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INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING OUTDOOR WORKPLACE 

INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING 

OUTDOOR WORKPLACE

PRESENTATION AND RETAIL SHOP, SHOPPING MALL 

INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING, OUTDOOR WORKPLACE 

OFFICE AND COMMUNICATION 

HOTEL AND GASTRO 

ARCHITECTURE, FACADE, CITY MARKETING AND VISUAL PRESENTATion 

ROAD, PATH AND SQUARE 

HOUSE, FLAT AND LIVING AREA 

EDUCATION AND SCIENCE 

HEALTH AND CARE 

SPORT, LEISURE AND WELLNESS

HEAD OFFICE 

OMS, spol. s r. o. 

906 02 Dojč 419 

Slovakia 

Tel.: +421(0)34/694 0811, 694 0877 

Fax: +421(0)34/694 0888 

e-mail: info@oms.sk 

www.omslighting.com 

www.omselite.com 

“When Thomas Edison worked late into the night on the electric light, he 

had to do it by gas lamp or candle. I’m sure it made the work seem that 

much more urgent.” 

George Carlin 

Luckily the times when the craftsmen were slouching over their makes in the 

twinkling flame of a candle or a paraffin lamp belong to the past. The invention 

of the artificial light in 1789 meant a breakthrough in the area of technology 

and made the “light” an accessible product independently of the season 

of the year and the hour of the day. Together with other inventions from the 

second half of the 18th century the light played one of the supporting roles 

of industrialisation. 

When the artificial light ceased to be luxurious goods it found its way also to 

the factories thanks to the massive electrification where thanks to the multishift 

operation a boom of the industrial manufacturing literally arose. The 

need for permanent searching for more economical solutions motivated the 

scientists and inventors to develop better and better and more sophisticated 

methods how to produce and spread the artificial light. After some time the 

halogen lamps and later fluorescent lamps began to compete with the bulbs 

and finally in 1962 also the predecessors of the LED diodes which currently 

represent the most effective and most economical type of the light source. 

Together with the development of the light technologies the interest of the 

scientists in the influence of the light on the human organism was also increasing. 

The long-year investigations led to a quantity of interesting findings 

which more and more frequently find an effective application in practice. The 

fact that people spend up to 80 % of their productive life at work increases 

the importance of the appropriate and biologically efficient lighting at the 

workplace. In the manufacturing sphere and all lines of business a correctly 

designed lighting system can positively affect the performance efficiency and 

concentration of the employees in all working shifts, minimise the occurrence 

of failures and the risks of injuries. 

INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING 

OUTDOOR WORKPLACE 

2/3

CONTENT 

LIGHT AND HUMAN 8 

ergonomics 10 

Colour rendering index (CRI) 12 

Glare prevention 14 

Illumination level 16 

Lighting uniformity 18 

Harmonious distribution of brightness 20 

emOTion 24 

Biological factor of illumination 25 

Availability of daylight 25 

Bluelight content 26 

Daylight simulation 28 

Illumination of room surfaces 30 

ECOLOGY 32 

Latest lamp technology 34 

System efficacy of luminaire 36 

Thermal output of lamp 37 

Dangerous material content 38 

Product lifetime and maintenance costs 38 

EFFICIENCY 40 

Automatic lighting management system 42 

Daylight sensor 42 

Constant illuminance sensor 46 

Presence detector 48 

Combined lighting management system 52 

Calling of lighting scenes 54 

OMS Lighting control 56 

DALI 57 

EspriT 58 

EXCEPTIONALITY 60 

LIGHTing in THe INDUSTRY 64 

indoor workplaces 68 

Heavy industry 68 

Metal working and processing 70 

Mechanical and plant engineering 72 

Automotive engineering 76 

Automobile workshop 78 

Warehouse 80 

Plastics industry 86 

Woodworking and processing 88 

Electrical and electronic industry 90 

Printing 92 

Cleanroom 94 

Foodstaffs industry 96 

Butchery 98 

Bakery 100 

Chemical industry 102 

Underground parking 104 

Emergency and safety lighting 106 

OUTdoor workplaces 110 

Petrochemical and power industry 112 

Storage and logistics 114 

Construction sites 116 

Canal, lock, port, shipyard and dock 118 

Exterior illumination and parking area 120 

Special requeSTS for LUminaireS 

used in inDUSTRY 124 

SELECTING THE RIGHT LIGHT SOURCE 128 

LED for INDUSTRY 130 

BASIC TERMS 136 

PRODUCTS 140 

CONTENT 

4/5

LIGHT AND HUman 

New order in lighting world 

When designing the lighting system of the industrial space the lighting designer 

has to take into account, besides the legal standards, also other parameters which 

are no less important and affect the quality of the lighting solution of the whole 

industrial building. Until recently, the summary of these criteria has represented a 

chaotic system that has not offered any sufficient overview to the customer. The 

six-point assessment system of the lighting quality – Lighting Quality Standard 

developed by the company OMS, spol. s r.o., brings a new order to the chaotic 

lighting world. 

Living by rules is important. 

Respecting laws is relevant as well. The ancient conflict of 

our world is driven by patterns and order; otherwise we 

become adrift by chaos that is present in our civilisation to 

these days. Whether the former or the latter concept is the 

right one, is an eternal question. One thing is certain: we in 

OMS love the order much more than chaos. That is why we 

have created a brand new lighting quality standard to help 

the customers, buyers and competitors better understand 

and evaluate lighting devices and solutions. 

Until now there was no unifying system used in the world of lighting 

for evaluation of eiher light fixtures or lighting solutions, and 

every producer has got its own way for that. Consumers get lost 

in the vast array of criteria used, and comparing neither products 

nor solution was an option. OMS brings order to this chaos. We 

are prepared to help the LQS become a unified standard used 

by the whole lighting sector. No overstatement, the LQS is an 

important step to the new level. Not just for our company, but for 

the branch and the giant world of lighting. 

We have chosen more than twenty objectively quantifiable criteria 

and we are using them to evaluate both individual light fixtures 

and complete lighting solutions for different types of spaces. Each 

criterion has got its value and the result is the LQS Index. The 

higher the index is, the better the lighting device or solution is for 

use in a given space. Simple and intuitive approach to the agenda 

is exemplified by the LQS Composer, a unique tool to evaluate 

each and every lighting product. 

There is a six-part program behind the acronym LQS. 

The chapters are named Ergonomics, EMOTion, Ecology, 

Efficiency, Esprit and Exceptionality, or just 6 E’s. 

If you imagine a house, the first four chapters are strong pillars 

representing criteria that are well-known in the world of lighting. 

The remaining two are the roof, a powerful superstructure on the 

top of these pillars. Together, they create an inseparable complex, 

because the parts of the whole cannot be perceived independently, 

but only in their context. That is the basic philosophy of 

the LQS. Immerse in the 6 E’s and conceive the idea of living in a 

place where rules are crystal clear. 

ERGONOMICS 

Examine the impact of light on the 

human eye. 

The ability of a light source to reproduce 

colours of various objects realistically in 

comparison with ideal or natural light is 

the master rule in the world of lighting. 

EMOTION 

Uncover the influence of light on human 

emotions. 

Strong scientific evidence proves the effect 

on mood and perception through features 

such as colour mixing, biologically effective 

lighting or illumination of room surfaces. 

Ecology 

Control energy consumption and 

environmental impact of light usage. 

The ratio of energy converted to light is the 

measure of light source’s efficacy. This can 

be used for increasing product‘s life while 

reducing maintenance costs. 

THE KEY 

IS 

6 E 

EFFICIENCy 

Take the advantage of innovation in 

management and control of lighting. 

There is a lot of possibilities to choose 

the right interface for a desired effect of 

illumination. The decision should be made 

according to the type of space that is to 

be lit. 

esprit 

Realise that appearence matters and 

feels not ashamed when considering 

the design of luminaries. 

An object’s form of excellent aesthetic 

value becomes an important part 

of interior design in an architect’s 

perspective. 

ExcepTIONAlity 

Consider every customer as a unique 

individual. 

A customised solution adds more value and 

comfort. Trustworthy partners prepared for 

an unstable future of the market and the 

economic system‘s changes are a necessity 

in the world of lighting. 

LIGHT AND HUMAN 8/9

ERGONOMICS 

Ergonomics examines the impact of light 

on the human eye. 

By adequate lighting we are able to reduce the undesirable glare, to improve 

performance efficiency and ability to concentrate, to prevent sight damage as 

well as stressful and dangerous situations. Nowadays nowhere else respecting the 

ergonomic standards appears as important as at the workplace. 

Knowing the principles of ergonomics the lighting designer – 

by planning the lighting solution - can make a choise of the 

right lighting fixture and light source and their distribution in 

related space. 

PRESTIGE LED 151 

The basic quantities which are taken into account by the ergonomics 

when creating optimal lighting conditions are – the colour 

rendering index (CRI), glare prevention, illumination level of the 

task area and surrounding of task area, lighting uniformity and 

harmonious distribution of brightness. 

ERGONOMICS 

10/11

From the practical point of view the colour rendering 

index is one of the most important aspects when selecting 

the light source. 

COLOUR 

RENDERING INDEX 

Correct perception of colours 

plays in many industry segments 

a decisive part. To 

provide an adeguate colour 

rendering is therefore one of 

the key tasks for a lighting 

designer when planning the 

lighting system. 

The influence of the artificial 

light source on the appearance 

of the colour objects is expressed 

by the colour rendering 

index (CRI) which indicates how 

truthfully the individual light 

sources are able to copy the 

object’s colouring compared 

with daylight. The CRI value of 

the light source is expressed by 

the average of the first eight 

factors R1 – R8 out of fifteen 

colour samples illuminated at 

first under a reference light 

source with an ideal value 

(CRI = 100) and under the light 

source being tested. The larger 

the difference of the truthfulness 

of colour reproduction is, 

the lower the CRI value of the 

tested light source is and thus, 

also its ability to display the 

object’s colouring truthfully. 

From the practical point of 

view the colour rendering index 

is one of the most important 

aspects when selecting the 

light source. The European 

standard EN 12464-1 requires 

light sources with the colour 

rendering index of minimally 80 

for a common workplaces, for a 

workplaces where the right assessment 

of colours is essential 

(e.g. colour inspection in chemical, 

plastics, automotive, food 

industry or in multicoloured 

printing, jewellery manufacturing, 

painting and touch-up of 

vehicles, some wood working 

activities) the standard requires 

to use light sources with at least 

CRI 90. 

From the point of view of LQS 

the highest ranking is assigned 

to the light sources with CRI 90 

and more. 

For the multicolour printing process 

and the inspection operations it is 

necessary to use the light sources 

with the colour rendering index 

CRI ≥ 90 for correct distinguishing of 

colours. 

TORNADO PC 147 

LQS VALUE 

Colour rendering index 

(CRI) 

CRI LQS Value 

>90 5 

80-90 4 

70-80 3 

60-70 2 

40-60 1 

20-40 0 

Comparison of colour rendering 

indices – CRI. Up CRI 70. Down CRI 

93 

COLOUR RENDERING INDEX 

12/13

LQS VALUE 

Glare prevention 

Glare prevention LQS Value 

URG

The modern lighting solutions are based on the research results showing 

that natural light is the decisive factor for the well‐being of every 

individual. This is the reason why the designers attempt to get as close as 

possible to its properties including illumination level. 

ILLUMINATION LEVEL 

The minimum values of illumination 

level for production areas 

are defined by the standard. 

Scientific researches and 

our practical experience are 

prooving, that adequate 

illumination level influences in 

positive way the performance 

of the employees, their ability 

to concentrate, decreases the 

mistake rate and the risk of 

injuries. 

