, framboesa-negra, sarca-amoreira, selva-branca<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark fruits are used in beverages. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: non-Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Alves Rodrigues et al. 2002, Martin<br />
et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rubus caesius L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: dewberry, European dewberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: framboesa<br />
SPANISH: zarzamora<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are similar to blackberries (Rubus<br />
fruticosus). Leaves are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe and southwestern Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Johns and Stevenson 1985, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Rubus chamaemorus L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: bake apple, baked-apple, baked-apple berry, cloudberry,<br />
malka, salmonberry, yellowberry<br />
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USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are highly prized.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e to Arctic regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rubus costaricanus Liebm.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Rubus cuneifolius Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: sand blackberry, sand bramble<br />
USES/NOTES: Potentially large (to 2.5 cm), dark, juicy, aggreg<strong>at</strong>e<br />
berry is <strong>of</strong> good quality and can be e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, cooked, or as a<br />
flavoring agent.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from Florida to New York west to Oklahoma,<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Godfrey 1988, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Nelson 1996, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rubus deliciosus Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Boulder raspberry, Rocky Mountain flowering raspberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rubus ellipticus Sm.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: cheeseberry, golden evergreen raspberry, yellow Himalayan<br />
raspberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern highland India, perhaps to o<strong>the</strong>r parts <strong>of</strong><br />
India, Sri Lanka, Burma, tropical China, and <strong>the</strong> Philippines,<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized and invasive in Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and<br />
elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Cronk and Fuller 1995, Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Rubus flagellaris Willd. [syn. R. canadensis L.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: American dewberry, Canadian blackberry, field dewberry,<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn dewberry, thornless blackberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Round, black, juicy, sweet fruits (to 2.5 cm) are consumed<br />
out <strong>of</strong> hand, in pies or jellies, or made into wine, leaves are made<br />
into tea, and young shoots are peeled and e<strong>at</strong>en raw. Fruits in <strong>the</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> range are said to be smaller and drier.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Quebec and Ontario to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Florida and eastern Texas<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990,<br />
Godfrey 1988, Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1996, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1987, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rubus floribundus Kunth [syn. R. robustus C. Presl]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
SPANISH: zarzamora<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed fresh and in drinks.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andes<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Hoyas 1989, Rivera et al. 1997,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1987<br />
Rubus frondosus Bigelow<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: blackberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Fernald 1950, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rubus fruticosus L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: blackberry bramble, blackberry, bramble, European blackberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: amoreira<br />
SPANISH: arto, artos, morera, zarza, zarzamora<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Fruits and leaves are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Leung 1961,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rubus geoides J. Sm. ex Hook.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
SPANISH: minemine<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rubus glaucus Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Andean blackberry, Andean black raspberry<br />
SPANISH: mora de castilla, mora de los Andes, mora fresa, mora piña<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, in desserts, or preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Peruvian Andes north possibly to Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Martin et<br />
al. 1987<br />
Rubus idaeus L. and R. idaeus subsp. strigosus (Michaux) Focke [syn.<br />
R. melanolasius Dieck, R. neglectus Peck, R. strigosus Michaux]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: American red raspberry, European red raspberry, purple cane<br />
raspberry, western red raspberry<br />
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PORTUGUESE: framboesa, framboesa-vermelha<br />
SPANISH: churdón, frambuesa, frambueso, mora, zarzamora<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or used to make preserves, flavorings<br />
and liqueurs, leaves are used as a medicinal tea, and young shoots<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe and Asia, or North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Harrington 1967, IBGE 1980, Mabberley<br />
1987, Schneider 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rubus lacini<strong>at</strong>us Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: cut-leaved blackberry, Oregon evergreen blackberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Sturtevant 1972<br />
Rubus leucodermis Douglas and Torrey ex A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: western raspberry, white bark raspberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Tastey fruits are edible, leaves are made into tea, and<br />
young shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Westren North America<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Medsger 1939, Sturtevant 1972<br />
Rubus x loganobaccus Bailey [n<strong>at</strong>ural hybrid <strong>of</strong> R. ursinus x R.<br />
idaeus]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: loganberry<br />
SPANISH: frambuesa americana<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is consumed as juice or syrup.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America, probably California<br />
REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Johns and Stevenson 1985<br />
Rubus niveus Thunb.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Ceylon raspberry, hill raspberry, mysore raspberry<br />
SPANISH: fresa de monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India through sou<strong>the</strong>rn China, Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, and <strong>the</strong><br />
Philippines, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> tropics and most nearly<br />
frost free regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> subtropics<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1996, Sommeijer et<br />
al. n.d., Sturtevant 1972<br />
Rubus nubigenus Kunth [syn. R. macrocarpus Benth., R. stipularis<br />
Benth.]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Colombian berry, Colombian giant blackberry<br />
SPANISH: frambuesa, mora<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, in desserts, or preserved.<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombian Andes, possibly to Peru<br />
REFERENCES: León 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rubus occidentalis L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: black raspberry, blackcap, thimbleberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: framboesa<br />
SPANISH: mora, morera<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, in sherbet and ice<br />
cream, or preserved, young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, and<br />
leaves and bark are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and central North America from Oklahoma and<br />
eastern Colorado to North Dakota east throughout to Georgia, <strong>Maine</strong>,<br />
and Quebec<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, USDA-NRCS 2004, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rubus odor<strong>at</strong>us L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: flowering raspberry, purple-flowering raspberry, roseflowering<br />
raspberry, thimbleberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en occasionally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rubus ostryifolius Rydb.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: dewberry, highbush blackberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are nade into tea and shoots and fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gre<strong>at</strong> Plains <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> U.S. and Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987<br />
Rubus parviflorus Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: salmonberry, thimbleberry, white-flowering raspberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en with dried salmon eggs in northwestern<br />
U.S. and fresh or cooked elsewhere. Leaves are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Westrn North America from Alaska to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Hultén 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rubus parvifolius L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Japanese raspberry, trailing raspberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Asia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Wiersema and León 1999<br />
Rubus ped<strong>at</strong>us Sm.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: creeping raspberry, trailing wild raspberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, juicy fruits are edible.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Northwestren North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Turner and Szczawinski 1979, Sturtevant<br />
1972, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Japanese wineberry, wine raspberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1962, Mabberley 1987<br />
Rubus procerus Müell.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: blackberry, Himalaya berry, Himalayan giant blackberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Large fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e Asia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in Canada and nor<strong>the</strong>rn U.S.<br />
and fur<strong>the</strong>r south in <strong>the</strong> western mountains<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Hendrickson 1981, Munz 1974<br />
Rubus pubescens Raf. var. pubescens [syn. R. triflorus Richards]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: dwarf raspberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rubus roseus Poiret [also R. boliviensis Focke, R. briareus Focke]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Andean blackberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: amoreira<br />
SPANISH: zarzamora, kari-kari (applied to <strong>the</strong> plant), chili fruta,<br />
cjari-cjari, mora de rocoto, huagra mora<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Andes<br />
REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1969, Soukup 1970, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rubus rosifolius Sm. ex Baker<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: bramble <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cape, Mauritius raspberry, thimbleberry<br />
SPANISH: frambuesa de India, zarza<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed out <strong>of</strong> hand, in desserts and jellies,<br />
or as juice. Leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mauritius, India, or Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, León 1987, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rubus sapidus Schltdl.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
SPANISH: moritas, zarzamora silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Pankhurst 2001<br />
Rubus sax<strong>at</strong>ilis L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: roebuck berry, stone bramble<br />
USES/NOTES: Large fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e to Arctic regions<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972<br />
Rubus shankii Standley & L.O. Williams<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Shank’s blackberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Large fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Honduras and perhaps Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990<br />
Rubus spectabilis Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: salmonberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or mixed with seal oil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S. and Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Jennings 1995, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rubus trivialis Michaux [syn. R. rubrisetus Rydb. ex Britton]<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: dewberry, low-bush raspberry, sou<strong>the</strong>rn dewberry<br />
SPANISH: planta preciosisima<br />
USES/NOTES: Potentially large (to 3 cm), juicy, black (when m<strong>at</strong>ure)<br />
fruits are <strong>of</strong> good quality, e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or preserved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Virginia through sou<strong>the</strong>rn Illinois, Florida, and Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Nelson 1996, Sturtevant 1972, Taylor 1998,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Rubus ulmifolius Schott<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: elm-leaved bramble, elmleaf blackberry, Himalaya blackberry,<br />
Himalayan blackberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Britain, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> U.S., Argentina, Bolivia,<br />
and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Troncoso 1987, Marticorena and Quezada 1985<br />
Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schltdl.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: California dewberry, Pacific dewberry, salmonberry, western<br />
blackberry, western dewberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits and shoots are edible, and leaves are made into<br />
tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern North America<br />
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REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972, Turner and<br />
Szczawinski 1979<br />
Rubus urticifolius Poiret<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
PORTUGUESE: amora-preta<br />
SPANISH: mora, mora silvestre, t<strong>at</strong>z zitmakum, zarzamora<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. The species name has appeared as<br />
“urticaefolius.”<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Pankhurst 2001, Rivera et<br />
al. 1997<br />
Rubus vitifolius Cham. & Schltdl.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: California blackberry, California dewberry, Pacific<br />
blackberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Black fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Simmons 1972, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rudgea racemosa (Ruiz & Pavón) Sprengel [syn. C<strong>of</strong>fea racemosa Ruiz &<br />
Pavón]<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: inhambane c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds, collected from <strong>the</strong> wild in Africa and rarely grown<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Americas, are used only occasionally for c<strong>of</strong>fee (C<strong>of</strong>fea<br />
spp.).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, Macbride 1936,<br />
Smith et al. 1992<br />
Rumex acetosa L.<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: broad-leaved sorrel, common sorrel, garden sorrel, sorrel,<br />
sorrel dock, sour dock<br />
PORTUGUESE: azeda, azeda-brava, azeda-de-ovelha, azeda-miúda,<br />
azedinha-aleluia, azedinha-da-horta, labaçal, labaça-obtusa,<br />
língua-de-vaca<br />
SPANISH: acetosa, acedera común, acederilla, vinagrera, vinagrillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Acidic leaves are used in salads, as a po<strong>the</strong>rb, and a<br />
medicinal juice. Flowers also are edible. In <strong>the</strong> Caribbean blossoms<br />
<strong>of</strong> R. acetosa are used to make a holiday beverage and dried<br />
blossoms are exchanged <strong>at</strong> Christmas time. Leaves <strong>of</strong> R. acetosella<br />
are more sour and used sparingly rel<strong>at</strong>ive to those <strong>of</strong> R. acetosa.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia and Africa, now widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Berleant-Shiller and Pulsipher 1986, Bourke et al. 1987,<br />
Harrington 1967, Harris 1972, IBGE 1980, Morton 1976a, Neumann<br />
n.d., Peterson 1977, Schneider 1987, Sturtevant 1972, Thomasson<br />
1994, Usher 1974, Yanovsky 1936<br />
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Rumex acetosella L.<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: red sorrel, sheep(’s) sorrel, sorrel, sour dock, sour grass<br />
PORTUGUESE: azedinha-da-horta, labaçal, labaça-obtusa<br />
SPANISH: acetosa, acedera, acedera menor, acederilla, romaza,<br />
vinagrera, vinagrillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Acidic leaves are used in salads, as a po<strong>the</strong>rb, and a<br />
medicinal juice. Flowers also are edible. Leaves <strong>of</strong> R. acetosella<br />
are more sour and used sparingly rel<strong>at</strong>ive to those <strong>of</strong> R. acetosa.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e Eurasia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Morton 1976a, Usher 1974,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rumex alpinus L.<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: alpine dock, Pyrenean sorrel, monk’s rhubarb, mountain<br />
rhubarb<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are added to salads or used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Wiersema and<br />
León 1999<br />
Rumex arcticus Trautv.<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: Arctic dock, Arctic sourdock<br />
USES/NOTES: N<strong>at</strong>ive Americans in Alaska e<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> leaves fresh or in oil.<br />
Seeds are also edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arctic region<br />
REFERENCES: Sch<strong>of</strong>ield 1989, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rumex brasiliensis Link<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Rumex chrysocarpus Moris [syn. R. berlandieri Meissner]<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: amamastla, pale dock<br />
SPANISH: amamastla<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians in Arizona <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> plant with Opuntia cactus<br />
fruit.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern<br />
U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rumex crispus L.<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: curled dock, curly dock, yellow dock<br />
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PORTUGUESE: azeda, labaça-crespa, língua-de-vaca<br />
SPANISH: aselgas, cuchi-ula, gulag, k’ita aselgas, lengua de vaca,<br />
llakhi, llaqhi, mostaza, pira de berraco, pira de puerco, romazo,<br />
vinagrillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Roots are used as a<br />
purg<strong>at</strong>ive and in tonics.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe or nor<strong>the</strong>rn Asia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, Franquemont<br />
et al. 1990, Gibbons 1966, Harrington 1967, Harris 1972, Leung<br />
1961, Nuemann n.d., Peterson 1977, Soukup 1970, Sturtevant 1972,<br />
Terra 1966, Usher 1974<br />
Rumex hymenosepalus Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: canaigre, tanner’s dock<br />
SPANISH: ganagre<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible and petioles are used like rhubarb<br />
(Rheum spp.). Seeds are used in mush.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rumex occidentalis S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: western dock<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en as greens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rumex p<strong>at</strong>ientia L.<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: herb p<strong>at</strong>ience, p<strong>at</strong>ience, p<strong>at</strong>ience dock, spinach dock<br />
PORTUGUESE: azeda-espinafre, labaça, paciência<br />
SPANISH: acedera espinaca, acelga, hierba de la paciencia, paciencia,<br />
romaza<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Editorial Panapo 1988, Fernald 1950,<br />
Fernald et al. 1958, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Medsger 1939, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Rumex paucifolius Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
ENGLISH: mountain sorrel<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern U.S., perhaps into Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Rumex salicifolius var. mexicanus (Meissner) C. Hitchc. [syn. R.<br />
mexicanus Meissner]<br />
FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwhe<strong>at</strong>)<br />
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ENGLISH: dock<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en as greens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Ruta graveolens L. [syn. R. chalapensis L.]<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: common rue, herb <strong>of</strong> grace, rue<br />
PORTUGUESE: arruda, arruda-doméstica, arruda-dos-jardins, ruta-decheiro-forte,<br />
ruta-hortensis, ruta-montana, ruta-s<strong>at</strong>iva<br />
SPANISH: aguitzearicua, akuiesi varirakua, akuitsi-usrhirakua,<br />
caliutli, is duy, kuan rud yixhé, lulá, nula, roda, ruda, ruta,<br />
ruue<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to flavor sauces, me<strong>at</strong>s and vegetables and<br />
to make a medicinal tea used to control menstru<strong>at</strong>ion, induce<br />
abortion, or to tre<strong>at</strong> strokes. Arom<strong>at</strong>ic oil (oil <strong>of</strong> rue) from <strong>the</strong><br />
leaves and shoots is used in flavoring agents and perfumes.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe, possibly to Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Branch and Silva 1983, Carneiro Martins 1989, Guia Rural<br />
n.d., IBGE 1980, Rehm and Espig 1991, Torres n.d., Usher 1974<br />
Sabal etonia Swingle ex Nash<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: scrub cabbage, scrub palmetto<br />
USES/NOTES: Scant fruit pulp and terminal bub, known as cabbage, <strong>of</strong><br />
this Florida endemic palm are edible. Stem is subterranean.<br />
Similar to S. minor, but with larger fruits and yellow-green<br />
leaves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Henderson et al. 1995,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Morton 1977, Sturtevant 1972<br />
Sabal mauritiiformis (H. Karsten) Griseb. ex H. Wendl. [syn. S.<br />
morrisiana Bartlett]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: botan, car<strong>at</strong>, savannah palm<br />
SPANISH: botán, car<strong>at</strong>a, guano, palma amarga, palma de guagara,<br />
palma redonda<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en in <strong>the</strong> Petén.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Belize, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Honduras, sou<strong>the</strong>astern Costa Rica, Atlantic coast <strong>of</strong> Panama,<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Colombia and Venezuela, and Trinidad<br />
REFERENCES: Blombery and Rodd 1982, Henderson et al. 1995,<br />
Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997<br />
Sabal mexicana Mart. [syn. S. texana (Cook) Becc.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: cabbage palm, Rio Grande palmetto, sabal palm, Texas<br />
palmetto<br />
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SPANISH: otoomal, palma de sombrero, palma de micharo, palma de<br />
mícharos, palma huíchira, soy<strong>at</strong>e<br />
USES/NOTES: Small black fruit’s pulp, though scant, tastes like a<br />
d<strong>at</strong>e (Phoenix dactilifera), and sweet heart is e<strong>at</strong>en as a<br />
vegetable or pounded into meal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn tip <strong>of</strong> Texas through Mexico’s Gulf coast,<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, El Salvador, to <strong>the</strong> Pacific coast <strong>of</strong><br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Nicaragua<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Henderson et al. 1995, L<strong>at</strong>orre and L<strong>at</strong>orre<br />
1977, Tabora et al. 1993, Tull 1978, Zona 1990<br />
Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: blue palmetto, blue stem, bush palmetto, dwarf palmetto,<br />
l<strong>at</strong>anier<br />
USES/NOTES: Pith reportedly is edible. Typically subterranean stem<br />
rarely emerges.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. from coastal sou<strong>the</strong>astern North<br />
Carolina to sou<strong>the</strong>astern Oklahoma, eastern Texas, and Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Henderson et al. 1995,<br />
Sturtevant 1972<br />
Sabal palmetto (Walter) Lodd. ex Schultes & Schultes f. [syn. S.<br />
bahamensis (Becc.) L. Bailey]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: cabbage palm, cabbage palmetto, palmetto, palmetto palm,<br />
palmiste, sabal palm, swamp cabbage, swamp cabbage tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: juçara, palmitiqueira, palmito, palmito-do-campo<br />
SPANISH: guana cana, palma cana, palmicho<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet heart and lower terminal bud are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or<br />
cooked, though because <strong>the</strong> tree has a solitary stem, this<br />
practice results in <strong>the</strong> plant’s de<strong>at</strong>h. Sweet, dark pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
small (> 1cm in diameter), generally round, black fruits, though<br />
scant, tastes somewh<strong>at</strong> like a d<strong>at</strong>e (Phoenix dactylifera) or a<br />
prune (Prunus domestica). Florida’s st<strong>at</strong>e tree, sometimes seen<br />
incorrectly spelled as sable palm, also is planted widely in<br />
urban landscapes and has been used for th<strong>at</strong>ch.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North Carolina coast through Florida and portions <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Bahamas and Cuba<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Godfrey 1988, Henderson et al. 1995,<br />
Houaiss 1982, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Morton 1977, OAS 1973, Tabora et al. 1993<br />
Sabal pumos (Kunth) Burret<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: sabal palm<br />
SPANISH: palma real, pumos<br />
USES/NOTES: Mesocarp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central interior Mexico, near Guanaju<strong>at</strong>o<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Henderson et al. 1995, Tull 1978<br />
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Sabal uresana Trel.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: Sonoran palmetto<br />
SPANISH: palma, palma blanca, palmar, palmarcito, palmarejo,<br />
palmarera, palmarillo, palmarira, palmarito, palmita<br />
USES/NOTES: Heart is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Jones 1995, Joyal 1996<br />
Sabicea amazonensis Wernham<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
PORTUGUESE: erva-de-mucura, kana-dá<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark red fruit <strong>of</strong> this liana is collected from <strong>the</strong> wild<br />
for food and for use in religious ceremonies.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Sabicea paraensis (Schumann) Wernham<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
SPANISH: huasca mullaca, ruichao<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark red fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Sabicea villosa Willd. ex Roemer & Schultes<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
SPANISH: curihjau, huasca mullaca<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark red fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Saccharum <strong>of</strong>ficinarum L. [also S. barberi Jeswiet. and S. sinense<br />
Roxb.]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: noble cane, sugar cane<br />
PORTUGUESE: cana, cana de açúcar<br />
SPANISH: caña, caña amarilla, caña arangola, caña de azúcar, caña<br />
dulce, cañamiel, misqui huiro, shita<br />
USES/NOTES: Stem’s sweet liquid is drunk as juice or used to make<br />
refined sugar, syrup, molasses, rum and o<strong>the</strong>r alcoholic beverages<br />
(aguardiente and guarapo in Spanish, aguardente, cachaça, or<br />
pinga in Portuguese), industrial alcohol, and methanol. Wax,<br />
similar to th<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> carnauba palm (Copernicia prunifera), is<br />
extracted from <strong>the</strong> stem. Bagasse, <strong>the</strong> crushed cane left after<br />
processing, is used for c<strong>at</strong>tle feed, to make cardboard and paper,<br />
and for fuel. S. barberi and S. sinense also are grown for sugar.<br />
S. <strong>of</strong>ficinarum came to <strong>the</strong> Americas with <strong>the</strong> Portuguese in <strong>the</strong><br />
early 1500s.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Uncertain, probably <strong>the</strong> South Pacific/New Guinea<br />
region, possibly along New Guinea’s Brown River<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Buroz n.d., de<br />
Candolle1902, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Hobhouse 1986, Howard 1994,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Macinnis 2003, Mintz 1985, Mors and Rizzini<br />
1966, Purseglove 1972, Soukup 1970, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Saccharum spontaneum L.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: th<strong>at</strong>ch grass, wild sugar cane<br />
PORTUGUESE: cana, cana de açúcar<br />
SPANISH: caña, caña de azúcar<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet rhizomes can be chewed like common sugar cane (S.<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficinarum) and heart <strong>of</strong> young shoots and young inflorescences<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or uncooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropics<br />
REFERENCES: Davidse et al. 1994, Facciola 1990, Pohl 1983, Zeven<br />
and de Wet 1982<br />
Sacoglottis amazonica Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Humiriaceae (bastard bullet tree)<br />
PORTUGUESE: uchirana<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador to eastern Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999<br />
Sacoglottis cer<strong>at</strong>ocarpa Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Humiriaceae (bastard bullet tree)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Sacoglottis cuspid<strong>at</strong>a (Benth.) Urban<br />
FAMILY: Humiriaceae (bastard bullet tree)<br />
PORTUGUESE: uchi<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Sacoglottis guianensis Benth. and S. guianensis Benth. var.<br />
guianensis<br />
FAMILY: Humiriaceae (bastard bullet tree)<br />
PORTUGUESE: achuá, ichuá, pararu, macucu murici (var. guianensis),<br />
uachuá, uchirana, uxirana (var. guianensis), vaxiva<br />
USES/NOTES: Brown fruits are edible and sold in markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Silva<br />
et al. 1977<br />
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Sacoglottis m<strong>at</strong>togrossensis Malme var. subintegra (Ducke) Cu<strong>at</strong>rec.<br />
FAMILY: Humiriaceae (bastard bullet tree)<br />
PORTUGUESE: achuá<br />
USES/NOTES: Round, reddish-orange fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Silva et al. 1977<br />
Sagittaria l<strong>at</strong>ifolia Willd. [also S. cune<strong>at</strong>a Sheldon]<br />
FAMILY: Alism<strong>at</strong>aceae (w<strong>at</strong>er plantain)<br />
ENGLISH: arrowhead, arrowleaf, broad-leaved arrowhead, common<br />
arrowhead, duck pot<strong>at</strong>o, swamp pot<strong>at</strong>o, tule pot<strong>at</strong>o, wap<strong>at</strong>oo<br />
SPANISH: wap<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: White tubers are nutritious and e<strong>at</strong>en raw, boiled, or<br />
roasted over a fire.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Gibbons 1962, Harrington 1967, Harris<br />
1972, Holm-Nielsen and Haynes 1986, Mabberley 1987, Peterson<br />
1977, Tomikel 1986, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Sagittaria macrophylla Zucc. [syn. S. mexicana Steud.]<br />
FAMILY: Alism<strong>at</strong>aceae (w<strong>at</strong>er plantain)<br />
SPANISH: acuitlacpalli<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled or roasted over a fire.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Haynes and Holm-Nielsen 1994, Zepeda and Lot 1999<br />
Sagittaria rhombifolia Cham.<br />
FAMILY: Alism<strong>at</strong>aceae (w<strong>at</strong>er plantain)<br />
SPANISH: doi<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled or roasted over a fire.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Gragson 1997<br />
Salacca secunda Griffith<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: salak palm, salaka palm<br />
SPANISH: salaka<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Indonesia<br />
REFERENCES: León 1987, Uhl and Dransfield 1987<br />
Salacia campestris Walp.<br />
FAMILY: Celastraceae (spindle tree) or Hippocr<strong>at</strong>eaceae<br />
(hippocr<strong>at</strong>ea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bacupari-do-campo, capicuru, laranghina-do-campo,<br />
saputá, tapicuru<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987<br />
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Salacia crassifolia Peyr.<br />
FAMILY: Celastraceae (spindle tree) or Hippocr<strong>at</strong>eaceae<br />
(hippocr<strong>at</strong>ea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bacupari, bacupari-de-capoeira, saputá<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1989<br />
Salacia impressifolia (Miers) A.C. Sm. [syn. S. polyanthomaniaca<br />
Barb. Rodr.]<br />
FAMILY: Celastraceae (spindle tree) or Hippocr<strong>at</strong>eaceae<br />
(hippocr<strong>at</strong>ea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bochecha-de-velho, uaimir<strong>at</strong>ipi<br />
USES/NOTES: White pulp from <strong>the</strong> golden-yellow to orange, round<br />
fruit is edible, though insipid.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil to <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, Jørgensen and<br />
León-Yánez 1999, Martin et al. 1987, Roosmalen 1985, Silva et al.<br />
1977<br />
Salacia insignis A.C. Sm.<br />
FAMILY: Celastraceae (spindle tree) or Hippocr<strong>at</strong>eaceae<br />
(hippocr<strong>at</strong>ea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: chichuasca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador to eastern Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999<br />
Salacia sylvestris (Mart.) Peyr.<br />
FAMILY: Celastraceae (spindle tree) or Hippocr<strong>at</strong>eaceae<br />
(hippocr<strong>at</strong>ea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bacupari-cipó, bacupari-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, cipó-de-Copacabana,<br />
saputá, taricuru<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Salicornia bigelovii Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: annual glasswort, glasswort<br />
USES/NOTES: Salty stems <strong>of</strong> this succulent, annual herb may be e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
cooked or pickled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North American coasts from Mexico to <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern<br />
U.S. and California<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Fernald 1950, Hickman 1993,<br />
Munz 1974, Nellis 1994, Sousa and Cabrera 1983, Taylor 1998<br />
Salicornia virginica L.<br />
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FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: glasswort<br />
USES/NOTES: Salty stems are edible cooked or pickled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Nellis 1994<br />
Salix alba L.<br />
FAMILY: Salicaceae (willow)<br />
ENGLISH: white willow<br />
PORTUGUESE: salgueiro-branco<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Neumann n.d.<br />
Salix planifolia subsp. pulchra (Cham.) Argus [syn. S. pulchra<br />
Cham.]<br />
FAMILY: Salicaceae (willow)<br />
ENGLISH: willow<br />
PORTUGUESE: salgueiro<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots are edible. N<strong>at</strong>ive Alaskans preserved <strong>the</strong><br />
shoots in seal oil. Cambium and inner bark are also edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e and Arctic regions<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Salpichroa origanifolia (Lam.) Thell. [syn. S. rhomboidea Miers]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: cock’s eggs<br />
PORTUGUESE: congonha, grão-de-congonha, grão-de-galho<br />
SPANISH: huevos de gallo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits, sometimes sold in markets, are used in<br />
preserves.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Argentina and Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Mentz et al. 1997, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Salsola kali L. [syn. S. pestifer Nelson]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: Russian thistle, saltwort, tumbleweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Young plant is e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, sometimes prepared with<br />
bacon and onions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Tull 1978, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Salvia apiana Jepson<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: bee sage, California white sage, white sage<br />
SPANISH: salvia blanca<br />
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USES/NOTES: Seeds are drunk soaked in w<strong>at</strong>er or fruit juice or e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
as a grain, young stems are e<strong>at</strong>en as a raw vegetable, and leaves<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked as a spice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central California to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Baja California<br />
REFERENCES: Bornstein et al. 2005, Bean and Saubel 1972, Facciola<br />
1990, Hedges 1986, Hickman 1993, Munz 1974<br />
Salvia ballotiflora Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
SPANISH: majorano mexicano, mirto<br />
USES/NOTES: Flower tops are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Texas, perhaps to southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, von Reis<br />
Altschul and Lipp 1982, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Salvia carduacea Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: thistle sage<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are made into flour, a beverage, and soup.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bean and Saubel 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Hedges,<br />
Ken 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Salvia chiapensis Fern.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
SPANISH: chía, mirto<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are used to make a refreshing drink in Mexico and<br />
Central America.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Salvia clevelandii (Gray) E. Greene<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: blue sage, chaparral sage, Cleveland blue sage, Cleveland<br />
sage, fragrant sage, musk sage<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a cooking herb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn California to Baja California<br />
REFERENCES: Bornstein et al. 2005, Facciola 1990, Faucon 1998,<br />
Genders 1994<br />
Salvia clinopodioides Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
SPANISH: chía, k’uiron, salvia<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are used to make a beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Martínez and M<strong>at</strong>uda 1979, Torres n.d.<br />
Salvia columbariae Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
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ENGLISH: California chia, chia, desert chia, golden chia, chia<br />
sage, pashí (antiqu<strong>at</strong>ed N<strong>at</strong>ive American)<br />
SPANISH: chía<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds, rich in protein and oil, are used as a staple<br />
grain raw, parched, or ground, and are consumed soaked to make a<br />
thick, mucilaginous beverage, mashed, in soups, in pinoles, as a<br />
spice to flavor whe<strong>at</strong>, or steeped as a tea. Seeds also were used<br />
to render alkaline w<strong>at</strong>er potable. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico in<br />
<strong>the</strong> U.S. to central Baja California and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Sonora, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Angier 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bean and Saubel<br />
1972, Brouk 1975, Castetter and Bell 1951, Castetter and<br />
Underhill 1935, Facciola 1990, Hedges 1986, Hickman 1993,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Murphey 1990, N<strong>at</strong>ive Seeds/SEARCH 1991, Rea 1991,<br />
Romero 1954, Steward 1933, USDA-NRCS 2004, Yanovsky 1936, Zigmond<br />
1981<br />
Salvia hispanica L.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: chia, Mexican chia<br />
PORTUGUESE: sálvia<br />
SPANISH: chaaú, chan, chán, chía, chía blanco, chía de castilla,<br />
chian, salvia<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried, ground seeds are used in a mash mixed and<br />
s<strong>of</strong>tened with w<strong>at</strong>er as food for infants and <strong>the</strong> infirm or to<br />
tre<strong>at</strong> hangovers and o<strong>the</strong>r ailments, or as flour (chianpinolli)<br />
for breads and tortillas, <strong>of</strong>ten mixed with corn, and o<strong>the</strong>r baked<br />
goods. Seeds also are placed in w<strong>at</strong>er to form a clear gel<strong>at</strong>inous<br />
substance th<strong>at</strong> is flavored with fruit juices and consumed as a<br />
refreshing, thick beverage. Sprouts are edible. Seeds also are<br />
germin<strong>at</strong>ed on clay figures and sold as chia pets. Along with<br />
maize, amaranth, and beans, chia was a staple <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Aztecs.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico, now common in Central America and<br />
elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Cahill 2003, Coe 1994, Hernández Xolocotzi<br />
1993, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973,<br />
Sandoval 1989, Sauer 1963, Vázquez et al. 1995, von Reis Altschul<br />
1973, Weber et al. 1991<br />
Salvia mellifera E. Greene<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: black sage<br />
SPANISH: salvia negra<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic leaves and young stems are used as an herb and<br />
for tea, and seeds are edible parched and ground.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bean and Saubel 1972, Clarke 1977, Hickman 1993, Munz<br />
1974<br />
Salvia mexicana L.<br />
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FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: Mexican sage<br />
SPANISH: azul-sipari, chantlaco, charahuesca, chía, ichukuta,<br />
tacote, tapachichi, tlacote<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are used to make a beverage. Also grown as an<br />
ornamental for its showy blue flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central to Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bello 1993, Martínez 1979, Rzedowski and Rzedowski<br />
2001, Torres n.d.<br />
Salvia <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: broadleaf sage, common sage, kitchen sage, sage<br />
PORTUGUESE: salva, salva-das-boticas, salva-ordinária, salvaverdadeira,<br />
salveta, sálvia, sálvia-dos-jardins, sálvia-do-Marajó<br />
SPANISH: albahita, artemisa, salvia<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a condiment. Leaves and flowers are<br />
used to tre<strong>at</strong> indigestion.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural<br />
1990, Hamel and Chiltoskey 1975, IBGE 1980, Morton 1976a, Padoch<br />
and de Jong 1991, Sanecki 1974, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974<br />
Salvia reflexa Hornem.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: lanceleaf sage, white chia<br />
SPANISH: chía<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are used to make a refreshing beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S. and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950,<br />
von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Salvia rutilans Carrière [syn. S. elegans Vahl]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: pineapple sage, pineapple-scented sage<br />
SPANISH: mirto<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems have <strong>the</strong> aroma and flavor <strong>of</strong> pineapple<br />
and are used as an herb or for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Morton 1976a<br />
Salvia tiliaefolia Vahl<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: lindenleaf sage, Tarahumara chia<br />
SPANISH: chía, mirto<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds, sold in markets, are made into a beverage. Also<br />
medicinal and an <strong>at</strong>tractive landscape plant.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arizona to Ecuador<br />
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REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Correll and Johnston 1970,<br />
Facciola 1990, N<strong>at</strong>ive Seeds/SEARCH 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Sambucus australis Cham. & Schlecht.<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle) or Sambucaceae or Adoxaceae<br />
(elderberry)<br />
ENGLISH: sou<strong>the</strong>rn elder<br />
PORTUGUESE: sabugueiro, sabugueiro-verdadeiro<br />
SPANISH: sauco, sauco común, saúco del nordeste, seco<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is made into preserves and wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Brazil, and<br />
Uruguay<br />
REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Facciola 1990, Killeen et al.<br />
1992, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Sambucus nigra L.<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle) or Sambucaceae or Adoxaceae<br />
(elderberry)<br />
ENGLISH: black elder, elder, elder tree, elderberry, European black<br />
elder, European black elderberry, European elderberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: ebulo, sabugueirinho, sabugueiro, sabugueiro-da-Europa,<br />
sabugueiro-maior, sabugueiro-negro<br />
SPANISH: cañilero, canillero, saco, saúco, tilo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are used to make wine. Flowers, leaves, and<br />
roots are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Alves da Fonseca n.d., Bourke et<br />
al. 1987, Carneiro Martins 1989, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural 1990,<br />
IBGE 1980, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Mabberley 1987, Schneider<br />
1987, Usher 1974<br />
Sambucus nigra L. subsp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli [syn. S.<br />
bipinn<strong>at</strong>a Cham. & Schltdl., S. canadensis L., S. canadensis var.<br />
lacini<strong>at</strong>a A. Gray, S. canadensis var. submollis Rehd., S. cerulea<br />
var. mexicana (C. Presl ex DC.) L. Benson, S. mexicana C. Presl<br />
ex DC., S. orbicul<strong>at</strong>a Greene, S. oreopola Donn. Sm., S. simpsonii<br />
Rehd. ex Sarg.]<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle) or Sambucaceae or Adoxaceae<br />
(elderberry)<br />
ENGLISH: American elder, American elderberry, Canadian elderberry,<br />
common elder, common elderberry, danewort, dwarf elder, elder,<br />
elderberry, golden elderberry, Mexican elder, Mexican elderberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: sabugueiro, sabugueiro-do-Canadá<br />
SPANISH: alcanfor, azum<strong>at</strong>e, azumi<strong>at</strong>l, coyapa, flor de sauco,<br />
guarico, ita tindo, ita tindoo, joday llochic, kondembasi, má’ ma<br />
joo, ñe ho, ocoquihui, palo liso, saco, sauce, sauce chico,<br />
sauco, saúco, saúco del Canadá, sauco grande, sauzo tapiro,<br />
toxem, toxeem, toxiwua, xumetl<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en in jams, jellies, and pies, or<br />
dried. Fruits are also made into juice or wine. Flowers, before<br />
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fully opening, are e<strong>at</strong>en fried or made into wine, a lemonade-like<br />
beverage, or tea. Large white flowers also are used as a diuretic<br />
or added to lotion. Although highly prolific, <strong>the</strong> plant is grown<br />
as an ornamental in places. Stems have been used as clappersticks<br />
(a traditional musical instrument).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to throughout <strong>the</strong> U.S. and much <strong>of</strong> Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Bolli 1994, Duke 1992, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola<br />
1990, Godfrey 1988, Harrington 1987, Harris 1972, Johns and<br />
Stevenson 1985, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Niembro Rocas<br />
1992, Peterson 1977, Stamps and S<strong>at</strong>terthwaite 1995, Torres n.d.,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974, Walker et al. 2004, Wea<strong>the</strong>rford 1988<br />
Sambucus nigra subsp. cerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli, [syn. S. cerulea<br />
Raf., S. cerulea Raf. var. neomexicana (Wooton) Rehd., S. cerulea<br />
Raf. var. velutina (Dur. & Hilg.) Schwerin, S. glauca Nutt. ex<br />
Torrey & A. Gray, S. mexicana C. Presl ex DC. subsp. cerulea<br />
(Raf.) E. Murr., S. mexicana C. Presl ex DC. var. cerulea (Raf.)<br />
E. Murr., S. neomexicana Wooton, S. neomexicana Wooton var.<br />
vestita (Wooton & Standley) Kearney & Peebles, S. velutina Dur. &<br />
Hilg.]<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle) or Sambucaceae or Adoxaceae<br />
(elderberry)<br />
ENGLISH: blue elder, blue elderberry, blueberry elder, elderberry,<br />
western elderberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: sabugueiro<br />
SPANISH: saco, sauco, saúco<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit, bud, and flower clusters are edible. Fruits and<br />
flowers are used to make wine and jelly.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Mexico through <strong>the</strong> western U.S. into<br />
Alberta and British Columbia<br />
REFERENCES: Bolli 1994, Creasy 1990, Facciola 1990, Harrington<br />
1967, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher<br />
1974, Walker et al. 2004<br />
Sambucus nigra subsp. peruviana (Kunth) Bolli [syn. S. peruviana<br />
Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle) or Sambucaceae or Adoxaceae<br />
(elderberry)<br />
ENGLISH: Peruvian elderberry<br />
SPANISH: kjola, layan, ramrash, rayan, sauce, sauco, saúco, saúco<br />
peruano, tilo<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, dark, juicy fruits are made into preserves,<br />
syrup, and wine, or are rarely e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica through western South America to<br />
northwestern Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Bolli 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), MBG<br />
n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Sambucus racemosa L. var. melanocarpa (A. Gray) McMinn [syn. S.<br />
melanocarpa A. Gray]<br />
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FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle) or Sambucaceae or Adoxaceae<br />
(elderberry)<br />
ENGLISH: black elderberry, blackbead elder<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled or o<strong>the</strong>rwise cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bolli 1994, Munz and Keck 1959, Turner and Szczawinski<br />
1979, Wea<strong>the</strong>rford 1988, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Sambucus racemosa L. var. racemosa [syn. S. callicarpa E. Greene,<br />
S. microbotrys Rydb., S. pubens Michaux, S. pubens Michaux var.<br />
arborescens Torrey & A. Gray, S. racemosa L. var. arborescens<br />
(Torrey & A. Gray) A. Gray, S. racemosa L. var. leucocarpa<br />
(Torrey & A. Gray) Cronq., S. racemosa L. var. microbotrys<br />
(Rydb.) Kearney & Peebles, S. racemosa L. subsp. pubens (Michaux)<br />
House, S. racemosa L. var. pubens (Michaux) Koehne]<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle) or Sambucaceae or Adoxaceae<br />
(elderberry)<br />
ENGLISH: American red elder, bunchberry elder, Pacific red cedar,<br />
red elderberry, red-berried elder, scarlet elder, stinking elder<br />
USES/NOTES: Bitter fruits have reported as poisonous, though also<br />
as having been e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians <strong>of</strong> British Columbia. Roots<br />
have been used for tea, though likely for medicinal purposes.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Canada and <strong>the</strong> U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bolli 1994, Facciola 1990, Radford et al. 1968, Turner<br />
and Szczawinski 1979, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Wiersema and León 1999,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. [syn. Albizia saman (Jacq.) F. Muell.,<br />
Calliandra saman (Jacq.) Griseb., Enterolobium saman (Jacq.)<br />
Prain, Inga saman (Jacq.) Willd., Mimosa saman Jacq.,<br />
Pi<strong>the</strong>cellobium saman (Jacq.) Benth., Zygia saman (Jacq.) Lyons]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: cow tamarind, French tamarind, monkey pod, rain tree,<br />
samaan, saman<br />
SPANISH: algarrabo, algarrobo del país, árbol de lluvia, árbol de<br />
la lluvia, campano, campaño, carreto, cenízaro, cenícero,<br />
cinícero, dormilón, genízaro, genízero, genízoro, guango,<br />
huacamayo chico, laro, samán, samanguare, urero, zorra<br />
USES/NOTES: Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for various non-food values including<br />
shading c<strong>of</strong>fee, cacao, and o<strong>the</strong>r shade-adapted crops, as a lumber<br />
source for furniture, for fuel wood, and as a street tree for its<br />
shade producing broad crown and pink flowers. Protein-rich fruit<br />
pods contain a sticky sweet pulp and are occasionally e<strong>at</strong>en out<br />
<strong>of</strong> hand or made into a sweet beverage. Flowers are a honey source<br />
and trunk is a gum source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America, perhaps to Central America,<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized in some favorable loc<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, FUDENA n.d.,<br />
Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Soukup 1970, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Wiersema et al. 1990<br />
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Samolus valerandi L.<br />
FAMILY: Primulaceae (primrose)<br />
ENGLISH: brookweed, seaside brookweed, w<strong>at</strong>er pimpernel<br />
PORTUGUESE: baicuru-açu, morrião-d'água<br />
SPANISH: pajarilla de agua, pamplina de agua<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: nearly cosmopolitan<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999,<br />
Mentz et al. 1997, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Samuela carnerosana Trel.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
SPANISH: palma barreta, palma ixtle<br />
USES/NOTES: Imm<strong>at</strong>ure flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled or roasted, and<br />
fruits are edible. Also a fiber source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. [syn. S. indicum Cav.]<br />
FAMILY: Meliaceae (mahogany)<br />
ENGLISH: red santol, santol, sentul<br />
SPANISH: santol<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible, though not highly esteemed. Also grown<br />
for shade.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, Malaysia, or <strong>the</strong> Philippines<br />
REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, León 1987, Leung 1961, Popenoe 1974,<br />
Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974<br />
Sanguisorba canadensis L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: American gre<strong>at</strong> burnet<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Sanguisorba <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: burnet, garden burnet, gre<strong>at</strong> burnet<br />
PORTUGUESE: pimpinela, sanguisorba<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, Malaysia, or <strong>the</strong> Philippines<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Neumann n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1987<br />
Sanguisorba minor Scop.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: salad burnet<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible and used for tea and young plants are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en boiled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
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REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Morton 1976a<br />
Santolina chamaecyparissus L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: gray santolina, lavender cotton<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic leaves are used to flavor cooked foods.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990<br />
Sarcaulus brasiliensis (A. DC.) Eyma subsp. brasiliensis<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cambuca, guajará, guajará-do-igapó<br />
SPANISH: ujukam yaas<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica and Panama to <strong>the</strong> Guianas and Amazonian<br />
Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Sarcaulus brasiliensis subsp. gracilis Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: quinilla, quinilla de hojas pequeñas, shakahak yaas,<br />
tushmo amarillo, ujuman, yaas, yas<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Sarcob<strong>at</strong>us vermicul<strong>at</strong>us (Hook.) Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: greasewood, Mexican greasewood<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and twigs are occasionally e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Sarcocornia perennis (Miller) A.J. Scott [syn. Salicornia perennis<br />
Miller]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: glasswort, perennial glasswort<br />
USES/NOTES: Salty stems <strong>of</strong> this succulent, perennial herb may be<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or pickled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal zones, in <strong>the</strong> Americas from Argentina to <strong>the</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Sousa and Cabrera 1983, Taylor 1998, Zuloaga 1997<br />
Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees [syn. S. <strong>of</strong>ficinale Nees & Eberm.,<br />
S. variifolium Kuntze]<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
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ENGLISH: augue tree, cinnamon wood, golden elm, green stick, gumbo<br />
filé, root-beer tree, saloop, sassafrac, sassafras, saxifrax,<br />
white sassafras<br />
PORTUGUESE: canela-sassafrás, sassafrás<br />
SPANISH: sasafrás<br />
USES/NOTES: Bark and root extract, <strong>of</strong> this <strong>at</strong>tractive tree, is used<br />
as a flavoring agent (especially in root beer), to scent soaps,<br />
perfumes, and ointments, and is antiseptic and a diaphoretic.<br />
Root and root bark are made into sassafras tea. Ground leaves are<br />
<strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> filé powder used to flavor and thicken Cajun dishes<br />
such as gumbo filé. Young buds are edible. Caution is advised,<br />
however, as S. albidum has been shown to cause cancer in<br />
labor<strong>at</strong>ory animals. Sassafras was among <strong>the</strong> first spices taken to<br />
Europe from North America.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons<br />
1962, Gibbons 1971, Godfrey 1988, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Nelson 1994,<br />
Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Wea<strong>the</strong>rford 1988, Yanovsky 1936<br />
S<strong>at</strong>ureja douglasii (Benth.) Briq. [syn. Micromeria chamissonis<br />
(Benth.) E. Greene]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: Oregon tea<br />
SPANISH: yerba buena<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried leaves are made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Morton 1976a, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
S<strong>at</strong>ureja hortensis L.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: summer savory<br />
PORTUGUESE: s<strong>at</strong>uréia, segurelha, segurelha-de-verão<br />
SPANISH: ajedra, ajedrea, ajedrea comúm, ajedrea de huerta, ajedrea<br />
de jardín, s<strong>at</strong>ureja<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf and stem are used as spices.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural 1990, Neumann n.d., Rehm<br />
and Espig 1991, Schneider 1987<br />
S<strong>at</strong>ureja laevig<strong>at</strong>a (Standley) Standley [includes S. macrostema<br />
var. laevig<strong>at</strong>a (Standley) McVaugh & R. Schmid, Clinopodium<br />
laevig<strong>at</strong>um Standley]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: pennyroyal<br />
SPANISH: garañona, hierba de borracho, poleo, tochitl<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are made into a beverage and medicinal tea,<br />
popular in parts <strong>of</strong> Mexico and marketed as poleo in Oaxaca and<br />
elsewhere. Also used in folk medicine as a hangover remedy.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Torres n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
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S<strong>at</strong>ureja macrostema (Benth.) Briq. [includes Calamintha macrostema<br />
Benth., Clinopodium macrostemum (Moc. & Sessé ex Benth.) Kuntze,<br />
Melissa macrostema Moc. & Sessé ex Benth.]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
SPANISH: <strong>at</strong>ochietl, borracho, garañona, hierba de borracho, menta,<br />
nurhitini té, nurite, poleo, tabaquillo, té del monte, té nurite,<br />
toronjil, tragorigano quauhnahuacense, tunché<br />
USES/NOTES: Shrub with reddish/orange flowers. Leaves are made into<br />
a pleasant beverage and medicinal tea, and are also placed<br />
briefly in nostrils for aroma<strong>the</strong>rapy.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Torres n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
S<strong>at</strong>ureja montana L.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: creeping winter savory, winter sage, winter savory<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is used as a culinary herb, added to cooked dishes<br />
in places as an antifl<strong>at</strong>ulence.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a<br />
S<strong>at</strong>ureja parvifolia (Philippi) Epling [syn. S. gilliesii (Benth.)<br />
Briq., Clinopodium ganderi (Epling) Govaerts, Micromeria<br />
gilliesii Benth., Oreosphacus parvifolia Philippi]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
SPANISH: orégano, muña, muña-muña<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried and ground leaves are used as a spice, though<br />
more importantly <strong>the</strong> plant is used as a medicinal for bronchial<br />
ailments and as a tea to aid in digestion. It is also thought to<br />
be an aphrodisiac.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Ecuador, Peru, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Chile, Bolivia, and<br />
northwestern Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Harley and Granda Paucar 2000, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Vignale<br />
and Gurni 2003, Zygadlo et al. 1993<br />
S<strong>at</strong>ureja viminea L.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: all-heal, Costa Rican mint bush, Jamaican mint bush,<br />
savory, wild mint<br />
SPANISH: menta de palo<br />
USES/NOTES: Small green leaves are used as an herb or to make tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Cuba and Hispaniola<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972<br />
S<strong>at</strong>yria warszewiczii Klotzsch<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: muela<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, juicy, tart fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand,<br />
preserved, or in baked goods.<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and Belize to Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Breedlove 1986, Nelson 1976, Williams 1981<br />
Saurauia aspera Turcz.<br />
FAMILY: Actinidiaceae (Chinese gooseberry or kiwifruit)<br />
SPANISH: grosea<br />
USES/NOTES: Mucilaginous fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Saurauia conz<strong>at</strong>tii Buscal. and S. villosa DC. [syn. S.<br />
speluncicola Schultes]<br />
FAMILY: Actinidiaceae (Chinese gooseberry or kiwifruit)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: S. conz<strong>at</strong>tii from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Honduras and S.<br />
villosa from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Hunter 1966, MBG n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Saurauia pulchra Sprague<br />
FAMILY: Actinidiaceae (Chinese gooseberry or kiwifruit)<br />
SPANISH: moquillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Orejuela 1992<br />
Saurauia scabrida Hemsley<br />
FAMILY: Actinidiaceae (Chinese gooseberry or kiwifruit)<br />
SPANISH: ts’een xiixté<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en locally as a snack.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984<br />
Saxifraga pensylvanica L.<br />
FAMILY: Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)<br />
ENGLISH: swamp saxifrage<br />
USES/NOTES: Young, tender leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979<br />
Scandix pecten-veneris L.<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: shepherd’s needle, venus comb<br />
USES/NOTES: Young stem tops are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North Anerica<br />
REFERENCES: Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Schaefferia cuneifolia Gray<br />
FAMILY: Celastraceae (spindle tree)<br />
ENGLISH: capul, desert yaupon<br />
SPANISH: capul, panalero<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Translucent, orange to bright red fruits are edible and<br />
a dye source used especially on wool.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn trans-Pecos and <strong>the</strong> Rio Grande plains into<br />
Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Kartesz 1994, Tull 1978<br />
Schinus l<strong>at</strong>ifolius Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: Chilean pepper tree<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed pulp is made into wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Schinus molle L. [syn. S. huygan Molina]<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: American pepper, California pepper, false pepper, Jesuit’s<br />
balsam, mastic-tree, molle seed, pepper tree, Peruvian mastic,<br />
Peruvian pepper tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: aguarauba-guaçu, aroeira, aroeira-branca, aroeira-defolha-de-salso,<br />
aroeira-do-Amazonas, aroeira-mansa, aroeirinha,<br />
pimenteira-bastarda, pimenteira-do-Peru<br />
SPANISH: aguaribai, aguaribay, anacahuita, árbol de la vida, árbol<br />
de pimienta, árbol del Perú, bálsamo sanalotodo, bolilla,<br />
castilla, engamolle, escobilla, falso pimentero, gualeguay,<br />
jocotillo extranjero, lentisco del Perú, molle, molle del Perú,<br />
muelle, mulli, pimentera, pimentero, pimentero falso, pimienta<br />
falsa, pimientillo, pimiento rojo, pirú, pirul, preconcuahuitl,<br />
turbinto, yag lachi<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, pinkish-red fresh fruit is made into a<br />
refreshing beverage, fermented into a chicha-like alcoholic<br />
beverage in Peru, or made into vinegar. Dried fruit is used as a<br />
condiment somewh<strong>at</strong> like black pepper (Piper nigrum), though also<br />
reported as potentially harmful, perhaps even carcinogenic.<br />
Leaves are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> an essential oil and <strong>the</strong> plant’s resin<br />
is similar to mastic (Pistacia lentiscus).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America from nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina north,<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized and invasive in many places, especially California,<br />
though still being planted widely<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Cárdenas 1969, Cid<br />
1978, Coe 1994, Goldstein and Coleman 2004, Heywood 1978, IBGE<br />
1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Mentz et al.<br />
1997, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Soukup 1970, Torres n.d<br />
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: Brazilian pepper, Brazilian pepper tree, Christmas berry,<br />
Florida holly, pink peppercorn, red peppercorn<br />
PORTUGUESE: ajobiewe, araguaraíba, aroeira, aroeira-mansa, aroeiranegra,<br />
aroeira-rasteira, aroeira-vermelha, aroeirinha-do-campo,<br />
corneíba, perôko<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
SPANISH: chichita, copal, pimienta del Brasil, turbinto<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are a honey source and seeds are said to be<br />
used as a peppery spice like o<strong>the</strong>r Schinus spp. (e.g., S. molle),<br />
although all plant parts including <strong>the</strong> seeds contain toxins th<strong>at</strong><br />
are irrit<strong>at</strong>ing both internally and externally. Bark is antiinflamm<strong>at</strong>ory<br />
and used in tanning. Previously planted widely in<br />
Florida for its abundant and persistent red berries and evergreen<br />
foliage, though now <strong>the</strong> most pestiferous in aerial coverage <strong>of</strong><br />
invasive, exotic plants in <strong>the</strong> st<strong>at</strong>e.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil and adjacent Paraguay and Argentina,<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized and invasive in Florida and o<strong>the</strong>r warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Brazilian Pepper Task Force 1997, Gordon and Thomas<br />
1997, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Lakela and Wunderlin 1980,<br />
Mentz et al. 1997, Morton 1978, Perkins and Payne 1978, Van Feu<br />
n.d., Voeks 1997<br />
Schistostemon reticul<strong>at</strong>um (Ducke) Cu<strong>at</strong>rec.<br />
FAMILY: Humiriaceae (bastard bullet tree)<br />
SPANISH: parinari sacha<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Schlegelia violacea (Aublet) Griseb. [syn. Besleria violacea<br />
Aublet]<br />
FAMILY: Gesneriaceae (African violet or gloxinias)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, sou<strong>the</strong>astern Venezuela, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and<br />
portions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Scirpus californicus (C. Meyer) Steudel [syn. Schoenoplectus<br />
californicus (C. Meyer) Soják]<br />
FAMILY: Cyperaceae (sedge)<br />
ENGLISH: California bulrush, giant bulrush, tule<br />
SPANISH: totora, tule<br />
USES/NOTES: Carbohydr<strong>at</strong>e-rich rhizomes and submerged stem bases are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en boiled, though <strong>the</strong> plant is more widely used today for its<br />
aerial stems, which are used as a fiber for weaving m<strong>at</strong>s,<br />
baskets, and handicrafts.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast from California to Chile and <strong>the</strong><br />
Atlantic coast, including <strong>the</strong> Gulf <strong>of</strong> Mexico, from Florida to<br />
Argentina, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in New Zealand<br />
REFERENCES: Heiser 1978, Heiser 1979a, Hickman 1993, Macía and<br />
Balslev 2000, Rondón et al. 2003, Schmeda-Hirschmann et al. 1999<br />
Scirpus maritimus L. [syn. S. paludosus Nelson]<br />
FAMILY: Cyperaceae (sedge)<br />
ENGLISH: alkali bulrush, bayonet grass, nutgrass, salt marsh<br />
bulrush<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Rhizomes are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or as flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Harrington 1967,<br />
Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Scirpus pterolepis (Nees) Kunth [syn. S. lacustris L.] and<br />
Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhlenb. ex Bigelow) Löve & D. Löve [syn.<br />
Scirpus acutus Muhlenb. ex Bigelow]<br />
FAMILY: Cyperaceae (sedge)<br />
ENGLISH: bulrush, common tule, gre<strong>at</strong> bulrush, hardstem bulrush (S.<br />
acutus), tule, tule rush<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots and potentially long rhizomes were once<br />
widely consumed (raw or cooked) by Amerindians. Pollen and seeds<br />
may be made into an edible meal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Canada and <strong>the</strong> U.S., widespread<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1973, Gibbons and Tucker 1979,<br />
Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Smith and<br />
Y<strong>at</strong>skievych 1996, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Scirpus nevadensis S. W<strong>at</strong>son<br />
FAMILY: Cyperaceae (sedge)<br />
ENGLISH: Nevada bulrush<br />
USES/NOTES: Cheyenne people <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> roots raw.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Scirpus tabernaemontani C. Gmelin [syn. S. validus Vahl]<br />
FAMILY: Cyperaceae (sedge)<br />
ENGLISH: gre<strong>at</strong> American bulrush, gre<strong>at</strong> bulrush, s<strong>of</strong>tstem bulrush,<br />
tall bulrush, tule<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots and rootstocks are e<strong>at</strong>en raw, cooked, or<br />
pounded. Pollen and seeds are made into a meal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Harrington 1967,<br />
Harris 1972, Peterson 1977, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Sclerocactus uncin<strong>at</strong>us var. wrightii (Engelm.) N. Taylor [syn.<br />
Ancistrocactus uncin<strong>at</strong>us (Galeotti) L. Benson, Ferocactus<br />
uncin<strong>at</strong>us var. wrightii (Engelm.) N. Taylor, Ham<strong>at</strong>ocactus<br />
uncin<strong>at</strong>us (Galeotti) Borg]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
USES/NOTES: Small oblong, brownish red to crimsen fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Texas to central Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Kartesz<br />
1994, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Scoparia dulcis L.<br />
FAMILY: Scrophulariaceae (figwort or snapdragon)<br />
ENGLISH: bitterbroom, broomweed, sweet broom<br />
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699
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
PORTUGUESE: bassourinha, tapixava, tupeiçaba, tupeiçava, tupiçaba,<br />
tupixaba, vassoura, vassoura-de-botão, vassourinha, vassourinhada-Nossa-Senhora,<br />
vassourinha-de-botão, vassourinha-doce,<br />
vassourinha-m<strong>of</strong>ina, vassourinha-santa, vassourinha-tupiçaba<br />
SPANISH: anisillo, boroemia, cancharagua, escoba lisa, escobilla,<br />
escobilla del Peru, hierba de dolor, mastuerzo, ñuñco pichana,<br />
piqu pichana, ti<strong>at</strong>ina<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant is added to wells in parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> West Indies to<br />
impart a “cool” flavor to <strong>the</strong> w<strong>at</strong>er. Roots and leaves are<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Mentz<br />
et al. 1997, RNI 1996-2001, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Voeks<br />
1997, von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Secale cereale L.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: rye<br />
PORTUGUESE: centeio<br />
SPANISH: centeno, zecale<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are <strong>the</strong> rye <strong>of</strong> intern<strong>at</strong>ional commerce, used in<br />
cereals, breads, and beer and whiskey malts. Roasted seeds also<br />
can be used like c<strong>of</strong>fee and young sprouts are added to salads.<br />
Also grown as a cover crop.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe to central Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Purseglove 1972, Steinkraus 1983,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. [syn. Chayota edulis Jacq.]<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: chayote, chocho, chow-chow, christophine, madeira marrow,<br />
vegetable pear<br />
PORTUGUESE: caxixe, chocho, chuchu, machucho, machuchu, maxixe,<br />
maxixe francês, xuxu<br />
SPANISH: achocha, achogcha, alchoncha, alicayota, apupú, ayote,<br />
camochayote (root only), cayote, chavacano (root only), chay<strong>at</strong>o,<br />
chayota, chayote, chayotli, choko, choncho, chote, choyomostle<br />
(root only), choyotestle (root only), chuchu, cidracayote,<br />
cidrapapa, cidrayota, cidrayote, coasa (root only), echintal<br />
(root only), güisayote, güisquil, huisquil, huisquila, ichintal<br />
(root only), itzintal (root only), mirliton, p<strong>at</strong>aste, p<strong>at</strong>astilla,<br />
tallote, tayota, uisquil, xuxu<br />
USES/NOTES: Pear-shaped, light green, firm fruit is typically e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
cooked as a vegetable, though it is also good raw, and is made<br />
into wine called cidra in some Spanish-speaking areas. Starchrich<br />
roots are harvested generally <strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> growing<br />
season when fruit and o<strong>the</strong>r edible parts have been exhausted,<br />
vine tips are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked<br />
with <strong>of</strong>ten with eggs. Leaves are added to rose flower tea for<br />
fevers in sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico.<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
700
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, probably Central America to Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Caribbean Food and Nutrition<br />
Institute 1974, Coe 1994, Duke 1986, Estrella 1991, Guia Rural<br />
n.d., IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Madsen 1991, Martin 1984b, Munsell et al. 1949, Newstrom 1991,<br />
OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez 1987,<br />
Wea<strong>the</strong>rford 1988<br />
Sechium tacaco (Pittier) C. Jeffrey [syn. Cyclan<strong>the</strong>ra pittieri<br />
Cogn., Frantzia tacaco (Pittier) Wunderlin, Polakowskia tacaco<br />
Pittier]<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: tacaco<br />
SPANISH: tacaco<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is sold in local markets as vegetable (boiled),<br />
and for its edible seeds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: León 1987, Leung 1961, Martin 1984b, OAS 1973<br />
Sedum acre L.<br />
FAMILY: Crassulaceae (stonecrop)<br />
ENGLISH: bitting stonecrop, wall pepper<br />
SPANISH: pan de cuco<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a dried spice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Scoggan<br />
1978, Zuloaga 1997<br />
Sedum integrifolium (Raf.) Nelson<br />
FAMILY: Crassulaceae (stonecrop)<br />
ENGLISH: king’s crown, orpine, queen’s crown, stonecrop<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant is e<strong>at</strong>en raw or boiled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967<br />
Sedum reflexum L. [syn. S. collinum Willd.] [also S. rupestre L.]<br />
FAMILY: Crassulaceae (stonecrop)<br />
ENGLISH: Jenny stonecrop<br />
USES/NOTES: Leafy greens are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads and soups.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Sedum rhodanthum Gray<br />
FAMILY: Crassulaceae (stonecrop)<br />
ENGLISH: king’s crown, orpine, queen’s crown, stonecrop<br />
USES/NOTES: Greens are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or boiled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Facciola 1990<br />
Sedum rosea (L.) Scop. [syn. Rhodiola rosea L.]<br />
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701
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
FAMILY: Crassulaceae (stonecrop)<br />
ENGLISH: king’s crown, orpine, queen’s crown, roseroot, stonecrop<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves, stems, and roots are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads, boiled,<br />
or preserved in oil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe and North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Sedum telephium L.<br />
FAMILY: Crassulaceae (stonecrop)<br />
ENGLISH: orpine<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves and stems are used as salad or cooked<br />
greens. Roots are boiled and served with salt and vinegar or are<br />
pickled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Tomikel 1986<br />
Selenicereus grandiflorus (L.) Britton & Rose [syn. Cactus<br />
grandiflorus L., Cereus grandiflorus (L.) Mill.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: large-blooming cereus, large flowered torch thistle,<br />
large-flowering cactus, night-blooming cereus, night-flowering<br />
cactus, queen-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-night, sweet-scented cactus, vanilla cactus<br />
PORTUGUESE: cardeiro-trepador, flor-de-baile<br />
SPANISH: cardón gigante, organillo, reina de la noche, reina de las<br />
flores, reina gigante<br />
USES/NOTES: Juicy fruit pulp is edible. Compounds from <strong>the</strong> plant<br />
are being tested as a rheum<strong>at</strong>ism tre<strong>at</strong>ment. The plant is<br />
cultic<strong>at</strong>ed for its impressive displays <strong>of</strong> large flowers, which<br />
bloom only <strong>at</strong> night.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Cuba, possibly to Jamaica, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in Mexico,<br />
Central America, and elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Breedlove 1986, Britton and Rose 1963,<br />
Mabberley 1975, Martin et al. 1987, Solomon 2001<br />
Selenicereus megalanthus (K. Schum. ex Vaupel) Moran [syn. Cereus<br />
megalanthus K. Schum. ex Vaupel, Mediocactus megalanthus (K.<br />
Schum. ex Vaupel) Britton & Rose]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: yellow pitaya<br />
SPANISH: ikámanchi<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit <strong>of</strong> this epiphytic cactus is e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru to sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Foster 1958, Madsen 1989, MBG n.d., Vásquez 1997<br />
Selenicereus spinulosus (DC.) Britton & Rose [syn. Cereus<br />
spinulosus DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: moonlight cactus, moonlight vine cactus, nightblooming<br />
cereus, spiny moon cereus<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
702
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
SPANISH: bohol ts<strong>at</strong>sa’, pitayita-nocturna espinosa<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellowish, rounded fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand and<br />
flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en fried.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mexico to sou<strong>the</strong>astern Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Britton and Rose 1963<br />
Selenicereus testudo (Karw. ex Zucc.) Buxb.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: cruzeta<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit <strong>of</strong> this epiphytic cactus is e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997<br />
Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb. [syn. Cassia bicapsularis L.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: wild currant<br />
PORTUGUESE: aleluia, pau-de-cachimbo<br />
SPANISH: café de pobre<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp tastes like tamirind (Tamarindus indica) and<br />
seeds are used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to Bermuda, now widespread<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990<br />
Senna x floribunda (Cav.) Irwin & Barneby [syn. Cassia floribunda<br />
Cav.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: smooth senna<br />
SPANISH: tajumas<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as po<strong>the</strong>rbs, young<br />
seeds are cooked and e<strong>at</strong>en with rice, and m<strong>at</strong>ure seeds are used<br />
as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, now widespread<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Kartesz 1994<br />
Senna fructicosa Miller [syn. Cassia fructicosa (Miller) Irwin &<br />
Barneby]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: c<strong>of</strong>fee weed<br />
SPANISH: jork<strong>at</strong>iki, lokonanjo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Smith et al. 1992<br />
Senna hursuta (L.) Irwin & Barneby var. hursuta [syn. Cassia<br />
tomentosa Wallich ex Arn.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
703
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
PORTUGUESE: café-berão<br />
SPANISH: alcaparro, mutuy<br />
USES/NOTES: Tender young leaves, pods, and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en as<br />
vegetables, and buds are used like capers (Capparis spinosa).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Continental Neotropics, now widespread<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1972, Facciola 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Senna marilandica (L.) Link<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Maryland senna, Maryland wild sensitive plant, sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
wild senna, wild senna<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves, shoots, and fruit pods are edible and<br />
dried m<strong>at</strong>ure seeds may be used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from sou<strong>the</strong>rn New York and<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rnwestern Wisconsin to central Florida and Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Couplan 1998, Fernald 1950, Wunderlin 1998<br />
Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby [includes S. tora (L.)<br />
Roxb., Cassia obtusifolia L., Cassia tora L.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: c<strong>of</strong>fee weed, sickle pod, sickle senna, sicklepod<br />
SPANISH: bicho, charamazca, chilillo verde, dormilón, ejote<br />
silvestre, frijolillo, frijolito, gedionilla, mamón, mamuri, moco<br />
de gallo, quiebra pl<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Tender young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, and dried<br />
seeds may be used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropics to American subtropics<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Couplan 1998, Duke 1986, Facciola 1990,<br />
Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., Peterson 1977, Wunderlin 1998<br />
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link [syn. Cassia occidentalis L.,<br />
Ditremexa occidentalis (L.) Britton & Rose ex Britton & P.<br />
Wilson]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: c<strong>of</strong>fee senna, dandelion, piss-a-bed, stinking weed, wild<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee, wild senna<br />
PORTUGUESE: fedegoso, mangirioba, manjerioba, manjirioba<br />
SPANISH: achupa poroto, ayaporoto, bichaam ts’ohool, brusca, brusca<br />
chiquichique, brusca hedionda, chiquichique, hedionda,<br />
hediondilla, retama<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves, green pods, and flowers are reported to<br />
be e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables. Toasted seeds are used like c<strong>of</strong>fee to<br />
make “Florida c<strong>of</strong>fee.” Roots are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Probably <strong>the</strong> Neotropics, perhaps to <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern<br />
U.S., widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Bh<strong>at</strong> 1994, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1959, FUDENA n.d., Jørgensen<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
704
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
and León-Yánez 1999, Kainer and Duryea 1992, Silva et al. 1977,<br />
Small 1933, Steyermark et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG n.d., Voeks 1997<br />
Senna pendula var. pendula (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Irwin &<br />
Barneby [syn. Cassia pendula Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Christmas cassia, Christmas senna, climbing cassia, senna,<br />
golden shower<br />
SPANISH: tsuleek’ ekwet, valamuerto<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is a snack food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to South America; rel<strong>at</strong>ed varieties are<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn tier <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984<br />
Senna septentrionalis (Viv.) Irwin & Barneby [syn. Cassia<br />
laevig<strong>at</strong>a Willd.] [C. laevig<strong>at</strong>a identified as C. floribunda by<br />
Facciola]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: smooth senna<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are used like c<strong>of</strong>fee in parts <strong>of</strong> Gu<strong>at</strong>emala.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pantropical<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kartesz 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Senna uniflora (Miller) Irwin & Barneby [syn. Cassia ornithopoides<br />
Lam., Cassia sericea Sw., Cassia uniflora Miller]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: cassia<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute in Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Breedlove 1986, Howard 1988,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Serenoa repens (Bartram) Small [syn. Brahea serrul<strong>at</strong>a (Michaux f.)<br />
H. Wendl., Sabal serrul<strong>at</strong>a (Michaux f.) Nutt. ex Schultes &<br />
Schultes f.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: palmetto, saw palm, saw palmetto<br />
PORTUGUESE: sabal<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp, though <strong>of</strong>ten odorous and unpleasant<br />
tasting, was a food source for Amerindians and early pioneers,<br />
and sweet hearts have been e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable. Because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
plant’s cespitose n<strong>at</strong>ure, hearts can be harvested without killing<br />
<strong>the</strong> plant as long as one stem remains intact. Fruits now are<br />
harvested in large quantities from <strong>the</strong> wild, <strong>the</strong>n processed into<br />
powder for sale in health food stores as a n<strong>at</strong>ural prost<strong>at</strong>e<br />
medicine. Permixon extracted from <strong>the</strong> fruit is used to tre<strong>at</strong><br />
swollen prost<strong>at</strong>es. Low-growing green or bluish palms, <strong>of</strong>ten with<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
subterranean stems, are used in urban landscaping with increasing<br />
frequency.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: U.S. sou<strong>the</strong>astern coastal plain from eastern<br />
Louisiana through Florida and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Georgia through <strong>the</strong><br />
Carolina coasts, possibly to sou<strong>the</strong>astern Virginia<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 1997, Bennett and Hicklin 1998, Di Silverio et<br />
al. 1992, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Henderson et al. 1995, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), Mabberley 1987, Morton 1977, Nelson 1994, Tabora et al.<br />
1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Sesamum orientale L. [syn. S. indicum L.] and S. radi<strong>at</strong>um Schumann<br />
FAMILY: Pedaliaceae (sesame)<br />
ENGLISH: bene, beniseed, gingli, oriental sesame, sesame, simsim,<br />
teel, til<br />
PORTUGUESE: gergelim, gingilim, girgilim, jergelim, jerxelim,<br />
jorgelim, sésamo, zirzelim<br />
SPANISH: ajonjoli, ajonjolí, alegría, bene, sésamo, simsim<br />
USES/NOTES: Small seeds are edible and contain a high quality oil<br />
used for cooking, as a flavoring agent, in cosmetics, and in<br />
topical medicines. Stems are burned as fuel or used as<br />
fertilizer. Introduced to Brazil in <strong>the</strong> 16 th century.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East Africa, <strong>the</strong> Sunda Islands, or India<br />
REFERENCES: Anochili and Tindall 1986, Bourke et al. 1987, Branch<br />
and Silva 1983, Carneiro Martins 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, Leung 1961, Omawale 1973, Rehm<br />
and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, Usher 1974, Weiss 1971,<br />
Weiss 1983<br />
Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poiret [syn. Aeschynomene grandiflora<br />
L., Ag<strong>at</strong>i grandiflora (L.) Desv.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: August flower, common sesban, Egyptian sesban, sesban,<br />
sesbania<br />
SPANISH: ag<strong>at</strong>i, ag<strong>at</strong>i sesbania, gallito<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers and young pods are e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables and<br />
young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en like spinach (Spinacia oleracea).<br />
Medicinal leaves and bark are used to tre<strong>at</strong> intestinal ailments.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern South Asia through Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Martin 1984a, Omawale 1973, Rehm and Espig<br />
1991, Smith et al. 1992, Usher 1974<br />
Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.<br />
FAMILY: Aizoaceae (carpetweed or fig-marigold)<br />
ENGLISH: gelang pasir, sea purslane<br />
PORTUGUESE: beldroega-da-praia<br />
SPANISH: verdolaga<br />
USES/NOTES: Salty, succulent, nutritious leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en in<br />
salads, cooked as a vegetable, or pickled.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Pantropical to <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Gibbons and<br />
Tucker 1979, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., Mentz et al. 1997, Nellis<br />
1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: foxtail bristlegrass, foxtail millet, German millet,<br />
Italian bristlegrass, Italian foxtail, Italian millet<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are used like rice and o<strong>the</strong>r cereal grains.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Facciola 1990, Gleason and<br />
Cronquist 1968, Radford et al. 1968, Steinkraus 1983<br />
Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: bottle grass, green bristlegrass, green foxtail,<br />
pigeongrass, wild millet<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or ground into flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Old World, now cosmopolitan<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984,<br />
Munz and Keck 1959<br />
Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt. [syn. Lepargyraea argentea<br />
(Pursh) E. Greene]<br />
FAMILY: Elaeagnaceae (oleaster)<br />
ENGLISH: buffalo berry, Nebraska currant, silver buffaloberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible raw but <strong>of</strong>ten cooked into a sauce.<br />
Used in <strong>the</strong> past to flavor buffalo me<strong>at</strong>.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Kindscher 1987,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. [syn. Lepargyrea canadensis (L.)<br />
E. Greene]<br />
FAMILY: Elaeagnaceae (oleaster)<br />
ENGLISH: bitter buffaloberry, russet buffaloberry, soapberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits have been e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, preserved, or used to<br />
make a foamy beverage, though it is bitter and high in saponin.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Sicana odorifera (Vell.) Naudin<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: casabanana, cassabanana, secana<br />
SPANISH: cagua, cajua, cajuba, calabaza del Paraguay, calabaza<br />
melón, carua, casabanana, chila, cohombro de olor, curaba, curua,<br />
curuba, curuguá, melocotón, melón calabeza, olero, padea, pavi,<br />
pepino angola, pepino de olor, secana, secona, upe, zoc<strong>at</strong>o<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable (cooked when unripe,<br />
fresh when ripe) or used in jams, and are used for <strong>the</strong>ir scent.<br />
Also grown as an ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and/or Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, León 1987, Leung 1961, Martin 1984b, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research<br />
Council 1989, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Soukup 1970, Usher<br />
1974, Vásquez and Gentry 1989<br />
Sicyos angul<strong>at</strong>us L.<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: blue-eyed grass, bur cucumber, one-seed burr-cucumber,<br />
star cucumber, wall bur-cucumber<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and fruit reportadly are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and Central U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972, Tanaka 1976<br />
Sida rhombifolia L.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: broomjute, Cuba jute, Queensland hemp, sida, teaweed<br />
PORTUGUESE: erva-relógio, guaxuma, malva-relógio, m<strong>at</strong>o-relógio,<br />
relógio-altéa-bastarda, tupiticha, vassourinha<br />
SPANISH: ancocacha, ancusacha, escoba negra, escobilia, escobilla,<br />
flor de pasto, hierba de puerco, pichana, sacra mancua, varilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and shoots are edible, leaves are used for tea,<br />
and stems are a fiber source. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bh<strong>at</strong> 1994, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke 1986, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980, Mentz et al. 1997, Nellis 1994, Zarucchi<br />
1998<br />
Sidalcea neomexicana Fendler<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: New Mexican cheker mallow, prairie mallow<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Sideroxylon altamiranoi (Rose & Standley) Penn. [syn. Bumelia<br />
altamiranoi Rose & Standley]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: capulín<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexican highlands<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990, Standley 1924<br />
Sideroxylon americanum (Miller) Penn. [syn. Bumelia retusa Sw.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: pigeon berry, wild saffron<br />
SPANISH: cocuyo, xpotzilil<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Yuc<strong>at</strong>án, Mexico, Belize, and<br />
Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Sideroxylon capiri (A. DC.) Pittier subsp. capiri [syn. S.<br />
petiolare A. Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: capire, capiri, capiro, tempisque, totozapotl, zapote de<br />
ave<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible yellow fruits are sold in local markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990<br />
Sideroxylon capiri subsp. tempisque (Pittier) Penn. [syn. S.<br />
tempisque Pittier, Mastichodendron capiri var. tempisque<br />
(Pittier) Cronq.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: jungle plum, mastic<br />
SPANISH: acana, casagu<strong>at</strong>e, cosaguite, maceta, sapotilla, tampisque,<br />
tempisque, tempiste, tempixque, tequesquitote, tzabac<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en as a snack or cooked in <strong>at</strong>ole or<br />
sugarcane juice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Central America, Trinidad, Tobago,<br />
and Grenada<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Leung 1961, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997,<br />
Pennington 1990<br />
Sideroxylon celastrinum (Kunth) Penn. [syn. Bumelia celastrina<br />
Kunth, B. spiniflora A. DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: downward plum, saffron plum<br />
SPANISH: camiche, coma, coma resinera, comas, guamachito, hormigo,<br />
hormiguillo, huesito, huishtempisque, luchumche, palo de negrito,<br />
pasita, pasito, pionche, saj, uvita negra, zalamera<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, black, potentially 2.5 cm long fruit, <strong>of</strong> this<br />
dry forest/scrub species, is e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Texas and Florida in <strong>the</strong> U.S., Mexico, Central<br />
America, Bahamas, Cuba, Colombia, and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Nelson 1994, Pennington 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Sideroxylon eucoriaceum (Lundell) Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: lea<strong>the</strong>ry jungleplum<br />
SPANISH: tilapo, zapotillo de montaña<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gu<strong>at</strong>emala and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
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Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq. subsp. foetidissimum [syn. S.<br />
mastichodendron Jacq., Mastichodendron foetidissimum (Jacq.)<br />
Lam.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: false mastic, mastic, mast wood, wild mastic, wild olive<br />
SPANISH: caguaní, calla, caya amarilla, caya blanca, coguani, ébano<br />
amarillo, jacuma, jocuma amarilla, jocuma lechero, jocuma prieta,<br />
jocume, moral bobo, tortugo amarillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Small yellow fruits are edible. Durable, hard wood is<br />
used for lumber.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Florida and <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bennett 1997, Martin et al. 1987, Nelson<br />
1994, OAS 1973, Pennington 1990, Usher 1974<br />
Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq. subsp. gaumeri (Pittier) Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: rosewood, subul, white candlewood<br />
SPANISH: caracolillo, subul, tempiote, tempixte<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Yuc<strong>at</strong>án <strong>of</strong> Mexico (perhaps to Chiapas), Belize, and<br />
Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Martínez et al. 2001, Pennington 1990<br />
Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michaux subsp. lanuginosum [syn. Bumelia<br />
lanuginosa (Michaux) Pers.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: coma, false buckthorn, gum bumelia, gum elastic<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, black fruits are sweet when ripe, but are said<br />
to cause dizziness and stomach upset.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. from Georgia to Louisiana<br />
REFERENCES: Tull 1978, Godfrey 1988, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roemer & Schultes) Penn. subsp.<br />
buxifolium (Roemer & Schultes) Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: avalo, cagalera, caimito, cruseta, has toch, naranjo,<br />
pasito, picurero, picuyu, sangre de torro, uva negra, xhas toch<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Costa Rica, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Colombia and<br />
Venezuela, and Trinidad<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Sideroxylon obtusifulium (Roemer & Schultes) subsp. obtusifolium<br />
[syn. Bumelia obtusifolia Humb. ex Roemer & Schultes, B. sertorum<br />
Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
PORTUGUESE: coca, ibiranhira, maçaranduba-da-praia, miri, quixabá,<br />
quixabeira, rompe-gibão, sacutiaba, sapotiaba<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
SPANISH: cacho de venado, caimito, chirimolle, guaranina, guayavi,<br />
lanza colorada, lloco molle, molle negro, orko molle, picurero,<br />
suayaui, tacurero<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, nor<strong>the</strong>astern and<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990<br />
Sideroxylon occidentale (Hemsley) Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: bebelama<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or dried.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Baja California and Sonora, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Sideroxylon palmeri (Rose) Penn. [syn. Bumelia laetevirens<br />
Hemsley]<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: bebelama, caipoqui liso, coma, cupia, juco (antiqu<strong>at</strong>ed),<br />
tempesquistle, tempesquixtle<br />
USES/NOTES: L<strong>at</strong>ex is edible and fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, dried, or<br />
pickled when unripe.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Nentvig 1980, Pennington 1990,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Sideroxylon persimile (Hemsley) Penn. subsp. persimile<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: acoma piquant, bastard cherry, porcupine tree<br />
SPANISH: alfiler, barba de tigre, bebelama de la sierra, bolchiche,<br />
corpus espina, doncello, espino blanco, espino de crujo, espino<br />
mono, espuelón, huistempisque, ispundio, limoncillo, ya-ntsintsu,<br />
zapotillo bravo, zapotillo de pena<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico Central America, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Colombia and<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Sideroxylon persimile (Hemsley) Penn. subsp. subsessiliflorum<br />
(Hemsley) Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: bebelama, chuwa, cupilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Sideroxylon stevensonii (Standley) Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: chicle faisán, faisán, zapote faisán<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: L<strong>at</strong>ex is used like chicle (Manilkara zapota) for<br />
chewing gum.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Belize and <strong>the</strong> Gu<strong>at</strong>emalan Petén<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Sideroxylon tenax L. [syn. Bumelia tenax (L.) Willd.] add to<br />
spreadshe<strong>at</strong>s<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: buckthorn, tough bumelia<br />
USES/NOTES: Black, oval berries are said to be edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Nelson 1996, Pennington 1990, Taylor 1998<br />
Sideroxylon tepicense (Standley) Penn.<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
SPANISH: kafe, tempisque, tempixtle<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pacific drainage <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and El Salvador<br />
REFERENCES: Pennington 1990<br />
Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq.<br />
FAMILY: Caryophyllaceae (pink)<br />
ENGLISH: cushion pink, moss campion<br />
USES/NOTES: Plant reportedly is e<strong>at</strong>en boiled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arctic and alpine areas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Silphium lacini<strong>at</strong>um L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: compass plant, polar plant, rosinweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Resinous exud<strong>at</strong>e has been used as chewing gum.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: blessed thistle, holy thistle, kunguel seed, milk thistle,<br />
our lady’s milk thistle<br />
PORTUGUESE: cardo-de-santa-maria<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves, stems, and roots are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked, seeds<br />
can be used like c<strong>of</strong>fee, and flower bases are edible. Now a<br />
popular herbal medicinal food supplement used for its<br />
phytochemical silymarin to maintain liver health and to tre<strong>at</strong><br />
hep<strong>at</strong>itis.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Duke 1997, Facciola 1990, Hyam and<br />
Pankhurst 1995, Mabberley 1987, Neumann n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. Schneider [syn. S. californica<br />
(Link) Nutt.]<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
FAMILY: Buxaceae (box-wood) or Simmondsiaceae (jojoba)<br />
ENGLISH: go<strong>at</strong> nut, jojoba, pig nut<br />
PORTUGUESE: jojoba<br />
SPANISH: chohobba (antiqu<strong>at</strong>ed), jojoba, pnaocl<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or parched, or used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
substitute. Also <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> a high quality, odorless oil used<br />
in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals and as a substitute for whale<br />
oil. Protein-rich bran is fed to animals and has potential as<br />
human food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sonoran Desert <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> southwestern U.S. and<br />
northwestern Mexico, sou<strong>the</strong>rn California, and San Clemente Island<br />
REFERENCES: Gentry 1958, Guia Rural n.d., Mabberley 1987, Simpson<br />
and Conner-Ogorzaly 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974, Vásquez-Yanez<br />
et al. 1999, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Sinapis alba L. [syn. Brassica alba Rabenh., non L., B. hirta<br />
Moench]<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: black mustard, charlock, white mustard, wild mustard,<br />
yellow mustard<br />
PORTUGUESE: mostarda-branca<br />
SPANISH: mostaza<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are used to make mustard spread. Green aerial<br />
portions are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, IBGE 1980,<br />
Kartesz 1994, Mabberley 1987<br />
Sinapis arvensis L. [syn. Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler, B.<br />
arvensis Rabenh., non L.]<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: agricultural mustard, charlock, field mustard, mustard<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and blanched greens are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America.<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967<br />
Sinningia incarn<strong>at</strong>a (Aublet) D.L. Denham [includes Calophyllum<br />
antillanum Britton, C. brasiliense auct. non Cambess., C.<br />
brasiliense Cambess. var. antilliense (Britton) Standley, C. calaba<br />
Jacq. nomen illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
ENGLISH: Alexandrian laurel, Antilles calophyllum, beauty-leaf, Brazil<br />
beauty-leaf, crabwood, edaballi, false marney, Indian laurel,<br />
korakrie, kurahara, kurahura, laurelwood, mast wood, santa maria,<br />
wild cabash<br />
PORTUGUESE: cedro de pantano, galba, guarandi-de-leite, jaca, jacaráuva,<br />
jacareíba, jacareúba, jacareúva, landi, landim, lantim, maria,<br />
santa maria<br />
SPANISH: aca, aceite, aceite cachicamo, aceite mario, aceito, aceito<br />
de maria, acuje, alfaro, arary, balsamaria, barcino, baré, barí,<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
baría, barillo, bario, barzino, bella maría, calaba, cachicamo,<br />
cachicamo de altura, calambuca, caraña, cascarillo, cedro cimarrón,<br />
cedro maría, chaqualo, cojón, cupia, dalemarie, damage, dame marie,<br />
galopa, guaya, jacareúba, kakaiwee, lagarto caspi, lagarto caspiblanco,<br />
lagarto-crespi, laurelillo, lech, leche, leche amarilla,<br />
leche, lechoso, limoncillo de Córdoba, lorahara, machare, mangue,<br />
mani kwaha, mantequilla amarillo, manzano, mara, maría, maría<br />
blanco, maría colorado, marillo, mario, nagcha caspi, ocoró, ocu,<br />
ocú, ócu, ocuje, ocuje macho, olandi, palo de cachicamo, palo<br />
maría, palo rey rosado, penoga, santa maría, saranda, sun-sun,<br />
ts’oom ta’, varilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Spherical green to yellow fruit can be <strong>of</strong> good quality for<br />
e<strong>at</strong>ing out <strong>of</strong> hand or for juice, wood is a valuable lumber and fuel<br />
source, and bark contains a medicinal resin called bálsamo de<br />
landim in Brazil. Much confusion remains in <strong>the</strong> liter<strong>at</strong>ure on <strong>the</strong><br />
taxonomy <strong>of</strong> this species.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Barajas et al. 1979, Brako and<br />
Zarucchi 1993, Carneiro Martins 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FLEPPC<br />
2003, Flores 1994, Flores 2002a, FUDENA n.d., Holdridge 1940, MBG<br />
n.d., Pennington and Sarukhán 1998, Salas Estrada 1993, Silva et<br />
al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992, Wunderlin 1998<br />
Sium suave Walter [syn. S. cicutifolium Schrank]<br />
FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot)<br />
ENGLISH: hemlock w<strong>at</strong>er parsnip, w<strong>at</strong>er-parsley, w<strong>at</strong>er parsnip<br />
SPANISH: berrera, berro, palmita de agua<br />
USES/NOTES: Nutty-tasting roots were e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Diggs et al. 1999, Fernald 1950,<br />
Moerman 1998, Turner 1995, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Sloanea dent<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Elaeocarpaceae (elaeocarpus) or Tiliaceae (linden)<br />
PORTUGUESE: urucurana<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and <strong>at</strong> least portions<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Lesser Antilles<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Smilax aristolochiaefolia Miller [syn. S. medica Schltr., S.<br />
orn<strong>at</strong>a Lam.]<br />
FAMILY: Smilacaceae (smilax or c<strong>at</strong>brier)<br />
ENGLISH: sarsaparilla (regional names include Costa Rica, gray,<br />
Guayaquil, Jamaica, Lima, Mexican, red Jamaica, Tampico, Vera<br />
Cruz, and Virginian)<br />
PORTUGUESE: salsa-americana, salsaparrilha<br />
SPANISH: sarsa, sarsaparilla, zarzaparrilla<br />
USES/NOTES: An extract from <strong>the</strong> rhizome is used as a condiment<br />
generally referred to as sarsaparilla, in tonics, and to tre<strong>at</strong><br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
714
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
digestive disorders, skin diseases, and venereal diseases. In<br />
some places also used as an aphrodisiac tonic.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Austin and Bourne 1992, Phillips 1991,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Smilax auricul<strong>at</strong>a Walter<br />
FAMILY: Smilacaceae (smilax or c<strong>at</strong>brier)<br />
ENGLISH: c<strong>at</strong>brier, earleaf greenbrier, greenbrier, wild bamboo<br />
USES/NOTES: Seminoles obtained starch from this generally spineless<br />
vine by pounding <strong>the</strong> roots.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Long and Lakela 1971, Taylor 1998, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Smilax bona-nox L.<br />
FAMILY: Smilacaceae (smilax or c<strong>at</strong>brier)<br />
ENGLISH: blaspheme-vine, bullbrier, c<strong>at</strong>brier, China brier,<br />
greenbrier, stretchberry<br />
SPANISH: sarzaparrilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Boiled young shoots have a nutty flavor and large<br />
rhizomes are a starch source ground into a meal added to soups or<br />
baked goods, made into jelly, or fermented into a beverage.<br />
Blue/black, non-toxic berries are not edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. to nor<strong>the</strong>astern Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Tull 1978, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Smilax glauca Walter<br />
FAMILY: Smilacaceae (smilax or c<strong>at</strong>brier)<br />
ENGLISH: c<strong>at</strong>brier, greenbrier, sawbrier, wild sarsaparilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots <strong>of</strong> this spiny, aggressive vine are e<strong>at</strong>en in soups<br />
or dried, ground and made into bread.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Smilax havanensis Jacq.<br />
FAMILY: Smilacaceae (smilax or c<strong>at</strong>brier)<br />
ENGLISH: Everglades greenbrier<br />
SPANISH: sarsaparrilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots, rhizomes, and fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en in <strong>the</strong><br />
Caribbean.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies to South Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Long and Lakela 1971, Phillips 1991<br />
Smilax herbacea L.<br />
FAMILY: Smilacaceae (smilax or c<strong>at</strong>brier)<br />
ENGLISH: carrion flower, green brier, Jacob’s ladder<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots taste like asparagus (Asparagus<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficinalis) and berries reportedly are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
715
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Gibbons and<br />
Tucker 1979, Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Smilax lanceol<strong>at</strong>a L. [syn. S. domingensis Willd.]<br />
FAMILY: Smilacaceae (smilax or c<strong>at</strong>brier)<br />
ENGLISH: lanceleaf greenbrier<br />
SPANISH: bejuco de canasta, chiquihuite, cocolmeca, colcomeca,<br />
corcomeca, uut´ ts´aah<br />
USES/NOTES: Young tips are e<strong>at</strong>en as a green and roots may be e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Kunkel 1984<br />
Smilax laurifolia L.<br />
FAMILY: Smilacaceae (smilax or c<strong>at</strong>brier)<br />
ENGLISH: bamboo-brier, bamboo vine, blaspheme vine, c<strong>at</strong>brier,<br />
greenbrier, laurel greenbrier, laurel-leaved greenbrier<br />
USES/NOTES: Pounded roots were once an important starch source, and<br />
tendrils and roots were e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables. Young shoots may be<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en like asparagus (Asparagus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East-central and sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 1997, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Correll and<br />
Johnston 1970, Long and Lakela 1971, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Smilax <strong>of</strong>ficinalis Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Smilacaceae (smilax or c<strong>at</strong>brier)<br />
ENGLISH: Jamaican sarsaparilla, red sarsaparilla<br />
PORTUGUESE: salsaparrilha<br />
SPANISH: zarzaparilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are used as a spice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, MBG n.d.<br />
Smilax pseudochina L.<br />
FAMILY: Smilacaceae (smilax or c<strong>at</strong>brier)<br />
ENGLISH: American China-root, bamboo vine, false China root,<br />
halberd-leaved greenbrier, long-stalked greenbrier<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> starchy tubers and young stem tips<br />
and unfolding leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Smilax regelii Killip & C. Morton [syn. S. grandifolia Regel]<br />
FAMILY: Smilacaceae (smilax or c<strong>at</strong>brier)<br />
ENGLISH: Honduran sarsaparilla, Jamaican sarsaparilla<br />
PORTUGUESE: japecanga, salsaparrilha<br />
SPANISH: zarzaparilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Root is a commercial sarsaparilla source used to flavor<br />
beverages and medicines.<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
716
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, Amazonian Brazil and <strong>the</strong> Guianas and/or<br />
Central America, now widespread<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., Phillips 1991,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Smilax rotundifolia L. [syn. S. caduca L.]<br />
FAMILY: Smilacaceae (smilax or c<strong>at</strong>brier)<br />
ENGLISH: bamboo brier, broadleaf greenbrier, bull brier, c<strong>at</strong>brier,<br />
common greenbrier, greenbrier, horse-brier Mexican sarsaparilla,<br />
round-leaf sarsaparilla, round-leaved greenbrier, sarsaparilla<br />
SPANISH: sarsa<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are ground into a meal added to soups or baked<br />
goods, made into jelly, or fermented into a beverage. Berries are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked and young shoots, with <strong>the</strong> taste <strong>of</strong> asparagus<br />
(Asparagus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis), are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, raw, cooked,<br />
or pickled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. to nor<strong>the</strong>astern Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Correll and Johnston 1970,<br />
Facciola 1990, Harris 1972, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Peterson 1977,<br />
Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Smilax smallii Morong [syn. S. cinnamomifolia Small, S. ov<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Pursh]<br />
FAMILY: Smilacaceae (smilax or c<strong>at</strong>brier)<br />
ENGLISH: China root, greenbrier, Jackson’s brier, Jackson’s vine,<br />
lanceleaf greenbrier, small greenbrier<br />
SPANISH: weew uut’<br />
USES/NOTES: Shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or raw.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Central America, <strong>the</strong> Gre<strong>at</strong>er<br />
Antilles and Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Balick et al. 1996, Taylor<br />
1998, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Smilax spruceana A. DC.<br />
FAMILY: Smilacaceae (smilax or c<strong>at</strong>brier)<br />
ENGLISH: sarsaparilla<br />
PORTUGUESE: salsaparrilha-de-Pará<br />
USES/NOTES: Rhizomes were once important as a source <strong>of</strong><br />
sarsaparilla, used as a flavoring agent.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Phillips 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Socr<strong>at</strong>ea exorrhiza (Mart.) H. Wendl. [syn. S. durissima (Oersted)<br />
H. Wendl., Iriartea durissima Oersted]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: boba, stilt palm, stilt-root palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: paxiúba, paxiubão, paxiubinha<br />
SPANISH: bombón, cashapona, chonta, jira, macanilla, onipa,<br />
pachuba, pambil, pona, zancona<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
717
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Imm<strong>at</strong>ure inflorescence, yellow fruits, and seeds<br />
occasionally are e<strong>at</strong>en. Also much appreci<strong>at</strong>ed for its hard wood,<br />
used in construction and for bows, arrow tips, and spears.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Nicaragua to Bolivia, <strong>the</strong> Guianas, and<br />
Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson 1978, Boom 1988, Davis and Yost 1983, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Henderson 1990, Henderson et al. 1995, Johnston and<br />
Colquhoun 1996, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Socr<strong>at</strong>ea rostr<strong>at</strong>a Burret<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: chonta cade, crespa, huagrachanga<br />
USES/NOTES: Hearts and young seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en occasionally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Andean slopes from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Colombia through<br />
Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson 1990, Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Solandra grandiflora Sw.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: trumpet flower<br />
SPANISH: gus<strong>at</strong>icha<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Jamiacan or Venezuelan coastal zone<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Solanum aethiopicum L. [syn. S. gilo Raddi]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: jilo, nightshade<br />
PORTUGUESE: jiló, jinjilo<br />
SPANISH: giló del Brasil, igbo, yilo, osun<br />
USES/NOTES: Unripe, bitter fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en like eggplant (Solanum<br />
melongena), typically fried. Both elong<strong>at</strong>ed and round, golf-ball<br />
sized varieties exist, generally passing through lustrous color<br />
phases from green when unripe, to white, to deep, shiny red when<br />
fully ripe. Said to be good for <strong>the</strong> liver. Somewh<strong>at</strong> widespread in<br />
Brazil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Africa<br />
REFERENCES: D’arcy and Rakotozafy 1994, Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural<br />
1990, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987<br />
Solanum agrarium Sendtner<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
PORTUGUESE: baba<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Solanum ajanhuiri Juz. & Bukasov<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: ajahuiri, ajanhuiri, yari<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Often elong<strong>at</strong>ed tuber is edible. Purple races are<br />
bitter and used for chuño.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Andean highlands around Lake Titicaca<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Brücher 1989, N<strong>at</strong>ional<br />
Research Council 1989, Zimmerer 1991, Zimmerer 1992<br />
Solanum americanum Miller [syn. S. nodiflorum Jacq.]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: black nightshade, common nightshade, deadly nightshade,<br />
gouma, nightshade<br />
PORTUGUESE: erva-moura, erva-Santa-Maria, maria-preta, mariapretinha<br />
SPANISH: ucsha-coconilla, yerba mora<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit is edible, though unripe fruit is reported<br />
as highly toxic, as is <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plant.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics and subtropics to warmer regions <strong>of</strong><br />
temper<strong>at</strong>e America<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
Harrington 1967, Perkins and Payne 1978, UFA/NYBG n.d., Voeks<br />
1996, Voeks 1997<br />
Solanum asperum Rich.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: boboro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en in Guyana.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Amazonian Ecuador,<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, and <strong>the</strong> Guianas, perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Johnston and Colquhoun 1996<br />
Solanum candidum Lindley [syn. S. tequilense A. Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: huevo de g<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit, similar to S. quitoense, is edible. Apossible<br />
progenitor <strong>of</strong> S. quitoense.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico south to Andean Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Brücher 1989, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Morton 1987a<br />
Solanum caripense Dunal<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: frijolitos, pepino llorón, tzimbalo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean South America<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Correll 1962, Facciola 1990,<br />
Heiser 1969, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Solanum chaucha Juz. & Bukasov<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: floury pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: chaucha, papa<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
719
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Tuber is esteemed for it good taste and smooth red<br />
skin.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean highlands <strong>of</strong> Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Brücher 1989, Hawkes 1990,<br />
N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989, Zimmerer 1991, Zimmerer 1992,<br />
Zimmerer 1996<br />
Solanum crinitum Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
PORTUGUESE: jurubeba<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil to Guyana and sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Solanum demissum Lindley<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: papa cimarrona, papa del monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits an potentially large tubers, harvested from <strong>the</strong><br />
wild, are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Correll 1962, Facciola 1990<br />
Solanum diphyllum L.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: twinleaf nightshade<br />
PORTUGUESE: jurubeba<br />
SPANISH: miltom<strong>at</strong>e, tsakam tsabalté<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to El Salvador, n<strong>at</strong>uralized and cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Carneiro Martins 1989, FLEPPC 2003,<br />
Sommeijer et al. n.d.<br />
Solanum diversifolium Schltr.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: wiígame<br />
USES/NOTES: Young fruits, chopped and salted, are e<strong>at</strong>en as a relish<br />
with fish.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, and <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Bye 1985, Torres n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Solanum edinense Berthault<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit <strong>of</strong> this n<strong>at</strong>urally occurring S. tuberosum hybrid<br />
is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bye 1993, Ugent 1966, Ugent 1967<br />
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Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. [syn. S. saponaceum Dunal, S. scabrum<br />
Ruiz & Pavón]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: silverleaf nightshade, white horse nettle<br />
SPANISH: arana g<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are e<strong>at</strong>en and used by Amerindians to curdle<br />
milk.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Harrington 1967, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Solanum fendleri Gray ex Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: fendler pot<strong>at</strong>o, wild pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. south to Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Kirk 1970, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Solanum grandiflorum Ruiz & Pavón<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
PORTUGUESE: jurubeba-branca<br />
SPANISH: cuernavaca, fruta de lobo, poni ani mite, San Pablo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible, though <strong>of</strong> little consequence as a<br />
food item.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru,<br />
introduced elswhere<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al.<br />
1977, Sommeijer et al. n.d.<br />
Solanum hirtum Vahl<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: huevo de g<strong>at</strong>o, thak’chook’ uut’<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en occasionally as a snack food, though<br />
can be unpleasant tasting.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico’s Yuc<strong>at</strong>án, Central America, nor<strong>the</strong>rn South<br />
America, and Trinidad and Tobago<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a<br />
Solanum insidiosum Mart. [also S. panicul<strong>at</strong>um L.]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
PORTUGUESE: jubeba (S. panicul<strong>at</strong>um), jupela, juribeba, juripeba,<br />
jurubeba, jurubeba-branca, jurubeba-do-cupim, jurubeba-roxa,<br />
jurubeba-verdadeira (S. panicul<strong>at</strong>um), jurubebinha, juuna (S.<br />
panicul<strong>at</strong>um), juvena<br />
USES/NOTES: Bitter fruits are used to flavor sweets and alcoholic<br />
beverages. Roots are a diuretic and leaves are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Carneiro Martins 1989, Jardim<br />
Botânico de Brasília 1989, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Posey 1985, Silva et<br />
al. 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Solanum jamaicense Miller<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: Jamaica nightshade<br />
SPANISH: coconilla con espiñas<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, perhaps beyond, now widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in<br />
warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FLEPPC 2003<br />
Solanum jamesii Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: Colorado wild pot<strong>at</strong>o, wild pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>at</strong>e tubers raw, boiled, or baked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Correll 1962, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Solanum juciri Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
PORTUGUESE: caruru-de-espinho, jiquiri, jiquirioba, joá, juciri,<br />
juqueri<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980<br />
Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov [also S. curtilobum Juz. & Bukasov]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: bitter pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: ayo, choque-pitu, luki, papa ruk’i, paya, rucki<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en dehydr<strong>at</strong>ed locally. Leaves also are<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Andean highlands <strong>of</strong> Peru possibly to Ecuador<br />
and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Brücher 1989, Hawkes 1990,<br />
N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989, OAS 1973, Zimmerer 1991, Zimmerer<br />
1992, Zimmerer 1996<br />
Solanum liximitante R. Schultes<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: cocanilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Solanum lycocarpum St-Hil.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
PORTUGUESE: fruta-de-lobo, fruteira-de-lobo, jurubeba-lobeira,<br />
jurubebão, lobeira<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Known for its medicinal qualities (especially to tre<strong>at</strong><br />
ulcers), <strong>the</strong> hard-ball sized, light green fruit is edible when<br />
