L./f*A tuf ac.-lL,;l u sV})

- 7tb L./f*A tuf ac.-lL,;l u sV}) 

In The Name oftlllah, Thc Cornpassionate, The Muciful,

EFFECT OF IRON AND ZINC FORTIFICATION ON 

THE STABILITY, ACCEPTABILITY AND EFFICA,CY OF 

WHOLE WHEAT FLOUR 

By 

Saood Akhlar 

M.sc. (Hon..) Food Technotocy 

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of tne 

requtroments for the degr6e of 

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 

IN 

FOOD TECHNOLOGY 

rll.s.-rlTyl!.gf fgoD scrENcE & rEcHNoLoGy, 

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD 

2004

Th. Coni.oll.r of Exmln.rions 

,ry-'zt ,. 

'i'r*:';fl;llr-'" 

'w., lh€ m.nbcr of S!!.Niery Comi|lE, cqrify gd .onbo -o ,o* or,r,*ii 

tuhDnled by Mr. 516l Al|}r.r, R.g.No S!rg-t239, hlE ber roun t dlit-lory .nd 

E@mmdd $at n b. prccqsed for qalurlon by $e &i.bd Exmin

DEDICATED 

TO 

MY PARENTS 

AS 

THEY FORX THE 9ORE . 

OF IY.EXISTENCE,

Acknowledgements 

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE COMPASSIONATE, THE ERCIFUL 

BLsslngs arc tor Hoty prophet Muhammad (qAUH) Who rs the .ea! 

soutce ot hnowtadge an., wtsdon 

Credit goes ro my worthy suporviso. Dr, F.ql. Ntuhamrnad Anjum, prot6$o, 

anrt Oir4tor, Insriture of Food Scien@ and T€chnotogy, who rea y had to .xr.acl 

and 3qu€e4 the time from iis lighr s.hedute to superuise m€ lhroughout my 

My heartlesr lhanks a.e tor Dr.Saleom-ur_R€hman, Associare Frorossor, 

lfslitute ot Food Science and T€chnology for hi6 guEance ano co.poration 

rcgarding thls €soarch endeavor 

I exlend my p.otound gralitude to Dr, wtunkA Sheikh, Chailmao and profe$or, 

Departmed of Chemislry, for his scnotady guldance and frjendty a,f6ction 

tow..ds lho mpletion of thi6 manu.cript. 

I en not ar cotare my deepesl 6€m€ ot gr.t.Ish6s br Drzta U, R.hmrtr 

Prol4sor, Deparhent ot physiotogy and phama@togy wnos€ snc6G suppod 

and consbtenl hetp enabt€d ms lo accomptish my.6s€a.ch work. 

I would ttk6 lo €xrend my sens€ ot g.atotutn€ss lor my n€nds es!€clalv 

M..Anwar Ahmed , Mr.Um€r Fs.ooq, [1r, mtiaz Ahmed and Mr. Zutfiqar Ati Saifl 

lor lh€ir supporl and encouragement. 

Befo€ I linish, I woutd tike lo ftank my belov€d moner whom I am r€. v 

,ndebl€d to, Ior her prays .nd perrEtuat encouragemem I woutd .ot hav6 evor 

ban poslible to achieve a.y Ooat in my tife wihour n6r suppon, bv6 and 

guldanco, My wife and kjds realy dessrv€ to be app€ciar€d for spadng m6 to 

havo lhis task latisfacbnty 6ompt6l.ti.

CTIAPTEII 

2 

3 

5 

Contents 

INTRODUCTION 

REYIEW OF LITERATUNE 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSTON 

SUMMARY + CONCLUSION 

LITERAI'URE CITED 

tr 

tr 

tr 

tr 

E 

tr

sni-- - 

M 

I 

ffi' tu. 

ffi 

LIST OF TABLES 

- 

sturc*har0orE 

n-.,{@i-;;.!d p..pdq_-;.;rE.M- ft_J;rd. "'1l-, n""," 

;;;;i;;.;;- 

-- 

*!ffi 

!,".;;aa; T;ll:,T"rjf9,L3_T1-f"B1r''*, 

U:'""rutr 

ffi 

m*+:';H#_dffil#*#_ 

Fr-;;f;;J:::::=;:-:-: 

;J.;;# liigrry.grt+E! MonNd wiot. shor nou 

l-jill:3.''.s:e.".d''drGm'*;.,r-*%,"ro,nq, 

,o:|r|41io|.lbnnoul 

( ;;-, ;l ;;;;;i *.+r@'-i'fll,li'' "'l'*'*' *d''"."' 

d bod, *ish( or ;;E;,;A; dirlftnr rd,fi./ vhor*r; 

otrr.Enr Dnnd *iorr whe nme

; 

^dlFn orrnme or red inrE?mai;; td difid adifi.d ynob enqidG 

ffi ;iiffi ;;n;b-.dd-immin-;i.ll_ t;i.,tud fldb- 

A,,t'.Norfl r..e d ;rE;nhhk 

--- 

'ft- 

nqaft;ffi;d.*he, n@ 

rc iab 16 dftq.d rbnifi.n *hok wh6r llorftr 

ar,e;cfr ;4,,,, rtr,rc br,&i prrj Ct. nart,nnk-;,, rddrn.d *rfiF; 

e.r'- .r q* .f.hoi*;i;a-r. nB r;;,n;;r-fi,f.d tlDh *r'd n;B 

a;;;fi_;;;i;;-:::-wher 

|];r ,. ,, --,,"., ,,, .," puu! or 

",,"u 

rmp mr d drr.e. ro,!i,i.d whole 

^;;i;;i::;:--- 

q nlE ft b drt r.nr rodifi.d wlEte *h€r 

@tu 

!! !r or! Ec H d .r.Dr rdnirki *hoh wtrci 

cr'or6'not ,!DL dhmo in ,f;@J pb-;! oj dfi;E J,n@, tffi-fimed 

% 

%;"l';;r\,"-i;-;.;GEA;ilI;c;;ft d-:iE*ndi-rrdf,jd.-;;ai;B 

ffi 

*h.d -;;;cqF;;ffi;:-=- noF 

d qr fdifiq, *noG 

-- 

.,,-! Nq uiEEr urtrlu wtrore wi@r 0ou6 

fim;ffi. drqr d-rffiaRiiA -i;G 

: eiFn dwiu€ oaGtnh;;.; 

5l 

c/u"ni6 Py.;;E;!n-;;; 

.h. bro.d dMa.;;d; r;-IjGi rdmA rhoj. 

;ffi;;Tft"'i; I'Efifi|i"E 

rddrhcfl i6Pr) 

fod|i€d qnok *hd 

amrE'r ofhriR of brood !@ niuoce(dr,Nl of m:r! d'5 tI!!r@!! 

fd an;ifd-;; 

ffi 

tu 

;ffi+Hfitr^ 

(ro 

or tuk n& f:d diltq.nr 

"r.-;Id, r"d d-rf.;,6,lrd;; vi;ilj;;i 

5

1 

; 

-l 

; 

1 

; 

lr''tf,m (ft, smmhid inT;TG;;G;; or nrlc nB r.d d'Irr.nr aonlfiA 

an,r,,r, .r "m,n,. d rmn s;;M { ,rE prsm{. 

rsmnedtioiin-,rrb|;oJ-FrMr,,d.;&-r.d-drn4;iroirr,c, 

aEry3isorwnEof ia6Hh;,1r-iFlG;;i;-;;&dd-iifr 6trd-iia 

d{r.i.nr ronlfiLd rt'or! at,.dnoB 

antFl or qiMs of rci r ir.. ffit-; 

ft bd phrn of irrt! nB ftd ditt*d fonifi.d 'hot. 

rh. brod pr,.m of mrr. n6 Rd dir.rc;afodrji.;i;i; *rfii 

rr( ofnrrerb ild dindrc fdriti.d 

zr. 3or@rhrror itr rlD riv( of mte 0b red dittd.nr tdirsi *n t. yh.i fioB 

Amryli. of v'inR. o. ,nc o@hrim b !h. kiddy oa mt.E r.d r.girdr4r!r!E!!9!:_ 

iiE;; 

,nc c@i00 i" rh. ris of mte 6b f.d ditrcEnr fontfid *hote whcd nou6 

aniy:ir orvMift lor F inb(. or i,ih ii n'k 

^brd d,n;;-];;r,cd-;;;;i; 

Adr5lr orlrn@ ro, rh6 f'aalo;;di;;l;;;h-;E?E;;idjGi; I 

*hd 1106 

for .pp.Enr i.orprid or irs' i" Mr. rld dltrq;n 

'ir 

Gii.d 

AirlFb of Ei.B tu D.rcd .!'!Drid or io0 in nltc ;a fd din€Mr tditEd 

ai.rr:n of varilne ror inbre or zii. tr n.t. 06 red dineE;r roiafi;dltbt.lt;r 

Ailryrn of vrhtrc. for fr(al nm .rddlotr io m!1. .* f.d ditT.nd fonifild whotc 

*n.n nM 

lil';TflJilfj. * * ''* 

'koq{io.;.t;r;;;;;zd din@, ronin.d 

k rB rcd differcN fon,nql 

r .ndrs.fier of (c.rnq$ lid r..dhs 

!Eqr'@ or iDD h n.rc nb Gd dincn' 

ld{turlr .af*t or }6hd! rnd ft.nii& rin.i q id.L., asrt dcdhn rld pded 

ikdprion ofzins h !!ro oB ir! n.t. rb ftd di|ldd aonin.n rhok *h!rr flou

LIST OF FlCURES 

rE;'"tffisd;ilffifi,.@;n;a *,6 

ru oIduftd'dndfub*rdnoD 

M Fr Mrild $otc w,,ar noB 

. .'s!.m;;lfi;@;bi;mftnb;tu;;ia;rsiiiiiffi 

"nd .bm€. p.,,od, otr rrk",i."i;a,jifii;;i; 

udrc.h,or;, ,,, rdina;hor. rd nd,; 

" 

Mr^, o, d,n.rd hird *6G;fr jiiF 

Etr d orrqhEtuMdy.tc..rdciiiarordiffifrii;t;86- 

hr.rcriv. .ltdor&ns. oddhtoB 

md !o4 Fiotl o, p[rti! rid 3M ofdtttsq! 

rntudva.fid or 3h& ddhi*.rd dtu ;-Fn;;iiotu- 

ofditr.dr ronifi.d qtFk end 00!o 

8ne' 016!i"e 6 ib 6.dtadiG;;6ifl-i6ffi;iE;; 

Err6'ore.s.Fnod|-lnEoi;;fu_in.M-6;i;;fi i:s-;in-;; 

Erhc' ordhEtu m zi* d;noidinE;i iiA;;E;Ei noc 

Fnd' orrahFdi o,r 6h,r 6Mfi ordm;;ird-ii;ffii;;in-; 

Ener of pd{ins n{!d;k o ;fr4;;ir;f dm;;6;iia;;r.8ffi ,: 

E'rd "isoqe Fi.d! m 6p!f w-nanotu-ii;;i6;ircit[d;fr rr fi ui 

atur or'Hh,! m or!.1 oiantrTmd-ro,-rldtEj;ffi iiati 

Endordory.F d!on'nsgrBad;'ord rlEmroriakdthot.wrr-rnM- 

H R'0r p,!r4in8' trk,ukM4snr|l@e!6rofJltg;toirnd ft,. rhd nu; 

!trtd or'd,k! -, ,Biiin* @iffirrrq.;666d rbrhd d; 

or (tu!.u[ oed. fim difid fddftld *{rr! whd 

- 

9 

n

. 

- 

:flr;i,fq%n; 

rd'--',f 

il;mil *@- 

:trttrll:%. 

-r*,, -ilMFn-, dina;G;ii.d 

f n-' d *dr* .'Mh[;,rl;;d dinfiird;|;G-;-- 

Err-. .rF.r.ir"s 

" 

*Erfi d;|);r,r." ordrGd 

Eii@ard;s ;, @;Gi"" ;i;ii;;;4_;i;:r r"difia;io*i;;i;iim 

r.r-.r*"Fra;A'si nA"p'H rrh! -; tu 

d,ia-r.o.rnd *6hd;n;i 

. *'."Faffiffi 

.5 

Mr trd,..*s. Frd,-ild[;6tl;;;idiffi ffi ;;& "h-, n*_" 

@ 

etrd *p"*,r;gÊfiffi 

Enrc' or n0trgi6;,i;; 

-r.a;;B€. esm; 

ffi 

@ 

%,n.-- 

m.);i.€,.pr, "rAnd 6niA 

;;ro;;r-;itr--*- 

@ EE;iffi;;*;;r d-tffitffiiailt;E 

ffi aTd"r'b-,s".d;;;n,wn@oro,-*;.:;h.r."hs,[@;_'- 

EE;fuhFF;;; n.;;;"rd-*, kildi;i;;EaiG_- 

{

6l 

!trE'orprckrDgd@ 

@ 

ffi lffii;s+d, * r@;ndfi6;-iL.J 

"rbc*rd non-- 

tu 

@ 

ffi q 

M@Erd dh@t.-hG-l.G ;adrE;i6ima rio;Ein@ 

ErIEr orFcr.|jir N;;ii;;;;=-- 

@*;E?,ms-d-ii:;i; 

End orenE 6d ;ffiii; 

%tu 

IturE .rrdol-;;;;:-ffi-:- 

'|* sd of darfld Ld6.d 

tG.;'Ms.r.,r"d,-;Erffirt slMt d,n*;-fo;rEi *roh *h-, n;;tu 

% 

ffiii,ys;;;ffi; 

ffi 

@rro@- 

tu -t*"uq q,Ercr 

'onnH wloe$Eifo8 

"rffi 'rr",rrft /,"r,"r.erdn*- 

Etr*, .rr*,*tu ;ftnd fiqh

mTm:im-ffir*;; &;u.-F;a ;;d,i c.yh?diF;; 

% 

@ @ 

mm*trhc"-qrffi*

GMPIfl-I 

rma!rcnil 

B.ldnc.d atrd oflimat maco e.l nricro nur,ienr Inkke psvdes !n iinpotunr 

roundarion fo! sood hcohh, Micrenurrienrs aE e$end.t fc a myrird otbody tunction!, 

prdyi"e indhpemahk ard diveEe bl* 6 coenzrr.s, slrucrurst oooponcnts, pro- 

I'onDon*, componcnis ofb.dy nuid\ urqid.nl' &d ,ne, noE (percivll 1998)_ 

Most ofrh€.hildrcn in devetopins counri6 16 tikety ro have deftiflcy in 

nrcbnurrrcrts ihdudirg zinc ond ibn. Zjhc dcncienc, h a srous globrt issuc dd i,r 

Fdiculq in rhe devetorring counrie nrludirg pa&isinn. F@l suppt, of n@ty 50% of 

th. global poputari6n i3low in lbsorbaite zinc hecoue ot tahired lvaitabitiry of!nnnll 

rro

- 

aneDio ir Patisan.Thcscrprlpodionslmongclitdrn werc 35.6,66,5,sDd 50.9rrer@nl 

rcsP*r rrery (4non,2002) I 

'rn. *n*o**"" l,t i-^ a"n"i"ncy arcoia @ educet psyctDdolor &d nEnl.l 

d.v.toph.nr in jnrtuB, df.e eRer4cy ou@m..tu derced imnune tuncrion.lmn 

defid.ncy onflrc inkdrlknd ro s6r toqcf on m.m,t end molor de"etorm.nr r6rs 

tr.an rcD_reeierinfaB(l,ener/ t982, w![crela/ tg3oaNAnte .ral. tr86, 

.^^_ ,o,' &k,tuc, urfE du,ins pEBMncy leals lo pre msrurc detircry tscls , 

,10.1- j: o*'*." -.t'*, ,,*rar morbdiry dd modrr,r, G hichs (Murphy er 

mic wonen di. arcr tdbdt {Lt.w.lynJune, t965), 

"j,l'.,* 'osr, mLr utmh rabdurcR ha\e dernoncr.ared impaircd prcrucdvhy 

{Fdg.don?,a/. t07atr qs,r c,ra tego). 

_ 

zinc i, rhe ms, ublcdlous ordt ha e,.n.nk ,nvoh.d in humu he|lbotjjm. 

zrnc pairKrpater in dl hfjo, bishen(al Dalt,$lJj 0d ptdy! nNt,,pte otec in rhe 

pernctuotDn oreerrn nrtrisl, inctudina rda*,iprion ur DNA, t@st{jo ofi(NA an\l 

u(mr.ir *lt dnbor lTh* d,&m,eisls ok ro tr, unuea y v.B.ritc 

Dny3@cncn,6r pbpcdil. rbr *optc, z,n( is abrc to 6uh. a nuhbq of 

@rcm'rcn rumb€R ud f@derri6, which mal. n sreriocr.mico y adaprobt. b rl,. 

rui(hn.t m.dsorleioBlisands. trlnc,sr.,not.d fiom,e.oktyric,rc (ri\try is 

or: rcphcmenr of,ir.c tjoes acrivir). Lntire tuy orher nod, .xrmpt6 or znc- 

::':: :"._" * ruld in s sa etrzyn.-crcs m,r ilcrud. RNA Fdryn.tu, 

d@Ml ydm€.|e, qtnic anhyde, ed.tt tine pho,phd!$ tFnkhul , |991). 

. undri pi,ysorosiqtlcondirions, .nc is nor subjqr lo oxidGrducriv. @rrionj, 

so r3 rch,i*t" 

'l m,.br.c.l .se p.open,L, mdr. zincan id.,r.r.rncnr ropsnrciraro nr 

lil."1,.t ,,:,,*i "", *,1,,r EsJ,a.c,) rL'Lhon, Mo( lhan roo sF in! q.yn6 

Ecqr. z,ic r.o,0,ei ebry,if tuncnd! rcaujn,, reeo). 

rron is wid.ry 

-. 

Fi3u,6ur.d in m.d, .sss, v.s.r$r6 sd @8.1, 

llM:so:lr88r cooJ sofrc.s of bmo\aihbrr zn ,.e naq slrood (., panicurs 

"-yrGB) AId ti.s ^rbnottesa(h Co"n!it, t989J. tn nany pa,R ofttF so d,,nojrt. 

ee rr.c is prcvided by eRFls. rhe bi@v.[ob,ti 

- * _ _f ,"c o,@vaMbfiry orzn co b.low fem pl.nr b!$n 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I

diers i! poniclla ton qtDtc eEin a@ls sd tcgun.lj ohng to lhe high @lqrs of 

phrlic acid, a porent irhibibrofircn sd 2inc lb$lPtiofl (studsFad, r995). 

Th* .rc many inrcne ions lo @nbal ioo od ztrc deficiency oDons 

hlh@ble s@ups Thse inctude slrplcrenr.lioq dr€r.ry diversiiiqtioo ond 

ronificaion. lte foflificlton *hs ro bc rtte orosr felsibte and a tong t@ apprc.ch, 

'llE rcsulti of fonifimlion ar fist, brocd dnd suslcinabt.. t)e rurie.t irlake ofthe 

rargeled emup improves ihmedtarcty and sn i0prcr o, nrcronutrient srstus con he 

4ssed w hiD oE h rhEe ftotrd$. Wtren r shde tood ura( E consured resultrl, by 

tr'c nrajodry of tlE poptrtdriotr is usd us s vctriotc tor ibnific. otr, hich poputdioo 

co!.Fge c be e6ily lcl,ievql. The sci.,rific rarionote inctuding rehnology, srlbjtity, 

hrcturos, rnd etr*tivarcs tor fonifying staptc toots *s dcverop.d €,rly u s cenMy 

(4lbenoed pia.taesJ. 

- 

Vheat.flour is a sropte a@d ofpatistMi p.optc dd an ave.oSe inbte is jt8 8 / 

peMnrday. MoE rhM fi fty p.@nr ofthc torat .ncgy inrlkc ,s derivql aom plEat nour 

(OMNI, 1996). Ce@ls sd tcgon.s @l.i,r low.r rmoun.e or zinc ind a subsdi.l l*el 

ofDl'yrat6 (nto-iiciiot hcx+horphlre), . compound knosn ro iohibir zinc aberprion 

(Ojbson,l994). Tn choie ot nuei.nr tor nor todifio.ion i3 Et.rcd 10 speifc 

d.ficiaci6; n.kr aomutrrions inltudins2inc.nd rnmin A.E h.m8 usd. 

lrni@nlri.nr d€fici.ncy €xins.vcr in mild lom u mc @nnunity, n h b. 

aum.d ft.t ir wil 0.6isi and condnuc lo lEm Oe hcarn !d wlt b.itrs oa lne 

individuh cotfi d al t996). A siable Fdiotr otdE talG&ni populalion ii tivirg 

below povdy liie lid mtr tEdty m*r n! oErsy rc4ujErenc, ll)c prcv.itjns seio 

Mrcnic.osrEink orasubrodrjsr rsLtrun ur rh. popuhrion ,n r,""* * -;.;,; 

tlEm ro hav. then ruriuonal mc.ds futfilt& iheu8lt rlE nomat chMncls. All other 

ndnrDmt irteryenrion prugr6Ds slctr F s,pptc."rrarion o.d dErey inprov€oent 

obviously$und t.ss.irectiv! irj prkisrul 

socn,io as rh6c 

6tr,r chess in dj.rary b.havior or,h" *rro, ,rr",,,b". ;,,:J;;;;:Tfilj:.T"*" 

ol lwo el€mcnrs, nonety $at of ion ond iodirc lEs b*r Ecognized d bein8 of 

wrdeprcld public hsaith sisniucnne aronr a iukitionotslandpont. Now, se.ious @ncern 

shes as b lh. reed otaddng zino ro rhis ti$, dpeiolty in Bsc popltarion groups in 

dcveropi.g counujq *hosc dicrs conrain cohptci suDst&ces lhar timit de

ioav{il.bilily ofzi c (p6!d, t99t). Cowrl Ellid iotr, in€@lsen susDribitity to 

illicriou, ond cogtrilive itrpoim€,r !rc sommon i, developing counrric, whcc 

nul.njoml d.ficicft, otnnc t ots psat.m. ThN a accrion orzitu defici.ncy is 

rikclyrc h,v.r g@t ihprct on rtE h. hofo targe posutation in E devetoping wond 

Ircn dcf;idcy tr.oi. and rchr.d pobtft e .u@ y norc eiilety 

Mosnizd lhrn nftirionol prcbt.ns dud b zinc, ,fte dids lhar tqd .o imn defi.iency 

anemra I?nd ro atso provide ined.qurG 2i.c qnd inhibiros ofi@n lb$rption lle i.hjbit 

abslprion of 2inc. flEEfoE it i, impedirc ro inctuo. anc etong wirh ibn in 

foni,icrtion prcs.nhes aor @unfiies exhibiting probtotu or &n deticiency .nqi! 

Sh@ dte d€fici cy of irun sd zi,E i3 p'qtql in pskishr, lhcrctoE n is tdy 

impodBnt ro explare tlE opponuniries t6r escssing.he.f!.cr or dilraEnrjron.nd zirc 

.!lB fo. lonifi.dion in rvhote *h.ar nour, In rhe tiehr ol Oe f.cc, pl.gr |tgch 

r!rcjd ha hdn d6'sn.d siLh Lhc to[o*insobjern.s. 

OBJECTIVES: 

. To m.auE lhe srabihy of djlrqd zanc.nd ion tonifi@ts in wlbl€ whqr [ou. 

unoe. vano$ sloe& cnd p,chgins @ndjlions. 

. To .$.ddn accepiabifty of fodifi€d wholc what nou tor lh. pEpmrion of 

unkvcn.d flar bEld (chap!ni). 

. 10 ss*ss Lhe physiutogLat impacr ot e*inlic fornN otircn & zh. onJ rhcn 

inteherion wnh.!ch olberthmugh biotoaiql asr.

8tlfiIt- 

IIUtlf, 

ef 

ilIEnlruil 

-rh. m6r economio ed cosl.f€ctivo nelnod ofpbvrdDg mtusins nutri. s at 

@nnDnily tw€t is b rorlit jhpl. foodi TtE ni$ar8 nur.iqls when .ddcd lo rh! r.ood 

ned lo be exptorcd for rtrir tevet ir lhc vchicte i.e. roxicny cotrsdcr.r,on, iDr.bcrion 

eirh orhcr Nrrcds, efccr on lavour 6nd cotour sysreD, quanty or dE prcducr, 

bioaw'l.birirr.nd nomal ihe|| tif.. 

^n erknrive Ee.flh on \a,i.,, ",p*. "i,,,.,,. 

of zinc rnd ion conpouoils hs be€n csrien out tud lrlc Dost Etqver ti(duE 

Ftuhns ro dre $bFd hs h€n ..viewet uft,e. tne aollrying tE!din$; 

2. I Deficiency of iron ard zirc 

2-2 Dicrory sourccs of i.on ard zinc 

2.3 Fo iaicatioh, need hd odv.nrases 

2,4 Sbrus.rrabjtir, _phy3ico-ch.micrt changcs in lorrified producl 

z.) Ac.cptdbitir) - eftecr ot roirit,c.riun on sensory cr,sra(rcrisric ot 

fo(i fi.d p.oducr 

2.6 Effiacy {!dis ,plysic!t poramercrs, ptos,na brocxc,nisliy and 

minc.ars profite. 

2.6.1 phyri. acid !. inhibiror in sbsorprion 

2.6.2 Plasha BjocheDislry 

2.6.1 lro. and zitr. comtrrrari!n in d,rreretrr oraanr 

2 6.4 Mincral .hsurpriun 

2.6.5 Inr.rrcr,on ot r,.c. cr.n.nrr 

2.1 Deficiercy oI tron rnd ,inc 

f@t d .t t | 97b, hah *pon.d $ar ncnjruaring 

,n", a.hrl6 Jhow . prewtqe 

^ 

oa 

-wd !, rmn derqcn(y eilr or wrlho demia, Lhe .aurvrl! 

o:l',r% ftise*,ma h.y * ;";;;:;:; ;;;"::H: l; 

or.conbi :'J#':::"7 

arion ofpovenytud inqeas€d btood lo$ throusl ptrs,Lrc intcdion,.

Bodrwelt€/ a/. (t9?9) rel)on d rlut rhc prcv.t€ne ot non defioi€.cy v;ies toN 

0l$ut l0 to well ov.r 50 o/o. rhe prclal.r@ of i$n doficicnoy an€mi. froh 6 !o perhaps 

5@/0, and lh. tcwtence of non srces inadequacy f,om lj to ne.rty looyq in popuhrions 

oa.dult fch;lcs rhmuBhour lh. wond. 

B@rd ad Finctr (t985) tound higlu pEval.nc. ot non deficiency onemi!, rlE 

con$qucnce ol toth hokwom int*raion lnd a tow svoitabitiry of did!ry id in thr 

ddcloping ounrjs. The, @nctuded thrr tu,nbcr oa individuals wnh non d€[ci.,Ey 

wa the hund.€ds of m i llions. Sine lrcn d.fici..cy is Nully th. r4uh of. poor dicr 

entined with inc@ql imn toss, jr is nor ltw.ys otqr whor shoutd b. lrbet.i dier$y 

imnd.fi.icncy for.rampte, rhe menrru{in8 *ohan qho b@d6anemic wi u$aly 

los. morc n.nskual btood $sn host olhq wonon, Som. estmale or an spproprille 

a$oohr ofavailablc diersy ircl nust bc seri 0M rhtu amo! of ron toss co b..he 

dividjnapoin. beN@n di€rary iroD dcfici;cy rnd btood lo$ oflE 

rrdncdani d,r. (1987) exaDincd ihc peval.nce ot iD, d€ici€ncy 6mi. i[ 

K.dchj, Paklsr,n, in ' 8rcup ot too chitdrcn, aacd 2 ro 6 ram, snd 20o adut. faut6, 

,g.n 17 b 3t,s6. Atrcmir, dcfincd !s c hacnogtobin le€l 16 rh.n .S S/dt, wss 

prcsr in 47% ot $c childM md 30./o of rhc adutt lctrr]A MoE |han halt ot bdh 

childEn md .duh temte had sNm fedirin tcvcts b.tow mmat. Mey of rt6 

rubj*ts ako had ereden ion bntinS oplciry {nd qlucd *tun rM rdcls. t}c 

polenlially serious @nsquences ud hielEr pr.lat€nce of ion deficj€ncy ooemi. i[ 

cl,ildren snd women ofchitdbqring asc denu|ld gr.rer €Irods rowdd diascis lrd 

erodicdion nr d.vellpir,g countne,. 

Anon (1988) eponed roo d€Ioi.ncr andnia (lDA) s a Fobl€D df srious 

public healfi significuce in pakislatr, sevcrel, olTccrirg loree *gmefl or poputarion; 

po icubny in $het goi.g children and woDcn of childba.ins sse, prcdoninutl, in 

pE3noni od lrlding morhs, AbonS ttE vutn mbl. a@ps 45% ot peg.st ond 

lGLtlna Mmd kE !ndi., oa vhon tO% sE r@ty,..mrc. Th. p€!.t..e ot 

fico,r inc@d wi.h aae in prcgnsl lnd tsclalrg rcmcn; 65% of womcl of 4C50 

yldB of !9. @npeF! wid l5% *om.n ot 15.19 y.i6 or!8. wE {lmic. 

Ako.diiS !o Wl{O (ta92) IDn d.ficiency mflis (tDA, is rh€ brtd! non 

pEv.letrtoutrilionatdeficiscymskingup$ourhltfofa dediftercn ypBofanemia.

lwo billloi peopte ofe ar risk ot.tDA or 0@ sfrcoEd by sone tirrn Dforchia. Ahnoil 

hltfofall woncn all(l c|itdren in devetoping.ounrris h.w.ncmia. 

R&h.ond Ldrns tta66).rn4qt .hrr eresrve m.nnrurt Ltmd lN in rhc 

ferh e ond Epsl.d presne.ies .csutr nr ircn defici.ncy. tn a

defi.icncy, Unfo4unat ly, rh.E sr no Lli.bt. clintql diagnosric sieria rvailsbl. ro 

d€imine Zn sd6 in hud(3 .euFr.ty. For rhi! t@n, rhe pEwtere of Zn 

d.licidcy in rhe wrk is ni u@ruin, bd n, pcv.loe E p€umd lo b. v€,y 

e trsrc tun3 m{ny.por prgn.nr wom.4 ira..B ind childEn in nsy dq.topanS 

counlri4. In mdy aunlries wtrcn Zj soppt.mcnls e givm ro Dmr childrcn, BmMh 

Et increas€d demonshting rh Zn d.ficiency mi8ht be *io6prw. 

Cm@y {1999) Epon;d lh.r mosr ofrhc childrn ,n d.velopins ountrie who 

sufer lDh 'liafthoea aho h,ve mqlnutirioh amj .€ ti(ety ro have deficidr., in zinc. 

Dio.ihoeahcs been slobatly recos ied !s onc ofrhcDosr mpodor sueorholbidiry 

,nd mortatily inchitdEn, md llfec6 milions ofyouns clilG€n, 

Colal (2000) eported lh€ Middtc E$l b be p.rhlp3 lhe mddis bqt tabomory 

rof lqrning more abour ion ond zi& defici.ncis drd $eir widdprean pcvdene 

contibures huch ro consrdining rhq qultiry ofti& tor ! hr8e shaE of rhe poputstion. 

kon d€llcidcy is lhe oosr prvslol $d $ fir tic host inradable miconuriefl 

pobld, It pDblbly vitt not yi.ld !o tc$ rhdn a nulti prcngcd sratery inctu.tjns 

forlili€iion ofihe aood suppt, yifi ibtr. 

S.slEdri (200t) reponql rhtrl miconudcnt d.ticidcy, whelber ctiniql or sub 

cliniol, mayaftd grchrh,aslirDnMd RptuJuctne pcrtome* t^ p,"s""", *."", 

oodq.t !o sY@ dcficimcis oa iEn, zinc .nd folic ead hovc beer showtr to inc@ 

risk of low binh *€ish! pr.gnanc, @mptiqtions and bidh dct€ds. Iron d€ficiqoy .nd 

r.amir affcd 50 % or moe of tEgn, &n&n, th. pEvdsce oa rotic acid defioicncy 

n.ybe trp lo 30-50%trd rhcr. js evidqc ro sugs*l thit zihc deficienoy is likety to b. 

wdcspread. 

P&achaond Juril (2002, conJuckd. srtty on child,en ofb nEnrhsro5)a(oi 

!g€ in NWFI previn@ oa pakblsn !M rcporLd rhc prcv.lenc. ofonenia ro h. 50.1 

Ramakrishnan (2002) srored rhd ov.r two biliohs p€opre sjobo y s..(.i3t ror 

vit@in A, iodire, ud/or iDn dcfici.m, in sph. otr@6r cltdrts in rh. prcvqion od 

@nlrol or rh.$ detici.nciB. The pEut.nc k .speiily hiSh n sou|n@( Asia md sb_ 

S.natu Afdu lnd pmgnrnr hmcn cid ,oung ch,tdFn ,c !t rtE Sreir€d ns|. Otl,rr 

nlcotruridr d.fici.nci* of pubtic lEtrh co..cm i.ctuo. zrnc, folrrc and 0D I

iranins, However, dr.re is rimited dsb on rhe erust pl.valcne ot Es detici-ci6_ 

Iri'Elly, ir tuany settiigs, 'no€ rhatr one nicFnurrienr d.ficicnc, qisrj so8g6rin8 fic 

n..d aor rimple app@aches lhar cvqtuak und addr.$nuhipt. dic.onulri.nrmatnuridon. 

Bo*n 4,/, (200 t) repon.d d. perc.ntls. of noliobat populdjon.t risk for low 

zinc intdkc mrBing froD l-tl% h coun!ies oi EuDp€ ond Norrn Aftris ro 6s-95% id 

Sou$ and sollh Esl Asia, Africa lnd lhe Eo$en Medir.iraneen rcgiotrs dnd gtob! y 

ierly halfoflhe |oprtarion was al ri5k for rcw n( fldL 

Chcrysn (1980) decrhnred phyic rcid nr pt.trts snd found it ro b.cotutituring 

obout t to 5olo by weiSlrr olhmy ceMts a.d leSuDes. l decE!!4 the biGvaihlJilit, ol 

mmy .s$.rirl minrmls by int acrins \virh mutrivate cBrio.s and/o. protcins to fonn 

onpld.s 6ai dry b€ an$tubt. or drrNie umvritoble under pnysiolosical 

Hollb.re (1981) ind Cook and Fnllll (t9?5) desc.ib{d rne nltue or F diel nldr 

ro he rhe In6jor euse ofrcduced ab$rprion ot irur. A@rdios ro th.n, dicts cdnrlinins 

no mqd.M litrle N@l6ic lcid hov. yery limired ion ayaitobitiry md so lcad ro ion 

Sondb.rg(1991) d'|.n ftd phrl.t is one ofrh. m.jor inhibirinS facror fo2inc 

ud ion obsorprion. wh.n phtla|t is hydrotyz€d doring th. to.d p@ing,lh.nindl 

lvailobiliry is incrc6ed. Bt aorivarion of Ue endo8.nou, €nzyh. phrr4 whicl is 

ptenl itr plrnr loods or sddition ot ptryras, phrsre is d.sRted to v.riow 

ioositolphosph$.s @nrEining !5 phospharc grcups peru imsirot Doteule. 