To define minimum values of 

illumination level the standard 

EN 12464-1 distincts between 

the task area, where visual tasks 

are carried out, the sourrounding 

area – which immediately 

surrounds it, and the background, 

at least 3 m wide band 

adjacent to the immediate 

surrounding area. The decision 

what kind of lighting system 

should be installed depends on 

the visual task performed at the 

workplace. 

visibility of the working tool´s 

spike or pen’s nib is ensured. 

Such a direction of the luminous 

flux is determined for the 

right-handers; the left-handers 

are often disadvantaged in this 

case. However, currently there 

are lighting solutions which enable 

adjusting the luminous flux 

to create the same conditions 

also for the left-handers. 

The insufficient or erroneous 

lighting of the production area 

can have a negative impact not 

only on the quality of employees´ 

activities or quality of their 

performance, but also on their 

state of health and mind. The 

modern lighting solutions are 

based on the research results 

showing that natural light is 

the decisive factor for the wellbeing 

of every individual. This 

is the reason why the designers 

attempt to get as close as possible 

to its properties. 

Task Area 

From the point of view of 

demands on the illumination 

of the industrial and production 

area, it is the desk or the 

task area that plays the most 

important role. The European 

standard EN 12464-1 states the 

value of minimally 50 lux for 

the common working activities 

and automatic processing 

(drying, remote-operated 

processing installations, fuel 

supply plant) and tightens 

the requirements on the illumination 

level to the value 

of 1,500 lux for those task 

areas where time-demanding 

tasks, tasks requiring precision, 

productivity, concentration are 

carried out or where the visual 

capability of the employee is 

reduced (quality control, colour 

inspection, painting, manufacturing 

precious stones). To 

provide adequate values of 

illumination level of task area 

and to achieve constant lighting 

conditions supplementary luminaires 

like workplace luminaires 

and machine luminaires can be 

installed. 

From the point of view of safety 

it is also necessary to prevent 

the rise of the stroboscopic effect 

when the artificial lighting 

is on at the workplace. The 

stroboscopic effect represents 

an extreme danger, specially 

when working with the rotational 

tools because when the 

frequency and the rotational 

speed are the same an impression 

can arise, that the tool is 

off and it can cause hard injury 

to the user. The stroboscopic effect 

can be avoided by installing 

the LED luminaires or high-frequency 

control gears emitting 

the light with a frequency that 

the human eye cannot notice 

and therefore it perceives it as 

constantly continuous. 

Surrounding area 

The correct illumination of 

surrounding area (band with a 

width of at least 0.5 m around 

the task area within the visual 

field) and the background (at 

least 3 m wide adjacent to the 

immediate surrounding area 

within the limits of the space) 

is an important factor in the 

industry areas. Their correct illumination 

can prevent problems 

with perceiving the objects, it 

can minimise the damage of the 

sense of sight, developing stress 

and strain. 

Illuminance 

on the task area E task 

lux 

The illuminance of the 

surrounding area and the 

background is connected with 

the illuminance of the task area 

and is to ensure a harmonious 

distribution of brightness in the 

field of vision. The standard 

EN 12464-1 states that the 

illuminance of the immediate 

surrounding area may be lower 

than the illuminance on the task 

area but shall be not less then 

the values given in table below. 

LQS assigns the spaces meeting 

requirements of the standard 5 

points; those failing to fulfil the 

illumination value level 0 points. 

Illuminance 

on immediate surrounding areas 

lux 

≥ 750 500 

500 300 

300 200 

200 150 

150 E task 

100 E task 

≤ 50 

E task 

RELAX XTP ip65 149 

LED 

LQS VALUE 

Illumination level 

(task area) 


(task area) 

LQS Value 

If the exact organisation of the 

facility is unknown at the time, 

when the lighting system is 

designed, the illumination level 

in whole area should respond 

to the normative requirements 

for the task area. At workstations 

where employees are performing 

activities requiring accuracy, 

where sharp objects are used 

(e.g. drilling, grinding), or where 

activities include writing or 

drawing, the optimal solution is 

considered when the luminaire 

is placed towards the working 

surface slightly from the left 

of the employee’s view. When 

the situation is solved like this 

the employees do not cast a 

shadow upon the desk when 

they are working and also good 

Space for turning and measuring 

moderately fine parts presenting 

vertical and horizontal visual tasks 

Place for studying drawings on 

vertical surfaces 

Place for checking workpiece 

measurements and depositing tools 

presenting horizontal visual tasks 

Immediate surrounding area (band 

with a width of at least 0.5 m 

around the task area within the 

visual field) 

Single industrial workplace 

Various industrial workplaces require different lighting solutions for individual 

visual tasks. These must be defined individually in terms of location and 

intensity of illumination. The individual tasks may be combined and 

performed in the same working area. 

Relationship of illuminances on immediate surrounding to the illuminance on 

the task area. 

The optimal solution is considered when the luminaire is placed towards 

the working surface slightly from the left of the employee’s view. When the 

situation is solved like this the employees do not cast a shadow upon the 

desk when they are working and also good visibility of the working tool´s 

spike or pen’s nib is ensured. 

LQS VALUE 


(surrounding area) 


(surrounding area) 

LQS Value 

Yes 5 

Yes 5 

No 0 

No 0 


16/17

Big differences in the illumination rate create the 

impression of a broken space and increase demands on 

the adaptation capability of the human eye. 

LIGHTING 

UNIFORMITY 

The uniform illumination 

affects our ability to perceive 

the surrounding area and to 

orient ourselves inside of it. 

We perceive a uniformly illuminated 

space as a consistent 

one. 

An optimal state can be 

achieved by selecting an appropriate 

type and number of 

luminaires and their correct 

distribution. From the point 

of view of type of luminaires 

the direct and indirect lighting 

fixtures with a wide luminous 

intensity curve seem to be the 

most suitable. 

indirect XTp 150 

ip 54 

From this point of view the 

ergonomic quantity - lighting 

uniformity – is a matter 

of considerable importance in 

industrial and production areas. 

Big differences in the illumination 

rate create the impression 

of a broken space and increase 

demands on the adaptation 

capability of the human eye. 

The lighting uniformity index 

is adapted by the European 

standard EN 12464-1 which, as 

in the case of the illumination 

level, places heavier demands 

on workplaces requiring precision 

(e.g. drawing, grinding, 

decorating). For these ones it 

states the index with a minimal 

value of 0.7. 

The lighting uniformity is 

expressed as a ratio of the minimal 

and average illuminance 

of the space assessed. The 

closer their values are, the more 

uniform the illuminance of the 

space is. 

From the point of view of LQS, 

the optimal lighting solution 

meeting the standard is 

assessed by 5 points, those 

failing to fulfil requirements by 

0 points. 

90 

90 

LQS VALUE 

75 

75 

100 

60 

150 

60 

200 

45 

250 

45 

cd/klm 

30 15 0 15 30 

C0.0-C180.0 C90.0-C270.0 

Lighting uniformity 

Lighting 

uniformity 

LQS Value 

Yes 5 

No 0 

Luminous intensity curve of 

INDIRECT XTP C L2 FSD 2x36W 

A specialised software dialux enables 

a simulation of the lighting uniformity 

of the space already during the 

design phase of the lighting system. 

The luminous intensity curve gives the 

designer a hint about the resulting 

effect. 

The customer acquires the 

visualisation of the room space 

including the definitions of the 

material surfaces and parts of the 

interior as well. 


18/19

In industrial spaces the requirements of harmonious distribution 

of brightness are particularly relative to areas where visual 

quality control is performed, in laboratories, on workplaces with 

VDU or in the offices. 

LQS VALUE 

Harmonious 

distribution 

of brightnees 

(contrast) 

Em(wall)>150 lux 

with Uo>0.3 

Em(ceiling>75 lux 

with Uo>0.3 


with Uo>0.3 


with Uo>0.3 


with Uo>0.1 


with Uo>0.1 


with Uo>0.1 


with Uo>0.1 


with Uo>0.1 


with Uo>0.1 

Em(wall)0.1 

Em(ceiling0.1 

Harmonious 

distribution 

of brightness 

LQS 

Value 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

HARMONIOUS 

DISTRIBUTION 

OF BRIGHTNESS 

People acquire up to 80 % 

of information through their 

sense of vision therefore 

lighting is the key factor for 

a correct visual perception in 

all industrial and production 

areas. 

Luminance is the only quantity 

to which the human eye 

responds and therefore its 

harmonious distribution is the 

key task for a lighting designer 

when planning the illumination 

in every type of industrial space. 

Harmonious distribution of 

brightness affects sharpness of 

vision and enables the human 

eye to perceive the contrast. 

Unequal distribution of brightness 

places increased demands 

on the adaptation ability of the 

human eye, the low contrast 

reduces the visual stimulation, 

causes eye fatigue and in this 

way it affects the performance 

efficiency of the employees at 

the workplace. Excessive brightness 

in the space causes an 

undesirable glare. 

In industrial spaces the 

requirements of harmonious 

distribution of brightness are 

particularly relative to areas 

where visual quality control is 

performed, in laboratories, on 

workplaces with VDU or in the 

offices. To achieve an optimal 

distribution of brightness in 

the space means to begin with 

a correct organisation of the 

interior and its design. The 

types of the material and colour 

used are decisive. In general, it 

is recommended to use brighter 

colours because dark walls, ceilings 

as well as furniture have, 

in comparison to the brighter 

materials, a lower reflectance 

and therefore they can cause 

depressive feelings. An appropriate 

selection of the luminaire 

(ceiling or suspension lighting 

fixtures with direct distribution 

of the luminous flux) and their 

correct deployment are a key 

factor for the harmonious distribution 

of brightness. 

The values of adequate harmonious 

distribution of brightness 

are defined by the european 

standard EN 12464-1. The 

standard recommends for the 

major interior diffusely reflecting 

surfaces following values: 

ceiling 0.7 to 0.9, walls 0.5 to 

0.8, floor 0.2 to 0.4. According 

to the same standard, the 

reflectance of major objects 

(e.g. machinery) should be in 

the range of 0.2 to 0.7. 

The european standard 

EN 12464-1 sets further values 

of the maintained illuminences 

on the major surfaces in small 

industrial spaces, such as laboratories, 

small rooms or offices, 

For the maintained illuminance 

of walls are stipuleted values of 

50 lux with uniformity ≥ 0.10, 

for ceiling 30 lux with uniformity 

≥ 0.10. In common spaces 

(e.g. corridors and staircase) the 

stipulated value for maintained 

illuminance for walls is 75 lux 

with uniformity ≥ 0.10, for 

ceiling 50 lux with uniformity of 

≥ 0.10. 

LQS awards 0 to 5 points based 

on illuminance level and its 

uniformity on room surfaces. 

The harmonious distribution of brightness in a space can be influenced by a selection of luminaires. By using luminaires with direct distribution of the luminous 

flux (Figure 1-3) we don't achieve sufficient illuminance of vertical surfaces, which causes a cave effect. It can be avoided by using luminaires with a 

very wide luminosity curve. (Fig. 4). 