ripe and reportedly makes a nice jelly.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Brazilian cerrado<br />
REFERENCES: Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1989, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Posey 1985, Silva and Tassara 1996<br />
Solanum melongena L. var. esculentum (Dunal) Nees<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: aubergine, badinjan, bijan, boulanger, brinjal, egg fruit,<br />
eggplant, Jew’s apple, mad apple<br />
PORTUGUESE: berinjela<br />
SPANISH: berengena, berenjena<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, imm<strong>at</strong>ure green fruits or large, dark purple<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ure ones are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable boiled, fried, stewed,<br />
baked, or curried. Thought to be good for <strong>the</strong> blood and liver.<br />
Also used in folk medicine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, probably India<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural 1990, Heiser 1969, Heiser 1991, León 1987,<br />
Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin and Pollack 1979, Munsell et<br />
al. 1949, Omawale 1973, Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974<br />
Solanum morellifolium Bohs<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: shimpich<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Peru and Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Bohs 1990<br />
Solanum muric<strong>at</strong>um Aiton [syn. S. varieg<strong>at</strong>um Ruiz & Pavón]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: melon pear, melon shrub, mellowfruit, pepino, Peruvian<br />
pepino, pear melon, sweet cucumber, tree melon<br />
SPANISH: cachum, kachun, manguena, m<strong>at</strong>aserrano, melón pera, pepina<br />
de agua, pepino, pepino blanco, pepino de fruta, pepino de la<br />
tierra (antiqu<strong>at</strong>ed), pepino dulce, pepino mango, pepino morado,<br />
pepino redondo, pepo, pera melón, xachum<br />
USES/NOTES: Much appreci<strong>at</strong>ed fruits are consumed fresh, preserved,<br />
or as juice and are <strong>of</strong> growing economic importance with potential<br />
for expansion.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Andes, probably Peru or Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Bonuccelli 1989, Cárdenas 1969, Coe 1994, Estrella<br />
1991, Heiser 1964, Heiser 1969, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), N<strong>at</strong>ional<br />
Research Council 1989, P<strong>at</strong>iño 1962, Prohens et al. 1996, Rehm and<br />
Espig 1991, Samson 1980, Schultes and Romero-Castañeda 1962<br />
Solanum nigrescens M. Martens & Galeotti<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: hierba mora<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits and cooked leaves reportedly are e<strong>at</strong>en, though<br />
raw leaves are poisonous.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Bye 1993, D’Arcy 1987, Edmonds<br />
1972<br />
Solanum nigrum L.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: black nightshade, common nightshade, deadly nightshade,<br />
nightshade, wonderberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: erva-moura<br />
SPANISH: hierba de hechiceros, hierba mora, kaburgia, mora,<br />
pilliyuyu, pintamora, yerba mora<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit <strong>of</strong> some varieties is edible, though <strong>the</strong><br />
unripe fruit is toxic. Young leaves and shoots <strong>of</strong> some cultivars<br />
are used as po<strong>the</strong>rbs.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: cosmopolitan, perhaps from Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, León<br />
1987, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Perkins and<br />
Payne 1978, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sauer 1993, Soukup 1970,<br />
Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Solanum paucijugum Bitter<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: sacha papa<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits and small tubers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Castillo and Spooner 1997, Correll 1962, Facciola 1990,<br />
Spooner et al. 1992<br />
Solanum pectin<strong>at</strong>um Dunal [syn. S. hirsutissimum Standley]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: lulita<br />
SPANISH: daboca, lulita, lulo de la tierra fría, naranjillo,<br />
tirinch, toronja, tumo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Ecuador, Venezuela, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Davis and Yost 1983, Facciola<br />
1990, Heiser 1985, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a<br />
Solanum phureja Juz. & Bukasov subsp. hygro<strong>the</strong>rmicum (Ochoa)<br />
Hawkes [syn. S. hygro<strong>the</strong>rmicum Ochoa]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: precocious pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: amista, cachariqui, kinke, maaona, moshaki, papa chawcha,<br />
papa criolla, phureja, quinque<br />
USES/NOTES: The tuber <strong>of</strong> this little-known small pot<strong>at</strong>o is edible<br />
and <strong>the</strong> plant is more pest resistant than many <strong>of</strong> its rel<strong>at</strong>ives.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Andean lowlands <strong>of</strong> Peru, o<strong>the</strong>r subspecies<br />
from Venezuelan Andes to Bolivia<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Brücher 1989, Hawkes 1990,<br />
N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989, Ochoa 2001, Ochoa and Ugent 2000,<br />
Zimmerer 1996<br />
Solanum piliferum Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: Mexican apple<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are appreci<strong>at</strong>ed and sold in local<br />
markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Solanum pseudolulo Heiser<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: lulo común, lulo de perro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Heiser 1969, Martin et al. 1987, Morton<br />
1987a<br />
Solanum quitoense Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: naranjilla, Quito orange<br />
SPANISH: berenjena de olor (a wild form), lullo, lulo, lulum,<br />
lulun, morella de Quito, naranjilla, naranjilla de Quito,<br />
naranjillo, naranjita, naranjita de Quito, nuqui, tom<strong>at</strong>e chileno,<br />
toronja<br />
USES/NOTES: Highly esteemed fruits are consumed as juice or in ice<br />
creams and sherbets. Naranjilla ice-cream bars frequently are<br />
sold by independent vendors on urban streets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Ecuador perhaps to Andean Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Chalons 1944, Gregory 1960, Heiser 1979a,<br />
Heiser 1985, Heiser 1991, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Ledin 1952, McCann<br />
1947, Morton 1987a, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989, P<strong>at</strong>iño 1962,<br />
Rehm and Espig 1991, Samson 1980, Schultes and Romero-Castañeda<br />
1962, Soukup 1970<br />
Solanum quitoense Lam. var. septentrionale Schultes & Cu<strong>at</strong>rec.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: naranjilla<br />
SPANISH: lulo de castilla, lulo de perro, lulo morado, naranjilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed in sherbets and juice. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
in <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Andes and Central America.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Andes<br />
REFERENCES: Molina 1975, Morton 1987a<br />
Solanum scabrum Miller<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: garden huckleberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and ripe, dark fruits are edible.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Tropics<br />
REFERENCES: D’Arcy 1987b, Facciola 1990, Schilling 1981<br />
Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal [syn. S. topiro Dunal]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: cocona, Orinoco apple, peach tom<strong>at</strong>o, topiro, tupiru<br />
PORTUGUESE: cubii, cubio, cobió-do-Pará, cúbios, cubiu, cubíu<br />
SPANISH: cocona, cocoña, coconilla, daboca, karapana, lulo, lulo<br />
jibara, naranjilla, topiro, túpiro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit, variably colored from yellow to red, to <strong>the</strong> size<br />
<strong>of</strong> a tennis ball, is e<strong>at</strong>en as a fruit or vegetable, out <strong>of</strong> hand,<br />
with sugar or salt, in salads, juiced, or preserved. Frequently<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en or sucked on to relieve thirst by children and rural<br />
workers. Weedy plants are allowed to persist in fields for <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
thirst-quenching fruit.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Upper and middle Orinoco river basin <strong>of</strong> Venezuela and<br />
adjacent nor<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil, into western Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Clement 1989, Coomes and Ban 2004, Davis and Yost 1983,<br />
Foster and Cordell 1992, Heiser 1991, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Pahlen 1977, P<strong>at</strong>iño 1962, Rehm and Espig<br />
1991, Schultes and Romero-Castañeda 1962, Silva et al. 1977,<br />
Soukup 1970<br />
Solanum sessiliflorum var. georgicum [syn. S. georgicum R.E.<br />
Schultes, S. topiro var. georgicum Heiser]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: tonto grande<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit <strong>of</strong> this ancestral variety <strong>of</strong> S. sessiliflorum is<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia and Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a<br />
Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
PORTUGUESE: arrebenta-cavalo, joá, juá, juá-manso, juá-da-roça,<br />
juá-das-queimadas, m<strong>at</strong>a-cavalo<br />
SPANISH: guinda, misqui corrota, ocote mullaca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Mentz et al. 1997<br />
Solanum stenotomum subsp. goniocalyx (Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes [syn.<br />
S. goniocalyx Juz. & Bukasov]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: floury pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: limeña, papa amarilla, papa mantequilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellowish tuber is edible. Also adapts to a wide range<br />
<strong>of</strong> environments.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: High Andes <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Peru perhaps to Bolivia<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Brücher 1989, Hawkes 1990,<br />
N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989, Smith 1994, Zimmerer 1996<br />
Solanum stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov subsp. stenotomum<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: floury pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: papa, pitiquiña<br />
USES/NOTES: Tuber is edible. Also among <strong>the</strong> oldest cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
pot<strong>at</strong>os and a possible progenitor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> common pot<strong>at</strong>o (S.<br />
tuberosum).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: High Andes <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Peru perhaps to Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Brücher 1989, Hawkes 1990,<br />
N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989, Smith 1994, Zimmerer 1996<br />
Solanum stramoniifolium Jacq. [syn. S. pl<strong>at</strong>yphyllum Dunal]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: bura bura<br />
PORTUGUESE: joá, jurubeba<br />
SPANISH: etopaa, jua, kobuyá, lulo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Probably extreme western Amazonia, possibly <strong>the</strong> moist<br />
lowlands <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>astern South America<br />
REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Omawale 1973,<br />
Schultes and Romero-Castañeda 1962, von Reis Altschul and Lipp<br />
1982<br />
Solanum stramoniifolium Jacq. var. inerme (Dunal) Whalen [syn. S.<br />
coconilla Huber]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
PORTUGUESE: jurubeba<br />
SPANISH: coconilla colorada<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Whalen et al. 1981<br />
Solanum torvum Sw.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: gully bean, pea eggplant, pl<strong>at</strong>e brush, susumber, turkey<br />
bean, wild eggplant<br />
PORTUGUESE: jurubeba<br />
SPANISH: muuthuuts’<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en as a snack food by <strong>the</strong> Huastec Maya.<br />
Also used as a nem<strong>at</strong>ode-resistant root stock for o<strong>the</strong>r Solanum<br />
cultivars.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, <strong>the</strong> West Indies, and tropical South America,<br />
now pantropical<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Carneiro Martins 1989,<br />
Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a<br />
Solanum triflorum Nutt.<br />
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FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits reportedly are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked, though <strong>the</strong>y<br />
are also reported as poisonous.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: British Columbia to Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Solanum tuberosum L.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: common pot<strong>at</strong>o, Irish pot<strong>at</strong>o, pot<strong>at</strong>o, white pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
PORTUGUESE: b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a, b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-inglês, b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-inglesa, b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-do-reino,<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-rosa, b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-portuguesa, b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>inha<br />
SPANISH: age, aksu, bralka qumpis, <strong>at</strong>uq papa, choke, gu<strong>at</strong>a, mariba,<br />
mergikualu, papa, papa blanca, papa cusqueña, papa mantaro, papa<br />
olones, p<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a, poñi, puka qumpis, qumpis, ruyaq waña, turma,<br />
yana bole, yana mariba, yana papa, yana suytu, yana wirqucha,<br />
yomsa, yungay, virundis<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> many cultivars are important foods in <strong>the</strong><br />
Andes, North America, Europe, and parts <strong>of</strong> Asia and are <strong>the</strong><br />
pot<strong>at</strong>os <strong>of</strong> commerce. Leaves also are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Andean highlands, probably first cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Altiplano near Lake Titicaca<br />
REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Duke 1986, Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia<br />
Rural n.d., Hobhouse 1986, IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, OAS 1973,<br />
Salaman and Hawkes 1985, Schwanitz 1966, Ugent 1970, Ugent et al.<br />
1982, Yamaguchi 1983, Zimmerer 1991, Zimmerer 1992, Zimmerer<br />
1996, Zuckerman 1999<br />
Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigenum (Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes [syn.<br />
S. andigenum Juz. & Bukasov]<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: Andean pot<strong>at</strong>o, floury pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
SPANISH: andigena, papa silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers <strong>of</strong> this close rel<strong>at</strong>ive <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> common pot<strong>at</strong>o are<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Peru perhaps to Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Coe 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Zimmerer 1996<br />
Solanum verrucosum Schltdl.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: papa morada<br />
USES/NOTES: Potentially large tubers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Correll 1962, Zeven and de Wet 1982<br />
Solanum vestissimum Dunal<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
SPANISH: lulo de la tierra fría, toranja, tumo<br />
USES/NOTES: Hairy fruits are difficult to e<strong>at</strong>, but <strong>the</strong>ir juice is<br />
<strong>of</strong> good quality.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Colombia and Venezuela<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Heiser 1985, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Martin et<br />
al. 1987<br />
Solanum wendlandii Hook.f.<br />
FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or pot<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
ENGLISH: Costa Rican nightshade, divorce-vine, marriage-vine,<br />
privy-vine<br />
SPANISH: ixtan, kishtan<br />
USES/NOTES: Young greens are used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb in cooking, though<br />
also reported as poisonous.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Breedlove 1986, Child 1985, D’Arcy 1987a,<br />
Molina 1975, Perkins and Payne 1978<br />
Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd [syn. Coleus blumei Benth.]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: coleus, Jacob’s co<strong>at</strong><br />
SPANISH: entrada al baile, mozaico, simorilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers and leaves are said to be edible and medicinal,<br />
though <strong>the</strong> perennial herbaceous plant is cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed primarily for<br />
its colorful foliage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, perhaps sou<strong>the</strong>astern China, widely<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990,<br />
MBG n.d.<br />
Solidago canadensis L. [also S. nana Nutt.]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: Canada goldenrod<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds have been e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians and leaves are<br />
used as tea. Also <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> Canada goldenrod oil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Marcin 1983, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Solidago missouriensis Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: goldenrod, Missouri goldenrod<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves have been a minor food source <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hopi, added<br />
to salads or cooked. Leaves and flowers are made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central North America, widespread<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987,<br />
Kirk 1970<br />
Solidago odora Aiton var. odora<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: anise-scented goldenrod, mountain tea, plumero, sweet<br />
goldenrod<br />
SPANISH: plumero amarillo, vara de oro, vara de San José<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried infructesences and leaves, with <strong>the</strong> smell and<br />
flavor <strong>of</strong> anise (Illicium verum) or licorice (Glycyrrhiza<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
glabra), are brewed into tea. The nearly odorless variety (S.<br />
odora var. chapmanii Torrey & A. Gray) is not favored for tea,<br />
though it too can be used as such.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from eastern Canada and New<br />
Hampshire to Florida, Texas, Oklahoma, and Missouri<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Gibbons 1962, Harris 1972,<br />
Peterson 1977, Tull 1978, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Solidago spectabilis (D. E<strong>at</strong>on) A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: Nevada goldenrod<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds have been e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Yanovsky 1936<br />
Sonchus oleraceus L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: annual sow thistle, common sow thistle, hare’s lettuce,<br />
milkweed, milky tassel, sow thistle<br />
PORTUGUESE: chicória-brava, serraia, serralha, serralha-brava,<br />
serralha-lisa<br />
SPANISH: cerraja, cerraja grande, diente de leon lechoso, endibia,<br />
endivia, khanachu, lechuga montés , llampu-cajana, llampu-khana,<br />
serraja, serraja lechosa, upa khisa<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves may be e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable or used as fodder.<br />
Juice is used to tre<strong>at</strong> ailments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> digestive tract.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Eurasia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Duke 1992, Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia<br />
Rural 1990, Leung 1961, Soukup 1970, Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974,<br />
von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Sophora nuttalliana B. Turner [syn. S. sericea Nutt.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: silky sophora<br />
PORTUGUESE: sófora<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet roots were a delicacy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pueblo people.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. to Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Sorbus americana Marshall<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: American mountain ash, dogberry, mountain ash, roundberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are e<strong>at</strong>en mainly in jams and jellies and are<br />
made into wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Jones 1939,<br />
Jones 1953, Wright 1981<br />
Sorbus aucuparia L.<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: European mountain ash, quickbeam, rowan, rowanberry,<br />
Russian mountain ash<br />
PORTUGUESE: sorva, sorveira-brava<br />
SPANISH: amargoso, serbal, serbo<br />
USES/NOTES: Several cultivars are grown for <strong>the</strong>ir berries, e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
mainly in jams and jellies or used in liqueurs and ketchup.<br />
Leaves and flowers are added to tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: de Gámez 1973, Facciola 1990, Houaiss 1982, Johns and<br />
Stevenson 1985, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Zeven and de Wet 1982<br />
Sorbus decora (Sarg.) C. Schneider<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: dogberry, mountain ash, nor<strong>the</strong>rn mountain ash, showy<br />
mountain ash<br />
USES/NOTES: Scarlet berries, rich in iron and vitamin C, are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
cooked or preserved and are made into wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern North America from nor<strong>the</strong>astern Iowa to<br />
Newfoundland<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977, Jones 1939, Jones 1953,<br />
Wright 1981<br />
Sorbus domestica L.<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: service tree, sorb apple<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are e<strong>at</strong>en or made into a distilled alcoholic<br />
cider.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region<br />
REFERENCES: Bianchini and Corbeta 1976, Mabberley 1987, Simmons<br />
1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Sorbus scopulina E. Greene<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: cascade mountain ash, western mountain ash<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are edible and made into wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Alaska to<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn California, to North Dakota, to New Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970, Medsger 1939<br />
Sorbus sitchensis M. Roemer<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: sitka mountain ash, Pacific mountain ash, western mountain<br />
ash<br />
USES/NOTES: Berries are edible and made into wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Alaska to western<br />
Montana and nor<strong>the</strong>rn California<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Turner and Szczawinski 1979<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench [syn. S. vulgare Pers., Andropogon<br />
sorghum (L.) Brot., Holchus sorghum L.] and S. bicolor subsp.<br />
arundinaceum (Desv.) de Wet & Harlan ex Davidse<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: cane sorghum, durra, gre<strong>at</strong> millet, Guinea corn, Indian<br />
millet, kafir corn, milo, sorghum, sorgo, sweet sorghum<br />
PORTUGUESE: alpista (subsp. arundinaceum), sorgo<br />
SPANISH: alboroto, caña dulce, challu, durra, durrá, escoba,<br />
maicillo, millo, maíz de Guinea, maíz guineo, maíz millo, maíz<br />
morocho, panizo moruno, sorgo, trigo<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en and stems (or canes) contain sweet sap<br />
th<strong>at</strong> is made into syrup, molasses, or alcoholic beverages. Also<br />
grown as a forage crop.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nile Valley (Ethiopia or Sudan), or possibly central<br />
India<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Martin 1949, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke<br />
1986, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., OAS 1973, Purseglove 1972,<br />
UFA/NYBG n.d., Usher 1974<br />
Sorocea guilleminiana Gaudich. and S. muricul<strong>at</strong>a Miq.<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
PORTUGUESE: guariúba, inharezinho (S. muricul<strong>at</strong>a), jaca-bravapequena<br />
(S. guilleminiana), pama (S. muricul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en by Amazonian forest dwellers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Boom 1989, Kainer and Duryea<br />
1992, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. ex Gray<br />
FAMILY: Sparganiaceae (bur reed)<br />
ENGLISH: giant bur reed<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet tubers have been e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Sp<strong>at</strong>hiphyllum friedrichsthalii Schott<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
SPANISH: güisnay, huisnay<br />
USES/NOTES: Young inflorescences are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America to Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Coe 1994, Plowman 1969, Standley 1931<br />
Sp<strong>at</strong>hiphyllum phryniifolium Schott<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: busnay<br />
SPANISH: busnay, gusnay, huisnay<br />
USES/NOTES: Tender green shoots, inflorescences, very young leaves,<br />
and ripe spadices are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Sold in markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nicaragua through Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Plowman 1969<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Spergula arvensis L. [syn. S. s<strong>at</strong>iva Boenn.]<br />
FAMILY: Caryophyllaceae (carn<strong>at</strong>ion)<br />
ENGLISH: corn spurry, spurry, toadflax<br />
PORTUGUESE: esparguta, espérgula<br />
SPANISH: maleza arvense<br />
USES/NOTES: Oil is used in margarine and cheese. Also fed to<br />
animals.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Guia Rural n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Spergularia rubra (L.) J. Presl<br />
FAMILY: Caryophyllaceae (carn<strong>at</strong>ion)<br />
ENGLISH: sand spurry<br />
PORTUGUESE: espérgula<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are an emergency food.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Spinacia oleracea L.<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: common spinach, epinard, spinach<br />
PORTUGUESE: espinafre, espinafre-europeu, espinafre-japonês,<br />
orenção, orenço<br />
SPANISH: espinaca<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are <strong>the</strong> spinach <strong>of</strong> commerce, e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or in<br />
salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwest Asia, probably Iran<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, IBGE<br />
1980, Schneider 1987, Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Spiraea beauverdiana C. Schneider<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: Alaska spiraea<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern Asia and Alaska<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984<br />
Spiraea pyramid<strong>at</strong>a E. Greene<br />
FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose)<br />
ENGLISH: pyramid spiraea<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves, stems, and flowers are made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Spondias dulcis Parkinson [syn. S. cy<strong>the</strong>rea Sonn.]<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
ENGLISH: ambarela, ambarella, golden apple, hog apple, Jew plum,<br />
Jew’s plum, otaheite apple, Polynesian plum, sweet apple, Tahiti<br />
mombin, Tahitian quince, vi apple<br />
PORTUGUESE: cajá-açu, cajá-manga, cajarana, taperebá-do-sertão<br />
SPANISH: ambarella, cajá manga, cirial, ciruela, ciruela dulce,<br />
cítara, hobo de recimos, jobo, jobo de la India, jobo de las<br />
indias, jobo indio, juplón, mango jobo, manzana de oro, taperiba,<br />
tapisho, yuplón<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed fresh, juiced, in ice cream, as<br />
jam, or in chutney, unripe fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en pickled, and leaves<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en or used as a me<strong>at</strong> tenderizer. Spondias dulcis Forster<br />
is an illegitim<strong>at</strong>e name.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Polynesia, introduced widely in <strong>the</strong> tropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Campbell<br />
1984, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d.,<br />
IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, OAS<br />
1973, Omawale 1973, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, Will 1991<br />
Spondias macrocarpa Engelm. in Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
PORTUGUESE: taperibá-assu<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. This taxon may actually refer to<br />
S. purpuea L.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Spondias mombin L. [syn. S. cy<strong>the</strong>ra Tussac, S. lutea L., S.<br />
myrobalanus L., S. purpurea var. venulosa Engl., S. radlk<strong>of</strong>eri<br />
Donn. Sm., S. venulosa (Engl.) Engl.]<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: golden apple, golden mombin, hog plum, Jamaica plum, jobo,<br />
plum bush, prune mombin, yellow mombin<br />
PORTUGUESE: cajá, cajá-mirim, cajarana, cajazeira, cajó, taperebá<br />
SPANISH: abal, abalá, azucaró, canajo, chacumo, ciruela, ciruela<br />
agria, ciruela amarilla, ciruela de la China, ciruela del monte,<br />
ciruela tronadora, ciruelo, cuajo, hobo, hobo blanco, hubo,<br />
hubus, jebo, jobo, jobo amarillo, jobo corronchoso, jocote,<br />
itahuba, marapa, obo, obos, shunga, shungu, sua, taperiba,<br />
tapishu sacha, ubo, ubo colorado, ubos, ushum, ushun, usiro, uvo<br />
USES/NOTES: Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its s<strong>of</strong>t, juicy, golf-ball sized,<br />
yellow fruits, which are consumed out <strong>of</strong> hand or used in juice,<br />
wine, liqueurs, and ice cream. Fruit, bark, and flowers are<br />
medicinal. Sweet fruits are also collected from wild trees in<br />
parts <strong>of</strong> its range.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Continental Neotropics, introduced widely in <strong>the</strong><br />
tropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and<br />
Zarucchi 1993, Brücher 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Gómez-Beloz 2002, Honychurch 1980, Justiniano et<br />
al. 2001, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Mowry et al. 1967, Naranjo 1991, OAS 1973, Popenoe 1974, Silva et<br />
al. 1977, Soukup 1970, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, von Reis Altschul<br />
and Lipp 1982, Will 1991<br />
Spondias purpurea L. [syn. S. myrobalanus Jacq.]<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: chili plum, hog plum, Jamaica plum, mombin, purple mombin,<br />
red mombin, Spanish plum, Surinam plum<br />
PORTUGUESE: cajá, cajá-mirim, cajazeiro, cirigüela, imbuzeiro,<br />
taperebá<br />
SPANISH: ajuela, canajo, ciruela, ciruela agria, ciruela del país,<br />
ciruela campechana, ciruela mexicana, ciruela morada, ciruela<br />
morreña, ciruela roja, ciruelo, ciruelo campechano, ciruelo de<br />
coyote, ciruelo de país, cireulo rojo, hobo colorado, jobillo,<br />
jobo, jobo francés, jobo rojo, jocote, jocote de corona, jocote<br />
pitarrillo, ovita, ovito, ovo, ovo de Ibarra, ovo de la costa,<br />
pitarrillo, pitorillo, sua, ubos<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark, redish-purple fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, boiled, or<br />
dried. Chili plums (S. purpurea var. lutea) are yellow.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America, now widespread in <strong>the</strong><br />
tropics<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Barfod 1987, Bourke<br />
et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Campbell 1984, Duke 1986, Guia Rural<br />
n.d., Koziol and Macía 1998, Mabberley 1987, Macía and Barfod<br />
2000, Martin et al. 1987, Mowry et al. 1967, Omawale 1973, OAS<br />
1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Popenoe 1974, Rodrigues 1979,<br />
Soukup 1970, von Reis Altschul 1973, Will 1991, Williams and<br />
Williams 1969<br />
Spondias tuberosa Arruda<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
ENGLISH: hog plum, imbu<br />
PORTUGUESE: ambo, imbu, umbu, umbuzeiro<br />
SPANISH: imbú, jobo, mombín<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is consumed fresh, in jelly, as juice, or in<br />
desserts. Roots also are edible and leaves are medicinal or used<br />
as c<strong>at</strong>tle feed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil’s arid Nor<strong>the</strong>ast<br />
REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Morton 1987a, Rehm and Espig 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Sporobolus airoides (Torrey) Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
SPANISH: alkali sac<strong>at</strong>ón<br />
USES/NOTES: Tiny seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en as mush.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Doebley 1984, Fernald 1950,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torrey) A. Gray<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: sand dropseed<br />
USES/NOTES: Tiny seeds were e<strong>at</strong>en by Amerindians.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Sporobolus flexuosus (Thunb. ex Vasey) Rydb.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: mesa dropseed<br />
USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> seeds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Stachys floridana Shuttlew. ex Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: betony, Florida betony, hedge nettle<br />
USES/NOTES: White tubers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. to Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Black and Ruppert 1995, Correll and Johnston 1970,<br />
Radford et al. 1968, Taylor 1998<br />
Stachys hyssopifolia Michaux<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: hyssop hedge nettle<br />
USES/NOTES: Crisp white tubers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from Massachusetts to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
and Missouri<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Peterson 1977<br />
Stachys palustris L.<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: marsh betony, marsh woundwort, woundwort<br />
USES/NOTES: White tubers and young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked in <strong>the</strong><br />
western U.S. and Europe.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Kirk 1970,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Zarucchi 1998<br />
Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
PORTUGUESE: erva-do-sumidouro, gervão, gervão-roxo, rincão,<br />
rinchão, urgebão<br />
SPANISH: alacrán, ocollucuy sacha, sacha verbena, verbena regional<br />
USES/NOTES: Stem tips are used like tea or as a spice. Also used to<br />
tre<strong>at</strong> diabetes and o<strong>the</strong>r ailments.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from Honduras through tropical Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Ayala Flores 1984, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola<br />
1990, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Molina 1975, Pérez-Arbeláez<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
1956, Renner et al. 1990, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d., Van<br />
Feu n.d., Voeks 1997<br />
Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl [syn. S. jamaicensis (L.) Vahl]<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: bastard verbain, blue porterweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to make tea called Brazilian tea in<br />
places.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies and Honduras through Venezuela to<br />
Amazonian Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Molina<br />
1975, Morton 1977<br />
Stachytarpheta mutabilis (Jacq.) Vahl<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves reportedly can be used to meke tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Molina 1975, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Stanleya pinn<strong>at</strong>a (Pursh) Britton [also S. el<strong>at</strong>a M.E. Jones]<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: Indian cabbage, prince’s plume<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves and stems are e<strong>at</strong>en after boiling several<br />
times to remove toxic levels <strong>of</strong> selenium. Seeds are ground into<br />
an edible mush.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993,<br />
Kindscher 1987, Munz and Keck 1959, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Staphylea trifolia L.<br />
FAMILY: Staphyleaceae (bladdernut)<br />
ENGLISH: American bladdernut<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and seed oil are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Stellaria media (L.) Cirillo<br />
FAMILY: Caryophyllaceae (carn<strong>at</strong>ion)<br />
ENGLISH: chickweed<br />
SPANISH: hierba de los canarios<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are added to salads or cooked as a<br />
green. Seeds also are edible. A good source <strong>of</strong> vitamin C, if<br />
consumed raw or as juice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe and Western Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967,<br />
Harris 1972, Tomikel 1986, Tull 1978, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxb. [syn. Lemaireocereus thurberi<br />
(Engelm.) Britton & Rose, Marshallocereus thurberi (Engelm.)<br />
Backeb., Pachycereus thurberi (Engelm.) H. Bravo]<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: organ-pipe cactus, sweet pitaya<br />
SPANISH: pitahaya, pitahaya dulce<br />
USES/NOTES: Globular greenish fruit’s reddish pulp is consumed<br />
fresh, in desserts, or made into wine. Seeds are powdered and<br />
made into meal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Kartesz 1994,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Nobel 1988, Nobel 1994<br />
Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) Karsten<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
ENGLISH: French peanut, Panama tree<br />
SPANISH: anacagüita, bellota, camajonduro, camaruca, camoruco,<br />
capera, castaño, comoruco, mano de león, panamá<br />
USES/NOTES: Red fruiting carpels contain grayish-black seeds th<strong>at</strong><br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en toasted.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, von Reis<br />
Altschul and Lipp 1982, Williams 1981<br />
Sterculia chicha A. St-Hil.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
PORTUGUESE: axixá, castanha-do-Maranhão, castanha-do-Pará, chichá,<br />
xixá<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible and an industrial oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>astern Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Amaral et al. 1997, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, Menninger 1987<br />
Stetsonia coryne (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose [syn. C. chacoanus<br />
Vaupel, C. coryne Salm-Dyck]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: Argentine toothpick, toothpick cactus<br />
SPANISH: cardón, cardón grande, ištá’k, tuna<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart, lemon-tasting pale yellow fruit <strong>of</strong> this potentially<br />
large, much branched columnar tree cactus is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, dried, or<br />
cooked with fish or me<strong>at</strong> and o<strong>the</strong>r dishes in <strong>the</strong> Gran Chaco.<br />
Rotting stem is also a honey source. The plant contains small<br />
amounts <strong>of</strong> mescaline.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gre<strong>at</strong>er Gran Chaco region <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina,<br />
Bolivia, and Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Arenas and Scarpa 1999, Foster 1958, Killeen et al. 1993,<br />
López et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Serrano and Terán 2000<br />
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: stevia, stevice, sugar leaf, sweet herb <strong>of</strong> Paraguay<br />
PORTUGUESE: estévia, stévia<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
SPANISH: caá-ehé, estévia, kaá-ehé<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves <strong>of</strong> this perennial herb have long been used as a<br />
sweetener. Historically, Guaraní Amerindians chewed <strong>the</strong> leaves or<br />
added <strong>the</strong>m to foods and beverages, especially m<strong>at</strong>e tea (from Ilex<br />
paraguariensis). Leaves contain stevioside, a diterpene<br />
glycoside, th<strong>at</strong> is up to 300 times sweeter than sucrose. Extract<br />
is now being used in herbal tea blends and as a low calorie,<br />
altern<strong>at</strong>ive sweetener.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil/Paraguay border region<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Morton 1976a, OAS 1973,<br />
Souza Brito and Souza Brito 1996, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Stevia serr<strong>at</strong>a Cav.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
SPANISH: burrillo, esculcona, flor de cedazo, hierba del burro,<br />
kasnir bhai, kasnir pbai, manto de San José, requezón, romínowa,<br />
santa maría blanca, servilleta, sharharakua, tzarracua tsitsiki<br />
USES/NOTES: The Rarámuri (Tarahumara) people <strong>of</strong> north-central<br />
Mexico add prepared leaves as a ‘c<strong>at</strong>alyst’ during <strong>the</strong> prepar<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
<strong>of</strong> tesgüino – a maize (Zea mays) based alcoholic beverage – to<br />
‘streng<strong>the</strong>n’ <strong>the</strong> beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Texas through Mexico and Central America to<br />
Ecuador, perhaps excluding Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Bye 1985, Correll and Johnston 1970, Grash<strong>of</strong>f 1976,<br />
Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994, Pennington 1963, Torres n.d.,<br />
Turner 1997<br />
Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. in Lam. & DC.<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: clasping twistedstalk, clasping-leaved twisted-stalk,<br />
claspleaf twistedstalk, liver berry, twisted stalk, white<br />
mandarin, wild cucumber<br />
USES/NOTES: Round to oval 1-1.5cm long yellow to red berries,<br />
shoots, and roots are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked and reportedly taste<br />
like cucumbers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Streptopus roseus Michaux<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: rose mandarin, scootberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves and shoots, with <strong>the</strong> flavor <strong>of</strong> a cucumber,<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads. Fruits may be e<strong>at</strong>en in moder<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977<br />
Stroman<strong>the</strong> macrochlamys (Woodson & Standley) H. Kenn. & Nicolson<br />
[syn. Cala<strong>the</strong>a macrochlamys Woodson & Standley]<br />
FAMILY: Marantaceae (arrowroot)<br />
SPANISH: hoja de piedra, tompimil<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a spice, and are sold in local markets<br />
<strong>of</strong> Veracruz, Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and Gu<strong>at</strong>emala to Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997, MBG n.d.<br />
Stroman<strong>the</strong> sp.<br />
FAMILY: Marantaceae (arrowroot)<br />
SPANISH: kai<br />
USES/NOTES: Venezuela’s Pumé people pound <strong>the</strong> taproots <strong>the</strong>n add<br />
<strong>the</strong>m to fish soup as a starch source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Gragson 1997<br />
Strychnos spinosa Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Loganiaceae (butterfly-bush)<br />
ENGLISH: kaffir orange, n<strong>at</strong>al orange<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible, though seeds are poisonous.<br />
Leaves are added to soups to impart a tart flavor. The genus is a<br />
commercial source <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> toxin strychnine, used in r<strong>at</strong> poisons.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Africa and Madagascar, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in<br />
Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Wunderlin 1998<br />
Suaeda linearis (Elliott) Moq.<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: sea blight<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves and stem tips are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Nellis 1994<br />
Suaeda ramosissima (Standley) I.M. Johnston [syn. Dondia<br />
ramosissima Standley] and S. californica S. W<strong>at</strong>son [syn. Dondia<br />
californica (S. W<strong>at</strong>son) Heller]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
SPANISH: jaujá, quelite salado, romerito, sosa<br />
USES/NOTES: Pima people <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> salty leaves cooked. Seeds also are<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arizona and sou<strong>the</strong>rn California in <strong>the</strong> U.S. and Baja<br />
California, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Suaeda suffrutescens S. W<strong>at</strong>son [syn. Dondia suffrutescens (S.<br />
W<strong>at</strong>son) Heller]<br />
FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot)<br />
ENGLISH: desert seepweed<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled or in salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California and Arizona<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Swinglea glutinosa (Blanco) Merr. [syn. Chaetospermum glutinosum<br />
(Blanco) Swingle, Limonia glutinosa Blanco, Feronia tern<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Blanco]<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: malakabuyan, taboc, tabog<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit peel is candied and fruit juice is medicinal or<br />
used to repel ticks.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Luzon, Philippines<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bird and Heinlein n.d., Usher<br />
1974<br />
Syagrus amara (Jacq.) Mart. [syn. Rhyticocos amara (Jacq.) Becc.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: coco nain, moca palm, mocho, overtop palm, y<strong>at</strong>tahou<br />
SPANISH: mocho<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is made into juice and sap is made into<br />
wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Lesser Antilles<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Jones 1995, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Martin et al. 1987<br />
Syagrus botryophora (Mart.) Mart. [syn. Arecastrum romanz<strong>of</strong>fianum<br />
var. botryophora (Mart.) Becc., Cocos botryophora Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: p<strong>at</strong>i queen palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: baba-de-boi, coco-de-cachorro, coco-de-sapo, gerivá,<br />
p<strong>at</strong>i, p<strong>at</strong>ioba, pindó, pindoba-do-sul<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are an edible oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central coastal Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Syagrus cardenasii Glassman<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae Palmae (palm)<br />
SPANISH: corocito, saro<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible mesocarp tastes like a pineapple.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Syagrus cocoides Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: j<strong>at</strong>á, piririma<br />
SPANISH: piririma<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> edible oil known as<br />
piririma oil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pre-Amazonian and eastern Amazonian Brazil to<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Guyana<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Henderson et al. 1995, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Syagrus comosa (Mart.) Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: baba-de-boi, babão, coco-c<strong>at</strong>olé, coqueiro-c<strong>at</strong>olé,<br />
c<strong>at</strong>olé, gariroba, guariroba, guariroba-do-campo, jerivá, palmitoamargoso<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and heart are e<strong>at</strong>en. Fruit also contaiuns an<br />
edible oil.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazilian Cerrado to eastern Amazonian savanas <strong>of</strong><br />
Tocantins and Pará and pre-Amazonian Maranhão<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE<br />
1980<br />
Syagrus coron<strong>at</strong>a Mart. [syn. Cocos coron<strong>at</strong>a Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: licuri palm, licury palm, oricuri palm, ouricury palm,<br />
uricury wax palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: adicuri, alicuri, aracui, aracuri, aribury, aricui,<br />
aricuri, ariri, aruuri, butiazeiro, butua, coco-cabeçudo,<br />
coqueiro-cabeçudo, coqueiro-dicori, dicori, dicuri, iricuri,<br />
licuri, nicori, nicori-iba, nicuri, nicuri-de-caboclo, nicury,<br />
ouricuri, ouricuru, uricuri, uriricuri, urucuri, ururucuri<br />
SPANISH: licuri<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds, sweet mesocarp, and heart are e<strong>at</strong>en, seeds are<br />
<strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> ouricuru palm oil used in margarine, pith is added<br />
to breads, and leaves are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> a wax similar to carnaúba<br />
(Copernicia prunifera).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central, coastal Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Henderson et al. 1995, Howes 1940,<br />
IBGE 1980, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Uhl and<br />
Dransfield 1987<br />
Syagrus flexuosa (Mart.) Becc. [syn. S. campestris (Mart.) H.<br />
Wendl., S. urbaniana (Dammer) Becc., Cocos campestris Mart., C.<br />
flexuosa Mart., C. flexuosa var. c<strong>at</strong>aphracta Mart., C. flexuosa<br />
var. densiflroa Mart., C. urbaniana Dammer]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: acum palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: acumã, coco-babão, coco-de-campo, coqueiro-do-campo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South-central Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Syagrus inajai (Spruce) Becc. [syn. Cocos inajai (Spruce) Trail,<br />
Maximiliana inajai Spruce]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: inaja palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: curuá-rana, inajá-y, inajaí, jareua, jarevá, marark’y,<br />
pirima, piririma, pupunharana, pupunha-brava, pupunha-de-porco<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Martin et al. claim <strong>the</strong> fruit pulp to be edible, Silva<br />
et al. claim o<strong>the</strong>rwise.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil to Manaus and French Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al.<br />
1987, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: c<strong>at</strong>olé palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: c<strong>at</strong>olé, coco-c<strong>at</strong>olé, coqueiro-amargoso, coqueiroguariroba,<br />
gariroba, guariroba, gueirova, gueroba, p<strong>at</strong>i-amargosa<br />
USES/NOTES: Similar to S. coron<strong>at</strong>a, fruits and somewh<strong>at</strong> bitter<br />
heart are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central and eastern Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980<br />
Syagrus petraea (Mart.) Becc. [syn. Cocos petraea Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: acumã-rasteira, ariri, guriri, côco-de-vassoura,<br />
indaiá-do-campo, indaiá-rasteiro<br />
SPANISH: cocorito, guriri, palma dels rocas<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is a beverage source and <strong>the</strong> sap is<br />
fermented to make wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Planalto region <strong>of</strong> central Brazil to eastern Bolivia<br />
and eastern Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980<br />
Syagrus picrophylla (Mart.) Becc. [possibly conspecific with S.<br />
oleracea]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: lent coconut<br />
PORTUGUESE: babão, c<strong>at</strong>olé, coco-amargoso, coco-babão, coco-c<strong>at</strong>olé,<br />
coco-quaresma, licuri, p<strong>at</strong>i<br />
USES/NOTES: Cinnamon to orange-brown fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central coast <strong>of</strong> Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Noblick 1991<br />
Syagrus romanz<strong>of</strong>fiana (Cham.) Glassman [syn. Arecastrum<br />
romanz<strong>of</strong>fianum (Cham.) Becc., Cocos australis Mart., Cocos<br />
plumosa Hook.f.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: queen palm, Romanz<strong>of</strong>f coco palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: baba-de-boi, guariroba, jeribá, jerivá<br />
SPANISH: chirivá, pindó<br />
USES/NOTES: Mesocarp is edible and a sago starch and flour source,<br />
and hearts are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable. Cold-hardy palm is<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed widely as an urban landscape palm in tropical and<br />
subtropical regions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil and adjacent areas<br />
<strong>of</strong> eastern Paraguay, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, and nor<strong>the</strong>astern<br />
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Uruguay, with disjunct popul<strong>at</strong>ions possible in portions <strong>of</strong><br />
eastern Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1992, Henderson et al. 1995, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
López et al. 1987, Mabberley 1987, Maixner 1977/78, Martínez-<br />
Crovetto 1965, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Syagrus schizophylla Mart. [syn. Cocos schizophylla (Mart.)<br />
Glassman]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: arikury palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: alicuri, aricuri, aricuriroba, ariri, licurioba,<br />
nicuri, ouricuri<br />
SPANISH: palmera de la reina<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet mesocarp is e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Syagrus smithii H.E. Moore [syn. Chrysallidosperma smithii H.E.<br />
Moore]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: c<strong>at</strong>olé<br />
SPANISH: coco, kuík, toókee<br />
USES/NOTES: Greenish-brown to yellow, baseball-sized, ellipsoidal<br />
seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Amazonia, Colombia, Peru, and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995<br />
Syagrus vagans (Bondar) A. Hawkes [syn. Cocos vagans Bondar]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ariri, licurioba das ca<strong>at</strong>ingas, pindoba<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are an edible oil source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: arid, eastern Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Symphonia globulifera L.f.<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
ENGLISH: boar wood, buckwax, hog doctor, hog gum tree<br />
PORTUGUESE: anani, guanandi, uanani<br />
SPANISH: azufre caspi, brea, chullachaqui, cerillo, leche maría,<br />
machare, navidad caspi, ohoru, paramán, penka, peramán,<br />
peramancillo, varillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Two cm long fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropics<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994,<br />
FUDENA n.d., Gómez-Beloz 2002, OAS 1973, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Symphytum <strong>of</strong>ficinale L. [also S. asperum Lepechin]<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
ENGLISH: comfrey<br />
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PORTUGUESE: confrei, confrey, consolda-do-cáucaso, consólida-maior,<br />
erva-do-cardeal<br />
SPANISH: chuncu-chuncu, consólida, consuelda, sínfito, suelda<br />
consuelda<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en like asparagus. Leaves and roots<br />
<strong>of</strong> S. <strong>of</strong>ficinale are edible, used in cosmetics, or fed to<br />
animals. Leaves <strong>of</strong> S. asperum are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990,<br />
Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1990, Mabberley 1987, Soukup 1970<br />
Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: skunk cabbage<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are e<strong>at</strong>en fried, baked, or made into a bread.<br />
Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a cooked vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Plowman 1969, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Symplocos serrul<strong>at</strong>a Humb. & Bonpl.<br />
FAMILY: Symplocaceae (symplocos or sweetleaf)<br />
SPANISH: azajar<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia to Costa Rica, 2,000 to 3,000 meters<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Symplocos <strong>the</strong>iformis (L.f.) Guerke<br />
FAMILY: Symplocaceae (symplocos or sweetleaf)<br />
ENGLISH: Bogotá tea<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a tea substitute in Colombia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Foster 1958, Mabberley 1987<br />
Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L’Hér.<br />
FAMILY: Symplocaceae (symplocos or sweetleaf)<br />
ENGLISH: horse sugar, sweetleaf<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweetish, tart leaves may be chewed as a refreshment.<br />
Inner bark and leaves are a yellow dye source. The only species<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Symplocaceae in <strong>the</strong> U.S., S. tinctoria is also <strong>at</strong>tractive<br />
for its fragrant, yellow flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Florida, to sou<strong>the</strong>astern<br />
Canada, and Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Fernald et al. 1958,<br />
Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Nelson 1994, Taylor 1998<br />
Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertner<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked in Indonesia, where <strong>the</strong><br />
plant is called babadotan lalaki.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in Old World tropics<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Molina 1975, Renner et<br />
al. 1990<br />
Syngonium donnell-smithii Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
SPANISH: anona conde, pice de guara<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Plowman 1969<br />
Syngonium podohyllum Schott [syn. S. vellozianum Schott]<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
PORTUGUESE: aninga-de-cinco-dedos<br />
SPANISH: cinco dedos, pice de guara<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible, though seeds can be irrit<strong>at</strong>ing.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, MBG n.d., Plowman 1969, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Syngonium salvadorense Schott<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
SPANISH: conte, huevo de burro<br />
USES/NOTES: Ripe spadices are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, and El Salvador<br />
REFERENCES: Plowman 1969<br />
Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumann & Thonn.) Daniell<br />
FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla)<br />
ENGLISH: miracle fruit, miraculous berry<br />
SPANISH: fruto milagro<br />
USES/NOTES: Bitter fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en with o<strong>the</strong>r fruits to counter<br />
bitterness.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical West Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Syzygium arom<strong>at</strong>icum (L.) Merr. & Perry [syn. Caryophyllus<br />
arom<strong>at</strong>icus L., Eugenia arom<strong>at</strong>ica (L.) Baillon non O. Berg,<br />
Eugenia caryophyll<strong>at</strong>a Thunb.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: clove, cloves<br />
PORTUGUESE: cravo, cravo-da-Índia, cravinho<br />
SPANISH: clavero, clavel, clavo, clavo de especia, árbol del clavo<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried flower buds are <strong>the</strong> cloves <strong>of</strong> intern<strong>at</strong>ional<br />
commerce, used as a spice or to flavor cigarettes, cosmetics, and<br />
toothpaste. Oil is medicinal or used as a vanilla substitute.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North Moluccas<br />
REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Guia Rural n.d., Howard 1994, IBGE 1980.<br />
Ilyas 1978, Mabberley 1987, Martin 1991, Molina 1975, Oldfield<br />
1981, Rehm and Espig 1991, Smith et al. 1992, Usher 1974<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry [syn. Eugenia malaccensis<br />
L., E. macrophylla Lam., Jambosa malaccensis (L.) DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: African apple, French cashew, Malacca apple, malay apple,<br />
malay rose apple, mountain apple, ohia, otaheite apple, pomerac,<br />
rose apple, w<strong>at</strong>er apple, white apple<br />
PORTUGUESE: jambo, jambo-chá, jambo-da-Índia, jambo-encarnado,<br />
jambo-vermelho<br />
SPANISH: cajuilito sulimán, mamey, marañón de curazao, marañón<br />
japonés, manzana de agua, manzana de Malaya, manzana malaya,<br />
manzana de faiti, pera de agua, poma, pomagás, pomarosa de<br />
Malacca, pomarosa americana, pomarosa del Brasil, pomarrosa<br />
americana, pomarrosa de Malaca, pomarrosa del Brasil, yambo<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet, generally mild tasting, pear-shaped to roundish,<br />
light to dark red fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or stewed and<br />
occasionally are made into wine. Also grown as an ornamental<br />
shade tree for its lush, dense, green foliage, cylindrical shape,<br />
and <strong>at</strong>tractive magenta flowers, <strong>the</strong> petals <strong>of</strong> which carpet <strong>the</strong><br />
ground bene<strong>at</strong>h as <strong>the</strong>y fall. Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and n<strong>at</strong>uralized in<br />
<strong>the</strong> humid tropics.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Malay Peninsula, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong> humid tropics<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1984, Bourke et al. 1987, Caribbean Food and<br />
Nutrition Institute 1974, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Molina 1975, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991,<br />
Price 1990, Rehm and Espig 1991, Samson 1980<br />
Syzygium panicul<strong>at</strong>um Gaertner [syn. Eugenia panicul<strong>at</strong>a Lam. nomen<br />
illegit.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: Australian bush cherry<br />
SPANISH: cereza, eugenia<br />
USES/NOTES: Bitter-sweet fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or preserved. Grown<br />
as an ornamental in <strong>the</strong> Americas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Australia<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, W<strong>at</strong>kins and<br />
Sheehan 1975<br />
Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & Perry [syn. Eugenia javanica<br />
Lam.]<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: jambosa, java apple, jumbool, Samarang rose apple, w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
apple, wax apple, wax jambu<br />
SPANISH: manzana de curazao, perita de agua, tom<strong>at</strong>e salvaje, tom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Mildly acidic fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Malay Archipelago<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989,<br />
Morton 1987a<br />
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747
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton<br />
FAMILY: Bignoniaceae (trumpet creeper)<br />
ENGLISH: cortex, pink cedar<br />
PORTUGUESE: ipê, pau-d’arco<br />
SPANISH: corteza, roble, roble blanco<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves <strong>of</strong> this small tree may be used as tea, though<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed typically for its showy pink flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Nellis 1994<br />
Tabebuia pallida (Lindley) Miers [syn. T. pentaphylla Hemsley]<br />
FAMILY: Bignoniaceae (trumpet creeper)<br />
ENGLISH: cortex, Cuban pink tabebuia tree, pink tabebuia, white<br />
cedar<br />
PORTUGUESE: ipê, pau-d’arco<br />
SPANISH: amapa rosa, amapola, apam<strong>at</strong>e, chicala, corteza, guayacán,<br />
leña blanco, macuelizo, macuil, maculigua, maculiz, mano de león,<br />
maqueliz, maquelizo, maquile, maquiligua, m<strong>at</strong>ilisgu<strong>at</strong>e, ocoba,<br />
palo blanco, palo de hierro, palo de rosa, palo yuyo, roble,<br />
roble blanco, roble de sabana, roble de yugo, rosa morado<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea, though cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed mainly as an<br />
ornamental for its showy, generally white flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, OAS 1973<br />
Tabernaemontana markgrafiana J.F. Macbr. [syn. Bonafousia<br />
longituba Markgraf]<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
PORTUGUESE: amarelao-pitiá, paiuetu, sanango<br />
SPANISH: coca sanango, nane repote, ruro de paloma, sanango macho<br />
USES/NOTES: Pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> yellowish fruit is edible. L<strong>at</strong>ex and bark<br />
are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Leeuwenberg<br />
1988, Martin et al. 1987, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Tabernaemontana maxima Markgraf<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
SPANISH: sanango ucho<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Tabernaemontana sananho Ruiz & Pavón [syn. Bonafousia sananho<br />
(Ruiz & Pavón) Markgraf]<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
SPANISH: lagarto micunan, lobo sanango, pepe de leche, sanaho,<br />
sanango, toomecocoriu<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is occasionally e<strong>at</strong>en, though primarily<br />
medicinal.<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, van Beek et<br />
al. 1984<br />
Tabernaemontana siphilitica (L.f.) Leeuwenb. [syn. Bonfousia<br />
tetrastachya (Kunth) Markgraf]<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
SPANISH: azúcar<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is said to be sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, van Beek et al. 1984<br />
Tabernaemontana vanheurickii Müell. Arg.<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
SPANISH: ucho sanango<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Tagetes erecta L. [syn. T. major Gaertner]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: African marigold, Aztec marigold<br />
PORTUGUESE: cravo-de-defunto<br />
SPANISH: cempasúchil, flor de muerto<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow to orange flowers are used as a food colorant<br />
and are edible. Similar to T. p<strong>at</strong>ula.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America, widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola<br />
1990, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a<br />
Tagetes filifolia Lagerh.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: Irish lace marigold<br />
SPANISH: anís, anís del campo, anís ujts, anisillo, curucumín, flor<br />
de Santa María, limoncillo, putsuti, putzuti, tacua mishi, tacuá<br />
mishí<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its leaf, used as a condiment in cooked<br />
dishes and <strong>at</strong>ole.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990,<br />
Kunkel 1984, Molina 1975, Torres n.d.<br />
Tagetes lucida Cav.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: Mexican mint marigold, Mexican tarragon, Mt. Pima anis,<br />
Spanish tarragon, sweet mace, sweet marigold, sweet-scented<br />
marigold, Tarahumara anis, Texas tarragon, winter tarragon<br />
PORTUGUESE: cravo-de-defunto<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
SPANISH: anicillo, bashigo, bashigóko, caléndula, coronilla,<br />
cuauhiyautli, curucumín, curucumis, flor de muerto, flor de Santa<br />
María, flor de tierra dentro, guía laga-zaa, hierba de las nubes,<br />
hierba de San Juan, hierba de Santa María, hierbanís, hipericón,<br />
iya, jolomocox, la coronilla, naná uarhi, pericón, pericón<br />
amarillo, periquillo, santa maría, tumutsali, uca, yauhtli,<br />
yerbanís, yiauhtli, yita pericoó, zacayahucli<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is used as a spice, like tarragon (Artemisia<br />
dracunculus), and to make a pleasant, calming arom<strong>at</strong>ic tea th<strong>at</strong><br />
is used to tre<strong>at</strong> hangovers. The Aztecs used <strong>the</strong> flowers to flavor<br />
chocol<strong>at</strong>e. The plant also is <strong>at</strong>tractive in landscaping.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Gu<strong>at</strong>emala and Honduras<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Breedlove 1986, Coe 1994, Harris<br />
1998, Mabberley 1987, Molina 1975, Morton 1976a, N<strong>at</strong>ive<br />
Seeds/SEARCH 1991, Torres n.d.<br />
Tagetes minuta L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: marigold, Mexican marigold, muster John-Henry<br />
PORTUGUESE: chinchila, coari-bravo, cravo-de-defunto, rabo-defoguete,<br />
rabo-de-rojão, voadeira<br />
SPANISH: amapola, caléndula, chicchipa, chinchimali, damasquina,<br />
huac<strong>at</strong>ai, huac<strong>at</strong>ay, rosacisa, terciopelo<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is used as a condiment and a medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico or Peru and Brazil south to Chile and<br />
Argentina, n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bonuccelli 1989, Bourke et al.<br />
1987, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Fernald 1950, Guia Rural<br />
n.d., Mentz et al. 1997, Morton 1976a, Padoch and de Jong 1991,<br />
Sanecki 1974, Soukup 1970, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974<br />
Tagetes p<strong>at</strong>ula L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: French marigold<br />
PORTUGUESE: cravo-de-defunto<br />
SPANISH: chinchimali, flor de muerto<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is used as a condiment and a medicinal. Flowers<br />
are used to color foods and to make a beverage. Similar to T.<br />
erecta.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps Mexico and Central America, now<br />
nearly cosmopolitan and widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Morton 1976a, Munz 1974<br />
Tagetes tenuifolia Cav.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: lemon marigold<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are added to o<strong>the</strong>r foods for <strong>the</strong>ir lemon<br />
flavor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Williams 1976a<br />
Talauma mexicana (DC.) G. Don [syn. Magnolia grandiflora Moc. &<br />
Sessé nomen illegit., M. mexicana DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Magnoliaceae (magnolia)<br />
SPANISH: anonillo, chocoijoyó, cocté, flor de corazón, guialachay<strong>at</strong>i,<br />
hualhua, jolmashté, laurel tulipán, pirinola, quije-lechiy<strong>at</strong>e,<br />
tzucoijoyó, yo-lachi, yoloxóchitl<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are added to chocol<strong>at</strong>e for aroma.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico (from Veracruz, Guerrero, and<br />
Chiapas), Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, and Honduras<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Espejo Serna et al. n.d. , Molina 1975<br />
Talauma ov<strong>at</strong>a St-Hil.<br />
FAMILY: Magnoliaceae (magnolia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: talauma<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves can be used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to Amazonian Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Martin and Ruberté 1979, Renner et al.<br />
1990<br />
Talinum auranticum Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Portulacaceae (purslane)<br />
ENGLISH: orange fame flower<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Talinum fruticosum (L.) A. Juss. [syn. T. racemosum Rohrb., T.<br />
triangulare (Jacq.) Willd., Portulaca triangularia Jacq.]<br />
FAMILY: Portulacaceae (purslane)<br />
ENGLISH: Ceylon spinach, fameflower, Philippine spinach, po<strong>the</strong>rb<br />
fameflower, Surinam purslane, Surinam spinach, w<strong>at</strong>er leaf<br />
PORTUGUESE: beldroega-grande, bredo, bredo-major-gomes, carnegorda,<br />
língua-de-vaca, manjogome<br />
SPANISH: chiv<strong>at</strong>era, espinaca de Filipinas, espinaca filipina, thak<br />
akw’aal, verdolaga verdolaguilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and tops are cooked as a vegetable, similar to<br />
purslane (Portulaca oleracea).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S. through tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Duke 1986, Duke<br />
1992, Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1977,<br />
Rehm and Espig 1991, Terra 1966, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Talinum panicul<strong>at</strong>um (Jacq.) Gaertner<br />
FAMILY: Portulacaceae (purslane)<br />
ENGLISH: fameflower, jewels-<strong>of</strong>-Opar, Major Gomes<br />
PORTUGUESE: cariru, cariru-bravo, João-Gomes, língua-de-vaca,<br />
maria-gorda, maria-gombi, manjon-gome, ora-pro-nobis-miúdo<br />
SPANISH: carurú, palo de rosa<br />
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USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed as a succulent ornamental and for its<br />
leaves, cooked as greens.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S. to Brazil, including<br />
<strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Bailey Hortorium 1976,<br />
Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, UFA/NYBG n.d., von Reis Altschul and<br />
Lipp 1982<br />
Talisia acutifolia Radlk.<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
PORTUGUESE: breu-pitomba (unidentified Talisia sp. in Acre,<br />
Brazil), pau-de-espeto-vermelho, pitombeira<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador to Brazil, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Guarim Neto et al. 2000, Jørgensen and<br />
León-Yánez 1999, MBG n.d., UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Talisia carin<strong>at</strong>a Radlk.<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
FRENCH: bois-flambeau<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela and French Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Guarim Neto et al. 2000, MBG<br />
n.d.<br />
Talisia cerasina (Benth.) Radlk.<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pitomba<br />
SPANISH: virote huayo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Plant is a black stain source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Balée 1994, Brako and Zarucchi<br />
1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guarim Neto et al. 2000<br />
Talisia cupularis Radlk.<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pitomba<br />
SPANISH: palo azul<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, and Surinam<br />
REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Guarim Neto et al. 2000<br />
Talisia esculenta (St-Hil.) Radlk. [syn. Sapindus <strong>esculentus</strong> St-<br />
Hil., S. edulis St-Hil.] and T. floresii Standley and T.<br />
oliviformis (Kunth) Radlk. [syn. T. olivaeformis (H.B.K.) Radlk.<br />
nomen illegit., Melicoccus oliviformis Kunth]<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
ENGLISH: pitomba, yellow genip (T. oliviformis)<br />
PORTUGUESE: olho-de-boi, pitomba, pitombeira, pitombinha<br />
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SPANISH: carayá-vola, coloc (T. floresii), cotoperís (T.<br />
oliviformis), cotopriz (T. oliviformis), guaya (T. oliviformis),<br />
guaya campechana (T. floresii), k’olok’ (T. floresii), kolok (T.<br />
floresii), pitón dulce, polok (T. floresii), tolok (T.<br />
oliviformis), trunador (T. floresii), waaya (T. oliviformis),<br />
waya pais (T. oliviformis), wayan (T. oliviformis)<br />
USES/NOTES: Small brownish fruit’s thin, succulent aril is edible<br />
and medicinal. Similar to genip (Melicoccus bijug<strong>at</strong>us), though<br />
<strong>the</strong> fruit is slightly smaller and brown, ra<strong>the</strong>r than green, when<br />
ripe. E<strong>at</strong>en widely as a snack food when in season. T. esculenta<br />
is sold in open Amazonian markets in bunches tied to small<br />
sticks. T. oliviformis is an important honey source in <strong>the</strong><br />
Yuc<strong>at</strong>án.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: T. esculenta from western Amazonia, though now<br />
widespread; T. floresii from <strong>the</strong> Yuc<strong>at</strong>án Peninsula, Chiapas, and<br />
Tabasco in Mexico and Petén, Gu<strong>at</strong>emala; T. oliviformis from<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Ecuador and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Bolles 1997, Breedlove 1986,<br />
Cavalcante 1991, Cowan 1983, Guia Rural n.d., Hayden 2006, Hoyas<br />
1989, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Martínez et al. 2001, MBG n.d., Molina<br />
1975, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997, Niembro Rocas 1992, Silva et<br />
al. 1977, Sousa and Cabrera 1983, Souza Novelo 1981, Standley and<br />
Steyermark 1949c, von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Talisia guianensis Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
SPANISH: virote huayo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Talisia hemidasya Radlk.<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pitomba<br />
USES/NOTES: Though scant, <strong>the</strong> juicy aril <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> small fruit is<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gre<strong>at</strong>er Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Guarim Neto et al. 2000, MBG<br />
n.d.<br />
Talisia hexaphylla Vahl [syn. T. panamensis Pittier]<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
SPANISH: cotopalo, japunaki, mamón cutuplís<br />
USES/NOTES: Bitter-sweet fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America to eastern Panama and Trinidad<br />
REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Cro<strong>at</strong> 1977, Hoyas 1989, Martin<br />
et al. 1987, MBG n.d.<br />
Talisia macrophylla Radlk.<br />
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FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pitomba<br />
SPANISH: cacho de venado, piaste, samdec, yarre p<strong>at</strong>ado<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America to Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Guarim Neto et al. 2000, MBG<br />
n.d.<br />
Talisia nervosa Radlk.<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
SPANISH: cotupli, mamón de montaña, mamón de monte, palo de piedra,<br />
tostado<br />
USES/NOTES: Though scant, <strong>the</strong> juicy aril <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> small fruit is<br />
sweet to tart and is occasionally e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nicaragua to Colombia and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, CTFS n.d., Duke n.d., MBG n.d.<br />
Talisia retusa R. Cowan<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pitomba<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru to sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Venezuela and Surinam<br />
REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Balée 1994<br />
Talisia subalbens (Mart.) Radlk.<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cascudo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil to French Guiana<br />
REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Guarim Neto et al. 2000<br />
Talisia sylv<strong>at</strong>ica (Aublet) Radlk. [syn. Racaria sylv<strong>at</strong>ica Aublet,<br />
T. micrantha Radlk., T. reticul<strong>at</strong>a Radlk.]<br />
FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort)<br />
SPANISH: virote huayo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru to French Guiana and Surinam<br />
REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Balée 1994, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, MBG n.d.<br />
Tamarindus indica L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Indian d<strong>at</strong>e, madeira mahogany, tamarin, tamarind<br />
PORTUGUESE: cedro-mimosa, tamarindo, tamarineiro, tamarineiro-da-<br />
Índia, tamarinheiro, tamarinho, tamarino<br />
SPANISH: pachuhuk, pachuhul, pah’ch’uhuk, tamarindo<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart fruit pulp is sucked <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> seeds as a snack,<br />
made into juice, preserves, s<strong>of</strong>t drinks, and ice cream, dried and<br />
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used as a condiment, added to sauces, and used in various folk<br />
remedies. Bark is made into tea used to tre<strong>at</strong> amebic dysentery.<br />
Seeds and leaves also are medicinal. Wood is used for charcoal<br />
and furniture, protein-rich seeds are fed to c<strong>at</strong>tle and are a<br />
glue source, and roots are made into walking sticks. The tree is<br />
ornamental. Known to <strong>the</strong> Greeks by <strong>the</strong> 4 th Century B.C. and<br />
believed to have been first planted in Hawaii in 1797, T. indica<br />
is widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed throughout <strong>the</strong> tropics and is <strong>the</strong> only<br />
species <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> genus.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Probably Sudan, but introduced so early into India<br />
th<strong>at</strong> it is <strong>of</strong>ten reported as a n<strong>at</strong>ive <strong>of</strong> India<br />
REFERENCES: Branch and Silva 1983, Carneiro Martins 1989, Duke<br />
1981, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d., Gunasena and Hughes<br />
2002, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987, Morton 1987a,<br />
Omawale 1973, Popenoe 1974, Schabel 2002b<br />
Tanacetum vulgare L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: bitter buttons, tansy, yellow buttons<br />
PORTUGUESE: <strong>at</strong>anásia, c<strong>at</strong>inga-de-mul<strong>at</strong>a, tanaceto<br />
SPANISH: <strong>at</strong>anasia, hierba lombriguera, tanaceto<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic leaves and flowers are used like cinnamon or<br />
nutmeg to flavor o<strong>the</strong>r foods, or to make a bitter tea. Leaf juice<br />
is used as a flavoring agent. Also used in drisheen, an Irish<br />
sausage made with sheep’s blood.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Facciola 1990, Harris 1972,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Marcin 1983, Neumann n.d., Tomikel 1986<br />
Tapirira guianensis Aublet [syn. T. fanshawei Sandwith, T.<br />
myriantha Triana & Planchon]<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
PORTUGUESE: maria-preta, pau-pombo, peito-de-pombo, t<strong>at</strong>apiririca<br />
SPANISH: amargo, bajai, b<strong>at</strong>ea caspi, caracha copal, caobilla,<br />
carahuasca, cedro, comiti, coquinillo, ememo, eta papero, huira<br />
caspi, isiguillo, isigo crespo, itil cedro, jemeco, mara macho,<br />
nemegue, ñemehue, palo de gusano, panga, papa numi, pe’su po’o,<br />
tapaculo, umiti yura, urgia, urguia<br />
USES/NOTES: The fruit is edible, but <strong>the</strong> leaf is poisonous.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from Nicaragua to Bolivia and Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Balée 1994, Barfod 1987, Duke<br />
and Vásquez 1994, Leitão Filho 1992, MBG n.d., Muñoz 1990, P<strong>at</strong>on<br />
et al. 2003, Silva et al. 1977, Stevens et al. 2001, Vásquez 1997<br />
Tapirira obtusa (Benth.) J.D. Mitchell [syn. T. marchandii Engl.<br />
T. peckoltiana Engler, Mauria obtusa Benth.]<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cajuí, pau-pombo, peito-de-pombo, peito-de-pombo-defolha-larga,<br />
t<strong>at</strong>apiririca<br />
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USES/NOTES: Amerindians <strong>of</strong> Guyana and <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor <strong>of</strong> eastern<br />
Amazonian Brazil e<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> fruit, which can be sweet. The alkaloid<br />
containing plant is used in folk medicine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador and Peru through Brazil sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Venezuela, and Guyana<br />
REFERENCES: Alves Rodrigues et al. 2002, Balée 1994, Barfod 1987,<br />
Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Leitão Filho 1992, MBG n.d.,<br />
Mitchell 1993, Steyermark et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG n.d., Vásquez<br />
1997<br />
Tapirira retusa Ducke<br />
FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy)<br />
SPANISH: cuilde blanco, huira caspi, tijeras ango muyo, wira caspi<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru and Ecuador and perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, MBG<br />
n.d., Vásquez 1997<br />
Tapura amazonica Poeppig & Endl.<br />
FAMILY: Dichapetalaceae (dichapetalum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: pau-de-bicho<br />
SPANISH: aguen c<strong>at</strong>ohue, awenc<strong>at</strong>omo, bejuco, motecillo, wisa nañay<br />
USES/NOTES: The Waorani <strong>of</strong> Ecuador e<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> fruit.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and<br />
Brazil and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Amaral et al. 1998, Davis and Yost 1983, MBG n.d.,<br />
Prance 1972b<br />
Taraxacum <strong>of</strong>ficinale G. Weber ex Wigg.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: common dandelion, dandelion<br />
PORTUGUESE: dente-de-leão, radice-bravo, taraxaco<br />
SPANISH: amargón, charan pilli, diente de león, pelosilla,<br />
pelusilla, serraja, taraxacón<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves, rich in vitamin A, are e<strong>at</strong>en as a salad<br />
green or cooked vegetable, roasted and ground roots are used like<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee, flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en fried, and unopened flower buds are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or pickled like capers (Capparis spinosa). Flowers<br />
are also made into wine. Underground parts are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Old World, now a<br />
cosmopolitan weed<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Duke 1992, Duke 1997,<br />
Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), Leung 1961, Peterson 1977, Schneider 1987<br />
Taxus bacc<strong>at</strong>a L. and T. cuspid<strong>at</strong>a Siebold & Zucc. [syn. T. bacc<strong>at</strong>a<br />
subsp. cuspid<strong>at</strong>a (Siebold & Zucc.) Pilg.]<br />
FAMILY: Taxaceae (yew) or Cephalotaxaceae (plum yew)<br />
ENGLISH: English yew (T. bacc<strong>at</strong>a), Japanese yew (T. cuspid<strong>at</strong>a), yew<br />
PORTUGUESE: teixo<br />
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USES/NOTES: S<strong>of</strong>t, red fruit arils, about 1 cm in diameter, are<br />
edible fresh or preserved, though seeds and o<strong>the</strong>r plant parts<br />
contain <strong>the</strong> highly toxic poison taxine. Both cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed as<br />
ornamentals. A brown dye is obtained from <strong>the</strong> wood <strong>of</strong> T.<br />
cuspid<strong>at</strong>a.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Kunkel 1984, Tanaka 1976,<br />
Usher 1974, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Taxus canadensis Marshall<br />
FAMILY: Taxaceae (yew) or Cephalotaxaceae (plum yew)<br />
ENGLISH: American yew, Canada yew, ground-hemlock, yew<br />
USES/NOTES: Fleshy red aril is sweet, though seeds and o<strong>the</strong>r plant<br />
parts contain taxine, a highly toxic, alkaloid th<strong>at</strong> slows <strong>the</strong><br />
heart and must be avoided.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Canada and nor<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. to <strong>Kent</strong>ucky and<br />
eastern Iowa, becoming rare in much <strong>of</strong> its U.S. range<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1993, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Bignoniaceae (bignonia or trumpet vine)<br />
ENGLISH: ginger-thomas, trumpet bush, yellow bells, yellow elder,<br />
yellow trumpet bush, yellow trumpet flower<br />
PORTUGUESE: ipê<br />
SPANISH: bapsarukua, cameri, corneta amarilla, esperanza, flor de<br />
noche, flor de San Pedro, giabiche, gloria, guibelchi, hierba de<br />
San Juan, hierba de San Nicolás, hierba de San Pedro, hoja de baño,<br />
istamasúchil, ixnotl, k´anlol, kanló, kusí urákame, lluvia de oro,<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ilimi, mazorca, miñona, miñona, nixtamalxochitl, nixtamaxochitl,<br />
nixtamaxuchiltl, palo de arco, retama, San Andres, trompeta,<br />
trompetilla, tronadora, tulasuchil, yuku-ñini<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed mainly as an ornamental for its showy yellow<br />
flowers, though an arom<strong>at</strong>ic extract from an undetermined plant part<br />
reportedly is used to flavor syrups. The plant is also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arid regions from Texas and Arizona to Argentina,<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized in o<strong>the</strong>r warm areas<br />
REFERENCES: Bye 1985, Torres n.d.<br />
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae <strong>of</strong> Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: purple tephrosia<br />
SPANISH: brusca cimarrona, indigo<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are said to be used as a flavoring agent in<br />
Africa and seeds may be used like c<strong>of</strong>fee (C<strong>of</strong>fea spp.). Also used<br />
as green manure in agricultural fields.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Texas to Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Terminalia c<strong>at</strong>appa L.<br />
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FAMILY: Combretaceae (combretum)<br />
ENGLISH: almond, Barbados almond, Indian almond, myrobalan, seaalmond,<br />
terminalia, tropical almond, West Indian almond, wild<br />
almond<br />
PORTUGUESE: castanha, castanha oleira, castanhola<br />
SPANISH: alcornoque, almendra, almendra castaña, almendro de la<br />
India, almendrón, castañilla, pardillo amarillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Nuts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 5 cm long, somewh<strong>at</strong> fl<strong>at</strong>tened, disc-like<br />
green drupes are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or roasted and contain edible oil th<strong>at</strong><br />
is used in cooking. Pulpy mesocarps are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh and are a<br />
black dye source. Fruits, roots, and bark are medicinal and used<br />
in tanning. Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed along ocean beaches for shade.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Malaya possibly to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Australia and <strong>the</strong> Pacific<br />
Islands, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized and cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed along warm coasts<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Branch and Silva 1983,<br />
Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, Morton 1985,<br />
Nelson 1994, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Smith et al. 1992, Soukup<br />
1970, Sturtevant 1972<br />
Tetracera oblong<strong>at</strong>a DC. [syn. T. volubilis L.]<br />
FAMILY: Dilleniaceae (dillenia)<br />
ENGLISH: w<strong>at</strong>ervine<br />
PORTUGUESE: cipó-de-agua<br />
SPANISH: chaparrillo, lengua de vaca, pajil chaqui, pajuil chaqui,<br />
raspa<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems <strong>of</strong> this vine contain potable w<strong>at</strong>er. T. oblong<strong>at</strong>a<br />
and T. volubilis may be distinct species.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: T. volubilis widespread in <strong>the</strong> Neotropics and T.<br />
oblong<strong>at</strong>a with a more restricted range in tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Aymard and Miller 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994, MBG n.d.<br />
Tetracera willdenowiana Steudel subsp. willdenowiana<br />
FAMILY: Dilleniaceae (dillenia)<br />
ENGLISH: w<strong>at</strong>ervine<br />
PORTUGUESE: cipó-de-agua<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems are used as a potable w<strong>at</strong>er source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America through Ecuador to eastern Amazonian<br />
Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Aymard 1996, Balée 1994<br />
Tetragastris altissima (Aublet) Sw.<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
PORTUGUESE: breu, breu-manga<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible. Also a cerimonial beverage source for<br />
<strong>the</strong> Ka’apor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Balée 1994, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Tetragastris panamensis (Engler) Kuntze<br />
FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood)<br />
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PORTUGUESE: breu-preto<br />
SPANISH: cedro macho, kerosín<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible, but fruits smell like turpentine or<br />
kerosene. Also a ceremonial beverage source for <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gu<strong>at</strong>emala to Peru and eastern Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994, MBG n.d.<br />
Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pallas) Kuntze [syn. T. expansa Murray]<br />
FAMILY: Aizoaceae (carpetweed or fig-marigold)<br />
ENGLISH: New Zealand spinach<br />
PORTUGUESE: espinafre, espinafre-da-Nova-Zelândia, tetragônia<br />
SPANISH: espinaca extranjera, espinaca de Nueva Zelandia<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves, <strong>of</strong> this drought tolerant plant, are a common<br />
spinach (Spinacia oleracea) substitute in <strong>the</strong> tropics.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: New Zealand<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Martin and<br />
Ruberté 1979, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974<br />
Tetrapterys crispa A. Juss.<br />
FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia)<br />
USES/NOTES: The Chácobo e<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> fruit.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989<br />
Thalia genicul<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Marantaceae (arrowroot)<br />
ENGLISH: allig<strong>at</strong>or flag, swamp lily<br />
PORTUGUESE: talia<br />
SPANISH: aurmá-rana<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers are cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and prepared like arrowroot<br />
(Maranta arundinacea), and young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable<br />
in cooked dishes.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: wetlands <strong>of</strong> Florida, <strong>the</strong> Gre<strong>at</strong>er Antilles, and <strong>the</strong><br />
Neotropical mainland from Mexico to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Adams 1972, Bennett 1997, Facciola<br />
1990, Mabberley 1987<br />
Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames & Boivin [syn. Anemonella<br />
thalictroides (L.) Spach]<br />
FAMILY: Ranunculaceae (buttercup)<br />
ENGLISH: rue anenome, wild pot<strong>at</strong>o, wild rue<br />
USES/NOTES: Starchy, tuberous, black roots reportedly are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America, Ontario and <strong>Maine</strong> to Louisiana<br />
and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Florida<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Thelesperma filifolium (Hook.) A. Gray [also T. subnudum A. Gray<br />
and T. trifidum (Poiret) Britton]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: greenthread, showy Navajo tea<br />
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SPANISH: cota<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Cronquist 1980, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Thelesperma megapotamicum (Sprengel) Kuntze [syn. T. gracile<br />
(Torrey) A. Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: greenthread, Navajo tea<br />
SPANISH: cota<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers have been used as tea by <strong>the</strong> Pueblo<br />
people. Flower buds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Cabrera 1974, Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990,<br />
Fernald 1950, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Harrington 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Theobroma bicolor Humb. & Bonpl.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
ENGLISH: Nicaraguan cacao, Nicaraguan chocol<strong>at</strong>e, p<strong>at</strong>ashte, tiger<br />
cacao<br />
PORTUGUESE: cacau-do-Perú, cupuaçu<br />
SPANISH: bacao, cacao blanco, cacao p<strong>at</strong>aste, culuju, p<strong>at</strong>aste,<br />
p<strong>at</strong>ashte, macambo, majambu<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible pulp is sought after and seeds are used for<br />
cocoa butter and chocol<strong>at</strong>e.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Balick 1985, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Leung<br />
1961, OAS 1973, Soukup 1970, Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974, Vásquez<br />
and Gentry 1989<br />
Theobroma cacao L., includes T. cacao fo. leiocarpum (Bernoulli)<br />
Ducke [syn. T. cacao subsp. leiocarpum (Bernoulli) Cu<strong>at</strong>rec., T.<br />
leiocarpa Bernoulli]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
ENGLISH: cacao, chocol<strong>at</strong>e, chocol<strong>at</strong>e tree, cocoa, yellow cacao (T.<br />
cacao fo. leiocarpum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cacau, cacau-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, cacau-verdadeiro<br />
SPANISH: cacao, cacao dulce, cacaotero, cacao amarillo (T. cacao<br />
fo. leiocarpum), cacao calabacillo (T. cacao fo. leiocarpum),<br />
calabacillo (T. cacao fo. leiocarpum), injerto (a hybrid), sia,<br />
trinitario (T. cacao fo. leiocarpum), zukur<strong>at</strong>e<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are <strong>the</strong> principal source <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cocoa butter and<br />
chocol<strong>at</strong>e <strong>of</strong> world commerce. Tart, mucilaginous, white pulp is<br />
made into candies, jelly, wine, liqueurs, alcohol, and vinegar,<br />
and is sucked <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> seeds as a snack. Seeds are occasionally<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en roasted. Although used primarily in sweets and desserts<br />
today, cacao was mixed with many foods, including maize and<br />
peppers, by <strong>the</strong> Aztecs and Maya. Cacao seeds were used as a<br />
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beverage by <strong>the</strong> Maya as early as 600 BC and <strong>the</strong> pulp surrounding<br />
<strong>the</strong> seeds were used as early as 1000 BC in <strong>the</strong> region <strong>of</strong> wh<strong>at</strong> is<br />
now Puerto Escondido, Honduras. Evidence <strong>of</strong> its pre-Columbian use<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Southwestern U.S. has recently emerged.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pre-Andean Amazonian Colombia and Ecuador, perhaps to<br />
Peru and western Amazonian Brazil, spread throughout Amazonia and<br />
<strong>the</strong> upper Orinoco basin, <strong>the</strong>n diffused into Central America where<br />
it may have been domestic<strong>at</strong>ed independently before European<br />
contact<br />
REFERENCES: Bergmann 1969, Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Coe<br />
and Coe 1996, Crown and Hurst 2009, Dreiss and Greenhill 2008,<br />
Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d., Henderson et<br />
al. 2007, Hopkins 1981, Hurst et al. 2002, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
McNeil 2007, Mori and Prance 1990, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Powis<br />
et al. 2007, Purselove 1968b, Schultes 1979a, Schultes 1984,<br />
Silva et al. 1977, Stone 1984, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, West 1992<br />
Theobroma canumanense Fróes ex Cu<strong>at</strong>rec.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cupuaçu-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, cupurana<br />
USES/NOTES: Large, fuzzy, brown edible fruits are similar to,<br />
though smaller than cupuaçu (T. grandiflorum).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, perhaps Rondônia<br />
REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991<br />
Theobroma glaucum Karsten<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
ENGLISH: cacao<br />
SPANISH: cacao silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Reported to be a good source <strong>of</strong> cocoa.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Cu<strong>at</strong>recasas 1964, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Sprengel) Schumann [syn. T.<br />
grandiflorum (G. Don f.) Schumann, T. macrantha Bernoulli,<br />
Bubroma grandiflorum Willd. ex Sprengel, Guazuma grandiflora G.<br />
Don f.]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
ENGLISH: cupuassu, p<strong>at</strong>ashte<br />
PORTUGUESE: cupu, cupuaçu, cupuaçu verdadeiro, cupuaçuzeiro, cupuaçu,<br />
cupuí, pupuaçu<br />
SPANISH: bacau, copoasu, copuasú, copoazú, copo-azú, cupuasú, cacao<br />
blanco, mamaku kawcuai, past<strong>at</strong>e, p<strong>at</strong>as<br />
USES/NOTES: Cream-colored, fibrous, juicy pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> large, brown<br />
oblong fruit has a sweet-acid flavor and is consumed as juice, in<br />
ice cream, desserts, candies, preserves, and syrups. Fruit’s<br />
extract is made into wine and liqueurs. Seeds contain caffeine<br />
and are used to produce chocol<strong>at</strong>e, or cupul<strong>at</strong>e, similar to th<strong>at</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> cacao (T. cacao). Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed widely on a small scale in<br />
Amazonia primarily for local and regional consumption. The<br />
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delicious fruit is becoming more commercially important, and will<br />
become increasingly more so, as production problems are overcome.<br />
Now seen occasionally but more frequently on <strong>the</strong> world market in<br />
specialty fruit juice blends. Grown throughout Amazonia into<br />
Venezuela’s upper Orinoco, and on a small scale in sou<strong>the</strong>astern<br />
Brazil, coastal Venezuela, and rarely beyond (Costa Rica?).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Amazônia em Foco 1989, Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante<br />
1991, Chaar 1980, Cid 1978, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Nazaré et al. 1990, Shanley and Medina 2005,<br />
Silva et al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992, Smith et al. 1995, Vásquez<br />
and Gentry 1989, Velho et al. 1990, Venturieri 1993, Venturieri<br />
et al. 1986/1987<br />
Theobroma microcarpa Mart. [seen also as T. microcarpum Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cabeça-de-urubu, cacau-jacaré, cacau-rana, cacaurana<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> small deeply ribbed fruit pods can be made<br />
into chocol<strong>at</strong>e and fruit pulp is edible. Brücher says th<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
fruit is not used. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed beyond its n<strong>at</strong>ural range in Belém,<br />
Brazil and likely elsewhere.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil (Acre and Amazonas) and<br />
adjacent Colombia in <strong>the</strong> Caqueta valley<br />
REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Shanley and Medina<br />
2005, Smith et al. 1992, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Theobroma obov<strong>at</strong>um Klotzsch ex Bernoulli<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cabeça-de-drunu, cabeça-de-urubu, cacau-de-macaco,<br />
cacaurana<br />
SPANISH: cacao del monte, cacauhillo, ushpa cacao<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and pulp are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Salick 1992,<br />
Shanley and Medina 2005<br />
Theobroma pentagonum Bernoulli<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
ENGLISH: cacao<br />
PORTUGUESE: cacau<br />
SPANISH: caimán, cacao de Nicaragua, cacao lagarto, lagarto<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en and seeds are a chocol<strong>at</strong>e source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Theobroma purpureum Pittier<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
SPANISH: cacao de mico<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible and <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> a bitter-tasting<br />
beverage.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Theobroma speciosum Willd. ex Sprengel [syn.T. angustifolium DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cacaubraba, cacauí, cacaurana, cacauú<br />
SPANISH: cacao cimarrón, cacao mica, cacao sacha, cacao silvestre,<br />
chocol<strong>at</strong>e, chocol<strong>at</strong>illo, macambo, majambo, nohotë<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds have been, and perhaps still are regionally<br />
important as a quality cocoa source, pulp is sucked <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> seeds<br />
as a refreshing snack or made into a tasty beverage, and flowers<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en occasionally. Fruit is more round than most Theobroma<br />
species.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to Central America and perhaps sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1989, Boom 1987, Brücher 1989, Cavalcante 1991,<br />
Silva et al. 1977, Shanley and Medina 2005, Smith et al. 1992,<br />
Soukup 1970, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Theobroma spruceana Bernoulli<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cacau-azul<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and seeds are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Theobroma stipul<strong>at</strong>um Cautrec.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cacau<br />
SPANISH: cacao, chocol<strong>at</strong>e<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Theobroma subincanum Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cacau-rana, cupuaí, cupuí, cupurana<br />
SPANISH: cacahuillo, cacao de monte, cacao macambillo, cacao<br />
silvestre, macambillo, macambo sacha<br />
USES/NOTES: Similar to T. grandiflorum and T. canumanense, though<br />
smaller and less arom<strong>at</strong>ic, pulp is edible, and seeds yield an<br />
inferior cocoa. Pod’s outer bark is hallucinogenic and sometimes<br />
powdered and mixed with tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez<br />
1994, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Theobroma sylvestris Aublet ex Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocol<strong>at</strong>e)<br />
PORTUGUESE: cacau-azul, cacau-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, cacauí<br />
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USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Correa<br />
FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow)<br />
ENGLISH: portia tree, seaside mahoe<br />
SPANISH: clemón, cremón, milo, puntada de cabeza<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads, boiled, or fried, young<br />
leaves can be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or raw, and fruits are said to be<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: perhaps coastal India, now pantropical coastal zones<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1972, Facciola 1990, FLEPPC 2003, FUDENA n.d.,<br />
Kunkel 1984, Morton 1977, Nellis 1994, Nelson 1994<br />
Thevetia ahouai (L.) A. DC. [syn. Ahouai nitida (Kunth) Pichon]<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
SPANISH: cojón de mico, cojón de venado, huevo de g<strong>at</strong>o, huevo de<br />
venado, palo de leche, tom<strong>at</strong>e de diablo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Humid lowlands from Veracruz, Mexico to Colombia and<br />
Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Avendaño Reyes and Acosta Rosado 2000, Martin et al.<br />
1987, MBG n.d.<br />
Thibaudia caulial<strong>at</strong>a Ruiz & Pavón ex D. Don. [syn. T. al<strong>at</strong>a Dunal,<br />
Cavendishia caulial<strong>at</strong>a (Ruiz & Pavón ex G. Don) A.C. Sm.]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit reportedly e<strong>at</strong>en (Martin et al.), though <strong>the</strong><br />
legitimacy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> taxon is questionable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Peru and Ecuador perhaps to Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1983, Macbride 1959a, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Thibaudia floribunda Kunth [syn. T. lehmannii Hoerold, T.<br />
longifolia Kunth, T. pichinchensis Benth.]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: coral, gualicón, sagalita<br />
USES/NOTES: Whitish-reddish-translucent fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela, 1600-<br />
3600m.<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1983, Luteyn 2002, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Thibaudia grantii A.C. Sm.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: chorota<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit reportedly is edible, but <strong>the</strong> taxon is<br />
questionable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1996, Martin et al. 1987<br />
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Thibaudia martiniana A.C. Sm.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark berries are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Ecuador, 1000-2200m.<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 2002<br />
Thibaudia mellifera Ruiz & Pavón ex J. St.-Hil. [syn. T.<br />
melliflora Ruiz & Pavón nomen nudum, Eurygania multiflora<br />
Klotzsch]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit reportedly is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d.<br />
Thibaudia parvifolia (Benth.) Hoerold [syn. Eurygania parvifolia<br />
(Benth.) Benth. & Hook.f.]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
USES/NOTES: Violet to nearly black sweet berries are e<strong>at</strong>en in<br />
Ecuador.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Moist Andean Colombia and Ecuador, 3000-4000m.<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1996, Luteyn 2002<br />
Thlaspi arvense L.<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: penny cress, treacle mustard<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for <strong>the</strong> young, vitamin C-rich shoots, which<br />
are added to salads or cooked as a po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Thrinax radi<strong>at</strong>a Lodd. ex Schultes & Schultes f. [syn. T. floridana<br />
Sarg., T. parviflora auct. non. Sw., T. wenlandiana Becc.]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: brittle th<strong>at</strong>ch palm, Florida th<strong>at</strong>ch palm, th<strong>at</strong>ch palm<br />
SPANISH: chit, guanillo, guano de costa<br />
USES/NOTES: Pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> small, white-seeded fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Caribbean, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida, <strong>the</strong> Bahamas,<br />
eastern Yuc<strong>at</strong>án <strong>of</strong> Mexico , Belize, and Honduras<br />
REFERENCES: Bush and Morton n.d., Henderson et al. 1995, Mabberley<br />
1987, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Thuja occidentalis L.<br />
FAMILY: Cuppressaceae (cypress)<br />
ENGLISH: American arbor vitae, arbor vitae, nor<strong>the</strong>rn white cedar,<br />
white cedar<br />
PORTUGUESE: tuia<br />
USES/NOTES: Twigs and young shoots are made into tea, and pith <strong>of</strong><br />
young shoots is e<strong>at</strong>en in soups.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
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REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons 1966,<br />
Tomikel 1986<br />
Thymus vulgaris L. [syn. Coridothymus capit<strong>at</strong>us (L.) Reichb.f.]<br />
FAMILY: Labi<strong>at</strong>ae or Lamiaceae (mint)<br />
ENGLISH: garden thyme, thyme<br />
PORTUGUESE: tomilho<br />
SPANISH: tomillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a spice. Leaves and flowering tops<br />
are medicinal. Also <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> oil <strong>of</strong> thyme.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural 1990, Rehm and Espig 1991, Schneider 1987,<br />
Usher 1974<br />
Tigridia pavonia (L.f.) DC. [syn. T. grandiflora (Cavanilles)<br />
Diels]<br />
FAMILY: Iridaceae (iris)<br />
ENGLISH: peacock tigerflower, tigerflower<br />
SPANISH: cacomite, cocomitl<br />
USES/NOTES: Starchy corms have been e<strong>at</strong>en roasted in Mexico since<br />
before Columbus. Also grown as an ornamental.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico and Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Coe 1994, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974, West 1989a, Williams 1981<br />
Tilia americana L. and T. americana var. mexicana (Schltdl.)<br />
Hardin [syn. T. mexicana Schltdl.]<br />
FAMILY: Tiliaceae (linden)<br />
ENGLISH: American basswood, basswood, lime tree, linden<br />
SPANISH: cirimbo, flor de tila, sirima, tila, tilia, tilo<br />
americano, tirimo, tzirimo<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are used in salads, buds are edible, sap is<br />
used in candy, and small, hard, reddish fruits can be e<strong>at</strong>en raw<br />
in moder<strong>at</strong>ion. Leaves and flowers are made into an after dinner<br />
tea to soo<strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong> stomach and aid in digestion. Flowers <strong>of</strong> var.<br />
mexicana are excellent in honey production and are made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: T. americana found in Eastern North America; var.<br />
mexicana from eastern Mexico through Oaxaca in sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Harris 1972, MBG n.d.,<br />
McVaugh 2001, Nelson 1994, Tomikel 1986, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Tillandsia complanta Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
SPANISH: huicundo<br />
USES/NOTES: Dry leaf bases are used to wrap tamales.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gre<strong>at</strong>er Antilles, Costa Rica, Brazil, and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 1995, Bennett 2000<br />
Tillandsia erubescens Schltr.<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
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SPANISH: dowáka, heno, tilandsia<br />
USES/NOTES: Inflorescence is edible, plant is medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chihuahua to Oaxaca, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Torres n.d., Trujano 1990<br />
Tillandsia maxima Lillo & Hauman<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
USES/NOTES: Shoot apices are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Bolivia and Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Benzing 1980<br />
Tillandsia recurv<strong>at</strong>a (L.) L.<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
ENGLISH: ball moss, bunch moss<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots and inflorescences <strong>of</strong> this common epiphyte<br />
are edible. Often associ<strong>at</strong>ed with T. usneoides L. (Spanish or<br />
Florida moss).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, widespread<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bennett 1995, Bennett 2000,<br />
Smith and Downs 1977<br />
Tillandsia rubella Baker<br />
FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple)<br />
SPANISH: huicundo<br />
USES/NOTES: Shoot apices are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 2000<br />
Tococa guianensis Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Melastom<strong>at</strong>aceae (dissotis or melastome)<br />
PORTUGUESE: buxixu-de-formiga, pau-jacaré<br />
USES/NOTES: Purple fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia, and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977,<br />
UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) Schumann [syn. Randia formosa<br />
(Jacq.) Schumann]<br />
FAMILY: Rubiaceae (c<strong>of</strong>fee or madder)<br />
ENGLISH: blackberry-jam fruit, monkey apple, raspberry bush<br />
PORTUGUESE: estrela, genipapo-do-campo<br />
SPANISH: fruta de mono<br />
USES/NOTES: Yellow-skinned fruit’s black pulp, with <strong>the</strong> consistency<br />
<strong>of</strong> jam when ripe, is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or made into beverages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Bernardi 1985, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Silva<br />
et al. 1977<br />
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Tontelea ovalifolia (Miers) A.C. Sm. [syn. T. fluminensis (Peyr.)<br />
A.C. Sm., Cuervea ovalifolia Miers, Salacia p<strong>at</strong>ens Triana &<br />
Planchon]<br />
FAMILY: Celastraceae (spindle tree) or Hippocr<strong>at</strong>eaceae (dehiscent<br />
fruit)<br />
USES/NOTES: The Chácobo <strong>of</strong> Bolivia e<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> fruit <strong>of</strong> this liana.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Mennega 1992<br />
Torreya californica Torrey [syn. Tumion californicum (Torrey) E.<br />
Greene]<br />
FAMILY: Taxaceae (yew)<br />
ENGLISH: California nutmeg<br />
USES/NOTES: Oily nuts are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Munz and Keck 1959, Tanaka 1976,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Tournefortia hirsutissima L.<br />
FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage)<br />
ENGLISH: chiggery grapes<br />
SPANISH: ixla’hastapún skíti’, nigua(s), ojo de pescado<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from Colombia to South Florida, rare and<br />
endangered in Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Austin 2004, Martin et al. 1987, Wunderlin and Hansen<br />
2003<br />
Tovomita schomburgkii Planchon & Triana<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
USES/NOTES: The Chácobo e<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> fruit.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Riparian and montane forests to about 1,300 meters<br />
from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela, Amazonian Brazil, Colombia, and <strong>the</strong><br />
Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989<br />
Tradescantia occidentalis (Britton) Smyth<br />
FAMILY: Commelinaceae (spiderwort)<br />
ENGLISH: spiderwort<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or as a po<strong>the</strong>rb. Flowers are<br />
added to salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Kindscher 1987, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Tradescantia ohiensis Raf.<br />
FAMILY: Commelinaceae (spiderwort)<br />
ENGLISH: spiderwort<br />
USES/NOTES: Young stems and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en raw in salads or<br />
cooked as po<strong>the</strong>rbs. Flowers, generally purple or blue, though<br />
occasionally white, can be made into candy.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Fernald 1950, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes)<br />
Tradescantia virginiana L.<br />
FAMILY: Commelinaceae (spiderwort)<br />
ENGLISH: spiderwort<br />
USES/NOTES: Young stems and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en raw in salads or<br />
cooked as po<strong>the</strong>rbs. Purplish flowers can be made into candy.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S., n<strong>at</strong>uralized in South America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Jørgensen and León-Yánez<br />
1999, Kindscher 1987, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Tragopogon dubius Scop.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: go<strong>at</strong>’s beard<br />
USES/NOTES: Young stems and leaves are used as po<strong>the</strong>rbs, and roots<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Harrington 1967<br />
Tragopogon porrifolius L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: common salsify, oyster plant, salsify, vegetable oyster<br />
PORTUGUESE: cercefi, cersefi<br />
SPANISH: salsifí<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots and new shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables. Root<br />
l<strong>at</strong>ex has been used as chewing gum by Amerindians <strong>of</strong> British<br />
Columbia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean North Africa, or western Asia,<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Cronquist 1980, Duke 1992, Fernald 1950, Mabberley<br />
1987, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Usher 1974, Yamaguchi 1983,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Trapa n<strong>at</strong>ans L.<br />
FAMILY: Trapaceae (w<strong>at</strong>er chestnut)<br />
ENGLISH: Jesuit nut, w<strong>at</strong>er caltrop, w<strong>at</strong>er chestnut, w<strong>at</strong>er nuts<br />
SPANISH: castaña de agua<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible seed is rich in starch and f<strong>at</strong>.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, perhaps to Asia, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized, and<br />
invasive in <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. and adjacent Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Simmons 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Trema micrantha (L.) Blume [syn. T. floridana Britton]<br />
FAMILY: Celtidaceae (celtis) or Ulmaceae (elm)<br />
ENGLISH: capulin, Florida trema, Jamaican nettle tree, kari bush<br />
PORTUGUESE: periquitinho, piquiteira, trema<br />
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SPANISH: árbol de cuerillo, <strong>at</strong>adijo, capulín cimarrón, guacimilla,<br />
ixpepe, memiso, palo polvora, sak piixoy, yaco de cuero<br />
USES/NOTES: Tiny, typically bright orange to red or yellow drupes<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en by <strong>the</strong> Ka’apor <strong>of</strong> eastern Amazonian Brazil. Also<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida to nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Balée 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FNAEC<br />
1997, Hayden 2006, Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997, Johnston and<br />
Colquhoun 1996, Nelson 1994, Silva et al. 1997, Torres n.d.,<br />
UFA/NYBG n.d., Zuloaga 1997<br />
Trian<strong>the</strong>ma portulacastrum L.<br />
FAMILY: Aizoaceae (carpetweed or fig-marigold)<br />
ENGLISH: desert horse-purslane, horse purslane, lowland purslane<br />
USES/NOTES: Salty leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads or in cooked dishes.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical to subtropical seacoasts<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons 1973<br />
Trichilia maynasiana C. DC.<br />
FAMILY: Meliaceae (mahogany)<br />
PORTUGUESE: amarelão, breu-amarelo<br />
SPANISH: chiape, requia<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG<br />
n.d.<br />
Trichipteris microdonta (Desv.) R.M. Tryon [syn. Alsophila rufa<br />
Fée, Cya<strong>the</strong>a microdonta (Desv.) Domin]<br />
FAMILY: Cy<strong>at</strong>haceae (tree-fern)<br />
ENGLISH: tree fern<br />
SPANISH: tasi<br />
USES/NOTES: Although it has a slimy texture, <strong>the</strong> pith has been used<br />
like a pot<strong>at</strong>o, primarily as an emergency food, in <strong>the</strong> Choco.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico, Central America, and South America<br />
from Venezuela through <strong>the</strong> Andes to Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Cowan 1983, Duke n.d., Foster 1958, MBG n.d., Stolze<br />
1976, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Trichocereus coquimbanus (Molina) Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: copao<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coquimbo province, coastal Chile<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Marticorena and Quezada 1985,<br />
Martin et al. 1987<br />
Trichocereus pasacana (F.A.C. Weber) Friedrich & Rowley<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
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SPANISH: pasacana<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Argentina and Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963<br />
Trichocereus schickendantzii (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruit is said to be "agreeable" by Britton and<br />
Rose.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Argentina around Tucumán<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Trichocereus spachianus (Lem.) Riccob.<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
ENGLISH: torch cactus<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and young stem sprouts are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990<br />
Trichosan<strong>the</strong>s cucumerina L.var. anguina (L.) Haines [syn. T.<br />
anguina L.]<br />
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd)<br />
ENGLISH: snake gourd, che che ra, Asian cucumber, Greek cucumber<br />
SPANISH: culebra, p<strong>at</strong>ola<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh like a cucumber, curried (when<br />
young), or cooked, and <strong>the</strong> young leaf is e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia<br />
REFERENCES: León 1987, Martin 1984b, Omawale 1973, Rehm and Espig<br />
1991<br />
Trifolium amabile Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae <strong>of</strong> Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: Aztec clover<br />
PORTUGUESE: trevo<br />
SPANISH: chicmu<br />
USES/NOTES: Peruvian Amerindians mix plant with white maiz and<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r plants to make chucán.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Trifolium aureum Pollich [syn. T. agrarium L., T. campestre<br />
Schreb.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae <strong>of</strong> Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: hop clover, large hop-clover, large trefoil<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads or ground as flour, leaves<br />
may be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, and flowers are used for tea or flour.<br />
Taxonomic uncertainty places this entry in some doubt. The<br />
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Missouri Botanical Garden lists T. agrarium L. as a synonym <strong>of</strong> T.<br />
campestre Schreb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia and Africa, now cosmopolitan<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Peterson 1977, Wiersema and León 1999<br />
Trifolium ciliol<strong>at</strong>um Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae <strong>of</strong> Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: clover, foothill clover, tree clover, Springbank Clover<br />
PORTUGUESE: trevo<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked and flowers<br />
are a honey source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S. from California to Washington<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Trifolium gracilentum Torrey & A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae <strong>of</strong> Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: pinpoint clover<br />
PORTUGUESE: trevo<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked and flowers<br />
are a honey source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S. and Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Trifolium hybridum L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae <strong>of</strong> Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: alsike clover<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads or as flour, leaves may be<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, and flowers are used for tea or flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, now cosmopolitan<br />
REFERENCES: Peterson 1977<br />
Trifolium incarn<strong>at</strong>um L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae <strong>of</strong> Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: crimson clover, Italian clover<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads or as flour, leaves may be<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, and flowers are used for tea or flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean, cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977, Taylor 1998<br />
Trifolium medium L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae <strong>of</strong> Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: zigzag clover<br />
PORTUGUESE: trevo, trevo-mamute, trevo-roxo<br />
SPANISH: carretón, trébol, trébol intermedio<br />
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USES/NOTES: Grown as a forage crop and by beekeepers for honey<br />
production. Young sprouts are used occasionally as a po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe to West Asia, now nearly cosmopolitan<br />
REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Mabberley 1987, Sturtevant 1972,<br />
Usher 1974<br />
Trifolium microcephalum Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae <strong>of</strong> Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: pinhead clover<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to western Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Trifolium pr<strong>at</strong>ense L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae <strong>of</strong> Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: red clover<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads or as flour, leaves may be<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, and flowers are used for tea or flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, now cosmopolitan<br />
REFERENCES: Medsger 1939, Peterson 1977<br />
Trifolium repens L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae <strong>of</strong> Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: white clover<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads or as flour, leaves may be<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, and flowers are used for tea or flour.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, now cosmopolitan<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Peterson 1977, Taylor 1998<br />
Trifolium stoloniferum Muhl. ex E<strong>at</strong>on<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae <strong>of</strong> Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: buffalo clover, running buffalo clover<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds <strong>of</strong> this endangered species are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads or<br />
as flour, leaves may be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
cooked or as flour or may be used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arkansas to Illinois, Ohio, and West Virginia<br />
REFERENCES: Brooks 1983, Fernald et al. 1958, Peterson 1977<br />
Trifolium willdenowii Sprengel [syn. T. trident<strong>at</strong>um Lindley]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae <strong>of</strong> Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: cow clover, seaside clover, springbank clover, tomc<strong>at</strong><br />
clover<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked, flowers are a<br />
honey source, and seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en as a grain or sprouted.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: California to British Columbia and Texas<br />
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REFERENCES: PFAF n.d., Steward 1933, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Trifolium wormskioldii Lehm. [syn. T. fimbri<strong>at</strong>um Lindley]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae <strong>of</strong> Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: beach clover, cows clover, cusp clover, mountain clover,<br />
springbank clover<br />
USES/NOTES: White, brittle rhizomes were an important food item<br />
among several n<strong>at</strong>ive Amerindian groups. The Bella Coola people <strong>of</strong><br />
British Columbia <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> roots with salmon. Flowers and leaves<br />
are also e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America, Mexico, <strong>the</strong> western U.S. from New<br />