. Allcn and tt! (1997) atso de*ribed rrlst whote cercst sruh contli$ phldc &i( 

(n'osnol hexophosphor c, !cnt) whtch toDs iNohibte @Dpounds wirh mine6t,(catciud, 

idtr dnd zinc) mokins dren lnavailabrc ror absorpridn by rlE uuoy. 

Lon€rdal (2000) dero,srErcd rhst molsinat zi.c denciacy and sub optftl 

zinc rr.rN h!y. ben r€qognizii in hany srcups of lhe popuktioi in bolh t8 derctoped 

lnd indlstrillii4d counxi.s.l]lc phyhr has d notrs o.sative.f|ct on zinc absorprion 

fBh 6np6ir. mcak. lnosirot h.nphosrharcs lnd plnhpnosphaks 0rc thc phy..lc 

fon6 Oat .xen lhee n.gative e{Isb NheE4 rle los. phosphares h{ve no or liutc 

.flet on zinc Nberprion. lmn cln h0ve I n.gali!. ellst on zinc lbloerion, ifsivai 

log.lhcr in c supptde wh.e|s no ellcct is obsocd $nen tne samc amounts are

pr* in I msl os tonificqnrs. Ue rerodot th,r kooptcdg. about diehry tocbrs thll 

ilhibit zinc abernlion and abor( w.rs ro ov.rome or cmov€ rh*e focrors is €ssntiat 

when d*igning srrlr.si.s lo inpbvc rlF zinc nurrilion ofvur.mDc goups, 

Eknelcioglu (2001) noli.en rhal .lderty individuak h,ve a hishg rist ro d€vclop 

rroE .ron.m

lhe author, somc ofdE ctini.at taruq of cnnrosis of !h. tiv€r, &ch s lgticotar 

8r@phy, loss of bo'ly h!ir, oi8hi btindncs, fer wound hcatin& per .pp.rne, 

suseptibilily ro irl-ccrions 0!d drharced sensilivily ro druAs, qly b€ mhted to 

onditione

llaUh.rs (t99) rcponcd rhd durins !resnancr, $o mn n..ft jncEasd 

don.ri@lly, e s b pbvide jrun tor rlE aclus, the ncw m.teau Isso* dd $€ grsrty 

rncr.lssr nrr.6al bl@d votunE. Accordins ro ltdtberg, rtE vom$,s,on Neds 

in@sl lron I ms/day in $c tiFr trim6re. up ro about lO ns/day at rhe.nd ot r 

rhird t ime$r. Althoush rh€ woM in.l$ .berplion subsh.rj.Iy, sh. coutd not 

@v.rrllrh€ incr.bed neds &d reguir.d M.rks 3_5 mg iD,'d.y ftEusho $e whol. 

Scholl ./ ,1. (t992) derermired rhar ibn-defici@y lncmE ounng pssMcy 

od4 leads lo prcn!tu e detilery_ 

cook.l,l, (1996) defin€d ion dctioiucy oemi, es ! h€noSlobin l*et b€toq 

.ut{lr for as. and $x ptus o( test lwo olher obrcmat iron srrlos trlqsuMenr' Thc 

mosl @Dmonly ued aE pmblbly taw *nn ferni[ high FlbpoQnyrh ond mre 

@'lly high swnr rensf.Fin eceplor. 

Lo.fi.r,l, (1996) qptoF! rhd chitdE. qirh tDA ufcr froh inFoir.d n.nr,l 

lnd physi@l ddclopmmr. Prcg@r *on.n md youns chitdM wnh DA hove ! 

signilj.qntly dimi.ish.d ability ro oomb.r inrerion, IDA itr,JurG 6n!6 tutisu. &d 

contitrut6 ro low worl .aplciry. 

Cousi ( 196) srar.d rhlr ar is rh. nost ibundar inueltuttr tEc. eldst &d 

irs wide dislribution indiotes rlBr Zn hs very bsic tundioN. Za hs drce major 

dill.ent tuncrion! in bio logy: clt sl'iic, strlclurll o trd Egutqrory, Mosl bi@lEnietrot6 

ofzn Eflecr its involvcnrenl ir 0largc nuNber oaeMynres jnd ho,t rl 50 difllEnrztr 

melrrr@nzym.s hav€ beer iderrifi€J, inctudire RNA ouclcolide polrnerase t u l lt, 

alksline thosphala and wbonic ainydoses. tnrponant $rrcrunt mls of Zn s! rlt Zn 

lin8.. horifin pror.iN bd de in nc6 o.n.yo* (i.e. C(ar sunerc, id. d ismulos.). ti 

addition, Zn lcts a, a stiDularor of hnsadn,B tucroN Bponsibte aor rcgutdling gen€ 

'lumham (1997) cttrilied ttEt qsts onhin tiul. zinc uu rc 

poor. Low plMa l.vcls of zinc G .si.ied wirh inpoimol 

irDh(riry ard phagocyric fu.crion md dec@cd anlibody pmduclion. 

Bhuta (2000) repo&d lhll plsma lewts for crinolbinding porcin .nd zinc 

anronB youne inranh prcserrcd sirh diafth(! in Kalchj. takislan, indicrr€d that Dtssrni

zinc @nenlBrion war lignifi@rty toer o o,S rhoe who *qr @nsidqqt ,,soa i, ot 

'rdJ*J 

Danl ./ ul (2000) nuded rhN( peoote wifi ionieticidcy lndis de hav. 

obilir) ro iLupr o rhe @tJ. l\R R du? ro an impsrmcnr of rhen bod, 

lempenture €Bulation via!D influqc on rhyoiJ tuncrioD. 

Bhct (2001) srdql th.r zi.c defici.ncy is pevalml ih devctopinS counrri€s { 

hs dvee etr*t3 on child t.6hh. Decrclsd or abioont inDqF funcrion in childq 

c.n mur.s a cons.q!.n*of zinc defioieocy. conto cd kiols 6fzim supplcn4ldion 

in llt. prcvc[tion otiilecdous disess huE dcmoNrrortd r.duqiom in th! irci{r.@s 

of pncunDd! dtrd 

'lidrn€o, 

n8leria, dp ho$ @nnon qE of ddth in .bitdM in 

d.rctoping@unua. 

2.2 Diel.ry !ourc.s ot iroo.nd ztnc 

Macphail ?r ol (1972) expbined tho( irotr h widety dbr.ibut d in nd, eggs, 

rcserrblcsa.dcc@ls(oppmi,t-snyldokcal)!!r ,elevetihhilk,drinkinghtr.nd 

in vc8.lobl€s ol high wdler conlenr3 is low Hem im Ep|*nr3 3G?o% ot$. bt l ircn 

in lan h@l ed is llwlys *.1 ,!sod.d. 

Nariool Res(h Councrt 98o) repon.J rhrl bio,wihbitny urZn in JiffeE,r 

r@ds vaiB wid.ly lom 5 ro 500,4. Mc4 saiood (oysteB) lnd river ac sood solrcs of 

bioav.ilable Zn. lr hs ben.stihsted rh:t ?O % otdiels.y zn iD rh. lrs di.t is providat 

cib$tr (1994) aid Shrjmpron (19e3) nored lal zinc delcicrcy mons wen, 

irlanls lnd childEn 'Ey be B widBprcad 8tobatty s ion d.ficirncy 6€!@ rh. dier0ry 

sources ollhe m6st bioavaihble ircn (i.e. .nimal nEts) !re lte rh. mosl impodaN 

sdrcsof bi@vrllobleZn p€.pl.,sdicle. 

S3hdsted (t995) no.d.d rlBt in nEny pons ofdE wortd, host oaltE zinc is 

Fovitlcd by mok. The bioovaitabitily ot zinc con be tow t@m pknt bosd dhr in 

Plnmltu font whol. goin cerlols ud tegumcs owilg to llE high @nt n& ofDhyic 

.cid, a porcn. inhibiror oazinc absorprion. 

BDwn sr al. (2001) r.poned dut orgss trd fl6h or nMm.h, fowl od filh ft 

rhc iclest aood sourEs of zi'rc ond tlEse taods do not @nbin phyht q dr@foE they 

te pon'cular 8ood sourcd ot ab$rhabk zinc. Most cc@ts and tegumes have an

inrermedi0r€ ldcl of zinc b( rhcn hish phyhrs tunretrt reduocs rh€ amouDr ofzin. 

a$ilable aor alboDrion. 

rcrsusn d, ot (193r) sro.ed thar ziN is ona kcxrru or pftetrt rn ! poorry 

absbrble lom in th. didj of th€ p@r amitia. Zn,c h pttgi ir hiBh conEi|mtiq ii 

plad roodsrLf iit'l'Jrdl(rwhrt,nay,nhrbirirs,bsorprion. 

Bown zr ar (t998) .xptain.d $ol zinc is p@.t in highe. oon@nr(ion i! 

min8l producB rlch s tiu ad ed D€r which d onq *Fns,rc ed no. grm ro th. 

Hur€tt (1999i st.tql rhor whotc erc.t emir oE sd sou@ of nnr.r.b and 

vrllmns, uutrhe mittin! reluces de t.vetofnicronotienc conhined. For.@Dte IOO 

B ofwholc $ieot nour suppties 22yo ot notr rcconftend€d di€tary i..!ke bul IOO e ot 

n llcd whir€ flolr suppli.ionty 6% otRDt tor ion, Fod'ficarion otiourw ,30ppm 

imn csrores rhd bock 'ortreqhotcwhe!rtevc., 

2.3 Fortifi..tioD- Neod iod Advrnt.S.s 

Ausun ( 1979) €xplai.ed thdr hill€i ereals 6ltow tor lte @nomiel sd .mcienr 

addnion of .utichc b@rue rey arc gen.ra y €nrrily pb@r*,1 in t4g., on.n 

@nrinuous hilling oFErions Tte t&hnotogy tor fodiryins ceMrs is wll erlblished, 

Mjlls ih Englond, Cunada dr rtrc Unikd Srar* have beo rouriEt, tbnifyirg florr sine 

lhe ddy 1940s, llowever, $n do.s nor nresn that r enrrcry p,oocssqt oonho

hrcharioi0l Nurirional Aremia CoNulhriv. Coup (t990) od Wehq di al 

(1990)cxplaiNdrlElrlthoushpilottonifiqtiont.i,tsindcvE,oprn8@unkresxavcsiven 

Pombirg rctul|!, rbere @ 6 y€r no najor s!a.$ no.ics, wirh rh. pNlibtc .xcep!j$ ol 

chil.. Thie 6utd b. due |o tmk ofpohiet @nDnnoq insumcie fundihs, r@ titlle 

!€clriql suppon fon tocat or mutlinalionat indusrri€s, poo. dinriburioi oelwo&\ or 

llck or nutftior educalion pmgmomes to, de consurq, oll ofshich a..;nsidftd 

n66sary nr a successtut tonification p&gmnhc. 

Meh.nslto rnd MaiE (1999) dqdibcd rnat flou roninorion cnsurcr,n w.n 

Dedl disuibuion of alded ir;n 'nd plovidB. wnabty dneLnr ibn suDpty ro @ch 

i'tivldu.l. Ser.6t colnrri6 in L*in Amqi€, $€ Middl. E*i .nd Nodt Atrica !E 

nnpl.in.ntins nolr ro iiisrion p.osr.m, ror wh.at snd @m nour wnh ion lnd other 

nicronlhi.nr5. chile ha d ircn deucidcy prcvatcn@ of te$ ttB t% wtrich nosl 

obepec afidbu@ !o . strons 0our forlificddon prosnm. Molr req y .ll 6m sd 

whql 0our in V.nezu.l. *s lonifi.d *i$ irun, vir A an

El Cuindiel a/. (1988) E oncd rhd*hd terb,s sutphlre ws lFd oc. torrine,, 

Fe .bsQtion fnnn hdidonat Egyprian nar broad (Brtidi) ave8ged onty 16% oflhar 

obeNed with Eurcpean brc.d,ThisdinbEnce was0 .ib(ql to rhc hiSI sxt@rion nM 

us.d to pEpft Baladi bE{d. 1}e intibiriq c0*i of Bll&li b@d wa ldscl, .tnnind.n 

bt ldding EDTA 10 the nour &toc blking. 

tlhdBon s, ,t. (t99s) slacd lhal svedt 2ihc setrs ,rc ovaitabte for llon 

fonitiqrion mginS in solubiliry lDm v..y elubte Gutfire & chtorirt.), t@1, blubl. 

(rc€1or€) ro rlmosr in$tubte (qllomre tud oxid.)_ 

USDA tlqo8' e^ploined rld zinL oriJe is (h. mcr 6mmmt, us.it zinc $ue 

ror rhc fonifiarion of cerc.l bse! roods totlow.d by znrc sulhte $d ro ! v.ry timil€d 

exrenlzinr glJ@rare./i !lrok irrpi,n.d Io, uk in rt,e 6m $, btcnd 

Prnun (2001) cl&ified $!r evcn at rh. towcr tclels oa20 !o 30 pp ocldded 

zinc! e impacl of nedng didlry Equhcne voutd bc sienjticant $ @$lc d.ily 

inr.kc of l O0 8h of.eE;l enrictred wilh 20 ppD zioc e chtdrcn *oukt rcitc 2el ot 

dEndairyzinc Equi€n.ntl, 

Vir.ri dr ,l, {1995) d.monsrnt€d d ion,EDTA is b.nd !be6.d ed 0or 

s.nsitive |o mry food non inhibiloG ond ir is panicul.rl, intwsrins ir poput iois 

wn@ sbplc r@& N ba4 on eGts dd lcsurDs. B@u$ ion-EDTA i! vctl 

abwb€d .nd not Eacriver ir docs not couse far (..g. ii bead) to becon€ r&cid_ 

Thcretore, n is suit.ble for us ii othq (tor pEviously totiiied) teds. tt i! .lso 

chcnricolly srabl., vlric[ allows for lona norage of rood3, Thcy oncludel rlut zirc 

blood lev.ls lctually tulr aft€r l0 nonrl)r foliowing thc consumption of ion,EOTA 

aedfi .d 3ugar h cuatemak- 

llurElt ti9ce, cpodd rh.r iM in NTFeED|A k chehkd $ith EmA, o 

oftdonly usd f@d dditiw, thisp@nrsfic non fom b.i[g boud ro pbyric.oid_ tn 

the human guq E ion is Elqscd fbn EDTA auowins it to b€ alerb€d. n.E is io 

advollge in stng EDIA in whie nour or ne

Roum (t99) .nabthhql rorrifcarion tlvek ed sarcd Utrt rh. lcv.t ot nq b 

rdd to ccEl toods l|pt. {wheal nour, noia nsl 6trd whn fla) shoutd be Mah.E 

b€t\|6 25 ppm and 80 ppd whft i sioutd b. wirl n rhal @Ee k d.D.rrl.nr on d,e 

*vqiry of n*d tor oddirioMt i,on silhh lhe popLtarion tud lhe @trmprion oflh. 

cful Fatisric.tty .xpered to be tonified, 

HuGll ., al, (t989) concludcd $al tre absorprio B nrghq fon e€l fo& 

lonilled wnh NIF.EDT thsn shd tonjfi.d wifi FcSOr of re@$ funii&r. dd $al 

NaTCEDTA @r be added b cest foorls ro €nhdcc ab$lprion of etuble Fc. 

lon'fi qtrctr (onpornJs skh ns I eSO.. 

Binah dnd Modtultl (2002) Iasted in virro bi@voitalr y ot iDn in food 0ndian 

b@d, clEp3ui) pr€pared wid rlE wtt.al flour ronified .r 60 mg of jorkg. N.EDTA &d 

ascorbic rcid.nhuced lhe in virm biovoitabiliry or n,riw ion ron IndiD b@{t sdit. 

sodiuh leeniehphosplute (SHMP) had io .ifer. AI $E ldditir6 shoqld . rcnd of 

ebhancirS $e in virro bi@v.ilabiliry of lohl ion (Mris ald add€d iM) fom ibn 

lonifial chetarls. The predicred bidvsilahihy of ion in hsn ton tdi.n bdd 

cohhnring s@l6ic acid of NIEDTA b rwi.. d nish dun rhor wnh whar tuur donc 

or lhot wnh sHMt (8%)_ simitarcnh.ncinS efa.crs of$4 two conDolms wE shown 

wjlb iDn-lorlilied whot floor, Th.y enctud.d ,.r wlsr r our fonificd wift eorbic 

auid or NaED tA,.ither wilh orwilhor im4 cu enhan@ ltre pEdr.rcd bioavailubitilv of 

bo$ Mriv€ ad rddqt ien in M. 

H!rell (2002) cxplain.d th. fanoR ro. A su@srul a@d rodifioo.ion prcshmmo 

rh.. ihclode rhe us of$tubt€ jrcn skh 6 f.mus sutftE, th..dditidtr of$corbic acid 

a m ar,solplion .nlmner 6 $c u$ of NIF.EDTA ro o@n. rhc D.gative .fied ol 

phytic scid, Itr @116r, st lh. D6qr tnE, ir t not Dolsiblc to su.n.t@ a rirnils 

suc€llul lorrifiqlion of e6t no!6 or srlt. Thw is @nrid.nbto doubr lhat lhc 

.l.hcn|!l ion Do*ds cuftnrty usd ro fodity @t nouE.E.d.qual.ty ab$rbcd, 

and $.8 i3 a ur8.nr net ro insrig{. rhcir por.nriat fo. impoving ien sl*B. B.|l.. 

absorbcd altemadv. @mtondr for e&at foditicadon inchde en@psul.ted feirous 

sullaE bd NaF.EDTA, which unlike teEous sl||ote do not Drcvok€ hL oxid0liotr of

2.4 Stomge s(!bitiiy -physico_ctrenicat cnstrges tn lbrliried 

prodtrct 

Acltoyd tud Dou8hry (t9?O) ed yo,lav a,t. (tt?t lcponed $o ifoo conent 

orwha.l to @ge lNm 20"tOO ppm. Lorenz ond Locwe(t9?7) sborEd iron conte s in 

shcai ru b..v.E8ing cround l5 ppm on I4o4rnrFrLE ba\i! 

Shudt!trd Ziegld (t973) dudied rtEl [r hoflDat hoisru(. conrenr vdn.i b€rm.n 

|2-16.5%dep.ndil8 on couitry ud clinu!., TIp toiver r. fl@r hoisrur€, the b€ns ils 

slosge qulliry. Th€y f!r$.r repoddt lhat oude tar onrol in Uour i,@e wirh 

d rcosins Jcgree oi(rr!\ridn in fnlins 

Itul,ir €/ al, ( | 97;) epoded Educrion of imn IBm 4 t 

or sro6a. in ycro* @n nour. rr,.y r,nr,* sorca .*t ";rela'ii::::::tr,i,Tll 

plus zincr nEgn*iob stul atcium havc tsn ldded ro flour, com ncat and ric.. i[ 

oddnion ro lhe nonnal lodific0tion wi rhiorniDe, abonovio, oiacin ond ircn. The flour 

d coh n&d lEw bccn tbnified viu powncr p,$rix.s snd ric. by,naN of t:2OO 

@.c.nk.re ot.ic. *cnr.ls ooared wirh dE nurjs s. Thc srobitiry ofrh€ vilmiB @ 

good durins sror4. ot bolb co,'ce r5r.s Md toninej c.rek 6 we| 6 in l,ed buke.l 

wnh oninroiol equipnrenl usils fonited arolr,1he rle DEnjr w Gisr.rt !o tNof 

rotcnts wh.n eahed wirh raler d r@m tempemruE .nd the add.d vjrlmins in $. 

roniltud rice showql good slsbitiry o. @king. 

paul (lo80J ii.@mrM nicrcnlLicnr @ncord ions in whot. wt o, nou, onf in 

nou6 ot difi.qt €rkcrion Er.s giviig Buln ({tus p4 I O0 g) as too, 85, ?2 tud 40 

o/cexr6cr.d nou6conrained zinc ]0,2,4,n.9 md 0,7 ng resr.{rlery, 

Kirt !.d sswycr (l9t) cxpre$cd ttd moisrure.ooreor of wh..r ltou i, 

i"nu.nL.dbt rh( millin! terhn,ques 6 welt as srordge cundirions. 

P.tes er rl, ( t 962) expt0incd ,at rtE knqding Bork sn be Fr lo enlin wtD. 

(h.ight of llE crw) by rcgulalingdeanou of w.tq dd lho @sidq $is qusriry 6 

water obsorl,tion oa dr ,]our. tr ir !t$ pcibt. ihough ro .stuar. rh. qrq .b$Arion 

rith UF sdm. sdverae. on rtE bsisofinv.ri.bt. rcnsit. thBrh ofrhc dough. 

solbB &d Rub.nthllq (19?5) lrudied rlE $eotogic.l bellavioi of whed 0our 

dough. Th.y otElud.d rhd d€ologic.l behrvior pnvidcd the bstu for Mdqsrldins lhe 

h{ndlinS poFdi6ofdough in bs{4r. Moreov.r, ir ftly.wn prcdici (he qloliry otthe

aker, prodtrots, Wokr absoetion is consideftd atr inporra,r .har.dsrslic of wtur 

t Eiz sd Kulp (198t) ctdilisl lll lnytograph conrinuously d@us ft. 

cisLn4 to stitriq of d.rch slurry white lcmper6lure ot rlE suspdsio! is Hisn d ! 

@nslan( Ete. Tn. cbrnges in rhc viscolity ot sreoh slurry .E d€picted on gnphs rtrt d, 

beire happened .s ! r.sull ol a yl& oction dunle rie of |emp.EruE, Visgmph 

cotrsistcncies oflt rclB tte&@ dk to dcgEd.tior ot rh. slarch b, thc mtion or hislr 

Siddique(1989) rcponcd iar rhe peak viscosiry ofwhote whcar flour is litelal 

by whqt vai.ries atrd mhrrc otforlifi.onr. 

Qtr.il.ral, (r990) ed R.hnln dr./. (199?) obeNql dut dolBn d.vctoprcnr 

inc !nl sbbility ol dolgh @sed 6on 4 ro 1,1.5 od 3.5 ro t?,5 ninud tor Britislr 

whar uiclie Bp€tir.ty. 

Bo€hi .,4r. (1996) ddsnin€d wlref lbsorprion nr 0our empld mBing fom 

t3 ro 60% and M posilivelycotrelat€d wirh p6l.inmnr.nr. 

Saldmli dr a/. (1996) invedigat.d i.!o rhc .ll*r5 of ldding lppoximatcly 880 

mg of zinc p.r kg fidr (s zinc 4r!le) on lh. rnobSicrt od bakins poFrti* of 

donCi pept Ed f.on whd noui Tto ldhoB @nclud€d lhal tlr oddcd zinc did not 

.'f*r th.s. chaBclcriiics of $e whear doosh 

cetrkowskicr./. (2000) derermined rhor srorage lloor!p lo looc ded ch.n86 

in dough rlplogi@l pordrcG6" indisting . dough sreig$.dog efi*r Thc sromg. ot 

nour d 40qC Gulred in tidl ireillnsibt. doush rh.r sutd t dimcu! ro poo.$ in 

J.y (1990) det€rnrin.! rhor molld is v..y w el, spsd i, nature ed nuy be 

tound growiq on ce(Dl dnd @ftll produ* qusing spoilage. 

Borh6t €r 41. 0981) dstrib€d IE efl@r ot noisruc ed Emp.6r!E on 

micrcbiologi@l rop€ni€s of wtar 0oui 

llobbs&d 6'to.(1934) E on d $ar srofrh of noutdr Birs bo$ Enpq.ruo 

rnd moinle, .nn $eEby @cl.6B rh. lc.iviry of rhr €trzyms, wnich woutd il ain ar 

alMlclcl lfdndnions oa$oBgc{.E lavoEbG, nrc furgul alrek in stodAe g.nemtly 

@u6 wherc drying has b€er inudequlr. or wheE lary€ rumb{6 of insecls are pr*nr,

lhlreby cdusing ! r.'npeBrur. ri$ i, tho groins o. *hcre thc srorcd orop is.&osed b 

Iigh trunidily or rcruat wenins, i.he r&brs Gponsiht. tor noun srofih .a E tdel of 

oxy8.n 'n ft. p&tas. (hout& nen oxys.i ro sbw), t e 4ioutri dt jniilr nould spft 

otrhm{.jon, rh. tcveta rypc ofprc*octiv.s used, tlE mohtue tevetofdE Droducr, 

the telet of sutr otrd o$er houtd inhibnors in rhc fiour irair. 

2.5. AcceDlrbitily_Eftecr otr icnro.y chrrr.terisric of 

ror||r|ed product 

llanda" dr a/, I te8o, lu.rnpre! ro d€tcjopa j&drrJ helnal tor r.e b!.i.3 of 

clEpoti, a stapl. a@d in rh. tndian subcondEnr. srudie reG n.dc on rh. 

sr&dlrdiaiion of ondirids to. p€p,riis ctEpari dough. Vsiabts oBid@d q* 

' cotrsisrency and roling choructerhricsj rhtckoes of (r dough sher, linE ond 

r.npefature of 6.king, ond pu{jn8 conditioft ofde chapatu, Oey derqnin d w!&, 

dturEmqls tor pEp.rjns ch!r,.ui doush of den d @Nistcrcy wirh a as.qrch MlF 

.bs.priotr hdd 0r.ni Simq), r.tE vatu6 amp6Ed wc with rhos E@rdqj on a 

BraberJer fa.inogmph unde, nd,t-,cd cunJnroi:. A "ban mi*ff ror pRpainB !h: 

dou8h, o$(htt, d6iBned ntsrtorn tor to ing rhe doush she.r to, onito,m rhicknes\. 

ciDullr dic lor cuuine riE sher, m .t*lric hor pt.te tor bakinS lnd a Cs r&dor ovh 

for |'ulfine |he blkerl chapslli we usd ir $e melhod delcroDed tor rest bding of 

chopmti.'Th. Gst batihs method B a!/icd sucesfu y to .v.lur€ ch.pdti-,tr.tihs 

qualil, ol3ix conm.rcial whqr vaicries. T[c aulls ltso show.d rha! in arldirion !o $e 

$bj.ctive eEtuniotr ofl.rtlE, th@ objadr. p!m.r€6 ,.., heiehr ofpulfql clBpari, 

tli.billy as ndeu..d by a newty dsigned d.vic. dnd dro v{juc qn &d..3 sinpl. 

irdiFs uf chap!ni quatiry. 

Saye6., a/. (t914) eiptrinot rhu on" "f rr,. _,Jo. p'ou.., j",-. fodn-rion 

h!! ben 0r. d.vrtopm.Dr ofunrcc.ptlbtecotor ch.nges in fonri.d foods, 

., Dislqsrat, (1925) eporred lhol FeED.tA is a p.le rllow walq-elubtc powdd 

wi|n . fiieh lbitiit @mler md rlEc should rI$ nor b. m.jo. poblds nr fbdi.g . 

suir.rbl€ di.:r!ry insrcni..r ro sc 6 a lchictc aor ro.lincdon. No inporie,r cotor 

chins.s have b.cn rcponed in ttrs vchiclsso f0r leshd. lowovcr, addDs F!(II)€DTA, 

fonili.n slgar ro Ga poduc.! th. she clr@rc.isric bt.clctr distodion Epoi.d 

wirh ton stc. ftcy tuft$ inv6li8akd th.l nany iron connounos e @rou.€d ind

to tbnity tigh!@lotrred tuds ln lddirion, rhe moc sotuble ibtr 

co'npouDds onen reicr wid subslonB foods, c.usins dituusuon. 

RdhorE d ar (r9??) aponed ro odv6e crc.t on h.ad qusltty.ier sddition 

of2.2 nE Zn /l00s,tBl nour s @tale srcEk, a6onate, chtoridc, oxidc, sulfad or 

Davidsson (t985) €xpknEd $ tood tonificorioi witl Zn hs nor b.n repod.d 

ro tovok ln@prablc orgtuotepric clEngcs in ttE produqs, prob.bty oeiiS ro th. 

relativelt lo* ldel of tonitic.rioh &d r]t timit d numb.r o, food it ns cumrl, 

fodified wirh Zn, Th!s, trtrless orgtuotepric p.obtehs arc obseryed ir sp4ific prcducb, 

rhc primary choi4 ofzn tonifianr shoutd bc ! $l!bt€ zn @npou.d c,g. ro ato, 

uuftll er al (1989) nmled tar o'I nalou. q als Bull fM rhc o.clic 

kstc of rhc soluble i$n iketl p,,liculdrly i. beverasd. Howcv.r, d& alarrric etriEr of 

nonon l.toxid ion in @Nl duringstonse is lhe hajor pDbtenr. As in csoofprcducr 

disolorgrion, wlrer$lubtc compounds such q fems suttar. pmno€ hroridation and 

re'ruce producr slElf iife. 

clyderdalc ( 199 | ) shred rh.r organolq,lic pobteD! &t,ted lo ztn! fonific.rion of 

food havc nor h..n epo.l.! .d do nol *m ro b. . majd @ncn,. 

OMNI (1996) rcoon.d rhot.he ion llodeN the sh.trJjre ot cei,in perluB. 

Addirion ofnin.mk ro ro.ds thcr @nuin ror sueh s hilk, n.rg!.tne.hd wh... llll 

com nou6 6 d$ .!use ofi novor du. ro tipid oridarion. rrotr F a pro{xjddr lnd h 

in\olvei ir major flavur chongs in tonir,ed roodj, .sruEfly rt,oe rtdr n4uic tonsq 

sh.lr-lile includin8 Rh.!t lnd €orn flour, hon nryokoordl,zerheoxidrtionotvjl.n ns 

lrenJhn.r c/.I)OOO) demo"uor6t rh.r sbry redrg w4m i.pon ,r *a i" 

del.nnini.g wh.rlF. r nov.t irotr tonifianl 0.taF6 DDA]) couto b. used ro rodify a 

.h!i& di.t.lLr t@iIB rhcr $e novct ioD fonit@ we b.nor absorboj iom a nda 

pooldae the fetuus eutf'tc. 

Lopez e! ,r (2002) €xani&d tlE $n$ry q@tnid or ocprlbilft, of ecat 

pmducrs fonirrcd wnh iren or zinc foni|cams, thcr nokd rtEr lhe le!€t offoflificsdon 

off.or.d dE oqprrbitity oanoodt* m.dc aon whql fidr rorljlt.d wirh ion snd zinc. 

Noodl€s with s hieh l;v€t oifonifioatioo (100 mg/kg flourl wcf! jn gercrat liked tesr

tlrn dDs vith a tows hEt of for fiqrion (60 mglkg flou), Aoo.g 

wjrh high levctsofzinc, zinc oridereociv€d sisniticdrty lowq tEdonic 

$tf.c. Ar tokr t.rch oa aoniiqiion, howe!.r, rhe onry dirreEne 

roodt.s fonifi.d sft.inc orjd. gor tokr sB ao. rsruE 

t.6 Efficocy srudies 

2.6,1 Phyti. r.td as sn tlhibiro. in !t !o.p or 

ro@ .r,a (t99t) eponed rhar,hyrak consrillt* l-2% of *eishr of mMy 

spi q (1993) cav. 

Epod'ng rhlr wrDle wh r 

wheeos €nriched while l ou. 

tio con@nrEriotr of pbylak lnd ioi h diflereht flos 

lo!. coftinell ws 8OOng phybre ud 24nrg irun /l0ogi 

I / u- /)% .xhcrion Erc) @nroincJ onty 280n8 phrr,de ud 

.^-. F€hles d al (2001) ddemio.

tlar bEd Mde pnh titlt. or no f.menlolion, Addnion of itun .nd zinc ro !(s woutJ 

hove lini|cd b€ncfir b.qNe or itE nrinmr b€ins rien up by phyric ,cid.m*nrs il 

umvdlable lor rbsolpriotr 

2,6.2 PIih! Btoch€bri.try 

Prchorit€h sr at (1985) d.tun!t6r.4 .ffer oazn m rolal bcly chotelsol. 

'tw.nty lhrce male vottrnt*B were given s0 ns zinclday (6 stu6tur.) ror 6 @ks. 

Subj*'s qcE lsled loavoid toods higt ih copp*, phylrte ed fiber during the study. A 

sraristicslly rcn-sjgnificatrr in.@. (ortmriharcty t6olq) in lrDL choissrcot ond r 

d.t)l!e in 106l chot*t ol wirh .3ignitiqr del4. dionotic blood pressqF w.rc 

'n 

Bhc!.r rl. (1988) examined g@ups oi9-lt nute votunr.eF (t9-29,q6) who 

werc given supplumenrs of0 (pl!cebo), 50 or 75 ng nidduy (s gru6n0c, coNm.d 

lncr br€akf6r wi$ wol.o aor 12 weeks. llDL choles€rol ws delw.n by 

apprcrnnrtcly 14%a1wek! 6 aod 12 of lMldenr in llr bigher dosc grcup sd !r wcek 

12 io rhe lokr dos grout. Howevo, al wks 8 {nd l0,levels otHDL chotescrot in 

bolh l@ted Boups wrc hiShe rhan he conrruls. Ssum zinc levels incrca$d in |he high 

Mehra.r,r (1e39) foutr! rha 06l l,las! cholsmt (mg/dt) 3ignifiqnty 

ddEed f6n 70,3 ro 14,01 s the di€ilry C! lev.ts in!€j.d fsh 2.t to 5 pph or l2 

pI Zn conedrctions in molc weqtrtins drs, A similar tend was obsewdl i! tlE btood 

p.riph.rel t srosr.on. oonccnrlrion !r l2 pF. Zh ald 2.5 ppnrC!. 

lllnan"r,/.(199j)notic.dchot6rctutconcc..rionslobcsiBniti@trttylow€rir 

6l! fed . choleqcoLfre di€t onrainins whirc ehcd nour rtjh lh* fc! $e di.t wirh 

whole wlqt or whql br&, ConenrarioN of lorit bile !cid, md n.utrrt srcdh h cut 

discsta werc aigoificonrly highd h rsls teJ whqt 0our ih.n in lhoe fe

Be{.d.r ai. (1990) €poned iron d.ffci.ncr ro iEpoi. rlE body's.biliry ro mke 

iG own lhyroid ho.hotres wtrich 6uld inoN6c thc nad ior rlyoid sediqtion. tr a 

prelimnrory tridl, iron sdpplenEnration sivetr ro ioFtcndql women vith tov btood 

lcvelsof rhyroid honones, pa i.tly nomtiz.d rhesc tevct!. 