LED 

HARMONIOUS DISTRIBUTION OF BRIGHTNESS 

20/21

Lighting requirements for iNDUSTRY areas, tasks and activities EN 12464-1 ANd EN 12464-2 

Type of indoor, task or activity Em[lux] UGR L 

U 0 

CRI 


U 0 

CRI 


U 0 

CRI 

Type of outdoor, task or activity Em[lux] GR L 

U 0 

CRI 

Heavy industry 

Gangways: unmanned 20 – 0.40 40 

Printing 

Filling and emptying of container trucks and wagons with 100 45 0.40 40 

Production plants without manual operation 50 – 0.40 20 

(Illuminance at floor level) 

Cutting, gilding, embossing, block engraving, 500 19 0.60 80 

dangerous substances, replacements of pump packing, 

(Safety colours shall be recognisable) 

Gangways: manned 150 22 0.40 60 

work on stones and platens, printing machines, matrix making 

general service work, reading of instruments 

Production plants with occasional manual operation 150 28 0.40 40 

(Illuminance at floor level) 

Paper sorting and hand printing 500 19 0.60 80 

Fuel loading and unloading sites 100 45 0.40 20 

Production plants with continuous manual operation 200 25 0.60 80 

Control stations 150 22 0.60 80 

Type setting, retouching, lithography 1,000 19 0.70 80 

Repair of machines and electric devices 200 45 0.50 60 

Slab Store 50 – 0.40 20 

Storage rack face Ev [lux]= 200 – 0.40 60 

Colour inspection in multicoloured printing 1,500 16 0.70 90 

(Use local lighting) 


(Vertical illuminance, portable lighting may be used) 

(5,000 K ≤ T CP 

≤ 6,500 K) 

Storage and logistics 

Furnaces 200 25 0.40 20 

Plastics industry 

Steel and copper engraving 2,000 16 0.70 80 

Short term handling of large units and raw materials, loading 20 55 0.25 20 


Chemical industry 

Foodstuffs industry 

and unloading of solid bulk goods 

Mill train; coiler; shear line 300 25 0.60 40 

Remote-operated processing installations 50 – 0.40 20 

Butchery 

Continuos handling of large units and raw materials, 50 50 0.40 20 

Control platforms; control panels 300 22 0.60 80 


Work stations and zones in: 200 25 0.40 80 

loading and unloading of freight, lifting and descending 

Test, measurement and inspection 500 22 0.60 80 

Processing installations with limited manual intervention 150 28 0.40 40 

- breweries, malting floor, 

location for cranes, open loading platforms 

Underfloor man-sized tunnels; belt sections, cellars, etc. 50 – 0.40 20 

Constantly manned work stations in processing installations 300 25 0.60 80 

- for washing, barrel filling, cleaning, sieving, peeling, 

Reading of addresses, covered loading platforms, use of tools, 100 45 0.50 20 


Precision measuring rooms, laboratories 500 19 0.60 80 

- cooking in preserve and chocolate factories, 

ordinary reinforcements and casting tasks in concrete plants 

Metal working and processing 

Pharmaceutical production 500 22 0.60 80 

- work stations and zones in sugar factories, 

Demanding electrical, machine and piping installations, inspection 200 45 0.50 60 

Mechanical and plant engineering 

Tyre production 500 22 0.60 80 

- for drying and fermenting raw tobacco, fermentation cellar 


Open die forging 200 25 0.60 80 

Colour inspection 1,000 16 0.70 90 

Sorting and washing of products, milling, mixing, packing 300 25 0.60 80 

Construction sites 

Drop forging 300 25 0.60 80 

(4,000 K ≤ T CP 

≤ 6,500 K) 

Work stations and critical zones in slaughter houses, 500 25 0.60 80 

Clearance, excavation and loading 20 55 0.25 20 

Welding 300 25 0.60 80 

Cutting, finishing, inspection 750 19 0.70 80 

butchers, dairies mills, on filtering floor in sugar refineries 

Construction areas, drain pipes mounting, transport, 50 50 0.40 20 

Rough and average machining: tolerances ≥ 0.1 mm 300 22 0.60 80 

Woodworking and processing 

Cutting and sorting of fruit and vegetables 300 25 0.60 80 

auxiliary and storage tasks 

Precision machining; grinding: tolerances < 0.1 mm 500 19 0.70 80 

Automatic processing e.g. drying, plywood manufacturing 50 28 0.40 40 

Manufacture of delicatessen foods, kitchen work, 500 22 0.60 80 

Framework element mounting, light reinforcement work, 100 45 0.40 40 

Scribing; inspection 750 19 0.70 80 

Steam pits 150 28 0.40 40 

manufacture of cigars and cigarettes 

wooden mould and framework mounting, electric piping and cabling 

Wire and pipe drawing shops; cold forming 300 25 0.60 80 

Saw frame 300 25 0.60 60 

Inspection of glasses and bottles, product control, trimming, 500 22 0.60 80 

Element jointing, demanding electrical, machine and pipe mountings 200 45 0.50 40 

Plate machining: thickness ≥ 5 mm 200 25 0.60 80 

(Prevent stroboscopic effects) 

sorting, decoration 

Canal, lock, port, shipyard and dock 

Sheet metalwork: thickness < 5 mm 300 22 0.60 80 

Work at joiner’s bench, gluing, assembly 300 25 0.60 80 

Laboratories 500 19 0.60 80 

Waiting quays at canals and locks 10 50 0.25 20 

Tool making; cutting equipment manufacture 750 19 0.70 80 

Polishing, painting, fancy joinery 750 22 0.70 80 

Colour inspection 1,000 16 0.70 90 

Gangways and passages exclusively for pedestrians 10 50 0.25 20 

Assembly: 

Work on wood working machines, e.g. turning, fluting, 500 19 0.60 80 

(4,000 K ≤ T CP 

≤ 6,500 K) 

Lock control and ballasting areas 20 55 0.25 20 

- rough 200 25 0.60 80 

dressing, rebating, grooving, cutting, sawing, sinking 

Bakery 

Cargo handling, loading and unloading 30 55 0.25 20 

- medium 300 25 0.60 80 

(Prevent stroboscopic effects) 

Preparation and baking 300 22 0.60 80 

(For reading labels: Em = 50 lux) 

- fine 500 22 0.60 80 

Selection of veneer woods 750 22 0.70 90 

Finishing, glazing, decorating 500 22 0.70 80 

Passenger areas in passenger harbours 50 50 0.40 20 

- precision 750 19 0.70 80 

(4,000 K ≤ T CP 

≤ 6,500 K) 

Coupling of hoses, pipes and ropes 50 50 0.40 20 

Galvanising 300 25 0.60 80 

Intarsia, inlay work 750 22 0.70 90 

Dangerous part of walkways and driveways 50 45 0.40 20 

Surface preparation and painting 750 25 0.70 80 

(4,000 K ≤ T CP 

≤ 6,500 K) 

General lighting of shipyard area, storage areas 20 55 0.25 40 

Tool, template and jig making, precision mechanics, 1,000 19 0.70 80 

Quality control, inspection 1,000 19 0.70 90 

for prefabricated goods. 

micro-mechanics 

(4,000 K ≤ T CP 

≤ 6,500 K) 

Type of outdoor, task or activity Em[lux] GR L 

U 0 

CRI 

Short term handling of large units 20 55 0.25 20 

Automotive engineering 

Electrical and electronic industry 

Petrochemical and power industry 

Cleaning of ship hull 50 50 0.25 20 

Automobile workshops 

Cable and wire manufacture 300 25 0.60 80 

Pedestrian movements within electically safe areas 5 50 0.25 20 

Painting and welding of ship hull 100 45 0.40 60 

Body work and assembly 500 22 0.60 80 

Winding: 

Handling of servicing tools, coal 20 55 0.25 20 

Mounting of electrical and mechanical components 200 45 0.50 60 

Painting, spraying chamber, polishing chamber 750 22 0.70 80 

- large coils 300 25 0.60 80 

Overall inspection 50 50 0.40 20 

Painting: touch-up, inspection 1,000 19 0.70 90 

- medium-sized coils 500 22 0.60 80 

General servicing work and reading of instruments 100 45 0.40 40 

(4,000 K ≤ T CP 

≤ 6,500 K) 

- small coils 750 19 0.70 80 

Wind tunnels: servicing and maintanance 100 45 0.40 40 

Em = average illuminance in lux (maintained value) 

Upholstery manufacture (manned) 1,000 19 0.70 80 

Coil impregnating 300 25 0.60 80 

Repair of electric devices 200 45 0.50 60 

Ev = average vertical illuminance in lux (maintained value) 

Final inspection 1,000 19 0.70 80 

Galvanising 300 25 0.60 80 


UGR L 

= UGR unified glare rating limit (upper limit of glare) 

General vehicle services, repair and testing 300 22 0.60 80 

Assembly work: 

Handling of servicing tools, utilisation of manually regulated 20 55 0.25 20 

GR L 

= glare rating limit (upper limit of glare) 

(Consider local lighting) 

- rough, e.g. large transformers 300 25 0.60 80 

valves, starting and stopping motors, lighting of burners 

T CP 

= correlated colour temperature 

Warehouse 

- medium, e.g. switchboards 500 22 0.60 80 

Filling and emptying of container trucks and wagons 50 50 0.40 20 

U 0 

= uniformity 

Store and stockrooms 100 25 0.40 60 

- fine, e.g. telephones, radios, IT equipment (computers) 750 19 0.70 80 

with risk free substances, inspection of leakage, piping and packing 

CRI = colour rendering index of lamps 

(200 lux if continuously occupied) 

- precision, e.g. measuring equipment, printed circuit boards 1,000 16 0.70 80 

Dispatch packing handling areas 300 25 0.60 60 

Electronic workshops, testing, adjusting 1,500 16 0.70 80 

Lighting requirements for inDUSTRY areas, tasks and activities EN 12464-1 AND EN 12464-2 

22/23

EMOTIon 

The light is able to substantially affect the ability of people to perceive, to change 

their mood, to arouse a feeling of visual and psychological well-being and to regulate 

the human circadian rhythm. This knowledge has enlarged the perception of 

the task of artificial illumination by a new dimension. Its role today is not only to 

illuminate the space but also to be biologically effective. 

A very important discovery is, that the demands on 

illumination level proportionally increases with increasing 

age of employees. 

BIOLOGICAL FACTOR OF ILLUMINATION 

AVAILABILITY OF daYLIGHT 

Working people spend a great part of their life in closed spaces. 

That is the reason why the quality of the artificial light is attributed 

extraordinary importance. As we have already mentioned 

on several pages, the scientific research has unambiguously 

confirmed the positive impact of the natural light on the feeling 

of people’s visual and psychological well-being, their performance 

efficiency, the ability to concentrate and last but not least also the 

ability to regenerate. Many industrial spaces have to deal with 

limited availability of daylight, therefore a proper artificial lighting 

has the highest importance. 

The most important moment when planning the illumination for 

any space is a correct solution, the luminaire type itself is of secondrate 

importance, if it is able to ensure the required result. In 

general, it is valid that the human eye responds best to large continuous 

illuminated surfaces and the white diffused light reflected 

from the ceiling and walls. This type of illumination simulates the 

properties of the natural light in the best way. 

The scientific research during recent decades has substantially 

changed the view at the task of illumination and its influence on 

people. Light is able to fundamentally affect not only people’s 

ability to perceive things around but also to change the mood, to 

arouse a feeling of comfort or vice versa discomfort and to regulate 

the human circadian rhythm. All this knowledge has enlarged 

the perception of the task of the artificial illumination by a new 

dimension – to be biologically active. When designing a lighting 

solution of an industrial space it is from understandable reasons 

inevitable to take into account both requirements equally. With 

proper illumination of the space we can achieve the visual and 

psychological well-being of the employees without any negative 

influence on their regeneration capabilities. Extensive scientific research 

and demonstrated, that higher illuminance level can influence 

the productivity of employees in the positive way and at the 

same time it can decrease the risk of accidents. The results of the 

mentioned research shows, that by illumination level of at least 

500 lux grows the productivity of employees by 40 %, and the risk 

of accidents decreases by 66 %. A very important discovery, that 

should be taken into account when designing a lighting solution 

for a production areas is, that the demands on illumination level 

proportionally increases with increasing age of the employees. 