Mexico to Montana and into adjacent Canada, west to <strong>the</strong> Pacific<br />
REFERENCES: Gun<strong>the</strong>r 1981, Mabberley 1987, Moerman 1998, PFAF n.d.,<br />
Turner 1973, Turner and Bell 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Wiggins 1980<br />
Triglochin maritimum L.<br />
FAMILY: Juncaginaceae (arrow-grass)<br />
ENGLISH: arrowgrass, shore podgrass<br />
USES/NOTES: Very young leaves are edible. Seeds may be used as a<br />
flour source or roasted as c<strong>of</strong>fee (C<strong>of</strong>fea spp.).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: fenugreek<br />
PORTUGUESE: alforva, feno-grego<br />
SPANISH: alholva, fenegreco<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic, starchy seeds are used commonly as a spice,<br />
though also are edible and processed for use in gum.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Meditteranean region to <strong>the</strong> Middle East<br />
REFERENCES: de Gámez 1973, Houaiss 1982, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher<br />
1974, Zohary and Hopf 1993<br />
Trillium erectum L.<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: American birthroot, birthroot, birthwort, purple trillium,<br />
red trillium, red wake-robin, stinking Benjamin, stinking Willie,<br />
trillium, wake-robin, wood lily<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves have been used as a vegetable or po<strong>the</strong>rb,<br />
though <strong>the</strong> plant is known more for its use in folk medicine to<br />
“ease” childbirth and its <strong>at</strong>tractive, though malodorous flower.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Georgia and Alabama to<br />
Michigan, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick, n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977, Rolfsmeier et al. 1988<br />
Trillium grandiflorum (Michaux) Salisb.<br />
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FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: big white trillium, grand trillium, large flowered<br />
trillium, large-flower wake-robin, snow trillium, wake-robin,<br />
white trillium, white wake-robin<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots and unfolding leaves have been used as<br />
cooked greens, though typically only during times <strong>of</strong> food<br />
scarcity.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from nor<strong>the</strong>rn-most Georgia and<br />
Alabama to Minnesota and <strong>Maine</strong> into Quebec and Ontario<br />
REFERENCES: Marshall 1993, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Trillium sessile L.<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: bethroot, red trillium, sessile trillium, toad trillium,<br />
toadshade, wake-robin<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are used as a vegetable, cooked or<br />
uncooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from nor<strong>the</strong>rn Alabama and<br />
perhaps Mississippi to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Michigan, sou<strong>the</strong>rn-most Ontario,<br />
and western New York, west to eastern-most Kansas and Oklahoma<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977, Schwegman 1991<br />
Trillium undul<strong>at</strong>um Willd.<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: painted lady, painted trillium<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves <strong>of</strong> this <strong>at</strong>tractive perennial herbaceous<br />
low-growing forest plant are used as a vegetable or po<strong>the</strong>rb,<br />
cooked or uncooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from nor<strong>the</strong>rn Georgia through<br />
Appalachia to <strong>Maine</strong> and into Canada from New Brunswick to<br />
Ontario, perhaps into sou<strong>the</strong>astern Michigan<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Radford et al. 1968<br />
Triosteum perfoli<strong>at</strong>um L. [also T. angustifolium L. and T .<br />
aurantiacum E.P. Bicknell]<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle)<br />
ENGLISH: feverroot, feverwort, tinker’s weed, wild c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
USES/NOTES: Roasted berries are used like c<strong>of</strong>fee (C<strong>of</strong>fea spp.).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Triphasia trifolia (Burm.) P. Wilson<br />
FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue)<br />
ENGLISH: baby lime, bergamot lime, limeberry, myrtle lime<br />
SPANISH: chinita-limón de Jerusalén, limoncito<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is consumed raw, in jams, and liqueurs, and its<br />
rind contains an essential oil. Grown also as a hedge.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Americas<br />
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REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Mabberley<br />
1987, Nellis 1994, Omawale 1973, Will 1991, Williams and Williams<br />
1969<br />
Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: buffalo grass, eastern gamma grass<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible seeds <strong>of</strong> this perennial grass are underutilized.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987<br />
Trithrinax brasiliensis Mart.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
PORTUGUESE: buriti, carandaí<br />
USES/NOTES: Martin et al. report fruit pulp as edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil (though Martin et al. suggest th<strong>at</strong> it<br />
extends to Paraguay and Uruguay)<br />
REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Triticum aestivum L.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: bread whe<strong>at</strong>, common whe<strong>at</strong>, whe<strong>at</strong><br />
PORTUGUESE: trigo<br />
SPANISH: trigo<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible seeds are <strong>the</strong> whe<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong> commerce, among <strong>the</strong> most<br />
widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed plants.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Afghanistan<br />
REFERENCES: Feldman 1976, Guia Rural 1990, Purseglove 1972, Rehm<br />
and Espig 1991, Sauer 1993, Usher 1974, Zohary and Hopf 1993<br />
Triticum aestivum L. subsp. sphaerococcum (Percival) MacKey [syn.<br />
T. sphaerococcum Percival]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: dwarf Indian whe<strong>at</strong>, shot whe<strong>at</strong><br />
PORTUGUESE: trigo<br />
SPANISH: trigo indio<br />
USES/NOTES: Nearly round seeds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> short-stalked plant are<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Afghanistan<br />
REFERENCES: PFAF n.d., USDA-ARS<br />
Triticum aestivum L. subsp. compactum (Host) Mackey [syn. T.<br />
compactum Host]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: club whe<strong>at</strong>, cluster whe<strong>at</strong>, dwarf whe<strong>at</strong>, hedgehog whe<strong>at</strong><br />
SPANISH: trigo cabezorro<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> Old and New Worlds as a flour source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwest Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, USDA-ARS, Zeven and de Wet 1982<br />
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Triticum durum Desf.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: durum whe<strong>at</strong>, flint whe<strong>at</strong>, hard whe<strong>at</strong>, macaroni whe<strong>at</strong><br />
USES/NOTES: Gluten-rich seeds, somewh<strong>at</strong> larger than common whe<strong>at</strong>,<br />
are used for pasta.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe or Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, USDA-ARS<br />
Triticum monococcum L.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: einkorn, one-grained whe<strong>at</strong>, stone age whe<strong>at</strong><br />
USES/NOTES: Edible seeds, <strong>of</strong> this likely ancestor <strong>of</strong> common whe<strong>at</strong><br />
(T. aestivum), where cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed nearly 10,000 years ago.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Fertile Crescent from Turkey to Afghanistan<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Smith 1994, Zeven and de<br />
Wet 1982<br />
Triticum polonicum L.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: Astrakin whe<strong>at</strong>, giant rye, Jerusalem rye, Polish whe<strong>at</strong><br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed, tall winter or spring whe<strong>at</strong> has large seeds<br />
used as a pasta flour source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Zeven and de Wet 1982<br />
Triticum aestivum L. subsp. spelta (L.) Thell. [syn. T. spelta L.]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: dinkel whe<strong>at</strong>, hulled whe<strong>at</strong>, spelt, speltz<br />
SPANISH: escanda, escaña, espelta<br />
USES/NOTES: Uncommon in <strong>the</strong> Americas, though cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in Europe<br />
as a flour source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, USDA-ARS<br />
Triticum turgidum L. subsp. dicoccum [syn. T. dicoccum (Schrank)<br />
Schuebler]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: emmer whe<strong>at</strong>, English whe<strong>at</strong>, poulard whe<strong>at</strong>, rivet whe<strong>at</strong><br />
USES/NOTES: Ground grains are a pasta flour source. Though uncommon<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Americas, this grain is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> oldest domestic<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
food plants d<strong>at</strong>ing back <strong>at</strong> least 10,000 years.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Fertile Crescent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Middle East<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Smith 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Tropaeolum brasiliense Casar.<br />
FAMILY: Tropaeolaceae (nasturtium)<br />
ENGLISH: nasturtium<br />
PORTUGUESE: nastúrcio<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and bordering Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Tropaeolum leptophyllum G. Don f. [syn. T. bridgesii Fielding, T.<br />
chilense var. eximium Steudel, T. edule Bridges, T. linearifolium<br />
Steudel]<br />
FAMILY: Tropaeolaceae (nasturtium)<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are an emergency food source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile, Peru, and northwester Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Sparre and Andersson 1991, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968,<br />
Zuloaga 1997<br />
Tropaeolum majus L. [syn. Cardamindum majus (L.) Moench]<br />
FAMILY: Tropaeolaceae (nasturtium)<br />
ENGLISH: Indian cress, nasturtium<br />
PORTUGUESE: capuchinha, capuchinha-de-flores-grandes, capuchinhagrande,<br />
flor-de-sangue<br />
SPANISH: capuchina, mallau, mastuerzo<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers are added to salads, and seeds and<br />
flower buds are used like capers (Capparis spinosa), and flowers<br />
are added to sauces. Plant also is antibiotic and ornamental for<br />
its showy flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean South America<br />
REFERENCES: Cid 1978, Estrella 1991, Mabberley 1987, Naranjo 1991,<br />
Schneider 1987, Sparre and Andersson 1991, Usher 1974, Van Feu<br />
n.d.<br />
Tropaeolum minus L. [syn. Cardamindum minus (L.) Moench]<br />
FAMILY: Tropaeolaceae (nasturtium)<br />
ENGLISH: bush nasturtium, canary bird vine, dwarf nasturtium, flame<br />
flower, Indian-cress, nasturtium, small tropaeolum<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves, flowers, and fruits are edible. Many named<br />
ornamental cultivars exist including black velvet, empress <strong>of</strong><br />
India, ladybird, peach melba, and tip top mahogany.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Ecuador and Peru, widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Sparre and Andersson 1991, Sturtevant<br />
1972<br />
Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavón<br />
FAMILY: Tropaeolaceae (nasturtium)<br />
ENGLISH: anu, mashua, tuber nasturtium, tuberous nasturtium<br />
PORTUGUESE: nastúrcio<br />
SPANISH: año, añu, añú, anya, anyú, apilla, apiña-mama isano,<br />
cubio, cubios, isano, isaño, isañu, ivia, mafua, majua, mashua,<br />
mashuar, massua, mauja, maxua, mayua, nabo, navios, navo,<br />
piñamama, tuna mashua, ysaño<br />
USES/NOTES: Carbohydr<strong>at</strong>e-rich tubers are sun dried by day and<br />
freeze dried by night, <strong>the</strong>n added to soups, or occasionally<br />
boiled or fried and e<strong>at</strong>en alone, young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a<br />
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boiled vegetable, and flowers are edible. Seen today throughout<br />
<strong>the</strong> Andes. Much potential for expansion.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean highlands <strong>of</strong> Chile, Bolivia, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969, Estrella 1991, Leung<br />
1961, Naranjo 1991, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989, OAS 1973,<br />
Rehm and Espig 1991, Soukup 1970, Sparre and Andersson 1991,<br />
Terra 1966, Yamaguchi 1983, Vietmeyer 1992<br />
Trophaeastrum p<strong>at</strong>agonicum (Speg.) Sparre [syn. Tropaeolum<br />
p<strong>at</strong>agonicum Speg.]<br />
FAMILY: Tropaeolaceae (nasturtium)<br />
ENGLISH: tuber nasturtium, tuberous nasturtium<br />
SPANISH: año, añu, añú, anya, anyú, apilla, apiña-mama isano,<br />
cubio, cubios, isano, isaño, isañu, ivia, mashua, majua, mafua,<br />
mauja, maxua, mashuar, massua, mayua, nabo, navios, navo,<br />
piñamama, tuna mashua, ysaño<br />
USES/NOTES: Carbohydr<strong>at</strong>e-rich tubers, similar to those <strong>of</strong><br />
Tropaeolum tuberosum, are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked boiled or fried. Young<br />
leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as a boiled vegetable and flowers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: P<strong>at</strong>agonia, Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Sparre and Andersson 1991, Zuloaga 1997<br />
Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban<br />
FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry)<br />
SPANISH: ramón, San Ramón, tsumté, ujushte<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are made into tea and shoots are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, OAS 1973<br />
Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière [syn. Pinus canadensis L.]<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: Canada hemlock, eastern hemlock, hemlock<br />
USES/NOTES: Inner bark is e<strong>at</strong>en raw or cooked, needles are made<br />
into tea, young tips are made into tea or used in root beer and<br />
spruce beer, and needles and twigs are a spruce gum source, used<br />
to flavor chewing gum and candies.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Morton 1976a,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.<br />
FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: western hemlock<br />
USES/NOTES: N<strong>at</strong>ive Alaskans mixed <strong>the</strong> cambium and sap for food,<br />
young twigs are a spruce beer source, and stems and leaves are a<br />
spruce oil source, used to flavor candy.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Morton 1976a, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Tsuga mertenziana (Bong.) Carrière<br />
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FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine)<br />
ENGLISH: mountain hemlock<br />
USES/NOTES: N<strong>at</strong>ive Alaskans used <strong>the</strong> inner bark for food, young<br />
twigs are a spruce beer source, and stems and leaves are a spruce<br />
oil source, used to flavor candy.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Morton 1976a, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Tulbaghia violacea Harvey<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: society garlic<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves taste like garlic and are used in cooking. Also<br />
widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed as an ornamental<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990<br />
Turnera diffusa Willd. ex J.A. Schultes<br />
FAMILY: Turneraceae (turnera)<br />
ENGLISH: damiana<br />
PORTUGUESE: chanana, damiana<br />
SPANISH: damiana, hierba de la pastora, hierba de la venado,<br />
pastor<strong>at</strong>a<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are used in Mexico as a tea susbtitute and to<br />
flavor liqueurs known as licor de damiana.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Silva et al. 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Turnera ulmifolia L.<br />
FAMILY: Turneraceae (turnera)<br />
ENGLISH: damiana, go<strong>at</strong> dashalong, ram dashalong, yellow alder<br />
PORTUGUESE: albina, chanana, turnera-de-folha-olmo<br />
SPANISH: damiana<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves may be used like tea or as a flavoring agent.<br />
Flowers are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976,<br />
Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Tunilla soehrensii (Britton & Rose) D.R. Hunt & Iliff [syn.<br />
Opuntia boliviensis Backeb., O. soehrensii Britton & Rose<br />
Pl<strong>at</strong>yopuntia soehrensii (Britton & Rose) F. Ritter]<br />
FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus)<br />
SPANISH: aerampu<br />
USES/NOTES: Unidentified plant part is used as a food additive in<br />
Jujuy Province, Argentina. Tunilla is a young genus th<strong>at</strong><br />
integr<strong>at</strong>es <strong>the</strong> species <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> former Opuntia sub-genus Airampoa.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andes from Peru, Bolivia, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Chile, and<br />
northwestern Argentina<br />
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REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Serrano and Terán 2000, Vignale and Gurni<br />
2003<br />
Tussilago farfara L.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: coltsfoot<br />
PORTUGUESE: tussilagem<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are used in soup or made into tea, ash<br />
from burned leaves is used as a seasoning, leaf extracts are<br />
combined with sugar and cooked into coltsfoot candy used as a<br />
cough drop.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized elsewhere<br />
REFERENCES: Neumann n.d., Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Typha angustifolia L.<br />
FAMILY: Typhaceae (c<strong>at</strong>tail)<br />
ENGLISH: bulrush, lesser bulrush, narrow-leaf c<strong>at</strong>tail, reedmace,<br />
small reedmace<br />
SPANISH: anea, espandana, totora<br />
USES/NOTES: Rootstocks are boiled and e<strong>at</strong>en like pot<strong>at</strong>oes or made<br />
into protein-rich flour used in c<strong>at</strong>tail cookies. Shoots and young<br />
leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled or raw, seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted, and<br />
young flower spikes, pith, and pollen are edible. Has been<br />
considered conspecific with T. domingensis.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: nearly cosmopolitan apart from polar regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967,<br />
Morton 1977, Peterson 1977, Schmeda-Hirschmann et al. 1999,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Typha domingensis Pers.<br />
FAMILY: Typhaceae (c<strong>at</strong>tail)<br />
ENGLISH: bulrush, narrow-leaf c<strong>at</strong>tail, reedmace, sou<strong>the</strong>rn c<strong>at</strong>tail,<br />
tule<br />
SPANISH: akho, anea, cheena’, chiena’, chii’na, chi’na, enea,<br />
fapu’, jwi’na, n<strong>at</strong>’a’, na’<strong>at</strong>e, totora, tule, wa’na, wana’yuk<br />
USES/NOTES: Rootstocks are boiled and e<strong>at</strong>en like pot<strong>at</strong>oes or made<br />
into protein-rich flour used in biscuits know as “c<strong>at</strong>tail<br />
cookies.” Shoots and young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled or raw, seeds<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted, and young flower spikes, pith, and pollen are<br />
edible. Has been considered conspecific with T. angustifolia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: tropics and mild temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Arenas and Scarpa 2003, Bourke et al. 1987, Breedlove<br />
1986, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Morton 1977, Peterson 1977,<br />
Schmeda-Hirschmann et al. 1999, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Typha l<strong>at</strong>ifolia L.<br />
FAMILY: Typhaceae (c<strong>at</strong>tail)<br />
ENGLISH: broadleaf c<strong>at</strong>tail, bulrush, c<strong>at</strong>tail, common c<strong>at</strong>tail,<br />
cossack asparagus, reedmace, swamp bulrush<br />
PORTUGUESE: amentilho, amento, espadana, partasana, tabua, tifa<br />
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SPANISH: anea, amento, enea, espadaña, espadaxa, junco, junco de<br />
estera, junco de passion, tule espadilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots, flower spikes, and hearts <strong>of</strong> this broadleaved<br />
c<strong>at</strong>tail are e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables, pollen is mixed with<br />
whe<strong>at</strong> flour, and roots can be made into flour. Leaves are made<br />
into m<strong>at</strong>s and chair se<strong>at</strong>s.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: cosmopolitan except Polar Regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Duke 1992, Fernald et<br />
al. 1958, Harrington 1967, Harris 1972, Peterson 1977, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Ugni molinae Turcz.<br />
FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle)<br />
ENGLISH: Chilean guava, strawberry myrtle<br />
SPANISH: muria, murta, murtilla, ugni, uñi<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chile and Argentina, perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Cronk and Fuller 1995, Facciola 1990, Kausel 1966,<br />
Martin et al. 1987, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989<br />
Ullucus tuberosus Caldas subsp. tuberosus [syn. U. kunthii Moq.,<br />
Basella tuberosa Kunth, Melloca peruviana Moq.]<br />
FAMILY: Basellaceae (basella)<br />
ENGLISH: melloco, ulluca, ulluco<br />
SPANISH: arequipa lisas, <strong>at</strong>uq ulluku, <strong>at</strong>uq lisa, camarones de<br />
tierra, chigua, chugua, chuguas, hubas, lisas, melloco, michiruí<br />
migurí, michuri, mucuchi, olloco, olluco, papa lisa, papalisa,<br />
papas lisas, phantasma lisas, quillu chuqcha lisas, ruba, rubas,<br />
rubia, ruhuas, timbós, tiquiharo lisas, tiquiño, tuna ullush,<br />
ulluca, ulluco, ullucu, ulluma, yuraq lisas, zanahoria lisas<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and small, pot<strong>at</strong>o-like, variably colored tubers,<br />
<strong>of</strong> this cold-hardy plant, are e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables. Tubers may be<br />
consumed freeze dried, cooked, or fermented.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: High Andes from Colombia to Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cárdenas 1969, Coe 1994, Duke<br />
1986, Franquemont et al. 1990, León 1987, OAS 1973, N<strong>at</strong>ional<br />
Research Council 1989, Soukup 1970, Terra 1966, Wilson 1992,<br />
Zimmerer 1992<br />
Ulmus mexicana (Liebm.) Planchon [syn. Chaetoptelea mexicana<br />
Liebm.]<br />
FAMILY: Ulmaceae (elm)<br />
SPANISH: olmo, tsaah<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en as a snack.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984<br />
Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.<br />
FAMILY: Ulmaceae (elm)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinese elm, lacebark elm<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
782
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
SPANISH: olmo chino<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves, fruit, and cambium are edible, though primarily<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed as a landscape specimen.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: China, Japan, and Korea<br />
REFERENCES: Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), PFAF n.d., Tanaka 1976<br />
Ulmus pumila L.<br />
FAMILY: Ulmaceae (elm)<br />
ENGLISH: Siberian elm<br />
SPANISH: olmo siberiano<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves can be used as a po<strong>the</strong>rb, inner bark (or<br />
cambium) can be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked and used like noodles, or dried and<br />
ground <strong>the</strong>n used to thicken soups, or as a flour in breads. Fruit<br />
may be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e East Asia from nor<strong>the</strong>rn China through<br />
Siberia, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, PFAF n.d., Tanaka 1976<br />
Ulmus rubra Muhlenb. [syn. U. fulva Michaux]<br />
FAMILY: Ulmaceae (elm)<br />
ENGLISH: Indian elm, moose elm, red elm, slippery elm<br />
SPANISH: olmo rojo<br />
USES/NOTES: Inner bark is dried <strong>the</strong>n ground and used as flour or<br />
tea, and leaves and young fruit are edible raw or cooked. Also<br />
used as an expectorant, a diuretic, a lax<strong>at</strong>ive, and in topical<br />
skin cream.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from New England to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Florida and<br />
eastern Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Harris 1972, Huxley 1992, Nelson 1994, Peterson 1977,<br />
Tomikel 1986, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel)<br />
ENGLISH: California bay, California bay laurel, California laurel,<br />
California pepper, California sassafras, headache tree, mountain<br />
laurel, myrtle-wood, Oregon myrtle, Oregon pepperwood, pepperwood<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted, fruit is edible raw or cooked,<br />
root bark has been used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute, and leaves may be<br />
used like tea or as a spice like <strong>the</strong> common bay leaf (Laurus<br />
nobilis), though it is more potent and can be a skin irritant<br />
when not cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal forests from sou<strong>the</strong>rn California to nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
Oregon<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, Moerman 1998, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Uniola panicul<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: beach grass, sea o<strong>at</strong>s<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
783
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S., Mexico, and <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Morton 1977, Nellis 1994<br />
Unonopsis floribunda Diels<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: envira<br />
SPANISH: icoja<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is made into an alcoholic beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pinedo-Vásquez et al. 1992<br />
Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Gaudin ex Griseb.<br />
FAMILY: Urticaceae (nettle)<br />
ENGLISH: nettle<br />
PORTUGUESE: cansação, cansanção, caracasana, ishimu, urtiga<br />
SPANISH: cunshi ishanga, ishanga macho<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible and fruit, bark, and roots are<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Uribea tamrindoides Dugand & Romero<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Paplionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
SPANISH: tamarindo de monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Panama, and Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Urosp<strong>at</strong>ha sagittifolia (Rudge) Schott [syn. U. caud<strong>at</strong>a (Poeppig)<br />
Schott]<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ape, caa-ape<br />
SPANISH: jergón sacha, karabo, pic<strong>at</strong>ón<br />
USES/NOTES: S<strong>of</strong>t, spongy, white rhizomes are e<strong>at</strong>en roasted or<br />
boiled and mashed. Also medicinal, a snakebite tre<strong>at</strong>ment, and a<br />
snake repellent.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Amazonian Brazil to <strong>the</strong> Guiana highlands<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gragson<br />
1997, Mabberley 1987, Plowman 1969, Renner et al. 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968<br />
Urtica dioica L.<br />
FAMILY: Urticaceae (nettle)<br />
ENGLISH: big nettle, bigsting nettle, common nettle, European<br />
nettle, gre<strong>at</strong> nettle, nettle, stinging nettle<br />
PORTUGUESE: cansanção, urtiga, urtigão<br />
SPANISH: chichicastle, chunchu khisa, dominguilla, ishanga, khisa,<br />
mula khisa, ortiga, puka t’ulluyuq khisa, solimán<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
784
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Shoots and young leaves may be e<strong>at</strong>en as a cooked<br />
vegetable or used in beer making. The plant also is used to make<br />
an astringent; used in folk remedies for gout, dropsy, skin<br />
ailments, and respir<strong>at</strong>ory problems like asthma, bronchitis, and<br />
hay fever; and to make a pesticide. The plant’s stinging hairs<br />
contain choline, formic acid, histamine, and serotonin.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Old World, widely<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1992, Duke 1997, Duke 2002, Espejo Serna et al.<br />
n.d., Facciola 1990, Franquemont et al. 1990, Harris 1972, Jardim<br />
Botânico de Brasília 1990, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987,<br />
Peterson 1977, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis (Aiton) Selander [syn. U.<br />
californica Greene, U. dioica var. californica (Greene) C.<br />
Hitchc., U. gracilis Aiton]<br />
FAMILY: Urticaceae (nettle)<br />
ENGLISH: California nettle, slender nettle, stinging nettle<br />
SPANISH: ortiga<br />
USES/NOTES: Shoots and young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en like cooked spinach,<br />
stems are used in beer making, and leaf is made into tea. Perhaps<br />
best included under U. dioca.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Hickman 1993, PFAF n.d.<br />
Urtica dioica subsp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne [syn. U.<br />
holosericea Nutt.]<br />
FAMILY: Urticaceae (nettle)<br />
ENGLISH: California nettle, stinging nettle<br />
SPANISH: ortiga<br />
USES/NOTES: Shoots and young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en like cooked spinach,<br />
and stems are used in beer making. Perhaps best included under U.<br />
dioca.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Hickman 1993, Moerman 1998, PFAF n.d.<br />
Urtica urens L.<br />
FAMILY: Urticaceae (nettle)<br />
ENGLISH: annual nettle, burning nettle, dog nettle, dwarf nettle,<br />
nettle, small nettle<br />
PORTUGUESE: cansanção, urtiga<br />
SPANISH: ortiga menor<br />
USES/NOTES: Shoots, young leaves, and stem tops are e<strong>at</strong>en as a<br />
po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: cosmpolitan<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Martin and Ruberté 1975, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Uvularia sessilifolia L.<br />
FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: bellwort, little merrybells, wild o<strong>at</strong><br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
785
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Young shoots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Fernald et al. 1958,<br />
Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton [syn. V. lamarckii Camp, V.<br />
pennsylvanicum Lam.]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: early low blueberry, early sweet blueberry, low-bush<br />
blueberry, low sweet blueberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, sweet, highly esteemed fruits are harvested from<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed or wild plants.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Tennessee to Minnesota and<br />
<strong>Maine</strong> and adjacent Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al.<br />
1958, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Vaccinium arboreum Marshall<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: blueberry, farkleberry, sparkleberry, tree huckleberry,<br />
winter huckleberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, dark, somewh<strong>at</strong> dry and <strong>of</strong>ten bitter fruit <strong>of</strong><br />
this small tree is e<strong>at</strong>en in pies, jellies, and jams. Also<br />
<strong>at</strong>tractive foliage and small, generally white flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Nelson<br />
1994, Tull 1978<br />
Vaccinium caesariense Mackenzie [perhaps conspecific with V.<br />
corymbosum L.]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: New Jersey blueberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: U.S. east coast<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950<br />
Vaccinium caespitosum Michaux, including V. caespitosum Michaux<br />
var. caespitosum Michaux [syn. V. arbuscula (A. Gray) Merriam]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: dwarf bilberry, dwarf blueberry, dwarf huckleberry, dwarf<br />
whortleberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or in jams and leaves are<br />
made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America from Alaska to Newfoundland south in<br />
<strong>the</strong> east to sou<strong>the</strong>rn <strong>Maine</strong> and New Mexico in <strong>the</strong> West, with a<br />
disjunct popul<strong>at</strong>ion in central Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967, Stark 2003,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
786
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Vaccinium corymbosum L. [syn. V. arkansanum Ashe, V. ashei Reade,<br />
V. <strong>at</strong>rococcum (A. Gray) A.A. Heller, V. fusc<strong>at</strong>um Aiton] [V.<br />
arkansanum recognized as a synonym <strong>of</strong> V. fusc<strong>at</strong>um and distinct<br />
from V. corymbosum by Kartesz]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: black highbush blueberry (V. <strong>at</strong>rococcum), blueberry,<br />
farkleberry (V. fusc<strong>at</strong>um), highbush blueberry, rabbiteye<br />
blueberry (V. ashei), sparkleberry (V. fusc<strong>at</strong>um), whortleberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark, generally dull berries are highly esteemed, and<br />
leaves and flowers are said to be used for tea. Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
commercially and in back yards.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Canada to Florida and Texas, V. ashei variety<br />
from sou<strong>the</strong>astern North America, V. fusc<strong>at</strong>um variety from Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Mabberley<br />
1987, Kartesz 1994, Nelson 1994, Tull 1978, Vander Kloet 1980<br />
Vaccinium crassifolium Andrews subsp. crassifolium Andrews<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: creeping blueberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Tanaka 1976<br />
Vaccinium crassifolium Andr. subsp. sempervirens (Rayner &<br />
Henderson) W.B. Kirkman & J.R. Ballington [syn. V. sempervirens<br />
Rayner & J. Henderson<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: creeping blueberry, Rayner’s blueberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Carolina<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Rayner and Henderson 1980<br />
Vaccinium cren<strong>at</strong>um (G. Don) Sleumer [syn. Disterigma empetrifolium<br />
(Kunth) Drude, D. margaricoccum Blake]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (health)<br />
SPANISH: anisillo de monte, chirimote, urcu mote<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru from lower<br />
montane wet forests to 4350 m elev<strong>at</strong>ion in <strong>the</strong> páramo.<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 1996, Luteyn 2002, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d.,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Vaccinium darrowi Camp<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: blueberry, Darrow’s blueberry, glaucous blueberry, little<br />
blueberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en in pies, jellies, and jams.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. coastal plain from from Georgia and<br />
Florida to Louisiana<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Tull 1978<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
787
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Vaccinium deliciosum Piper<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: alpine blueberry, Rainier bilberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Tasty fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Eighme 1980, Facciola 1990<br />
Vaccinium elliottii Chapman [recognized as conspecific with V.<br />
corymbosum by Vander Kloet, though as a distinct species by<br />
Godfrey]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: Elliott’s blueberry, mayberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en in pies, jellies, and jams.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Godfrey 1988, Nelson 1994, Tull<br />
1978, Vander Kloet 1980<br />
Vaccinium erythrocarpum Michaux<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: bear-berry, dingleberry, mountain cranberry, sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
cranberry, sou<strong>the</strong>rn mountain cranberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or made into jelly.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Vaccinium floribundum Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: Andean blueberry, Colombian blueberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: arando<br />
SPANISH: agraz, congama, macha-macha, mortiño<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are sold in markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andes, perhaps Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Leung 1961, Martin<br />
et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Soukup 1970, Usher 1974<br />
Vaccinium leucanthum Cham. & Schltdl.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: Mexican blueberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are sold in local markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Luteyn 2002, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: American cranberry, bog cranberry, cranberry, large<br />
cranberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: airela vermelho<br />
SPANISH: arándano, arándano agrio<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
788
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart, generally deep red fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en (<strong>of</strong>ten cooked<br />
with sugar), made into juice, and pastries, and are medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Highland Appalachia, perhaps to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Georgia, to<br />
eastern Canada, west to Minnesota<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Eck 1990, Harris 1972, Johns and<br />
Stevenson 1985, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Vaccinium membranaceum Douglas ex Hook. [includes V. globulare<br />
Rydb.]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: big huckleberry, big whortleberry, black huckleberry, blue<br />
huckleberry (V. globulare), globe huckleberry (V. globulare),<br />
Montana huckleberry (V. globulare), mountain huckleberry, thinleaved<br />
huckleberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are among <strong>the</strong> largest wild huckleberries.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Heller 1981, Stark and<br />
Baker 1992, Vander Kloet 1988, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Vaccinium meridionale Sw.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: bilberry, billberry, Jamaican blueberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are made into tarts, pies, and jellies.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Jamaica, Venezuela, Colombia, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Vaccinium mortina Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
SPANISH: mortiña<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are sold in local markets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Vaccinium myrsinites Lam. [syn. V. nitidum Andrews]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: evergreen blueberry, Florida evergreen blueberry,<br />
huckleberry, shiny blueberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark berries <strong>of</strong> this low-growing plant are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong><br />
hand or baked in pies, leaves may be used for tea, and flowers<br />
are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S., coastal plain, South Carolina to<br />
Flroida and Alabama<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 1997, Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Nelson 1996,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Vaccinium myrtilloides Michaux<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: Canada blueberry, sour-top blueberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
789
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Kunkel 1984<br />
Vaccinium myrtillus L.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: bilberry, billberry, blaeberry, blueberry, cranberry,<br />
European blueberry, whortleberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: arando, mirtilo<br />
SPANISH: arándano, arándano europeo, arándanos, mirtilo, mortiña,<br />
mortiño, rasponera, uva de bosque, uva de monte<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or made into wine. Also a<br />
popular herbal dietary supplement.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e and Arctic regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1997, Facciola 1990,<br />
Harrington 1967, Harris 1972, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Mabberley 1987,<br />
Neumann n.d., Schneider 1987, Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Vaccinium ovalifolium J. Sm. in Rees<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: Alaska blueberry, black huckleberry, oval-leaf<br />
huckleberry, oval-leaved blueberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Heller 1981, Tanaka 1976, Turner and Szczawinski 1979<br />
Vaccinium ov<strong>at</strong>um Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: box blueberry, California blueberry, evergreen<br />
huckleberry, shot huckleberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Blue/black fruit <strong>of</strong> this much appreci<strong>at</strong>ed, <strong>at</strong>tractive<br />
shrub is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: British Columbia to Nor<strong>the</strong>rn California<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Vaccinium oxycoccos L.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: bog cranberry, European cranberry, small cranberry, swamp<br />
cranberry, wild cranberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: airela vermelho<br />
SPANISH: arándano<br />
USES/NOTES: Sour fruits, though smaller than <strong>the</strong> large cranberry<br />
(V. macrocarpon), are used similarly, cooked, fresh, or juiced,<br />
but are nowhere near as economically important. Leaves have been<br />
used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions - Alaska to Labrador,<br />
Greenland, and Newfoundland, south through New England, <strong>the</strong><br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn portions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Gre<strong>at</strong> Lakes St<strong>at</strong>es, western Washington<br />
and Oregon, and temper<strong>at</strong>e Eurasia.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Moerman 1987,<br />
Peterson 1977, Vander Kloet 1988, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
790
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Vaccinium pallidum Aiton [syn. V. vacillans Kalm ex Torrey]<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: Blue Ridge blueberry, dryland blueberry, hillside<br />
blueberry, l<strong>at</strong>e low blueberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, sweet, highly esteemed fruits are harvested from<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed or wild plants.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America excluding Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Vaccinium parvifolium J. Sm. in Rees<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: red huckleberry, red whortleberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Red fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from British Columbia to<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn California<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Heller 1981,<br />
Simmons 1972, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Vaccinium scoparium Lieb. ex Cov.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: blueberry, grouse whortleberry, grouseberry, whortleberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or in jams, and leaves are<br />
used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Rocky Mountains<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Vaccinium stamineum L.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: buckberry, deerberry, sou<strong>the</strong>rn gooseberry, squaw<br />
huckleberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Wild-harvested fruits are edible, though <strong>of</strong>ten bitter.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Nelson 1994<br />
Vaccinium uliginosum L.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: bog bilberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Heller 1981, Tanaka 1976<br />
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.<br />
FAMILY: Ericaceae (he<strong>at</strong>h)<br />
ENGLISH: cowberry, foxberry, lingberry, lingonberry, mountain<br />
cranberry, partridge berry, rock cranberry, red bilberry<br />
PORTUGUESE: arando encarnado<br />
USES/NOTES: Red, blueberry-like, tart fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en prepared in<br />
jellies, and sauces.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn North American highlands<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
791
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harris 1972, Johns and Stevenson 1985,<br />
Peterson 1977, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974<br />
Valeriana edulis Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray var. cili<strong>at</strong>a (Torrey &<br />
A. Gray) Cronq. [syn. V. cili<strong>at</strong>a Torrey & A. Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Valerianaceae (valerian)<br />
ENGLISH: edible valerian, tap-rooted valerian, tobacco-root<br />
USES/NOTES: Odorous roots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, historically in<br />
underground pits.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Upper Midwest and western Gre<strong>at</strong> Lakes into adjacent<br />
Canada<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Fernald et al. 1958<br />
Valeriana edulis Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray var. edulis Nutt. ex<br />
Torrey & A. Gray<br />
FAMILY: Valerianaceae (valerian)<br />
ENGLISH: edible valerian, tap-rooted valerian, tobacco-root,<br />
valerian root<br />
SPANISH: valeriana<br />
USES/NOTES: Odorous roots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked in soup or dried and<br />
made into bread, and seeds are edible. Roots are also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Valeriana edulis subsp. procera (Kunth) F.G. Meyer [syn. V.<br />
procera Kunth] {perhaps only medicinal}<br />
FAMILY: Valerianaceae (valerian)<br />
ENGLISH: edible valerian, Mexican valerian, tobacco-root, valerian<br />
root<br />
SPANISH: valeriana, valeriana amarilla, valeriana mexicana<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are edible and medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Barrie 2003, Meyer 1951<br />
Valeriana sitchensis Bong.<br />
FAMILY: Valerianaceae (valerian)<br />
ENGLISH: American valerian<br />
USES/NOTES: Well-cooked roots and seeds are edible. Roots are also<br />
medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Alaska to nor<strong>the</strong>rn California<br />
REFERENCES: PFAF n.d., Sch<strong>of</strong>ield 1989<br />
Valerianella locusta (L.) L<strong>at</strong>. [syn. V. olitoria (L.) Pollich]<br />
FAMILY: Valerianaceae (valerian)<br />
ENGLISH: corn salad, lamb’s lettuce<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves occasionally are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads in <strong>the</strong> U.S.<br />
Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in Europe.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia to Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
792
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Vallesia glabra (Cav.) Link<br />
FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane)<br />
SPANISH: ancoche, anquchi, cacaragua, citabaro, cutabaro, sitabaro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America and <strong>the</strong> West Indies to Argentina,<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized in many favorable habit<strong>at</strong>s<br />
REFERENCES: Ezcurra 1983, Martin et al. 1987, Pire 1989, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Vanilla garneri Rolf<br />
FAMILY: Orchidaceae (orchid)<br />
ENGLISH: vanilla <strong>of</strong> Bahia, vanilla <strong>of</strong> Brazil<br />
PORTUGUESE: baunilha-do-Bahia, baunilha-do-Brasil<br />
USES/NOTES: A source <strong>of</strong> vanilla <strong>of</strong> Bahia or vanilla <strong>of</strong> Brazil, <strong>of</strong><br />
minor commercial importance.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Steyermark et al. 1995, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Vanilla phaeantha Reichb.f.<br />
FAMILY: Orchidaceae (orchid)<br />
ENGLISH: vanilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits occasionally are collected and sold as vanilla<br />
beans for flavoring.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: not all islands <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> West Indies from Cuba to<br />
Trinidad and Tobago<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Vanilla planifolia Jackson ex Andrews [syn. V. fragrans (Salisb.)<br />
Ames]<br />
FAMILY: Orchidaceae (orchid)<br />
ENGLISH: vanilla<br />
PORTUGUESE: baunilha<br />
SPANISH: bejuquillo, vainilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pod, or vanilla bean, and its extract are used to<br />
flavor foods, beverages, desserts, ice cream, etc., and as a<br />
fragrance for perfumes and soaps. The vanilla <strong>of</strong> commerce.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Vera Cruz, Mexico through Central America to nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
coastal Colombia, Venezuela, and <strong>the</strong> Guianas, domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico or Gu<strong>at</strong>emala<br />
REFERENCES: Ecott 2004, León 1987, OAS 1973, Purseglove 1972, Rain<br />
1992, Rain 2004, Sauer 1993<br />
Vanilla pompona Schiede [syn. V. guianensis Splitg.]<br />
FAMILY: Orchidaceae (orchid)<br />
ENGLISH: West Indian vanilla<br />
PORTUGUESE: baunilha<br />
SPANISH: vanilla<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its fruit, used as a vanilla flavoring<br />
agent.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Mexico, Central America, Trinidad and<br />
Tobago, and nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America, and perhaps Paraguay<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
793
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Morton 1976a, Purseglove et al. 1981,<br />
Silva et al. 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Vasconcellea candicans (A. Gray) A.DC. [syn. Carica candicans A.<br />
Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Caricaceae (papaya)<br />
SPANISH: chungay, jerju, mito, odeque, uliucana<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit <strong>of</strong> this wild papaya is e<strong>at</strong>en raw, cooked, or<br />
preserved. Vasconcellea has been misspelled as Vasconcella as<br />
noted by Badillo 2001.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Pacific Andes <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Ecuador and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 2000, Badillo 2001, Cuya M<strong>at</strong>os<br />
1992, Martin et al. 1987, Smith et al. 1992, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Vasconcellea cauliflora (Jacq.) A. DC. [syn. V. boissieri A. DC.,<br />
Carica boissieri Hemsley, C. cauliflora Jacq.]<br />
FAMILY: Caricaceae (papaya)<br />
ENGLISH: mountain pawpaw<br />
SPANISH: bonete, molocotón, papaíta, papaya de montaña, tapaculo,<br />
zonzapote<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, and<br />
Nicaragua, perhaps to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Aradhya et al. 1999, Badillo 1993, Badillo 2000,<br />
Badillo 2001, Martin et al. 1987, Moreno 1980<br />
Vasconcellea chilensis (Planchon ex A. DC.) A. DC. [syn. Carica<br />
chilensis (Planchon ex A. DC.) Solms, Papaya chilensis (Planchon<br />
ex A. DC.) Kuntze]<br />
FAMILY: Caricaceae (papaya)<br />
SPANISH: palo gordo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. The plant is increasingly<br />
thre<strong>at</strong>ened due to habit<strong>at</strong> destruction and over-harvest for use as<br />
fodder.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Chilean coast<br />
REFERENCES: Badillo 2000, Badillo 2001, Marticorena and Quezada<br />
1985, Martin et al. 1987, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Vasconcellea crassipetala (Badillo) Badillo [syn. Carica<br />
crassipetala Badillo]<br />
FAMILY: Caricaceae (papaya)<br />
SPANISH: dulumoco<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Colombia and Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 1993, Badillo 1997, Badillo 2000<br />
Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis Badillo [syn. V. cestriflora A. DC.,<br />
V. pubescens A. DC., Carica candamarcencis Hook.f., C.<br />
cestriflora (A. DC.) Solms, C. chiriquensis Woodson, C.<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
794
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
cundinamarcensis Linden, C. pubescens Lenné & C. Koch, Papaya<br />
cundinamarcencis Kuntze, P. pubescens (A. DC.) Kuntze]<br />
FAMILY: Caricaceae (papaya)<br />
ENGLISH: mountain papaw, mountain papaya, mountain pawpaw, papaya<br />
PORTUGUESE: mamão<br />
SPANISH: bonete, chamburo, chichuacacón, chihualcán, chilhuacán,<br />
lechosa, mamón, mamona, papayuela, papaya, papaya de altura,<br />
papaya de tierra fría, papaya de olor, papayito de los Andes,<br />
papayo, papayola, siglalón, sigloalón, tapacú, tapaculo, titiish,<br />
toronchi<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or preserved. The plany<br />
is more cold hardy than <strong>the</strong> common papaya (Carica papaya).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean highlands from nor<strong>the</strong>rn Chile to Venezuela,<br />
perhaps to Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Aradhya et al. 1999, Badillo 1971, Badillo 2000,<br />
Badillo 2001, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a,<br />
Mabberely 1987, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989, OAS 1973, Smith<br />
et al. 1992<br />
Vasconcellea goudotiana Triana & Planchon [syn. V. gracilis hort.<br />
ex Regel, Carica goudotiana (Triana & Planchon) Solms, C.<br />
gracilis Linden ex Regel nomen illegit., Papaya goudotiana<br />
(Triana & Planchon) Kuntze, P. gracilis Regel]<br />
FAMILY: Caricaceae (papaya)<br />
SPANISH: papayuela, papayuelo, tapaculo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en with sugar as a dessert fruit.<br />
Fruit is collected from <strong>the</strong> wild and cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed plants.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Cauca Valley <strong>of</strong> Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 2000, Badillo 2001, Martin et al.<br />
1987, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989, von Reis Altschul and Lipp<br />
1982<br />
Vasconcellea microcarpa (Jacq.) A. DC. [syn. V. manihot Triana &<br />
Planchon, Carica microcarpa Jacq., C. manihot (Triana & Planchon]<br />
Solms]<br />
FAMILY: Caricaceae (papaya)<br />
PORTUGUESE: mamão-rana, mamãozinho-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, mamuí<br />
SPANISH: col de monte, higuillo, ikiam tsampu, lechosa de monte,<br />
panda papaya, papalla, sapiro, tapaculco, wapáimas<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits <strong>of</strong> <strong>at</strong> least some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> five wild subspecies<br />
[australis (Badillo) Badillo, bacc<strong>at</strong>a (Heilb.) Badillo,<br />
heterophylla (Poeppig & Endl.) Badillo, microcarpa, and pillifera<br />
(Badillo) Badillo] are e<strong>at</strong>en or chewed to relieve thirst.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia from Bolivia to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
and French Guiana, through Colombia into Panama<br />
REFERENCES: Badillo 1983, Badillo 2000, Badillo 2001, Bennett et<br />
al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Smith et al. 1992, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
795
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Vasconcellea monoica (Desf.) A. DC. [syn. C. erythrocarpa Linden &<br />
Andre, C. monoica Desf.]<br />
FAMILY: Caricaceae (papaya)<br />
ENGLISH: orange papaya<br />
SPANISH: brenjena, chamburo, col de montaña, col del monte, papaya<br />
de selva, peladera, peladua, toronchi, yumbo papaya<br />
USES/NOTES: Mostly wild, though cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed on a small scale, <strong>the</strong><br />
leaves are used as a vegetable, mixed with fish, or like cabbage.<br />
Imm<strong>at</strong>ure fruits are sometimes e<strong>at</strong>en candied with sugar, though<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ure fruits are generally insipid.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 1983, Badillo 2000, Badillo 2001,<br />
Bennett et al. 2001, Facciola 1990, León 1987, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research<br />
Council 1989, Smith et al. 1992<br />
Vasconcellea palandensis (Badillo, Van den Eynden, & Van Damme)<br />
Badillo [syn. Carica palandensis Badillo, Van den Eynden, & Van<br />
Damme]<br />
FAMILY: Caricaceae (papaya)<br />
SPANISH: papaillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit <strong>of</strong> this rare, Ecuadorian endemic is harvested<br />
from wild plants and e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
USES/NOTES: Known only from <strong>the</strong> Zamora-Chinchipe Province <strong>of</strong> humid<br />
premontane forests up to perhaps 2,000m from sou<strong>the</strong>astern<br />
Ecuador.<br />
REFERENCES: Badillo 1993, Badillo 2000, Badillo et al. 2000,<br />
Valencia et al. 2000, Van den Eynden et al. 1999<br />
Vasconcellea parviflora A. DC. [syn. Carica leptantha Harms, C.<br />
panicul<strong>at</strong>a Spruce, C. parviflora (A. DC.) Solms, Papaya<br />
panicul<strong>at</strong>a (Spruce) Kuntze, P. parviflora (A. DC.) Kuntze]<br />
FAMILY: Caricaceae (papaya)<br />
SPANISH: coral, papaya de monte, papayillo, papayo, yuca del campo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is e<strong>at</strong>en by local inhabitants.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Arid regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pacific slope <strong>of</strong> Andean Ecuador<br />
and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 1983, Badillo 1993, Badillo 2000,<br />
Badillo 2001, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Jørgensen and León-Yánez<br />
1999<br />
Vasconcellea quercifolia A. St.-Hil. [syn. Carica quercifolia (A.<br />
St.-Hil.) Hieron.]<br />
FAMILY: Caricaceae (papaya)<br />
ENGLISH: mountain papaya, small-fruited papaya<br />
PORTUGUESE: mamãozinho<br />
SPANISH: calasacha, figuera del monte, garg<strong>at</strong>ea, higuera del monte,<br />
higuerón, mamón del monte, orto karalau, q’ara llanta, sacha<br />
higuera<br />
USES/NOTES: Small fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en candied or preserved.<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
796
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, southwestern<br />
Brazil, eastern Bolivia, and eastern Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 2000, Badillo 2001, Facciola<br />
1990, Fernandez Casas 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Smith et al.<br />
1992, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Zuloaga 1997<br />
Vasconcellea stipul<strong>at</strong>a (Badillo) Badillo [syn. Carica stipul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Badillo]<br />
FAMILY: Caricaceae (papaya)<br />
SPANISH: chamburro, jigacho de monte, paronchi, sigalón, siglalón<br />
silvestre, toronchi<br />
USES/NOTES: Rich in papain, sour fruits are best e<strong>at</strong>en cooked,<br />
preserved, or candied. Also crossed with o<strong>the</strong>r Carica spp. for<br />
hybrid fruits.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central Andean Ecuador to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Andean Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 1983, Badillo 1993, Badillo 2000,<br />
Facciola 1990, Jimenez et al. 1998/1999, Jørgensen and León-Yánez<br />
1999, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1989, Smith et al. 1992, Van den<br />
Eynden et al. 1999<br />
Vasconcellea weberbaueri (Harms) Badillo [syn. Carica weberbaueri<br />
Harms]<br />
FAMILY: Caricaceae (papaya)<br />
SPANISH: mauscha, mausha<br />
USES/NOTES: Hardy fruit <strong>of</strong> this rare wild plant is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Andean Ecuador and adjacent Peru<br />
REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 1993, Badillo 2000<br />
Vasconcellea x heilbornii (Badillo) Badillo [syn. Carica x<br />
heilbornii Badillo, C. pentagona Heilb.], V. x h. var.<br />
chrysopetala (Heilborn) Badillo [syn. C. chrysopetala Heilb., C.<br />
x heilbornii nm. chrysopetala (Heilb.) Badillo], and V. x h. var.<br />
fructigragrans (García & Hernández) Badillo [syn. C.<br />
fructifragrans García & Hernández, C. x heilbornii nm.<br />
fructifragrans (García & Hernández) Badillo]<br />
FAMILY: Caricaceae (papaya)<br />
ENGLISH: babaco (var. chrysopetala), highland papaya, mountain<br />
papaya<br />
SPANISH: babaco(var. chrysopetala), babaco pequeño, babaco redondo,<br />
chamburo, chihualcán, higacho, jigacho, papaya de tierra fría,<br />
siglalón, siglo, toronche, toronche de castilla, toronche de<br />
cerro, toronche pequeño, toronchi<br />
USES/NOTES: Among <strong>the</strong> most productive highland papaya, <strong>the</strong> seedless<br />
fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, cooked, or preserved. This n<strong>at</strong>urally<br />
occurring, much cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed hybrid is a cross between V.<br />
cundinamarcensis and V. stipul<strong>at</strong>a. The name Carica chrysophylla<br />
Heilb. has appeared erroneously in <strong>the</strong> liter<strong>at</strong>ure.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Andean Colombia and Andean Ecuador, though<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed throughout <strong>the</strong> Andes<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
797
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 2000, Badillo 2001, León 1987,<br />
Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research<br />
Council 1989, OAS 1973, Van den Eynden et al. 1999<br />
Vaupesia c<strong>at</strong>aractarum R.E. Schultes<br />
FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge)<br />
ENGLISH: c<strong>at</strong>aract vaupesia<br />
USES/NOTES: Oily seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en after boiling to remove toxins.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and perhaps Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Schultes and Raffauf 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Verbascum densiflorum Bertol. [syn. V. thapsus Schrader]<br />
FAMILY: Scrophulariaceae (figwort or snapdragon)<br />
ENGLISH: mullein<br />
PORTUGUESE: verbasco<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers are used for tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, introduced in <strong>the</strong> Americas and n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
in North America and perhaps beyond<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Marcin 1983, Neumann<br />
n.d.<br />
Verbena hast<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: blue verbain, simpler’s-joy<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are made into tea and bitter seeds can be ground<br />
into an edible meal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Verbena litoralis Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: verbena<br />
PORTUGUESE: erva-do-pai-caetano, fel-da-terra<br />
SPANISH: verbena, yapo<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South America<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Mentz et<br />
al. 1997<br />
Veronica americana Schwein. ex Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Plantaginaceae (plantain), previously Scrophulariaceae<br />
(figwort or snapdragon)<br />
ENGLISH: American brooklime, American speedwell, brooklime, w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
speedwell<br />
PORTUGUESE: verônica<br />
USES/NOTES: Bitter plant is e<strong>at</strong>en like w<strong>at</strong>er cress (Rorippa<br />
nasturtium-aqu<strong>at</strong>icum) or cooked as a po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967, Harris 1972<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Veronica anagallis-aqu<strong>at</strong>ica L.<br />
FAMILY: Plantaginaceae (plantain), previously Scrophulariaceae<br />
(figwort or snapdragon)<br />
ENGLISH: brooklime, w<strong>at</strong>er speedwell<br />
PORTUGUESE: verônica<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and tender new stem tips are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or<br />
cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Correll and Johnston 1970,<br />
Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979<br />
Veronica beccabunga L.<br />
FAMILY: Plantaginaceae (plantain), previously Scrophulariaceae<br />
(figwort or snapdragon)<br />
ENGLISH: European brooklime<br />
PORTUGUESE: verônica<br />
USES/NOTES: Bitter plant is e<strong>at</strong>en like w<strong>at</strong>er cress (Rorippa<br />
nasturtium-aqu<strong>at</strong>icum) or cooked as a po<strong>the</strong>rb.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia to North Africa, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987<br />
Veronica chamaedrys L.<br />
FAMILY: Plantaginaceae (plantain), previously Scrophulariaceae<br />
(figwort or snapdragon)<br />
ENGLISH: bird’s-eye speedwell<br />
PORTUGUESE: verônica<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Temper<strong>at</strong>e regions<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Marticorena and Quezada 1985<br />
Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash ex Small [syn. V. odor<strong>at</strong>a Virey,<br />
Andropogon muric<strong>at</strong>us Retz.]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: cuscus, khus-khus, vetiver<br />
PORTUGUESE: capim-de-cheiro, capim-sândalo, p<strong>at</strong>chuli, p<strong>at</strong>ichuli,<br />
vetiver<br />
SPANISH: pacholí, pachulí, vetiver, zac<strong>at</strong>e violeta<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots contain a vol<strong>at</strong>ile oil used in perfumery, insect<br />
repellents, and to flavor sherbets. Roots also are made into<br />
scented m<strong>at</strong>s and baskets. The plant is grown as an ornamental and<br />
to control erosion.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India to Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1984, Guia Rural n.d., León 1987, OAS 1973, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Usher 1974<br />
Viburnum alnifolium Marshall<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle)<br />
ENGLISH: hobblebush, wild raisin<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark sweet fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en dried like raisins, cooked,<br />
or made into jelly.<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
799
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Canada to <strong>the</strong> Georgia<br />
mountains<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Peterson 1977<br />
Viburnum edule (Michaux) Raf. [syn. V. pauciflorum La Pylaie ex<br />
Torrey & A. Gray]<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle)<br />
ENGLISH: arrowhead, mooseberry, rayless cranberrybush, squashberry,<br />
viburnum<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart, red berries are nibbled out <strong>of</strong> hand, added to<br />
sauces, dried, or made into juice, jams, jellies, and wine.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1966, Harrington 1967, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Viburnum lentago L.<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle)<br />
ENGLISH: black haw, cowberry, nannyberry, nanny plum, sheepberry,<br />
sweet viburnum, tea plant, wild raisin<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark sweet fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en dried like raisins, cooked,<br />
or made into jelly. Once somewh<strong>at</strong> important to Amerindians and<br />
early European settlers, V. lentago lost out to grape raisons<br />
(Vitis spp.) and prunes (Prunus spp.) before it could be<br />
improved.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Canada to higher<br />
elev<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Georgia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1966, Harrington 1967, Harris<br />
1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977<br />
Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides (L.) Torr & Gray [syn. V.<br />
cassinoides L., V. nitidum Aiton]<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle)<br />
ENGLISH: Appalachian tea, blackhaw, false Paraguay tea, nanny<br />
berry, possum-haw, smooth wi<strong>the</strong>-rod, swamp haw, sweet viburnum,<br />
tea berry, wild raisin, wi<strong>the</strong>-rod<br />
USES/NOTES: Red to dark blue fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en in jellies or me<strong>at</strong><br />
sauces and leaves are used as tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Gibbons 1966, Nelson 1994, Taylor 1998, Tull 1978,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Viburnum odor<strong>at</strong>issimum Ker-Gawl.<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle)<br />
ENGLISH: sweet arrowwood, sweet viburnum, viburnum<br />
USES/NOTES: Round (~1cm), dark drupes are said to be edible. Small<br />
tree is a hardy landscape plant, much used, and <strong>of</strong>ten kept as a<br />
hedge in Florida.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Asia from Japan and China to<br />
Myanmar and India<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), von Reis Altschul and<br />
Lipp 1982<br />
Viburnum opulus L.<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle)<br />
ENGLISH: cramp bark, cranberry tree, European cranberry bush,<br />
golden European cranberry, Guelder rose, high-bush cranberry,<br />
snowball viburnum, yellow Guelder rose<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits, similar to cranberries, though generally bitter<br />
and with hard stones, are used for piquant jellies and sauces.<br />
Yellow-fruited cultivar is used for wine. Bark is medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe through West Asia to <strong>the</strong> Caucasus, perhaps to<br />
North Africa, sparsely n<strong>at</strong>uralized in North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harris 1972, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995, Peterson 1977,<br />
Simmons 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Viburnum prunifolium L.<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle)<br />
ENGLISH: blackhaw, rusty blackhaw, sheepberry, smoth blackhaw,<br />
stagbush<br />
USES/NOTES: Highly variable, dark fruits are used in jellies, jams,<br />
and me<strong>at</strong> sauces, or rarely e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand. The plant is<br />
occasionally cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed outside its n<strong>at</strong>ive range.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to central Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1966, Harrington 1967, Harris<br />
1972, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995, Mabberley 1987, Tomikel 1986, Tull<br />
1978, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Viburnum rufidulum Raf.<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle)<br />
ENGLISH: blackhaw, blue haw, rusty blackhaw, rusty haw, sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
blackhaw<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark blue to purple fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, in<br />
jellies, or me<strong>at</strong> sauces.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>stern U.S. to Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Nelson 1994, Taylor 1998,<br />
Tull 1978<br />
Viburnum trilobum Marshall<br />
FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle)<br />
ENGLISH: American cranberry-bush, crampbark, cranberry bush,<br />
cranberry tree, cranberry viburnum, grouseberry, highbush<br />
cranberry, pembina, pimbina, squawbush, summerberry, tree<br />
cranberry<br />
USES/NOTES: Tart red berries are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or cooked like<br />
cranberries.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Canada and <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950,<br />
Gibbons 1966, Harrington 1967, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986,<br />
Turner and Szczawinski 1979, Yanovsky 1936<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
801
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Vicia faba L. [syn. Faba vulgaris Moench]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: broad bean, faba bean, fava bean, field bean, horse bean<br />
PORTUGUESE: fava-comum, fava-italiana, fava-silvestre, faveira,<br />
feijão-fava<br />
SPANISH: haba, haba caballar, haba comun, habas, hawas, veza<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are <strong>the</strong> largest edible beans. Also grown for<br />
fodder and to improve soil. Seeds <strong>of</strong> wild rel<strong>at</strong>ives were<br />
collected <strong>at</strong> least 8,000 years ago.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, Mediterranean North Africa to <strong>the</strong> Caspian<br />
Sea, perhaps <strong>the</strong> Middle East<br />
REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Duke 1981, Duke 1986, Franquemont et al.<br />
1990, Guia Rural n.d., Horst 1992b, Kay 1979, Leung 1961,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Schneider 1987, Smartt 1976,<br />
Usher 1974, Wiersema et al. 1990, Zohary and Hopf 1993<br />
Vicia narbonensis L.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: French vetch, narbonne vetch, pigeon bean<br />
PORTUGUESE: fava, feijão<br />
SPANISH: haba<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds <strong>of</strong> this ancient cultivar are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Europe to Central Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990,<br />
Mabberley 1987<br />
Victoria amazonica (Poeppig) Sowerby [syn. V. regia Lindley] and<br />
V. cruziana Orb. [syn. V. regia Lindley]<br />
FAMILY: Nymphaeaceae (w<strong>at</strong>er-lily)<br />
ENGLISH: giant w<strong>at</strong>er-lily, Queen Victoria w<strong>at</strong>er-lily, royal w<strong>at</strong>erlily,<br />
Victoria w<strong>at</strong>er-lily<br />
PORTUGUESE: uapé, vitória régia<br />
SPANISH: ab<strong>at</strong>iyú, irupé, maíz de agua, sábana del lagarto, Victoria<br />
Regia<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems, roots, and roasted seeds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se aqu<strong>at</strong>ic plants<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en locally. Also important tourist <strong>at</strong>traction along <strong>the</strong><br />
Amazon and its tributaries and grown in gardens for its huge<br />
leaves (to two meters) and showy flowers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: V. amazonica from Amazonia, V. cruziana grows in more<br />
variable clim<strong>at</strong>es as far south as nor<strong>the</strong>rn Argentina<br />
REFERENCES: Bernhardt 1988, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Prance and Arias 1975, Schultes 1988,<br />
Silva et al. 1977<br />
Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Maréchal [syn. Phaseolus aconitifolius<br />
Jacq.] and V. trilob<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Verdc. [syn. Dolichos trilob<strong>at</strong>us L.,<br />
Phaseolus trilob<strong>at</strong>us (L.) Schreber]<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
802
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: aconite leaved bean, aconite leaved kidney bean, dew bean,<br />
gram, India moth bean, kidney bean, m<strong>at</strong>, m<strong>at</strong> bean, m<strong>at</strong>h, moot,<br />
moth bean, Turkish gram<br />
SPANISH: m<strong>at</strong><br />
USES/NOTES: Culiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its edible seeds and young pods and as a<br />
forage crop. Domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in South Asia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South Asia, perhaps to Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Kay 1979, Martin 1984a, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research<br />
Council 1979, Purseglove 1968, Whyte et al. 1953<br />
Vigna adenantha (G. Meyer) Maréchal, Mascherpa, & Stainier [syn.<br />
Phaseolus adenantha G. Meyer]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Balée 1994<br />
Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi [syn. Phaseolus angularis<br />
(Willd.) W. Wight]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: aduki bean, adzuki bean, azuki bean, Chinese red bean<br />
PORTUGUESE: feijão-adzuki, feijão-japonês, soja-chinesa<br />
SPANISH: adzuki, frijol adzuki, frijol diablito, judía<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, dark brick red seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled or made<br />
into curd, sometimes sweetened and e<strong>at</strong>en as a pasty bean cake or<br />
spread by Japanese Dominicans <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dominican Republic. Young<br />
pods and sprouts are e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Japan and/or China<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Harrington 1967, IBGE 1980, Kay 1979,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, Purseglove 1968, Rachie and Roberts<br />
1974, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974<br />
Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper [syn. Phaseolus mungo L.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: black gram, golden gram, mung bean, urd, woody pyrul<br />
PORTUGUESE: grão-de-pulha<br />
SPANISH: frijol mungo, frijolitos chinos, urd<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled or ground into flour,<br />
tender young sprouts are added to salads, and leaves are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, probably India<br />
REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bh<strong>at</strong> 1994, Brouk<br />
1975, Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute 1974, Kay 1979,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Martin 1984a, Martin and Ruberté 1979, Rehm and<br />
Espig 1991, Singh and Singh 1992, Steinkraus 1983<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
803
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Vigna radi<strong>at</strong>a (L.) R. Wilczek [syn. Phaseolus aureus Roxb., P.<br />
radi<strong>at</strong>us L.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: black dhal, black gram, chickasaw pea, golden gram, green<br />
gram, Jerusalem pea, mung bean<br />
SPANISH: frijol mungo, icaraota, judía de mungo<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled whole or mashed as dahl,<br />
leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, young pods are e<strong>at</strong>en as a vegetable, and<br />
sprouts are added to salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: India, widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute<br />
1974, Harrington 1967, Kay 1979, Martin 1984a, Omawale 1973<br />
Vigna repens (L.) Kuntze [syn. V. luteola (Jacq.) Benth. in Mart.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
SPANISH: porotillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, OAS 1973<br />
Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. [syn. Voandzeia subterranea (L.)<br />
Thouars ex DC.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: bambara groundnut, bambarra groundnut, Congo goober, earth<br />
pea, ground bean, Madagascar goundnut, Manila bean, stone<br />
groundnut<br />
PORTUGUESE: mandubi d’Angola<br />
SPANISH: bambarra<br />
USES/NOTES: Nuts are similar to common peanuts (Arachis hypogaea).<br />
Rare in <strong>the</strong> Americas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: probably Nigeria, Camaroon, and <strong>the</strong> Central African<br />
Republic<br />
REFERENCES: Borget 1992, Bourke et al. 1987, Brouk 1975, Facciola<br />
1990, Kay 1979, Linnemann and Azam-Ali 1993, Rhem and Espig 1991<br />
Vigna trilob<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Verdc. [syn. Dolichos trilob<strong>at</strong>us L.,<br />
Phaseolus trilob<strong>at</strong>us (L.) Schreber]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: African gram, m<strong>at</strong>, m<strong>at</strong> bean, m<strong>at</strong>h bean<br />
SPANISH: m<strong>at</strong><br />
USES/NOTES: Wild and cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in India and Sri Lanka as a cover<br />
and forage crop, though <strong>the</strong> seeds and young pods are edible. Rare<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Americas. Once considered a wild form <strong>of</strong> V. aconitifolia,<br />
though now believed to be closer to V. radi<strong>at</strong>a.<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South India and Sri Lanka, perhaps to Afghanistan and<br />
Pakistan to <strong>the</strong> west and Burma and <strong>the</strong> Malay Archipelago to <strong>the</strong><br />
east<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council<br />
1979, T<strong>at</strong>eishi 1996, Whyte et al. 1953<br />
Vigna umbell<strong>at</strong>a (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi [syn. Phaseolus calcar<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Roxb.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: red bean, rice bean<br />
PORTUGUESE: feijão-arroz<br />
SPANISH: frijol arroz, frijol de arroz, judía, judía de arroz,<br />
poroto arroz<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled, young leaves and pods are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
as a cooked vegetable, and sprouts are added to salads. Also<br />
grown as a cover crop.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: South or Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Kay 1979, Leung<br />
1961, Martin 1984a, N<strong>at</strong>ional Research Council 1979, OAS 1973,<br />
Rehm and Espig 1991<br />
Vigna unguicul<strong>at</strong>a (L.) Walp. [syn. V. sinensis (L.) Savi, Dolichos<br />
sinesis L., D. sphaerospermus (L.) DC., D. unguicul<strong>at</strong>us L.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: black-eyed pea, bora, calavance, callivance, cherry bean,<br />
cornfield pea, cowpea, crowders, halifax pea, horse gram, Indian<br />
pea, poroto pea, sou<strong>the</strong>rn pea, yawa<br />
PORTUGUESE: caupi, ervilha-de-vaca, feijão-brabham, feijão-decorda,<br />
feijão-da-praia, feijão-macassar, feijão-vigna<br />
SPANISH: alubia, birijorë, caspi chiclayo, caupí, chiclayo,<br />
chiclayo verdura, cumandá, frijol, frijol arubano, frijol chino,<br />
frijol de costa, frijol de cuerno, frijol de maíz, frijol de ojo<br />
negro, frijol de rienda, frijol petenero, frijol precioso,<br />
frijole, kimandá, kumandá tupí, porotito del ojo, porotito tapé,<br />
poroto de maíz, poroto señorita, poroto tape, tape<br />
USES/NOTES: Green fruits (pods and seeds) and young leaves are used<br />
as vegetables, dried seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled or as a ground flour,<br />
sprouts ae<strong>at</strong>en fresh. Also grown for fodder, as a cover or shade<br />
crop, and for its leaf fiber.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps Tropical Africa<br />
REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Boom 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Guia<br />
Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kay 1979, Kitajima et al. 1979, León 1987,<br />
Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, N<strong>at</strong>ive Seeds/SEARCH 1991, Omawale<br />
1973, OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Popenoe 1974, Purseglove<br />
1968, Singh and Singh 1992, Vásquez and Gentry 1989<br />
Vigna unguicul<strong>at</strong>a subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) A. Rich. [syn. V.<br />
sesquipedalis (L.) Fruwirth, V. sinensis subsp. sesquipedalis<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
805
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
(L.) Asch. & Schweinf., V. c<strong>at</strong>jang Walp., Dolichos sesquipedalis<br />
L.]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: asparagus bean, pea bean, six-weeks bean, yard bean, yardlong<br />
bean, yawa<br />
PORTUGUESE: caupi, ervilha-de-vaca, feijão-da-China, feijão-decorda,<br />
feijão-de-vaca, feijão-fradinho, feijão-macassar, feijãomiúdo,<br />
feijão-verde, feijão-vigna<br />
SPANISH: alubia, caupi, frijol arubano, frijol carita, frijol<br />
castilla, frijol de cuerno, frijol de maíz, fríjol de ojo negro,<br />
frijol de rienda, frijol petenero, judía asparaga, habichuela<br />
china<br />
USES/NOTES: Imm<strong>at</strong>ure pods, young leaves, and sprouting seeds are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables. Dry seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Africa or India<br />
REFERENCES: Borget 1992, Duke 1981, Guia Rural 1990, Harrington<br />
1967, Kay 1979, Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973<br />
Vincetoxicum salvinii (Hemsley) Standley & S. Calderón<br />
FAMILY: Asclepiadaceae (milkweed)<br />
SPANISH: cuchamper<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Viola adunca Sm. in Rees<br />
FAMILY: Violaceae (violet)<br />
ENGLISH: western dog violet<br />
PORTUGUESE: violeta<br />
SPANISH: violeta<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves may be e<strong>at</strong>en or made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from Mexico to Alaska<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990<br />
Viola canadensis L. [includes many varieties]<br />
FAMILY: Violaceae (violet)<br />
ENGLISH: Canada violet, Canadian white violet, tall white violet,<br />
white violet<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers and young leaves are edible and leaves are made<br />
into tea. Flowers also can be candied like rose petals and have<br />
been used to flavor vinegar.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950,<br />
Harrington 1967<br />
Viola canadensis var. rugulosa (E. Greene) C. Hitchc. [syn.V.<br />
rugulosa E. Greene]<br />
FAMILY: Violaceae (violet)<br />
ENGLISH: Canada violet<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers and young leaves are edible and leaves are made<br />
into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994<br />
Viola cucull<strong>at</strong>a Aiton<br />
FAMILY: Violaceae (violet)<br />
ENGLISH: marsh blue violet<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves, rich in vitamins A and C, are added to<br />
soups or salads or made into tea. Flowers are an emergency food<br />
and may be e<strong>at</strong>en candied.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada to <strong>the</strong> Georgia mountains<br />
REFERENCES: Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Viola nephrophylla E. Greene<br />
FAMILY: Violaceae (violet)<br />
ENGLISH: nor<strong>the</strong>rn bog violet<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers and young leaves are edible and made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Moist areas <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967<br />
Viola nuttallii Pursh<br />
FAMILY: Violaceae (violet)<br />
ENGLISH: yellow prairie violet<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers and young leaves are edible and made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967<br />
Viola odor<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Violaceae (violet)<br />
ENGLISH: sweet violet<br />
SPANISH: violeta, violeta de jardín, violita<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers and young leaves are edible and made into tea.<br />
Infusions <strong>of</strong> various plant parts are is used as medicinal teas in<br />
Ecuador.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, now widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed and n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, MBG n.d.<br />
Viola palm<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Violaceae (violet)<br />
ENGLISH: early blue violet, palm<strong>at</strong>e violet, wild okra<br />
USES/NOTES: Young plants or young leaves <strong>of</strong> older plants are used<br />
to thicken soups. Leaves and flowers are used to tre<strong>at</strong> bronchial<br />
ailments.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Florida north<br />
REFERENCES: Harris 1972, Taylor 1998, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Viola ped<strong>at</strong>a L.<br />
FAMILY: Violaceae (violet)<br />
ENGLISH: bird foot violet, wild okra<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Young leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables, cooked or fresh,<br />
flowers are candied, and leaves are made into tea.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977<br />
Viola ped<strong>at</strong>ifida G. Don f.<br />
FAMILY: Violaceae (violet)<br />
ENGLISH: larkspur violet, prairie violet, purple prairie violet<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or cooked in soups and flowers<br />
are added to salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Oklahoma and Arkansas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kindscher 1987<br />
Viola sororia Willd. [syn. V. papilionacea Pursh]<br />
FAMILY: Violaceae (violet)<br />
ENGLISH: blue violet, butterfly violet, common blue violet, common<br />
violet, door-yard violet, hairy wood violet, hooded blue violet,<br />
sand violet, sisterly violet, wooly blue violet<br />
USES/NOTES: Thick, somewh<strong>at</strong> pubescent, dark green leaves, rich in<br />
vitamins A and C, are e<strong>at</strong>en like spinach, added to salads when<br />
still young, or used for tea. Showy, violet flowers and buds,<br />
rich in vitamin C, may be e<strong>at</strong>en raw, preserved, in cooked dishes,<br />
or candied. Some authors consider V. papilionacea a distinct<br />
species with a smaller range in <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn range <strong>of</strong> V. sororia.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and central U.S. from <strong>the</strong> Dakotas and <strong>Maine</strong><br />
to Texas and central Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990,<br />
Fernald 1950, Gibbons 1966, Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Kindscher 1987, Peterson 1977, Taylor 1998,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Viola tricolor L.<br />
FAMILY: Violaceae (violet)<br />
ENGLISH: bird’s eye, bouncing bet, bullweed, garden pansy, heart’sease,<br />
johnny-jump-up, jump-up, pansy, pink-eyed-john, three-color<br />
violet, three-faces-under-a-hood, trinitaria, trinity violet,<br />
violet, wild pansy<br />
PORTUGUESE: amor-perfeito<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, cooked in soups, or made into<br />
tea, and flowers are added to salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Europe, widely n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, McPherson and Mcpherson<br />
1977<br />
Virola gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis (Hemsley) Warb. [syn. Myristica gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis<br />
Hemsley]<br />
FAMILY: Myristicaceae (nutmeg)<br />
SPANISH: cacao volador, sangre<br />
USES/NOTES: Dried seeds have been used to flavor chocol<strong>at</strong>e.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Hazlett 1979, La Rotta 1992, Molina 1975, OAS 1973<br />
Virola sebifera Aublet [syn. V. venezuelensis Warb.]<br />
FAMILY: Myristicaceae (nutmeg)<br />
PORTUGUESE: bicuíba, ucumba-da-terra-firme, ucuúba, ucuúba-d<strong>at</strong>erra-firme,<br />
ucuúba-vermelha, virola<br />
SPANISH: ayuku, ayuku ñojôdû, banak, cam<strong>at</strong>icaro, cebada mocahua,<br />
cebo, cebo macho, chaldiande pelado, chalviande, com<strong>at</strong>icaro, come<br />
mono, conchillo, cordillero, cuajo, cuajo de tierra firme, cuajo<br />
negro, cuangare, cuangaré, cumala, cumala amarilla, cumala<br />
blanca, cumala colorada, cumala negra, cumala rosada, cumalilla<br />
gigante, cumalilla rosada, gabun, guapa, gunmacongue, huapa,<br />
huapa doncel, huambula, palo santo, picana negra, payo curu,<br />
sangre de toro, sebo, seboa, shu ainchi, sinchama, tangare<br />
chiquito, tarara, tsempu, virola grande, yaís, yekuana<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea, and seeds are used as an<br />
aphrodisiac. Seeds are an oil source, though perhaps not edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical mainland from Honduras to Bolivia and<br />
Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Jardim<br />
Botânico de Brasília 1989, MBG n.d., OAS 1973, Renner et al.<br />
1990, Vásquez 1997<br />
Virola surinamensis (Rottb.) Warb.<br />
FAMILY: Myristicaceae (nutmeg)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ucuúba, ucuúba-amarela, ucuúba-de-baixo, ucuúba-deigapó,<br />
ucuúba-verdadeira<br />
SPANISH: cedrillo, cedro blanco, cuajo, cuajo morichalero, cumala<br />
blanca, guanabillo, hoja parda, sangrino blanco, ucahuba<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> ucahuba or ucuiba butter, which<br />
is similar to cacao butter (from Theobroma cacao) and is used to<br />
flavor foods.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., La Rotta 1992,<br />
Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Vismia cayenensis (Jacq.) Pers. [syn. Hypericum cayennensis Jacq.]<br />
FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: lacre, lacre-branco<br />
SPANISH: achotillo, achiotillo, car<strong>at</strong>e, manchamancha, papano,<br />
sangregao, sangro<br />
SURINAMESE: pinga, pinja<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia through Venezuela and <strong>the</strong> Guianas to<br />
Trinidad and Tobago<br />
REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, MBG n.d., Silva et al. 1977<br />
Vitex agnus-castus L.<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: chaste tree, hemp tree, monk’s pepper, sage tree<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
PORTUGUESE: agno-casto, pimenta-dos-monges<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and leaves have been used as spices.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe, locally n<strong>at</strong>uralized in <strong>the</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, IBGE 1980<br />
Vitex capit<strong>at</strong>a Vahl<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
SPANISH: aceituno<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Vitex cymosa Bertero ex Sprengel<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
PORTUGUESE: aceituno, tarumã-de-várzea, tarumã-guazu<br />
SPANISH: pechiche<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are edible, but leave a bitter aftertaste.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al.<br />
1977<br />
Vitex duckei Huber<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is said to be edible, but very little inform<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
on <strong>the</strong> validity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> taxon is available.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Vitex flavens Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
PORTUGUESE: tarumã, turia<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Moldenke 1973<br />
Vitex gigantea Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
SPANISH: pechichi<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia from Brail, Peru, and Ecuador<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Moldenke 1979, Renner et al. 1990<br />
Vitex mollis Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
SPANISH: ahuilote, <strong>at</strong>uto, <strong>at</strong>uto-ayaqui-cueramo, coyotom<strong>at</strong>e,<br />
cuyotom<strong>at</strong>e, igualama, nanche de perro, ovalamo, tuti cuaa,<br />
uvalama<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are sold in local markets and plant is<br />
used as a c<strong>of</strong>fee substitute.<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
810
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Pennington and Sarukhán 1998, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Vitex odor<strong>at</strong>a Huber<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
PORTUGUESE: tarumã-cheiroso<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Vitex orinocensis Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
PORTUGUESE: guar<strong>at</strong>aro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Brazil, and<br />
Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
Renner et al. 1990, Steyermark et al. 1995<br />
Vitex pseudolea Rusby<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
SPANISH: cormiñón, paliperro<br />
USES/NOTES: Seed is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia to <strong>the</strong> Andes<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994<br />
Vitex triflora Vahl<br />
FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena)<br />
ENGLISH: wild grape<br />
PORTUGUESE: tarumã<br />
SPANISH: ama uva, paliperro<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987,<br />
UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Vitis acerifolia Raf.<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: bush grape<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn North America<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Vitis aestivalis Michaux<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: pigeon grape, summer grape<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark berries, to about a cm in diameter, are e<strong>at</strong>en out<br />
or hand or o<strong>the</strong>rwise and stems produce a sweet potable sap.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Turner and Szczawinski 1979, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Vitis argentifolia Munson ex L. Bailey<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: blue grape, blueleaf grape<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are sweet.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972<br />
Vitis arizonica Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: canyon grape<br />
USES/NOTES: Pueblo people <strong>at</strong>e <strong>the</strong> fruits fresh or dried.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Wea<strong>the</strong>rford 1988, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Vitis berlandiera Planchon<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: Spanish grape, winter grape<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Sturtevant 1972, Tanaka<br />
1976, Yanovsky 1936, Zeven and de Wet 1982<br />
Vitis californica Benth.<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: California grape, California wild grape<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits and tendrils are edible and leaves are used to<br />
wrap o<strong>the</strong>r foods.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Tanaka 1976, Wea<strong>the</strong>rford 1988, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Vitis candicans Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: mustang grape<br />
USES/NOTES: Dark, tough-skinned fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Medsger 1939, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Vitis caribea DC.<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: Caribbean grape<br />
PORTUGUESE: tarumã<br />
SPANISH: agrá, parra cimarrona, pichol, uva cimarrona, uva<br />
silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, sour fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en and <strong>the</strong> vine’s w<strong>at</strong>ery sap<br />
makes a refreshing drink.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Caribbean rim and <strong>the</strong> West Indies<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
812
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Usher 1974<br />
Vitis cinerea (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Millardet var. cinerea<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: downy grape, sweet winter grape<br />
SPANISH: uva silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Black berries are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or as jelly.<br />
Confused with A. aestivalis.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974, Yanovsky<br />
1936<br />
Vitis cinerea (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Millardet var. floridana Munson<br />
[syn. V. simpsonii Munson]<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: currant grape, Simpson’s grape<br />
USES/NOTES: Black berries are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or as jelly.<br />
Confused with A. aestivalis.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988<br />
Vitis labrusca L.<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: fox grape, skunk grape<br />
SPANISH: labrusca, parriza, parriza americana<br />
USES/NOTES: Musky-tasting fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en or made into wine and<br />
juice. The origin <strong>of</strong> many cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed varieties such as <strong>the</strong><br />
concord and <strong>the</strong> c<strong>at</strong>awba. Also, because <strong>of</strong> its resistance to<br />
phylloxera, V. labrusca has been used as a root stock for <strong>the</strong><br />
more commercially important V. vinifera.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1992, Mabberley 1987,<br />
Sturtevant 1972, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Vitis mesoamericana Rogers<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
SPANISH: t’uthub<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en as a snack or made into a beverage.<br />
Stem is a potable w<strong>at</strong>er source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984<br />
Vitis monticola Buckley<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: mountain grape, sweet mountain grape<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Sturtevant 1972, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
813
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Vitis riparia Michaux<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: frost grape, river-bank grape<br />
USES/NOTES: Somewh<strong>at</strong> tart fruits and stem sap are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Estern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Medsger 1939<br />
Vitis rotundifolia Michaux [syn. V. munsoniana Simpson ex Munson,<br />
Muscadinia rotundifolia (Michaux) Small]<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: bullace, bird grape (small variety), fox grape, muscadine<br />
grape, scuppernong, sou<strong>the</strong>rn fox grape<br />
USES/NOTES: Typically large, thick-skinned, dark fruit is consumed<br />
out <strong>of</strong> hand, as jelly, or made into wine. Smaller variety,<br />
identified by some authorities as V. munsoniana, also is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 1997, Godfrey 1988, Mabberley 1987, Maxwell and<br />
Maxwell 1991, Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974<br />
Vitis rupestris Scheele<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: bush grape, sand grape, sugar grape<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Mabberley 1987<br />
Vitis shuttleworthii House<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: calloosa grape, calusa grape, lea<strong>the</strong>r-leaf<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand or as jelly, young leaves<br />
and stems are edible, and larger stems contain a potable juice.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Morton 1977<br />
Vitis solonis Planchon<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: grape<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Also used as a rootstock.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990<br />
Vitis tiliifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: West Indian grape<br />
SPANISH: bejuco de agua, bejuco mión, bejuco miona, bejuco negro,<br />
bejuco suave, chochogo, miona, miona negra, tz'usub, uva de<br />
cerro, uva de monte, uva montes, uva silvestre<br />
USES/NOTES: Acidic, dull, dark fruits are made into beverages or<br />
occasionally e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand. Stems are a potable w<strong>at</strong>er source.<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
814
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from South Florida and Texas to <strong>the</strong> West<br />
Indies, Ecuador, and Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Hoyas 1989, Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997,<br />
MBG n.d.<br />
Vitis vinifera L.<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: European grape, grape, raisin (when dried), wine grape<br />
PORTUGUESE: passa (when dried), uva, uva branca, uva seca (when<br />
dried)<br />
SPANISH: parra, pasa (when dried), uva, uva roxa, uva blanca, uva<br />
negra, uva pas, uva seca (when dried), vid<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible and made into wine, juice, jellies,<br />
and preserves. The principle grape <strong>of</strong> commerce.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern Europe or<br />
western Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Leung 1961, Schwanitz 1966, Terra<br />
1966, Usher 1974, Will 1991<br />
Vitis vulpina L.<br />
FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape)<br />
ENGLISH: chicken grape, frost grape, river-bank grape, winter grape<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed occasionally for its dark fruit, which<br />
becomes sweet after a frost. Sap may be drunk.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America<br />
REFERENCES: Duke 1992, Godfrey 1988, Mabberley 1987, Sturtevant<br />
1972, Usher 1974, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Vochysia vismiifolia Spruce ex Warming<br />
FAMILY: Vochysiaceae (vochysia)<br />
PORTUGUESE: dima-vermelha, quaruba-vermelha<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Silva et al. 1977<br />
Vulpia oct<strong>of</strong>lora (Walter) Rydb. var. oct<strong>of</strong>lora [syn. Festuca<br />
oct<strong>of</strong>lora Walter]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: fescue<br />
USES/NOTES: Previously inter-cropped with corn by <strong>the</strong> Navaho for<br />
its edible seeds.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Wasabia japonica (Miq.) M<strong>at</strong>sumara [syn. Alliaria wasabi Prantl.,<br />
Cochlearia wasabi Sieb., Eutrema japonica, E. wasabi (Siebold)<br />
Maxim., Lunaria japonica Miq.]<br />
FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica)<br />
ENGLISH: Japanese horseradish, wasabi<br />
PORTUGUESE: wasabi<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
815
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
SPANISH: wasabi<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> piquant green paste used<br />
widely as a condiment for sushi and o<strong>the</strong>r Japanese quisine.<br />
Leaves, stems, and flowers are also edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Tanaka 1976, Terrell et al. 1986<br />
Washingtonia filifera (Linden) H. Wendl.<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: American cotton palm, California fan palm, California<br />
Washington palm, desert fan palm, desert palm, pettico<strong>at</strong> palm,<br />
thread palm, Washington palm<br />
PORTUGUESE: palmeira-washingtonia, washingtonia-de-saia<br />
SPANISH: palma blanca<br />
USES/NOTES: Pulp <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> small, dark fruit tastes like d<strong>at</strong>es<br />
(Phoenix dactilifera) and may be e<strong>at</strong>en raw, cooked, or dried,<br />
seed is edible cooked, and young terminal buds and stem hearts<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en as vegetables. Tall, cold-hardy palm is also used as a<br />
landscape plant, especially along streets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Border region <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn California and Arizona, and<br />
adjacent Mexico, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in o<strong>the</strong>r warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Graf 1974, Henderson et al. 1995, Jones<br />
1995, Kirk 1970, Mabberley 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Weiner 1980,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl. [syn. W. sonorae S. W<strong>at</strong>son]<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: Mexican fan palm, pettico<strong>at</strong> palm, skyduster, thread palm,<br />
Washington palm<br />
SPANISH: palma blanca<br />
USES/NOTES: Small, berry-like fruits are edible. Tall, slender tree<br />
is used as a landscape palm, especially along streets.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Baja California, n<strong>at</strong>uralized in o<strong>the</strong>r warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Graf 1974, Henderson et al. 1995, Jones<br />
1995, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Nelson 1994, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Wettinia maynensis Spruce<br />
FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm)<br />
ENGLISH: wettinia palm<br />
SPANISH: bambil, camonilla, corunta, cuyu-corota, gualte, gualte<br />
bola, pambil, ponilla, pullo coroto<br />
USES/NOTES: Heart is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East-central Andes from Peru to sou<strong>the</strong>rn Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al.<br />
1995, Kahn and de Granville 1992<br />
Wisteria frutescens (L.) Poiret in Lam.<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae <strong>of</strong> Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
ENGLISH: American wisteria, wisteria<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
816
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers <strong>of</strong> this twining vine are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh in salads<br />
or fried in b<strong>at</strong>ter. Seeds, however, are poisonous.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern coastal plain from Virginia and Florida<br />
to Missouri and Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Godfrey 1988,<br />
Peterson 1977<br />
Wulffia bacc<strong>at</strong>a (L.f.) Kuntze<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
PORTUGUESE: acoci, margaridinha<br />
SPANISH: chirapa sacha, manzanilla sacha<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit reportadly is edible. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Berg 1984, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Rutter 1990<br />
Wulffia stenoglossa DC.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
PORTUGUESE: jambu<br />
USES/NOTES: Fleshy cypselas are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987<br />
Wyethia amplexicaulis (Nutt.) Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots are he<strong>at</strong>ed and allowed to ferment, <strong>the</strong>n e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
Cypselas are also edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Wyethia longicaulis Gray<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are e<strong>at</strong>en. Cypselas are used for<br />
pinole.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (Miller) Torrey & A. Gray [syn.<br />
X. pensylvancium Wallr.]<br />
FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower)<br />
ENGLISH: cocklebur<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaves and shoots are cooked as greens. Seeds should<br />
not be e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Kartesz 1994, Tomikel 1986<br />
Xanthosoma <strong>at</strong>rovirens K. Koch & Bouché<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: dark-leaf malanga, tannia<br />
SPANISH: tampa taja, yautía amarilla, yautía vinola<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
817
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> West Indies, especially Dominica, for<br />
its edible leaves and knobby corms. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, OAS 1973, Plowman 1969<br />
Xanthosoma belophyllum (Willd.) Kunth<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
USES/NOTES: Corms are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked in Venezuela.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Plowman 1969<br />
Xanthosoma brasiliense (Desf.) Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: belembe, calalu, Indian kale, spinach, Tahitian spinach,<br />
Tahitian taro, tanier spinach, tannia<br />
PORTUGUESE: inhame, taiá<br />
SPANISH: belembe, malanga, ocumo, tembé-tayá, yautía<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf and petiole <strong>of</strong> this shade-tolerant species are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en like spinach (Spinacia oleracea), and small corms are e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
occasionally. Leaves contain less calcium oxal<strong>at</strong>e than o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
Xanthosoma species.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazilian river margins, now widespread<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969, Martin and Ruberté<br />
1979, O’Hair 1990, Omawale 1973, Plowman 1969, Ruberté 1984,<br />
Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Xanthosoma caracu K. Koch & Bouché<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: arrowleaf, cocoyam, elephant ear, yautia horqueta<br />
SPANISH: caracu, tarabolií, tegüe, yautía blanca, yautía horqueta,<br />
yautía manola, yautía rolliza, yautía viaquera<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> West Indies and Central America for<br />
its edible corms and young, unfolded leaves, which are e<strong>at</strong>en in<br />
soups or prepared like spinanch (Spinacia oleracea).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America and <strong>the</strong> West Indies, perhaps<br />
to portions <strong>of</strong> Mesoamerica<br />
REFERENCES: Hanelt and IPGCPR 2001, Kay 1973, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), OAS<br />
1973, Plowman 1969, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Xanthosoma helleborifolium (Jacq.) Schott<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
SPANISH: belembe silvestre, mano abierta<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its edible corms and leaves, both <strong>of</strong><br />
which must be cooked before e<strong>at</strong>ing.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics<br />
REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Plowman 1969<br />
Xanthosoma jacquinii Schott<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
SPANISH: tegüe, yautía palma<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
818
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, and tubers are used<br />
to make chicha, an alcoholic beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: Plowman 1969<br />
Xanthosoma mafaffa Schott<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
PORTUGUESE: mangarases, rascadeira, taiás, taioba, tártago<br />
SPANISH: mafafa, oreja de elephante, yautía<br />
USES/NOTES: Corms and leaves are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Duke and Vásquez 1994, Plowman<br />
1969<br />
Xanthosoma poeppigii Schott [syn. X. maffafa var. poeppigii<br />
(Schott) Engl.]<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
PORTUGUESE: taioba<br />
SPANISH: mafafa<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America for its edible<br />
corms, which are pounded into a starchy meal called fufu.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990<br />
Xanthosoma riedelianum Schott [syn. Caladium stri<strong>at</strong>ipes (Kunth &<br />
C.D. Bouché) Schott and includes Xanthosoma stri<strong>at</strong>ipes (Kunth &<br />
C.D. Bouché) Madison]<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: malanga, yautia<br />
PORTUGUESE: banana-de-brejo, bananeira-do-brejo, cana-de-brejo,<br />
mangará-mirim, mangarito<br />
SPANISH: changuango de monte, malanga, yautía<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its tubers and corms, which is e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
boiled or roasted in ash.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Venezuela<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Gragson 1997, MBG n.d., Plowman 1969,<br />
Steyermark et al. 1995, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Xanthosoma robustum Schott<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: elephant ear, poor man’s umbrella<br />
SPANISH: capote, lum, marac, oreja de elefante, pixi, quequesque,<br />
quequexque, quiscamo, quiscamote<br />
USES/NOTES: Tubers are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked in Oaxaca, Mexico. Large leaves<br />
are used as umbrellas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Mexico to Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Brücher 1989, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Plowman<br />
1969, von Reis Altschul 1973<br />
Xanthosoma roseum Schott<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
819
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: elephant ear<br />
SPANISH: mafafa, oreja de elefante, quequeshte, quiscamote<br />
USES/NOTES: Leaf is e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Large leaves are used as<br />
umbrellas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Niembro Rocas 1992, Plowman 1969<br />
Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: American taro, arrowleaf, arrowleaf elephant ear, badoo,<br />
chou, coco, elephant ear, new cocoyam, tani, tania, tanier,<br />
tannia, tannier, tanyove, tarias, yautia<br />
PORTUGUESE: inhame, mangará, mangará-mirim, mangarito, racadera,<br />
taioba<br />
SPANISH: galanga, gualusa, gualuza, huitina, mafafa, malanga,<br />
malangay, ocumo, ocumo cumán, oreja de elefante, otó, otoy, papa<br />
china, papa japonesa, papa walusa, pituca, quequesque, rascadera,<br />
tiquisque, uncucha, waluza, yautía, yautía blanca, yautía brava,<br />
yautía de coco<br />
USES/NOTES: Starchy corms and young leaves (<strong>of</strong> some cultivars) are<br />
e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed throughout <strong>the</strong> Neotropics due in<br />
part to its high nutritional value and ability to be stored in<br />
<strong>the</strong> ground. Numerous varieties and o<strong>the</strong>r Xanthosoma species,<br />
along with its Old World rel<strong>at</strong>ives, Alocasia and Colocasia, are<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for food and as <strong>the</strong> ornamental elephant ear. Diffused<br />
to <strong>the</strong> Old World in <strong>the</strong> mid 1800s. Among <strong>the</strong> most shade-tolerant<br />
<strong>of</strong> food plants. Pestiferous along Florida w<strong>at</strong>erways.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies, probably to nor<strong>the</strong>rn Colombia and<br />
Venezuela and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean coast <strong>of</strong> Central America, widely<br />
n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1969, Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Kay 1973,<br />
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), León 1987, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Mabberley<br />
1987, Martin and Ruberté 1979, Morton 1972, Naranjo 1991, NRC<br />
1975, OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Price 1990, Purseglove<br />
1972, Rehm and Espig 1991, Salick 1989, Sauer 1993, Towle 1961,<br />
Yamaguchi 1983<br />
Xanthosoma violaceum Schott [syn. X. nigrum (Vell.) Stellfeld]<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
ENGLISH: blue tannia, blue taro, elephant ear, malanga, primrose<br />
malanga, violet-stemmed taro, yautia<br />
PORTUGUESE: mangará-mirim, mangarito, taiazes, taioba<br />
SPANISH: cerdo quelite, huitina, macal, malanga, papa china,<br />
pashnikak, paxni kak, puerco quelite, quequesque, tiquisque,<br />
totonaco, uncuchu, yautía guayamera, yautía morada<br />
USES/NOTES: Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed for its edible tubers and as an<br />
ornamental elephant ear. Leaves and young shoots <strong>of</strong> some<br />
cultivars are also e<strong>at</strong>en.<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
820
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
NATURAL RANGE: West Indies, probably to Central America and Mexico,<br />
now widespread<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bennett et al. 2001, Coe 1994, Duke and<br />
Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes),<br />
Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Plowman 1969, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Xanthosoma yuc<strong>at</strong>ense Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid)<br />
SPANISH: xmacal<br />
USES/NOTES: Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed on a small scale in <strong>the</strong> Yuc<strong>at</strong>án for its<br />
edible tubers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Yuc<strong>at</strong>án<br />
REFERENCES: Plowman 1969<br />
Ximenia americana L.<br />
FAMILY: Olacaceae (American hog plum)<br />
ENGLISH: false sandlewood, hog plum, monkey plum, mountain plum,<br />
purge-nut, seaside plum, tallow-wood, tallow-wood plum, wild<br />
lime, wild olive<br />
PORTUGUESE: ababuí, ambuy, ameixa, ameixa-da-Bahia, ameixa-d<strong>at</strong>erra,<br />
ameixa-de-espinho, ameixa-do-Brasil, ameixa-do-Pará,<br />
espinheiro- de-ameixa, limão-bravo-do-brejo, sandalo-do-Brasil,<br />
umbu-bravo<br />
SPANISH: albarillo, cagalera, chocomico, jía manzanilla, limón de<br />
mar, limoncillo, manzana de diablo, manzana guayabo, manzanilla<br />
de playa, manzanillo, pepenance, tigrito, yaná<br />
USES/NOTES: Very sweet, though sometimes bitter (from prussic<br />
acid), yellow, plum-like fruit, to 3 cm in diameter, is e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
fresh or preserved. Roasted seeds are edible and contain an oil<br />
used as a substitute for ghee. Uncooked seed kernel is toxic.<br />
Young leaves reportedly can be e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, though <strong>the</strong>y too may<br />
be toxic. Scented, yellow wood is used like sandlewood.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Humid Neotropics and subtropics to north-central<br />
Florida, now widespread in <strong>the</strong> tropics and most nearly frost-free<br />
subtropics<br />
REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989,<br />
Godfrey 1988, Heywood 1978, IBGE 1980, Lakela and Wunderlin 1980,<br />
Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1974, Morton 1977,<br />
Nelson 1994, OAS 1973, Perkins and Payne 1978, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ximenia coriacea Engl.<br />
FAMILY: Olacaceae (American hog plum)<br />
PORTUGUESE: ameixeira-brava<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987<br />
Xylopia arom<strong>at</strong>ica (Lam.) Mart. [syn. Unona concolor Willd.]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
ENGLISH: Guyana unona<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
821
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
PORTUGUESE: embira, esfolha-bainha, pimenta-de-macaco, pimenta-dosnegros,<br />
pindaíba<br />
SPANISH: bufumo, chirinyó ipipin, cujicabro, espintana, fruta/o de<br />
burro, fruta/o de capuchino, guariche, magaleto, malagüeta/o,<br />
pinsha cello<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are used as a condiment, like black pepper (Piper<br />
nigrum). Also a stimulant or to tre<strong>at</strong> intestinal gas.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central America, <strong>the</strong> Antilles, and tropical South<br />
America<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., IBGE<br />
1980, Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1989, Steyermark et al. 1995,<br />
Sturtevant 1972<br />
Xylopia brasiliensis Sprengel<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: embira, envira-ferro, pimenta-de-macaco, pindaíba<br />
SPANISH: ybira c<strong>at</strong>ú, yvyrá jak<strong>at</strong>ú<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are used as a spice like black pepper (Piper<br />
nigrum).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America<br />
REFERENCES: López et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Silva et al. 1977<br />
Xylopia discreta (L.f.) Sprague & Hutch. [syn. Unona discreta<br />
L.f.]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
SPANISH: ponotourayek<br />
USES/NOTES: Arom<strong>at</strong>ic purple berries are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn South America<br />
REFERENCES: Steyermark et al. 1995, Sturtevant 1972<br />
Xylopia frutescens Aublet<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: coajerucu, embira-vermelha, jejerucu, malagueto chico,<br />
pajerecu, pau-carne, pimenta-de-gentio, pimenta-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, pimentalonga,<br />
pindaiba<br />
SPANISH: espintana<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are used as a spice like black pepper (Piper<br />
nigrum).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical mainland, seasonally inund<strong>at</strong>ed areas<br />
REFERENCES: Abreu M<strong>at</strong>os n.d., Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990,<br />
IBGE 1980, Maas et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Xylopia peruviana R.E. Fries<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Peru, perhaps to Bolivia<br />
REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Fries 1938<br />
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Xylopia sericea A. St-Hil. [syn. X. carmin<strong>at</strong>iva (Arruda) R.E.<br />
Fries, Unona carmin<strong>at</strong>iva Arruda]<br />
FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple)<br />
PORTUGUESE: embira, embiriba, pão-d’embira, pimenta-de-macaco,<br />
pimenta-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, pimenta-da-terra, pindaíba-verdadeira, pindaíbavermelha<br />
SPANISH: aponotó-yek, chirin yó, espintana<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are used as a spice like black pepper (Piper<br />
nigrum).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and <strong>the</strong> Guianas<br />
REFERENCES: Abreu M<strong>at</strong>os n.d., Arrázola et al. 2000, Ch<strong>at</strong>rou et al.<br />
1997, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980, Maas et al. 1987,<br />
Steyermark et al. 1995, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Xylosma flexuosa (Kunth) Hemsley<br />
FAMILY: Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia)<br />
ENGLISH: brushholly, xylosma<br />
SPANISH: coronilla, espina de corona, espina de la corona,<br />
granadillo, granadilla, granjero, huiscorol, limoncillo,<br />
tejotillo, tsak k´iith, wi´chunun<br />
USES/NOTES: Stems are boiled to make a beverage similar to pulque<br />
(typically made from Agave species).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Texas, Mexico, and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Espejo Serna et al. n.d., USDA-NRCS 2004<br />
Yucca aloifolia L.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: Spanish bayonet, Spanish dagger, yucca<br />
PORTUGUESE: iúca<br />
SPANISH: bayoneta, cogollo de itabo, cogollo de izote, espinero,<br />
espino, flor de itabo, itabo, izote, jérico, palmita, palmito,<br />
tuk, yuca<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers, peeled flower stalks, and leaf bases (cogollo<br />
de izote in Central America), are e<strong>at</strong>en, and seeds, fruits, and<br />
roots are edible, though <strong>of</strong> poor food value. Firm, lance-shaped,<br />
spine tipped leaves make for an effective living fence, though<br />
dangerous. Planted occasionally as a landscape specimen, Y.<br />
aloifolia imparts an interesting tropical effect. Leaf fiber may<br />
be used for rope.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Coastal zones <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. from <strong>the</strong><br />
Carolinas and Louisiana to <strong>the</strong> West Indies, though Adams suggests<br />
it was introduced to <strong>the</strong> West Indies, while Taylor and Wunderlin<br />
suggests th<strong>at</strong> it escaped from cultiv<strong>at</strong>ion in <strong>the</strong> U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Godfrey<br />
1988, Horst 1992a, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Morton 1977, Niembro Rocas<br />
1992, OAS 1973, Peterson 1977, Ruberté 1984, Taylor 1998, Usher<br />
1974, Wunderlin 1998, Zeven and Zhukovsky 1975<br />
Yucca australis (Engelm.) Trel.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
ENGLISH: St. Peter’s palm, tree yucca<br />
SPANISH: palma oriente<br />
USES/NOTES: Young stems and leaves are fermented to make an<br />
alcoholic beverage and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en in salads.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Kunkel 1984, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Yucca bacc<strong>at</strong>a Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: banana yucca, d<strong>at</strong>il yucca, soapweed, Spanish bayonet,<br />
yucca, wild d<strong>at</strong>e<br />
SPANISH: dátil, yuca<br />
USES/NOTES: Unripe fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en roasted, ripe fruit pulp, though<br />
scant, is e<strong>at</strong>en fresh or made into a fermented beverage, and<br />
flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1973, Harrington 1967, Kindscher<br />
1987, Lenz and Hanson 2000, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Yucca brevifolia Engelm. [syn. Y. arborescens (Torrey) Trel.]<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: Joshua tree, Spanish dagger<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en fresh, flower buds, fruits, and<br />
roots are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, and seeds are e<strong>at</strong>en ground. Leaves are a<br />
fiber source and roots are a dye source.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Hickman 1993, Keith<br />
1982, Keith 1985, Maxwell 1971, Moerman 1998, Munz 1974, Tanaka<br />
1976, Shreve and Wiggins 1964, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Yucca el<strong>at</strong>a Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: soap-tree yucca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked or uncooked. Root<br />
decoction is used as a foaming agent in beverages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984,<br />
Lenz and Hanson 2000, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Yucca faxoniana (Trel.) Sarg.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: Faxon yucca, Spanish bayonet, Spansih dagger, yucca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Western Texas, eastern Chihuahua, and northwestern<br />
Coahuila<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Yucca filamentosa L.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) or<br />
Liliaceae (lily)<br />
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ENGLISH: Adam’s needle, beargrass, common yucca, Eve’s thread,<br />
stiff-leaved bear grass<br />
SPANISH: palma china, yuca seca<br />
USES/NOTES: Flower petals are added to salads, and fruit pulp is<br />
edible. Godfrey considers this taxon in Florida to be conspecific<br />
with Y. flaccida. O<strong>the</strong>r authorities consider Y. filifera as<br />
synonymous. Taxonomic revision is needed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from New Jersey south<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Godfrey<br />
1988, Peterson 1977, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Yucca flaccida Haw.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: Adam’s needle, beargrass, silkgrass<br />
USES/NOTES: Flower petals are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Godfrey 1988<br />
Yucca glauca Nutt.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: small soapweed, soapweed yucca, Spanish bayonet<br />
USES/NOTES: Flower stalks are e<strong>at</strong>en like asparagus and flowers and<br />
cooked imm<strong>at</strong>ure fruits are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S. and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Kindscher 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong><br />
1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Yucca gloriosa L.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: mound-lily yucca, Spanish bayonet<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>astern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Radford et al. 1968<br />
Yucca gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis Baker [syn. Y. elephantipes Regel]<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: Spanish dagger, spineless yucca<br />
SPANISH: coyol, itabo, izote, palmita, tsamnek k’oyol<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled or fried. Similar in<br />
appearance to Y. aloifolia, but with s<strong>of</strong>ter leaf tips. Planted<br />
widely as an ornamental in warm regions.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mexico and Central America<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), OAS 1973,<br />
W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975<br />
Yucca mohaviensis Sarg.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: Mohave yucca, Mojave yucca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked when green or fresh when ripe<br />
and flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
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NATURAL RANGE: California<br />
REFERENCES: Yanovsky 1936<br />
Yucca schidigera Roezl. ex Ortgies.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: Mohave yucca, Mojave yucca, Spanish dagger, wild d<strong>at</strong>e<br />
SPANISH: dátil, palmilla, yuca, yucca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruits, young stems, and flowers are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn California, sou<strong>the</strong>rn Nevada, western<br />
Arizona, southwestern Utah, and Baja California del Norte<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, Munz 1974, Tanaka 1976,<br />
USDA-NRCS 2004<br />
Yucca schottii Engelm.<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: yucca<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sonoran Desert <strong>of</strong> Arizona and presumably Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Shreve and Wiggins 1964, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Yucca smalliana Fern. [syn. Y. filamentosa var. smalliana (Fern.)<br />
Ahles]<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: Adam’s needle, beargrass<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are edible. Also used increasingly as a<br />
landscape specimen. Godfrey says th<strong>at</strong> Y. smalliana should be<br />
included under Y. flaccida.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: North America<br />
REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Godfrey 1988, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Rolfsmeier<br />
et al. 1987, W<strong>at</strong>kins and Sheehan 1975<br />
Yucca torreyi Schaeffer [syn. Y. macrocarpa (Torrey) Cov.]<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: Spanish dagger, Torrey’s yucca<br />
SPANISH: palma criolla<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and young flower stalks are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Faucon 1998, Kunkel 1984, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Yucca treculeana Carrière<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: Spanish bayonet, Spanish dagger<br />
SPANISH: coyol, izote<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers are e<strong>at</strong>en boiled <strong>the</strong>n fried, and fruit is e<strong>at</strong>en<br />
as a snack or made into a fermented beverage.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Correll and Johnston 1970, Kunkel 1984,<br />
Yanovsky 1936<br />
Yucca valida Brandegee<br />
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FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis)<br />
ENGLISH: giant tree yucca, tree yucca<br />
SPANISH: d<strong>at</strong>ilillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Flower buds are e<strong>at</strong>en like fruit, cooked and ground<br />
flowers are made into candy called colache, and dark ripe fruits<br />
are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked. Flower buds are made into a medicinal tea.<br />
Tree-like (rarely to 7 meters) and <strong>of</strong>ten branched or multistemmed,<br />
<strong>the</strong> cut plants are cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed as a living fence.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Sonoran Desert and Baja California, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Lauri 2000, Shreve and Wiggins 1964<br />
Yucca whipplei Torrey in Emory [syn. Hesperoyucca whipplei<br />
(Torrey) Baker]<br />
FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) or<br />
Liliaceae (lily)<br />
ENGLISH: chaparral yucca, our Lord’s candle, Whipple’s yucca<br />
USES/NOTES: Flowers and flower stalks are edible and ground seeds<br />
have been used in porridge.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and <strong>the</strong> southwestern U.S.<br />
REFERENCES: Desert Tropicals 1998-2000, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Zamia furfuracea Aiton<br />
FAMILY: Zamiaceae (zamia) or Cycadaceae (cycad)<br />
ENGLISH: cardboard cycad, cardboard palm, coontie, Mexican zamia<br />
SPANISH: acesiva, camotillo, thipaak (Zamia sp.)<br />
USES/NOTES: Roots, once an important Amerindian starch source, must<br />
be cooked to destroy toxins. Also used in urban landscaping in<br />
warm regions. Alcorn reports th<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> fruit <strong>of</strong> an unidentified<br />
Zamia sp. is e<strong>at</strong>en in Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico possibly to Belize<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Dehgan 1983, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), OAS 1973,<br />
Stevenson 1987a, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Zamia integrifolia Willd. [syn. Z. erosa Cook & Collins, Z.<br />
floridana A. DC., Z. lucayana Britton, Z. media Jacq., Z.<br />
silvicola Small, Z. tenuis Willd., Z. umbrosa Small; previously<br />
included under Z. pumila L.] also Z. angustifolia Jacq. [syn. Z.<br />
angustissima Miq., Z. multifoliol<strong>at</strong>a A. DC., Z. stricta Miq., Z.<br />
y<strong>at</strong>esii Miq.], Z. portoricensis Urban, and Z. pumila L. [syn. Z.<br />
debilis L.f. nomen illegit., Z. l<strong>at</strong>ifoliol<strong>at</strong>a Preneloup]<br />
FAMILY: Zamiaceae (zamia) or Cycadaceae (cycad)<br />
ENGLISH: comfortroot, compties, contis, coontie, coontie fern,<br />
Florida arrowroot, Florida coontie, Seminole bread, St. John’s<br />
coontie<br />
SPANISH: acesiva, guáyara, guáyiga (Z. pumila), marunguey, yuquilla<br />
de r<strong>at</strong>ón<br />
USES/NOTES: Large tuberous rootstocks were an important starch<br />
source (Florida arrowroot), made into bread and s<strong>of</strong>kee stew, for<br />
Amerindians throughout <strong>the</strong> plant’s range and by early European<br />
settlers in Florida. Roots must be cooked to remove <strong>the</strong> toxic<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
cycasin before being e<strong>at</strong>en. Dense, shrubby, drought-tolerant Z.<br />
integrifolia is used increasingly, along with several exotic<br />
Zamia spp., as an urban landscape plant in Florida, and now is<br />
endangered in <strong>the</strong> wild due to habit<strong>at</strong> loss, previous harvest for<br />
starch, and <strong>the</strong> unscrupulous removal <strong>of</strong> wild specimens for urban<br />
planting. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed also for <strong>the</strong> leaves, used like ferns for cut<br />
flower arrangements. Also a food source for <strong>the</strong> rare <strong>at</strong>ala<br />
butterfly larvae (Eumaeus <strong>at</strong>ala). Plants with wider leaflets,<br />
generally restricted to nor<strong>the</strong>astern Florida and adjacent<br />
Georgia, were previously described as Z. umbrosa.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Z. integrifolia from sou<strong>the</strong>rn coastal Georgia and<br />
Florida, portions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bahamas, western Cuba, <strong>the</strong> Cayman<br />
Islands, and south-central Puerto Rico; Z. angustifolia from<br />
Eleu<strong>the</strong>ra Island in <strong>the</strong> Bahamas and eastern Cuba; Z.<br />
portoricensis from Puerto Rico; Z. pumila from central Cuba, <strong>the</strong><br />
Dominican Republic, and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Puerto Rico<br />
REFERENCES: Bennett 1997, Dehgan 1983, Eckenwalder 1980, Facciola<br />
1990, FNAEC 1993, Godfrey 1988, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Morton 1977,<br />
Nelson 1996, OAS 1973, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, Stevenson 1987a,<br />
Stevenson 1987b, Stevenson et al. 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968, Ward n.d.,<br />
Wunderlin 1998, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Zamia lindenii Regel & André<br />
FAMILY: Zamiaceae (zamia) or Cycadaceae (cycad)<br />
SPANISH: acesiva, palma tabaquillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds reportedly are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Andean Ecuador and Colombia<br />
REFERENCES: Dehgan 1983, Schultes and Raffauf 1990, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Zea diploperennis Iltis, Doebley, & R. Guzmán<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: diploid perennial teosinte, perennial teosinte, teosinte<br />
PORTUGUESE: teosinto<br />
SPANISH: teosinte<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds <strong>of</strong> this wild grass, only recently described by<br />
Western science, are occasionally e<strong>at</strong>en. May be useful in<br />
breeding with common maize (Z. mays).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Jalisco, Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Iltis et al. 1979, McVaugh 1983, N<strong>at</strong>ive<br />
Seeds/SEARCH 1991, Smith 1994<br />
Zea mays L. [Z. mays var. everta nomen illegit. has been applied<br />
to popping varieties]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: corn, Indian corn, maize, pop corn<br />
PORTUGUESE: ab<strong>at</strong>i, av<strong>at</strong>i, cabelo-de-milho, milho, pipoca (when<br />
popped), trigo-da-Turquia (antiqu<strong>at</strong>ed)<br />
SPANISH: cha, chapalote (primitive landrace), choclero, choclo,<br />
jilote (imm<strong>at</strong>ure and sweet corn in Mezoamerica), joba, maíz, maíz<br />
café (primitive landrace), maíz de Nueva Granada, muti, ob, oba,<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
palomitas (when popped), pe, pelo de choclo (corn hair), sara,<br />
trigo de las Indias, xëqui, zara<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds are <strong>the</strong> corn, or maize, <strong>of</strong> intern<strong>at</strong>ional<br />
commerce, and are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked, ground into meal or flour, or<br />
popped. Tiny, tender imm<strong>at</strong>ure ears (cob and all) are e<strong>at</strong>en in<br />
salads. An alcoholic beverage (chicha in Portuguese and Spanish)<br />
is fermented from <strong>the</strong> plant’s juices. Seeds are a source <strong>of</strong><br />
edible and industrial oils and sweet syrup (corn syrup) <strong>of</strong> major<br />
commercial importance. Sweet fine fibers th<strong>at</strong> encase <strong>the</strong> cob,<br />
known as corn silk or corn hair, are added to foods for flavor<br />
and as a thickening agent. People <strong>of</strong> Todos Santos Cuchum<strong>at</strong>án,<br />
Gu<strong>at</strong>emala drink <strong>the</strong> liquid th<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong>y boil <strong>the</strong> corn in. Cobs and<br />
seeds <strong>of</strong> some varieties yield a purple dye. Worth more than $50<br />
million in 1986 on <strong>the</strong> world market, maize is <strong>the</strong> third most<br />
valuable food crop in <strong>the</strong> world. In recent years, Z. mays has<br />
become an important source <strong>of</strong> ethanol. The Tarahumara <strong>of</strong> Mexico<br />
ferment a sour, yellowish alcoholic beverage known as tesgüino,<br />
which is an important cultural element <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se n<strong>at</strong>ives <strong>of</strong><br />
northwestern Mexico. Imm<strong>at</strong>ure galls <strong>of</strong> Ustilago maydis, a dark<br />
fungus known by its Nahu<strong>at</strong>l name huitlacoche or cuitlacoche in<br />
Mexico and corn smut in English is harvested from maize plants<br />
(typically from <strong>the</strong> cobs, though also from tassels and nodes) and<br />
is e<strong>at</strong>en in cooked dishes and soups in Mexico.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Domestic<strong>at</strong>ed in southwestern Mexico well over 7,000<br />
years ago; diffused to Tabasco, Mexico <strong>at</strong> least 7,300 years ago<br />
and <strong>the</strong>n into Central and South America; cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed in Peru<br />
between 3,600 and 4,000 years ago<br />
REFERENCES: Antúnez de Mayolo 1989, Argüello 1991, Bird 1984, Boom<br />
1987, Buitimea 2003, Carneiro Martins 1989, Duke 1986, Erwin<br />
1950, Ford 1984, Fussell 1999, Galin<strong>at</strong> 1992, González 2001, Guia<br />
Rural n.d., Harris 1972, Iltis 1988, Johannessen 1992,<br />
Johannessen and Parker 1988, Johannessen and Parker 1989, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h<br />
(notes), Naranjo 1991, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Perry et al. 2006,<br />
Pohl et al. 2007, Schwanitz 1966, Soukup 1970, Smith 1994,<br />
Webster et al. 2005, Wellhausen et al. 1952, Zimmerer 1992<br />
Zea mexicana (Schrader) Kuntze [syn. Z. mays L. subsp. mexicana<br />
(Schrader) Iltis, Euchlaena mexicana Schrader]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: annual teosinte, tembe, teosinte<br />
PORTUGUESE: teosinto<br />
SPANISH: maíz café, milpa de pájaro, teosinte, teozintle<br />
USES/NOTES: Seeds and sweet green stems are edible, and dry seeds<br />
may be e<strong>at</strong>en popped. Used for forage in Mexico and <strong>the</strong><br />
southwestern U.S., this wild annual species may be a progenitor<br />
<strong>of</strong> common maize (Z. mays) and may be useful in breeding with<br />
common maize.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, perhaps sou<strong>the</strong>rn Chihuahua, where it remains<br />
extant today, to <strong>the</strong> south-central Mexican pl<strong>at</strong>eau<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Casas et al. 1994, Facciola 1990, Houaiss 1982, Leung<br />
1961, N<strong>at</strong>ive Seeds/SEARCH 1991, Smith 1994, Usher 1974<br />
Zingiber <strong>of</strong>ficinale Roscoe<br />
FAMILY: Zingiberaceae (ginger)<br />
ENGLISH: ginger, ginger root<br />
PORTUGUESE: gengibre, gengivre, mangar<strong>at</strong>ai<br />
SPANISH: ajenjibre, ajinjible, bijao, conopio, genegibre, jengibre,<br />
jenjibre, kion, kión<br />
USES/NOTES: M<strong>at</strong>ure rhizome is <strong>the</strong> ginger <strong>of</strong> commerce, used as a<br />
spice and in teas, and <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> an extract used to scent<br />
perfumes and flavor beverages like ginger ale. Young rhizomes are<br />
added raw to salads, and young shoots are occasionally used as a<br />
po<strong>the</strong>rb. Leaves are added to baked goods. Widely cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
throughout <strong>the</strong> humid tropics. Also used medicinally as an antiinflamm<strong>at</strong>ory,<br />
for circul<strong>at</strong>ion, and to tre<strong>at</strong> motion sickness and<br />
headaches.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia, possibly Malaysia,<br />
New Guinea, or South Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Balée and Gély 1989, Branch and Silva<br />
1983, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d., Guia<br />
Rural 1990, Hoyas 1989, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, Mabberley<br />
1987, Morton 1976a, Omawale 1973, Purseglove et al. 1981, Smith<br />
1977<br />
Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe<br />
FAMILY: Zingiberaceae (ginger)<br />
ENGLISH: edible ginger, Japanese ginger, mioga ginger, myoga ginger<br />
SPANISH: jengibre mioga<br />
USES/NOTES: Primarily an ornamental in <strong>the</strong> Americas, though young<br />
spring sprouts and yellow flowers are edible and <strong>the</strong> plant has<br />
been used as a flavoring agent similar to bergamot (Citrus<br />
aurantium subsp. bergamia). Reports also suggest, however,<br />
carcinogenic properties.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Japan<br />
REFERENCES: Hirono et al. 1982, Mabberley 1987, Osborn 1999<br />
Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm.<br />
FAMILY: Zingiberaceae (ginger)<br />
ENGLISH: pine cone ginger, pine cone lily, shampoo ginger, wild<br />
ginger, zerumbet<br />
USES/NOTES: Primarily an ornamental in <strong>the</strong> Americas, though rhizome<br />
tips, leaves, and shoots are edible. Also a fragrance source for<br />
hair-care products.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Indomalaya<br />
REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a<br />
Zizania aqu<strong>at</strong>ica L. [syn. Z. palustris L.]<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
ENGLISH: American wildrice, annual wildrice, Canada rice, Canadian<br />
wild rice, Indian rice, Indian wildrice, tuscarora rice, w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
o<strong>at</strong>s, w<strong>at</strong>er rice, wild o<strong>at</strong>, wildrice<br />
SPANISH: cizaña, tuscarora<br />
USES/NOTES: Edible seed <strong>of</strong> this wetland species was an important<br />
grain in North-central North America and recently has become a<br />
popular gourmet grain. Pudding is made from <strong>the</strong> seeds. Culm bases<br />
are used as a vegetable. Cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed primarily in its n<strong>at</strong>ive range<br />
and in <strong>the</strong> Sacramento Valley <strong>of</strong> California where it was<br />
introduced.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: wetlands and slow moving streams <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> north-central<br />
U.S. and adjacent Canada, now more widespread and perhaps<br />
diffusing n<strong>at</strong>urally to Florida and Texas<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Gibbons 1962, Harris 1972, Hayes et<br />
al. 1989, Mabberley 1987, McPherson and McPherson 1977, Peterson<br />
1977, Sauer 1993, Sokolov 1991, Vennum 1988, Yanovsky 1936<br />
Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michaux) Döll & Asch.<br />
FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass)<br />
ENGLISH: false wild rice, sou<strong>the</strong>rn wild rice, w<strong>at</strong>er millet<br />
USES/NOTES: Young white rhizome tips are e<strong>at</strong>en cooked.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central North America from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Illinois to Texas<br />
and Florida<br />
REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950,<br />
Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Long and Lakela<br />
1971<br />
Ziziphus cel<strong>at</strong>a Judd & Hall<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: Florida jujube, scrub ziziphus<br />
USES/NOTES: Small yellow drupes <strong>of</strong> this endangered shrub are<br />
edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Central peninsular Florida<br />
REFERENCES: DeLaney et al. 1989, Judd and Hall 1984, Wunderlin 1998<br />
Ziziphus cinnamomum Triana & Planchon<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
PORTUGUESE: gabiuna, jacarandá, maria-preta<br />
SPANISH: chichiboa, mamón de venado, maya<br />
USES/NOTES: Children e<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> fruit.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Macbride<br />
1956, Raisman and González 1998-2005, UFA/NYBG n.d.<br />
Ziziphus cyclocardia S.F. Blake<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
SPANISH: cana chica, yacure<br />
USES/NOTES: Small sweet fruits are e<strong>at</strong>en out <strong>of</strong> hand, typically by<br />
children and rural field workers.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, MBG n.d., Raisman and González 1998-2005<br />
Ziziphus endlichii Loes. (?)<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: Mexican jujube<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Mexico<br />
REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ziziphus gu<strong>at</strong>emalsensis Hemsl.<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
SPANISH: michiguiste, nancigüiste, naranjito<br />
USES/NOTES: Small yellow drupes are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Gu<strong>at</strong>emala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica<br />
REFERENCES: MBG n.d.<br />
Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. [syn. Z. gardneri Reiss. nomen illegit.,<br />
Z. guaranitica Malme]<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
PORTUGUESE: injuá, joá, joazeiro, juá, juá-fruta, juazeiro,<br />
laranjeira-de-vaqueiro, laranjinha-de-vaqueiro, raspa-de-juá<br />
SPANISH: beludiño, quitachiyu blanco<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruit pulp and flowers are edible, though <strong>of</strong> no<br />
commercial consequence. Also medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: <strong>the</strong> form previously considered Z. joazeiro is<br />
restricted to nor<strong>the</strong>astern Brazil from Bahia to Piaui, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
form, previously Z. guaranitica, is found in eastern Bolivia and<br />
Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Killeen et al. 1993, León 1987, Martin et<br />
al. 1987, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. [syn. Z. jujuba (L.) Lam., non Miller]<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: ber, Chinese apple, Chinese d<strong>at</strong>e, Chinese jujube, coolie<br />
plum, crabapple, dunks, Indian cherry, Indian jujube, Indian<br />
plum, jujube, Malay jujube, mangustine<br />
PORTUGUESE: dão, jujuba<br />
SPANISH: angolit, aprim, aprin, aprines, azufaifa, azufeifo<br />
africano, guinda, manzanas, manzanita, pastilla, perita haitiana,<br />
ponsigue, ponsigué, ponsique, yuiubi, yuyuba, yuyubo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit <strong>of</strong> this drought-tolerant, tropical plant is<br />
edible fresh or pickled and leaves are used in tanning. Widely<br />
cultiv<strong>at</strong>ed.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps Afghanistan to China, Malaysia,<br />
and Queensland, Australia, or perhaps India and n<strong>at</strong>uralized<br />
elsewhere, and invasive in many warm regions<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Caribbean Food and Nutrition<br />
Institute 1974, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, Johns and Stevenson<br />
1985, Kerm<strong>at</strong>h (notes), Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1987a,<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Mowry et al. 1967, Omawale 1973, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig<br />
1991<br />
Ziziphus mistol Griseb.<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: Argentine jujube, mistol<br />
SPANISH: axájik, kitachiyú, laišé’tene, mistol, nûha, ojo de buey,<br />
šimták, tõha, yuai, yuaqué<br />
USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are edible and used in alcoholic<br />
beverages.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Andean Argentina and adjacent Bolivia and<br />
<strong>the</strong> Gran Chaco <strong>of</strong> Paraguay<br />
REFERENCES: Foster 1958, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., López et al.<br />
1987, Martin et al. 1987, Serrano and Terán 2000, Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Ziziphus parryi Torrey<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: California abrojo, California crucillo, California<br />
lotebush, desert jujube, greythorn, lotebush, Parry abrojo, Parry<br />
jujube, Parry’s jujube<br />
SPANISH: crucillo<br />
USES/NOTES: Dry fruits are edible, used infrequently in <strong>at</strong>ole<br />
(<strong>of</strong>ten a thick liquid).<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern North America, perhaps restricted to<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn California and adjacent Baja California del Norte<br />
REFERENCES: Benson and Darrow 1981, Facciola 1990, Munz and Keck<br />
1959<br />
Ziziphus ziziphus (L.) Karsten [syn. Z. jujuba Miller]<br />
FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn)<br />
ENGLISH: Chinese d<strong>at</strong>e, Chinese jubjube, common jujube, coolie plum,<br />
dunks, French jujube, jujube<br />
PORTUGUESE: dão, jujuba<br />
SPANISH: az<strong>of</strong>aifa, az<strong>of</strong>aifo, azufaifa, azufaifo, azufeifo,<br />
pastilla, ponsigue<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit <strong>of</strong> this cold-hardy plant is edible and medicinal.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: East Indies, perhaps Malaysia, and East Asia<br />
REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Caribbean Food and Nutrition<br />
Institute 1974, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Popenoe 1974, Rehm<br />
and Espig 1991, Usher 1974<br />
Zollernia ilicifolia (Brongn.) Vogel<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or<br />
pea)<br />
PORTUGUESE: espinheira-santa, ipê-boia, laranjeira-brava,<br />
laranjeira-da-m<strong>at</strong>a, laranjinha-do-m<strong>at</strong>o, maria-preta, mocetaíba,<br />
mocitaíba, moçutaíba, orelha-de-onça, pau-ferro, pau-santo<br />
USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible, though used primarily medicinally.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Brazil from sou<strong>the</strong>astern Amazonia and Bahia<br />
to Santa C<strong>at</strong>arina<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Lewis 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Paganucci<br />
n.d., Uph<strong>of</strong> 1968<br />
Zygia longifolia (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Britton & Rose [syn.<br />
Pi<strong>the</strong>cellobium longifolium (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Standley]<br />
FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea)<br />
ENGLISH: longleaf zygia, swampwood<br />
SPANISH: amé, apa, azote-caballo, barbasquillo, bucshilla,<br />
buscilla, bushica, bushillo, chichimbina, chipare, chiparo,<br />
chipero, chípero, chirrinchao, cola de marrano, fotomo de<br />
cieniga, guabito del río, guamo macho, guamo prieto, guana, mayamaya,<br />
pichindé, samik, shimbillo, sisino, solocaballo, sota<br />
caballo, sota cabello, sotocaballo, suribio, yutes<br />
USES/NOTES: Long fruit pods are edible.<br />
NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical mainland from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mexico to Peru,<br />
French Guiana, and Amazonian Brazil<br />
REFERENCES: Barneby and Grimes 1997, Bennett et al. 2001, MBG n.d.<br />
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834
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
L<strong>at</strong>in Name Index<br />
Abbevillea fenzliana (see Campomanesia guaviroba)<br />
<strong>Abelmoschus</strong> <strong>esculentus</strong><br />
<strong>Abelmoschus</strong> mosch<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Aberia abyssinica (see Dovyalis abyssinica)<br />
Aberia caffra (see Dovyalis caffra)<br />
Aberia gardneri (see Dovyalis hebecarpa)<br />
Abies amabilis<br />
Abies balsamea<br />
Abies excelsior (see A. grandis)<br />
Abies grandis<br />
Abies lasiocarpa<br />
Abroma mariae (see Herrania mariae var. mariae)<br />
Abroma nitida (see Herrania nitida)<br />
Abronia fragrans<br />
Abronia l<strong>at</strong>ifolia<br />
Abrus prec<strong>at</strong>orius<br />
Abuta grandifolia (see Cissampelos pareira)<br />
Abuta obov<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Abutilon esculentum<br />
Abutilon megapotamicum (under A. esculentum)<br />
Acacia angustissima<br />
Acacia arabica (see A. nilotica)<br />
Acacia cornigera<br />
Acacia farnesiana<br />
Acacia flexicaulus (see Ebenopsis ebano)<br />
Acacia greggii<br />
Acacia nilotica (under A. senegal)<br />
Acacia senegal<br />
Acacia verek (see A. senegal)<br />
Acajuba occidentalis (see Anacardium occidentale)<br />
Acanthocereus pentagonus (see A. tetragonus)<br />
Acanthocereus pitajaya(see A. tetragonus)<br />
Acanthocereus tetragonus<br />
Acanthochiton wrightii (see Amaranthus acanthochiton)<br />
Acanthorrhiza acule<strong>at</strong>a (see Cryosophila nana)<br />
Acanthosyris falc<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Acanthosyris spinescens<br />
Acca sellowiana (see Feijoa sellowiana)<br />
Acer barb<strong>at</strong>um (see A. saccharum subsp. floridanum)<br />
Acer circin<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Acer floridanum (see A. saccharum subsp. floridanum)<br />
Acer glabrum<br />
Acer grandident<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Acer interius (see A. negundo var. interius)<br />
Acer macrophyllum<br />
Acer mexicanum (see A. negundo var. mexicanum)<br />
Acer negundo<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Acer negundo var. arizonicum (under A. negundo)<br />
Acer negundo var. californicum (under A. negundo)<br />
Acer negundo var. interius (under A. negundo)<br />
Acer negundo var. mexicanum (under A. negundo)<br />
Acer negundo var. negundo (under A. negundo)<br />
Acer negundo var. orizabense (under A. negundo)<br />
Acer negundo var. texanum (under A. negundo)<br />
Acer negundo var. violaceum (under A. negundo)<br />
Acer neo-mexicanum (see A. glabrum)<br />
Acer nigrum<br />
Acer pensylvanicum<br />
Acer rubrum<br />
Acer saccharinum<br />
Acer saccharum<br />
Acer saccharum subsp. floridanum<br />
Acer spic<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Acetosella violacea (see Oxalis violacea)<br />
Achillea millefolium<br />
Achlys triphylla<br />
Achyran<strong>the</strong>s aspera<br />
Achyran<strong>the</strong>s indica (see A. aspera)<br />
Achras caimito (see Pouteria caimito)<br />
Achras lucuma (see Pouteria lucuma)<br />
Achras mammosa (see Manilkara zapota and Pouteria sapota)<br />
Achras sapota (see Manilkara zapota)<br />
Achras zapota (see Manilkara zapota)<br />
Acioa edulis (see Couepia edulis)<br />
Acmella oleracea<br />
Acmella oppositifolia<br />
Acmella oppositifolia var. repens<br />
Acmella repens (see A. oppositifolia var. repens)<br />
Acnistus arborescens<br />
Acorus calamus<br />
Acreugenia pungens (see Myrcian<strong>the</strong>s pungens)<br />
Acrocomia acule<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Acrocomia antioquensis (see A. acule<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Acrocomia erioacantha (see A. acule<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Acrocomia intumescens (see A. acule<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Acrocomia lasiosp<strong>at</strong>ha (see A. acule<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Acrocomia media (see A. acule<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Acrocomia mexicana (see A. acule<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Acrocomia panamensis (see A. acule<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Acrocomia sclerocarpa (see A. acule<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Acrocomia totai (see A. acule<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Acrocomia vinifera (see A. acule<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Acrostichum aureum<br />
Acrostichum danaeifolium<br />
Actinella odor<strong>at</strong>a (see Hymenoxys odor<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Actinidia arguta<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Actinidia chinensis<br />
Actinidia deliciosa<br />
Actinidia kolomikta<br />
Actinidia polygama<br />
Adansonia digit<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Adelia barbinervis<br />
Adenostoma sparsifolium<br />
Aechmea bracte<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Aechmea hoppii<br />
Aechmea longifolia<br />
Aechmea magdalenae<br />
Aegle marmelos<br />
Aeschynomene grandiflora (see Sesbania grandiflora)<br />
Aesculus californica<br />
Aesculus hippocastanum<br />
Afrocarpus gracilior<br />
Agallostachys fastuosa (see Bromelia pinguin)<br />
Agallostachys ignea (see Bromelia pinguin)<br />
Agallostachys pinguin (see Bromelia pinguin)<br />
Agastache cana<br />
Agastache foeniculum<br />
Agastache mexicana<br />
Agastache urticifolia<br />
Ag<strong>at</strong>i grandiflora (see Sesbania grandiflora)<br />
Agave americana<br />
Agave angustifolia<br />
Agave asperrima<br />
Agave <strong>at</strong>rovirens<br />
Agave bakeri (see A. karwinskii)<br />
Agave caeciliana (see A. asperrima)<br />
Agave cantala<br />
Agave cochlearis (see A. salmiana var. salmiana)<br />
Agave complic<strong>at</strong>e (see A. americana)<br />
Agave corderoyi (see A. karwinskii)<br />
Agave crassispina (see A. salmiana subsp. crassispina)<br />
Agave deserti<br />
Agave esperrima (see A. asperrima)<br />
Agave ferox (see A. salmiana var. ferox)<br />
Agave gracilispina (see A. americana)<br />
Agave karwinskii<br />
Agave l<strong>at</strong>issima (see A. <strong>at</strong>rovirens)<br />
Agave lecheguilla<br />
Agave lehmannii (see A. salmiana var. salmiana)<br />
Agave mapisaga<br />
Agave melliflua (see A. americana)<br />
Agave missionum<br />
Agave mitriformis (see A. salmiana var. salmiana)<br />
Agave neomexicana (see A. parryi subsp. neomexicana)<br />
Agave palmeri<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Agave parrasana (under A. parryi subsp. parryi)<br />
Agave parryi subsp. parryi<br />
Agave parryi subsp. neomexicana<br />
Agave portoricensis (see A. missionum)<br />
Agave pot<strong>at</strong>orum<br />
Agave quiotifera (see A. salmiana var. salmiana)<br />
Agave salmiana subsp. crassispina<br />
Agave salmiana var. ferx<br />
Agave salmiana var. salmiana<br />
Agave scabra (see A. asperrima)<br />
Agave shawii<br />
Agave sisalana<br />
Agave tequilana<br />
Agave tequilana var. azul (see A. tequilana)<br />
Agave utahensis<br />
Agave verschaffeltii (see A. pot<strong>at</strong>orum)<br />
Agave weberi<br />
Agave wislizeni (see A. parryi subsp. parryi, A. parrasana, and A.<br />
asperrima)<br />
Agave wocomahi<br />
Agoseris aurantica<br />
Agoseris glauca<br />
Agoseris villosa (see A. glauca)<br />
Agropyron repens (see Elymus repens)<br />
Ahouai nitida (see Thevetia ahouai)<br />
Aiphanes acanthophylla (see A. minima)<br />
Aiphanes acule<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Aiphanes caryotifolia (see A. acule<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Aiphanes chocoensis (see A. macroloba)<br />
Aiphanes eggersii<br />
Aiphanes linearis<br />
Aiphanes macroloba<br />
Aiphanes minima<br />
Aiphanes orinocensi (see A. acule<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Albizia saman (see Samanea saman)<br />
Alcea rosea<br />
Aleurites moluccanus<br />
Aleurites triloba (see A. moluccanus)<br />
Alfonsia oleifera (see Elaeis oleifora)<br />
Alibertia concolor<br />
Alibertia edulis<br />
Alibertia hexagyna<br />
Alibertia macrophylla<br />
Alibertia melloana (see A. sessilis)<br />
Alibertia myrciifolia (under A. edulis)<br />
Alibertia panamensis (see A. edulis)<br />
Alibertia sessilis<br />
Alibertia sorbilis<br />
Alibertia tutumilla<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
838
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Alisma plantago-aqu<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
Allagoptera arenaria<br />
Allagoptera campestris<br />
Allagoptera leucocalyx<br />
Allantoma line<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum (see A. porrum)<br />
Allium canadense<br />
Allium bakeri (see A. chinensis)<br />
Allium cepa var. cepa<br />
Allium cepa var. solaninum<br />
Allium cernuum<br />
Allium chinensis<br />
Allium dicotymum (under A. geyeri)<br />
Allium drummondii<br />
Allium fistulosum<br />
Allium geyeri<br />
Allium glandulosum<br />
Allium kunthii (see A. glandulosum)<br />
Allium porrum<br />
Allium s<strong>at</strong>ivum<br />
Allium schoenoprasum<br />
Allium stell<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Allium tricoccum<br />
Allium tuberosum<br />
Allium unifolium<br />
Allium ursinum<br />
Allium validum<br />
Allium vineale<br />
Allophylus edulis<br />
Allouya americana (see Cala<strong>the</strong>a allouia)<br />
Alocasia macrorrhizos<br />
Aloë barbadensis (see A. vera)<br />
Aloë vera<br />
Aloysia citriodora<br />
Aloysia gr<strong>at</strong>issima<br />
Aloysia lycioides (see A. gr<strong>at</strong>issima)<br />
Aloysia triphylla (see A. citriodora)<br />
Alpinia speciosa (see A. zerumbet)<br />
Alpinia zerumbet<br />
Alsodeia physiphora (see Rinorea laevig<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Alsophila rufa (see Trichipteris microdonta)<br />
Alstroemeria aurantiaca<br />
Alstroemeria haemantha (under A. aurantiaca)<br />
Alstroemeria ligtu<br />
Alstroemeria revoluta (under A. aurantiaca)<br />
Alstroemeria versicolor (under A. aurantiaca)<br />
Alternan<strong>the</strong>ra brasiliana<br />
Althaea <strong>of</strong>ficinalis<br />
Althaea rosea (see Alcea rosea)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
839
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Amaioua genipoides (see Duroia genipoides)<br />
Amaioua guianensis<br />
Amaranthus acanthochiton<br />
Amaranthus albus<br />
Amaranthus arenicola<br />
Amaranthus blitoides<br />
Amaranthus caracasanus (see A. spinosus)<br />
Amaranthus caud<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Amaranthus chlorostachys (see A. hybridus)<br />
Amaranthus crassipes<br />
Amaranthus cruentus<br />
Amaranthus dubius<br />
Amaranthus edulis (see A. caud<strong>at</strong>us)<br />
Amaranthus gangeticus (see A. tricolor)<br />
Amaranthus gracilis (see A. viridis)<br />
Amaranthus graecizens (see A. albus)<br />
Amaranthus hybridus<br />
Amaranthus hypochondriacus<br />
Amaranthus leucocarpus (see A. hypochondriacus)<br />
Amaranthus mantegazzianus (see A. caud<strong>at</strong>us)<br />
Amaranthus palmeri<br />
Amaranthus panicul<strong>at</strong>us (see A. cruentus)<br />
Amaranthus powellii<br />
Amaranthus quitensis (see A. hybridus)<br />
Amaranthus retr<strong>of</strong>lexus<br />
Amaranthus retr<strong>of</strong>lexus var. powellii (see A. powellii)<br />
Amaranthus retr<strong>of</strong>lexus var. salicifolius (see A. retr<strong>of</strong>lexus)<br />
Amaranthus spinosus<br />
Amaranthus torreyi (see A. arenicola)<br />
Amaranthus tricolor<br />
Amaranthus tristis (see A. dubius)<br />
Amaranthus viridis<br />
Ambelania acida<br />
Ambelania occidentalis<br />
Ambelania tenuiflora (see A. acida)<br />
Ambrosia artemisifolia<br />
Ambrosia maritima (see A. artemisifolia)<br />
Ambrosia trifida<br />
Amelanchier alnifolia<br />
Amelanchier alnifolia var. cusickii<br />
Amelanchier arborea<br />
Amelanchier asi<strong>at</strong>ica (under A. ovalis)<br />
Amelanchier bartramiana<br />
Amelanchier canadensis<br />
Amelanchier cusickii (see A. alnifolia var. cusickii)<br />
Amelanchier denticul<strong>at</strong>a (see Malacomeles denticul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Amelanchier florida (see A. alnifolia)<br />
Amelanchier laevis<br />
Amelanchier obovalis<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
840
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Amelanchier ovalis<br />
Amelanchier stolonifera<br />
Amelanchier utahensis<br />
Amelanchier x grandiflora (see A. laevis)<br />
Ammandra dasyneura<br />
Ammandra decasperma<br />
Ammandra n<strong>at</strong>alia (see Aphandra n<strong>at</strong>alia)<br />
Amomyrtus luma<br />
Amoreuxia palm<strong>at</strong>ifida<br />
Amorpha canescens<br />
Amorpha fruticosa<br />
Ampelocera hottlei<br />
Ampelocissus acapulcensis<br />
Ampelopsis brevipeduncul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Ampelopsis brevipeduncul<strong>at</strong>a var. maximowiczii (see A.<br />
brevipeduncul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Ampelopsis heterophylla (see A. brevipeduncul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Amphicarpaea bracte<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Amphicarpaea monoica (see A. bracte<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Amphipterygium adstringens<br />
Amygdalus dulcis (see Prunus dulcis)<br />
Amygdalus persica (see Prunus persica var. nectarina)<br />
Amyris elemifera<br />
Amyrsia foliosa (see Myrcian<strong>the</strong>s foliosa)<br />
Anacardium corymbosum (see A. nanum)<br />
Anacardium excelsum<br />
Anacardium giganteum<br />
Anacardium humile<br />
Anacardium macrocarpum (see A. occidentale)<br />
Anacardium microcarpum (see A. occidentale)<br />
Anacardium nanum<br />
Anacardium negrense<br />
Anacardium occidentale<br />
Anacardium occidentale var. nanum (see A. nanum)<br />
Anacardium parvifolium<br />
Anacardium pumilum (see A. nanum)<br />
Anacardium rhinocarpus (see A. excelsum)<br />
Anacardium spruceanum<br />
Ananas ananassoides<br />
Ananas ananassoides var. nanus (ses A. nanus)<br />
Ananas bracte<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Ananas comosus<br />
Ananas erectifolius (see A. lucidus)<br />
Ananas lucidus<br />
Ananas nanus<br />
Ananas parguazensis (see A. comosus)<br />
Ananas s<strong>at</strong>ivus (see A. comosus)<br />
Ananassa s<strong>at</strong>iva (see Ananas comosus)<br />
Anaueria brasiliensis<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
841
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Ancistrocactus uncin<strong>at</strong>us (see Sclerocactus uncin<strong>at</strong>us var.<br />
wrightii)<br />
Andromeda glaucophylla (see Andromeda polifolia var. glaucophylla)<br />
Andromeda polifolia var. glaucophylla<br />
Andropogon muric<strong>at</strong>us (see Vetiveria zizanioides)<br />
Andropogon nardus (see Cymbopogon nardus)<br />
Andropogon sorghum (see Sorghum bicolor)<br />
Androstephium coeruleum<br />
Anemonella thalictroides (see Thalictrum thalictroides)<br />
Anethum graveolens<br />
Angelica archangelica<br />
Angelica <strong>at</strong>ropurpurea<br />
Angelica lucida<br />
Angostura febrifuga (see A. trifoli<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Angostura trifoli<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Aniba canelilla<br />
Aniba firmula<br />
Anisum <strong>of</strong>ficinarum (see Pimpinella anisum)<br />
Anisum vulgare (see Pimpinella anisum)<br />
Annona acutiflora<br />
Annona ambotay<br />
Annona aurantiaca<br />
Annona bonplandiana (see A. muric<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Annona cacans<br />
Annona cearensis (see A. muric<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Annona cherimola (see also Rollinia sylv<strong>at</strong>ica)<br />
Annona cinera (see A. squamosa)<br />
Annona coriacea<br />
Annona cornifolia<br />
Annona crassiflora<br />
Annona densicoma<br />
Annona diversifolia<br />
Annona echin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Annona exalbida (see Rollinia sylv<strong>at</strong>ica)<br />
Annona excellens<br />
Annona fagifolia (see Rollinia sylv<strong>at</strong>ica)<br />
Annona glabra<br />
Annona globiflora<br />
Annona guaricensis (see A. jahnii)<br />
Annona hypoglauca<br />
Annona impressivenia<br />
Annona jahnii<br />
Annona longiflora<br />
Annona lutescens<br />
Annona macrocarpa (see A. muric<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Annona marcgravii (see A. montana)<br />
Annona montana<br />
Annona monticola (under A. montana)<br />
Annona mucosa (see Rollinia mucosa)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
842
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Annona muric<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Annona nitida (under A. montana)<br />
Annona nutans<br />
Annona paludosa<br />
Annona palustris (see A. glabra)<br />
Annona pisonis (see A. montana)<br />
Annona punct<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Annona purpurea<br />
Annona reticul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Annona sanctae-crucis<br />
Annona scleroderma<br />
Annona sericea<br />
Annona silvestris (see Rollinia sylv<strong>at</strong>ica)<br />
Annona spraguei<br />
Annona squamosa<br />
Annona squamosa x A. cherimola (under A. cherimola and A.<br />
squamosa)<br />
Annona sylv<strong>at</strong>ica (see Rollinia sylv<strong>at</strong>ica)<br />
Annona testudinea<br />
Annona triloba (see Asimina triloba)<br />
Anoda crist<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Anredera baselloides<br />
Anredera cordifolia<br />
Anredera diffusa<br />
Anredera leptostachys (see A. vesicaria)<br />
Anredera vesicaria<br />
Antennaria microphylla<br />
Antennaria neglecta<br />
An<strong>the</strong>mis nobilis (see Chamaemelum nobile)<br />
Anthriscus cereifolium<br />
Anthurium acrob<strong>at</strong>es (see A. breviscapum)<br />
Anthurium alien<strong>at</strong>um (see A. rubrinervium)<br />
Anthurium breviscapum<br />
Anthurium fosteri<br />
Anthurium rigidulum (see A. scandens)<br />
Anthurium rubrinervium<br />
Anthurium scandens<br />
Anthurium triphyllum<br />
Antidesma bunius<br />
Antidesma ghaesembilla<br />
Antidesma panicul<strong>at</strong>um (see A. ghaesembilla)<br />
Antidesma pl<strong>at</strong>yphyllum<br />
Antigonum leptopus<br />
Antrocaryon amazonicum (see Poupartia amazonica)<br />
Aphandra n<strong>at</strong>alia<br />
Apios americana<br />
Apios tuberosa (see A. americana)<br />
Apium graveolens var. dulce<br />
Apium graveolens var. rapaceum<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
843
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Apium petroselinum (see Petroselinum crispum)<br />
Apocynum cannabinum<br />
Aponogeton distachyus<br />
Apuleia ferrea<br />
Arachis hypogaea<br />
Aralia cord<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Aralia hispida<br />
Aralia nudicaulis<br />
Aralia racemosa<br />
Aralia spinosa<br />
Araucaria angustifolia<br />
Araucaria araucana<br />
Araucaria brasiliensis (see A. angustifolia)<br />
Araucaria excelsa (under A. angustifolia and A. araucana)<br />
Araucaria imbric<strong>at</strong>a (see A. araucana)<br />
Arbutus arizonica<br />
Arbutus menziesii<br />
Arbutus texana (see A. xalapensis)<br />
Arbutus xalapensis<br />
Arbutus xalapensis var. arizonica (see A. arizonica)<br />
Archangelica actaeifolium (see Angelica lucida)<br />
Archangelica gmelini (see Angelica lucida)<br />
Arctium lappa<br />
Arctium minus<br />
Arctostaphylos columbiana<br />
Arctostaphylos glauca<br />
Arctostaphylos manzanita<br />
Arctostaphylos p<strong>at</strong>ula<br />
Arctostaphylos pungens<br />
Arctostaphylos stanfordiana<br />
Arctostaphylos tomentosa<br />
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi<br />
Ardisia compressa<br />
Ardisia coriacea<br />
Ardisia cren<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Ardisia elliptica (under A. cren<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Ardisia escallonioides<br />
Ardisia esculenta<br />
Ardisia guadalupensis<br />
Ardisia guianensis<br />
Ardisia longistaminea (see Geissanthus longistamineus)<br />
Ardisia manglillo<br />
Ardisia obov<strong>at</strong>a (see A. guadalupensis)<br />
Ardisia panurensis<br />
Ardisia revoluta<br />
Ardisia sapida<br />
Ardisia semicren<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Ardisia tinifolia (see A. coriacea)<br />
Areca c<strong>at</strong>echu<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
844
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Arecastrum romanz<strong>of</strong>fianum (see Syagrus romanz<strong>of</strong>fiana)<br />
Arecastrum romanz<strong>of</strong>fianum var. botryophora (see Syagrus<br />
botryophora)<br />
Arenaria peploides (see Honckenya peploides subsp. peploides)<br />
Arenga pinn<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Arenga saccharifera (see A. pinn<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Argania sideroxylon (see A. spinosa)<br />
Argania spinosa<br />
Argythamnia heterantha (see Ditaxis heterantha)<br />
Ariocarpus fissur<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Arisaema dracontium<br />
Arisaema triphyllum<br />
Aristoclesia esculenta (see Pl<strong>at</strong>onia esculenta)<br />
Aristolochia maxima<br />
Aristotelia chilensis<br />
Arm<strong>at</strong>ocereus laetus<br />
Armoracia lap<strong>at</strong>hifolia (see A. rusticana)<br />
Armoracia rusticana<br />
Arnoglossum <strong>at</strong>riplicifolium<br />
Aronia arbutifolia (see Photinia pyrifolia)<br />
Aronia arbutifolia var. brilliantissima hort. (see Photinia<br />
pyrifolia)<br />
Aronia melanocarpa (see Photinia melanocarpa)<br />
Aronia mitshurinii (see Photinia melanocarpa)<br />
Aronia nigra (see Photinia melanocarpa)<br />
Aronia x prunifolia (see Photinia floribunda)<br />
Arracacia esculenta (see A. xanthorrhiza)<br />
Arracacia xanthorrhiza<br />
Artemisia absinthium<br />
Artemisia dracunculoides (see A. dracunculus subsp. dracunculus)<br />
Artemisia dracunculus<br />
Artemisia dracunculus subsp. dracunculus<br />
Artemisia frigida<br />
Artemisia ludoviciana<br />
Artemisia mexicana (see A. ludovicianaot)<br />
Artemisia trident<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Artemisia tripartita<br />
Artemisia vulgaris<br />
Arthrocnemum subterminale<br />
Artocarpus altilis<br />
Artocarpus champeden (see A. integer)<br />
Artocarpus communis (see A. altilis)<br />
Artocarpus heterophyllus<br />
Artocarpus incisa (see A. altilis)<br />
Artocarpus integer<br />
Artocarpus integrifolia (see A. heterophyllus)<br />
Artocarpus lacoocha (see A. lacucha)<br />
Artocarpus lacucha<br />
Artocarpus lingnanenis (see A. nitidus subsp. lingnanensis)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
845
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Artocarpus nitidus subsp. lingnanensis<br />
Artocarpus odor<strong>at</strong>issimus<br />
Artocarpus polyphena (see A. integer)<br />
Arum bicolor (see Caladium bicolor)<br />
Arum colocasia (see Colocasia esculenta)<br />
Arundinaria gigantea<br />
Arundinaria macrosperma (see A. gigantea)<br />
Arundo donax<br />
Asarum canadense<br />
Asarum caud<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Asclepias asperula var. decumbens<br />
Asclepias eriocarpa<br />
Asclepias incarn<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Asclepias involucr<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Asclepias speciosa<br />
Asclepias syriaca<br />
Asclepias tuberosa<br />
Asclepiodora decumbens (see Asclepias asperula var. decumbens)<br />
Asimina cune<strong>at</strong>a (see A. reticul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Asimina pulchella (see Deeringothamnus rugelii var. pulchellus)<br />
Asimina reticul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Asimina rugelii (see Deeringothamnus rugelii)<br />
Asimina triloba<br />
Asparagus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis<br />
Aster macrophyllus<br />
Astragalus canadensis<br />
Astragalus caryocarpus (see A. crassicarpus)<br />
Astragalus crassicarpus<br />
Astragalus mexicanus (see A. crassicarpus)<br />
Astragalus pl<strong>at</strong>tensis<br />
Astragalus succulentus (see A. crassicarpus)<br />
Astrocaryum acaule<br />
Astrocaryum acule<strong>at</strong>issimum<br />
Astrocaryum acule<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Astrocaryum awarra (see A. vulgare)<br />
Astrocaryum ayri (see A. acule<strong>at</strong>issimum)<br />
Astrocaryum campestre<br />
Astrocaryum chambira<br />
Astrocaryum guara (see A. jauari)<br />
Astrocaryum gynacanthum<br />
Astrocaryum huicungo (see A. murumuru var. huicungo)<br />
Astrocaryum jauari<br />
Astrocaryum macrocarpum (see A. acule<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Astrocaryum manaoense (see A. acule<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Astrocaryum mexicanum<br />
Astrocaryum munbaca (see A. gynacanthum)<br />
Astrocaryum murumuru var. huicungo<br />
Astrocaryum murumuru var. murumuru<br />
Astrocaryum plic<strong>at</strong>um (see A. sciophilum)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
846
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Astrocaryum princeps (see A. acule<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Astrocaryum princeps (see A. acule<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Astrocaryum sciophilum<br />
Astrocaryum segreg<strong>at</strong>um (see A. vulgare)<br />
Astrocaryum standleyanum<br />
Astrocaryum tucuma (see A. acule<strong>at</strong>um and A. vulgare)<br />
Astrocaryum tucumoides (see A. vulgare)<br />
Astrocaryum vulgare (see also A. chambira)<br />
Atenia montana (see Perideridia gairdneri)<br />
Atriplex argentea<br />
Atriplex canescens<br />
Atriplex confertifolia<br />
Atriplex hast<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Atriplex hortensis<br />
Atriplex lentiformis<br />
Atriplex p<strong>at</strong>ula<br />
Atriplex polycarpa<br />
Atriplex semibacc<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Atriplex subspic<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Atriplex wrightii<br />
Attalea allenii<br />
Attalea amygdalina<br />
Attalea butyracea<br />
Attalea cohune<br />
Attalea colenda<br />
Attalea compta (see A. oleifera)<br />
Attalea crassisp<strong>at</strong>ha<br />
Attalea cu<strong>at</strong>recasana<br />
Attalea dubia<br />
Attalea excelsa (see A. phaler<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Attalea exigua<br />
Attalea funifera<br />
Attalea geraensis<br />
Attalea guaranitica (see A. geraensis)<br />
Attalea humilis<br />
Attalea maripa<br />
Attalea microcarpa<br />
Attalea monogyna (see A. geraensis)<br />
Attalea oleifera<br />
Attalea phaler<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Attalea princeps (see A. phaler<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Attalea speciosa<br />
Attalea spectabilis<br />
Attalea tessmannii<br />
Attalea uberrima (see A. amygdalina)<br />
Attalea victoriana (see A. amygdalina)<br />
Aulomyrcia lauriflora (see Myrcia guianensis)<br />
Aulomyrcia sphaerocarpa (see Myrcia multiflora)<br />
Aulospermum longipes (see Cymopterus longipes)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
847
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Aulospermum purpureum (see Cymopterus purpureus)<br />
Auxemma oncocalyx<br />
Avena byzantina<br />
Avena f<strong>at</strong>ua<br />
Avena nuda<br />
Avena s<strong>at</strong>iva<br />
Averrhoa bilimbi<br />
Averrhoa carambola<br />
Avicennia germinans<br />
Aydendron firmulum (see Aniba firmula)<br />
Azalea nudiflora (see Rhododendron periclymenoides)<br />
Baccharis gaudichaudiana<br />
Baccharis trimera<br />
Baccharis triptera (under B. trimera)<br />
Bactris acanthocarpa var. crisp<strong>at</strong>a (see B. acanthocarpoides)<br />
Bactris acanthocarpoides<br />
Bactris actinoneura (see B. maraja var. maraja)<br />
Bactris amoena (see B. simplicifrons)<br />
Bactris arenaria (see B. simplicifrons)<br />
Bactris arundinacea (see B. tomentosa var. tomentosa)<br />
Bactris brongniartii<br />
Bactris chaetosp<strong>at</strong>ha (see B. maraja var. chaetosp<strong>at</strong>ha)<br />
Bactris concinna<br />
Bactris gasipaes<br />
Bactris guineensis<br />
Bactris infesta (see B. major var. infesta)<br />
Bactris insignis (see B. gasipaes)<br />
Bactris macana<br />
Bactris macroacantha<br />
Bactris major var. infesta<br />
Bactris major var. major<br />
Bactris major var. megalocarpa<br />
Bactris major var. socialis<br />
Bactris maraja var. chaetosp<strong>at</strong>ha<br />
Bactris maraja var. juruensis<br />
Bactris maraja var. maraja<br />
Bactris megalocarpa (see B. major var. megalocarpa)<br />
Bactris minor (see B. guineensis)<br />
Bactris monticola (see B. maraja)<br />
Bactris penicill<strong>at</strong>a (see B. maraja var. juruensis)<br />
Bactris piranga (see B. maraja var. juruensis)<br />
Bactris praemorsa (see Aiphanes acule<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Bactris setosa<br />
Bactris simplicifrons<br />
Bactris shaerocarpa (see B. tomentosa var. shaerocarpa)<br />
Bactris speciosa (see B. gasipaes)<br />
Bactris sociales (see B. major var. socialis)<br />
Bactris subglobosa (see B. major var. major)<br />
Bactris tomentosa var. shaerocarpa<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
848
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Bactris tomentosa var. tomentosa<br />
Bagassa guianensis<br />
Balsamorhiza deltoidea<br />
Balsamorhiza hookeri<br />
Balsamorhiza sagitt<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Bambusa arundinaceae (see B. vulgaris)<br />
Bambusa tuldoides (under B. vulgaris)<br />
Bambusa vulgaris<br />
Banisteria crotonifolia<br />
Banisteria lupuloides (see Gouania lupuloides)<br />
Barbarea praecox (see B. verna)<br />
Barbarea verna<br />
Barbarea vulgaris<br />
Basanacantha arm<strong>at</strong>a (see Randia arm<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Basella alba<br />
Basella crodifolia (under B. alba)<br />
Basella rubra (see B. alba)<br />
Basella tuberosa (see Ullucus tuberosus subsp. tuberosus)<br />
B<strong>at</strong>is maritima<br />
B<strong>at</strong>ocarpus amazonicus<br />
B<strong>at</strong>ocarpus orinocensis<br />
Bauhinia dipetela<br />
Bauhinia esculenta<br />
Bauhinia purpurea<br />
Bauhinia varieg<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Begonia barkeri<br />
Begonia franconis<br />
Begonia fusca<br />
Begonia gracilis<br />
Begonia heracleifolia<br />
Begonia incarn<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Begonia manic<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Begonia nelumbiifolia<br />
Begonia sp.<br />
Beilschmiedia anay<br />
Bellucia aequiloba<br />
Bellucia axinan<strong>the</strong>ra (see B. pentamera)<br />
Bellucia brasiliensis (see B. grossularioides)<br />
Bellucia costaricensis<br />
Bellucia grossularioides<br />
Bellucia imperialis<br />
Bellucia pentamera<br />
Bellucia spruceana (see Loreya spruceana)<br />
Benincasa cerifera (see B. hispida)<br />
Benincasa hispida<br />
Benzoin aestivale (see Lindera benzoin)<br />
Berberis aquifolium var. repens (see B. repens)<br />
Berberis buxifolia<br />
Berberis canadensis<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
849
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Berberis darwinii<br />
Berberis haem<strong>at</strong>ocarpa<br />
Berberis nervosa<br />
Berberis pinn<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Berberis repens<br />
Berberis swaseyi<br />
Berberis trifoli<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Berberis vulgaris<br />
Berlandiera lyr<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Bertholletia excelsa<br />
Bertholletia nobilis (see B. excelsa)<br />
Besleria violacea (see Schlegelia violacea)<br />
Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla<br />
Beta vulgaris var. conditiva (see B. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris)<br />
Beta vulgaris var. esculenta (see B. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris)<br />
Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima<br />
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris<br />
Betonica <strong>of</strong>ficinalis<br />
Betula alba (see B. pubescens subsp. pubescens)<br />
Betula lenta<br />
Betula pubescens subsp. pubescens<br />
Bidens bigelovii<br />
Bidens pilosa<br />
Bidens squarrosa<br />
Bidens tripartita<br />
Bignonia capreol<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Bignonia hymenaea (see Mansoa hymenaea)<br />
Bistorta vivipara (see Polygonum viviparum)<br />
Bixa orellana<br />
Blakea spp.<br />
Blephilia cili<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Blephilia hirsuta<br />
Blighia sapida<br />
Blitum capit<strong>at</strong>um (see Chenopodium capit<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Blutaporon vermiculare<br />
Boerhavia erecta<br />
Boerhaavia tuberosus (see Commicarpus tuberosa)<br />
Boldoa fragrans (see Peumus boldus)<br />
Bomarea acutifolia<br />
Bomarea edulis<br />
Bomarea glaucescens<br />
Bomarea ov<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Bomarea salsilla<br />
Bombax aqu<strong>at</strong>icum (see Pachira aqu<strong>at</strong>ica)<br />
Bombax ellipticum<br />
Bombax gracilipes (see Erio<strong>the</strong>ca gracilipes)<br />
Bombax munguba (see Pseudobombax munguba)<br />
Bombax pentandrum (see Ceiba pentandra)<br />
Bombax spruceanum (see Pachira insignis)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
850
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Bonafousia longituba (see Tabernaemontana markgrafiana)<br />
Bonafousia sananho (see Tabernaemontana sananho)<br />
Bonfousia tetrastachya (see Tabernaemontana siphilitica)<br />
Bontia daphnoides<br />
Borago <strong>of</strong>ficinales<br />
Borassus aethiopum<br />
Borassus flabellifer<br />
Bornoa crassisp<strong>at</strong>ha (see Attalea crassisp<strong>at</strong>ha)<br />
Borojoa p<strong>at</strong>inoi<br />
Borojoa sorbilis (see Alibertia sorbilis)<br />
Borojoa stipularis<br />
Borrichia arborescens<br />
Borzicactus acanthurus (see Cleistocactus acanthurus)<br />
Borzicactus eriotrichus (see Cleistocactus acanthurus)<br />
Borzicactus sepium (see Cleistocactus sepium)<br />
Bouea gandaria (see B. macrophylla)<br />
Bouea macrophylla<br />
Bourreria formosa (see B. huanita)<br />
Bourreria huanita<br />
Bourreria ov<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Bourreria succulenta<br />
Boussingaultia baselloides (see Anedra baselloides)<br />
Bouteloua gracilis<br />
Brahea arm<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Brahea brandeegei<br />
Brahea dulcis<br />
Brahea edulis<br />
Brahea salvadorensis (see B. dulcis)<br />
Brahea serrul<strong>at</strong>a (see Serenoa repens)<br />
Brasenia schreberi<br />
Brassica alba (see Sinapis alba)<br />
Brassica arvensis (see Sinapis arvensis)<br />
Brassica campestris (see B. rapa var. rapa)<br />
Brassica campestris var. rapa (see B. rapa var. rapa)<br />
Brassica chinensis<br />
Brassica hirta (see Sinapis alba)<br />
Brassica juncea<br />
Brassica kaber (see Sinapis arvensis)<br />
Brassica napobrassica (see B. napus var. napobrassica)<br />
Brassica napus<br />
Brassica napus var. napobrassica<br />
Brassica nigra<br />
Brassica oleracea var. acephala<br />
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis<br />
Brassica oleracea var. capit<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera<br />
Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes<br />
Brassica pekinensis (see B. rapa var. amplexicaulis)<br />
Brassica rapa var. amplexicaulis<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
851
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Brassica rapa var. rapa<br />
Britoa acida (see Psidium acutangulum)<br />
Britoa sellowiana (see Psidium acutangulum)<br />
Brodiaea douglasii<br />
Brodiaea pulchella<br />
Bromelia alsodes<br />
Bromelia chrysantha<br />
Bromelia comosa (see Ananas comosus)<br />
Bromelia fastuosa (see B. pinguin)<br />
Bromelia hemisphaerica<br />
Bromelia kar<strong>at</strong>as (see B. plumeiri)<br />
Bromelia longifolia (see Aechmea longifolia)<br />
Bromelia nidus-puellae<br />
Bromelia pinguin<br />
Bromelia plumeiri<br />
Bromelia slyvestris (see B. alsodes)<br />
Bromelia trianae<br />
Bromus anomalus (see B. porteri)<br />
Bromus carin<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Bromus mango<br />
Bromus porteri<br />
Brosimum acutifolium<br />
Brosimum alicastrum<br />
Brosimum aubletii (see B. guianense)<br />
Brosimum costaricanum<br />
Brosimum discolor (see B. guianense)<br />
Brosimum galactodendron (see B. utile)<br />
Brosimum gaudichaudii<br />
Brosimum guianense<br />
Brosimum lactescens<br />
Brosimum longifolium (see B. utile subsp. longifolium)<br />
Brosimum mello-berretoi (see Naucleopsis mello-berretoi)<br />
Brosimum ov<strong>at</strong>ifolium (see B. utile subsp. ov<strong>at</strong>ifolium)<br />
Brosimum potabile<br />
Brosimum terrabanum (see B. alicastrum)<br />
Brosimum utile<br />
Brosimum utile subsp. longifolium<br />
Brosimum utile subsp. ov<strong>at</strong>ifolium<br />
Broussonetia xanthoxylum (see Maclura tinctoria)<br />
Bubroma grandiflorum (see Theobroma grandiflorum)<br />
Buddleja cord<strong>at</strong>a (seen also as Buddleia cord<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Buddleja humboldtiana (see B. cord<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Bumelia altamiranoi (see Sideroxylon altamiranoi)<br />
Bumelia celastrina (see Sideroxylon celastrinum)<br />
Bumelia laetevirens (see Sideroxylon palmeri)<br />
Bumelia lanuginosa (see Sideroxylon lanuginosum subsp.<br />
lanuginosum)<br />
Bumelia obtusifolia (see Sideroxylon obtusifolium subsp.<br />
obtusifolium)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
852
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Bumelia retusa (see Sideroxylon americanum)<br />
Bumelia sertorum (see Sideroxylon obtusifolium subsp.<br />
obtusifolium)<br />
Bumelia spiniflora (see Sideroxylon celastrinum)<br />
Bumelia tenax (see Sideroxylon tenax)<br />
Bunchosia argentea<br />
Bunchosia armeniaca<br />
Bunchosia costaricensis<br />
Bunchosia glandulifera<br />
Bunchosia glandulosa<br />
Bunchosia guadalajarensis (see Malpighia mexicana)<br />
Bunchosia lanceol<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Bursera hindsiana<br />
Bursera leptophloeos (see Commiphora leptophloeos)<br />
Bursera simaruba<br />
Butia capit<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Butia capit<strong>at</strong>a subsp. y<strong>at</strong>ay (see B. y<strong>at</strong>ay)<br />
Butia eriosp<strong>at</strong>ha<br />
Butia y<strong>at</strong>ay<br />
Byrsonima aerugo<br />
Byrsonima amazonica (see B. densa)<br />
Byrsonima brasiliensis (see B. sericea)<br />
Byrsonima chrysophylla (see also B. sericea)<br />
Byrsonima cinerea (see B. crassifolia)<br />
Byrsonima coriacea var. spic<strong>at</strong>a (see B. spic<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Byrsonima cotinifolia (see B. crassifolia)<br />
Byrsonima crassifolia<br />
Byrsonima crispa<br />
Byrsonima densa<br />
Byrsonima ferruginea (see B. crassifolia)<br />
Byrsonima intermedia<br />
Byrsonima laevig<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Byrsonima lancifolia<br />
Byrsonima lucida<br />
Byrsonima lucidule<br />
Byrsonima nitida<br />
Byrsonima peruviana (see B. chyrsophylla)<br />
Byrsonima peruviana var. eglandulosa (see B. chyrsophylla)<br />
Byrsonima sericea<br />
Byrsonima spic<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Byrsonima stipulacea<br />
Byrsonima verbascifolia<br />
Byttneria acule<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Byttneria carthagenensis (see B. acule<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Cabralea canjerana<br />
Cacalia <strong>at</strong>riplicifolia (see Arnoglossum <strong>at</strong>riplicifolium)<br />
Cacara erosa (see Pachyrhizus erosus)<br />
Cacara tuberosa (see Pachyrrhizus tuberosus)<br />
Cactus bleo (see Pereskia grandifolia)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
853
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Cactus bonplandii (see Opuntia bonplandii)<br />
Cactus chiloensis (see Echinopsis chiloensis)<br />
Cactus grandiflorus (see Selenicereus grandiflorus)<br />
Cactus indicus (see Opuntia monacantha)<br />
Cactus monacanthos (see Opuntia monacantha)<br />
Cactus pereskia (see Pereskia acule<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Caesalpinia bonduc<br />
Caesalpinia gilliesii<br />
Caesalpinia pulcherrima<br />
Cajanus bicolor (see C. cajan)<br />
Cajanus cajan<br />
Cajanus cajan var. bicolor (see C. cajan)<br />
Cajanus flavus (see C. cajan)<br />
Cajanus indicus (see C. cajan)<br />
Cakile edulenta<br />
Cakile lanceol<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Cakile maritima<br />
Caladium bicolor<br />
Caladium colocasia (see Colocasia esculenta)<br />
Caladium esculentum (see Colocasia esculenta)<br />
Caladium lindenii<br />
Caladium schomburgkii<br />
Caladium sororium (see C. bicolor)<br />
Caladium stri<strong>at</strong>ipes (see Xanthosoma riedelianum)<br />
Calamintha macrostema (see S<strong>at</strong>ureja macrostema)<br />
Calandrinia cili<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Calandrinia menziesii (see C. cili<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Calandrinia micrantha (see C. cili<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Cala<strong>the</strong>a allouia<br />
Cala<strong>the</strong>a lutea<br />
Cala<strong>the</strong>a macrochlamys (see Stroman<strong>the</strong> macrochlamys)<br />
Cala<strong>the</strong>a macrosepala (see C. allouia)<br />
Cala<strong>the</strong>a violacea (see C. allouia)<br />
Calendula <strong>of</strong>ficinalis<br />
Calla palustris<br />
Calliandra saman (see Samanea saman)<br />
Callicarpa americana<br />
Callicarpa japonica<br />
Callirhoe digit<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Callirhoe involucr<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Calocarpum mammosum (see Pouteria sapota)<br />
Calocarpum sapota (see Pouteria sapota)<br />
Calocarpum viride (see Pouteria viridis)<br />
Calochortus aureus<br />
Calochortus elegans<br />
Calochortus flexuosus<br />
Calochortus gunnisonii<br />
Calochortus macrocarpus<br />
Calochortus nutallii<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
854
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Calochortus pulchellus<br />
Calonyction acule<strong>at</strong>um (see Ipomoea alba)<br />
Calonyction album (see Ipomoea alba)<br />
Calophyllum antillanum (see Sinningia incarn<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Calophyllum brasiliense (see Sinningia incarn<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Calophyllum brasiliense var. antilliense (see Sinningia incarn<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Calophyllum calaba (see Sinningia incarn<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Calophyllum edulis (see Rheedia edulis)<br />
Calophyllum inophyllum<br />
Calopogonium caeruleum<br />
Caltha leptosepala<br />
Caltha palustris<br />
Calycanthus floridus<br />
Calycanthus occidentalis<br />
Calycolpus moritizianus<br />
Calypso borealis (see C. bulbosa)<br />
Calypso bulbosa<br />
Calyptran<strong>the</strong>s arom<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
Calyptran<strong>the</strong>s grandifolia<br />
Calyptran<strong>the</strong>s obscura (see Mitran<strong>the</strong>s obscura)<br />
Calyptran<strong>the</strong>s pallens<br />
Calyptran<strong>the</strong>s plic<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Calyptran<strong>the</strong>s schiedeana<br />
Calyptran<strong>the</strong>s zuzygium<br />
Calyptronoma dulcis (see C. plumeriana)<br />
Calyptronoma plumeriana<br />
Calyptropsidium sartorianum (see Psidium sartorianum)<br />
Calystegia sepium<br />
Camassia esculenta (see C. scilloides)<br />
Camassia hyacinthina (see C. scilloides)<br />
Camassia leichtlinii<br />
Camassia quamash<br />
Camassia scilloides<br />
Camellia japonica<br />
Camellia sinensis<br />
Camellia <strong>the</strong>a (see C. sinensis)<br />
Campanula rapunculoides<br />
Campe verna (see Barbarea verna)<br />
Campnosperma panamense<br />
Campomanesia adamantium<br />
Campomanesia arom<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
Campomanesia cerulea (see C. adamantium)<br />
Campomanesia cornifolia (see C. line<strong>at</strong>ifolia)<br />
Campomanesia cren<strong>at</strong>a (see C. xanthocarpa var. xanthocarpa)<br />
Campomanesia guaviroba (under C. arom<strong>at</strong>ica)<br />
Campomanesia line<strong>at</strong>ifolia<br />
Campomanesia obscura (see C. adamantium)<br />
Campomanesia phaea<br />
Campomanesia xanthocarpa<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
855
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Campomanesia xanthocarpa var. xanthocarpa<br />
Campsiandra angustifolia<br />
Campsiandra comosa<br />
Campsiandra comosa var. laurifolia (under C. comosa)<br />
Campsiandra laurifolia (see C. comosa var. laurifolia)<br />
Canarium commune<br />
Canarium ov<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Canavalia ensiformis<br />
Canavalia gladi<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Canavalia ladi<strong>at</strong>a (see C. ensiformis)<br />
Canavalia maritima (see C. rosea)<br />
Canavalia rosea<br />
Canavalia villosa<br />
Canella alba (see C. winterana)<br />
Canella winterana<br />
Canna coccinea (see C. indica)<br />
Canna edulis (see C. indica)<br />
Canna flaccida<br />
Canna glauca<br />
Canna indica<br />
Canna lutea<br />
Canna panicul<strong>at</strong>a (under C. indica)<br />
Cannabis indica (see C. s<strong>at</strong>iva subsp. indica)<br />
Cannabis s<strong>at</strong>iva<br />
Cannabis s<strong>at</strong>iva subsp. indica (under C. s<strong>at</strong>iva)<br />
Capparis spinosa<br />
Capirona decordicans<br />
Capraria biflora<br />
Capsella bursa-pastoris<br />
Capsicum annuum var. annuum<br />
Capsicum annuum var. aviculare<br />
Capsicum annuum var. conicum<br />
Capsicum annuum var. conoide<br />
Capsicum annuum var. conoide (see C.a. var. conicum)<br />
Capsicum annuum var. frutescens<br />
Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum (see C.a. var. aviculare)<br />
Capsicum annuum var. grossum (see C.a. var. annuum)<br />
Capsicum annuum var. minimum (see C.a. var. aviculare)<br />
Capsicum bacc<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Capsicum bacc<strong>at</strong>um var. pendulum (see C. bacc<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Capsicum bacc<strong>at</strong>um var. praetermissum (see C. bacc<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Capsicum cardenasii<br />
Capsicum chacoense<br />
Capsicum chinense<br />
Capsicum conicum (see C. annuum var. conicum)<br />
Capsicum eximium<br />
Capsicum frutescens (see C. annuum var. frutescens)<br />
Capsicum frutescens var. frutescens (see C. annuum var. aviculare)<br />
Capsicum glapagoensis<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
856
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Capsicum grossum (see C. annuum var. annuum)<br />
Capsicum hispidum var. glabriusculum (see C. annuum var.<br />
aviculare)<br />
Capsicum indicum var. aviculare (see C. annuum var. aviculare)<br />
Capsicum minimum (see C. annuum var. aviculare)<br />
Capsicum pendulum (see C. bacc<strong>at</strong>um var. pendulum)<br />
Capsicum pubescens<br />
Cardamindum majus (see Tropaeolum majus)<br />
Cardamindum minus (see Tropaeolum minus)<br />
Cardamine bonariensis<br />
Cardamine conc<strong>at</strong>en<strong>at</strong>a (under C. diphylla)<br />
Cardamine diphylla<br />
Cardamine hirsuta<br />
Cardamine nasturtioides (see C. bonariensis)<br />
Cardamine oligosperma<br />
Cardamine pensylvanica<br />
Cardamine pr<strong>at</strong>ensis<br />
Carduus edulis (see Cirsium edule)<br />
Carduus nutans<br />
Carica boissieri (see Vasconcellea cauliflora)<br />
Carica candamarcencis (see Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis)<br />
Carica candicans (see Vasconcellea candicans)<br />
Carica cauliflora (see Vasconcellea cauliflora)<br />
Carica cestriflora (see Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis)<br />
Carica chilensis (see Vasconcellea chilensis)<br />
Carica chiriquensis (see Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis)<br />
Carica chrysopetala (see Vasconcellea x heilbornii var.<br />
chrysopetala)<br />
Carica chrysophylla (see Vasconcellea x heilbornii)<br />
Carica crassipetala (see Vasconcellea crassipetala)<br />
Carica cundinamarcensis (see Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis)<br />
Carica digit<strong>at</strong>a (see Jacar<strong>at</strong>ia digit<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Carica erythrocarpa (see Vasconcellea monoica)<br />
Carica fructifragrans (see Vasconcellea x heilbornii var.<br />
fructigragrans)<br />
Carica goudotiana (see Vasconcellea goudotiana)<br />
Carica gracilis (see Vasconcellea goudotiana)<br />
Carica leptantha (see Vasconcellea parviflora)<br />
Carica manihot (see Vasconcellea microcarpa)<br />
Carica mexicana (see Jacar<strong>at</strong>ia mexicana)<br />
Carica microcarpa (see Vasconcellea microcarpa)<br />
Carica microcarpa subsp. microcarpa (see Vasconcellea microcarpa)<br />
Carica microcarpa subsp. heterophylla (see Vasconcellea<br />
microcarpa)<br />
Carica monoica (see Vasconcellea monoica)<br />
Carica palandensis (see Vasconcellea palandensis)<br />
Carica papaya<br />
Carica panicul<strong>at</strong>a (see Vasconcellea parviflora)<br />
Carica parviflora (see Vasconcellea parviflora)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Carica pentagona (see C. x heilbornii)<br />
Carica pelt<strong>at</strong>a (see C. papaya)<br />
Carica pentagona (see Vasconcellea x heilbornii)<br />
Carica pubescens (see Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis)<br />
Carica quercifolia (see Vasconcellea quercifolia)<br />
Carica spinosa (see Jacar<strong>at</strong>ia spinosa)<br />
Carica stipul<strong>at</strong>a (see Vasconcellea stipul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Carica weberbaueri (see Vasconcellea weberbaueri)<br />
Carica x heilbornii (see Vasconcellea x heilbornii)<br />
Carica x heilbornii nm. chrysopetala (see Vasconcellea x<br />
heilbornii var. chrysopetala)<br />
Carica x heilbornii nm. fructifragrans (see Vasconcellea x<br />
heilbornii var. fructigragrans)<br />
Cariniana pyriformis<br />
Carissa carandas<br />
Carissa grandiflora (see C. macrocarpa)<br />
Carissa macrocarpa<br />
Carludovica palm<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Carnegiea gigantea<br />
Carpinus americana (see C. caroliniana)<br />
Carpinus caroliniana<br />
Carpobrotus aequil<strong>at</strong>eralis (see C. aequil<strong>at</strong>erus)<br />
Carpobrotus aequil<strong>at</strong>erus<br />
Carpobrotus chilensis<br />
Carpobrotus deliciosus<br />
Carpobrotus dulcis (under C. edulis)<br />
Carpobrotus edulis<br />
Carpobrotus muirii (under C. edulis)<br />
Carpotroche brasiliensis<br />
Carpotroche longifolia<br />
Carthamus tinctorius<br />
Carum carvi<br />
Carum gairdneri (see Perideridia gairdneri)<br />
Carum montanum (see Perideridia gairdneri)<br />
Carya alba (see C. tomentosa)<br />
Carya aqu<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
Carya buckleyi (see C. texana)<br />
Carya carolinae-septentrionalis (see C. ov<strong>at</strong>a var. australis)<br />
Carya cordiformis<br />
Carya floridana<br />
Carya glabra<br />
Carya illinoinensis<br />
Carya laciniosa<br />
Carya mexicana (see C. ov<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Carya myristiciformis<br />
Carya oliviformis (see C. illinoinensis)<br />
Carya ovalis (see C. glabra)<br />
Carya ov<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Carya ov<strong>at</strong>a var. australis (see C. ov<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
858
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Carya pallida<br />
Carya texana<br />
Carya tomentosa<br />
Caryocar amygdaliferum<br />
Caryocar brasiliense (under C. villosum)<br />
Caryocar butyrosum (see C. villosum)<br />
Caryocar coriaceum<br />
Caryocar cune<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Caryocar glabrum<br />
Caryocar microcarpum<br />
Caryocar nuciferum<br />
Caryocar tomentosusm<br />
Caryocar villosum<br />
Caryodendron amazonicum<br />
Caryodendron orinocense<br />
Caryophyllus arom<strong>at</strong>icus (see Syzygium arom<strong>at</strong>icum)<br />
Caryota urens<br />
Casasia clusiifolia<br />
Casearia combaymensis<br />
Casearia corymbosa<br />
Casearia decandra<br />
Casearia fascicul<strong>at</strong>e<br />
Casearia nitida (see C. decandra and C. corymbosa)<br />
Casearia pringlei (see C. corymbosa)<br />
Casearia parviflora (see C. decandra)<br />
Casearia prunifolia<br />
Casimirella ampla<br />
Casimiroa edulis<br />
Casimiroa sapota<br />
Casimiroa tetrameria<br />
Cassia bicapsularis (see Senna bicapsularis)<br />
Cassia floribunda (see Senna x floribunda)<br />
Cassia fructicosa (see Senna fructicosa)<br />
Cassia grandis<br />
Cassia marilandica (see Senna marilandica)<br />
Cassia laevig<strong>at</strong>a (see Senna septentrionalis)<br />
Cassia leiandra<br />
Cassia obtusifolia (see Senna obtusifolia)<br />
Cassia occidentalis (see Senna occidentalis)<br />
Cassia ornithopoides (see Senna uniflora)<br />
Cassia pendula (see Senna pendula var. pendula)<br />
Cassia sericea (see Senna uniflora)<br />
Cassia tomentosa (see Senna hursuta var. hursuta)<br />
Cassia tora (see Senna obtusifolia)<br />
Cassia uniflora (see Senna uniflora)<br />
Castalia ampla (see Nymphaea ampla)<br />
Castalia odor<strong>at</strong>a (see Mymphaea odor<strong>at</strong>a subsp. Odor<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Castanea alnifolia (see C. pumila var. pumila)<br />
Castanea dent<strong>at</strong>a<br />
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859
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Castanea mollissima<br />
Castanea pumila var. pumila<br />
Castanopsis chrysophylla (see Chrysolepis chrysophylla)<br />
Castilla ulei<br />
Castilleja linariaefolia<br />
C<strong>at</strong>esbaea spinosa<br />
C<strong>at</strong>haranthus roseus<br />
Caulanthus glaucus<br />
Cavanillesia pl<strong>at</strong>anifolia<br />
Cavanillesia umbell<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Cavendishia adenophora<br />
Cavendishia bracte<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Cavendishia caulial<strong>at</strong>a (see Thibaudia caulial<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Cavendishia cordifolia (see C. bracte<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Cavendishia divaric<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Cavendishia dulcis<br />
Cavendishia gilgiana (see C. tarapotana var. gilgiana)<br />
Cavendishia nitida (see Macleania rupestris)<br />
Cavendishia pubescens<br />
Cavendishia tarapotana var. gilgiana<br />
Cayaponia ruizii<br />
Ceanothus americanus<br />
Ceanothus cune<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Ceanothus fendlari<br />
Ceanothus herbaceous<br />
Ceanothus ov<strong>at</strong>us (see C. herbaceous)<br />
Ceanothus reclin<strong>at</strong>us (see Colubrina elliptica)<br />
Ceanothus sanguineus<br />
Ceanothus velutinus<br />
Cecropia obtusifolia<br />
Cecropia palm<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Cecropia pelt<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Cecropia sciadophylla<br />
Ceiba aesculifolia<br />
Ceiba occidentalis (see C. pentandra)<br />
Ceiba pentandra<br />
Celastrus scandens<br />
Celtis boliviensis (see C. iguanaea)<br />
Celtis brasiliensis (see C. iguanaea)<br />
Celtis douglasii (see C. reticul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Celtis ehrenbergiana<br />
Celtis glycycarpa (see C. triflora)<br />
Celtis iguanaea<br />
Celtis laevig<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Celtis laevig<strong>at</strong>a var. reticul<strong>at</strong>a (see C. reticul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Celtis morifolia (see C. iguanaea)<br />
Celtis occidentalis<br />
Celtis pallida (see C. ehrenbergiana)<br />
Celtis pubescens (see C. iguanaea)<br />
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860
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Celtis reticul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Celtis sellowiana (see C. ehrenbergiana and C. iguanaea)<br />
Celtis spinosa (see C. iguanaea)<br />
Celtis spinosa var. pallida (see C. ehrenbergiana)<br />
Celtis tala (see C. ehrenbergiana)<br />
Celtis tala var. pallida (see C. ehrenbergiana)<br />
Celtis triflora<br />
Centropogon cornutus<br />
Cephalocereus russelianus (see Pilocereus russelianus)<br />
Cerastium semidecandrum<br />
Cerasus tomentosa (see Prunus tomentosa)<br />
Cer<strong>at</strong>onia siliqua<br />
Cer<strong>at</strong>opteris thalictroides<br />
Cercidium floridum (see Parkinsonia florida)<br />
Cercidium microphyllum (see Parkinsonia microphylla)<br />
Cercidium torreyanum (see Parkinsonia florida)<br />
Cercis canadensis<br />
Cercis occidentalis (see C. canadensis)<br />
Cerdana alliodora (see Cordia alliodora)<br />
Cereus chacoanus (see Stetsonia coryne)<br />
Cereus chiloensis (see Echinopsis chiloensis)<br />
Cereus columna-trajani<br />
Cereus coryne (see Stetsonia coryne)<br />
Cereus eriophorus var. fragrans (see Harrisia fragrans)<br />
Cereus geometrizans (see Myrtillocactus geometrizans)<br />
Cereus giganteus (see Carnegiea gigantea)<br />
Cereus grandiflorus (see Selenicereus grandiflorus)<br />
Cereus guelichii (see H. balansae)<br />
Cereus gummosus (see Lemaireocereus gummosus)<br />
Cereus hexagonus<br />
Cereus jamacaru<br />
Cereus margaritensis<br />
Cereus margin<strong>at</strong>us (see Lemaireocereus margin<strong>at</strong>us)<br />
Cereus megalanthus (see Selenicereus megalanthus)<br />
Cereus ocamponis (see Hylocereus ocamponis)<br />
Cereus pernambucensis<br />
Cereus peruvianus (see C. repandus)<br />
Cereus pringlei (see Pachycereus pringlei)<br />
Cereus quisco (see Echinopsis chiloensis)<br />
Cereus repandus<br />
Cereus spinulosus (see Selenicereus spinulosus)<br />
Cereus trigonus var. gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis (see Hylocereus und<strong>at</strong>us)<br />
Cereus und<strong>at</strong>us (see Hylocereus und<strong>at</strong>us)<br />
Cereus variabilis (see C. pernambucensis)<br />
Ceroxylon echinul<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Cestrum nocturnum<br />
Chaenomeles speciosa<br />
Chaerophyllum bulbosum<br />
Chaetoptelea mexicana (see Ulmus mexicana)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
861
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Chaetospermum glutinosum (see Swinglea glutinosa)<br />
Chamaedorea costaricana<br />
Chamaedorea elegans<br />
Chamaedorea graminifolia (under C. elegans)<br />
Chamaedorea pacaya (see C. pinn<strong>at</strong>ifrons)<br />
Chamaedorea pinn<strong>at</strong>ifrons (under C. elegans)<br />
Chamaedorea sartorii (under C. elegans)<br />
Chamaedorea seifrizii (under C. elegans)<br />
Chamaedorea tepejilote<br />
Chamaedorea wendlandiana (see C. tepejilote)<br />
Chamaemelum nobile<br />
Chamaenerion angustifolium (see Epilobium angustifolium subsp.<br />
angustifolium)<br />
Chamaenerion l<strong>at</strong>ifolium (see Chemerion l<strong>at</strong>ifolium)<br />
Chamaerops humilis<br />
Chamaesarcha coronopus<br />
Chamissoa altissima<br />
Chamomilla recutita<br />
Chayota edulis (see Sechium edule)<br />
Cheiloclinium cogn<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Chelyocarpus ulei<br />
Chemerion l<strong>at</strong>ifolium<br />
Chenopodium album<br />
Chenopodium ambrosioides<br />
Chenopodium ambrosioides var. an<strong>the</strong>lmiticus (see C. ambrosioides)<br />
Chenopodium an<strong>the</strong>lminticum (see C. ambrosioides)<br />
Chenopodium berlandieri<br />
Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae<br />
Chenopodium botrys<br />
Chenopodium capit<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Chenopodium canihua (see C. pallidicaule)<br />
Chenopodium carnosulum<br />
Chenopodium caud<strong>at</strong>um (see Amaranthus viridis)<br />
Chenopodium fremontii<br />
Chenopodium incanum<br />
Chenopodium gigantospermum (see C. simplex)<br />
Chenopodium hircinum<br />
Chenopodium leptophyllum<br />
Chenopodium murale<br />
Chenopodium nuttalliae (see C. berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae)<br />
Chenopodium pallidicaule<br />
Chenopodium petiolare<br />
Chenopodium quinoa<br />
Chenopodium quinoa var. melanospermum<br />
Chenopodium simplex<br />
Chenopodium urbicum<br />
Chimaphila macul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Chimaphila umbell<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Chiococca alba<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
862
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Chiogenes hispidula (see Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria hispidula)<br />
Chionanthus virginicus<br />
Chlorogalum pomeridianum<br />
Chloroleucon ebano (see Ebenopsis ebano)<br />
Chlorophora tinctoria (see Maclura tinctoria)<br />
Chlorophora tinctoria subsp. tinctoria (see Maclura tinctoria)<br />
Chondodendron pl<strong>at</strong>yphyllum<br />
Chondrodendron tomentosum<br />
Chromolaena collina<br />
Chrysallidosperma smithii (see Syagrus smithii)<br />
Chrysan<strong>the</strong>mum integrifolium (see Leucan<strong>the</strong>mum integrifolium)<br />
Chrysan<strong>the</strong>mum coronarium<br />
Crysan<strong>the</strong>mum leucan<strong>the</strong>mum (see Leucan<strong>the</strong>mum vulgare)<br />
Chrysan<strong>the</strong>mum segetum<br />
Chrysobalanus icaco<br />
Chrysolepis chrysophylla<br />
Chrysolepis sempervirens<br />
Chrysophyllum argenteum subsp. argenteum<br />
Chrysophyllum argenteum subsp. aur<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Chrysophyllum argenteum subsp. ferrugineum<br />
Chrysophyllum argenteum subsp. panamense<br />
Chrysophyllum aur<strong>at</strong>um (see C. argenteum subsp. aur<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Chrysophyllum bicolor (see C. cainito)<br />
Chrysophyllum bombycinum<br />
Chrysophyllum buranhem (see Pradosia lactescens)<br />
Chrysophyllum cainito<br />
Chrysophyllum cainito var. b (see C. oliviforme subsp. oliviforme)<br />
Chrysophyllum cuneifolium<br />
Chrysophyllum excelsum (see C. venezuelanense)<br />
Chrysophyllum eximium<br />
Chrysophyllum ferrugineum (see C. argenteum subsp. ferrugineum)<br />
Chrysophyllum glabrum (see C. argenteum subsp. argenteum)<br />
Chrysophyllum gonocarpum<br />
Chrysophyllum guianensis (see Ecclinusa guianensis)<br />
Chrysophyllum lucentifolium subsp. pachycarpum<br />
Chrysophyllum lucumifolium (see C. gonocarpum)<br />
Chrysophyllum macoucou<br />
Chrysophyllum manaosense<br />
Chrysophyllum mexicanum<br />
Chrysophyllum microcarpum (see C. argenteum subsp. argenteum)<br />
Chrysophyllum monopyrenum (see C. cainito)<br />
Chrysophyllum monopyrenum var. microphyllum (see C. oliviforme<br />
subsp. oliviforme)<br />
Chrysophyllum nanaosense (see C. manaosense)<br />
Chrysophyllum oliviforme subsp. oliviforme<br />
Chrysophyllum oppositum (see Pouteria opposita)<br />
Chrysophyllum pavonii (see C. argenteum subsp. ferrugineum)<br />
Chrysophyllum peruvianum<br />
Chrysophyllum pomiferum<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Chrysophyllum prieurii<br />
Chrysophyllum revolutum<br />
Chrysophyllum rufocupreum (see C. eximium)<br />
Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum subsp. bal<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum subsp. sanguinolentum<br />
Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum subsp. spurium<br />
Chrysophyllum scalare<br />
Chrysophyllum sericeum (see C. argenteum subsp. aur<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Chrysophyllum soboliferum (see Pradosia brevipes)<br />
Chrysophyllum sparsiflorum<br />
Chrysophyllum venezuelanense<br />
Chrysothamnus confinis (see C. viscidiflorus)<br />
Chrysothamnus nauseosus<br />
Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus<br />
Cicca acida (see Phyllanthus acidus)<br />
Cicca disticha (see Phyllanthus acidus)<br />
Cicer arietinum<br />
Cichorium endivia<br />
Cichorium intybus<br />
Cinchona calisaya<br />
Cinchona cordifolia (see C. pubescens)<br />
Cinchona ledgeriana (under C. calisaya)<br />
Cinchona <strong>of</strong>ficinalis (under C. calisaya)<br />
Cinchona pubescens (under C. calisaya)<br />
Cinchona succirubra (see C. pubescens)<br />
Cinnamomum verum<br />
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (see C. verum)<br />
Cirsium drummondii<br />
Cirsium edule<br />
Cirsium horridulum<br />
Cirsium ochocentrum<br />
Cirsium pallidum<br />
Cirsium texanum<br />
Cirsium undul<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Cirsium vulgare<br />
Cissampelos pareira<br />
Cissus biformifolia<br />
Cissus erosa (see C. biformifolia)<br />
Cissus gongylodes<br />
Cissus sicyoides (see C. verticill<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Cissus verticill<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Citharexylum fruticosum<br />
Citr<strong>of</strong>ortunella x spp. (see Citrus reticul<strong>at</strong>a x <strong>Fort</strong>unella spp.)<br />
Citrullus lan<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Citrullus lan<strong>at</strong>us var. lan<strong>at</strong>us (under C. lan<strong>at</strong>us)<br />
Citrullus vulgaris (see C. lan<strong>at</strong>us var. lan<strong>at</strong>us)<br />
Citrus aurantiifolia<br />
Citrus aurantium<br />
Citrus aurantium var. bergamia<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
864
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Citrus aurantium var. brasiliensis<br />
Citrus aurantium var. sinensis (see C. sinensis)<br />
Citrus bergamia (see C. aurantium var. bergamia)<br />
Citrus decumana (see C. maxima)<br />
Citrus grandis (see C. maxima)<br />
Citrus limetta (under C. aurantiifolia)<br />
Citrus limon<br />
Citrus maxima<br />
Citrus medica<br />
Citrus nobilis var. deliciosa (see C. reticul<strong>at</strong>a var. deliciosa)<br />
Citrus paradisii<br />
Citrus reticul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Citrus reticul<strong>at</strong>a x <strong>Fort</strong>unella spp. (under C. reticul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Citrus reticul<strong>at</strong>a x C. sinensis (under C. reticul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Citrus sinensis<br />
Citrus sinensis x C. paradisii (under C. sinensis)<br />
Cladium jamaicense<br />
Cladium mariscus subsp. jamaicense (see C. jamaicense)<br />
Clarisia ilicifolia<br />
Clarisia strepitans (see C. ilicifolia)<br />
Clausena lansium<br />
Clavija lancifolia<br />
Clavija tarapotana<br />
Clavija weberbaueri<br />
Claytonia acutifolia<br />
Claytonia caroliniana<br />
Claytonia lanceol<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Claytonia megarrhiza<br />
Claytonia perfoli<strong>at</strong>a var. perfoli<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Claytonia sibirica<br />
Claytonia tuberose<br />
Claytonia umbell<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Claytonia virginica<br />
Cleistocactus acanthurus<br />
Cleistocactus baumannii<br />
Cleistocactus sepium<br />
Cleistocactus smaragdiflorus<br />
Cleome gynandra<br />
Cleome integrifolia (see C. serrul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Cleome isomeris<br />
Cleome lutea<br />
Cleome serrul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Cleome speciosa<br />
Cleome viscosa<br />
Clerodendron ligustrinum (see Clerodendrum ligustrinum)<br />
Clerodendrum ligustrinum<br />
Clethra occidentalis<br />
Clethra tinifolia (see C. occidentalis)<br />
Cleyera panamensis (see C. <strong>the</strong>aeoides)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Cleyera <strong>the</strong>aeoides<br />
Clidemia chinautlana<br />
Clidemia deppeana (see C. petiolaris)<br />
Clidemia heterophylla<br />
Clidemia hirta<br />
Clidemia naudiniana (see C. petiolaris)<br />
Clidemia petiolaris<br />
Clinopodium ganderi (see S<strong>at</strong>ureja parvifolia)<br />
Clinopodium laevig<strong>at</strong>um (see S<strong>at</strong>ureja laevig<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Clinopodium macrostemum (see S<strong>at</strong>ureja macrostema)<br />
Clintonia borealis<br />
Clintonia umbell<strong>at</strong>a (under C. borealis)<br />
Clitoria tern<strong>at</strong>ea<br />
Clusia sp.<br />
Cnidoscolus aconitifolius<br />
Cnidoscolus chayamansa<br />
Cnidoscolus marcgravii (see C. urens)<br />
Cnidoscolus multilobus<br />
Cnidoscolus texanus<br />
Cnidoscolus urens<br />
Coccinia cordifolia (see C. grandis)<br />
Coccinia grandis<br />
Coccinia indica (see C. grandis)<br />
Coccocypselum aureum<br />
Coccoloba barbeyana (see C. densifrons)<br />
Coccoloba caracasana<br />
Coccoloba densifrons<br />
Coccoloba diversifolia<br />
Coccoloba floridana (see C. diversifolia)<br />
Coccoloba margin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Coccoloba obov<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Coccoloba pichuma<br />
Coccoloba plumieri<br />
Coccloba polystachya var. jamaicensis (see C. plumieri)<br />
Coccoloba uvifera<br />
Coccoloba venosa<br />
Coccothrinax argent<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Cocculus spp.<br />
Cochlearia armoracia (see Armoracia rusticana)<br />
Cocos australis (see Syagrus romanz<strong>of</strong>fiana and Butia capit<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Cocos botryophora (see Syagrus botryophora)<br />
Cocos campestris (see Syagrus flexuosa)<br />
Cocos capit<strong>at</strong>a (see Butia capit<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Cocos chilensis (see Jubaea chilensis)<br />
Cocos coron<strong>at</strong>a (see Syagrus coron<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Cocos crassisp<strong>at</strong>ha (see Attalea crassisp<strong>at</strong>ha)<br />
Cocos eriosp<strong>at</strong>ha (see Butia eriosp<strong>at</strong>ha)<br />
Cocos flexuosa (see Syagrus flexuosa)<br />
Cocos flexuosa var. c<strong>at</strong>aphracta (see Syagrus flexuosa)<br />
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Cocos flexuosa var. densiflora (see Syagrus flexuosa)<br />
Cocos nucifera<br />
Cocos odor<strong>at</strong>a (see Butia capit<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Cocos petraea (see Syagrus petraea)<br />
Cocos plumosa (see Syagrus romanz<strong>of</strong>fiana)<br />
Cocos pulposa (see Butia capit<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Cocos schizophylla (see Syagrus schizophylla)<br />
Cocos urbaniana (see Syagrus flexuosa)<br />
Cocos vagans (see Syagrus vagans)<br />
Cocos y<strong>at</strong>ay (see Butia y<strong>at</strong>ay)<br />
Coelopleurum actaeifolium (see Angelica lucida)<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea canephora<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea liberica<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea racemosa (see Rudgea racemosa)<br />
Cogswellia ambigua (see Lom<strong>at</strong>ium ambiguum)<br />
Cogswellia canbyi (see Lom<strong>at</strong>ium canbyi)<br />
Cogswellia cous (see Lom<strong>at</strong>ium cous)<br />
Cogswellia farinosa (see Lom<strong>at</strong>ium farinosum)<br />
Cogswellia foeniculacea (see Lom<strong>at</strong>ium foeniculaceum)<br />
Cogswellia macrocarpa (see Lom<strong>at</strong>ium hallii)<br />
Cogswellia nudicaulis (see Lom<strong>at</strong>ium nudicaule)<br />
Cogswellia utricul<strong>at</strong>a (see Lom<strong>at</strong>ium utricul<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Coix lacryma-jobi<br />
Cola acumin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Cola nitida<br />
Coleus amboinicus (see Plectranthus amboinicus)<br />
Coleus arom<strong>at</strong>icus (see Plectranthus amboinicus)<br />
Coleus blumei (see Solenostemon scutellarioides)<br />
Coleus carnosus (see Plectranthus amboinicus)<br />
Collinia elegans (see Chamaedorea elegans)<br />
Colocasia antiquorum (see C. esculenta var. antiquorum)<br />
Colocasia esculenta<br />
Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum (see C. esculenta)<br />
Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta (see C. esculenta)<br />
Colocasia esculenta var. globulifera (see C. esculenta)<br />
Colubrina asi<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
Colubrina elliptica<br />
Colubrina ferruginosa<br />
Colubrina reclin<strong>at</strong>a (see C. elliptica)<br />
Colubrina texensis<br />
Comandra umbell<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Comarostaphylis arbutoides subsp. arbutoides<br />
Comarostaphylis discolor subsp. discolor<br />
Comarostaphylis longifolia<br />
Comarum palustre<br />
Commelina communis<br />
Commelina nudiflora (see Murdannia nudiflora)<br />
Commicarpus tuberosa<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Commiphora leptophloeos<br />
Compsoneura <strong>at</strong>opa<br />
Comptonia peregrina<br />
Conan<strong>the</strong>ra bifolia<br />
Conan<strong>the</strong>ra simsii (under C. bifolia)<br />
Condalia hookeri (under C. spp.)<br />
Condalia mexicana<br />
Condalia obov<strong>at</strong>a (under C. spp.)<br />
Condalia spp.<br />
Conostegia arborea (under C. xalapensis)<br />
Conostegia icosandra (under C. xalapensis)<br />
Conostegia mexicana (under C. xalapensis)<br />
Conostegia subhirsuta (see C. icosandra)<br />
Conostegia xalapensis<br />
Conradina verticill<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Convolvulus reptans (see Ipomoea aqu<strong>at</strong>ica)<br />
Conyza canadensis<br />
Copaifera sp.<br />
Copernicia cerifera (see C. prunifera)<br />
Copernicia prunifera<br />
Corchorus capsularis<br />
Corchorus olitorius<br />
Corchorus siliquosus<br />
Cordia alba<br />
Cordia alliodora<br />
Cordia boissieri<br />
Cordia calocephala<br />
Cordia collococca<br />
Cordia dent<strong>at</strong>a (see C. alba)<br />
Cordia dodecandra<br />
Cordia grandiflora<br />
Cordia lom<strong>at</strong>oloba<br />
Cordia nodosa<br />
Cordia scabrifolia<br />
Cordia sebestena<br />
Cordia sellowiana<br />
Cordia superba<br />
Cordia tetranda<br />
Coreopsis cardaminefolia (see C. tinctoria var. tinctoria)<br />
Coreopsis tinctoria var. tinctoria<br />
Coriandrum s<strong>at</strong>ivum<br />
Coriaria ruscifolia<br />
Coridothymus capit<strong>at</strong>us (see Thymus vulgaris)<br />
Cornuella venezuelanensis (see Chrysophyllum venezuelanense)<br />
Corozo oleifera (see Elaeis oleifera)<br />
Cornus canadensis<br />
Corylus americana<br />
Corylus americana var. indehiscens (see C. americana)<br />
Corylus avellana<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Corylus californica (see C. cornuta subsp. californica)<br />
Corylus cornuta subsp. californica<br />
Corylus cornuta subsp. cornuta<br />
Corylus maxima (under C. avellana)<br />
Corylus rostr<strong>at</strong>a (see C. cornuta subsp. cornuta)<br />
Coryphantha arizonica (see C. vivipara var. arizonica)<br />
Coryphantha vivipara var. arizonica<br />
Cosmos caud<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Costus amazonicus subsp. krukovii<br />
Costus erythrocoryne<br />
Costus pulverulentus<br />
Costus ruber (see C. pulverulentus)<br />
Costus scaber<br />
Costus speciosus<br />
Cotyledon edulis (see Dudleya edulis)<br />
Cotyledon lanceol<strong>at</strong>a (see Dudleya lanceol<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Cotyledon pulverulenta (see Dudleya pulverulenta subsp. typica)<br />
Couepia amazonica (see C. subcord<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Couepia bracteosa<br />
Couepia chrysocalyx<br />
Couepia dolicopoda<br />
Couepia edulis<br />
Couepia guianensis<br />
Couepia longipendula<br />
Couepia paraensis<br />
Couepia polyandra<br />
Couepia rufa<br />
Couepia subcord<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Couma dulcis (see C. utilis)<br />
Couma gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis<br />
Couma guianensis<br />
Couma macrocarpa<br />
Couma rigida<br />
Couma utilis<br />
Coumarouna odor<strong>at</strong>a (see Dipteryx odor<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Coumarouna oleifera (see Dipteryx oleifera)<br />
Coumarouna punct<strong>at</strong>a (see Dipteryx punct<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Couroupita guianensis subsp. surinamensis<br />
Couroupita subsessilis<br />
Couroupita surinamensis (see C. guianensis subsp. surinamensis)<br />
Coussarea brevicaulis<br />
Cowania mexicana<br />
Craniolaria annua<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus aestivalis<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus x anomala<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus arnoldiana (see C. x anomala)<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus brockwayae (see C. douglasii)<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus douglasii<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus flava<br />
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869
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus greggiana<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus marshalli<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus mexicana (see C. pubescens)<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus mollis<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus pubescens<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus punct<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus pyrifolia (see Photinia pyrifolia)<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus succulenta<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus stipulosa (see C. pubescens)<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aegus uniflora<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aeva gynandra<br />
Cr<strong>at</strong>aeva tapia<br />
Crepidospermum goudotianum<br />
Crepidospermum prancei<br />
Crescentia al<strong>at</strong>a (see Parmentiera al<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Crescentia cujete<br />
Crocus s<strong>at</strong>ivus<br />
Crotalaria carmioli (see C. vitellina)<br />
Crotalaria gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis (see C. vitellina)<br />
Crotalaria longirostr<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Crotalaria vitellina<br />
Croton eluteria<br />
Croton moluccanus (see Aleurites moluccanus)<br />
Croton nivevs<br />
Croton reflexifolius<br />
Croton texensis<br />
Cryosophila argentea (see C. stauracantha)<br />
Cryosophila nana<br />
Cryosophila stauracantha<br />
Cryptocarya alba<br />
Cryptocarya canelilla (see Aniba canelilla)<br />
Cryptocarya mosch<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Cryptotaenia canadensis<br />
Cucumis anguria<br />
Cucumis anguria var. longipes (see C. anguria)<br />
Cucumis melo var. cantelupensis<br />
Cucumis melo var. ch<strong>at</strong>e (see C. melo var. canteloupensis)<br />
Cucumis melo var. inodorus<br />
Cucumis melo var. reticul<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Cucumis metuliferus<br />
Cucumis s<strong>at</strong>ivus<br />
Cucurbita argyrosperma subsp. argyrosperma<br />
Cucurbita argyrosperma var. callicarpa (see C. argyrosperma subsp.<br />
argyrosperma)<br />
Cucurbita citrullus (see Citrullus lan<strong>at</strong>us)<br />
Cucurbita digit<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Cucurbita ficifolia<br />
Cucurbita foetidissima<br />
Cucurbita fr<strong>at</strong>erna (see C. pepo subsp. fr<strong>at</strong>erna)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Cucurbita maxima<br />
Cucurbita melanosperma (see C. ficifolia)<br />
Cucurbita mixta (see C. argyrosperma subsp. argyrosperma)<br />
Cucurbita mosch<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Cucurbita mosch<strong>at</strong>a var. argyrosperma (see C. argyrosperma subsp.<br />
argyrosperma)<br />
Cucurbita pepo<br />
Cucurbita pepo subsp. fr<strong>at</strong>erna<br />
Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo<br />
Cucurbita pepo var. mosch<strong>at</strong>a (see C. mosch<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Cuervea ovalifolia (see Tontelea ovalifolia)<br />
Cuminum cyminum<br />
Cunila origanoides<br />
Cupania prisca<br />
Curcuma domestica (see C. longa)<br />
Curcuma longa<br />
Curupira tefeensis<br />
Cyamopsis psoraloides (see C. tetragonolobus)<br />
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus<br />
Cycas circinalis<br />
Cycas revoluta<br />
Cya<strong>the</strong>a microdonta (see Trichipteris microdonta)<br />
Cyclan<strong>the</strong>ra dissecta<br />
Cyclan<strong>the</strong>ra edulis (see C. ped<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Cyclan<strong>the</strong>ra explodens<br />
Cyclan<strong>the</strong>ra ped<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Cyclan<strong>the</strong>ra pittieri (see Sechium tacaco)<br />
Cyclan<strong>the</strong>ra tonduzii<br />
Cyclanthus bipartitus<br />
Cycloloma <strong>at</strong>riplicifolia<br />
Cydonia oblonga<br />
Cydonia vulgaris (see C. oblonga)<br />
Cylindropuntia fulgida (see Opuntia fulgida)<br />
Cylindropuntia imbric<strong>at</strong>a (see Opuntia imbric<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Cylindropuntia leptocaulis<br />
Cymbopetalum costaricense<br />
Cymbopetalum penduliflorum<br />
Cymbopogon citr<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Cymbopogon nardus<br />
Cymopterus acaulis<br />
Cymopterus bulbosus<br />
Cymopterus fendleri (see C. acaulis var. fendleri)<br />
Cymopterus globosus<br />
Cymopterus longipes<br />
Cymopterus montanus<br />
Cymopterus newberryi<br />
Cymopterus purpurascens<br />
Cymopterus purpureus<br />
Cynanchum nigrum (see C. vincetoxicum)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Cynanchum vincetoxicum (see Asclepias curassavica)<br />
Cynara cardunculus<br />
Cynara scolymus<br />
Cynodendron ferrugineum (see Chrysophyllum argenteum subsp.<br />
ferrugineum)<br />
Cyperus arist<strong>at</strong>us (see C. squarrosa)<br />
Cyperus <strong>esculentus</strong> var. s<strong>at</strong>ivus<br />
Cyperus inflexus (see C. squarrosa)<br />
Cyperus rotundus<br />
Cyperus squarrosa<br />
Cyphomandra betacea (see C. crassicaulis)<br />
Cyphomandra casana (see C. cajanumensis)<br />
Cyphomandra cajanumensis<br />
Cyphomandra corymbiflora<br />
Cyphomandra crassicaulis<br />
Cyphomandra crassifolia (see C. crassicaulis)<br />
Cyphomandra diplocanes<br />
Cyphomandra endopogon<br />
Cyphomandra fragrans<br />
Cyphomandra hartwegii<br />
Cyphomandra heterophylla<br />
Cyphomandra naranjilla<br />
Cyphomandra obliqua<br />
Cyphomandra sibundoyensis<br />
Cyphomandra splendens (see C. hartwegii)<br />
Cyphomandra stell<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Cytisus cajan (see Cajanus cajan)<br />
Cytisus scoparius<br />
Dacryodes belemensis<br />
Dacryodes peruviana<br />
Dahlia coccinea<br />
Dahlia lehmanii<br />
Dahlia pinn<strong>at</strong>o<br />
Dahlia rosea (see D. pinn<strong>at</strong>o)<br />
Dalea candida<br />
Dalea candida var. oligophylla (under D. candida)<br />
Dalea lan<strong>at</strong>a var. lan<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Dalea purpurea<br />
Dasylirion cedrosanum<br />
Dasylirion leiophyllum<br />
Dasylirion texanum<br />
Dasylirion wheeleri<br />
Daucus carota subsp. carota<br />
Daucus carota subsp. s<strong>at</strong>ivus<br />
Daucus pussilus<br />
Davilla kunthii<br />
Davilla nitida<br />
Deeringothamnus pulchellus (see D. rugelii var. pulchellus)<br />
Deeringothamnus rugelii<br />
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872
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Deeringothamnus ruguelii var. pulchellus<br />
Dendrobangia boliviana<br />
Dendrocalamus asper<br />
Dendrocalamus giganteus<br />
Dendrocalamus strictus<br />
Dentaria diphylla (see Cardamine diphylla)<br />
Dentaria lacin<strong>at</strong>a (see Cardamine conc<strong>at</strong>en<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Descurainia incana subsp. incisa<br />
Descurainia pinn<strong>at</strong>a subsp. halictorum<br />
Descurainia pinn<strong>at</strong>a subsp. pinn<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Descurainia sophia<br />
Desmanthus brachylobus (see D. illinoensis)<br />
Desmanthus illinoensis<br />
Desmodium cinereum<br />
Desmodium frutescens (see D. incanum)<br />
Desmodium incanum<br />
Desmoncus cirrhiferus<br />
Desmoncus longifolius (see D. orthacanthos)<br />
Desmoncus macroanthus (see D. polyacanthos var. polyacanthos)<br />
Desmoncus orthacanthos<br />
Desmoncus polyacanthos var. polyacanthos<br />
Desmoncus polyacanthos var. prunifer<br />
Desmoncus prostr<strong>at</strong>us (see D. orthacanthos)<br />
Desmoncus prunifer (see D. polyacanthos var. prunifer)<br />
Dialium guianensis<br />
Dialyan<strong>the</strong>ra acumin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Dialyan<strong>the</strong>ra parvifolia (see Otoba parvifolia)<br />
Diclidan<strong>the</strong>ra penduliflora<br />
Diclinanona tessmannii<br />
Dictyocaryum lamarckianum<br />
Dictyocaryum schultzei (see D. lamarckianum)<br />
Dicypellium caryophyll<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Dilkea acumin<strong>at</strong>a (see D. retusa)<br />
Dilkea retusa<br />
Dilkea wallisii (see D. retusa)<br />
Dillenia indica<br />
Dimerocostus strobilaceus subsp. strobilaceus<br />
Dimocarpus litchi (see Litchi chinensis)<br />
Dimocarpus longan<br />
Dioon edule<br />
Dioscorea acule<strong>at</strong>a (see D. esculenta)<br />
Dioscorea al<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Dioscorea b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>as (see D. oppositifolia)<br />
Dioscorea brasiliensis<br />
Dioscorea bulbifera<br />
Dioscorea cayenensis<br />
Dioscorea cinnamonifolia<br />
Dioscorea divaric<strong>at</strong>a (see D. b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>as)<br />
Dioscorea dodecaneura<br />
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873
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Dioscorea dumetorum<br />
Dioscorea esculenta<br />
Dioscorea hast<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Dioscorea hebantha (see D. dodecaneura)<br />
Dioscorea heptaneura<br />
Dioscorea macrostachya<br />
Dioscorea m<strong>at</strong>agalpensis<br />
Dioscorea oppositifolia<br />
Dioscorea rotund<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Dioscorea teretiuscula (see D. cinnamomifolia)<br />
Dioscorea trifida<br />
Dioscorea trifoli<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Dioscorea triphylla var. dumetorum (see D. dumetorum)<br />
Dioscorea tuberosa (see D. cinnamomifolia)<br />
Diospyros artanthaefolia<br />
Diospyros blancoi<br />
Diospyros chinensis (see D. kaki)<br />
Diospyros conz<strong>at</strong>tii<br />
Diospyros digyna (see D. revoluta)<br />
Diospyros discolor (see D. blancoi)<br />
Diospyros ebenaster (see D. revoluta)<br />
Diospyros inconstans<br />
Diospyros kaki<br />
Diospyros lotus<br />
Diospyros malabarica<br />
Diospyros philippensis (see D. blancoi)<br />
Diospyros praetermissa (under D. artanthaefolia)<br />
Diospyros revoluta<br />
Diospyros texana<br />
Diospyros virginiana<br />
Diphysa americana<br />
Diphysa robinioides (see D. americana)<br />
Diplotaxis muralis<br />
Diplotaxis tenuifolia<br />
Diplo<strong>the</strong>nium campestre (see Allagoptera campestris)<br />
Diplo<strong>the</strong>nium maritimum (see Allagoptera arenaria)<br />
Diplotropis martiusii<br />
Dipteryx micrantha<br />
Dipteryx odor<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Dipteryx oleifera<br />
Dipteryx panamensis (see D. oleifera)<br />
Dipteryx punct<strong>at</strong>a (under D. odor<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Disterigma empetrifolium (see Vaccinium cren<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Disterigma margaricoccum (see Vaccinium cren<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Disterigma al<strong>at</strong>ernoides<br />
Disterigma popenoei (see D. al<strong>at</strong>ernoides)<br />
Distichlis palmeri<br />
Ditremexa occidentalis (see Senna occidentalis)<br />
Ditaxis heterantha<br />
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Dodonaea viscosa<br />
Dolichos ensiformis (see Canavalia ensiformis)<br />
Dolichos erosus (see Pachyrhizus erosus)<br />
Dolichos lablab (see Lablab purpureus)<br />
Dolichos lob<strong>at</strong>us (see Pueraria montana var. lob<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Dolichos sesquipedalis (see Vigna unguicul<strong>at</strong>a subsp.<br />
sesquipedalis)<br />
Dolichos sphaerospermus (see Vigna unguicul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Dolichos trilob<strong>at</strong>us (see Vigna aconitifolia)<br />
Doliocarpus dent<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Doliocarpus macrocarpus (under D. dent<strong>at</strong>us)<br />
Doliocarpus major subsp. major (under D. dent<strong>at</strong>us)<br />
Dondia californica (see Suaeda californica)<br />
Dondia ramosissima (see Suaedea ramosissima)<br />
Dondia suffrutescens (see Suaeda suffrutescens)<br />
Dovyalis abyssinica<br />
Dovyalis abyssinica x D. hebecarpa (under D. abyssinica)<br />
Dovyalis caffra<br />
Dovyalis engleri (see D. abyssinica)<br />
Dovyalis hebecarpa<br />
Dracontium asperum<br />
Dracontium loretense<br />
Dracontium margaretae<br />
Dracontium pittieri<br />
Dracontium polyphyllum<br />
Drimys chilensis (see D. winteri)<br />
Drimys punct<strong>at</strong>a (see D. winteri)<br />
Drimys winteri<br />
Duckesia verrucosa<br />
Dudleya edulis<br />
Dudleya lanceol<strong>at</strong>a (under D. edulis)<br />
Dudleya pulverulenta (see D. pulverulenta subsp. typica)<br />
Dudleya pulverulenta subsp. typica<br />
Duguetia bahiensis<br />
Duguetia bracteosa (see D. bahiensis)<br />
Duguetia flagellaris<br />
Duguetia insculpta (see D. riparia)<br />
Duguetia lanceol<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Duguetia macrophylla<br />
Duguetia marcgraviana<br />
Duguetia riparia<br />
Duguetia spixiana<br />
Duguetia stenantha<br />
Duranta erecta<br />
Duranta macrophylla (see D. erecta)<br />
Duranta plumieri (see D. erecta)<br />
Duranta repens (see D. erecta)<br />
Durio zibethinus<br />
Duroia eriopila<br />
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Duroia genipoides<br />
Duroia macrophylla<br />
Duroia saccifera<br />
Ebenopsis ebano<br />
Ecclinusa bull<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Ecclinusa cuneifolia (see Chrysophyllum cuneifolium)<br />
Ecclinusa guianensis<br />
Ecclinusa lanceol<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Ecclinusa ramiflora<br />
Ecclinusa sanguinolenta (see Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum subsp.<br />
sanguinolentum)<br />
Echinocactus grandis<br />
Echinocactus horizonthalonius<br />
Echinocactus ingens<br />
Echinocactus piliferus (see Ferocactus pilosus)<br />
Echinocactus pilosus var. pringlei (see Ferocactus pilosus)<br />
Echinocactus pilosus var. stainesii (see Ferocactus pilosus)<br />
Echinocactus pringlei (see Ferocactus pilosus)<br />
Echinocactus stanesii (see Ferocactus pilosus)<br />
Echinocereus conglomer<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Echinocereus dasyacanthus (see E. pectin<strong>at</strong>us var. dasycanthus)<br />
Echinocereus engelmannii<br />
Echinocereus enneacanthus<br />
Echinocereus pectin<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Echinocereus pectin<strong>at</strong>us var. dasycanthus (under E. pectin<strong>at</strong>us)<br />
Echinocereus pl<strong>at</strong>yacanthus fo. Grandis (see E. grandis)<br />
Echinocereus stramineus<br />
Echinocereus triglochidi<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea (see E. frumentacea)<br />
Echinochloa frumentacea<br />
Echinodorus panicul<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Echinopanax horridus (see Oplopanax horridus)<br />
Echinopsis chiloensis<br />
Echites pandur<strong>at</strong>a (see Fernaldia pandur<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Echites pinguifolia (see Fernaldia pandur<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Eglerodendron pariry (see Pouteria pariri)<br />
Ehretia anacua<br />
Ehretia bourreria<br />
Ehretia elliptica<br />
Ehretia tinifolia<br />
Eichhornia crassipes<br />
Eichhornia speciosa (See E. crassipes)<br />
Elaeagnus argentea (under E. commut<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Elaeagnus commut<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Elaeagnus multiflora<br />
Elaeagnus philippensis<br />
Elaeagnus pungens (under E. multiflora)<br />
Elaeis guineensis<br />
Elaeis melanococca (see E. guineensis and E. oleifera)<br />
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Elaeis oleifera<br />
Elaeocarpus serr<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Eleocharis dulcis<br />
Eleocharis tuberosa (see E. dulcis)<br />
Elaeoluma glabrescens<br />
Elaeoluma schomburgkiana<br />
Elettaria cardamamomum<br />
Eleusine coracana<br />
Eleusine indica<br />
Eleuth<strong>the</strong>rine bulbosa<br />
Elymus canadensis<br />
Elymus condens<strong>at</strong>us (see Leymus condens<strong>at</strong>us)<br />
Elymus racemosus (see Leymus racemosus)<br />
Elymus triticoides (see Leymus triticoides)<br />
Elymus repens<br />
Elytrigia repens var. repens (see Elymus repens)<br />
Emmotum fagifolium<br />
Emmotum nitens (under E. fagifolium)<br />
Empetrum nigrum<br />
Encelia farinosa<br />
Encyclia chochle<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Endopleura uchi<br />
Entada gigas<br />
Entada scandens (see E. gigas)<br />
Enterolobium cyclocarpum<br />
Enterolobium saman (see Samanea saman)<br />
Ephedra americana<br />
Ephedra antisyphilitica (under E. americana)<br />
Ephedra nevadensis<br />
Ephedra ochre<strong>at</strong>a (under E. americana)<br />
Ephedra torreyana<br />
Ephedra trifurca<br />
Ephedra viridis<br />
Epidendrum cochle<strong>at</strong>um (see Encyclia chochle<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Epilobium angustifolium subsp. angustifolium<br />
Epiphyllum biforme<br />
Epiphyllum phyllanthus<br />
Equisetum arvense<br />
Equisetum laevig<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Equisetum pr<strong>at</strong>ense<br />
Erechtites valerianifolius<br />
Eriobotrya cord<strong>at</strong>a (see Hesperomeles ferruginea)<br />
Eriobotrya japonica<br />
Eriocoma hymenoides (see Oryzopsis hymenoides)<br />
Eriodendron aesculifolium (see Ceiba aesculifolia)<br />
Eriodendron anfractuosum (see Ceiba pentandra)<br />
Eriodictyon californicum<br />
Eriogonum corybosum<br />
Eriogonum infl<strong>at</strong>um<br />
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Eriogonum longifolium<br />
Erio<strong>the</strong>ca gracilipes<br />
Erisma calcar<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Erisma japura<br />
Erodium cicutarium<br />
Erodium mosch<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Eruca s<strong>at</strong>iva (see E. vesicaria subsp. s<strong>at</strong>iva)<br />
Eruca vesicaria subsp. s<strong>at</strong>iva<br />
Ervum lens (see Lens culinaris)<br />
Eryngium aqu<strong>at</strong>icum var. ravenelii<br />
Eryngium floridanum (see E. aqu<strong>at</strong>icum var. ravenelii)<br />
Eryngium foetidum<br />
Eryngium maritimum<br />
Ery<strong>the</strong>a arm<strong>at</strong>a (see Brahea arm<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Ery<strong>the</strong>a edulis (see Brahea edulis)<br />
Erythrina americana<br />
Erythrina arborea (see E. herbacea)<br />
Erythrina berteroana<br />
Erythrina corallodendron<br />
Erythrina edulis<br />
Erythrina esculenta (see E. edulis)<br />
Erythrina glauca<br />
Erythrina herbacea<br />
Erythrina rubrinervia (see E. herbacea)<br />
Erythrina standleyana<br />
Erythronium albidum<br />
Erythronium americanum<br />
Erythronium grandiflorum<br />
Erythronium oreganum<br />
Erythronium parviflorum (see E. grandiflorum)<br />
Erythroxylum chiapense (see E. havanense)<br />
Erythroxylum coca var. coca<br />
Erythroxylum coca var. ipadu<br />
Erythroxylum havanense<br />
Erythroxylum mexicanum (see E. havanense)<br />
Erythroxylum novogran<strong>at</strong>ense var. novogran<strong>at</strong>ense<br />
Erythroxylum novogran<strong>at</strong>ense var. truxillense<br />
Erythroxylum truxillense (see E. novogran<strong>at</strong>ense var. truxillense)<br />
Eschscholzia californica<br />
Eschweilera compressa<br />
Eschweilera grandiflora<br />
Eschweilera ov<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Escobaria vivipara<br />
Escontria chiotilla<br />
Espostoa lan<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Ethanium mexicanum (see Renealmia mexicana)<br />
Etlingera el<strong>at</strong>ior<br />
Eucalyptus globulus<br />
Eugenia actiniflora (see E. c<strong>at</strong>ingiflora)<br />
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Euchlaena mexicana (see Zea mexicana)<br />
Eugenia acapulcensis<br />
Eugenia aeruginea (see E. domingensis)<br />
Eugenia aggreg<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Eugenia arom<strong>at</strong>ica (see Syzygium arom<strong>at</strong>icum)<br />
Eugenia axillaris<br />
Eugenia biflora<br />
Eugenia brasiliensis<br />
Eugenia buxifolia (see E. foetida)<br />
Eugenia cabelludo (see Paramyrciaria glomer<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Eugenia capuli<br />
Eugenia caryophyll<strong>at</strong>a (see Syzygium arom<strong>at</strong>icum)<br />
Eugenia c<strong>at</strong>ingiflora<br />
Eugenia cauliflora (see Myrciaria cauliflora)<br />
Eugenia confusa<br />
Eugenia conz<strong>at</strong>tii<br />
Eugenia cren<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Eugenia cumini<br />
Eugenia delic<strong>at</strong>ula (see Paramyrciaria delic<strong>at</strong>ula)<br />
Eugenia dichotoma<br />
Eugenia discolorans<br />
Eugenia disticha<br />
Eugenia dombeyana (see E. brasiliensis)<br />
Eugenia dombeyi (see E. brasiliensis)<br />
Eugenia domingensis<br />
Eugenia dulcis<br />
Eugenia dysentericus<br />
Eugenia edulis (see Hexachlamys edulis)<br />
Eugenia eggersii<br />
Eugenia eurcheila<br />
Eugenia floribunda (see Myrciaria floribunda)<br />
Eugenia foetida<br />
Eugenia foliosa (see Myrcian<strong>the</strong>s foliosa)<br />
Eugenia fragrans (see Myrcian<strong>the</strong>s fragrans)<br />
Eugenia garberi (see E. confusa)<br />
Eugenia guabiju<br />
Eugenia haem<strong>at</strong>ocarpa<br />
Eugenia inocarpa (see E. p<strong>at</strong>risii)<br />
Eugenia inund<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Eugenia itacolumensis<br />
Eugenia jambolana (see E. cumini)<br />
Eugenia jambos<br />
Eugenia javanica (see Syzygium samarangense)<br />
Eugenia klotzschiana<br />
Eugenia krugii (see E. confusa)<br />
Eugenia lambertiana<br />
Eugenia ligustrina<br />
Eugenia longipes (see Psidium longipes)<br />
Eugenia lucescens (see E. luschn<strong>at</strong>hiana)<br />
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Eugenia luschn<strong>at</strong>hiana<br />
Eugenia macrophylla (see E. malaccensis)<br />
Eugenia malaccensis(see Syzygium malaccense)<br />
Eugenia maleolens (see E. monticola)<br />
Eugenia maritima (see E. acapulcensis)<br />
Eugenia mcvaughii<br />
Eugenia michelii (see E. uniflora)<br />
Eugenia monticola<br />
Eugenia muric<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Eugenia myrcian<strong>the</strong>s<br />
Eugenia myrobalana<br />
Eugenia myrtoides (see E. foetida)<br />
Eugenia nhanica<br />
Eugenia oblongifolia (see E. uniflora)<br />
Eugenia oerstedeana<br />
Eugenia origanoides<br />
Eugenia pallens (see Calyptran<strong>the</strong>s pallens)<br />
Eugenia panicul<strong>at</strong>a (see Syzygium panicul<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Eugenia p<strong>at</strong>risii<br />
Eugenia pimenta (see Pimenta dioica)<br />
Eugenia pisiformis<br />
Eugenia pitanga<br />
Eugenia procera<br />
Eugenia pseudopsidium<br />
Eugenia pumila<br />
Eugenia pungens (see Myrcian<strong>the</strong>s pungens)<br />
Eugenia pyriformis<br />
Eugenia rabeniana (see Myrciaria peruviana var. trunciflora)<br />
Eugenia rhombea<br />
Eugenia riparia (see E. muric<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Eugenia schomburkii (see E. lambertiana)<br />
Eugenia selloi<br />
Eugenia stipit<strong>at</strong>a subsp. sororia<br />
Eugenia stipit<strong>at</strong>a subsp. stipit<strong>at</strong>a (under E. stipit<strong>at</strong>a subsp.<br />
sororia)<br />
Eugenia sulc<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Eugenia supraaxillaris<br />
Eugenia tenella (see Myrciaria tenella)<br />
Eugenia tomentosa (see Myrcia tomentosa)<br />
Eugenia umbellulifera (see Pseudanamomis umbellulifera)<br />
Eugenia uniflora<br />
Eugenia uruguayensis (see E. guabiju)<br />
Eugenia uvalha (see E. pyriformis)<br />
Eulychnia acida<br />
Eulychnia spinibarbis<br />
Eup<strong>at</strong>orium collinum (see Chromolaena collina)<br />
Eup<strong>at</strong>orium dalea<br />
Euphoria nephelium (see Dimocarpus longan)<br />
Euphorbia helioscopia<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Euphorbia margin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Eurya <strong>the</strong>aeoides (see Cleyera <strong>the</strong>aeoides)<br />
Eurygania multiflora (see Thibaudia mellifera)<br />
Euterpe badiocarpa (see E. oleracea)<br />
Euterpe broadwayi<br />
Euterpe c<strong>at</strong>inga var. c<strong>at</strong>inga (see E. c<strong>at</strong>inga)<br />
Euterpe c<strong>at</strong>inga var. roraimae (under E. c<strong>at</strong>inga var. c<strong>at</strong>inga)<br />
Euterpe controversa (see E. c<strong>at</strong>inga)<br />
Euterpe cu<strong>at</strong>recasana (see E. oleracea)<br />
Euterpe edulis<br />
Euterpe oleracea<br />
Euterpe prec<strong>at</strong>oria<br />
Euthamia graminifolia<br />
Euxolus caud<strong>at</strong>us (see Amaranthus viridis)<br />
Exellodendron barb<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Eysenhardtia polystachya<br />
Faba vulgaris (see Vicia faba)<br />
Fagopyrum esculentum<br />
Fagopyrum sagitt<strong>at</strong>um (see F. esculentum)<br />
Fagopyrum t<strong>at</strong>aricum<br />
Fagus grandifolia<br />
Fagus sylv<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
Faramea capillipes<br />
Faramea miconioides<br />
F<strong>at</strong>sia horrida (see Oplopanax horridus)<br />
Feijoa sellowiana<br />
Fernaldia pandur<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Ferocactus acanthodes<br />
Ferocactus ham<strong>at</strong>acanthus<br />
Ferocactus piliferus (see F. pilosus)<br />
Ferocactus pilosus<br />
Ferocactus pringlei (see F. pilosus)<br />
Ferocactus stainesii (see F. pilosus)<br />
Ferocactus stainesii var. pilosus (see F. pilosus)<br />
Ferocactus stainesii var. pringlei (see F. pilosus)<br />
Ferocactus viridescens<br />
Ferocactus wislizeni<br />
Ferocactus uncin<strong>at</strong>us var. wrightii (see Sclerocactus uncin<strong>at</strong>us<br />
var. wrightii)<br />
Feronia tern<strong>at</strong>a (see Swinglea glutinosa)<br />
Ferula assa-foetida (see F. foetida)<br />
Ferula foetida<br />
Festuca obtusa (see F. subverticill<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Festuca oct<strong>of</strong>lora (see Vulpia oct<strong>of</strong>lora var. oct<strong>of</strong>lora)<br />
Festuca paradoxa<br />
Festuca subverticill<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Fevillea cordifolia<br />
Ficus americana<br />
Ficus an<strong>the</strong>lminthica<br />
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Ficus aurea<br />
Ficus benghalensis<br />
Ficus carica<br />
Ficus citrifolia<br />
Ficus dulciaria<br />
Ficus err<strong>at</strong>ica (see F. ma<strong>the</strong>wsii)<br />
Ficus gigantosyce<br />
Ficus glabr<strong>at</strong>a (see F. insipida subsp. insipida)<br />
Ficus indica (see F. benghalensis)<br />
Ficus insipida subsp. insipida<br />
Ficus involuta<br />
Ficus laevig<strong>at</strong>a (see F. citrifolia)<br />
Ficus ma<strong>the</strong>wsii<br />
Ficus obtusifolia<br />
Ficus padifolia (see F. pertusa)<br />
Ficus pallida<br />
Ficus pertusa<br />
Ficus pseudopalma<br />
Ficus sapida<br />
Ficus surinamensis<br />
Ficus velutina<br />
Flacourtia c<strong>at</strong>aphracta (see F. jangomas)<br />
Flacourtia indica<br />
Flacourtia inermis<br />
Flacourtia jangomas<br />
Flacourtia ramontchi (under F. indica)<br />
Flacourtia rukam<br />
Foeniculum <strong>of</strong>ficinale (see F. vulgare)<br />
Foeniculum vulgare<br />
Forestiera neo-mexicana<br />
<strong>Fort</strong>unella crassifolia (under F. japonica)<br />
<strong>Fort</strong>unella hindsii (under F. japonica)<br />
<strong>Fort</strong>unella japonica<br />
<strong>Fort</strong>unella margarita (under F. japonica)<br />
Fouquieria splendens<br />
Fragaria americana (see F. vesca subsp. americana)<br />
Fragaria ananassa<br />
Fragaria ananassa var. cuneifolia<br />
Fragaria australis (see F. virginiana subsp. virginiana)<br />
Fragaria bracte<strong>at</strong>a (see F. vesca subsp. bracte<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Fragaria chiloensis<br />
Fragaria cuneifolia (see F. ananassa var. cuneifolia)<br />
Fragaria grandiflora (see F. ananassa)<br />
Fragaria ovalis (see F. virginiana subsp. virginiana)<br />
Fragaria vesca subsp. americana<br />
Fragaria vesca subsp. bracte<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Fragaria virginiana subsp. glauca<br />
Fragaria virginiana subsp. virginiana<br />
Franchetella gongrijpii (see Pouteria gongrijpii)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Frangula purshiana (see Rhamnus purshiana)<br />
Frantzia tacaco (see Sechium tacaco)<br />
Fraxinus pennsylvanica<br />
Fritillaria camsch<strong>at</strong>censis<br />
Fritillaria pudica<br />
Fuchsia arborescens<br />
Fuchsia boliviana<br />
Fuchsia cordifolia (see F. splendens)<br />
Fuchsia corymbifolia<br />
Fuchsia denticul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Fuchsia fulgens (see F. racemosa)<br />
Fuchsia magellanica<br />
Fuchsia racemosa<br />
Fuchsia splendens<br />
Fusaea longifolia<br />
Galinsoga aristul<strong>at</strong>a (see G. quadriradi<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Galinsoga cili<strong>at</strong>a (see G. quadriradi<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Galinsoga parviflora<br />
Galinsoga quadriradi<strong>at</strong>a (under G. parviflora)<br />
Galipea febrifuga (see Angostura trifoli<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Galipea <strong>of</strong>ficinalis (see Angostura trifoli<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Galium aparine<br />
Galium odor<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Galium verum<br />
Garcinia benthamiana<br />
Garcinia brasiliensis<br />
Garcinia cochinchinensis<br />
Garcinia dulcis<br />
Garcinia livingstonei<br />
Garcinia macrophylla<br />
Garcinia madruno<br />
Garcinia mangostana<br />
Garcinia pictorius<br />
Garcinia spicul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Garcinia tinctoria (see G. pictorius)<br />
Garcinia xanthochymus (see G. pictorius)<br />
Gardenia augusta<br />
Gardenia brasiliensis<br />
Gardenia jasminoides (see G. augusta)<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria acumin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria bradeana<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria bracte<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria domingensis<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria erecta<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria glomer<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria hapolotricha<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria hispidula<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria humifusa<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria insipida<br />
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Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria myrsinites (see G. humifusa)<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria ov<strong>at</strong>ifolia<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria procumbens<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria schultesii<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria shallon<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria tomentosa<br />
Gaul<strong>the</strong>ria vaccinoides<br />
Gaussia maya<br />
Gaylussacia bacc<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Gaylussacia brachycera<br />
Gaylussacia buxifolia<br />
Gaylussacia dumosa<br />
Gaylussacia frondosa var. nana<br />
Gaylussacia frondosa var. tomentosa (under G. frondosa var. nana)<br />
Gaylussacia resinosa<br />
Gaylussacia ursina<br />
Geissanthus longistamineus<br />
Genipa americana<br />
Genipa americana var. caruto (see G. americana)<br />
Genipa caruto (see G. americana)<br />
Genipa clusiifolia (see Casasia clusiifolia)<br />
Genipa spruceana<br />
Ge<strong>of</strong>froea decorticans<br />
Ge<strong>of</strong>froea superba<br />
Geonoma binervia (see G. interrupta)<br />
Geonoma camana<br />
Geonoma deversa<br />
Geonoma interrupta<br />
Geonoma macropoda (see G. deversa)<br />
Geonoma maxima var. chelidonura<br />
Geophila cordifolia<br />
Geoprumnon succulentum (see Astragalus crassicarpus)<br />
Geum rivale<br />
Geum triflorum<br />
Geum urbanum<br />
Gevuina avellana<br />
Ginkgo biloba<br />
Glaux maritima<br />
Glechoma hederacea<br />
Gleditsia triacanthos<br />
Gliricidia sepium<br />
Gloeospermum sphaerocarpum<br />
Glycine apios (see Apios americana)<br />
Glycine hispida (see G. max)<br />
Glycine max<br />
Glycine soja (see G. max)<br />
Glycoxylon huberi (see Pradosia huberi)<br />
Glycoxylon inophyllum (see Pradosia schomburgkiana subsp.<br />
schomburgkiana)<br />
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Glycoxylon pedicell<strong>at</strong>um (see Pradosia schomburgkiana subsp.<br />
schomburgkiana)<br />
Glycydendron amazonicum<br />
Glycyrrhiza glabra<br />
Glycyrrhiza lepidota<br />
Gnetum gnemon<br />
Gnetum leyboldii<br />
Gnetum nodiflorum<br />
Gnetum panicul<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Gnetum schwackeanum<br />
Gnetum urens<br />
Gnetum venosum<br />
Gonolobus edulis<br />
Gonolobus niger<br />
Gossypium arboreum<br />
Gossypium barbadense<br />
Gossypium herbaceum<br />
Gossypium hirsutum<br />
Gouania lupuloides<br />
Gouania polygama<br />
Goupia glabra<br />
Gourliea decorticans (see Ge<strong>of</strong>froea decorticans)<br />