Bqd.r,l. (1997) Eponql iotr supptencmarion (2? ng per d!y) in a co r.lted 

srudy ro help m.inrsin nomal rhyrcid homone lerels ir obese pltents despite a lcry 

Beard r, ar. ( 1998) expbincd an dsoci.rion of ton dcncicn.y demi! wilh t(Mr 

pl6nE rhtoid homonc conenu.lions in tudenB. ftcy dctcmined pldna 

tiio&$yonin (Tl) aid ftyroxin (t4) kincriG s ar@red by iDn dcncicmr. Srudies 

rcc done !r . ncsrhmotrdrol r€npeEtue (lcrc) ond a c@l onvndnnEnr.l 

r|op.dlurc (l5cg $ ddenninc pl6ma13 atrd T4 kinclios is a function ofdiehry ircn 

idukc a.d envircnmenbl n.f,d fo. rhc homones, Wedlin8 nlle Spra8ue-Dlwl.y r.r5 

rcE lcd eitlFr a low le diel lion-dcfi.icnt gmup (lD),

end 1,8 hcAg di.r, t/t0 ot conrol) in srowins mlt€.nd Imato,ors for tO w..ke This 

rllo*ld lor evotMtion ot dc cf€c.s ri.sc Zn tev.ts o.y bavc on body w€ishl g.i[, 

sp.cilic oryan w.ights, bted porcnetcN, dnd stuh concentrstiotr! ofzn, Cu dnd Fe. 

RaG led Zn{cficicil dicrs griNd l* weighr rar the@nrml CouP' Th.E ws incig. 

h riv.r dd splen eights, Dd ! .rcclle i,r rsFs w,ghr. rrow.v6, bmia kidmy, 

hon, md lung wighc lr@ nor !f,d.d . I tcnErotosiet p.i4crcE th.r wE d.cErqt 

by zn d€ticiqcy itrdud.d h.noslobin otb), rolal .ryhmr& counr (r.Ec,) md petql 

cou eolune (PCD wnh rhe o.s.ilrd. beinS doFdep.Menl. scru codcentnrion, ol 

torar !rotei!, globutjn, gtucose, lnd higt deNiry lipoprot ii (lDL) llso d{rcos€d in a 

do*-d.petrdenr hanner. Zn deficiency incr@d con@nlhtiotrs ofetum otbunin, !or!t 

lipids, chotersol, lrircytdy@@ts an to* do$ity lipoldcD (LDL) in . dM- 

d.p{ndenr n&nc.. ald.ficicnt 6ts h&t towr erum @r@trdtions ot Zn! d Md Fe_ 

Th.!e Ecul6 sholed U,ar Zn Jrfic,en(y hs n.glrivc etTeB otr lrowrh mre. {4ific 

orSrD werehrs, hcm0rotoSicot pahmeleN, ond serun levets otzd, cu end Is, esFcia t 

ii rlts fed lie lowest zn tevot. 

Barda .t ot. (2002, n*edgarcd u!. .Oare of oEl zinc ed nsgEiun 

supplemencarion otr swnr rh)rcid homonr ad Lpi{t tercts in . or.n.irdu€d diab.lic 

[|s. I w6 aoMd $at s.tun gtucose, rot.t chotesrerot, ed tri&rtgtyc.rot @ncentrarions 

wcre higher ond senn l.t and T4 conc€nt rations were towe. r dicbcljcr s th&.tDs i,r 

rlE conrol srcup. Znr supplenent riotr did nor chm8e aoy panmercr In rtiabetic dts_ 

llokv€r, magncsiuh suppl.ment rion d.c@cd dD eleve@ lolrr .holeskrol &llt 

lriacylgly@t @ncc Elions of the diabctic 6ts lo lhe @nlrot tewl. 

Balraci.r,l (2004) condrccd srudicsro invsriede har 0ow ,r.oid auncdq in 

rdK is srec.ed by odminishrion of3mg pcr Ig p.r day of zinc tudor melabnin. Th. 

rtudy ws condo.rcd littr 40 sposu;.Dcwlcy .dult m.te nrs equauy divldei anto four 

3oup5: I (6nl.ol5)i 2 (zinc-only), j (nr.t0lotrin-onl,) .nd 4 (.ine md mctabninlunplch.nied). 

rnc &ldehqration ws @nlirucd to. 4 wekr lncr wlrich the simti 

kE ecrilied dd ptsm. smpts qft oblainal tor d.Emimrion of zim. h€tdMin, 

fG.-.nd robt riioito vroninc (T3), rhyoxin (r4) tud lhrroid{rihutarins homon. 

(TSH) lev€ls. Th. fE. T3,.|{ lnd TSU t.v.l! w.E tow.r in njc n.tr(o n sroup rhan in 

rrr o(her srcups, whirc fe.- and tolot T3 lcveh $erc ligher iD lhe zinc gmu!. They

delled th.l nelaronin has a lt'ybid tutrction suppressins rclion,ju,| dE opposit. !o th. 

&lions ofzinc. When zinc k adNn $er€d along with nel|tonin. il3 rhyroid funclion 

suplJGsion is dnnirrirhcd 

2.5.3 Iror rnd zirc corceorr.riotr ltr dita.r.nr Drs,tr,. 

Ka.s dral. (1977)conducEd m cxpedncnr wirhnrsro deicnhire rlE efie6 on 

rhe ris!. concentrorions ofznt tre, cu, ond Mg or |cedins vffious.nbu sotiiic. tl'e 

r uts werc lan-lixl otre ot rlB fotlowhgdie6 tor tbur w.etjr.Diel A, a zi.cncficient di.t; 

! di.r conkining the r@onhdcd amoutrl ofzinc rLtiel A ttu! 55 mirro8.,n ofnnL per 

8@ ol diet), or dier A plus t50 microssN zinc per c6m ofdier. coNcnrblioB of 

rris elcmcnls ir v.rious tissres wee ddtsmnrd by oromic rbsorprion lpectmmky 

0n.( w.l dig*rion. llc€diDg the 6ts zinc-supptemared di.b Esuhed in intraqt zitu in 

blood, h@1, tidn y, drl livq, !d ! mar(el dec@ of ion in kidncy rnd ritcr 

ConqtBrions ol tlE orh.rrm clcm.nrswc u.chrnecd in alltissu6. 

FaiMolh€Fldit nnd Wrishr (1984) ne$ued non .erenliun trd iG subs€qcnr 

dislribulion fron 3 s 59I€ eftinsiqllyJrbeted whole wlHt flour in rars givcn ! bq (8 

Nicogr.hs [./s)- or hish (566 ugfe/g-Fe diet duriog t]E Fcvious 3 d. Th@ wss no 

dilT@ne in disribution of.be.b.d 59F. in rhe tGru€r .rmin.d lor Fr erdin.d in Ea 

sircn th€ lo*, D.dium, orhi!h-!i di.rs lor I d. 

Laetr lnd Sandn0n (1992) ovsluarcd (isue ood or8or d€position od btood 

l).mneleN !s indices of Nne6l trd tr&e .leme rbsrpLioh in rar5, Thc .berprion of 

el.n.nrs w6 qutrtili.d in r.Lrion !o nitro8.n rcranion, b, c@adcri.g rN *eighr g3in 

and rcP tistlc ayndresis, A dpcs..d msl diet M! $pplied wnh tu€. lelcls ofcalciunr, 

t*o hveh olzinc,.nd two lcvclsofqtpcrnr a leloridldosiSn. In e.neral, m inc@* 

in di.tar) nin.El content irtc€asd lhc reloLivc aberprion, wnid i[ tun, nEftse! rhc 

lissue depositioo pbgressively. Srriakd nr$lc, howwer, diJ nor cpond lo cirher atr 

hcrcsql culciun or zirc $pply. flrdrBnoF, inqged caloium abso{,iior c.lscd a 

dcpBsionofth. f ctionll phosphorus otrd masn$ium €trrcnt of f.mft bob$. fhe ion 

conle* ofrissuc wss, in Bencnl, i|!e6ely poponioodl Lo zinc dberption dd sho*ed 0 

l€ndency ro be dn.cll' propo i6tr,lro coppclbsorprion. lh.2nr. bvelnr dsn'es vas, i[ 

! similtr wy, invcc.ly corelared lo m.ssurcd colcium absorption. Ir conclusion, 

26

intemclions borw*tr etemenls do nor only orGcr rhe imdrinal .thcnr .bsArion but 

llso.he dhoibution ol dMdt lbsot€d .ldenF inrissu.sand oreons. 

1.6.4 Mitrarrl,{bsorDrion 

Rlnhoth ., at. (t9??) @mp{Ed svedt {tilIsan Zn sorces ( 

Etonat , cliodd., oxide, nrfare and ctctuenlot Zn) otr ar bioavaitabjtiry nB dd 

repo.le{ only nrimr difercn.es berwetr fte Zn ompouods, dc.pt for a signili@ty 

row.r absorprion oacarbonsre 

EnglislFwesrcott s/ al (1991) found m dilf@c in zn ab$rption belw€n Zn, 

English-Wesrcou./ o/, (t99D tound no differncc in absoq,tion of zinc oxide Nd 

Ptuld ., ,/, ( t 99t) d.mondrated zn-oxide ro b. sistrifisn y t€s rell absrb€d 

dH zn-solfotc od Zn,@l.r., No di,Te.€nce in Zn al,sorptioh wrs ohsfred b.r*q 

David$on e,,l (1994) cotrsidccd thar non foditmr NrFeEDl A euld hlw a 

porent'll negarive cfleor on rlE net botis oaorher niftds. They toud no negaire 

ovqll efTecl ofN.neEDTA @smprion d {E ncr.bothn oannc sd csloiun dreu8h 

4Frin.nrilion, In @nrE{ th€ cut|l su8g*r.i {ut NIF.EDTA added lo tow, 

bio .il.bitny di6 mirht i.cEe zinr ab$rption as qeD d povide iron vi$ hjStr 

For cl a/, (t99a) m.suEd absoAlion fbh whear inkinsiqlty ed.xrrjNicdly 

hbrl.d wih oTZn rnd cruinri,a , hb.tsd *fi oizj in r.c.lh.€ mrc risnitiql 

difercnco h.lw..n rh..xrimically ed lnri$iqlly lah.lal 6?zj (p < o.ool), bul nor 

b.rwn the;IriNicdltr,tabet.rt 65Zn end inrinsicaly-l.bctcd 6?Zn. 

aousle e/ a/. (t999) sbdied fie infldice or ion (Fc) on rtrc bioavritabitity,nd 

rlndional stal6 ol 2irc (Zo) youns nls 6ins ne(lbotic bitdco trd Lisuo dossd, 

which w.F odFnd ro Bmwrh. Diar supptied ed.qu.r. tr6k6 of F. (45 ond 3OO 

ms/k dic) ed zn (t4 and 45 Drs^g) ror 2 ,nondN, Two hel.bolio b,runo 

dd.nnin.rions wcE ncrrod.d rhat w.c coirelaled ro. Ztr Md F. du-ing rlE fid ed $c 

lasr yeks ot llrc srudy, A si8nifioatrt .&cr of Fe suppty, but not otzn suppl, vts 

displ'yed o. Fe dbsorptionj both Fe and Zn dior mnc€nrdlions had a significmt

iinuence on zn obsoerion. tre.od Zn orsen @ntenrs Mrc sisrifi€odv 6ft;t .r wirh 

thc mounl ab$rM du.i.g tlF two mdt,both bstanc6.]lcrc was a pos rle @rcration 

bcrwen liver and husctc Fc a|ld F. rb$rprion, anit r. a6srprion lnd m$te Zn G ell 

es a n.gr.ive onc wilh tivlr zn; c posirive cotr.htion !6 disployed herw.tu zn 

'tEorprio, sd Zn orgon @nrqr. No @fttdto ys found Bbven Zn obsqpti@ a&l 

[. tissu. @ntent. 6ro*th ws cofttatcd wilh Zj but n6l wnb F. ubsorolio durins both 

ero@' A posirivc corEt.don wis tound b.twan gro*,lt md Zn live 6nrsr, dd . 

n.galrve one with Fc liv$conr.nt. 

' LcvmLv.my .r ai. {t999) studiol rlrc alsrption otmin.hts froh diets bls.it 

otr $hul. rhear nour.nd whiE wha noq in WiJ.r Et! fe! on the di.lj il, I wrr 

aid rbsoryrion ind lisNe rete ion otrhinersls w€rc sludied, Tb. rsB fed on lhe whot. 

whot flour dier h.d siBnincanrty s@ler tood int k€, w.ighr ganr, a!6al excEliotr dd 

intestnal iimenrdtion ltun lll6c ted on thc wnib noft diet. Mioeral in!t6, lxeDr for 

c., wr. 3iSoifiMrly 8@lq in Fls fed M 0F whote whcd nour di.t (4-told for Mg, 2_ 

fold lor F. and Zn)_ A sisniti@r ri* in rlE ,ppenr lbaorprion of t {%) ed a 

s'snificaN decr.ae 'n rtF appar.nr absopriotr !f/n (oi, $ere o;cr1.!. thramou6 uf 

ninqlls.bsorb.{ (me/d) reG aisninqndy .nhaM! (.xapr.d for Ca) wilh the *hotc- 

whqt nour diet. Morcov*, pl6nE and ribio t.v.h ofMs dr tjtusma, lh.tr{t libis 

lcv.ls ot F. w. signilcmit, hc@cd ir, ,aE aad on dr wlNte shql nor dier 

comprrcd with rhole f€d on lhq whiE nour dict. The,onctuden rhEr *hotc whsr ,toui 

rich in plylir acid 0nd r i

denically lowr in mrs led rlE wnie lou dier rhe in tlD* r.d whol. *her nour or 

contrcl dieti, Th.3htus oith6. both elde$ wlssigniticMrly ioproved l,y lh€ Din.rar 

3upplm.nlltion of whn. flour. Therc {6 no nrajo, siS.ifico dircenes b.r{cen 

ni.eralslpplenEnlen whne Uouand who,o nour srlups in mr.edtsbros. 

!,6.5 rnr.r.rtior uf lm.. €le.u.nrr 

Abdcl-Mas.ed dd O.hm. (l9l) 6.ducred €xp.rihcnl on lh,ee gtuups of rats 

(14 Ers mh) aid f.d dicri tor I rtsr . @ rct purificd bassl dist conlaioirg t2 ppm 

zinc,5 tpn colrP€., and 35 pprr i6oi l])c betdier winr ls th& 2 ppn zinq s$c 

bel di.r sLrpplenren&d wirh t000 ppo zinc. Rab td dF zinon.ftcihr di€t had 

'lecMsed wcieh sdn. The zinc-suppt.molcd drs had a cyctic.l pa(efl of tmd inllle 

dd *€ight lN3 trom wekr 5 to 8. Tissuc concenlrdlions sulg6t lhar 2inc and 6pp.r 

wcft not nutually onrlsonisric wilt chronic di.@y nnb{ts6. 

Duu!tr .nd Aydoaatr (199s) s.udiqt ro cl.rify $e innue.c of irctr otr zirrc 

srarus. The conlrol eotrpoa.ars w6 ted basatdicr wilh cqu.E tev.ts ofziro md totr, 

whcE6 lh. crperih€nbl eNup wA lql dhrs conmi ing dilleFnr teveb of io! sd 

libitum for 15 d. Low levdls of iro! (Lrc) sisnifiBrty in$6.d rh€ zinc .beDrion 

pel@i.s. bu{ lherc v; o d*lts i. hiErr (HF.) rnil vdy hish imn (vHF.) rd.l 

gouDs Cr < o.ool). Th. Ercnrion pcrccml8e chans* *cc round ro bc psd lo nE 

cltrAcs in rh. lber?liotr p.rc..toge ourv€. SignifisDt clErg.e were fuund in lhe 

duodcnuin md liv.r, 2tr.65 (Dq s w.r ti$uc) si&nifiqnd, i@ed in lnc brain 4d livs 

in drc LF. grout, b!1rh.re wos a lccrcs h rlE duo

erowlh 0t a RG rar could be expecred from rhq Fp. sed por.rn quqrny. ltowd.r. 

wh€n calciun wa ioctod€d in rhe di.! dE intrinsj. di.Lry te$t of?iN opp.o,rd to bc 

limiring, dBpnc rhc t ct |nd rh€ tnc l.v.t w Nie .hc lMndd.c tcvct. 

sandsrom (200t) obs.*€d n Sariv. eIIGcrr ofim. suppl@dririon on nii* of 

zinc and cott rsrarus a otznE supptemcnlorion on ibn md @pper sr!l!s. In conl@I, 

rhe negqrive cff{r ofcatcium on ircn sbhelioh ns Dol b*n @nfinne{i h long-tem 

supprenrentarion {trdies, He added lhal rlE.fl&r ofDerslalusofagie.n nicronurri.ir 

on $sorption tud lilizrion oforh* hioronuiriens shourd ole be coNidcrcd whit. 

developing srar.Sics to inpove mi@nur.icnt surus in a popurarDn_ a9en* of rhs 

id€@lions, @obirEd witha botancet.vdullion oftne,li€ra.y rnbk oflhcpoputdion 

qirh easd ro srptioh pmootinS md iftiblrinS $bsknq ed tu rist tor hlttipt. 

defrciencios, could l.ad to hoE ef|@tiv. jroEsi., to iDpove hrwnulrlcD. lulus. 

Urhos ond Z8tavsty (200t) appti.d lirsa. stalistrat mod€ls lo slrdy rhe 

inre.action bcrw.cn ziro and ircn. Thc, usrd tdditionll s reu 6! nonrin.o lppbach 

in drlyzing crFrim.nGt 6utts r.rcm soups of IArs tsd a Mde Ena. ordi.rev zitrc 

ud 'dn. M . @nting SpdsueDawtry mr5 w* usat in a 5 . 4 f{cbris , etused 

dFrimnl Di.bry wjrbt6 w€ ibn (s fdic cnok) d 4, t2, 24, 48, or 96 uB Fdg 

di€r sd zinc {$ zinc qrhomre) sl 5, tO, 20, o.40 !s zrvs di.r, Attq ? wk 

nematoloaicat pffamdos yerc m4urcd an! ptlsnr. cerutodchi,r and clEtqlcoltre.c 

del.nnincd. tn .ddirion ro inr€turive c1r@l9 rs showo by e.tysk of vhi;c., rne 

rrplicdrion ottognjr.ur amtysh to {& €xperim.rsl d.Ia revqt€d, rsr hb.d.r Drac of 

inr.,aLrions b.tw..n dida.y ircn dd zinc lh.,onctuded rh,r lhe inrddion ber;n 

Ko .nd zinc i5 nufiriono y irnpotunr ,nd rtn. dj.ra.y iDn .Il€cr.d rlE E@@ ot 

mmy bt@d pdirm.ieE ro dicrd zinc

J.l Procurenetrr of rhole wtr..t no!. & fortilicstrts 

Gtttttl-||l 

lliltnti 

It! 

TTIXTDS 

wlpr hriely rquhb 9l qs usd tor tu pmduc on oa wbotc wlsr flour 

(l00o/q Exumtim) lor lhis $udy. The wh@t Eiely Ms purchsrtd frc posr.cEdure 

ASricuhuRl Regch Srlrion. Uniw6iry of Asriculrurer Faistabd, Folr tonifionls 

i.e, elemenlnl kon, N.FeEDTA , nnc oxid€ snd zinc {||.r. sft $e! 6 $u@ of i,otr 

on'l zioc. 'lhe hon lodiliqnrs @e obtain€d lom Micronuki.nr lnidllive (Ml), 

lslamabad *hcres u ilc ldrlifi.onts *er. Beiled fron, lrodir4h lrc., Nes york, USA_ 

3.2 Level of fortificrtion 

-l he lcv€l lnd combinltion of tonificrnrs uscn in rlb stdy ore srven E@w 

Tl N.FeEDTA 

zrSO4 2Q 

t,5 

60 

20 

t_5 

T. 

30 

l_5 

runifio wcE ued kePiiri in ti.w lhe @nhrElio ot lhe 

rhc @rnpound, r@m.nded 

{hily rllowE (RDA), Elalivc

ioavailobiiiry and histoty ol:usc. fo'dfynrs flour pmducr ro o tcvel ot 20-30 ppm 

conrjbures abour.43% ofl{DA tbr ien ( Mehansho and Me@ 199). 

3.3 Prodrclion of rortilied whote wlerl flour 

wh.rt w6 hilled thbu8h a chifr chlkki equipp.d *ith uico teeder/ dosnnder. 

It w6 .nsuftd drr dcsircd addirion or rtE aonifiqot is unifoml, disuibutat h rtF whol. 

wheat flour as verious fortifisls poss difercn! prnicl. siz otut densiry. T[e 3!ecd 

3nd feed 6le of the chin! chakki ws odjusl€d and rhc fonitiqtioo pG.s w6 €ni€d 

oul succesfuuy, fic lbrrilied whol. wh6r flou spt6 wc pack d, s|olej md |6lcd 

3.4 Psckrging ind storage of fortified whote wIert ftour 

'lhe skbilityol zinc ond non toftifioMls in whote wheat nour ws d.temined 

during sro6g. und€r contbtted @ndilion of redpeBrure (23-25 0c)od. Elolirc 

lumidny (4t -55%).nd d ambidrr lemperaturc r.prcsating lhe hofte$ se$n i.., 

durins llE monrhs otjuo. od Juty 05-42 !C).tlE remD.Erxr and etrtive hunidiry 

eG rcordd d.ilr (nomin8 &.va.ing) bolh in @nr! cd and ambicir sloB8! 

bndirioB(Appcndix-l).TmtypqorFckogi$mardi.bwGued ir. potypDpyten 

wov.n bsgs and dn boxq. fh. iodi,i..t flouB wE sr,oEd for . ndiod of 60 d.rs undq 

3,5 Analyricrt Testi 

rher.nplaotlonilied rhol.-qhc,l fo ! $er. eatyzen,[.r 0, r5, ]0,4t od 

60 diys for thc lollownre ch.h.rerisrics. 

3,5,l. CI.mical composltion 

l.5,l.r Molrtqr. q.rcirt 

rh. moituF @nr.htin lhelhpt.s *!sdckmin.d b, rdtingo j S smpb a;J 

drying e air loft.d d6ll ovcn (Mo

1.5.1.2 Atl' 

E.ch flour sanlPte wos t6red tor ish conl. by hltow g ur€ prccqruE outrff! 

in AACC (200n). The whok wh.d flour sampl.s l@ tak€n h ,rc_ wergh.d cruuibLs 

and clrnql on uus.n burner bctoR i.cin.mrins in rh. nlme fum@ (NEy M-j25) 

where a tenrperatur. of 550 oC wG mai t in.d ri rhe smpl. convslqt lo e6ykh *hire 

3.5.1.3 Crude lrotein 

nou, !or,ph( \a! dLk,nnFd bJ rl.ltdt,ti rdhoJ a 

de$rib.

An.. cooling i[ ttE ice worer lor 15 rirures, ir ws b@ueht lo mn lmp..!tue, 

trmsfe/.d I ml of the supmlb in onorlEr rd rub. and I 5 d or 2-2 bipyridinc 

$lution add€d. Ab$6ac. ps m@uEd trr 519 nm agaiNr disli sd wd.r (CEC|L- 

7200) otrd phylic acid conrehr w.s cstcul.tcd &codio8ty rhbush phyric &id 3rldrd 

3.5.1.6 Mi!er.t corrent tr flour etrd.h.p.trl! 

'rhe mincnl @nrhls i.e. iron. zinc, ob!t, @tps @ nMee* n whot. $,hdr 

nour sanpls sd ch.pallj smpt€r w.E Brimard by uinS a Aro6i. Ab$rlrion 

spdtFDholoncrcr (P.rkin Eh.eFl0o) !s pcf nerhod outrined in AoAC (t9ro). ,n8 

sdB we {.r dag.stcd &6rJirg to rlE melhod qblt€d !y Richmd (t969). O.5 g 

'sple of lhe 0our ws digcsr€d in l0O nl@niql il6k{dding tO ml HNO, ,r. 

lempcrarur. of 60,70 0c tor 20 ninur.s dod th.tr dis6rql with s mt HclO. rl o 

r.mp.nlur. or ri0-70 0C ror 20 nrinules ond subs;quenrty ren0.Flur. Bs roiscd ro I 95 

0c till E splc ws tEnst€e .nd rcduc.d b l-2 mt, Thc dig€sied slmptd l@ 

diluhd tu . rolumerric nsk wirh d.ioniz.d w.ler, The wpl6 wF th.n lo.d€.t ro 

Abnjc Abrorptlon spFropholonder oDd con .nrorion of.lenjars ws.sLihrkd. Tld 

dlficne in imn Dd ui.c @nk in b.rGn ilifi.qr fonified iou6 and ch,patrk w!; 

.l$ .sriftaGn a behing losr sr 0 lnd 60 drys ofsrodse 

3,5.2. Physical dough properries 

!,5.2.r. Frrlrogropliciiudieg 

Th. phys icol dou Ch prope i.e, wslembsorpr io., dough dwc topn.ni d 6e afll 

'1ies 

douah sbbili.yol aEsh lnd so,€d fonjfi.n whotc whear flous Grc d.rermine,t ur 0,30 

.nd 60 dols of doBg. by fl'n.ina $c nour !npt6 ftrolch BBb.nder f&inosnplr 

.qnipped with 50 g bowt opsciry. physical dough prcp.nt* suoh & wat.r ebsolion, 

dou8h dev.lopn.nt lifre atul dough skbitiry eE inl.rprtod tron flrinog€hs hy 

following 6. hclhod ofAACC (2000). 

3.5.2.2. Amylogrrplic str.ti.s 

l,eok viscosily ofwboh wheal llour ws 6rimaG{t sing Urahdder Ahylos&rh. 

Tie lonind qnob whqt nouF wrc rcsc

3.6. Acceptabitity stndies 

3.6.1. Pteparnriotr of c[.prrti3 

Chap.uis lN@ papm! ton fonitid whot. whan ndr sptc, by 

followinS lE h.rhod ou in.d by ltsridrs Rao €, a/,(19!6). The dough for chlp k 

wa made by ftixins 200 e of flour with pe d.remrined amoud ot w..d ror Ore 

nuu$s n! o frix.r and o|owed to esl for I hou. ot oonr 

k gh,,s 80 I !a bund.

'lhe lbllowirS r.€orm.trt @mbi.atiotrs ME nad. 10 Ns d! iniq.dio 

betw.n ,rc .nd ibtr .nd tn.n ph'siotogicst rob 6e ra|s 

Tratndr Fortulc.nr 

foni0catlon (hs/k!) 

TI 

Ti 

T. 

o,.m.nra"ron(e7% jron) 

zi nc sul.!r.Tra:l4ri ;t 

ziic oxid.(72%4ri' 

3.8.2. Proaur.m.!t of r.t! 

Nin.ty o!1. dbino Et! wirh on initiat av.6g. MjSIt of2o0 g w.e p@@d fffi 

N.rionol hinuE or rrqlrh (v.kiey Division), tsbn.bad, Thc nr! wR divid.d io 

nan. grouDs ohDrjsins tO raG in €ach group. Forly five EB w.E soafied afta dE 

monrh of t .ding enib 0E Er oflhe Ets krc lsinc.d ln€r two nonhg 

Nil 

r.t 

1.5 

tn- 

1.5 

40 

20 

L5 

1.5 

40

3.8.3. Prcl|!ro on/cohpo!tdo, of Ic dtrr, 

Th. d i.rs ror thc mc w@ pEp,Ed .csrdins ro the mod.r g,ve, by r,yer-v.ny ( t 999) 

which compri$ (s/kr) whar itolr 875, c,sin 60, qnoh oir Jo Appddir.3, ceir wG 

us ro na (n. r.qdMefl of ehe enriol mino &ids suct s tysinc la.ting in 

whar nour. tmn lnJ u inc sahs w.R.dJed ar d$c, ibc,i in lr.lhcnr onbin.rions. F*ds 

rce pr€parcd daity in lhe torn oapetrer, weist,ing j5_40 s ed p.rrio[,6*.d in 

1.E.4 Houjl!g r!d ,nri!tenrlcc ot rniDrl. 

. ese (wja bo(on.{i) ed doiflain.rl in g tem!.rrtue 

corrro ed bon st 25,30 0C wi r u dftk p{.iod af rwclv. hou,3 o day. Thc h6 in @clr 

egc wor tab.ted rcd .nd s@ lo f,ciha|. Friodic Gr@Dt|m orbody weishr. fi. 

on'mar3 BeE t J b6at ,ti tor on. woet. Th.s FB sqc I 

@k' Deioni2sr water wB one- 

3.E.5. phy!icat parrm.ters 

",,r,;,;;;;:":""'n'en."r 

diers ror eishr 

tsody w€jsht !s re@rdcd o, w.ckry bajs wlit€ t od @n,umprion qil khr inbrc 

E rb!.d drity for lhc whot. .xD.rinenl.t ,,qiod. Fer 

dd.ninaLion o,minoo, inc,e. e":" ,";;; lffi, ff :: co''q,qr kcuv for 

J.E.6. Srbp trg p.o..dur. 

i-"f1].1" :"'."' o,*" ,"r,s.ntine nve frcm ercr srouD or trine rMlne s worc 

o6,hdi2ed w,rr, &d,u, n doou*u" ",,n. -"-r".i. 

':1.*:", :,"* ., ,.," _,,;; ;:,;"";::1,IT:"":ff;TJ: 

eci,Iccd onc[yone and aodic btood ws @tq in lab.ted 

er!,ion. Brood spr6 in,,k,*;;;ff 

cp'rd. pr6ma ar ro.0oo i s, ro r ,;;";;;;.;,"il"'R !&nprB were kanspon.,, in 

'.\e 'ab.,e,, sun cups "",;.- ;;;" ;;,..,;P;;: 

*"ubscunbini'd EDrA 

Renisertid unir) to 

Er. sle disser.d ed rhc hod, ; ;:;;;;;JffilT:,X#T: 

;J::- ll:::"" qs&s Ke pdrd i po,v d,,v,q€ ba$ qd kE roh .r . 

.* , 

rer erysE oi mncEts sihile pDcedre w Epcaler I tr er of the tony Ur. 

anhors (rcd) snof eighr Mets of reedins fonined ae! 5;np!s.

1.9. Aralysk of ptssma 

3.9.1. fl!sm. Btocneht!try 

Th. plamaofltrcErs ws l*r€d 6r slucor (mg/dt). ctbtcsr€ot (nydt), hi8tr 

d.Nny ripoporein (hDL) ctbldteot (ms/dt), sieylglyerots (ne/dt), low dcn,ir, 

' lipnprcreii lLD!) chol*rerol (Fc/dl), rorrt prcrein (B/dt), atbumin (s/dt), slobutin 

(S/dl) o.d bloo! u@ oil.orsn (BLN) (ms/dt) &coding !o thepoc.rtuEEivq 

3.9.1.r cluc6. (nrs/dt) 

It w6 h.6uEd by enzynrllic kinetic colorineIric heliod on rl,. bsir ofTdnd; 

Recdon. l000ll ot worldnS EaBGnr (Rr) v3 &rm ir rh. rd rutq t.b.ted s bhk 

star&rd tud sdpt. 4d lo l,t ol statulard ond tqt of saopl€ wcre added ro he 

'l lE @nlqr w.rc nixcd tud incubrr.d rq 90 seonds d t7"C ond .6sorb.!e 

!a rcad. OtNo* concenradon wG etculared 4 given bclow: 

Coc.nhrion ofCru@s.- 

i.e.r.2. cl,or€,r.ror (nsld; $rh€n€ $nds.d 

r Sh|ldrd @nqhto, 

The chole .rot w6 det.rnircd by (sing atr ozynaljc cob|i|rcrric nerhod by 

@h.eiar diacnGric kn (Liod Chmi@h). oE !i.tor cizyoaric rqs.ir (R2) B 

:*:ry :ul -" bo(k of buffq @8.nr (Rr) tud mix.d 8.n(y ro {ri$orv. 

@nr.ft. Disrilt€d Mtd {Z() rl), sIlnd&d sollrion ext pleha ffpte w{. pir.ic inb 

lab.l.d lsr rub.s ed 2.0 nt ofworting @ge addqt in ad t6r tubc Ter tut€ wc 

:::.: ed.wlbor.d ror 5 minnre ar 3?qc. Ab6orbe* or unk.own ed s'!4dld 

@prcs.Finst htmk r.agenr at 505,h was &ofrred. Cholcs@or w qlcutarcd sr 

conanhdonofcr,otesr.mr= "::11:::lp]: x s,tu@recon@nhrion 

Absorbonce strndard

3,9,1.3. HDL,CtotBr.,!l (,ngdt) 

IIDl{hot€slerot ws dct min.d by $ing ! @no.rcht dr.gnosjc kn (Hoda 

' c8r, No.H 8206), plsmo (2O0pD and ditul.n E.g.nt (50oft) weE pllccd in rhe t$r 

lube, u vos mixql we ond o ower b rhnd tor rO nrinurer { Mh r€mpe.!r!re. Th€n ir 

wrs eDrifu8ed tor l0 nrinurs ar 4OOO enr, A0er c.ntifugalior ?0 !lsupernaLhr wd 

laren in anoth€r resr rube. chotesrqol wolking rq8enr (2mt) wq udded. Thc btlnk 6 

daft by t king 20Ft distilei wakr and 23mt chol.slcrct Mgenl whitettie sl,nd&l was 

made by adding 2qrt choleskrot ,toidord n, xnt clDtc{erot r€age,r. Tlrre r@ 

nEubared ar rooD tehremru.c l.o. 5 mirures. ,l.hc lblorbdna ot r*,own ,nd shied 

blank resgenr ar 5Oi nN was obsc.vc!. tlDt,-CholesGrot w6 cotcutor€d using rhe 

Absodqncc of utrkrowr 

HDL-Chol_ (hs/dt) = -_.._-__.'-_--.____ x 

A bsorbo.c. o I sr.ndrrd 

co.c of s|andod = 2oo,rgldt) 

3.9.1.4. LDL ctbtqt.rct (hC/rI) 

LDLcholsr.ot ws Etcltcr.d usinS rhe ao owi,g 

LDl-cholsrdot (nrs/dt) = Torat Chot$lerot - I tDL Cnobsreol - Trievlatrcml; 

J.9.1.5. Triecytgtyemb (ng/dD 

The riacytglycerols w.a deGnnitr.ii by lsing a,nd.rcEt di.Fosric kn 

(Fluirest). l0 !l sradsd lnd somptc cacl was ld.n inb resr rub€s qi$ on€ bletc 

I000ul ioAing Rged ios ,Jd.o ro.d!h u rdb.s ond nired nopert,. Te$ rubs 

weE incubated fo. 5 hinut6 0r lToC tiJr 5 mhrubs aM ab$rhance ks nesu€d 

aSain! blul reagcnr or (O0nm. 

lli.cylglyceo h were calcu l.red by th€ to|owitr g exprc$ion : 

rr6c)tstyc0ok ( irgdD - 

3.9.1,6. Tokl Droroi,, (g/dD 

- 

Con@nrBrion oI s6d.rd 

------"---- r ConcEnk rion ot. sbndard. 

Th. pl.sna DbGin @ d.tchirEd by usir8 olorih.|rio m€thod(sio-Rlys 

CATrrl4oJ),2,5 mt ofbiurcl rcrgc was $kcn in dl€ lsbeted lesr rubd.0.05 nt of 

t

disritt€rl wsk., j{rd. S;tn.dnd saFt. krc add.d b ir. Th* ran tub$ wE incubalqt 

for 25 nrinures rr 20,i0.C. 