The eyes lose permeability and the average pupil width decreases. 

This creates the need for more light in any environment. A 

60-year old employee requires double more light as his 20-year 

old colleague to see clearly. Even employees over the age of 35 

have a greater need for light than 20-year old. 

LQS VALUE 

Biological factor 

of illumination 

Biological factor LQS Value 

of illumination 

availability of 

daylight 

blue light 

content 

daylight 

simulation 

dynamic 

lighting 

0/1 

(No/Yes) 

0/1 

(No/Yes) 

0/1 

(No/Yes) 

0/1 

(No/Yes) 

tunable white 0/1 

(No/Yes) 

LQS has a holistic approach to the illumination of spaces. It perceives 

its solution as a whole, with the goal to copy the properties 

of the natural light as truthfully as possible. 

EMOTION / BIOLOGICAL FACTOR OF ILLUMINATION / AVAILABILITY OF daYLIGHT 

24/25

The workplaces with a three-shift operation represent a 

challenge where a sufficient amount of the blue light is 

able to adjust the biorhythm of those employees who are 

working during the night. 

BLUELIGHT CONTENT 

PRESTIGE 152 

Revealing the function of the 

third type of receptors in the 

human eye belongs among 

the biggest discoveries of 

the modern science. They are 

able to affect the production 

of melatonin, a hormone controlling 

the circadian rhythm 

of people. These receptors 

are sensitive to that part of 

the light spectrum which has 

the wavelength of 464 nanometres, 

i.e. the blue light. 

This knowledge became the 

basis for the luminaire producers 

– the lighting fixtures 

with a proper proportion of 

the blue part of the artificial 

lighting spectrum are able 

to affect the human activity 

effectively. The correct ratio 

of the blue light in the light 

spectrum from an artificial 

light source can stimulate the 

performance of the employees. 

From this point of view especially 

the workplaces with a 

three-shift operation represent 

a challenge where a sufficient 

amount of the blue light is able 

to adjust the biorhythm of those 

employees who are working 

during the night shifts. A shortage 

of blue light component in 

the illumination will stimulate 

production of melatonin which 

signals to the human organism 

that there is time for rest 

and induces an increased need 

of sleep. This leads to lost of 

3,000 K 6,500 K 

concentration, reduced performance 

and can cause injuries. 

On the contrary, in appropriate 

lighting conditions the human 

body begins to secrete serotonin, 

which mediates to the employees 

a sense of excitement 

and in this way enhances their 

performance. A suitable lighting 

solution can be achieved 

by using luminaires with light 

sources producing a light with 

a correlated colour temperature 

of 6,500 K. 

Influence of daylight on the human body 

3 a.m. 9 a.m. 

6 a.m. noon 6 p.m. midnight 6 a.m. noon 6 p.m. midnight 6 a.m. 

cortisol level melatonin level 

During morning hours the human organism produces the hormone cortisol 

which stimulates metabolism. Its concentration in blood reaches its maximum 

at about 9 a.m., then during the rest of the day its content continually 

decreases. Melatonin, also called the hormone of sleep, is produced by the 

human organism also during the night and its concentration in the human 

organism culminates at 3 a.m. 

0° ~ 30° No effect 

30° ~ 45° Insufficient effect 

45° ~ 90° Optimal effect 

90° ~ 180° Undesirable effect – risk 

that glare can develop 

The third type of the photoreceptors in the human eye is sensitive to that 

part of the light spectrum which has the wavelength of 464 nanometres, 

i.e. the blue light. These receptors have influence on creating melatonin, a 

hormone controlling the circadian rhythm of people. 

Melatonin 

Melatonin makes us feel drowsy, slows 

down bodily functions and lowers 

activity levels to facilitate a good 

night’s sleep. It also ensures that 

a large number of metabolic processes 

are wound down. Body temperature 

falls; the organism, as it were, is put 

on the back burner. In this phase, the 

body secretes growth hormones that 

repair cells at night. 

Cortisol 

Cortisol is a stress hormone, produced 

from around 3 a.m. onwards in 

the adrenal cortex. It stimulates 

metabolism again and programmes 

the body for day-time operation. The 

first light of the day then stimulates 

the third receptor in the eye and 

suppresses the production of melatonin 

in the pineal gland. At the same time, 

the pituitary gland makes sure the 

body secretes more serotonin. 

Serotonin 

Serotonin acts as a mood-enhancing, 

motivating messenger. While the level 

of cortisol in the blood falls during the 

day in a counter-cycle to melatonin, 

serotonin helps us achieve a number 

of performance peaks. When daylight 

fades, the internal clock switches 

to night. 

However, if our body does not 

get enough light during the day, 

it produces only a low level of 

melatonin. As a result, we sleep badly, 

we wake feeling unrested, we are 

tired during the day and lack energy 

and motivation. Insufficient exposure 

to stimulating light during autumn 

and winter can turn the process into 

a downward spiral. At that time of 

year, some people develop seasonal 

affective disorder (SAD). Their internal 

clock misses its cues because the 

hormonal balance in the brain is upset. 

BLUELIGHT CONTENT 

26/27

The natural daylight is not monotonous. It changes 

its properties not only in dependence on the season 

of the year but it is also dependent on the cloudiness 

during the day. 

Daylight 

simulation 

As we have mentioned 

several times, the scientific 

research confirmed that the 

daylight is the most natural 

type of light for people. The 

effort to adapt the artificial 

lighting to its properties 

results from this knowledge. 

That is the reason why, when 

designing the light system 

in the industrial spaces, we 

utilise the function of daylight 

simulation. The natural 

daylight is not monotonous. 

It changes its properties 

not only in dependence on 

the season of the year but 

it is also dependent on the 

cloudiness during the day. Its 

intensity and colour change 

during the day. All these factors 

affect our perception of 

the space and objects inside 

of it. 

The daylight simulation can be 

achieved by various methods 

with the same goal: to achieve 

such an intensity and light 

colour that copies the properties 

of the daylight as truthfully 

as possible. At the beginning of 

the working hours higher illuminance 

with a high proportion of 

the cold light that will energise 

to a higher performance is desirable. 

On the contrary, during 

the lunch time it is suitable to 

increase the colour temperature 

and to strengthen the feeling of 

employees’ relaxation. The afternoon 

decline can be avoided 

by increasing the proportion of 

the cold light which is replaced 

by warmer tones preparing the 

human organism for rest at the 

end of the working hours. 

The daylight simulation is often 

implemented with the daylight 

sensor that assesses the lighting 

intensity in the room during the 

day and according to this it increases 

or reduces the luminaire 

output in the light system. In 

this way constant illuminance 

of the space in compliance with 

the standard is ensured during 

the whole day. 

An assumption for simulating 

the daylight in the industrial 

spaces is the utilisation of the 

luminaires with the function 

dynamic light which can change 

the lighting intensity and tunable 

white technology which allows 

lighting level 

(lux) 

700 

600 

500 

400 

The goal of the daylight simulation is 

to achieve such a light intensity and 

colour that copies the properties of 

the daylight as truthfully as possible. 

8:00 

cool light (6,500 K) 

warm light (2,700 K) 

8:00 12:00 13:30 17:30 

Good morning 

Cool, fresh light raises the energy 

level of people coming into the 

workplace and provides a good start 

to the day. 

12:00 

Lunch time 

A short rest helps us to recharge out 

batteries. The light level decreases 

and the warm light facilitates 

relaxation. 

13:30 

Post-lunch dip 

After lunch,we usually feel sleepy. The 

light level rises again and changes 

to cool white to counter the „post 

lunch dip“. 

altering the correlated colour 

temperature in the room. 

The dynamic lighting in the 

luminaire is ensured by the DALI 

driver which is able to switch on 

or dim the light source from the 

value from 10 to 100 %. The 

function of the tunable white 

is ensured by two light sources 

radiating the light with different 

correlated colour temperature 

(cool white 

6,500 K and warm white 

2,700 K). Through changing 

the output of individual light 

sources we can achieve various 

levels of the white colour 

temperature. E.g. at a 50 % performance 

of both light sources 

the luminaire radiates neutral 

light with correlated colour 

temperature 

4,000 K. This solution enables 

creating illumination of the 

workplace that corresponds to 

its task and emotional state we 

want to evoke in the persons 

who are present. 

Happy hour 

Just before the end of the working 

day a change to cooler white 

light provides an alertness boost 

ahead of the journey home. For 

people working late, warm white 

light creates a pleasent „homely“ 

atmosphere. 

17:30 

PRESTIGE 152 

300 

8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 

DAYLIGHT SIMUlaTION 

28/29

ILLUMINATION 

OF ROOM SURFACES 

The recommended lighting 

of surfaces in the industrial 

space is bound to the general 

lighting of the workplace. In 

industrial areas, the importance 

of adequate vertical 

illuminance increases in 

terms of safety and smooth 

implementation of the work. 

Proper lighting of vertical surfaces 

is especially important 

where oversized machinery is 

used and by supervisory and 

control work. 

Vertical Illumination 

The vertical illumination which 

is based on the ability of the 

human eye to respond to the 

light falling from above plays an 

important role for the lighting 

of an industrial space. Using 

luminaires emphasising the 

vertical surfaces, we achieve 

optical brightening and appropriate 

visibility in production 

halls with oversized production 

machines or at the workplaces, 

where constant surveillance 

is required. It will enable the 

employees to recognise shapes 

and faces better, it will make 

their orientation in the space 

and reading numerical values at 

the machines easier. The vertical 

illuminance should achieve 

50 % of the working place’s 

horizontal illuminance value. 

LQS assesses the spaces with 

satisfactory illuminance with 5 

points. The luminaire TORNADO 

LED with a strongly asymmetric 

radiation characteristic can be 

a suitable type of lighting fixture 

that meets the demands on 

vertical lighting of the walls in 

the production halls. If placed 

correctly, the photometric luminaire 

characteristic will ensure 

a very uniformly illuminated 

wall almost from the top to the 

bottom. 

TORNADO PC LED 147 

prestige 152 

Relative wall illuminance: min 50 % 

of workplace illuminace 

LQS VALUE 

Vertical illumination 

Vertical 

illumination 

LQS 

Value 

Workplace illuminance 100 % 

Evavg > 0.5 Ehavg 

(Wall LG7) 

Evavg >150 lux 

Evavg > 0.5 Ehavg 

(Wall LG7) 

5 

4 

Evavg > 0.4 Ehavg 3 



Evavg < 0.1 Ehavg 0 

By a correct ratio of the illuminance of all surfaces in the room we can 

prevent both the psychological and eye fatigue and damaging the human 

sight as well. 

Illumination of room surfaces 

30/31

ECOLOGY 

The ecology and ecological solutions respecting the fragile equilibrium of the 

environment are important topics which have become key values across the whole 

industrial spectrum during the last decades. The manufacturers of the luminaires 

and light sources are no exception in this area. 

Together with awareness of the limited 

character of the energy sources 

that causes the permanent increase 

of their prices, taking into account 

the ratio of the luminaire or light 

source effectiveness and the energy 

consumed the trend is coming to the 

foreground. 

Also in this line of business the demands on efficient utilisation of 

energy, the recyclability and long life of the products constantly 

rise. In the area of manufacturing the luminaires and the light 

sources, the effectiveness of the light sources, the effectiveness 

of the luminaires and their impact on the environment are more 

and more emphasised. These are categories which, besides the 

ecological approach, contain a substantial potential for energy 

savings and in this way also reducing the operating costs. For the 

developers and architects of the industry buildings and production 

halls just this factor is the source of the strongest motivation 

when designing the light systems. Categories which are relevant 

from the point of view of ecology are: latest lamp technology, 

system efficacy of luminaire, dangerous material content, thermal 

output of a lamp, and finaly – product lifetime and maintenance 

costs. 