Greigia sodiroana<br />
Greigia sphacel<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Grias cauliflora<br />
Grias haughtii<br />
Grias loretensis (see G. neuberthii)<br />
Grias mexicana (see Gustavia augusta)<br />
Grias neuberthii<br />
Grias peruviana<br />
Grindelia squarrosa<br />
Grossularia cynob<strong>at</strong>i (see Ribes cynosb<strong>at</strong>i)<br />
Grossularia divaric<strong>at</strong>a (see Ribes divaric<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Grossularia hirtella (see Ribes hirtellum)<br />
Grossularia inermis (see Ribes inerme)<br />
Grossularia missouriensis (see Ribes missouriense)<br />
Grossularia setosa (see Ribes oxyacanthuides subsp. setosum)<br />
Guadua angustifolia<br />
Guadua l<strong>at</strong>ifolia (under G. angustifolia)<br />
Guaiacum <strong>of</strong>ficinale<br />
Guaiacum gu<strong>at</strong>emalense (see G. sanctum)<br />
Guaiacum sanctum<br />
Guarea borisii (see G. grandifolia)<br />
Guarea grandifolia<br />
Guarea guara (see G. guidona)<br />
Guarea guidonia<br />
Guarea trichilodes (see G. guidona)<br />
Gu<strong>at</strong>teria buchtienii<br />
Gu<strong>at</strong>teria elong<strong>at</strong>a<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Gu<strong>at</strong>teria gracilipes<br />
Gu<strong>at</strong>teria ponderosa (see Porcelia ponderosa)<br />
Guazuma grandiflora (see Theobroma grandiflorum)<br />
Guazuma guazuma (see G. ulmifolia)<br />
Guazuma tomentosa (see G. ulmifolia)<br />
Guazuma ulmifolia<br />
Guettarda argentea<br />
Guettarda speciosa<br />
Guettarda scabra<br />
Guettarda uruguensis<br />
Guilandina moringa (see Moringa oleifera)<br />
Guilielma chontaduro (see Bactris gasipaes)<br />
Guilielma gasipaes (see Bactris gasipaes)<br />
Guilielma insignis (see Bactris gasipaes)<br />
Guilielma speciosa (see Bactris gasipaes)<br />
Guilielma utilis (see Bactris gasipaes)<br />
Gunnera chilensis (see G. tinctoria)<br />
Gunnera tinctoria<br />
Gustavia augusta<br />
Gustavia longifolia<br />
Gustavia macarenensis subsp. macarenensis<br />
Gustavia mexicana (see G. augusta)<br />
Gustavia nana<br />
Gustavia speciosa subsp. speciosa<br />
Gustavia superba<br />
Gymnocladus dioica<br />
Gymnoluma glabrescens (see Elaeoluma glabrescens)<br />
Gynandropsis speciosa (see Cleome speciosa)<br />
Haageocereus decumbens<br />
Haageocereus pseudomelanostele<br />
Habenaria sparsiflora (see Pl<strong>at</strong>an<strong>the</strong>ra sparsiflora var.<br />
sparsiflora)<br />
Hahnia arbutifolia var. nigra (see Photinia melanocarpa)<br />
Halesia carolina<br />
Hamamelis virginiana<br />
Ham<strong>at</strong>ocactus ham<strong>at</strong>acanthus (see Ferocactus ham<strong>at</strong>acanthus)<br />
Ham<strong>at</strong>ocactus uncin<strong>at</strong>us (see Sclerocactus uncin<strong>at</strong>us var. wrightii)<br />
Hamelia p<strong>at</strong>ens<br />
Hancornia speciosa<br />
Haplopappus nuttallii (see Machaeran<strong>the</strong>ra grindelioides var.<br />
grindelioides)<br />
Harpephyllum caffrum<br />
Harrisia aboriginum<br />
Harrisia balansae<br />
Harrisia bonplandii (see H. pomanensis)<br />
Harrisia eriophora<br />
Harrisia eriophora var. fragrans (see H. fragrans)<br />
Harrisia fragrans<br />
Harrisia guelichii (see H. balansae)<br />
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886
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Harrisia pomanensis<br />
Harrisia portoricensis<br />
Harrisia simpsonii<br />
Hasseltia dioica<br />
Hechtia montana<br />
Hedeoma drummondii<br />
Hedeoma pulegioides<br />
Hedychium coronarium<br />
Hedychium spic<strong>at</strong>um (see H. coronarium)<br />
Hedyosmum angustifolium<br />
Hedyosmum maximum<br />
Hedyosmum mexicanum<br />
Hedyosmum nutans<br />
Hedyosmum racemosum<br />
Hedysarum alpinum<br />
Hedysarum alpinum var. americanum (see H. alpinum)<br />
Hedysarum boreale subsp. mackenzii<br />
Hedysarum mackenzii (see H. boreale subsp. mackenzii)<br />
Hedysarum occidentale<br />
Helianthus annuus<br />
Helianthus doronicoides<br />
Helianthus giganteus<br />
Helianthus maximiliana<br />
Helianthus tuberosus<br />
Heliconia bihai<br />
Heliconia caribaea<br />
Heliconia hirsuta<br />
Heliconia humilis (see H. bihai)<br />
Heliconia l<strong>at</strong>isp<strong>at</strong>ha<br />
Heliconia psittacorum<br />
Heliconia rostr<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Heliconia velutina<br />
Helicostylis elegans<br />
Helicostylis scabra<br />
Helicostylis tomentosa<br />
Heliopsis buphthalmoides<br />
Hemerocallis flava (see H. lilioasphodelus)<br />
Hemerocallis fulva<br />
Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus<br />
Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus var. flavus (see H. lilioasphodelus)<br />
Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus var. fulvus (see H. fulva)<br />
Henriettea succosa<br />
Heracleum lan<strong>at</strong>um (see H. maximum)<br />
Heracleum maximum<br />
Heracleum sphondylium<br />
Herrania albiflora<br />
Herrania camargoana<br />
Herrania mariae var. mariae<br />
Herrania nitida<br />
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887
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Hesperis m<strong>at</strong>ronalis<br />
Hesperomeles ferruginea<br />
Hesperomeles lanuginosa (see H. ferruginea)<br />
Hesperoyucca whipplei (see Yucca whipplei)<br />
Heteromeles arbutifolia<br />
Heteromeles salicifolia (see H. arbutifolia)<br />
Heteropsis sp.<br />
Hevea brasiliensis<br />
Hevea guianensis<br />
Hevea pauciflora var. coriacea<br />
Hexachlamys edulis<br />
Hibiscus abelmoschus (see <strong>Abelmoschus</strong> mosch<strong>at</strong>us)<br />
Hibiscus bifurc<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Hibiscus cannabinus<br />
Hibiscus <strong>esculentus</strong> (see <strong>Abelmoschus</strong> <strong>esculentus</strong>)<br />
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis<br />
Hibiscus sabdariffa<br />
Hibiscus syriacus<br />
Hibiscus tiliaceus<br />
Hibiscus uncinellus (see H. bifurc<strong>at</strong>us)<br />
Hicoria alba (see Carya tomentosa)<br />
Hicoria cordiformis (see Carya cordiformis)<br />
Hicoria glabra (see Carya glabra)<br />
Hicoria laciniosa (see Carya laciniosa)<br />
Hicoria microcarpa (see Carya glabra)<br />
Hicoria ov<strong>at</strong>a (see Carya ov<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Hicoria pecan (see Carya illinoinensis)<br />
Hippocr<strong>at</strong>ea comosa (see Hylenaea comosa)<br />
Hippocr<strong>at</strong>ea volubilis<br />
Hippuris vulgaris<br />
Hiraea reclin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Hirtella americana<br />
Hirtella bicornis<br />
Hirtella bull<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Hirtella lightioides<br />
Hirtella pilosissima (under H. lightioides)<br />
Hirtella racemosa (under H. lightioides)<br />
Hirtella triandra<br />
H<strong>of</strong>fmanseggia densiflora (see H. glauca)<br />
H<strong>of</strong>fmanseggia falcaria (see H. glauca)<br />
H<strong>of</strong>fmanseggia glauca<br />
Holchus sorghum (see Sorghum bicolor)<br />
Holodiscus discolor<br />
Honckenya peploides subsp. peploides<br />
Hordeum distichon (see H. vulgare)<br />
Hordeum jub<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Hordeum vulgare<br />
Hovenia dulcis<br />
Hufelandia anay (see Beilschmiedia anay)<br />
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Huilaea ecuadorensis<br />
Huilaea macrocarpa<br />
Humiria balsamifera<br />
Humirian<strong>the</strong>ra ampla (see Casimirella ampla)<br />
Humirian<strong>the</strong>ra duckei (see Casimirella ampla)<br />
Humirian<strong>the</strong>ra rupestris<br />
Humiriastrum cuspid<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Humulus lupulus<br />
Hydrastis canadensis<br />
Hydrophyllum appendicul<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Hydrophyllum canadense<br />
Hydrophyllum occidentale<br />
Hydrophyllum virginianum<br />
Hyeronima colombiana (see H. macrocarpa)<br />
Hyeronima macrocarpa<br />
Hylenaea comosa<br />
Hylocereus costaricensis<br />
Hylocereus gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis (see H. und<strong>at</strong>us)<br />
Hylocereus lemairei<br />
Hylocereus ocamponis<br />
Hylocereus polyrhizus (see H. lemairei)<br />
Hylocereus triangularis<br />
Hylocereus trigonus<br />
Hylocereus und<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Hymenaea altissima (see H. courbaril var. altissima)<br />
Hymenaea courbaril<br />
Hymenaea courbaril var. altissima<br />
Hymenaea courbaril var. stilbocarpa (see H. courbaril)<br />
Hymenaea intermedia<br />
Hymenaea martiana<br />
Hymenaea oblongifolia var. oblongifolia<br />
Hymenaea oblongifolia var. palustris (under H. oblongifolia var.<br />
oblongifolia)<br />
Hymenaea palustris (see H. oblongifolia var. palustris)<br />
Hymenaea parvifolia<br />
Hymenaea reticul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Hymenaea stigonocarpa<br />
Hymenaea stilbocarpa (see H. courbaril)<br />
Hymenocallis spp.<br />
Hymenopappus filifolius<br />
Hymenoxys odor<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Hypericum cayennensis (see Vismia cayenensis)<br />
Hypericum perfor<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Hypopterygium adstringens (see Amphipterygium adstringens)<br />
Hyptis albida<br />
Hyptis emoryi<br />
Hyptis multiflora<br />
Hyptis pectin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Hyptis suaveolens<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Icacorea guadalupensis (see Ardisia guadalupensis)<br />
Icacorea guianensis (see Ardisia guianensis)<br />
Icacorea revoluta (see Ardisia revoluta)<br />
Ibicella lutea<br />
Ilex amara<br />
Ilex cassine<br />
Ilex conocarpa<br />
Ilex glabra<br />
Ilex guayusa<br />
Ilex opaca<br />
Ilex paraguariensis<br />
Ilex verticill<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Ilex vomitoria<br />
Illicium anis<strong>at</strong>um (inedible, under I. verum)<br />
Illicium floridanum<br />
Illicium mexicanum (see I. floridanum)<br />
Illicium parviflorum (inedible, under I. verum)<br />
Illicium religiosum (inedible, see I. anis<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Illicium verum<br />
Imp<strong>at</strong>iens biflora (see I. capensis)<br />
Imp<strong>at</strong>iens capensis<br />
Imp<strong>at</strong>iens pallida<br />
Inga adenophylla<br />
Inga affinis (see also I. pilosula)<br />
Inga alba<br />
Inga aria<br />
Inga auristellae<br />
Inga brevial<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Inga bourgonii<br />
Inga calocephala (see I. macrophylla)<br />
Inga canaminensis<br />
Inga capit<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Inga cayennensis<br />
Inga cili<strong>at</strong>a (see also I. poeppigiana)<br />
Inga cinnamomea<br />
Inga coerulescens (see I. cili<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Inga coruscans<br />
Inga cyclocarpa (see Enterolobium cyclocarpum)<br />
Inga dulcis (see Pi<strong>the</strong>cellobium dulce)<br />
Inga densiflora<br />
Inga dumosa<br />
Inga edulis<br />
Inga expansa (see I. velutina)<br />
Inga fagifolia (see I. laurina and I. ruiziana)<br />
Inga falcistipula (see I. capit<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Inga feuillei<br />
Inga foliosa (see I. ruiziana)<br />
Inga gracilifolia<br />
Inga heterophylla<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Inga ilta<br />
Inga inga (see I. vera)<br />
Inga ingoides<br />
Inga insignis<br />
Inga killipiana<br />
Inga klugii<br />
Inga lallensis<br />
Inga l<strong>at</strong>eriflora<br />
Inga laurina<br />
Inga leiocalycina<br />
Inga leptoloba<br />
Inga line<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Inga longipes<br />
Inga lopadadenia<br />
Inga macrophylla<br />
Inga margin<strong>at</strong>a (see I. semialta)<br />
Inga ma<strong>the</strong>wsiana (see I. nobilis)<br />
Inga micheliana<br />
Inga minutula<br />
Inga mucuna<br />
Inga multijuga<br />
Inga myriantha (see I. umbellifera)<br />
Inga nobilis<br />
Inga obidensis<br />
Inga obtus<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Inga oerstediana<br />
Inga paraensis<br />
Inga p<strong>at</strong>erno<br />
Inga peltadenia (see I. thibaudiana)<br />
Inga pilosula<br />
Inga plumifera<br />
Inga poeppigiana<br />
Inga preussii (see. I. sapindoides)<br />
Inga pruriens<br />
Inga punct<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Inga quadrangularis (see I. macrophylla)<br />
Inga qu<strong>at</strong>ern<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Inga radians (see I. p<strong>at</strong>erno)<br />
Inga rensonii (see. I. sapindoides)<br />
Inga reticul<strong>at</strong>a (see I. feullei)<br />
Inga rubiginosa<br />
Inga ruiziana<br />
Inga salzmanniana<br />
Inga saman (see Samanea saman)<br />
Inga santaremnensis<br />
Inga sapindoides<br />
Inga semial<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Inga spectabilis<br />
Inga splendens<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Inga spuria (see I. minutula)<br />
Inga stenocarpa<br />
Inga strigillosa<br />
Inga suturalis (see I. brevial<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Inga thibaudiana<br />
Inga tocacheana<br />
Inga tomentosa<br />
Inga umbell<strong>at</strong>a (see I. heterophylla)<br />
Inga umbellifera<br />
Inga velutina<br />
Inga vera<br />
Inga villosissima<br />
Inga virescens<br />
Iochroma fuchsioides<br />
Ipomoea alba<br />
Ipomoea aqu<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
Ipomoea b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>as<br />
Ipomoea bona-nox (see I. alba)<br />
Ipomoea bracte<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Ipomoea dumosa<br />
Ipomoea leptophylla<br />
Ipomoea macrantha (see I. violaceae)<br />
Ipomoea pandur<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Ipomoea pes-caprae<br />
Ipomoea reptans (see I. reptans)<br />
Ipomoea tuba (see I. violaceae)<br />
Ipomoea violacea<br />
Iriartea deltoidea<br />
Iriartea durissima (see Socr<strong>at</strong>ea exorrhiza)<br />
Iriartea ventricosa (see I. deltoidea)<br />
Iris setosa<br />
Iryan<strong>the</strong>ra elliptica<br />
Iryan<strong>the</strong>ra juruensis (under I. elliptica)<br />
Iryan<strong>the</strong>ra laevis<br />
Iryan<strong>the</strong>ra lancifolia (under I. elliptica)<br />
Iryan<strong>the</strong>ra paraensis (under I. elliptica)<br />
Iryan<strong>the</strong>ra ulei (under I. elliptica)<br />
Ischnosiphon arouma<br />
Isomeris arborea (see Cleome isomeris)<br />
Itaya amicorum<br />
Iva annua<br />
Ixora sp.<br />
Jacar<strong>at</strong>ia digit<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Jacar<strong>at</strong>ia dodecaphylla (see J. spinosa)<br />
Jacar<strong>at</strong>ia mexicana<br />
Jacar<strong>at</strong>ia spinosa<br />
Jacquinia caracasana<br />
Jaltom<strong>at</strong>a bicolor<br />
Jaltom<strong>at</strong>a confinis (under J. procumbens)<br />
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Jaltom<strong>at</strong>a chiuahuensis<br />
Jaltom<strong>at</strong>a procumbens<br />
Jaltom<strong>at</strong>a viscosa (under J. procumbens)<br />
Jaltom<strong>at</strong>a ventricosa<br />
Jambosa jambos (see Eugenia jambos)<br />
Jambosa malaccensis (see Eugenia malaccensis)<br />
Jambosa vulgaris (see Eugenia jambos)<br />
Jarilla caud<strong>at</strong>a (see J. heterophylla)<br />
Jarilla heterophylla<br />
J<strong>at</strong>ropha aconitifolia (see Cnidoscolus aconitifolius)<br />
J<strong>at</strong>ropha curcas<br />
J<strong>at</strong>ropha multifida<br />
J<strong>at</strong>ropha moluccana (see Aleurites moluccanus)<br />
J<strong>at</strong>ropha phyllacantha<br />
J<strong>at</strong>ropha urens (see Cnidoscolus urens)<br />
Jessenia b<strong>at</strong>aua (see Oenocarpus b<strong>at</strong>aua var. b<strong>at</strong>aua)<br />
Jessenia b<strong>at</strong>aua subsp. oligocarpa (see Oenocarpus b<strong>at</strong>aua var.<br />
oligocarpa)<br />
Jessenia oligocarpa (see Oenocarpus b<strong>at</strong>aua var. oligocarpa)<br />
Jessenia polycarpa (see Oenocarpus b<strong>at</strong>aua var. b<strong>at</strong>aua)<br />
Jessenia weberbaueri (see Oenocarpus b<strong>at</strong>aua var. b<strong>at</strong>aua)<br />
Jubaea chilensis<br />
Jubaea spectabilis (see J. chilensis)<br />
Juglans andina (see J. neotropica)<br />
Juglans arizonica (see J. major)<br />
Juglans australis<br />
Juglans boliviana<br />
Juglans brasiliensis (see J. australis)<br />
Juglans californica<br />
Juglans californica var. hindsii (see J. hindsii)<br />
Juglans cinerea<br />
Juglans colombiensis (see J. neotropica)<br />
Juglans elaeopyron (see J. major)<br />
Juglans gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis (see J. olanchana)<br />
Juglans hindsii<br />
Juglans hirsuta<br />
Juglans honorei (see J. neotropica)<br />
Juglans insularis (see J. jamaicensis)<br />
Juglans jamaicensis<br />
Juglans major<br />
Juglans mexicana (see J. mollis)<br />
Juglans microcarpa<br />
Juglans microcarpa var. stewartii<br />
Juglans mollis<br />
Juglans neotropica<br />
Juglans nigra<br />
Juglans nigra var. boliviana (see J. boliviana)<br />
Juglans olanchana<br />
Juglans peruviana (see J. boliviana)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
893
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Juglans regia<br />
Juglans rupestris (see J. microcarpa)<br />
Juglans torreyi (see J. major)<br />
Juglans venezuelensis (see J. neotropica)<br />
Juliania adstringens (see Amphipterygium adstringens)<br />
Juniperus californica<br />
Juniperus communis<br />
Juniperus deppeana<br />
Juniperus horizontalis<br />
Juniperus monosperma<br />
Juniperus occidentalis<br />
Juniperus osteosperma<br />
Juniperus pachyphlaea (see J. deppeana)<br />
Juniperus scopulorum<br />
Juniperus silicicola (see J. virginiana var. silicicola)<br />
Juniperus utahensis (see J. osteosperma)<br />
Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola (under J. v. var. virginiana)<br />
Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana<br />
Justicia pectoralis<br />
Kallstroemia maxima<br />
Kar<strong>at</strong>as pinguin (see Bromelia pinguin)<br />
Kar<strong>at</strong>as plumeiri (see Bromelia plumeiri)<br />
Karwinskia humboldtiana<br />
Koeleria crist<strong>at</strong>a (see K. macrantha)<br />
Koeleria macrantha<br />
Koeleria pyramid<strong>at</strong>a (see K. macrantha)<br />
Kotchubaea sericantha (see Kutchubaea sericantha)<br />
Krameria erecta<br />
Krugiodendron ferreum<br />
Kutchubaea sericantha<br />
Lab<strong>at</strong>ia caimito (see Pouteria caimito)<br />
Lab<strong>at</strong>ia macrocarpa (see Pouteria macrocarpa)<br />
Lablab niger (see L. purpureus)<br />
Lablab purpureus<br />
Lablab vulgaris (see L. purpureus)<br />
Labourdonnaisia albescens (see Manilkara valenzuelana)<br />
Lacistema aggreg<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Lacmellea acule<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Lacmellea arborescens<br />
Lacmellea arborescens var. peruviana (see L. peruviana)<br />
Lacmellea edulis<br />
Lacmellea floribunda<br />
Lacmellea gracilis<br />
Lacmellea lactescens<br />
Lacmellea peruviana<br />
Lacmellea speciosa<br />
Lactuca canadensis<br />
Lactuca intybacea (see Launaea intybacea)<br />
Lactuca longifolia (see L. romana)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
894
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Lactuca ludoviciana<br />
Lactuca pulchella (see L. t<strong>at</strong>orica var. pulchella)<br />
Lactuca romana (see L. s<strong>at</strong>iva)<br />
Lactuca s<strong>at</strong>iva<br />
Lactuca scariola (see L. serriola)<br />
Lactuca serriola<br />
Lactuca t<strong>at</strong>arica var. pulchella<br />
Lactuca virosa (see L. serriola)<br />
Lacunaria grandiflora<br />
Lacunaria jenmani<br />
Lagenaria leucantha (see L. siceraria)<br />
Lagenaria siceraria<br />
Lagenaria vulgaris (see L. siceraria)<br />
Lagerstroemia parviflora<br />
Lagerstroemia indica (under L. parviflora)<br />
Lamium amplexicaule<br />
Lansium domesticum<br />
Lantana camara<br />
Lantana involucr<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Lantana trifolia<br />
Lapageria rosea<br />
Laportea canadensis<br />
Lardizabala bitern<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Larix occidentalis<br />
Larrea mexicana (see L. trident<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Larrea trident<strong>at</strong>a<br />
L<strong>at</strong>hyrus brachycalyx subsp. brachycalyx<br />
L<strong>at</strong>hyrus japonicus var. maritimus<br />
L<strong>at</strong>hyrus maritimus (see L. japonicus var. maritimus)<br />
L<strong>at</strong>hyrus ochroleucus<br />
L<strong>at</strong>hyrus odor<strong>at</strong>us<br />
L<strong>at</strong>hyrus orn<strong>at</strong>us (see L. brachycalyx subsp. brachycalyx)<br />
L<strong>at</strong>hyrus polymorphus<br />
L<strong>at</strong>hyrus s<strong>at</strong>ivus<br />
L<strong>at</strong>hyrus tuberosus<br />
Launaea intybacea<br />
Laurelia sempervirens<br />
Laurelia serr<strong>at</strong>a (see L. sempervirens)<br />
Laurocerasus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis<br />
Laurus winterana (see Canella winterana)<br />
Laurus cinnamomum (see Cinnamomum verum)<br />
Laurus nobilis<br />
Laurus persea (see Persea americana var. americana)<br />
Lecythis amapaensis (see L. pisonis)<br />
Lecythis amazonum (see L. pisonis)<br />
Lecythis ampla<br />
Lecythis angustifolia (see Eschweilera compressa)<br />
Lecythis costaricensis (see L. ampla)<br />
Lecythis elliptica (see L. minor)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
895
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Lecythis grandiflora (see Eschweilera grandiflora)<br />
Lecythis hians (see L. zabucajo)<br />
Lecythis lanceol<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Lecythis minor<br />
Lecythis ollaria<br />
Lecythis ov<strong>at</strong>a (see Eschweilera ov<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Lecythis paraensis (see L. pisonis)<br />
Lecythis pisonis<br />
Lecythis pisonis subsp. usit<strong>at</strong>a (see L. pisonis)<br />
Lecythis usit<strong>at</strong>a (see L. pisonis)<br />
Lecythis usit<strong>at</strong>a var. paraensis (see L. pisonis)<br />
Lecythis zabucajo<br />
Ledum decumbens (see L. palustre subsp. decumbens)<br />
Ledum glandulosum<br />
Ledum groenlandicum<br />
Ledum palustre subsp. decumbens<br />
Lemaireocereus chichipe<br />
Lemaireocereus deficiens<br />
Lemaireocereus griseus<br />
Lemaireocereus gummosus<br />
Lemaireocereus laetus (see Arm<strong>at</strong>ocereus laetus)<br />
Lemaireocereus margin<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Lemaireocereus queretaroensis<br />
Lemaireocereus stell<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Lemaireocereus thurberi (see Stenocereus thurberi)<br />
Lemaireocereus weberi<br />
Lemna minor<br />
Lens culinaris<br />
Lens esculenta (see L. culinaris)<br />
Leonia glycycarpa<br />
Leonia triandra<br />
Leopoldia comosa<br />
Leopoldinia piassaba<br />
Leopoldinia pulchra<br />
Lepargyraea argentea (see Shepherdia argentea)<br />
Lepargyrea canadensis (see Shepherdia canadensis)<br />
Lepian<strong>the</strong>s pelt<strong>at</strong>a (see Piper pelt<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Lepian<strong>the</strong>s umbell<strong>at</strong>a (see Piper umbell<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Lepidium campestre<br />
Lepidium fremontii<br />
Lepidium l<strong>at</strong>ifulium<br />
Lepidium meyenii<br />
Lepidium s<strong>at</strong>ivum<br />
Lepidium virginicum<br />
Leptochloopsis virg<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Leptotaenia multifida (see Lom<strong>at</strong>ium dissectum var. multifidum)<br />
Leptotes bicolor<br />
Lespedeza capit<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Leucaena esculenta<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
896
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Leucaena glauca (see L. leucocephala)<br />
Leucaena leucocephala<br />
Leucaena pulverulenta<br />
Leucan<strong>the</strong>mum integrifolium<br />
Leucan<strong>the</strong>mum leucan<strong>the</strong>mum (see L. vulgare)<br />
Leucan<strong>the</strong>mum vulgare<br />
Levisticum <strong>of</strong>ficinale<br />
Lewisia rediviva<br />
Leymus arenarius<br />
Leymus condens<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Leymus racemosus<br />
Leymus triticoides<br />
Li<strong>at</strong>ris punct<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Licania apetala<br />
Licania canescens<br />
Licania glabriflora<br />
Licania heteromorpha<br />
Licania hypoleuca var. hypoleuca<br />
Licania incana<br />
Licania kunthiana<br />
Licania l<strong>at</strong>ifolia<br />
Licania licaniiflora<br />
Licania macrocarpa<br />
Licania macrophylla<br />
Licania michauxii<br />
Licania oblongifolia<br />
Licania octandra subsp. pallida<br />
Licania parinarioides (see L. licaniiflora)<br />
Licania parviflora<br />
Licania pendula (see L. apetala)<br />
Licania pl<strong>at</strong>ypus<br />
Licania pyrifolia<br />
Licania tomentosa<br />
Ligusticum hultenii (see L. scothicum subsp. hultenii)<br />
Ligusticum scothicum<br />
Ligusticum scothicum subsp. hultenii<br />
Lilium brownii<br />
Lilium columbianum<br />
Lilium lancifolium<br />
Lilium montanum (see L. philadelphicum var. andinum)<br />
Lilium parviflorum<br />
Lilium philadelphicum var. andinum<br />
Lilium superbum<br />
Lilium tigrinum (see L. lancifolium)<br />
Lilium umbell<strong>at</strong>um (see L. philadelphicum var. andinum)<br />
Limnia perfoli<strong>at</strong>a (see Claytonia perfoli<strong>at</strong>a var. perfoli<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Limnophila arom<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
Limonia aurantifolia (see Citrus aurantifolia)<br />
Limonia glutinosa (see Swinglea glutinosa)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
897
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Lindera aestivale var. pubescens (see L. benzoin)<br />
Lindera benzoin<br />
Linum bienne<br />
Linum lewisii<br />
Linum perenne<br />
Linum perenne var. lewisii (see L. lewisii)<br />
Linum usit<strong>at</strong>issimum<br />
Lippia alba<br />
Lippia berlandieri<br />
Lippia gemin<strong>at</strong>a (see L. alba)<br />
Lippia graveolens<br />
Lippia helleri (see L. micromera var. helleri)<br />
Lippia mexicana<br />
Lippia micromera<br />
Lippia micromera var. helleri (under L. micromera)<br />
Liquidambar styraciflua<br />
Liquidambar styraciflua var. mexicana(see L. styraciflua)<br />
Litchi chinensis<br />
Lithocarpus densiflora<br />
Lithospermum <strong>of</strong>ficinale<br />
Litsea glaucecens<br />
Litsea neesiana<br />
Lobelia berlandieri<br />
Lochnera rosea (see C<strong>at</strong>haranthus roseus)<br />
Lom<strong>at</strong>ium ambiguum<br />
Lom<strong>at</strong>ium californicum<br />
Lom<strong>at</strong>ium canbyi (under L. ambiguum)<br />
Lom<strong>at</strong>ium cous (under L. ambiguum)<br />
Lom<strong>at</strong>ium dissectum var. multifidum<br />
Lom<strong>at</strong>ium farinosum (under L. ambiguum)<br />
Lom<strong>at</strong>ium foeniculaceum<br />
Lom<strong>at</strong>ium hallii<br />
Lom<strong>at</strong>ium macrocarpum (see L. hallii)<br />
Lom<strong>at</strong>ium nudicaule<br />
Lom<strong>at</strong>ium utricul<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Lonchocarpus longistylus<br />
Lonicera caerulea<br />
Lonicera ciliosa<br />
Lonicera involucr<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Lonicera japonica<br />
Lophocereus schottii (see Pachycereus schottii)<br />
Loretoa peruviana (see Capirona decordicans)<br />
Loreya arborescens<br />
Loreya coll<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a (see L. spruceana)<br />
Loreya spruceana<br />
Lucuma arguacoensium (see Pouteria arguacoensium)<br />
Lucuma bifera (see Pouteria lucuma)<br />
Lucuma caimito (see Pouteria caimito)<br />
Lucuma dissepala (see Pouteria venosa subsp. amazonica)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
898
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Lucuma glabrescens (see Elaeoluma glabrescens)<br />
Lucuma huallagae (see Pouteria guianensis)<br />
Lucuma lasiocarpa (see Pouteria caimito)<br />
Lucuma laurifolia (see Pouteria caimito)<br />
Lucuma macrocarpa (see Pouteria multiflora)<br />
Lucuma mammosa (see Pouteria sapota)<br />
Lucuma multiflora (see Pouteria multiflora)<br />
Lucuma nervosa (see Pouteria campechiana)<br />
Lucuma obov<strong>at</strong>a (see Pouteria lucuma)<br />
Lucuma palmeri (see Pouteria campechiana)<br />
Lucuma paraensis (see Pouteria macrocarpa)<br />
Lucuma pariry (see Pouteria pariri)<br />
Lucuma parviflora (see Pouteria ramiflora)<br />
Lucuma procera (see Pouteria procera)<br />
Lucuma rivicola (see Pouteria macrophylla)<br />
Lucuma salicifolia (see Pouteria campechiana)<br />
Lucuma serpentaria (see Pouteria dominigensis subsp. dominigensis)<br />
Lucuma speciosa (see Pouteria speciosa)<br />
Lucuma torta (see Pouteria torta)<br />
Lucuma turbin<strong>at</strong>a (see Pouteria lucuma)<br />
Lucuma valparadisea (see Pouteria splendens)<br />
Luffa acutangula<br />
Luffa aegyptiaca<br />
Luffa cylindrica (see L. aegyptiaca)<br />
Luffa opercul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Lupinus albus<br />
Lupinus jugoslavicus (see L. albus)<br />
Lupinus littoralis<br />
Lupinus luteus<br />
Lupinus mutabilis<br />
Lupinus perennis<br />
Lupinus raecus (see L. albus)<br />
Lupinus termis (see L. albus)<br />
Lycian<strong>the</strong>s asarifolia<br />
Lycian<strong>the</strong>s mociniana<br />
Lycium andersonii<br />
Lycium barbarum (see L. halimifolium)<br />
Lycium berlandieri<br />
Lycium carolinianum<br />
Lycium fremontii<br />
Lycium halimifolium<br />
Lycium pallidum<br />
Lycium torreyi<br />
Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme<br />
Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum<br />
Lycopersicon humboldtii<br />
Lycopersicon lycopersicum (see L. esculentum var. esculentum)<br />
Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium<br />
Lycopus asper<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
899
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Lycopus uniflorus<br />
Lycopus virginicus<br />
Lygodesmia grandiflora<br />
Lysimachia clethroides<br />
Lythrum salicaria<br />
Maba inconstans (see Diospyros inconstans)<br />
Mabea longifolia<br />
Macadamia integrifolia<br />
Macadamia tetraphylla<br />
Machaeran<strong>the</strong>ra grindelioides var. grindelioides<br />
Macheocereus gummosus (see Lemaireocereus gummosus)<br />
Macleania benthamiana<br />
Macleania ecuadoriensis (see M. rupestris)<br />
Macleania popenoei (see M. benthamiana)<br />
Macleania rupestris<br />
Maclura pomifera<br />
Maclura mora (see M. tinctoria)<br />
Maclura tinctoria<br />
Macoubea guianensis<br />
Macoubea wititorum (see M. guianensis)<br />
Macroptilium l<strong>at</strong>hyroides<br />
Macrorhynchus troximoides (see Agoseris aurantica)<br />
Magnolia grandiflora (see also Talauma mexicana)<br />
Magnolia mexicana (see Talauma mexicana)<br />
Magnolia virginiana<br />
Mahonia aquifolium (see Berberis aquifolium)<br />
Mahonia haem<strong>at</strong>ocarpa (see Berberis haem<strong>at</strong>ocarpa)<br />
Mahonia nervosa (see Berberis nervosa)<br />
Mahonia pinn<strong>at</strong>a (see Berberis pinn<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Mahonia repens (see Berberis repens)<br />
Mahonia swaseyi (see Berberis swaseyi)<br />
Mahonia trifoliol<strong>at</strong>a (see Berberis trifoliol<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Maieta guianensis<br />
Maieta heterophylla (see Clidemia heterophylla)<br />
Maieta poeppigii<br />
Malacomeles denticul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Malocchia ensiformis (see Canavalia ensiformis)<br />
Malpighia angustifolia (see M. linearis)<br />
Malpighia cnide<br />
Malpighia coccigera<br />
Malpighia crassifolia (see Byrsonima crassifolia)<br />
Malpighia densa (see Byrsonima densa)<br />
Malpighia edulis (see M. mexicana)<br />
Malpighia emargin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Malpighia fuc<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Malpighia glabra (see also M. emargin<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Malpighia linearis<br />
Malpighia macrophylla<br />
Malpighia mexicana<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
900
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Malpighia nitida (see M. glabra)<br />
Malpighia obov<strong>at</strong>a (see Hiraea reclin<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Malpighia oaxacana (see M. mexicana)<br />
Malpighia peruviana (see M. glabra)<br />
Malpighia punicifolia (see M. emargin<strong>at</strong>a and M. glabra)<br />
Malpighia reclin<strong>at</strong>a (see Hiraea reclin<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Malpighia rutilans (see Byrsonima sericea)<br />
Malpighia setosa<br />
Malpighia spic<strong>at</strong>a (see Byrsonima spic<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Malpighia urens<br />
Malus angustifolia<br />
Malus bacc<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Malus communis (see M. pumila)<br />
Malus coronaria var. coronaria<br />
Malus fusca<br />
Malus ioensis var. ioensis<br />
Malus malus (see M. sylvestris)<br />
Malus prunifolia<br />
Malus pumila<br />
Malus sylvestris<br />
Malva neglecta (see also M. rotundifolia)<br />
Malva niacennsis<br />
Malva parviflora<br />
Malva pusilla (see M. rotundifolia)<br />
Malva rotundifolia<br />
Malva setosa (see M. niacennsis)<br />
Malva sylvestris<br />
Malva verticill<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Malva verticill<strong>at</strong>a var. crispa (under M. verticill<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Malvaviscus arboreus<br />
Malvaviscus arboreus var. drummondii (see M. arboreus)<br />
Malvaviscus arboreus var. mexicanus (see M. arboreus)<br />
Malvaviscus arboreus var. penduliflorus (see M. arboreus)<br />
Malvaviscus drummondii (see M. arboreus var. drummondii)<br />
Malvaviscus penduliflorus (see M. arboreus)<br />
Mammea americana<br />
Mammillaria heyderi var. meiacantha<br />
Mammillaria gummifera var. meiacantha (see M. heyderi var.<br />
meiacantha)<br />
Mammillaria mammillaris<br />
Mammillaria maz<strong>at</strong>lanensis<br />
Mammillaria meiacantha (see M. heyderi var. meiacantha)<br />
Mammillaria nivosa<br />
Mammillaria simplex (see M. mammillaris)<br />
Mandevilla potosina (see Fernaldia pandur<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Mandevilla velutina (see Fernaldia pandur<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Mangifera indica<br />
Mangifera odor<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Manicaria saccifera<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
901
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Manihot dulcis (see M. esculenta)<br />
Manihot esculenta<br />
Manihot glaziovii<br />
Manihot utilissima (see M. esculenta)<br />
Manilkara achras (see M. zapota)<br />
Manilkara bahamensis (see M. jaimiqui subsp. emargin<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Manilkara bal<strong>at</strong>a (see M. bident<strong>at</strong>a subsp. bident<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Manilkara bal<strong>at</strong>a var. domingensis (see M. bident<strong>at</strong>a subsp.<br />
surinamensis)<br />
Manilkara bella<br />
Manilkara bident<strong>at</strong>a subsp. bident<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Manilkara bident<strong>at</strong>a subsp. surinamensis<br />
Manilkara chicle<br />
Manilkara darienensis (see M. bident<strong>at</strong>a subsp. bident<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Manilkara excelsa<br />
Manilkara huberi<br />
Manilkara jaimiqui subsp. emargin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Manilkara nitida (see M. bident<strong>at</strong>a subsp. surinamensis)<br />
Manilkara salzmannii<br />
Manilkara staminodella<br />
Manilkara surinamensis (see M. bident<strong>at</strong>a subsp. surinamensis)<br />
Manilkara valenzuelana<br />
Manilkara zapota<br />
Manilkara zapotilla (see M. zapota)<br />
Mansoa alliacea<br />
Mansoa hymenaea<br />
Mansoa standleyi<br />
Maranta arouma (see Ischnosiphon arouma)<br />
Maranta arundinacea<br />
Maranta divaric<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Maranta ruiziana<br />
Marcgravia sp.<br />
Margaritaria nobilis (see Phyllanthus nobilis)<br />
Maripa panamensis<br />
Maripa sp.<br />
Marlierea edulis<br />
Marlierea glomer<strong>at</strong>a (see Eugenia discolorans)<br />
Marliarea guildingiana<br />
Marlierea montana<br />
Marlierea obtusa (see M. montana)<br />
Marrubium vulgare<br />
Marshallocereus thurberi (see Stenocereus thurberi)<br />
Marsilea polycarpa<br />
Martinezia caryotifolia (see Aiphanes acule<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Martinezia ernesti (see Aiphanes acule<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Mastichodendron capiri (see Sideroxylon capiri subsp. tempisque)<br />
Mastichodendron foetidissimum (see Sideroxylon foetidissimum)<br />
M<strong>at</strong>elea rivularis<br />
M<strong>at</strong>isia bicolor<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
902
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
M<strong>at</strong>isia cord<strong>at</strong>a<br />
M<strong>at</strong>isia ochrocalyx<br />
M<strong>at</strong>ricaria chamomilla (see Chamomilla recutita)<br />
M<strong>at</strong>ricaria recutita (see Chamomilla recutita)<br />
M<strong>at</strong>teuccia pensylvanica (see M. struthiopteris)<br />
M<strong>at</strong>teuccia struthiopteris<br />
Mauria obtusa (see Tapirira obtusa)<br />
Mauritia acule<strong>at</strong>a (see Mauritiella acule<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Mauritia arm<strong>at</strong>a (see Mauritiella arm<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Mauritia carana<br />
Mauritia flexuosa<br />
Mauritia huebneri (see Mauritiella arm<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Mauritia martiana (see Mauritiella arm<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Mauritia vinifera (see M. flexuosa)<br />
Mauritiella acule<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Mauritiella arm<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Maximiliana crassisp<strong>at</strong>ha (see Attalea crassisp<strong>at</strong>ha)<br />
Maximiliana inajai (see Syagrus inajai)<br />
Maximiliana maripa (see Attalea maripa)<br />
Maximiliana martiana (see Attalea maripa)<br />
Maximiliana regia (see Attalea maripa)<br />
Maximiliana stenocarpa (see Attalea maripa)<br />
Mayna grandiflora<br />
Mayna odor<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Maytenus boaria<br />
Medeola virginiana<br />
Medicago lupulina<br />
Medicago s<strong>at</strong>iva<br />
Mediocactus megalanthus (see Selenicereus megalanthus)<br />
Melastoma grossularioides (see Bellucia grossularioides)<br />
Melastoma succosa (see Henriettea succosa)<br />
Melicocca bijuga (see Melicoccus bijug<strong>at</strong>us)<br />
Melicoccus bijug<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Melicoccus lepidopetala<br />
Melicoccus oliviformis (see Talisia oliviformis)<br />
Melilotus albua<br />
Melilotus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis<br />
Melissa macrostema (see S<strong>at</strong>ureja macrostema)<br />
Melissa <strong>of</strong>ficinalis<br />
Melloca peruviana (see Ullucus tuberosus subsp. tuberosus)<br />
Melocactus caesius<br />
Melocactus communis (see M. intortus)<br />
Melocactus curvispinus<br />
Melocactus curvispinus subsp. caesius (see M. caesius)<br />
Melocactus intortus<br />
Melocactus ruestii (see M. curvispinus)<br />
Melothria pendula<br />
Mentha aqu<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
Mentha arvensis<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
903
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Mentha dumetorum var. n<strong>at</strong>alensis (see M. aqu<strong>at</strong>ica)<br />
Mentha x piperita<br />
Mentha pulegium<br />
Mentha s<strong>at</strong>iva (see M. x verticill<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Mentha spic<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Mentha suaveolens<br />
Mentha x verticill<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Mentha viridis (see M. spic<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Mentzelia albicaulis<br />
Menyan<strong>the</strong>s trifoli<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Menziesia ferruginea<br />
Merremia quinquefolia<br />
Mertensia maritima<br />
Mesembryan<strong>the</strong>mum aequil<strong>at</strong>erum (see Carpobrotus aequil<strong>at</strong>erus)<br />
Mesembryan<strong>the</strong>mum chilense (see Carpobrotus chilensis)<br />
Mespilodaphne sassafras<br />
Mespilus arbutifolia (see Photinia pyrifolia)<br />
Mespilus arbutifolia var. Melanocarpa (see Photinia melanocarpa)<br />
Metteniusa edulis<br />
Metteniusa nucifera<br />
Maian<strong>the</strong>mum racemasum<br />
Maian<strong>the</strong>mum stell<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Miconia affinis<br />
Miconia albicans<br />
Miconia boomii<br />
Miconia calvescens<br />
Miconia cili<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Miconia desmantha<br />
Miconia holosericea<br />
Miconia klugii (under M. affinis)<br />
Miconia liebmannii<br />
Miconia ligustrina<br />
Miconia longispic<strong>at</strong>a (under M. affinis)<br />
Miconia macrophylla (see M. serrul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Miconia macrothyrsa<br />
Miconia poeppigii (under M. affinis)<br />
Miconia prasina<br />
Miconia punct<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Miconia serrul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Miconia splendens (under M. affinis)<br />
Miconia tomentosa (under M. affinis)<br />
Micrandra spruceana<br />
Micromeria chamissonis (see S<strong>at</strong>ureja douglasii)<br />
Micromeria gilliesii (see S<strong>at</strong>ureja parvifolia)<br />
Micropholis acutangula<br />
Micropholis crotonoides<br />
Micropholis egensis<br />
Micropholis guyanensis subsp. guyanensis<br />
Micropholis melinoniana<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
904
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Micropholis obscura<br />
Micropholis rugosa<br />
Micropholis venulosa<br />
Mimosa alba (see Inga alba)<br />
Mimosa cyclocarpa (see Enterolobium cyclocarpum)<br />
Mimosa ebano (see Ebenopsis ebano)<br />
Mimosa saman (see Samanea saman)<br />
Mimosa senegal (see Acacia senegal)<br />
Mimosa velutina (see Inga velutina)<br />
Mimulus gutt<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Mimusops bident<strong>at</strong>a (see Manilkara bident<strong>at</strong>a subsp. bident<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Mimusops commersonii<br />
Mimusops el<strong>at</strong>a (see Manilkara bella)<br />
Mimusops elengi<br />
Mimusops excelsa (see Manilkara excelsa)<br />
Mimusops huberi (see Manilkara huberi)<br />
Mimusops sieberi (see Manilkara jaimiqui subsp. emargin<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Mimusops triflora (see Manilkara huberi)<br />
Minquartia guianensis<br />
Mirabilis expansa<br />
Mirabilis jalapa<br />
Mirabilis multiflora<br />
Mitchella repens<br />
Mitran<strong>the</strong>s obscura<br />
Mitran<strong>the</strong>s sartoriana (see Psidium sartorianum)<br />
Modiola caroliniana<br />
Momordica balsamina (under M. charantia)<br />
Momordica charantia<br />
Monarda citridora<br />
Monarda didyma<br />
Monarda fistulosa<br />
Monarda menthaefolia (see M. didyma)<br />
Monarda pectin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Monolepsis nuttalliana<br />
Monstera adansonii<br />
Monstera deliciosa<br />
Monstera dilacer<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Monstera pertusa (see M. adansonii)<br />
Montia fontana<br />
Montia perfoli<strong>at</strong>a (see Claytonia perfoli<strong>at</strong>a var. perfoli<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Montia sibirica (see Claytonia sibirica)<br />
Montrichardia arborescens<br />
Morinda citrifolia<br />
Morinda royoc<br />
Morinda yuc<strong>at</strong>anensis (see M. royoc)<br />
Moringa moringa (see M. oleifera)<br />
Moringa oleifera<br />
Moringa pterygosperma (see M. oleifera)<br />
Morisonia americana<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
905
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Morrenia odor<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Morrenia varieg<strong>at</strong>a (under M. odor<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Morus alba<br />
Morus alba var. multicaulis<br />
Morus celtidifolia<br />
Morus mexicana (see M. celtidifolia)<br />
Morus microphylla (see M. celtidifolia)<br />
Morus multicaulis (see M. alba var. multicaulis)<br />
Morus nigra<br />
Morus rubra<br />
Morus tinctoria<br />
Mouriri acutiflora<br />
Mouriri apiranga<br />
Mouriri crassifolia<br />
Mouriri domingensis<br />
Mouriri eugeniifolia<br />
Mouriri ficoides<br />
Mouriri grandiflora (see M. macrophylla)<br />
Mouriri guianensis<br />
Mouriri huberi<br />
Mouriri macrophylla<br />
Mouriri oligantha<br />
Mouriri pendulifolia (see M. acutiflora)<br />
Mouriri pseudo-gemin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Mouriri pusa<br />
Mouriri sagotiana<br />
Mouriri trunciflora<br />
Moutabea acule<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Moutabea angustifolia<br />
Moutabea chod<strong>at</strong>iana<br />
Mucoa duckei<br />
Mucuna pruriens<br />
Mucuna pruriens var. utilis<br />
Muehlenbeckia chilensis (see M. hastul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Muehlenbeckia hastul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Muehlenbeckia sagittifolia<br />
Muhlenbergia spp.<br />
Muntingia calabura<br />
Murdannia nudiflora<br />
Murraya exotica (see M. panicul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Murraya koenigii<br />
Murraya panicul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Musa acumin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Musa balbisiana<br />
Musa cavendishii (see M. acumin<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Musa chinensis (see M. acumin<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Musa nana (see M. acumin<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Musa x paradisiaca<br />
Musa x paradisiaca var. sapientum<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
906
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Musa sapientum (see M. x paradisiaca var. sapientum)<br />
Muscadinia rotundifolia (see Vitis rotundifolia)<br />
Muss<strong>at</strong>ia hyacinthina<br />
Myrceugenia fernandeziana<br />
Myrcia acumin<strong>at</strong>a (see M. fallax)<br />
Myrcia arom<strong>at</strong>ica (see Calyptran<strong>the</strong>s schiedeana)<br />
Myrtus cauliflora (see Myrciaria cauliflora)<br />
Myrcia fallax<br />
Myrcia fenestr<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Myrcia guianensis<br />
Myrcia multiflora<br />
Myrcia paivae<br />
Myrcia sphaerocarpa (see M. multiflora)<br />
Myrcia splendens<br />
Myrcia tomentosa<br />
Myrcia umbellulifera (see Pseudanamomis umbellulifera)<br />
Myrcian<strong>the</strong>s foliosa<br />
Myrcian<strong>the</strong>s fragrans<br />
Myrcian<strong>the</strong>s pungens<br />
Myrcian<strong>the</strong>s umbellulifera (see Pseudanamomis umbellulifera)<br />
Myrciaria baporeti (see M. rivularis var. baporetii)<br />
Myrciaria cauliflora<br />
Myrciaria caurensis (see M. dubia)<br />
Myrciaria dubia<br />
Myrciaria edulis (see Hexachlamys edulis)<br />
Myrciaria floribunda<br />
Myrciaria glomer<strong>at</strong>a (see Paramyrciaria glomer<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Myrciaria jaboticaba<br />
Myrciaria delic<strong>at</strong>ula (see Paramyrciaria delic<strong>at</strong>ula)<br />
Myrciaria linearifolia (see Paramyrciaria delic<strong>at</strong>ula)<br />
Myrciaria paraensis (see M. dubia)<br />
Myrciaria peruviana var. trunciflora<br />
Myrciaria plic<strong>at</strong>ocost<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Myrciaria pittieri (see M. vex<strong>at</strong>or)<br />
Myrciaria protracta (see M. floribunda)<br />
Myrciaria pumila<br />
Myrciaria rivularis var. baporetii<br />
Myrciaria tenella<br />
Myrciaria trunciflora (see M. peruviana var. trunciflora)<br />
Myrciaria vex<strong>at</strong>or<br />
Myrciaria vismeifolia<br />
Myriaspora decipiens (see M. egensis)<br />
Myriaspora egensis<br />
Myrica cerifera<br />
Myrica cerifera var. pumila (see M. cerifera)<br />
Myrica gale<br />
Myrica pennsylvanica<br />
Myrica pumila (see M. cerifera)<br />
Myriophyllum aqu<strong>at</strong>icum<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
907
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Myriophyllum brasiliense (see M. aqu<strong>at</strong>icum)<br />
Myristica arom<strong>at</strong>ica (see M. fragrans)<br />
Myristica fragrans<br />
Myristica gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis (see Virola gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis)<br />
Myristica mosch<strong>at</strong>a (see M. fragrans)<br />
Myristica <strong>of</strong>ficinalis (see M. fragrans)<br />
Myroxylon balsamum<br />
Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae<br />
Myroxylon pereirae (see M. pereirae balsamum var. pereirae)<br />
Myroxylon toluifera (see M. balsamum)<br />
Myrsoma cannifolia<br />
Myrtillocactus cochal<br />
Myrtillocactus geometrizans<br />
Myrtus arayan (see Psidium arayan)<br />
Myrtus foliosa (see Myrcian<strong>the</strong>s foliosa)<br />
Myrtus fragrans (see Myrcian<strong>the</strong>s fragrans)<br />
Myrtus incana (see Psidium incanum)<br />
Myrtus jaboticaba (see Myrciaria jaboticaba)<br />
Myrtus luma (see Amomyrtus luma)<br />
Myrtus mucron<strong>at</strong>a (see Psidium luridum)<br />
Myrtus pimenta (see Pimenta dioica)<br />
Myrtus zuzygium (see Calyptran<strong>the</strong>s zuzygium)<br />
Nageia nagi<br />
Narcissus jonquilla<br />
Nasturtium armoracia (see Armoracia rusticana)<br />
Nasturtium <strong>of</strong>ficinale<br />
Nauclea esculenta (see N. l<strong>at</strong>ifolia)<br />
Nauclea l<strong>at</strong>ifolia<br />
Naucleopsis concinna<br />
Naucleopsis mello-berretoi<br />
Naucleopsis pseudonaga<br />
Naucleopsis ternstroemiiflora<br />
Nectandra brenesii (see Ocotea brenesii)<br />
Nectandra cinnamomoides (see Ocotea quixos)<br />
Neea <strong>the</strong>ifera<br />
Negundo aceroides (see Acer negundo)<br />
Negundo mexicanum (see Acer negundo var. mexicanum)<br />
Negundo negundo (see Acer negundo)<br />
Nelumbium nelumbo (see Nelumbo nucifera)<br />
Nelumbo lutea<br />
Nelumbo nucifera<br />
Neocardenasia herzogiana (see Neoraimondia herzogiana)<br />
Neopometia ptychandra (see Pradosia ptychandra)<br />
Neoraimondia arequipensis<br />
Neoraimondia herzogiana<br />
Neoraimondia macrostibas (see N. arequipensis)<br />
Neoxy<strong>the</strong>ce elegans (see Pouteria elegans)<br />
Nepeta c<strong>at</strong>aria<br />
Nephelium lappaceum<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
908
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Nephelium litchi (see Litchi chinensis)<br />
Nephelium longana (see Dimocarpus longan)<br />
Nephelium mutabile (see N. ramboutan-ake)<br />
Nephelium ramboutan-ake<br />
Nicolaia el<strong>at</strong>ior (see Etlingera el<strong>at</strong>ior)<br />
Nicotiana tabacum<br />
Nopalea cochenillifera (see Opuntia cochenillifera)<br />
Nopalea dejecta<br />
Nopalxochia ackermanii<br />
Nothoscordum gracile<br />
Nothoscordum inodorum (see N. gracile)<br />
Nuphar advena<br />
Nuphar lutea subsp. advena (see N. advena)<br />
Nuphar lutea subsp. polysepala (see N. polysepala)<br />
Nuphar lutea subsp. varieg<strong>at</strong>a (see N. varieg<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Nuphar polysepala<br />
Nuphar varieg<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Nycterisition ferrugineum (see Chrysophyllum argenteum subsp.<br />
ferrugineum)<br />
Nymphaea ampla<br />
Nymphaea elegans<br />
Nymphaea odor<strong>at</strong>a subsp. odor<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Nymphaea odor<strong>at</strong>a subsp. tuberosa<br />
Nymphaea polysepala (see Nuphar polysepala)<br />
Nymphaea tuberosa (see N. odor<strong>at</strong>a subsp. tuberosa)<br />
Nyssa aqu<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
Nyssa ogeche<br />
Nyssa sylv<strong>at</strong>ica vav. biflora<br />
Nyssa sylv<strong>at</strong>ica vav. sylv<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
Oberna behen<br />
Ocimum basilicum<br />
Ocimum campechianum<br />
Ocimum canum<br />
Ocimum gr<strong>at</strong>issimum<br />
Ocimum micranthum (see O. campechianum)<br />
Ocimum pilosum (see O. basilicum)<br />
Ocimum tweedianum<br />
Ocotea brenesii<br />
Ocotea cymbarum (see O. brenesii)<br />
Ocotea odorifera<br />
Ocotea pretiosa (see O. odorifera)<br />
Ocotea quixos<br />
Ocotea sassafras (see Mespilodaphne sassafras)<br />
Odontadenia nitida<br />
Oemleria cerasiformis<br />
Oenan<strong>the</strong> sarmentosa<br />
Oenocarpus bacaba<br />
Oenocarpus balickii<br />
Oenocarpus b<strong>at</strong>aua var. b<strong>at</strong>aua<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
909
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Oenocarpus b<strong>at</strong>aua var. oligocarpa<br />
Oenocarpus discolor (see O. distichus)<br />
Oenocarpus distichus<br />
Oenocarpus huebneri (see O. minor)<br />
Oenocarpus intermedius (see O. minor)<br />
Oenocarpus macrocalyx (see O. mapora)<br />
Oenocarpus makeru<br />
Oenocarpus mapora<br />
Oenocarpus microspadix (see O. minor)<br />
Oenocarpus minor<br />
Oenocarpus multicaulis (see O. mapora)<br />
Oenocarpus oligocarpa (see O. b<strong>at</strong>aua var. oligocarpa)<br />
Oenocarpus tarampabo (see O. distichus)<br />
Oeno<strong>the</strong>ra albicaulis<br />
Oeno<strong>the</strong>ra biennis<br />
Oeno<strong>the</strong>ra hookeri<br />
Oeno<strong>the</strong>ra speciosa<br />
Oeno<strong>the</strong>ra villosa subsp. strigosa<br />
Oeno<strong>the</strong>ra strigosa (see O. villosa subsp. strigosa)<br />
Ogcodeia pseudonega (see Naucleopsis pseudonega)<br />
Ogcodeia ternstroemiiflora (see Naucleopsis ternstroemiiflora)<br />
Olea europaea<br />
Oleiocarpon panamense (see Dipteryx oleifera)<br />
Olneya tesota<br />
Omphalea diandra<br />
Omphalea megacarpa<br />
Omphalea triandra<br />
Onoclea sensibilis<br />
Oplopanax horridus<br />
Opsiandra maya (see Gaussia maya)<br />
Opuntia amyclaea<br />
Opuntia <strong>at</strong>ropes<br />
Opuntia azurea<br />
Opuntia basilaris<br />
Opuntia boliviensis (see Tunilla soehrensii)<br />
Opuntia bonplandii<br />
Opuntia camanchica (see O. phaeacantha var. camanchica)<br />
Opuntia chlorotica<br />
Opuntia clav<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Opuntia cochenillifera<br />
Opuntia compressa (see O. humifusa)<br />
Opuntia dillenii (see O. stricta var. dillenii)<br />
Opuntia dobbieana (see O. soederstromiana)<br />
Opuntia engelmannii<br />
Opuntia engelmannii var. linguiformis<br />
Opuntia ficus-indica<br />
Opuntia ficus-indica var. amyclaea (see O. amyclaea)<br />
Opuntia fulgida<br />
Opuntia humifusa<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
910
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Opuntia imbric<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Opuntia leptocaulis (see Cylindropuntia leptocaulis)<br />
Opuntia leucotricha<br />
Opuntia lindheimeri var. linguiformis (see O. engelmannii var.<br />
linguiformis)<br />
Opuntia linguiformis (see O. engelmannii var. linguiformis)<br />
Opuntia littoralis<br />
Opuntia macrorhiza<br />
Opuntia megacantha (see O. ficus-indica)<br />
Opuntia monacantha<br />
Opuntia opuntia (see O. humifusa)<br />
Opuntia phaeacantha<br />
Opuntia phaeacantha var. camanchica<br />
Opuntia polyacantha<br />
Opuntia pottsii<br />
Opuntia quimilo<br />
Opuntia robusta<br />
Opuntia soederstromiana<br />
Opuntia soehrensii (see Tunilla soehrensii)<br />
Opuntia streptacantha<br />
Opuntia stricta<br />
Opuntia stricta var. dillenii<br />
Opuntia tenuispina<br />
Opuntia tomentosa<br />
Opuntia tortispina (under O. humifusa)<br />
Opuntia versicolor<br />
Opuntia vulgaris (see O. monacantha)<br />
Opuntia whipplei<br />
Orbignya cohune (see Attalea cohune)<br />
Orbignya cu<strong>at</strong>recasana (see Attalea cu<strong>at</strong>recasana)<br />
Orbignya guacuyule (see Attalea cohune)<br />
Orbignya martiana (see Attalea speciosa)<br />
Orbignya phaler<strong>at</strong>a (see Attalea speciosa)<br />
Orbignya polysticha (see Attalea microcarpa)<br />
Orbignya speciosa (see Attalea speciosa)<br />
Orbignya spectabilis (see Attalea spectabilis)<br />
Oreocereus hendriksenianus (see O. leucotrichus)<br />
Oreocereus leucotrichus<br />
Oreodoxa oleracea (see Roystonea oleracea)<br />
Oreosphacus parvifolia (see S<strong>at</strong>ureja parvifolia)<br />
Origanum majorana<br />
Origanum vulgare<br />
Orobanche bulbosa<br />
Orobanche californica<br />
Orobanche fascicul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Orobanche ludoviciana<br />
Orobanche tuberosa (see O. bulbosa)<br />
Orogenia linearifolia<br />
Orontium aqu<strong>at</strong>icum<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
911
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Orophoma carana (see Mauritia carana)<br />
Oryza s<strong>at</strong>iva<br />
Oryzopsis asperifolia<br />
Oryzopsis hymenoides<br />
Osmanthus americanus<br />
Osmanthus fragrans<br />
Osmanthus megacarpus<br />
Osmaronia cerasiformis (see Oemleria cerasiformis)<br />
Osmorhiza claytoni<br />
Osmorhiza depauper<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Osmorhiza obtusa (see O. depauper<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Osmorhiza ooccidentalis<br />
Osmunda cinnamomea<br />
Osmunda regalis<br />
Osmunda struthiopteris (see M<strong>at</strong>teuccia struthiopteris)<br />
Ossaea capillaris<br />
Otholobium glandulosum<br />
Otoba parvifolia<br />
Our<strong>at</strong>ea macrobotrys<br />
Our<strong>at</strong>ea nitida (under O. macrobotrys)<br />
Oxalis acetosella<br />
Oxalis barrelieri (see O. cytisoides)<br />
Oxalis cornicul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Oxalis corymbosa (see O. debilis var. corymbosa)<br />
Oxalis cren<strong>at</strong>a (see O. tuberosa)<br />
Oxalis cytisoides<br />
Oxalis debilis var. corymbosa<br />
Oxalis deppei (see O. tetraphylla)<br />
Oxalis l<strong>at</strong>ifolia<br />
Oxalis martiana (see O. debilis var. corymbosa)<br />
Oxalis oregana<br />
Oxalis pes-caprae<br />
Oxalis repens (see O. cornicul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Oxalis stricta<br />
Oxalis tetraphylla<br />
Oxalis tuberosa<br />
Oxalis violacea<br />
Oxydendrum arboreum<br />
Oxyrhynchus volubilis<br />
Oxyria digyna<br />
Oxy<strong>the</strong>ce fabrilis (see Pouteria pallida)<br />
Pachira aqu<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
Pachira grandiflora (see P. aqu<strong>at</strong>ica)<br />
Pachira insignis<br />
Pachira macrocarpa (see P. aqu<strong>at</strong>ica)<br />
Pachira spruceana (see P. insignis)<br />
Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum<br />
Pachycereus pringlei<br />
Pachycereus schottii<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
912
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Pachycereus thurberi (see Stenocereus thurberi)<br />
Pachycereus weberi (see Lemaireocereus weberi)<br />
Pachylecythis egleri (see Lecythis pisonis)<br />
Pachyptera alliacea (see Mansoa alliacea)<br />
Pachyrhizus ahipa<br />
Pachyrhizus angul<strong>at</strong>us (see P. erosus)<br />
Pachyrhizus erosus<br />
Pachyrhizus palm<strong>at</strong>ilobus (see P. erosus)<br />
Pachyrhizus thunbergianus (see Pueraria montana var. lob<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Pachyrhizus tuberosus<br />
Paivaea langsdorffi (see Campomanesia phaea)<br />
Palma cocos (see Cocos nucifera)<br />
Panax quinquefolium<br />
Panax trifolium<br />
Pandanus tectorius<br />
Pandanus utilis<br />
Panicum hirticaule<br />
Panicum miliaceum<br />
Panicum obtusum<br />
Panicum sonorum (see P. hirticaule)<br />
Papaver somniferum<br />
Papaya carica (see Carica papaya)<br />
Papaya chilensis (see Vasconcellea chilensis)<br />
Papaya cundinamarcencis (see Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis)<br />
Papaya goudotiana (see Vasconcellea goudotiana)<br />
Papaya gracilis (see Vasconcellea goudotiana)<br />
Papaya panicul<strong>at</strong>a (see Vasconcellea parviflora)<br />
Papaya parviflora (see Vasconcellea parviflora)<br />
Papaya pubescens (see Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis)<br />
Parahancornia amapa<br />
Parahancornia fascicul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Parahancornia peruviana<br />
Parajubaea cocoides<br />
Paramyrciaria delic<strong>at</strong>ula<br />
Paramyrciaria glomer<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Para<strong>the</strong>sis crenul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Para<strong>the</strong>sis serrul<strong>at</strong>a (see P. crenul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Parinarium brachistachium (see P. pachyphylum)<br />
Parinari campestris<br />
Parinari excelsa<br />
Parinari montana<br />
Parinari pachyphyla<br />
Parinari sprucei<br />
Parkia balslevii<br />
Parkia multijuga<br />
Parkia nitida<br />
Parkia panurensis<br />
Parkia pl<strong>at</strong>ycephala<br />
Parkinsonia acule<strong>at</strong>a<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
913
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Parkinsonia florida<br />
Parkinsonia microphylla<br />
Parmentiera aculetea<br />
Parmentiera al<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Parmentiera cerifera<br />
Parmentiera edulis (see P. aculetea)<br />
Parmentiera stenocarpa<br />
Parosela lan<strong>at</strong>a (see Dalea lan<strong>at</strong>a var. lan<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Passiflora actinia<br />
Passiflora adenopoda<br />
Passiflora al<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Passiflora ambigua<br />
Passiflora amethystina<br />
Passiflora antioquiensis<br />
Passiflora caerulea<br />
Passiflora capsularis<br />
Passiflora cincinn<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Passiflora coccinea<br />
Passiflora edulis<br />
Passiflora foetida<br />
Passiflora incarn<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Passiflora laurifolia<br />
Passiflora ligularis<br />
Passiflora macrocarpa (see P. quadrangularis)<br />
Passiflora maliformis<br />
Passiflora manic<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Passiflora membranacea<br />
Passiflora menispermifolia<br />
Passiflora mixta var. mixta<br />
Passiflora mollissima (see P. tripartita var. mollissima)<br />
Passiflora morifolia<br />
Passiflora mucron<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Passiflora nitida<br />
Passiflora organensis<br />
Passiflora pallida (see P. suberosa)<br />
Passiflora paraguayensis (see P. capsularis)<br />
Passiflora pinn<strong>at</strong>istipula<br />
Passiflora pl<strong>at</strong>yloba<br />
Passiflora popenovii<br />
Passiflora psilantha (see P. tripartita var. tripartita)<br />
Passiflora quadrangularis<br />
Passiflora riparia<br />
Passiflora rubra<br />
Passiflora schlimiana<br />
Passiflora seemannii<br />
Passiflora serr<strong>at</strong>odigit<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Passiflora suberosa<br />
Passiflora tenuifila<br />
Passiflora tetragona (see P. quadrangularis)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
914
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Passiflora tomentosa (see P. mixta var. mixta)<br />
Passiflora tomentosa var. mollissima (see P. tripartita var.<br />
mollissima)<br />
Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima<br />
Passiflora tripartita var. tripartita<br />
Passiflora umbilic<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Passiflora vespertilio<br />
Passiflora villosa (see P. menispermifolia)<br />
Passiflora vitifolia<br />
Passiflora warmingii (see P. morifolia)<br />
Pastinaca s<strong>at</strong>iva<br />
P<strong>at</strong>inoa almirajo<br />
Paullinia cupana<br />
Paullinia macrophylla<br />
Paullinia obov<strong>at</strong>a var. subrotund<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Paullinia pinn<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Paullinia sorbilis (under P. cupana)<br />
Paullinia subrotund<strong>at</strong>a (see P. obov<strong>at</strong>a var. subrotund<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Paullinia yoco<br />
Pectis papposa<br />
Pedicularis langsdorfii<br />
Pedilanthus tithymaloides<br />
Pediomelum castoreum<br />
Pediomelum cuspid<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Pediomelum esculentum<br />
Pediomelum hypogaeum<br />
Pediomelum mephiticum<br />
Pellaea mucron<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Peltandra sagittifolia<br />
Peltandra virginica<br />
Peltiphyllum pelt<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Peniocereus greggii<br />
Pennisetum americanum (see P. glaucum)<br />
Pennisetum glaucum<br />
Penstemon confertus<br />
Penstemon procerus<br />
Pentagonia brachyotis<br />
Pentagonia macrophylla<br />
Pentagonia parvifolia<br />
Pentaphylloides floribunda<br />
Peperomia acumin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Peperomia angust<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Peperomia fraseri<br />
Peperomia maculosa<br />
Peperomia pellucida<br />
Peperomia resedaeaflora (see P. fraseri)<br />
Peperomia viridispica (see P. angost<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Pepo ficifolia (see Cucurbita ficifolia)<br />
Pepo malabaricus (see Cucurbita ficifolia)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
915
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Peraphyllum ramosissimum<br />
Perebea concinna (see Naucleopsis concinna)<br />
Perebea elegans (see Helicostylis elegans)<br />
Perebea guianensis<br />
Perebea mollis<br />
Pereskia acule<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Pereskia bahiensis (under P. grandifolia)<br />
Pereskia bleo (see P. grandifolia)<br />
Pereskia colombiana<br />
Pereskia grandifolia<br />
Pereskia guamacho (see P. colombiana)<br />
Pereskia pereskia (see P. acule<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Pereskiopsis aquosa<br />
Pereskiopsis porteri<br />
Periandra dulcis<br />
Perideridia gairdneri<br />
Perideridia montana (see P. gairdneri)<br />
Perilla frutescens<br />
Perilla ocymoides (see P. frutescens)<br />
Peritassa dulcis<br />
Peritassa laevig<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Pernettya prostr<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Persea americana var. americana<br />
Persea americana var. drymifolia<br />
Persea americana var. gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis (see P. gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis)<br />
Persea borbonia<br />
Persea drymifolia (see P. americana var. drymifolia)<br />
Persea gr<strong>at</strong>issima (see P. americana var. americana)<br />
Persea gr<strong>at</strong>issima var. schiedeana (see P. schiedeana)<br />
Persea gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis<br />
Persea leiogyna (see P. americana var. americana)<br />
Persea nubigena var. gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis<br />
Persea schiedeana<br />
Persicaria vulgaris (see Polygonum persicaria)<br />
Persica vulgaris (see Prunus persica)<br />
Petalostemon candidum (see Dalea candida)<br />
Petalostemon oligophyllum (see Dalea candida var. oligophylla)<br />
Petalostemon purpureus (see Dalea purpurea var. purpurea)<br />
Petasites frigidus<br />
Petasites palm<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Petroselinum crispum<br />
Petroselinum hortense (see P. crispum)<br />
Petroselinum s<strong>at</strong>ivum (see P. crispum)<br />
Peumus boldus<br />
Phaeomeria speciosa (see Etlingera el<strong>at</strong>ior)<br />
Pharmacosicea an<strong>the</strong>lmintica (see Ficus an<strong>the</strong>lminthica)<br />
Phaseolus aborigineus (see P. vulgaris var. aborigineus)<br />
Phaseolus aconitifolius (see Vigna aconitifolia)<br />
Phaseolus acutifolius var. l<strong>at</strong>ifolius<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
916
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Phaseolus adenantha (see Vigna adenantha)<br />
Phaseolus angularis (see Vigna angularis)<br />
Phaseolus aureus (see Vigna radi<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Phaseolus calcar<strong>at</strong>us (see Vigna umbell<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Phaseolus coccineus<br />
Phaseolus coccineus subsp. darwinianus (see P. polyanthus)<br />
Phaseolus coccineus subsp. polyanthus (see P. polyanthus)<br />
Phaseolus filiformis<br />
Phaseolus flavescens<br />
Phaseolus l<strong>at</strong>hyroides (see Macroptilium l<strong>at</strong>hyroides)<br />
Phaseolus limensis (see P. lun<strong>at</strong>us)<br />
Phaseolus lun<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Phaseolus macul<strong>at</strong>us (see P. ritensis)<br />
Phaseolus metcalfei (see P. ritensis)<br />
Phaseolus multiflorus (see P. coccineus)<br />
Phaseolus mungo (see Vigna mungo)<br />
Phaseolus polyanthus<br />
Phaseolus polystachios<br />
Phaseolus radi<strong>at</strong>us (see Vigna radi<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Phaseolus retusus (see P. ritensis)<br />
Phaseolus ritensis<br />
Phaseolus trilob<strong>at</strong>us (see Vigna trilob<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Phaseolus vulgaris<br />
Phaseolus vulgaris subsp. aborigineus (see P. vulgaris var.<br />
aborigineus)<br />
Phaseolus vulgaris var. aborigineus (see P. vulgaris)<br />
Phaseolus asellus<br />
Phaseolus derasus<br />
Phaseolus diversifolius<br />
Phaseolus pallar<br />
Phellopterus bulbosus (see Cymopterus bulbosus)<br />
Phellopterus montanus (see Cymopterus montanus)<br />
Phenakospermum guyannense<br />
Philodendron bipinn<strong>at</strong>ifiidum<br />
Philodendron remifolium<br />
Philodendron selloum (see P. bipinn<strong>at</strong>ifiidum)<br />
Philodendron squamiferum<br />
Philodendron warszewiczii<br />
Philoxerus vermicularis (see Blutaporon vermiculare)<br />
Phlebodium aureum (see Polypodium aureum)<br />
Phoenix canariensis<br />
Phoenix dactylifera<br />
Phoenix reclin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Pholidostachys syan<strong>the</strong>ra<br />
Phoradendron californicum<br />
Phoradendron juniperinum<br />
Phormium tenax<br />
Photinia arbutifolia (see Heteromeles salicifolia)<br />
Photinia floribunda<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
917
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Photinia melanocarpa (see Photinia melanocarpa)<br />
Photinia pyrifolia<br />
Photinia japonica (see Eriobotrya japonica)<br />
Photinia melanocarpa (Aronia melanocarpa)<br />
Phragmites australis<br />
Phragmites communis (see P. australis)<br />
Phyla scaberrima<br />
Phyllanthus acidus<br />
Phyllanthus adenodiscus<br />
Phyllanthus distichus (see P. acidus)<br />
Phyllanthus emblica<br />
Phyllanthus niruri<br />
Phyllanthus nobilis<br />
Phyllocactus biformis<br />
Phyllocalyx edulis (see Eugenia selloi)<br />
Phyllocalyx luschn<strong>at</strong>hianus (see Eugenia luschn<strong>at</strong>hiana)<br />
Phyllospadix scouleri<br />
Phyllostachys arcana<br />
Phyllostachys aurea<br />
Phyllostachys aureosulc<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Phyllostachys bambusoides<br />
Phyllostachys dulcis<br />
Phyllostachys elegans<br />
Phyllostachys flexuosa<br />
Phyllostachys makinoi<br />
Phyllostachys nidularia<br />
Phyllostachys nigra<br />
Phyllostachys nuda<br />
Phyllostachys pubescens<br />
Phyllostachys rubromargin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Phyllostachys sulphurea (see P. bambusoides)<br />
Phyllostachys viridi-glauscens<br />
Phyllostachys viridis (see P. bambusoides)<br />
Phyllostachys vivax<br />
Phyllostylon rhamnoides<br />
Phyllotaenium lindenii (see Caladium lindenii)<br />
Physalis angul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Physalis brasiliensis<br />
Physalis chenopodifolia (see P. peruviana)<br />
Physalis edulis (see P. peruviana)<br />
Physalis fendleri (under P. heterophylla)<br />
Physalis heterophylla<br />
Physalis hispida (see P. lanceol<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Physalis ixocarpa (see P. philadalphica)<br />
Physalis lanceol<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Physalis longifolia<br />
Physalis longifolia var. subglabr<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Physalis melanocystis var. melanocystis<br />
Physalis neo-mexicana (see P. subul<strong>at</strong>a var. neomexicana)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
918
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Physalis peruviana<br />
Physalis philadalphica<br />
Physalis pruinosa<br />
Physalis pubescens (under P. subul<strong>at</strong>a var. neomexicana)<br />
Physalis schiedeana (see P. gracilis)<br />
Physalis subglabr<strong>at</strong>a (see P. longifolia var. subglabr<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Physalis subul<strong>at</strong>a var. neomexicana<br />
Physalis virginiana<br />
Physalis viscosa<br />
Phytelephas aequ<strong>at</strong>orialis<br />
Phytelephas dasyneura (see Ammandra dasyneura)<br />
Phytelephas decasperma (see Ammandra decasperma)<br />
Phytelephas macrocarpa (under P. aequ<strong>at</strong>orialis)<br />
Phytelephas seemanni (under P. aequ<strong>at</strong>orialis)<br />
Phytelephas tumacana (under P. aequ<strong>at</strong>orialis)<br />
Phytolacca americana<br />
Phytolacca dioica<br />
Phytolacca icosandra<br />
Phytolacca octandra (see P. icosandra)<br />
Phytolacca rivinoides<br />
Piaropus crassipes (see Eichhornia crassipes)<br />
Picea glauca<br />
Picea mariana<br />
Picea rubens<br />
Picramnia sp.<br />
Picramnia sellowii subsp. spruceana (see P. sp.)<br />
Picrasma excelsa<br />
Piloblephis rigida<br />
Pilocereus engelmannii (see Carnegiea gigantea)<br />
Pilocereus giganteus (see Carnegiea gigantea)<br />
Pilocereus pringlei (see Pachycereus pringlei)<br />
Pilocereus repandus (see Cereus repandus)<br />
Pilocereus royenii<br />
Pilocereus russelianus<br />
Pimenta acris (see P. racemose)<br />
Pimenta dioica<br />
Pimenta haitiensis<br />
Pimenta <strong>of</strong>ficinales (see P. dioica)<br />
Pimenta racemose<br />
Pimpinella anisum<br />
Pindarea fastuosa (see Attalea dubia)<br />
Pinus albicaulis<br />
Pinus ayacahuite<br />
Pinus canadensis (see Tsuga canadensis)<br />
Pinus cembroides<br />
Pinus chiapensis (see P. strobus)<br />
Pinus clausa<br />
Pinus coulteri<br />
Pinus edulis<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
919
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Pinus elliottii<br />
Pinus jeffreyi<br />
Pinus lambertiana<br />
Pinus maximartinezii<br />
Pinus monophylla<br />
Pinus nelsonii<br />
Pinus palustris<br />
Pinus parryana (see P. quadrifolia)<br />
Pinus pinceana<br />
Pinus pinea<br />
Pinus ponderosa<br />
Pinus ponderosa var. jeffreyi (see P. jeffreyi)<br />
Pinus quadrifolia<br />
Pinus sabiniana<br />
Pinus scopulorum (see P. ponderosa)<br />
Pinus serotina<br />
Pinus strobus<br />
Pinus strobus var. chiapensis (see P. strobus)<br />
Pinus torreyana<br />
Pinus torreyana subsp. insularis (see P. torreyana)<br />
Pinus torreyana subsp. torreyana (see P. torreyana)<br />
Pinzona coriacea<br />
Piper aduncum<br />
Piper amalago<br />
Piper asterotrichum<br />
Piper auritum (see P. biseri<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Piper biseri<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Piper immut<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Piper margin<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Piper nigrum<br />
Piper pelt<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Piper sanctum<br />
Piper trumanyunckerii<br />
Piper umbell<strong>at</strong>um (under P. pelt<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Pirus malus (see Malus communis)<br />
Pistacia chinensis<br />
Pistacia lentiscus<br />
Pistacia vera<br />
Pisum s<strong>at</strong>ivum<br />
Pisum s<strong>at</strong>ivum var. macrocarpon (see P. s<strong>at</strong>ivum)<br />
Pi<strong>the</strong>cellobium calostachys<br />
Pi<strong>the</strong>cellobium dulce<br />
Pi<strong>the</strong>cellobium ebano (see Ebenopsis ebano)<br />
Pi<strong>the</strong>cellobium flexicaule (see Ebenopsis ebano)<br />
Pi<strong>the</strong>cellobium hymenaeifolium<br />
Pi<strong>the</strong>cellobium lanceol<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Pi<strong>the</strong>cellobium longifolium (see Zygia longifolia)<br />
Pi<strong>the</strong>cellobium saman (see Samanea saman)<br />
Pi<strong>the</strong>cellobium unguis-c<strong>at</strong>i<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
920
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Plantago lanceol<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Plantago major<br />
Plantago rugelii (under P. major)<br />
Pl<strong>at</strong>an<strong>the</strong>ra sparsiflora var. sparsiflora<br />
Pl<strong>at</strong>anus occidentalis<br />
Pl<strong>at</strong>onia esculenta<br />
Pl<strong>at</strong>onia insignis (see P. esculenta)<br />
Pl<strong>at</strong>ymiscium pinn<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Pityothamnus reticul<strong>at</strong>us (see Asimina reticul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Pl<strong>at</strong>yopuntia soehrensii (see Tunilla soehrensii)<br />
Plectranthus amboinicus<br />
Plinia cauliflora (see Myrciaria cauliflora)<br />
Plinia glomer<strong>at</strong>a (see Paramyrciaria glomer<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Plinia jaboticaba (see Myrciaria jaboticaba)<br />
Plinia rubra (see Eugenia uniflora)<br />
Plinia trunciflora (see Myrciaria peruviana var. trunciflora)<br />
Plukenetia volubilis<br />
Plumeria rubra<br />
Podocarpus andinus (see Prumnopitys andina)<br />
Podocarpus gracilior (see Afrocarpus gracilior)<br />
Podocarpus macrophylla<br />
Podocarpus macrostachya<br />
Podocarpus nagi (see Nageia nagi)<br />
Podophyllum pelt<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Pogogyne douglasii subsp. parviflora<br />
Pogogyne parviflora (see P. douglasii subsp. parviflora)<br />
Pogostemon cablin<br />
Polakowskia tacaco (see Sechium tacaco)<br />
Polanisia viscosa (see Cleome viscosa)<br />
Poliomintha incana<br />
Poliomintha longiflora<br />
Polyandrococos caudescens<br />
Polian<strong>the</strong>s tuberosa<br />
Polygala nitida var. lithophila<br />
Polygon<strong>at</strong>um biflorum<br />
Polygon<strong>at</strong>um biflorum var. commut<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Polygon<strong>at</strong>um commut<strong>at</strong>um (see P. biflorum var. commut<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Polygon<strong>at</strong>um giganteum (see P. biflorum var. commut<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Polygonum amphibium var. emersum<br />
Polygonum aviculare<br />
Polygonum bistotoides<br />
Polygonum coccineum (see P. amphibium var. emersum)<br />
Polygonum cuspid<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Polygonum douglasii<br />
Polygonum persicaria<br />
Polygonum viviparum<br />
Polymnia edulis (see P. sonchifolia)<br />
Polymnia sonchifolia<br />
Polypodium aureum<br />
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921
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Polypodium areol<strong>at</strong>um (see P. aureum)<br />
Polypodium leuc<strong>at</strong>omos (see P. aureum)<br />
Polypodium glycyrrhiza<br />
Polypodium polypodioides (under P. aureum)<br />
Poncirus trifoli<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Pontederia cord<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Pontederia crassipes (see Eichhornia crassipes)<br />
Pontederia lanceol<strong>at</strong>a (see P. cord<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Populus alba<br />
Populus deltoides subsp. wislizeni<br />
Populus grandident<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Populus tremuloides<br />
Populus wislizeni (see P. deltoides subsp. wislizeni)<br />
Poraqueiba guianensis<br />
Poraqueiba paraensis<br />
Poraqueiba sericea<br />
Porcelia cinnamomea (see Cymbopetalum penduliflorum)<br />
Porcelia nitidifolia<br />
Porcelia ponderosa<br />
Porcelia saffordiana (see P. ponderosa)<br />
Porophyllum ruderale var. macrocepholum<br />
Porophyllum ruderale subsp. macrocepholum (see P. ruderale var.<br />
macrocepholum)<br />
Portulaca oleracea<br />
Portulaca pilosa<br />
Portulaca retusa (see P. oleracea)<br />
Portulaca triangularia (see Talinum fruticosum)<br />
Posoqueria l<strong>at</strong>ifolia<br />
Posoqueria longifolia<br />
Potalia amara<br />
Potamogeton n<strong>at</strong>ans<br />
Potamogeton pectin<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Potentilla anserina<br />
Potentilla erecta<br />
Potentilla fruticosa (see Pentaphylloides floribunda)<br />
Potentilla glandulosa<br />
Potentilla palustris (see Comarum palustre)<br />
Pothomorphe pelt<strong>at</strong>a (see Lepian<strong>the</strong>s pelt<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Pothomorphe umbell<strong>at</strong>a (see Lepian<strong>the</strong>s umbell<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Pothomorphe pelt<strong>at</strong>a (see Piper pelt<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Pothomorphe umbell<strong>at</strong>a (see Piper umbell<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Poulsenia arm<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Poupartia amazonica<br />
Pourouma acumin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Pourouma bicolor subsp. bicolor<br />
Pourouma bicolor subsp. tessmannii<br />
Pourouma cecropiifolia<br />
Pourouma guianensis subsp. guianensis<br />
Pourouma herrerensis<br />
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922
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Pourouma laevis (see P. villosa)<br />
Pourouma minor<br />
Pourouma mollis subsp. mollis<br />
Pourouma sapida (see P. cecropiaefolia)<br />
Pourouma schultesii (see P. bicolor subsp. bicolor)<br />
Pourouma tessmannii (see P. bicolor subsp. tessmannii)<br />
Pourouma tomentosa subsp. tomentosa<br />
Pourouma villosa<br />
Pouteria amygdalicarpa<br />
Pouteria arguacoensium<br />
Pouteria bilocularis<br />
Pouteria bull<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Pouteria butyrocarpa<br />
Pouteria caimito<br />
Pouteria campechiana<br />
Pouteria carabobensis (see P. multiflora)<br />
Pouteria cayennensis<br />
Pouteria chiricana<br />
Pouteria cladantha<br />
Pouteria collina<br />
Pouteria cuspid<strong>at</strong>a subsp. cuspid<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Pouteria cuspid<strong>at</strong>a subsp. robusta<br />
Pouteria dominigensis subsp. dominigensis<br />
Pouteria durlandii subsp. durlandii<br />
Pouteria egregia<br />
Pouteria elegans<br />
Pouteria engleri<br />
Pouteria filipes<br />
Pouteria fossicola<br />
Pouteria gardneri<br />
Pouteria gardneriana<br />
Pouteria glauca<br />
Pouteria glomer<strong>at</strong>a subsp. glomer<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Pouteria glomer<strong>at</strong>a subsp. stylosa<br />
Pouteria gomphiifolia<br />
Pouteria gongrijpii<br />
Pouteria grandiflora<br />
Pouteria guianensis<br />
Pouteria hispida<br />
Pouteria hypoglauca<br />
Pouteria insignis (see P. lucuma)<br />
Pouteria jariensis<br />
Pouteria laevig<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Pouteria laurifolia (see P. caimito)<br />
Pouteria lucuma<br />
Pouteria macrocarpa (see also P. multiflora)<br />
Pouteria macrophylla<br />
Pouteria maguirei<br />
Pouteria mammosa (see P. sapota)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
923
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Pouteria multiflora<br />
Pouteria nemorosa<br />
Pouteria opposita<br />
Pouteria pallida<br />
Pouteria pariry<br />
Pouteria penicill<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Pouteria plic<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Pouteria procera<br />
Pouteria ptychandra (see Pradosia ptychandra)<br />
Pouteria ramiflora<br />
Pouteria reticul<strong>at</strong>a subsp. reticul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Pouteria sapota<br />
Pouteria simulans<br />
Pouteria speciosa<br />
Pouteria splendens<br />
Pouteria suavis (see P. gardneriana)<br />
Pouteria surinamensis (see Pradosia surinamensis)<br />
Pouteria surumuensis<br />
Pouteria torta subsp. glabra<br />
Pouteria torta subsp. torta<br />
Pouteria torta subsp. tubercul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Pouteria tovarensis (see P. guianensis)<br />
Pouteria trigonosperma<br />
Pouteria triplarifolia<br />
Pouteria ucuqui<br />
Pouteria unilocularis (see P. reticul<strong>at</strong>a subsp. reticul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Pouteria venosa subsp. amazonica<br />
Pouteria viridis<br />
Pradosia beardii<br />
Pradosia brevipes<br />
Pradosia huberi<br />
Pradosia lactescens<br />
Pradosia ptychandra<br />
Pradosia schomburgkiana subsp. schomburgkiana<br />
Pradosia surinamensis<br />
Prestoea acumin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Prestoea acumin<strong>at</strong>a var. montana<br />
Prestoea montana (see P. acumin<strong>at</strong>a var. montana)<br />
Prestoea schultzeana<br />
Prieurella manaosense (see Chrysophyllum manaosense)<br />
Primula veris<br />
Proboscidea fragrans<br />
Proboscoidea louisianica<br />
Proboscidea parviflora<br />
Prosopis alba<br />
Prosopis alba var. panta (under P. alba)<br />
Prosopis chilensis<br />
Prosopis dulcis (see P. laevig<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa<br />
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924
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Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana<br />
Prosopis juliflora (see also P. glandulosa var. glandulosa)<br />
Prosopis juliflora var. torreyana (see P. glandulosa var.<br />
torreyana)<br />
Prosopis laevig<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Prosopis nigra<br />
Prosopis odor<strong>at</strong>a (see P. glandulosa var. torreyana)<br />
Prosopis pallida<br />
Prosopis panta (see P. alba var. panta)<br />
Prosopis pubescens<br />
Protium aracouchini<br />
Protium brasiliense<br />
Protium decandrum<br />
Protium fimbri<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Protium giganteum<br />
Protium grandifolium<br />
Protium heptaphyllum<br />
Protium nodulosum<br />
Protium pallidum<br />
Protium polybotrium<br />
Protium spruceanum<br />
Protium sagotianum<br />
Protium subserr<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Protium tenuifolium<br />
Protium trifoliol<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Protium unifoliol<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Prumnopitys andina<br />
Prunella vulgaris<br />
Prunus alabamensis<br />
Prunus americana<br />
Prunus amygdalus (see P. dulcis)<br />
Prunus angustifolia<br />
Prunus angustifolia var. w<strong>at</strong>sonii<br />
Prunus armeniaca<br />
Prunus avium<br />
Prunus besseyi<br />
Prunus capuli (see P. serotina subsp. capuli)<br />
Prunus capullin (see P. serotina subsp. capuli)<br />
Prunus chicasa (see P. angustifolia)<br />
Prunus cerasifera<br />
Prunus cerasus<br />
Prunus demissa (see P. virginiana var. demissa)<br />
Prunus domestica<br />
Prunus dulcis<br />
Prunus genicul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Prunus gracilis<br />
Prunus hortulana<br />
Prunus ilicifolia<br />
Prunus maritima<br />
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925
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Prunus melanocarpa (see P. virginiana var. melanocarpa)<br />
Prunus mexicana<br />
Prunus munsoniana<br />
Prunus myrtifolia<br />
Prunus nigra<br />
Prunus occidentalis<br />
Prunus pennsylvanica<br />
Prunus persica<br />
Prunus persica var. nectarina (under P. persica var. nucipersica)<br />
Prunus persica var. nucipersica<br />
Prunus pumila<br />
Prunus salicina<br />
Prunus salicifolia (see P. serotina subsp. capuli)<br />
Prunus serotina<br />
Prunus serotina subsp. capuli<br />
Prunus serotina var. salicifolia (see P. serotina subsp. capuli)<br />
Prunus spinosa<br />
Prunus subcord<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Prunus tomentosa<br />
Prunus umbell<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Prunus virginiana<br />
Prunus virginiana subsp. demissa (see P. virginiana var. demissa)<br />
Prunus virginiana var. demissa<br />
Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa<br />
Pseudanamomis c<strong>at</strong>ingflora (see Eugenia c<strong>at</strong>ingiflora)<br />
Pseudanamomis umbellulifera<br />
Pseudananas sagenarius<br />
Pseudobombax munguba<br />
Pseudocalymma alliaceum (see Mansoa alliacea)<br />
Pseudocalymma standleyi (see Mansoa standleyi)<br />
Pseudolab<strong>at</strong>ia penicill<strong>at</strong>a (see Pouteria penicell<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Pseudolmedia laevig<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Pseudolmedia laevis<br />
Pseudolmedia macrophylla<br />
Pseudolmedia oxyphyllaria<br />
Pseudolmedia rigida subsp. rigida<br />
Pseudophoenix ekmanii<br />
Pseudophoenix vinifera<br />
Pseudostellaria jamesiana<br />
Pseudotsuga menziesii<br />
Psidium acutangulum<br />
Psidium albidum<br />
Psidium araca (see P. guineensis)<br />
Psidium arayan<br />
Psidium arom<strong>at</strong>icum (see Campomanesia arom<strong>at</strong>ica)<br />
Psidium c<strong>at</strong>tleianum<br />
Psidium c<strong>at</strong>tleianum var. lucidum (see P. c<strong>at</strong>tleianum)<br />
Psidium caud<strong>at</strong>um (see Calycolpus moritizianus)<br />
Psidium chinense (see P. c<strong>at</strong>tleianum)<br />
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926
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Psidium cinereum var. incanescens<br />
Psidium costaricense (see P. guineensis)<br />
Psidium dubium (see Myrciaria dubia)<br />
Psidium fluvi<strong>at</strong>ile (see P. guineensis)<br />
Psidium friedrichsthalianum<br />
Psidium grandifolium (see P. acutangulum)<br />
Psidium guajava<br />
Psidium guaviroba (see Campomanesia guaviroba)<br />
Psidium guineensis<br />
Psidium guyanense (see P. guineensis)<br />
Psidium humile<br />
Psidium incanum<br />
Psidium incarnescens (see P. cinereum)<br />
Psidium laurifolium (see P. guineensis)<br />
Psidium littorale (see P. c<strong>at</strong>tleianum)<br />
Psidium longipes<br />
Psidium luridum<br />
Psidium microphyllum (see P. sartorianum)<br />
Psidium molle (see P. guineensis)<br />
Psidium montanum<br />
Psidium multiflorum<br />
Psidium oerstedeanum<br />
Psidium rivulare (see Campomanesia line<strong>at</strong>ifolia)<br />
Psidium sartorianum<br />
Psidium schiedeanum (see P. guineensis)<br />
Psophocarpus palustris (under P. tetragonolobus)<br />
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus<br />
Psoralea castorea (see Pediomelum castoreum)<br />
Psoralea cuspid<strong>at</strong>a (see Pediomelum cuspid<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Psoralea esculenta (see Pediomelum esculentum)<br />
Psoralea glandulosa (see Otholobium glandulosum)<br />
Psoralea hypogaea (see Pediomelum hypogaeum)<br />
Psoralea mephitica (see Pediomelum mephiticum)<br />
Psoralea tenuiflora (see Psoralidium tenuflorum)<br />
Psoralidium tenuiflorum<br />
Psychotria galeottiana<br />
Psychotria nervosa<br />
Psychotria skutchii (see P. galeottiana)<br />
Psychotria und<strong>at</strong>a (see P. nervosa)<br />
Ptelea baldwinii (see P trifoli<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Ptelea tomentosa (see P. trifoli<strong>at</strong>a var. mollis)<br />
Ptelea trifoli<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Ptelea trifoli<strong>at</strong>a var. mollis (under P. trifoli<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Pteridium aquilinum<br />
Pteridium aquilinum var. caud<strong>at</strong>um (see P. aquilinum)<br />
Pteris caud<strong>at</strong>a (see Pteridium aquilinum var. caud<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Pterodon emargin<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Pterodon pubescens (see P. emargin<strong>at</strong>us)<br />
Pueraria lob<strong>at</strong>a (see P. montana var. lob<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
927
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Pueraria lob<strong>at</strong>a var. montana (see P. montana var. lob<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Pueraria montana var. lob<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Pueraria thunbergiana (see P. montana var. lob<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Punica gran<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Punica gran<strong>at</strong>um var. nana (see P. nana)<br />
Punica nana<br />
Puya berteroniana<br />
Puya boliviensis (see P. chilensis)<br />
Puya chilensis<br />
Puya coerulea<br />
Puya gummifera (see P. sodiorona)<br />
Puya ham<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Puya sodiorona<br />
Pycnan<strong>the</strong>mum incanum<br />
Pycnan<strong>the</strong>mum muticum<br />
Pycnan<strong>the</strong>mum pilosum (see P. verticill<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Pycnan<strong>the</strong>mum verticill<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Pycnan<strong>the</strong>mum virginianum<br />
Pyrenoglyphis maraja (see Bactris maraja)<br />
Pyrrhopappus carolinianus<br />
Pyrularia pubera<br />
Pyrus angustifolia (see Malus angustifolia)<br />
Pyrus arbutifolia (see Photinia pyrifolia)<br />
Pyrus arbutifolia var. nigra (see Photinia melanocarpa)<br />
Pyrus betulifolia<br />
Pyrus calleryana<br />
Pyrus communis<br />
Pyrus coronaria (see Malus coronaria var. coronaria)<br />
Pyrus cydonia (see Cydonia oblonga)<br />
Pyrus fusca (see Malus fusca)<br />
Pyrus ioensis (see Malus ioensis var. ioensis)<br />
Pyrus malus (see Malus sylvestris)<br />
Pyrus melanocarpa (see Photinia melanocarpa)<br />
Pyrus nigra (see Photinia melanocarpa)<br />
Pyrus rivularis (see Malus fusca)<br />
Qualea acumin<strong>at</strong>a (under Q. paraensis)<br />
Qualea paraensis<br />
Qualea parviflora (under Q. paraensis)<br />
Quamasia spp. (see Camassia)<br />
Quararibea bicolor (see M<strong>at</strong>isia bicolor)<br />
Quararibea cord<strong>at</strong>a (see M<strong>at</strong>isia cord<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Quararibea fieldii<br />
Quararibea funebris<br />
Quararibea ochrocalyx (see M<strong>at</strong>isia ochrocalyx)<br />
Quararibea wittii<br />
Quassia amara<br />
Quassia simarouba (see Q. amara)<br />
Quassia excelsa (see Picrasma excelsa)<br />
Quercus agrifolia<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Quercus alba<br />
Quercus bicolor<br />
Quercus candicans<br />
Quercus emoryi<br />
Quercus gambelii<br />
Quercus garryana<br />
Quercus gemin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Quercus iberica (see Q. macrocarpa)<br />
Quercus lob<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Quercus macrocarpa<br />
Quercus muehlenbergii<br />
Quercus nigra<br />
Quercus palustris<br />
Quercus rubra<br />
Quercus rugosa<br />
Quercus reticul<strong>at</strong>a (see Q. rugosa)<br />
Quercus utahensis (see Q. gambelii)<br />
Quercus virginiana<br />
Quiina florida<br />
Quiina poeppigiana (see Q. florida)<br />
Racaria sylv<strong>at</strong>ica (see Talisia sylv<strong>at</strong>ica)<br />
Radicula armoracia (see Armoracia rusticana)<br />
Radlk<strong>of</strong>erella macrocarpa (see Pouteria multiflora)<br />
Radlk<strong>of</strong>erella trigonosperma (see Pouteria trigonosperma)<br />
Randia acule<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Randia arm<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Randia echinocarpa<br />
Randia formosa (see Tocoyena formosa)<br />
Randia laetevirens<br />
Randia ruiziana (see Rosenbergiodendron longiflorum)<br />
Ranunculus bulbosus<br />
Ranunculus ficaria<br />
Ranunculus pallasii<br />
Rapanea ovalifolia<br />
Raphanus raphanistrum<br />
Raphanus s<strong>at</strong>ivus<br />
Raphia taedigera<br />
R<strong>at</strong>hbunia alamoensis<br />
Ravenala guyannensis (see Phenakospermum guyannense)<br />
Renealmia alpinia<br />
Renealmia breviscapa<br />
Renealmia jalapensis (see R. mexicana)<br />
Renealmia mexicana<br />
Renealmia occidentalis (see Zingiber <strong>of</strong>ficinale)<br />
Reynosia septentrionalis<br />
Reynosia uncin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Reynoutria japonica (see Polygonum cuspid<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Rhamnus crocea<br />
Rhamnus purshiana<br />
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Rheedia acumin<strong>at</strong>a (see Garcinia madruno)<br />
Rheedia benthamiana (see Garcinia benthamiana)<br />
Rheedia brasiliensis (see Garcinia brasiliensis)<br />
Rheedia edulis<br />
Rheedia floribunda (see Garcinia madruno)<br />
Rheedia gardneriana<br />
Rheedia l<strong>at</strong>eriflora<br />
Rheedia longifolia<br />
Rheedia macrophylla (see Garcinia macrophylla)<br />
Rheedia madruno (see Garcinia madruno)<br />
Rheedia spruceana<br />
Rheum <strong>of</strong>ficinale<br />
Rheum rhaborabarum (under R. rhaponticum)<br />
Rheum rhaponticum<br />
Rhexia virginica<br />
Rhigospira quadrangularis<br />
Rhinocarpus excelsa (see Anacardium excelsum)<br />
Rhipsalis baccifera<br />
Rhipsalis cassutha (see R. baccifera)<br />
Rhizophora mangle<br />
Rhodiola rosea (see Sedum rosea)<br />
Rhododendron nudiflora (see R. periclymenoides)<br />
Rhododendron periclymenoides<br />
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa<br />
Rhus arom<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
Rhus copallinum<br />
Rhus glabra<br />
Rhus hirta<br />
Rhus integrifolia<br />
Rhus microphylla<br />
Rhus ov<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Rhus trilob<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Rhus typhina (see R. hirta)<br />
Rhynchelytrum longeracemosa<br />
Rhyticocos amara (see Syagrus amara)<br />
Ribes americanum<br />
Ribes aureum<br />
Ribes aureum var. villosum (see R. odor<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Ribes bracteosum<br />
Ribes cereum<br />
Ribes cynosb<strong>at</strong>i<br />
Ribes divaric<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Ribes glandulosum<br />
Ribes grossularia (see R. reclin<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Ribes hirtellum<br />
Ribes hudsonianum<br />
Ribes inerme<br />
Ribes lacustre<br />
Ribes missouriense<br />
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930
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Ribes montigenum<br />
Ribes nigrum<br />
Ribes odor<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Ribes oxyacanthuides subsp. setosum<br />
Ribes punct<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Ribes reclin<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Ribes rubrum<br />
Ribes s<strong>at</strong>ivum<br />
Ribes setosum (see R. oxyacanthuides subsp. setosum)<br />
Ribes triste<br />
Ribes viscosissimum<br />
Richardella lucuma (see Pouteria lucuma)<br />
Richardella macrophylla (see Pouteria macrophylla)<br />
Richardella rivicoa (see Pouteria macrophylla)<br />
Richardella speciosa (see Pouteria speciosa)<br />
Richardella trigonosperma (see Pouteria trigonosperma)<br />
Rinorea castaneaefolia (see R. laevig<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Rinorea laevig<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Rinorea physiphora (see R. laevig<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Robinia neomexicana<br />
Robinia pseudoacacia<br />
Robinia sepium (see Gliricidia sepium)<br />
Rollinia cardiantha<br />
Rollinia curvipetala (see R. mucosa)<br />
Rollinia cuspid<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Rollinia deliciosa (see R. mucosa)<br />
Rollinia discreta<br />
Rollinia edulis<br />
Rollinia emargin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Rollinia exalbida (see R. sylv<strong>at</strong>ica)<br />
Rollinia exsucca<br />
Rollinia fagifolia (see R. sylv<strong>at</strong>ica)<br />
Rollinia jimenzii (see R. mucosa)<br />
Rollinia laurifolia<br />
Rollinia longifolia<br />
Rollinia mucosa<br />
Rollinia multiflora (see R. exsucca)<br />
Rollinia occidentalis (see R. emargin<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Rollinia orthopetala (see R. mucosa)<br />
Rollinia papilionella (see R. pittieri)<br />
Rollinia pittieri<br />
Rollinia pulchrinervis (see R. mucosa)<br />
Rollinia sieberi (see R. mucosa)<br />
Rollinia sylv<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
Rolliniopsis discreta (see Rollinia discreta)<br />
Rorippa armoracia (see Armoracia rusticana)<br />
Rorippa nasturtium-aqu<strong>at</strong>icum (see Nasturtium <strong>of</strong>ficinale)<br />
Rosa arkansana<br />
Rosa blanda<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
931
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Rosa californica<br />
Rosa canina<br />
Rosa carolina<br />
Rosa centifolia<br />
Rosa chinensis<br />
Rosa damascena<br />
Rosa eglanteria<br />
Rosa gallica<br />
Rosa mosch<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Rosa multiflora<br />
Rosa nutkana<br />
Rosa pimpinellifolia (see R. spinosissima)<br />
Rosa pisocarpa<br />
Rosa pomifera (see R. villosa)<br />
Rosa rubiginosa (see R. eglanteria)<br />
Rosa rugosa<br />
Rosa spinosissima<br />
Rosa villosa<br />
Rosa villosa var. pomifera (see R. villosa)<br />
Rosa virginiana<br />
Rosa woodsii<br />
Rosenbergiodendron longiflorum<br />
Rosmarinus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis<br />
Roumea hebecarpa (see Dovyalis hebecarpa)<br />
Roystonea borinquena (under R. regia)<br />
Roystonea oleracea (under R. regia)<br />
Roystonea regia<br />
Rubus adenotrichus<br />
Rubus allegheniensis<br />
Rubus arcticus<br />
Rubus argutus<br />
Rubus betulifolius<br />
Rubus bogotensis<br />
Rubus boliviensis (under R. roseus)<br />
Rubus brasiliensis<br />
Rubus briareus (under R. roseus)<br />
Rubus caesius<br />
Rubus canadensis (see R. flagellaris)<br />
Rubus chamaemorus<br />
Rubus costaricanus<br />
Rubus cuneifolius<br />
Rubus deliciosus<br />
Rubus ellipticus<br />
Rubus flagellaris<br />
Rubus floribundus (see R. robustus)<br />
Rubus frondosus<br />
Rubus fruticosus<br />
Rubus geoides<br />
Rubus glaucus<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
932
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Rubus idaeus<br />
Rubus idaeus subsp. strigosus (under R. idaeus)<br />
Rubus lacini<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Rubus leucodermis<br />
Rubus x loganobaccus<br />
Rubus macrocarpus (see R. nubigensus)<br />
Rubus melanolasius (see R. idaeus subsp. strigosus)<br />
Rubus neglectus (see R. idaeus subsp. strigosus)<br />
Rubus niveus<br />
Rubus nubigensus<br />
Rubus occidentalis<br />
Rubus odor<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Rubus ostryifolius<br />
Rubus parviflorus<br />
Rubus ped<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Rubus phoenicolasius<br />
Rubus porphyromallus (see R. bogotaensis)<br />
Rubus procerus<br />
Rubus pubescens var. pubescens<br />
Rubus robustus<br />
Rubus roseus<br />
Rubus rosifolius<br />
Rubus rubrisetus (see R. trivialis)<br />
Rubus sapidus<br />
Rubus sax<strong>at</strong>ilis<br />
Rubus shankii<br />
Rubus spectabilis<br />
Rubus stipularis (see R. nubigensus)<br />
Rubus strigosus (see R. idaeus subsp. strigosus)<br />
Rubus triflorus (see R. pubescens var. pubescens)<br />
Rubus trivialis<br />
Rubus ursinus<br />
Rubus ursinus x R. idaeus (see R. loganobaccus)<br />
Rubus urticifolius<br />
Rubus vitifolius<br />
Rudgea racemosa<br />
Rumex acetosa<br />
Rumex acetosella<br />
Rumex alpinus<br />
Rumex arcticus<br />
Rumex berlandieri (see R. chrysocarpus)<br />
Rumex brasiliensis<br />
Rumex chrysocarpus<br />
Rumex crispus<br />
Rumex hymenosepalus<br />
Rumex mexicanus (see R. salicifolius var. mexicanus)<br />
Rumex occidentalis<br />
Rumex p<strong>at</strong>ientia<br />
Rumex paucifolius<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
933
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Rumex salicifolius var. mexicanus<br />
Ruta chalapensis (see R. graveolens)<br />
Ruta graveolens<br />
Sabal bahamensis (see S. palmetto)<br />
Sabal etonia<br />
Sabal mauritiiformis<br />
Sabal minor<br />
Sabal mexicana<br />
Sabal morrisiana (see S. mauritiiformis)<br />
Sabal palmetto<br />
Sabal pumos<br />
Sabal serrul<strong>at</strong>a (see Serenoa repens)<br />
Sabal texana (see S. mexicana)<br />
Sabal uresana<br />
Sabicea amazonensis<br />
Sabicea paraensis<br />
Sabicea villosa<br />
Saccharum barberi (see S. <strong>of</strong>ficinarum)<br />
Saccharum <strong>of</strong>ficinarum<br />
Saccharum sinense (see S. <strong>of</strong>ficinarum)<br />
Saccharum spontaneum<br />
Sacoglottis amazonica<br />
Sacoglottis cer<strong>at</strong>ocarpa<br />
Sacoglottis cuspid<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Sacoglottis guianensis<br />
Sacoglottis guianensis var. guianensis (under S. guianensis)<br />
Sacoglottis m<strong>at</strong>togrossensis var. subintegra<br />
Sacoglottis uchi (see Endopleura uchi)<br />
Sacoglottis verrucosa (see Duckesia cf. verrucosa)<br />
Sagittaria cune<strong>at</strong>a (under S. l<strong>at</strong>ifolia)<br />
Sagittaria l<strong>at</strong>ifolia<br />
Sagittaria rhombifolia<br />
Sagittaria sagittifolia<br />
Sahagunia racemifera (see Clarisia ilicifolia)<br />
Sahagunia strepitans (see Clarisia ilicifolia)<br />
Salacca secunda<br />
Salacia campestris<br />
Salacia cogn<strong>at</strong>a (see Cheiloclinium cogn<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Salacia crassifolia<br />
Salacia dulcis (see Peritassa dulcis)<br />
Salacia impressifolia<br />
Salacia insignis<br />
Salacia p<strong>at</strong>ens (see Tontelea ovalifolia)<br />
Salacia polyanthomaniaca (see S. impressifolia)<br />
Salacia sylvestris<br />
Salicornia bigelovii<br />
Salicornia perennis (see Sarcocornia perennis)<br />
Salicornia subterminalis (see Arthrocnemum subterminale)<br />
Salicornia virginica<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
934
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Salsola <strong>at</strong>riplicifolia (see Cycloloma <strong>at</strong>riplicifolia)<br />
Salix alba<br />
Salix planifolia subsp. pulchra<br />
Salix pulchra (see S. planifolia subsp. pulchra)<br />
Salpichroa origanifolia<br />
Salpichroa rhomboidea (see S. origanifolia)<br />
Salsola kali<br />
Salsola pestifer (see S. kali)<br />
Salvia apiana<br />
Salvia ballotiflora<br />
Salvia carduacea<br />
Salvia chiapensis<br />
Salvia clevelandii<br />
Salvia clinopodioides<br />
Salvia columbariae<br />
Salvia elegans (see S. rutilans)<br />
Salvia hispanica<br />
Salvia mellifera<br />
Salvia mexicana<br />
Salvia <strong>of</strong>ficinalis<br />
Salvia reflexa<br />
Salvia rutilans<br />
Salvia tiliifolia<br />
Samanea saman<br />
Sambucus australis<br />
Sambucus bipinn<strong>at</strong>a (see S. nigra subsp. canadensis)<br />
Sambucus callicarpa (see S. racemosa var. racemosa)<br />
Sambucus canadensis (see S. nigra subsp. canadensis)<br />
Sambucus canadensis var. lacini<strong>at</strong>a (see S. nigra subsp.<br />
canadensis)<br />
Sambucus canadensis var. submollis (see S. nigra subsp.<br />
canadensis)<br />
Sambucus cerulea (see S. nigra subsp. cerulea)<br />
Sambucus cerulea var. mexicana (see S. nigra subsp. canadensis)<br />
Sambucus cerulea var. neomexicana (see S. nigra subsp. cerulea)<br />
Sambucus cerulea var. velutina (see S. nigra subsp. cerulea)<br />
Sambucus glauca (see S. nigra subsp. cerulea)<br />
Sambucus melanocarpa (see S. racemosa var. melanocarpa)<br />
Sambucus mexicana (see S. nigra subsp. canadensis)<br />
Sambucus mexicana subsp. cerulea (see S. nigra subsp. cerulea)<br />
Sambucus mexicana var. cerulea (see S. nigra subsp. cerulea)<br />
Sambucus microbotrys (see S. racemosa var. racemosa)<br />
Sambucus neomexicana (see S. nigra subsp. cerulea)<br />
Sambucus neomexicana var. vestita (see S. nigra subsp. cerulea)<br />
Sambucus nigra<br />
Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis<br />
Sambucus nigra subsp. cerulea<br />
Sambucus nigra subsp. peruviana<br />
Sambucus orbicul<strong>at</strong>a (see S. nigra subsp. canadensis)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
935
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Sambucus oreopola (see S. nigra subsp. canadensis)<br />
Sambucus peruviana (see S. nigra subsp. peruviana)<br />
Sambucus pubens (see S. racemosa var. racemosa)<br />
Sambucus pubens var. arborescens (see S. racemosa var. racemosa)<br />
Sambucus racemosa subsp. pubens (see S. racemosa var. racemosa)<br />
Sambucus racemosa var. arborescens (see S. racemosa var. racemosa)<br />
Sambucus racemosa var. leucocarpa (see S. racemosa var. racemosa)<br />
Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa<br />
Sambucus racemosa var. microbotrys (see S. racemosa var. racemosa)<br />
Sambucus racemosa var. pubens (see S. racemosa var. racemosa)<br />
Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa<br />
Sambucus simpsonii (see S. nigra subsp. canadensis)<br />
Sambucus velutina (see S. nigra subsp. cerulea)<br />
Samolus valerandi<br />
Samuela carnerosana<br />
Sandoricum indicum (see S. koetjape)<br />
Sandoricum koetjape<br />
Sanguisorba canadensis<br />
Sanguisorba <strong>of</strong>ficinalis<br />
Sanguisorba minor<br />
Santolina chamaecyparissus<br />
Sapindus edulis (see Talisia esculenta)<br />
Sapindus <strong>esculentus</strong> (see Talisia esculenta)<br />
Sapota achras (see Manilkara zapota)<br />
Saracha chiuahuensis (see Jaltom<strong>at</strong>a chiuahuensis)<br />
Saracha spp. (see Jaltom<strong>at</strong>a procumbens)<br />
Sarcaulus brasiliensis subsp. brasiliensis<br />
Sarcaulus brasiliensis subsp. gracilis<br />
Sarcob<strong>at</strong>us vermicul<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Sarcocornia perennis<br />
Sarothamnus scoparius (see Cytisus scoparius)<br />
Sassafras albidum<br />
Sassafras <strong>of</strong>ficinale (see S. albidum)<br />
Sassafras variifolium (see S. albidum)<br />
S<strong>at</strong>ureja douglasii<br />
S<strong>at</strong>ureja gilliesii (see S. parvifolia)<br />
S<strong>at</strong>ureja hortensis<br />
S<strong>at</strong>ureja laevig<strong>at</strong>a<br />
S<strong>at</strong>ureja macrostema (see Clinopodium macrostemum)<br />
S<strong>at</strong>ureja montana<br />
S<strong>at</strong>ureja parvifolia<br />
S<strong>at</strong>ureja rigida (see Piloblephis rigida)<br />
S<strong>at</strong>ureja viminea<br />
S<strong>at</strong>yria warszewiczii<br />
Saurauia aspera<br />
Saurauia conz<strong>at</strong>tii<br />
Saurauia pulchra<br />
Saurauia scabrida<br />
Saurauia speluncicola (see S. villosa)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
936
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Saurauia villosa (under S. conz<strong>at</strong>tii)<br />
Saxifraga pensylvanica<br />
Scandix pecten-veneris<br />
Schaefferia cuneifolia<br />
Scheelea bassleriana (see Attalea butyracea)<br />
Scheelea cephalotes (see Attalea butyracea)<br />
Scheelea costaricensis (see Attalea butyracea)<br />
Scheelea excelsa (see Attalea butyracea)<br />
Scheelea liebmannii (see Attalea butyracea)<br />
Scheelea lundellii (see Attalea butyracea)<br />
Scheelea macrocarpa (see Attalea butyracea)<br />
Scheelia martiana (see Attalea phaler<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Scheelea preussii (see Attalea butyracea)<br />
Scheelea tessmannii (see Attalea butyracea)<br />
Scheelea zonensis (see Attalea butyracea)<br />
Schinus huygan (see S. molle)<br />
Schinus l<strong>at</strong>ifolius<br />
Schinus molle<br />
Schinus terebinthifolius<br />
Schistostemon reticul<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Schlegelia violacea<br />
Schmaltzia trilob<strong>at</strong>a (see Rhus trilob<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Schmidelia edulis (see Allophylus edulis)<br />
Schoenoplectus acutus (under Scirpus pterolepis)<br />
Schoenoplectus californicus (see Scirpus californicus)<br />
Scirpus acutus (see Schoenoplectus acutus)<br />
Scirpus californicus<br />
Scirpus lacustris (see S. pterolepis)<br />
Scirpus maritimna<br />
Scirpus nevadensis<br />
Scirpus occidentalis (see S. acutus)<br />
Scirpus paludosus (see S. maritimns)<br />
Scirpus pterolepis<br />
Scirpus tabernaemontani<br />
Scripus tuberosus (see Eleocharis dulcis)<br />
Scirpus validus (see S. tabernaemontani)<br />
Sclerocactus uncin<strong>at</strong>us var. wrightii<br />
Scoparia dulcis<br />
Scytalia chinensis (see Litchi chinensis)<br />
Secale cereale<br />
Sechium edule<br />
Sechium tacaco<br />
Sedum acre<br />
Sedum collinum (see S. reflexum)<br />
Sedum integrifolium<br />
Sedum reflexum<br />
Sedum rhodanthum<br />
Sedum rosea<br />
Sedum rhodanthum<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
937
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Sedum rosea<br />
Sedum rupestre (under S. reflexum)<br />
Sedum telephium<br />
Selenicereus grandiflorus<br />
Selenicereus megalanthus<br />
Selenicereus spinulosus<br />
Selenicereus testudo<br />
Senna bicapsularis<br />
Senna x floribunda<br />
Senna fructicosa<br />
Senna hursuta var. hursuta<br />
Senna marilandica<br />
Senna obtusifolia<br />
Senna occidentalis<br />
Senna pendula var. pendula<br />
Senna septentrionalis<br />
Senna tora (see S. obtusifolia)<br />
Senna uniflora<br />
Serenoa repens<br />
Sesamum indicum (see S. orientale)<br />
Sesamum orientale<br />
Sesamum radi<strong>at</strong>um (under S. orientale)<br />
Sesbania grandiflora<br />
Sesuvium portulacastrum<br />
Setaria italica<br />
Setaria viridis<br />
Shepherdia argentea<br />
Shepherdia canadensis<br />
Sicana odorifera<br />
Sicyos angul<strong>at</strong>us<br />
Sida rhombifolia<br />
Sidalcea neomexicana<br />
Sideroxylon altamiranoi<br />
Sideroxylon americanum<br />
Sideroxylon amygdalicarpum (see Pouteria amygdalicarpa)<br />
Sideroxylon capiri subsp. capiri<br />
Sideroxylon capiri subsp. tempisque<br />
Sideroxylon celastrinum<br />
Sideroxylon eucoriaceum<br />
Sideroxylon foetidissimum subsp. foetidissimum<br />
Sideroxylon foetidissimum subsp. gaumeri<br />
Sideroxylon lanuginosum subsp. lanuginosum<br />
Sideroxylon mastichodendron (see S. foetidissimum subsp.<br />
foetidissimum)<br />
Sideroxylon mexicanum (see S. capiri)<br />
Sideroxylon obtusifolium subsp. buxifolium<br />
Sideroxylon obtusifolium subsp. obtusifolium<br />
Sideroxylon occidentale<br />
Sideroxylon palmeri<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
938
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Sideroxylon persimile subsp. persimile<br />
Sideroxylon persimile subsp. subsessiliflorum<br />
Sideroxylon petiolare (see S. capiri)<br />
Sideroxylon rugosum (see Micropholis rugosa)<br />
Sideroxylon stevensonii<br />
Sideroxylon tempisque (see Sideroxylon capiri subsp. tempisque)<br />
Sideroxylon tenax<br />
Sideroxylon tepicense<br />
Silene acaulis<br />
Silene infl<strong>at</strong>a (see Oberna behen)<br />
Silene vulgaris (see Oberna behen)<br />
Silphium lacini<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Silybum marianum<br />
Simarouba amara (see Quassia amara)<br />
Simarouba glauca (see Quassia amara)<br />
Simmondsia californica (see S. chinensis)<br />
Simmondsia chinensis<br />
Sinapis alba<br />
Sinapis arvensis<br />
Sinningia incarn<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Sisymbrium canescens (see Descurainia pinn<strong>at</strong>a subsp. pinn<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Sisymbrium nasturtium-agu<strong>at</strong>icum (see Nasturtium <strong>of</strong>ficinale)<br />
Sium cicutifolium (see S. suave)<br />
Sium suave<br />
Sloanea dent<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Smilacina racemosa (see Maian<strong>the</strong>mum racemasum)<br />
Smilacina stell<strong>at</strong>a (see Maian<strong>the</strong>mum stell<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Smilax aristolochiaefolia<br />
Smilax auricul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Smilax bona-nox<br />
Smilax caduca (see S. rotundifolia)<br />
Smilax cinnamomifolia (see S. smallii)<br />
Smilax domingensis (see S. lanceol<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Smilax glauca<br />
Smilax grandifolia (see S. regelii)<br />
Smilax havanensis<br />
Smilax herbacea<br />
Smilax kraussiana<br />
Smilax lanceol<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Smilax laurifolia<br />
Smilax medica (see S. aristolochiaefolia)<br />
Smilax <strong>of</strong>ficinalis<br />
Smilax orn<strong>at</strong>a (see S. aristolochiaefolia)<br />
Smilax ov<strong>at</strong>a (see S. smallii)<br />
Smilax pseudochina (see S. kraussiana)<br />
Smilax regelii<br />
Smilax rotundifolia<br />
Simlax smallii<br />
Smilax spruceana<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
939
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Socr<strong>at</strong>ea durissima (see S. exorrhiza)<br />
Socr<strong>at</strong>ea exorrhiza<br />
Socr<strong>at</strong>ea rostr<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Soja max (see Glycine max)<br />
Solandra grandiflora<br />
Solanum aethiopicum<br />
Solanum agrarium<br />
Solanum ajanhuiri<br />
Solanum americanum<br />
Solanum andigenum (see S. tuberosum subsp. andigenum)<br />
Solanum asarifolium (see Lycian<strong>the</strong>s asarifolia)<br />
Solanum asperum<br />
Solanum candidum<br />
Solanum caripense<br />
Solanum chaucha<br />
Solanum coconilla (see S. stramoniifolium var. inerme)<br />
Solanum crinitum<br />
Solanum curtilobum (under S. juzepczukii)<br />
Solanum demissum<br />
Solanum diphyllum<br />
Solanum diversifolium<br />
Solanum edinense<br />
Solanum elaeagnifolium<br />
Solanum fendleri<br />
Solanum georgicum (see S. sessiliflorum var. georgicum)<br />
Solanum gilo (see S. aethiopicum)<br />
Solanum goniocalyx (see S. stenotomum subsp. goniocalyx)<br />
Solanum grandiflorum<br />
Solanum hirtum<br />
Solanum hirtussimum (see S. pectin<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Solanum hygro<strong>the</strong>rmicum (see S. phureja subsp. hygro<strong>the</strong>rmicum)<br />
Solanum insidiosum<br />
Solanum jamaicense<br />
Solanum jamesii<br />
Solanum juciri<br />
Solanum juzepczukii<br />
Solanum liximitante<br />
Solanum lycocarpum<br />
Solanum lycopersicum (see Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum)<br />
Solanum melongena var. esculentum<br />
Solanum morellifolium<br />
Solanum mozinianum (see Lycian<strong>the</strong>s mociniana)<br />
Solanum muric<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Solanum nigrescens<br />
Solanum nigrum<br />
Solanum panicul<strong>at</strong>um (under S. insidiosum)<br />
Solanum paucijugum<br />
Solanum pectin<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Solanum phureja subsp. hygro<strong>the</strong>rmicum<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
940
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Solanum piliferum<br />
Solanum pl<strong>at</strong>yphyllum (see S. stramoniifolium)<br />
Solanum pseudolulo<br />
Solanum quitoense<br />
Solanum quitoense var. septentrionale<br />
Solanum saponaceum (see S. elaeagnifolium)<br />
Solanum scabrum (see also S. elaeagnifolium)<br />
Solanum sessiliflorum<br />
Solanum sessiliflorum var. georgicum<br />
Solanum sisymbriifolium<br />
Solanum stenotomum subsp. goniocalyx<br />
Solanum stenotomum subsp. stenotomum<br />
Solanum stramoniifolium<br />
Solanum stramoniifolium var. inerme<br />
Solanum tequilense (see S. candidum)<br />
Solanum topiro (see S. sessiliflorum)<br />
Solanum topiro var. georgicum (see S. sessiliflorum var.<br />
georgicum)<br />
Solanum torvum<br />
Solanum triflorum<br />
Solanum tuberosum<br />
Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigenum<br />
Solanum varieg<strong>at</strong>um (see S. muric<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Solanum verrucosum<br />
Solanum vestissimum<br />
Solanum wendlandii<br />
Solenostemon scutellarioides<br />
Solidago canadensis<br />
Solidago graminifolia (see Euthamia graminifolia)<br />
Solidago missouriensis<br />
Solidago nana (under S. canadensis)<br />
Solidago odora<br />
Solidago spectabilis<br />
Sonchus oleraceus<br />
Sophia incisa (see Descurainia incana subsp. incisa)<br />
Sophia halictorum (see Descurainia pinn<strong>at</strong>a subsp. halictorum)<br />
Sophia pinn<strong>at</strong>a (see Descurainia pinn<strong>at</strong>a subsp. pinn<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Sophora nuttalliana<br />
Sophora sericea (see S. nuttalliana)<br />
Sorbus americana<br />
Sorbus arbutifolia (see Photinia pyrifolia)<br />
Sorbus aucuparia<br />
Sorbus decora<br />
Sorbus domestica<br />
Sorbus melanocarpa (see Photinia melanocarpa)<br />
Sorbus scopulina<br />
Sorbus sitchensis<br />
Sorghum bicolor<br />
Sorghum vulgare (see S. bicolor)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
941
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Sorocea guilleminiana<br />
Sorocea muricul<strong>at</strong>a (under S. guilleminiana)<br />
Sparganium eurycarpum<br />
Spartium scoparium (see Cytisus scoparius)<br />
Sp<strong>at</strong>hiphyllum friedrichsthalii<br />
Sp<strong>at</strong>hiphyllum phryniifolium<br />
Spergula arvensis<br />
Spergula s<strong>at</strong>iva (see S. arvensis)<br />
Spergularia rubra<br />
Spilan<strong>the</strong>s acmella var. oleracea (see Acmella oleracea)<br />
Spilan<strong>the</strong>s americana (see Acmella oppositifolia)<br />
Spilan<strong>the</strong>s americana var. repens (see Acmella oppositifolia var.<br />
repens)<br />
Spilan<strong>the</strong>s oleracea beta. fusca (see Acmella oleracea)<br />
Spilanthus oleracea (see Acmella oleracea)<br />
Spilan<strong>the</strong>s oppositifolia (see Acmella oppositifolia)<br />
Spinacia oleracea<br />
Spiraea beauverdiana<br />
Spiraea pyramid<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Spondias cy<strong>the</strong>ra (see S. mombin)<br />
Spondias cy<strong>the</strong>rea (see S. dulcis)<br />
Spondias dulcis<br />
Spondias lutea (see S. mombin)<br />
Spondias macrocarpa<br />
Spondias mombin<br />
Spondias myrobalanus Jacq. (see S. purpurea)<br />
Spondias myrobalanus L. (see S. mombin)<br />
Spondias purpurea<br />
Spondias purpurea var. venulosa (see S. mombin)<br />
Spondias radlk<strong>of</strong>eri (see S. mombin)<br />
Spondias tuberosa<br />
Spondias venulosa (see S. mombin)<br />
Sporobolus airoides<br />
Sporobolus cyrptandrus<br />
Sporobolus flexuosus<br />
Stachys floridana<br />
Stachys hyssopifolia<br />
Stachys <strong>of</strong>ficinalis (see Betonica <strong>of</strong>ficinalis)<br />
Stachys palustris<br />
Stachytarpheta cayennensis<br />
Stachytarpheta indica<br />
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (see S. indica)<br />
Stachytarpheta mutabilis<br />
Stanleya el<strong>at</strong>a (under S. pinn<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Stanleya pinn<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Staphylea trifolia<br />
Stellaria jamesiana (see Pseudostellaria jamesiana)<br />
Stellaria media<br />
Stenocalyx dysentericus (see Eugenia dysentericus)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
942
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Stenocalyx michelii (see Eugenia uniflora)<br />
Stenocalyx pitanga (see Eugenia pitanga)<br />
Stenocalyx sulc<strong>at</strong>us (see Eugenia sulc<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Stenocalyx uniflorus (see Eugenia uniflora)<br />
Stenocereus griseus (see Lemaireocereus griseus)<br />
Stenocereus gummosus (see Lemaireocereus gummosus)<br />
Stenocereus peruvianus (see Cereus repandus)<br />
Stenocereus stell<strong>at</strong>us (see Lemaireocereus stell<strong>at</strong>us)<br />
Stenocereus thurberi<br />
Stenocereus weberi (see Lemaireocereus weberi)<br />
Sterculia apetala<br />
Sterculia chicha<br />
Stetsonia coryne (see Cereus coryne)<br />
Stevia rebaudiana<br />
Stevia serr<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Stizolobium deeringianum (see Mucuna pruriens var. utilis)<br />
Streptanthus glaucus (see Caulanthus glaucus)<br />
Streptocalyx longifolius (see Aechmea longifolia)<br />
Streptopus amplexifolius<br />
Streptopus roseus<br />
Strobus strobus (see Pinus strobus)<br />
Stroman<strong>the</strong> macrochlamys<br />
Stroman<strong>the</strong> sp.<br />
Stylophyllum edule (see Dudleya edulis)<br />
Strychnos spinosa<br />
Suaeda californica (under S. ramosissima)<br />
Suaeda linearis<br />
Suaeda ramosissima<br />
Suaeda suffrutescens<br />
Subpilocereus margaritensis (see Cereus margaritensis)<br />
Subpilocereus repandus (see Cereus repandus)<br />
Subpilocereus russelianus (see Cereus margaritensis)<br />
Swinglea glutinosa<br />
Syagrus amara<br />
Syagrus botryophora<br />
Syagrus campestris (see S. flexuosa)<br />
Syagrus cardenasii<br />
Syagrus cocoides<br />
Syagrus comosa<br />
Syagrus coron<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Syagrus flexuosa<br />
Syagrus inajai<br />
Syagrus oleracea<br />
Syagrus petraea<br />
Syagrus picrophylla<br />
Syagrus romanz<strong>of</strong>fiana<br />
Syagrus schizophylla<br />
Syagrus smithii<br />
Syagrus urbaniana (see S. flexuosa)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
943
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Syagrus vagans<br />
Syagrus y<strong>at</strong>ay (see Butia y<strong>at</strong>ay)<br />
Symphonia globulifera<br />
Symphytum asperum (under S. <strong>of</strong>ficinale)<br />
Symphytum <strong>of</strong>ficinale<br />
Symplocarpus foetidus<br />
Symplocos serrul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Symplocos <strong>the</strong>iformis<br />
Symplocos tinctoria<br />
Synedrella nodiflora<br />
Syngonium donnell-smithii<br />
Syngonium podohyllum<br />
Syngonium salvadorense<br />
Syngonium vellozianum (see S. podohyllum)<br />
Synsepalum dulcificum<br />
Syzygium arom<strong>at</strong>icum<br />
Syzygium cumini (see Eugenia cumini)<br />
Syzygium jambolanum (see Eugenia cumini)<br />
Syzygium jambos (see Eugenia jambos)<br />
Syzygium malaccense<br />
Syzygium panicul<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Syzygium samarangense<br />
Tabebuia heterophylla<br />
Tabebuia pallida<br />
Tabernaemontana markgrafiana<br />
Tabernaemontana maxima<br />
Tabernaemontana sananho<br />
Tabernaemontana siphilitica<br />
Tabernaemontana vanheurickii<br />
Tacsonia mollissima (see Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima)<br />
Tagetes erecta<br />
Tagetes filifolia<br />
Tagetes lucida<br />
Tagetes major (see T. erecta)<br />
Tagetes minuta<br />
Tagetes p<strong>at</strong>ula<br />
Tagetes tenuifolia<br />
Talauma mexicana<br />
Talauma ov<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Talinum auranticum<br />
Talinum fruticosum<br />
Talinum panicul<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Talinum racemosum (see T. fruticosum)<br />
Talinum triangulare (see T. fruticosum)<br />
Talisia acutifolia<br />
Talisia carin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Talisia cerasina<br />
Talisia cupularis<br />
Talisia esculenta<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
944
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Talisia floresii (under T. esculenta)<br />
Talisia guianensis<br />
Talisia hemidasya<br />
Talisia hexaphylla<br />
Talisia macrophylla<br />
Talisia micrantha (see T. sylv<strong>at</strong>ica)<br />
Talisia nervosa<br />
Talisia olivaeformis (see T. oliviformis)<br />
Talisia oliviformis (under T. esculenta)<br />
Talisia panamensis (see T. hexaphylla)<br />
Talisia reticul<strong>at</strong>a (see T. sylv<strong>at</strong>ica)<br />
Talisia retusa<br />
Talisia subalbens<br />
Talisia sylv<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
Tamarindus indica<br />
Tanacetum vulgare<br />
Tapirira fanshawei (see T. guianensis)<br />
Tapirira guianensis<br />
Tapirira marchandii (see T. obtusa)<br />
Tapirira myriantha (see T. guianensis)<br />
Tapirira obtusa<br />
Tapirira peckoltiana (see T. obtusa)<br />
Tapirira retusa<br />
Tapura amazonica<br />
Taraxacum <strong>of</strong>ficinale<br />
Taxus bacc<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Taxus canadensis<br />
Taxus cuspid<strong>at</strong>a (under T. bacc<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Tecoma crucigera (see Bignonia capreol<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Tecoma stans<br />
Teloxys ambrosioides (see Chenopodium ambrosioides)<br />
Tephrosia purpurea<br />
Terminalia c<strong>at</strong>appa<br />
Tetracera oblong<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Tetracera volubilis (see T. oblong<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Tetracera willdenowiana subsp. willdenowiana<br />
Tetragastris altissima<br />
Tetragastris panamensis<br />
Tetragonia expansa (see T. tetragonioides)<br />
Tetragonia tetragonioides<br />
Tetramicra bicolor (see Leptotes bicolor)<br />
Tetrapterys crispa<br />
Thalia genicul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Thalictrum thalictroides<br />
Thea sinensis (see Camellia sinensis)<br />
Thelesperma gracile (see T. megapotamicum)<br />
Thelesperma filifolium<br />
Thelesperma megapotamicum<br />
Thelesperma subnudum (under T. filifolium)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
945
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Thelesperma trifidum (under T. filifolium)<br />
Theobroma albiflora (see Herrania albiflora)<br />
Theobroma angustifolium (see T. speciosum)<br />
Theobroma bicolor<br />
Theobroma cacao<br />
Theobroma cacao fo. leiocarpum (see T. cacao)<br />
Theobroma cacao subsp. leiocarpum (see T. cacao)<br />
Theobroma camargoanum (see Herrania camargoana)<br />
Theobroma canumanense<br />
Theobroma glaucum<br />
Theobroma grandiflorum<br />
Theobroma leiocarpum (see T. cacao subsp. cacao fo. leiocarpum)<br />
Theobroma macrantha (see T. grandiflorum)<br />
Theobroma mariae (see Herrania mariae var. mariae)<br />
Theobroma microcarpa<br />
Theobroma nitidum (see Herrania nitida)<br />
Theobroma obov<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Theobroma pentagonum<br />
Theobroma purpureum<br />
Theobroma speciosum<br />
Theobroma spruceana<br />
Theobroma stipul<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Theobroma subincanum<br />
Theobroma sylvestris<br />
Thespesia populnea<br />
Thevetia ahouai<br />
Thibaudia al<strong>at</strong>a (see T. caulial<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Thibaudia caulial<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Thibaudia floribunda<br />
Thibaudia grantii<br />
Thibaudia lehmannii (see T. floribunda)<br />
Thibaudia longifolia (see T. floribunda)<br />
Thibaudia martiniana<br />
Thibaudia mellifera<br />
Thibaudia melliflora (see T. mellifera)<br />
Thibaudia parvifolia<br />
Thibaudia pichinchensis (see T. floribunda)<br />
Thieleodoxa sorbilis (see Alibertia sorbilis)<br />
Thieleodoxa stipularis (see Borojoa stipularis)<br />
Thlaspi arvense<br />
Thrinax floridana (see T. radi<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Thrinax parviflora (see T. radi<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Thrinax radi<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Thrinax wenlandiana (see T. radi<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Thuja occidentalis<br />
Thymus vulgaris<br />
Tigridia grandiflora (see T. pavonia)<br />
Tigridia pavonia<br />
Tilia americana<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
946
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Tilia americana var. mexicana (under T. americana)<br />
Tillandsia complanta<br />
Tillandsia erubescens<br />
Tillandsia maxima<br />
Tillandsia recurv<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Tillandsia rubella<br />
Tococa guianensis<br />
Tocoyena formosa<br />
Toluifera pereirae (see Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae)<br />
Tontelea fluminensis (see T. ovalifolia)<br />
Tontelea ovalifolia<br />
Torreya californica<br />
Tournefortia hirsutissima<br />
Tovomita schomburgkii<br />
Tradescantia occidentalis<br />
Tradescantia ohiensis<br />
Tradescantia virginiana<br />
Tragopogon dubius<br />
Tragopogon porrifolius<br />
Trapa n<strong>at</strong>ans<br />
Trema floridana (see T. micrantha)<br />
Trema micrantha<br />
Trian<strong>the</strong>ma portulacastrum<br />
Tribulus maximus (see Kallstroemia maxima)<br />
Trichilia maynasiana<br />
Trichipteris microdonta<br />
Trichocereus chiloensis (see Echinopsis chiloensis)<br />
Trichocereus coquimbanus<br />
Trichocereus pasacana<br />
Trichocereus schickendantzii<br />
Trichocereus spachianus<br />
Trichosan<strong>the</strong>s anguina (see T. cucumerina var. anguina)<br />
Trichosan<strong>the</strong>s cucumerina var. anguina<br />
Trifolium agrarium (see T. aureum)<br />
Trifolium amabile<br />
Trifolium aureum<br />
Trifolium campestre (see T. aureum)<br />
Trifolium ciliol<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Trifolium fimbri<strong>at</strong>um (see T. wormskioldii)<br />
Trifolium gracilentum<br />
Trifolium hybridum<br />
Trifolium incarn<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Trifolium medium<br />
Trifolium microcephalum<br />
Trifolium pr<strong>at</strong>ense<br />
Trifolium repens<br />
Trifolium stoloniferum<br />
Trifolium trident<strong>at</strong>um (see T. willdenovii)<br />
Trifolium willdenowii<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
947
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Trifolium wormskioldii<br />
Triglochin maritimum<br />
Trigonella foenum-graecum<br />
Trillium erectum<br />
Trillium grandiflorum<br />
Trillium sessile<br />
Trillium undul<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Triosteum angustifolium (under T. perfoli<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Triosteum aurantiacum (under T. perfoli<strong>at</strong>um)<br />
Triosteum perfoli<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Triphasia trifolia<br />
Tripsacum dactyloides<br />
Trithrinax brasiliensis<br />
Triticum aestivum<br />
Triticum compactum<br />
Triticum dicoccum (see T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum)<br />
Triticum durum<br />
Triticum monococcum<br />
Triticum polonicum<br />
Triticum spelta<br />
Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum<br />
Tropaeolum brasiliense<br />
Tropaeolum bridgesii (see T. leptophyllum)<br />
Tropaeolum chilense var. eximium (see T. leptophyllum)<br />
Tropaeolum edule (see T. leptophyllum)<br />
Tropaeolum leptophyllum<br />
Tropaeolum linearifolium (see T. leptophyllum)<br />
Tropaeolum majus<br />
Tropaeolum minus<br />
Tropaeolum p<strong>at</strong>agonicum (see Trophaeastrum p<strong>at</strong>agonicum)<br />
Tropaeolum tuberosum<br />
Trophaeastrum p<strong>at</strong>agonicum<br />
Trophis racemosa<br />
Tsuga canadensis<br />
Tsuga heterophylla<br />
Tsuga mertenziana<br />
Tulbaghia violacea<br />
Tumion californicum (see Torreya californica)<br />
Tunilla soehrensii<br />
Turnera diffusa<br />
Turnera ulmifolia<br />
Tussilago farfara<br />
Tylosema esculentum (see Bauhinia esculenta)<br />
Typha angustifolia<br />
Typha domingensis<br />
Typha l<strong>at</strong>ifolia<br />
Ugni molinae<br />
Ullucus kunthii (see U. tuberosus subsp. tuberosus)<br />
Ullucus tuberosus subsp. tuberosus<br />
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948
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Ulmus fulva (see U. rubra)<br />
Ulmus mexicana<br />
Ulmus rubra<br />
Umbellularia californica<br />
Uniola palmeri (see Distichlis palmeri)<br />
Uniola panicul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Uniola virg<strong>at</strong>a (see Leptochloopsis virg<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Unona carmin<strong>at</strong>iva (see Xylopia sericea)<br />
Unona concolor (see Xylopia arom<strong>at</strong>ica)<br />
Unona discreta (see Xylopia discreta)<br />
Unonopsis floribunda<br />
Urechites karwinskii (see Fernaldia pandar<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Urera caracasana<br />
Uribea tamrindoides<br />
Urosp<strong>at</strong>ha caud<strong>at</strong>a (see U. sagittifolia)<br />
Urosp<strong>at</strong>ha sagittifolia<br />
Urostigma tjiela (see Ficus indica)<br />
Urtica californica (see U. dioica subsp. gracilis)<br />
Urtica dioica<br />
Urtica dioica var. californica (see U. dioica subsp. gracilis)<br />
Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis<br />
Urtica dioica subsp. holosericea<br />
Urtica holosericea (see U. dioica subsp. holosericea)<br />
Urtica gracilis (see U. dioica subsp. gracilis)<br />
Urtica urens<br />
Uvularia sessilifolia<br />
Vaccinium angustifolium<br />
Vaccinium arboreum<br />
Vaccinium arbuscula (see V. cespitosum var. caespitosum)<br />
Vaccinium arkansanum (see V. corymbosum)<br />
Vaccinium ashei (see V. corymbosum)<br />
Vaccinium <strong>at</strong>rococcum (see V. corymbosum)<br />
Vaccinium caesariense<br />
Vaccinium caespitosum<br />
Vaccinium caespitosum var. caespitosum (see V. cespitosum)<br />
Vaccinium corymbosum<br />
Vaccinium crassifolium subsp. Crassifolium<br />
Vaccinium cren<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Vaccinium darrowii<br />
Vaccinium deliciosum<br />
Vaccinium elliottii<br />
Vaccinium erythrocarpum<br />
Vaccinium floribundum<br />
Vaccinium fusc<strong>at</strong>um (see V. corymbosum)<br />
Vaccinium globulare (see V. membranaceum)<br />
Vaccinium lamarckii (see V. angustifolium)<br />
Vaccinium leucanthum<br />
Vaccinium macrocarpon<br />
Vaccinium membranaceum<br />
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949
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Vaccinium meridionale<br />
Vaccinium mortina<br />
Vaccinium myrsinites<br />
Vaccinium myrtilloides<br />
Vaccinium myrtillus<br />
Vaccinium nitidum (see V. myrsinites)<br />
Vaccinium ovalifolium<br />
Vaccinium ov<strong>at</strong>um<br />
Vaccinium oxycoccos<br />
Vaccinium pallidum<br />
Vaccinium parvifolium<br />
Vaccinium pennsylvanicum (see V. angustifolium)<br />
Vaccinium scoparium<br />
Vaccinium sempervirens<br />
Vaccinium stamineum<br />
Vaccinium uliginosum<br />
Vaccinium vacillans (see V. pallidum)<br />
Vaccinium vitis-idaea<br />
Valeriana cili<strong>at</strong>a (see V. edulis var. cili<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Valeriana edulis var. cili<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Valeriana edulis var. edulis<br />
Valeriana edulis subsp. procera<br />
Valeriana procera (see V. edulis subsp. procera)<br />
Valeriana sitchensis<br />
Valerianella locusta<br />
Valerianella olitoria (see V. locusta)<br />
Vallesia glabra<br />
Vanilla fragrans (see V. planifolia)<br />
Vanilla garneri<br />
Vanilla guianensis (see V. pompona)<br />
Vanilla phaeantha<br />
Vanilla planifolia<br />
Vanilla pompona<br />
Vasconcellea boissieri (see V. cauliflora)<br />
Vasconcellea cauliflora<br />
Vasconcellea cestriflora (see V. cundinamarcensis)<br />
Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis<br />
Vasconcellea goudotiana<br />
Vasconcellea gracilis (see V. goudotiana)<br />
Vasconcellea manihot (see V. microcarpa)<br />
Vasconcellea microcarpa<br />
Vasconcellea microcarpa subsp. australis (under V. microcarpa)<br />
Vasconcellea microcarpa subsp. bacc<strong>at</strong>a (under V. microcarpa)<br />
Vasconcellea microcarpa subsp. heterophylla (under V. microcarpa)<br />
Vasconcellea microcarpa subsp. microcarpa (under V. microcarpa)<br />
Vasconcellea microcarpa subsp. pillifera (under V. microcarpa)<br />
Vasconcellea monoica<br />
Vasconcellea palandensis<br />
Vasconcellea parviflora<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
950
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Vasconcellea pubescens (see V. cundinamarcensis)<br />
Vasconcellea quercifolia<br />
Vasconcellea stipul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Vasconcellea x heilbornii<br />
Vasconcellea x heilbornii var. chrysopetala (under V. x<br />
heilbornii)<br />
Vasconcellea x heilbornii var. fructigragrans (under V. x<br />
heilbornii)<br />
Vaupesia c<strong>at</strong>aractarum<br />
Verbascum densiflorum<br />
Verbascum thapsus (see V. densiflorum)<br />
Verbena gr<strong>at</strong>issima (see Aloysia gr<strong>at</strong>issima)<br />
Verbena hast<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Verbena litoralis<br />
Veronica americana<br />
Veronica anagallis-aqu<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
Veronica beccabunga<br />
Veronica chamaedrys<br />
Vetiveria odor<strong>at</strong>a (see V. zizanioides)<br />
Vetiveria zizanioides<br />
Viborquia polystachya (see Eysenhardtia polystachya)<br />
Viburnum alnifolium<br />
Viburnum cassinoides (see V. nudum var. cassinoides)<br />
Viburnum edule<br />
Viburnum lentago<br />
Viburnum nitidum (see V. nudum var. cassinoides)<br />
Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides<br />
Viburnum opulus<br />
Viburnum pauciflorum (see V. edule)<br />
Viburnum prunifolium<br />
Viburnum rufidulum<br />
Viburnum trilobum<br />
Vicia faba<br />
Vicia narbonensis<br />
Vicia s<strong>at</strong>iva (see Pisum s<strong>at</strong>ivum)<br />
Victoria amazonica<br />
Victoria cruziana (under V. amazonica)<br />
Victoria regia (see V. amazonica and V. cruziana)<br />
Vigna aconitifolia<br />
Vigna adenantha<br />
Vigna angularis<br />
Vigna c<strong>at</strong>jang (see V. unguicul<strong>at</strong>a subsp. sesquipedalis)<br />
Vigna luteola (see V. repens)<br />
Vigna mungo<br />
Vigna radi<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Vigna repens<br />
Vigna sesquipedalis (see V. unguicul<strong>at</strong>a subsp. sesquipedalis)<br />
Vigna sinensis (see V. unguicul<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Vigna sinensis subsp. sesquipedalis (see V. unguicul<strong>at</strong>a subsp.<br />
sesquipedalis)<br />
Vigna subterranea<br />
Vigna trilob<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Vigna umbell<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Vigna unguicul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Vigna unguicul<strong>at</strong>a subsp. sesquipedalis<br />
Vinca rosea (see C<strong>at</strong>haranthus roseus)<br />
Vincetoxicum <strong>of</strong>ficinale (see Cynanchum vincetoxicum)<br />
Vincetoxicum salvanii (see Cynanchum vincetoxicum)<br />
Vincetoxicum salvinii<br />
Viola adunca<br />
Viola canadensis<br />
Viola canadenses var. rugulosa<br />
Viola cucull<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Viola nephrophylla<br />
Viola nuttallii<br />
Viola odor<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Viola palm<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Viola papilionacea (see V. sororia)<br />
Viola ped<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Viola ped<strong>at</strong>ifida<br />
Viola rugulosa (see V. canadensis var. rugulosa)<br />
Viola sororia<br />
Viola tricolor<br />
Virola gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis<br />
Virola sebifera<br />
Virola surinamensis<br />
Virola venezuelensis (see V. sebifera)<br />
Vismia cayenensis<br />
Vitellaria multiflora (see Pouteria multiflora)<br />
Vitellaria rivicola (see Pouteria macrophylla)<br />
Vitex agnus-castus<br />
Vitex capit<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Vitex cymosa<br />
Vitex duckei<br />
Vitex flavens<br />
Vitex gigantea<br />
Vitex mollis<br />
Vitex odor<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Vitex orinocensis<br />
Vitex pseudolea<br />
Vitex triflora<br />
Vitis acerifolia<br />
Vitis aestivalis<br />
Vitis argentifolia<br />
Vitis arizonica<br />
Vitis berlandiera<br />
Vitis californica<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Vitis candicans<br />
Vitis caribea<br />
Vitis cinerea var. cinerea<br />
Vitis cinerea var. floridana<br />
Vitis labrusca<br />
Vitis mesoamericana<br />
Vitis monticola<br />
Vitis munsoniana (see V. rotundifolia)<br />
Vitis riparia<br />
Vitis rotundifolia<br />
Vitis rupestris<br />
Vitis shuttleworthii<br />
Vitis sicyoides (see Cissus verticill<strong>at</strong>a)<br />
Vitis simpsonii (see V. cinerea var. floridana)<br />
Vitis solonis<br />
Vitis tiliifolia<br />
Vitis vinifera<br />
Vitis vulpina<br />
Voandzeia subterranea (see Vigna subterranea)<br />
Vochysia vismiifolia<br />
Vulpia oct<strong>of</strong>lora var. oct<strong>of</strong>lora<br />
Washingtonia filifera<br />
Washingtonia robusta<br />
Washingtonia sonorae (see W. robusta)<br />
Wettinia maynensis<br />
Wisteria frutescens<br />
Wulffia bacc<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Wulffia stenoglossa<br />
Wyethia amplexicaulis<br />
Wyethia longicaulis<br />
Xanthium pensylvancium (see X. strumarium var. canadense)<br />
Xanthium strumarium var. canadense<br />
Xanthosoma <strong>at</strong>rovirens<br />
Xanthosoma belophyllum<br />
Xanthosoma brasiliense<br />
Xanthosoma caracu<br />
Xanthosoma helleborifolium<br />
Xanthosoma jacquinii<br />
Xanthosoma lindenii (see Caladium lindenii)<br />
Xanthosoma mafaffa<br />
Xanthosoma maffafa var. poeppigii (see X. poeppigii)<br />
Xanthosoma nigrum (see X. violaceum)<br />
Xanthosoma poeppigii<br />
Xanthosoma riedelianum<br />
Xanthosoma robustum<br />
Xanthosoma roseum<br />
Xanthosoma sagittifolium<br />
Xanthosoma stri<strong>at</strong>ipes (see X. riedelianum)<br />
Xanthosoma violaceum<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Xanthosoma yuc<strong>at</strong>ense<br />
Ximenia americana<br />
Ximenia coriaceae<br />
Xylopia arom<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
Xylopia brasiliensis<br />
Xylopia carmin<strong>at</strong>iva (see X. sericea)<br />
Xylopia discreta<br />
Xylopia frutescens<br />
Xylopia peruviana<br />
Xylopia sericea<br />
Xylosma flexuosa<br />
Yucca aloifolia<br />
Yucca arborescens<br />
Yucca australis<br />
Yucca bacc<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Yucca brevifolia (under Y. arborescens)<br />
Yucca el<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Yucca elephantipes (see Y. gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis)<br />
Yucca faxoniana<br />
Yucca filamentosa<br />
Yucca filamentosa var. smalliana (see Y. smalliana)<br />
Yucca flaccida<br />
Yucca glauca<br />
Yucca gloriosa<br />
Yucca gu<strong>at</strong>emalensis<br />
Yucca macrocarpa (see Y. torreyi)<br />
Yucca mohaviensis<br />
Yucca schidigera<br />
Yucca schottii<br />
Yucca smalliana<br />
Yucca torreyi<br />
Yucca treculeana<br />
Yucca valida<br />
Yucca whipplei<br />
Zamia angustifolia (under Z. integrifolia)<br />
Zamia angustissima (see Z. angustifolia)<br />
Zamia debilis (see Z. pumila)<br />
Zamia erosa (see Z. integrifolia)<br />
Zamia floridana (see Z. integrifolia)<br />
Zamia furfuracea<br />
Zamia integrifolia<br />
Zamia l<strong>at</strong>ifoliol<strong>at</strong>a (see Z. pumila)<br />
Zamia lindenii<br />
Zamia lucayana (see Z. integrifolia)<br />
Zamia media (see Z. integrifolia)<br />
Zamia multifoliol<strong>at</strong>a (see Z. angustifolia)<br />
Zamia portoricensis (under Z. integrifolia)<br />
Zamia pumila (under Z. integrifolia)<br />
Zamia silvicola (see Z. integrifolia)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americs<br />
Zamia stricta (see Z. angustifolia)<br />
Zamia tenuis (see Z. integrifolia)<br />
Zamia umbrosa (see Z. integrifolia)<br />
Zamia y<strong>at</strong>esii (see Z. angustifolia)<br />
Zea diploperennis<br />
Zea mays<br />
Zea mays var. everta (see Z. mays)<br />
Zea mexicana<br />
Zea mays subsp. mexicana (see Z. mexicana)<br />
Zingiber <strong>of</strong>ficinale<br />
Zingiber mioga<br />
Zingiber zerumbet<br />
Zizania aqu<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
Zizania palustris (see Z. aqu<strong>at</strong>ica)<br />
Zizaniopsis miliacea<br />
Ziziphus cinnamomum<br />
Ziziphus cel<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Ziziphus cyclocardia<br />
Ziziphus endlichii<br />
Ziziphus gardneri (see Z. joazeiro)<br />
Ziziphus guaranitica (see Z. joazeiro)<br />
Ziziphus gu<strong>at</strong>emalsensis<br />
Ziziphus joazeiro<br />
Ziziphus jujuba (see Z. mauritiana and Z. ziziphus)<br />
Ziziphus mauritiana<br />
Ziziphus mistol<br />
Ziziphus parryi<br />
Ziziphus ziziphus<br />
Zollernia ilicifolia<br />
Zschokkea arborescens (see Lacmellea arborescens)<br />
Zschokkea peruviana (see Lacmellea peruviana)<br />
Zwingera amara (see Quassia amara)<br />
Zygia longifolia<br />
Zygia saman (see Samanea saman)<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE<br />
955
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
Index to Common Names<br />
‘ak<br />
a’teshiuk<br />
a’tesiuk<br />
aachuá<br />
a-agl<br />
aala<br />
aara<br />
Aaron’s rod<br />
aaxt<br />
aaxux ts’aah<br />
ababaya<br />
ababuí<br />
abacachí<br />
abac<strong>at</strong>e<br />
abac<strong>at</strong>e-roxo<br />
abacaxi<br />
abacaxí<br />
abacaxi-bravo<br />
abacaxi-do-campo<br />
abaja<br />
abajeru<br />
abal<br />
abalá<br />
abanico<br />
abarco<br />
ab<strong>at</strong>a<br />
ab<strong>at</strong>a cola<br />
ab<strong>at</strong>i<br />
ab<strong>at</strong>í<br />
ab<strong>at</strong>í tembary<br />
ab<strong>at</strong>iyú<br />
abbey palm<br />
abecedária<br />
abedul<br />
abedul pubescente<br />
abeiro<br />
abelmosco<br />
abeokuta c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
aberas<br />
aberia<br />
abesón<br />
abeto<br />
abeto alpino<br />
abeto balsámico<br />
abeto blanco americano<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
abeto canadiense<br />
abeto de Vancouver<br />
abeto falso<br />
abeto subalpino<br />
abezón doméstico<br />
abi<br />
abiaba<br />
abio<br />
abiorana<br />
abiorana-do-igapó<br />
abiorana-preta<br />
abiruana<br />
abirurana cascuda<br />
abiu<br />
abiú<br />
abíu<br />
abiu branco<br />
abiu carambola<br />
abiu carriola<br />
abiu do campo<br />
abiu grosalia<br />
abiu mangabarana<br />
abiu ucuuba<br />
abiu-bravo<br />
abiufi<br />
abiu-f<strong>of</strong>o<br />
abiurana<br />
abiurana caramuri<br />
abiurana caranazal<br />
abiurana casca fina<br />
abiurana cascuda<br />
abiurana cutitiribá<br />
abiurana da casca grossa<br />
abiurana de massa<br />
abiurana do caranzal<br />
abiurana flor miuda<br />
abiurana folha estreita<br />
abiurana gigante<br />
abiurana grande<br />
abiurana guiina<br />
abiurana gutta<br />
abiurana m<strong>at</strong>am<strong>at</strong>a<br />
abiurana preta<br />
abiurana sabia<br />
abiurana-abiu<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
abiurana-aquariquara<br />
abiurana-bacuri<br />
abiurana-braba<br />
abiurana-branca<br />
abiurana-branca<br />
abiurana-caju<br />
abiurana-da-folha-grande<br />
abiurana-de-igapó<br />
abiurana-de-massa<br />
abiurana-de-várzea<br />
abiurana-do-igapó<br />
abiurana-maçaranduba<br />
abiurana-roxa<br />
abiurana-seca<br />
abiurana-vermelha<br />
ablaca<br />
abóbora<br />
abóbora almiscar<br />
abóbora carneira<br />
abóbora c<strong>at</strong>inga<br />
abóbora cheirosa<br />
abóbora de porco<br />
abóbora melão<br />
abóbora menina<br />
abóbora moranga<br />
abóbora porqueira<br />
abóbora rasteira<br />
abóbora-árvore<br />
abóbora-cheirosa<br />
abóbora-chila<br />
abóbora-de-moita<br />
abóbora-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
abóbora-rasteira<br />
abóboro de carneiro<br />
abobrinha<br />
abobrinha-italiana<br />
abono negro<br />
aborí<br />
aboro-aibá<br />
abricó<br />
abricó-das-Antilhas<br />
abricó-de-Pará<br />
abricó-de-São-Domingo<br />
abricó-do-Pará<br />
abricó-selvagem<br />
abricote<br />
abricoteiro<br />
abridero<br />
abridor<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
abrojo terrestre<br />
abrunheiro-bravo<br />
abrunho<br />
absinth<br />
absin<strong>the</strong><br />
absinthium<br />
absíntio-comum<br />
absinto<br />
abugui<br />
abundio<br />
abuta<br />
abutilon<br />
abutua<br />
abútua<br />
abutua legítima<br />
abutua preta<br />
abutua verdadeira<br />
aca<br />
aca preto<br />
aca’hua<br />
acacia<br />
acácia<br />
acacia bastarda<br />
acacia blanca<br />
acacia de c<strong>at</strong>arina<br />
acacia de tres púas<br />
acacia palida<br />
acácia-branca<br />
aca-cipó<br />
açafrão<br />
açafrão-da-Índia<br />
açafrão-da-terra<br />
açafroa<br />
açafroa-da-serra<br />
acahite<br />
acahual<br />
acahual blanco<br />
acahualera<br />
acahuite<br />
açaí<br />
açaí-ca<strong>at</strong>inga<br />
açaí-chumbo<br />
açaí-da-c<strong>at</strong>inga<br />
açaí-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
açaí-de-planta<br />
açaí-de-touceira<br />
açaí-do-Amazonas<br />
açaí-do-Pará<br />
acaiju<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
açaí-mirim<br />
açaí-pardo<br />
açaí-solteiro<br />
açaituira<br />
açaizinha<br />
açaizinho<br />
acajaíba<br />
acajaúba<br />
acajou<br />
acaju<br />
acajú<br />
acajuíba<br />
acana<br />
acana-acana<br />
acano<br />
acap<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>e<br />
acapurana<br />
acara-uba<br />
acariquara<br />
acariquara-roxa<br />
acariúba<br />
acaya<br />
acayoba<br />
acayocha<br />
acebo<br />
acebuche<br />
acebuchina<br />
acedera<br />
acedera de Guinea<br />
acedera espinaca<br />
acedera menor<br />
acedera rojo de Guinea<br />
acederilla<br />
aceite<br />
aceito cachicamo<br />
aceite de palo<br />
aceite de piquia<br />
aceite del ricino<br />
aceite mario<br />
aceitico<br />
aceitilla<br />
aceito<br />
aceito de maria<br />
aceituna<br />
aceituna dulce<br />
aceituno<br />
acelga<br />
acenoria<br />
acer<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
acer-negundo<br />
ácer-pr<strong>at</strong>a<br />
ácer-pr<strong>at</strong>eado<br />
ácere<br />
acerico<br />
acerola<br />
acerola cherry<br />
acerola roja<br />
acesiva<br />
acetosa<br />
acezintle<br />
achachairú<br />
achera<br />
achicoria<br />
achicoria de Bruselas<br />
achicoria de rizada<br />
achihiuti<br />
achinachin<strong>at</strong>a<br />
achiolillo<br />
achiote<br />
achiote amarillo<br />
achiote colorado<br />
achiote de venado<br />
achiotillo<br />
achipa<br />
achira<br />
achira cimarrona<br />
achis<br />
achita<br />
acho<br />
achoca<br />
achocapa<br />
achoccha<br />
achocha<br />
achogcha<br />
achojcha<br />
achokkcha<br />
achoncha<br />
achoscha<br />
achote<br />
achotillo<br />
achuá<br />
achual<br />
achuni-caspi<br />
achupa poroto<br />
achupalla<br />
acíbar<br />
ackee<br />
acmela<br />
958
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
acoci<br />
acom<br />
acom yam<br />
acoma piquant<br />
aconite leaved kidney bean<br />
acore<br />
acorn squash<br />
acoro<br />
ácoro<br />
ácoro indio<br />
ácoro verdadero<br />
acqueero<br />
acueyo<br />
acuje<br />
acum palm<br />
acumã<br />
acumã-rasteira<br />
acuri<br />
acurucó<br />
acuyo<br />
Adam’s banana<br />
Adam’s fig<br />
Adam’s needle<br />
adder’s tongue<br />
adeira<br />
adicuri<br />
adjeran<br />
adlai<br />
adlay<br />
adormidera<br />
aduki<br />
aduncum<br />
adura<br />
adzuki bean<br />
aechmea<br />
aerampu<br />
aerial yam<br />
aeta<br />
affoo<br />
affou<br />
African apple<br />
African bitter yam<br />
African dove plum<br />
African fan palm<br />
African fern pine<br />
African gooseberry<br />
African gram<br />
African horned mellon<br />
African mallow<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
African mangosteen<br />
African marigold<br />
African millet<br />
African oil palm<br />
African spider-flower<br />
agalla de costa<br />
agárico ostre<strong>at</strong>o<br />
agarita<br />
agarito<br />
agarradera<br />
ag<strong>at</strong>i<br />
ag<strong>at</strong>i sesbania<br />
agave<br />
agave da tequila<br />
age<br />
agiru<br />
agnac<strong>at</strong>e<br />
agno-casto<br />
agrá<br />
agraz<br />
agrião<br />
agrião-comum<br />
agrião-d’água<br />
agrião-da-fonte<br />
agrião-da-ilha-de-frança<br />
agrião-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
agrião-da-ponte<br />
agrião-das-hortas<br />
agrião-da-terra<br />
agrião-da-terra-enxuta<br />
agrião-de-água<br />
agrião-de-rio<br />
agrião-do-Brasil<br />
agrião-do-norte<br />
agrião-do-Pará<br />
agrião-do-seco<br />
agrião-dos-jardins<br />
agrião-ordinário<br />
agrião-silvestre<br />
agricultural mustard<br />
agrilla<br />
agrillas<br />
agrillo<br />
agrio<br />
agrio de Guinea<br />
agrito<br />
agua<br />
agua bendita<br />
aguac<strong>at</strong>e<br />
959
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
aguac<strong>at</strong>e cimarrón<br />
aguac<strong>at</strong>e del monte<br />
aguac<strong>at</strong>e gu<strong>at</strong>emalteco<br />
aguac<strong>at</strong>e mexicano<br />
aguac<strong>at</strong>e oloroso<br />
aguac<strong>at</strong>illo<br />
aguac<strong>at</strong>ón<br />
aguaçu<br />
aguai<br />
aguaí<br />
aguaí blanco<br />
aguaí da serra<br />
aguaí guazu<br />
aguai-guaca<br />
aguai-guaw<br />
aguaja<br />
aguaje<br />
aguaje del varillal<br />
aguallumantu<br />
aguama<br />
aguanillo<br />
aguapé<br />
aguardente<br />
aguardiente<br />
aguaribai<br />
aguaribay<br />
aguaschi<br />
aguaschi<br />
agu<strong>at</strong>urma<br />
aguay<br />
aguayllumantu<br />
aguaymanto<br />
aguen c<strong>at</strong>ohue<br />
aguijilla<br />
agüijote<br />
aguitzearicua<br />
aguja<br />
agutiguepe<br />
aguya<br />
aguyi<br />
ahara hupa<br />
ahinhus<br />
ahipa<br />
ahoga<br />
ahogador<br />
ahuama<br />
ahuashi yacu<br />
ahuejote<br />
ahuijote<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
ahuilote<br />
ahuyama<br />
aibika<br />
aile<br />
aili<br />
aipi<br />
aipilla<br />
aipim<br />
aipo<br />
aipo-bravo<br />
aipo-d’água<br />
aipo-dos-pântanos<br />
aipo-hortense<br />
aipo-silvestre<br />
air pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
airambo<br />
airampo<br />
airela vermelho<br />
aisiki arisi<br />
akuiesi varirakua<br />
akuitsi-usrhirakua<br />
aja<br />
ajahuiri<br />
ajam<strong>at</strong>a<br />
ajanhuiri<br />
ajanhuiri<br />
ajara<br />
ajarahy<br />
ajaraí<br />
ajará-y<br />
ajé<br />
ajedra<br />
ajedrea<br />
ajedrea común<br />
ajedrea de huerta<br />
ajedrea de jardín<br />
ajenjibre<br />
ajenjo<br />
ajenjo común<br />
ají<br />
ají agujeta<br />
ají amarillo<br />
ají arnaucho<br />
ají boni<strong>at</strong>o<br />
ají bravo<br />
ají caballero<br />
ají caribe<br />
ají chirel<br />
ají coralillo<br />
960
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
ají del campo<br />
ají del monte<br />
ají dulce<br />
ají escabeche<br />
ají guaguao<br />
ají largo<br />
ají oro<br />
ají pajarito<br />
ají picante<br />
ají pinguita de mono<br />
ají puca-uchu<br />
ají quitucho<br />
ají tabasco<br />
ají turco<br />
ají verde<br />
ajicito montecino<br />
ajillo<br />
ajima<br />
ajinjible<br />
ajipa<br />
ají-rocoto<br />
ajiru<br />
ajito tierno<br />
ajo<br />
ajo moruno<br />
ajo porro<br />
ajo puerro<br />
ajo sacha<br />
ajo sacha macho<br />
ajo silvestre<br />
ajobiewe<br />
ajonjoli<br />
ajonjolí<br />
ajonjolí cimarrón<br />
ajos quiro<br />
ajote<br />
ajuru<br />
ajurú<br />
aka-dyssô<br />
akaiyaas<br />
akal k’ak’al ilaal<br />
akan k’<strong>at</strong>haw<br />
aka-shiso<br />
akayas<br />
akee<br />
akho<br />
aki<br />
akí<br />
akoinsiba<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
akuyuru<br />
akw’aalil pal<strong>at</strong>s<br />
ala de oro<br />
Alabama cherry<br />
Alabama chokecherry<br />
alache<br />
alachi<br />
alacrán<br />
alagua<br />
álamo<br />
álamo blanco<br />
Alaska blueberry<br />
Alaska spiraea<br />
al<strong>at</strong>rique<br />
alazor<br />
albaca<br />
albaca silvestre<br />
albahaca<br />
albahaca blanca<br />
albahaca cimarrona<br />
albahaca de caballo<br />
albahaca de calvo<br />
albahaca de gallina<br />
albahaca de monte<br />
albahaca fina<br />
albahaca montés<br />
albahaca moruna<br />
albahaca siete esencias<br />
albahaga<br />
albahita<br />
albaque simarrón<br />
albarda<br />
albarico<br />
albaricoque<br />
albaricoquero<br />
albarillo<br />
albarrá marítima<br />
albergas<br />
alberja<br />
alberjas blancas<br />
alberjas rojas<br />
alberjón<br />
albina<br />
albopán<br />
alboroto<br />
alcach<strong>of</strong>a<br />
alcach<strong>of</strong>a de Jerusalén<br />
alcach<strong>of</strong>era<br />
alcach<strong>of</strong>ra<br />
961
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
alcach<strong>of</strong>ra-brava<br />
alcach<strong>of</strong>ra-de-Jerusalém<br />
alcaçuz<br />
alcaçuz-da-Europa<br />
alcaçuz-do-Brasil<br />
alcaçuz-glabro<br />
alcajer<br />
alcana<br />
alcanfor<br />
alcaparra<br />
alcaparrera<br />
alcaparro<br />
alcaparrón<br />
alcarahueya<br />
alcarava<br />
alcaravea<br />
alcaravia<br />
alcarávia<br />
alcavária<br />
alcay<strong>at</strong>a<br />
alcayota<br />
alcayota común<br />
alcayote<br />
alcazuz<br />
alcea<br />
alchexu<br />
alcornoque<br />
alcosoria<br />
alecrim<br />
alecrim-da-horta<br />
alecrim-de-jardim<br />
alecrim-de-São-José<br />
alecrim-do-campo<br />
alecrim-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
alegría<br />
aleho<strong>of</strong><br />
aleluia<br />
aleluya<br />
alevante<br />
Alexander’s angelica<br />
Alexandrian laurel<br />
alfa alfa<br />
alfabaca<br />
alfábaga<br />
alface<br />
alface-de-mesa<br />
alface-selvagem<br />
alfafa<br />
alfafa-de-flor-roxa<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
alfafa-de-provença<br />
alfafa-verdadeira<br />
alfalfa<br />
alfar<br />
alfaro<br />
alfarroba<br />
alfarrobeira<br />
alfavaca<br />
alfavaca-cheiroso<br />
alfavaca-de-América<br />
alfavaca-de-cheiro<br />
alfavaca-de-galinha<br />
alfavaca-do-campo<br />
alfavaquinha-de-cobra<br />
alfazema-do-brasil<br />
alfiler<br />
alfileria<br />
alfóncigo<br />
alforfón<br />
alforjón<br />
alforva<br />
algalia<br />
algaroba<br />
algarobeia<br />
algarroba<br />
algarroba bean<br />
algarrobo<br />
algarrobo blanco<br />
algarrobo del país<br />
algarrobo europeo<br />
algarrobo loco<br />
algerita<br />
algodão<br />
algodão-branco<br />
algodão-da-praia<br />
algodão-do-brejo<br />
algodão-moro<br />
algodoeiro-bravo<br />
algodoeiro-da-Índia<br />
algodoeiro-da-praia<br />
algodoeiro-do-brejo<br />
algodón<br />
algodón blanco<br />
algodón de monte<br />
algodón silvestre<br />
algodonero<br />
algondoncillo<br />
alheña<br />
alho<br />
962
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
alho-de-urso<br />
alholva<br />
alho-macho<br />
alho-por<br />
alho-poró<br />
alho-porro<br />
alho-porrum<br />
alho-silvestre<br />
alicayota<br />
alicoche<br />
alicuri<br />
alidimai<br />
alien weed<br />
aliso<br />
alka qumpis<br />
alkali bulrush<br />
alkali sac<strong>at</strong>ón<br />
allagua<br />
Alleghany barberry<br />
Allegheny blackberry<br />
Allegheny chinkapin<br />
alléluia<br />
all-heal<br />
allig<strong>at</strong>or flag<br />
allig<strong>at</strong>or juniper<br />
allig<strong>at</strong>or pear<br />
allig<strong>at</strong>or wood<br />
allig<strong>at</strong>or-apple<br />
allouya<br />
allpa guayaba<br />
allscale<br />
allspice<br />
almáciga<br />
almácigo<br />
almajo<br />
almarjo<br />
almécega<br />
almecega-cheirosa<br />
almecegueira<br />
almecera<br />
almeirão<br />
almeirão-selvagem<br />
almeirão-silvestre<br />
almeixa<br />
almendoa<br />
almendra<br />
almendra castaña<br />
almendra colorada<br />
almendra del beni<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
almendrillo<br />
almendrito<br />
almendro<br />
almendro amarillo<br />
almendro corozo<br />
almendro de Java<br />
almendro de la India<br />
almendro de montaña<br />
almendrón<br />
almendrón cagüí<br />
almendrón de las Antillas<br />
almendrón maní<br />
almez americano<br />
almique<br />
almirajó<br />
almirón<br />
almizcle<br />
almizcle vegetal<br />
almizcle<br />
almizclillo<br />
almond<br />
aloe<br />
alóe<br />
aloe vera<br />
aloés<br />
alpine bistort<br />
alpine blueberry<br />
alpine dock<br />
alpine fir<br />
alpine smartweed<br />
alpine sorrel<br />
alpine springbeauty<br />
alpine strawberry<br />
alpista<br />
alquequenje<br />
alsike clover<br />
alta palm<br />
altarreina<br />
altea<br />
altéa-bastarda<br />
alteia<br />
althaea<br />
altramuz<br />
alubia<br />
alubias rojas<br />
aluína<br />
aluma<br />
alva-aka<br />
963
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
alvellana<br />
alverja<br />
alverjas<br />
alverjones<br />
alverón<br />
alvina<br />
ama uva<br />
ama’yrary<br />
amabilis fir<br />
amahuaca<br />
amaina<br />
amaint-nak<br />
amamastla<br />
amandiú<br />
amanduerana<br />
amanduerana-bravo<br />
amaniu-rana<br />
amankayo<br />
amansa caballo<br />
amapa<br />
amapá<br />
amapa hasta<br />
amapá murué<br />
amapa rosa<br />
amapá-amargoso<br />
amapá-doce<br />
amapala<br />
amapola<br />
amapola azul<br />
amapola blanca<br />
amapola de California<br />
amapola de monte<br />
amapola de san francisco<br />
amapola del campo<br />
amapola real<br />
amapolita morada<br />
amaranta<br />
amaranth<br />
amaranth greens<br />
amaranth pigweed<br />
amaranto<br />
amaranto de cauda<br />
amarelão<br />
amarelao-pitiá<br />
amarelinho<br />
amarelle cherry<br />
amargo<br />
amargocilla<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
amargón<br />
amargoso<br />
amarillo<br />
amash<br />
amasisa<br />
am<strong>at</strong>illo<br />
am<strong>at</strong>ungula<br />
Amazon tree grape<br />
Amazonian coca<br />
ambaí<br />
ambaíba<br />
ambaitinga<br />
ambal<br />
ambarela<br />
ambarella<br />
ambari hemp<br />
ambarina<br />
amb<strong>at</strong>i<br />
ambau<br />
ambaúba-do-vinho<br />
ambaúva-mansa<br />
ambo<br />
ambreta<br />
ambrosia<br />
ambrosia<br />
ambrosía<br />
ambrósia-dos-boticas<br />
ambubeya<br />
ambuy<br />
amé<br />
ameiju<br />
ameiro-negro<br />
ameixa<br />
ameixa-amarela<br />
ameixa-braba<br />
ameixa-da-Bahia<br />
ameixa-da-terra<br />
ameixa-de-espinho<br />
ameixa-de-Madagascar<br />
ameixa-do-Brasil<br />
ameixa-do-Japão<br />
ameixa-do-Pará<br />
ameixa-do-Peru<br />
ameixeira-brava<br />
ameixeira-do-México<br />
amêndoa<br />
amêndoa-da-América<br />
amêndoa-de-espinho<br />
amêndoa-do-Brasil<br />
964
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
amêndoa-do-Peru<br />
amendoeira da américa<br />
amendoim<br />
amendoim-de-Inka<br />
amentilho<br />
amento<br />
American aloe<br />
American arbor vitae<br />
American barberry<br />
American basswood<br />
American beauty berry<br />
American beech<br />
American birthroot<br />
American bistort<br />
American bittersweet<br />
American black cherry<br />
American black currant<br />
American bladdernut<br />
American brooklime<br />
American cabbage palm<br />
American chestnut<br />
American China-root<br />
American chokecherry<br />
American cotton palm<br />
American cranberry<br />
American cranberry bush<br />
American elderberry<br />
American ephedra<br />
American fountaingrass<br />
American ginseng<br />
American gooseberry<br />
American goosefoot<br />
American gre<strong>at</strong> burnet<br />
American hackberry<br />
American hazel<br />
American hazel nut<br />
American hornbeam<br />
American horsemint<br />
American ivy<br />
American jute<br />
American licorice<br />
American lotus<br />
American mandrake<br />
American mountain ash<br />
American oil palm<br />
American olive<br />
American pawpaw<br />
American pennyroyal<br />
American pepper<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
American persimmon<br />
American plum<br />
American pot<strong>at</strong>o bean<br />
American red currant<br />
American red elder<br />
American red mangrove<br />
American red raspberry<br />
American saltwort<br />
American sea rocket<br />
American speedwell<br />
American spikenard<br />
American strawberry<br />
American sweetgum<br />
American sycamore<br />
American taro<br />
American Turk’s-cap lily<br />
American valerian<br />
American w<strong>at</strong>erlily<br />
American w<strong>at</strong>er-lotus<br />
American wild ginger<br />
American wild gooseberry<br />
American wild plum<br />
American wildrice<br />
American wisteria<br />
American wood strawberry<br />
American wormseed<br />
American yew<br />
amero<br />
amescla<br />
amescla-branca<br />
amida<br />
amiklío<br />
amista<br />
amoeira-de-espinho<br />
amole<br />
amomo<br />
amor de hortelano<br />
amor de un r<strong>at</strong>o<br />
amor en bolsa<br />
amor seco<br />
amora<br />
amora-branca<br />
amora-da-selva<br />
amora-de-espinho<br />
amora-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
amor-perfeito<br />
amora-preta<br />
amora-verde<br />
amor-crescido<br />
965
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
amoreira<br />
amoreira-amarela<br />
amoreira-branca<br />
amoreira-brava<br />
amoreira-de-espinho<br />
amoreira-do-campo<br />
amoreira-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
amorfina<br />
amorfina colorada<br />
amp<strong>at</strong>o huasca<br />
ampihuasca<br />
amuchile<br />
amuio<br />
amur pepper-vine<br />
amush<br />
anabi<br />
ancabesux<br />
anacagüita<br />
anacahuite<br />
anacardo<br />
anaconda<br />
anacua<br />
anacuahuitl<br />
anador<br />
anagalide azul<br />
anajá<br />
añallo caspi<br />
anami gum<br />
ananá<br />
ananaí<br />
ananás<br />
ananás japonês<br />
ananás-bravo<br />
ananás-de-cerca<br />
ananás-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
ananáz<br />
anani<br />
anaqua<br />
anare<br />
an<strong>at</strong>to<br />
anauco<br />
anauerá<br />
anaura<br />
anay<br />
anaya<br />
ancara<br />
anchera<br />
ancho<br />
anchovy pear<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
anco<br />
ancocach<br />
ancoche<br />
ancusacha<br />
andaí<br />
andaiá<br />
Andean ají<br />
Andean black raspberry<br />
Andean blackberry<br />
Andean blueberry<br />
Andean lupin<br />
Andean pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
Andean walnut<br />
Andean wax palm<br />
andigena<br />
andrino<br />
andu<br />
anea<br />
anega<br />
aneldo<br />
anethum<br />
aneto<br />
ángel<br />
angel’s wing<br />
angela<br />
angelica<br />
angelica<br />
angelica tree<br />
angelite<br />
angico<br />
angled lo<strong>of</strong>ah<br />
Angola pea<br />
angolit<br />
angolito<br />
angostura<br />
angostura bark<br />
angostura febrífuga<br />
anguila<br />
anileto<br />
anilina<br />
anillo<br />
anime<br />
anime<br />
aninga<br />
aninga<br />
aninga-d’agua<br />
aninga-de-cinco-dedos<br />
aninga-uba<br />
anis<br />
966
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
anís<br />
anís comino<br />
anís común<br />
anís de monte<br />
anís del campo<br />
anís estrella<br />
anís estrellado<br />
anís ujts<br />
anís verde<br />
anis-doce<br />
anise<br />
anise hyssop<br />
anise verbena<br />
aniseed<br />
anise-scented goldenrod<br />
anis-estrelado<br />
anisillo<br />
anis-verde<br />
ann<strong>at</strong>o<br />
ann<strong>at</strong>to<br />
annona<br />
annual coreopsis<br />
annual glasswort<br />
annual hibiscus<br />
annual nettle<br />
annual teosinte<br />
annual weed<br />
anomalous hawthorn<br />
año<br />
anón<br />
anón cimarrón<br />
anón de puerco<br />
anón injerto<br />
anón liso<br />
anón morado<br />
anón pelón<br />
anona<br />
anona amarilla<br />
anona babosa<br />
anona blanca<br />
anona colorada<br />
anona conde<br />
anona corazón<br />
anona de tierra fría<br />
anona del monte<br />
anona del Perú<br />
anona pina<br />
anona poshté<br />
anona rojo<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
anona-do-Chile<br />
anoncillo<br />
anonilla<br />
anonillo<br />
anonita de papagayos<br />
anquchi<br />
ansarinha<br />
ansepara<br />
anserina-branca<br />
anserina-vermifuga<br />
anserine<br />
anta<br />
antá<br />
antenária<br />
antidesma<br />
antidote cacoon<br />
antidote vine<br />
Antilles calophyllum<br />
antipurutu<br />
antúrio<br />
anu<br />
añu<br />
añú<br />
anumu<br />
añushi morena<br />
anya<br />
anyú<br />
ao-dyssô<br />
ao-shiso<br />
aorí<br />
aouará<br />
aoura<br />
apa<br />
apacas<br />
apacharama<br />
apahu<strong>at</strong>a<br />
apai<br />
apalachina<br />
apam<strong>at</strong>e<br />
apasote<br />
ap<strong>at</strong>s’ akw’aal<br />
apazote<br />
ape<br />
ape’s-earring<br />
apepú<br />
apgi<br />
apichu<br />
apichú<br />
apikara<br />
967
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
apilja<br />
apilla<br />
apiña-mama isaño<br />
apincoya<br />
apio<br />
apio blanco<br />
apio criollo<br />
apio de laguna<br />
apio de monte<br />
apio hortense<br />
apio palustre<br />
apio peruviano<br />
apio silvestre<br />
apios<br />
apiranga<br />
api-ttara<br />
apombo<br />
apomo<br />
aponotó-yek<br />
Appalachian tea<br />
apple<br />
apple cactus<br />
apple chili<br />
apple haw<br />
apple mint<br />
apra<br />
aprahoedoe<br />
apricot<br />
apricot velvet berry<br />
apricot vine<br />
aprim<br />
aprin<br />
aprín<br />
aprines<br />
apuí<br />
apupú<br />
apuruí<br />
apuruizinho<br />
aquariquara<br />
aquariquara-roxa<br />
aqui<br />
aquibuquil<br />
aquilea<br />
aquilea<br />
ara chiki<br />
Arabian c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
arabica c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
araçá<br />
araçá-açu<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
araçá-boi<br />
araçá-comum-de-Pará<br />
araçá-da-praia<br />
araçá-de-anta<br />
araçá-de-anta-vermelha<br />
araçá-de-pedra<br />
araçá-do-campo<br />
araçá-do-Pará<br />
araçá-goiaba<br />
araçá-guaiaba<br />
aracah<br />
aracahy<br />
araçaí<br />
aracá-lima<br />
araçá-mirim<br />
araçandiva<br />
araçanduba<br />
araçá-pera<br />
araçá-piranga<br />
araçá-pomba<br />
araçazeiro-branco<br />
araçazeiro-do-campo<br />
aractium grande<br />
aracui<br />
aracuri<br />
araguaraíba<br />
araia<br />
arana g<strong>at</strong>o<br />
arándano<br />
arándano agrio<br />
arándano europeo<br />
arándanos<br />
arando<br />
arando encarnado<br />
aranticó-mirim<br />
arapuruí<br />
aráquida<br />
ararai<br />
ararú<br />
araruta<br />
ara-ruta<br />
araruta bastarda<br />
arary<br />
arasa<br />
arasá<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icu<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icú<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icu-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum<br />
968
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-açu<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-alvadio<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-alvadio<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-apé<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-bravo<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-cagão<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-cagão-marolo<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-de-comer<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-de-tabuleiro<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-do-cerrado<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-do-grande<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-grande<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-macho<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-manso<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-mirim<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-paná<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-pitaia<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icum-ponhe<br />
ar<strong>at</strong>icurana<br />
araucaria<br />
araucaria de Chile<br />
araucaria flácida<br />
araucária-do-Chile<br />
arayán<br />
araza<br />
arazá<br />
araza buey<br />
araza-boi<br />
arbeja<br />
arbella<br />
árbol candil<br />
árbol capoc<br />
arbol chili<br />
árbol de ajo<br />
árbol de cera<br />
árbol de churuco<br />
árbol de cuerillo<br />
árbol de Judea<br />
árbol de la jujias<br />
árbol de la leche<br />
árbol de la lluvia<br />
árbol de las calabazas<br />
árbol de las pasas<br />
árbol de las perlas<br />
árbol de leche<br />
árbol de lluvia<br />
árbol de los aspáragos<br />
árbol de melón<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
árbol de orejas<br />
árbol de palo dulce<br />
árbol de pan<br />
árbol de pepino<br />
árbol de pimienta<br />
árbol de purma<br />
árbol de vaca<br />
árbol de vaca<br />
árbol del ámbar<br />
árbol del amor<br />
árbol del amor canadiense<br />
árbol del banyan<br />
árbol del caucho<br />
árbol del cielo<br />
árbol del clavo<br />
árbol del pan<br />
árbol del pan mexicano<br />
árbol del Perú<br />
árbol del tambor<br />
árbol del tom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
árbol sagrado<br />
árbol salamandra<br />
árbol vaca<br />
arboloco<br />
arbopén<br />
arbor vitae<br />
arborescent philodendron<br />
arborescent pricklypear<br />
arbre de beurre<br />
arcacil<br />
arce<br />
arce de azúcar<br />
arce de Florida<br />
arce jaspeado<br />
arce maple<br />
arce negundo<br />
arce pl<strong>at</strong>eado<br />
arce rojo<br />
arce sacarino<br />
archangélica<br />
archucha<br />
Arctic beauty kiwi<br />
Arctic berry<br />
Arctic blackberry<br />
Arctic bramble<br />
Arctic dock<br />
Arctic raspberry<br />
Arctic lousewort<br />
Arctic sourdock<br />
969
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
ardisia<br />
ardísia<br />
areca<br />
areca nut<br />
areca palm<br />
arequipa lisas<br />
argan<br />
argán<br />
argentine<br />
Argentine jujube<br />
Argentine mesquite<br />
Argentine toothpick<br />
Argentine walnut<br />
arguta<br />
arhar dhal<br />
ariá<br />
aribury<br />
aricaguá<br />
aricaguá<br />
aricoma<br />
aricona<br />
aricui<br />
aricuri<br />
aricuriroba<br />
arikury palm<br />
arir<br />
ariri<br />
aririariu<br />
aristolóquia<br />
Arizona barrel cactus<br />
Arizona black walnut<br />
Arizona boxelder<br />
Arizona kidneywood<br />
Arizona walnut<br />
Arizona white pine<br />
Arkansas rose<br />
armuelle<br />
armuelle de huerta<br />
arnacucho<br />
arn<strong>at</strong>to<br />
arnaucho<br />
arnauchox<br />
arnica<br />
árnica<br />
arnica root<br />
Arnold hawthorn<br />
aroeira<br />
aroeira-branca<br />
aroeira-de-folha-de-salso<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
aroeira-do-Amazonas<br />
aroeira-mansa<br />
aroeira-negra<br />
aroeira-rasteira<br />
aroeira-vermelha<br />
aroeirinha-do-campo<br />
aroeirinha<br />
aroma<br />
aroma blanca<br />
aroma boba<br />
aroma mansa<br />
aronia<br />
arosa<br />
arpón común<br />
arponcito<br />
arracacha<br />
arracachá<br />
arracacha de toro<br />
arracache<br />
arracacho<br />
arracacia<br />
arracha<br />
arraigán<br />
arraiján<br />
arrakacha<br />
arrayan<br />
arrayán<br />
arrayán brabántico<br />
arrayán de baya roja<br />
arrayón<br />
arrebenta-cavalo<br />
arrec<strong>at</strong>e<br />
arrenbenta-pedra<br />
arricón<br />
arrocillo<br />
arroruz<br />
arrow arum<br />
arrowgrass<br />
arrowhead<br />
arrowleaf<br />
arrowleaf balsamroot<br />
arrowleaf elephant ear<br />
arrowroot<br />
Arroyo de la Cruz mariposa<br />
lily<br />
arroz<br />
arroz con coco<br />
arroz cruzeño<br />
arroz de la India<br />
970
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
arroz del Perú<br />
arroz racacha<br />
arroz-miúdo-do-Peru<br />
arruda<br />
arruda-doméstica<br />
arruda-dos-jardins<br />
arrurruz<br />
artemesia<br />
artemisa<br />
artemisia<br />
artemísia<br />
artichoke<br />
artichoke thistle<br />
articum<br />
arto<br />
artos<br />
aru aru<br />
arugula<br />
arundo<br />
aruuri<br />
arveja<br />
arvejas<br />
arvejera<br />
árvore-da-ave-do-paraíso<br />
árvore-da-cera<br />
árvore-da-p<strong>at</strong>aca<br />
árvore-da-preguiça<br />
árvore-do-banyan<br />
árvore-do-dinheiro<br />
asafoetida<br />
asajarillo<br />
asarero<br />
aselgas<br />
asepoko<br />
ash pumpkin<br />
ashe chinkapin<br />
ashipa<br />
ashleaf maple<br />
ash-leaved maple<br />
ashpa quinoa<br />
ashue<br />
Asian bayberry<br />
Asian cucumber<br />
Asian naked-wood<br />
Asian snakeroot<br />
Asian snakewood<br />
Asi<strong>at</strong>ic colubrina<br />
Asi<strong>at</strong>ic yam<br />
asipa<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
asipoka<br />
asipokoballi<br />
asna panga<br />
asparagus<br />
asparagus bean<br />
asparagus pea<br />
aspargo<br />
aspérula-odorífera<br />
assacu<br />
assafroa<br />
assaí<br />
assaí-chumbinho<br />
assaí-cubinha<br />
assaí-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
assaí-do-pará<br />
assaí-mirim<br />
assaí-rana<br />
assasu rana<br />
Astrakin whe<strong>at</strong><br />
<strong>at</strong>a<br />
<strong>at</strong>á<br />
<strong>at</strong>a-amarela<br />
<strong>at</strong>a-brava<br />
<strong>at</strong>aco<br />
<strong>at</strong>aco morado<br />
<strong>at</strong>adero<br />
<strong>at</strong>adijo<br />
<strong>at</strong>anasia<br />
<strong>at</strong>anásia<br />
<strong>at</strong>chi<br />
<strong>at</strong>é<br />
<strong>at</strong>emoya<br />
<strong>at</strong>inha<br />
<strong>at</strong>ochietl<br />
<strong>at</strong>ramuz<br />
<strong>at</strong>sa dheve<br />
<strong>at</strong>sa raoxo<br />
<strong>at</strong>sera<br />
<strong>at</strong>uq lisa<br />
<strong>at</strong>uq papa<br />
<strong>at</strong>uq ulluku<br />
<strong>at</strong>usara<br />
<strong>at</strong>uto<br />
<strong>at</strong>uto-ayaqui-cueramo<br />
auaçu<br />
auako-uri wirárika<br />
aubergine<br />
augue tree<br />
August flower<br />
971
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
August plum<br />
auinaquina<br />
aullama<br />
auquey<br />
aureli<br />
aurmá-rana<br />
Australian arrowroot<br />
Australian bush cherry<br />
Australian nut<br />
Australian saltbush<br />
Australian spinach<br />
ausú<br />
ausubo<br />
autumn pumpkin<br />
autumn squash<br />
auya<br />
auyama<br />
avac<strong>at</strong>e<br />
avac<strong>at</strong>e oloroso<br />
avalo<br />
av<strong>at</strong>i<br />
av<strong>at</strong>í<br />
aveia<br />
avelã<br />
avellana<br />
avellana común<br />
avellana grande<br />
avellano criollo<br />
avellano turco<br />
avena<br />
avena cultivada<br />
avens<br />
avens root<br />
avian goosefoot<br />
avichurí<br />
avispa<br />
avitas poroto<br />
avocado<br />
avocado pear<br />
awara<br />
awarí<br />
awarra<br />
awarra palm<br />
awíshru papáajiri<br />
axájik<br />
axixá<br />
axocapaque<br />
axocarpa<br />
ay uätiktäua<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
aya albaca<br />
aya machana<br />
aya manchana<br />
ayacahuite pine<br />
ayacote<br />
ayak<br />
ayak willku<br />
ayaporoto<br />
ayara<br />
ayaras<br />
ayecote<br />
ayo<br />
ayocote<br />
ayote<br />
aypi<br />
ayuku<br />
ayuku ñojôdû<br />
azabache<br />
azafran<br />
azafrán<br />
azafrán bastardo<br />
azafrán de bolita<br />
azafrán de la India<br />
azajar<br />
azahar de campo<br />
azaleia<br />
azambo<br />
azamboero<br />
azanoria<br />
azcarrio<br />
azeda<br />
azeda-brava<br />
azeda-de-ovelha<br />
azeda-espinafre<br />
azeda-miúda<br />
azedinha<br />
azedinha-aleluia<br />
azedinha-da-horta<br />
azedinha-de-folhas-roxas<br />
azedinha-de-sapo<br />
azedinha-tuberosa<br />
azeitona<br />
azenoria<br />
azevém<br />
azevim<br />
az<strong>of</strong>aifa<br />
az<strong>of</strong>aifo<br />
azola<br />
azolla<br />
972
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
azote<br />
azote-caballo<br />
Aztec clover<br />
Aztec marigold<br />
Aztec sweet herb<br />
azúcar<br />
azúcar huayo<br />
azucarito<br />
azucaró<br />
azufaifa<br />
azufaifo<br />
azufeifo africano<br />
azufre caspi<br />
azuki bean<br />
azulillo<br />
azul-sipari<br />
azumi<strong>at</strong>l<br />
baacohe<br />
baan caryla<br />
baba<br />
babaco<br />
babaco pequeño<br />
babaco redondo<br />
babaçu<br />
baba-de-boi<br />
babadotan lalaki<br />
babão<br />
babari<br />
babassu<br />
babassú<br />
babassu palm<br />
babasu<br />
babepa preta<br />
babosa<br />
babosa branca<br />
babosa-ananás<br />
babsi<br />
babul<br />
babul acacia<br />
babul gum<br />
babunha<br />
baby cucumber<br />
baby ice apple<br />
baby ité<br />
baby kiwi<br />
baby lime<br />
baby pumpkin<br />
bacaba<br />
bacaba oil palm<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
bacaba palm<br />
bacaba-açu<br />
bacabaçu<br />
bacaba-de-azeite<br />
bacaba-de-caranaí<br />
bacaba-do-Pará<br />
bacabai<br />
bacabaí<br />
bacaba-mirim<br />
bacabao<br />
bacaba-verdadeira<br />
bacabeira<br />
bacabi<br />
bacabí<br />
bacabiña<br />
bacabinha<br />
bacanta<br />
bacao<br />
bacau<br />
bache<br />
bâche<br />
bacon weed<br />
bacu<br />
baçu<br />
bacuaçu<br />
bacupari<br />
bacupari-açu<br />
bacupari-apó<br />
bacupari-cipó<br />
bacupari-de-capoeira<br />
bacupari-do-campo<br />
bacupari-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
bacupari-miúdo<br />
bacur<br />
bacuri<br />
bacurí<br />
bacuri-açu<br />
bacuri-azedo<br />
bacuriba<br />
bacuri-bexiga<br />
bacuri-de-espinho<br />
bacuri-espinho<br />
bacuri-liso<br />
bacuri-mirim<br />
bacuripari<br />
bacuri-pari<br />
bacuripari-liso<br />
bacuripari-selvagem<br />
bacuri-pau<br />
973
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
bacuri-selvagem<br />
bacuri-uva<br />
bacurizinho<br />
bacury<br />
bacury-pary<br />
badea<br />
badiana-de-china<br />
badinjan<br />
badoo<br />
badoqueiro<br />
bael<br />
bael fruit<br />
bael tree<br />
bafureira<br />
baga<br />
baga-da-praia<br />
baga-de-bugre<br />
baga-de-morcego<br />
baga-de-veado<br />
baga-de-veado-gigante<br />
baguaçu<br />
baguaçuí<br />
Bahama strongbark<br />
Bahia piassava<br />
Bahia vanilla<br />
bahoeri<br />
baiano<br />
baíco<br />
baicuru-açu<br />
baitoa<br />
bajai<br />
bajo de wey<br />
bajoca<br />
bajra<br />
bajri<br />
bake apple<br />
baked-apple<br />
baked-apple berry<br />
bakersfield cactus<br />
bakuri<br />
bakury<br />
bala<br />
bala huayo<br />
balaire<br />
balãosinho<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>a<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>á<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>a barbacona<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>a blanca<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>a-braba<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>a-branca<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>a bullet tree<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>á de Panamá<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>a jaune d’oeuf<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>a poire<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>a poirier<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>a-rana<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>a-rosada<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>a-rosadinha<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>a-sapotina<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>a tree<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>a-ucuquirana<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>e<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>illa<br />
bal<strong>at</strong>illo<br />
balaustra<br />
balazo<br />
balché<br />
bal-ché<br />
baleo<br />
balín<br />
balisier<br />
ball cactus<br />
ball moss<br />
ballí<br />
balm<br />
balo<br />
balsam apple<br />
balsam fir<br />
balsam <strong>of</strong> Peru<br />
balsam <strong>of</strong> tolu<br />
balsam pear<br />
balsamaria<br />
balsamina<br />
balsaminha<br />
balsamino<br />
bálsamo<br />
bálsamo blanco<br />
bálsamo caboriba<br />
bálsamo de copayba<br />
bálsamo de El Salvador<br />
bálsamo de maría<br />
bálsamo de Perú<br />
bálsamo de tolú<br />
bálsamo del Perú<br />
bálsamo del valle<br />
bálsamo negro<br />
bálsamo sanalotodo<br />
974
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
balsamroot<br />
balsuy<br />
balta ucuquirana<br />
balú<br />
baluy<br />
bambara groundnut<br />
bambarra<br />
bambarra groundnut<br />
bambil<br />
bamboo<br />
bamboo brier<br />
bamboo shoots<br />
bamboo vine<br />
bamboo-brier<br />
bambu<br />
bambú<br />
bambú común<br />
bambuc<br />
bamia<br />
bampara amarilla<br />
bampera<br />
bampera<br />
banak<br />
banana<br />
banana China<br />
banana passionfruit<br />
banana pepper<br />
banana poka<br />
banana yucca<br />
banana-açucarina<br />
banana-baiê<br />
banana-brava<br />
banana-Caiena<br />
banana-cambota<br />
banana-casca-verde<br />
banana-c<strong>at</strong>arina<br />
banana-c<strong>at</strong>urra-galega<br />
banana-chorona<br />
banana-d’água<br />
banana-da-China<br />
banana-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
banana-da-terra<br />
banana-de-brejo<br />
banana-de-imbe<br />
banana-de-italiano<br />
banana-de-leque<br />
banana-de-macaco<br />
banana-de-viajante<br />
banana-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
banana-figo<br />
banana-inglesa<br />
banana-maçã<br />
banana-mangalô<br />
banana-marmelo<br />
banana-nanica<br />
banana-ouro<br />
banana-pacobeira<br />
banana-pacobuçu<br />
banana-pacova<br />
banana-peroá<br />
banana-petiça<br />
banana-pr<strong>at</strong>a<br />
banana-roxa<br />
banana-samburá<br />
banana-São-Domingos<br />
banana-São-Tomé<br />
banana-São-Tomé-legítima<br />
banana-t<strong>at</strong>u<br />
bananeira-do-brejo<br />
bananeira-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
bananeirinha<br />
bananinha<br />
bananinha-brava<br />
banano<br />
banano enano<br />
banano indio<br />
banano macho<br />
bancoulier-dos-franceses<br />
bandakai<br />
bandaria<br />
bandera<br />
bandera de uribe<br />
bandua de uribe<br />
baniti<br />
banner bean<br />
banutzin<br />
banyan<br />
banyan tree<br />
bao<br />
baoba<br />
baobab<br />
bapara amarilla<br />
bapeba<br />
bapeba preta<br />
bapsarukua<br />
bara muyo<br />
barahar<br />
bar<strong>at</strong>a<br />
975
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
barazón<br />
barba de angel<br />
barba de chivo<br />
barba de león<br />
barba de tigre<br />
barba de viejo<br />
barbacoa<br />
barba-de-bar<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Barbados aloe<br />
Barbados cherry<br />
Barbados eddo<br />
Barbados flower fence<br />
Barbados gooseberry<br />
Barbados pride<br />
barbaja<br />
bárbaro<br />
barbasco<br />
barbasco caspi<br />
barbasco del monte<br />
barbasco legítimo<br />
barbasco negro<br />
barbasco ordinario<br />
barbasquillo<br />
barbecho<br />
barbed-wire cactus<br />
barberry<br />
barbodine<br />
barcino<br />
bardana<br />
bardana mayor<br />
bardana-maior<br />
bardana-ordinária<br />
baré<br />
barí<br />
baría<br />
bariaco<br />
baribá<br />
barillo<br />
baricoco<br />
barimiso<br />
bario<br />
barley<br />
barnyard grass<br />
barnyard millet<br />
baro ehuhi<br />
baroa<br />
barpeba preta<br />
Barrelier’s woodsorrel<br />
barrigón<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
barrigona<br />
barrigona palm<br />
barriguda<br />
barriheira<br />
barrilheira-gram<strong>at</strong>a<br />
barrilla<br />
barsley<br />
bartabali<br />
Bartrum shadblow<br />
barú<br />
baruaru<br />
baru-baru<br />
barudo<br />
barzino<br />
baseball-b<strong>at</strong> cactus<br />
bashigo<br />
bashigóko<br />
basil<br />
basílico<br />
basilicum-grande<br />
basin big sagebrush<br />
basket tie-tie<br />
bassourinha<br />
bassu<br />
basswood<br />
bastard acacia<br />
bastard cedar<br />
bastard cherry<br />
bastard cress<br />
bastard fig<br />
bastard hog-berry<br />
bastard indigo<br />
bastard ipecacuanha<br />
bastard kooteritiballi<br />
bastard toadflax<br />
bastard vervain<br />
bastarda<br />
bastard-mustard<br />
bastón del emperador<br />
basul<br />
b<strong>at</strong>aí<br />
b<strong>at</strong>-and-ball<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a del aire<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a dulce<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-ariá<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-baroa<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-baronesa<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-cenoura<br />
976
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-da-terra<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-de-rama<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-do-ar<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-doce<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-do-reino<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-inglês<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-inglesa<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-nambu<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-portuguesa<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>arna<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-rosa<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-salsa<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-suíça<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a-tupinambá<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>illo<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>inha<br />
b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>inha-amarelo<br />
b<strong>at</strong>auá<br />
b<strong>at</strong>ea caspi<br />
b<strong>at</strong>e-testa<br />
b<strong>at</strong>h sponge<br />
b<strong>at</strong>owí<br />
b<strong>at</strong>s sauari<br />
b<strong>at</strong>ú<br />
b<strong>at</strong>wa<br />
b<strong>at</strong>-wing<br />
bauaçu<br />
bauhinia<br />
baulia de onça<br />
baunilha<br />
baunilha-de-Bahia<br />
baunilha-do-Brasil<br />
bawã-piei-muka<br />
bay<br />
bay bean<br />
bay berry<br />
bay laurel<br />
bay leaf<br />
bay oil<br />
bay rum<br />
bay rum tree<br />
bay tree<br />
bayahonda<br />
bayal<br />
bayastillo<br />
bayberry<br />
bayoneta<br />
bayrum<br />
beach clover<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
beach grass<br />
beach morning-glory<br />
beach pea<br />
beachhead iris<br />
beachwort<br />
beaked hazel nut<br />
bean trefoil<br />
bean vine<br />
bear huckleberry<br />
bear-berry<br />
bearberry honeysuckle<br />
beardless wild rye<br />
beargrass<br />
bear’s grape<br />
beautiful mariposa<br />
beautiful pawpaw<br />
beauty bush<br />
beauty-leaf<br />
beauty-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-night<br />
beaver wood<br />
beavertail cactus<br />
beavertail pricklypear<br />
bebelama<br />
bebelama de la sierra<br />
bebguiche<br />
becabinha<br />
becoquino<br />
bedoca<br />
bedstraw<br />
bee brush<br />
bee sage<br />
beebalm<br />
beech<br />
beechnut<br />
beef apple<br />
beefsteak plant<br />
beefwood<br />
beet<br />
beet berry<br />
beetberry<br />
beggar’s buttons<br />
beggar’s lice<br />
beggar’s ticks<br />
beggarticks<br />
bego<br />
begonia<br />
beijos-de-frade<br />
bejuco alcalde<br />
bejuco b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>illo<br />
977
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
bejuco blanco<br />
bejuco cagalero<br />
bejuco camarón rojo<br />
bejuco canastilla<br />
bejuco costilla<br />
bejuco de agua<br />
bejuco de barbasco<br />
bejuco de canasta<br />
bejuco de costilla<br />
bejuco de mano<br />
bejuco de r<strong>at</strong>ón<br />
bejuco de tres filos<br />
bejuco de vaca<br />
bejuco de vieja<br />
bejuco de zarcillo<br />
bejuco espino del diablo<br />
bejuco esponjilla<br />
bejuco iasú<br />
bejuco leñoso<br />
bejuco mión<br />
bejuco miona<br />
bejuco negro<br />
bejuco pedorro<br />
bejuco peludo<br />
bejuco pepino<br />
bejuco prieto<br />
bejuco real<br />
bejuco suave<br />
bejuco vaquero<br />
bejuco zarcillo<br />
bejuquillo<br />
be-ke-ta-po<br />
bel<br />
bel fruit<br />
bela<br />
belas-noites<br />
belcho<br />
belcho<br />
beldroega<br />
beldroega-da-horta<br />
beldroega-da-praia<br />
beldroega-grande<br />
beldroega-pequena<br />
beldroega-vermelha<br />
bele<br />
belembe<br />
belembe Silvestre<br />
Belgaum walnut<br />
Belgian endive<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
bell apple<br />
bell yam<br />
bella maría<br />
bella sombra<br />
bellaco<br />
bellaco caspi<br />
belladona cimarrona<br />
bell-apple<br />
bellisima<br />
bellota<br />
bellotero<br />
bellwort<br />
beloca<br />
beludiño<br />
ben<br />
ben nuts<br />
ben tree<br />
bencenuco<br />
bene<br />
Bengal bean<br />
Bengal gram<br />
Bengal quince<br />
Bengal velvetbean<br />
beni kujaku<br />
beniseed<br />
Benjamin bush<br />
ben-oil tree<br />
bent-stem mariposa<br />
benzen yuca<br />
benzolive tree<br />
ber<br />
berba<br />
berdolaga<br />
berdorrega<br />
berduega<br />
berengena<br />
berenjena<br />
berg<br />
bergamot<br />
bergamot citron<br />
bergamot lime<br />
bergamot mint<br />
bergamot orange<br />
bergamota<br />
bergamote<br />
bergamoto<br />
beribá<br />
Bering Sea springbeauty<br />
berinjela<br />
978
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
bermim<br />
bermuda arrowroot<br />
Bermuda buttercup<br />
Bermuda mulberry<br />
berraco<br />
berrera<br />
berro blanco<br />
berro de agua<br />
berro de Pará<br />
berro terrestre<br />
berro(s)<br />
berro-do-pr<strong>at</strong>o<br />
bertalha<br />
bery<br />
berza<br />
berza común<br />
berza de perro<br />
berza perruna<br />
Bessey cherry<br />
betabel<br />
betabel azucarera<br />
betarraga<br />
betarraga azucarera<br />
betarr<strong>at</strong>a<br />
betarr<strong>at</strong>a azucarera<br />
betavel<br />
betel<br />
betel nut<br />
beteraba<br />
beterraba<br />
beterraba-branca<br />
beterraba-campestre<br />
betis-branco<br />
beto branco<br />
betónica<br />
betony<br />
betula<br />
bhajee<br />
bhaji<br />
bi<br />
bibosi palomo<br />
bichaam ts’ohool<br />
bichichinejo<br />
bicho<br />
bicho-de-rã<br />
bicito<br />
bico-de-papagaio<br />
bico-de-tucano<br />
bicolored leptotes<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
bicuíba<br />
bien granada<br />
bien vestido<br />
Big Bend serviceberry<br />
big burdock<br />
big caltrop<br />
big cherry manzanita<br />
big cone pine<br />
big huckleberry<br />
big palulu<br />
big sagebrush<br />
big shellbark hickory<br />
big sugar pine<br />
big whortleberry<br />
big-leaf aster<br />
big-leaf mint<br />
big-leaf podocarp<br />
big-leaved maple<br />
bigberry manzanita<br />
bignai<br />
bignaj<br />
bignay<br />
big-root morning glory<br />
bigsting nettle<br />
bigtooth aspen<br />
big-tooth maple<br />
bija<br />
bijagüa<br />
bijáguara<br />
bijan<br />
bijao<br />
bijo<br />
bijo de monte<br />
bilberry<br />
bilimbi<br />
bilimbín<br />
bilimbing<br />
bilimbino<br />
billberry<br />
billion dollar grass<br />
bilsted<br />
bilva<br />
bimbling plum<br />
bimi<br />
bimichëxë<br />
bimplip<strong>at</strong>um tree<br />
binchberry elder<br />
birambi<br />
birchberry<br />
979
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
birch-leaved pear<br />
bird cactus<br />
bird cherry<br />
bird fig<br />
bird foot violet<br />
bird foot’s fern<br />
bird pepper<br />
bird rape<br />
bird’s nest<br />
bird’s eye<br />
bird’s-eye pepper<br />
bird’s-eye speedwell<br />
bird’s-foot cliff-brake<br />
biriba<br />
biribá<br />
biriba-branca<br />
biribá-brava<br />
biribá-bravo<br />
biribá-de-Pernambuco<br />
biriba-preta<br />
biribarana<br />
biribá-verdadeiro<br />
biri-biri<br />
birigí<br />
birijí<br />
birijorë<br />
birra<br />
birracas<br />
birthroot<br />
birthwort<br />
birú<br />
birú manso<br />
bis<br />
bisaltera<br />
Biscayne palm<br />
biscoyol<br />
biscuit root<br />
biscuitwood<br />
bishop’s wort<br />
bisillo<br />
bisnaga<br />
bistorta<br />
bitter aloes<br />
bitter buffaloberry<br />
bitter buttons<br />
bitter cassava<br />
bitter cress<br />
bitter cucumber<br />
bitter damson<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
bitter fennel<br />
bitter gallbery<br />
bitter gingerleaf<br />
bitter gourd<br />
bitter manioc<br />
bitter melon<br />
bitter orange<br />
bitter pecan<br />
bitter pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
bitter trefoil<br />
bitter weed<br />
bitter yam<br />
bitterbroom<br />
bitterbur<br />
bitternut hickory<br />
bitterroot<br />
bitterroot lewisia<br />
bittersweet<br />
bitterweed<br />
bitterwood<br />
bitterworm<br />
bitting stonecrop<br />
biurá<br />
bivorana sangrís<br />
bix<strong>at</strong>e<br />
biznaga<br />
biznaga de limilla<br />
black alder<br />
black bal<strong>at</strong>a<br />
black bamboo<br />
black bean<br />
black cherry<br />
black chokeberry<br />
black currant<br />
black dhal<br />
black drink<br />
black elder<br />
black elderberry<br />
black gram<br />
black guava<br />
black gum<br />
black haw<br />
black hawthorn<br />
black hickory<br />
black highbush blueberry<br />
black huckleberry<br />
black ironwood<br />
black locust<br />
black maho<br />
980
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
black mangrove<br />
black maple<br />
black medic<br />
black medick<br />
black mulberry<br />
black mustard<br />
black nightshade<br />
black nightshade<br />
black pepper<br />
black plum<br />
black quinoa<br />
black raspberry<br />
black rhum palm<br />
black sage<br />
black sapote<br />
black slöe<br />
black spruce<br />
black sugar-maple<br />
black sugar-palm<br />
black velvet<br />
black walnut<br />
black western chokecherry<br />
blackbead<br />
blackbead elder<br />
blackberry<br />
blackberry bramble<br />
blackberry-jam fruit<br />
blackcap<br />
black-eyed pea<br />
blackhaw<br />
blackjack<br />
black-rodwood<br />
black-seed squash<br />
black-seeded plantain<br />
blackseeded proso millet<br />
blackthorn<br />
blackthorn slöe<br />
bladder campion<br />
bladder silene<br />
bladderbush<br />
bladderpod<br />
bladderpod spider-flower<br />
blaeberry<br />
blanquillo<br />
blaspheme-vine<br />
blazing star<br />
bledo<br />
bledo espinoso<br />
bledo extranjero<br />
bledo macho<br />
bledo rojo<br />
bledos<br />
bleo de chupa<br />
blero<br />
blessed thistle<br />
bletos<br />
blinks<br />
blite goosefoot<br />
blood flower<br />
blooming Sally<br />
blue barberry<br />
blue beech<br />
blue camass<br />
blue carpet<br />
blue dicks<br />
blue elderberry<br />
blue fan palm<br />
blue flax<br />
blue funnel lily<br />
blue giant hyssop<br />
blue grama<br />
blue granadilla<br />
blue grape<br />
blue gum<br />
blue haw<br />
blue hesper palm<br />
blue hornbeam<br />
blue huckleberry<br />
blue mallow<br />
blue palmetto<br />
blue paloverde<br />
blue pea<br />
blue porterweed<br />
blue puya<br />
blue sage<br />
blue sailors<br />
blue sotol<br />
blue stem<br />
blue tangle<br />
blue tannia<br />
blue taro<br />
blue verbain<br />
blue violet<br />
blue w<strong>at</strong>er lily<br />
bluebead<br />
blueberry<br />
blueberry elder<br />
blue-eyed grass<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
981
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
blueleaf grape<br />
bluewood<br />
blume-huá-açu<br />
bo’bosh<br />
boa constrictor<br />
boa noite<br />
boar wood<br />
boaria<br />
boas-noites<br />
boba<br />
bobi<br />
boboro<br />
boca de vieja<br />
bocadillo<br />
bocaiá<br />
bocaiuva<br />
bocaiúva<br />
bochecha-de-velho<br />
boda<br />
bode<br />
boens<br />
b<strong>of</strong>rusiri<br />
bog arum<br />
bog bilberry<br />
bog cranberry<br />
bog rosemary<br />
bog spruce<br />
bog tea<br />
boga<br />
bog bean<br />
bog hop<br />
bog myrtle<br />
bog nut<br />
bogimoncamo<br />
boginca<br />
Bogotá tea<br />
bohol ts<strong>at</strong>sá<br />
bohorada<br />
boiabeira preta<br />
boighe<br />
bois amer<br />
bois bal<strong>at</strong><br />
bois blanc<br />
bois canon<br />
bois de fleche<br />
bois de lance<br />
bois de méche<br />
bois frene<br />
bois jaune<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
bois negresse<br />
bois-flambeau<br />
bois-fléche<br />
bois-lolo<br />
bois sant<br />
boita<br />
bojón<br />
bojón prieto<br />
bok choi<br />
bola<br />
bola requia<br />
bolaina<br />
bolaqueiro<br />
bolaquiro<br />
bolchiche<br />
boldo<br />
boldo-baiano<br />
boldo-do-Chile<br />
boldo-japonês<br />
bolilla<br />
bolina<br />
Bolivian black walnut<br />
Bolivian coca<br />
Bolivian walnut<br />
bolón<br />
bolsa mullaca<br />
bolsa mullaca blanca<br />
bolsa-de-pastor<br />
bom dia<br />
bomba<br />
bombalón<br />
Bombay<br />
Bombay aloe<br />
bombey<br />
bombillo<br />
bombón<br />
bombonaje<br />
bombonassa<br />
bonavis<br />
bonavis pea<br />
bonavist<br />
bonavista<br />
bonbona paso<br />
bonche<br />
bondá<br />
bonduc<br />
bonete<br />
bonetera<br />
bonga<br />
982
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
boni<strong>at</strong>o<br />
bonina<br />
bonnet pepper<br />
bonnie pepper<br />
boquetero<br />
bora<br />
bora negra<br />
borage<br />
boraso<br />
borboleta<br />
bordo<br />
bôrdo<br />
bôrdo-açucareiro<br />
bôrdo-negundo<br />
bôrdo-pr<strong>at</strong>eado<br />
bore<br />
borecole<br />
bori<br />
boriti<br />
borlas<br />
boroboro<br />
boroemia<br />
borojo<br />
borojó<br />
boroma<br />
borracha<br />
borrachera<br />
borrachero<br />
borracho<br />
borragem<br />
borraja<br />
bos myrtle<br />
botan<br />
botán<br />
botella<br />
botil<br />
botobobo<br />
botón de oro<br />
botón morado<br />
botoncillo<br />
botoncillo grande<br />
botoncite<br />
botovovo<br />
bottle gourd<br />
bottle grass<br />
bottonball tree<br />
botuca<br />
botuco<br />
boui<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
boulanger<br />
boulder raspberry<br />
bouncing bet<br />
boundary ephedra<br />
bow wood<br />
bower actinida<br />
bower berry<br />
box blueberry<br />
box brier<br />
box elder<br />
box-elder maple<br />
boxleaf Eugenia<br />
boxleaf stopper<br />
boxthorn<br />
boyomo<br />
bracanaã<br />
bracelet<br />
bracillo<br />
bracken<br />
bracken fern<br />
Bradford pear<br />
Bragança<br />
brajaúva<br />
brake<br />
brake fern<br />
bramble<br />
bramble <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cape<br />
brasaviva<br />
brasil<br />
brasilete<br />
Brazil beauty-leaf<br />
Brazil chaff-flower<br />
Brazil cherry<br />
Brazil cress<br />
Brazil nut<br />
Brazil pepper<br />
Brazilian amaranth<br />
Brazilian arrowroot<br />
Brazilian cherry<br />
Brazilian cocoa<br />
Brazilian copaiba<br />
Brazilian copal<br />
Brazilian cress<br />
Brazilian fireweed<br />
Brazilian grape tree<br />
Brazilian guava<br />
Brazilian joyweed<br />
Brazilian mallow<br />
Brazilian monkey puzzle tree<br />
983
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
Brazilian nutmeg<br />
Brazilian oak<br />
Brazilian pepper<br />
Brazilian pepper tree<br />
Brazilian pine<br />
Brazilian sassafras oil<br />
Brazilian tea<br />
Brazilian tree pepper<br />
Brazilian vanilla<br />
Brazilian walnut<br />
brazilnut<br />
brazilwood<br />
brcolis<br />
brea<br />
brea caspi charichuela<br />
brea huayo<br />
bread whe<strong>at</strong><br />
bread-and-cheese<br />
breadfruit<br />
breadnut<br />
breadnut tree<br />
brecól<br />
bredo<br />
bredo verdadeiro<br />
bredo-de-espinhas<br />
bredo-de-porco<br />
bredo-major-gomes<br />
bredo-roxo<br />
bredo-vermelho<br />
brejaúba<br />
brejaúva<br />
breo<br />
bretalha<br />
bretaña<br />
bretón<br />
bretón de Bruselas<br />
breu<br />
breu-almecega<br />
breu-amarelo<br />
breu-branco<br />
breu-branco-verdadeiro<br />
breu-de-campina<br />
breu-manga<br />
breu-peludo<br />
breu-pitomba<br />
breu-preto<br />
breuzinho<br />
brevo<br />
brier rose<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
Brigham tea<br />
Brigham Young tea<br />
brinco-de-princesa<br />
brinco-de-princesa<br />
brincos<br />
brinjal<br />
brio-de-estudante<br />
bristly black currant<br />
bristly sarsaparilla<br />
brittle th<strong>at</strong>ch palm<br />
brittlebush<br />
broad bean<br />
broadleaf c<strong>at</strong>tail<br />
broadleaf greenbrier<br />
broadleaf podocarpus<br />
broadleaf sage<br />
broadleaf woodsorrel<br />
broad-leaved arrowhead<br />
broad-leaved asipokoballi<br />
broad-leaved springbeauty<br />
broad-leaved w<strong>at</strong>erleaf<br />
broccoli<br />
brócolo<br />
brome<br />
bromelia<br />
bromeliad<br />
bromo cebadillo<br />
bromo frondoso<br />
brook bean<br />
brooklime<br />
brookweed<br />
broom<br />
broom corn<br />
broomjute<br />
broomrape<br />
broomweed<br />
brown mustard<br />
Brown’s pepper<br />
brown-corn millet<br />
brum<br />
bruno<br />
bruño<br />
brusca<br />
brusca chiquichique<br />
brusca cimarrona<br />
brusca hedionda<br />
brushholly<br />
Brussels sprouts<br />
bucare<br />
984
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
bucare peonía<br />
búcaro<br />
bucayo<br />
buccaneer palm<br />
bucha<br />
bucha de coco<br />
bucha de pescador<br />
bucha de purga<br />
bucha dos campistas<br />
bucha dos paulistas<br />
bucha verde<br />
buche<br />
buchinha<br />
buchinha-do-nordeste<br />
buchinha-do-norte<br />
buchito<br />
buchón de agua<br />
buck bhajee<br />
buck bean<br />
buck cotton<br />
buckbean<br />
buckberry<br />
buckbrush<br />
buckthorn<br />
buckwax<br />
buckwhe<strong>at</strong><br />
bucshilla<br />
bucte<br />
bucuporé<br />
buen pan<br />
buenas noches<br />
bueno grillo<br />
buffalo bean<br />
buffalo berry<br />
buffalo clover<br />
buffalo currant<br />
buffalo gourd<br />
buffalo grass<br />
buffalo herb<br />
buffalo nut<br />
buffalo pea<br />
buffalo rose<br />
buffalogourd pumpkin<br />
bufumo<br />
buganvilla blanca<br />
bugleweed<br />
buhango<br />
buis<br />
buko<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
bulbil bearing yam<br />
bulbous buttercup<br />
bulbous crowfoot<br />
bulbous springparsley<br />
bulela<br />
bulishi<br />
bull apple<br />
bull nettle<br />
bull thistle<br />
bullace<br />
bullbay<br />
bullet tree<br />
bullet wood<br />
bulletwood<br />
bull-head pond lily<br />
bull-horn acacia<br />
bullock’s heart<br />
bullonera<br />
bullweed<br />
bully apple<br />
bully tree<br />
bulrush<br />
bulrush<br />
bunabis<br />
bunch cactus<br />
bunch moss<br />
bunchberry<br />
bunching onion<br />
bundleflower<br />
buni<strong>at</strong>o<br />
bur cucumber<br />
bur gherkin<br />
bur thistle<br />
bura bura<br />
burandã<br />
burgundy amaranth<br />
buri<br />
buri-da-praia<br />
buri-do-campo<br />
buriti<br />
burití<br />
buriti palm<br />
buriti-caranã<br />
buriticilli<br />
buriti-do-brejo<br />
buriti-mirim<br />
buritirana<br />
buritizeiro<br />
burity do brejo<br />
985
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
burma bean<br />
burn plant<br />
burnet<br />
burning nettle<br />
burr oak<br />
burrillo<br />
burro<br />
burrowf<strong>at</strong><br />
burrs<br />
bursera<br />
burucuya<br />
buscilla<br />
bush basil<br />
bush bean<br />
bush berry<br />
bush cabbage<br />
bush chinquapin<br />
bush cinquefoil<br />
bush currant<br />
bush flax<br />
bush golden chinquapin<br />
bush grape<br />
bush green<br />
bush lupine<br />
bush mint<br />
bush moonflower<br />
bush morning glory<br />
bush nasturtium<br />
bush okra<br />
bush palmetto<br />
bush scallop<br />
bush spinach<br />
bush squash<br />
bush tea<br />
bushica<br />
bushillo<br />
bussu<br />
bussu palm<br />
buta<br />
butia<br />
butía<br />
butiá-açu<br />
butiá-azedo<br />
butiá-da-praia<br />
butiá-da-serra<br />
butiazeiro<br />
butiá-verdadeiro<br />
buto<br />
butter bean<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
butter fruit<br />
butter leaves<br />
butter nut<br />
butter nut <strong>of</strong> Guiana<br />
butter pear<br />
butter tree<br />
buttercup<br />
buttercup oxalis<br />
butterfly agave<br />
butterfly bush<br />
butterfly ginger<br />
butterfly lily<br />
butterfly milkweed<br />
butterfly pea<br />
butterfly tree<br />
butterfly violet<br />
butterfly weed<br />
butternut<br />
butternut squash<br />
buttersquash<br />
button <strong>of</strong> gold<br />
buttonweed<br />
buttonwood<br />
butua<br />
butuco<br />
buxixu<br />
buxixu-de-formiga<br />
buyero<br />
bvoi’i<br />
byrsonima<br />
caá<br />
caá guazú<br />
caá-ape<br />
caá-cambui<br />
caacica<br />
caá-ehé<br />
caapeba<br />
caapeba-branca<br />
caapeba-cheirosa<br />
caapeba-do-norte<br />
caaponga<br />
cabaça<br />
cabaça purunga<br />
cabaça verde<br />
cabaceira<br />
cabaceiro amargoso<br />
cabacinha<br />
cabaço amargoso<br />
cabbage<br />
986
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
cabbage palm<br />
cabbage palmetto<br />
cabeça-de-drunú<br />
cabeça-de-macaco<br />
cabeça-de-negro<br />
cabeça-de-urubu<br />
cabecita<br />
cabeçudo<br />
cabeleira<br />
cabello de ángel<br />
cabelluda<br />
cabelludo<br />
cabelo-de-milho<br />
cabeluda<br />
cabeludeira<br />
cabeludinha<br />
cabeludo<br />
cabeza de mono<br />
cabeza de negra<br />
cabeza de negrito<br />
cabeza de viejo<br />
cabezas de negrito<br />
cabi<br />
cabima<br />
cabirma<br />
cabirma santa<br />
cabitutu<br />
cablote<br />
cabo-de-machado<br />
cabra<br />
cabreúva<br />
cabrita<br />
cabuches<br />
caburra<br />
cabuya<br />
cabuya negra<br />
cabuyo<br />
cabuyo negro<br />
cabuyo verde<br />
caca de niño<br />
caca ravet<br />
cacachila<br />
cacagüillo<br />
cacahuananche<br />
cacahu<strong>at</strong>e<br />
cacahuete<br />
cacahuillo<br />
cacahuito<br />
cacaito<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
cacalia-amara<br />
cacalia-amarga<br />
cacama<br />
cacanapo<br />
cacangucha de sabana<br />
cacao<br />
cacao amarillo<br />
cacao azul<br />
cacao blanco<br />
cacao calabacillo<br />
cacao cimarrón<br />
cacao de agua<br />
cacao de la tierra<br />
cacao de mico<br />
cacao de monte<br />
cacao de Nicaragua<br />
cacao del monte<br />
cacao dulce<br />
cacao lagarto<br />
cacao macambillo<br />
cacao maní<br />
cacao montaras<br />
cacao p<strong>at</strong>aste<br />
cacao sacha<br />
cacao selvagen<br />
cacao silvestre<br />
cacao volador<br />
cacaotero<br />
cacaoti<br />
cacaquillo<br />
cacaragua<br />
caçari<br />
cacarrowa<br />
cacau<br />
cacau-azul<br />
cacaubraba<br />
cacau-de-macaco<br />
cacau-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
cacau-do-Peru<br />
cacauhillo<br />
cacauí<br />
cacau-jacaré<br />
cacau-jacaró<br />
cacau-quadrado<br />
cacaurana<br />
cacau-rana<br />
cacauú<br />
cacau-verdadeiro<br />
cacay<br />
987
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
cacayas<br />
cacha<br />
cachaça<br />
cachaco<br />
cachariqui<br />
cache<br />
cacheo<br />
cacheo de Oviedo<br />
cachepai montañero<br />
caches<br />
cachicamo<br />
cachicamo de altura<br />
cachimán<br />
cachimán de la China<br />
cachiman montagne<br />
cachimbilla<br />
cachimbo<br />
cachimbo amarillo<br />
cachimguba<br />
cachinguba<br />
cachipay<br />
cachito<br />
cacho<br />
cacho de cabra<br />
cacho de venado<br />
cachoveano<br />
cachuito<br />
cachum<br />
cachumba<br />
cacicuto<br />
cacohuilla<br />
cacomite<br />
cacoon<br />
cacto<br />
cacto columnar<br />
cacto-rosa<br />
cactus apple<br />
cactus fruit<br />
cacuú<br />
cada<br />
cadena de amor<br />
cadillo<br />
cadillo de huerta<br />
cadillo de perro<br />
cadungo amargo<br />
caeté<br />
caetetuba<br />
café<br />
café arábica<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
café bravo<br />
café de Liberia<br />
café de pobre<br />
café falso<br />
café forastero<br />
café Liberia<br />
café robusta<br />
café silvestre<br />
café soga<br />
cafecito de costa<br />
café-berão<br />
café-de-Sudão<br />
café-do-Amazonas<br />
caferana<br />
cafetillo<br />
cafuzo<br />
cagaiteira<br />
cagalera<br />
cagalero<br />
cag<strong>at</strong>eira<br />
cagua<br />
caguajasa<br />
caguaní<br />
caguaza<br />
caguazo<br />
cahuara micuna<br />
caiarana<br />
caiaué<br />
caiba<br />
caihua<br />
caimán<br />
caimarón<br />
caimarón de mico<br />
caimarón silvestre<br />
caimba<br />
caime<br />
caimetillo<br />
caimillo<br />
caimit<br />
caimite<br />
caimiteiro<br />
caimitero<br />
caimitier a feuilles d’or<br />
caimitier bois<br />
caimitier macoucou<br />
caimitilho<br />
caimitilla<br />
caimitillo<br />
caimitillo amarillo<br />
988
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
caimitillo hoja grande<br />
caimitillo negro<br />
caimito<br />
caimito blanco<br />
caimito brasileño<br />
caimito brasilero<br />
caimito cimarrón<br />
caimito cocuyo<br />
caimito colorado<br />
caimito coto colorado<br />
caimito de mono<br />
caimito de montaña<br />
caimito de monte<br />
caimito del monte<br />
caimito dulce<br />
caimito largo<br />
caimito lechero<br />
caimito maduraverde<br />
caimito morado<br />
caimito negro<br />
caimito verde<br />
caimo<br />
caimo de monte<br />
caimo liso de monte<br />
caimo morado<br />
caimurro<br />
cainit<br />
caïnite<br />
cainito<br />
cainito blanco<br />
cainito morado<br />
caipoqui liso<br />
caituco<br />
caiu-tim<br />
caixeta<br />
cajá<br />
cajá-açu<br />
cajá-manga<br />
cajá-mirim<br />
cajarana<br />
cajarana<br />
cajazeira<br />
cajazeiro<br />
cajel<br />
cajetaho<br />
cajimán<br />
cajó<br />
cajón<br />
cajou<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
caju<br />
cajú<br />
cajua<br />
cajuaçu<br />
caju-açu<br />
cajuado<br />
caju-assu<br />
cajuba<br />
caju-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
cajueiro<br />
cajueiro-de-campo<br />
cajueiro-do-campo<br />
caju-do-cerrado<br />
cajueiro-rasteiro<br />
cajuí<br />
cajuí-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
cajuil<br />
cajuilito de Surinam<br />
cajuilito sulimán<br />
caju-manso<br />
cajurana<br />
cajú-rana<br />
cajurana-coquirana<br />
cajure<br />
cajutim<br />
cajuzinho<br />
cajuzinho-do-cerrado<br />
cakak-orai-yek<br />
calaba<br />
calabacera<br />
calabacero<br />
calabacilla<br />
calabacilla amarga<br />
calabacilla de burro<br />
calabacilla loca<br />
calabacillo<br />
calabacín<br />
calabacinha-do-campo<br />
calabacita de indio<br />
calabash<br />
calabash gourd<br />
calabash marrow<br />
calabash squash<br />
calabash tree<br />
calabaza<br />
calabaza amarga<br />
calabaza amargosa<br />
calabaza amarilla<br />
calabaza común<br />
989
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
calabaza China<br />
calabaza de pepita gruesa<br />
calabaza de pepita menuda<br />
calabaza de San Roque<br />
calabaza del Paraguay<br />
calabaza grande<br />
calabaza melón<br />
calabaza mensejo<br />
calabaza moscada<br />
calabaza pinta<br />
calabaza pipiana<br />
calabazo<br />
calabazona<br />
calabezella<br />
calabezella<br />
calabezella<br />
calabur<br />
calabura<br />
caladium<br />
calaf<strong>at</strong>e<br />
calalu<br />
calalú<br />
cálam<br />
calambrena<br />
calambuca<br />
calamias<br />
calamís<br />
calamo<br />
cálamo acuático<br />
cálamo aromático<br />
cálamo verdadero<br />
cálamo-aromático<br />
calamondín<br />
calamus<br />
cala<strong>the</strong>a<br />
calavance<br />
Calcutta bamboo<br />
Calcutta guava<br />
calderona<br />
caldo<br />
calendula<br />
caléndula<br />
caléndula <strong>of</strong>icinal<br />
calentura<br />
calguaje<br />
cali cali<br />
cali cali casha<br />
calicero<br />
calico cactus<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
California abrojo<br />
California allspice<br />
California bay<br />
California bay laurel<br />
California black walnut<br />
California blackberry<br />
California blueberry<br />
California boxelder<br />
California brome<br />
California buckeye<br />
California bulrush<br />
California crucillo<br />
California chia<br />
California desert tea<br />
California dewberry<br />
California fan palm<br />
California field oak<br />
California goldpoppy<br />
California grape<br />
California hazel<br />
California hazelnut<br />
California holly<br />
California horse-chestnut<br />
California juniper<br />
California laurel<br />
California live oak<br />
California lotebush<br />
California mesquite mistletoe<br />
California mountain maple<br />
California nettle<br />
California pepper<br />
California poppy<br />
California rose<br />
California sassafras<br />
California walnut<br />
California white oak<br />
California white sage<br />
California wild grape<br />
California wild rose<br />
calimbo<br />
calisaya<br />
caliutli<br />
caltrop<br />
calú<br />
calum<strong>at</strong>e<br />
calumbán<br />
calusa grape<br />
calypso<br />
calla<br />
990
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
calla lily<br />
callabazilla<br />
callery pear<br />
callivance<br />
calloaxin<br />
calloosa grape<br />
camaey peludo<br />
camagón<br />
camajonduro<br />
camalote<br />
camambu<br />
camamile<br />
camándula<br />
camapu<br />
camapú<br />
camapum<br />
camara<br />
camará<br />
camará-de-cheiro<br />
camará-de-chumbo<br />
camará-de-espinho<br />
camará-juba<br />
camará-miúdo<br />
camará-verdadeiro<br />
camarinha<br />
camaroja<br />
camarona<br />
camaronas de tierra<br />
camarroya<br />
camaru<br />
camaruca<br />
camas<br />
camasa<br />
camasey<br />
camash<br />
camasia<br />
camass<br />
camass lily<br />
cam<strong>at</strong>ai<br />
cam<strong>at</strong>icaro<br />
cambará<br />
cambara-amarelha<br />
cambara-branca<br />
cambará-de-cheiro<br />
cambará-de-chumbo<br />
cambará-de-espinho<br />
cambiu preto<br />
cambo<br />
camboim<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
camboinzinho<br />
cambrón<br />
cambuca<br />
cambucá<br />
cambucá-verdadeiro<br />
cambucá-verdadeiro<br />
cambucazeiro<br />
cambuci<br />
cambucizeiro<br />
cambuhy<br />
cambuí amarelo<br />
cambuizeiro<br />
cambuizeiro preto<br />
cámbulo<br />
cambuquira<br />
cambur<br />
cambur enano<br />
cambur pigmeo<br />
camburí<br />
camedórea-da-Costa-Rica<br />
camedórea-elegante<br />
camedórea-pacaia<br />
camel’s foot<br />
camel-foot<br />
camélia<br />
camelia japonesa<br />
camelio<br />
camellia<br />
cameri<br />
camerunga<br />
camias<br />
camiche<br />
camichón<br />
camillia<br />
camiquié<br />
camirio<br />
camitié<br />
camitillo<br />
camochayote<br />
camomila<br />
camomila de jardín<br />
camomila-dos-alemães<br />
camomila-nobre<br />
camomila-romana<br />
camomila-verdadeira<br />
camomile<br />
camoruco<br />
camote<br />
camote amarillo<br />
991
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
camotillo<br />
camotli<br />
campanha-de-canudo<br />
campanita blanca<br />
campano<br />
campaño<br />
camuari<br />
camu-camu<br />
camuirro<br />
camutin<br />
ca-mu-vé<br />
cana<br />
cana chica<br />
cana de açúcar<br />
cana verde<br />
cana-brava<br />
canac<br />
Canada black plum<br />
Canada blueberry<br />
Canada garlic<br />
Canada hemlock<br />
Canada onion<br />
Canada rice<br />
Canada violet<br />
Canada wild rye<br />
Canada yew<br />
cana-de-brejo<br />
cana-de-macaco<br />
Canadian aspen<br />
Canadian black currant<br />
Canadian blackberry<br />
Canadian elderberry<br />
Canadian milkvetch<br />
Canadian white violet<br />
Canadian wild ginger<br />
Canadian wild rice<br />
canadillo<br />
canafístula cimarrona<br />
canaflote<br />
canaguche yoco<br />
canaguchillo<br />
canaguichillo<br />
canahuala<br />
canaigre<br />
canajo<br />
canalete<br />
canalete aragu<strong>at</strong>o<br />
canambo<br />
canangucha<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
cananguche<br />
canapu<br />
canapum<br />
canaqui<br />
canarana<br />
canari<br />
canary bird vine<br />
canary globe-tulip<br />
Canary Island d<strong>at</strong>e palm<br />
can<strong>at</strong>illa<br />
canavalia<br />
cancharagua<br />
canche<br />
candebobe<br />
candelabro<br />
candelas<br />
candelilla<br />
candelón<br />
candia<br />
candiá<br />
candleberry<br />
candlenut oil tree<br />
candlenut tree<br />
candletree<br />
candlewood<br />
candonga<br />
cane<br />
cane cholla<br />
canela<br />
canela blanca<br />
canela buena<br />
canela-cheirosa<br />
canela-da-Índia<br />
canela-de-cheiro<br />
canela-de-veado<br />
canela-do-Ceilão<br />
canela-do-Maranhão<br />
canela-funcho<br />
canelão<br />
canela-sassafrás<br />
canela-verdadeira<br />
caneleiro-cravo<br />
canelillo<br />
canelinha<br />
canelo<br />
canelo de Ceilán<br />
canelón<br />
canella<br />
canfincillo<br />
992
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
canfuncia<br />
cangerana<br />
cânhamo<br />
cânhamo-brasileiro<br />
cânhamo-da-Índia<br />
canharana<br />
canihua<br />
canilla de mula<br />
canillero<br />
caniste zapotillo<br />
caniste zapotillo blanco<br />
canistel<br />
canistel de montaña<br />
canizo<br />
canjelón<br />
canjerana<br />
canjura<br />
canna<br />
cannabis<br />
cannabis s<strong>at</strong>iva<br />
cannonball tree<br />
canoche<br />
cansação<br />
cansamuelas<br />
cansancao<br />
cansanção<br />
cansancão-de-leite<br />
cantala<br />
cantalupe<br />
canteloupe<br />
cantyi<br />
canudo-de-pito<br />
canyon grape<br />
canyon maple<br />
caña<br />
caña agria<br />
caña amarilla<br />
caña arangola<br />
caña brava<br />
caña de azúcar<br />
caña de indio<br />
caña de limón<br />
caña de San Pablo<br />
caña dulce<br />
caña fistola<br />
caña verde<br />
cañacoros<br />
cañadonga<br />
cañafístola<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
cañafístola cimarrona<br />
cañafístula<br />
cañafístula cimarrona<br />
cañafístula de castilla<br />
cañafítula<br />
cañaflote<br />
cañagre<br />
cañagua<br />
cañahua<br />
cañamiel<br />
cáñamo<br />
cáñamo acuático<br />
cáñamo de Gambó<br />
cáñamo de Guinea<br />
cáñamo de la India<br />
cáñamo de las Indias<br />
cáñamo de Nueva Zelanda<br />
cáñamo falso<br />
cañandonga<br />
cañandonga de masa<br />
cañaro<br />
cañaza<br />
cañigua<br />
cañihua<br />
cañilero<br />
cañiwa<br />
cañota<br />
cañuela<br />
cañutilla<br />
cañutillo<br />
caobilla<br />
caoquirana caranazal<br />
caoutchouc<br />
capá<br />
capá prieta<br />
capá roja<br />
capacho<br />
capaluallo<br />
capança<br />
caparosa<br />
caparosa-do-campo<br />
cape asparagus<br />
cape gooseberry<br />
cape jasmine<br />
cape pondweed<br />
capeba<br />
capeba-branca<br />
caper<br />
capera<br />
993
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
capers<br />
capiçoba<br />
capiçoba-vermelha<br />
capiçova-vermelha<br />
capicuru<br />
capim-bar<strong>at</strong>a<br />
capim-cidrão<br />
capim-cidreira<br />
capim-cidró<br />
capim-colônia<br />
capim-colonião<br />
capim-cheiroso<br />
capim-de-Angola<br />
capim-de-burro<br />
capim-de-cavalo<br />
capim-de-cidade<br />
capim-de-contas<br />
capim-de-cheiro<br />
capim-de-galhina<br />
capim-de-Nossa-Senhora<br />
capim-de-planta<br />
capim-gomoso<br />
capim-Guiné<br />
capim-limão<br />
capim-marinho<br />
capim-missanga<br />
capim-pé-de-galhina<br />
capim-rosário<br />
capim-sândalo<br />
capim-santo<br />
capinurí<br />
capire<br />
capiri<br />
capiro<br />
capirona<br />
capirona del bajo<br />
capirote<br />
capiroto<br />
capitão-de-sala<br />
capoc<br />
capoca<br />
capoli<br />
capolín<br />
capomo<br />
capoquero<br />
capote<br />
capsicum pepper<br />
capuchina<br />
capuchinha<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
capuchinha-de-flores-grandes<br />
capuchinha-grande<br />
capul<br />
capul negro<br />
capuli<br />
capulí<br />
capulí cimarrón<br />
capuli cherry<br />
capulí de campo<br />
capuli de la costa<br />
capulí silvestre<br />
capulin<br />
capulín<br />
capulín agrio<br />
capulín blanco<br />
capulín cimarrón<br />
capulín de comer<br />
capulín de montaña<br />
capulina<br />
capulinas<br />
capulincillo<br />
capulincillo del diablo<br />
capure<br />
capurillo<br />
caquetá<br />
caqui<br />
caqui americano<br />
caqui-chocol<strong>at</strong>e<br />
cará<br />
cará-açu<br />
cará-amarela<br />
cará-barbado<br />
cará-branco<br />
caracasana<br />
cará-coco<br />
caracoli<br />
caracolí<br />
caracolillo<br />
caracu<br />
cará-cultivado<br />
caracha copal<br />
cará-chinês<br />
cará-da-Guiné<br />
cará-de-Angola<br />
cará-de-espinho<br />
cará-de-Pará<br />
cará-de-São-Tomé<br />
cará-de-sap<strong>at</strong>eiro<br />
cará-do-ar<br />
994
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
cará-doce<br />
cará-do-céu<br />
carago<br />
caragua<br />
caragu<strong>at</strong>á<br />
caragu<strong>at</strong>á-de-jardim<br />
caragüe<br />
cará-guine<br />
carahuasca<br />
cará-inhame<br />
caraipé<br />
carama jihui<br />
caramba<br />
carámbano<br />
carambola<br />
carambola tree<br />
carambola-amarela<br />
caramboleiro<br />
caramboler<br />
carambolera<br />
carambolero<br />
carambolo<br />
caramela<br />
cará-mimoso<br />
caramuri<br />
caramuri-de-várzea<br />
caramurizinho<br />
caramury caucho<br />
caramuxi<br />
carana<br />
caraná<br />
caranã<br />
caranã-de-espinhos<br />
caraná-grande<br />
caraná-grande<br />
caranaí<br />
caraná-i<br />
caranambu<br />
caran<strong>at</strong>inga<br />
caranãzinho<br />
caranda<br />
carandaguacu<br />
caranda-guaçu<br />
carandaí<br />
caranday<br />
Carano<br />
caraña<br />
caraño<br />
carao<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
caraota<br />
caraota chiv<strong>at</strong>a<br />
caraota florida<br />
caraparí<br />
carapé<br />
cará-pé-de-anta<br />
cará-preto<br />
cará-sap<strong>at</strong>eiro<br />
car<strong>at</strong><br />
car<strong>at</strong>a<br />
car<strong>at</strong>e<br />
car<strong>at</strong>ero<br />
car<strong>at</strong>inga-roxa<br />
cará-trifoliado<br />
carau<strong>at</strong>á<br />
carauta<br />
caraway<br />
carayá-vola<br />
carbón<br />
carboncillo<br />
cardamina-do-pr<strong>at</strong>o<br />
cardamom<br />
cardamomo<br />
cardboard cycad<br />
cardboard palm<br />
cardeiro-trepador<br />
cardinal-spear<br />
cardo<br />
cardo alcoch<strong>of</strong>a<br />
cardo de comer<br />
cardo pendiente<br />
cardo-ananás<br />
cardo-de-santa-maria<br />
cardol<br />
cardon<br />
cardón<br />
cardón blanco<br />
cardón d<strong>at</strong>a<br />
cardón de candelabro<br />
cardón espinoso<br />
cardón gigante<br />
cardón grande<br />
cardón higo<br />
cardón pelón<br />
cardón peludo<br />
cardona<br />
cardoncillo<br />
cardoni<br />
cardoon<br />
995
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
cardo-santo<br />
careless weed<br />
carey<br />
carey de costa<br />
cari<br />
cari hosho<br />
Caribbean agave<br />
Caribbean apple-cactus<br />
Caribbean grape<br />
Caribbean royal palm<br />
Caril<br />
cariocar<br />
cariparí<br />
caripé<br />
caripé-branco<br />
caripé-da-várzea<br />
cariperana<br />
caripé-vermelho<br />
cariru<br />
cariru-bravo<br />
carissa<br />
carito<br />
cariuba<br />
cariz<br />
carmano<br />
carmelitana<br />
carnauba<br />
carnaúba<br />
carnauba palm<br />
carnauba wax palm<br />
carne de doncella<br />
carne suelo<br />
carne-gorda<br />
caro<br />
caro blanco<br />
caroá<br />
caro<strong>at</strong>á<br />
carob<br />
carob tree<br />
caroba<br />
carolina<br />
Carolina allspice<br />
Carolina bay<br />
Carolina bean<br />
Carolina cedar<br />
Carolina desert chicory<br />
Carolina hickory<br />
Carolina rose<br />
Carolina shrub<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
Carolina silverbell<br />
Carolina springbeauty<br />
Carolina tea<br />
Carolina wolfberry<br />
carolito<br />
carota<br />
carota de caballo<br />
carpe<br />
carpenter’s grass<br />
carque<br />
carqueja<br />
carqueja-amarga<br />
carqueja-amargosa<br />
carqueja-doce<br />
carquesia<br />
carracho<br />
carrap<strong>at</strong>eira<br />
carrap<strong>at</strong>eiro<br />
carrapicho<br />
carrapicho-agulha<br />
carrapicho-bravo<br />
carrapicho-de-duas-pontas<br />
carreto<br />
carretón<br />
carrion flower<br />
carrizalero<br />
carrizo<br />
carrizo grande<br />
carrot<br />
carrot-leaved lom<strong>at</strong>ium<br />
carry-me seed<br />
cártamo<br />
caruba<br />
caruru<br />
caruru-amargoso<br />
caruru-azedo<br />
caruru-bravo<br />
caruru-da-Guiné<br />
caruru-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
caruru-de-espinho<br />
caruru-de-porco<br />
caruru-grande<br />
caruru-vermelho<br />
caruto<br />
carvalho<br />
carvi<br />
carvia<br />
caryla<br />
cas<br />
996
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
cas extranjero<br />
cas guava<br />
casaba murciélago<br />
casabanana<br />
casabe<br />
casagu<strong>at</strong>e<br />
casana<br />
casca-antidiabética<br />
cascabel<br />
cascabelillo<br />
casca-cheirosa<br />
cascade mountian ash<br />
casca-doce<br />
casca-do-Maranhão<br />
casca-preciosa<br />
cascara<br />
cáscara<br />
cascara buckthorn<br />
cascara Persian berry<br />
cascara sagrada<br />
cáscara sagrada<br />
cáscara-sagrada<br />
cascarija<br />
cascarilha<br />
cascarilla<br />
cascarilla amarilla<br />
cascarillo<br />
cascarito<br />
cascarola<br />
cascarón<br />
cascudo<br />
casearia<br />
caséaria á petites<br />
caseknife bean<br />
casha<br />
casha huasca<br />
cashapona<br />
casharana<br />
cashaw<br />
cashew<br />
cashew apple<br />
cashew nut<br />
cashipana<br />
cashiva<br />
cashú<br />
cashua<br />
casimiroa<br />
casipaes<br />
caspi colorado<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
caspi chiclayo<br />
caspirol<br />
casposo<br />
cassaba melon<br />
cassabanana<br />
cassava<br />
cassena<br />
cassia<br />
cassie flower<br />
cassina<br />
cassine<br />
castanea dent<strong>at</strong>a<br />
castanha<br />
castanha-curupira<br />
castanha-de-galinha<br />
castanha-de-porco<br />
castanha-do-Brasil<br />
castanha-do-Maranhão<br />
castanha-do-Pará<br />
castanha-fedorenta<br />
castanha-mansa<br />
castanha-maranhense<br />
castanha-pêndula<br />
castanha-pêndula<br />
castanha-sapucaia<br />
castanha-verdadeira<br />
castanha-vermelha<br />
castanheira<br />
castanheira-das-Guianas<br />
castanheira-de-pedra<br />
castanheiro<br />
castanheiro-da-Índia<br />
castanhola<br />
castaninha<br />
castano<br />
castaña<br />
castaña de agua<br />
castaña de monte<br />
castañas del Brasil<br />
castañilla<br />
castaño<br />
castaño de indias<br />
castaño de Malabar<br />
castaño de mono<br />
castaño de Pará<br />
castañón<br />
Castilian guava<br />
castilla<br />
casú<br />
997
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
casupo<br />
c<strong>at</strong> whiskers<br />
c<strong>at</strong>’s claw<br />
c<strong>at</strong>’s ear<br />
c<strong>at</strong>’s paw<br />
c<strong>at</strong>’s-foot<br />
c<strong>at</strong>’s-whiskers<br />
c<strong>at</strong>agé<br />
c<strong>at</strong>alônha<br />
c<strong>at</strong>alônia<br />
c<strong>at</strong>aract vaupesia<br />
c<strong>at</strong>arina<br />
c<strong>at</strong>brier<br />
c<strong>at</strong>claw<br />
c<strong>at</strong>claw acacia<br />
c<strong>at</strong>claw blackbead<br />
c<strong>at</strong>echu<br />
c<strong>at</strong>erpillar calalu<br />
c<strong>at</strong>ey<br />
c<strong>at</strong>inga-de-criola<br />
c<strong>at</strong>inga-de-mul<strong>at</strong>a<br />
c<strong>at</strong>irina<br />
c<strong>at</strong>mint<br />
c<strong>at</strong>nip<br />
c<strong>at</strong>o-barse<br />
c<strong>at</strong>oche<br />
c<strong>at</strong>olé<br />
c<strong>at</strong>olé palm<br />
c<strong>at</strong>tail<br />
c<strong>at</strong>-tail<br />
c<strong>at</strong>tley guava<br />
c<strong>at</strong>uaba<br />
c<strong>at</strong>uche<br />
c<strong>at</strong>uche cimarrón<br />
c<strong>at</strong>zimec<br />
cauaçu<br />
caualla<br />
cauassu<br />
cauasú<br />
cauchao<br />
caucho<br />
caucho blanco<br />
caucho de Ceará<br />
caucho de Pará<br />
cauchorana<br />
caujaro<br />
cauje<br />
cauliflower<br />
caulote<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
caupi<br />
caupí<br />
cautivo<br />
cavalinha<br />
cavalinha-dos-campos<br />
cavalinho-d’agua<br />
cavendish banana<br />
caxandó<br />
caxcamote<br />
caxinguba<br />
caxixi<br />
caya amarilla<br />
cayara<br />
cay-bari-cay<br />
cayeira<br />
cayena<br />
cayenne<br />
cayenne banana<br />
cayenne nut<br />
caygua<br />
cayhua<br />
cayiete<br />
cayo<br />
cayolozán<br />
cayote<br />
cayua<br />
cayuri<br />
cayutero<br />
cazuela de mono<br />
ceanothus<br />
Ceará rubber<br />
cebada<br />
cebada cultivada<br />
cebada mocahua<br />
cebo de mico<br />
cebo macho<br />
cebola<br />
cebola albarrá<br />
cebola-de-todo-ano<br />
cebolhina-comum<br />
cebolhina-verde<br />
cebolinha<br />
cebolinha branca<br />
cebolla<br />
cebolla albarrana<br />
cebolla de hoja<br />
cebolla de invierno<br />
cebolla de rama<br />
cebolla del monte<br />
998
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
cebolla del monte<br />
cebolla escalonia<br />
cebolla junca<br />
cebolleta<br />
cebolleta galesa<br />
cebollín<br />
cebollina<br />
cebollino<br />
cebollino francés<br />
cebollino inglés<br />
cebollita<br />
cebollo<br />
cecropia<br />
cedar apple<br />
cedar<br />
Cedar Island juniper<br />
cederilla<br />
cedrillo<br />
cedrillo majagua<br />
cedro<br />
cedro blanco<br />
cedro cimarrón<br />
cedro colorado<br />
cedro chino<br />
cedro de pantano<br />
cedro de Virginia<br />
cedro grande<br />
cedro limón<br />
cedro macho<br />
cedro negro<br />
cedro nogal<br />
cedro rojo de Virginia<br />
cedro-branco<br />
cedro-bravo<br />
cedro-canjerana<br />
cedro-canjerara<br />
cedro-mimosa<br />
cedrón<br />
cedrón de campo<br />
cedrón de monte<br />
cedrón limonera<br />
cedrorana<br />
Cedros island juniper<br />
cedro-vermelho<br />
ceiba<br />
ceiba de lana<br />
ceiba yuca<br />
ceibey<br />
ceibey cimarrón<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
ceibillo<br />
ceibo<br />
ceibo de agua<br />
ceibón<br />
celandine<br />
celeriac<br />
celery<br />
celery cabbage<br />
cemerea<br />
cemeruco<br />
cempasúchil<br />
cencapuspu<br />
cenícero<br />
ceñiglo<br />
ceniza<br />
cenízaro<br />
cenizo<br />
cenizo blanco<br />
cenoira<br />
cenoura<br />
cenoura-amarela<br />
cenoura-branca<br />
cenourinha<br />
centeio<br />
centeno<br />
Central American walnut<br />
century plant<br />
ceñiglo<br />
cera<br />
cera carnaúba<br />
cera de carnaúba<br />
cera vegetal<br />
cerafolio<br />
cerasee<br />
ceraso<br />
cercefi<br />
cerdo quelite<br />
cerecilla<br />
cerecilla<br />
cerefolho<br />
cerefolio<br />
cerefólio<br />
cerefólio-de-raíz<br />
cerefólio-tuberoso<br />
cereja<br />
cereja-brasileira<br />
cereja-da-Europa<br />
cereja-das-Antilhas<br />
cereja-dos-pássaros<br />
999
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
cereja-galega<br />
cereja-preta<br />
céreo<br />
cerero<br />
cereso<br />
cereto<br />
cereus cactus<br />
cereza<br />
cereza Americana<br />
cereza colorada<br />
cereza cuardrada<br />
cereza de Barbados<br />
cereza de Ceilán<br />
cereza de mono<br />
cereza de Suriname<br />
cereza del Brasil<br />
cereza del país<br />
cereza del Perú<br />
cereza dulce<br />
cerezo<br />
cerezo agrio<br />
cerezo amarillo<br />
cerezo caspi<br />
cerezo de Andes<br />
cerezo de Cayena<br />
cerezo de fraile<br />
cerezo de Gayana<br />
cerezo de los Andes<br />
cerezo de n<strong>at</strong>al<br />
cerezo de Río Grande<br />
cerezo de Virginia<br />
cerezo de Viriginia<br />
cerezo dulce<br />
cerezo mexicano<br />
cerezo negro silvestre<br />
cerezo tropical<br />
ceriba<br />
cericote<br />
cerieira<br />
cerillo<br />
ceriman<br />
cerimán<br />
cerimán de México<br />
cerito<br />
cero<br />
cerón<br />
cerote<br />
cerraja<br />
cerraja grande<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
cersefi<br />
ceru<br />
cerú<br />
cerudo<br />
cervejeira<br />
cestillo<br />
cetico<br />
cetsé<br />
cevada forrageira<br />
Ceylon citronella<br />
Ceylon elaeocarpus<br />
Ceylon gooseberry<br />
Ceylon olive<br />
Ceylon raspberry<br />
Ceylon spinach<br />
ciama<br />
ciamarón guarumo<br />
ciamba<br />
cibalene<br />
cica<br />
ciclamor<br />
cidra<br />
cidra cayote<br />
cidracayote<br />
cidrão<br />
cidrapapa<br />
cidr<strong>at</strong>ero<br />
cidr<strong>at</strong>o<br />
cidrayota<br />
cidreirinha<br />
cidrera<br />
cidrero<br />
cidrilha<br />
cedrina<br />
cidrilho<br />
cidro<br />
cidró<br />
cidrón<br />
cidronella<br />
cieneguillo<br />
ciergé pascal<br />
cigar bush<br />
ciguamo<br />
cila<br />
cilandro<br />
cilantrico<br />
cilantro<br />
cilantro de monte<br />
cilantrón<br />
1000
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
cimarron<br />
cimarrón<br />
cimarrona<br />
cina<br />
cina cina<br />
cinamillo<br />
cinamo<br />
cinamomo<br />
cínaro<br />
cinco dedos<br />
cinco negritos<br />
cinco negros<br />
cinco-llagas<br />
cinchona<br />
cinchona bark<br />
cinchweed<br />
Cindarella bean<br />
cinícero<br />
cinita del<strong>at</strong>illa<br />
cinnamon<br />
cinnamon bark<br />
cinnamon fern<br />
cinnamon vine<br />
cinnamon wood<br />
cinnamon yam<br />
cinquefoil<br />
cipó<br />
cipó-abuta<br />
cipó-caboclo<br />
cipó-castanha<br />
cipó-cruapé<br />
cipó-cururu<br />
cipó-d’agua<br />
cipó-de-agua<br />
cipó-de-aquecer-leite<br />
cipó-de-cobra<br />
cipó-de-Copacabana<br />
cipó-de-fogo<br />
cipó-de-imbé<br />
cipó-farinha-seca<br />
cipó-imbé<br />
cipó-malva<br />
cipó-puca<br />
cipó-timbó<br />
cipó-tingui<br />
ciprés<br />
ciprés rastrero<br />
cira<br />
cirial<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
ciricote<br />
cirigüela<br />
cirimbo<br />
cirpe hembra<br />
cirpe macho<br />
ciruela<br />
ciruela agria<br />
ciruela campechana<br />
ciruela de América<br />
ciruela de coyote<br />
ciruela de fraile<br />
ciruela de Madagascar<br />
ciruela de n<strong>at</strong>al<br />
ciruela del gobernador<br />
ciruela del Japón<br />
ciruela del monte<br />
ciruela del país<br />
ciruela dulce<br />
ciruela gobernadora<br />
ciruela japónica<br />
ciruela mexicana<br />
ciruela morada<br />
ciruela morreña<br />
ciruela Reina Claudia<br />
ciruela roja<br />
ciruela tronadora<br />
ciruela verde<br />
ciruela-de-fraile<br />
ciruela-de-la-China<br />
ciruelero<br />
ciruelo<br />
ciruelo amarillo<br />
ciruelo campechano<br />
ciruelo de fraile<br />
ciruelo de monte<br />
ciruelo de país<br />
ciruelo europeo<br />
ciruelo rojo<br />
ciruelo silvestre<br />
citabaro<br />
cítara<br />
citron<br />
citrón<br />
citronela<br />
citronela maior<br />
citronela-de-Java<br />
citronella<br />
citronella grass<br />
city goosefoot<br />
1001
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
ciuva<br />
civet bean<br />
civet fruit<br />
cizaña<br />
cjari-cjari<br />
clammy cherry<br />
clammy ground-cherry<br />
clammy weed<br />
clapweed<br />
clara agua<br />
claretcup cactus<br />
clariaba<br />
clarín<br />
clarol<br />
clasping twistedstalk<br />
clasping-leaved twisted-stalk<br />
claspleaf twistedstalk<br />
clavel<br />
clavel georgino<br />
clavellín blanco<br />
clavellina<br />
clavero<br />
clavito<br />
clavo<br />
clavo de especia<br />
cleavers<br />
clemón<br />
Cleveland blue sage<br />
Cleveland sage<br />
Cliffrose<br />
climbing bittersweet<br />
climbing cassia<br />
cloudberry<br />
clove<br />
clove currant<br />
clove root<br />
clover<br />
club whe<strong>at</strong><br />
clubfoot amaranth<br />
club-hair mariposa lily<br />
clubmoss<br />
cluster bean<br />
cluster hollygrape<br />
cluster mountain-mint<br />
cluster rose<br />
cluster yam<br />
coachalal<strong>at</strong>e<br />
coach-whip<br />
coajerucu<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
coajinguva<br />
coamec<strong>at</strong>l<br />
coanextle<br />
coari-bravo<br />
coarse-leaf thyme<br />
coasa<br />
coast barrel cactus<br />
coast gooseberry<br />
coast juniper<br />
coast live oak<br />
coast pricklypear<br />
coastal agave<br />
coastal century plant<br />
coastal pricklypear<br />
coastal red cedar<br />
co<strong>at</strong>illo<br />
co<strong>at</strong>l<br />
cobeni<br />
cobi-do-Pará<br />
cobió-do-Pará<br />
cobola<br />
coca<br />
coca coca<br />
coca huánuco<br />
coca sanango<br />
coca shrub<br />
cocacho<br />
cocaisle<br />
cocanilla<br />
cocão<br />
cock’s eggs<br />
cocklebur<br />
coco<br />
cocó<br />
coco baboso<br />
coco chileno<br />
coco da praia<br />
coco de c<strong>at</strong>arro<br />
coco de chile<br />
coco de mono<br />
coco de puerco<br />
coco grass<br />
coco hediondo<br />
coco macaque<br />
coco nain<br />
coco salero<br />
cocoa<br />
cocoa fingers<br />
coco-amargoso<br />
1002
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
coco-anaiá<br />
coco-anajá<br />
coco-azedinho<br />
coco-babão<br />
coco-baboso<br />
coco-bacaba<br />
cocoboloa<br />
coco-cabeçudo<br />
coco-c<strong>at</strong>olé<br />
coco-curuá<br />
coco-da-bahia<br />
coco-da-chapada<br />
coco-da-praia<br />
coco-de n<strong>at</strong>al<br />
coco-de-babaçu<br />
coco-de-Bahia<br />
coco-de-cachorro<br />
coco-de-campo<br />
coco-de-c<strong>at</strong>arro<br />
coco-de-dendê<br />
coco-de-espinho<br />
coco-de-Índia<br />
coco-de-macaco<br />
coco-de-n<strong>at</strong>al<br />
coco-dendê<br />
coco-de-sapo<br />
coco-de-ticum<br />
coco-de-tucum<br />
coco-de-tucumã<br />
côco-de-vassoura<br />
coco-guriri<br />
coco-inaj<br />
coco-indaiá<br />
coco-xodó<br />
cocoíte<br />
cocolmeca<br />
cocolobo<br />
cocombro<br />
cocona<br />
coco-najá<br />
coconilla<br />
coconilla colorada<br />
coconilla con espiñas<br />
coconut<br />
coconut palm<br />
cocoña<br />
coco-pindoba<br />
cocoplum<br />
côco-quaresma<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
cocora<br />
cocorite palm<br />
cocorito<br />
cocorro<br />
cocos rura<br />
coco-titara<br />
cocoyam<br />
cocoyán<br />
cocté<br />
coctel de maca<br />
cocú<br />
cocuá<br />
cocura<br />
cocurito<br />
cochineal<br />
cochineal cactus<br />
cochineal plant<br />
cochineal prickly pear<br />
cochino<br />
cochopi<br />
coén<br />
coentro<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee senna<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee weed<br />
cogollo de itabo<br />
cogollo de izote<br />
cogorda<br />
cohén<br />
cohetillo<br />
cohombro<br />
cohombro de olor<br />
cohombros<br />
cohu<strong>at</strong>li<br />
cohume<br />
cohune<br />
cohune nut<br />
cohune palm<br />
coime<br />
coimi<br />
coió-rosa<br />
coite<br />
coité-de-macaco<br />
coix lacryma-jobi<br />
cojombro<br />
cojón<br />
cojón de mico<br />
cojón de venado<br />
cojón de verraco<br />
1003
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
col<br />
col China<br />
col de Bruselas<br />
col de China<br />
col de montaña<br />
col de monte<br />
col del monte<br />
cola<br />
cola de caballo<br />
cola de marrano<br />
cola de r<strong>at</strong>a<br />
cola nut<br />
cola-africana<br />
colación<br />
cola-de-balayi<br />
cola-de-cavalo<br />
coladera<br />
colaeira<br />
cola-medicinal<br />
col<strong>at</strong>eira<br />
col<strong>at</strong>ero<br />
cola-vera<br />
colca<br />
colcomeca<br />
colchón de pobre<br />
coleira<br />
colentro<br />
cóleo<br />
coleus<br />
colic mint<br />
colicero<br />
coliflor<br />
colinabo<br />
coloc<br />
colocasia<br />
colocmaax<br />
Colombia lily<br />
Colombian berry<br />
Colombian blueberry<br />
Colombian coca<br />
Colombian giant blackberry<br />
Colombian mahogany<br />
Colombian walnut<br />
colonião<br />
coloradillo<br />
coloradillo blanco<br />
Colorado juniper<br />
Colorado piñon<br />
Colorado red cedar<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
Colorado wild pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
colorau<br />
colorín<br />
coltsfoot<br />
Columbia manzanita<br />
colza<br />
collard<br />
collard greens<br />
colleja<br />
coma<br />
coma resinera<br />
comandra<br />
comarim<br />
comas<br />
com<strong>at</strong>icaro<br />
comba<br />
comé<br />
come mano<br />
come mono<br />
cometure<br />
comfortroot<br />
comfrey<br />
comida de culebra<br />
comida de danto<br />
comida de víboras<br />
cominho<br />
comino<br />
comino común<br />
comino del prado<br />
comiti<br />
commelina<br />
common apple<br />
common arrowhead<br />
common balm<br />
common banana<br />
common barberry<br />
common bean<br />
common beet<br />
common blue violet<br />
common breadroot<br />
common burdock<br />
common cabbage<br />
common caperbush<br />
common carrot<br />
common century plant<br />
common c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
common colubrina<br />
common cow parsnip<br />
common chokecherry<br />
1004
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
common dandelion<br />
common dayflower<br />
common elder<br />
common evening primrose<br />
common fennel<br />
common fig<br />
common garden cress<br />
common gardenia<br />
common greenbrier<br />
common gromwell<br />
common guava<br />
common hackberry<br />
common heronbill<br />
common honey-locust<br />
common hop<br />
common hop tree<br />
common ivory palm<br />
common jujube<br />
common juniper<br />
common kale<br />
common lambsquarters<br />
common lantana<br />
common large monkeyflower<br />
common lespedeza<br />
common licorice<br />
common mallow<br />
common marigold<br />
common milkweed<br />
common millet<br />
common mint<br />
common monkeyflower<br />
common mulberry<br />
common nettle<br />
common nightshade<br />
common orange daylily<br />
common pawpaw<br />
common pea<br />
common plantain<br />
common poppy<br />
common prickly pear<br />
common pumpkin<br />
common purslane<br />
common reed<br />
common rice<br />
common rue<br />
common sage<br />
common screw pine<br />
common sesban<br />
common sorrel<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
common sotol<br />
common sp<strong>at</strong>terdock<br />
common spinach<br />
common sunflower<br />
common tea<br />
common thistle<br />
common tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
common tule<br />
common vetch<br />
common violet<br />
common w<strong>at</strong>er cress<br />
common wax myrtle<br />
common whe<strong>at</strong><br />
common winterberry<br />
common yellow monkeyflower<br />
common yellow oxalis<br />
common yucca<br />
comnuchtan<br />
comoruco<br />
compass plant<br />
compties<br />
comqu<strong>at</strong><br />
comrade de vaquero<br />
común-uchú<br />
conacaste<br />
conch apple<br />
conch nut<br />
conchillo<br />
condalia<br />
condessa<br />
cone pepper<br />
coneles<br />
confeder<strong>at</strong>e vine<br />
confite<br />
confitura<br />
confiturilla<br />
confrei<br />
confrey<br />
congama<br />
congeraman<br />
cóngora<br />
conguera-man<br />
conguerán<br />
congo<br />
congo amarillo<br />
Congo bean<br />
Congo c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
Congo goober<br />
Congo pea<br />
1005
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
congo pump<br />
congonha<br />
congonhinha<br />
conguito<br />
conibare<br />
conivari<br />
conizina-do-Canadá<br />
conjira<br />
conoco<br />
consá<br />
conserva<br />
consolda-do-cáucaso<br />
consólida<br />
consólida-maior<br />
consuelda<br />
consuelda menor<br />
contaca<br />
contaruro<br />
conte<br />
contis<br />
contracapetano<br />
coñapi<br />
coolie plum<br />
coolie tamarind<br />
coontie<br />
coontie fern<br />
copa<br />
copa de oro<br />
copá prieta<br />
copaiba<br />
copaíba<br />
copaíba-branca<br />
copaíba-jutaí<br />
copaíba-verdadeira<br />
copal<br />
copal blanco<br />
copal caraño<br />
copal tree<br />
copalchí<br />
copalhuallo<br />
copalillo<br />
copalme<br />
copao<br />
copayero<br />
copiba<br />
copihue<br />
copinol<br />
cópite<br />
cópite trampillo<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
copoasu<br />
copoazú<br />
copo-azú<br />
cópte<br />
copuasú<br />
copuda<br />
coqueiro-amargoso<br />
coqueiro-cabeçudo<br />
coqueiro-c<strong>at</strong>olé<br />
coqueiro-dicori<br />
coqueiro-do-campo<br />
coqueiro-guariroba<br />
coqueiro-javari<br />
coqueiro-y<strong>at</strong>ay<br />
coquí<br />
coquilla<br />
coquilla nut<br />
coquillo<br />
coquinillo<br />
coquino<br />
coquirana<br />
coquirana-braba<br />
coquirana-braba-grande<br />
coquirana-brava<br />
coquirana-da-ca<strong>at</strong>inga<br />
coquirana-de-pelo<br />
coquirana-do-igapó<br />
coquirana-do-igapó<br />
coquirana-dorada<br />
coquirana-folha-grande<br />
coquirana-gogo<br />
coquirana-mollenita<br />
coquirana-verde<br />
coquirana-visguenta<br />
coquito<br />
coquito de aceite<br />
coquito de colima<br />
coquito del Brasil<br />
coquito palmiche<br />
coração-de-boi<br />
coração-de-negro<br />
coraçao-de-rainha<br />
coração-tinto<br />
coraila<br />
coral<br />
coral ardisia<br />
coral bean<br />
coral berry<br />
coral bush<br />
1006
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
coral pea<br />
coral plant<br />
coral tree<br />
coral vine<br />
coralilla<br />
coralillo<br />
coralita<br />
coralito<br />
corama<br />
corazón<br />
corazón cimarrón<br />
corazón de buey<br />
corazón de Jesús<br />
corazoncillo<br />
corcomeca<br />
corcha<br />
cordia<br />
cordillero<br />
cordoncillo<br />
coreo<br />
cori<br />
coriander<br />
coriandro<br />
corita<br />
corkwing<br />
corky-stemmed passionflower<br />
cormi<br />
cormiñón<br />
corn<br />
corn hair<br />
corn lily<br />
corn marigold<br />
corn salad<br />
corn silk<br />
corn smut<br />
corn spurry<br />
corndaisy<br />
corneíba<br />
corneta amarilla<br />
cornfield pea<br />
cornichão-antilhano<br />
cornijuelo<br />
cornillo<br />
cornizuelo<br />
cornmint<br />
coró<br />
coroá<br />
coro<strong>at</strong>á<br />
coro<strong>at</strong>á-açu<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
coroba<br />
corobore<br />
coroboré<br />
corocillo<br />
corocito<br />
corocho<br />
coró-de-Pernambuco<br />
corojo<br />
corojo palm<br />
corombolo<br />
corona de cristo<br />
corona de novia<br />
coronilla<br />
coronillo<br />
corosse<br />
corossol<br />
corotu<br />
corozillo<br />
corozo<br />
corozo criollo<br />
corozo de agüita<br />
corpus espina<br />
corregüela hembra<br />
cortex<br />
corteza<br />
cortica<br />
cortica-de-comer<br />
corturapi<br />
coruba<br />
coruja<br />
corunto<br />
cosá<br />
cosaguite<br />
cossack asparagus<br />
Costa Rican guava<br />
Costa Rican mint bush<br />
Costa Rican nightshade<br />
costela-de-adão<br />
costilla de Adan<br />
costilla de vaca<br />
costrona fina<br />
cota<br />
coto<br />
coto huayo<br />
coto quinilla<br />
coto shimbillo<br />
cotoiba<br />
cotopalo<br />
cotoperís<br />
1007
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
cotopriz<br />
cotorrelillo<br />
cotton<br />
cotton tree<br />
cottonball<br />
cottonwood<br />
cotufa<br />
cotupli<br />
cotyo<br />
cou<strong>at</strong>a beauly<br />
coubari<br />
couch grass<br />
cough root<br />
Coulter pine<br />
couma<br />
coumarona punct<strong>at</strong>a<br />
coumarou<br />
country borage<br />
courbaril<br />
courgettes<br />
courouitaballi<br />
cous root<br />
couve<br />
couve-brócolo<br />
couve-crespa<br />
couve-China<br />
couve-chinesa<br />
couve-da-China<br />
couve-de-Bruxelas<br />
couve-de-cerca<br />
couve-de-folhas<br />
couve-flor<br />
couve-manteiga<br />
couve-nabo<br />
couve-palmito<br />
couve-rábano<br />
couve-repolhuda<br />
cow clover<br />
cow cress<br />
cow itch<br />
cow lily<br />
cow parsley<br />
cow parsnip<br />
cow tamarind<br />
cow tongue<br />
cow tree<br />
cow’s tongue<br />
cowadewe<br />
cowage velvetbean<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
cowasi<br />
cowbell<br />
cowberry<br />
cowbush<br />
cowflock<br />
cow-itch cherry<br />
cowpea<br />
cows clover<br />
cowslip<br />
coyo<br />
coyó<br />
coyo avocado<br />
coyocte<br />
coyol<br />
coyol espinoso<br />
coyol real<br />
coyoli palm<br />
coyolillo<br />
coyolito<br />
coyolxóchitl<br />
coyore<br />
coyote gourd<br />
coyote tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
coyotillo<br />
coyotom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
coyul<br />
coyur<br />
coyure palm<br />
cozoiba<br />
cozoiba negra<br />
cozoiba picuda<br />
cozoiba rebalsera<br />
crab apple<br />
crab grass<br />
crab’s-eye<br />
craboo<br />
crabwood<br />
cracilla<br />
cramp bark<br />
crampbark<br />
cranberry<br />
cranberry bean<br />
cranberry bush<br />
cranberry tree<br />
cranberry viburnum<br />
crape myrtle<br />
crapoo<br />
cr<strong>at</strong>egus<br />
craveiro-da-terra<br />
1008
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
craveiro-do-Maranhão<br />
craveiro-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
cravinho<br />
cravinho-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
cravo<br />
cravo-da-Índia<br />
cravo-de-defunto<br />
cream nut<br />
cream-<strong>of</strong>-tartar tree<br />
creeper<br />
creeping amaranth<br />
creeping blueberry<br />
creeping cucumber<br />
creeping devil<br />
creeping false holly<br />
creeping juniper<br />
creeping lady’s wood-sorrel<br />
creeping Oregon grape<br />
creeping oxalis<br />
creeping raspberry<br />
creeping snowberry<br />
creeping spotflower<br />
creeping winter savory<br />
creeping woods<br />
creeping wood-sorrel<br />
crementilla<br />
cremón<br />
creoli<br />
cres de Pará<br />
crescencia<br />
creson<br />
crespa<br />
crespo caspi<br />
cress<br />
cresta de gallo<br />
crested c<strong>at</strong>’s-tail<br />
crested hair-grass<br />
crestona<br />
crimson bramble<br />
crinkleroot<br />
crisântemo<br />
crista-de-galo<br />
crista-de-Peru<br />
cristobal<br />
criuri<br />
criviri<br />
croá<br />
cro<strong>at</strong>a<br />
crocus<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
crookneck<br />
crookneck squash<br />
cross vine<br />
crotalaria<br />
crotalária<br />
croton<br />
crotón<br />
crow garlic<br />
crowberry<br />
crowders<br />
crown daisy<br />
crown-<strong>of</strong>-thorns<br />
crozier queen sago<br />
cruape-vermelho<br />
crucecilla<br />
crucecilla de la costa<br />
crucecita<br />
cruceto<br />
crucillo<br />
crucito<br />
cruili<br />
cruseta<br />
cruzeta<br />
crystal tea<br />
crystal tea ledum<br />
cuacamote<br />
cuacha<br />
cuachalalá<br />
cuachalal<strong>at</strong>e<br />
cuachalal<strong>at</strong>l<br />
cuachilote<br />
cuachinalá<br />
cuachipil<br />
cuadrado<br />
cuahupinoli<br />
cuajachote<br />
cuajawi<br />
cuajilote<br />
cuajinicuil<br />
cuajiniquil<br />
cuajo<br />
cuajo de tierra firme<br />
cuajo morichalero<br />
cuajo negro<br />
cualadulce<br />
cuambu<br />
cuamec<strong>at</strong>e<br />
cuamuche<br />
cuamuchil<br />
1009
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
cuamuchitl<br />
cuangare<br />
cuángare<br />
cuangaré<br />
cuapile<br />
cuapinol<br />
cuapinoli<br />
cuartololote<br />
cuassia<br />
cuaste<br />
cu<strong>at</strong>e<br />
cu<strong>at</strong>e blanco<br />
cu<strong>at</strong>e macho<br />
cu<strong>at</strong>le<br />
cu<strong>at</strong>r<strong>of</strong>ilos<br />
cuauchalalá<br />
cuauhiyautli<br />
cuaumec<strong>at</strong>e<br />
cuaxinguba<br />
cuayote<br />
cubá<br />
Cuba jute<br />
cubace<br />
Cuban oregano<br />
Cuban pink tabebuia tree<br />
Cuban pumpkin<br />
Cuban purple woodsorrel<br />
Cuban royal palm<br />
Cuban spinach<br />
cubanelle<br />
cubarro<br />
cube<br />
cubé<br />
cube barbasco<br />
cube de almidón<br />
cuberu<br />
cubii<br />
cubio<br />
cubios<br />
cúbios<br />
cubiu<br />
cubíu<br />
cuca<br />
cucarda<br />
cucarda caspi<br />
cuckoo flower<br />
cuckoo plant<br />
cucubano<br />
cucui<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
cuculmeca<br />
cucumber<br />
cucumber tree<br />
cucumber-root<br />
cucura<br />
cucurbita<br />
cucure<br />
cucurita palm<br />
cucurito<br />
cucutiribá-folha-peluda<br />
cucuva<br />
cuchamper<br />
cuchara<br />
cuchara caspi<br />
cucheme<br />
cucharilla<br />
cuchi-quinoa<br />
cuchi-ula<br />
cuchuña<br />
cuchuva<br />
cudidi<br />
cudweed<br />
cudzú<br />
cudzú criollo<br />
cuenta de agua<br />
cuernavaca<br />
cuernitos<br />
cuerno de oro<br />
cuerno de toro<br />
cuguazo<br />
cu-hó<br />
cuhuniquil<br />
cuia<br />
cuia-pequenha-do-igapó<br />
cuíba<br />
cuiera<br />
cuiete<br />
cuilde blanco<br />
cuimasao<br />
cuimi<br />
cuio<br />
cuipo<br />
cuiritze<br />
cuite<br />
cuiteseira<br />
cuitlacoche<br />
cuje<br />
cujete<br />
cují Carora<br />
1010
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
cují negro<br />
cují yaque<br />
cujicabro<br />
cujín<br />
cujinicuil<br />
culandro<br />
culantrillo de monte<br />
culantro<br />
culantro coyote<br />
culantro de montaña<br />
culantro de monte<br />
culantro del país<br />
culebra<br />
culuju<br />
culupa<br />
cullen mint<br />
cumã<br />
cumã-açu<br />
cumaca<br />
cumaí<br />
cumala<br />
cumala amarilla<br />
cumala blanca<br />
cumala colorada<br />
cumala negra<br />
cumala rosada<br />
cumalilla gigante<br />
cumalilla rosada<br />
cumandá<br />
cumandá-ab<strong>at</strong>ity<br />
cumandá-ibiraí<br />
cumand<strong>at</strong>iá<br />
cumandá-tupí<br />
cumandi<strong>at</strong>a<br />
cumani tupi<br />
cumar<br />
cumara<br />
cumare<br />
cumari<br />
cumari-do-Pará<br />
cumarim<br />
cumaru<br />
cumarú<br />
cumaru-ape<br />
cumaru-de-ferro<br />
cumaru-ferro<br />
cumaru-roxa<br />
cumaru-verdadeiro<br />
Cumberland false rosemary<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
Cumberland rosemary<br />
Cumberland snow<br />
Cumberland snow conradina<br />
cumbixaba<br />
cumin<br />
cumín<br />
cumino<br />
cumqu<strong>at</strong><br />
cunchaya<br />
cundeamor<br />
cundiamor<br />
curtain vine<br />
cha<br />
chá<br />
chaaú<br />
chaay k’uum<br />
chaay pach<br />
chaaya<br />
chabacano<br />
chabano<br />
chá-bravo<br />
chaca<br />
chacah<br />
chacalema<br />
chacam<br />
chácara<br />
chacarrá<br />
chac<strong>at</strong>ca<br />
chac<strong>at</strong>ía<br />
chachaca<br />
chacloc<br />
chaco<br />
chacopte<br />
chacoub<br />
chacrona<br />
chacruna<br />
chacumo<br />
chachaas<br />
chachaca<br />
chachafruto<br />
chachalaca<br />
chachalhaas<br />
chachapoyas<br />
chá-da-América<br />
chá-da-Índia<br />
chá-da-terra<br />
chá-de-bugre<br />
chá-de-estrada<br />
chá-de-França<br />
1011
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
chá-de-Marajó<br />
chá-de-m<strong>at</strong>e<br />
chá-do-Brasil<br />
chá-dos-apalaches<br />
chafruto<br />
chaga-de-são-sebastião<br />
chagas cresson du perou<br />
chagas-de-Jesus<br />
chago<br />
chagos<br />
chagual<br />
chagualillo<br />
chagualo<br />
chaguar<br />
chaguaramo<br />
chaguarí<br />
chagueira<br />
chahuar<br />
chain-link cactus<br />
chá-japonês<br />
chak k’ kopté<br />
chak’opté<br />
chakaj<br />
chak-mol-che<br />
chala-chala<br />
chalahuite<br />
chalahuite silvestre<br />
chalal<strong>at</strong>e<br />
chalar<br />
chal-chal<br />
chaldiande pelado<br />
chale-chale<br />
chalip<br />
chalk lettuce<br />
challu<br />
chalote<br />
chalta<br />
chalte<br />
chalviande<br />
chamacch<br />
chamach<br />
chamairo<br />
chamal<br />
chamalo<br />
chamaluco<br />
chamana<br />
chambira<br />
chambirá<br />
chambirilla<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
chamborote<br />
chamburo<br />
chamburro<br />
chamburu<br />
chami papa<br />
chamiso<br />
chamiza<br />
chamizo<br />
chamizo colorado<br />
chamol<br />
chamomile<br />
champa huayo<br />
champignon<br />
champignon gigante<br />
champiñón de París<br />
chan<br />
chán<br />
chana<br />
chanal<br />
chanana<br />
chanchák<br />
chanchama<br />
chanchillo<br />
changuange sabanero<br />
changuango de monte<br />
changuarica<br />
changugo<br />
changunga<br />
chantlaco<br />
chañar<br />
chapalote<br />
chaparo manteco<br />
chaparral<br />
chaparral berry<br />
chaparral sage<br />
chaparral yucca<br />
chaparrera<br />
chaparrillo<br />
chaparro changogo<br />
chaparro de chinche<br />
chaparro manteca<br />
chaparrón<br />
chapéu<br />
chapéu-de-frade<br />
chapil<br />
chapile<br />
chapote<br />
chá-preto<br />
chapulí<br />
1012
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
chapulixctli<br />
chapulixtle<br />
chaqualo<br />
chaquilla<br />
chaquillon<br />
charachuela<br />
charahuesca<br />
charamazca<br />
charan pilli<br />
charapilla del murciélago<br />
charapillo<br />
chard<br />
charichuela<br />
charichuelo<br />
charichuelo de hoja menuda<br />
charlock<br />
charneca<br />
charo<br />
charo colorado<br />
charo macho<br />
charo peludo<br />
chascacay<br />
chascara<br />
chascaraza<br />
chaste tree<br />
ch<strong>at</strong>é<br />
ch<strong>at</strong>o<br />
chaucha<br />
chaucha turca<br />
chauchau<br />
chavacano<br />
chavarquero<br />
chaya<br />
chaya silvestre<br />
chayamansa<br />
chay<strong>at</strong>o<br />
chayota<br />
chayote<br />
chayotero<br />
chayotillo<br />
chayotli<br />
che che ra<br />
checker-barked cedar<br />
checkerberry<br />
checo<br />
cheena’<br />
cheese pumpkin<br />
cheese rennet<br />
cheese shrub<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
cheese weed<br />
cheese-and-bread<br />
cheeseberry<br />
cheeseplant<br />
cheeses<br />
chencua<br />
chenet<br />
chenga<br />
chengua<br />
chenopodium<br />
chepil<br />
chepilín<br />
cherimalla<br />
cherimola<br />
cherimolia<br />
cherimólia<br />
cherimoya<br />
cherimoya del monte<br />
cherimoyales<br />
cherimoya-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-lowlands<br />
cherimoyer<br />
cherivia<br />
Cherokee bean<br />
Cherokee mint<br />
cherry<br />
cherry bean<br />
cherry elaeagnus<br />
cherry guava<br />
cherry laurel<br />
cherry palm<br />
cherry pepper<br />
cherry plum<br />
cherry tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
cherry-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-Rio-Grande<br />
cherrystone juniper<br />
cheru<br />
cherú<br />
cherva<br />
chervil<br />
chervo<br />
cheshteya<br />
chestnut<br />
chestnut dioon<br />
chew stick<br />
chi<br />
chi’na<br />
chia<br />
chía<br />
chía blanco<br />
1013
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
chía de castilla<br />
chía de colima<br />
chía gorda<br />
chía grande<br />
chía roja<br />
chia sage<br />
chian<br />
chiank<br />
chiapas<br />
chiape<br />
chibe-chibe<br />
chiberre<br />
chibichibe<br />
chibu<br />
chibugá<br />
chica<br />
chi-cab<br />
chicab té<br />
chica-chica<br />
chicala<br />
chícama<br />
chicaquil<br />
chicaro<br />
chícaro<br />
chícaro de árbol<br />
chícaro de cumaná<br />
chicaros<br />
chicasaw lima<br />
chiccory<br />
chicchipa<br />
chickasaw lima<br />
chickasaw pea<br />
chickasaw plum<br />
chicken grape<br />
chickling pea<br />
chickling vetch<br />
chickling vetchling<br />
chickpea<br />
chickweed<br />
chiclayo<br />
chiclayo verdura<br />
chicle<br />
chicle bravo<br />
chicle de capure<br />
chicle faisán<br />
chicle huayo<br />
chicle sapote<br />
chicle tree<br />
chicmu<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
chico<br />
chico humo<br />
chico mamey<br />
chico-magro<br />
chicombó<br />
chicoria<br />
chicória<br />
chicória-amarga<br />
chicória-brava<br />
chicória-selvagem<br />
chicory<br />
chicosapote<br />
chicozapote<br />
chicyorah<br />
chicha<br />
chichá<br />
chichaguai<br />
chichagui<br />
chichapí<br />
chícharo<br />
chícharo de árbol<br />
chícharo de cumaná<br />
chícharo de paloma<br />
chícharo de vaca<br />
chicharrón<br />
chicharros<br />
chichaso<br />
chichawac<br />
chichibe<br />
chichiboa<br />
chichicastle<br />
chichicayote<br />
chichimbina<br />
chichinguaste<br />
chichipe<br />
chichipince<br />
chichira<br />
chichita<br />
chichituna<br />
chichón<br />
chichuasca<br />
chidra<br />
chiena’<br />
chifre-de-veado<br />
chiganet<br />
chigger flower<br />
chiggery grapes<br />
chigo<br />
chigua<br />
1014
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
chigüichigüe<br />
chihli<br />
chihua<br />
chihuahua<br />
Chihuahuan devil’s claw<br />
Chihualcán<br />
chii’na<br />
chijchi<br />
chiju<br />
chijura<br />
chikana<br />
chike<br />
chiko<br />
chiku<br />
chil piquin<br />
chila<br />
chila blanca<br />
chilacayote<br />
chilacayotl<br />
chilam<strong>at</strong>e<br />
childa<br />
chile<br />
chile amarillo<br />
chile caballo<br />
chile canario<br />
chile congo<br />
chile chiltepe<br />
chile chiltepín<br />
chile chocol<strong>at</strong>e<br />
chile de agua<br />
chile de árbol<br />
chile de iguana<br />
chile de relleno<br />
chile de zope<br />
chile dulce<br />
chile juipín<br />
chile jutiapa<br />
chile largo<br />
chile ll<strong>at</strong>a<br />
chile manzano<br />
chile max<br />
chile montero<br />
chile morrón<br />
Chile nut<br />
chile para rellenar<br />
chile parado<br />
chile pepe<br />
chile perón<br />
Chile pine<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
chile piquín<br />
chile piquín grande<br />
chile poblano<br />
chile pulga<br />
Chilean algarrobo<br />
Chilean bellflower<br />
Chilean guava<br />
Chilean hazel<br />
Chilean laurel<br />
Chilean mayten tree<br />
Chilean mesquite<br />
Chilean myrtle<br />
Chilean pepper tree<br />
Chilean puya<br />
Chilean w<strong>at</strong>er cress<br />
Chilean wine palm<br />
chilemot<strong>at</strong>e<br />
chilepete<br />
chiles rellenos<br />
chilhuacán<br />
chili coyote<br />
chili fruta<br />
chili piquín<br />
chili plum<br />
chilicote<br />
chilillo<br />
chilillo verde<br />
chilipiquín<br />
chilipuca<br />
chilipuca montés<br />
chilmec<strong>at</strong>e<br />
chiloe strawberry<br />
chilonche<br />
chilpaya<br />
chilpepe<br />
chilpiquín<br />
chiltecpin<br />
chiltepec<br />
chiltepillo<br />
chiltepín<br />
chilto<br />
chiltomo<br />
chilú<br />
chillangua<br />
chillipiquin<br />
chima<br />
chimal-ma-u<br />
chimalte<br />
chimbo<br />
1015
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
chimbolito<br />
chimbolo verde<br />
chimbombo<br />
chimi<br />
chiminango<br />
chimiqua<br />
china<br />
China brier<br />
China grass<br />
China laurel<br />
China root<br />
China rose<br />
China wood-oil<br />
chinaberry<br />
chinam<strong>at</strong>o<br />
chinapopo<br />
chinchayote<br />
chinchi-huaika<br />
chinchila<br />
chinchimali<br />
chinchimali<br />
chinchín<br />
chinchín de zope<br />
chinchinkias<br />
chinchi-uchú<br />
chinchucho<br />
chinchweed<br />
chinene<br />
Chinese amaranth<br />
Chinese anis<br />
Chinese apple<br />
Chinese banana<br />
Chinese box<br />
Chinese bush fruit<br />
Chinese cabbage<br />
Chinese cress<br />
Chinese chestnut<br />
Chinese d<strong>at</strong>e<br />
Chinese d<strong>at</strong>e plum<br />
Chinese eddo<br />
Chinese gooseberry<br />
Chinese guava<br />
Chinese h<strong>at</strong><br />
Chinese hibiscus<br />
Chinese jubjub<br />
Chinese laurel<br />
Chinese lotus<br />
Chinese okra<br />
Chinese parsley<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
Chinese persimmon<br />
Chinese pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
Chinese preserving melon<br />
Chinese radish<br />
Chinese red bean<br />
Chinese spinach<br />
Chinese strawberry guava<br />
Chinese taro<br />
Chinese tayer<br />
Chinese tea<br />
Chinese tung-oil<br />
Chinese w<strong>at</strong>er chestnut<br />
Chinese winter melon<br />
Chinese yam<br />
chingonga<br />
chininango<br />
chinini<br />
chinita-limón de Jerusalén<br />
chinkapin<br />
chinkapin oak<br />
chinkias<br />
chino<br />
chino azul<br />
chinoclo<br />
chinola<br />
Chinook-licorice<br />
chinquapin<br />
chinquapin oak<br />
chinta<br />
chios<br />
chios mastic<br />
chiotilla<br />
chipara<br />
chipare<br />
chiparo<br />
chipero<br />
chípero<br />
chipia<br />
chipilín<br />
chipilín de caballo<br />
chipilín de venado<br />
chipilín de zope<br />
chipilín montés<br />
chique de tagua<br />
chiquechique<br />
chiquichique<br />
chiquichiqui<br />
chiquihuite<br />
chirapa sacha<br />
1016
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
chirca<br />
chirca de monte<br />
chirel<br />
chiriguana<br />
chirigu<strong>at</strong>a<br />
chirimoillo<br />
chirimolla<br />
chirimolle<br />
chirimorriñón<br />
chirimote<br />
chirimoya<br />
chirimoya brasileña<br />
chirimoya del monte<br />
chirimoya roja<br />
chirimoyo<br />
chirimoyo del Perú<br />
chirin yó<br />
chirinumi<br />
chirinyó ipipin<br />
chirivá<br />
chirivía<br />
chiriya tetacho<br />
chirraca<br />
chirriador<br />
chirrinchao<br />
chirrivaca<br />
chisco de monte<br />
chisgua<br />
chisiqui<br />
chisqua<br />
chisqui<br />
chissô<br />
chiste<br />
chit<br />
chit<strong>at</strong>o<br />
chit<strong>at</strong>ó<br />
chith<br />
chitoto<br />
chitzu<br />
chiv<strong>at</strong>o<br />
chivé<br />
chiverre<br />
chives<br />
chivo<br />
choclero<br />
Choco tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
chocoijoyó<br />
chocol<strong>at</strong>e<br />
chocol<strong>at</strong>e flower<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
chocol<strong>at</strong>e pudding fruit<br />
chocol<strong>at</strong>e root<br />
chocol<strong>at</strong>e tree<br />
chocol<strong>at</strong>era<br />
chocol<strong>at</strong>illo<br />
chocol<strong>at</strong>illo negro<br />
chocollo<br />
chocomico<br />
chocón<br />
choch<br />
chochito<br />
chocho<br />
chochogo<br />
chochos<br />
choclo<br />
chogro<br />
chohobba<br />
choi sum<br />
choiba<br />
choibá<br />
choiva<br />
chokecherry<br />
choko<br />
choky apple<br />
cholo<br />
choloque<br />
cholla<br />
chomborote<br />
choncho<br />
chonete<br />
chonque<br />
chonta<br />
chonta cade<br />
chonta de comer<br />
chonta quiro<br />
chontaduro<br />
chontaruro<br />
chontaruru<br />
chontilla<br />
chontillo<br />
chop suey greens<br />
chopé<br />
choque<br />
choque-pitu<br />
chorão<br />
choreque<br />
choreque blanco<br />
chorota<br />
chorote<br />
1017
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
chorreque<br />
chorro<br />
chote<br />
chou<br />
chou grass<br />
choupo-branco<br />
chow roi bhajee<br />
chow-chow<br />
choyllo-choyllo<br />
choyomostle<br />
choyotestle<br />
Christ’s thorn<br />
Christmas berry<br />
Christmas cassia<br />
Christmas senna<br />
Christmas tree<br />
christophine<br />
chrysan<strong>the</strong>mum<br />
chubaroki<br />
chucña<br />
chucte<br />
chucula caspi<br />
chucum blanco<br />
chuchao<br />
chuchu<br />
chuchu caxixe<br />
chuchus<br />
chuchus muti<br />
chuchute<br />
chuete<br />
chufa<br />
chufa oil<br />
chufle<br />
chugua<br />
chuguas<br />
chukil<br />