Ab$lbane b eorded !r S4O m aedinsr .sgenr btmk. 

lbhl nrukin wd,otcutit d s betow ervetr b€tow:. 

^bs;bonce $dpc 

t dal plorein conc.= ,___..-.- _-x Cotrcenration ofstondord 

3,9.r.r. Albundr (gdl) 

- 

Absrbahcc shndard 

ftc otbuhin @nqhrion qcde,.mined by cotorl 

.^." il ;:,,J.ff ;Hi:T#,i; 

snprero.otnl.tJisritk,l 

wdkr. srlnd.rd,nJ sa,npt. qere i,rJed ro 

nrD6. 

rh. ,espcqiv. 

MircJ, r€sr 

inolllretl tur 25 htnur.s d, 2o-lo.C. 

s,. 

M* 

{dqd@'.6acoinlr d"-."", ;,.;;;;";;T"fr"[;::*'*' * 

^rbumin wa8 ca,cu,skd os givq b.lowr 

4.9,1.3. croboh, (s/dt) 

Ctobuth war atculakn 6 

clobuiin(c/d t)= tblat prorein-Atbtrhin 

3,9J.9,Ilood Ura NilroBcn (BUN) (nddD 

,,- _Bl@d ue tutrlsq @menhrion w6 del€rmjne,t 

r C-trceitraiionot ro.J{rd 

, i_' {o,kr'g 'sg.n6 $rurion" ** o**-o * ,-, ,ot u"ing Bio RaJ! ki cq ! 

6Dush,,o,5 2s ol o, 

l,.,oE uk 

r u hd 

il;.:;;;.: 

h 

s.E,.rer oiJ roJr. Ju,i,r.d q",..,.,; ":'**n r-k. s,anJrd od $npr. 

,;;.* ;"T 

*;;;ffi,:ff:::il"ilffiilI 

r7r tud &rdeJ..os.nr i: :.li*3' 

2 @ro0oul io 

incub€kd *, ro,5 ,ub.. 

n,n,ubr or r/c '$t Mir.d Md 

as',r,,€srh, b.aik ou., ^,*;J;;;; " "'' 

",,.,,.,,,;;;; 

*'nP'e lnd rhe shndsrd w6 EaJ 

corcn,E,ionu,ja'pre _.1.:"j.1i.. . r onrenndrion 

as*oJ-^ "^.. ors@,l{!

3.9.2 Phsus trnzymcs 

ctur@are prruv.re TEnMina. rCpD ( L/n,t) tud Ctarm.k Ox!to@hlu 

TmNaninas (CoT ) (U/nD sor€ decnnhd aner 4 .od s e.k! 

3.9.2.1 Ctui.m.r€ pyruvrte ar.ri.bi!$e (cpT U/Dr) 

n'is vas deranii|ed by u!i[s rbe Rsilnmn_|rdntet cobnn.ric m.lhod hy u,ins 

Quinrics Ctinioa Aptic.do (ecA) kii 

Di5ut,.J war.r rtoooltj *a! pted ,n 6 n.nd6rd tubB Md ,Oo. ajo,,O0. Irq 

25ql CPT tubsrmtes inluh. t, ?, 3,4,5 lmt 6 reE oddqt qperivcty- Tho pippd.d 

50, 100, 150,200 ond 2toptstandard in $ese lcsftube, Adde.] ,O*, ,_""1*r"", 

lo eeh tubs. l lEy w€ft ,nired dd olowed lo jrrnd ar tuD @mp€runrE tor zo naod*. 

Fndly 5nl of Naott (0.4N) ws sdden. Absrban@ was @rdod ,ritr l j Dinures 

!8.irsl a warer btaht {l 505hn. Usirg concenlmror ard loeroac. . sludud tacror 

wrs catcuhred, 

cl'T rubrtnr! (50011) vft pl!.M ln m$1. lah !0d tlouhLd || !7,C tor, 

nlnut ! ard dd.d 100 !l '.|nptc b il. Ad&d 50OIt c.lour dev.togff ,nd t.r lr ro arrd 

lor 20 nrio. al MD ledpcialuE_ tmt ofNaOI I (0.4a, Ms .ddal nd cltowed b ltlndrd 

lor 15 nin. r{ room lmpedure,-l.hc rrehnlane w6 norcd atr.r t5 hirlts.gaiNl 

w.r.! btdk.i 505nn. For opT &riviry valu€, ri..bsorbea o6loin"a * ini"goto.a 

3.9.2.2. Ctrt.m.re o!.to.ebr. t..6mto.* ICOT U/or: 

Clu|lmdc O\sloaetore tEnlominss. iCOT] Ms dereimrned b) R.irm.a 

Frok.l oolo.in€ric mertD! by (eCA) kii 

l000rt of,lisu ot w!k. v6 tdtq in o nendard lub6.|ld i00,450,400.350, 

250t1 COT $bsr.a|c in lrb. 1,2,3,4,j ed 6 *cE add€d, Bpa(t|y. rhd pip.t& 50, 

I0O, rJ0. 200.nd 2ro,rr sr&d!^l h lh*. rub.j Added 5OOft orcr_, *U_, ," "".n 

tob.. Thes w.F mixed und . ow.d ro sund at rem &mpsoruE ror 20 nanu16, 

FiMlly a

cOT subsrBre lsoqrt) was pipcrro in s.mptc rube.od incubared !t 3Z.C for 5 

Di ncs ond ddcd lO0!t sanpletoil. Added SOOtt cotolrdevebperond ler irjfld for 

20 dilut s ar rcon l.mpeElure. 5nt of O,4N NsOr r *6 adrld dd auorcd io ,l&d for 

l5 nitr. d rmh chpaar@, Tonslranco w.3 nor.i an€r 15 ninur$.ssirEr w!t.r 

bronk !r 505 nnr [orcOT@riviry vatu., thc.belttua obta,ne b,nreQolstqt in rhc 

3.9.3 Phsha Hormones 

f,.9j.1, Tttrcrb .nd Triiodothrodn. 

'fhyDxii (T4) @nc. (rB/dt) !trd Triioaothbdn. {T3) @rc. 

d.t.nrin.d Erzlne tnmune A$oy tsr toltoqiis E m.rtod d6crbed 

di.gnostic kib using DtA Rat€r (Mo{.t STA1. IAX 303 pLUs) 

3.I0. Trice Etements 

toh 3nd zinc in tiver, kidn.y srd ptlrna wee d.r€mired ln€r fou anil eight 

M.ks lor md 2inc in fqc6 6 d.hin.d .ti.r evsry @k tb. Btimirion of ps eit 

.beDraon ofrh.e eldql Dig*rioh oflhc $frptca ws dflsl our by rhe F.catuE 

giq by Riclb.d (t969) fld li.e et.o.n!, tucI $ Fe ed zn w. ddmh.d by dE 

mdhod ourlin d in AOAC (1990). 

3.1I Strlisticrt An.tysts 

Dar! wq. sndtrzc? srorislic.ly usilg ollysi3 of sd&@ 6od tour f&br 

f&lorhl 4 desibed h, St@t d dt ( I 997), Duncdtrt Muttipte Rtuse Ten ss apptidil to 

a$c!s u'e differetue b€rw*n neas (DuhcN, I955),

GIIPIil-IU 

i$!us 

ttr 

lrEGlssr0I 

Thq !s olmoE tlb onc lonifiornrs sdded ln o panicule vehicle trqis lo bu 

sludiql for rlr nurii.nr,nurricd n&Eotion. he su@s of ! torlifiodrion pos€n 

d.p.n& on a nudber of focto6, ircluding tlE slebilily ofoiooout.icnG ddden !o food. 

on. oath. fint slcp. in d.velopiig s progmn ro loniq c.reots with zilc o l iron is ro 

choo* the ryp. and or;ount Dl rh€ salrs to be oddcd to rhe led prcd 

dr hi're.als $d emclcy ol the loditigl prodlct ale main o najo. @Mh. Th. 

bioatailabiliry of the ninenls such 6 ion ad zinc h da!.ndcnt on dr. fm u*d d 

fonifiqnr and the vehicle. What is principally us.d for ih. Foducrion ot lnl.lEncd tkl 

hed locall, kno*n 6 chapalti in Pakisror dd al'no$ moE the 70% or th. tot l viql 

produc.d th 6k EBiotr h uriliz.d aor fiis pullo$ (siddiqu., 1939). Th. Dffit e..cl' 

cndovor dompaer nE, ftcn !o cxplorc th. otponuniri6 of zinc and ion 

fdinqion of whole whet llour b !dd6 th. mosl wid. sFead defici.ncy ol ion 

along {ith 2inc in lhc developingcounlries. 

The wlole resarch plln cdtried otrl for st bility, acceprabiliry !tu] bloloSiol 

sludi4 h,s ben described he r. ina ner. 

4,I STABILITY STUDIDS 

Th. sobilny oflbdified *holc $,lsr nour was caridl out ro csq UE nnl,@r ol 

fodinanl' on rlie physi@-chenriql, dElogicll ard micobiologi@t clrmclcrisliG and 

lneir int@tion vi , $e nour mnrp.n.nts os o .€rroin period ol time under lp4ific 

nods. 6nd n ion!- Th. cso lis or v..ious I'dhelc6 Lsled durin g th is study period hrvc 

b*n slDstr in pDodies 1 b 22 a0d arc dcsoib""d under diferenl hadings as Biven

4.1.1 CheDic!t rlstyj.s oI flours 

4.l.l.l Mohr!re coat.nl 

'tlEanitysis ofvarione for moislue oonbnr offonified no!6 hs ben gih in 

'r!bb L lt is obvaous fom ttE slllistiod rsutts ttll moisru 

due to s,omse condnons,,".*",",*",, "".,;f.":,l1T1.fi:"[* 

sroms. condidons snd sloEsc inrewats @.ho found lo be srgnirroqr whire.u olher 

trr.mcrions showcd hon signifiqr eoet on ttp @isruE@.rhr ot rdrtifi.d nous_ Tl,e 

rlTecr ot pockagirB trr0teridts €hdN! nor signitjcool or rhc ffoislrc conl. ot 

loriiisl Bhot. *hqt nours. 

lh. fo.lilled whole whcat flou tuples sioEd .t !@sr rdpchloE garc 

si8nifi@nly lor.r moisroE conte.r rt& $e tonifi.d wtroE lheaL fldur $ pt€! stored 

urd* co olled condition (tig-l).wilh qpet b srom8e D{iod, rh. moisruc 6mqt 

didnot chugs sietrifrcs ty !t lo 30 dats and b€yond Urispcnod c sigDilcont incrGe 

t' rhe noisr{E conbnr ws obsd.d (Fis,2). 

'lhe noisruE conlchr in utrtonificd whote vhqt nou, w6 touirt !o be 

'igniiiqnrty hrAher drn fod,nd whute whor oour spt6 lFig-3) 6 ! runcrion ot 

storlse. ]h. hoisrurc contetrt in T1 (fonifie,j wilh clqn.n6r uon !tu zinc osid. ) ws 

fou.d lo bc sisnifiqntty rh€ towd bur lt)is moisrrE conrdr w.s sllrrsticB y !t p,r vj(h 

rh. moiiruE cotrr.r o|rJ(tonifie,t si .tencn6r ircn s,j zincsutfdt.). 

Thc.rer oastomB. condirionsrnd slomse pqiod shown h l,isurc 4 indic edar 

incMe in moishtre @nteln ane. jO dars of slor.ee und€r @nuolled @dnions whici 

nri8lrr be due b incEsc h etutive nuhidiry (RH), An abrupr r6e h ,noistuc @nrcnr 

B norcd rnq lJ day3 in ce ofenkon.d @ndi(otr Bnidr D.Bi$en ror $'e !n E 

srobs. D.riod. It nry b. rh€ pre qisliog atnospheic roirlorc tovcl (RH 45-5Cr,4) i; 

.ontmll.d @ndition lhal cl€v.tcd rh. hoistuE comcni of $. nour sdrl6 at $e arty 

srascs or trE sror$o. As rlje Rll remained oonxollql, tinl. vonal,on Ms obePad in 

noastuE .onr.nr du.ins ur ofrlE stomSe ,ciod. 

Th. Esulls orth. pe*nr sudy in{tierat $ar 

.mbi.nr @dirionr showcd toer noisru.e cotrbr 

wh.ar Rours no.cd undcr conto||cd condirion!. 

roltilied whole wh@t rt@r stor€d io 

as cohpared 10 the fo.rified *hol.

t 

! 

3 i 

5 

{ 

EE 

e 

E E 

: I E 

q 

R 3I e 

I 

E 

a a 

L 2 

B 

E 

{ 

'I I 6 

F I a3 

F 3 

e 

h 

2 I 

q 

e 

2 

2 I I 2 

I 

I 

{ I ! a 

q 

! s s 

a 

2 

a F 

5 

a g 

c : 

e 

I I a 

2 

$ 

a a i 

s 

:;z 

xixr,g 

r:6 

9#

9 

8 

'I 

6 

3 

2 

I 

0 

' 

Anbienr Cdrollcd 

slong. P.ed {D.', 

nr..i lrK d n083. p.d.r d rdtrn oa.,irrdd

I 

{q@46,tq!1ffidfr;ffi 

srorr3. t.dd (ay, 

& !,, .:" 

.trdd{q{.6dnhs ndrbru. 

d ||ll.r{ 6i||n.J lhlh 'hot fu;

L.mour r, al ( 196 t) Eponcd q! €rd of v$iou tyF of Fctaeins marerilts 

on the k€epin8 q u ! lity of nou6 duri,g sroEg. eieinS Eens irr p$.nce or packaging 

hoisrue brrierclf&tivel, srabitized thc noislure @nt€nt karrnS tras bw6 e percenr, 

lomeor2 (l9?4).xptained that ooisluE js $e mosi inpoda factorin0uercing 

lh. hr. ofdet rioErion of sroEd gnin &d dci. prcdmrl, A@dmg b him, ttE pod$l 

@uld be sloEd lur lonscr rinc ifde hoisruE onkn( wD minrcin.d d. sumFidr tow 

l.v.l cven uhd{ o$.Nie un&voEbt. condirions. 

It nay be infenld ttum th6e rsuits $ar tonificmts nay aq os nuftocranh an

2 

1.3 

1.2 

I 

0.2 

0 

flsr rndc.htut { -r er6t...{r6d

as 6h is dE,ninedt nrue, prescd h drc foodsrtrff ono !rc arD@phe.ic factor3 

like Elaiile humidiry and rcDpeElure pose teasr or io ei_ecr on ir over . cenuin linE 

'rhe tN sludy susgcsld 

smples wa, nor nrlu.nc€d b, lhe 

Th.e findinet rrc coroloored by 

*as umtl4r€d in whql dd flou. 

incBed when noE! forpbtanged 

a.l.I.!. Ciude p.oreir 

tbat the rst contqt of rorliUcd vholc whsr nour 

rype ol pocka8ins @tc.iats o sroEse condnions. 

Fificld trtrd Roben$r (1959) wno st4red d Ntl 

stoEd for slon De. hoevcr, .s[ con!.niin l]our 

]'he Esrlts es..ding atrotysis otveidne Tobtc I evq|ed rhar rrtw wsm 

efl*t of sbEC. conditions, pocklgilg mreriNls and rqrn.nB on rhe p.ot ,o onIlnt of 

lbnified rnd utraonifiqt whole wh*t nor rmpt6. U€ tonitqlio. shosr! no 

significont qflect on dis cor$iluent whil. a significant chang. in pbGin @nr€nt 6 

obscd.d rs c atrtrcrnnl ot rlE srorsge p.riod. Th. prcrein @.tonr ws round ro bc rlE 

bigh.st (12,209.) for rhc rftsh nour snrptes and |.22% in rlE wlFle wh{t nM. 

spla resk! rner 60 drrs ot shr68. (r,s-h). No esnctul ch*a. ,,,0.,.,; *,*, 

B obs.d.d in wnolc wh€!! flour eftphs and a,alysis of t j days 3!onB. Ftiod rilt ro 

lhc ctrd ofth. so6g€ p..iod. , 

' Th. dar.@ i'i For.in .onr.nt ar 156 day {o6gc night be duc to Ihe 

por@lys f.vorld by th. hisher noisturc @nre panjculsty undq @nro e.t srodge 

@ndirion (To!D 25-3dc ud RH 45_ro%). 

Tne ncd vatu6 tor pmein corle m in with lh. frndi.8s ofziauthaq d ol 

(2004) who .nrtyz.d fonifed whol€ 

'irc 

whcat nour$ aor ils clEiniost conpositio, ond 

litundll.92.l2.too.nmr.inln.yEpon.JodraduotJscEs.i,,pmr€nconrenrofthe 

lonili€d wholc whor flour dldnA s!oE8e, Ihe& Esul$ de I cbs. ogrem.nr Biln rie 

curs obhin.d b, Burt sr al (2003) who Epo.rcd $at pF@n @nrenr ot llE whole 

vhdt flour smples da6.d rom I t.9t b 11.49./. lftcr 60 days ot sbrage, They 

ei8rcd rhe lten lor such a detine in llE pBrein o cnl of nor durn4 soroso to !€ 

iotcolytc rcriviry. sihil[obs.rydion Nos Biven by zct.ny and cotenron (t939) who 

slltql rhlr trorel]ric @tnB in tn. gmin md flour hydrctyrcd thq prcrsin ntu 

polDcptids lnd limlly inlo @ino !c;ds, lNve!.r, rlF6e r€oci,ons p@eined stowr, and

I 

I 

t2 

6 

z 

0 

0 lJ ,0 ,t5 6Q 

sdr..r.d

advmc.n srog. ot dderioFrion tujun ed wollo Omo) sav. ltmst 3in t,r Gutts 

aor d€ pblein mnbnr of l'.thbni wlars. Thc d.ljJle jn porei. @nrd ot rodinen 

whorc wh..r nour sanrdes w6 oho siDitq wirh fte iindinss orlitietd and Ro6.rrson 

(r959). 

TIE non signitiqnr ef*t of tretnd; i.G. Irp. of fo(ifioture or rhe prcGin 

co.tctrt ofwhol. wh.ar nour ffplq rtuy b. du. rlE |fun har no nut iql inrdctid 

look place berw..n potein, mineralsond phylicacid, malins uyconpr.x h 0E flolr 

Th. mq squrEs sivh nr tabte I indi6@d dd tunsc condnjoN;d lbnge 

p.riod! sdo*td 3i8nifi6t cfier on rlE tar @ftnt of fonified a|ld untonific{t wtEle 

whot flour smnlcs lnte@tive cfian b.N..n sioRg. @ndirions anrt stosge p.riods 

Ms round ro be signincanr v/'heEds the Esr of iDrc@riotu Bmainql non sienitimt fo. 

lhis ch.nicll onslilue , 

The fll 6rbnt m found !o b. 6istritio y lign.r in aonified \,iot€ whal nour 

srhpl* $or.d onder ahbidr contilon d |h. smpt6 soM undd @nr@tr.d 

@ndition (tiig-7), t he tur contenr d@ed 3i8nj[M y s a l.uncrion ot s|onSo psiod 

ircsp.clive of sbnse condirion.'tIc r,t @ntcnl wls sisnifi€otty hi8her ot o d;y r€t.d 

spl.r whit n w6 si8nifiqnlty low.r in th! $mpt6 t.sled |t 60 {tors ofnorage. Th. 

fa,l @nt.nr mGuiql in soplB !t 4j ed 60 days ltonsc E starGllqtt, ,r pr (Fig_E). 

As mo6tuE conle and remp€nrure of rc 0o!r influ€nc.d lhe divily ofrt tipes ro a 

sEal.rt€nt {hich sptirs ut frr inlo fE t[ry acids ond gtyc€mt resultng itrRtuctionot 

lolal far @nl4r ol th. smpt.s. nr.rctoE, o sighiti.hl dircEnco in rqr cotrtonr vos 

.orj*! b.rwq sio68. condkitu. Ncve.d,.l6 tonifi.d vtDte wtrer nou ldpte 

did noI DEnif6r !n, ranoid lmelt In sampt€s rner 60 dar! $orsge h borh hbior od 

conroll.d condi{ion, Ihe tonined whote whar flour !.nDt€s srored in conrb .d 

anJirion howcver Rn'sin.d Etlriv.ty feh tu, rhc cn!,8 nomSe p.riod rEsDarivc ol 

lh. p.ckaSing mcrial. PeldginS tureiat in ho$ sroEse @ndition, sho*qt non 

si8ninc.nt .lf*t on rt$ far @nr.nr. Th. inre&tiv. €fi.cl of slodge @idnioc 6d 

stodse Dcriods w$ found to be siSoificlrt, The ftl d€sradql sradualty in smpt.s 

sloBl at ambi.nr @ndirion 6 fte lcDpentue lnd Rjl of r ahDospheE varied thmugh 

oul lne sto6g. p€.iod of 60 drys ( ApFndix- | ) bur ! 6pid dclin. in tor 6nl{l ws

5 

.! 

6 

2.5 

.E0.5 

2 

l_5 

I 

utJ30$60 

conlrcltcd 

ffi"*'"*'." 

&cirr. p-bd (Drr, 

tt t: F rd .rn,q. ld.dte ri orb.rdn 6r 

ia^$!"rigeElr..J 

,.ffJ"11,:xilil1;:l;?,jffi?#,1;tititil.

@ord.tt jlsr !n!r sroEs. ot ! fonnighr in @nhlt.d ondirioE ed il did not croB. 

rilr rh. Bl ot ttE sroEee psiod (Fig_9), nE t@hn nc stD*st no sigiifiMr .tt d or 

rlE lat @nLnr oithe ftotrrempt*. ud (l9s|) and And@n.,ar, (r963) cxpliinql !l!t 

whcar flouA .F quire sr,bt€ ro oxidrtiv. rancidil, ot oro,nary commcrciol Doilro. 

cotrre h arc nore prone ro ,ancidirt ifdicdforusehmres 6 bnsrhen rhF lhclf lii. 

or rhelcav.dnsh ttE mir6 Eirher reruus or f.dc ion .M ,n iriale .uloxjdit io, oftsb 

h rhc p@m of oxys.n. Ande6oD (t9S5) cl4ifi.d tur rhe efer otdirdnr fmr of 

. imn add.d lo @ls, a nmbcr of omndidly !!.itabt. ti,lm on rhe CRAS (Shdlty 

eosnini4d a sfe) wft td.rl ed ir es conctud.d th.r rlE exrqr ro whicn U. feic 

o. firrc$ ion ws onpt.x.d b pBent its tre. Ediqt aoming @crions qnh fau rs 

dtarly Eldcl ro .i. sbbiriry orrhe poducr todili.d wirh imn. 118 Esul|s of th. prc$nt 

findin8! show.d lhat tows hoistuE contcnt in rho fonif 

mar b.. rc.son of p,or€orihs rr" r",,,.*,,,,, r* ;:::;:*,#'*ili:i:; 

f1970) rclorled ttst Irec iipids d4roed nDro in llout mpr€s stoEd ut 23!C rlEn ot 

3O0c or 37 0C. Zcl€ny (t954) erib.d rlE d&@$ h f,r 

wi,h dr. d.v.rophqr of oxidat * *rdr,, r,. ;;;.";:ii 'H:liil-#:: 

@uld b. k.pt ontt aor a Elarivety slton dnc h@iu* ir Ejdity be.@c r..ci{t ESardte! 

ofits noinuF rcderB. Th6e findings krc tudh6 rupponel by romcntru 09;) *ho 

Gpolt.d th.t dcr.rioErion of ctreak wa sftiated wnh a de@e in pemloun .th.r 

exre|abt. tipids. Accordins lo rhat res.!rerrr, tot w.s rcodily bbk tr down by tipe.s 

,ntofE.fa ylcidjandstyemtdJnnesror.se. 

4.1.1.5 P[yric r(id Co!r.trr 

n'. st tistist Esutls pqtainins b phyric &id @nbt or whot. whar 0out 

s8:n:: !br. sho$ld rrEt sMse @n,ririotrs. jonsc p.nod, 

.ft ', sd rh.ir nrL.ncior 

dnDrqr sig''ifi@r.n*l onphyric rid onrqr of din@t tonificd shol. wh.!r 0our 

s.nple. th! rE.t,nenl3 ed rh.ir int @tion silh sol 

!'rccr.d {,. .onc.irm,,on of pbr" *. '" ".," 

*o ,l"L;,j'fi:i.'flj,1?'J 

sdmplcs. Th. esrhs in 1.able I exlribired u hirhtysisnificonr mterrclive€fectol,lo.!s. 

penoo ond lledlnem, Ikrhtrhore, sto1.8c &trdiljons, slodse perjods and r.arn.ntc 

int.rcriv€ty !fiGct d sigdndtly $c phyric .cid conr.nl or l]E Uour smplr s 

.xp@.d in T.btc L Th. tow6l ph!i. eid w4 tound in wnole wlld nour s&ptes

sroEd dronb'e cnrperalurc llr comrc ed cotrdnionss peenrd in FisoN lo. Drc 

rov.darion in srongc tcnrpmturclnd rclarive h(midir!, the stomgc @nditioN s[.ec{i 

phyric 6id 6ntcn! I high.r rcDp@tuF and r.lalivo hontdily pohot i er&rion of 

phyric &id wir[ minehL ed pfot ins pcd in dE flolr srnpt$ forhirg inslubte 

conpfd.s. TdpcnluE rnd rclalirc humidn, dg.d fon 2s42rc,nn 26:18 a/o. 

Espetiv.ly in mhicnt sto6g. @ndnios (App.ndix t), A pDnounced sisnitimdt 

chsrye rdging froh 0.88 ro l_55 % otpnyic,cid oncnr jn fiou. s4pt.s wls @rdsl 

durjng tl& Nhol. stor.ge Friod (Fig- ), n6 wc. s6d$l d*tin. in phrric lcid 

co cnt in dE p$trr study which nay b. .swiaLd wi$ dE inc@rio oa veio4 

odd.d sall!, iosi cohponeits {ld lo $oE extenr lhe edivny ot rurive ph}re over I 

cendn nme 5l)an. Ovc€ll rr€oh€ir er.d irdpccrive of 3ror,8e @nditions, sloEe. 

Pqiods sDd n c*lging huierial hG be€n ptesenbd i, Fig-t2. tl is obvids dtrr phiic 

eid ofrh. fortili.d Nhob wnd1 flou smples w.s tower 6 conDed b unfo.tin.d 

whol. whdt nour !'mplca. TheE ws ! sicnifiq .Ir.d oa forlifioa typ€ .port foh 

rr'. dos r€v.l (FigJ2), Thc t@lncnrs rr ed T, (N.F.EDTA) ditT€,ed siSnitisnlty 

fmm uat'!.nB Tr hd T.(.ta.nrrtimnL 

Th. phrric eid w6 found ro be dgnifiddy rn high6r in nour 3mpr6 t6red 

on o {j|y ed dsnifld y rh. to*etr in $c 54ptB td.d ana 60 d.ys noEg. (Fis- t3). 

. rh€ phltic o.id cl@ly @rclared wirh rhc sruase onditiN s @httvcty te t6 ss 

found in phytic &ld in s.npt€s tcst d 0r 60 dals srong. in .onlrollqt @ditiotr s 

compmd to th. sampl.s sror.'i dbicot @nditidn. 

TIF tGalncnl effel wss noE pronounced wh $oBge conditioB w€rc 0@tel. 

I lovcver, ftc ire nert T0 md Tr did nor a{Tecr the phyric 4id @ntor sisnifihdy i. 

.nh.r sror.C. @nditions. -rGh.nk T: and Tr q.F influence! by rho sb,lge 

sindltionr showi.a ditT.Hr b.h.vioE (Fic-ta). Th. phyric.ctd con..nt i4 sdpt€! 

roEd d conLlriqi {or;s. ondirion q roud ro bG hislls;s onplEd to lhc nour 

$'Dpl* stoEd al mblqt @ndiion. Th. phgc aid degrad.tion od ii, inLmtion, 

*ith other elcnents migh hav. b.h augme .d u{da dbicnr @ndirioG wie 

khperature ed reldrive hunidity wtrc highq which niShr be rhe qus ot d*tirc in

.40 

1.20 

0.60 

0,40 

0r0 

2 

1.5 

l,r0 

sbnrP.dd(Dr!, 

conuott.d 

ll|B||do'3lu..PddePryd.ddtn0| 

'f0 Tt 'u T3 T4

t ,i 

lr 

2.00 

1.50 

0.t0 

0,q) 

-sM;icdful 

015 10 45 60 

sbn..P!fu(Ds) 

Ft. rri hbncdi. d*roi!bq.. 

,5, "r 

iqlaEsl t'44l 

?Tl14 

Eg|.:Elldor3h.rc.@!d|l|.o.ddbatID|,d.

Th. inrcdcrivc .{Ist of sro6B. p€rioG dd tlshq$ h6 beq peqled nr T.bte 2. 

Thr hish6r oon€.r.arion or piyic &id wG tdnd ro b. in lne unfonificd arsh *totc 

whcal nour samples white tlE mldhum ph),lic &id @nlcnt w6 folnd to be in T, 

(elcmenl.l ion .nd zirc sltfola) ar 60 ddys ofslor.ge p.riod. Th. trsl,nc,t Tr o.|!jncd 

elcncntdl ion which nighl luve rc&l.d qi6 phyric ocid nore i etrsivety ss @nlped 

to rhe dr otth. fonirion.l. The dsa$ i,r phytic &id 6n|. tor tBrnenB Tr lnd Ta 

Gl.merral i6i) 6 66n&ed lo r0 (@nrroD er Tr (NoFeEDTA) indic.led fi€ inrcGity 

or rc&riviry of rhee rorrificorrs wilh phyric dcid s mational @1i6. 

l €raclivs ellers of shrsge coodil o.j, lro.as€ inrcflars tu( uaonqL3 N 

evidcnt fom dE Esuhs giycn in ,r{bb I tr trr)' bo .nvisdsed trom th€ €sutrs rhlt 

EUI A nDiery in NIFeEDTA in rqttn.nE t.r and T, .cL!d I a clFl,ting lgcnt aor iion 

and did not let phtlic eid ro toro 6npl*s eirh i@ in N.F€EDTA ed orh.r 

cofrlon.nts ofth. 0our. INACG (1990) Eporled sihjl{ tslr, st tins lhal |hc nqior 

&lvmtag. ofNaFeED'lA over ortE ion foniriqnis is lhd it pFvcnrl ircn rom 

biodine qith !F phytio acid Dr€senl i,r mery @@l lid legune Bnins, Lynch .r al 

(1993) d*cdH rhrt a popo!.n lolulion !o lhe probl.h of dyric aoid is lo u. i@n 

Ranuh (109t) €rplanEd rtd non ir NTLEDTA k clElqrqt viri EDIA, o 

conmonly u${ focl addiliv., rlis prevenh $E nor ton being bound ld phrlic &id. 

Th.t is no advetlge in lsins EDTA in whilc nour or uEdiuD ext@rioD flour ued io 

y6r l@vaFd bMd haking bur rheE d@s appq lo be good juslification ro ue il ir cr! 

nour u*d b n.re unt€awned bEart. Anjum sr a/. (20OZ r ob*fr.d r.21% prryrr ,cid in 

wborc whs. nour in P.kisr.nj ,he.B. Th. conqhrion ot phrtic *id tu li. oour 

simpr.s w& in clos agrcomcht wirh lhe oue give. by ToEc .r ,1. ( t 99l ) wbo srat d rb!| 

Dhy|lt s onsnut t-2%ofth. weishrofnD., @Eats. 

Ch.ry.n (1930) slden $at {t tow pl &d tow c.rion @n@lE{ion, phyrale- 

por.in conplexG @ fonn.n due {o di@r .t4l$r.ric in|G@tion, *hjt. .r pH > 6 ro ?, 

phytio scid-min..alproGin .ohpl.x is tomed wnich dis$iat.s !r hish Nai 

concenkslions. nEs complqes aDp.ar lo b. responsible tor lh. derqsed 

bioahilabiliry ot $e conptexed Ninsots did arc atso nbrc resisrdt ro pdreorlric 

dieEion ar low pH_

't 

! 

E 

r5 

5c 

:3 brr !- is a? 

Hg 

iI 

a! 

:e 

q3 l* AE 

a 

a 

I 

I 

I

T 

I 

! 

I 

, 

I 

! 

1$ 

RE 

t; 

35i ;a 3-c 

aF 

!; EF 

-q 

JE f; a: 

R3 Rq a3 ea 

a ;B Aii 

aa 

a n: ;ui l: 

F.E -3 

;q !q i; 

39 

'd9 'tn "9 

E 

s E F 

i6 

.9t 

5.9 

{E 

es 

;t 

F! 

ia 

88 

!

4.1.2 Minerrt conretrr or flour 

4.1.2.1 Iror cotrt€ut 

Th. mtu squad p@enkn in Tdbt. { indiqr.d Ulr stoogc @nditiolB ed 

p&krai4 h.r€ri.tr hd no signili@r ellan on iDn 6n&m of no!. sompl6. ifne ion 

@nr€nr ditIftd sisnific! 1, by fte stom8e periods aM rEftnen$. .the iron conr. 

(lits-I5) {ioctin.d iD rtre l]rst forrtrigh ofthe cnlire srorage pe od,.r.he ion ontenr in 

fi€sh forrilied whole whcat flolr s&npl6 s found 0o b. siSnific&rty $. highqn 

(?417 pFn) unich dalin.d to 70.95 ppn in nou $npte rercd.r lita 60 d.F 

sod8.. No sisnifi@t ch&s. in rjE 6ni. of iM in ,ortiti.d wlDtc wtEcr Rour 

sanpl6 wasobseNed bctwed 30 ro 60 days sror.ge pqiod.,t.lF iron @ q| de@cd 

lo 4.34% slier two 6onth! slonge or nou6 irope.tiv. of th. slomge condiria3 ed 

rn. da:|w in.ion conrenr durs $oEg. p.nod msy be arrribur.d b mon; 

r€6ans rikc rype offodifrc0 s lnd thcjr oh.raceristi6 i,e, sotubility, inrersction with 

orhe.nuric sand sedin.nrotion erc. Ho herS(t985)posrut.red hst when lh€rc is nred 

to lonify thc di.t nol onty wiri ior bul ole witi otnq rurricnG, rh+ is e intecrion 

hten ion.nd o.hq n c. Sonerin6 @rptcx inr.@rion bd@n ibn, a.tricl. &id 

dher fodificrnts Elcs ptm.. 