ECOLOGY 

32/33

The trend heads to manufacturing more effective and 

economical types of the existing light sources. 

LQS VALUE 

Latest lamp 

technology 

Latest lamp LQS Value 

technology 

> 100 lm/W 5 

> 90 lm/W 4 

> 80 lm/W 3 

> 70 lm/W 2 

> 60 lm/W 1 

> 50 lm/W 0 

LATEST lamp 

TECHNOLOGY 

The times when the whole 

world applauded Thomas Alva 

Edison for the discovery of 

the light bulb are irrecoverably 

over. Although he made 

his mark on history forever as 

the inventor of artificial light, 

other scientists and inventors 

came after him and they 

shifted and are still shifting 

the development by leaps and 

bounds ahead. 

With the knowledge about 

the limitedness of the energy 

sources which causes permanent 

increase of their prices, 

the trend taking into account 

the ratio of effectiveness of the 

luminaire or the light source 

and the consumed energy is 

coming to the foreground. As 

late as three years ago, the 

metal-halide lamps especially 

met these requirements but even 

they are retreating in favour of 

the light emitting diodes – LED. 

Compared to the conventional 

sources the LEDs achieve better 

parameters in any respect: they 

are more effective, they emit a 

negligible amount of heat, they 

place lower demands on the 

consumption of electrical energy, 

they do not contain mercury and 

so they are more ecological. In 

the area of manufacturing the 

light sources just LEDs represent 

a category which currently 

progresses most quickly. Up to 

90 % of all innovations today 

take place in the category of the 

light sources LED. Of course, the 

development and production of 

the conventional light sources 

has not been stopped but they 

progress more slowly. However, also 

here it is valid that the trend heads 

especially to manufacturing more 

effective and economical types of 

Latest lamp technologY 

the existing light sources. The 

original types are replaced by 

the eco and long-life fluorescent 

lamps or metal-halide lamps 

with ceramic burner of the 

second generation. 

The main indicator for selecting 

an optimal light source which 

the designer of the lighting 

system in an industrial or 

production hall has to follow is 

the efficacy of the light source. 

Its value shows with what effectiveness 

the electric power 

is changed into light, i.e. how 

much of the luminous flux (lm) is 

produced from the input power 

(W) delivered to the light source. 

The unit is lumen per watt 

(lm/W). The LED light sources 

achieve the best parameters 

also in this category. Currently 

the LED chips with efficacy of 

160 lm/W at cool white CCT, are 

commercially available, however, 

in the lab conditions the value 

EFFICACY OF LIGHT SOURCEs 

LEDs 

High-pressure sodium lamps 

Metal halide lamps 

Linear fluorescent lamps 

Compact fluorescent lamps 

Mercury vapor lamps 

Low voltage halogen lamps 

Incandescent lamps 

of 254 lm/W has already been 

achieved. 

The higher price of the LED luminaires 

is the reason why they 

have not replaced the lighting 

fixtures with conventional light 

sources in spite of the fact they 

are clearly of higher quality. But 

also this factor is to be viewed 

in a wider context. Although the 

initial costs for purchasing the 

LED luminaires will always be 

higher, the return on investment 

in the form of energy savings 

during the whole luminaire life 

time and practically no maintenance 

costs make the LED luminaires 

extraordinary commercially 

interesting. From this point of 

view the retrofits where we only 

change the conventional light 

source for a more modern type 

prove to be only temporary and 

from a long-term point of view it 

is also a loss-making solution. 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 

lm/W (without ballast losses) 

34/35

The materials used for luminaire 

production have the biggest influence 

on its efficiency. 

GraFias 146 

SYSTEM EFFICACY 

OF LUMINAIRE 

The luminaire efficacy factor 

determines how effectively 

the lighting fixture itself is 

able to direct the light from 

the light sources with the 

smallest possible losses on 

the surfaces of the optical 

system. It is expressed as 

ratio of the lumen output of 

luminaire and installed power 

of luminaire. The light output 

ratio (LOR) expresses the ratio 

of the luminous flux flowing 

from the luminaire and the 

sum of the luminous fluxes of 

all light sources in the system. 

Lumen output 

of luminaire 

LOR = ––––––––––––– × 100 % 

Lumen output 

of lamps 

This value can be divided into 

the upward and downward 

ratio that expresses how many 

percent of the luminous flux 

from the luminaires heads to 

the upward and downward 

space (i.e. over and under the 

luminaire). This is of special 

importance for those spaces 

which place high demands on 

the illumination of the ceiling. 

Lumen output 

System of luminaire lm 

efficacy = ––––––––––––––– [–––] 

of luminaire Installed power W 

of luminaire 

thermal output 

of lamp 

The light spectrum visible for 

the human eyes is between the 

ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) 

spectrum. In spite of the fact 

that the human eye is not able 

to catch the infrared radiation, 

it perceives it as radiant heat. 

Every object that is exposed 

to such radiation is constantly 

strained. However, the majority 

of the light sources used radiate 

this part of the spectrum in 

various extents. The lower the 

value of the radiated IR is, the 

more effective the light source 

is. From this point of view, on 

the bottom of the scale as the 

least efficient, there are the 

usual light bulbs which change 

up to 95 % of energy into heat 

and only remaining 5 % into 

visible light. 

In the industrial and production 

areas with air-conditioning 

the light sources with a high 

IR radiation percentage are 

a sufficiently big load for the 

electric power consumption. 

The heat from the non-effective 

sources continually heats the air 

in the closed space cooled by 

the air-conditioning – this fact 

is connected with the need for 

a higher performance of the 

air conditioning. It is approximately 

valid that for 2.5 W of 

the luminaire energy 1 W of the 

air-conditioning energy is used, 

i.e. if the energy consumption 

of the lighting system increases, 

the energy consumption for 

the air-conditioning operation 

grows in direct proportion 

also. The user of the industrial 

spaces illuminated by outdated 

light sources is burdened by 

increased costs not only for the 

energy needed for the operation 

of the light system but also 

for the air-conditioning. 

From this point of view the 

installation of luminaires with 

light sources creating the 

minimal percentage of the IR 

radiation is considered the most 

economical. These requirements 

are currently reliably fulfilled by 

the latest LED light sources that 

radiate only a negligible amount 

of the IR radiation. 

LQS assesses with the highest 

number of points those light 

systems which on average do 

not exceed 15 % proportion of 

the IR radiation in the overall 

radiated spectrum. This assessment 

is fulfilled especially by the 

LED light sources. 

LQS VALUE 

System efficacy 

of luminaire 

System efficacy LQS Value 

of luminaire 

> 80 lm/W 5 

> 70 lm/W 4 

> 65 lm/W 3 

> 55 lm/W 2 

> 40 lm/W 1 

> 30 lm/W 0 

The materials used for luminaire 

production have the biggest influence 

on its efficiency. The luminous 

materials enable changing 

the distribution of the sources´ 

luminous flux, diffusing the light 

or changing the spectral composition. 

They are divided into 

reflective and permeable ones. 

Aluminium, using various surface 

finishes, creates the predominant 

part of the reflective materials for 

manufacturing reflectors. 

The most commonly used 

permeable materials are glass 

and plastics. Aluminium, glass, 

plastics, steel have different 

reflectance and capability to absorb 

light. However, in general 

it is valid that the more effective 

the materials used in the optical 

system are, the lower the losses 

on these surfaces will be as well 

as the luminaire efficiency being 

higher. 

Besides the used material themselves 

the luminaire efficiency is 

also affected by the design or 

the shape of the optical system. 

A correctly designed luminaire 

reflects the largest amount of 

light to the surroundings at 

minimal losses. The optimal 

mathematical and physical geometrical 

shapes of the lighting 

fixture can be calculated by 

modern computer systems, 

e.g. LIGHTTOOLS. 

The materials used for luminaire production 

have the biggest influence on 

its efficiency. The luminous materials 

enable changing the distribution of 

the sources´ luminous flux, diffusing 

the light or changing the spectral 

composition. 

LQS VALUE 

Thermal output of lamp 

Thermal output 

of lamp 

< 15 % proportion 

of IR radiation 









> 60 % proportion 


LQS 

Value 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

System effiCaCY of luminaire / Thermal output of lamp 

36/37

COMPARING TOTAL COSTS FOR ILLUMINATION (TCO) TOTAL COSTS OF OWNERSHIP 

LQS VALUE 

Dangerous material 

content 

Dangerous LQS Value 

material content 

mercury content 5 

0 mg 


< 0.5 mg 


< 1.5 mg 


< 2.4 mg 


< 5 mg 


> 5 mg 

DANGEROUS 

MATERIAL CONTENT 

The vision of danger in connection 

with luminaires and 

light sources for common 

people is connected with the 

risk of cutting by a broken 

bulb. As a matter of fact, 

the risks connected with 

using some types of the light 

sources are much more serious 

and can have an impact 

on the people’s health as 

well as on the quality of the 

environment. 

The reason is the mercury content, 

a heavy metal with high 

toxicity, which is an inevitable 

part of the fluorescent lamps 

and metal-halide lamps. In spite 

of extensive scientific research, 

until now we have not revealed 

a material which would replace 

the task of mercury in the light 

sources. The solutions which 

would not represent any risk 

from the point of view of safety 

are extremely costly and therefore 

unsuitable for the mass 

market. 

The task of mercury in some 

types of the light sources remains 

thus irreplaceable. When 

the luminaire is switched on, a 

discharge arises during which 

ionisation of the mercury atoms 

develops and they subsequently 

emit ultraviolet radiation. This 

radiation excites the phosphorus 

molecules spread on the 

internal side of the fluorescent 

lamp and during their return 

to the original state they emit 

photons of visible light. The 

risk connected with the light 

sources containing mercury 

does not consist in their common 

usage. It arises when they 

are broken during handling or 

they are not disposed in compliance 

with legislation which 

defines the method how the 

used and damaged light sources 

containing toxic substances are 

to be removed. 

In the first case there is a threat 

that the mercury vapours 

can leak to the air which in 

dependence of the number of 

disrupted sources, the size of 

the room and method of airing 

can cause the employees at the 

workplace short-term health 

problems (nausea, anxiety). In 

the second case, when disposing 

the toxic waste inadequately, it 

represents a long-term risk of 

soil contamination, as the heavy 

metals do not decompose and 

become a permanent part of 

the environment. 

The designers of the lighting 

system for industrial areas 

should also take into account 

the ecological potential of the 

light sources when they select 

them. The new types of the 

fluorescent lamps marked “eco” 

contain a smaller proportion of 

mercury than the older types. 

However, from the point of 

view of safety the LED light 

sources are undoubtedly 

considered the least dangerous 

option. 

LQS assesses the light sources 

according to the mercury 

content and the highest score 

– 5 points are assigned to the 

light sources with no content of 

mercury. 

Hg 

Hg 

Hg 

PRODUCT LIFETIME 

AND MAINTANANCE 

COSTS 

When designing a lighting 

system of an industrial and 

production area one of the 

key factors the architect and 

developer should take into 

account is the lifetime of the 

light source and the costs for 

its maintenance. 

When the general awareness 

of the unsuitable parameters 

of the common light bulb 

arose, the most spread reason 

for replacing this light source 

by fluorescent lamps was just 

its longer lifespan. The high 

quality fluorescent lamps can 

really achieve a lifespan of up 

to 24,000 hours but many 

disadvantages, not visible at 

first sight, are connected with 

their usage. 

These light sources wear off 

rapidly when they are frequently 

switched on and off. 