chulco<br />
chulu<br />
chulul<br />
chulupa<br />
chulupo<br />
chullachaqui<br />
ch’um<br />
chumbe<br />
chumbera<br />
chumbimbo<br />
chumbinho<br />
chumbinho opaco<br />
chumbo<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
chuncu-chuncu<br />
chuncho<br />
chunchu khisa<br />
chunga<br />
chuno de concepción<br />
chunta<br />
chuño<br />
chupa<br />
chupa-chupa<br />
chupaya<br />
chupo<br />
chupo membrillo<br />
chupo sacha<br />
chupo sacha del monte<br />
chupón<br />
chupón colorado<br />
chupón chicle<br />
chupón negro<br />
chupón risa<br />
chupón torito<br />
chupones<br />
chura-c<strong>at</strong>oco<br />
churchyard blossum<br />
churdón<br />
chureca<br />
churimito<br />
churimo<br />
churu<br />
churú<br />
chururo<br />
chutney<br />
chuvi<br />
chuwa<br />
cunqu<strong>at</strong>e<br />
cunshi ishanga<br />
cup plant<br />
cupa sacha<br />
cupaba<br />
cupana<br />
cupandra<br />
cupania<br />
cupão<br />
cupapayo<br />
cupape<br />
cupapé<br />
cupia<br />
cupilla<br />
cupís<br />
cupiúba<br />
1018
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
cupu<br />
cupuaçu<br />
cupu-açu<br />
cupuaçu-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
cupuaçu-verdadeiro<br />
cupuaçuzeiro<br />
cupuaí<br />
cupuassu<br />
cupuasú<br />
cupuí<br />
cupul<strong>at</strong>e<br />
cupurana<br />
cupurillo<br />
cuquí<br />
cuquirana<br />
cura<br />
curaba<br />
Curaçao aloe<br />
curaré abutua<br />
curarina<br />
curassol<br />
curauá<br />
cúrbana<br />
curbaril<br />
curcas<br />
curcuma<br />
cúrcuma<br />
curí carora<br />
curí yaque<br />
curibitso<br />
curihjau<br />
curiola<br />
curiola-rasteria<br />
curiti<br />
curled dock<br />
curled lettuce<br />
curlew berry<br />
curly dock<br />
currañé<br />
currant<br />
currant cactus<br />
currant tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
currant tree<br />
currant-<strong>of</strong>-Texas<br />
curraré<br />
curro<br />
curry<br />
curry leaf<br />
curuá<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
curuapé<br />
curuá-rana<br />
curuba<br />
curuba antioqueana<br />
curuba de castilla<br />
curuba de índio<br />
curuba sabanero blanco<br />
curucú<br />
curucumín<br />
curucumis<br />
curucumin<br />
curuguá<br />
curujujul<br />
curumi<br />
curupira<br />
cururu<br />
cururu-apé<br />
cururureçá<br />
curutú<br />
cusabi<br />
cuscus<br />
cushaw<br />
cush-cush yam<br />
cushín<br />
cushion cactus<br />
cushion pink<br />
cushipe<br />
cushpe<br />
cusi<br />
Cusick’s serviceberry<br />
cusp clover<br />
cuspa<br />
cuspare<br />
cusqueño<br />
custard apple<br />
cutabaro<br />
cut-and-come-again yam<br />
cutiriba-amarelo<br />
cutite<br />
cutite branco<br />
cutite grande<br />
cutité-tiribá<br />
cutiti-açu<br />
cutitiribá<br />
cutitiribá-amarelo<br />
cutitiribá-grande<br />
cutitiribá-peludo<br />
cutitiribá-rana<br />
cutitite<br />
1019
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
cutlass bush<br />
cutleaf cyclan<strong>the</strong>ra<br />
cutleaf ground cherry<br />
cut-leaved blackberry<br />
cutuco<br />
cuxá<br />
cuyabra<br />
cuyaco<br />
cuyotom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
cuyuri<br />
cuzqueño<br />
cyclan<strong>the</strong>ra<br />
cympoterus<br />
cy<strong>the</strong>rea<br />
dabau<br />
daboca<br />
dagger cactus<br />
daguilla<br />
dahl<br />
dahlia<br />
dahoon<br />
dahoon holly<br />
dahué<br />
Dakota pea<br />
dale-dale<br />
dalemarie<br />
dalia<br />
dália<br />
dali-dali<br />
damage<br />
dame marie<br />
damasco<br />
damasquina<br />
dambala<br />
dame’s rocket<br />
dame’s violet<br />
dame-más<br />
damiana<br />
damsel<br />
damson-plum<br />
danchi<br />
dandá<br />
dandá-da-costa<br />
dandelion<br />
danewort<br />
dangleberry<br />
dão<br />
daoon ajenton<br />
dark drink<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
dark-leaf malanga<br />
darling plum<br />
Darrow’s blueberry<br />
Darwin barberry<br />
dasheen<br />
d<strong>at</strong>e<br />
d<strong>at</strong>e palm<br />
d<strong>at</strong>e plum<br />
d<strong>at</strong>il<br />
dátil<br />
d<strong>at</strong>il pepper<br />
d<strong>at</strong>il yucca<br />
d<strong>at</strong>ilera<br />
d<strong>at</strong>ilillo<br />
d<strong>at</strong>o<br />
d<strong>at</strong>o blanco<br />
dauco<br />
dauicu<br />
David’s root<br />
dayflower<br />
day-lily<br />
dead nettle<br />
deadly nightshade<br />
Deccan hemp<br />
deditos<br />
dedo-de-moça<br />
deer calalu<br />
deer callalou<br />
deer grass<br />
deerberry<br />
deerfoot<br />
deerhorn cactus<br />
delicious monstera<br />
dendê<br />
dendê-africana<br />
dendê-do-Pará<br />
dendezeiro<br />
dente-de-leão<br />
Deppe’s wood-sorrel<br />
dereillo yokoro<br />
desert agave<br />
desert bird <strong>of</strong> paradise<br />
desert candle<br />
desert chia<br />
desert fan palm<br />
desert four o’clock<br />
desert gold<br />
desert goldpoppy<br />
desert hackberry<br />
1020
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
desert horse-purslane<br />
desert ironwood<br />
desert jujube<br />
desert lambsquarters<br />
desert lavender<br />
desert mistletoe<br />
desert palm<br />
desert spoon<br />
desert sumac<br />
desert tea<br />
desert thorn<br />
desert trumpet<br />
desert white cedar<br />
desert yaupon<br />
desespero-dos-macacos<br />
dessert root<br />
detsé<br />
devéke<br />
devil tree<br />
devil’s claw<br />
devil’s tongue<br />
devil’s walking stick<br />
devilwood<br />
dew<br />
dew bean<br />
dewberry<br />
diamba<br />
diambo<br />
dicademo<br />
dicori<br />
dicuri<br />
diente de león<br />
diente de tlacuache<br />
digger pine<br />
dildo cactus<br />
dildo espinoso<br />
dilenia<br />
dill<br />
dillen prickly pear<br />
dillenia<br />
dillweed<br />
dima-vermelha<br />
dinde<br />
dingleberry<br />
dinkel whe<strong>at</strong><br />
dinner-pl<strong>at</strong>e<br />
dion<br />
dioon<br />
diploid perennial teosinte<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
dishcloth gourd<br />
dittander<br />
divorce-vine<br />
doca<br />
dock<br />
doctor ojé<br />
dodol<br />
dog banana<br />
dog brier<br />
dog daisy<br />
dog nettle<br />
dog’s ear<br />
dogbane<br />
dogberry<br />
doghip<br />
dogrose<br />
dogtooth pea<br />
dogtooth violet<br />
dogwood<br />
doi<br />
dolicho lablab<br />
dolichos<br />
dolichos ajipa<br />
dolichos bean<br />
dólico de Goa<br />
dolicos<br />
domestic red currant<br />
dominguilla<br />
don Pedrito<br />
doncello<br />
doncenon<br />
dookoo<br />
door-yard violet<br />
dope<br />
dormideira<br />
dormilín<br />
dormilón<br />
dos caras<br />
dosábali<br />
dotted button-snake-root<br />
dotted gay fea<strong>the</strong>r<br />
dotted hawthorn<br />
double tawny day-lily<br />
Douglas fir<br />
Douglas knotweed<br />
Douglas maple<br />
Douglas rabbit-brush<br />
douradinha-falsa<br />
dove plum<br />
1021
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
dove’s dung<br />
dowáka<br />
dowemeñei<br />
downward plum<br />
downy chinquapin<br />
downy grape<br />
downy groundcherry<br />
downy haw<br />
downy hawthorn<br />
downy myrtle<br />
downy rose myrtle<br />
downy serviceberry<br />
downy shadblow<br />
downy wood-mint<br />
dracontium<br />
dracúnculo<br />
dragale<br />
dragão-fedorente<br />
dragão-fedorento<br />
dragon bean<br />
dragon herb<br />
dragon’s-wort<br />
dragoncillo<br />
drooping currant<br />
drooping prickly pear<br />
drooping tree pear<br />
Drummond’s thistle<br />
Drummond’s wax-mallow<br />
drumstick tree<br />
dry courbaril<br />
dryland blueberry<br />
duarte<br />
dub inagolosa<br />
duck acorn<br />
duck pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
duck whe<strong>at</strong><br />
duckme<strong>at</strong><br />
duckweed<br />
duffin bean<br />
duku<br />
dulce<br />
dulce lima<br />
dunks<br />
dupi<br />
duppy basil<br />
duppy machete<br />
dupurari<br />
duranta<br />
duraznillo<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
duraznillo blanco<br />
durazno<br />
durazno de madera<br />
durian<br />
durián<br />
durião<br />
durio<br />
durra<br />
durrá<br />
durum whe<strong>at</strong><br />
Dutch tonka<br />
Dutchman’s laudanum<br />
Dutchman’s-pipe<br />
dwarf agave<br />
dwarf banana<br />
dwarf bean<br />
dwarf bilberry<br />
dwarf blueberry<br />
dwarf chestnut<br />
dwarf cornel<br />
dwarf d<strong>at</strong>e palm<br />
dwarf elder<br />
dwarf fan palm<br />
dwarf fireweed<br />
dwarf ginseng<br />
dwarf haw<br />
dwarf huckleberry<br />
dwarf mallow<br />
dwarf maple<br />
dwarf milkweed<br />
dwarf nasturtium<br />
dwarf nettle<br />
dwarf palmetto<br />
dwarf pomegran<strong>at</strong>e<br />
dwarf raspberry<br />
dwarf sumac<br />
dwarf thistle<br />
dwarf wax myrtle<br />
dwarf whortleberry<br />
dye yam<br />
dysentery bark<br />
dzich<br />
eagle fern<br />
ear flower<br />
earleaf greenbrier<br />
early almond<br />
early blue violet<br />
early low blueberry<br />
early sweet blueberry<br />
1022
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
early yellow-rocket<br />
earpodtree<br />
earth almond<br />
earth chestnut<br />
earth nut<br />
earth pea<br />
earth-nut vetchling<br />
ear-tree<br />
East Indian lotus<br />
eastern barberry<br />
eastern black currant<br />
eastern coral bean<br />
eastern gamma grass<br />
eastern hemlock<br />
eastern prickly gooseberry<br />
eastern red cedar<br />
eastern red juniper<br />
eastern redbud<br />
eastern white oak<br />
eastern white pine<br />
ebano<br />
ébano<br />
ébano agrio<br />
ébano amarillo<br />
ébano malabárico<br />
ebo<br />
ebulo<br />
echintal<br />
ecp<strong>at</strong>li de chietla<br />
Ecuador black walnut<br />
Ecuador walnut<br />
Ecuadorian black walnut<br />
Ecuadorian walnut<br />
edaballi<br />
edamame<br />
eddo<br />
eddoe<br />
edge teeth<br />
edible amaranth<br />
edible burdock<br />
edible canna<br />
edible d<strong>at</strong>e<br />
edible fig<br />
edible ginger<br />
edible hibiscus<br />
edible podded pea<br />
edible thistle<br />
edible valerian<br />
edible-rooted caraway<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
eep<br />
efe<br />
efedra<br />
efedra de Nevada<br />
egg fruit<br />
Eggers plam<br />
eggplant<br />
Egyptian acacia<br />
Egyptian bean<br />
Egyptian kidney bean<br />
Egyptian lupine<br />
Egyptian mallow<br />
Egyptian mimosa<br />
Egyptian sesban<br />
Egyptian thorn<br />
eight months yam<br />
einkorn<br />
ejinrin<br />
ejote<br />
ejote silvestre<br />
El Salvador balsam<br />
elder<br />
elder tree<br />
elderberry<br />
elegant mariposa lily<br />
elephant apple<br />
elephant cactus<br />
elephant ear<br />
elephant-head amaranth<br />
elequeme<br />
elk nut<br />
Elliot’s blueberry<br />
elote<br />
elote jabonoso<br />
elotillo<br />
emajagua<br />
embaúba<br />
embaúba-branca<br />
embaúba-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
embaúba-lixa<br />
embira<br />
embir<strong>at</strong>aia<br />
embir<strong>at</strong>anha<br />
embira-vermelha<br />
embiri<br />
embiriba<br />
embiru<br />
emblic<br />
emblic myrobalan<br />
1023
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
emburana<br />
emburi<br />
ememo<br />
emetic holly<br />
emmer whe<strong>at</strong><br />
Emory oak<br />
emossé berog<br />
enano<br />
encinilla<br />
encino<br />
encino aguac<strong>at</strong>illo<br />
encino ahu<strong>at</strong>l<br />
encino avellano<br />
encino blanco<br />
encino blanco liso<br />
encino cenizo<br />
encino colorado<br />
encino cuero<br />
encino de asta<br />
encino de miel<br />
encino negro<br />
encino papantla<br />
encino prieto<br />
encino quiebra hacha<br />
encino roble<br />
encino rosillo<br />
endibia<br />
endive<br />
endivia<br />
endrino<br />
endrino azul<br />
endro<br />
enea<br />
enebrina<br />
enebro<br />
enebro alig<strong>at</strong>or<br />
enebro americano<br />
enebro chino<br />
enebro común<br />
enebro criollo<br />
enebro de California<br />
enebro de las montañas rocosas<br />
enebro de sombra<br />
enebro de Virginia<br />
enebro real<br />
enebro ripario<br />
enebro rojo americano<br />
enebro virginiano<br />
eneldo<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
engamolle<br />
Engelmann hedgehog<br />
Engelmann’s hedgehog cactus<br />
English chamomile<br />
English pennyroyal<br />
English tonka<br />
English walnut<br />
English whe<strong>at</strong><br />
English yew<br />
Englishman prickly pear<br />
engorda muchacho<br />
enredadera<br />
enredadera del cerro<br />
entireleaf daisy<br />
entrada al baile<br />
envira<br />
envira-bôbo<br />
envira-conduru<br />
envira-fedorenta<br />
envira-ferro<br />
envira-iodo<br />
envira-preta<br />
envira-sangue-de-boi<br />
envir<strong>at</strong>aí<br />
envir<strong>at</strong>aia<br />
envireira<br />
envireira<br />
epadu<br />
epasote<br />
epasote de comer<br />
epasotle<br />
epazote<br />
ephedra<br />
epinard<br />
eporro<br />
erect ephedra<br />
erect prickly pear<br />
erect woodsorrel<br />
erguen<br />
erizo de árbol<br />
erva-aranha<br />
erva-babosa<br />
erva-benta<br />
erva-chumbinho<br />
erva-cidreira<br />
erva-cidreira-do-campo<br />
erva-coalheira<br />
erva-coroada<br />
erva-cucubalus<br />
1024
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
erva-da-Guiné<br />
erva-das-crianças<br />
erva-de-azebre<br />
erva-de-carreteiros<br />
erva-de-cortaduras<br />
erva-da-graça<br />
erva-de-jaboti<br />
erva-de-lavadeira<br />
erva-de-malaca<br />
erva-de-mucura<br />
erva-de-nossa-senhora<br />
erva-relógio<br />
erva-de-Santa-Maria<br />
erva-de-São-Caetano<br />
erva-de-São-João<br />
erva-de-São-Lourenço<br />
erva-de-São-Vicente<br />
erva-de-veado<br />
erva-do-cardeal<br />
erva-do-carpinteiro<br />
erva-doce<br />
erva-do-pai-caetano<br />
erva-do-sumidouro<br />
erva-dos-vermes<br />
erva-formigueira<br />
erva-jararaca<br />
erva-luísa<br />
erva-m<strong>at</strong>e<br />
erva-moura<br />
erva-moura<br />
ervanço<br />
erva-picão<br />
erva-pomba<br />
erva-pombinha<br />
erva-príncipe<br />
erva-real<br />
erva-santa<br />
erva-Santa-Maria<br />
erva-tostão-de-Minas<br />
erva-traqueira<br />
erva-tranqueira<br />
ervilha<br />
ervilhaca<br />
ervilha-de-vaca<br />
ervilha-de-vagem<br />
ervilla<br />
ervum lens<br />
esacacuya<br />
escabeche<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
escafidos<br />
escalán<br />
escambrón<br />
escandalosa roja<br />
escanjocote<br />
escariote<br />
escarola<br />
escarole<br />
eschallot<br />
escila<br />
escoba<br />
escoba lisa<br />
escoba negra<br />
escobilia<br />
escobilla<br />
escobilla del Peru<br />
escobo<br />
escobón<br />
escobón de aguja<br />
escomfra<br />
escomite<br />
escorrega-macaco<br />
escova-de-macaco<br />
esculcona<br />
escumite<br />
esfolha-bainha<br />
esfregão<br />
eshaona aqui<br />
eslo<br />
esmeraldo<br />
esnargan<br />
espadana<br />
espadaña<br />
espadaxa<br />
espadín<br />
espandana<br />
espargo<br />
esparguta<br />
espárrago<br />
esparraguera<br />
espartillo<br />
espavé<br />
espavé acajú<br />
espavel<br />
espavel amarillo<br />
espavel rosado<br />
espejuelo<br />
espelma<br />
espera-aí<br />
1025
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
espera-i<br />
esperaí<br />
esperanza<br />
espérgula<br />
espina<br />
espina cruz<br />
espina de corona<br />
espina de la corona<br />
espinaca<br />
espinaca blanca<br />
espinaca China<br />
espinaca de agua<br />
espinaca de Ceilán<br />
espinaca de Filipinas<br />
espinaca de Malabar<br />
espinaca de Nueva Zelandia<br />
espinaca extranjera<br />
espinaca filipina<br />
espinafre<br />
espinafre-da-Nova-Zelândia<br />
espinafre-do-Peru<br />
espinafre-europeu<br />
espinafre-japonês<br />
espinero<br />
espinheira-santa<br />
espinheiro<br />
espinheiro-branco<br />
espinheiro-bravo<br />
espinheiro-de-ameixa<br />
espinho-preto<br />
espino<br />
espino blanco<br />
espino chivo<br />
espino de crujo<br />
espino de playa<br />
espino mono<br />
espino amarillo<br />
espintana<br />
esponja<br />
esponja vegetal<br />
esponjilla<br />
esponjinha<br />
espuela de gallo<br />
espuelón<br />
esquizuchitl<br />
estafi<strong>at</strong>e<br />
estévia<br />
estopa<br />
estopón<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
estoraque<br />
estragão<br />
estragón<br />
estralador<br />
estrela<br />
estrella<br />
estrepeiro<br />
estropajo<br />
estropajole<br />
eta<br />
eta papero<br />
ethiopian sour gourd<br />
etopaa<br />
eucalipto<br />
eucalyptus<br />
eugenia<br />
eup<strong>at</strong>ório<br />
European barberry<br />
European beech<br />
European black currant<br />
European blueberry<br />
European brooklime<br />
European cabbage<br />
European cow parsnip<br />
European crab apple<br />
European cranberry<br />
European cranberry bush<br />
European dewberry<br />
European elderberry<br />
European fan palm<br />
European gooseberry<br />
European grape<br />
European hazel<br />
European hazel nut<br />
European laurel<br />
European mountain ash<br />
European nettle<br />
European oregano<br />
European pennyroyal<br />
European plum<br />
European red raspberry<br />
European w<strong>at</strong>ercress<br />
European wood-sorrel<br />
European yellow lupine<br />
euterpe palm<br />
Eve’s thread<br />
evening primrose<br />
evera-tostão-de-Minas<br />
Everglades greenbrier<br />
1026
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
evergreen blueberry<br />
evergreen huckleberry<br />
evergreen Oregon oxalis<br />
excalán<br />
expanded lobster-claw<br />
eye balm<br />
eye root<br />
faba bean<br />
fábrega<br />
faia<br />
fairy slipper<br />
fairy spuds<br />
faisán<br />
faja<br />
fajan<br />
faldita morada<br />
fales China root<br />
falsa dulcamara<br />
falsa-erva-cidreira<br />
false acacia<br />
false banana<br />
false bittersweet<br />
false breadfruit<br />
false buckthorn<br />
false caraway<br />
false coriander<br />
false dandelion<br />
false garlic<br />
false garlic<br />
false huckleberry<br />
false indigo<br />
false marney<br />
false mastic<br />
false melissa<br />
false nightshade<br />
false Paraguay tea<br />
false pareira root<br />
false pepper<br />
false sago<br />
false sandlewood<br />
false sensitive plant<br />
false shamrock<br />
false Solomon’s seal<br />
false spikenard<br />
false tarragon<br />
false toadflax<br />
falso pimentero<br />
falso-algodão<br />
falso-amendoim<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
fanja-maioranta<br />
fanjan<br />
fapu’<br />
farinha-de-mandioca<br />
farkleberry<br />
f<strong>at</strong>-hen<br />
f<strong>at</strong>pork<br />
fava<br />
fava bean<br />
fava-comum<br />
fava-cumand<strong>at</strong>iá<br />
fava-de-arara<br />
fava-de-Belém<br />
fava-de-boi<br />
fava-de-bolota<br />
fava-de-cavalho<br />
fava-de-santo-inacio<br />
fava-italiana<br />
fava-pé-de-arara<br />
fava-silvestre<br />
faveira<br />
favela<br />
faveleira<br />
faveleira nut<br />
faveleiro<br />
faveria<br />
fawnlily<br />
faxina-vermelha<br />
fea<strong>the</strong>r bamboo<br />
fea<strong>the</strong>r geranium<br />
fedegoso<br />
feijão<br />
feijão-acutupé<br />
feijão-adzuki<br />
feijão-andu<br />
feijão-arroz<br />
feijão-b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a<br />
feijão-brabham<br />
feijão-comum<br />
feijão-crista<br />
feijão-cuandú<br />
feijão-da-China<br />
feijão-da-Espanha<br />
feijão-da-Índia<br />
feijão-da-praia<br />
feijão-de-asa<br />
feijão-de-corda<br />
feijão-de-lima<br />
feijão-de-porco<br />
1027
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
feijão-de-trepar<br />
feijão-de-vaca<br />
feijão-de-vagem<br />
feijão-de-vara<br />
feijão-farinha<br />
feijão-fava<br />
feijão-fradinho<br />
feijão-guando<br />
feijão-guiné<br />
feijão-japonês<br />
feijão-lablab<br />
feijão-macassar<br />
feijão-macuçu<br />
feijão-mangalô<br />
feijão-miúdo<br />
feijão-quandú<br />
feijão-sete-camadas<br />
feijão-trepador<br />
feijão-vagem<br />
feijão-verde<br />
feijão-vigna<br />
feijão-yac<strong>at</strong>upé<br />
feijoa<br />
feijoeiro<br />
fel-da-terra<br />
female horsetail<br />
fendler pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
Fendler(’s) buckbrush<br />
Fendler(’s) ceanothus<br />
fenegreco<br />
fennel<br />
fennel-leaf pondweed<br />
feno-grego<br />
fenugreek<br />
fer-de-lance<br />
fern<br />
fern mint<br />
fern pine<br />
fern podocarpus<br />
fernaldia<br />
fern-leaf yarrow<br />
fern-leaved biscuit root<br />
férula<br />
fescue<br />
fetid marigold<br />
feuilles<br />
fever nut<br />
fever tree<br />
feverberry<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
feverbush<br />
feverroot<br />
feverwort<br />
fevillea<br />
few-flowered psoralea<br />
few-seeded bittercress<br />
fiapilla<br />
fiber palm<br />
fiddleheads<br />
fiddlewood<br />
field bean<br />
field dewberry<br />
field garlic<br />
field gourd<br />
field lupine<br />
field mint<br />
field mustard<br />
field pea<br />
field pepergrass<br />
field pumpkin<br />
field pussy-toes<br />
fierro caspi<br />
fig<br />
fig guava<br />
figleaf gourd<br />
figo<br />
figueira<br />
figuera del monte<br />
filanto<br />
filanto urinario<br />
filaree<br />
filbert<br />
filodendro<br />
fine-leaf thyme<br />
fine-leaved kamahora<br />
finger grass<br />
finger poppy-mallow<br />
fingerleaf gourd<br />
finger-leaved gourd<br />
fire barrel cactus<br />
fire cherry<br />
fire dart<br />
firebird<br />
firebush<br />
firecracker cactus<br />
firecracker hibiscus<br />
fireweed<br />
fish-eye pepper<br />
fish-hook cactus<br />
1028
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
fish-pole bamboo<br />
fishtail oxalis<br />
fish-tail palm<br />
fishweed<br />
fitolaca<br />
fitweed<br />
five fingers<br />
five seasons herb<br />
five-finger<br />
five-finger grass<br />
five-fingered ivy<br />
five-leaf grass<br />
five-leaf vine<br />
five-leaved ivy<br />
flag root<br />
flageolet<br />
flamboianzinho<br />
flame flower<br />
flamenquilla<br />
flase dandelion<br />
fl<strong>at</strong>woods pawpaw<br />
fl<strong>at</strong>woods plum<br />
flax<br />
fleshy hawthorn<br />
flint whe<strong>at</strong><br />
flixweed<br />
flor de agosto<br />
flor de agua<br />
flor de arito<br />
flor de baile<br />
flor de caliz<br />
flor de cedazo<br />
flor de colorín<br />
flor de coral<br />
flor de corazón<br />
flor de cristo<br />
flor de granadita<br />
flor de itabo<br />
flor de Jamaica<br />
flor de la pasión<br />
flor de la reina<br />
flor de mayo<br />
flor de mediodía<br />
flor de montaña<br />
flor de muerte<br />
flor de muerto<br />
flor de niño<br />
flor de noche<br />
flor de once<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
flor de paisto<br />
flor de pasión<br />
flor de pasión silvestre<br />
flor de pasto<br />
flor de pavo<br />
flor de San Pedro<br />
flor de Santa María<br />
flor de santos<br />
flor de seda<br />
flor de tierra dentro<br />
flor de tila<br />
flor de verano<br />
flor del sol<br />
flor escondida<br />
flor escondida<br />
flor-da-ave-do-paraíso<br />
flor-de-abril<br />
flor-de-baile<br />
flor-de-branco<br />
flor-de-graxa<br />
flor-de-paixão<br />
flor-de-pavão<br />
flor-de-sangue<br />
flor-de-um-dia<br />
flor-do-olimpo<br />
flor-do-paraíso<br />
florence fennel<br />
Florida anise<br />
Florida arrowroot<br />
Florida avocado<br />
Florida betony<br />
Florida cherry<br />
Florida coontie<br />
Florida cranberry<br />
Florida Dutchman’s-pipe<br />
Florida eryngo<br />
Florida evergreen blueberry<br />
Florida gooseberry<br />
Florida hickory<br />
Florida holly<br />
Florida hopbush<br />
Florida jujube<br />
Florida maple<br />
Florida prickly blackberry<br />
Florida scrub hickory<br />
Florida silver palm<br />
Florida th<strong>at</strong>ch palm<br />
Florida trema<br />
Florida velvetbean<br />
1029
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
floroco<br />
floury pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
flower fence<br />
flowered bamboo<br />
flowering ash<br />
flowering fern<br />
flowering okra<br />
flowering pear<br />
flowering quince<br />
flowering raspberry<br />
flyroost<br />
foetid marigold<br />
fogel kop<br />
fogo-do-inferno<br />
folha-branca<br />
folha-do-fogo<br />
folha-furada<br />
folha-preciosa<br />
food candletree<br />
food inga<br />
food-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-gods<br />
foothill clover<br />
foothill paloverde<br />
forbidden fruit<br />
formigueira<br />
formio<br />
fórmio<br />
fornio<br />
fortuga capsi<br />
fósforo blanco<br />
fotomo de cieniga<br />
four o’clock<br />
four-angled bean<br />
four-cornered bean<br />
four-leaved clover<br />
four-leaved nut pine<br />
four-rowed barley<br />
four-wing saltbush<br />
fox cherry<br />
fox grape<br />
foxberry<br />
foxtail barley<br />
foxtail bristlegrass<br />
foxtail millet<br />
fragrant apple-cactus<br />
fragrant crab<br />
fragrant crab apple<br />
fragrant giant hyssop<br />
fragrant goldenrod<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
fragrant olive<br />
fragrant sage<br />
fragrant sumac<br />
fragrant verbena<br />
fragrant w<strong>at</strong>er-lily<br />
fragrant white abronia<br />
frailejón<br />
framboesa<br />
framboesa-negra<br />
framboesa-vermelha<br />
frambuesa<br />
frambuesa americana<br />
frambuesa de India<br />
frambueso<br />
franchipán<br />
frangipán<br />
frangipani<br />
fransoca<br />
freijo<br />
freijó<br />
freixo<br />
frejol<br />
fréjol<br />
frejol cerudo<br />
fréjol de árbol<br />
fréjol de manteca<br />
frejol de palo<br />
fréjol gigante<br />
fréjol machete<br />
Fremont’s goosefoot<br />
French artichoke<br />
French bean<br />
French cashew<br />
French crab apple<br />
French jujube<br />
French marigold<br />
French peanut<br />
French physic nut<br />
French tamarind<br />
French tarragon<br />
French vetch<br />
fresa<br />
fresa de monte<br />
fresa piña<br />
fresca<br />
fresno<br />
frijol<br />
frijol adzuki<br />
frijol arroz<br />
1030
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
frijol arubano<br />
frijol ayocote<br />
frijol bocón<br />
frijol bocón chileno<br />
frijol caballero<br />
frijol canario<br />
frijol carita<br />
frijol castilla<br />
frijol chamborote<br />
frijol chileno<br />
frijol chino<br />
frijol chuncho<br />
frijol comba<br />
frijol cubaces<br />
frijol de abono<br />
frijol de año<br />
frijol de antibo<br />
frijol de arroz<br />
frijol de caballo<br />
frijol de castilla<br />
frijol de colima<br />
frijol de costa<br />
frijol de cuerno<br />
frijol de gandul<br />
frijol de iztagapa<br />
frijol de jícama<br />
frijol de la tierra<br />
frijol de lima<br />
frijol de maíz<br />
frijol de mantequilla<br />
frijol de media luna<br />
frijol de ojo negro<br />
fríjol de ojo negro<br />
frijol de palo<br />
frijol de rienda<br />
frijol de terciopelo<br />
frijol diablito<br />
frijol dólicho<br />
frijol gallinazo<br />
frijol gandul<br />
frijol guaje<br />
frijol guandú<br />
frijol iztagapa<br />
frijol mono<br />
frijol mungo<br />
frijol petenero<br />
frijol piñuelero<br />
frijol precioso<br />
frijol quinchoncho<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
frijol terciopelo<br />
frijol trigo<br />
frijole<br />
frijoles<br />
frijoles del monte<br />
frijolillo<br />
frijolito<br />
frijolito de Cuba<br />
frijolitos<br />
frijolitos chinos<br />
fringe flower<br />
fringe orchid<br />
fringe tree<br />
fringed poppy mallow<br />
fringed sage<br />
fringed wormwood<br />
frisol<br />
frisol calú<br />
frisoles<br />
frost grape<br />
frostblite<br />
fructa de macao<br />
fructa de parao<br />
fructa-de-macaco<br />
fructo-de-imbé<br />
fruiting myrtle<br />
fruta bomba<br />
fruta de agua<br />
fruta de burro<br />
fruta de campo<br />
fruta de capuchino<br />
fruta de capuchino<br />
fruta de la pasión<br />
fruta de manteiga<br />
fruta de mono<br />
fruta de pan<br />
fruta de perro<br />
fruta de r<strong>at</strong>o<br />
fruta del Asia<br />
fruta del diablo<br />
fruta dos paulistas<br />
fruta huevo<br />
fruta-azeitona<br />
fruta-da-condessa<br />
fruta-da-roseira<br />
fruta-de-cedro<br />
fruta-de-cera<br />
fruta-de-cobra<br />
fruta-de-doente<br />
1031
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
fruta-de-guariba<br />
fruta-de-guariba<br />
fruta-de-lobo<br />
fruta-de-méxico<br />
fruta-de-negro<br />
fruta-de-pão<br />
fruta-de-parão<br />
fruta-de-passarinho<br />
fruta-de-pomba<br />
fruta-de-t<strong>at</strong>u<br />
fruta-do-conde<br />
fruta-do-conde-anon<br />
frutão<br />
fruta-pão<br />
fruta rosa<br />
fruteira-de-lobo<br />
frutilla<br />
fruto cítrico de Filipinas<br />
fruto de burro<br />
fruto de piedra<br />
fruto milagro<br />
fruto mono<br />
fruto-de-jacu<br />
fruto-de-macaco<br />
fruto-de-t<strong>at</strong>u<br />
fuchsia<br />
fúchsia<br />
fúcsia<br />
fufu<br />
fumo<br />
fumo-d’Angola<br />
funcho<br />
funcho-de-Florença<br />
funcho-doce<br />
funcho-gigante<br />
funnel lily<br />
fura-capa<br />
fura-fura<br />
furuna<br />
fusáia<br />
fuschia<br />
fustete<br />
fustic<br />
fustic tree<br />
gabiraba<br />
gabirova<br />
gabiuna<br />
gabun<br />
gachipaes<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
gaïac blanc<br />
gaïac femelle<br />
galan de noche<br />
galanga<br />
galba<br />
gale <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wind<br />
galega<br />
gale-wind grass<br />
galimenta<br />
galimento<br />
galinsoga<br />
gallant soldier<br />
gallardete<br />
gallberry<br />
gallina ciega<br />
gallinazo<br />
gallinazo blanco<br />
gallinazo panga<br />
gallinero<br />
gallinita<br />
gallito<br />
gallo runto<br />
gallo-cresta-rango<br />
gallu<br />
galopa<br />
galupa<br />
Gambel oak<br />
gamboge<br />
gameleira<br />
gameleira-branca<br />
gameleira-brava<br />
gameleira-mansa<br />
gameleira-roxa<br />
gamelote<br />
gan <strong>at</strong>a<br />
ganagre<br />
gandal<br />
gandaria<br />
gandul<br />
gandules<br />
gangica<br />
ganja<br />
gapindá<br />
garab<strong>at</strong>o<br />
garambullo<br />
garañón<br />
garañona<br />
garbacillo bolando<br />
garbanza<br />
1032
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
garbanzo<br />
garbanzo bean<br />
garbanzo falso<br />
garcigonzalez<br />
garcinia<br />
garcinia amarga<br />
garden asparagus<br />
garden balm<br />
garden balsam<br />
garden basil<br />
garden bean<br />
garden black currant<br />
garden burnet<br />
garden camellia<br />
garden cress<br />
garden currant<br />
garden dahlia<br />
garden hollyhock<br />
garden huckleberry<br />
garden lettuce<br />
garden orache<br />
garden pansy<br />
garden parsley<br />
garden pea<br />
garden pepper cress<br />
garden red currant<br />
garden rhubarb<br />
garden rocket<br />
garden sorrel<br />
garden strawberry<br />
garden thyme<br />
garden yellow rocket<br />
gardenia<br />
gardênia<br />
garget<br />
garguaba<br />
gari<br />
garinha<br />
gariroba<br />
garland chrysan<strong>the</strong>mum<br />
garland crab<br />
garland flower<br />
garlic<br />
garlic pear<br />
garlic vine<br />
garnetberry<br />
garrab<strong>at</strong>á<br />
garrafón piña<br />
garrambulla<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
garrote<br />
Garry oak<br />
garumbullo<br />
g<strong>at</strong>eado<br />
g<strong>at</strong>lo uchu<br />
g<strong>at</strong>uño<br />
gauchipilín<br />
gaulteria<br />
gavilán<br />
gayfea<strong>the</strong>r<br />
gayuba<br />
gea<br />
gean<br />
gebero piña<br />
gedionilla<br />
geiger tree<br />
geland pasir<br />
gélica<br />
gem squash<br />
gemsbok-bean<br />
genegibre<br />
gengibre<br />
gengibre-amarelo<br />
gengivre<br />
genip<br />
genip tree<br />
genipap<br />
genipapo<br />
genipapo-do-campo<br />
geniparana<br />
genízaro<br />
genízero<br />
genízoro<br />
Georgia whiteman<br />
geotilla<br />
gergelim<br />
gerivá<br />
German millet<br />
German raison tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
German rampion<br />
gero<br />
gerua<br />
gervão<br />
gervão-roxo<br />
getica<br />
geum<br />
Geyer onion<br />
Geyer’s onion<br />
gherkin<br />
1033
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
ghingie<br />
ghoto<br />
gia mausa<br />
giabiche<br />
giant agave<br />
giant bamboo<br />
giant bulrush<br />
giant bur reed<br />
giant cactus<br />
giant cane<br />
giant chinkapin<br />
giant chinquapin<br />
giant fern<br />
giant filbert<br />
giant fir<br />
giant golden chinkapin<br />
giant golden chinquapin<br />
giant granadilla<br />
giant groundcherry<br />
giant hyssop<br />
giant lea<strong>the</strong>r-fern<br />
giant reed<br />
giant reedgrass<br />
giant rye<br />
giant stockbean<br />
giant sunflower<br />
giant taro<br />
giant timber bamboo<br />
giant tree yucca<br />
giant w<strong>at</strong>er-lily<br />
giant wild rye<br />
giant-seed goosefoot<br />
giesta<br />
giesteira-das-vassouras<br />
gigantón<br />
gigualtí<br />
gigul<strong>at</strong>é<br />
gill-over-<strong>the</strong>-ground<br />
gina<br />
ginco<br />
gingeira<br />
ginger<br />
gingerleaf<br />
ginger-lily<br />
ginger-thomas<br />
gingilim<br />
gingli<br />
gingo<br />
ginicuiste<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
ginja<br />
ginkgo<br />
ginkgo biloba<br />
ginkgoácea<br />
ginko<br />
ginnie pepper<br />
ginseng<br />
gioaba do campo<br />
girasol<br />
girassol<br />
girassol-b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>eiro<br />
girassol-de-b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a<br />
girgilim<br />
girimoya<br />
gisipó<br />
give-and-take<br />
glacierlilly<br />
glandular Labrador tea<br />
glasswort<br />
glaucous blueberry<br />
globe artichoke<br />
globe huckleberry<br />
globe springparsley<br />
globe tulip<br />
gloria<br />
glue berry<br />
goa bean<br />
goambu<br />
go<strong>at</strong> chaser<br />
go<strong>at</strong> dashalong<br />
go<strong>at</strong> nut<br />
go<strong>at</strong> rose<br />
go<strong>at</strong>’s beard<br />
go<strong>at</strong>weed<br />
gob<br />
gobbo<br />
gobernadora<br />
gobo<br />
God okra<br />
God tree<br />
goela-de-leão<br />
gogo<br />
gogo-de-guariba<br />
gogó-de-guariba<br />
goiaba<br />
goiaba-da-serra<br />
goiaba-de-anta<br />
goiaba-de-anta-branca<br />
goiaba-de-anta-vermelha<br />
1034
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
goiaba-do-campo<br />
goiaba-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
goiaba-preta<br />
goiabarana<br />
goiabeira-do-campo<br />
goiabinha<br />
goiti<br />
gold nuggets<br />
gold-and-silver flower<br />
golden apple<br />
golden bamboo<br />
golden canna<br />
golden chia<br />
golden chinkapin<br />
golden chinquapin<br />
golden cleome<br />
golden currant<br />
golden cushaw<br />
golden dewdrop<br />
golden elderberry<br />
golden elm<br />
golden European cranberry<br />
golden evergreen raspberry<br />
golden fig<br />
golden gram<br />
golden horn pepper<br />
golden mariposa<br />
golden mombin<br />
golden orange<br />
golden passion fruit<br />
golden pepper<br />
golden spoon<br />
goldenberry<br />
goldenclub<br />
goldenrod<br />
goldenseal<br />
golfball cactus<br />
golosa<br />
goma arábiga<br />
goma de caro<br />
goma de guaca<br />
goma de Pará<br />
goma dulce<br />
goma pasheca<br />
goma-de-mesquite<br />
gombo<br />
gombó<br />
gombô<br />
gonçalinho<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
gone-quemo<br />
goober<br />
good-luck leaf<br />
good-luck palm<br />
good-luck plant<br />
goose grass<br />
goose plum<br />
gooseberry<br />
gooseberry currant<br />
gooseberry shrub<br />
goosefoot<br />
goosegrass<br />
gooseneck loosestrife<br />
goucou<br />
goudblad boom<br />
gouma<br />
goumi<br />
gourd<br />
governor’s plum<br />
goyohuali<br />
grabiola<br />
grajo<br />
grama<br />
grama castilla<br />
grama-da-terra<br />
gramalote<br />
grama-sapo<br />
grambula<br />
granada<br />
granada china<br />
granadilla ácida<br />
granadilla amarilla<br />
granadilla badea<br />
granadilla bellísima<br />
granadilla caspi<br />
granadilla cimarrona<br />
granadilla colorada<br />
granadilla común<br />
granadilla de China<br />
granadilla de culebra<br />
granadilla de hueso<br />
granadilla de mono<br />
granadilla de monte<br />
granadilla de piedra<br />
granadilla de quijos<br />
granadilla dulce<br />
granadilla gigante<br />
granadilla pasionaria<br />
granadilla montés<br />
1035
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
granadilla morada<br />
granadilla real<br />
granadilla sachavaca<br />
granadilla silvestre<br />
granadillo<br />
granadillo bobo<br />
granadino<br />
granaditta<br />
granado<br />
granado macho<br />
Grand Canyon beavertail cactus<br />
grand fir<br />
grand trillium<br />
granda<br />
grande-capucine<br />
grandsie-gray-beard<br />
granedilla<br />
granicillo<br />
granizo<br />
granjeiro<br />
granjeno<br />
granjero<br />
grano de pimienta<br />
grao de gallo<br />
grão-de-bico<br />
grão-de-bode<br />
grão-de-congonha<br />
grão-de-galho<br />
grão-de-macaco<br />
grão-de-pulha<br />
graos de gallo<br />
grape<br />
grape hyacinth<br />
grape kiwi<br />
grape tree<br />
grapefruit<br />
grape-leaved passionfruit<br />
grapes<br />
grass pea<br />
grass peavine<br />
gravancos<br />
grav<strong>at</strong>á<br />
grav<strong>at</strong>á-açu<br />
graveola<br />
graviola<br />
graviola-brava<br />
graxa<br />
graxa-de-estudante<br />
graxa-de-estudante<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
graxa-de-soldado<br />
gray fern<br />
gray nickal<br />
gray nicker<br />
gray nicker bean<br />
gray pine<br />
gray santolina<br />
graybeard<br />
graythorn<br />
gre<strong>at</strong> American bulrush<br />
Gre<strong>at</strong> Basin orogenia<br />
Gre<strong>at</strong> Basin springbeauty<br />
gre<strong>at</strong> bulrush<br />
gre<strong>at</strong> bur<br />
gre<strong>at</strong> burdock<br />
gre<strong>at</strong> burnet<br />
gre<strong>at</strong> leadtree<br />
gre<strong>at</strong> manzanita<br />
gre<strong>at</strong> millet<br />
gre<strong>at</strong> nettle<br />
giant rye<br />
gre<strong>at</strong> silver fir<br />
gre<strong>at</strong> Solomon’s seal<br />
gre<strong>at</strong> sugar pine<br />
gre<strong>at</strong>-berried manzanita<br />
gre<strong>at</strong>er Asi<strong>at</strong>ic Yam<br />
gre<strong>at</strong>er plantain<br />
gre<strong>at</strong>er yam<br />
Grecian laurel<br />
Greek cucumber<br />
green amaranth<br />
green arrow arum<br />
green arum<br />
green ash<br />
green bean<br />
green brier<br />
green bristlegrass<br />
green dragon<br />
green ephedra<br />
green f<strong>at</strong>-hen<br />
green foxtail<br />
green gram<br />
green onion<br />
green pea<br />
green pokeweed<br />
green rabbit-brush<br />
green sapote<br />
green stool<br />
green stick<br />
1036
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
green sulphur<br />
green w<strong>at</strong>ercress<br />
green-banded mariposa<br />
greenbrier<br />
green-flowered puya<br />
greenhouse tea plant<br />
greenleaf manzanita<br />
green-skinned star apple<br />
greenstripe<br />
greenstripe amaranth<br />
greenstripe cushaw<br />
greenthread<br />
Gregg’s acacia<br />
Gregg’s c<strong>at</strong>claw<br />
Gregg’s hawthorn<br />
grêpe<br />
grey ephedra<br />
grey sotol<br />
greythorn<br />
gri-gri<br />
grigri palm<br />
griñón<br />
gromwell<br />
groo-groo<br />
grosea<br />
groselha<br />
groselha chinesa<br />
groselha do Perú<br />
groselha preta<br />
groselha-China<br />
groselha-da-Índia<br />
groselha-espinosa<br />
groselha-vermelha<br />
groselheira<br />
grosella<br />
grosella blanca<br />
grosella carambola<br />
grosella caranbola<br />
grosella China<br />
grosella de Florida<br />
grosella de México<br />
grosella de miel<br />
grosella negra<br />
grosella roja<br />
grosellero<br />
grosellero americano<br />
grosellero de Florida<br />
grosellero de la Florida<br />
grosellero de novia<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
grosellero espinosa<br />
grosellero silvestre<br />
groser<br />
grou-grou<br />
ground almond<br />
ground bean<br />
ground berry<br />
ground cherry<br />
ground ivy<br />
ground peanut<br />
ground plum<br />
ground raspberry<br />
ground-cherry<br />
ground-cherry tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
ground-cherry-<strong>of</strong>-Peru<br />
ground-hemlock<br />
groundnut<br />
grouse whortleberry<br />
grouseberry<br />
grow-stick<br />
grudge bean<br />
grugru<br />
gru-gru<br />
gru-gru nut<br />
gru-gru palm<br />
grumicha<br />
grumichama<br />
grumixaba<br />
grumixama<br />
grumixama-da-Índia<br />
gruya<br />
guaba<br />
guaba brasiliensis<br />
guaba chilillo<br />
guaba de la costa<br />
guaba forastera<br />
guaba macheto<br />
guaba machetona<br />
guabiju<br />
guabijú<br />
guabilla<br />
guabillo<br />
guabira-açu<br />
guabirá<br />
guabiraba<br />
guabiroba<br />
guabiroba-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
guabiroba-do-Pará<br />
guabiroba-dos-gerais<br />
1037
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
guabirobeira<br />
guabito del río<br />
guabiyú<br />
guabo<br />
guaçaí<br />
guacal<br />
guacamaya<br />
guacamo<br />
guacamote<br />
guacharaguero<br />
guache<br />
guache de tierra caliente<br />
guachibán<br />
guachimol<br />
guachiván<br />
guachocote<br />
guacimilla<br />
guácimo<br />
guácimo hembra<br />
guaco<br />
guaco de sur<br />
guacoquito<br />
guacu<br />
guaçu<br />
guacurí<br />
Guadeloupe cucumber<br />
Guadeloupe fan palm<br />
Guadeloupe Island fan palm<br />
Guadeloupe marlberry<br />
Guadeloupe palm<br />
guadúa<br />
guágara<br />
guagra changa<br />
guagui<br />
guaiaba<br />
guaiabo<br />
guaiarajea<br />
guaiava<br />
guaicume<br />
guaikuru rembi’u<br />
guaimarillo<br />
guaimaro<br />
guáimaro<br />
guaímero<br />
guairaje<br />
guaitil<br />
guajacan negro<br />
guajara<br />
guajará<br />
guajara-do-igapó<br />
guajarai<br />
guajaraí<br />
guaje<br />
guaje blanco<br />
guaje cirial<br />
guaje de bajillo<br />
guaje de casa<br />
guaje de casero<br />
guaje verde<br />
guajillo<br />
guajilote<br />
guajiniquil<br />
guajirote de agua<br />
guajiru<br />
guajotire de agua<br />
gualeguay<br />
gualicón<br />
gualicón<br />
gualiqueme<br />
gualtéria<br />
gualusa<br />
gualuza<br />
guama<br />
guamá<br />
guama americana<br />
guama de perro<br />
guamaberry<br />
guamache<br />
gaumachil<br />
guamachito<br />
guamacho<br />
guamara<br />
guamo<br />
guamo americano<br />
guamo arroyero<br />
guamo bejuco<br />
guamo blanco<br />
guamo bobo<br />
guamo cafetero<br />
guamo cajeto<br />
guamo cansamuelas<br />
guamo chigo<br />
guamo chirimo<br />
guamo copero<br />
guamo liso<br />
guamo macheto<br />
guamo macho<br />
guamo negrito<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
1038
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
guamo negro<br />
guamo prieto<br />
guamo rabo de mico<br />
guamo rosario<br />
guamo santafereño<br />
guamoche<br />
guampán<br />
guamúche<br />
gaumuchil<br />
guamúchil<br />
guamuti<br />
guana<br />
guana cana<br />
guanaba<br />
guanabana<br />
guanábana<br />
guañábana<br />
guanábana cimarrona<br />
guanábana de loma<br />
guanábana de perro<br />
guanabana torete<br />
guanábano<br />
guanábano de monte<br />
guanabillo<br />
guanacaste<br />
guanacaste blanco<br />
guanache<br />
guanacona<br />
guanandi<br />
guañaschi<br />
guanavanillo<br />
guand<br />
guando<br />
guandó<br />
guandu<br />
guandú<br />
guandu-de-fava-larga<br />
guandul<br />
guango<br />
guanillo<br />
guanito<br />
guano<br />
guano de costa<br />
guano de escoba<br />
guanquero<br />
guapa<br />
guapaque<br />
guapeba<br />
guaperu<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
guapeva<br />
guapeva currioloa<br />
guapeva vermehla<br />
guapilla<br />
guapinal<br />
guapinol<br />
guapinoli<br />
guapomó<br />
guapuru<br />
guapurú<br />
guar<br />
guara<br />
guarab<strong>at</strong>o blanco<br />
guaracaro<br />
guaraguao<br />
guarán<br />
guarana<br />
guaraná<br />
guaraná-bravo<br />
guaraná-iiva<br />
guaraná-ripó<br />
guaraná-sipo<br />
guaraná-uva<br />
guaranda<br />
guarandi-de-leite<br />
guarango<br />
guaranina<br />
guarapo<br />
guar<strong>at</strong>aro<br />
guar<strong>at</strong>aro<br />
guar<strong>at</strong>imbo<br />
guaray<br />
guardarraya<br />
guari<br />
guariche<br />
guarijio conivari<br />
guariroba<br />
guariroba-do-campo<br />
guariúba<br />
guariúba-branca<br />
guaromo<br />
guarrey macho<br />
guaruma<br />
guarumba<br />
guarumbo<br />
guarumo<br />
guas<br />
guasábara<br />
guásara<br />
1039
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
guasávara guascas<br />
guasem<br />
guash<br />
guash de castilla<br />
guashe<br />
guásimo<br />
guasiqui<br />
guastom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
gu<strong>at</strong>a<br />
gu<strong>at</strong>ambu<br />
gu<strong>at</strong>apana<br />
gu<strong>at</strong>e<br />
gu<strong>at</strong>e-gu<strong>at</strong>e<br />
Gu<strong>at</strong>emala rhubarb<br />
Gu<strong>at</strong>emalan walnut<br />
Gu<strong>at</strong>ope<br />
guau-mochtli<br />
guava<br />
guava berry<br />
guava de castilla<br />
guava real<br />
guava strawberry<br />
guava tamarillo<br />
guavaberry<br />
guavasteen<br />
guavastín<br />
guavijú<br />
guavirá pytá<br />
guavira-açu<br />
guaviramí<br />
guaviroba<br />
guavita cansa-boca<br />
guavitos<br />
guaviyú<br />
guavo bejuco<br />
guavo de castilla<br />
guavo machek<br />
guavo real<br />
guaxima macho<br />
guaxina<br />
guaxinduba-brava<br />
guaxuma<br />
guaya<br />
guaya campechana<br />
guaya de monte<br />
guayaba<br />
guayaba ácida<br />
guayaba agria<br />
guayaba arraiján<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
guayaba brava<br />
guayaba cimarrona<br />
guayaba de fresco<br />
guayaba de leche<br />
guayaba de mico<br />
guayaba de mono<br />
guayaba de sabana<br />
guayaba fresa<br />
guayaba hedionada<br />
guayaba japonesa<br />
guayaba pilosa<br />
guayaba rosada<br />
guayaba sabanera<br />
guayaba silvestre<br />
guayabilla<br />
guayabillo<br />
guayabillo blanco<br />
guayabita<br />
guayabita arrayán<br />
guayabita de sabana<br />
guayabito<br />
guayabito de monte<br />
guayabito del Perú<br />
guayabo<br />
guayabo agrio<br />
guayabo anselmo<br />
guayabo blanco<br />
guayabo colorado<br />
guayabo de danta<br />
guayabo del país<br />
guayabo montañero<br />
guayabo negro<br />
guayabo pequeño<br />
guayabo pescua<br />
guayabo pesgua<br />
guayabón<br />
guayabota<br />
guayacán<br />
guayacán blanco<br />
guayacán de vera<br />
guayacán de Virginia<br />
guayacancillo<br />
guayacté<br />
guayamochil<br />
guáyara<br />
guay<strong>at</strong>o<br />
guayavi<br />
guayavilla<br />
guáyiga<br />
1040
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
guaymochil<br />
guaymochile<br />
guayo<br />
guaytambo<br />
guaytil blanco<br />
guayuba del país<br />
guayusa<br />
guayusa hembra<br />
guazima-macho<br />
gueirova<br />
Guelder rose<br />
guembe<br />
güembé<br />
guembé taya<br />
guerito<br />
gueroba<br />
guerregue<br />
guetz<strong>at</strong><br />
guhoja<br />
guiabara<br />
guialacha-y<strong>at</strong>i<br />
guía laga-zaa<br />
guiambé<br />
Guiana butternut<br />
Guiana nut<br />
Guiana orange<br />
guibelchi<br />
güícharo<br />
güiche<br />
guicombo<br />
guicondo<br />
guicume<br />
guiimencahue<br />
guiimonca<br />
guija tuberosa<br />
guillave<br />
guillomo<br />
guillomo de Canadá<br />
guimague<br />
guimbé<br />
guinconcho<br />
guinda<br />
guinda de las Indias<br />
guinda yumanasa<br />
guindo<br />
guindilla<br />
guinea<br />
Guinea arrowroot<br />
Guinea corn<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
Guinea grass<br />
Guinea mint<br />
Guinea yam<br />
guineo<br />
guineo chamaluco<br />
guineo colorado<br />
guineo dátil<br />
guineo de oro<br />
guineo de rosa<br />
guineo de seda<br />
guineo enano<br />
guineo gigante<br />
guineo lac<strong>at</strong>án<br />
guineo manzana<br />
guineo manzano<br />
guineo mínimo<br />
guineo monte cristo<br />
guineo monte cristo enano<br />
guineo morado<br />
guineo niño<br />
guineo p<strong>at</strong>riota<br />
guineo rulo<br />
guinep<br />
guingambó<br />
güira<br />
guirakupeti<br />
güiro<br />
guisador<br />
guisante<br />
guisante de Angola<br />
guisante de olor<br />
guisante de paloma<br />
guisante enano<br />
guisante oloroso<br />
guisaro<br />
guisaro<br />
güisayote<br />
gui-se<br />
güisnay<br />
güisquil<br />
guitaguemo<br />
guizache<br />
gujara<br />
gulag<br />
gullán<br />
gully bean<br />
gulosa<br />
gulupa<br />
gulupa-curuba<br />
1041
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
gum<br />
gum acacia<br />
gum arabic<br />
gum plant<br />
gum-arabic tree<br />
gumbo<br />
gumbo filé<br />
gumbo limbo<br />
gungo pea<br />
gunmacongue<br />
Gunnison mariposa<br />
guragua<br />
gurapo<br />
gurguí<br />
gurguri<br />
guri<br />
guriri<br />
guriri-do-campo<br />
guru<br />
guruá<br />
guruá<br />
gus<strong>at</strong>icha<br />
gusnay<br />
guta<br />
gutta percha<br />
Guyana arrowroot<br />
Guyana unona<br />
gwar<br />
haamxooíi<br />
haas avocado<br />
haba<br />
haba blanca<br />
haba caballar<br />
haba comun<br />
haba criolla<br />
haba de burro<br />
haba de caballo<br />
haba de las Indias<br />
haba de terciopelo<br />
haba de tocón<br />
haba lima<br />
haba tonca<br />
haba tonka<br />
habanero<br />
habas<br />
habichuela<br />
habichuela alada<br />
habichuela China<br />
habichuela colorada<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
habichuela negra<br />
habichuela terciopelo<br />
habichuela verde<br />
habilla<br />
habillo<br />
hachich<br />
hachís<br />
hachiya<br />
hackberry<br />
hagberry<br />
haimara-kushi<br />
hair grass<br />
hair palm<br />
hairi<br />
hairi-te<br />
hairy beggarticks<br />
hairy bitter cress<br />
hairy melon<br />
hairy mountain-mint<br />
hairy portulaca<br />
hairy sweet cicely<br />
hairy wood violet<br />
hairy wood-mint<br />
haiwa<br />
halberd-leaved greenbrier<br />
halberd-leaved saltbush<br />
halchiballi<br />
half-back bamboo<br />
Halifax pea<br />
hamaca huayo<br />
hamamelis<br />
hambre huayo<br />
hammock maple<br />
Hansen’s bush cherry<br />
hard maple<br />
hard whe<strong>at</strong><br />
hard yam<br />
hard-shelled passion flower<br />
hardstem bulrush<br />
hardy kiwi<br />
hardy orange<br />
hare’s lettuce<br />
harhui<br />
haricot bean<br />
haricot de lima<br />
harpón<br />
hartón<br />
haru<br />
has toch<br />
1042
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
haschich<br />
hash<br />
hashish<br />
hast<strong>at</strong>e orache<br />
hau<br />
hava<br />
Hawaiian passion fruit<br />
hawas<br />
hawthorn<br />
haxixe<br />
haxz iztim<br />
hay<br />
haya<br />
hayo<br />
hayuelo<br />
hazel<br />
hazel brush<br />
hazel nut<br />
head lettuce<br />
headache bush<br />
headache tree<br />
healall<br />
heart nut<br />
heart <strong>of</strong> palm<br />
heart palm<br />
heart’s-delight<br />
heart’s-ease<br />
heart-<strong>of</strong>-Jesus<br />
heartweed<br />
hebe<br />
he-bu-ca-nu<br />
hebreo<br />
hecho hecho<br />
hedeoma<br />
hedge cactus<br />
hedge mustard<br />
hedgehog cactus<br />
hedionda<br />
hediondilla<br />
hedysarum<br />
Heil’s beavertail pricklypear<br />
helecho<br />
helecho de agua<br />
helecho de manglar<br />
heliconia<br />
helicônia<br />
hembra<br />
hemerocalis<br />
hemlock<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
hemlock w<strong>at</strong>er parsnip<br />
hemp<br />
hemp plant<br />
hemp tree<br />
hemp-leaved hibiscus<br />
hemuru<br />
hen’s eyes<br />
henbit<br />
henê<br />
henequén europeo<br />
henna<br />
heno<br />
heracleum<br />
hera-terrestre<br />
herb bennet<br />
herb lily<br />
herb <strong>of</strong> grace<br />
herb p<strong>at</strong>ience<br />
herbes malingres<br />
Hercules’ club<br />
hericongo<br />
hericungo<br />
heronbill<br />
herva m<strong>at</strong>te<br />
herva santa<br />
herva vomiqueira<br />
herva-das-cobras<br />
herva-das-lombrigas<br />
herva-de-Santa-Maria<br />
herva-m<strong>at</strong>é<br />
herva-noiva-do-Perú<br />
hesper palm<br />
hevea rubber<br />
hibisco<br />
hibisco-colibri<br />
hibiscus<br />
hibiscus spinach<br />
hibiscus tea flower<br />
hicaco<br />
hicaco de costa<br />
hichiboa<br />
hichiconi<br />
hiedra<br />
hielitos<br />
hierba amarilla<br />
hierba buena<br />
hierba carmín<br />
herva cidreira<br />
hierba de borracho<br />
1043
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
hierba de café<br />
hierba de culebra<br />
hierba de dolor<br />
hierba de Guinea<br />
hierba de hechiceros<br />
hierba de India<br />
hierba de la maestranza<br />
hierba de la paciencia<br />
hierba de la pastora<br />
hierba de la reuma<br />
hierba de la venado<br />
hierba de las coyunturas<br />
hierba de las heridas<br />
hierba de las muelas<br />
hierba de las nubes<br />
hierba de limón<br />
hierba de los canarios<br />
hierba de madroño<br />
hierba de negro<br />
hierba de pollo<br />
hierba de puerco<br />
hierba de San Juan<br />
hierba de San Nicolás<br />
hierba de San Pedro<br />
hierba de Santa Bárbara<br />
hierba de Santa María<br />
hierba de Zorro<br />
hierba del ángel<br />
hierba del burro<br />
hierba del hígado<br />
hierba del jergón<br />
hierba del Paraguay<br />
hierba del vaquero<br />
hierba dulce<br />
hierba estañera<br />
hierba f<strong>at</strong>ua<br />
hierba hormiguera<br />
hierba ixbolul<br />
hierba lombriguera<br />
hierba luisa<br />
hierba m<strong>at</strong>e<br />
hierba mora<br />
hierba real<br />
hierba sagrada<br />
hierba San Nicolás<br />
hierba santa<br />
hierba velluda<br />
hierbabuena<br />
hierbamora<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
hierbanís<br />
hierrillo<br />
hierrillo blanco<br />
higacho<br />
high mallow<br />
highbush blackberry<br />
highbush blueberry<br />
highbush cranberry<br />
highland papaya<br />
higicho<br />
higo<br />
higo chumbo<br />
higos de tetezo<br />
higuera<br />
higuera chumba<br />
higuera de las Indias<br />
higuera de pala<br />
higuera de tuna<br />
higuera del diablo<br />
higuera del infierno<br />
higuera del monte<br />
higuera dracena<br />
higuera infernal<br />
higuereta<br />
higuerilla<br />
higuero<br />
higüero<br />
higuerón<br />
higuerón guayabo<br />
higuillo<br />
higuito<br />
hija menuda<br />
hilil ts’ohool<br />
hiliy ts’ohool<br />
hill gooseberry<br />
hill raspberry<br />
hillside blueberry<br />
Himalaya berry<br />
Himalayan giant blackberry<br />
Hind’s black walnut<br />
Hind’s walnut<br />
hiniesta<br />
hinojo<br />
hinojo de prado<br />
hinojo del prado<br />
hinojo hediondo<br />
hiperição<br />
hipérico<br />
hipericón<br />
1044
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
hiquerilla<br />
hiraca<br />
hisquilite<br />
hitchu<br />
hivapuru<br />
hiye<br />
hjaun d’oeuf<br />
hoary balm <strong>of</strong> Gilead<br />
hoary basil<br />
hoary mountain-mint<br />
hoary pea vine<br />
hobblebush<br />
hobo<br />
hobo blanco<br />
hobo colorado<br />
hobo de racimos<br />
hog apple<br />
hog bhajee<br />
hog doctor<br />
hog gum tree<br />
hog millet<br />
hog peanut<br />
hog plum<br />
hogbrake<br />
hog-pasture brake<br />
hogweed<br />
hoja amarga<br />
hoja blanca<br />
hoja de baño<br />
hoja de bexo<br />
hoja de guacamayo<br />
hoja de María<br />
hoja de piedra<br />
hoja de Santa María<br />
hoja de serene<br />
hoja de verijado<br />
hoja menuda<br />
hoja parda<br />
hojadillo<br />
hojas de tilo<br />
hokoma<br />
hold-back<br />
holly barberry<br />
holly grape<br />
holly mahonia<br />
hollyhock<br />
holly-leaf cherry<br />
holy thistle<br />
holywood<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
hombre grande<br />
hombrón<br />
homero<br />
homoarao<br />
homos<br />
hondapara<br />
hones<br />
honewort<br />
honey locust<br />
honey mesquite<br />
honey palm<br />
honey tree<br />
honeyberry<br />
honeydew melon<br />
honeypod<br />
honey-shucks locust<br />
honeysuckle<br />
honeysuckle azalea<br />
honeywort<br />
Hong Kong lily<br />
hongo<br />
hóntayek<br />
hooded blue violet<br />
Hooker’s balsam root<br />
Hooker’s evening primrose<br />
hoop wi<strong>the</strong><br />
hop<br />
hop clover<br />
hop tree<br />
hopbush<br />
Hopi blanket-flower<br />
hopniss<br />
hops<br />
hopseed bush<br />
hopwood<br />
horehound<br />
hormiga caspi<br />
hormigo<br />
hormiguera<br />
hormiguero<br />
hormiguillo<br />
horned cucumber<br />
horse banana<br />
horse bean<br />
horse cassia<br />
horse gram<br />
horse mint<br />
horse purslane<br />
horse-brier<br />
1045
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
horse-chestnut<br />
horsemint<br />
horseradish<br />
horse-radish tree<br />
horsetail<br />
hortelã<br />
hortelã silvestre<br />
hortelã-comum<br />
hortelã-das-cozinhas<br />
hortelã-das-panelas<br />
hortelã-do-campo<br />
hortelã-pimenta<br />
hortelã-preta<br />
hortiga<br />
hottentot fig<br />
hovenia<br />
hoyamono<br />
hoyito<br />
hu-kuchu<br />
huaba<br />
huabu midha<br />
huacamayo<br />
huacamayo chico<br />
huacamayo piña<br />
huacamote<br />
huacapú<br />
huacapurana<br />
huac<strong>at</strong>ai<br />
huac<strong>at</strong>ay<br />
huacava<br />
huachinango<br />
huachuca<br />
huachuca agave<br />
huacrapona<br />
huagra manzana<br />
huagra mora<br />
huagrachanga<br />
huahuachocho<br />
huailulo<br />
huaje<br />
hualhua<br />
hualpuchun<br />
huambula<br />
huamuchil<br />
huanábana<br />
huanábano<br />
huangana caspi<br />
huangurahui<br />
huanima<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
huansoco<br />
huanturmo<br />
huánuco<br />
Huanuco coca<br />
huapaque<br />
huapa<br />
huapa doncel<br />
huapo shimbillo<br />
huaqueneeo<br />
huarahuao<br />
huasaí<br />
huasca<br />
huasca barbasco<br />
huasca mullaca<br />
hu<strong>at</strong>a<br />
huautle<br />
huauzontle<br />
huaxin<br />
huaxmënë<br />
huayava<br />
huayra papa<br />
huaysapilla<br />
huazontle<br />
hubas<br />
hubbard squash<br />
hubo<br />
huckleberry<br />
huecamo<br />
huecome nisperillo<br />
huén<br />
huesito<br />
huevo abajo<br />
huevo de burro<br />
huevo de g<strong>at</strong>o<br />
huevo de piche<br />
huevo de sapo<br />
huevo de tortuga<br />
huevo de venado<br />
huevo vegetal<br />
huevos de gallo<br />
huicama<br />
huicame<br />
huicón<br />
huicosa<br />
hüicoy<br />
huicoyol<br />
huicume<br />
huicundo<br />
huidbori<br />
1046
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
huilote<br />
huimba<br />
huinarillo<br />
huingo<br />
huipilla<br />
huira caspi<br />
huira palta<br />
huiririma<br />
huiririrma<br />
huirirma<br />
huisache<br />
huisache dulce<br />
huiscorol<br />
huiscoyol<br />
huisisai<br />
huisquil<br />
huisquila<br />
huisquilete<br />
huistempisque<br />
huitillo<br />
huitina<br />
huitlacoche<br />
huito<br />
huizaa<br />
huizache<br />
huje<br />
huji<br />
hule<br />
hulless o<strong>at</strong><br />
humarí<br />
Humboldt coyotillo<br />
humira<br />
hummingbird mint<br />
humo<br />
Hungarian turnip<br />
Hungarian wax pepper<br />
hunter’s nut<br />
huracán<br />
huragüe<br />
hurricane plant<br />
hurricane weed<br />
husk tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
hutucu<br />
huyimonca<br />
hyacinth bean<br />
hyacinth pea<br />
hybrid chokeberry<br />
hybrid dovyalis<br />
hyssop hedge nettle<br />
i<strong>at</strong>aí<br />
ib<br />
iba<br />
ibacopari<br />
ibadiu<br />
ibaíba<br />
ibaituga<br />
iba-jayi<br />
ibarubá<br />
ibaviyú<br />
ibe<br />
ibia<br />
ibias<br />
ibipitanga<br />
ibiraí<br />
ibiranhira<br />
ibiraba<br />
ibixuna<br />
ibocoixa<br />
ica<br />
icacillo<br />
icaco<br />
icaco dulce<br />
icaco negro<br />
icaco rosado<br />
icacoré-ca<strong>at</strong>inga<br />
icaque<br />
icaquero<br />
icaraota<br />
iceberg lettuce<br />
ice-cream bean<br />
ichilia copal<br />
icho<br />
ichuá<br />
ichuá<br />
ichukuta<br />
icimte<br />
icina de agua<br />
ico<br />
icoja<br />
idu<br />
igarwala<br />
igbo<br />
igname<br />
igo<br />
igua<br />
igua sapi<br />
igualama<br />
iguana hackberry<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
1047
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
ikámanchi<br />
ikiam tsampu<br />
il brilloso semilla verde<br />
ilama<br />
Illinois bundleflower<br />
Illinois desmanthus<br />
imbaúba<br />
imbaúba-benguê<br />
imbaúba-branca<br />
imbaúba-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
imbaúba-de-cheiro<br />
imbaúba-de-cheiro-uvilha<br />
imbaúba-do-vinho<br />
imbaúba-gigante<br />
imbaúba-mansa<br />
imbaúba-puruma<br />
imbaúbarana<br />
imbaúbarana-vermelha<br />
imbaúba-roxa<br />
imbaúba-torém<br />
imbaúba-vermelha<br />
imbe<br />
imbé<br />
imbé-da-praia<br />
imbé-de-comer<br />
imbé-de-San-Pedro<br />
imbé-de-San-Pedro<br />
imbé-furado<br />
imbé-manso<br />
imbé-manso<br />
imbir<strong>at</strong>aia<br />
imbiriba<br />
imbiruçu<br />
imbiry<br />
imbrig<br />
imbu<br />
imbú<br />
imburana<br />
imburi<br />
imbuzeiro<br />
imchich masha<br />
imiá<br />
imocona<br />
impanti<br />
imp<strong>at</strong>i<br />
in<br />
inaja<br />
inajá<br />
inajá palm<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
inajaí<br />
inajá-y<br />
inambu<br />
iñame<br />
inaré<br />
inayuga<br />
inbaúba<br />
Inca peanut<br />
Inca rice<br />
Inca whe<strong>at</strong><br />
incham<br />
inche<br />
inchi<br />
inchic<br />
inchik<br />
incienso<br />
incira<br />
indaiá<br />
indaiaçu<br />
indaiá-do-campo<br />
indaiá-rasteiro<br />
indano<br />
indano colorado<br />
indaya<br />
India moth bean<br />
Indian almond<br />
Indian balsam<br />
Indian banana<br />
Indian beadroot<br />
Indian bean<br />
Indian breadroot<br />
Indian butter bean<br />
Indian cabbage<br />
Indian caraway<br />
Indian cherry<br />
Indian cherry tree<br />
Indian chocol<strong>at</strong>e<br />
Indian corn<br />
Indian cucumber<br />
Indian cucumber-root<br />
Indian d<strong>at</strong>e<br />
Indian dillenia<br />
Indian elm<br />
Indian fig<br />
Indian hemp<br />
Indian jujube<br />
Indian kale<br />
Indian laurel<br />
Indian lettuce<br />
1048
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
Indian licorice<br />
Indian lotus<br />
Indian medlar<br />
Indian millet<br />
Indian mountain rice<br />
Indian mulberry<br />
Indian mustard<br />
Indian o<strong>at</strong><br />
indian paint<br />
Indian paintbrush<br />
Indian papoos<br />
Indian pea<br />
Indian persimmon<br />
Indian plum<br />
Indian poke<br />
Indian pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
Indian prune<br />
Indian rhubarb<br />
Indian rice grass<br />
Indian root<br />
Indian shot<br />
Indian snakewood<br />
Indian sorrel<br />
Indian spinach<br />
Indian strawberry<br />
Indian tea<br />
Indian thistle<br />
Indian turnip<br />
Indian walnut<br />
Indian whe<strong>at</strong><br />
Indian wormwood<br />
Indian yam<br />
Indian-cress<br />
Indian-paint<br />
indigo bush<br />
indigoberry<br />
indio desnudo<br />
iñéjhe<br />
inga<br />
ingá<br />
ingá cipó<br />
ingá dulce<br />
ingá peua<br />
ingá-açu<br />
ingá-azeda<br />
ingá-canela<br />
ingá-ch<strong>at</strong>a<br />
ingá-chichica<br />
ingá-chinela<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
ingá-chinelo<br />
ingá-costela<br />
ingá-costela-de-vaca<br />
ingá-curumim<br />
ingá-cururu<br />
ingá-de-baixo<br />
ingá-de-fogo<br />
ingá-de-macaco<br />
ingá-de-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
ingá-de-metro<br />
ingá-facão<br />
ingá-ferradura<br />
ingá-ferro<br />
ingá-grossa<br />
ingaguazu<br />
ingaí<br />
ingaí-ferro<br />
ingá-leite<br />
ingá-mari<br />
ingá-mirim<br />
ingapé<br />
ingá-peba<br />
ingá-peludo<br />
ingá-titica<br />
ingá-turi<br />
ingá-verdadeiro<br />
ingá-vermelha<br />
ingaxixi<br />
ingaxixica<br />
ingá-xixica<br />
ingerto<br />
ingireira<br />
ingua<br />
ingurabe<br />
inhambane c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
inhame<br />
inhame-água<br />
inhame-branco<br />
inhame-bravo<br />
inhame-caraquento<br />
inhame-casco<br />
inhame-chinês<br />
inhame-d’água<br />
inhame-da-China<br />
inhame-da-costa<br />
inhame-da-Índia<br />
inhame-de-Angola<br />
inhame-de-guine<br />
inhame-de-São-Tomé<br />
1049
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
inhame-gigante<br />
inhame-liso<br />
inhame-nambu<br />
inhame-roxo<br />
inhame-são-tomé<br />
inhame-taiá<br />
inharé<br />
inharé-mole<br />
inharezinho<br />
iniá<br />
iniaku<br />
injerto<br />
injerto verde<br />
injito colorado<br />
injuá<br />
inkberry<br />
inland ceanothus<br />
inland gooseberry<br />
inland lea<strong>the</strong>r fern<br />
insira<br />
insira amarilla<br />
invir<strong>at</strong>aí<br />
Iowa crab<br />
ipadu<br />
ipê<br />
ipê-boia<br />
ipecacuana<br />
ipecacuana de monte<br />
ipecacuanha-brava<br />
ipecacunha-falsa<br />
ipilipil<br />
ipil-ipil<br />
ipoméia<br />
ipomoea<br />
iporuro de altura<br />
iraca<br />
irana<br />
irayol<br />
iricuri<br />
iriri<br />
Irish lace marigold<br />
Irish pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
Irish shamrock<br />
iron cross oxalis<br />
iron cross plant<br />
ironweed<br />
ironwood<br />
Iroquois breadroot<br />
iroro<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
irupé<br />
irwa<br />
is duy<br />
isabelita<br />
isano<br />
isaño<br />
ishanga<br />
ishanga macho<br />
ishimu<br />
ishpingo<br />
isicaguo<br />
isigo crespo<br />
isiguillo<br />
island cabbage<br />
island Torrey pine<br />
isleño<br />
isperhuala<br />
ispingo<br />
ispundio<br />
ištá’k<br />
istamasúchil<br />
istle<br />
istle fiber agave<br />
išúk<br />
iswalla hupa<br />
ita palm<br />
itaba<br />
itacopa<br />
itahuba<br />
itajuba<br />
Italian bristlegrass<br />
Italian foxtail<br />
Italian licorice<br />
Italian millet<br />
Italian pepper<br />
Italian stone pine<br />
itapeuá<br />
itararanga<br />
itauba amarilla<br />
itaubarana<br />
ite<br />
ite palm<br />
ithim pal<strong>at</strong>s<br />
itil cedro<br />
itsama<br />
itsucua tsip<strong>at</strong>a<br />
ituá<br />
ituaí<br />
itzimte<br />
1050
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
itzintal<br />
iúca<br />
iumanasa<br />
ivia<br />
ivirá<br />
ivory nut palm<br />
ivory nuts<br />
ivory palm<br />
ivy gourd<br />
iwajyu<br />
iwšúk<br />
ix bek’em<br />
ixcanal<br />
ixcumite<br />
ixla’hastapún skíti’<br />
ixnotl<br />
ixpepe<br />
ixtan<br />
ixtapacal<br />
ixtle<br />
iya<br />
izlama<br />
izote<br />
jabillo<br />
jaboncillo<br />
jaboncillo airambo<br />
jabonero<br />
jaboti<br />
jaboticaba<br />
jaboticaba-de-cabinho<br />
jaboticaba-de-Campinas<br />
jaboticaba-de-cipó<br />
jaboticaba-de-São-Paulo<br />
jaboticaba-do-campo<br />
jaboticaba-do-Pará<br />
jaboticaba-grande<br />
jaboticaba-macia<br />
jaboticaba-miúda<br />
jaboticaba-olho-de-boi<br />
jaboticaba-sabará<br />
jaboti-c<strong>at</strong>uba<br />
jabotic<strong>at</strong>uba-grande<br />
jabotocoba amarilla<br />
jabuti<br />
jabuticaba<br />
jabuticaba-açu<br />
jabuticaba-de-cipó<br />
jabuticaba-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
jabuticaba-miúda<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
jabuticaba-murta<br />
jabuticaba-paulista<br />
jabutic<strong>at</strong>uba<br />
jabutocabeira-de-cipó<br />
jac<br />
jaca<br />
jaca-brava<br />
jaca-brava-pequena<br />
jaca-de-pobre<br />
jaca-do-Pará<br />
jacaicá<br />
jacama<br />
jacana<br />
jácana<br />
jacapé<br />
jacarandá<br />
jacar<strong>at</strong>ia<br />
jacar<strong>at</strong>iá<br />
jacará-uva<br />
jacareíba<br />
jacareúba<br />
jacareúva<br />
jac<strong>at</strong>upé<br />
jaci<br />
jacinto<br />
jacinto acuático<br />
jacinto de agua<br />
jacitara<br />
jacitara tipiti<br />
jack bean<br />
jackfruit<br />
Jack-in-<strong>the</strong>-pulpit<br />
Jackson’s brier<br />
Jackson’s vine<br />
Jacob’s co<strong>at</strong><br />
Jacob’s ladder<br />
jacocalalu<br />
jacón<br />
jacutupé<br />
jade<br />
jaggary palm<br />
jagua<br />
jagua dulce<br />
jaguá palm<br />
jaguara-muru<br />
jaguay<br />
jaguilla<br />
jaguillo<br />
jahuacté<br />
1051
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
jak<br />
jakfruit<br />
jaku huayaka<br />
jalão<br />
jalapa-falsa<br />
jalapeño<br />
jalbay<br />
jaltom<strong>at</strong>a<br />
jaltom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
jaltom<strong>at</strong>l<br />
jam fruit<br />
jamacaru<br />
jamaica<br />
Jamaica apple<br />
Jamaica cherry<br />
Jamaica cobseed<br />
Jamaica nightshade<br />
Jamaica plum<br />
Jamaica samphire<br />
Jamaica sasparilla<br />
Jamaica tea<br />
Jamaican blueberry<br />
Jamaican honeysuckle<br />
Jamaican horse bean<br />
Jamaican kino<br />
Jamaican mint bush<br />
Jamaican nettle tree<br />
Jamaican pepper<br />
Jamaican sarsaparilla<br />
Jamaican sorrel<br />
Jamaican tea flower<br />
jamargo<br />
jamberry<br />
jambo<br />
jambó<br />
jambo piña<br />
jambo-amarelho<br />
jambo-boliviano<br />
jambo-branco<br />
jambo-chá<br />
jambo-cheirosa<br />
jambo-comum<br />
jambo-da-índia<br />
jambo-encarnado<br />
jamboeiro de Malacca<br />
jamboisier rouge<br />
jambolan<br />
jambolan plum<br />
jambolana<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
jambolão<br />
jamboleiro<br />
jambolim<br />
jambolón<br />
jambolona<br />
jambo-moreno<br />
jambo-rosa<br />
jambosa<br />
jambo-verdadeiro<br />
jambo-vermelho<br />
jambre<br />
jambu<br />
jambu-açu<br />
jambu-do-rio<br />
jambu-no-rio<br />
jambu-rana<br />
jambul<br />
jamelão<br />
jamica<br />
jamoon<br />
jamrosade<br />
janitá<br />
Japan clover<br />
Japanese anise<br />
Japanese arrowroot<br />
Japanese bunching onion<br />
Japanese burdock root<br />
Japanese ginger<br />
Japanese knotweed<br />
Japanese kudzu<br />
Japanese lespedeza<br />
Japanese medlar<br />
Japanese millet<br />
Japanese persimmon<br />
Japanese pie pumpkin<br />
Japanese plum<br />
Japanese pumpkin<br />
Japanese quince<br />
Japanese radish<br />
Japanese raisin tree<br />
Japanese raspberry<br />
Japanese rose<br />
Japanese sago-palm<br />
Japanese wineberry<br />
Japanese yew<br />
japecanga<br />
japoneira<br />
Japonese tea<br />
japonica<br />
1052
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
japunaki<br />
japura<br />
japurá<br />
jaquero<br />
jara<br />
jará<br />
jarabe huayo<br />
jarac<strong>at</strong>ia<br />
jarac<strong>at</strong>iá<br />
jarac<strong>at</strong>iá<br />
jarac<strong>at</strong>iara<br />
jarai<br />
jaraí<br />
jaraí-da-terra-firme<br />
jaraí-do-igapó<br />
jaramago<br />
jaramargo<br />
jararaca<br />
jararaca-tajá<br />
jararaca merim<br />
jararaca-mirim<br />
jareua<br />
jarevá<br />
jarilla<br />
jarilla de día<br />
jarina<br />
jarivá<br />
jarrito<br />
jasmim-do-cabo<br />
jasmim-manga<br />
jasmine<br />
jassaí<br />
jassitara<br />
j<strong>at</strong>aí<br />
j<strong>at</strong>aíba<br />
j<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a<br />
j<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>illa<br />
j<strong>at</strong>auba<br />
j<strong>at</strong>ayva<br />
j<strong>at</strong>iá<br />
j<strong>at</strong>ica<br />
j<strong>at</strong>obá<br />
j<strong>at</strong>obá-capão<br />
j<strong>at</strong>obá-curuba<br />
j<strong>at</strong>obá-de-casca-fina<br />
j<strong>at</strong>obá-do-campo<br />
j<strong>at</strong>obá-do-cerrado<br />
j<strong>at</strong>uauba<br />
jauari palm<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
jaujá<br />
jaundice root<br />
jaune d’oeuf a grandes<br />
feuilles<br />
jaune d’oeut<br />
Java almond<br />
Java apple<br />
Java jute<br />
Java plum<br />
jawi<br />
jaya<br />
jazmín<br />
jazmín francés<br />
jazmín-de-monte<br />
jebe<br />
jebe débil fino<br />
jebe fino<br />
jebo<br />
jeco<br />
Jeffrey pine<br />
jejerucu<br />
jelly palm<br />
jelly-mellon<br />
jemeco<br />
jengibre<br />
jengibre mioga<br />
jengibrillo<br />
jenipá<br />
jenipaba<br />
jenipapinho<br />
jenipapo<br />
jenipapo-manso<br />
jenjibre<br />
jequerite<br />
jequerity seeds<br />
jequirity bean<br />
jequitá<br />
jequitibá-amarella<br />
jequitibá-rosa<br />
jergón quiro<br />
jergón sacha<br />
jeribá<br />
jérico<br />
jerimu<br />
jerimum<br />
jerivá<br />
Jersey tea<br />
Jerusalem artichoke<br />
Jerusalem oak<br />
1053
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
Jerusalem oak goosefoot<br />
Jerusalem parsley<br />
Jerusalem pea<br />
Jerusalem rye<br />
Jerusalem tea<br />
Jerusalem thorn<br />
jerxelim<br />
jessenia palm<br />
Jesuit nut<br />
Jesuit tea<br />
Jesuit’s balsam<br />
Jesus’ heart<br />
jetaí<br />
jetica<br />
Jew plum<br />
Jew’s apple<br />
Jew’s mallow<br />
Jew’s plum<br />
jewels-<strong>of</strong>-Opar<br />
jewelweed<br />
jía manzanilla<br />
jicaco<br />
jicama<br />
jícama<br />
jícama de agua<br />
jícama dulce<br />
jicana<br />
jícana<br />
jiçara<br />
jícaro<br />
jicuite<br />
jigacho<br />
jigua<br />
jijirre<br />
jíkima<br />
jilo<br />
jiló<br />
jilote<br />
jiltom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
jimbay<br />
jimbling<br />
jinicuil<br />
jinjilo<br />
jiñocuavo<br />
jinote<br />
jiote<br />
jiotilla<br />
jipi<br />
jipijapa<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
jipijapá<br />
jipiti<br />
jippi jappa<br />
jíquera<br />
jiqui<br />
jiquima<br />
jíquima<br />
jíquimilla<br />
jiquiri<br />
jiquirioba<br />
jira<br />
jiracaca<br />
jitaí<br />
jitka<br />
jitó<br />
jitom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
joá<br />
joá-de-capote<br />
João-Gomes<br />
João-mole<br />
joari<br />
joazeiro<br />
Job’s tears<br />
jobillo<br />
jobo<br />
jobo amarillo<br />
jobo corona<br />
jobo corronchoso<br />
jobo de las indias<br />
jobo de indio<br />
jobo de la India<br />
jobo francés<br />
jobo liso<br />
jobo rojo<br />
joçara<br />
joconostle<br />
jocote<br />
jocote de fraile<br />
jocote marañón<br />
jocote pitarrillo<br />
jocotillo extranjero<br />
jocuma<br />
jocuma amarilla<br />
jocuma prieta<br />
John’s salad<br />
Johnny green<br />
johnny-jump-up<br />
joint-fir<br />
jointpine<br />
1054
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
jojoba<br />
joko<br />
jolomocox<br />
jolmashté<br />
joma<br />
jómirim<br />
jon<strong>at</strong>e<br />
jonquil<br />
jorco<br />
jorgelim<br />
jork<strong>at</strong>iki<br />
josebé<br />
Joseph’s co<strong>at</strong><br />
Joshua tree<br />
joyahiye<br />
joyapa<br />
ju<br />
jua<br />
juá<br />
juá-da-roça<br />
juá-da-roza<br />
juá-das-queimadas<br />
juá-de-capote<br />
juá-espinho<br />
juá-fruta<br />
juajua<br />
juá-manso<br />
Juan colorado<br />
Juan de Acaste<br />
Juan de la cruz<br />
Juan Diego<br />
Juan Primero<br />
juanache<br />
juansoco<br />
juá-poca<br />
juazeiro<br />
jubaea palm<br />
jubia<br />
juçara<br />
jucay<br />
juciri<br />
jucum<br />
jucumico<br />
judía<br />
judía asparaga<br />
judía b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a<br />
judía común<br />
judía de arroz<br />
judía de caballo<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
judía de egipto<br />
judía de España<br />
judía de la peladilla<br />
judía de lima<br />
judía de mungo<br />
judía encarnada<br />
judía escarl<strong>at</strong>a<br />
judía pinta<br />
judión<br />
jujuba<br />
jujube<br />
jujure<br />
jumbie balsam<br />
jumbie beads<br />
jumbie bean<br />
jumbie tree<br />
jumbool<br />
jumping cactus<br />
jump-up<br />
jumpy bean<br />
junça<br />
juncinha-mansa<br />
junco<br />
junco de estera<br />
junco de pasión<br />
junco tap<strong>at</strong>ío<br />
juneberry<br />
junegrass<br />
jungle plum<br />
jungle rice<br />
juniper<br />
juniper mistletoe<br />
junípero<br />
junípero rastrero<br />
junquillo<br />
junquinho<br />
jup<strong>at</strong>i<br />
jup<strong>at</strong>y<br />
jupela<br />
jupihu<br />
juplón<br />
jupuaroke<br />
juqueri<br />
juripeba<br />
juriti-ubim<br />
jurubeba<br />
jurubeba-branca<br />
jurubeba-do-capim<br />
jurubeba-lobeira<br />
1055
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
jurubeba-roxa<br />
jurubeba-verdadeira<br />
jurubebão<br />
jurubebinha<br />
jurumum<br />
jurupi<br />
jussara<br />
justicia<br />
juta<br />
jutaí<br />
jutaí-açu<br />
jutaicica<br />
jutaicica<br />
jutaicita<br />
jutaí-curuba<br />
jutaí-da-folha-grande<br />
jutaí-grande<br />
jutaí-mirim<br />
jutaí-pororoca<br />
jutaí-pororoca<br />
jute<br />
jutucu<br />
juturuba<br />
juuna<br />
juvena<br />
juvia<br />
jwi’na<br />
k án oox<br />
k’an-k’opte<br />
k’anlol<br />
k’ita aselgas<br />
k’olok’<br />
k’on k’ach<br />
k’onguarani<br />
k’oopté<br />
k’opte’<br />
k’uiron<br />
k’uuwaap<br />
k’u-zub<br />
ka<br />
kaá-ehé<br />
kaashi bar<strong>at</strong>ji<br />
kabur<br />
kaburgia<br />
kachun<br />
kafe<br />
kaffir orange<br />
kaffir plum<br />
kafir corn<br />
kafir plum<br />
ká-ha-pa<br />
ka-he-pa<br />
kai<br />
kaimit<br />
kairiaballi<br />
kajuták<br />
kakaiwee<br />
kakarua<br />
kakawanance<br />
kakee<br />
kakeralli<br />
kaki<br />
kaki del Japón<br />
kaki plum<br />
kakiska<br />
kakixo<br />
kakka-yek<br />
kakwara<br />
kalamasa<br />
kale<br />
kamachil wood<br />
kamahora<br />
kamaku<br />
kamancha<br />
kamawarri<br />
kamch<strong>at</strong>ka lily<br />
kampanak<br />
kamururu<br />
kan tsol<br />
kana-dá<br />
kañagua<br />
kañahua<br />
kañawa<br />
kandis<br />
kangkong<br />
kangra buckwhe<strong>at</strong><br />
kaniwa<br />
kañiwa<br />
kanixte<br />
kanji<br />
kanló<br />
Kansas gayfea<strong>the</strong>r<br />
kan-te<br />
kantine-é<br />
kao<br />
kapoc<br />
kapok<br />
kapok tree<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
1056
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
karabo<br />
karagu<strong>at</strong>á<br />
karagu<strong>at</strong>á ruhá<br />
karanda<br />
karapana<br />
kar<strong>at</strong>u’a’a<br />
karé<br />
karhashi<br />
kari bush<br />
kari-kari<br />
karpoolay<br />
karqueja<br />
karwari<br />
kasari<br />
kaska<br />
kasnir bhai<br />
kasnir pbai<br />
k<strong>at</strong>ahar<br />
k<strong>at</strong>ié<br />
k<strong>at</strong>io<br />
kaúrabali<br />
kauwaya<br />
kawarí<br />
kawaw<strong>at</strong><br />
kedeba<br />
kei<br />
kei-apple<br />
kekyura<br />
kelem<br />
kelem ts’aah<br />
kellupancarita<br />
kellu-uchu<br />
kenaf<br />
kenaf hibiscus<br />
kenari<br />
kenip<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>ucky c<strong>of</strong>fee tree<br />
ké-pá<br />
kerosene tree<br />
kerosín<br />
ketambila<br />
ketembilla<br />
Kew weed<br />
key byrsonima<br />
key lime<br />
khanachu<br />
kher<br />
khesari<br />
khisa<br />
khoa<br />
khus-khus<br />
kiawe<br />
kidney bean<br />
kidneywood<br />
kiku<br />
kimandá<br />
kimsacuchu<br />
kina-kina<br />
king nut<br />
king orange<br />
king’s crown<br />
kingcup<br />
kingcup cactus<br />
kininu<br />
kinkan<br />
kinke<br />
kinnikinnick<br />
kinoa<br />
kinsacucho<br />
kinza cuchu<br />
kion<br />
kión<br />
kirschmyrte<br />
kishtan<br />
kitachiyú<br />
kitambilla<br />
kitchen sage<br />
kitembilla<br />
kittie mcwanie<br />
kiudibushi<br />
kitwe<br />
kiwano<br />
kiwi<br />
kiwí<br />
kiwi vine<br />
kiwicha<br />
kiwifruit<br />
kjola<br />
Klam<strong>at</strong>h plum<br />
Klam<strong>at</strong>h weed<br />
knacás<br />
knock away<br />
knol-khol<br />
knotweed<br />
ko<br />
ko hemp<br />
koarí<br />
kobé<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
1057
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
kobuyá<br />
koeleria<br />
koelon<br />
kohlrabi<br />
kokerit palm<br />
kokerite<br />
kokerite palm<br />
kokeritiballi<br />
kokeritje balli<br />
koku<br />
kola<br />
kola nut<br />
kolo<br />
kolok<br />
kolokmaax<br />
kolomaax<br />
kolomikta<br />
komaramara<br />
komora<br />
kongaran<br />
kongarani<br />
konguera<br />
konguera blanca<br />
konguera prieta<br />
konguerai<br />
koop-té<br />
kooteritiballi<br />
kopté<br />
kópte<br />
korakrie<br />
kord<strong>of</strong>an pea<br />
korí sivre<br />
korila<br />
kowa<br />
koxol wits<br />
Krishna’s cup<br />
ku’xub<br />
kualu<br />
kuan rud yixhé<br />
kudibushi<br />
kudzu<br />
kudzú<br />
kudzu vine<br />
kuík<br />
kuini<br />
kulimiro<br />
kum<br />
kum de amor<br />
kumakaballi<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
kumandá as<br />
kumandá ibiraí<br />
kumandá tupí<br />
kumandá usú<br />
kumara<br />
kumari<br />
kummel<br />
kumpia<br />
kumqu<strong>at</strong><br />
kumu<br />
kuñapé<br />
kunché<br />
kunguel seed<br />
kunkuim nujint<br />
kunkúkmajo<br />
kunqu<strong>at</strong><br />
kunuana<br />
kurahara<br />
kurahura<br />
kurdee<br />
kurile tea<br />
kuru<br />
kuruba<br />
kurwini<br />
kusí urákame<br />
kuskin<br />
kuturu<br />
kwaheri<br />
kwai muk<br />
kwai muk breadfruit<br />
kwarkw<strong>at</strong>ta<br />
kw<strong>at</strong>a bobi<br />
labaça<br />
labaça-crespa<br />
labaçal<br />
labaça-obtusa<br />
labe-labe<br />
lablab<br />
Labrador rose<br />
Labrador tea<br />
labrusca<br />
lacachu<br />
lacahuite<br />
lacahuiti<br />
lac<strong>at</strong>án<br />
lacayote<br />
lacrão<br />
lacre<br />
lacre-branco<br />
1058
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
lady legs<br />
lady’s bedstraw<br />
lady’s leek<br />
lady’s leg<br />
lady’s purse<br />
lady’s smock<br />
lady’s thumb<br />
lady’s-fingers<br />
lady-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-night<br />
lagartillo<br />
lagarto<br />
lagarto caspi-blanco<br />
lagarto-crespi<br />
lagarto micunan<br />
lagarto moona<br />
lagarto piña<br />
lagartomoena<br />
lágrima-de-moça<br />
lágrima-de-Nossa-Senhora<br />
lágrimas de David<br />
lágrimas de Job<br />
lágrimas de la virgen<br />
lágrimas de María<br />
lágrimas de Nossa Senhora<br />
lágrimas de San Pedro<br />
lágrimas de San Pedro<br />
lágrimas-de-Job<br />
laguarí<br />
láirem<br />
lairén<br />
láiren<br />
laišé’tene<br />
lai-tus<br />
lakawiti<br />
lakoocha<br />
lala-nempá<br />
lamb’s cress<br />
lamb’s lettuce<br />
lamb’s quarters<br />
lamb’s tongue<br />
lambsquarters<br />
lamuña<br />
lana<br />
lanaé<br />
lanceleaf greenbrier<br />
lanceleaf sage<br />
lance-leaf springbeauty<br />
lancetilla<br />
landes-de-faia<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
landi<br />
landim<br />
lanero<br />
lan-fe-la<br />
lang<br />
langs<strong>at</strong><br />
Langsdorf’s lousewort<br />
lano<br />
lansio<br />
lanson<br />
lansón<br />
lantana<br />
lantim<br />
lanza caspi<br />
lanza colorada<br />
lanzón<br />
laranghina-do-campo<br />
laranja<br />
laranja-amarga<br />
laranja-azeda<br />
laranja-Bahia<br />
laranja-baianinha<br />
laranja-banana<br />
laranja-bigarade<br />
laranja-branca<br />
laranja-caipira<br />
laranja-c<strong>at</strong>arina<br />
laranja-comum<br />
laranja-cravo<br />
laranja-da-China<br />
laranja-da-terra<br />
laranja-de-sevilha<br />
laranja-doce<br />
laranja-jabuticaba<br />
laranja-kunqu<strong>at</strong><br />
laranja-sem-caroços<br />
laranja-sina<br />
laranja-tacuari<br />
laranja-umbigo<br />
laranjeira-brava<br />
laranjeira-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
laranjeira-de-vaqueiro<br />
laranjinha-de-vaqueiro<br />
laranjinha-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
laranjinha-japonesa<br />
laredo mahonia<br />
large cane<br />
large cranberry<br />
large flowered torch thistle<br />
1059
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
large flowered trillium<br />
large fruited buscuit-root<br />
large hop-clover<br />
large trefoil<br />
large-blooming cereus<br />
large-flower skeletonplant<br />
large-flower wake-robin<br />
large-flowering cactus<br />
large-seed goosefoot<br />
large-too<strong>the</strong>d aspen<br />
larkspur lettuce<br />
larkspur violet<br />
larmes de Job<br />
laro<br />
lasturrin<br />
l<strong>at</strong>a<br />
l<strong>at</strong>a de playón<br />
l<strong>at</strong>a hembra<br />
l<strong>at</strong>anier<br />
l<strong>at</strong>api<br />
l<strong>at</strong>aqui<br />
l<strong>at</strong>ex plant<br />
l<strong>at</strong>ón<br />
lauraimena<br />
laurel<br />
laurel blanco<br />
laurel chico<br />
laurel de espana<br />
laurel de la sierra<br />
laurel de los poetas<br />
laurel macho<br />
laurel magnolia<br />
laurel negro<br />
laurel noble<br />
laurel tulipán<br />
laurelillo<br />
laurelwood<br />
laureo<br />
laurimana<br />
lava ropa<br />
lavapl<strong>at</strong>os<br />
lava-pr<strong>at</strong>os<br />
lava-zapote<br />
lavender cotton<br />
lavender giant hyssop<br />
layan<br />
layo<br />
leadplant<br />
leadtree<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
leadwood<br />
leaf beet<br />
leaf cactus<br />
leaf mustard<br />
leaf-flower<br />
leafy-stemmed dandelion<br />
lea<strong>the</strong>r-leaf<br />
lea<strong>the</strong>ry jungleplum<br />
lech<br />
leche<br />
leche amarilla<br />
leche caspi<br />
leche de plátano<br />
leche huayo<br />
leche maría<br />
lechecillo<br />
lecheguilla<br />
lechemiel<br />
lechero<br />
lechero negro<br />
lechia<br />
lechosa<br />
lechosa de monte<br />
lechoso<br />
lechuga<br />
lechuga de agua<br />
lechuga montés<br />
lechuguilla<br />
leek<br />
leichtlin’s camass<br />
leitero-folha-miuda<br />
lemon<br />
lemon balm<br />
lemon beebalm<br />
lemon cactus<br />
lemon lily<br />
lemon marigold<br />
lemon mint<br />
lemon verbena<br />
lemon vine<br />
lemonade berry<br />
lemonade sumac<br />
lemonade tree<br />
lemongrass<br />
lena amarilla<br />
leña blanco<br />
lengevaco<br />
lengua de vaca<br />
lengua de venado<br />
1060
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
leño colorado<br />
lent coconut<br />
lenteja<br />
lenteja de agua<br />
lentil<br />
lentilha<br />
lentilha-d’água<br />
lentisco<br />
lentisco del Perú<br />
leopard-wood<br />
lepidio<br />
lepido<br />
leprosy gourd<br />
leren<br />
lerén<br />
lerenes<br />
lespedeza común<br />
lesser Asi<strong>at</strong>ic yam<br />
lesser bullrush<br />
lesser yam<br />
lettuce<br />
leucaena<br />
leucena<br />
levant cotton<br />
levante<br />
levístico<br />
liamba<br />
liambo<br />
liane carrée<br />
Liberian c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
liberica c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
lichi<br />
lichí<br />
lichia<br />
licorice<br />
licórice<br />
licorice fern<br />
licorice mint<br />
licorice root<br />
licorice tree<br />
licorice verbena<br />
licuri<br />
licurioba<br />
licurioba das ca<strong>at</strong>ingas<br />
licury palm<br />
lieuque<br />
lieuque<br />
life-<strong>of</strong>-man<br />
lignum sanctum<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
lignum vitae<br />
lilac oxalis<br />
lileka<br />
lily<br />
lily-royal<br />
lilythorn<br />
lima<br />
lima bean<br />
lima boba<br />
lima dulce<br />
lima tom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
lima-comum<br />
lima-da-Pérsia<br />
lima-de-bico<br />
limão<br />
limão de Cayena<br />
limão-amargo<br />
limão-azedo<br />
limão-bravo<br />
limão-bravo-do-brejo<br />
limão-Caiana<br />
limão-China<br />
limão-comum<br />
limão-de-Cayena<br />
limão-de-molho<br />
limão-galego<br />
limão-mirim<br />
limão-rosa<br />
limão-silvestre<br />
limão-taiti<br />
limãozinho<br />
limasa<br />
lime<br />
limeberry<br />
limeña<br />
limestone grass<br />
limón<br />
limón ácido<br />
limón agrio<br />
limón amargo<br />
limón capsi<br />
limón chino<br />
limón cidra<br />
limón criollo<br />
limón de cabro<br />
limón de mar<br />
limón dulce<br />
limón francés<br />
limón mexicano<br />
1061
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
limón real<br />
limón sutil<br />
limonabali<br />
limoncillo<br />
limoncillo de Córdoba<br />
limoncillo de té<br />
limoncito<br />
limonero<br />
limonero mexicano<br />
limonete<br />
limonia<br />
limaorama<br />
limaorama-amarelo<br />
limorama<br />
limpia dientes<br />
limulana<br />
lin<br />
lináloe<br />
linão<br />
linaza<br />
Lincoln weed<br />
linda mañana<br />
linden<br />
lindenleaf sage<br />
lingaro<br />
lingberry<br />
lingonberry<br />
língua-de-vaca<br />
linho<br />
lino<br />
lino criollo<br />
lino de Nueva Zelanda<br />
linseed<br />
liokoho<br />
lipstick tree<br />
liquidámbar<br />
liquorice<br />
liquorice root<br />
lirio<br />
lírio<br />
lirio de un día<br />
lírio-amarelo<br />
lírio-branco<br />
lírio-brejo<br />
lírio-do-brejo<br />
lisas<br />
Lisbon yam<br />
liso<br />
litchi<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
litchia<br />
litsea<br />
little blueberry<br />
little merrybells<br />
little monkey dick pepper<br />
little nipple cactus<br />
little silverbell<br />
little walnut<br />
little western bittercress<br />
littleflower penstemon<br />
littleleaf<br />
littleleaf paloverde<br />
littleleaf r<strong>at</strong>any<br />
littleleaf sumac<br />
littleleaf sumach<br />
littlenut hickory<br />
live oak<br />
liver berry<br />
living rock<br />
lixa-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
lizard’s tail pepper<br />
llacjón<br />
llacón<br />
llakhi<br />
llakuma<br />
llamon<br />
llamón<br />
llampu-cajana<br />
llampu-khana<br />
llanchama de altura<br />
llanchamillo<br />
llanten<br />
llaqhi<br />
llerén<br />
llerenes<br />
llipocha<br />
lloco molle<br />
llullu<br />
llutuyuyu<br />
lluvia de oro<br />
lobeira<br />
loblolly magnolia<br />
lobo sanango<br />
lobo-lobo<br />
lobster-claw<br />
loche<br />
lockhoste<br />
lockosti<br />
locma<br />
1062
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
locoto<br />
locuá<br />
locura<br />
locust<br />
locust bean<br />
locustberry<br />
loganberry<br />
logma<br />
loja<br />
lokhoste<br />
lokonanjo<br />
lokoste<br />
lokoto<br />
lombrigueira<br />
lonchocarpo<br />
longan<br />
longán<br />
longana<br />
longipe bush<br />
longleaf hollygrape<br />
longleaf zygia<br />
long-stemmed jaboticaba<br />
long-tailed wild ginger<br />
longyen<br />
lo<strong>of</strong>ah<br />
loqu<strong>at</strong><br />
lorahara<br />
loreo<br />
loro micuna<br />
loro shungo<br />
loroco<br />
losna<br />
losna-brava<br />
losna-maior<br />
lotebush<br />
loto azul<br />
lotus<br />
lotus lily<br />
loufa<br />
Louisiana yam<br />
Louisianna wormwood<br />
loureiro-comum<br />
loureiro-de-apolo<br />
loureiro-de-presunto<br />
loureiro-dos-poetas<br />
loureiro-ordinário<br />
louro<br />
louro-abac<strong>at</strong>e<br />
louro-cheiroso<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
louro-cravo<br />
louro-de-cozinha<br />
louro-inamuí<br />
louro-mole<br />
louro-sassafrás<br />
lousewort<br />
louvi<br />
love chain<br />
love-in-a-mist<br />
love-lies-bleeding<br />
lovi-lovi<br />
low mallow<br />
low prairie rose<br />
low sweet blueberry<br />
low-bush blueberry<br />
low-bush raspberry<br />
lowland purslane<br />
lowland white fir<br />
lóxuk<br />
lu<br />
luano<br />
lubia<br />
lucaica<br />
luc<strong>at</strong>ero<br />
luc<strong>at</strong>iva<br />
lucca gum<br />
lucern<br />
lucerne<br />
luchumche<br />
lucky beans<br />
lucky clover<br />
lucma<br />
lucma chuncha<br />
lucmo<br />
lucua<br />
lucuma<br />
lúcia-lima<br />
lúcuma<br />
lucumo<br />
lufa<br />
luffa<br />
lugma<br />
luki<br />
lukum<br />
lulá<br />
lulita<br />
lullo<br />
lulo<br />
lulo comun<br />
1063
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
lulo de la tierra fría<br />
lulo de perro<br />
lulo jibara<br />
lum<br />
luma<br />
lumbán<br />
lunda-e quec<br />
lungan<br />
lupin<br />
lupine<br />
lupino<br />
lupino blanco<br />
lupona<br />
lupona blanca<br />
lúpulo<br />
lupuna<br />
lupuna blanca<br />
lupuna bruja<br />
luquillo mountain stopper<br />
luruche<br />
lychee<br />
lychee nut<br />
lyon-bean<br />
maaihiiba<br />
maaona<br />
mabi<br />
mabola<br />
mabolo<br />
maby<br />
maca<br />
maçã<br />
maca chicha<br />
maçã-ácida<br />
macaba<br />
maçã-branca<br />
macacao<br />
macaco<br />
macachin<br />
macadamia<br />
macadâmia<br />
macadamia nut<br />
maca-de-agua<br />
maçã-doce<br />
macachuni<br />
macagua<br />
macagüita<br />
macaíba<br />
macaíba<br />
macaíba-mirim<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
macaja<br />
macajuba<br />
macal<br />
macalte-ic<br />
maca-maca<br />
macamba<br />
macambillo<br />
macambo<br />
macambo sacha<br />
macanabo<br />
macanilla<br />
macao<br />
maçaranduba<br />
maçaranduba-bal<strong>at</strong>a<br />
maçaranduba-braba<br />
maçaranduba-casca-lisa<br />
maçaranduba-chicle<br />
maçaranduba-da-ca<strong>at</strong>inga<br />
maçaranduba-da-praia<br />
maçaranduba-da-restinga<br />
maçaranduba-da-terra-firme<br />
maçaranduba-de-folha-miúda<br />
maçaranduba-de-várzea<br />
maçaranduba-do-igapó<br />
maçaranduba-folha-verde<br />
maçaranduba-irana<br />
maçaranduba-mansa<br />
maçaranduba-pendaria<br />
maçarandubarana<br />
maçaranduba-verdadeira<br />
maçaranduba-vermelha<br />
maçarandubinha<br />
macaroni whe<strong>at</strong><br />
maçã-rosa<br />
macasnilla<br />
mac<strong>at</strong>a<br />
mac<strong>at</strong>a blanca<br />
macauabo<br />
macauba<br />
macaúba<br />
macaúba-mirim<br />
macaw flower<br />
macaw palm<br />
macaxeira<br />
macaxim<br />
macaya oil palm<br />
maccaf<strong>at</strong><br />
mace<br />
macela-do-campo<br />
1064
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
macela-dourada<br />
Macerán<br />
maceta<br />
macha macha<br />
machacomo<br />
macha-macha<br />
machare<br />
machari<br />
machetazo<br />
macheto<br />
machicho<br />
machicuqa<br />
machimango<br />
machín sapote<br />
machinga<br />
macho<br />
machucho<br />
machuchu<br />
macia<br />
macias<br />
macis<br />
Mackay bean<br />
Mackenzie bean<br />
maco<br />
macochín<br />
macondo<br />
maconha<br />
macoucou<br />
macqui<br />
macuá<br />
macu<strong>at</strong>a<br />
macucu<br />
macucú<br />
macucu-chiador<br />
macucu-de-sangue<br />
macucu-murici<br />
macucu-peludo<br />
macucu-sangue<br />
macucu-terra<br />
macucu-xiador<br />
macuelizo<br />
macuil<br />
macuilquilitl<br />
maculigua<br />
maculiz<br />
macús<br />
mad apple<br />
Madagascar bean<br />
Madagascar goundnut<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
Madagascar pepper<br />
Madagascar periwinkle<br />
Madagascar plum<br />
madake bamboo<br />
madam sentá<br />
mad-dog weed<br />
madeira mahogany<br />
madeira marrow<br />
madeira vine<br />
madeira-doce<br />
madera negra<br />
madero negro<br />
ma-dju<br />
Madras thorn<br />
madre<br />
madre de cacao<br />
madre de cocoa<br />
madre de harpón<br />
madre de sal<br />
madre jilete<br />
madre selva<br />
madreado<br />
madrecacao<br />
madregao<br />
madreselva<br />
madressilva<br />
madressilva-de-jardim<br />
madriado<br />
madrón<br />
madroña<br />
madrone<br />
madronillo<br />
madroñillo<br />
madrono<br />
madroño<br />
madroño borracho<br />
madroño colorado<br />
madroño de comer<br />
madruno<br />
madupuru<br />
madura<br />
madura verde<br />
maduraverde<br />
maestra<br />
mafafa<br />
mafafo<br />
mafome<br />
mafua<br />
magaranduva<br />
1065
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
magaleto<br />
Magellan barberry<br />
ma-gju<br />
magnolia<br />
magnolio<br />
magué<br />
maguey<br />
magüey<br />
maguey áspero<br />
maguey bruto<br />
maguey ceniso<br />
maguey cirial<br />
maguey de cerro<br />
maguey de ixtle<br />
maguey de manila<br />
maguey de mescal<br />
maguey de monte<br />
maguey de Nuevo México<br />
maguey de pulque<br />
maguey de tequila<br />
maguey de tobalá<br />
maguey espadilla<br />
maguey espadín<br />
maguey lechugilla<br />
maguey liso<br />
maguey manso<br />
maguey meco<br />
maguey mexcalero<br />
maguey mexicano<br />
maguey México<br />
maguey primavera<br />
maguey pulquero<br />
maguey silvestre<br />
maguey tequilero<br />
maguey tobalá<br />
maguey verde<br />
maguillo<br />
mahaujo<br />
maho<br />
mahoe<br />
maicillo<br />
maiden’s tears<br />
maidenhair tree<br />
maíllo<br />
mainland Torrey pine<br />
maíno<br />
maitén<br />
maíz<br />
maíz café<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
maíz de agua<br />
maíz de Guinea<br />
maíz de Nueva Granada<br />
maíz de perro<br />
maíz de Texas<br />
maíz guineo<br />
maíz meco<br />
maíz millo<br />
maíz morocho<br />
maíz tostado<br />
maize<br />
majagua<br />
majagua negra<br />
majaguillo<br />
majagüillo<br />
majaguito<br />
majagüito<br />
majambo<br />
majambu<br />
majangua<br />
majanjo<br />
majo<br />
majoncho<br />
Major Gomes<br />
majorana<br />
majorano mexicano<br />
majorona<br />
majua<br />
maka<br />
makeru<br />
makulan<br />
mal de ojo<br />
mal-dos-sete-dias<br />
mal-me-quer<br />
mala mujer<br />
Malabar chestnut<br />
Malabar gourd<br />
Malabar nightshade<br />
Malabar spinach<br />
Malaca<br />
malacacheta<br />
Malacca apple<br />
malagay<br />
malago<br />
malaguesa<br />
malagueta<br />
malagüeta<br />
malaguetão<br />
malaguete<br />
1066
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
malaguetinha<br />
malagüeto<br />
malagueto chico<br />
malakabuyan<br />
malama<br />
málama<br />
malanga<br />
malanga gr<strong>at</strong>ter<br />
malanga isleña<br />
malangay<br />
malango<br />
malangu<br />
Malay apple<br />
Malay jujube<br />
Malay rose apple<br />
malcasada<br />
male bamboo<br />
male sapodilla<br />
maleza arvense<br />
malka<br />
mallau<br />
malli<br />
mallica<br />
mallow<br />
malmequer<br />
malobi<br />
malobi-weti<br />
maluco<br />
malva<br />
malva<br />
malva almizclero<br />
malva arbórea<br />
malva blanca<br />
malva chica<br />
malva loca<br />
malva real<br />
malva-relógio<br />
malva-branca<br />
malva-da-Índia<br />
malva-das-boticas<br />
malva-das-hortas<br />
malva-de-casa<br />
malva-do-pântano<br />
malva-grande<br />
malvaísco<br />
malva-maior<br />
malva-medicinal<br />
malva-preta<br />
malvarisco<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
malva-rosa<br />
malvarrosa<br />
malva-selvagem<br />
malva-silvestre<br />
malva-vinagreira<br />
malvavisco<br />
malvavisco-rosa<br />
malvisco<br />
mama-cadela<br />
mama doosou<br />
mama-cadela<br />
mamajuana<br />
mamaku kawcuai<br />
mamalu<br />
mamaluco<br />
mamaluco-escorrega-macaco<br />
mamao<br />
mamão<br />
mamão-bravo<br />
mamão-de-veado<br />
mamão-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
mamãorana<br />
mamãozinho<br />
mame colorado<br />
mamee ciruela<br />
mameg-zapote<br />
mameiro<br />
mamey<br />
mamey apple<br />
mamey colorado<br />
mamey de injerto<br />
mamey de Santo Domingo<br />
mamey de tierra<br />
mamey hediondo<br />
mamey rojo<br />
mamey sapote<br />
mamey verde<br />
mamey zapote<br />
mamey-de-Cartagena<br />
mameyito<br />
mameyo<br />
mamey-zapote<br />
mami<br />
mami-hña<br />
mamilla<br />
maminha-de-cadela<br />
mammea americana<br />
mammee apple<br />
mammee zapote<br />
1067
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
mammey cedera<br />
mammey cederia<br />
mammi<br />
mammillaria<br />
mammoth squash<br />
mamocillo<br />
mamomana-grande<br />
mamón<br />
mamón chino<br />
mamón cutuplís<br />
mamón de montaña<br />
mamón de monte<br />
mamón de venado chica<br />
mamona<br />
mamoncillo<br />
mamoncillo chino<br />
mamorana<br />
mampurro<br />
mamuí<br />
mamuri<br />
mamuriballi<br />
mamurillo<br />
ma-mut<br />
man root<br />
man support<br />
mana grass<br />
manac<br />
manaca<br />
manacla<br />
manaju<br />
manamazu<br />
manapuçá<br />
manash<br />
man<strong>at</strong>in<br />
man-better-man<br />
manbospapaja<br />
manca-caballo<br />
mancha cherry<br />
manchamancha<br />
manchari caspi<br />
Manchurian gooseberry<br />
mandacaru<br />
mandacaru-de-boi<br />
mandapuca<br />
mandapuçá<br />
mandari panga<br />
mandarin<br />
mandarin orange<br />
mandarina<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
mandarino<br />
mandioca<br />
mandioca-braba<br />
mandioca-branca<br />
mandioca-brava<br />
mandioca-cacau<br />
mandioca-doce<br />
mandioca-mansa<br />
mandioca-vassourinha<br />
mandioqueira<br />
mandioqueira-escamosa<br />
mandioqueira-vermelha<br />
mandioquinha<br />
mandioquinha-salsa<br />
mandiquinha-salsa<br />
mandiú<br />
mandrake<br />
mandu<br />
mandubí<br />
mandubi d’Angola<br />
mandur<br />
manduví<br />
manecilla blanca<br />
manga<br />
mangaba<br />
mangabarana<br />
mangabeira<br />
mangabera<br />
mangabinha-do-norte<br />
manga-brava<br />
manga-de-anta<br />
mangalô<br />
mangalô-amargo<br />
mangapiri<br />
mangará<br />
mangará-mirim<br />
mangarases<br />
mangar<strong>at</strong>aia<br />
mangar<strong>at</strong>iá<br />
mangarito<br />
mangirioba<br />
mangle<br />
mangle blanco<br />
mangle colorado<br />
mangle negro<br />
mangle prieto<br />
mangle rojo<br />
mangle salado<br />
manglillo<br />
1068
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
mango<br />
mango jobo<br />
mango jsú<br />
mañanera<br />
mango mamey<br />
mango pepper<br />
mango tarango<br />
mangone<br />
mangosta<br />
mangostán<br />
mangostão amarelo<br />
mangosteen<br />
mangostino<br />
mangrove<br />
mangrove berry<br />
mangrove fern<br />
manguba<br />
mangue<br />
mangué<br />
manguena<br />
mangusta<br />
mangustão<br />
maní<br />
maní de árbol<br />
maní del monte<br />
maní estrella<br />
mani kwaha<br />
mania<br />
maniballi<br />
maniçoba<br />
manicol<br />
manicola palm<br />
manicole<br />
manigowae<br />
Manila bean<br />
Manila maguey<br />
Manila tamarind<br />
manindio<br />
manioc<br />
manirito<br />
manirusi<br />
manisoba<br />
manitê<br />
Manitoba maple<br />
mañiu<br />
maniva<br />
manixi<br />
manjerana-selvagem<br />
manjercão-de-folha-larga<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
manjercão-de-molho<br />
manjercão-doce<br />
manjercão-grande<br />
manjericão<br />
manjerioba<br />
manjerona<br />
manjerona-inglesa<br />
manjerona-verdadeira<br />
manjirioba<br />
manjogome<br />
manjon-gome<br />
mano abierta<br />
mano de león<br />
manobodin<br />
manoco<br />
man-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-earth<br />
manos plum<br />
manoví<br />
manrito<br />
mansanilla<br />
manso<br />
mante<br />
manteca<br />
mantecaxocoyolli<br />
manteco<br />
mantequilla<br />
mantequilla amarillo<br />
mantequillam merecurillo<br />
mantiene-moza<br />
manto de San José<br />
man-to-man<br />
many-bristle chinchweed<br />
many-spined opuntia<br />
manzana<br />
manzana canella<br />
manzana de agua<br />
manzana de corona<br />
manzana de Curaçao<br />
manzana de diablo<br />
manzana de elefante<br />
manzana de faiti<br />
manzana de malaya<br />
manzana de mono<br />
manzana de oro<br />
manzana de playa<br />
manzana de rosa<br />
manzana guayabo<br />
manzana lora<br />
manzana malaya<br />
1069
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
manzana rosa<br />
manzanilla<br />
manzanilla común<br />
manzanilla de playa<br />
manzanilla dulce<br />
manzanilla romana<br />
manzanilla sacha<br />
manzanilla silvestre<br />
manzanillo<br />
manzanita<br />
manzanita de rosa<br />
manzanita del monte<br />
manzanita mexicana<br />
manzanita piracanta<br />
manzanito<br />
manzano<br />
manzano de montaña<br />
manzano silvestre<br />
manzanote<br />
mão-de-cabra<br />
mão-de-g<strong>at</strong>o<br />
maparajuba<br />
maparajuba de m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
mapari<br />
maparujaba<br />
map<strong>at</strong>i<br />
map<strong>at</strong>irana<br />
mapayo<br />
mapén<br />
maple<br />
mapleleaf goosefoot<br />
mapora<br />
maprang<br />
mapuey<br />
mapuey morado<br />
mapuey yam<br />
mapure<br />
maqueliz<br />
maquelizo<br />
maquenque<br />
maqui<br />
maquie<br />
maquile<br />
maquiligua<br />
mar pacífico<br />
mar pacífico<br />
mara<br />
mara macho<br />
marac<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
maraca<br />
maracujá-de-refresco<br />
maracujá<br />
maracujá-açu<br />
maracujá-amarelo<br />
maracujá-azul<br />
maracujá-branco<br />
maracujá-branco-miúdo<br />
maracujá-bravo<br />
maracujá-c<strong>at</strong>inga<br />
maracujá-comprido<br />
maracujá-comum<br />
maracujá-da-capoeira<br />
maracujá-da-garapa<br />
maracujá-da-serra<br />
maracujá-de-Caiena<br />
maracujá-de-cheiro<br />
maracujá-de-cobra<br />
maracujá-de-comer<br />
maracujá-de-estalo<br />
maracujá-de-lagartinho<br />
maracujá-de-ponche<br />
maracujá-de-raposa<br />
maracujá-de-r<strong>at</strong>o<br />
maracujá-de-sapo<br />
maracujá-de-serra<br />
maracujá-de-urubu<br />
maracujá-doce<br />
maracujá-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
maracujá-encarnado<br />
maracujá-escuro<br />
maracujá-fedorento<br />
maracujá-grande<br />
maracujá-hirsuto-do-sul<br />
maracujá-laranja<br />
maracujá-mamão<br />
maracujá-melão<br />
maracujá-mirim<br />
maracujá-pedra<br />
maracujá-peludo<br />
maracujá-peroba<br />
maracujá-pintado<br />
maracujá-poranga<br />
maracujá-preto<br />
maracujá-redondo<br />
maracujá-roxo<br />
maracujá-silvestre<br />
maracujá-suspiro<br />
maracujá-verde<br />
1070
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
maracujá-vermelho<br />
maracujazeiro suspiro<br />
maracujazeiro vermelho<br />
maracujazinho<br />
maracutango<br />
maracutão<br />
maracuya<br />
maracuyá<br />
maracuyá amarilla<br />
maracuyá cascuda<br />
maradai<br />
marajá<br />
maraja’i<br />
maraja’y<br />
marajá-açu<br />
marajá-de-cacho<br />
marajá-do-igapó<br />
marajá-fino<br />
marajah palm<br />
marajá-piranga<br />
marajá-pupunha<br />
marajaú<br />
marajazinha<br />
maraju<br />
marama bean<br />
maramapé<br />
maran<br />
maranga<br />
maranga calalu<br />
marango<br />
marañón<br />
marañón de Curazao<br />
marañón japonés<br />
maranta<br />
marapa<br />
marará<br />
mararay<br />
marare<br />
mararo<br />
marark’y<br />
mar<strong>at</strong><br />
mar<strong>at</strong>i<br />
mar<strong>at</strong>ro<br />
maravilha<br />
maravilla<br />
maravillosa<br />
marayáu<br />
marbleberry<br />
mare’s tail<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
marfil vegetal<br />
marfim-vegetal<br />
margal-amargo<br />
margaridinha<br />
margarita<br />
marguerite<br />
mari<br />
mari-mari<br />
mari preto<br />
maria<br />
maría<br />
maría blanco<br />
maría colorado<br />
maria-ci<br />
maria-gombi<br />
maria-gorda<br />
maria-mole<br />
mariana<br />
marianinha<br />
maria-preta<br />
maria-preta<br />
maria-pretinha<br />
maria-sem-vergonha<br />
maria-wa<br />
mariba<br />
maricao<br />
maricao cimarrón<br />
maricao verde<br />
maricão verde<br />
maricas<br />
marigold<br />
mari-gordo<br />
mariguana<br />
marihuana<br />
marijuana<br />
marillo<br />
marimari<br />
marimarí<br />
marimari-da-várzea<br />
marimiipa<br />
marimiso<br />
marimoña<br />
maripenda<br />
mariposa lily<br />
marirana<br />
marití<br />
mariuô<br />
marjoram<br />
marlberry<br />
1071
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
marmalade fruit<br />
marmalade plum<br />
marmaladebox genip<br />
marmelada<br />
marmelada-de-bezerro<br />
marmelada-de-cachorro<br />
marmelada-de-cavalo<br />
marmelada-lisa<br />
marmeladinha<br />
marmeleiro<br />
marmelinho-do-campo<br />
marmelle<br />
marmelo<br />
marmelo da Europa<br />
marolo<br />
marriage-vine<br />
married-man-pork<br />
marroio-branco<br />
marrow<br />
marrubio<br />
marsh blue violet<br />
marsh clover<br />
marsh elder<br />
marsh fern<br />
marsh mallow<br />
marsh marigold<br />
marsh trefoil<br />
marsh woundwort<br />
marsh-barren horsetail<br />
marshmallow<br />
Martinez piñon<br />
Marubá<br />
marubio<br />
marumero<br />
marumi<br />
marumi kumqu<strong>at</strong><br />
marunguey<br />
marupa<br />
marupá<br />
marupá-preto<br />
marure<br />
marvel <strong>of</strong> Peru<br />
mary<br />
maryjane<br />
Maryland dittany<br />
Maryland senna<br />
Maryland wild sensitive plant<br />
masa<br />
masaranduvilla<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
masasamba<br />
masasambra<br />
mas<strong>at</strong>o<br />
mase<br />
mash farhenak<br />
mashishe<br />
mashishi<br />
mashonaste<br />
mashua<br />
masicarán<br />
masico<br />
masilla<br />
masiquia<br />
maspa<br />
maspã<br />
massaranduba<br />
massaranduba de fruta vermelha<br />
massaranduba preta<br />
massaranduba verdadera<br />
massaranduba vermelha<br />
massarandubinha<br />
massranduba mirim<br />
massua<br />
mast wood<br />
mast<strong>at</strong>e<br />
masterwort<br />
mastic<br />
mastic tree<br />
mastique<br />
mastrantillo<br />
mastranto<br />
mastranto de perro<br />
mastranto de sabana<br />
mastronto<br />
mastruço<br />
mastruço-do-Pará<br />
mastruço-do-sol<br />
mastruço-hortense<br />
mastruz<br />
mastuerzo<br />
mastuerzo de agua<br />
masur<br />
m<strong>at</strong><br />
m<strong>at</strong> amaranth<br />
m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
m<strong>at</strong>a boni<br />
m<strong>at</strong>a caspi<br />
m<strong>at</strong>a palo<br />
m<strong>at</strong>aa<br />
1072
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
m<strong>at</strong>aboni<br />
m<strong>at</strong>aburros<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ac<br />
m<strong>at</strong>a-calado<br />
m<strong>at</strong>a-cavalo<br />
m<strong>at</strong>a-cobras<br />
m<strong>at</strong>a-fome<br />
m<strong>at</strong>a-m<strong>at</strong>á-branco<br />
m<strong>at</strong>agusano<br />
m<strong>at</strong>amba<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ambilla<br />
m<strong>at</strong>apalo<br />
m<strong>at</strong>a-pinto<br />
m<strong>at</strong>a-porco<br />
m<strong>at</strong>a-r<strong>at</strong>o<br />
m<strong>at</strong>a-r<strong>at</strong>ón<br />
m<strong>at</strong>asano<br />
m<strong>at</strong>aserrano<br />
m<strong>at</strong>a-serrano<br />
m<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>ropa<br />
m<strong>at</strong>a-velha<br />
ma-tav-icú-li<br />
m<strong>at</strong>e<br />
m<strong>at</strong>é<br />
m<strong>at</strong>e-falso<br />
m<strong>at</strong>h<br />
m<strong>at</strong>i<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ico<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ilimi<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ilisgu<strong>at</strong>e<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ixerán<br />
m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
m<strong>at</strong>o-relógio<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ojobobo<br />
m<strong>at</strong>omba<br />
m<strong>at</strong>owí<br />
m<strong>at</strong>ricária<br />
m<strong>at</strong>rimony vine<br />
m<strong>at</strong>úrite<br />
m<strong>at</strong>weed<br />
m<strong>at</strong>zalt<br />
mauca<br />
maui<br />
mauja<br />
mauka<br />
mauritia<br />
mauritia wine<br />
Mauritius raspberry<br />
Mauritius velvetbean<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
mauve<br />
mavaco<br />
mawbie<br />
maxán<br />
maxë<br />
maximilian sunflower<br />
maxixe<br />
maxixe-bravo<br />
maxixe-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
maxixe-do-Pará<br />
maxixe-francês<br />
maxixeiro<br />
maxixi peruano<br />
maxixo<br />
maxixola<br />
maxua<br />
may apple(s)<br />
may haw<br />
may hawthorn<br />
maya<br />
maya de puerco<br />
maya-maya<br />
mayacoma<br />
mayacoma manzanita<br />
Mayan breadnut<br />
Mayan spinach<br />
mayapple<br />
mayberry<br />
mayblob<br />
maygrass<br />
mayo<br />
maypop(s)<br />
mayten tree<br />
mayu mostazilla<br />
mazapán<br />
maz<strong>at</strong>xocoyolli<br />
mazzard<br />
mazorca<br />
mazorquilla<br />
mbocayá<br />
mburucuyá<br />
mburucuyá aceitoso<br />
mburucuyá campero<br />
mburucuyá chico<br />
mburucuyá común<br />
mburucuyá menor<br />
mburucuyá montés<br />
mburucuyá morotí<br />
mburucuyá rastrero<br />
1073
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
mburucuya-í<br />
mburuguia<br />
mburukuyá<br />
me’taresi<br />
meadow beauty<br />
meadow bright<br />
meadow cress<br />
meadow garlic<br />
meadow hyacinth<br />
meadow leek<br />
meadow quill<br />
meadow rose<br />
mealberry<br />
mealy goosefoot<br />
mec<strong>at</strong>e rojo<br />
mechay<br />
mecieira de boi<br />
medicinal aloe<br />
medicinal mallow<br />
medicinal rhubarb<br />
meiju<br />
mejorana<br />
mekuá-bak<br />
melaito<br />
melancia<br />
melão<br />
melão-d’água<br />
melão-de-São-Caetano<br />
melilot<br />
melindjo<br />
melindre<br />
melisa<br />
melisa mexícana<br />
melissa<br />
melissa-romana<br />
meliteria<br />
melloco<br />
mellowfruit<br />
melocotón<br />
melon<br />
melón<br />
melón blanco<br />
melon cactus<br />
melón calabeza<br />
melón de agua<br />
melón de cera<br />
melón de coyote<br />
melon pear<br />
melón pera<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
melon pumpkin<br />
melon shrub<br />
melon squash<br />
melon tree<br />
melón tuna<br />
melón zapote<br />
meloncillo<br />
meloncito blanco<br />
melosa<br />
membrillero del Japón<br />
membrillero japonés<br />
membrillito<br />
membrillo<br />
membrillo de Bengala<br />
membrillo japonés<br />
memiso<br />
memizo<br />
mendoim<br />
mendonha<br />
mendubi<br />
mendubim<br />
mensejo<br />
menstruço<br />
menta<br />
menta crespa<br />
menta de palo<br />
menta romana<br />
menta silvestre<br />
menta verde<br />
mentrasto-do-grande<br />
mentrusto<br />
mentruz<br />
mentzelia<br />
mercadela<br />
mercurilla<br />
merecure<br />
merecure de montaña<br />
merecurillo<br />
merei<br />
merey<br />
mergikualu<br />
meriti<br />
merú<br />
merujas<br />
mescal<br />
mescal agave<br />
mescal yapavai<br />
mescla<br />
mexcalmetl<br />
1074
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
mesonzapote<br />
mespel sapodilla<br />
mesquite<br />
mesquite mistletoe<br />
mestiço<br />
mesusu<br />
meta<br />
metalahura<br />
metárusi<br />
Metcalfe bean<br />
meto huayo<br />
mexerica<br />
mexic<br />
Mexican apple<br />
Mexican avocado<br />
Mexican bamboo<br />
Mexican barberry<br />
Mexican blue palm<br />
Mexican blueberry<br />
Mexican calabash<br />
Mexican cherry<br />
Mexican chia<br />
Mexican creeper<br />
Mexican elder<br />
Mexican fan palm<br />
Mexican fern palm<br />
Mexican fire barrel cactus<br />
Mexican firebush<br />
Mexican giant cactus<br />
Mexican giant hyssop<br />
Mexican grain amaranth<br />
Mexican gru-gru palm<br />
Mexican hawthorn<br />
Mexican hickory<br />
Mexican husk tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
Mexican jujube<br />
Mexican lemon hyssop<br />
Mexican madrone<br />
Mexican marigold<br />
Mexican mint marigold<br />
Mexican oregano<br />
Mexican paloverde<br />
Mexican panic-grass<br />
Mexican piñon<br />
Mexican pinyon<br />
Mexican plum<br />
Mexican sage<br />
Mexican saffron<br />
Mexican sapodilla<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
Mexican sarsaparilla<br />
Mexican strawberry<br />
Mexican tarragon<br />
Mexican tea<br />
Mexican Turk’s cap<br />
Mexican valerian<br />
Mexican walnut<br />
Mexican white pine<br />
Mexican wood-sorrel<br />
Mexican zamia<br />
mexoeira<br />
mezquita<br />
mezquite<br />
miahu<strong>at</strong>eco<br />
micauba<br />
micongo<br />
michai<br />
michay<br />
miche<br />
michi michi<br />
Michigan banana<br />
michiguiste<br />
michinche<br />
michire<br />
michirica<br />
michiruí migurí<br />
michu<br />
michuri<br />
midshipman’s butter<br />
miel quemada<br />
mielga<br />
mignonetle vine<br />
mignonette vine<br />
miimoncahue<br />
miinte’<br />
mija<br />
mijagua<br />
mijao<br />
mije<br />
mijo<br />
mijo candela<br />
mijo negro<br />
mijo perla<br />
mil peso<br />
milefolio<br />
milefólio<br />
mil-em-rama<br />
mil-em-rama<br />
milenrama<br />
1075
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
milfoil<br />
mil-folhada<br />
mil-folhas<br />
milfurada<br />
milhete<br />
milheto<br />
milho<br />
milho-africano<br />
milho-de-cobra<br />
milho-miúdo<br />
mil-hojas<br />
milk thistle<br />
milkvetch<br />
milkweed<br />
milky iron<br />
milky tassel<br />
milo<br />
milpa de pájaro<br />
milpesillo<br />
milpesos<br />
miltom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
millenrama<br />
millet<br />
millmi<br />
millo<br />
millua situlli<br />
mimbi<br />
mimbro<br />
mimisa yek<br />
mimo-de-vênus<br />
mimosa<br />
mimusops<br />
mindoran<br />
minemine<br />
miner’s lettuce<br />
miñona<br />
miñona<br />
minorcan<br />
mint<br />
mintweed<br />
minuana<br />
mioga ginger<br />
miona<br />
miona negra<br />
miquichi<br />
mirabel<br />
mirabelle<br />
mirabólano<br />
mirabolanos<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
mirabolanos emblicos<br />
miracehen<br />
miracle bean<br />
miracle fruit<br />
miracle tree<br />
miraculous berry<br />
miraguano<br />
mirasol<br />
mirauba<br />
miri<br />
mirica cerífera<br />
miridimba-doce<br />
mirim<br />
mirística<br />
miriti<br />
mirití<br />
miriti palm<br />
mirixi<br />
mirliton<br />
mirobálano<br />
mirobálano émblico<br />
mirobolán<br />
mirtilo<br />
mirto<br />
mirto del río<br />
misar<br />
misho chaqui<br />
mishquina<br />
mishquipanga<br />
mishuisma<br />
misijallo<br />
misionero negro<br />
miso<br />
misqui corrota<br />
misqui huiro<br />
missel<br />
mission lettuce<br />
mission tuna<br />
Mississippi hackberry<br />
Missouri currant<br />
Missouri goldoenrod<br />
Missouri gooseberry<br />
Missouri gourd<br />
mistela<br />
misti uchu<br />
mistletoe<br />
mistletoe cactus<br />
mistol<br />
mithith<br />
1076
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
mito<br />
mixta squash<br />
moca<br />
moca palm<br />
mocajá<br />
mocajuba<br />
mocarya<br />
mocaya<br />
mocayá<br />
mocaya palm<br />
mocetaíba<br />
mocho<br />
mocitaíba<br />
mock orange<br />
mockernut<br />
mockernut hickory<br />
moco de gallo<br />
moco de pavo<br />
mocomoco<br />
moconha<br />
mocora<br />
mocou-mocou<br />
moçutaíba<br />
mochiguiste<br />
mochilita<br />
mocho<br />
mocure<br />
moela-de-mutum<br />
moema<br />
moena<br />
mogroño<br />
Mohave yucca<br />
Mohave mound cactus<br />
Mojave yucca<br />
Mojave mound cactus<br />
mokok<br />
molasses<br />
mole<br />
molinillo<br />
molocotón<br />
molondrón<br />
molongo<br />
molongó<br />
molle<br />
molle del Perú<br />
molle negro<br />
molle seed<br />
mollenita<br />
mombaca<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
mombin<br />
mombín<br />
momo<br />
momórdiga<br />
monacillo<br />
monacillo colorado<br />
monarda<br />
monval<br />
monducuru<br />
monesa granadilla<br />
mongollano<br />
monguba<br />
moni<strong>at</strong>o<br />
monk’s pepper<br />
monk’s rhubarb<br />
monk’s rhubarb<br />
monkey apple<br />
monkey bass<br />
monkey bread<br />
monkey dick pepper<br />
monkey nut<br />
monkey plum<br />
monkey pod<br />
monkey pot<br />
monkey puzzle<br />
monkey puzzle tree<br />
monkey soap<br />
monkey-cap palm<br />
monkey-tail pacaya<br />
mono<br />
mono blanco<br />
mono’s plum<br />
monomoco<br />
monos plum<br />
monstera<br />
Montana huckleberry<br />
monte tarralla<br />
montecillo<br />
Monterey mariposa lily<br />
montesa granadilla<br />
moon daisy<br />
moon vine<br />
moonflower<br />
moonlight cactus<br />
moonlight vine cactus<br />
moose elm<br />
mooseberry<br />
moosewood<br />
moot<br />
1077
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
moquillo<br />
mora<br />
mora blanca<br />
mora común<br />
mora de castilla<br />
mora de cerro<br />
mora de los Andes<br />
mora de piedra<br />
mora de rocoto<br />
mora-de-espinho<br />
mora fresa<br />
mora hueca<br />
mora negra<br />
mora piña<br />
mora silvestre<br />
moraballi<br />
morabilla<br />
morada<br />
moradilla<br />
moral<br />
moral blanco<br />
moral bobo<br />
moral fino<br />
moral fustete<br />
moral negro<br />
moral rojo<br />
morama<br />
moranga<br />
morango<br />
morango-silvestre<br />
mor<strong>at</strong>ama<br />
mor<strong>at</strong>inga<br />
moregum negro<br />
moreira<br />
moreira-branca<br />
morella de Quito<br />
morelle<br />
morera<br />
morera blanca<br />
morera roja<br />
moréte<br />
moretillo<br />
mori<strong>at</strong>o<br />
moriche<br />
moriche palm<br />
morichito<br />
morichito de tierra firme<br />
morilla<br />
morinda<br />
moringa<br />
moringa pea tree<br />
moritas<br />
moriti<br />
morkowekuak<br />
Mormon tea<br />
morning-glory<br />
moro<br />
moro-coya<br />
moro-coyo<br />
morolico<br />
mororó<br />
morón<br />
morrião-d'água<br />
morrito<br />
morro<br />
morroque<br />
morrón<br />
mortina<br />
mortiña<br />
mortino<br />
mortiño<br />
morus alba<br />
mosaico<br />
moscadeira<br />
moshaki<br />
moso bamboo<br />
mosqueta<br />
mosquito plant<br />
moss campion<br />
mossy-cup oak<br />
mostacilla<br />
mostarda<br />
mostarda-branca<br />
mostarda-da-China<br />
mostarda-da-Índia<br />
mostarda-de-folha<br />
mostarda-preta<br />
mostarda-vermelha<br />
mostaza<br />
mostaza negra<br />
mostazilla<br />
mostrenco<br />
motacu<br />
motacú<br />
motacuchí<br />
motanga<br />
mot<strong>at</strong>e<br />
moté<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
1078
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
motecillo<br />
motelilla enana<br />
motelo chaqui<br />
motelo sanango<br />
moth bean<br />
mo<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> cocoa<br />
mo<strong>the</strong>r-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-evening<br />
motilón<br />
motojo-bobo<br />
motojobobo<br />
motojobobo embolsado<br />
motu<br />
motua<br />
moucou-moucou<br />
mound-lily yucca<br />
mount diablo fairy-lantern<br />
mount diablo globe-lily<br />
mount diablo globe-tulip<br />
mount diablo mariposa-lily<br />
mountain almond<br />
mountain apple<br />
mountain ash<br />
mountain blackberry<br />
mountain cabbage<br />
mountain cabbage palm<br />
mountain checkerberry<br />
mountain cherry<br />
mountain clover<br />
mountain cranberry<br />
mountain dandelion<br />
mountain ebony<br />
mountain grape<br />
mountain hemlock<br />
mountain huckleberry<br />
mountain junegrass<br />
mountain laurel<br />
mountain maple<br />
mountain maripa<br />
mountain mint<br />
mountain papaya<br />
mountain pawpaw<br />
mountain peanut<br />
mountain plum<br />
mountain rhubarb<br />
mountain rose<br />
mountain rosemary<br />
mountain sorrel<br />
mountain soursop<br />
mountain spinach<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
mountain sumac<br />
mountain sweet<br />
mountain sweet cup<br />
mountain tea<br />
mountain tobacco<br />
mouse ear chickweed<br />
mouzambi<br />
movrai<br />
moxie-plum<br />
moyeja<br />
moyera<br />
mozaico<br />
mozote<br />
Mt. Pima anis<br />
muaxalaxlitli<br />
mucaiá<br />
mucajá<br />
muchite<br />
múchitl<br />
muco<br />
mucuchi<br />
mucucu<br />
mucujá<br />
mucujazeiro<br />
mucumucu<br />
mucuna<br />
mucuna rayada<br />
mucuna-anã<br />
mucuri<br />
mucurutú<br />
mudubim<br />
muela<br />
muelle<br />
mugwort<br />
muira pinima<br />
muira piranga<br />
muira pixi<br />
muir<strong>at</strong>inga<br />
muite<br />
mukambura<br />
mula khisa<br />
mul<strong>at</strong>eiro-escorrega-macaco<br />
mul<strong>at</strong>o<br />
mul<strong>at</strong>o<br />
mulberry<br />
mulla de la virgen<br />
mullaca<br />
mullaca huayo<br />
mullaca morada<br />
1079
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
mullacahuayo<br />
mullein<br />
mulli<br />
mullo de la virgen<br />
multa<br />
multiflora bean<br />
mulungu<br />
mumbaca<br />
mumbacac<br />
mumu<br />
mun dupi<br />
munbaca<br />
munbaca-de-preta<br />
munduro<br />
munduru<br />
muña<br />
muña-muña<br />
muñeco<br />
mung bean<br />
munguba<br />
mungubarana<br />
muni<strong>at</strong>o<br />
munición uchu<br />
mupero<br />
muquichi<br />
murciélago<br />
muréua<br />
muria<br />
murici<br />
murici-branco<br />
murici-cascudo<br />
murici-da-copoeira<br />
murici-da-fruta-miuda<br />
murici-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
murici-da-praia<br />
murici-de-capoeira<br />
murici-de-tabuleiro<br />
murici-do-brejo<br />
murici-do-campo<br />
murici-miúdo<br />
murici-penima<br />
murici-pinima<br />
murici-pitanga<br />
murici-rasteiro<br />
murici-rasteiro<br />
murici-vermelho<br />
muringueiro<br />
muriri<br />
muriti<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
murrapo<br />
murta<br />
murta-branca<br />
murta-da-praia<br />
murta-de-campo<br />
murta-de-parida<br />
murta-vermelha<br />
murtinha<br />
muruchi<br />
muruci<br />
muruci-da-capoeira<br />
muruci-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
muruci-da-praia<br />
muruci-do-campo<br />
muruci-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
muruci-miúdo<br />
muruci-vermelho<br />
murucuja<br />
murucuyá<br />
murucuyá miní<br />
murujá-branco-miúdo<br />
murumur<br />
murumura<br />
murumurá<br />
murumuru<br />
murumuru palm<br />
murupi<br />
mururé<br />
mururé-da-terra-firme<br />
murusi<br />
murusol<br />
muscadeira<br />
muscadine grape<br />
musclewood<br />
mushroom<br />
musk<br />
musk mallow<br />
musk sage<br />
musk thistle<br />
musk-clover<br />
muskmelon<br />
muskwood<br />
musky pumpkin<br />
musky squash<br />
musky winter squash<br />
mustang grape<br />
mustard<br />
mustard greens<br />
musté<br />
1080
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
muster John-Henry<br />
musu<br />
musú<br />
muta<br />
mutamba<br />
mutamba-preta<br />
mutamba-verdadeira<br />
mutambo<br />
muti<br />
mutuy<br />
muuba<br />
muuthuuts’<br />
muyaca<br />
muyusa<br />
muzte<br />
myoga ginger<br />
myrobalan<br />
myrobalan plum<br />
myrtilles des hautes<br />
myrtle laurel-cherry<br />
myrtle lime<br />
myrtle sedge<br />
myrtle-leaved cherry laurel<br />
myrtle-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-river<br />
myrtle-wood<br />
mysore raspberry<br />
na’<strong>at</strong>e<br />
naba<br />
nabá<br />
nabiça<br />
nabicol<br />
nabiza<br />
nabo<br />
nabo amarillo<br />
nabo de invierno<br />
nabo gallego<br />
nabo gordo<br />
nabo redondo<br />
nabo silvestre<br />
nabo sueco<br />
nabo-chinês<br />
naca<br />
nacahuita<br />
nacahuite<br />
ñacar<strong>at</strong>iá<br />
nacascol<br />
nacaspilo<br />
nacumas<br />
nadabau<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
nagami<br />
nagami kumqu<strong>at</strong><br />
nagcha caspi<br />
nagi<br />
nagoonberry<br />
naguala<br />
naiá<br />
naidí<br />
nain<br />
najá<br />
najahe<br />
najesí<br />
naju<br />
ñajú<br />
naju de culebra<br />
naju de espinas<br />
naked coral-tree<br />
naked Indian<br />
naked o<strong>at</strong><br />
nakedwood<br />
nala<br />
nalu<br />
nambiro<br />
namboca<br />
ñame<br />
ñame amargo<br />
ñame amarillo<br />
ñame amarillo de Guinea<br />
ñame asiático<br />
ñame azucar<br />
ñame blanco<br />
ñame blanco de Guinea<br />
ñame boni<strong>at</strong>o<br />
ñame chino<br />
ñame chomo<br />
ñame congo<br />
ñame criollo<br />
ñame cush-cush<br />
ñame de agua<br />
ñame de China<br />
ñame de Guinea<br />
ñame de la India<br />
ñame de m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
ñame de mina<br />
ñame de tres hojas<br />
ñame del aire<br />
ñame grande<br />
ñame mapuey<br />
ñame mayor de Asia<br />
1081
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
ñame menor de Asia<br />
ñame morado<br />
ñame negro<br />
ñame papa<br />
ñame peludo<br />
ñame pequeño<br />
ñame vino<br />
ñame ycampi<br />
namontaque<br />
ñampí<br />
nana<br />
nanã<br />
naná uarhi<br />
nananche<br />
nanás<br />
nance<br />
nancé<br />
nancé manteca<br />
nanche<br />
nanche colorado<br />
nanche de perro<br />
nanci chaparro<br />
nancigüiste<br />
nancite<br />
nancite macho<br />
nancito<br />
nandipá<br />
nanë<br />
nane repote<br />
ñangapirá<br />
ñanga-piré<br />
nangapiri<br />
ñangapirú<br />
nang<strong>at</strong>e<br />
nangone<br />
nanica<br />
ñanica<br />
Nanking cherry<br />
nanny plum<br />
nannyberry<br />
ñapindá<br />
napiniu wanchup<br />
napoleão<br />
nara cherry<br />
naraná<br />
naranajeiro<br />
naranazeiro<br />
naranja<br />
naranja agria<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
naranja cajero<br />
naranja China<br />
naranja de China<br />
naranja dulce<br />
naranja naranja<br />
naranjilla<br />
naranjilla de Quito<br />
naranjillo<br />
naranjita<br />
naranjita de Quito<br />
naranjita japonesa<br />
naranjito<br />
naranjo<br />
naranjo agrio<br />
naranjo amargo<br />
naranjo cajero<br />
naranjo dulce<br />
naranjo podrido<br />
naranjuelo<br />
narbonne vetch<br />
narciso<br />
narcissus<br />
nariz de chucho<br />
nariz de perro<br />
narraco<br />
narrow-leaf c<strong>at</strong>tail<br />
narrow-leaf goosefoot<br />
narrow-leaf lambsquarters<br />
naseberry<br />
nasisi<br />
nastúrcio<br />
nasturtium<br />
n<strong>at</strong>’a’<br />
n<strong>at</strong>al orange<br />
n<strong>at</strong>al plum<br />
ñ<strong>at</strong>i papa<br />
n<strong>at</strong>ive hops<br />
n<strong>at</strong>ive hopseed<br />
Navajo tea<br />
navarria<br />
navidad caspi<br />
navios<br />
navo<br />
navy bean<br />
nawe<br />
naya<br />
nazareno<br />
nazareno samaritano<br />
ne<br />
1082
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
nean<strong>the</strong> bella<br />
Nebraska currant<br />
nebrina<br />
nebro<br />
nébula<br />
nectarina<br />
nectarine<br />
nectarino<br />
needle grass<br />
ñeeinó<br />
negra lora<br />
negrito<br />
negro yam<br />
negundo<br />
negundo mexicano<br />
ñeja<br />
ñejilla<br />
nejo<br />
nelí<br />
nelumbio<br />
nelumbo<br />
nemegue<br />
ñemehue<br />
nemote<br />
nempa<br />
nenenquemo<br />
nenepekago<br />
nenepekawe<br />
nensi<br />
nensi<br />
nenufar<br />
nenwah<br />
nere<br />
neroo yam<br />
nescafé<br />
nescao<br />
nêspera<br />
nêspera-do-Japão<br />
netleaf goosefoot<br />
netleaf hackberry<br />
netleaf oak<br />
netseed lambsquarters<br />
netted melon<br />
netted pawpaw<br />
nettle<br />
nettle tree<br />
nettle-leaved goosefoot<br />
Nevada bulrush<br />
Nevada ephedra<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
Nevada goldenrod<br />
Nevada joint-fir<br />
neve-cheiroso<br />
neves<br />
new cocoyam<br />
New Jersey blueberry<br />
New Jersey tea<br />
New Mexican cheker mallow<br />
New Mexican locust<br />
New Mexican olive<br />
New Mexican pennyroyal<br />
New Mexico agave<br />
New Mexico locust<br />
New Mexico maple<br />
New World aloe<br />
New World coriander<br />
New Zealand flax<br />
New Zealand hemp<br />
New Zealand spinach<br />
New Zealand yam<br />
nhambu<br />
nhandiroba<br />
nhanica<br />
nia boens<br />
niamboka<br />
niame<br />
Nicaraguan cacao<br />
Nicaraguan cacao shade<br />
Nicaraguan chocol<strong>at</strong>e<br />
niche<br />
nicker bean<br />
nickernut<br />
Nicobar breadfruit<br />
nicori<br />
nicori-iba<br />
nicua<br />
nícula<br />
nicuri<br />
nicuri-de-caboclo<br />
nicury<br />
niejilla<br />
ñiejilla<br />
night ipomoea<br />
night jessamine<br />
night-blooming cactus<br />
night-blooming cereus<br />
night-flowering cactus<br />
nightshade<br />
nigua(s)<br />
1083
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
nigua grande<br />
nigüito<br />
niguo<br />
nii-che<br />
nilauala<br />
nina caspi<br />
ninfa aquática<br />
niño rupa<br />
niño-urupá<br />
ninwah<br />
nipe<br />
nipirihe<br />
nipple c<strong>at</strong>us<br />
niquivá<br />
niruri<br />
nisperito<br />
nispero<br />
níspero<br />
níspero caimito<br />
níspero colorado<br />
níspero de España<br />
níspero de montaña<br />
níspero de monte<br />
níspero del Canadá<br />
níspero del Japón<br />
níspero japonés<br />
níspero mono<br />
níspero montaña<br />
níspero montañero<br />
níspero monte<br />
níspero zapote<br />
nistamal<br />
nistamalillo<br />
nixtamalxochitl<br />
nixtamaxochitl<br />
nixtamaxuchiltl<br />
noble cane<br />
nocedal<br />
nocuana-guiche<br />
nodding onion<br />
nodding pink onion<br />
nodding plumeless thistle<br />
nodding wild onion<br />
no-eye pea<br />
nogada de Ibarra<br />
nogal<br />
nogal americano<br />
nogal blanco<br />
nogal cayure<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
nogal ceniciento<br />
nogal cimarrón<br />
nogal común<br />
nogal criollo<br />
nogal de Australia<br />
nogal de Barquisimeto<br />
nogal de California<br />
nogal de Caracas<br />
nogal de Cuba<br />
nogal de Europa<br />
nogal de la tierra<br />
nogal de monte<br />
nogal de Nuevo León<br />
nogal del país<br />
nogal europeo<br />
nogal negro<br />
nogal pecanero<br />
nogal plance<br />
nogal s<strong>at</strong>inado<br />
nogal silvestre<br />
nogalillo<br />
nogalito<br />
nogueira<br />
nogueira-da-praia<br />
nogueira-de-iguapé<br />
nogueira-de-óleo<br />
nogueira-de-Santa-C<strong>at</strong>arina<br />
nogueira-do-Havaí<br />
nogueira-do-iquape<br />
nogueira-do-Japão<br />
nogueira-do-litoral<br />
nohotë<br />
noisette indienne<br />
nolí<br />
noli palm<br />
no-me-olvide<br />
non<br />
nonginca<br />
noni<br />
nonita de mono<br />
nootka rose<br />
nopal<br />
nopal azucar<br />
nopal blanco<br />
nopal cactus<br />
nopal camueso<br />
nopal chamacuerito<br />
nopal chamacuero<br />
nopal costero<br />
1084
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
nopal cyotillo<br />
nopal de castilla<br />
nopal del desierto<br />
nopal del litoral<br />
nopal duraznillo<br />
nopalillo<br />
nopás<br />
nopotapeste<br />
ñorbito<br />
ñorbo cimarrón<br />
ñorbo hediondo<br />
norito<br />
noro<br />
North American ebony<br />
North American plum<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn bayberry<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn bean<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn black currant<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn bog violet<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn California walnut<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn dewberry<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn mountain ash<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn red oak<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn white cedar<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn white pine<br />
northwestern mariposa lily<br />
northwestern serviceberry<br />
noz<br />
noz-das-molucas<br />
noz-de-cola<br />
noz-de-gondja<br />
noz-de-guran<br />
noz-de-Sudão<br />
noz-moscada<br />
noz-moscada-do-Brasil<br />
noz-pecã<br />
nuasca barbasco<br />
nucñú baras<br />
nucñu bares<br />
Nuevo Leon walnut<br />
nuez australiana<br />
nuez corriente<br />
nuez de Australia<br />
nuez de California<br />
nuez de cola<br />
nuez de especia<br />
nuez de filipinas<br />
nuez de India<br />
nuez de la India<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
nuez de marfil<br />
nuez de nogal<br />
nuez de pan<br />
nuez de Queensland<br />
nuez del Brasil<br />
nuez del Pará<br />
nuez del paraíso<br />
nuez encarcelada<br />
nuez meca<br />
nuez moscada<br />
nuez pecan<br />
nuez pili<br />
nuez souari<br />
nûha<br />
nula<br />
nulu<br />
ñume’mba<br />
numi kunchai<br />
numiallamihe<br />
nuñas<br />
ñuñco pichana<br />
nuni<br />
nuoma<br />
nupe<br />
nupera<br />
nupi<br />
nupu uchu<br />
nu-que<br />
nurhitini té<br />
nurite<br />
nuru<br />
nut pine<br />
nutamba<br />
nutgrass<br />
nut-grass<br />
nut-grass<br />
nutmeg<br />
nutmeg hickory<br />
nutmeg melon<br />
nut-sedge<br />
nutsulet<br />
Nuttall goldenweed<br />
Nuttall monolepis<br />
Nuttall’s goosefoot<br />
Nuttall’s mariposa lily<br />
nuxilha<br />
nuzundu<br />
nuzu-ndu<br />
oa<br />
1085
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
oacaju<br />
oak<br />
Oakland star-tulip<br />
o<strong>at</strong>(s)<br />
ob<br />
oba<br />
obelisco de la sierra<br />
obi<br />
obi<br />
oblong-leaf sunflower<br />
obo<br />
obos<br />
oca<br />
ocara<br />
oc<strong>at</strong>uhue viqui<br />
occa-occa<br />
occoruro<br />
ocean spray<br />
ocherie<br />
ochro<br />
ocoba<br />
ocori<br />
ocoro<br />
ocoró<br />
ocoró crespo<br />
ocote<br />
ocote mullaca<br />
ocotillo<br />
ocozote<br />
ocro<br />
ocu<br />
ocú<br />
ócu<br />
ocucu<br />
ocuje<br />
ocuje macho<br />
ocumo<br />
ocumo culin<br />
ocumo cumán<br />
ocuquirana<br />
<strong>of</strong>icial-da-sala<br />
ogador<br />
ogé<br />
ogeechee lime<br />
ogeechee plum<br />
ogeechee tupelo<br />
ogen melon<br />
ohia<br />
ohidu<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
Ohio curcuma<br />
ohoru<br />
oi<br />
oil nut<br />
oil <strong>of</strong> rue<br />
oil palm<br />
oilnut<br />
oil-<strong>of</strong>-ben tree<br />
oisi-toroba<br />
oiti<br />
oiti cagão<br />
oiti da praia<br />
oiti mirim<br />
oiti-cagão<br />
oiticica<br />
oiti-coró<br />
oiti-da-praia<br />
oiti-mirim<br />
oiti-tiribá<br />
ojal<br />
ojcome<br />
ojé<br />
ojite<br />
ojito de nena<br />
ojo de buey<br />
ojo de minado<br />
ojo de novia<br />
ojo de pescado<br />
ojo de shara<br />
ojoche<br />
oka<br />
Oklahoma plum<br />
okra<br />
okze<br />
olandi<br />
old cocoyam<br />
old fustic<br />
old maid<br />
old maid’s oleander<br />
old man’s beard<br />
Old World aloe<br />
oleo bálsamo<br />
oleo de gualtéria<br />
oleo de rícino<br />
oleo vermelho<br />
olero<br />
olho-de-boi<br />
olho-de-dragão<br />
olho-de-pomba<br />
1086
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
oliva<br />
olive<br />
olive plum<br />
olive tree<br />
olivo<br />
olivoa<br />
oliy<br />
olla de mono<br />
olloco<br />
olluco<br />
olmo<br />
olmo chino<br />
olmo rojo<br />
olmo siberiano<br />
oloi<br />
olosapo<br />
olozapote<br />
oluka<br />
omancomo<br />
omas<br />
omnamshifi<br />
on<br />
on<strong>at</strong>o<br />