OMNI I la96' J$cribctt rh4 he nabr.ir) of difreql torms ot i@n d.p.nds on 

larioG letots inctudins n.t!e of $. rood I h odded lq pdicl. siz dd cxpotuE to 

haL dnd .ir [|emqtat ibi is uild lo fodify bMtfarl 6sb and hav€ ber found b 

hove .xalld srabitity duri,{ p@sirs $d srorag€. R.du@d non is scn@ y dF 

pr€r.hbl. lbnn in flour whcn lonc etf litc k d$ftn. Th. ,najor ad!ffr.go ot 

Nar.ElllA ovei orh.r n n bnificarionconrruids is rhsi irprvctrb,on tion bi.din8 

wid' phytic .cid peenr in hey @ts qd t€SuDe sninr. rh. cutts in Figurc t6 

sho*ld diol lrorD.nts dilllMllrcd sieniuc&rlty with Bpccl (o imn con@&?rion ir 

tne whole whcrt norrsrmpt.s, This didercnc. is auributcd lo ure usc or vdjoB s(rcs 

of jotr wlth difterent conceot.utioo of non in dch s.tr (N.!.EDTA 13% irun & 

Elehenhl non 96% tronl. llEhigtEr xon conr.nr 6lounJ in lqhenl t.(IoniUed 

wirh.lhenrol iren dd zinc oxide) while rh€ tow6t ibn @rcdnhuon ws ldunit in To

i 

3 

E 

c 

I 

F. 

i6 

€ & a ,? 

btE a L 

b: 

c 

q g a 5 

€ s E s 

: 

a 

F : $ a c h j_ it 

:t 

it i 

-:ta : !fs T 

; 

q q 

s 1E ill 

t 1+ 

1,, 

;! t € 

Bg 

3lE 

? x ! i 3 I { 

E Il9tE 

!l,i 

I 

.9,!A

s 

6 

i30 

!60 

!rc 

l0 

l0 at 

sror.! P.nd (Dtr) 

n.-l![trc|d|fu+,ddt|h 

TO TI T2 T3

(unaonified whole wheat oou emrtc} Anju er ,/ (2002) dctemincd 52,50 pom ii(tr 

cotrrenl n' wlole *hcul nour which G v..y clop ro ttE val@ tound in (his study, 

Du.ins no..s., non aorns in$lubte @mpt€x4 wnn phrlic loid tud potyphqol 

rhusad.cllneoverrhesorogeperiodokutrd.Rubinsrar.(r977)obscr.dlhc.ff..rof 

sonsc on ircn @nrcnr ldd Epor(.d ,lducdon of ion tron a I b J9 pp,n durbg 3 monrhs 

ofstorag. ir yellow co.n ftouro.d ttr* votu.s aoriron to$ (%)@ id.nrid wnh rh€ 

ross io imn @nrqt tound h liE p@ srudy. 

4.1,2.2 Zln..ortent 

Ihc rndysis ot vdidcd aor zinc @nr.nt of tonitied {hole whcot nour ..npr.j 

bas bcc. Eiv.n i.lbbtc 4. tl h cvideot f.om (E slddstical r€sur6 ud sroage condiriod 

$d p.ck 8in8 mikri.lr {o,€n no sisnifidr €fiel on rolut zinc cohe of torr 

emplcs, No i emcriv. s0tct fof any veisbtc ws fo!tut ro De srgnilicurt. it. sr,o6ac 

p€riods $d rrat'tunls sisnifi.anlty ad*led lh. zi.c @rtrr otlou. emples. Tnc zilo 

@nlql (Fig-17) snow€d ! signifiqfi gbdull dccHsc !s a tunctM ot stoeSc !€ria

- I 

ir 

.E 'o 

rhrt. rntul tD.yt 

F9r.:'tr4.'r6b.t.r/r.

sbowed signifi@r crTecr on zinc conkm in difl@l torliial $nob wnqL noq smpl6 

(Fig-18), Thc lowesr conrcft oazinc was tound itr trfonified nour, ].0 (29.:]8 ppm) 

*nile tlE highet zinc co enr (48,84 ppn) ws tound in vholc whd flou spls 

fonifi.d wi$ rr relm.rrll ion tud nnc ord.r. Tt. inc@r. in zi,,c enknr in 

ronifi.d lour is b.c.6e olrhe l€en ihar various dos tewts ot zinc sllrs (zirc $tph.te 

rn'i zinc orid.) we u*d in rh. study, Fu.lhdmoe, ltEe satrj have veicd 

concenLElion of zi.c which is ctesty .orrtated wi$ lhe dslrtiel Bults Io. rtre 

nin.Els- 

4.r.2.3 Colrrlt Conf.bt 

Anllysir or vaaMa in T.bte 4 mdic,t d ! ,iSniti@r Gfiel of pqt sins 

maleriak dd tstmenrs o. 6botr content ot dife&.r fonifi.d vhoto whan notrr 

Mpl€. Th€ sloES€ cotutirions od $oEg. p..iods did nor sfran rh. @batr @nlc of 

dilleEnt nour sanples, nE inredcriv. clfel aDog rhee vaia$cs ws ate found ro b€ 

Th. 6llok 6nccniEri6n itr fiour smpte @s.d fDh 0.{61 lo 0.5 rgkg. l.lE 

I'i8hsr @bah @Ne wG founJ in splcs or ucdme lr I ctemenl.t nonr shic 

ninimum 6ntdt ws ob*rrcd eiri rraEn ntlT, dd T, OtsF.EmA),TtE utNs to. 

@b!lt nr nouof14BalpswirhrtEr6tof dEnour kca$r.nt, (Fis lt). 

Ih. r@hdr ambinarionr @r!in,r8 NatcEDTA G ion $u@ Mitesred 

lowo @balr codtcnl $hen compareJ kirh Lhc rshen!! Tr lnd T. conE nis etom.rul 

iron- it rppq6 th.t ir w* th. iron stt th.! i*Ed difiqddy eilh jd.imj. @!att otdE 

flou. $npl6 sutrine tu dill.enr ob.tr @nl.nt in difilHt rours.npt€s. 

Ir ir evid.nr frcn th. Gutk lhat rnr boxd mnif€tcd rctdtie.ly nisher 

onqtdio. or@blh in nour s|pt* (ris_20). Cobol is Ince.lemenr and a voialion 

D its conccnmdon in nour somples s aat@lcd by pacllging nateridt dos not po€ &, 

TlE results obloined for cobalr con€nt q. nu.h 

Boolh ./ dr d e46) ud roE { | 9??) who Fpon d 2.j2 

tmn hs(l rld wh.ct. Tli*. v,ri.rio.s may b. s$igbed 

loiific.nts and stoBge conditioN. 

loE $.n the valuoe givoi by 

og/3 6b.x in flour PEp.r.d 

ro drc dil|Fnt r)?.s of

t 

0 

o 

t 

6 

0'6 

0l 

E 

ES 

H : 

a= 

g= 

TI= 

d= 

-r, =t_ 

TI T2 

a{"",*,.n 

m.,.,,rB*o 

N 

N 

ss 

n$ 

N 

" 

rt 2cr,rtur o.F&.h. {br! e o!.r {dirr d 

.m!irfr&'rdrbln 

w 

w 

w

4.1.2.4 Copp.r Conrenr 

Th. ntu squG for cDpper @nlenr ot dift€Fnt torifi.d whol! wher tou 

smpl.s indic.red rhdr copper diF€cd significa,lty du. ro rhc sroase p.riod, a|d 

rreatm€nts (Iable 4).l he Dockssils hotcricls, slorase condnDns ed 6le{cuon or rhe 

variobles .xhibited hon si8niljcant elt€t on rhe copFr @n|e[ A de@iig rEnd ws 

obswed h copp.r content ovcr lhe dliF coBge Friod tusing fron 8.2r ppD ro 7.rl 

N h uou. sampl4 |.srd ar 0 lnd 60 d.F, BL*aEty (Fis-21). Tho r@ld.n.s.Fso. 

ws fou(l to b. sisnin*nr tur @ppcr od.ni ofdir.Fnt trour j.nptcs (rig-22), nE 

DCr6t @pp.r @ntenl.la obkw€d in untonifi.d whote wn€d nour$mpb oo) lnd 

rhe loq6r in flou. enplc otT? (foninql wirh NaFoeDt A !!d zitrc oxid4. Udwevq, ir 

hay be asuncd lhll il is lhc zioc ed iro6, psniculEtt in !E quiftic romr! $a! .rc 

rlD(eht ro ha!. inlagonis.jc inrcrdction wilh cotp.r ir rtE tst_ 

laevcs d a/. (1991) rcporicd 4.4 rns/k! of€opp.r in whole $,h@r iNr whi.h as 

lcss.r rhon tlE ooppcr vrlues obldned in r. prenr *ud'. Sihitdr concedrdion Mj 

.(hhared by Boila r, ol (1993). 

Linds {1991) F oned !n arc6s. drily @np6 itrL|| by dulG in dcvelopcd 

oolnlries ro b. bcrwcen 0.6 ud 1.6 Bs /dry. GE8ory dr dl (190) sarc n.o 

alolat d inEt. roi nEn .rd wm.n in UK b.ing L63 and L23 ns/do, Esp@tivcly. tf 

ldou inhib'ring appa.bsoQlion dd bioanilobitiry rr. @etutty ukq Into 

@nsidcdion, $e con@nmion ol @pps ii toaificd whot. wleal flou stil qnaiN 

t!fllcidt snough to mell RDA Md dEc is no dDSer of2jrc induc.d @ppq d.tcicnc, 

.t tl'6e do$ ler.ls inzinoand non loninsLion oaBhol. whed tlour. 

4, I.2.5 MrDSrncsc Cotrrebr 

The &llyris of v&iea lor nugrnd oDtenr of dift@nl fodi|ed wholc wh.sr 

nour srpl6 hs ben p6.ntcd in Tablc 4 Th. mu8rn4 .ont. w6 found ro b. 

ifr.d.d iiBnific.nrly by rhe $on8. inlervlts, p.ckaging n8i.riab and ftrrm.Db. fhe 

$oFge coodirioDs did nor alfd $e nsnganes @nt nt ro s Eignitiqnt kvot. Ttc 

inteilcton ofdll 6!s. vehbles w$ foud 10 be mr sigoificor tor rhis ,niso6nii6r. 

Th. ndgues. 6ntqt vari€d frcm 25.91 io 26.78 ppn d{rins 60 dlye dots8c p.riod 

tFig.2lr, The Inar8d*e @nknt w.i obsv€d tu bc aign'tisnrty hishq i $trle 

wherl flourend6 sloed ir polypopylene brSs as comps€d ro lhe{hotewtEr floxr

s6 

!6 

61 

sb'F Pdod (by, 

ror-! dlrtBl

sdDptes sordd in th boxes (rig,24), rhk showed tl8t poly popyl.oe b.8s u*d tor 

flour sroEs. hd beficr rcrqrioo ofhmgane* s @Dparcd to $e nme&* 6n1cnr of 

$€ nour sdtt6 sror.d in |in bor.e. Mosl,(2003) qpt.incd rh.r p@kaSihs hsr..id 

plar3 $ impotlsr ol. in forlifierion. 

'fbe nun8aness conr.nr ofqhote whcr. flour ehds did not difq sisnifi@rl, 

d'otr8 diff.Rfl toniicd wtble slMr nou6. Iowever, sierifi@ndy rhe bighcsr 

na'$tre* corre was tou ii untbdned whole *hql floor enpt€s iBp..riv. of 

stongc onditotrs tud p€rio&. The d{N6e ir hqson* in tonified whole wlEat nour 

sdbpl* msy bq be@e tonitied ni!.Rk mishr h.vc i,!c@@ er4on,jicxlty ,ith 

inrrinsic honglr$e conk l-orming coDptexes. 

The nrnsq€F onlem show.d sigitior dialdne eDnB drtrin l@rncntr 

fie.25). Howover, nrc mangaDe* conGnl ws found lo be slatisti@lt, idenlical ,monB 

diflwd lodificd whoto *'lar nour $nd6 Th. nrM8tu.* conrcnl % 6und lo tr 

sisnificandy ligher in untoniled floursnpte, The rdsulrs show.d llEt rhe tonific€don 

ofnin.rols in r nos sisninen y aff.r€! rhc dncdl pDtile. Boila rr at, 0993) 

dek'nitred $e cotrqltmrion;f copp.,,;rcn, mdeanes dd zN !r whdr ro be4.4, 

40.?,33.8 tud 29.3 nsltg Estcdjv.ly. Anjum./a/, (2002) found n0ngin6e conten in 

sohe wh€ar ldri.ties ro be 23.5 m&k8 which h tesr$4 rn vuru6 obr,i.qd in d,D 

4.1.3 Mitror.t cotrr€rt of ch.pr l 

4.t.3.1 I.on Cont.nr 

The e.lysis of vlri&a Gutls E@ld (Iabt. 5) |rd he sronge pcriods dd 

lHlm."rs sf.cl.{j signifiqnrtt th. ibn @nccnhtion of.hop ljs hdd. arom dirror.nt . 

nourssroEdfo.60dnrr(Fis,26and2?).Theslorose@dtilionrlndprck.sinsm.G.i.k. 

hodnosignificantcfectonironconrcntof chatar em/6. 

No sisnifiql cnese in iron @nt nt ws obedcd in cn.panu n&le rem ndF 

$oEd up ro It di)r 'ftE cnaponi, p,.Dmd frcm nours sbrc,l tor .tO d.ys .rlxbiFd 

signinc.nrchinge in ion onGnrs whichdid nor chlns. rq !h.,€s otftG slo6s. p€riarl 

(Fis-26). 'lt. iron codcnr in ctrupanL onged tiom 7O,Ot to 75,0.1 mg/lq whib $e ion 

@ntol oftheirEsp*tiv. flour shple 6s€d tron ?0.95 b ?4,1? DEA& Ho*ev.r, 

ll((l'atrge in rse mderub lner batmgdid nol exed 39oar eny skr.g. pqiod.

i 

t 25 

20 

It 

l0 

t 

0 

a 

25 

t 

t0 

25 

20 

l5 

TO 

siqa. P.n.d (bF) 

w 

figtd 

Etr4.ornont .cndxhroo r!!4!* cdn{. 

dr.mr ro.illhd nl'oh *[..1 tlom 

Tl a2 

T] 

't4

t 

i 

! 

It: 

6 

;II 

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2 

E 

2 

j a I 

hibt a g : i E 

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E I I s 

I 

: :lc1 

!ti 5 i 

lll 

iti t 

II I 

I 

I 

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i-lt 

|ll 

"Ll 

E t3l: q 

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blc t3 EIS 

FI: :ti ? 9t9 a 

R 

l -J 

lo 

IF t 

rll ,isl! ilalg l ?lsl$ E 

3a 

r:t 

F f;E

15rt€y 30 d.y 45d.t e{day 

fc-r6 E,rcr or dor... Fdod. ril .drd d.r,epr6 rd. 

f'm drr.nrr rordnld no'dt fh0L 'h{r n rE 

E 

d 

! 

I E 

10 

LffiHT1 

'{..2'rftdorh|do.|n|orb|oi.r.Df.|lr 

D& (on d|r{. rod|rd fror. ?r-r!.!r

The t€ah.nrs clrer wos tound ro b. 3i8nifi€dr for iron @ncnr ot clEpa[is 

(FiC2?). An incGs. ii iron @[t nis !ne. hkilg w,s nord butsu.h inqeeqastirle 

.noogh ro b€ @Ni.rfti which hicht be du. ro the iM pt6re lsj tor bstitrg of 

nE ch6g. in ircn ont€nt oachrplris m!, b. arrribtrlel [o ttc !h4!* ,n iM 

com€nt tnd r@* pl.e dldns ioaS€ or$cnoursmpr6 @almGra3initeL.ndof 

su(h cn4scr *a, ob*frcJ in ch4pdlis.. 

4.1.3.2 Zinc cotrr.trr 

Th. mean squlr to, zinc @nrcnr ofctroprdir pF?6rd ton drfiffir lodilied 

ahol€ whan nour smd6 hlve b*n pEsnled in .l.abt. 5. TIE ${istiot E$t1s showcd 

|hlt srom8. conda 06 &d plct BinS oirqiats o{ bnql non ,iSd,j@r ef*l on 

z'nc @nred lor dlpafis made foh diff.€r fonificd whole eh*r ,tour hpl6 . No 

i"@crveellar tor rn, vq,abte $s tound ro b.signiti@ton zincconcor ofchlp.uii. 

Th. .i[c conletrt orchap,tth disptey.! | sisrifico! d€seasq s a runcti6n at 

srorsgc period. lhcE *s no si8rifi@t chang. in zinc @Nqrt ot ctEp.fiis pEpded 

rEm dilf@nt tonifi.{j whole *,hat itour spl6 dn 45 day3 ltoEgc *rlit. ln 

sigr fiqr chr.8. ws ob*rrcd dRq |h.r crda. Friod, Th. vduB for ac @nr.nb 

w rh. hiehBr in dqari m!d. fom ar.sh Iour sopl6 !.d th. tow6t d 60 da)s 

Ih. ronccnnathnr uf /i,,c in .h[r l male wrh JiIeE t.rnrrie,l nou,s 

ris ncedy dillcrcd uith r@lnenb Gig-29) ,.t.h.* @ienrBljotrs wce nonifesr.d in 

cl'.p!ui smpts h rl'. palr.n of nnc@nr. nr th.nBperavc flou.Mpla 

rhc onqrBrion ot zinc @n@ or rhlp.fii @ atmon sin,ib ; nou md no 

consrdqbl.dif.rcncc ws no!€d a. r*uh !tblking. 

The* esutls o& in @ordtu@ wnh Saloh gr ar. (199t) wl$ dtioded 

hkMutriqt to$s drrins baking dld found $!l brtiing did trol c.us. dy signifi@l 

ross h rh€ @nlcn! ofnircr .

!3{ 

t20 

Eg 

# 

HE 

€ 

o or t5d:y 30 ey .5d.y 6od.y 

TO TI T2 T3 

'Tn{lmr6 

89. 2r zrcsddr d.hr!D|r! od. fnn d{r{ol

4.1.3.3 Cob.lt Conr.nt' 

The m..h squms for cobalr oonrenr i[ ctropar r ooble.5) indiared a sisnitic&r 

cfT.ct ofsromge Friods . The sloBgc conditiotrs, pekrging n!&rials &d ruhqnr! diil 

nor o,Lcr rfi. abalt onr{l df dillcEnr chlpluir, Intqa4tiv. .IIet .@n8 ,e 

vai.bls *a ds foud ro bc non signifimt. 

Coboh @nenFarion in chsps(is nng?d lom O./ro0 @ 0.4e, n&/tg. Th.E Ms, 

siSnificant changc in @batr @nlenr ot ctqalris hadc t6n toni,ted whote wlqr 0our of 

60 days srorage (rig,30). Th. cobatl co ent of rhc flou. spts of lh* ch.p{ri3 

lhougb diflee{i si8.ifianrly witn €pccl to lhc trarnE$ bur E l@rJnenl.n4l w!, 

foutrd to be non signifiant in cndpafis ndde ftoD lh* flou smptes, Tne chan8e io 

r@e.lemcnt levelwhite baking mdy be ctlriNrcd to lhe larioN ertrinsic tornst,rcsol 

r.lolively i. higher anentmriotr, ovda ch4B€s in stodse ondirioN snd hish.r 

r.mp.Elurc du.i.g brkinA. 

Sdah er ar (t99).stimaled hicNnlri.nt tos6 during hlldns. Th€y aptdjn.! 

lhlt baldng did not qus. dy significqr tos in thc @t nts of mindts. h ws tuilEl 

supporLd by Jon6 (1t77) who reponen no tos ofobltr in @nbriomt brad mdq 

4.1.3,4 CopF.r coDaeor 

TIF dalysis ofvaiooc. to. @pp., @lcnr ofcl8pirds showE

01 

;". 

i; 

!5 

t1 

31 

tffi 

oday 15d.y 30day 45day 60day 

ar*!o tu! cor6r d orle.d r 

oday 15.|6y 30c.y 45d.y 60d., 

s&n!.rdbd 

a!. rl copp..6!@r ol.!r9I.& !d. lrln 'lld.ur 

fonllkdft{d vtol.lhartuir '

4.1.3.5 M.Dg!tres€ Conr€nt 

lhe onaltsis ot vuriuce tor rne angao$e conleot of chopauis munc fbn 

difiecnr whol. whar ndr spl6 hN ben pM.d in T!!te 5. TlE sro;Be 

@ndnions of dif.Enr qhole rr'qr noor snDl6 signafis y .ifcr€d rhe nnr8ee 

onretrl oa clEpaftis. lhe l(4lm€or efieor on nu.can€p @ntcnt of chapa(1s woe stso 

Thc meg@*. @nr.nt ot chapaui! diffeFn sianinon{, ahons v.ri66 

rBr,h.nG ov€r tlE rnot.3rom8e psiod, Ihc r@c're @nrcd 96 sisnifi@rly 

I'iehd ii chrpauis trlde t&n diller.nt whotc *hd nour s.npt€s sror.d uider 

conxoll.dcondirionsofLinp.ralure ond rel!liv. huntidity (tis_32). The chapa i! Dode 

rrom utrfo in.d wbote wh.at nour smptcs (t) dnd T. (.lsn.nd non wirh zjo) 

mdriLsral dE trisher meg.n* 6tql ft. rrqlJnqt Tr (NTFeEDTA wnh i!$o, 

sisnifi*noy diFs€d ton it'c tMlmdrs T0 od Ti white I B aound to b. at plr wirh 

Inrcru.rive eildr of ueahenB and jorase p.riods Ior dongon* @nEnr oi 

clEJFrti m.d€ lrdm di0cE $nol. vhd nor spt6 imliaGd lh. hishd 

moSoe @ntot in rqrJrhB To sd T. ldr.d a.0 ed tJ d.F srons. whit. th. 

ro{.$ nrngusc @nren! wis obwed in chapruis of ftcsh nour rMpl6 ot Tr (Table 

or Sulhvdn (larlr Rponed 8 ppm nrongon4e in bRad b6ked trem pate floJr 

comiinina 3 ppn negon6.. Strch { inuils of 37.5 9. !r nr.nge6e enr.d lnd 

boldng n.y no! b. dribur.d b rh. chag6 dlrirg blting. Tt. bR!, ineFdiat Digh 

haE incMs.d rhe @nr.nt of rhis chemiool co.sinEnl in b@d. Tte d€tu. in 

han&n.secontcntrndicrredi[ctrpo{isalqb.lirgdidnotexo€d5%,!h€nr4xirtrrm 

beins wirh fr (t %).nd mirliDunr ir Tr(t.j5 %) tous in lhe pEen! sudy. 

4.1..1 Bikirg loss ofzinc rnd iro! 

Th. .fi.q ofb.kins on ion onGd ot whole whd flour ot 0 Md 60 d!$ sronss 

ha ben pee.nre! in Tabto 7, 1-h€ Esulb indisr.

3 

I 

g5 

E r:i:l 

Efl I:.:=l 

Eg riil 

E_,E:i 

TOTIN 

|{sllcopFrhkorrr.Fd|te.d. 

ntl. Mtr'gn-..016. h dtrDDru

T 

! 

3 

€ 

E 

Je 

AE Ce 

t- ic 

F? 

jF 

FS *q 

t- 

to 

:- 

a- I. 

I 

e 

!

I 

T.tr.? !r-t.drdtt - !r -r-t raqra i.ra.a rbl|r.a *d 

0 74,11 15tJ +lJl 2.D 

q ?ou ?dot .flif : : 

r.u.l tilia or l&r- {.../-r.at5.i ffi ta.}tr.tirda 

z& s!.dGi/r{} 

I e? .10ir5 +otB o.lt : i 

'60 r!.ot j o,fe lJ3 

":.i

ae nour sfrtt6 c a tudion of bn*ina qlE@ rlr.zifc onr4r3 o tom sro,qt for 

60 days reduEd ro L3l ncrc. snlr bsknlg. 

The dinerene iI bakins to$ aier rc enfic abn€e pc.rod of60 days b.d h€?tr 

rrule.nou8h. Th. hrinchl trdler is scncBlty tess pbrE lo,ny desmdation durirg 

l@lhcnl *itb cl.vared teDpenlur€. S!l!h d ,t (1999) invBtigried lo fDd our 

nicrcnuriql tds durine b*ing_ Le .{tat ot hatnB u tn. tevek of lhi@itu, 

ribo0avin.nd $nc nrincEl etmenrs es srudicd in Sude* Kisra b@4 A@ding ro 

the autho.s, b.king c.us.d no sisnincaDi.ffcct on $e momrconr.nG of Kis brqd, 

r.lib and Kam (t9o2r obseped ,he eler ot Uakms on nir,etuh, .th.y rcpurkJ H 

z'nc a'd ibn con.cfi in 6re.d wci€ I t.5 r.d j4.O oy't(& Bpc.nv.jy. .t_h.y obceed 

lc ofn.c after bating hd the vaiu$ aor ion @nb wE r.trn8 vidin thc tugc 

obhin.d in the ptqnl srldy. 

Clrbdne,r at (1996) cponed rhat rhe min.rot conlol du,,ns rne pocesing ol whotc 

c.Gar gdrns ro lh. tjnit podtrcB Esulr.d ir loss oa sagnesiuin, zinc, ,tuniiun, 

carcruh, nangansq ion, ed copld on!eir:. Th€se tinomss e Dor In line lilh rho 

E ults oblaiDed in uE Deqt srudy. 

4.l.5Rheotogic.t srrdies 

Rheology ir a science oa nolv ad d.formrion of nErGnlt, borh tiquid o. $lid 

a.d uftteBtadins ot irj prnrciptes is inrporrod b rh. s|ul|y of r@d rqru. ltE 

,:'.olos:@l ercFnie of E doueh @ retar.d ro )e qu.riry ofrh. nndFdp@ducr. rh. 

tholosisl behavior oa whan nou dough provids rlE bsB ro! unddLndins rtE 

h-&rdli.g pbpsri* ofdosh jn b3kerr_ Mo@vd, ir nuy 4n pE{rcr dE qurn, ofd. 

b.k ry produds Th. consisFncy &d srlbitny ot $e dousn lan e m4!€d eiri ! 

rsinoahph, $iioh is d€,i8n.d ro mcislro th. tore requn€d b turn nix€r btM6 or ! 

corBrdt sp.ed duri.g nrixing ofthe dough (Lockor 4,r 1972).The fo@ incje@ s 

sru&n js b.jry d€vctoF/ and tar.. d@@e as glutqr is brckcn down with @ inled 

miîna ft. Schrinidion of d. ddgh h |h. bllins Flr.* E or gbr inptu4 lld 

trr! R imided b, redng rh. B.tatini2lr,on of d. nM 

n'@logiel prcp.ni* of $e tordricd wtote *tr*r np 

In th' p,*t eud'' 

.s,inoe6phic dd snytogrerhic -rr.". *" ,,".";"; ";::::,H ;il"#;

t 

t 

8 

I 

a 

! 

3 

..: 

6!F 

|; 

ri 

F 

s 

: 

a 

I 

E 

F 

3 

t 6 3 

qi i { a 

a 

s 

:€ 

3F € i € 

F ? i ? 9 a I { 

2 

E 

: : E 

2 

2 

: 

s 

I ? a 

?j 

a6 

X{E 

E4-3

4.1.5.1 Wrt.r Ablorptiou 

Th€ c.ri3.iflt Gulb indicdcd rhar {i.. lbs|prion of diit@fl nou sd6 

(Tabl. 9) difiered ri3nificelly due lo dif€Enoer l. s(o6go int€wlls, packaghg 

hrcrirlr sd r€rn.nt' HoeEr, so6s. @nditic ed in(.mrio mmg tne 

vei.bles did not 3irnifi@rty.nd rhe w6r.rabso.priun ofdi0lEn. noud. Th@ w$ 

in hc@in8 rend ir w"ler absoplion as a ujncrion ot slonge pedod (Fig _34.). Th. 

xagh*r wora lberplion m obsed h nour snptd wrcn t€sed .n r 60 daw 

slooge whilc lEsh 3smpts exlilrircd ninibun w.!.f dbsorpuon. .l.h€ llour smples 

sbr.d in polrpropytqc blgs shoqed highs M|er ob&rption r6t,2l%) c @ne.!d o 

th. flouB st'l'!d in rid box6 (6t.l4yt d indiqted io FiguE 15, .fte w!t6 lblorption 

*a round b be sigitjcantly ditTeEnl ahons ditqat fonificd whole wt@1 flour 

spls i,.. lrrrhqtl (Fi8-36). Ho\B€r, tEd|Hl.|Iet on *.lcr.bslpri@ t r*cn 

T, end T1(NaF9EDTA gbu!) ond Tr ad T. (eldqldt i6n smup) ws found !o bc 

sigtrin@rly dinrrcn', fte td,tiqrion q$ found rob.si8n**U, o,n*nin *., 

obsorpnon orJifleFnr fiouB Ihc foflifie.l nuLr somptes shor ed Lilher wd( ft$rpuon 

!r cohp.&d lo mtqtiti.d fler sdnpl6. ?hc Irpe of nor ronrfiMrdtu affedc{t wb. 

.!.orpri@ ot flos difl€Hdy (Fis-jo. Th. fonifidB e !E hinent et!! whi.h 

po$cas hy8rbscopic chlr!.teristics ,id wcE $sumed to d€n 6 pDmmn| id{lu.trce oir 

th..ule.lb$Arion 6p.cityoflhc flourenptes. llE whoL whan Iolr showld lo*r 

condilioning or Lempcrnrg lnd niShr l[ve offcclen w,|cr .b6orprotr ot the iour qd6 , 

soll@ lnd Rotqrbolo 

. 

0975) R+on.d drd M*.bsol!|ion is @rcit rld e 

impon.nr chmclcrjsnc otwhear oour 

. TIE BulIl ot w.rtr &beq,lion o6t ined in thc pEht dudy e tisiq d.n rtE 

G$lt! of Bdghi a r/ t t99b, $ho found fid *rb..b:orpxon rerged trom 5, b oO % 

our D rhe DrsMr rud), n mged imn 60.68 ro 6J.6? 9/" d vrious sbm8. nnwlt, 

Thit difIcE.e hishr b. dcibd€n lo rh. sadic ed .nvimnn nt r r.croB p.6jst d i.

I I 

- 

as 

E 

fl3,34 Efid otnonS. D.dod! q uor rbcorDrh or 

nnse6ddPEb.lr'mtdd| 

t ffi€ 

ffi 

ffi

4.1.5.2 Doogh Devetopd.bt Tim. 

Th. doush devetopn.nl lihe is 0 iimc (nin) Equicd ro @ch !E munnum 

Thc atotislical resull' €grding anatysis ot lai.nce of dif@nr tbditied DIot. 

wh*t iour $nples in T!bt. 9 showed non signinu elfer of sroog€ anliions, 

whilc siSninml efet of slorogD p.riods, p.ck gins naleriab ed .@rnqrts oh doush 

dcvelophenl tine ofdilie.€nr aorriried wtrols wh.ar nour s.nrpt€s wos obssrved. ft* 

w6 en D.re6i.4 kend (r'ig.t7) in dorsh Jcvetopmcnr lin. s a tunction ofsroBse 

p€riod. Th6 minnnum dough dewtopmenr dnc w6 obFpcd when flour @nle wee 

l.sred at 0 day whib n M found |o be rh. mxihun in nolr hr €s lencd or 60 da)s 

sromg.. The lncrese in doogl devetoptoc riNe durjns slomg. nry b€ ftqibql to {p 

chans* ir pBlein qlaliry lnd .onr.nr ot$. flour smpls durimg slo&sc.l]Ec resutrs 

e€inlin *ilh E findings orpome@.r,t (1968) wtD qplained rhal nriring rinE of 

douBh frcn da'nlee'l nou6 wc€ @nsblentty drd substatualy lotrger rhd dur of dougb 

from $ud llouri, Ho*ev.r, d€t rioBlion of tonifrql ttouB ouflng so6se @ tne lca.r 

md inr|a. doush d€v.lopn.nt tihe *. nor b€ corclaGd wirh 0E .xr.nr or d!mg., 

Iudnemorc, fodi6c.$on had .tre annucrcql dE dougt, d.t.topodr ri,nc otdirlqhr 

Th.e wd non si8nrti@nt.ffat un dougo oevetopn.nr hn,ebe 

T' & T1 .nd Tr & T. nouB.'fhe* Bds Ny b€ cmlar.i ri$ rx. rrre otfoliifiodr 

6 T'&T: qnid N.F€EOIA .s ion $ue wlrit. fr &T. 6nr.insl .ten.n[l ion in 

nour ronifi$uun. (li! l3). rh. msinrun JoJsh de\*ronrncnr r,me w$ fuund ro bc 

?.34 hinut s itr untonified nour !d 6.2j mioures dou8,r deletopment rinc ws 

rmded in llou6 oa T..1h.diree4 in E ell*tofindiridual fodifi@!,6ishl be 

b..&r .rch rlp. of fodifionr inkrkd wln pd.in of rtE nour smpt6diffddy 

fo.ninA comnl.x.s which utriharely aa]'clcd UE gtur€n co crt Esu[Dg io vei., 

doush dcv.loptuenr rime, l.he prc*agins hftriat 3is,iticedy affeted doush 

devclopm.nr rimc a indaqr.d in Figu.e 39 . 1lr dough .Lvcropmqr rnc tir difldr 

lonifi.! wlDlc vhar flou. shpl.s sloEd h bags w foud io oe 6.60 dinur.s whjte 

fottified flous slored irr tii boxes doush d.vetopment Liho wos 6,32 nihules. TtE 

i[.@riv. .O{r ofsromA. pcriods tud prc*nBi'l3 mraisb ts ats cvid€nt from Figure

,? 

l6 

B 

a2 

v3060 &.rtrst d(D.rr) 

$"tr:.mr66;5 

o

40. Thc dough devrtopnur;rihe *as irflucnced b, th€ poolrsgmg materiak ooty,t 30 

days srorase olhevie dr effecr tor packosing Edained non 5ig.ifcml .r 0 lnd 60 days 

sro68.. Corb.llini e, a/. (1999) €xpkin.n rhe tuge of douSn doctopnent i@ fo. 

hqaploid qhal lrm

. 

6la 

t12 

Iro 

ri : 

l: 

-0 

?r. 

3iE 

ii 

tl Ta

whol. *hc.t flour ehptq ofTr gav. nirituun dougi sribiltly { 1t.48 toir). The 

haximuo dough statitiry ( 12.84 hinuts) 6 obhinen in ,tour srplB of Ta (Fi8-12), 

Tne sdtrid eutts in FiguE 43 Fatd rhar O. pdk.ging nsrqi.t tud 

sis.ifidnt cfiet on sllt itily of ,louch. nE dough srabilir, (Diruca) of nours ,to&t in 

polypotylen. bass wa3 higher oscoopad b nre floli sdDpr$ srored r t bor.s, 

Cerkowski, ., d/. (2000) exphined lhe cftecr or slobse on rneorosrcat prurerriB 

of (lou. md sialed rhlt rlE sro6g€ ot nou !p lo lO"C qGd cr&s6 ii dog[ 

rh@lqiql nmnd€rs, indiering . dousfi rEn8rhaing .rf-r. TIE no.ar. ot nou. n 

40'C sull€d in tisbl inexl.nsible douSn dDt woutd be difnouh ro DD6s i! bol. .; . 