Therefore their placement e.g. 

in a corridor with an installed 

movement detector (most frequently 

due to saving of electric 

power) is not the best solution, 

just because of the shortened 

lifespan. The user of the space 

is then burdened by the costs 

not only for the purchase of 

the replacement light sources 

but also for activities connected 

with maintenance and service 

of the lighting system. Further 

indirect costs aroused by the 

need to make the space of the 

industrial area accessible during 

maintenance operations and 

not to restrict the everyday 

operation of the individual 

workplaces are connected with 

a more frequent replacement of 

the light sources. 

Compared to the light bulbs 

the LED light sources represent 

at the first sight a more costly 

solution. Their price compared 

with the conventional light 

sources is really higher; however, 

their utilisation in the 

lighting system is profitable 

for several reasons. Their first 

and the biggest advantage 

is the extremely long lifetime 

reaching more than 50,000 

hours and it represents at 11 

hours operation time 250 days 

during the year approximately 

18 years. In the case of LED the 

end of the lifetime is given by 

the decrease of the light source 

output to 70 % (in some cases 

50 %). At the same time they 

are light sources which show an 

extremely low failure rate, only 

two LED sources pre million 

pieces produced. The regular 

costs for their replacement and 

maintenance are thus removed. 

By adding the functionality 

lighting management system 

into the lighting system we can 

reduce the need of the manual 

control which is also considered 

a certain type of maintenance. 

The long lifetime and minimal 

demandingness in the area of 

maintenance in combination 

with energy economy make 

the LED light sources an ideal 

solution when designing the 

lighting system in the industrial 

areas and production halls. 

When taking into account all 

relevant criteria, LQS assigns the 

highest score for 

the parameter “product 

lifetime” and the “costs for 

maintenance” just to those light 

sources with the lifetime of or 

higher than 50,000 hours. 

TORNADO PC T8 TORNADO PC LED TORNADO PC LED 

(daylight sensor, 

presence detector) 

type of light source FD (T8) LED LED 

power consumption 36 51 51 W 

number of light sources in luminaire 2 1 1 pcs 

control gear CCG ECG ECG 

type of lighting control none none daylight sensor + presence detector 

lifetime of light source 15,000 50,000 50,000 hours 

power consumption of luminaire 90 51 30 W 

luminous flux 6,700 5,100 5,100 lm 

LOR 74 100 100 % 

luminaire light output 4,958 5,100 5,100 lm 

number of luminaires 200 200 200 pcs 

average time when luminaire switch on between 6.00 – 18.00 12 12 12 hours 

average time when luminaire switch on between 18.00 – 6.00 5 5 5 hours 

number of days in week when luminaire switch on 5 5 5 days 

price for electrical energy 0.18 0.18 0.18 €/kW/hour 

purchase price of luminaire 34.3 180 190 € 

purchase price of light source 2 0 0 € 

purchase price of service hour 20 20 20 € 

time needed for the exchange of one source 0.25 0.25 0.25 hours 

COOLING ENERGY 

cooling system usage factor 0 0 0 % 

cooling efficiency 2.5 2.5 2.5 Wh/Wc 

purchace for initial instalation 7,660.00 36,000.00 38,000.00 € 

Number of maintenance required per 12 years 3 1 1 

Maintenance fee 1,800.00 0.00 0.00 € 

power consumption of luminaire 90.00 51.00 30.00 W 

power consumption of cooling system 0.00 0.00 0.00 W 

completly power consumption of room 18,000.00 10,200.00 6,000.00 W 

consumption of el. energy for day 306.00 173.40 70.08 kWh 

month 6,648.21 3,767.32 1,522.57 kWh 

year 79,778.57 45,207.86 18,270.86 kWh 

production of emission CO 2 

per year 51,058.29 28,933.03 11,693.35 kg 

price for el. energy per day 55.08 31.21 12.61 € 

month 1,196.68 678.12 274.06 € 

year 14,360.14 8,137.41 3,288.75 € 

difference between input costs 28,340.00 30,340.00 € 

saving difference per year - power consumption -6,222.73 -11,071.39 € 

saving CO 2 

per year -22,125.26 -39,364.94 kg 

payback excluding maintenance 4.6 2.7 years 

payback including maintenance 4.3 2.8 years 

POWER consumption of lighting inSTALLATion ProDUCTion of CO 2 

operating coSTS and PAYBACK time 

W 

kg 

€ 

1,400,000 

1,200,000 

1,000,000 

800,000 

600,000 

400,000 

200,000 

0 

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 

years 

TORNADO PC T8 

TORNADO PC LED 

TORNADO PC LED (daylight sensor, presence detector) 

700,000 

600,000 

500,000 

400,000 

300,000 

200,000 

100,000 

0 

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 

years 

TORNADO PC T8 



250,000 

200,000 

150,000 

100,000 

50,000 

0 

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 

years 

TORNADO PC T8 



LQS VALUE 

Product lifetime 

& maintenance costs 

TProduct lifetime 

& maintenance 

costs 

LQS Value 

>_ 50,000 5 

> 24,000 4 

> 19,000 3 

> 12,000 2 

> 10,000 1 

>_ 2,000 0 

Dangerous material CONTENT/ ProdUCT lifetime and maintenance COsts 

38/39

EFFICIENCY 

The industrial buildings represent spaces with a complex infrastructure. They 

are energy-intensive objects in the framework of which the lighting has to work 

economically and at the same time it has to be designed in such a way that it will 

flexibly respond to the change of the manufacturing processes. The lighting system 

in these premises should functionally integrate the artificial and daylight; it should 

be biologically effective and should positively affect the employees´ performance 

efficiency. Its optimal functionality can be achieved by implementing suitable 

management tools. A comprehensive overview of available methods and lighting 

management systems, including an overview of the technical specifications is 

contained in specialized brochure OMS Lighting Management System. 

In the time period when we 

face continual growth of the 

energy prices, the decision of 

the owners and operators of the 

industrial objects to integrate 

the management tools into the 

lighting systems is most frequently 

motivated by the vision 

of the financial savings for the 

consumed power. The potential 

of the financial savings is, however, 

only one parameter which 

improves the efficiency of the 

lighting systems. Through implementing 

suitable tools of the 

lighting management system the 

owners contribute to reducing 

the CO 2 

emissions to the air and 

at the same time they can make 

profit from other not negligible 

advantages – especially the management 

comfort, autonomous 

character and flexibility of the 

lighting system. 

The comfort of the lighting 

system is defined by two basic 

parameters. The first parameter 

is the tailor-made system 

functionality itself for the given 

space, the other one are the 

control elements which carry 

out the management itself. The 

task of these control elements 

is to simplify the management 

process. The more sophisticated 

the control elements included 

to the management are, the 

greater comfort to the lighting 

system owner is brought. In an 

ideal case it can be controlled 

by a remote control, tablet or 

through internet from a remote 

computer. The autonomous 

character of the lighting system 

is ensured by the automatic 

control. A fully autonomous 

system works without any 

forced interventions of the user. 

The priority task of the management 

system’s automation is to 

exclude the failure of the human 

factor. An autonomously working 

lighting system is a benefit 

especially for the spaces with 

a large potential of saving the 

electrical power where it is not 

possible for the space users to 

know or to be able to operate 

the system of luminaires. It finds 

a wide implementation in the 

manufacturing and warehousing 

premises. The requirement 

on the flexibility of the lighting 

system in the industrial sphere 

belongs to one of the most 

fundamental criteria. Due to 

the variedness of the working 

activities the requirements on 

the illumination often change 

in this type of spaces. Through 

implementing suitable management 

tools using the light scenes 

or firmly adjusted time schedules 

the existing lighting system can 

flexibly adapt to the actual needs 

without any necessity to change 

the luminaires or wiring. 

EFFICIENCY 

40/41

The task of the artificial lighting is to balance the 

differences and to complete or to replace in full extent 

the natural light when its availability is limited. 

LQS VALUE 

Daylight sensor 

Daylight sensor LQS Value 

Yes 2 

No 0 

Automatic Control 

The automatic control includes comfort with maximal savings 

of electricity and CO 2 

. It represents the most effective 

type of management in the industrial objects as they are 

spaces where it is not suitable for the change of the lighting 

to be always brought about by the user. An appropriately 

designed, installed and adjusted lighting system guarantees 

that we always have so much light as it is really necessary 

for the currently carried out activity. The automatic control 

is divided into the control based on the lighting intensity, 

movement or time and just the combination of the first two 

regulation methods is the most advantageous solution. 


It is especially suitable to use 

the automatic control based 

on the luminance intensity in 

the industrial premises with 

availability of the daylight. 

In principle it is valid that 

the greater the share of the 

daylight in the concrete space 

is, the higher the effectiveness 

of this management is 

and it can achieve up to 60 % 

energy saving. 

The daylight sensor is the core 

of the system. It scans the light 

reflected from the scanning 

plane from the surface under 

the sensor. The daylight sensor 

functionality is stressed by the 

fact that in the area with the 

daylight availability the natural 

light and artificial lighting 

complete each other. If the 

share of the daylight decreases, 

the luminance sensor records 

it and increases the intensity 

of the artificial lighting. And 

vice versa, if there is enough 

daylight in the space, it is able 

to reduce the intensity of the 

artificial lighting or to dim the 

luminaires up to a value of 0 %. 

When the scanned zone is covered 

correctly, the sensors can 

ensure that there is always so 

much light as necessary and the 

luminaires will not emit light of 

an unnecessarily high intensity. 

Controlling the luminaires based 

on the luminance intensity is 

carried out fully automatically 

and besides saving the energy it 

also increases the user comfort. 

From the design point of view 

the sensors for scanning the 

luminance are produced in various 

designs – for installing in 

the ceiling, for ceiling surfacing, 

for placing directly into the luminaire 

or for anchoring on the 

fluorescent light source. From 

the point of view of functionality 

and the way of utilisation 

the daylight sensors can be 

divided into the local and global 

ones. In the manufacturing and 

warehouse premises both types 

are used in dependence on the 

overall character of the space. 

In the manufacturing halls 

with a standard height of ceilings 

without any skylight we 

recommend to implement a 

local sensor for every workplace. 

In this way we achieve 

accurate lighting regulation to 

the required luminance intensity 

in the space. The disadvantage 

of the local sensors is that they 

The light conditions change during 

the day in dependence of the time 

of the day, weather and the season 

of the year. The task of the artificial 

lighting is to balance the differences 

and to complete or to replace in 

full extent the natural light when its 

availability is limited. 

14:00 17:00 20:00 

50 % of power consumption 75 % of power consumption 100 % of power consumption 

are not able to scan the light 

conditions from the workplaces 

where the properties of the 

reflection surface are often 

changed or materials with high 

reflectance are used. The local 

sensor also responds to the 

short-term changes of the luminance 

intensity and this fact 

is negative for regulating the 

artificial lighting. In this case we 

recommend using the global 

luminance sensor in the space. 

The global luminance sensor 

finds its place in the manufacturing 

and warehouse spaces 

with high ceilings and skylights 

where it is impossible to implement 

the local daylight sensors. 

The global sensor subsequently 

scans the lighting intensity in 

the whole space. For the sensor 

to scan the light conditions 

correctly, it is necessary to 

locate it appropriately. In the 

skylight space we recommend 

to install the sensor closely 

under the skylight. In difference 

to the local sensors the global 

sensor represents a guarantee 

of a more stable regulation. 

However, at the same time it is 

not able to record the failures 

of individual luminaires or any 

reduction of their luminous flux 

due to ageing and this fact can 

cause inaccurate regulation of 

the lighting system. 