one-flowered haw<br />
one-flowered hawthorn<br />
one-grained whe<strong>at</strong><br />
one-leaf onion<br />
one-seed burr-cucumber<br />
one-seed juniper<br />
ongrê<br />
onion<br />
onion springparsley<br />
onipa<br />
onotillo<br />
onotillo rebalsero<br />
onoto<br />
onoto montañero<br />
oó-le-da<br />
oopow<br />
oot´ te<br />
oox<br />
ooy<br />
opium<br />
opium poppy<br />
opiuma<br />
optunia<br />
ora panga<br />
orach<br />
orache<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
orange<br />
orange agoseris<br />
orange day-lily<br />
orange fame flower<br />
orange jasmine<br />
orange papaya<br />
orange root<br />
orange-cup lily<br />
ora-pro-nobis<br />
ora-pro-nobis-miúdo<br />
orchid pepper<br />
orchid tree<br />
oreganillo<br />
oregano<br />
orégano<br />
orégano brujo<br />
orégano cimmarrón<br />
orégano de castillo<br />
orégano de España<br />
orégano de la sierra<br />
orégano extranjero<br />
orégano falso<br />
orégano orejón<br />
orégão<br />
oregão-vulgar<br />
Oregon crab<br />
Oregon crab apple<br />
Oregon evergreen blackberry<br />
Oregon grape<br />
Oregon hollygrape<br />
Oregon lily<br />
Oregon maple<br />
Oregon myrtle<br />
Oregon oak<br />
Oregon oxalis<br />
Oregon pepperwood<br />
Oregon sunflower<br />
Oregon tea<br />
Oregon tea tree<br />
Oregon white oak<br />
Oregon wintergreen<br />
oreja<br />
oreja de elefante<br />
oreja de perro<br />
oreja de r<strong>at</strong>ón<br />
orejero<br />
orejuelo<br />
orelha-de-boi<br />
orelha-de-burro<br />
1087
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
orelha-de-onça<br />
orelha-de-onça<br />
orelha-de-veado<br />
orenção<br />
orenço<br />
organillo<br />
órgano-pequeño alicoche real<br />
órgano-pequeño copa de vino<br />
órgano-pequeño fresa<br />
órgano-pequeño peine<br />
órgano-pequeño sanjuanero<br />
organ-pipe cactus<br />
oriental lotus<br />
oriental radish<br />
oriental sesame<br />
origanum<br />
Orinoco apple<br />
oriri<br />
orito<br />
orko molle<br />
ornamental okra<br />
ornamental pawpaw<br />
ornamental pulque agave<br />
oro azul<br />
orobo<br />
oronoto<br />
oropo<br />
orosul<br />
orozuz<br />
orpine<br />
orquidillo<br />
ortiga<br />
ortiga menor<br />
orzo<br />
osage orange<br />
osi<br />
osmanthus<br />
osoberry<br />
ostrich fern<br />
osun<br />
osurba<br />
Oswego beebalm<br />
Oswego-tea<br />
otaheite apple<br />
otaheite gooseberry<br />
otaheite pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
otaheite yam<br />
otaita<br />
ot<strong>at</strong>e<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
oticón<br />
otó<br />
otoe<br />
otome<br />
otoomal<br />
otoy<br />
oubi<br />
oulapele<br />
our lady’s milk thistle<br />
our Lord’s candle<br />
ouregão<br />
ouricuri<br />
ouricuru<br />
outlaw <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lily family<br />
ovalamo<br />
oval-leaf huckleberry<br />
oval-leaf strongbark<br />
oval-leaved blueberry<br />
overlooker plant<br />
overtop palm<br />
oviero<br />
ovina<br />
ovita<br />
ovito<br />
ovo<br />
ovo de Ibarra<br />
ovo de la costa<br />
ovo-de-galo<br />
ovo-de-mucura<br />
ovo-de-pomba<br />
ox<br />
oxálida-azeda<br />
oxalis<br />
oxális-azeda<br />
ox-eye daisy<br />
oyorique<br />
oyster plant<br />
oysterleaf<br />
ozua<br />
ozua berrón<br />
‘pahana<br />
pa ksmuk<br />
pacae<br />
pacae colombiano<br />
pacai<br />
pacai de los ríos<br />
pacai guava<br />
pacal amarillo<br />
pacana<br />
1088
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
pacay<br />
pacay del Perú<br />
pacaya<br />
pacaya palm<br />
pacayita<br />
paciência<br />
Pacific blackberry<br />
Pacific dewberry<br />
Pacific madrone<br />
Pacific mountain ash<br />
Pacific plum<br />
Pacific serviceberry<br />
pacheca<br />
pachí<br />
pachín<br />
pachío<br />
pachío azulito<br />
pachito<br />
pacholí<br />
pachuba<br />
pachuhuk<br />
pachuhul<br />
pachulí<br />
pachyla-pachyla<br />
Pacific silver fir<br />
Pacific w<strong>at</strong>er dropwort<br />
pacífico<br />
packoo jamoon<br />
paco<br />
pacó<br />
pacobusú<br />
pacón<br />
paconca<br />
pacosororoca<br />
pacová<br />
pacová carapé<br />
pacová de oro<br />
pacová-sororoca<br />
pacoveira-grande<br />
pacpa<br />
pacún<br />
pacueco<br />
pacunga<br />
pacunja<br />
pacuri<br />
pacuriguazu<br />
pacuy<br />
padea<br />
padoo<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
pagoda tree<br />
pagu<br />
paguacha<br />
pah’ch’uhuk<br />
pahua<br />
paicco<br />
paico<br />
páico<br />
paico mocho<br />
paiko<br />
paila<br />
paina<br />
paina-de-Cuba<br />
painço<br />
painted lady<br />
painted trillium<br />
paipigu<br />
pairajo<br />
pairajo de altura<br />
paiste<br />
paitilla<br />
paiuetu<br />
paja de culebra<br />
paja Guinea caroreña<br />
paja toquilla<br />
pajarilla de agua<br />
pájaro pequeño<br />
pajerecu<br />
pajuil<br />
pajuil chaqui<br />
pajura<br />
pajurá<br />
pajurá verdadeiro<br />
pajurá-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
pajurá-de-Óbidos<br />
pajurá-de-racha<br />
pajurá-grande<br />
pajurá-pedra<br />
pajurazinho<br />
pajuro<br />
pak choi<br />
pakab olom<br />
pakay<br />
pakuri<br />
pal<strong>at</strong>o<br />
palca<br />
pale agoseris<br />
pale dock<br />
pale go<strong>at</strong>-chicory<br />
1089
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
pale hickory<br />
pale Indian plantain<br />
pale jewelweed<br />
pale lidflower<br />
pale thistle<br />
pale touch-me-not<br />
pale wolfberry<br />
palera<br />
palha<br />
palha vermelha<br />
palilho<br />
palillo<br />
paliperro<br />
palla<br />
pallar<br />
pallar de los gentiles<br />
pallares<br />
palma<br />
palma abanico<br />
palma aceitera<br />
palma africana<br />
palma africana de aceite<br />
palma amarga<br />
palma barreta<br />
palma b<strong>at</strong>aua<br />
palma blanca<br />
palma brashic<br />
palma cana<br />
palma canaria<br />
palma china<br />
palma cimarrona<br />
palma coco<br />
palma costera<br />
palma criolla<br />
palma d<strong>at</strong>ilera<br />
palma de agua<br />
palma de azúcar<br />
palma de cera<br />
palma de chascara<br />
palma de cinta<br />
palma de corozo<br />
palma de cumare<br />
palma de dátiles<br />
palma de durazno<br />
palma de guagara<br />
palma de guano<br />
palma de jícara<br />
palma de la virgin<br />
palma de las rocas<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
palma de leche<br />
palma de macetas<br />
palma de marfil<br />
palma de micharo<br />
palma de mícharos<br />
palma de palmira<br />
palma de ramos<br />
palma de rosario<br />
palma de sagú de Malabar<br />
palma de San Pablo<br />
palma de sierra<br />
palma de sombrero<br />
palma de tornillo<br />
palma de vino<br />
palma de yaguas<br />
palma doce<br />
palma dulce<br />
palma indiana<br />
palma ixtle<br />
palma lechera<br />
palma manacla<br />
palma mauritia<br />
palma oriente<br />
palma palmira<br />
palma real<br />
palma real cubana<br />
palma real puertorriqueña<br />
palma redonda<br />
palma sege<br />
palma seje<br />
palma tabaquillo<br />
palma temiche<br />
palma y<strong>at</strong>ay<br />
palma-christi<br />
palmacristi<br />
palma-doce<br />
palmar<br />
palmarcito<br />
palmarejo<br />
palmarera<br />
palmarillo<br />
palmarira<br />
palmarito<br />
palma-santa<br />
palma-santa<br />
palmasito<br />
palm<strong>at</strong>e bitterbur<br />
palm<strong>at</strong>e violet<br />
palm<strong>at</strong>e-leaved hibiscus<br />
1090
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
palm<strong>at</strong>ória<br />
palm<strong>at</strong>ória-doce<br />
palm<strong>at</strong>ória-espinhosa<br />
palmeira-bacaba-y<br />
palmeira-betel<br />
palmeira-chonta<br />
palmeira-da-Índia<br />
palmeira-dos-brejos<br />
palmeira-imperial<br />
palmeira-leque-da-Europa<br />
palmeira-lú<br />
palmeira-lú-i<br />
palmeira-marajá-piranga<br />
palmeira-mucajá<br />
palmeira-rabo-de-peixe<br />
palmeira-sagu<br />
palmeira-tucumá-assi<br />
palmeira-washingtonia<br />
palmeirinha<br />
Palmer’s century plant<br />
Palmer’s saltgrass<br />
palmera<br />
palmera aceitera africana<br />
palmera azucarera<br />
palmera d<strong>at</strong>ilera<br />
palmera de aceite<br />
palmera de la reina<br />
palmera de las Antillas<br />
palmera de sagú<br />
palmera de sagú de Malabar<br />
palmera enano<br />
palmera suramericana de los<br />
viajeros<br />
palmetto<br />
palmetto palm<br />
palmicha<br />
palmiche<br />
palmiche de Río Negro<br />
palmiche grande<br />
palmicho<br />
palmiforme<br />
palmilla<br />
palmillo<br />
palmira<br />
palmiste<br />
palmit<br />
palmita<br />
palmita de agua<br />
palmiteiro<br />
palmitiqueira<br />
palmito<br />
palmito de coyol<br />
palmito dulce<br />
palmito europeo<br />
palmito-açaí<br />
palmito-amargoso<br />
palmito-do-campo<br />
palmito-doce<br />
palmito-do-chão<br />
palmito-juçara<br />
palmito-mole<br />
palmyra palm<br />
palo agrio<br />
palo amargo<br />
palo amarillo<br />
palo azul<br />
palo barbasco<br />
palo blanco<br />
palo Brasil<br />
palo camarón<br />
palo caraparí<br />
palo chino<br />
palo colorado<br />
palo cubano<br />
palo cu<strong>at</strong>e<br />
palo de abejas<br />
palo de aceite<br />
palo de ají<br />
palo de arco<br />
palo de balsa<br />
palo de bálsamo<br />
palo de barranco<br />
palo de Brasil<br />
palo de burro<br />
palo de cachicamo<br />
palo de chamanare<br />
palo de Chile<br />
palo de coco<br />
palo de cotorra<br />
palo de Cuba<br />
palo de cuyure<br />
palo de frutilla<br />
palo de gallina<br />
palo de guaco<br />
palo de guitarra<br />
palo de gusano<br />
palo de hierro<br />
palo de higo<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
1091
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
palo de humo<br />
palo de incienso<br />
palo de lacandón<br />
palo de lanza<br />
palo de lauza<br />
palo de leche<br />
palo de mambo<br />
palo de motelo<br />
palo de mora<br />
palo de muerto<br />
palo de muleta<br />
palo de negrito<br />
palo de nuez<br />
palo de orejas<br />
palo de piedra<br />
palo de pingüica<br />
palo de piñón<br />
palo de pulque<br />
palo de rosa<br />
palo de sal<br />
palo de sobo<br />
palo de tinta amarilla<br />
palo de tom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
palo de toro<br />
palo de vaca<br />
palo de velas<br />
palo del Brasil<br />
palo del diablo<br />
palo dulce<br />
palo gordo<br />
palo gusano<br />
palo haux<br />
palo hediondo<br />
palo huaco<br />
palo jiote<br />
palo madrona<br />
palo manteco<br />
palo maría<br />
palo mora<br />
palo mul<strong>at</strong>o<br />
palo peruano<br />
palo polvora<br />
palo prieto<br />
palo rey rosado<br />
palo sangre<br />
palo santo<br />
palo vela<br />
palo verde<br />
palo verde amarillo<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
palo verde azul<br />
palo verde de hoja pequeña<br />
palo yuyo<br />
palo-de-ajo<br />
paloduz<br />
palomitas<br />
palosanto<br />
paloverde<br />
paloyancha<br />
palta<br />
palto<br />
pama<br />
pama amarela<br />
pama cal<strong>at</strong>a colorada<br />
pama-branca<br />
pama-caucho<br />
pama-de-onça<br />
pama-de-tamanho-médio<br />
pama-ferro<br />
pama-mao-de-onça<br />
pama-pequena<br />
pama-preta<br />
pamashto<br />
pambil<br />
pampa orégano<br />
pamplemousse<br />
pamplemusa<br />
pamplina de agua<br />
pamuco<br />
pan<br />
pan de año<br />
pan de cuco<br />
pan de fruta<br />
pan de la vida<br />
pan de masa<br />
pan de ñame<br />
pan de palo<br />
pan de pobre<br />
pan de todo el ãno<br />
pan del árbol<br />
pan del norte<br />
pana<br />
pana cimarrona<br />
pana de pepitas<br />
panabi<br />
panaecillo colorado<br />
panagsi<br />
panalero<br />
Panamá<br />
1092
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
Panama h<strong>at</strong> plant<br />
Panama tree<br />
panameño<br />
panamito<br />
panamitos<br />
panán-gsuni<br />
panapén<br />
pancake pricklypear<br />
pancha muca<br />
pancho de chancho<br />
panda papaya<br />
pandano<br />
pândano<br />
pandanus<br />
pandicho<br />
pandilla<br />
pandisho<br />
paneira-de-Cuba<br />
panelo<br />
panga<br />
pángana<br />
pangki naek<br />
pángoa<br />
pangue<br />
paniala<br />
panic grass<br />
panil book<br />
panima<br />
paniquesilla<br />
panizo moruno<br />
panizo negro<br />
panizo verde<br />
panke<br />
pansuba<br />
pansy<br />
pan<strong>the</strong>r lily<br />
pantriba<br />
panul<br />
pão-de-massa<br />
pão-d’embira<br />
papa<br />
papa amarillo<br />
papa blanca<br />
papa Caribe<br />
papa chawcha<br />
papa China<br />
papa criollo<br />
papa cusqueña<br />
papa de caña<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
papa de montaña<br />
papa del aire<br />
papa extranjera<br />
papa japonesa<br />
papa lisa<br />
papa mantaro<br />
papa mantequilla<br />
papa morada<br />
papa numi<br />
papa olones<br />
papa roja<br />
papa ruk’i<br />
papa silvestre<br />
papa voladora<br />
papa walusa<br />
papache<br />
papachilla<br />
papaieira<br />
papailla<br />
papain<br />
papaita<br />
papaíta<br />
papalisa<br />
papalometl<br />
papaloquelite<br />
papamundi<br />
papanajo<br />
papano<br />
papas lisas<br />
papasan<br />
papa-terra-branca<br />
papa-terra-vermelha<br />
pap<strong>at</strong>urro<br />
pap<strong>at</strong>urro agrio<br />
pap<strong>at</strong>urro blanco<br />
papauce<br />
papaunce<br />
papavi<br />
papaw<br />
papaya<br />
papaya caspi<br />
papaya de mico<br />
papaya de monte<br />
papaya de olor<br />
papaya de selva<br />
papaya de tierra fría<br />
papaya del venado<br />
papaya orejona<br />
papaye<br />
1093
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
papayito de los Andes<br />
papayo<br />
papayola<br />
papayuela<br />
papayuelo<br />
papelillo<br />
paper birch<br />
papito<br />
papo<br />
papo-de-mutum<br />
papoos<br />
papoula<br />
papoula dobrada<br />
papoula-São-Fransisco<br />
pappa<br />
pappas<br />
páprica<br />
paprika<br />
papuá do m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
papunga<br />
papusa<br />
paque<br />
paquí<br />
paquío<br />
paquió<br />
Pará cress<br />
Pará guava<br />
Pará nut<br />
Pará palm<br />
Pará piassava<br />
Pará rubber<br />
Pará silveste<br />
paracuúba-doce<br />
paradise flower<br />
paradise nut<br />
paradise tree<br />
Paraguay palm<br />
Paraguay tea<br />
paraguayita<br />
parai<br />
parairie pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
paraíso<br />
paraíso blanco<br />
paraíso francés<br />
parakeet flower<br />
paralejo<br />
paramán<br />
parana<br />
Paraná pine<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
parapara<br />
paraparo<br />
pararu<br />
paraveris<br />
parcha<br />
parcha andina<br />
parcha cimarrona<br />
parcha de monte<br />
parcha de culebra<br />
parcha granadina<br />
parche<br />
parchita amarilla<br />
parchita de montaña<br />
parchita de sabana<br />
parchita morada<br />
parcho<br />
pardillo<br />
pardillo amarillo<br />
pareira<br />
pareira brava<br />
pareira root<br />
pareira-brava<br />
parencsuni<br />
parenta<br />
paricá-grande-da-terra-firme<br />
parinari<br />
parinari sacha<br />
parinari sprucei<br />
pariparoba<br />
paripi<br />
paripiballi<br />
parlor palm<br />
parmentiera<br />
parona<br />
paronchi<br />
parota<br />
parra<br />
parra cimarrona<br />
parreira-brava<br />
parreirinha-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
parriza<br />
parriza americana<br />
parrot’s beack<br />
parrot’s fea<strong>the</strong>r<br />
Parry abrojo<br />
Parry jujube<br />
Parry pine<br />
Parry pinyon<br />
Parry’s agave<br />
1094
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
Parry’s jujube<br />
parsley<br />
parsley haw<br />
parsley-leaved haw<br />
parsnip<br />
parsnip-chervil<br />
parsu<br />
partasana<br />
partridge berry<br />
parwah<br />
pasa<br />
pasa capulí<br />
pasa comestible<br />
pasacana<br />
pasaque<br />
pasarín<br />
pasas<br />
pasayo<br />
pascualito<br />
pashaco<br />
pashaquilla<br />
pashí<br />
pashnikak<br />
pasiflora<br />
pasilla<br />
pasionaria<br />
pasionaria con hojas de laurel<br />
pasionaria de hoja de moral<br />
pasionaria de la candelaria<br />
pasionaria hedionda<br />
pasita<br />
pasito<br />
pasmada<br />
pasorin<br />
pasote<br />
passa<br />
passa-de-corinto<br />
passa-do-japão<br />
passion flower<br />
passion fruit<br />
passion fruit banana<br />
passionflower<br />
past<strong>at</strong>e<br />
paste<br />
pastilla<br />
pastinaca<br />
pastinaca selvaje<br />
pastinaga<br />
pasto de Guinea<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
pasto estrada<br />
pasto Guinea<br />
pasto italiano<br />
pasto limón<br />
pastor<strong>at</strong>a<br />
pasture brake<br />
pasture gooseberry<br />
p<strong>at</strong>a de cotuza<br />
p<strong>at</strong>a de gallina<br />
p<strong>at</strong>a de gallo<br />
p<strong>at</strong>a de Morrocoy<br />
p<strong>at</strong>a de pájaro<br />
p<strong>at</strong>a de paloma<br />
p<strong>at</strong>a de paují<br />
p<strong>at</strong>a de vaca<br />
p<strong>at</strong>abá<br />
p<strong>at</strong>aca<br />
p<strong>at</strong>achete<br />
p<strong>at</strong>a-de-boi<br />
p<strong>at</strong>a-de-vaca<br />
p<strong>at</strong>aj<br />
p<strong>at</strong>amba<br />
p<strong>at</strong>as<br />
p<strong>at</strong>ashete<br />
p<strong>at</strong>ashte<br />
p<strong>at</strong>aste<br />
p<strong>at</strong>astilla<br />
p<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a<br />
p<strong>at</strong>aua<br />
p<strong>at</strong>auá<br />
p<strong>at</strong>auá-branca<br />
p<strong>at</strong>auá-roxa<br />
p<strong>at</strong>chouli<br />
p<strong>at</strong>chouly<br />
p<strong>at</strong>chuli<br />
p<strong>at</strong>e<br />
p<strong>at</strong>erna<br />
p<strong>at</strong>ernilla<br />
p<strong>at</strong>ernillo<br />
p<strong>at</strong>ernita<br />
p<strong>at</strong>erno<br />
p<strong>at</strong>ernoster beans<br />
p<strong>at</strong>i<br />
p<strong>at</strong>i queen palm<br />
p<strong>at</strong>i-amargosa<br />
p<strong>at</strong>ichuli<br />
p<strong>at</strong>ience<br />
p<strong>at</strong>ience dock<br />
p<strong>at</strong>illa<br />
1095
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
p<strong>at</strong>illo<br />
p<strong>at</strong>ioba<br />
p<strong>at</strong>isak’o<br />
p<strong>at</strong>oá<br />
p<strong>at</strong>ol<br />
p<strong>at</strong>ola<br />
p<strong>at</strong>riota<br />
pajuil<br />
paú shuina<br />
paú shuiya<br />
pau-amarelo<br />
pau-branco<br />
pau-Brasil<br />
pau-brasil<br />
pau-carne<br />
pau-cravo<br />
pau-d’alho<br />
pau-d’arco<br />
pau-de-bálsamo<br />
pau-de-bicho<br />
pau-de-bicho<br />
pau-de-cachimbo<br />
pau-de-cobra<br />
pau-de-colher<br />
pau-de-cores<br />
pau-de-espeto-vermelho<br />
pau-de-fogo<br />
pau-de-formiga<br />
pau-de-Guine<br />
pau-de-incenso<br />
pau-de-lepra<br />
pau-de-lixa<br />
pau-de-oleo<br />
pau-de-r<strong>at</strong>o<br />
pau-de-seda<br />
pau-doce<br />
pau-ferro<br />
pau-funcho<br />
pauhui montañero<br />
pau-jacaré<br />
paují<br />
paují de amú<br />
paujil chaqui<br />
paujil huasca<br />
paujíl ruro<br />
pau-leo<br />
paulinia<br />
pau-mul<strong>at</strong>o-da-terra-firme<br />
pau-Pernambuco<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
pau-pombo<br />
pau-precioso<br />
pau-santo<br />
pau-sassafrás<br />
pau-terra<br />
pavana<br />
pavi<br />
pavona<br />
pavona encendida<br />
pawi<br />
pawpaw<br />
paxararok<br />
paxiúba<br />
paxiúba-barriguda<br />
paxiubão<br />
paxiubinha<br />
paxni kak<br />
paxte<br />
paxte de palo<br />
paya<br />
payandé<br />
payas<br />
payco<br />
payste<br />
payta<br />
payura<br />
pazoli<br />
pazote<br />
pazotl<br />
pazte<br />
pe<br />
pe’su po’o<br />
pea<br />
pëa<br />
pea bean<br />
pea eggplant<br />
pea leaf-flower<br />
pea vine<br />
peach<br />
peach bloom<br />
peach palm<br />
peach tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
peach wood<br />
peachnut<br />
peacock flower<br />
peacock tigerflower<br />
peanut<br />
peanut-butter fruit<br />
pear<br />
1096
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
pear melon<br />
pearl lupin<br />
pearl lupine<br />
pearl millet<br />
pecã<br />
pecan<br />
pecan nut<br />
pecana<br />
pechecua<br />
pechevaye<br />
pechiche<br />
pechichi<br />
pe-co-r<br />
pêcoyo-de-Santo-Domingo<br />
pé-de-ganso<br />
pé-de-g<strong>at</strong>o<br />
pé-de-jaboti<br />
pé-de-papagaio<br />
pé-de-pombo<br />
pedón<br />
pedra-ume-caá<br />
pega-pega<br />
pegarropa<br />
pegibay<br />
pehuén<br />
peito-de-pombo<br />
peito-de-pombo-de-folha-larga<br />
pejibay<br />
pejibaya<br />
pejibaye<br />
pejijuayo<br />
pejivalle<br />
pejte<br />
pékéa t<strong>at</strong>a-youba<br />
pekea-nut<br />
Peking cabbage<br />
pela<br />
peladera<br />
peladua<br />
pel<strong>at</strong> puchum<br />
peli<br />
pellejo de indio<br />
pelma<br />
pelo de choclo<br />
pelo ponte<br />
pelo ponto<br />
peloponte<br />
pelosilla<br />
pelusilla<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
pembina<br />
pemoche<br />
penca<br />
pencil cedar<br />
pencil cholla<br />
pencil juniper<br />
pendanga<br />
pendant amaranth<br />
pendare<br />
pendare de sapo<br />
pendare purue<br />
pendare rebalsero<br />
pendaria<br />
pendaria-da-serra<br />
pendula<br />
pene<br />
peniseto<br />
penka<br />
Penn’s golden pepper<br />
Pennsylvania bittercress<br />
penny cress<br />
penny piece<br />
pennyroyal<br />
penoga<br />
peonía<br />
peora<br />
pepa de pan<br />
pepe boiti<br />
pepe de leche<br />
pepe del tagua<br />
pepe guare<br />
pepe poirier<br />
pepenance<br />
peperômia doméstica<br />
pepetillo<br />
pepeto<br />
pepeto de río<br />
pepeto negro<br />
pepetón<br />
pepian<br />
pepinillo<br />
pepininho<br />
pepinito<br />
pepino<br />
pepino andino<br />
pepino Angola<br />
pepino blanco<br />
pepino de agua<br />
pepino de árbol<br />
1097
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
pepino de castilla<br />
pepino de comer<br />
pepino de fruta<br />
pepino de la India<br />
pepino de las indias<br />
pepino de olor<br />
pepino de rellenar<br />
pepino de relleno<br />
pepino dulce<br />
pepino hueco<br />
pepino llorón<br />
pepino mango<br />
pepino morado<br />
pepino redondo<br />
pepino-bravo<br />
pepino-castanha<br />
pepino-de-burro<br />
pepino-de-espinho<br />
pepino-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
pepito<br />
pepo<br />
pepper<br />
pepper elder<br />
pepper grass<br />
pepper hibiscus<br />
pepper tree<br />
peppercorn<br />
peppergrass<br />
pepperidge<br />
peppermint<br />
pepper-root<br />
pepperweed<br />
pepperwood<br />
pepperwort<br />
pequi<br />
pequí<br />
pequiá<br />
pequia nut<br />
pequiá-brava<br />
pequiá-bravo<br />
pequiá-pedra<br />
pequiarana-do-igapó<br />
pequi-branco<br />
pe-qui-che<br />
pequijche<br />
pera<br />
pêra<br />
pera criolla<br />
pera de agua<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
pera de ancho<br />
pera melón<br />
pêra-do-campo<br />
peral<br />
peraleja<br />
peralejo<br />
peramán<br />
peramán de agua<br />
peramancillo<br />
peramelon<br />
perehuétano<br />
pereira-do-campo<br />
perejil<br />
perennial bean<br />
perennial glasswort<br />
perennial Pará cress<br />
perennial teosinte<br />
perennial wall-rocket<br />
perguetana<br />
perguillo negro<br />
pericón<br />
pericón amarillo<br />
perifollo<br />
perija<br />
perillo<br />
periquillo<br />
periquiteira<br />
periquitinho<br />
periquito<br />
perita<br />
perita costeña<br />
perita de agua<br />
perita haitana<br />
periwinkle<br />
perlas<br />
perlillo<br />
perluxo<br />
Pernambuco wood<br />
pernilla de casa<br />
pero<br />
perôko<br />
peronilla<br />
perpetua<br />
perpétua<br />
perpétua-do-brasil<br />
perpétua-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
perrexi<br />
Persian mulberry<br />
Persian walnut<br />
1098
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
persicária<br />
persimmon<br />
Peru naval<br />
Peru-balsam<br />
peruétano<br />
Peruvian cape gooseberry<br />
Peruvian carrot<br />
Peruvian cherry<br />
Peruvian ginseng<br />
Peruvian groundcherry<br />
Peruvian lily<br />
Peruvian mastic<br />
Peruvian nutmeg<br />
Peruvian oka<br />
Peruvian old man cactus<br />
Peruvian papaya<br />
Peruvian parsnip<br />
Peruvian pepino<br />
Peruvian pepper<br />
Peruvian pepper tree<br />
Peruvian rice<br />
pescuezón<br />
pesgua<br />
pésjua morada<br />
pesoxocoyolli<br />
pêssego<br />
pessoek<br />
pessegueiro-bravo<br />
pessegueiro-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
petaco<br />
peterebi<br />
peterebí<br />
petha<br />
peti bouis<br />
petit caimitier bois<br />
petite caimite<br />
pettico<strong>at</strong> palm<br />
petty rice<br />
pettymorrel<br />
peumo<br />
peunke<br />
pewa<br />
pewa nut<br />
peyote<br />
pfirco<br />
pfiuco<br />
phantasma lisas<br />
phasemy bean<br />
Philippe fig<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
Philippine fig<br />
Philippine persimmon<br />
Philippine spinach<br />
Philippine waxflower<br />
philodendron<br />
phureja<br />
physalis<br />
physic nut<br />
piaba<br />
piabinha<br />
piaçaba<br />
piaçava<br />
pião-branco<br />
piasaba<br />
piasava<br />
piasavá<br />
piasava de Bahia<br />
piassaba<br />
piassaba palm<br />
piassaba-do-Pará<br />
piassava<br />
piassava palm<br />
piassava-da-Bahia<br />
piaste<br />
pi<strong>at</strong>u<br />
picagua<br />
picana negra<br />
picante blanco<br />
picão<br />
picão-das-hortas<br />
picão-do-campo<br />
picão-preto<br />
pic<strong>at</strong>ón<br />
pice de guara<br />
pícea<br />
picha de g<strong>at</strong>o<br />
pichana<br />
pichana albaca<br />
pichana alvaca<br />
pichana blanca<br />
piche<br />
pichecua<br />
pichi<br />
pichí<br />
pichiche<br />
pichiguao<br />
pichiguey<br />
pichindé<br />
pichippul<br />
1099
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
pichol<br />
pickerel weed<br />
pickerelweed<br />
pico de lombriz<br />
pico de pájaro<br />
pico de paloma<br />
pico pico<br />
picurero<br />
picuyu<br />
pidoquera<br />
pie cherry<br />
pie de ganso<br />
pie de niño<br />
pied caimite<br />
pietie<br />
pifayo<br />
pifuayo<br />
pig nut<br />
pig’s face<br />
pigeon bean<br />
pigeon berry<br />
pigeon pea<br />
pigeon plum<br />
pigeon-berry<br />
pigeongrass<br />
pigmeo<br />
pignon<br />
pignut<br />
pignut hickory<br />
pigseed goosefoot<br />
pigweed<br />
pihiguao<br />
pihuayo<br />
pijiguao<br />
pijuanyo<br />
pijuayo<br />
pijuayo del monte<br />
pilewort<br />
pili nut<br />
piligüe<br />
pilliyuyu<br />
pilón<br />
piloy<br />
piloya<br />
pilriteiro<br />
Pima r<strong>at</strong>any<br />
Pima rh<strong>at</strong>any<br />
pimbina<br />
pimbu-ku<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
pimenta<br />
pimenta-americana<br />
pimenta-bode<br />
pimenta-branca<br />
pimenta-camapu<br />
pimenta-cumari<br />
pimenta-da-costa<br />
pimenta-da-Índia<br />
pimenta-da-Jamaica<br />
pimenta-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
pimenta-da-terra<br />
pimenta-de-cheiro<br />
pimenta-de-comari<br />
pimenta-de-gentio<br />
pimenta-de-macaco<br />
pimenta-de-mesa<br />
pimenta-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
pimenta-do-Pará<br />
pimenta-do-reino<br />
pimenta-dos-índios<br />
pimenta-dos-monges<br />
pimenta-dos-negros<br />
pimenta-habaneiro<br />
pimenta-lambari<br />
pimenta-longa<br />
pimenta-madeira<br />
pimenta-malagueta<br />
pimentão<br />
pimentão-doce<br />
pimentão-quadrado<br />
pimenta-ordinária<br />
pimenta-preta<br />
pimenta-tabasco<br />
pimenteira-bastarda<br />
pimentera<br />
pimentero<br />
pimentero falso<br />
pimentinha<br />
pimento<br />
pimento-longo<br />
pimentón<br />
pimento-vermelha<br />
pimeta de Caiena<br />
pimienta<br />
pimienta blanca de la India<br />
pimienta de Jamaica<br />
pimienta del Brasil<br />
pimienta gorda<br />
pimienta inglesa<br />
1100
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
pimienta malagueta<br />
pimienta negra<br />
pimienta roja<br />
pimientilla<br />
pimientillo<br />
pimiento<br />
pimiento de perro<br />
pimiento rojo<br />
pimientón<br />
pimpinela<br />
pin cherry<br />
pin oak<br />
piná<br />
piña<br />
piña anona<br />
piña blanca<br />
piña de América<br />
piña de azúcar<br />
piña de Indias<br />
piña de playón<br />
piña de r<strong>at</strong>ón<br />
piña montañera<br />
piña negra<br />
piña silvestre<br />
piña tropical<br />
pinabete<br />
piñamama<br />
piñanona<br />
pinca<br />
pinchão<br />
pinco-pinco<br />
pin-cushion<br />
pincushion beardtongue<br />
pincushion cactus<br />
pindaeua<br />
pindaíba<br />
pindaíba-verdadeira<br />
pindaíba-vermelha<br />
pindaíva<br />
pindayo<br />
pindó<br />
pindo palm<br />
pindoba<br />
pindoba-do-sul<br />
pine cone ginger<br />
pine cone lily<br />
pine nut<br />
pine strawberry<br />
pineapple<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
pineapple guava<br />
pineapple mint<br />
pineapple sage<br />
pineapple shrub<br />
pineapple strawberry<br />
pineapple-scented sage<br />
pinete<br />
pinga<br />
pingo-pingo<br />
pingua<br />
pingüica<br />
pinguin<br />
pingüita<br />
pingüita de mono<br />
pingwing<br />
pinha<br />
pinhão<br />
pinhão-branco<br />
pinhão-de-purga<br />
pinhão-manso<br />
pinha-quemadeira<br />
pinhead clover<br />
pinhead pepper<br />
pinheiro-brasileiro<br />
pinheiro-do-Canadá<br />
pinheiro-do-Paraná<br />
pinja<br />
pink banana passionfruit<br />
pink cedar<br />
pink evening-primrose<br />
pink ladies<br />
pink lemonade flower<br />
pink lotus<br />
pink peppercorn<br />
pink purslane<br />
pink shamrock<br />
pink slipper orchid<br />
pink sorrel<br />
pink tabebuia<br />
pink wood-sorrel<br />
pink-eyed-john<br />
pinku-pinku<br />
pinkweed<br />
pino<br />
pino amarillo<br />
pino amarillo occidental<br />
pino blanco<br />
pino colorado<br />
pino de azucar<br />
1101
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
pino del Brasil<br />
pino dulce<br />
pino Jeffrey<br />
pino manco<br />
pino negro<br />
pino ocote<br />
pino Paraná<br />
pino piñón<br />
pino piñonero<br />
pino ponderosa<br />
pino romerón<br />
pinoguaçu<br />
piñón<br />
piñón blanco<br />
piñon ceque<strong>at</strong>i<br />
piñón cubano<br />
piñón de cuba<br />
piñón de oreja<br />
piñón florido<br />
piñón pine nut<br />
pinpoint clover<br />
pinsha cello<br />
pintamora<br />
pinto bean<br />
piñuela<br />
piñuelo<br />
pinxter flower<br />
pinyon pine<br />
pinzán<br />
pinzón<br />
pinzona<br />
piogola<br />
piolho-de-padre<br />
pionche<br />
pipa<br />
pipchuelo<br />
pipewood<br />
pipian<br />
pipián<br />
pipilito<br />
pipire<br />
pipitoria<br />
pipoca<br />
pipsissewa<br />
piqu pichana<br />
piqui<br />
piquí<br />
piquiá<br />
piquia branco<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
piquiá-arana<br />
piquiá-da-areia<br />
piquia-oil plant<br />
piquiarana<br />
piquiarana-vermelha<br />
piquiá-verdadeiro<br />
piquiche<br />
piquin<br />
piquín<br />
piquirana<br />
piquiteira<br />
piquizeiro<br />
pira<br />
pira brava<br />
pira de berraco<br />
pira de puerco<br />
piragua<br />
piraguina negra<br />
pirajá-pupunha<br />
piraju<br />
piramiri<br />
piranga<br />
pirauxi<br />
pirca<br />
piracanto<br />
piretro<br />
píretro<br />
piriguao<br />
pirijão<br />
pirima<br />
pirinola<br />
piriquitoya<br />
piririma<br />
piris<br />
piritu<br />
piro<br />
pirola<br />
pirú<br />
pirul<br />
pirumu<br />
pisba<br />
piscu uchu<br />
pisekua<br />
pisep<br />
pisho-guayo<br />
pishoy<br />
pishquisma<br />
pishuallo rojo<br />
pisouabite<br />
1102
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
piss-a-bed<br />
pissandó<br />
pissi<br />
pistache<br />
pistachio<br />
pistachio nut<br />
pistacho<br />
pistácia<br />
pita<br />
pita común<br />
pita floja<br />
pitahaya<br />
pitahaya agria<br />
pitahaya de agosto<br />
pitahaya de cardón<br />
pitahaya dulce<br />
pitahaya morada<br />
pitahaya orejona<br />
pitahaya roja<br />
pitahayacita<br />
pitahya de agosto<br />
pitajava<br />
pitajaya<br />
pitajón<br />
pitajoní<br />
pitajoní bravo<br />
pitajoní espinoso<br />
pitajoní hembra<br />
pitanga<br />
pitanga-branca<br />
pitanga-de-jardim<br />
pitanga-do-campo<br />
pitanga-do-norte<br />
pitanga-miúda<br />
pitangão<br />
pitanga-preta<br />
pitang<strong>at</strong>uba<br />
pitanga-tuba<br />
pitangauba<br />
pitanga-vermelha<br />
pitangueira<br />
pitangueira-de-jardim<br />
pitangueira-do-campo<br />
pitangueira-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
pitangueira-vermelha<br />
pitanguera<br />
pitarrillo<br />
pitaya<br />
pitayita-nocturna espinosa<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
pitch pine<br />
piteira<br />
pitiá<br />
pitipuá<br />
pitiquiña<br />
pitirishi<br />
pitiu<br />
pito<br />
pito de peronilla<br />
pitomba<br />
pitomba de leite<br />
pitomba-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
pitombeira<br />
pitombinha<br />
pitón dulce<br />
pitorillo<br />
pitseed goosefoot<br />
pituca<br />
piva<br />
pixabay<br />
pixbá<br />
pixbae<br />
pixi<br />
pixirica<br />
pixtle<br />
pixuna<br />
pixuna<br />
placaminero<br />
plains beebalm<br />
plains lemon monarda<br />
plane tree<br />
plant brush<br />
planta del soldado<br />
planta preciosisima<br />
plantain<br />
plantanillo<br />
plantigras<br />
pl<strong>at</strong>anilla<br />
pl<strong>at</strong>anillo<br />
pl<strong>at</strong>anillo del monte<br />
plátano<br />
plátano bárbaro<br />
plátano blanco<br />
plátano burro<br />
plátano de cocinar<br />
plátano de la isla<br />
plátano de occidente<br />
plátano de seda<br />
plátano fruta<br />
1103
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
plátano guineo<br />
plátano hembra<br />
plátano macho<br />
plátano maqueño<br />
plátano rulo<br />
plátano tabasco<br />
plátano viando<br />
pl<strong>at</strong>e brush<br />
Pl<strong>at</strong>te River milkvetch<br />
pleurisy root<br />
plomillo blanco<br />
pluana uchu<br />
plum<br />
plum bush<br />
plum fir<br />
plum <strong>of</strong> Martinique<br />
plum pine<br />
plum rose<br />
plumajillo<br />
plumboy<br />
plumero<br />
plumero amarillo<br />
plum-fruited yew<br />
plum-leaf crab<br />
plumo de oro<br />
pnaocl<br />
po-yoko<br />
poblano<br />
pocan<br />
pochote<br />
pochotilla<br />
pocoto<br />
poe-hoe<br />
poejo<br />
poejo-das-hortas<br />
poejo-real<br />
pogostemon cablin<br />
poha<br />
pohne<br />
poi<br />
poinciana-anã<br />
pointleaf manzanita<br />
poiquinihua<br />
poirier de la Guiana<br />
pois souche<br />
pojó<br />
poka<br />
pokak<br />
poke<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
poke salad<br />
pokeberry<br />
pokeweed<br />
polar plant<br />
pole-c<strong>at</strong>-tree<br />
polello<br />
poleo<br />
polines<br />
polipodio<br />
Polish whe<strong>at</strong><br />
polleo<br />
polo ponto<br />
polok<br />
Polynesian plum<br />
poma<br />
poma rosa<br />
pomagás<br />
pomarosa<br />
pomarosa americana<br />
pomarosa de Malaca<br />
pomarosa del Brasil<br />
pomarosa forestera<br />
pomarrosa<br />
pomarrosa americana<br />
pomarrosa de Malaca<br />
pomarrosa del Brasil<br />
pomarrosa forestera<br />
pomarroso<br />
pomegran<strong>at</strong>e<br />
pomela<br />
pomelo<br />
pomerac<br />
pomikie<br />
pomme de lait<br />
pomme de liane zombie<br />
pomme étoilée<br />
pomme surette<br />
pomo<br />
pomo celery<br />
pompelmous<br />
pona<br />
poncha<br />
ponciano<br />
poncidre<br />
poncil<br />
pond lily<br />
pond nuts<br />
pond-apple<br />
ponderosa pine<br />
1104
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
pondweed<br />
poni ani mite<br />
ponotourayek<br />
ponsigue<br />
ponsigué<br />
ponsique<br />
pony beebalm<br />
poor man’s pepper<br />
poor man’s umbrella<br />
poox<br />
pop corn<br />
pop nut<br />
popa<br />
popbeans<br />
popinac<br />
popo<br />
popocho<br />
poporo<br />
popote<br />
popotillo<br />
popped maize-flower<br />
popping beans<br />
poppy<br />
poppy seed<br />
populus alba<br />
popunha<br />
porcelain-berry<br />
porcelana<br />
porcupine tree<br />
poro<br />
poró<br />
poro gigante<br />
porongo<br />
porongueiro<br />
porotillo<br />
porotito del ojo<br />
porotito tapé<br />
poroto<br />
poroto arroz<br />
poroto b<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>a<br />
poroto bombero<br />
poroto de maíz<br />
poroto de manteca<br />
poroto gandul<br />
poroto japonés<br />
poroto manteca<br />
poroto pea<br />
poroto señorita<br />
poroto shimbillo<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
poroto tape<br />
porrino<br />
porro<br />
porte-noix<br />
Porter brome<br />
Porter’s chess<br />
portia tree<br />
portland arrowroot<br />
porto rico<br />
portorrico<br />
Portuguese yam<br />
poshno rao<br />
posho-guayo<br />
poshté<br />
possum grape<br />
possum oak<br />
post locust<br />
posta<br />
posuí<br />
posuy<br />
pot<br />
pot marigold<br />
pot marjoram<br />
pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
pot<strong>at</strong>o bean<br />
pot<strong>at</strong>o yam<br />
potentila<br />
po<strong>the</strong>rb fame flower<br />
poto-p<strong>at</strong>e<br />
poulard whe<strong>at</strong><br />
poulette<br />
poupounha<br />
pourouma<br />
poverty weed<br />
Powell’s amaranth<br />
Powell’s pigweed<br />
pox<br />
pozolillo<br />
prairie acacia<br />
prairie bundleflower<br />
prairie clover<br />
prairie crab<br />
prairie flax<br />
prairie gourd<br />
prairie junegrass<br />
prairie Koeler’s grass<br />
prairie mallow<br />
prairie mimosa<br />
prairie onion<br />
1105
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
prairie parsley<br />
prairie rose<br />
prairie shoestrings<br />
prairie smoke<br />
prairie turnip<br />
prairie violet<br />
prairie w<strong>at</strong>tle<br />
prairie wild rose<br />
prec<strong>at</strong>ory-bean<br />
preciosa<br />
precocious pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
preconcuahuitl<br />
prega-prega<br />
pretino<br />
pretino punga<br />
preto<br />
pretty false pawpaw<br />
prickle wi<strong>the</strong><br />
prickleweed<br />
prickly amaranth<br />
prickly apple-cactus<br />
prickly chaff flower<br />
prickly currant<br />
prickly custard apple<br />
prickly gooseberry<br />
prickly herb<br />
prickly lettuce<br />
prickly palm<br />
prickly pear<br />
prickly pear cactus<br />
prickly wild gooseberry<br />
pride <strong>of</strong> Barbados<br />
primavera<br />
primrose malanga<br />
prímula<br />
prince’s fea<strong>the</strong>r<br />
prince’s pea<br />
prince’s pine<br />
prince’s plume<br />
princess fea<strong>the</strong>r<br />
princess pea<br />
prisco<br />
privet stopper<br />
privilegio<br />
privy-vine<br />
procumbent yellow wood-sorrel<br />
prodigiosa<br />
pronto-alívio<br />
proper yam<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
proso<br />
proso millet<br />
prosópis<br />
prostr<strong>at</strong>e amaranth<br />
prostr<strong>at</strong>e pigweed<br />
protón<br />
provision tree<br />
pruan tree<br />
prune<br />
prune mombin<br />
prune tree<br />
pruneira<br />
prunella<br />
prunier<br />
psidium<br />
psidium sylvestre<br />
puán<br />
pubescent birch<br />
puçá<br />
puca huasca<br />
puca lupuna<br />
puca pijuaio<br />
puçá-preta<br />
puca-uchu<br />
puch-pee-á<br />
pucheca<br />
pucunucho<br />
pudding wi<strong>the</strong><br />
puerco quelite<br />
puerro<br />
puerro silvestre<br />
Puerto Rican century plant<br />
Puerto Rican cherry<br />
Puerto Rican guava<br />
Puerto Rican royal palm<br />
Puerto Rico apple-cactus<br />
Puget balsamroot<br />
puhe<br />
pui paso<br />
puka qumpis<br />
puka t’ulluyuq khisa<br />
pulasan<br />
pulasán<br />
pulguillo<br />
pullipunta<br />
pullipuntu<br />
pulo<br />
pulque<br />
pulque agave<br />
1106
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
pulza<br />
puma chaqui<br />
puma chincha<br />
puma cuchu<br />
puma quiru<br />
puma rosa<br />
puma yarina<br />
pumacua<br />
pumbo<br />
pumelo<br />
pumerillo<br />
pummelo<br />
pumos<br />
pumpkin<br />
pumpunjunche<br />
pumuko<br />
punáma<br />
punchohuise<br />
punga<br />
punga de altura<br />
puntada de cabeza<br />
punte<br />
punyapong<br />
pupuaçu<br />
pupunha<br />
pupunha-brava<br />
pupunha-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
pupunha-de-macaco<br />
pupunha-de-metro<br />
pupunha-de-porco<br />
pupunha-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
pupunha-marajá<br />
pupunharana<br />
pupunha-verde-amarela<br />
purah<br />
purging nut<br />
purgo<br />
purgo macho<br />
purguá<br />
purgueira<br />
purguillo<br />
purguillo amaraillo<br />
purguillo chicle<br />
purguillo félix<br />
purguillo negro<br />
purguillo terciopelo<br />
purguillom<br />
purguo<br />
purguo blanco<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
purguo morado<br />
purijo<br />
purma cetico<br />
purma shimbillo<br />
puro-puro<br />
purple alternan<strong>the</strong>ra<br />
purple amaranth<br />
purple angelica<br />
purple anise<br />
purple arrowroot<br />
purple avens<br />
purple chokeberry<br />
purple granadilla<br />
purple ground-cherry<br />
purple guava<br />
purple haw<br />
purple hea<strong>the</strong>r<br />
purple hopseed bush<br />
purple loosestrife<br />
purple mammillaria<br />
purple mombin<br />
purple passion fruit<br />
purple passion-flower<br />
purple poppy-mallow<br />
purple prairie clover<br />
purple prairie violet<br />
purple rocket<br />
purple springparsley<br />
purple star apple<br />
purple tephrosia<br />
purple trillium<br />
purple wen-dock<br />
purple wood-sorrel<br />
purple-flowering raspberry<br />
purquillo<br />
purslane<br />
pursley<br />
puru<br />
purú<br />
puruhi grande<br />
purui<br />
puruí<br />
puruí pequeno<br />
puruí-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
puruí-grande<br />
puruí-grande-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
puruí-grange<br />
puruizinho<br />
puruma<br />
1107
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
purumã<br />
purumã-í<br />
puru-puru<br />
purutu<br />
puruzinho<br />
purvio<br />
purvio amarillo<br />
puspo-poroto<br />
puspu-poroto<br />
pussley<br />
pussy-toes<br />
pusuy<br />
puta-parió<br />
puto<br />
putsuti<br />
putumayo<br />
putu-putu<br />
putzuti<br />
puut’ ts’aah<br />
puya<br />
puyeque<br />
pyco<br />
payo curu<br />
pyramid spiraea<br />
Pyrenean sorrel<br />
pyrethrum<br />
qamaya<br />
qañawi<br />
qhillu chuqcha lisas<br />
qhishwa pimpinilla<br />
quackgrass<br />
quackgrass<br />
quackoo jamoon<br />
quail bush<br />
quaking aspen<br />
quamash<br />
quarana<br />
quarter vine<br />
quaruba-vermelha<br />
quassia<br />
quassia wood<br />
quau-chile<br />
quaymitu<br />
quëboitsama<br />
quebrachillo<br />
quebracho flojo<br />
quebracho rojo<br />
quebradora<br />
quebrahacha<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
quebra-pedra<br />
quebra-pedra-branca<br />
Queen Anne’s lace<br />
queen sago<br />
Queen Victoria w<strong>at</strong>er-lily<br />
queen’s crown<br />
queen’s jewels<br />
queen’s wre<strong>at</strong>h<br />
queen-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-night<br />
Queensland arrowroot<br />
Queensland hemp<br />
Queensland nut<br />
queldron<br />
quelite<br />
quelite cojudo<br />
quelite salado<br />
quelite tom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
quemadera<br />
quemasusu<br />
quenepa<br />
quenepa china<br />
quenopodio<br />
quenopódio<br />
quenopodio de los jardines<br />
quëo<br />
quequeshque manchade<br />
quequeshte<br />
quequesque<br />
quequexque<br />
quereme<br />
quereme rosa<br />
quesito<br />
quëxquixaquini<br />
quiabeiro<br />
quiabo<br />
quiabo-azedo<br />
quiabo-da-Angola<br />
quiaborana<br />
quiabo-róseo<br />
quiabo-roxo<br />
quiba<br />
quiçaré<br />
quichuicha<br />
quickbeam<br />
quick-stick<br />
quickweed<br />
quidíja<br />
quiebra pl<strong>at</strong>o<br />
quiebraejo<br />
1108
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
quienbiendent<br />
quigombó<br />
quigombô<br />
quiguagua<br />
quihuicha<br />
quiina blanca<br />
quije-lechi-y<strong>at</strong>e<br />
quijiniquil<br />
quijón<br />
quilapele<br />
quilite<br />
quillo sisa<br />
quimbolillo<br />
quimbolito<br />
quimgombó<br />
quimile<br />
quimilo<br />
quimsa-kuchu<br />
quina<br />
quina de Cayena<br />
quina quina<br />
quina quina blanca<br />
quina roja<br />
quina-morada<br />
quince<br />
quinchincha<br />
quinchoncillo<br />
quinchonchillo<br />
quinchoncho<br />
qunché<br />
quinchuicha<br />
quinconcho<br />
quindio<br />
quingombó<br />
quingombô grande<br />
quinilla<br />
quinilla amarilla<br />
quinilla blanca<br />
quinilla blanca del bajo<br />
quinilla caimitillo<br />
quinilla colorada<br />
quinilla criolla<br />
quinilla de bajo<br />
quinilla de fruto negro<br />
quinilla de hojas pequeñas<br />
quinilla negra<br />
quinina<br />
quinina criolla<br />
quinine<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
quinine bush<br />
quinine weed<br />
quinino<br />
quinino de pobre<br />
quinoa<br />
quinoa<br />
quinoa ayara<br />
quínoa de castilla<br />
quínoa del valle<br />
quinoa negra<br />
quinón<br />
quino-quino<br />
quinoto<br />
quinqua<br />
quinque<br />
quinquina<br />
quinsakhuchu<br />
quintonil<br />
quinua<br />
quínua<br />
quinua dulce<br />
quinua silvestre<br />
quiôiô<br />
quiote<br />
quipara<br />
quiquiriqui<br />
quiquisque<br />
quirambaro<br />
quire<br />
quiscamo<br />
quiscamote<br />
quisco<br />
quisnaniquitonale<br />
quita manteca<br />
quitacañigua<br />
quitachiyu blanco<br />
quitarán<br />
Quito orange<br />
Quito palm<br />
quitonquillón<br />
quixabá<br />
quixabeira<br />
qumpis<br />
rabaça<br />
rabaneta<br />
rabanete<br />
rabanete-de-cavalo<br />
rábano<br />
rábano de caballo<br />
1109
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
rábano picante<br />
rábano rusticano<br />
rábano rústico<br />
rábano salvaje<br />
rábano silvestre<br />
rábano-bastardo<br />
rabbit brush<br />
rabbit ear<br />
rabbit thorn<br />
rabbiteye blueberry<br />
rabo de g<strong>at</strong>o<br />
rabo de mico<br />
rabo de mono<br />
rabo-de-cavalo<br />
rabo-de-co<strong>at</strong>i<br />
rabo-de-foguete<br />
rabo-de-rojão<br />
racacha<br />
racadera<br />
rache<br />
rackhacha<br />
radicchio<br />
radice-bravo<br />
radish<br />
radite<br />
rafia<br />
ragweed<br />
railroad vine<br />
railway beggar-ticks<br />
rain tree<br />
rainbow cactus<br />
rainbow chard<br />
rainbow weed<br />
rainha-das-flores<br />
Rainier bilberry<br />
raintree<br />
rainunculo-brasileiro<br />
raisin<br />
raisin tree<br />
raíz americana<br />
raíz de orozuz<br />
raíz-doce<br />
rakhacha<br />
ram dashalong<br />
ram rose<br />
Ramanas rose<br />
rambutã<br />
rambutan<br />
rambután<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
rambuteira<br />
rami<br />
ramie<br />
ramillo colorado<br />
ramio<br />
ramo de novia<br />
ramon<br />
ramón<br />
ramón blanco<br />
ramon breadnut tree<br />
ramontchi<br />
ramp(s)<br />
ramrash<br />
ramsoms<br />
range r<strong>at</strong>any<br />
rangoon bean<br />
raoxo<br />
rape<br />
rapeseed<br />
rapush<br />
raqacha<br />
rarusi<br />
rascadeira<br />
rascadera<br />
rascaviejo<br />
raspa<br />
raspa guacal<br />
raspa lengua<br />
raspa sombrero<br />
raspa-de-juá<br />
raspador<br />
raspberry<br />
raspberry bush<br />
rasponera<br />
r<strong>at</strong> ear<br />
r<strong>at</strong>a-gorake<br />
r<strong>at</strong>anhia<br />
r<strong>at</strong>any<br />
r<strong>at</strong>ta-temper<br />
r<strong>at</strong>tlesnake weed<br />
r<strong>at</strong>tleweed<br />
raxtul<br />
raya balsa<br />
rayan<br />
rayless aster<br />
rayless cranberrybush<br />
rayless tansyaster<br />
Rayner’s blueberry<br />
recão-de-monte<br />
1110
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
reclining d<strong>at</strong>e palm<br />
red amaranth<br />
red ash<br />
red barrel cactus<br />
red bay<br />
red bean<br />
red bergamot<br />
red bilberry<br />
red birch<br />
red cardinal<br />
red cedar<br />
red chokeberry<br />
red cinchona<br />
red clover<br />
red currant<br />
red dhal<br />
red dome blanket-flower<br />
red elder<br />
red elderberry<br />
red elm<br />
red faisan<br />
red gal<br />
red gram<br />
red haw<br />
red hedgehog cactus<br />
red hollygrape<br />
red huckleberry<br />
red ironwood<br />
red juniper<br />
red leg<br />
red mangrove<br />
red maple<br />
red mombin<br />
red oak<br />
red o<strong>at</strong><br />
red palm<br />
red pepper<br />
red peppercorn<br />
red poison fruit<br />
red raspberry<br />
red root<br />
red santol<br />
red sapodilla<br />
red sapote<br />
red zarzaparrilla<br />
red shanks<br />
red sorrel<br />
red spruce<br />
red stopper<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
red tea<br />
red traveler’s palm<br />
red trillium<br />
red wake-robin<br />
red whortleberry<br />
red-berried elder<br />
redberry<br />
redberry buckthorn<br />
redberry eugenia<br />
redberry stopper<br />
redbrush lippia<br />
redbud<br />
red-flowered anise<br />
red-flowered hedgehog cactus<br />
red-flowered runner bean<br />
red-flowered vegetable bean<br />
red-fruited arrow arum<br />
redgal<br />
redgum<br />
red-hot c<strong>at</strong>tail<br />
red-margined bamboo<br />
redroot<br />
redroot pigweed<br />
red-shoot gooseberry<br />
red-spire<br />
red-spotted kiwifruit<br />
red-stalked plantain<br />
red-stemmed filaree<br />
redshank<br />
redtwig creeper<br />
redwood amaranth<br />
redwood sorrel<br />
reed<br />
reed grass<br />
reedmace<br />
regaliz<br />
regaliz de América<br />
reina de la noche<br />
reina de las flores<br />
reina gigante<br />
relajar<br />
relleno<br />
relógio<br />
relógio-altéa-bastarda<br />
remédio-de-vaqueiro<br />
remolacha<br />
remolacha azucarera<br />
remolacha comestible<br />
remolacha de huerto<br />
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Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
remolacha de mesa<br />
renaco<br />
renaquilla<br />
renda-de-ouro<br />
repolho<br />
repolho-chinês<br />
repolho-de-Bruxelas<br />
repollo<br />
requesón violeta<br />
requezón<br />
requia<br />
resbalamono<br />
resedá<br />
resinweed<br />
resplandor<br />
resucitado<br />
resucitado rojo<br />
retama<br />
retama de escoba<br />
reticul<strong>at</strong>e pawpaw<br />
reuzen amaranth<br />
reventón<br />
rh<strong>at</strong>any<br />
rheedia<br />
rhubarb<br />
rib-grass<br />
ribwort<br />
ribwort plantain<br />
rice<br />
rice bean<br />
rice grass<br />
rice paddy herb<br />
rice-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-earth<br />
ricino<br />
rícino<br />
ridged goosefoot<br />
ridged gourd<br />
riga pea<br />
rilha-de-boi<br />
rima<br />
rimo<br />
rina de g<strong>at</strong>o<br />
rincão<br />
rinchão<br />
riñón<br />
riñón de montaña<br />
riñón de monte<br />
Rio Grande cottonwood<br />
Rio Grande palmetto<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
rio nunez c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
riquezu<br />
riqui-riqui<br />
river beauty<br />
river plum<br />
river walnut<br />
river-bank grape<br />
riverside naval orange<br />
rivet whe<strong>at</strong><br />
ro´coló<br />
roast pork<br />
ro<strong>at</strong>án<br />
roble<br />
roble americano<br />
roble blanco<br />
roble blanco de América<br />
roble colorado<br />
roble de sabana<br />
roble de yugo<br />
robleceillo<br />
robust c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
robusta c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
rock cranberry<br />
rock maple<br />
rock melon<br />
rock palm<br />
rock purslane<br />
rocket<br />
rocket salad<br />
Rocky Mountain bee plant<br />
Rocky Mountain cherry<br />
Rocky Mountain flax<br />
Rocky Mountain flowering<br />
raspberry<br />
Rocky Mountain juniper<br />
Rocky Mountain maple<br />
Rocky Mountain nut pine<br />
Rocky Mountain red cedar<br />
Rocky Mountain scrub oak<br />
Rocky Mountain strawberry<br />
rocopica<br />
rocot uchu<br />
rocotillo<br />
rocoto<br />
rocú<br />
roda<br />
rododendro<br />
roebuck berry<br />
rokkoto<br />
1112
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
roleso<br />
romã<br />
romã-de-granada<br />
romaine<br />
romaine lettuce<br />
Roman chamomile<br />
romaza<br />
Romanz<strong>of</strong>f coco palm<br />
romerito<br />
romero<br />
romínowa<br />
rompecaite<br />
rompe-gibão<br />
rompezaragüelles<br />
ron de laurel<br />
ron de malagueta<br />
root-beer tree<br />
roquete<br />
roquette<br />
rosa<br />
rosa blanca<br />
rosa china<br />
rosa de California<br />
rosa de Jamaica<br />
rosa de montaña<br />
rosa de Siria<br />
rosa Jamaica<br />
rosa japonesa<br />
rosa morado<br />
rosa ramanas<br />
rosa rugosa<br />
rosa silvestre<br />
rosa silvestre de California<br />
rosa sínica<br />
rosa-almiscarada<br />
rosa-amarela<br />
rosa-aromática<br />
rosa-canina<br />
rosacisa<br />
rosada<br />
rosada verde<br />
rosa-da-China<br />
rosa-damasco<br />
rosa-de-cão<br />
rosa-de-Damasco<br />
rosa-de-maio<br />
rosa-de-Provença<br />
rosadinha<br />
rosa-dos-ventos<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
rosal-de-cem-folhas<br />
rosal-romano<br />
rosa-madeira<br />
rosa-marinha<br />
rosa-mole<br />
rosa-mosqueta<br />
rosario shimbillo<br />
rosary pea<br />
rosa-selvagem<br />
rosa-vermelha<br />
rosáwori<br />
rosca pacae<br />
rose apple<br />
rose hips<br />
rose tuna<br />
roseau<br />
roseau cane<br />
rose-flowering raspberry<br />
rosela<br />
rosella<br />
roselle<br />
roselle hemp<br />
rosemary<br />
rosemary mint<br />
rose-<strong>of</strong>-Sharon<br />
roseroot<br />
rosetillo<br />
rosewood<br />
rosilla<br />
rosinweed<br />
rosmarinho<br />
rosy periwinkle<br />
rotilla<br />
rouce<br />
rouco<br />
rough agave<br />
rough century plant<br />
rough pigweed<br />
rough tongues<br />
roughbark lignum-vitae<br />
rough-leaved century plant<br />
rough-shelled macadamia nut<br />
rough-shelled Queensland nut<br />
roundberry<br />
round-head lespedeza<br />
round-leaf mallow<br />
round-leaf sarsaparilla<br />
round-leaf sorrel<br />
round-leaved greenbrier<br />
1113
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
rover bellflower<br />
rowan<br />
roxinho<br />
roxinho-rana<br />
royal false pawpaw<br />
royal palm<br />
royal w<strong>at</strong>er-lily<br />
rozada braba<br />
rozelle<br />
ruamahi<br />
ruba<br />
rubas<br />
rubber<br />
rubber rabbit-brush<br />
rubber tree<br />
rubia<br />
rucki<br />
rucma<br />
rucola<br />
rúcola<br />
rucú<br />
rúcula<br />
ruda<br />
ruddles<br />
rue<br />
rue anenome<br />
ruema<br />
ruffle palm<br />
rufinde<br />
Rugel’s false pawpaw<br />
Rugel’s pawpaw<br />
Rugel’s plantain<br />
rugola<br />
rugosa rose<br />
rugula<br />
ruhuas<br />
ruibarbo<br />
ruibarbo medicinal<br />
ruibarbo-da-China<br />
ruichao<br />
rui-re’gö<br />
rukam<br />
rulo<br />
rum cherry<br />
rumara<br />
rumberry<br />
rumu-racacha<br />
runa<br />
runchu<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
runeala plum<br />
runner bean<br />
running buffalo clover<br />
running mallow<br />
running pop<br />
rupina caspi<br />
ruri<br />
ruro de paloma<br />
rurus<br />
rurusí<br />
rush nut<br />
rusí<br />
russet buffaloberry<br />
Russian millet<br />
Russian mulberry<br />
Russian tarragon<br />
Russian thistle<br />
rusty blackhaw<br />
rusty haw<br />
rustyleaf<br />
ruta<br />
rutabaga<br />
ruta-de-cheiro-forte<br />
ruta-hortensis<br />
ruta-montana<br />
ruta-s<strong>at</strong>iva<br />
ruue<br />
ruyaq waña<br />
rye<br />
saayab<br />
saba nut<br />
sabal<br />
sabal palm<br />
sabalet<br />
sábana del lagarto<br />
sabanaemico<br />
sabanero<br />
sabar jaboticaba<br />
sabelección<br />
sabía<br />
sabía dulce<br />
sábila<br />
sabina<br />
sabina americana<br />
sabina de la costa<br />
sabina de Virginia<br />
sabina horizontal<br />
sabina morena<br />
sable palm<br />
1114
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
sabonete de soldada<br />
saboneteira<br />
sabre bean<br />
sabugueiro<br />
sabugueiro-da-Europa<br />
sabugueiro-do-Canadá<br />
sabugueiro-maior<br />
sabugueiro-verdadeiro<br />
sacabuche<br />
sacacil<br />
sacarracacha<br />
sac<strong>at</strong>ón<br />
sácere<br />
sach papaya<br />
sacha achote<br />
sacha aguajillo<br />
sacha anona<br />
sacha barbasco<br />
sacha bombanaje<br />
sacha caimito<br />
sacha cashú<br />
sacha chopé<br />
sacha curarina<br />
sacha foster<br />
sacha guayaba<br />
sacha huito<br />
sacha inche<br />
sacha inchi<br />
sacha macho<br />
sacha manga<br />
sacha mango<br />
sacha mangua<br />
sacha mangue<br />
sacha nisperillo<br />
sacha níspero<br />
sacha pandicho<br />
sacha papa<br />
sacha papa morada<br />
sacha peanut<br />
sacha poroto<br />
sacha puruto<br />
sacha quinilla<br />
sacha ubilla<br />
sacha uvilla<br />
sacha yuchi<br />
sachafruto<br />
sachahuasca<br />
sachapapa<br />
sacha-pera<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
sachaporoto<br />
sachapua<br />
sachapuruto<br />
sachi<br />
sachón<br />
sackysac inga<br />
saco<br />
saco-de-mucura<br />
sacra mancua<br />
sacred lotus<br />
sacumana<br />
sacupembinha<br />
sacutiaba<br />
sada<br />
sadajii<br />
saeme<br />
saeme’sim<br />
saetilla<br />
safflower<br />
saffron<br />
saffron plum<br />
safranoria<br />
sagalita<br />
sage<br />
sage tree<br />
sagebrush mariposa<br />
sago palm<br />
sago pondweed<br />
sagu<br />
sagú<br />
saguaro<br />
saguaro cactus<br />
sagui<br />
saguinto<br />
saha<br />
sahuaro<br />
sahuintu<br />
Saint John’s bread<br />
Saint Vincent arrowroot<br />
saj<br />
sajo<br />
sak chucum<br />
sak piixoy<br />
saka<br />
sakiab<br />
sakil<br />
sakil poshil majben<br />
sal<br />
salad<br />
1115
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
salad burnet<br />
salad lettuce<br />
saladillo<br />
salado<br />
salak palm<br />
salaka<br />
salaka palm<br />
salal<br />
salamander tree<br />
salgadeira<br />
salgueiro<br />
salgueiro-branco<br />
salicaire<br />
salicor<br />
salicórnia<br />
salmonberry<br />
saloop<br />
salsa<br />
salsa-americana<br />
salsa-brava<br />
salsa-das-hortas<br />
salsa-de-cheiro<br />
salsa-de-praia<br />
salsafrás<br />
salsa-frisada<br />
salsa-limão<br />
salsão<br />
salsão-selvagem<br />
salsaparrilha<br />
salsaparrilha-de-Pará<br />
salsifí<br />
salsify<br />
salsinha<br />
salt greens<br />
salt-and-pepper<br />
saltbush<br />
saltweed<br />
saltwort<br />
salva<br />
salva real<br />
salva-das-boticas<br />
salvaje<br />
salva-limão<br />
salva-ordinária<br />
salva-verdadeira<br />
salveta<br />
sálvia<br />
salvia<br />
salvia blanca<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
sálvia-do-Marajó<br />
sálvia-dos-jardins<br />
salvia negra<br />
salvia purgaperro<br />
salvia silvestre<br />
sama<br />
samaan<br />
samambaia-do-campo<br />
samambaia-verdadeira<br />
saman<br />
samán<br />
samanguare<br />
Samarang rose apple<br />
samaúma<br />
samdec<br />
samik<br />
samp<br />
samphire<br />
San Andres<br />
San Gabriel<br />
San José hesper palm<br />
San Pablo<br />
San Rafelito<br />
San Ramón<br />
sanaho<br />
sanango<br />
sanango macho<br />
sanango ucho<br />
sand amaranth<br />
sand blackberry<br />
sand bramble<br />
sand cherry<br />
sand cedar<br />
sand dropseed<br />
sand grape<br />
sand hickory<br />
sand mustard<br />
sand palm<br />
sand rocket<br />
sand tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
sand verbena<br />
sand violet<br />
sandal<br />
sandalo<br />
sandalo-do-Brasil<br />
sande<br />
sandhill amaranth<br />
sandhills amaranth<br />
sandhills pigweed<br />
1116
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
sandia<br />
sandía<br />
sandía de culebra<br />
sandía de la pasión<br />
sandillo<br />
sandla<br />
sangoracha<br />
sangorache<br />
sangre<br />
sangre de toro<br />
sangregao<br />
sangrino blanco<br />
sangro<br />
sangue-de-boi<br />
sangue-de-g<strong>at</strong>o<br />
sanguisorba<br />
sanía<br />
sansapote<br />
santa clara<br />
Santa Lucía<br />
santa maría<br />
santa maría blanca<br />
santol<br />
sanwa millet<br />
São-Caetano<br />
são-pedro<br />
sa-ouro<br />
sapaelis<br />
sapallu<br />
sapayo<br />
sapina<br />
sapo huasca<br />
sapodilla<br />
sapodilla plum<br />
sapodillo<br />
sapokaia<br />
sapota<br />
sapota-do-Peru<br />
sapota-do-Solimões<br />
sapota-macho<br />
sapote<br />
sapote amarillo<br />
sapote apestoso<br />
sapote blanco<br />
sapote colorado<br />
sapote culebra<br />
sapote de montaña<br />
sapote de monte<br />
sapote prieto<br />
sapote yacu<br />
sapote-grande<br />
sapoti<br />
sapotiaba<br />
sapotilha<br />
sapotilla<br />
sapotillo<br />
sapotina<br />
sapotinha<br />
sapotón<br />
saptur<br />
sapucai nut<br />
sapucaia<br />
sapucaia-branca<br />
sapucaia-do-Amapá<br />
sapucaia-grande<br />
sapucaia-mirim<br />
sapucaínha<br />
sapucayo<br />
sapucha<br />
sapuche<br />
sapuchi<br />
saputá<br />
sapuyo<br />
saquil<br />
saquisaqui<br />
saquiyac<br />
sara<br />
sara pijuaio<br />
saragundín<br />
saramago<br />
saramullo<br />
saramuyo<br />
saranda<br />
sara-pifuayo<br />
sarasara<br />
sarca-amoreira<br />
sarcillos<br />
sargazo<br />
sarilla<br />
saro<br />
sarocloco<br />
sarraceno<br />
sarrapia<br />
sarrapia real<br />
sarrapio<br />
sarsaparilla<br />
sarsaparilla vine<br />
sarsil<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
1117
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
sarzaparrilla<br />
sasafrás<br />
Sask<strong>at</strong>oon serviceberry<br />
sassafrac<br />
sassafras<br />
sassafrás<br />
sassafras nut<br />
sassafrás-amarelo<br />
sastra<br />
s<strong>at</strong>ajche<br />
s<strong>at</strong>ajchi<br />
s<strong>at</strong>asche<br />
s<strong>at</strong>in leaf<br />
s<strong>at</strong>putia<br />
s<strong>at</strong>suma<br />
s<strong>at</strong>suma orange<br />
s<strong>at</strong>uchi<br />
s<strong>at</strong>uréia<br />
s<strong>at</strong>ureja<br />
sauarai<br />
saucecillo<br />
saucillo<br />
sauco<br />
saúco<br />
sauco común<br />
saúco del Canadá<br />
saúco del nordeste<br />
saúco peruano<br />
saúde-do-corpo<br />
saunan-yek<br />
sauwi<br />
savadilla<br />
savana bully tree<br />
savannah palm<br />
savila<br />
savin red cedar<br />
saw grass<br />
saw palm<br />
saw palmetto<br />
sawarri f<strong>at</strong><br />
sawarri nut<br />
sawbrier<br />
sawtooth mountain-mint<br />
saxifraga<br />
saxifrax<br />
saya<br />
scalybark hickory<br />
scarlet amaranth<br />
scarlet beebalm<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
scarlet brush<br />
scarlet bugler<br />
scarlet elder<br />
scarlet maple<br />
scarlet passionfruit<br />
scarlet runner<br />
scarlet runner bean<br />
scarlet strawberry<br />
scarlet sumac<br />
scented rocket<br />
schisohsiom<br />
scoke<br />
scot’s bonnet<br />
scotch bonnet<br />
scotch kale<br />
scotch lovage<br />
scotch marigold<br />
scotch spearmint<br />
scotch thistle<br />
scr<strong>at</strong>chthro<strong>at</strong><br />
screw bean<br />
screw bean mesquite<br />
screw pine<br />
scrub cabbage<br />
scrub hickory<br />
scrub palmetto<br />
scrub plum<br />
scrub ziziphus<br />
scuppernong<br />
scurfpea<br />
scury pea<br />
sea bean<br />
sea blight<br />
sea eryngo<br />
sea fig<br />
sea grape<br />
sea hibiscus<br />
sea holly<br />
sea island cotton<br />
sea lungwort<br />
sea lyme-grass<br />
sea milkwort<br />
sea o<strong>at</strong>s<br />
sea oxeye<br />
sea pea<br />
sea purslane<br />
sea rocket<br />
sea vines<br />
sea w<strong>at</strong>ch<br />
1118
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
sea-almond<br />
seacoast abronia<br />
seacoast angelica<br />
seakale<br />
seakale beet<br />
seamberry palm<br />
seashore lupine<br />
seashore palm<br />
seaside bean<br />
seaside brookweed<br />
seaside clover<br />
seaside grape<br />
seaside mahoe<br />
seaside oxeye<br />
seaside plum<br />
seaside tuna<br />
sebo<br />
seboa<br />
sebucán<br />
sebul<br />
secana<br />
seco<br />
secona<br />
seda<br />
seed-on-<strong>the</strong>-leaf<br />
seep monkeyflower<br />
sego lily<br />
segolily mariposa<br />
segra seed<br />
segurelha<br />
segurelha-de-verão<br />
seiyou<br />
seja<br />
seje<br />
seje grande<br />
seje hembre<br />
seje pequeño<br />
sejito<br />
self-heading philodendron<br />
self-heal<br />
self-heal<br />
selga<br />
selloum<br />
selva-branca<br />
semente-de-soja<br />
semeruco<br />
semheeya<br />
semilla de anís<br />
semilla de soja<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
semilla del Perú<br />
semilla del ricino<br />
Seminole balsamo<br />
Seminole bread<br />
Seminole pumpkin<br />
semito<br />
semitoo<br />
sempervivum<br />
sempiri<br />
sempreverde<br />
sem-vergonha<br />
senccapuscu<br />
senebone bean<br />
Senegal d<strong>at</strong>e palm<br />
Senegal-gum<br />
senita<br />
senna<br />
sensitive fern<br />
senteebyebee<br />
sentul<br />
sequa<br />
serbal<br />
serbo<br />
serení<br />
sereque<br />
seresa<br />
serin<br />
serin de culebra<br />
serin de niguey<br />
seringa<br />
seringa-itaúba<br />
seringa-real<br />
seringa-taúba<br />
seringa-verdadeira<br />
seringa-vermelha<br />
seringueira<br />
serita<br />
sernambi<br />
serón<br />
serpent grass<br />
serraia<br />
serraja lechosa<br />
serralha<br />
serralha-brava<br />
serralha-lisa<br />
sertãozinho<br />
seruaia<br />
service tree<br />
serviceberry<br />
1119
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
servilleta<br />
servilleta del pobre<br />
sesa<br />
sesame<br />
sésamo<br />
sesban<br />
sesbania<br />
seso vegetal<br />
sessile trillium<br />
sete-casacas<br />
seven-year apple<br />
seven-year bean<br />
seville orange<br />
shaa yapit<br />
shack-shack<br />
shadblow<br />
shadbush<br />
shaddock<br />
shadescale<br />
shagbark hickory<br />
shaggy purslane<br />
shaina<br />
shakahak yaas<br />
shallca yucca<br />
shallja<br />
shallon<br />
shallot<br />
shambre<br />
shambu<br />
shambu huayo<br />
shambu quiro<br />
shamburi<br />
shambu-shambu<br />
shampoo ginger<br />
shamrock<br />
Shank’s blackberry<br />
Shantung cabbage<br />
shapaja<br />
shapaja<br />
shapajilla<br />
shapurutu<br />
sharari<br />
sharharakua<br />
shash<br />
shasha<br />
shaska shakyas<br />
sh<strong>at</strong>o<br />
sh<strong>at</strong>ter stone<br />
Shawnee salad<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
shebón<br />
sheep sorrel<br />
sheep’s sorrel<br />
sheepberry<br />
shell flower<br />
shell ginger<br />
shellbark hickory<br />
shellmound apple-cactus<br />
shepherd’s needle<br />
shepherd’s purse<br />
shia-pa<br />
shibwichi<br />
shihuahuaco<br />
shila blanca<br />
shimbile<br />
shimbillo<br />
shimbillo menuda<br />
shimbu<br />
shimi-panpana<br />
shimpich<br />
shining sumac<br />
shinnini<br />
shiny-leaved wild c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
shiquishi<br />
shirihuaco<br />
shiringa<br />
shiringa amarilla<br />
shiringa arana<br />
shiringa legítima<br />
shiringa maposa<br />
shiringa masha<br />
shiso<br />
shita<br />
shiwamuyo<br />
shoe black<br />
shoe flower<br />
shore lupine<br />
shore podgrass<br />
shortleaf fig<br />
short-staple American cotton<br />
short-too<strong>the</strong>d mountain-mint<br />
shot huckleberry<br />
showy evening-primrose<br />
showy milkweed<br />
showy mountain ash<br />
showy Navajo tea<br />
showy primrose<br />
shrub al<strong>the</strong>a<br />
shruru<br />
1120
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
shu ainchi<br />
shucte<br />
shuiya<br />
shulla muyo<br />
shulpac<br />
shunga<br />
shuposacha machoa<br />
shyash poshil<br />
sia<br />
siama<br />
siamba<br />
Siberian buckwhe<strong>at</strong><br />
Siberian crab<br />
Siberian purslane<br />
sibili<br />
siccha muyo<br />
Siciya<br />
sickle pod<br />
sickle senna<br />
sicómoro<br />
sicupira<br />
sida<br />
sierra chinkapin<br />
sierra chinquapin<br />
Sierra Juárez piñon<br />
sierra juniper<br />
sierra maple<br />
sierra palm<br />
sierra plum<br />
sierran palm<br />
sierrilla<br />
siete caldos<br />
siete colores<br />
sieva bean<br />
sigalón<br />
siglalón<br />
siglo<br />
sigloalón<br />
siguapa<br />
siguiya<br />
síi<br />
sijan<br />
sikiya<br />
silandro sabanero<br />
silene<br />
silion blanco<br />
silk cotton tree<br />
silk cottonwood<br />
silk flower<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
silkgrass<br />
silkweed<br />
silkworm mulberry<br />
silky sophora<br />
silva-silva<br />
silver buffalo berry<br />
silver buffaloberry<br />
silver fir<br />
silver maple<br />
silver palm<br />
silver th<strong>at</strong>ch palm<br />
silver vine<br />
silverbell tree<br />
silverberry<br />
silverscale saltbush<br />
silverthorn<br />
silvertop<br />
silverweed<br />
silverweed cinquefoil<br />
silverwood<br />
silvery orach<br />
sima<br />
simaba<br />
simarouba<br />
simiente dulce<br />
simiri locust<br />
simito<br />
simonillo<br />
simorilla<br />
simpler’s-joy<br />
Simpson’s apple-cactus<br />
Simpson’s stopper<br />
simsim<br />
šimták<br />
sina<br />
siname<br />
sinami<br />
sinamillo<br />
sincamas<br />
sinchama<br />
sincuya<br />
sínfito<br />
singe rouge<br />
single-leaf pine<br />
single-leaf pinyon<br />
sinini<br />
sinita<br />
sinkle bible<br />
sipo-timbo<br />
1121
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
siquilla<br />
siquiya<br />
siraku k’am<strong>at</strong>araku<br />
siricote<br />
sirima<br />
siringa<br />
siringa legítima<br />
siringa mapa<br />
siriphal<br />
sirpe<br />
sirpe hembra<br />
sirpe macho<br />
sirsirsijo<br />
sirvulaca<br />
sisagua<br />
sisal tuxtlecs<br />
sisino<br />
sísip<br />
sisterly violet<br />
sitabaro<br />
sith<br />
sitiquira<br />
sitka mountain ash<br />
situlli<br />
sivuli<br />
six weeks bean<br />
six-rowed barley<br />
skapín<br />
skeleton plant<br />
skittle nut<br />
skunk bush<br />
skunk currant<br />
skunk grape<br />
skunkbush sumac<br />
skunkweed<br />
skyduster<br />
skyflower<br />
sleek sumac<br />
sleeping hibiscus<br />
slender mariposa lily<br />
slender nettle<br />
slender white prairie clover<br />
slim amaranth<br />
slimleaf wall-rocket<br />
slipper gourd<br />
slippery cabbage<br />
slippery elm<br />
slöe<br />
small cranberry<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
small greenbrier<br />
small nettle<br />
small soapweed<br />
small Solomon’s seal<br />
small tropaeolum<br />
small wild plum<br />
smaller red-root<br />
small-flowered penstemon<br />
small-fruited papaya<br />
small-leaved paloverde<br />
smallspine pitaya<br />
small-spined cream pincushion<br />
smartweed<br />
smooth amaranth<br />
smooth black-haw<br />
smooth ground-cherry<br />
smooth-leaved sotol<br />
smooth lo<strong>of</strong>ah<br />
smooth pear<br />
smooth pigweed<br />
smooth rose<br />
smooth senna<br />
smooth sotol<br />
smooth star apple<br />
smooth sumac<br />
smooth wi<strong>the</strong>-rod<br />
smooth-shell<br />
smooth-shelled macadamia nut<br />
smooth-shelled Queensland nut<br />
smyrnium<br />
snailseed<br />
snake gourd<br />
snake wi<strong>the</strong><br />
snake wood<br />
snakewood<br />
snakewood tree<br />
snaky<br />
snap bean<br />
snap pea<br />
snapweed<br />
snow trillium<br />
snowball<br />
snowball viburnum<br />
snowbell<br />
snowberry<br />
snowbrush<br />
snowdrop tree<br />
snow-on-<strong>the</strong>-mountains<br />
snowy cactus<br />
1122
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
snowy mespilus<br />
soap plant<br />
soapberry<br />
soapbloom<br />
soap-tree yucca<br />
soapweed<br />
soapweed yucca<br />
soapwood<br />
socoró<br />
socosóchil<br />
socovite<br />
soda<br />
soda-maior<br />
sófora<br />
s<strong>of</strong>t maple<br />
s<strong>of</strong>tstem bulrush<br />
soga<br />
sogorome<br />
soja<br />
soja-chinesa<br />
soledad pine<br />
solera<br />
solimán<br />
solocaballo<br />
Solomon’s plume<br />
Solomon’s seal<br />
sombonaza<br />
sombra-de-touro<br />
sompantle<br />
soncoya<br />
Sonoran palmetto<br />
Sonoran panic-grass<br />
sontol<br />
sonzapote<br />
soperí<br />
sorb<br />
sorb apple<br />
sorghum<br />
sorgo<br />
soroclocco<br />
soroco<br />
sororoca<br />
sorosi<br />
sorrel<br />
sorrel dock<br />
sorrel tree<br />
sorva<br />
sorva gum<br />
sorva-da-m<strong>at</strong>a<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
sorva-do-Peru<br />
sorva-grande<br />
sorva-maparajuba<br />
sorva-miuda<br />
sorva-pequena<br />
sorvarana<br />
sorveira-brava<br />
sorvinha<br />
sosa<br />
soso<br />
sota caballo<br />
sota cabello<br />
soto<br />
sotocaballo<br />
sotol<br />
sotol brillante<br />
sotol de desierto<br />
souari<br />
souari f<strong>at</strong><br />
souari nut<br />
sour berry<br />
sour cactus<br />
sour cherry<br />
sour dock<br />
sour gum<br />
sour lime<br />
sour orange<br />
sour pear<br />
sour pitaya<br />
sour tupelo<br />
sourberry<br />
sourgrass<br />
sourie<br />
soursob<br />
soursop<br />
sour-top blueberry<br />
sourwood<br />
South American apricot<br />
South American cotton<br />
South American holly<br />
South American locust<br />
South American lupine<br />
South American ocotea<br />
South American royal palm<br />
South American sapote<br />
South American sassafras<br />
South American tea<br />
South American traveler’s palm<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn bayberry<br />
1123
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn blackhaw<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn California black<br />
walnut<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn California walnut<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn cane<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn c<strong>at</strong>tail<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn crab<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn cranberry<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn dewberry<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn elder<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn false serviceberry<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn fox grape<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn gooseberry<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn hackberry<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn huauzontle<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn juneberry<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn juniper<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn magnolia<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn mountain cranberry<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn pea<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn red cedar<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn red juniper<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn red maple<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn slöe<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn soapberry tree<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn sugar maple<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn sumac<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn wild rice<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn wild senna<br />
southwestern barrel cactus<br />
sow berry<br />
sow thistle<br />
sowa<br />
sowbane<br />
soy<br />
soya<br />
soya bean<br />
soyal<br />
soy<strong>at</strong>e<br />
soybean<br />
spadic<br />
spaghetti squash<br />
Spanish arrowroot<br />
Spanish bayonet<br />
Spanish bayonnette<br />
Spanish cane<br />
Spanish cherry<br />
Spanish dagger<br />
Spanish gooseberry<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
Spanish grape<br />
Spanish licorice<br />
Spanish lime<br />
Spanish machete<br />
Spanish mulberry<br />
Spanish nectarine<br />
Spanish needle<br />
Spanish physic nut<br />
Spanish plum<br />
Spanish pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
Spanish stopper<br />
Spanish tarragon<br />
Spanish tea<br />
Spanish thyme<br />
spanitzote<br />
sparkleberry<br />
sparrow’s dung<br />
sp<strong>at</strong>terdock<br />
spearmint<br />
spearscale<br />
speckled wood-lily<br />
spelt<br />
speltz<br />
spice<br />
spice guava<br />
spicebush<br />
spider lily<br />
spiderflower<br />
spiderwisp<br />
spiderwort<br />
spiked loosestrife<br />
spiked millet<br />
spikenard<br />
spilan<strong>the</strong>s<br />
spililixcutni<br />
spinach<br />
spinach beet<br />
spinach dock<br />
spineless cactus<br />
spineless yucca<br />
spinho preto<br />
spinks<br />
spiny bamboo<br />
spiny black currant<br />
spiny desert hackberry<br />
spiny hackberry<br />
spiny moon cereus<br />
spiny pigweed<br />
spiny thistle<br />
1124
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
spiny-club palm<br />
spinystar<br />
spiral-flag<br />
spirit-weed<br />
spleen amaranth<br />
split-leaf philodendron<br />
sponge gourd<br />
sponge tree<br />
spoon plant<br />
spoonflower<br />
spotted beebalm<br />
spotted touch-me-not<br />
spotted wintergreen<br />
spreading amaranthspreading<br />
dayflower<br />
spreading pigweed<br />
spring cress<br />
spring onion<br />
springbank clover<br />
springbeauty<br />
sprouting pincushion cactus<br />
spruce<br />
spurge nettle<br />
spurry<br />
squash<br />
squash gourd<br />
squash pepper<br />
squashberry<br />
squaw apple<br />
squaw berry<br />
squaw currant<br />
squaw grass<br />
squaw huckleberry<br />
squaw mint<br />
squaw tea<br />
squaw vine<br />
squawbush<br />
squawroot<br />
squirrel-banana<br />
squirrel-tail grass<br />
St. John’s coontie<br />
St. John’s wort<br />
St. Peter’s palm<br />
staff-vine<br />
stagbush<br />
staghorn sumac<br />
stalangaxcutni<br />
Stanford’s manzanita<br />
stangler fig<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
star anise<br />
star apple<br />
star cucumber<br />
star fruit<br />
star gooseberry<br />
star tulip<br />
starbush<br />
star-nut palm<br />
star-plum<br />
starwort<br />
stave wood<br />
sterappel<br />
stévia<br />
stevice<br />
stick ground-cherry<br />
sticktight<br />
sticky cape<br />
sticky currant<br />
sticky ground-cherry<br />
sticky hopbush<br />
sticky laurel<br />
stiff-leaved bear grass<br />
stiff tumbleweed<br />
stilt palm<br />
stilt-root palm<br />
stinging nettle<br />
stink currant<br />
stink-bush<br />
stinking ash<br />
stinking Benjamin<br />
stinking clover<br />
stinking gourd<br />
stinking laurel<br />
stinking passion-flower<br />
stinking toe<br />
stinking wall-rocket<br />
stinking weed<br />
stinking Willie<br />
stock rose<br />
stone age whe<strong>at</strong><br />
stone bramble<br />
stone groundnut<br />
stone mint<br />
stone pine<br />
stonebreaker<br />
stonecrop<br />
stoneseed piñon<br />
stork’s-bill<br />
straggling mariposa lily<br />
1125
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
strand whe<strong>at</strong><br />
straw lily<br />
strawberry<br />
strawberry blite<br />
strawberry cactus<br />
strawberry guava<br />
strawberry hedgehog cactus<br />
strawberry myrtle<br />
strawberry pear<br />
strawberry shrub<br />
strawberry spinach<br />
strawberry tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
strawberry tree<br />
stretchberry<br />
string bean<br />
striped maple<br />
strongbark<br />
stuffing cucumber<br />
sua<br />
suari<br />
suari nut<br />
suari tree<br />
suassureçá<br />
suayaui<br />
sub-alpine fir<br />
subi-irã<br />
subul<br />
succulent hawthorn<br />
suchicahue<br />
sucuba<br />
sucupira<br />
sucupira-branca<br />
sucuúba<br />
Sudan gum-Arabic<br />
Sudanese tea<br />
suelda<br />
suelda consuelda<br />
suelda-suelda<br />
sufricalla<br />
sugar apple<br />
sugar bean<br />
sugar beet<br />
sugar bush<br />
sugar cane<br />
sugar grape<br />
sugar leaf<br />
sugar maple<br />
sugar palm<br />
sugar pine<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
sugar sumac<br />
sugarberry<br />
sugú<br />
suia<br />
suiti<br />
sullucu<br />
sumac<br />
sumach<br />
sumaúma<br />
sumaúma-verdadeira<br />
sumaumeira<br />
summer grape<br />
summer haw<br />
summer pumpkin<br />
summer savory<br />
summer squash<br />
summer w<strong>at</strong>ercress<br />
summerberry<br />
sumn<br />
sumpweed<br />
sunchoke<br />
sundial lupine<br />
sundrops<br />
sunflower<br />
súngano<br />
sunkash<br />
sunkash<br />
sunsapote<br />
sunset hibiscus<br />
sunset musk-mallow<br />
sun-sun<br />
sunza<br />
sunzapote<br />
supay ocote<br />
supha<br />
supinim yutai<br />
supinin<br />
supua<br />
surcil-de-vênus<br />
surf grass<br />
suri<br />
suribio<br />
Surinam cherry<br />
Surinam plum<br />
Surinam purslane<br />
Surinam quassia<br />
Surinam spinach<br />
surrumbo<br />
surucuína<br />
1126
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
Sururu<br />
susumber<br />
susumber<br />
suy<strong>at</strong>e<br />
suyché<br />
suyu<br />
swallowwort<br />
swamp black currant<br />
swamp black gum<br />
swamp bulrush<br />
swamp cabbage<br />
swamp cabbage tree<br />
swamp cranberry<br />
swamp fern<br />
swamp immortelle<br />
swamp kukarua<br />
swamp leaf<br />
swamp lily<br />
swamp maple<br />
swamp milkweed<br />
swamp morning-glory<br />
swamp onion<br />
swamp pear<br />
swamp pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
swamp red currant<br />
swamp saxifrage<br />
swamp sugar pear<br />
swamp tupelo<br />
swamp white oak<br />
swampbay<br />
swampwood<br />
sweet acacia<br />
sweet alice<br />
sweet anise<br />
sweet apple<br />
sweet arrowwood<br />
sweet basil<br />
sweet bay<br />
sweet bay tree<br />
sweet bell pepper<br />
sweet broom<br />
sweet calabash<br />
sweet cassava<br />
sweet cherry<br />
sweet cicely<br />
sweet coltsfoot<br />
sweet corm root<br />
sweet corn root<br />
sweet cucumber<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
sweet cup<br />
sweet fennel<br />
sweet flag<br />
sweet gale<br />
sweet garcinia<br />
sweet goldenrod<br />
sweet granadilla<br />
sweet herb <strong>of</strong> Paraguay<br />
sweet hibiscus<br />
sweet hottentot fig<br />
sweet inga<br />
sweet javril<br />
sweet lippia<br />
sweet locust<br />
sweet lucerne<br />
sweet mace<br />
sweet mallow<br />
sweet manioc<br />
sweet marigold<br />
sweet marjoram<br />
sweet mary<br />
sweet mountain grape<br />
sweet olive<br />
sweet orange<br />
sweet palm<br />
sweet pea<br />
sweet pepper<br />
sweet pigweed<br />
sweet pitaya<br />
sweet pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
sweet quinoa<br />
sweet red pepper<br />
sweet rocket<br />
sweet root<br />
sweet sage<br />
sweet sand-verbena<br />
sweet shrub<br />
sweet sorghum<br />
sweet viburnum<br />
sweet violet<br />
sweet winter grape<br />
sweet woodruff<br />
sweet yam<br />
sweet-after-de<strong>at</strong>h<br />
sweetbay<br />
sweetbay magnolia<br />
sweet-bean locust<br />
sweet-berried juniper<br />
sweetcup<br />
1127
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
sweetfern<br />
sweet-fruited juniper<br />
sweetgum<br />
sweetie<br />
sweetroot<br />
sweet-scented cactus<br />
sweet-scented marigold<br />
sweetshoot bamboo<br />
sweetsop<br />
sweetvetch<br />
Swiss chard<br />
Swiss-cheese plant<br />
switch cane<br />
sword bean<br />
sycamore<br />
syrup palm<br />
t’uthub<br />
t-mundaya<br />
ta<br />
ta-ru-sí<br />
tabachín<br />
tabaco<br />
tabaquillo<br />
tabari<br />
tabasco<br />
tabena<br />
tabil<br />
tabla shimbillo<br />
tablote<br />
taboc<br />
taboca<br />
tabog<br />
tabua<br />
tacacá<br />
tacaco<br />
tacamahaco<br />
tacay<br />
tacay nut<br />
tache<br />
tachiore<br />
tachuelo<br />
taco<br />
tacón<br />
tacona bacalau<br />
taconcillos<br />
tacote<br />
tacso<br />
tacsonia<br />
tacua mishi<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
tacuá mishí<br />
tacurero<br />
tadumo<br />
tagso<br />
tagua<br />
tagua nut palm<br />
tagua palm<br />
tagua passionflower<br />
taguapire<br />
tagua-tagua<br />
Tahiti mombin<br />
Tahitian quince<br />
Tahitian spinach<br />
Tahitian taro<br />
tahoka daisy<br />
taiá<br />
taiá-japonês<br />
taiás<br />
taiazes<br />
taimiá de cipó<br />
taimiá de comer<br />
taioba<br />
taioba-São-Tomé<br />
taiuva<br />
taiúva<br />
taiuva-vermelha<br />
tajá<br />
tajá-de-cobra<br />
tája-de-cobra<br />
tajauba<br />
tajiba<br />
tajuba<br />
tajuba-de-espinho<br />
tajumas<br />
tajuva<br />
tajuvao<br />
takenoto<br />
taknam<br />
takone<br />
takup<br />
takurushni<br />
tala<br />
talakama<br />
talauma<br />
talet bean<br />
talia<br />
tall blackberry<br />
tall bulruch<br />
tall huckleberry<br />
1128
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
tall white violet<br />
tall wood-sorrel<br />
tallote<br />
tallow shrub<br />
tallow-wood<br />
talo fino<br />
tamacayota<br />
tamaco<br />
tamalayota<br />
tamalayote<br />
tamamuri<br />
tamanqueira<br />
tamaoquare<br />
tamara<br />
támara<br />
tamara blanca<br />
tamareira<br />
tamareira-comum<br />
tamareira-das-canárias<br />
tamareira-do-Senegal<br />
tamarillo<br />
tamarina<br />
tamarind<br />
tamarindillo<br />
tamarindo<br />
tamarindo chino<br />
tamarindo de monte<br />
tamarindo dulce<br />
tamarindo silvestre<br />
tamarineiro<br />
tamarineiro-da-Índia<br />
tamarinheiro<br />
tamarinho<br />
tamarino<br />
tambor<br />
tambu<br />
tambury<br />
tamichil<br />
tampa taja<br />
tampala<br />
tampisque<br />
taná<br />
tanaceto<br />
tanaribe<br />
tan<strong>at</strong> shuiya<br />
tanbark oak<br />
tanchagem<br />
tanchagem lanceol<strong>at</strong>a<br />
tanchagem maior<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
tanchagem miúda<br />
tangare chiquito<br />
tangerina<br />
tangerine<br />
tangerino<br />
tani<br />
tania<br />
tanier<br />
tanier spinach<br />
tanner’s dock<br />
tannia<br />
tannier<br />
tan-oak<br />
tansagem<br />
tansharina<br />
tansy<br />
tansy mustard<br />
tantan<br />
tanyah<br />
tanyove<br />
tapabotija<br />
tapachichi<br />
tapacú<br />
tapaculco<br />
tapaculo<br />
tapal<br />
tapaón<br />
tapara<br />
tapara montañera<br />
taparau<br />
taparín<br />
taparito<br />
taparo<br />
taparo de caño<br />
taparo de monte<br />
taparón<br />
táparos<br />
tape<br />
taperebá<br />
taperebá-açu<br />
taperebá-cedro<br />
taperebá-do-sertão<br />
taperiba<br />
taperibá-assu<br />
tapete-de-oxalá<br />
tapia<br />
tapiá<br />
tapicuru<br />
tapicuruso<br />
1129
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
tapioca<br />
tapioca plant<br />
tapiramo<br />
tapisho<br />
tapishu sacha<br />
tapixava<br />
tapo<br />
tapón blanco<br />
taponu icha<br />
tap-rooted valerian<br />
taquara<br />
taque<br />
taquera<br />
tara vine<br />
tarabolií<br />
Tarahumara anis<br />
Tarahumara chia<br />
Tarahumara tom<strong>at</strong>illo<br />
taramira<br />
taraqui<br />
tarara<br />
tararabga<br />
tararanga-branca<br />
tararanga-preta<br />
tararanga-vermelha<br />
taraxaco<br />
taraxacón<br />
taray<br />
tarepe<br />
tarhui<br />
tarias<br />
taricuru<br />
tarkwa<br />
taro<br />
tarragon<br />
tarragón<br />
tártago<br />
tartary buckwhe<strong>at</strong><br />
taruco yoco<br />
tarui<br />
tarumã<br />
tarumã-cheiroso<br />
tarumã-de-várzea<br />
tarumã-guazu<br />
taruya<br />
tarwi<br />
tasajillo<br />
tasajo<br />
tásc<strong>at</strong>e<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
tasco<br />
tasi<br />
taso<br />
tassel flower<br />
t<strong>at</strong>aguiba<br />
t<strong>at</strong>aiba<br />
t<strong>at</strong>aiuva<br />
t<strong>at</strong>ajiba<br />
t<strong>at</strong>ajuba<br />
t<strong>at</strong>ajuba-de-espinho<br />
t<strong>at</strong>ajuba-de-espinho<br />
t<strong>at</strong>ajuca<br />
t<strong>at</strong>ajuca<br />
t<strong>at</strong>ajuva<br />
t<strong>at</strong>ane<br />
t<strong>at</strong>apiririca<br />
t<strong>at</strong>arema<br />
T<strong>at</strong>arian buckwhe<strong>at</strong><br />
t<strong>at</strong>aybá<br />
t<strong>at</strong>ayibá<br />
t<strong>at</strong>ayieva<br />
t<strong>at</strong>ayiva<br />
t<strong>at</strong>a-yuba<br />
t<strong>at</strong>ayvá<br />
t<strong>at</strong>z zitmakum<br />
tauá<br />
tauari<br />
tauarí<br />
tauarisinho<br />
tauary<br />
tauba<br />
taura<br />
tauri<br />
taurí<br />
taurniro<br />
tauso<br />
taveso<br />
tawíshru papájiri<br />
tawny day-lily<br />
tax<br />
taxo<br />
taymarito<br />
tayota<br />
tayuva<br />
tazo<br />
tchutchú-bem-púm<br />
té<br />
té argentino<br />
té azteco<br />
1130
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
té brasileño<br />
té cedrón<br />
té de España<br />
té de México<br />
té de milpa<br />
té de país<br />
té de Santa María<br />
té de yerbabuena<br />
té del monte<br />
té del país<br />
té del Paraguay<br />
té español<br />
té limón<br />
té Mormón<br />
té nurite<br />
te’b<strong>at</strong>ai<br />
tea<br />
tea fern<br />
tea palm<br />
tea plant<br />
teaberry<br />
teaweed<br />
teberinto<br />
tecom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
tecosxocoyolli<br />
tecuico<br />
teel<br />
tegüe<br />
teilplant<br />
teixo<br />
tejocote<br />
tejocote cimarrón<br />
tejocote rojo<br />
tejoruco<br />
tejotillo<br />
temara<br />
temare<br />
temare amarillo<br />
temare montañero<br />
temare rebalsero<br />
temari<br />
temariti<br />
temarito<br />
temarito banero<br />
temarito rebalsero<br />
temarote rebalsero<br />
temasqui<br />
tembe<br />
tembé<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
tembé-tayá<br />
temiche<br />
temiche palm<br />
temo<br />
tempé<br />
tempeh<br />
tempenchile<br />
tempesquistle<br />
tempesquixtle<br />
tempiote<br />
tempisque<br />
tempiste<br />
tempixque<br />
tempixte<br />
tempixtle<br />
temple flower<br />
temple tree<br />
ten months yam<br />
tencanencahue<br />
tenera<br />
tenga<br />
Tennessee red cedar<br />
tentar shuina<br />
tento-pequeno<br />
teometl<br />
teosinte<br />
teosinto<br />
teozintle<br />
tepari<br />
tépari<br />
tepary bean<br />
tepehuaje<br />
tepejilote<br />
tepejilotillo<br />
tepemesquite<br />
tepescohuite<br />
tepesquis-uchil<br />
tepesquite<br />
tepexocoyolli<br />
tepezquite<br />
tepezquitl<br />
tepin<br />
tepín<br />
tepopote<br />
teposano<br />
teposcohuite<br />
tepoza<br />
tepozán<br />
tepozán blanco<br />
1131
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
tequesquitote<br />
tequila agave<br />
terciopelo<br />
terebinto<br />
terés<br />
terminalia<br />
teshu<strong>at</strong>e<br />
tesota<br />
testículos<br />
teta de burra<br />
tetilla<br />
tetón<br />
tetragônia<br />
teunacaztli<br />
Texan bean<br />
Texas black walnut<br />
Texas ebony<br />
Texas madrone<br />
Texas mahonia<br />
Texas mimosa<br />
Texas mulberry<br />
Texas palmetto<br />
Texas persimmon<br />
Texas sotol<br />
Texas tarragon<br />
Texas thistle<br />
Texas walnut<br />
Texas mallow<br />
texócotl<br />
tezón-zapote<br />
thaco<br />
thak’chook’ uut’<br />
thako<br />
th<strong>at</strong>ch grass<br />
th<strong>at</strong>ch palm<br />
thiiw<br />
thimbleberry<br />
thin-leaved huckleberry<br />
thipaak<br />
thistle<br />
thistle amarillo<br />
thistle comestible<br />
thistle común<br />
thistle de la lanza<br />
thistle de la ondulado-hoja<br />
thistle de Texas<br />
thistle enano<br />
thistle escocés<br />
thistle gris<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
thistle pálido<br />
thistle sage<br />
thornless blackberry<br />
thornless rukam<br />
thorny bamboo<br />
thorny locust<br />
thread palm<br />
threeleaf piñon<br />
three-color violet<br />
three-leaf sumac<br />
three-leaved yam<br />
threetip sagebrush<br />
thyme<br />
tica<br />
ticazo<br />
ticazo-cipó-da-Colômbia<br />
tickclover<br />
tickseed<br />
ticuahndi<br />
tie-tie<br />
tie-tongue<br />
tifa<br />
tiger cacao<br />
tiger lily<br />
tiger nut<br />
tigerflower<br />
tigre yoco<br />
tigrito<br />
tih ti<br />
tijeras ango muyo<br />
tikas<br />
til<br />
tila<br />
tilandsia<br />
tilapo<br />
tilia<br />
tilo<br />
tilo americano<br />
timbe<br />
timben<br />
timber bamboo<br />
timbo<br />
timbó<br />
timbó-cipó<br />
timbó-de-peixe<br />
timbo legítimo<br />
timbó liane<br />
timbo-urucu<br />
timbo-vermelho<br />
1132
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
timbolillo<br />
timbo-manso<br />
timbós<br />
timbó-sipo<br />
timbre<br />
timu-ambi<br />
timuri<br />
tinajuito<br />
tinalujo<br />
tineco<br />
tiñedientes<br />
tingana<br />
tingui<br />
ti-nixpu<br />
tinker’s weed<br />
tintillo<br />
tintin<br />
tintuk<br />
tinturera<br />
tipi<br />
tipiti<br />
tiquiharo lisas<br />
tiquiño<br />
tiquisque<br />
tirá<br />
tiraco<br />
tirimo<br />
tiriguro<br />
tirinch<br />
tiririca-de-babado<br />
tirita<br />
tisicu panga<br />
tisswood<br />
titara<br />
titi<br />
titiá<br />
titiribá<br />
tlacote<br />
tlalxonpili<br />
tlapahuaxp<strong>at</strong>li<br />
tlaxisqui<br />
tlaxistle<br />
t-nuyá<br />
toa<br />
toad sorrel<br />
toad trillium<br />
toad vine<br />
toadflax<br />
toadshade<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
tobacco<br />
tobacco brush<br />
tobacco-root<br />
tobalá<br />
toborochi<br />
tobasiche<br />
tocari<br />
tochitl<br />
tocino caimito<br />
tocte<br />
tocus<br />
tocuz<br />
toda la vida<br />
todai-gusa<br />
todasaguas<br />
toddy palm<br />
tõha<br />
toji<br />
tollon<br />
tollón<br />
Tolmie star-tulip<br />
tolok<br />
tolu balsam<br />
tolum tom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
tomarillo<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e arenoso<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e chileno<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e chimango<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e cimarrón<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e coyote<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e de agua<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e de árbol<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e de arena<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e de arenoso<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e de arvore<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e de campo<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e de cáscara<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e de castilla<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e de diablo<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e de indio<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e de la arena<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e de la paz<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e de lima<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e de palo<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e del campo<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e del monte<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e del serrano<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e érvore<br />
1133
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e extranjero<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e francés<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e francês<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e granadilla<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e inglês<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e mora<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e riñón<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e salvaje<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e silvestre<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>e uchu<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>eiro da serra<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>eiro inglês<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>illa<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>illo<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>illo cimarrón<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>illo cimarrón del Perú<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>illo del monte<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>illo groundcherry<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>illo negro<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>illo silvestre<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>l<br />
tóm<strong>at</strong>l<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>l arenoso<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>l xalli<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>o common<br />
tom<strong>at</strong>o pepper<br />
tomazquitl<br />
tomc<strong>at</strong> clover<br />
tomilho<br />
tomillo<br />
tompimil<br />
tongo<br />
tongue pricklypear<br />
tonka<br />
tonka bean<br />
tonka bean tree<br />
tonka tree<br />
tonquin bean<br />
tonto rande<br />
toókee<br />
toomecocoriu<br />
too<strong>the</strong>d serviceberry<br />
toothpick cactus<br />
toothwort<br />
topa<br />
topán<br />
topee-tambo<br />
topee-tambu<br />
topeetampo<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
topi<br />
topinambour<br />
topinambur<br />
topinámbur<br />
topiro<br />
tópiro<br />
topitambo<br />
topi-tambo<br />
topi-tamboo<br />
topocho<br />
topotopo<br />
toquilla<br />
toquillo<br />
toranja<br />
torch cactus<br />
torch ginger<br />
torch thistle<br />
torém<br />
torém-abac<strong>at</strong>e<br />
torém-folha-de-lixa<br />
toreta<br />
tormentil<br />
tornasol<br />
tornillo<br />
toronche<br />
toronche de castilla<br />
toronche de cerro<br />
toronche pequeño<br />
toronchi<br />
toronja<br />
toronjil<br />
toronjil morado<br />
toronjina<br />
toronjo<br />
torote prieto<br />
Torrey amaranth<br />
Torrey ephedra<br />
Torrey pine<br />
Torrey’s joint fir<br />
Torrey’s yucca<br />
torta(s)<br />
tortora<br />
tortuga blanca<br />
tortuga caspi<br />
tortugo amarillo<br />
toruri iurhiri<br />
tossa jute<br />
tostado<br />
totai<br />
1134
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
totaí<br />
totoa-yoco<br />
totocal<br />
totonaco<br />
totora<br />
totorilla<br />
totorillo<br />
totoyam plantain<br />
totozapotl<br />
totumillo<br />
totumo<br />
touple nambours<br />
tous les mois<br />
towe bean<br />
toyoba brava<br />
toyoea<br />
toyon<br />
toyón<br />
tracuá<br />
tragorigano quauhnahuacense<br />
trailing chinquapin<br />
trailing raspberry<br />
trailing wild raspberry<br />
transage<br />
transagem<br />
trapiá<br />
trapichero<br />
trapoeraba-azul<br />
traponu-icha<br />
traveler’s palm<br />
treacle berry<br />
treacle mustard<br />
tread-s<strong>of</strong>tly<br />
trébol<br />
trébol Amarillo<br />
trébol intermedio<br />
tree anise<br />
tree chili<br />
tree cholla<br />
tree clover<br />
tree cotton<br />
tree cranberry<br />
tree fern<br />
tree huckleberry<br />
tree melon<br />
tree <strong>of</strong> life<br />
tree orchis<br />
tree papaya<br />
tree pear<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
tree pepper<br />
tree sorrel<br />
tree spinach<br />
tree tom<strong>at</strong>o<br />
tree yucca<br />
tree-calabash<br />
trefilo<br />
Trelease’s beavertail<br />
pricklypear<br />
trema<br />
tremoco<br />
tremoço<br />
tremoço-amarelo<br />
tremoço-amarelo-doce<br />
tremoço-branco<br />
tres filos<br />
três-corações<br />
trevo<br />
trevo-azedo<br />
trevo-de-agua<br />
trevo-mamute<br />
trevo-roxo<br />
trifoli<strong>at</strong>e orange<br />
trifoli<strong>at</strong>e yam<br />
trigo<br />
trigo de las Indias<br />
trigo del Inca<br />
trigo gentil<br />
trigo Inca<br />
trigo tropical<br />
trigo-da-Turquia<br />
trigo-de-Israel<br />
trigo-de-verão<br />
trigo-mourisco<br />
trigo-preto<br />
trigo-sarraceno<br />
trigrillo<br />
trillium<br />
trinitaria<br />
trinitario<br />
trinity violet<br />
tripa de buey<br />
tripa de zopilote<br />
triphasia trifolia<br />
trombos<br />
trompeta<br />
trompetero sacha<br />
trompetilla<br />
trompillo<br />
1135
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
trompillo de montana<br />
trompito<br />
trompo<br />
trompos<br />
tronadora<br />
tronadora<br />
troolie<br />
tropical almond<br />
tropical apricot<br />
tropical black walnut<br />
tropical jewel hibiscus<br />
tropical plum<br />
tropical pokeweed<br />
tropical spreading amaranth<br />
tropical walnut<br />
trout-lily<br />
true aloe<br />
true laurel<br />
Trujillo coca<br />
trumpet bush<br />
trumpet flower<br />
trumpet tree<br />
trumpet vine<br />
trumpetwood<br />
trunador<br />
trupa<br />
trupilla<br />
trupillo<br />
ts’een xiixté<br />
ts’ol<br />
ts’oom ta’<br />
ts’uxuum<br />
tsa<br />
tsa’pushan<br />
tsaah<br />
tsabak<br />
tsachik<br />
tsak k’iith<br />
tsak p<strong>at</strong>elax<br />
tsakam ap<strong>at</strong>s’<br />
tsakam chikab ts’ohool<br />
tsakam chith<br />
tsakam ts’uh<br />
tsakam tsabalté<br />
tsakam tsak mokok<br />
tsamnek k’oyol<br />
tsanakw’il t’eel<br />
tsánku<br />
ts<strong>at</strong>ano<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
tsemantsma<br />
tsempu<br />
tsemtsem<br />
tsenke eep<br />
tsere k<strong>at</strong>a<br />
tserék<strong>at</strong><br />
tserék<strong>at</strong>a<br />
tsiku<br />
tsisëcari<br />
tsitsiki agosturi<br />
tsmo<br />
tsol<br />
tsolitas<br />
tsootsoob olom<br />
tsumté<br />
tsuuíche<br />
tuber nasturtium<br />
tuberose<br />
tuberous chervil<br />
tuberous nasturtium<br />
tuberous pea<br />
tuberous sweetpea<br />
tuberroot<br />
tucá<br />
tuckahoe<br />
tucmã<br />
tuctuca<br />
tucujá<br />
tucum<br />
tucuma<br />
tucumá<br />
tucumã<br />
tucuma palm<br />
tucumã-açu<br />
tucumã-arara<br />
twisted stalk<br />
tucumá-assu<br />
tucumã-do-Amazonas<br />
tucumã-do-Pará<br />
tucuma-í<br />
tucumãí<br />
tucumã-í<br />
tucuman<br />
tucumã-piririca<br />
tucum-assu<br />
tucumã-uassu-rana<br />
tucumã-verdadeiro<br />
tucum-bravo<br />
tucum-da-serra<br />
1136
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
tucum-do-amazonas<br />
tucum-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
tucum-purupuru<br />
tucum-verdadeiro<br />
tucunaré-mereçá<br />
tucupí<br />
tucuriba<br />
tuetajo<br />
tuia<br />
tuinfa<br />
tukib<br />
tuko<br />
tukuro<br />
tula istle<br />
tula istle fiber agave<br />
tulán<br />
tulasuchil<br />
tule<br />
tule espadilla<br />
tule pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
tule rush<br />
tulillo<br />
tulipa<br />
tulipán<br />
tulipán silvestre<br />
tulipancillo<br />
tullidora<br />
tulpay<br />
tulsie<br />
tumbado<br />
tumbarabu<br />
tumble pigweed<br />
tumblemustard<br />
tumbleweed<br />
tumbleweed amaranth<br />
tumbleweed<br />
tumbo<br />
tumbo costeño<br />
tumbo del norte<br />
tumbo serrano<br />
tumérico<br />
tumo<br />
tumpinambou<br />
tumutsali<br />
tuna<br />
tuna blanca<br />
tuna cardona<br />
tuna de agua<br />
tuna de alfajayuca<br />
tuna de castilla<br />
tuna de cobado<br />
tuna fina<br />
tuna mansa<br />
tuna mashua<br />
tuna ullush<br />
tunal<br />
tunché<br />
tunchi albaca<br />
tongue<br />
tunchitunch<br />
tunday<br />
tundityú<br />
tung-oil tree<br />
tunilla<br />
tuno<br />
tunto<br />
tuntu<br />
tunumi-taján<br />
túpan<br />
tupeiçaba<br />
tupeiçava<br />
tupelo<br />
tupelo gum<br />
tupí<br />
tupiçaba<br />
tupinambo<br />
tupinambur<br />
túpiro<br />
tupiru<br />
tupiticha<br />
tupitixa<br />
tupixaba<br />
turagua<br />
turaguo<br />
turbinto<br />
turia<br />
Turk’s cap<br />
Turk’s cap cactus<br />
Turk’s cap lily<br />
Turk’s head<br />
turkey apple<br />
turkey bean<br />
turkey-liver yam<br />
Turkish gram<br />
turma<br />
turmeric<br />
turmeric root<br />
turmero<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
1137
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
turnera-de-folha-olmo<br />
turnip<br />
turnip-rooted chervil<br />
turpentine tree<br />
turquoise puya<br />
turquoise-berry<br />
turú<br />
turu palm<br />
tururu-ape<br />
turury<br />
turus<br />
turusí<br />
tus<br />
tuscarora<br />
tuscarora rice<br />
tushmo amarillo<br />
tusipono<br />
tusmo amarillo<br />
tussilagem<br />
tú-te-se-wa<br />
tuti cuaa<br />
tutiki<br />
tu-tintázuu<br />
tutiribá<br />
tutuma<br />
tutumilla<br />
tutumillo<br />
tutumo<br />
tuturubá<br />
tutut<br />
tuyo<br />
twelve months yam<br />
twinberry<br />
twinberry honeysuckle<br />
twinberry stopper<br />
twinflower<br />
twining mariposa<br />
twinleaf nightshade<br />
twitch grass<br />
two-eye-berry<br />
two-leaved toothwort<br />
two-rowed barley<br />
txuxan-pei-bainekia<br />
txu-xan-pei-bainekia<br />
txuxan-pei-huxupa<br />
txu-xan-pei-nimeraua<br />
tz’usub<br />
tzabac<br />
tzarracua tsitsiki<br />
tzij uch<br />
tzil tzil ujch’<br />
tzilacayote<br />
tzilacayotli<br />
tziltzil zujch<br />
tziltzilzujch’<br />
tzimbalo<br />
tzirimo<br />
tzol<br />
tzompantle<br />
tzonayotli<br />
tzu´uri<br />
tzucoijoyó<br />
tzuta<br />
uabano<br />
uaçaí-chumbo<br />
uaçaí-mirim<br />
uachuá<br />
uachuá<br />
uacuri<br />
uaicima-do-brejo<br />
uaimir<strong>at</strong>ipi<br />
uaipinu<br />
uajuru<br />
uampi<br />
uanani<br />
uapé<br />
uapuim-açu<br />
uar<br />
uará<br />
uarana<br />
uaraná<br />
uariá<br />
uarutama<br />
uasaí<br />
uauaçu<br />
uaxim<br />
ubacaba<br />
ubaia<br />
ubaia-do-campo<br />
ubalha<br />
ubalha-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
ubí<br />
ubilla<br />
ubim<br />
ubim-bravo<br />
ubim-com-espinho<br />
ubim-juriti<br />
ubim-uassu<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
1138
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
ubo<br />
ubo colorado<br />
ubos<br />
ubuçu<br />
ubussu<br />
uca<br />
ucahuba<br />
uchi<br />
uchich tumashnum<br />
uchi-cora<br />
uchi-de-tambaqui<br />
uchirana<br />
ucho sanango<br />
uchpa mullo<br />
uchpa quinilla<br />
uchto<br />
uchu<br />
uchú<br />
uchu k’aspa<br />
uchuba<br />
uchuba negra<br />
uchuva<br />
ucsha-coconilla<br />
ucumba-da-terra-firme<br />
ucuqui<br />
ucuquí<br />
ucuquirana<br />
ucuquirana-brava<br />
ucuquirana de altura<br />
ucuquirana de selva baja<br />
ucuquirana de tierra firme<br />
ucuúba<br />
ucuúba-amarela<br />
ucuúba-branca<br />
ucuúba-da-terra-firme<br />
ucuúba-de-baixo<br />
ucuúba-de-igapó<br />
ucuúba-puna<br />
ucuúba-punã<br />
ucuúba-sangue<br />
ucuúba-verdadeira<br />
ucuúba-vermelha<br />
udo<br />
u-e<br />
uei nacaztli<br />
u-eo<br />
ugni<br />
uhih<br />
uichup<br />
uicungu<br />
uimáru<br />
uisquil<br />
uiti curube<br />
uititiriba<br />
uitzara<br />
uixi<br />
uji<br />
ujukam yaas<br />
ujuman<br />
ujushte<br />
ukuch<br />
ukuki<br />
ule<br />
uli<br />
ullpa mullo<br />
ulluca<br />
ulluco<br />
ullucu<br />
ulluma<br />
ullus<br />
ulmaceae<br />
ulúbasi<br />
ulúbsi<br />
ulukpana<br />
ulupica<br />
umari<br />
umarí<br />
umari amarillo<br />
umari negro<br />
umari rojo<br />
umarirana<br />
umbaru<br />
umbrella pine<br />
umbrella plant<br />
umbu<br />
umbu-bravo<br />
umburana<br />
umburucuya<br />
umbuzeiro<br />
umi<br />
umiri<br />
umirirana<br />
umiti yura<br />
umkokolo<br />
umuh<br />
uña de cabra<br />
uña de g<strong>at</strong>o<br />
uña de vaca<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
1139
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
unabai<br />
unama<br />
unamo<br />
uncú<br />
uncucha<br />
uncuchu<br />
unghuaray<br />
unguentine cactus<br />
ungurabe<br />
ungurabe morado<br />
unguragua<br />
ungurahuay<br />
ungurahui<br />
ungurahuy<br />
unguraui<br />
ungurauy<br />
unguravi<br />
ungurawi<br />
unha-de-boi<br />
unha-de-vaca<br />
uñi<br />
unicorn plant<br />
unkuch<br />
unkumutsuwake<br />
untuntu<br />
upa khisa<br />
upe<br />
upland cotton<br />
upland rabbitbane<br />
upright gossefoot<br />
upright yellow wood-sorrel<br />
upright yellow-sorrel<br />
uraca<br />
uraco<br />
uraná<br />
urcu quiru<br />
urd<br />
urero<br />
urgebão<br />
urgia<br />
urguia<br />
uri<br />
uricuri<br />
uricuri-vermelho<br />
uricury wax palm<br />
uriricuri<br />
urishi<br />
urqun sangra sangra<br />
urraca<br />
urraco<br />
ursa<br />
urtiga<br />
urtiga-branca<br />
urtiga-cansancão<br />
urtigão<br />
urubamba<br />
urúbisi<br />
urucú<br />
urucum<br />
urucúm<br />
urucurana<br />
urucuri<br />
urucury<br />
urukú<br />
uruma<br />
urumbeba<br />
urumbeva<br />
urupagua<br />
urupcu<br />
ururi<br />
ururucuri<br />
uruta<br />
uru-uva<br />
urwa gassib<br />
urze de brade<br />
usabi<br />
usami<br />
ushpa aguaje<br />
ushpa cacao<br />
ushum<br />
ushun<br />
usia-ey<br />
usiru<br />
usisuiti<br />
Utah aloe<br />
Utah juniper<br />
Utah oak<br />
Utah serviceberry<br />
utcju<br />
utcu<br />
utsun<br />
uut´ ts´aah<br />
uva<br />
uva blanca<br />
uva branca<br />
uva caimarona<br />
uva caimarona<br />
uva caleta<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
1140
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
uva camarona<br />
uva cimarrona<br />
uva de bosque<br />
uva de cerro<br />
uva de la playa<br />
uva de mar<br />
uva de monte<br />
uva de praia<br />
uva del monte<br />
uva marina<br />
uva menudo<br />
uva montes<br />
uva negra<br />
uva de Oregón<br />
uva pasa<br />
uva roxa<br />
uva seca<br />
uva silvestre<br />
uva-de-macaco<br />
uva-do-japão<br />
uva-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
uva-do-rio<br />
uva-espim<br />
uvaia<br />
uvaia-do-m<strong>at</strong>o<br />
uvalama<br />
uvalde big-tooth maple<br />
uvalha<br />
uvas de mar<br />
uvaua<br />
uva-ursina<br />
uvayema<br />
uvera<br />
uvero<br />
uvero de playa<br />
uvero extranjero<br />
uvero macho<br />
uví<br />
uvilla<br />
uvilla blanca<br />
uvilla grande<br />
uvillo<br />
uvinha<br />
uvita<br />
uvita de monte<br />
uvita negra<br />
uvito<br />
uvito noble<br />
uvo<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
uvo de anís<br />
uxi<br />
uxi-amarelo<br />
uxi-liso<br />
uxi-pucu<br />
uxicoroa<br />
uxi-corôa<br />
uxicuruá<br />
uxí-do-igapó<br />
uxipuca<br />
uxipucu<br />
uxirana<br />
uxirana-do-igapó<br />
uzxaca<br />
vaca monte<br />
vaca paleta<br />
vacavilla<br />
vacina-do-brejo<br />
vaco<br />
vacuá<br />
vacum<br />
vacuno<br />
vacunzeiro<br />
vagem<br />
vagem-feijão<br />
vagisco<br />
vagueo<br />
vaina<br />
vainilla<br />
vai-vem<br />
valamuerto<br />
valerian root<br />
valeriana<br />
valeriana amarilla<br />
valeriana mexicana<br />
valley oak<br />
valmoura<br />
vampi<br />
vanilla<br />
vanilla cactus<br />
vanilla leaf<br />
vanilla <strong>of</strong> Bahia<br />
vanilla <strong>of</strong> Brazil<br />
vara blanca<br />
vara casha<br />
vara de María<br />
vara de oro<br />
vara de San José<br />
vara dulce<br />
1141
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
vara real<br />
varaduz<br />
varía<br />
varía negra<br />
varía prieta<br />
varilla<br />
varillo<br />
varnish tree<br />
varnish-leaf<br />
vassoura<br />
vassoura-de-botão<br />
vassoura-de-relógio<br />
vassoura-vermelha<br />
vassourinha<br />
vassourinha-da-nossa-senhora<br />
vassourinha-de-botão<br />
vassourinha-doce<br />
vassourinha-m<strong>of</strong>ina<br />
vassourinha-santa<br />
vassourinha-tupiçaba<br />
vaxi<br />
vaxiva<br />
vaya de porcelana<br />
vegetable butter<br />
vegetable gourd<br />
vegetable ivory<br />
vegetable marble<br />
vegetable marrow<br />
vegetable oyster<br />
vegetable pear<br />
vegetable sponge<br />
velas de coyote<br />
velvet apple<br />
velvet bean<br />
velvet seed<br />
velvet sumac<br />
velvet tree<br />
venado panga yura<br />
vencenuco<br />
Venezuelan walnut<br />
venturosa<br />
venus comb<br />
verano shimbillo<br />
verbasco<br />
verbena<br />
verbena regional<br />
verdecito<br />
verdín<br />
verdolaga<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
verdolaga chiv<strong>at</strong>era<br />
verdolaga de playa<br />
verdolagas<br />
verdolaguilla<br />
verdura<br />
vergamota<br />
vernônia<br />
verraco<br />
veru caimito<br />
vervena<br />
vesper-flower<br />
vetch<br />
vetiver<br />
veza<br />
veza común<br />
vi apple<br />
vi chico<br />
viborán<br />
viborana<br />
viburnum<br />
Victoria Regia<br />
Victoria squash<br />
Victoria w<strong>at</strong>er-lily<br />
vid<br />
vid silvestre<br />
viejillo<br />
viejito<br />
vik<br />
vimarú<br />
viña<br />
vinagar pear<br />
vinagreira<br />
vinagreira-do-campo<br />
vinagrera<br />
vinagrillo<br />
vinagrilo<br />
vinca<br />
vine maple<br />
vine mesquite<br />
vine spinach<br />
vinegar tree<br />
vino huayo<br />
vinorama<br />
viñuela<br />
violet<br />
violet prairie clover<br />
violet wood-sorrel<br />
violeta<br />
violeta de campo<br />
1142
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
violeta de jardín<br />
violeta del país<br />
violet-stemmed taro<br />
Virginia arrow-arum<br />
Virginia bugleweed<br />
Virginia cress<br />
Virginia ground-cherry<br />
Virginia mountain-mint<br />
Virginia poke<br />
Virginia springbeauty<br />
Virginia strawberry<br />
Virginia w<strong>at</strong>er horehound<br />
Virginia w<strong>at</strong>erleaf<br />
Virginian cedar<br />
Virginian pencil cedar<br />
virola<br />
virola grande<br />
virote huayo<br />
virraca<br />
virreina<br />
virundis<br />
visguerio<br />
víspero<br />
vitis<br />
vito<br />
vitoc<br />
Vitoria<br />
Vitória Régia<br />
vitu<br />
viviparous bistort<br />
viznaga<br />
viznaga de lima<br />
voadeira<br />
vogel kop<br />
volador<br />
voladora<br />
vol<strong>at</strong><br />
Volga wild rye<br />
vomitel colorado<br />
voodoo devil chaser<br />
wa’na<br />
waashe<br />
waaya<br />
wadanidi-ishadu<br />
wafer parsnip<br />
wafer-ash<br />
wa-heé<br />
wai<br />
wai<strong>at</strong>eima<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
waiki plum<br />
wait-a-bit tree<br />
wait-a-minute tree<br />
wake-robin<br />
wal pooy<br />
wal puchun<br />
wolis tsol<br />
walking-stick cactus<br />
wall bur-cucumber<br />
wall goosefoot<br />
wall pepper<br />
wall rocket<br />
walnut<br />
walnut tree<br />
wampakar<br />
wampee<br />
wampi<br />
wan’tox tih’ may<br />
wana’yuk<br />
wapáimas<br />
wap<strong>at</strong>oo<br />
wara<br />
warabi<br />
washí<br />
Washington naval orange<br />
Washington palm<br />
washingtonia-de-saia<br />
w<strong>at</strong>chman<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er agrimony<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er apple<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er arum<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er ash<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er avens<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er beech<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er blinks<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er calalu<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er caltrop<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er chestnut<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er chestnut vegetable<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er chickweed<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er chinquapin<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er cress<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er dragon<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er fern<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er gum<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er hawthorne<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er hickory<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er hyacinth<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er leaf<br />
1143
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er lemon<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er lily<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er lotus<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er millet<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er mint<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er nut<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er nuts<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er oak<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er o<strong>at</strong>s<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er onion<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er parsley<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er parsnip<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er pimpernel<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er plantain<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er purifying tree<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er rice<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er shamrock<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er snakeweed<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er speedwell<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er spinach<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er trfoil<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er tupelo<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er yam<br />
w<strong>at</strong>ercress<br />
w<strong>at</strong>erleaf<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er-lily<br />
w<strong>at</strong>ermelon<br />
w<strong>at</strong>ernut<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er-nymph<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er-parsley<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er-shield<br />
w<strong>at</strong>ervine<br />
w<strong>at</strong>erweed<br />
wavy-leaved thistle<br />
wax apple<br />
wax bean<br />
wax currant<br />
wax gourd<br />
wax jambu<br />
wax mallow<br />
wax myrtle<br />
wax palm<br />
wax wood<br />
waxberry<br />
waxgourd<br />
waxwork<br />
waya pais<br />
wayan<br />
wayan ‘ak<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
wayãpi<br />
wayúr mayna<br />
weak-stem mariposa lily<br />
Weber’s agave<br />
Weber’s century plant<br />
wedgeleaf gooseberry<br />
weed<br />
weedy evening-primrose<br />
wee-ki<br />
weeping podocarpus<br />
weew uut’<br />
welsh onion<br />
wesochai ejichü<br />
west coast apple-cactus<br />
West Indian almond<br />
West Indian avocado<br />
West Indian ben<br />
West Indian birch<br />
West Indian cherry<br />
West Indian cherry laurel<br />
West Indian elm<br />
West Indian gherkin<br />
West Indian gooseberry<br />
West Indian goosefoot<br />
West Indian grape<br />
West Indian hot pepper<br />
West Indian laurel-cherry<br />
West Indian laurel fig<br />
West Indian lemongrass<br />
West Indian lime<br />
West Indian locust<br />
West Indian pumpkin<br />
West Indian redwood<br />
West Indian tea<br />
West Indian vanilla<br />
West Indian walnut<br />
West Indian woodsorrel<br />
West Indies cherry<br />
West Indies mimosa<br />
West Indies Walnut<br />
western bistort<br />
western blackberry<br />
western boxelder<br />
western buckthorn<br />
western chokecherry<br />
western crab<br />
western dewberry<br />
western dog violet<br />
western elderberry<br />
1144
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
western hemlock<br />
western honey mesquite<br />
western juniper<br />
western larch<br />
western marsh marigold<br />
western mountain ash<br />
western oak<br />
western orange-cup lily<br />
western prickly pear<br />
western raspberry<br />
western red raspberry<br />
western redbud<br />
western sand cherry<br />
western shadbush<br />
western springbeauty<br />
western squaw lettuce<br />
western sweet-cicely<br />
wettinia palm<br />
whe<strong>at</strong><br />
whe<strong>at</strong>grass<br />
Wheeler’s sotol<br />
Whipple’s yucca<br />
white apple<br />
white amaranth<br />
white bark raspberry<br />
white bean<br />
white birch<br />
white brittlebush<br />
white brush<br />
white bully tree<br />
white butternut<br />
white candlewood<br />
white carrot<br />
white cedar<br />
white charlock<br />
white chia<br />
white clover<br />
white currant<br />
white cushaw<br />
white eddo<br />
white evening-primrose<br />
white faisan<br />
white fir<br />
white fringe tree<br />
white goosefoot<br />
white gourd<br />
white Guinea yam<br />
white horehound<br />
white horse nettle<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
white indigoberry<br />
white Jerusalem artichoke<br />
white jute<br />
white locust<br />
white lupine<br />
white mandarin<br />
white mariposa<br />
white mulberry<br />
white mustard<br />
white oak<br />
white pepper<br />
white pigweed<br />
white pine<br />
white popinac<br />
white poplar<br />
white pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
white prairie clover<br />
white prairie-sage<br />
white pumpkin<br />
white quinoa<br />
white rocket<br />
white sage<br />
white sapote<br />
white sassafras<br />
white squirrel-banana<br />
white stopper<br />
white swallow wort<br />
white sweet clover<br />
white trout lily<br />
white violet<br />
white wake-robin<br />
white walnut<br />
white w<strong>at</strong>er-lily<br />
white yam<br />
white-alling<br />
whiteback<br />
whiteball acacia<br />
whitebark pine<br />
whitebay<br />
white-flowered gourd<br />
white-flowering raspberry<br />
white-heart hickory<br />
white-skinned star apple<br />
white-stem filaree<br />
white-stem gooseberry<br />
whorled mallow<br />
whorled mint<br />
whortleberry<br />
whytee<br />
1145
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
wi’chunun<br />
wichari<br />
widieko<br />
wilapele<br />
wild allspice<br />
wild almond<br />
wild apple<br />
wild arugola<br />
wild azalea<br />
wild bamboo<br />
wild banana<br />
wild basil<br />
wild bean<br />
wild beardless rye<br />
wild beet<br />
wild bergamot<br />
wild bergamot beebalm<br />
wild bergamot horsemint<br />
wild black cherry<br />
wild black currant<br />
wild buckwhe<strong>at</strong><br />
wild cabash<br />
wild cabbage<br />
wild cacao<br />
wild cachiman<br />
wild calla<br />
wild camass<br />
wild cane<br />
wild caraway<br />
wild carrot<br />
wild cashew<br />
wild celery<br />
wild celery-parsley<br />
wild cerasee<br />
wild ch<strong>at</strong>aigne<br />
wild cherimoya<br />
wild cherry<br />
wild chervil<br />
wild chicory<br />
wild cinnamon<br />
wild cocoa<br />
wild cocolmeca<br />
wild cocoplum<br />
wild c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
wild coriander<br />
wild cranberry<br />
wild cucumber<br />
wild currant<br />
wild damson<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
wild d<strong>at</strong>e<br />
wild d<strong>at</strong>e palm<br />
wild dragon<br />
wild eggplant<br />
wild endive<br />
wild fennel<br />
wild flax<br />
wild garlic<br />
wild ginger<br />
wild goose plum<br />
wild gouma<br />
wild gourd<br />
wild grape<br />
wild guava<br />
wild honey-tree<br />
wild hyacinth<br />
wild hyssop<br />
wild jícama<br />
wild kaimit<br />
wild leek<br />
wild lemon<br />
wild lettuce<br />
wild licorice<br />
wild lilac<br />
wild lime<br />
wild liquorice<br />
wild lupine<br />
wild mammey<br />
wild mammy<br />
wild manzanilla<br />
wild marjoram<br />
wild mastic<br />
wild millet<br />
wild mimosa<br />
wild mint<br />
wild mustard<br />
wild o<strong>at</strong><br />
wild okra<br />
wild olive<br />
wild onion<br />
wild pansy<br />
wild passion-flower<br />
wild pawpaw<br />
wild pea<br />
wild peanut<br />
wild pear<br />
wild pepper<br />
wild pepper-grass<br />
wild pineapple<br />
1146
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
wild plantain<br />
wild plum<br />
wild pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
wild pot<strong>at</strong>o vine<br />
wild prairie rose<br />
wild proso millet<br />
wild pumpkin<br />
wild pumpkin gourd<br />
wild quinoa<br />
wild radish<br />
wild raisin<br />
wild red cherry<br />
wild rhuda<br />
wild rice<br />
wild rocket<br />
wild rose<br />
wild rue<br />
wild rye<br />
wild sage<br />
wild sapote<br />
wild sarsaparilla<br />
wild sasparilla<br />
wild semitoo<br />
wild senna<br />
wild snowball<br />
wild sorrel<br />
wild soursop<br />
wild spider flower<br />
wild spikenard<br />
wild spinach<br />
wild star apple<br />
wild strawberry<br />
wild succory<br />
wild sugar apple<br />
wild sugar cane<br />
wild sweet crab<br />
wild sweet pot<strong>at</strong>o<br />
wild sweetsop<br />
wild taman<br />
wild tamarind<br />
wild tapioca<br />
wild taro<br />
wild tarragon<br />
wild tea<br />
wild tobacco<br />
wild turnip<br />
wild w<strong>at</strong>er lemon<br />
wild whe<strong>at</strong><br />
wild zapote<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
wild-bean<br />
wild-kers<br />
wildrice<br />
willow<br />
willow herb<br />
wimba<br />
winamoru<br />
winding mariposa lily<br />
wine grape<br />
wine palm<br />
wine raspberry<br />
winecups<br />
wingaca<br />
winged bean<br />
winged pea<br />
winged sumac<br />
winged yam<br />
winged-stemmed grape ivy<br />
winter cherry<br />
winter cress<br />
winter crookneck<br />
winter grape<br />
winter huckleberry<br />
winter melon<br />
winter purslane<br />
winter sage<br />
winter savory<br />
winter squash<br />
winter straightneck squash<br />
winter tarragon<br />
winter’s bark<br />
winterberry<br />
wintergreen<br />
wira caspi<br />
wiregrass<br />
wirink<br />
wiri-wiri<br />
wisa nañay<br />
wisteria<br />
witageño<br />
witch grass<br />
witch hazel<br />
witlo<strong>of</strong><br />
wocomahi<br />
wocomahi agave<br />
wolfbean<br />
wolfberry<br />
wonderbean<br />
wonderberry<br />
1147
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
wong-bok<br />
wonkapin<br />
wood avens<br />
wood garlic<br />
wood leek<br />
wood lily<br />
wood strawberry<br />
woodland passionflower<br />
woodland strawberry<br />
wood-nettle<br />
woody pyrul<br />
woolly nipple cactus<br />
woolly sweet cicely<br />
woolly white<br />
woollyjoint pricklypear<br />
woollypod milkweed<br />
wooly blue violet<br />
wooly leaf sapote<br />
wooly manzanita<br />
wooly mint<br />
wooly-berry manzanita<br />
worcesterberry<br />
worm weed<br />
wormseed<br />
wormwood<br />
worry vine<br />
Wright’s saltbush<br />
wulo<br />
Wyoming paintbrush<br />
xachum<br />
xacub<br />
xaltom<strong>at</strong>l<br />
xaltotom<strong>at</strong>l<br />
xaquit<strong>at</strong>o<br />
xaricam<strong>at</strong>a<br />
x<strong>at</strong>amo<br />
x<strong>at</strong>ano<br />
x<strong>at</strong>e<br />
x<strong>at</strong>é<br />
x<strong>at</strong>e hembra<br />
x<strong>at</strong>e macho<br />
xbal-che’<br />
xbisil<br />
xëbi <strong>at</strong>sa<br />
xëqui<br />
xexuá<br />
xhas toch<br />
xia<strong>at</strong><br />
xi<strong>at</strong><br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
xicaco<br />
xicoria<br />
xila<br />
xiquima<br />
xixá<br />
xixiro<br />
xkolocmaax<br />
xmacal<br />
xmayum<br />
xnuk kuum<br />
xobots’<br />
xochinacaztli<br />
xoconostle<br />
xoconostli cardón<br />
xocoyolli<br />
xocoyolli cimarrón<br />
xocoyolli criollo<br />
xoya <strong>at</strong>sa<br />
xoyen ak’<br />
xoyo<br />
xta<br />
xtez<br />
xubaco<br />
xumetl<br />
xuru<br />
xurú<br />
xutsun p<strong>at</strong>hum<br />
xuxu<br />
xylosma<br />
xzap<strong>at</strong>illo<br />
yá<br />
yaa<br />
yaas<br />
yaas silvestre<br />
yabuticaba<br />
yaca<br />
yacar<strong>at</strong>iá<br />
yacá-yacá<br />
yacci<br />
yaco de cuero<br />
yaco-huito<br />
yacon<br />
yacón<br />
yacon strawberry<br />
yacu granadillo<br />
yacu shimbillo<br />
yacuma<br />
yacure<br />
yacuruna huito<br />
1148
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
yag lachi<br />
yaga<br />
yaga-biguichi<br />
yaga-bixihui<br />
yaga-de-guiche<br />
yaga-hui<br />
yaga-huil<br />
yaga-huizaa<br />
yaga-piquiche<br />
yage<br />
yagé-yoco<br />
yagua<br />
yagua palm<br />
yaguareté-ka’á<br />
yaguarmuyu<br />
yaha<br />
yahuarayo blanco<br />
yahuarhuayo colorado<br />
yail ba’ ade<br />
yaís<br />
yajuji<br />
yalaguitu<br />
yam<br />
yam bean<br />
yamagua<br />
yamaguey de costa<br />
yamakainim<br />
yamao<br />
yambo<br />
yame<br />
yame amarillo<br />
yame blanco<br />
yame papa<br />
yampa<br />
yampak<br />
yampé<br />
yampee<br />
yampi<br />
yampí<br />
yampie<br />
yaná<br />
yana bole<br />
yana mariba<br />
yana papa<br />
yana suytu<br />
yana wiraqucha<br />
yanaquero<br />
yanquapin<br />
ya-ntsin-tsu<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
yanuco<br />
yapadu<br />
yape<br />
yapo<br />
yapoteco<br />
yaque<br />
yaraguana de costa<br />
yaraguey<br />
yarayara<br />
yarazo<br />
yard bean<br />
yard grass<br />
yard-long bean<br />
yarero de Margarita<br />
yari<br />
yarina<br />
yarina blanca<br />
yarinilla<br />
yarre p<strong>at</strong>ado<br />
yarrow<br />
yarumo<br />
yarure<br />
yas<br />
yash-tul<br />
yasitara<br />
yaso<br />
y<strong>at</strong>aí<br />
y<strong>at</strong>ay<br />
y<strong>at</strong>ay palm<br />
y<strong>at</strong>iguá<br />
y<strong>at</strong>tahou<br />
yauari<br />
yauhtli<br />
yau-ku<br />
yaupon<br />
yaupon holly<br />
yaurero<br />
yautia<br />
yautía<br />
yautía amarilla<br />
yautía blanca<br />
yautía bravia<br />
yautía de coco<br />
yautía guayamera<br />
yautia horqueta<br />
yautía horqueta<br />
yautía malanga<br />
yautía manola<br />
yautía morada<br />
1149
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
yautía palma<br />
yautía rolliza<br />
yautía viaquera<br />
yautía vinola<br />
yavaide<br />
yavarí<br />
yawa<br />
yaxcí<br />
yayajabico<br />
yayu huito<br />
yba-puru<br />
ybira c<strong>at</strong>ú<br />
yedra<br />
yekuana<br />
yellow abelmoschus<br />
yellow adder’s tongue<br />
yellow alder<br />
yellow balm<br />
yellow bamboo<br />
yellow bark<br />
yellow bedstraw<br />
yellow bee plant<br />
yellow bells<br />
yellow bird <strong>of</strong> paradise<br />
yellow bristlegrass<br />
yellow buttons<br />
yellow cacao<br />
yellow cane<br />
yellow chili<br />
yellow cleome<br />
yellow chestnut oak<br />
yellow day-lily<br />
yellow dhal<br />
yellow dock<br />
yellow elder<br />
yellow fawnlily<br />
yellow foxtail<br />
yellow fritillaria<br />
yellow fritillary<br />
yellow genip<br />
yellow glacierlily<br />
yellow gram<br />
yellow granadilla<br />
yellow grandilla<br />
yellow guava<br />
yellow Guelder rose<br />
yellow hibiscus<br />
yellow Himalayan raspberry<br />
yellow Indian-plant<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
yellow jaboticaba<br />
yellow locust<br />
yellow lupin<br />
yellow lupine<br />
yellow mariposa<br />
yellow mombin<br />
yellow monkeyflower<br />
yellow mustard<br />
yellow nelumbo<br />
yellow nut-grass<br />
yellow nut-sedge<br />
yellow oxalis<br />
yellow paloverde<br />
yellow passion fruit<br />
yellow penstemon<br />
yellow Peruvian chili<br />
yellow pine<br />
yellow pitaya<br />
yellow pond lily<br />
yellow prairie violet<br />
yellow puccoon<br />
yellow rocket<br />
yellow root<br />
yellow sage<br />
yellow sand-verbena<br />
yellow sapote<br />
yellow sorrel<br />
yellow spider-flower<br />
yellow squirrel-banana<br />
yellow star apple<br />
yellow sweet clover<br />
yellow thistle<br />
yellow trefoil<br />
yellow trumpet bush<br />
yellow trumpet flower<br />
yellow unicorn plant<br />
yellow vetchling<br />
yellow w<strong>at</strong>er lily<br />
yellow wood-sorrel<br />
yellow yam<br />
yellowberry<br />
yellow-groove bamboo<br />
yellow-paint root<br />
yellow-spined thistle<br />
yema de huevo<br />
yemenca<br />
yepenemoncawe<br />
yerba de alambre<br />
yerba de ángel<br />
1150
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
yerba de la mula<br />
yerba de las muelas<br />
yerba de limón<br />
yerba de m<strong>at</strong>é<br />
yerba de mora<br />
yerba de reuma<br />
yerba de Santa María<br />
yerba de seda<br />
yerba guinea<br />
yerba leche<br />
yerba limón<br />
yerba luisa<br />
yerba m<strong>at</strong>é<br />
yerba mora<br />
yerba sagrada<br />
yerba santa<br />
yerbanís<br />
yeren<br />
yerén<br />
yerva de la culebra<br />
yeso<br />
yew<br />
yew plum-pine<br />
yew podocarpus<br />
yiauhtli<br />
yilo<br />
yita pericoó<br />
yitu bishi<br />
yiwa chi´na<br />
ymaad<br />
yoco<br />
yoco colorado<br />
yoco de brujo<br />
yoco negro<br />
yoco verde<br />
yoco-cu<br />
yocoro<br />
yoco-yajé<br />
yokohoma velvetbean<br />
yo-lachi<br />
yolillo<br />
yolosuchil<br />
yoloxóchitl<br />
yona rao<br />
yoquito<br />
yori<br />
yorón<br />
yoshin coshqui rao<br />
ysaño<br />
yu<br />
yu-’y<br />
yuai<br />
yuapon holly<br />
yuaqué<br />
yuca<br />
yuca agria<br />
yuca amarga<br />
yuca amarilla<br />
yuca blanca<br />
yuca brava<br />
yuca cimarrona<br />
yuca de bejuco<br />
yuca de la jalca<br />
yuca de r<strong>at</strong>ón<br />
yuca guariche<br />
yuca Inca<br />
yuca morada<br />
yuca seca<br />
yucca<br />
yuco<br />
yucú<br />
yucute<br />
yuiubi<br />
yuku-ñini<br />
yumanasa<br />
yumanaza<br />
yume<br />
yunc<strong>at</strong>om<strong>at</strong>e<br />
yungay<br />
yunípero<br />
yunípero arboreo<br />
yunípero rastrero<br />
yuplón<br />
yuquilla<br />
yuquilla de r<strong>at</strong>ón<br />
yuquito<br />
yurac saputi<br />
yuraq lisas<br />
yute<br />
yutes<br />
yuto blanco<br />
yutwinaek<br />
yuvia<br />
yuy<br />
yuyo<br />
yuyo de ojas<br />
yuyuba<br />
yuyu-chonta<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
1151
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
yva he’e<br />
yvaporoity<br />
yvavi’ju<br />
y-vira<br />
yvyrá jak<strong>at</strong>ú<br />
z’olivo<br />
zabala fruit<br />
zábila<br />
zabucajo<br />
zac<strong>at</strong>e barqueño<br />
zac<strong>at</strong>e de perla<br />
zac<strong>at</strong>e guinea<br />
zac<strong>at</strong>e inglés<br />
zac<strong>at</strong>e limón<br />
zac<strong>at</strong>e privilegio<br />
zac<strong>at</strong>e violeta<br />
zac<strong>at</strong>ón<br />
zacayahucli<br />
zacoub<br />
zalamera<br />
zambo<br />
zamboa<br />
zambujo<br />
zamuritow<br />
zanahoria<br />
zanahoria blanca<br />
zanahoria lisas<br />
zanca de mula<br />
zancona<br />
zanoria<br />
zapallito italiano<br />
zapallitos de árbol<br />
zapallo<br />
zapallo del tiempo<br />
zapallu<br />
zapalote<br />
zap<strong>at</strong>ero<br />
zap<strong>at</strong>illo negro<br />
zap<strong>at</strong>ito del obispo<br />
zapayo<br />
zapote<br />
zapote agrio<br />
zapote amarillo<br />
zapote blanco<br />
zapote bobo<br />
zapote bolo<br />
zapote borracho<br />
zapote cabello<br />
zapote chico<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
zapote chupachupa<br />
zapote colorado<br />
zapote de ave<br />
zapote de carne<br />
zapote de cartagena<br />
zapote de chango<br />
zapote de mico<br />
zapote de monte<br />
zapote de niño<br />
zapote de tierra<br />
zapote domingo<br />
zapote faisán<br />
zapote grande<br />
zapote injerto<br />
zapote maduro<br />
zapote mamey<br />
zapote mico<br />
zapote morado<br />
zapote negro<br />
zapote negro silvestre<br />
zapote prieto<br />
zapote t<strong>at</strong>ú<br />
zapote verde<br />
zapotilla amarilla<br />
zapotillo<br />
zapotillo amarillo<br />
zapotillo blanco caniste<br />
zapotillo bravo<br />
zapotillo de montaña<br />
zapotillo de pena<br />
zapotón<br />
zapoxihul<br />
zapuyul<br />
zara<br />
zaragosa<br />
zaranda<br />
zarandaja<br />
zarcillo<br />
zarcillos<br />
zarza<br />
zarzamora<br />
zarzamora de la grande<br />
zarzamora de loma<br />
zarzamora silvestre<br />
zarzaparrilla<br />
zaya<br />
zchirpe<br />
zebra wool<br />
zecale<br />
1152
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
zericote<br />
zerumbet<br />
zicaque<br />
zig-zag bamboo<br />
zimbro<br />
ziricote<br />
zirzelim<br />
zit-zuch<br />
zoc<strong>at</strong>o<br />
zocohuite<br />
zolive<br />
zompán<br />
zopa<br />
zorra<br />
zorra de limón<br />
zorrillo<br />
zorrillo real<br />
zorrocloco<br />
zoxohuite<br />
zoyamiche<br />
zucchini<br />
zukur<strong>at</strong>e<br />
zulú<br />
zulu nut<br />
zumaque<br />
zumaque aromático<br />
zumbo<br />
zumpantle<br />
zumzapote<br />
Zuni tom<strong>at</strong>illo<br />
Zunza<br />
Zunzapote<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
1153
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE<br />
1154
Kerm<strong>at</strong>h, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in <strong>the</strong> Americas<br />
Bibliography<br />
Aagesen, David L. 1998. “Indigenous Resource Rights and<br />
Conserv<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Monkey-Puzzle Tree (Araucaria araucana,<br />
Araucariaceae): A Case Study from Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Chile.” Economic<br />
Botany 52(2):146-160.<br />
Abreu M<strong>at</strong>os, Francisco José de. n.d. Plantas Medicinais do Ceará.<br />
Centro Nordestino de Informações sobre Plantas, Universidade<br />
Federal de Pernambuco, Recife.<br />
http://umbuzeiro.cnip.org.br/db/medic/index.shtml<br />
Accorsi, Walter R., Andrés Enrique Lai Reyes, Sérgio R. Sigrist,<br />
José Celso C. Abreu, Marilda M.F.B. Santos, Rodrigo R. Amaral,<br />
Jorge A.C.H. Santos, and Paula Ferrari. n.d. Base de Dados de<br />
Plantas Medicinais. Centro de Informática na Agricultura<br />
(CIAGRI), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.<br />
www.ciagri.usp.br/planmedi/cientifico.html<br />
Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2003. Melicocceae (Sapindaceae): Melicoccus<br />
and Talisia. Flora Neotropica, Volume 87, New York Botanical<br />
Garden, Bronx.<br />
Adams, C.D. 1972. Flowering Plants <strong>of</strong> Jamaica. <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
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