4.1.5,4, Amytogr![hlc .br.rctori!lic, 

Th. myloshph onrinuoBly hesuFs rlE Esitue ro lhnina of rNh ,l!dy 

!hil. !hp.d@ or ft. 3uspenriotr is 6isd !r . @mE r da The chsss in d! 

vi@iry oa sbrch s:uFy .E dcpicred on gmph3 rlur aE b.ing E0*rcd s a cult of 

mylase acliotr durine ris oflcnpeDtuE dnd o$er fdclo6, Vh@graph @nsjst trci6 of 

starcls dcoEas. due to d.gndution ot dE ltarch by 0E !.riotr of high dyLs6 lctivily 

(Locnz.r!d Kulp, l93t). 

Tn. lnllysis of v{riane Buts siEn in Tade 9 ,hd.d rhrt r@a. @ndidoni 

nong. pdio& md k 'lm.n6 siSnin@rl, dLdql rhe pal visosiry ot dE do!3tr, 

Th. .fIeq of slofl8c londition! wos iouad b bc sisnifi@n resotti,s i[ pcok 

vrsosat, vatu.r lo b! 201t(Bt ) and l9l4 (BU) in ditTemt fontfied flous ,ror.d .t 

@bicnt &d 6 .o €d @nditim, cpe.iv.t, (Fig-{4). 

In th. pcd srud, ditTdenq in UF palG of imn folifiqd flouB nisht bc dF 

to difl.rcnEs in l6e cn.miqt natur€ ot noo stls. pyl€r (19?3) trored th* rm hirh. 

curve h.y cod€spolld ro tow level ot inrylas etivity, too tow a cu(e Butts too 

dcsrv. dpha hylde etivity. The Flt eilaciry ofwlDlc whan ttM ir elTkl..l bv 

wh.d vdai* ed mrua ot fonifiturr (siddique, li-s9). 

Th. lnllosmphic vatues (BU) lariqt trc l27r, (BU) ro 25lj (BU) lDong 

tlotrB t.stcd ot O (fresh srmptes) dd 60 d0rs oa sto€ge, $p6rivety {Fis+s), Thc 

dylogEpl'ic value incMscd pogr*ivety ,. . function ofstong. pdiods, Thc elfal 

of lh. ilohgc paio4r hiy bc llribur.d to $. idmcrim of rodifiqG wilh ftd. 

onponcn6 and lheir subs.qle efrer on fte enzynnic !.tivili6 withb rhe nour,

Thc incEa. in lmytograDhis propcnier of ltour lmptes wG supporr.d by 

Popov 6nd Timolf€v 0933) who auribuF

I 

-2,1{10 

aroort 

t t600 

Tr2oo 

E roo 

I 

0 

3000 

s5o0 

;20{x) 

iooo 

t 1000 

! :oo 

0 

25{0 

zlto 

l50t) 

t{o 

0 

E.i.q.trt|l. 

x litc droq. ddu.r r {rb.n,| .r 

i &{ ffi.a'rd.rr-.a-r 

'0 ,0 . .._ 

lL.{. !ar.t (!.rr) 

tEat rlacdrr.q.Fd.ll - .it|olnD[ 

Ll.-rt lit rh. 

rl tr' r: 'il il 

rh*; 

rl.!r....l_.{h.+ rr.-r-

4.2 ACCEPTA BILITY STU DItrS 

s.n

t 

:i 

E 

i 

6 

I 

a 

g 

s fi E 3 i ! 

5 a a 

c ! 

I I 

a 

$ A d E 

fl n E 

I 3 

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a I a i 

E F 

? 

F 

I s I E 

c 

I 

I 2 

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s s : 

B 

I I 

o 

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t ! I 3 e a ,5 

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p 

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Co rotbd 

fr&.7 Ed4. ddq. qr.rbE ( obr sn d 

r9rc'rob'|d'h.n 

- F &t![ nldtr 

Irt. .r lnd or FbJr !.'sr.! d 

rontfl.d dltdir ,r01. ,l,nr

,t 

6 

Aa 

TI T? T3 T4 

rt !! L.Dnht.k d rhc drb 

o.:r.!.!] 

10 TI 'l: T] T4

-tl'e r@tDe s .fccr on lbe cotoui $ores ofih. chcpauis nEd. fton difimr 

ronified qhole $hear floun h dEpicL@ in tie-5o thc olour *o* *" iouna. * 

lhe hisbgt lor ch.p.[is prepdcd fron whole whar nou6otlo(6.49)andrhemioimum 

s@cs wr gav.n lo th. che3 is DFporcd fon llour orTa (4.7 t ). The flor ofTr mighr 

hav. inpond blackish color ro rhc oh.psuG du. ro drc elcme at itutr. All lhe rrettMc 

difi@d signitjcanrly for @lour ofchopauis. 

The highesl scorcs io cotou. wce cigncd lo chspaltir tr.pdqt fDh feh flou 

sples ed tlt nininum €lour $orcs w.E r$igned ro chap is nade from rhc flour 

smpl* r6r.d altq 60 dlys eohs. under odbie.r condi(oro (Fig,5l ). 

lnl.active €fccl of 3to&se cohdirionr ud rdrtnenls is d.picr.d in Fig@ 52. 

The maiimm alor se w€E giv.n ro ch.pdris pEplr.d fmm flour of T0 lhite 

minimum in cirpaltis pcpaFd lro'n Tr flour. 

-th. MF3 givln to colour of clEps{is shown in Toblc ll indicac4 rltst 

r@tm.nts and 6rorrge p€riods h.ve a risnifi@r incMrive .ttar on $B srsr) 

pcmn.ta- Th. chapattis of untbnitied fresh nour 9mDl6 w* lil.rl nosr by |hc judsB 

8n'l thc ctup.tlis or rodi{ied nour sple i-e. Tr (elcd.msl ion) .r 60 d.ys s(o6s. Ms 

dk.drt rhc bonon wnh Esp.cr ro@loroa chrpa i5 

ll nay bc cotrolu{ted rhar rhc ciEpatis dade lioo ull rhe flou splq .xept 

0our of Tr 3t 60 dats stoBg€ at mbient @ndilion €mained .@prrbl. for 6loq ec 

up to 60 &}3 srohse llovwcr, dE chopa[ir tude tbn tu nour $npl6 lroGd in 

@nlFll.d @ndhion soEl brus onptringvirh ch{{rk dadc fbh flour stored dt 

anbid ondilions. TIE chrprrris n6de frod flour packlsed in dE poly p6pyls. bags 

sol bdt . $o&3 s @mpd.d !o rh. €hapdtis prcparcd iom n@6 storcd in rin boi6. 

It is sell known thar lonifiutl imrrn elor to $. prod!c1. saFE./ ar (1974) 

Epo,t d th. hcr rhat on of rhe m0jor Fobl.ms in imi foninc6tion h6 bd rltc 

d.v.lopm.ot of un.(.p!ob lc co lour ch.nge s in todi nsi foodr. 

l he floum oa T1 snd T1 6[aioing N.Fe EDTA ihp0d€n ls @lor ad,l 

anJTi conroini"s .len'enr.l ircn s!e@. d idr m'S|n lrk mpdd.il moE@lourto 

th. poduct. odby (1985) supporred thir vicr poinl try rcponins rhal un@eprabh 

dbgq in @lour ond fl.vour occor shcn dcd ro foods, iruo conpoud mry also 

psvakc pdipirario. such 6 wlcn addcd ro roods. Clydesdale(t991)report d rhar

E 

t 

I 

n "'! ;l 

r3 

:TR 

ia 1i t! rl.t 

;l 

ai; tt 

€q ID 

:; 

ta 

5e 5E 

:!i 

iE d! 39 

ui l8 gl :! 

il at Fi 

r':tr'..l i 

:.,.i,::rril;!,: 

',,t,):t'

oB4olcptic poblqe rchr€d ro zn'c foaifisrioo off@d hare nol b..n obwcd.nd do 

not sn to b. a @jor €@m. Ra'horn a oL (axtg77) cpo6e! no 6dv6c.fi@i on 

btsd qullty .fl.r lddirion o4 2,2 ng Zn /toog ro vhcrr fltu s !c.l!c, sceare, 

srbondre, chlodde, oxid. '!utfal. of el.n nlat zind. 

Dklq sr al. (t975) reNrkd dret Fc(ll)EDIA is a pate y.[ow wter $lubtc 

nowdcr wilh a high stabililt oonsr0 a llce slDtrtd thus nor b€ ! nrjor p.obl.h in 

nndinS a ruiBble di.lary ingEdienl lo sep.6 velicle for fonificstion, No impfiet 

colour chdges hlw ben Eponed in rhcvehntesl6t dsfd. 

Brel ond Rlnum (1935)apoden dl'l lbe physist .otour of rtE iron @mpounds 

rh.m*rvs na) cmy ove. in lhe tonifral pmdLcl. Rcluc.d non poqdcB e {t.rt gBy 

in colour. Th€e pord€n do q@ s stignr s.lying efid on rh. @tou ot $e nour sd 

with Esreol lo @lou. of chapa[is prcpdnd froh difieEnl todific

film rcsp€djvcnour samplcs. Theoverutl scor.s for flavou Gsigred to.hopdlis nlde 

Ibn flou6 srorqr bo$ qld tin boxcs w6 5.69 and 5,44, cpecuvery, 

The torn€ms eII*r on $e flalou mrcs of thc chap!(i b lts toud lo b€ 

tignificonr (Iig-56) bccsus. vdrious ti'rds ot fodjrjcdls {t din E.t do* tdvets wr. 

u5cd ll'e chlp.nis prep.dt rrom unronifi.d uou. Cto) sor ,nqnnum r6Gs tor nlvour 

tollowed by Tr (NaF.EDTA). The lernenrs Tr &d T? wirtr ooe kind of ion torriliol 

i.e. NaToEDTA suphd wnh zinc aulphae drd zinc oxid€ perromed slt s MpoFd 

to chaprtlis pEpardl ao; forriUqt notru @nhinins cl@enlil i.on in tqrnetu Tr dd 

'1. xih sinnh. nrc qn3. lhe minimLn ,vour sB w sisncd ro chlpdris 

tEpor.d lion llour of Ti, tt scenFd dfl ziDc lbnifiomls conribuled rowsrd! dfferins 

n!. nwoc of chaparis s zilc sulphsr. s forlifiqn! in u€rtn€nk ,t.] .nd Tr got hish.r 

$oe for lbvour who @npsd whh Zim oxide in T: an4 Tr rshdr' 

'Ihc n c.acrivc efcot of rcshcnrs rr sLodsc periods !s toutrd lo be 

sigtrificatrt Oable t2). Th. hish.sr 0avour sores were ssi$ed lo chapa$is DrpsEd 

,iu rrdl unfortifi.d nour sDl.s ( fq white minidun sG Mr€ givd lo clEps|lis 

prcpd€d aDm nou$ or Ta.Rs 45 dayr ofsbr.se 

. Th. incdctivc clld ofslohs. andi oro and $o6ge FioG, sroEg. Frio

I 

! 

3 

i 

I 

2 

7 

6 

Ea 

E] 

E; 

0 t5 10 4t 60 

sbr.r r{rd 1D4t 

rt s. nrddnonF Fde rd' 

Prt- sr Etrd dDrbr!! rrdL

l6 

I 

gu 

'|&5?|rfu.ddo..4 

Lq44I]. s!b."itd-i 

0lt30at60 sr.nl. r.rd (Drr, 

q. $ htrdrv. .rd or Drtr.lb3 r.r-r.! od tm3.

l5 

8 

2 

I 

0 

?q 

T4 

nl,3e rcurrn drcrFr{+..4rr.r .d 

!-tu x||.nrffid"l'r rriiLirr. nrn

t 

e B 

3 

*; 

!E !{a -{t 

F F 

$t 

;n E: 

:-E 

-e F! 

s! 

I 

i 

E 

€ 

i 

I

t 

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i 

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I 

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€ 

3 

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6 

3 

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5! 

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OMN| (t996 ) EDort d lhal non is a pre-oxidloi lml is rhvolv€d in ftajor navor 

clutrgq i. forliGed f@d!, $D.cio , lhos rlldl Equi& rong.r en€rr_tif. inctudinr whcd 

, lnd @d flou., ofi nrvour cln ate Buh ,rcb $c ne|lltic i.3t of rh. stlbt. ibn 

iticlt tlowda, lhe qr.trljc cjlet of ion on tut ord: 

rl* majorpobl.m, ne ss.s o,0r"",.,U."-O r" r"lil;r*#fl::: ffii: 

orpro oxidM n uEotirotr. 

'fh. strijsrial resulb Egardin3 bn scoros h.E Dq gv.n in T.bte tO. Th. 

. Buik rhoqqt ther joE8,e paiods, iGrr,n.ns md 

si,,in.on,crrec,on.,csco*s.*,*"0,o,*no,"nu*n,fffil.l,lJ:ffi:,r:ilj 

whore what [ouB. Th. s|oBge ondnioDs did nor show s s,8hirimr.fl€cr on q6 

6srgn.d ro r!,te of wious chapdris. Th. inrftiions Er@,6c. @ndnis3 &d 

norg. fdiodr, stoEs. pqiods md pdc*l8ing h.ocri.ls, nMSc @odiri6s &!d 

l'4un.nB dd slomge Dsiodr.nd t@ltnenB q cr. tNnd !o hav. 3ignifitrr eat@l utr 

llsIc .f d'ap6(h. Tha i cL&tive effq oi songe cononDN, ltoEs. D.riode $d 

rqrm.nrs ate sienificanrty lflcted th. $oB givq ro Gr. ol .h.potris, Th. .ficd oa 

ioEs. paiods h round lo b. non signific.ir o. rNl. ofchapsnis whq DEprEd tmm 

llou6 slored b.twen I J -10 dry! lnd 45 {|) days. -the hlsnd scoE! qeE 6sign.d to 

llre t8ic of ctlsPatris preDaEd frcm fEsh flour ( 0 day soEg.) whrto rne tow*t r@rcr 

eE obr.an.d by lhe chaparis pr.por.d t6n 0ds !r 4j .nd 60 day, 3i.68., 

- 

Th. tcutbqr .tTd oh Lh. asc or rlE chapsnk preparcd trom ditfeEnr fonificd 

rour $mphs Mt oho fourd lo be silni{icanr. The Judg6 drqihinded b.r*..n 

cbdpa(is pEpo.ed fmn tonifi.d ;d url.onilj.d ltou6. ln. c[aplttis pep.ed foh 

flor of 1 o sot nqinuh scor€s tor Eee i,c. (6.11) white clup.(is lcpaF! nom nous 

df ts|hqr T. weE bcd lo bc ar $e borrom wirl BFct to rlE l.sre of ct.Dslris. 

This nigli b. b..!@ eron.rtet ircn wittr zilc oxi

p&k6gad in polypropyld. b{as wec rsc.l b€uer by lhc judSd for b.€ sooe cs 

conped lo th€ ch.panis prepa.d trom flouB ,loet nr lin boxes. The $oEs given to 

r6sr. of chopouie mad. fiom dillcMr flou, e,npt6 prckrtsed tu rin boxes werc llso 

dcptlble by thc prnelol jrdsrs. 

The [ish.st rsre sog w.re assigncd to chopouis madc from nours oa fEsh 

srmple whil. mininun soa wd Cieen ro choputri3 p&pded tiom flo!6 of 60 dqs ot 

slonge u.do anbi€nt condirioro (Fig-63). llEse ditl.€nc6 may b. suriburqt !o a 

trNlritude of redsns noE inponot b€iry thc flucruoliotr in sro6e. atmo+hlE for 

trrorstuE snrcnr tu

I 

E 

3 

2 

5 

3 

2 

6 

5 

01J104560 

ry oEh. d'hs. plnd d dr. r.mjordn -' 

m 

TI T2 .T3 

T4 

h.rd4|r.rdt 

E 61 Erd. orF.r.trg Erndn' or nrvDur roa ol

E 

€ 

t 

,! 

f*r 

:l 

r9 

i; 

gI 

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is 

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s: 

iI ;ti 

8: 

f: :: 

8: 

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8F 

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s$ 

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CF ;I 

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t 

.56!: l 

sbn.. Pjr.j (D.!) 

E!,6:tknd'.tfid.re*bg'{ 

T] f4

Hani$n €r al (1976) r.pon n thor $npt6 of unbt@h€d ittu qictEd,nh 

dilt@ iM ske weE sroGl ar 50 ond 21 0C. At iO oC, s tucid n€[ ws dcr{red 

sith ldour &lfaG an.r ,4 d.ys snd !tu, I I -28 Jsys B irlr rcduced iren ,A spt6 

storcd ar 23 .C rcE lcceprabtc ott.r 24 numh, Anonynd$ (te6s) Epod.d nd bEld 

md €k nolr .nrjch.! wirh ditil|0 eurcc, anctuding fmu,utpEtc, mF $oGj al 

rmm tempeturuE ad at 27 uC. Baling l6ts lnd p€mxi{t€ votu, hdi.jliv. otoxi.brive 

nmidity, fln.n.r 3 snd 6 mondN of srordgc lhow€d no dift.(@ thal6uld b. 

curibured to E sinste ibn so{rc.. K€nr (1966) ..poded bi(c. r*b in belddr c*,1 

prod@6 s . @d. of srma.. H. @ftlatcd rhc bi!6 |[nc wiu pemrid.* aciviry. 

P.bxids wc foun.l ro bc ,ppcdrt, dE m6r rhmo slsbt. or&y orrF .nzym., lh.r 

couhr he invohql in birkrr.a. during slom8. o loJ6 

F.itz !/.t (19?5) md Mafiin ed H.llon 0964) sudidl lh.l reduc€d ircn vd 

bcrt r $o fcnoB sutfarc in nor cGins or o

. rh. t xr@ofchopa{is.. 

lo@ .cquidn b Emove $. neGrial dd adlEEs to rh. mouth Bcn@ly lo th. patlG, 

Fredursbitity is the €.* wirh wtrich a emptc crumbles, cmclc or shane6, Cunmins is 

ltte denseE$ thrt persiss throushour €hewiry (S&z€sniil ./ ,/,I 963). 

l hG lEtyris of tdi'@ in Tabtc IO indioled rhd .ft_r ot shs. lErjodE 

Fckrging mrqi.ts &d rq|tDcnts on t!xt@ of chp.uts pcp.ied tim difttut 

lodjfied whol. wh.or nou6 ws significet. -Itle ink@rion bct**o s1o6s€ perio& md 

rredmor w6 6ts fdnd ro !e sirDincanr with espor !o Exrur. sco€s of thc ch$attk. 

Howwer rlrc stoEge @ndition k tound ro bc non signirisrt, difqqr wilh 68.d lo 

Th..ft cr or tumg. rrcriods M cxrur.ufct,!p.oi! h4 betr shoq h Figur. @, 

llt 

. 

rcrurc sme dnreaeu 6 e runrir ot nonse p€;od. .It" htel,.,, 

givtr *; 

ro chap.nb prepoed fbn ri.$ nour spl6 wl . fi. 

".;, 

nintunur scoE tor 

r.rluE w@ aigrd 10 lhc ch.rtrni. Feplld froh flouB of6o d.'s sto6q., 

TtE tonificarion of*not. wher dour wirh ibn od zlnc ajgailiqn y sff.ct d rh6 

lcrturc.fchin6(is Thc scoe 6signed 1o rtF tcxrur. ofDx{p!(i! made fM unrbnih.d 

nourco)_sisniri@{y veicd fbn aq assigncd b daplllis mad. fton fonia.d Rq 

spl6, Howq, rhe ch.n d3 nrdc ftoo ttou6 of Tr ud T: sor b.dor hG for 

6tE - complEl to rb. chlpatrb hadc arom n &{t T. Evcarns rDr ronificdlr type 

n'8hl hav. rctcd difr.€rcnrly (fis-67). 

.. 

lhe packaginS narqiat stro$ed a sj8 fi@r eff4l on s@e Nigncd rc l.xl@ 

ofcnip!ftis nldr tbm lou $frp16 no,ot ,n potypmp'tcnc bC, _U ,i. boô. rn. 

:T:.::,1*:.-' 

n@B 'b*d 'n porlpopvr* b'as !o, hisher urcs ,or ..*u* 

nm n. ch.p4rh mde fion ltouB {oel D rooxs(l-ig_68r. 

Inc [[.Elne.fier of sroEee wldirion, ond tu,m.rts n F,gR 69 Erld 

rtui chlpdris dlde nom noor or T, od T: (NaF.ED.rA) krc nfret d by so6s. 

@nditaoB wt h Bt of ri. bcalm.ntl stD*ld non,signin6( ctr.cr on sco6 signad 

ro r€rluE otchapadis whcn slora8. condiLDn! weR lompe.d. 

ertL in tlblc t66ho@d$, UF hishst ,,.- ._'IlE 

$oEc w.rc sitsned !oGxlu@of 

::'rjl:-T" ^. *^ no* *mpr6. The chap![i, made rro,n nou6 or r@rrn.nr r. 

"' vuoayi sroEg€ *astukedd e bolo,n b' fiejudgA srur rspccr ro rertue sB.

I. 

5 

le{rld{D'j

I a 

P 

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5 

3 

2 

Fl'6:l'*trlFb'ir.rj.njt

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t 

t !I

Th. Bulls for ri€ r€xlurc $orc noy bo dcrib.d b $e Dbtir mienr otlhe lour 

's hiSh prckin conre resull ii good rcxrure. Neve let.$ lb ificdion s a ktot. 

ailded rlD t.xlue .s sisnitica ditteM6 wcrc ot*ry& b.rwen ronitjed md 

4.2.5 Cbeyrbiliry 

Ch€wabilitrsa*nsryauriburc antriblre I tot bsil

c' 

62 

ll 

srnF Prdc. (&rr) 

f"'ra.orfu{.0!'l.dtud.hbiu'hB'r 

dltl.rdfonnbd'rok'[a|fuuE 

i|,'7ln're'o'F.!!gln!nnfnko'

I ! 

@6rgP'd 

ns'.|hrtdd'!!fu'dfu{!$d[| 

|t'rB.ddlk.ll

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Fi vrE I8 

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oach.pdris h6 ben slwn in tabtss l7 od l8 upaliv.ly. The iish*t mG ror 

.h.w,bilitt *eE dsisrcd lo the chopa(is prepad ron tBh lnfortified whot *n.{r 

ilour s'npies while lhe ninimoh ws er.d li, lh€ chaplr s nldc foh nou sNhtles of 

T, dt 60 doys 6f sioRCG. Whor stoEec endirions wE pooted, rtF liglE,t !@M tor 

chawability we gol by tn€ .haponis nMd. troE fr€sl unfonirie{t flo!., nlespstare of 

5t@8. condition while rlE hhimum wq tound for dE ct.pards hadc fbd nouR 0160 

Jayl ior.s. for troonc T, rnd f) (Nat eEDiA). N.feEDTA smed lo trcl tuliRty 

diilrnt for lhis snery p.6n.ter s @mp!r.d b rh. cr of $n$ry allriburB lb r|h 

5r!dy. 

4,2,6 Fold.bilily 

Tr'. aalrsis of voie@ in Talle l0 show.n dE| Gtfct of sions. @ndidoN, 

tslned5, slo68. p.riods end teklsing nsr.rills w louf,d ro bc aignifidnl otr soEs 

lsignal ro roldabilirr ol dE chai{uis made arcm dilTam whot€ wh@l flours. t'hc 

inEdcrive .ttdt .mong $oroee @|ldirion, {oragc period ed rMtmdts wo d$ foDd 

lo bcsignifildl otr thir$n$ry !fuibul.. 

Tbq. ws . siSnifidr Gtlet olsoES. @nditio;or fold.bitity ofdc.hap!fiis 

o.d. from difiEnt flouB stord al sbicnr lnd oontlou.d @ndiriom (Fig'74). 

' Th. srons. pqiod or noo. rampl.s sisnino.dy {$eclar |h6 foldability ofltF 

chapat& atu! a de.ising lrcnd fo.lhb schery dlribuc we obeocd s a fuctio. ol 

stooge (Fig-?5). 

Th. hdtmcnl.fret fpr fold.bilily showcd rhd olrpanh 

.nd Tr tqtm66 got non signinqn. diffcEicc wnh esp@t to 

(Fis-76), 

Tho hishGt $or.s qer. .siBned !o lolddbility of ch|pdLk nad€ f6 fld6 

sbEd h polyproprlene ba$ 6 conps€n to th. ch.p.nir mrde 6om flou6 rbrld in ri. 

Th. chrpstis mad. fom lrcsh nor empl4 (0 d!y) gor huiftun MF tor 

fold.bility orchepaui whrl. minimum seres $erc Biven b lhe cnapanis preplrcd Gon 

A siBnili@rl eiT4t of the stodge lEricl 

on foldlbilhy sG for cbopsuis ws 

obGcflcri oy.r thc cnriE stoEgc pBiod wher $oe ofpmklgitrg n.t.ri.b *.rc pooled.

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sbn3"i (DrF) 

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1 he s@ sivq ro fotd.bitiry sil @oincd highq in chrp.{ts n.dc ftoo ,tour sbBt 

bagr a .ompar€n ro box* llnd al ev.ry sdge i, cNrl (Fie-r8), 

Tnc chapadh of tonit€d ,nd unforliUed flou. mp|s slored undq @nEoucd 

conditiors pcrfoften w€[ for dc totdabitny oa$e c]Dplnis, Non sjgnifio.t dift@@ 

for $oEs ot foldabitiry of cbaFlris oadc toh flou6 of t; wos obsryei $tcd sloESc 

iondirims *@ p@tqt. rF,g-79r, 

Tabt. to indh;k

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signifi@t clter on n;utd @(nr. The intescrion of p&kasinS nalerirl with ttodge 

codition, st dse inledok ed r@lmcnts .eNairEd hor signifio.r aor nmutd eu . 

Th€ etrd or sroBgq @ndnions o. noltd @unr hs bsa d.!ilc{t in FisuE 80, 

Th. highd hould greql[ ws obwed in nou. hpt€ su,nd undo !mbi. slomge 

@dirions d @mparcd ro tlE cofto cd stomge conditioff. Th. sroBs. pdiods .16rl, 

sl'ow.d lhlt fi.€ w6 an incBins rr€nd in houtd sowth mnSing ton l_36 rlo% to 

9.91xlo:/g ii nours t€sted ar 0 Md 60 d.ys srorcge, rcsFcr,vet, (r,g,s t). It is obvioos 

ll'al rlorlg€ l.mFratuF ad humidity e rh. two m6t inpolr&r f.cro6 pnich h.lp i. 

lhq srew of modd, Th. p&\.gins hot.riab ol$ qhibiLd sisniti6r .ftd on ndrd 

srowfi (Fie-32). The nDuld srow(h % Ecorded to be hi8h.r h rlle nouc sloEd in 

polypopylenc bsss 5s comtarcd to nous slored i[ tin hox6, This intiqrdj rhlt thc 

polypopyltre b!8s had nor bq o good pNtectlnt 6 coDp&e{ to rh. dn bors, 

TIE rcluncnl .ftecr on mould grcwtl hs ben peented in ligurc 83,Thc 

aonificank show€d a visibl. elTst on mould Ero$lh s utrtoditied 0ou.! sisitjtutty 

Jiffer.d fron lorlified fiour sdmptcs ror motrtd grow1l], TIe flou6 toflifi.d *ilh 

N.FeEDIA I l an,l T,) wer. rarisrstty iner!(at tor moutd !oud. howso ct.n.;El 

i6n (Tr fld T, v6ied lisniliunrly foi doutd s6*rlr T1FF diir.rcn@s in Tr adTa 

might be eib.d to thc @n of dir.r.nc.s in dG. l.st of et.oc al ion which 

.pp..r.d |o b. mor. visible a onenlBrioo ofimo in.tm.nl!l ib. sltr ws ltighc and 

lhh eilel ol @n€.nrdtion mi8hr har b..tr irdiqred !s ! significant ditTcrnc. 

Durins sbia. ol rlE flolr sopLn rhc .dr.d@ .nd rchrire hnidfty (RH) 

i.creo$d g6d!.Uy over rhe rhot. slo&g. peri0d wlrich rdged fom 35 ro 42 0C dd 25 

ro 70 o/., Esp.ctivel, in bubienr srorag€ oonditiond Appmdix-t) ud 25 ro 30 0C wirh 

45 to5op/o Rtl in conlollcd dofrgc condilidn. Thc 'nould slo}al .t {cn 31068. inrsrvat 

under individurl stomSc condition (FiB-84) corresponded ro jncree in sloEgo etetivc 

hunidily. Therc w . coolinuing incredo in Rll uDdq anbieht cofttiliors i.e, frcnl 

27-t6 c/. (liltr bfrw(en O rnd It dat5 nodSe r^ppendix t) 50 \atues irrrsreJ riw 

l,16 -2.57 rlor/srr vlilc tlE ilnial Rtl i]r conoottcd @ndidon *!s 45-50%, more 

eo*1h Ms rcrc! at 15 days storiee in enlotted @ndiliod whiclr nry bo !t buknb 

t'.sisrde of hiSh it I durinE rlut p.dod otsromgo.

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ADbi.t Co@,o[.d 

&rr.c.J!tlt,l 

l,rd rd..rr....d!.. - r.- ahtt.a 

dl|ft.ri rb.rsl.drt trrd &rd 

0 t5 !0 as .6t) 

. .o....fd.a(o.r) 

:it.'-, tf,qt.6..s F "r, --d .Frir .rdnre. 

. rr*.!t..M.hd 

Trrr t]r..orr..t rr{EdLtdr.d||!d j 

{rt.r. trd||t ir rrh rk rla

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t+rfu-!--ceriel 

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sbn$ r.rb|| {Dr'r) 

+d;+l],fuf 

rb |5 rdrndh. drd. djhn& o

1he stodg€ periods in rehrior ro sroEs. condirions showcd a difcr.nt behavio,, Th. 

hould grc*th wa obercd sisnitiantty ditT€rcnr iu IouN al 30, 45 a.d 60 daye sloEs. 

who stoo8o condirions wer. pool.d, t$wev.r non-cienificer diflwn@ in ndld 

go*ti wis observ.d bctwn feh ehples li 15 dlrs sbEs. Gis-8.1), Sel, cl8s6 

i! whelt no$ damased by nDutd dorirg stoflg€ ww cponcd by Dtnary et at: (tyt1). 

'IlE nrElcrion of sioGsc ondition with uenbents sisoificanlty iffate! mould 

gbsth (Fig-85).'fh. hieher hould g!o*1h wss obs.Be! in noua srorcd under ambi.nl 

sloFg. coodilioos for lnfortilied &rd fo.iified nour mpl.s s conporcd b lhe 

conto I l.d 6todge cond ir ion. 

Tlr .sulrs slbl|tntiated th nould gm"1h w6 si8niflMrl/ higher h unfonified 

Itou smpl6 (T0) whicn de@sed vith lbnifidrion of sh.d flour- tu tlE fonifi.ants 

e hyaresric in naturc dd lh.t sislirrcM y allet rlE noisLuE 6 .nr itr dilltrnr 

@bn.nts. Th. lindings in this study ee suppon d by Anjuh ?, dl.(2003) who g.re 

simi|r&sohs in fonified whole wh..t tour stocd for 90 dsys- 

The gmr|th ol h.ulJ in ll"* Jhpies wa iound b bc $e hishd in unronifi.n 

nour (T0 ) 4 60 days slonse qdrile minihum nould em*lh gE Em'd.d in rEsl' 

'np|qoa no6orn(TIb|.-ll). 

Thc n@E .loEd in polypopyl.n. b!8s undcr mbi.nr ondilions for 60 dry! 

3to68. p.riod did.or perfo.rn q.ll ro oheck $s grcBah oanrould e siSniiicurly high.r 

mould BroMh Ms obso.ved io lhe smpl$ (lsble 22).The lowst nould go*th m 

@rdqt in leh llour sDle ic+€crit. ol elmsF @nlitionr and tetosing 

In.@rion of tudge ondniom with io63c p.rio& md lstmcnls show.d rhat 

th. aEsh flour snpl6 lor tEdd.d Tr Esulr.d ii niniNi hould sbq|h udc. 

dnbicnl sd @nroll.d condiriotrs. llE uuimum nould gowdr *a €orded lor 

unforlifi.d whdl. phdt nour (Io) u|ldor snrbieot stong. mnditjon lor 60 dayr no6gc. 

The inklactive eflecr ol3to68e @ndirions, pe.kating mLrials a'xl rM|nerts 

h6 ben Eiv€n in kblc 24. The mould grc{rh was nolcd ro bc rhc highd for u onificd 

nour (To) storcd in lin box6 uds rmbiqrl condition wherN minlmm gro*th ws

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ondnion. 

srodg. 

Ir q 6e dcduc€d tbn rhc drb rhd todifitur: 

.." fta''o....nb na,.tr mtril;;;;;;;;;T 

nN il;:;ll,jHTj 

mti hi@bi.t .ttecr s 6np.Ld ro orhr [ouG, tr,is cll.cr of ibn tud zinc . strs 

qtr be otkibur€d tu rhe&sr thor $ess.t!snal n!\.t -_ 

n.tuE ' hnucrcine wa&r ocdvny. 

'"**r erre.. or rvsrscopic 

"n**."; 

^*..^.-t'llo' :"u o** t,"4)..poden rr|dl sbwrh oroourrb h qd dd c@l 

perc6 n.s ho.n rmp€nb* 4d moisr@, snt rh.Gly .*..* ," *,;,; ;;; 

on2ynes,$ich wjutd Fmh al 0 low t€vet if @ndiriorc or,iomgc 

runSal arrct w4 trvq.btc. 

du.ins stoh8. 8q.dl, {@B d 

*n"" o... *.**,,*;,1 ;;;ffiil;",-",:l: 'nft len hsdcqud., o 

"; ffi ,, ;".# ; Tj"'i J;:,;,; 

Ll""j.rl.-., ,., ,.*n .e hc hvsr of oxysa in rE perase 

owgfr (mourd! 

!o grc$L rllc duut 

i€d 

vf iririat nout{i spoE conllnh.l,o lhc lmt and r}?c ol 

Innrbrtou infic nou. ij tuy. 

te\cl ofrt,. fiudLcq lhe tclct of etr bd olh* notd 

.. Pohcrrnz (ly74t ennned rh4 houtLl (an sqrv,ve 

shicr, @i6 wilh rhc n,icre o,84,",,, ;; ,;;;;; " . ",',qr ri'n'dns r,uaidi,y 

he,di. rc EhsoheAspssi,,u;.- ;;;;;;iljl";l:;":ron8r, os'nophi,ic 

Itr. d.v€topm€d of houlds r.qu,c 5umcidr 

po3scss 

tr 

t,E.dbi,i,y,o,hrve it 

flo 

"_",,;il""",,J;"d:ljffi'",*H 

'dsL. w,rh E$rd r,o orrgen r.qui@cnr, nd mout. 