Comparison: global vs. local system Global sensor system Local sensor system 

Accuracy of measurement ++ – 

Constancy of illumination ++ – 

Suggestibility by lighting effects ++ – 

Undisturbed room design ++ + 

Restrictions in relation to installation ++ + 

Installation costs ++ + 


LED 

automatic lighting system / Daylight sensor 

42/43

quality control (750 lux) 

maintenance (500 lux) 

production (300 lux) 

cleaning (100 lux) 

dimmable 

luminaire 

2 

4 

CONTROL paNEL 

1 

500 lux 

500 lux 

REQUEST 

100 lux 400 lux 

5 

1. Through the control panel user set level at which shall be maintained 

illuminance. 

2. Setpoint is delegated to control system (sensor). 

3. The daylight sensor scans luminance and compares the current value 

with the required. 

4. When detecting difference, system makes a change (luminaires are 

dimmed up or dimmed down). 

5. The resulting illuminance on the working plane is composed of sunlight 

and adjusted artificial lighting. 

unsuitable sensor 

placement 

parasitic light - 

glare from 

reflected 

daylight 

suitable range 

of sensor placement 

3 

FINAL 

VALUE 

+ 

- 

OFF 

sensor 

DAYLIGHT 

unsuitable sensor 

placement 

parasitic 

light - 

glare from 

luminaires 

Proper placement of daylight sensor - the exclusion of adverse effects. 

When implementing the control 

functionality based on the luminance 

intensity to the industrial 

spaces it is necessary to take 

into account the fact that in the 

spaces with daylight availability 

(with windows, skylight) the 

luminance intensity in individual 

parts of the premises achieves 

different values. This irregularity 

is aroused by the sunshine 

which is stronger in the window 

area than in the remaining part 

of the space. This problem can 

be removed by the systems enabling 

to control the luminaire 

system with the offset function 

thanks to which it is possible to 

ensure the uniform distribution 

of the lighting intensity in 

the whole room. Two groups 

of luminaires, one by the 

windows and the other in the 

space more remote from the 

windows are the basis of such 

a system. When the daylight 

falls to the space during the 

day, the daylight sensor scans 

it and completes the control 

of the lighting intensity by the 

offset in such a way that the 

group of luminaires close to the 

windows lights e.g. on 40 % of 

the luminous flux and the other 

group of luminaires where less 

daylight occur, on 70 % of the 

luminous flux. In this way we 

achieve the required uniformity 

of lighting in the whole space. 

And vice versa, if the daylight 

availability from the external 

environment is small or even of 

0 value, all luminaires in both 

groups light with the same 

intensity. When using the daylight 

sensors it is necessary to 

be aware that the availability of 

the daylight in the space does 

not change only in dependence 

on the time of the day but is 

also depends on the orientation 

of the windows towards 

the cardinal points or changing 

cloudiness. 

When placing the sensors it 

is necessary to ensure that 

the luminous fluxes of the 

luminaires of one group do not 

touch the scanned surface of 

the sensor from the other group 

of the luminaires. It is also valid 

that the scanned surface of 

the sensors must not overlap. 

It avoids their mutual influence 

and subsequent destabilisation 

of the system regulated. At the 

same time the daylight sensor 

has to be placed in a sufficient 

distance from the windows and 

light sources which could illuminate 

the sensor itself and in this 

way affect its function. 

The amount of the luminance 

scanned by the sensor depends 

very much on the reflective surface 

and colour of the scanned 

area. If these conditions are 

changed, e.g. during operation 

with a material with reflectance, 

also the scanning conditions are 

changed. In this case the sensor 

detects increased luminance 

intensity and causes dimming of 

the luminaires. This shortage is 

partially removed by adjusting 

suitable time for delaying the 

change of the luminaire luminous 

flux and in this way we 

achieve a more fluent transition 

and the change of the lighting 

intensity will not be that visible. 

A sudden change of the light 

conditions can be prevented 

by placing the scanned surface 

of the sensor to a place where 

the properties of the environment 

do not change so often. 

The primary adjustment of the 

illumination level to which the 

lighting system is to be adjusted 

is to be carried out without any 

daylight or at the lowest possible 

share of the ambient light. 

UNMANAGED SYSTEM 

lux 

1,500 

1,000 

625 

500 

0 

lux 

1,500 

1,000 

500 

0 

lux 

1,500 

1,125 

1,000 

500 

0 

500 lux 

model situation at 8:00 

Incorrect solution – oversized illuminance level 

artificial lighting 

requested illuminance 

6:00 12:00 18:00 24:00 

h 

daylight 

6:00 12:00 18:00 24:00 

h 

oversizing 

6:00 8:00 

12:00 18:00 24:00 

h 

625 lux 

1,125 lux 

oversizing of the original 

system by maintenance 

factor 0.8 

MANAGED SYSTEM BASED ON ILLUMINANCE LEVEL 

lux 

1500 

1 000 

500 

0 

lux 

1,500 

1,000 

500 

0 

lux 

1,500 

1,000 

500 

0 

500 lux 

6:00 12:00 18:00 24:00 

h 

model situation at 8:00 

artificial lighting 

requested illuminance 

6:00 12:00 18:00 24:00 

h 

daylight 

savings 

6:00 8:00 

12:00 18:00 24:00 

h 

0 lux 

500 lux 

Correct solution – required illuminance level 

oversizing of the original 

system by maintenance 

factor 0.8 


44/45

LQS VALUE 

Constant illuminance 

sensor 

Constance 

illuminance 

sensor 

LQS Value 

Constant 

illuminance 

sensor 

During the operation of the 

lighting system the light properties 

of the installed luminaires 

gradually deteriorate. This fact 

is caused by ageing, wear and 

polluting the optical parts and 

the light sources of the luminaire. 

When designing the lighting 

system it is therefore necessary 

to count on decrease of 

the luminous flux due to ageing 

the light sources from the very 

beginning. The greater these 

declines are the more overdimensioned 

the lighting system 

has to be. It means during its 

operation it will produce more 

unrequired light. This over-dimensioning 

can be removed by 

the constant illuminance sensor 

and using such luminaires that 

can be dimmed according to 

the need. The sensor is adjusted 

to the required illuminance 

and adapts the luminaire 

output in such a way that the 

required illuminance will not be 

exceeded – the so called maintained 

illuminance. In this way 

we can achieve considerable 

energy savings. The constant 

illuminance sensor behaves 

as a luminance sensor and it 

artificially reduces the luminous 

relative illuminance (%) 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

1 st cleaning of luminaires 

2 nd cleaning of luminaires 

3 rd cleaning of luminaires 

1 st replacement of light sources 

1 st cleaning of room surfaces 

A 

C 

E 

} 

D 

B 

flux of the luminaires. This solution 

can be only implemented 

when the lighting system will be 

over-dimensioned from the very 

beginning. The economy of this 

solution can look contradictorily 

at the first sight. However, 

the reality is that the savings 

occur because during the first 

years of operation of the overdimensioned 

lighting system 

the light sources do not work 

at peak output. The system is 

adjusted to the 100 % output 

after it begins to show signs of 

wear. Thanks to this solution we 

achieve constant illuminance 

of the whole scanned space. 

From the point of view of the 

increased economy of this solution 

it is suitable to combine 

the constant illuminance sensor 

with the daylight sensor. In 

this combination both sensors 

are able to utilise the natural 

daylight potential falling from 

the windows or skylights in full 

extent and to adapt the artificial 

light intensity to it. 

Illumination changes during the life 

of the lighting system 

A – maintained lighting system curve 

B – maintained value – 

maintenance factor 

C – unmaintained lighting 

system curve 

D – benefits of cleaning luminaires at 

regular intervals 

E – irreversible loss caused by ageing 

of luminaire materials 

PRESTIGE 152 

Yes 1 

No 0 

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 (in 1,000 hours) 

1 2 3 4 (years) 

time of operation 

Constant illuminance sensor 

46/47

LQS VALUE 

Presence detector 

Presence 

detector 

LQS Value 

Yes 1 

No 0 

PRESENCE DETECTOR 

The control based on the 

movement belongs to 

automatic management 

methods which makes the 

luminaires lights only when 

persons or objects move in 

the space, i.e. when lighting 

is really necessary. This type 

of management involves both 

the user comfort and saving 

potential which can achieve 

up to 50 % in the individual 

premises. It finds its place in 

the industrial and manufacturing 

halls especially in the 

warehouses, communication 

zones and for the external 

lighting. 

The functionality of this lighting 

management system ensures 

the presence detector, which 

responds to the persons´ or 

objects´ movement in the detection 

area. Routinely are used 

in industry the passive infrared 

presence detectors or highfrequency 

presence detectors. 

Their usage is given by the type 

and structure of the space. 

Passive Infrared (PIR) 

Presence Detector 

The passive infrared technology 

with a built-in scanner in the 

sensor ensures the scanning 

operation of this type of sensor. 

These sensors respond to 

the thermal radiation of the 

human body, they transfer it 

to an electric signal; the sensor 

evaluates it and switches 

on the lighting. The scanner 

itself emits no radiation and 

therefore we can speak about 

the PIR sensors. The passive 

infrared sensors can be used 

both in the internal and external 

spaces. They can be installed 


in various assembly heights 

(routinely up to the height of 12 

metres) and can possess various 

sensitivities. The extent of the 

maximal scanned area depends 

on the assembly height and the 

sensitivity of the sensor used. 

Real picture of the scanned enviroment. 

2 

1 – Direct walking 

2 – Perpendicular walking 

3 – Working position 


Presence detector areas of sensitivity. 

presence detector 

360° 

A 

B 

C 

C 

B 

A 

3 

diameters of scanned areas 

1 

height 

of the sensor 

placement 

A – large movement 

B – medium movement 

C – small movement 

For the PIR scanning sensitivity 

not to be negatively affected, it 

is important not to install them 

close to the light sources, airconditioning 

and heating units 

or other sources of a strong 

infrared radiation. 

15.1°C 37. 6°C 

Infrared photograph of scanned heat 

from moving people and objects. 

The maximal sensitivity of the 

movement detection is achieved 

if the person or moving object 

passes the detection areas at 

a perpendicular direction. If 

the movement is direct to the 

sensor, i.e. longitudinal with the 

detection area the sensor sensitivity 

is reduced and the area 

scanned is also smaller. A disadvantage 

of the PIR detectors 

is the fact that their sensitivity 

is dependent on the ambient 

temperature, the temperature 

of the moving object or person, 

the scanning direction and 

the size of the movement the 

sensor is to scan. The lower the 

ambient temperature is, the 

higher sensitivity the sensor has 

and is able to scan a larger area. 

However, at a higher ambient 

temperature the scanning 

sensitivity of the PIR presence 

detector declines as the level of 

the temperatures in the space 

and the temperature radiated 

by people is negligible. A similar 

situation develops if the moving 

person wears several layers of 

clothes. The functionality of the 

PIR sensors is also substantially 

limited in indented spaces or in 

premises with large obstacles. 

The presence detector can be used in the indoor and 

outdoor applications with different sensitivity and 

mounting height. 

High Frequency (HF) 

Presence Detector 

The functionality of this type of 

the presence detector consists 

in emitting and receiving the 

signals. It is suitable for spaces 

as warehouses where the 

scanned area is limited partially 

or temporarily due to the occurrence 

of large-sized objects. 

These sensors are able to scan 

the movement also through 

bulky obstacles, e.g. various 

types of materials in the industrial 

spaces, glass or thin walls. 

They are also able to respond 

unscanned 

area 

scanned 

area 

Scanned area of passive infrared 

sensor (PIR) 

to a minimal movement and 

their sensitivity is not affected 

by the ambient temperature. 

For an ideal space coverage it is 

suitable for the scanning areas 

of the individual movement sensors 

to overlap each other. 