.hc of a nour h,,," 

",,;,,,. .;;;;l:j"mou,ds,rc erobic,f ,h. hoh,u. 

blcrqi.r popur!,i@ dminisn*;*;".;;;i;; ""*"pidr' i', n@rsr &d 

J@netr anJ pflsdaM ( tr]7r reDorred dmr wh@r 

mords'l'0 

w,! r.m4r |*scon'lnine,cd 

nur.,,,",,,*",",,;" wi, 

;;,;;;;' 

d e'in and non,s,o,,, {,1 

",,, 

;;;;":;):l-*mo.,owardrspo,hs€ 

mourd@!d r'poiar 

ornou.,iurinc,,o"-., ! vcry hi*h 

;r;;il;J'.' "r'/ 

*.1 j:l#'l;t:t: :"".' il;;; ;;,::T:: jil: :X; 

mu.h trighq ll|ln dr y.t$ oDr,0n.d ,r rl,.

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prcsenl sludt du€ o @nroled sbnge @ndition, p&enc. of toniltcdrs 6nd llFner 

sIodge peiods. Anjun s/ 4l (2003) epdn d in rheir srudid on sbhgc or rdni[ed tt@r 

rhr mininun cheg* fo. nould grcw0r in ion fodi6.d nour qpl* w@ nol.d in rhe 

sampl* slo@d ih lhe loly prcpytctrc boSs.oDpared wift tin boxs. TlEy @onDrnded 

lolypopyl.tr. bdss ro bc a gord pictasiDs nrtdial aor fodilied flour € srord for 90 

d.ys. Th. pllst tindinas @ tu line siil rh. finding, of Anjon .r al (2003) otl 

4.4 BIOLOGICAL STUDIES USINC RATS 

4,4.1 Physic4t pr.ameler! of rers 

4,4.1.1 Dody w.igtr!, Fe.d ird Wrt.r hl.k.l 

Th. d.r. oblainal tor phFiot pdnet.6 h,v€ bq p@nlcd o ApFndi6 30 

Ovenll hody w.ishr wa si8nirituit, hish in 6r ur.t.d wnh Or) el€oqllt ion 

aNl zitrc oxide fddnsd fed (Iibl..26). Howd t.d ald watd int*e *s nol 

signifiqntly difeE dnong $Bo rats (t!b1.,25,27), In th€ p@nl dudy, .lcn.nbl 

lron dld zinc oride (T1 dd T, *hs eivd rlon havc lhowb a 3.snlntu. dalle in 

lhc bodr w.ighr Oabt. 20. tn boih .6*, fcd i.hk€ nid not din r blr turc! inl.ke 

irce6ed signifiqtty i. nrs rqr.

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in body weig[t. ftis hay be due ro he synergislic eftecl ot eleme.tot iron lhd zinc oiide 

rhal rc avlilablc ih the t*d. pl,sa noo and zirc ws hiSher in t.s dicr s conos€d b 

l;dr.r in tuE fcd otr rh. t...zn \ua6(ienrdi{ tnclgel Erenrbnofl.. { zrms, b. 

indierive lor morc rhln one fredbotic ,,mc$ ttd led to trE s!0 in bod, wigtn of 

$e Ers lrqr.d witl Tr di.! Th€ t€d &{t w{le inr.le of d3 t d T. (zinc oxid.) dicl 

Jid nor shoq anysignificsr chtuge qJ th,s me, b€ du€ ro lhe chdSe in !h. euM of 

dvsirabre znso. Lik€wise, Ers did nor show diy significet chong. ih body weight, 

reed ond w6rer ihlalc even when dicbry souM otFe was !ucF! (o NsF. DDTA and ZD 

HlEll dr dl (t94) es$d N.feEDlA s s food forlilitur Th.r.eeortqj 

rhar ir muld hrv. no d..r.in oi.t ettan on rh. m.Lrl,otisn of Zn, Co ed Ci ed in me 

snuations ould jtrDrov. zinc ab$Alion .nd rcr.nion fiom tow bi@vailobitiry di€b. 

Th&.foE i( sens liketythorclalsirgttpsourceoairon aclualty did not chd@ 

ll'€ bioavailauility ot zioc ro undqnine tu cf.@r of Znsoj, 

Rl|! G'] iron !s N.FeEDTA od toc oxid. (Td snowd a ccc@e jr body 

*ight dd i.@s in w.rd inl!]. without llr.rins fc€d intslc rr niSl|t s6s 0.6ribte 

lh.r th. euE of jbn ir n@ €mciqt in llLrin! Zr tundion, ro in.]te b.d, rctshr 

In lhis goup (T!), ir h de posibtq rhd 3uppt@qrorion or flou. wirh arotr 6 

NaFcEDTA decB.d th. bi@voilabitiry lrd .llecll w.e een ro $. ra.d inrrke. The 

fict nusr b. llkcn inro oruiderarion thdt todifring food wirh difi.rcd eu@ of 

mindal suppleDdrs hay alf.cr it bi@vlitdbi|ny, quoh, od qu.nlity ftr ue in 

rnimk. Thi3 srudy k lts indicnrive ot $. .tTd or zinc oxide 6 rhc body Ei8hr *n 

in rh€ p@ne of NTI.EDTA. Di.is tui.ining .lcmdd mn ed a,so4 (r') 6 

suppl.n..t did rct clronS. rh. bciy w.isln, tqi and wac nrlk orrh.6ll (Trbl€26. 

,23 ud JO). Howv.r. r& ted etemenht ircn.nd ZnsO.,tore Clr Md T,, haE 

d6crm5ed llD bod, wcigtrt. The €lehend notr il @hbination wrlh znsoi rT,, wms lo 

hcv. a pGiriv. .ftccr ond G€y gsin€d l.l7% Inorc body w.rgn s conplEd ro T0 

tElnot whiL cohpsing irdividual tBrrrcns vidr rtur of€tcnBr.t ion &d ZnSO. 

rh @binalion, ir *c obvioG rn lhBc Er. sain€d bdy w€rght s.(X % high* 6 

omp€r€d b Trdd ?.73%s empaEd b Tr Espdrirty.

4.4.2 Plasm! Iioclenlslry 

The @ulB reSnding ed,3k ofvdio.G for ptdms stuco$ ldcl df @b ralj 

r.vol.d d liShly signific&l ctfftt of f€.ding rin , rrqthdr3 lnd drir inrtuiio. 

(r.bb 3l). Th.c rc a sisnifiq der.e in stu@s @Nqlntion *ilh inrucd 

feding line flblc 32, ltE resulrs for;hrno biehdnisrry ofrors have b.en 8ir€n in 

Thee ws $ incGose in ptomr gtuco* conconFation obslcd ih r!t! a.d ,t; 

(NaF€EDTA+ ZnO) di.r rhoush ft. diff.Mq wee non sig|rifi$t yhilc NsF.EmA 

lnd ZnO wne. given alon. in th€ dicc didnoilherpta, slu@s. on*ntmtio, ro |h.r 

.xbnl,11*ens (hrt imn $ NoFdEDIA conbined wift ZnO miSlr hav€ eiLhq.otivsrcd 

tn..nzymc srst6 or du@s ahocinS maheism ofottohydDa orSd o.cltutd 

lev.l. I lowver, .le&enrd iron or ZnSO4 (n &d fr) wtDD give, in rhe dier did not atcl 

lhc pldm. gluoF @nc.nrEtion ofdrs. Th. chnq|ll itun in @mbi&rion sih ZaSO. 

n.y hsv. iroreascd the sensitivily ofinsutin |o funcrion moE €flieie.lty orotr rne ottrr 

hud hrvc $nc inhibilion on rhe r.8utalion of sl@gone. Chen 9l ar ( l9S) rcpondi s 

da@ in th. d!s. d@$ l.v.ts by 2t .t\4 25 /. in obcF &d ltu nie 

tsp€ctlv€lt a a result of zinc $ppteoFn!4 oi, Tbey @nctud€d thar zinc 

suppldobrion .lleviaL.d rhc hypergtremh of nie whictr m,y b€ reh@t to its ell*r 

on thc enhancenEnl ofinsulin oclivirt.'t he findiigs ot the present study sugS€sted a non 

si8niliotrt €fier of 2irc suppld€nLtion on gtucN ct]l@tarion in pt6ma ot r. mte 

BL e4 ob$Bcd. Th. di.E onlainins et€mcniat non howwq, wF found ro dew.se 

plamralu6s.ofnalc r.G ro ll 

4.4.2.2 Ctol.rterol 

The ellyiis of varionce of pt6@ cholcsterol con@nu.tion h4 bsn givq tn 

Trble 33. The di.b @nbnring N.F.EDTA oyj ZnO (t ) sj@ offrcd lo nG fq .igtrt 

weeks havc dqrcsed $e plasma chol.s! ot con*nhrion noi sigifianrly(rahle 34), 

This deEc in plMa cholBr.rot @nqlElion oanata !a|5 w obery€d !o b. 5.7E % 

wnen conpar.d |o @hrol. Tte zioc oxide atoie (ri) inc@cd ptasma chotesto.or 

6Ncn|..tion to | 0,45 % iddi@tin8 tn.r did [16) hd a chole&rot towing .fi4r in

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romdd or dcSnd.don or !(i|izdi@ ofcholelciol k nor yd t om. Fie.ltr dr rl 

t|980)6chd.d$.1dj.{.rtcopFudzinc.rld.t! lit t,bo@rn.nm.tnir.d 

dicl e nor sisni0ar ftdors h choh3r.ot md$otis. ndn d ., ar. ( 1993) d.lurcd 

rlE Ehrionship h.r@n didlr, minqts dd pl&n. tipid! &d cooctrded |hlr Dtsm. 

Llll chol6cbl e .t.vrr.d qilh tow zinc ino*.r 

tririM.r al (t989) ertdi.d,tum zinc !5sjlrio wio cholclrstrd E dt d 

U[l s.dm zinc M! posniEty El.l.d ro rh. rolll choldfrr Lik wie! HiIq ,, .t 

(1995).Mi.cd th. Et.liomhip b.rwq hm zirc yjrt lo|.t ctotaimt !d ot .fr.d 

th.r highcr hh zinc l.vcl, nd nobbty |noF .bot. lh. htth61 qs(|c, lw 

@i.t d wi6 histEr t.v.l of roN.t so .lFler.Jot. WhdM bna-rn @ ot,iF 

tpplmqt @dd b. {f€ L &r tmM. 

.1.{,2.3 TrhcylStyc.!ot! 

TIE stathtkll.tter ot $c tccding ritrr on ptrsM tri.cytgtrcelt qc.ntrad@ ofm.h 

Ers hs b.6 d.piccd itr T6t. 35 od wE f@jd to b. tiSnifiot Th. o!q[ na 

v.lc p|*'t d i! T.bt. 36 3hsrd r o.jor iic|ls in ptrsu |ri&rtltreob 

6n6r.djo .n r atn Gt of f6di.g pajorr bd dlt @nlinucd !o i.crle titt [o OG 

rcmiouon ot.xpqihsr. 

Th. di.ls givcn rnh.rsto.*irt JiffcEnr ion strd anc euc or in.omhi..rio 

i-.. Tr T6 Tr Dd T. did nor siglitio.lt, rlIer rh. pt s. rrirytgtrcot qednrio 

in n.l. 6t3. Uoww., r n@ sitnir@r dirme in ptM! rnc/gtyebl 

co@urtioo *B o6$sd i.n.t.n& f.d supphoor.d ed @troldic!. pel ad 

,'Fdd (l9E) obw.d d.r in@in8 di.ury iM dtd nor rl'at fi_rtSty..@l 

@@nrEtion. Hillq.r at (195) n ond $d hi8hq,inc @m Ew ed! lsoci.t d 

wi6 hithq r.rum rrieylgtyemt. Conhrily h rh. prllcrl E||dy ,nc ci|nq ir tb foon 

olzoo o. ZnSO. did mt d.mrn6l.d suct .lTer!,

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liroproleir (LDL) 

An.lysis ol vdiae of plsmo HDL choler.rot @nqlrerion hs ben 8iv€n nr 

'fable 17 while oaltris of vaire ot pldm LDL chotsr€Dt l.vet nav. b..n sho*n in 

Tablc 39.1h.lrcltn nt (T, N.FeEmA sd ZnSOa did wh€n fd ro nr for 8 weti 

harc d.cFen HDL bd incr6.d LDL Oabt.s t8 dd 40) lisnitio.dy. HoBevd, 

chonSine ov* rl'e 3ource oauioc Ns ZnO hs decresed th€ t{DL signincdntly but did 

rot atl4t the LDL concenlBrion iD rhe ptosM otnd€ ral3. C[.n8. orer of iDn sur 

!s d.nq&l ion wnh ZnSOr h6 r€ilh* signifiMlly cltu8.d the LDL sd llDL 

co.c.nrrarion. Th€ elemcnral iDn widr z'to (Ir) did rdt.rr.r rh. IiDL G *ell B LDL 

plamaconce ratiotr of n.le Eis. Wheo ircn md zinc civ6 s a sinsle eue to the El5 

did nor sierificdrly cl@Be dE HDL sd LDL @ndtdrion cxept T. for LDL 

cholBt rol i! 0E p@nt sMr. 

. 

Donhm rt at (2@l) ried phm&ological doPs ofzihc od indided lnlt zino 

supnrddr h.d no eiacr on lipopbr.in melabolisd a3 wll .s on ol 

'nlrkcrs 

hoh@sr6is. Poot .nd Ju6v.ld {t98) us€d iron ro alt r lDL-chol6lobl dd HD!. 

chol. .rcl .nd conolud.d rhol inq.6ing dieby non did not .fl.ot HDl.chol6l@l bd 

did incr4. LDL {hol€$.iol, In |h. praorl studr, ircn oloe 4 el.fttrt l ion or 

NaF.EDTA dld not alt€r th. LDL-clol.rlerol hokve, zirc 6 zino oxidc in Oe diet 

hav. irtsled LDl"cholcat.rol sisnificstly. The dehqd non s Ell s znso. in 

rh. di.r indicar.d a sisnificurly hign llDL- cholqt€ol onenuation without ch$8inr 

LoL{hol6t ol. On tn. odGr nbd, cl.mcnt'l iM wilh ziE oiid. f.iLd !o ptrd@ ey 

.lt mrion in lh. dsm dqdati@ oIHDl{hol.d.ol ud IDL{hol6l@1. Binkotki 

., dr edx) r*td rhc hrno$.lis th.t io. $pplcm.nl d@t nol inc6e $c 

rusc.plibihy of LDL lo underso otidaliv. modification in wond wilh bw non llllur' 

El H.ndy ./ ,1 (2001) lxplained lhe caultl E$rding dc.[ecl of zinc on 

hmdolosioll DlEntNds, Tnqy @podcd $dr Zn lev.l (38 ng/kg di.t, @ntrcl) !trd two 

low ld.ls lhal cr6dt. Zn d.ficicncics (19 ng/kg di€l lD ofcodrol ed 3.8 ng/r8 diel, 

Ulo of conlrol) in 8rcwins mole ui femal. Bl! rd l0 *ets dq*.d hish ddrny 

hpuprorein (llDL) i'1a Jo*.d

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Analysis ol veioce ot ptdsn, to|!l pereir hs beo givcn in t blc.4t. 

SEisiclll, . h'ghly significonr cfet of fc.dins period ws folnd on pl!s. 

@nmhlion oa bbt porein oa hatc mls l.h€ uc.h.nt .r[ect fof rolat lror€ir 

@nmlrlrion w6.lso folnd |o he srllisti@t,y s'gnifi.dt Analysis ot viioEe of lh. 

plama albuDin md elobutitr @nqralion of tute rd. h6 b@[ Sivd in Tabls 43 and 

45, tcsreriEly. Th. di€G usins NaFctrDTA .nd Znsoa (Tr) ch.oeql rh. pt6nr 

pbt i.s 6 r.ll a iB ldcrion albumin lilhou cnogins slobllh (rlblcs 42, 44 od 46), 

Using tjl. sac ion $!e rd dillc $!@ of ziN s ne oride (T6) did in.i@. rlE 

.lbumin lnd th. pl6m6 pecin con@nltiotr siSnifiqdy bur did nor charBc gtob{lin s 

Thc zinc oxid. in dE dleB hs shoM d sisiihdr irclte in rh. alblmii 

snccnraiion, thue loml plistu protcins irEeos.d siSnifi@dy, h *ms oppa.nt rh.t 

{hetr dircEnl surc4 of iBn were addcd ir o nie le..l, it did nol aker robl pret ic 

stntl&sis or duBrodaiioo. liowcr, chegca wcr€ obefrqt whd .dd.d F. sorc6 ri0 

diffcFnt zinc elts. Clll.eo and Punt rulo (1994) eiv.n nitd ion ovorload lo check 

lipid pe otidxion. Th.y @ncludcd $.1 hcp.lotoxiliry w6lhe nost @mmon lindinr in 

p{i.nts,ith ion ovsl@d ri@ imn irthc mljor @ipicnr of io,r ex6s, Wnil.ldding 

rinc E anc oxidc, n signilidrly in@ss.d rh. synrl6is ol albmio and otr oddins 

znso., ir nd dlt 6hsc€d rhc syndG& of .lbMin burde globulin l4diig ro hkh 

plM.proreiN Fodlction. 

Likc wae.l.m.nd non ud Z1SO. G, in.G!$d tn. to|!l plam pot iN wnh 

s aNomillrl ircr€M in Slobulin ed olbunir @ncenLotion, Th. di.t @nbinins 

.l.h.nlal ior tud zinc oxid. Oi) slso inolwd dF torrl pocins, albumin od slohjlin 

tu dE plalnr oln le r!ls, The rotr wha l€d.&!md ZnSOr (Tr di.t).loE lnced€d 

orc6ll plsm prcr.irq !lbumin !|ld globulin. 

Dl ll..dy srat (2OOr)r.ton d rhlr irrc;sing zinc in the diet of 2irc deptel€d 

Ecd.and of in zinc

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4.4.2.6 (cOT) ctutan.te O!.to...a.t. Tr.r..mo.,G (r/nt).nd 

.-(C-PTr cturrb.r. pydv.rc Tr.!!rmrtrr.. (u/oD 

Ana'yi! ot var ime ot COT dt Cpt @ncMrrdiq in prsm. oi nlr hale ban 

eiven in labla 47 ond 49, rc.peliv.ty. livcr function 

,.!trsan nas bcins *8,€d n *p"N",o d r"rc di"r". d;: aTd fln l] ffjJ: 

srudy, di.ls witl N.ieEDTA tud znsoi (,t;) lnd NaFeEDIA wjurzincoxidc (T.) did 

not sig.ific&ly nE@* the plMa OOT eJ Cgt Tne suppLm.hrs whd !/dcd 

individu.tty.trhs did nor after rhe rr.nsnN. o. dec@ urc OoT wh.n of.r.d 

NafcEDTA h rtE dicr (Tabt6 4E, 5O). 

thc* nnJinsj aR de sugaeslit. oft,vc, ce p.nnabitir, bcing attcrd by To 

.. 

dicl, Th. Ea Gd .len.nllt iNn with znsor (T, in lh€ d,er did no. .t.q. OoT 

si8nificahrt, whil. etcrenhl iDo *nh zjhc oxidd (1i) decEed cof datriliqirty. ,rhe 

T) dieb dared CpT sie.ificanrty with tro ch!trgc h CpTwho zinc $oM (rs) ws 

cl scd. Wherher $*e coobinarions as suppt.N.nt in the dcr e sp4ino to cm or 

cPT i! not known. 

4.4.2.7 Blood Ur.r Nirrogcr (BUN) 

An.tsis of vdiace (rsbtc 5l) of bloo{r uE lirtrga or nb tut.d ! en 

signiliqr c8.ct ot feni,g tine. SiSnific&n .Oal ot rslnenr w6 hoq.K, ob.€run 

otr Llrc BUN in mate mls, Thc overalt nr6i vatu.s ptentd ,n lsbt€ 52 tor rE.rmer 

elTecl iDdicarcd. moximuo snent{rion ofblood tr@.islBcn D r@rD.nl T6 ind ur 

nxnmum in Tr diel, lnte@rion berw.ci fe.ding lina &d treaheol opp.e.! b be 

bighlysilnificlnr wii[ vol!$ being dE haxinrum sr 4 wek of feedine in rqurcnt T6 

liel snd uinimun in I, ed Tr di€rs {tio S wmts. 

_ 

TtE Ji.B conhiniry NaFeCDTA .nd Zn SOr tTt). etemor.t tron wirh Zn SO. 

(rt qd Gloorlt itun wirh zhc oxid. (r.) l@ nor eE b atcr rt,. btood uq 

nirb8:. HNcEr bt@d @ niEos.n inccrled eiSnificln0y ehq ds *ee 8iv!n dic 

otrllining Na[eEDTA wirh Zn O (16). Sincc uq k fic od Foducr oftu4.bolism Dd 

u@ h lonncd by tiv.r ond canisd by rhc blood lo kidney rirr excrctiotr, ll eqchs 

posible lhNt livs turcdon ws lrT€ot€d nr sonr way by t; dEls €lioiDaliDS Doh uroa 

frcn liver und mry be les ws beine ctcaed trom t. bbd sk@n by rn. ki.tn., 

eull.ns in hish.. BUN vatuesin 16*ots.

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sr.rkticlt r.sulb indiqcd in Tabtc ,t ond j5 dep&rd a sBnifi@r eII4t ot 

l*ling p€riod on the r.iiodolhoni.e and $roxine td.t of rtE plcm ot holc Ers 

rlsldively, Tles signiffcatrt chlne€s hav. b*tr psenr.d rh,lhbtcs 5i oh.l 56. 

Thymid hormon.s @ntrot derabotism rhtrs Daint.hns baslt n.rliolic Br.3lo 

prdr@.ns$/ tud bod, t nrHrm. Thc dr sivd rupptqd dia wi|jl gFerDTA 

onry (i r) hc@d dyrorin ,i8rifitudy qhite ct.mqht ircn, Zn sO..nd Zr O (Ir, Tr 

and Tt did nor tller rhy.old ecrction. .fh. dieb onrdinins NsFeED,lA wid zn soa 

aU zno [rr an{Td md el.mdrlt i6n (ti ud T.) dad not ch&se ptens riroxin 

conqL3iion si8niticdllr. 

Triiodolhybninc B Dot aneren by nr* t@mcnli s.ed., al, (1998) 

rcponed ion supltehmratioo ro hetp mril|!i. no@l lhybjd homon. towl! in obe 

:.r'llstsp,t.. 'o) roq aturi. dd alrr&r.r ar (rrr04r Inv*ris.r.rt nrr hos 

'nrmrd tuction in rsrs 6 rfi(hd by drninfrr.rbn of.in. tlEy conctud.J lhal hc 

nd hlll T3 hrct \cre hi8nq h $. hlg aivtr 2irro suppj.hot, .l]E d.c@s,ii lhFxi. 

mry b. dE ro r deee i, O. prcdrction of rhis h@on. by rhc ihyoid &d mE 

po$ibL n i|! qhtuc.d @,6ion into Tr lo h.&. facitirlr. 0E ner$otic .clivitiE of 

ue..dnrls, 

_ Bord./r/. 99O) clDn.d ircd d.fi.i.ncy.o rmFtr the body,s.bitn, ro m0tc 

rB oh rhrrcid h('mns whrch outd iDc:t& rhc ned tor rtr,oid h.di.!ri@. h ! 

pclinihory rriat, ion suppl.mdtation sivo lo imn{€ficicnr Mn€n sidr tow btood 

kv.h of rlybid homon*, psnirly no[natized these levets. 

Nejad .t ar(t97j) ddemin.d triiodo$yronin. @ndr.i.jon m ne 

lds rho $. Gutk obr.incd in rhe p'er studis. Ms pt{eh. T3 

Eis we 53:6.0 ng/rm0t. 

i-a " .1 rree3) lxphin.d dc Etdionship bdwn rM d.ficicnc, rh 

uryror( rundior. Th.y rcpoderj iron deficr.nc) emi. b t .ssisr.! wiur bw 

plMr thy.oid homon. qe.rdions in rod.nB ed, in son. srudi6, in hunMs

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4.4,3.1 I.oo ir ptr.ma 

An.tysi! or @i.@ ror iron mn@nlorjon in dsm ofnlte .,& Sivd in TaU. 

57 showed no.f.cr of .6!renr rnd f€ding pqiod, ,fh€ mn @@nr€lion in ptcma 

ha b€n dcpicr.d in Tsblc 58_ Th. cufts l|irs obhined e p@n@ !n aprodix 14. 

The @nccnh.tioh ot iu h ptass ot @le ob fed NdFeED1A with .itho 

$ue orzirc supplhenr.d dier{Tr dd T6) wfoundioe non,.snintudy highd 

wh.tr conp.rd wnh conrol bur thc oncentrotion ofroo o.cNsed non sre,irirrntty 

when .lcmentll ion wls siven wid zitu eurc.s, TIE dqrnrion ot io. in pl6D. of 

mr.6b thouah difrercd non li$ititu y bur lhe ruulls indiqrcl dur.lqqbl iM 

inlc@t.d neg.rivctywirh zinc eu@s_,nr.rc ws a non rignifi.st in@& of 16 %ol 

i@ @nen|rafion in ptM. of n.tc ds wlM clmeitrt iM (.r.r) qs Ci6 ltorc. 

4.4.3.2I.on In tiv€. 

The tuslysis of veire fo. d. onatrdid of imn in lisr oa rh. mdc ..|! hs 

b€.n india€d h T.btc 59, Fqji.g pdiod non significstty sff.ded iDn co&shdlioD 

in liv( of nal. rars Howvc( rr.llh€nts .fIEr ws tound io be sjanifiMi rdeeraE 

.fi6t o, lccdnrg p.rio& ond ire.lnols @ ot$ found to b€ Don rignificani ,or liver ion 

conen.mrion. Ir h .vid.nt fon Tabt. 60 rtet tre odimh onq|Iarion of ien in 

liw oa rhc ml. 6L w6 found for l6n&nt Tr dd T, snd uE hnamum @nqhrior 

of 'rcn in lieer wos uber\eo ror rErh€nr t,. .t he Natc[DlA .ddeo aton. in whotc 

!h@t tlor (TD tud eteDenral i,on rvirh ZnSo. (T, Fd!@d rinjtd cfleLs tor i()n 

@n@tEtion in Dalc d's tivc., NA Fe EDTA add.d qlorc nr whot. qtrql flour 

EUlt d h b.(er Er..tion of imn in livq €mp(sd wtrh dd6d iq llorc bdr* 

N! F.EDTA i. tlDughr .o b. hig y !i@v! .bl. lnd imn in n i, ch.lst d ,irr, EDTA, . 

ooh'.onry us.d rood oddtriv. *hioh prevcnr th. ion Fofl b€itrs bound wirh phr{ic &id. 

'rh& linding e h tine with lhe oa vnei ( l99t rno i.rd lxd N.FeEDT i. bdc. 

absodcd ed not eNitiv. Io muy tood tor itrhibilo$ it @hpoRrt with otlB ion 

I.on md zinc in 3rt mlio w.E fed ro fte matc Br! in rc.thent Tr, As UF 

mnan|[lbn of ion in T, ws sanihr b ,t, m in|.@rio @ll€d posrdadng dor 

ZnSO. augn rd lhe absorption of non in t,. CoRer .r z/, I I o8r) Rponcn lhar drE

v6 no ellel of22n8 ofzn on lhe.b$Frion of47 n8 ofi6n usjne hdio hb.lej ircn 

in a sl!d, to hEoE ptsna non oonocnrration in helthy hate votuntaE. Whm dual 

aonificotior i5 ro be dorc, .teoe dl non wilh znSO. sms to bc , be er choice us 

.oues oanon ond zilc, resp.crivclr. 

4.4.3.3 I.o! l! kid0ey 

Th€ Mlysii of v&id@ tor rhe on@n|mtion of ircn ir kidnet oI llE hot. Brs 

hs b€a pls d in Tabte61, Non sigtriticanl ell:ct of feedtrs,.do& w6 ohld€d 

on 'm. 6nE.t6lion in kidncy. Howacr, r€oonenr ef.cr ws tound ro 6c signiti@r 

lnrcEctivc cfiei of feding p.riod atrd ralrm€nr @ a|s foud ro b. nd sis.in@n for 

kidiey irn coocortr.rior in male 6b. nr nadstialr*utre tor rhe onqlddon ofion 

in tidney of.als fed !uio6 onenrnlio, oans rhNrsh whok wn{ Idr 

m$ir4kd (Tlble 62) r', (.hnqlAl iron) od T7 Gledenbt ion *nh znso, w.E ba&r 

absorb€d drd Elai.d tbr imn in lidn.ys of malc ds. rt ws deducet tar €tcnc .t ion 

arohe ud in @hbinarion *irh zinc sulphstc 4 slt t toore obsorboblc conp,ej with 

Gt of thi iralDot cohbin.riotrs_ lhougn, re bio.vailabilily ot eteDeDul non is 

mdifold da6cd as conpffid vith NaF€EDTA a3 i! rcpoded h, Ftitz et ut. (ts76) 

who $r.d ,'ol rh. Uaoavaillbiliry olEduc.d itun in Et! 6says dep.n'js a lar de.l on 

padiclq si&. lrcn pord.6 witn $c brsesr porriole sik h.v. $e towBt Eldriw 

bidvoillbilitt of .ll .lom.htll iron, Fc k atways pone to @mptex wnh phtric ejd in 

shole wfist flour, tr s..ned l:Lcl, uEr the @na'udlo or ion fom dcmqbl ircn 

b.lmces iris bioovailabilitt &cror ud ir ts gen.mlly l@nmetrded s o fortitior of 

choi6, No signincant diferene beM.en NsFeEmA lnd etenmral i@n w obsde.t 

whctr pookn ror jNh r.rolion in lddner of matc 6!r tr ws suppodcd by Whituk€r 

(1998) who stll.d that lhdr cl.ment l irctr trd bc@ne 0'. $u@ otchoicc for food 

aortifiqtion in Unit d 5r.16 b€!!$ it k te .xp.nsiv. ro podue and hrd f€wer 

orgeol.pti. pobl.m. Low*r snqlrarion ot ircn B nord in To rrd Tr dd lhe* 

uorhdr @mbiMbons do ndconr.'n e*insc or adJod i,on, 

Rc@d.Fl{!rrh,n ., dl, (t991) surs.sred 6ar ircn tud zjno noy inlr.d whq 

sivc. a $ppldsB, bur this woutd ,ol occur wh.n they d! civ{ 6 food ronifiwrs 

which is iolin. wirh rho prcsenr dody.

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fi. lnrkliqt d.u p@nLd b @ty3is of wide ,l..bte 6r shord Od ncidrcr f€.dins 

rih. nor r.rh6t ilDwed jigiitiql e0.ar on rlE 2inc . q l'otr in tlE pl*! or 

harc nrr Inr@ciion b.rren f*dins ri." r@t.ot 

rhe 

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zinc@n*niririon inpr,".a of n.rc ia. har be$ r::;?;llJ:il#Til 

non.sigllili@nr incr€se of zihc @n.eniEdon in pt.ma s ! qol of f€eding 

e'ppkn.nt€d dGk. 1 h. highd con €nttuliono|zinc in plsha w4 rolhd in de dr r.n 

Tr md Tr dicF( zinc 3rlphEreandzinc oxidcdtore) vltre be,ng l3.l l Zinc sutphrr! 

nighr h&c inrcEctql with ircn eu&s in u. dick T, &d 1? @ttins in d4!s.d am 

oknHion in pt.s! or mt. nB dDuStr rlE difr.Mq *a ,urisri{I, non 

signinql. A limilar de.@in8 &sd tor dE onsnbatjon of zinc nr plcms % 

obsery.d wtrh zino oxidc. 

Thc.h.n8e ir serum zinc anc. 'srion ds r Butr ot ircn todilicsrion ofintinr 

oilk forhuta w.rc q)orred by power e, zt. ( l99l ) who $ared ttBt longrar oog euir"a 

lower pldha zinc corcqtotion llltu in co.uol @m@ial tiduh hitk, lh @lsr, 

Sheldon d ,t ( | 9Et Epodqj no erld of ibi $pptfrsns m *run zinc @ned. ion 

durnrs pEghecy. Sandsrrcm (200i) na@d ttd rhc lihi|0ron ot $nm zirc 6 & 

hdianor of bodt zinc natus natc ir dimcuh lo idedify undc, vh.t phrsiotogicrl6 

*ex d dktdy co.dnions o regadve efiab ot high i@n inr.ke on ziN absorpljon .n,l 

uliliarion d. likcly lo occui .Wlirtlkcr (1998) slabd nut tn€E lre lihiletions to tte 

studi* on cf€cr ot ton on zino lbsorptior becaBe m@uen.nt or ciruulrrin! 

anc.nr.tion5 diJ nor n(ss,ity i,diLat. d,. ner z,nc upr!r?. w!t!h d ,r tt994; 

.mted thdl h.sur.nenre of plsfto zinc tev€ts in wor 

duihep.smcyhrwri.rded on,r",t"r*"r* yrp","ll,fii;"l:.,:llT; 

rhc rdminishri@ oa. dsity 30 nC imn &ppt.mcnt to I _yk ord infels h.d no .fect on 

sruh z'nc (onceflErjoN. tl cln be comlud.d frcm the pres stu,jy $fl zir( 

(oncenkllion inplasm. hiShr beafeLred by imn funit_rarion s *.,n*.o,on r"**u

4.4,3.5 Zioc ir ttv.r 

Analysis of vqisce for nnc cotrqrErion in livd of noie B!, hs ben 

pi.qtqr in Tablc 6J. Tlbtc 66 @if6rei zinc @nsrr.lio, in tiv6 0I mote d|! i€d 

zinc sulhre ond ZnO alone od wnh iron $trs. The trish6, conosmrroh or iino tol 

rr€rr'ioir rr (znsoi @ 30 prn) wlite rhe lowsr comenklrioo ir .f: b oherv.d 

(ckh.nr0l ircn @40ppn). som€ l€v.l of zinc $tfrle B pE$nt D lltlrrnd T, .rr ed 

'| I . Th. zinc w6 bcrcr rberb.d whq giwn .l@ Or) ad wid .tcMd imn (Tr. A 

slmn8 inkEcrion ofNuFcEDTA &d zinc sotphlre ws obsGd n t.j diers Fstrin, in 

dcc@rd oberp('otr ofanc. A.Ie I. anJ I: combinatotr! hcd no a.l.ld uin.:b 

con@ntntion ofzinc 6 tivcrofr6t5 in se goups €main@ bwd s ompqr.d to n _ 

Tr conr..ining diffqr coEntdjon or zjn. $tc. T. di.r! I Zin. qid. j shNed b.k, 

absoerion b@E k wrs gircn alone &nlpding wirh T6 ed .rr wjrt! sde wc. ot alotr 

eucs cr@rty indicaring Uur ir d$ stighty inl€@tel wid iDi sltts, 

Som. types otcompeltion nrighr hulc cstlblhhed ror absoryrion betwn zi& 

orldo ond non pBent jn dEc @nbindriotrs, con0idjns EpoG orc rwitlbl. on zinc 

non in|.Ecrion. Bodrw .ral (lt9) Erod.d dar lhc lb$iplion of ml.ts de ro 

iM id psrcdic l!bt. ord.moE is cnhflc.d in i@ deticidr cxFrimdrlt lnifrlts, 

Th.y .E @bat! nick l, mssMesE zinc ard crdniun. vdb.ta ./ ,/.(19s4) !usg;i.d 

.rhar th.G is t.!e inre.ooliotr b.lween iBn dd zinc in hum&s udr h rtu. r.runu subiccl! 

wlrh on inc@jed c.9!cir' ro !b$rb iren do nor.berb moc zjnc. Th",6ln*.*ori*o 

thar high @@lfarion of ir@ @ [!ve { n gadv. ef6t or zitu lb$rplion in humo 

adulb whd tE nnc .(t imn e giv.n in loluLion. Walsn .r,r {1990) rcoortct hal 

wrcn rcn.nd nnc sltB w.G adDiniscrld toSctho in the fsting slale, a higher zincio- 

mn ntro b @quiEd to dcmorsrrdc rcduoqt zinc lbsorption r humtus rhh in rode.lj, 

srnd.toh.r al (tg8t).xpt.jnn shh int.djm b, usins. ndio isbpic returicu. 

ud wholcbod, 6unLin& |I!, Epored no inhibirion of zitrc .b$rprion d a mbr nno 

oa iofl ro zinc ot2.5:t *h.h bolh n.bts wd ldnijirltu In w.!.., jnc@inS rtE 

'nol.r 6rio lo 25:r Educcd zinc ab$rprion si&irficonrl). Hoqev.r, whon rcn ,nd zinr 

seErdhhiflercd in |h. !.n. hohr r.tio sllh a mcil, no inhibibryofr*l ws obsrveJ. 

Davidson er at(t985) Gpod.d tha! food wirh iron dod not rltirr zarc abelDlon $,t.n 

lo*.r for fiotion amount oaiDn @ usl.,thc resutrs in rhepE* study haresho*.

'!t the ituorption of zinc is atrec€d b, iron p*nt in d.llour ev€h in lhe doF tevcl 

used hr rlr pr.st sxdt, 

4.4.3.5 Zilc io tddn.y 

Amlysis of rsio.e for nnc @nguation in tddn.y or male Dc fcd vqjo6 

@ncc.lration of ion lnd zinc has ben prcsenrcd in labls 67, .lrc vatu6 depicld tlDr 

acednrg rih€ did not d0ristics|y ofe.r trc zinc con@nrmliotr while rrearnent tDd a 

sienifi.anr .ffect on $. zin€ coo@rarion in fidneys ot hcre hri The inrqrction of 

laeding lqids &d uEaLh.nc we d$ toutut lo be nm sis,rinor. Tne tstu6 givq in 

Tablc 68 indicded da( rhc tE,tm.m sroup tcd zinc aufor. (rl) had lhe highst@nc, of 

zirc in kidneyswirh ltrc lowcst t€vetofzi& id treornretrl li(rcaddcd zinc), zn& sultirte 

has ben lo@d lo be hiCrty bi@vaitalk 6 ! euc ol anc h rh. p@ etudy. 

Nrv.nlrcl

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clrrged pluphst sroups, ptrtlic acid {pA) aoms v*y slsbtc omplcxB wirh inineEl 

ions @nderirS thcD uMvlitabt. for irrdtin.t uDtske, ttrdd, $. ticr step in himrol 

rberprim equiB dd th.y ftmaio in rhe ionic srlrs, As the |A cohtent ot th. ilier 

rcr.!g, tx. i .rtimt absrprion of zinc, iren ud stciun {t!@ss (Lopz ., ar 

2002), Lo nnerdll {2002) .xptainen $d srudies in einak an

:1.4.4.3 App!rent !bsorprior ot iror 

Aoalysis ofvei&e snowing lppenr ,b$rytun ot iDn hs b@r givcn in Tabtc 

71. Tl. b..thenls, f.edjng p.riodt od lh.n inc@id q@ round !o h.v€ ejsnitionr 

e[.cr on rh. .pp.rcnr lberption ol ion jn nalc rsrs ,.d dlr.Eht fonifiad whol. *lur 

4dtr6, Ovemtt .r.as qhibircd thc norimur irun absorpr@n toi rn. t'qunot Tr sd 

ninimum lor b..tmenr 't0 (IjB-S8). tdtrdcrion belren feadins tio€ md ,orJrcnr 

. (Tcbt.77) cxpds.d lhe hish.$ imi .bsoDrion tbl T? .| !9lh dtry of lhe &€djns .in. 6d 

rhe roGr lur Tr !t 7th d!y, 

4.4.4.4 Pe...or rbsorption of iron 

The n ti$iql @tysis in Tabte ?2 showed hisht, sisnifictur.lTqr ol selr, 

rr{trn.nrs lnd dcir inl@crion otr % {bsrprion of non h n.le ftrs ted dilleEft fonified 

whole whsl floor di.b Th. rsh|nt Tr (N.F.EOTA) gav. rhc hrgrrer v.l!d rir ircn 

.blorplioi (%) whiL T, (.lencnilt iren), T. (zno) .nd ti Glcm.nrrt ibn wirh zno) 

slrowed llle loest kotr ab$Arion (yt i, hlle dc (fis_ s9).Ite inrocriv. .rl*r of 

fe.dinS iim. ed tEsrnent pErcmed h Tabtc 7s displryed th. hiBhcs. ion lb$qxion 

(o/,) for Tr ad T. !t ?th atul t4th day of teedirg Fridts cspdtivetr, whih T, d 42,{ 

day depicr.d ninimum vrluc for % ob$prio. otioD ir n.l. Ets.lt L evjdqt fom rie 

In 6|uE dut elotiv€ biorvait.biliry ofNaFcEDTA is ma,itord rljar of.l.hdial iM. 

vir.ri (1t95) sorai Fr cofpsEd ro odr.r tonifisrs, NqFeEDTA h bctter.berbed 

sd hor snrniv. io nEnr f@d imn inhibiroB. TtE fndings of rhe presenr shrdy fu|l, 

suppod this 6 hdimM imn lb$prion (%) h mote EL, ws @rd.d in rbc h.giMinS 

old. l€.ding pqiod tor Tr goup t€d N.FeEDTA. S,mrls esutr! $d obrdD.rt for,t. 

diec Lhd loo @nrain.d NateLDrA on t4rh ,toy of tcedi4 p.nods r labte 77). tl is 

Sencmlly believed lh.t ion is absrh.{t in rtE bod} s huch c is ned.d by rh. bod, md 

iron ion3. 3E.u ir rhc n'on inlporbn Jderm,n4r or rhe nr. of non h.h io 

.horption. rbw.v*, r.croE pdenl in rhc inretihal lurq.xd s powful tnt;.ne 

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ned toi ion in the qp.rimdrlt .ak irjCrr h.ve Del ooo uE souG ol ,on i, fiar @ 

was eleneot t ibn $d k Ehdvet, poo y bioavait.bto irln s!rce, Lop4 sr,1.(2003) 

srudi.d th€.fter orwhear va,iery on tt,. uincrut bloav.it.liliry in ols. They indic..ed 

43yo opD.r imn obsorprion itr conrrut Srorp $itl o rhlxiDom of 66% in one of6e 

whe.r !.riety. Llrvat verny.r 4l (199r) gavo 74% sppqenr obsoDnon rbr ion in 

whole wh.al {tour fed ro mtl for @ w.crs which is higho rtEn lhe vatus obrained in 

lhe pEsent srudy. Th. innibirory cff.cl ot phytic aoid in un|ilnftidl end foniten vhot. 

*hqr flour sompt* can b..mphrsized afrccrins rh..b$rprion of iren rd.bly hokv.r 

n is rell stlbthh.d h.r tuc have ! hish cdpaciry b hrdrcrrz€ pnytic lcid conuEred 

with hund subj€crs who hav. pr&tic.Iy io inirsrin.l phyr.s a.tirity (lqbat a at, 

,1994). H,ltbff{ (1980) Epon d U.r r. hoh4r.lis i, @.lrol|.d by absption ed nd 

by mod ifyins .rcction, re d.ticiency cso d.v.top onty wh.n inrake k dnmrrically low 

vhes vh.n lh. dailt amounl of t. lbsorbql b incr*.d fe ovcrtoan @ @ur 

4.4.4.5 Zirc iorrke 

The m.tysis of veisc. in T.btc 73 show.d sasniticet .rfecl of tedan! tu. on 

rh. zinc inbta fcd dill.dl foniltcd st,ot. qi,ar nour o.B. th. ttutrdlx feding 

Friodr dd rh.n inkErion si8nific! ty lflar.d rh. inbkc orzinc by,ne tuL Etr . 

' Th. @hqr Tr (El.ncnrd ircn wnh ZtrO) nDq.d |urhum 2hc ir6kc by rlE tuto 

nG wnir. ninjnh ihbtc s ob$flql fd To(6nr,!t) sd T, (cl.ncnt t i@) (Fis_ 

eo).Th. inErctive ctrel oreb qt u.a[hen!, indiet d &c r,igher zjnc inb!. in 

tqtnor T. md T6 ar 42nd ,nd 49Lh d!, of tF tadiiB tmc Oabl. 7s). Th. toe€s1 

zincnrhkewa tound or ?rhriay for To 6nd ,t. 

{N.FGEDTA, di.b. 

{.4.4.6 Zinc ercretion 

T1'. uatJsts orvd,q@ pmsMd iI.l.rbto 74 dojGd i hBht) signiticen.lIRr 

of L.di'a $nes dd kdm.nrs on rh. a!o@t .r!rcdotr or zinc in .oh ,.d dieb of 

differcnt fonifi.d whote whlor no!s. The inr.rcrivc qrar of teeding dn.s ood 

reh.nll M at$ tound ro bu triShty j8ri[canr for z,n! .xccrion in nak mb. Tlk 

ostncit Tr(N.!gEOTA) Bulr.d h th. tosolt f.@l zin 

ws ob$fr.d ror rr (Fis,er). The intcmciion bet\rccn ffiH#: H3:: 

dhplay€d fie lighbr f&cal zino .xcetioo for rqlmor 1,r on 42nit day sfti ltr tow6t 

zrc scretion was tound ro bc 0r ?rh drr tu1.00nfodiU.d drc, (tobto 7z).

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'fh€ faec.l iinc €xcrerion w.s nole! ro b. @rchrin8 *ith rh. int"te of zirc $eu8h dier 

!s jr Ms lhe mirinun qirh To d .tlh day ud mdimum d 42nd doy n .ti. 

4.4.4-7 App.r.nt .bsorptiob of zirc 

Th. 6.lysis oa vrri.n@ for lhe .fecr of feqlins p.riod on ln. app@nt 

absoqtaon ofzin€ in nlalc mr hos been pE*nrc{t inTlbL 15. Th. siSnitiai.f€t ot 

rceding line a.d rnt!.t enls on appd.ni abbDrion ofzinc wG obsrN.d. The Etu.s,o, 

appdent aberption ol zinc in r@rmats 1; and l.? rcE ,ienifioo ty d p& as T, did ,ol 

cortlin add.d zinc, The ini.@rion of 6@ tdi.bt* M, .ls ,t ifiqn. I ric oppasnt 

lbsptim {a niend .t 35$ d.y of$q r€oding p.riod for r@tncnt T, tud the loret 

valu. \8 obsp.J in T and T0 ar 7th and 2r,t Jiy ottlE ieedng rime, Gp4riv.ly 

(labhTl),TlE inleftclive.ffdt ofNaFcEDlA in dpp.r€nr absrprioi oizjnl su lo 

be o (ontribLrin! hctor $hcn sulr5 of tod'fie{l a{t unto.'ti.d smpla wm petal. 

Th. zinc lulphor. is conlid.red ro he noc biousitable su@ otzinc itsiwn *ittr ibn 

forrifi€mts rnd Is sqipan d in $. preFnr lrudy (Fie,92), tt is fudh.r suppo,Ld rhd 

EDTA is knoM locnharethebiorvaitabili(y otnincnk in hish phybtc f@ds. 

4.4.4.? Perccot .bsorpriotr ot ?inc 

F.cding tinca, t@ln€nls ed rheir inr.@rlon (T!b1.76) shoe.d 3isnifimr 

efect on % obsrptidn. The* voriubb nsnilimtly afl.cr.d the r.@m ab$rption of 

,inc (l:is -93). Th. nne.Nlion sho*sl lhot Frcent al,.orplon olnnc {6 lhe mqimunr 

d r4rh&d28rhd.y tr Tr tud I I respclively, s he6 $e lorer n.lwl .bsorplion ot 

zinc va @!dcd for Ta ar l4rh doy oalhe feqljng peliod CIabteT8). 

TlE ziDc sulade iho*.d drc hishcst pErcdr db&rpliotr tor zirc s oqiftun 

absortrion wa Nred nr Tr ud lj (ZnSOr) djers whilc nrinimunt Bith T1 diel gcr 

corrained ZnO w[ich has alativ.ly poor bi@vsilabitity. Hokvd, oon0idn,8 EUtc 

hovc been &porrcd in this @orcxt, Rosdq.Hulten er at.(l9l) sbred $rt,inilo. to 

(nc ircn-nn im.hclion zinc in [isl! doq i. rquous sotutiom inplib ircn abso.ption 

wh ile no .ll*r ir obs@cd when zinc is sdlled lo meats. 

Th. r6llts obrrioed for Fcrcenl sb$rttioo uc .r psr wilh thst ot t^F. et dt. 

{2001) who Save 2l to l8% nr vsrious whcd v!ri.ri*. Th* findinSs wcc funher 

supponed by Llv6r,Vcr1rt .1/t, (199t) tor ts(ql dbelprjoo tor zinc s $. v.l@s 

given by ften fall wilhin th. tuse of rh.fitrdiBsoathe p@nr srudy,

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Mod ($e c@l4 .irDllt.tD$d.u !. d. rc' dlfid lisnldq'lt (t'i 05) 

4ls {lcdyr.r*'Lrtu drnr r. rd. n

sh.ltrr..mh! !flq, .r 'rur.r! 4d rdls h{ o Ltrui r{d oaau o/dry) 

,k'irr frnr fttrI 

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cr|'|Il-U 

SUilMNT 

In Pakistdi, whcat is consufred.s u sldptc fiFd nEioty h rn. ronn orunlqvco 

flal b.ed tocalt, known .s .thop!lli,,. Whor h d. rom or chatad d@r ldt fulfi rh. 

trltit,oal tudr of rh. mqs. Th. deljci.ncy o, $. nic4uki.nc luctr 6 ion, iodin., 

zirc d.d villnin A h.s ben wid.ty Ep.tud in pd.is.e. rMadou 3agnifi@e of 

'on ed zitud.meltsfiar ftirdefic,encybc.tjmimr.d b, e4Dr.vo mcds, 

Thc opponunili* for fonificario, oi wlDle wh.,r flour (a bd choi@ lo 

ov..@ne mnmnuu'on d.firiqcJ I qiU i,un !n,.t zinc w* qptoftJ in psed Ere@h 

pbjcl in ords to ok@me ion ind zinc deficiqcy. ,lh. qdot whcd 0our m 

iodificd rirh non OateEDTA, €l.m.nrat ion) md zjnc (,hso., ZnO ) foninc&B in 

dittcEnr 6n6urrbni Thc *udy wa d.signsd lo d€remile ercrhs $. ih &d nnc 

fodili.d whol. elsr flo!6 in potypoprtcn. b|gs &d .in bores Emri. !rbt. ror sitty 

days undq ombi.nl ..d conro!€d sbr.s. conditions, The €fiiqoy sd nlkitiomt .$.i 

*s mrdrcGd q ot[ino rak ro a$ss rhe effecls ot foditiarioh otr hcmaaological 

pa.amere6, inremction ond Etcntioi oiminentr ir sohe body o.g,is sd $eir Fcnr 

aberydon in t€ hqty ot 6ll. 

Dunna clEmicst edy*a OF nomg. @ndiiiqs tud {ooa. p.riods signifia;d, 

rr.orcd moisruir @nred lnd far @ enr ot difcrcn| aonifid wlote wh.al nour sdpts. 

nErc was o sisnificur cdar offonifi@tion on hoislurc ea 6tr @nknl ordi,Ier.nt 

tonified wtbte wlErt fld4. rhe lsl.ont nt did nor dilfa due ro djrcM.ca in slomge 

conditions, stoisS. psiods ed p&k 8ing na&rirls. No cni4 of,toE8. @ndnions 

pocr&.a mde'iatc dd rahhts m pd.in c.nrcnr of tonin€d rna un,forrfi.d fralr 

enpl6 w6 ob*fl.d The phrlic .cid @nroi or *holc wher ,rour vfi.il siBnind lJ 

du. to sbmg. @ndiriohs, sroDae psiods, jnreEcrims. The 

Pdcloging md.rials cilher alon. or in interlcliv.ly did nol huuenc. th. phyrio &id

cont . Thc nois.uF conr.nl ws fo, t lo b€ hlghd in roniti.d whoL *hd nd6 

sioEd in @D!.llcd @ndnion. ft. osh @nta inolu.! !s a Butr of folificdron, TtE 

iishqr lGs in l.i @nt.nr ws obeRcd i. flouB noEd .l bbiqr @ndition_ A sEduot 

declirE in phyilc acid conrenr ec!.r.d in the preenr study dg,ng kon l.5S ro0.8t% 

du.ing rh. {hot. sto..ge p.riod. Th. rroo.mcnE cfccl wq noE pronoutued on phrri. 

&id @nren whq sronge @ndnions eE pool.d_ 

Th. con@itntion otmicoauricnrs lik€ zim, ibn, Dngo.$, oppcr ad ablll 

varicd siStrifrcurly drc lo fonificsrion .od s o funcrion of so..ge ln diltar{r forrifsl 

,holc whcd iour smpt€s qcepr cobah, I.h. conooklrion of zino, ion, cobatr, coppcr 

&d hsge* @tor in fonifi.d snot *hot nour ricd f@e 40.22 ro 3s.02, 14,17 

to?0.95,0,50 to 0,46,8.21to7.53 md 26.?8 !o25.9t ppn, eepQtiv.ty duing 60 drys 

ol storag€. Thc s(orage p€riods affered sjBrincsdy th. i@n, 2inc, cobrll &d copD.f 

@nce.t ation ol clEprtis made frcm diafer€nr floum {oEd for 60 ddys. t,tD p&k.gnrs 

hat rials had no signifi@t on the min6t @ntenls ofchsp.ui snlPles. Th€ iM sd 

zinc ont nt kr. redu.ed h chsp.ni! pEp.Fd ion nous of 60 d.ys stonsp. llc 

bakin8 of llours iolo chaFnis did nor rcduce ltF ontent of iotr !tui zinc to ! 

Durihg nicbbioloSical study, ttrc storag. @nditio.s, srorose p;iods !d 

pehtatrs mlleials .xhibircd sigoificot .ff.ci or moutd ercwlh of foni{ied wtoh 

whst alou sonpla- Th. fodfiqn$ showd D eti hyotic cll4r on slNh ofmoutd,. 

1ho voriabl.s litc so.a8e p.riods, rohg. conJirions, paljsitrg narqiatr n vdou 

anleEclive combinliion! shov.n signifisnr cff.d o. growth ofnoot&, 

Th. nou sdplcs fo$i(iql with eleo.nrat ion lnd zinc staste lloEd und., 

@ntollcd onditions.in tolypropyt.n. b.8s w€ found !o b. b€ltcr srsble. TIE sbrug. oi 

flou. aor1i6cd with NaT.EDTA and zinc slltal. und.r @nlFttql ondnion ud p.cbs.d 

i[ polyproptlds l,rcs cluld b. o econd choie for lbrlifioio! otwnok wh..t 0@. 

nudy ol diftRnr toflified whot. *hqr flNs c@t.d oar 

no,cned on wakr absrytion, doush slnbiliry ad itous,r 

water rbsorytioir dough sBbitity lnd douSh rie!.lopn€or r,oe

*as afrechd si8triltc6nr,, by rhe sroEge p€ridsi rr€arn.nc.nd pick sing nd.rids of 

, ronifi.d Iou^. Tne p.!t vis@silis ot ttD dough s@ptca w.rc ofisled by rh. slodg. 

@nditioN. nhs. pqiod. &d qp. oafonificmrs. The pal vhc.,ir' rDL;*s hig;, 

rn ,tod dor.d und€r mbi.nr ondiions ,s omp.&) ro (r€ nou6 roEd und.r 

contott€d condirions. TheE 1@ a ,on signifienr.fier ot p!.bsing m...d.ts on p@k 

viiciry of whole whear flo;E, 

'Ihe eep|.bility trhls wE aoducled ro eBtmr. oe changes in r.lalion lo 

fonificrtion Focess, coodition ot stobse rd pockasing mslenat. The @to!r of rhe 

chrpatis wa3 signjficanrty dr€c|ed by a| k vdriabtes ed tler @rbin ioN_ Tne 

chlp''rlis pr€p.Ed foo rtF flou6 dor€d in potyprcpytenc beSs under snLo .n 

coiditions sol b.rLr s6 for @toor, ft. tavo, of chapa[is vus ot6o allcctqj by 

srodge condnioos, stong. psiods, p&taSios n@riots 4d rrshe|rs (tonifitub). ne 

sromSe condiriotrs showcd no clIeot on rdste of chspdtis pr+.rcd rrcm rh. ronir.d flNr 

snpl.r. Thc lcxture aod chewobility weE nor .trst 4 by sroruae conditioft but 

lbUaniliry ua lignitic4rty aff-r.d by .hc sbFAc 6nd oB 

Th. &cept.bitily tridtsotlhc folified whot.whst fl6u ,ev.sted belr.r ov.nu 

@B uf chopa(i' maJ. no nouD ot @thdrr t, (NaFct DTA I znsor, eJ tr 

(\dfef DTA-ZiO I nor.,t in polnrcpyt.ne br8s undq @nLD .d @nditios. 

Th. biologiql 6ay ws hnducLd ro cvatu.t€ rhc cbug€s in physh.t 

p.dme|ss likc h.dy weight, wlrer inla,lc ed tee,l i atc aton8witn rd.nlion of ttqe 

rorrificanG in olbirc Bts LjemarotoSiqt psEnea6 like stums, clotesremt, hiBtr 

density lipoprcl.in (ttDL) ctolstcrot werc signijiostty sf|ecl€d by foniltMLe {d 

lecding rinc. lne .It€cr of torrifiwrs on rircyt8lycrbh cont nr B obs4ed b be non 

ignif'qr. Told porqin dd iE &.dioos i... .tbumin tud slobutin w@ siSniti@dy 

affecled by for li@rs rnd tc€ding m., nEE w6 e inc@ in tobt prorin 

concc .€lion when hesored sfier 4 w*l.l ot f.edioB rjm.. Itca w6 a ,on ,isniffqer 

cm4t oalcneth ofac.d'ns rim6 otr brood u@ niuos.n. trow.rcr, a,jgn,fitui.fli{r ot 

suppl6.n&d dids @ obsd.d .

'th. hdibun oneDlr.tion ot btood u@ . 

aikogo B obsd.d in Etr Sivcn 

di.ti @nlainirg NoFeEDTA bd ZnO {1i) and llF miiimuD jn znSO. (Tj) dlei,ft6c 

supptcmob wb.n edd€d indiridullty, did nor !f&ct lhc rlnsimitue or d@sed $e 

cOT wh.n oiflEd NoFeEDTA in lhc dict. The rar s,vq supDrmeDt di.l with 

N!|.EDTA inc@en thyroxin significlnrty wlit. ctem.nd uon, znsoa Md ZnO.tid 

not .lrcr $yrcid sedion. l.he dieb contoining NaFeEulA wirh zn so. (Ir) ud 

ZnO wilh etcnentat ion (T, did mr ctErge ptsn. lnrroxin m6l.cio 

risnilio ly. Triiodothrrcnine ws not !fic|qt by rhe |tbmqB. 

Thc di.|l oo|lining NaFeEDTA with ZnSOr (Tr) d{Rrs.d rh. body eigl noi 

signillcandy but rtE diets ,uppl.hcnr.n wirh NaF€ED.|A tud ZnO sisDitjcm y 

de6os.., rh. body weigh h nate r,G ihdicai.g lhot type or zinc tbrtircqls intc@t.d 

wilh NaF.EDTA diteEn(y. Jt wa obscryql dlal NaF.EDTA had nore irt.oqlion wift 

ZnO th.n ZnSOr, The etmen|'t ircn wirh ZnSO. (frl inc@&d rh€ body et8hl ro 

sisrific.nrly b( rh.E @ a signifi@l iD@s whd d@edar rm ws sivd wilh 

. zno in $. did5, So rhe ,ntcdciio. b.rGn .t.n€nr.t imn od zno ws tound !o bc lh. 

h.namuo nsting ooE iM dd zi|Mhitabt for lb{oolion. .rn. re.d qd hr4 inuL 

E found b b. Iiet in Tr di.t (clcmqbt itun + Zin. ordc) s 6mp!,!d lo To di.r 

rhou8h lhedilldenes qft non s,snificrnl.ft. 

TIE @trc.nralion of non in ptsho of hale ral3 red NsFeEDTA wilh .irha 

rpur. ofzinc supptcnenred di.rr we fouid to be noo sigdficandy high.r who 

@mplnd wjlh conlbt bul rhe @ncqrrdon ofiron d€cEaj€d iotr signin;dy *h.n 

elemorat i@n {@ giv€. wiri zirc sou.c6, Th. con@nhrion or ibn in pt$ma ofnd. 

nt lhouSn difi.lcd non signifiqdy bur rh. cdb indieral d@ .tqsn|.t ion 

'nr.r*t d rcsaiEty virh zinc e|,@, 

Tt. di.rs suppteDhled wirh N{F.EDTA 

con@m.ltion of ibtr ii $€ tiwr of natc ar 

.bn Gt sisaitionoy inccaed U. 

a coiDarcd t\r rhe et.menral ion

Th€ N$eEDTA di{t nor exhibir otry signilci incee orion concfirorion in 

the liverof mle mrs wben red wirh zinc slrccs showing rhal n hod { sor! nrcncrion 

wlh zinoselh, The etenenrat irotr rith zioc surptcmenred dEls showqt tirtts in&retion 

ond lh. ircn ws hdde avoirable i, t sh.r concarrfidon in oo uv€., 

Th. siadficMl irc@e in ion anEnfinlim of kidn y ormte Er! ws notied s. 

fu.ctjon ofsuppt.n€ntoriq otimn.nA zinc, The NoFeEDt^ ard dmqld inn.qu.lty 

intocrcd wnh zinc fqdfidts, deE6ing dE conqli.rro ol ion in kidn., of mt. 

Th.E!6 a non sipifica inorca* ot zim @nosr.tion nr pl6ma 6 o esutr of 

lecdirS sulplc €nred diets. Thc zinc sulrhole i erocr.d witll i'oi ,ouees (L nd T,) 

nrespecliv. oi the rype ot iron todi6c! @rs.qu.tr y da@s€d drc inrc oonc.nrrario. 

'n pl.m of mate rds. ttower. rh d4EM in nnc 6msu4iq w non 

siSnili@nt, A sihil.r d@sins uqd for ttE coenrEdon ot zinc in plshr w$ 

obsdad with zinc oxide. 

A si8.ifi@r inclte in zim @anrbtion in rhc tiu tud tidney ot naL Fc 

ea obw.d *hd zinc suppte,no@d di.Ll r* @hp.red wju, conrol di.l, 

hl.f,crioD of ZnSO. ud N"F9EDTA (rr) w$ noe pDnouced e a siSnifia 

dccMse in zinc oncenratior oftiver hs obscrvsd whw6 ZnSO. giEn wilh elcDcnrrl 

iron rT" d.picred lignilcsnr.hdge n cvncerrmr,on otzirc in e tivei .nd kdn.yof 

Th. p.qnr absorprion of non sisninturty in@d whq NlrcEmA 

@r.ining dicE (Ir, Tr ed T, iGFcliv. ot r,h. @brnarion wi$ ,inc $uE. 

wh.n gjv.n to Lhc ml.6rj whit€. siSnifiqnr datle in p.!qr ion.bEolprion w 

oh6.rrcd *ho dhdd ibn E sjwi .ton. (t, or in @bh.rion wid, .irhq $!s 

orzin ( Tr od Tr, Th€ zi& sutphoL (T, ard zinc ondc (T, signiri@lly ds(lad 

p.Mt .b$Adon oa ien s,hs @npdFd wnh |h. contot diet jdioring lhar rh. zinc 

lonilllinrs n.gdlircty inte@led with intrinsic iror of$. conlnt di.t atrd

o'cts s @mp&!d ro ctqnor.l iDn, IE zirc lutpb.L supptoftnrcd didr (Tr) 

sigificmlly imtard th€ p.@rr rbsAton ot ziic *hit. ! no sisnitiqr .tT€ol w.5 

obldi€d for nrc oxid. (T1) @uiniog dia d dG % .bseplio! ofzirc h mato m1,, 

It moy b. conclud.d rlla deMr.t i@ ,nd zjrc $Iar. i. . do$ levct ofrlo 

ppn .nd 30 pph, Bperiv.ly, when .d.t d ro whob *|t.n 0outr, pelcg.d ii 

polypopyl.ne brs!, siorcd ud.r €idq @ditid for n ,qtod of sirty d.ys dniuEd 

beu.r *ulB. nE ledlmsnr combinatlon @llininS .ldsll.t ion pi6 ZrSOa 8!w rhc 

besl Bul|s for todifiqtion oflh* nin@ts in slbt. whclr 0or rd tr objccriv6 ot 

fonifiqtion of*nob wtEar Rour @ be &hi.tEd eirho{r o, risl oahitnd @,r od my 

halft h@&. U$ or N.!.EDTA c aou,e of trd in *tot. wlEr flou tu b. . 

sond choie lor whol. shed nour foftiiicalis 6 n Frfomed Elt in @!pr.bitl, otrd 

emcrcy hiols ofthe pqcnl siudy,

Conclusions 

Following @nctulim qn b. d6s froh thc findings ofb. pEFu resqroh. 

l. A non signilicut.fiar of p&kcSins marcrial w6 founs otr oo6ruc, sl, mdc 

t;lr od crude prolein @nrdr or todind wnob wlMt nouB while slodge 

€ondilioos, lordtation ard stotasc Friod crlibited s,gnirrqot eflixt on 

mohture conrent of difoqt flou. etrDl€s. Ash @ .nt w lniEl.d only b, t 

2- Th. phyric &id @ cm dere6.d as ! ftn.tion of stodse. The lloEsc 

@fllirim, fonifiqion ad slo6gc Fiods 3ie,iti@ y olt@r.d lhe phytic aoid 

coniht in forrilicd wholc what flqr spt6. tr nay D, enviescd lhrr th. 

noSoliw eit ct of phyrotq tu !. omF.M.rl thesh tonifiqrior of $totc 

r- A d4r.sing rEnd was ohefred in rtE mir@t oonrenr of ao.lifi€d whol. wh6d 

flor tuptcs durins. sronSe p.rrcr or si y dals. txee wac no consJ@;h 

ch4ge h hircBl@mc ot lh. nous s Gulr or bitins q.p6urs. 

4- Th. physi@l doush poFrlie lik BeLr $6orprion, doush st bi,ity rnd douSh 

d€v.lopftetrt tire w.r. affecl.n by srotag. Friodj, pa.kreire nrr.ri{ls md 

ryp. offonincarion ofqhols wtr{r noursenptd wl]t ron dd dnl. fn.5@oB. 

condnioN did not !tr .r ltEs phrsist doueh pdh.tc6 sisnificerty, towever, 

lnc p€k visriry ws.fd.d by sroEge.onditiotu whil. .for ofpack!8ing 

maredalr Emlircd non si8niti@r on pak viscosity. 

5- Th. eonsc ondirions, siong. !inc, p4klBing n.cnrrs o.d fonifierjon 

sisntlic.nrly off4rcd lhe sn$ry chmrdistics of chapanis md. froto diff.M! 

rorlificd MDlo vh.rt lour $mptcs but not 10 Lhe exrnr of beine tislik€d. The 

chlprcis nod. frcn 0ou6 fonified wi$ Na[oEDTA and zinc !trtplEre, pactlged , 

itr polypopyl.ne brSs .nd sro@d unde contoltql @ndnioB ddng fie qrlier 

part of {G slorlgc p.riod srcd b.ner. 

6' Th. ni.obiologiql e.t}sis ofuc fqrificrl whob *ncar noud itrdi@.d d.r 

rbra. condniotu ind rype of fonirjsriotr ltanltidndy all*l.d mould sDslh, 

Th. pectrsins m!r.ri'k .nd 3rad8c ,nrcdrk ol$ qhibikJ a tSrifiunr .flelr

Following .&@trM{hrios 

l- Thc forificeG, et.nEhlat ibn 

3- 

oa wlbl. vh.tt nour h6 lo b. 

ReconmendsrtoD 

my Dc Cb 6 dE hai! of rlF tutl! ohrh.d itr dr 

ond ,lnc sutfar. m.y b€ uld ifdu.t fon[iddd 

doN st a d@ l4t of dodr,t iM to pFn 

rr oda b &tia. b.sl 6utr, durinS lion8e of fod[i.d 

&nPcBrur. of stoBge shout.l b. Lpr bctow 30 

exccding {045 %. 

oC wirh 

usd s terlging tul..iak for 

+ Th. .t.n nbt ircn vi|n zinc .ulplBrc .r rh. .borc dd .h.c r4l do troa h.E !r, 

.Gs.rlE .frer o dE Ro@ ad lh. forrifi.d Ro@ llmin F@mU, obl.. 

o.sqol.pticatty r@.phbt.. Th. Din.6k o€ btotogte y !v.iLbt. &d do d 

h.w ay [ar|h b.and.,

uIIttTt$Gm! 

aACC. 2000. Approv.d M€fiods of Amqi@ Alsilrion of Ceat Cheni,ts, 

Ansican Asociation ot Cemt cheni*, Inc $ pdl Minn.st& 

Abd.l Magcd AB lnd (thm. rW, l99l. l.tE eff.cl of v&ious diehry zi,o 

coneormrio.s on tn€ biotosior inr.@.ioE oa 2a.., @rp.. md ircn in 

Et'. Biol Trace Eten Rcs29(3)1239_56. 

Ag|[ f, S.daodditr A, Khm RA dd Oh.f@. A. t9r. Ion dcli.iscy in .dd.srs J 

t,ok Med A$@ 42(t):3.5. 

Ahmd I, Anjun FM, ,^tiA or BU|t MS.2001. l,trysioahem,clt atrd Fdinosmpnic 

chd@ierisljq ot $n. ncw hkistini wnat v5rioli6. pok J Agri sri 

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.4W). Vol ll Pub American A$eialion ot C.r@l ClEmirtry St p.ul 

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t4(t-2),21-29.

^FF 

dh r. 

^8D.. bnFarr ac) tld rtL{y. lurdrr (%) d.n4 d.q. ord|'r ru, 

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