When installed appropriately, 

the sensor responds to the 

presence of a person in the 

detected zone by immediate 

switching on the lighting. 

When using the control based 

on the presence detector we 

scanned 

area 

Scanned area of high frequency 

sensor (HF) 

can make use of the function of 

delay for dimming and it means 

the luminous flux of luminaire 

luminous flux does not change 

immediately after the movement 

detection decays but 

after passing the adjusted time 

without any detected movement 

of a person or object. This 

time is determined according 

to the type of the space and 

the frequency of the assumed 

movement. Dimming can be 

stated either for a certain level 

(e.g. 10 %) of the luminaire 

luminous flux or dimming up to 

sensor A 

maximum 

distance = X+Y 

X 

sensor B 

minimum 

scanned 

height 

Y 

Suitable placement of presence 

detectors with partial overlap of 

scanned areas 

height of the sensor 

placement 

the 0 % level. The luminous flux 

level of 10 % is used especially 

for safety reasons for the space 

without any detected movement 

not to be fully dark or 

due to the security cameras or 

prolonging the lifespan of the 

light sources. This functionality 

is called the “corridor function” 

where it is possible with the 

second time delay to switch 

off the luminaires in the whole 

extent. When there is a movement 

again, the sensor detects 

it and the luminaires switch 

on. The luminaires can switch 

on and off either continuously 

when the luminous flux changes 

gradually during some time 

or by leaps when they switch 

on and off immediately. The 

advantage of the continuous 

start-up is that the human eye 

is not stressed by the immediate 

change of the light conditions 

as in the case of a leap change. 

The duration of two seconds is 

considered the optimal time of 

switching on of the luminaires 

to the 100 % level of the luminous 

flux. 

Comparison PIR vs. HF Passive infrared sensor – PIR High frequency sensor – HF 

Detection through the thin walls and obstacles – + 

(advantage/disadvantage, 

(possibility to reduce the 

depending on needs) 

sensitivity to limit this feature) 

Detection by reflection from room surfaces – + 

Influence on detection of heat sources - air conditioning, heating elements, luminaires – + 

Influence on detection: difference between ambient and human body temperature – + 

Suitability to storage rack aisles (blocked sensing areas in side aisles) ++ – 

Undisturbed room design + ++ 

Installation costs ++ + 

48/49

Corridor function 

In the industrial objects the 

warehouses and especially 

the warehouse aisles are the 

spaces without any permanent 

occurrence of persons. From 

this point of view they are 

spaces where we can achieve 

considerable energy savings 

through installing the presence 

detectors. When planning the 

movement sensor layout, it is 

necessary to take into account 

that part of the space where it 

will be placed and according to 

this fact to choose the shape 

and extent of the storage areas. 

The scanning area of the presence 

detector in the handling 

part of the warehouse and in 

the area of the entrance and 

exit requires a circular shape. 

When detecting the movement 

in this part of the space the 

presence detector switches on 

several luminaires on a larger 

area to ensure sufficient illuminance 

level for the handling 

activities. And vice versa, the 

narrow and high warehouse 

aisles require implementing the 

presence detector with an oval 

scanning area that controls only 

the luminaires in the given aisle. 

To ensure an accurate delimitation 

of the scanned surfaces 

the sensor scanning surface is 

limited by the so called blank 

plugs. This prevents the sensors 

located in a concrete aisle 

from scanning the movement 

in the neighbouring one and 

in this way not to switch on 

the luminaires which are in 

neighbouring aisle. In dependence 

on the length of the 

warehouse aisle it is possible 

to adjust the presence detector 

functionality in such a way that 

after scanning a movement all 

luminaires in the given aisle will 

switch on at the same time or 

they will switch on step by step 

according to the movement of 

the scanned person / object. 

prestige 143 

The presence detector switches on the luminaires in selected spaces when 

somebody is present and thus the lighting is really needed. 

100 % 

relative 

illuminance 

10 % 

movement 

0 % time 

Time procedure of presence detector - without delay 

100 % 

relative 

illuminance 

movement 

delay 

10 % 

0 % time 

Time procedure of presence detector - with delay 

100 % 

If in the scanned area no movement 

of an employee has been detected, 

the luminaires remains on low 

illumination level (safety reasons). 

When an employee enters the 

scanned area, the presence detector 

responds to the infrared radiation 

which the human body or working 

machine emits and switches the 

lighting on. 

The presence detector can be adjusted in such a way that the lighting 

will not switch off /dim in a vacant storage lane immediately after the 

employee leaves it,but gradually with a predefined delay time. 

relative 

illuminance 

movement 

delay 

100 % 

delay 

0 % time 

relative 

illuminance 

movement 

delay 

Time procedure of presence detector - with double delay 

10 % 

0 % time 


50/51

Combined 


management 

system 

Combining the control based 

on the movement (presence 

detector) and intensity (daylight 

detector), i.e. using the combined 

sensors we can achieve 

the highest energy savings. 

According to the regulation 

method the lighting 

management can be carried 

out continuously or in leaps in 

dependence on the daylight 

availability of the space. When 

we regulate using the combined 

control the luminaires switch 

on (after detecting a movement) 

only if the scanned 

level of lighting in the space is 

lower than the firmly adjusted 

value. If the luminance intensity 

scanned is higher the luminaires 

do not switch on also when 

the movement continues. On 

the contrary, if there is a lower 

luminance level in the space 

and the sensors detect a movement, 

the luminaires switch on 

and the illumination is gradually 

regulated to the required level. 

If the movement continues, the 

luminaires dim according to the 

need and switch on according 

to the daylight availability. 

GRAFIAS 146 

When using combined lighting management 

system responds presence 

detector on persons in scanned area 

turning luminaires on only if intensity 

of daylight, which incident to the 

space through windows or skylights 

is below a preset value. Luminaires in 

the room remain off even if there are 

not persons. 

movement of people frequency 

0:00 h 24:00 h 

Regulation in leaps: When presence 

is detected, the luminaires turn on 

in leap only when illumination level 

is lower than the preset value. If the 

illuminance is higher, luminaires in the 

room remains off even if movement 

continues. For this type of combined 

lighting management system luminaires 

do not need to be equipped 

with dimmable control gear power 

components. 

100 % 

relative 

illuminance 

0:00 h 24:00 h 

Continuous regulation: When 

presence is detected, the luminaires 

turn on, followed by a continuous 

adjustment of desired level based on 

scanning of illuminance in area. If 

the movement persist, the luminaires 

are dimmed up and down according 

to requirements on illuminance 

level. For this type of combined 

lighting management system must be 

luminaires equipped with dimmable 

control gear power components. 

100 % 

relative 

illuminance 

0 % 

0:00 h 24:00 h 

Combined lighting management system 

52/53

Dividing luminaires to control groups. 

Some luminaires may be assigned to 

more than one group. 

CALLING OF 

LIGHTING SCENES 

PRESTIGE 152 

The lighting system management 

based on the 

changes of the adjusted 

lighting scenes finds a 

broad implementation in 

the industrial spaces. It can 

be utilised where it is not 

necessary to achieve dimming 

based on the lighting 

intensity or movement. The 

adjusted lighting scenes can 

be switched on manually or 

automatically according to 

the adjusted time schedules. 

Gr. B 

Gr. D 

Gr. C 

Gr. A 

LQS VALUE 

Calling of lighting 

scenes 

Calling of lighting 

scenes 

LQS Value 

Yes 1 

No 0 

Manual lighting scene 

Under the manual lighting 

scene we can understand an 

adjusted value of the lighting 

level which can be brought 

about at any moment or 

changed by a button. The 

used control buttons can be 

pre-defined for the value of 

the luminous flux (e.g. 100 %, 

75 %, 50 %, 25 %, 0 %) the 

luminaires are to work on or to 

dim after we press them. 

In the industrial halls the 

management method can 

be used e.g. for lighting the 

manufacturing lines which are 

currently in operation. In that 

part of the space which is not 

used it is possible to reduce the 

illuminance level to the required 

level by calling the adequate 

lighting scene. In a similar way, 

it is possible to pre-define the 

lighting scenes for breaks or 

cleaning. 

Gr. A Gr. B Gr. C Gr. D 

This type of management can 

be controlled by a built-in panel 

or remote controls. Especially 

for structured spaces we recommend 

using controls working 

on the wave basis. The electromagnetic 

waves they emit 

are able to penetrate materials 

which create an obstacle between 

the sender and receiver. 

This enables building-in a receiver 

also in spaces that are remote 

from the given room and 

to control the lighting system 

also through walls and on several 

floors. The current modern 

technologies enable to control 

the lighting through a tablet or 

smartphone. Through creating a 

specific application it is possible 

to control the lighting system in 

the whole manufacturing space 

by a simple touch. Through the 

wireless communication the selected 

actuator sends a signal to 

the controller, it assesses it and 

sends information through the 

control unit directly to the luminaire 

or a group of luminaires 

whose radiation intensity can 

be remotely switched on and 

off, increased or decreased. 

The management based on the 

adjusted lighting scenes belongs 

to those types of the manual 

control which from the point of 

view of savings are not as effective 

as the automatic solutions. 

Due to the fact that an intervention 

of the staff is necessary 

for calling a lighting scene, it 

is not possible to exclude any 

failure of the human factor. 

daily shift 

afternoon shift 

night shift 

security 

service 

cleaning 

turn off 

Description near the buttons on the 

control panel for calling of lighting 

scenes 

Automatic lighting scenes 

The automatic lighting scenes 

represent adjusted lighting 

scenes based on a firmly stated 

time schedule. The adjustment 

of the one-time or regularly 

repeating actions is realised 

through specialised software 

applications. In this way it 

is possible to change the illumination 

and adapt it to the 

currently realised activity in the 

manufacturing spaces automatically 

without any interventions 

of the user. The management 

system at the pre-defined times 

automatically changes the 

lighting system intensity for the 

individual working shifts, breaks 

or cleaning. The advantage of 

this lighting system management 

is its fully autonomous 

character which excludes the 

human factor. 

1 st lighting scene: 2 nd lighting scene: 

3 rd lighting scene: 

4 th lighting scene: 

Daily shift 

luminaires 

50 % 

100 % 

Afternoon shift 

100 % 

Night shift 

100 % 100 % of power consumption 

50 % 50 % of power consumption 

0 % 

0 % 

0 % 

100 % 

0 % 

0 % of power consumption 

Security 

0 % 50 % 0 % 

Lighting control based on occupancy 

of workplaces. In differentd scenes, 

different luminaires are turned on or 

luminaires lit with different intensity. 

CALLING OF LIGHTING SCENES 

54/55

prestige 152 

OMS 

Lighting CONTrol 

The automatic management 

systems provide the users with 

maximal comfort and enable 

them to use the saving 

potential of the lighting system 

in full extent. Moreover, the 

existing technologies enable 

to realise the control of the 

lighting system from a remote 

point. The company OMS gives 

Inactive BUTTON TO 

control group of 

luminaires in the 

automatic (sensory) 

mode 

descriptions 

of groups of 

luminaires 

currently 

running 

automatic 

(sensory) 

operation in the 

group 

LIGHTING CONTROL 

GROUP1 

GROUP2 

GROUP3 

GROUP4 

GROUP5 

GROUP6 

GROUP7 

GROUP8 

AUT 

AUT 

AUT 

AUT 

AUT 

AUT 

AUT 

AUT 

aCTUal called 

lighting scene 

in the group 

its customers an opportunity to 

utilise the system OMS Lighting 

Control. It is a sophisticated 

system enabling to control the 

lighting system through internet. 

This application allows reading 

the actual energy consumption, 

it informs about failures of the 

luminaires and localises exactly 

the place of the breakdown 

and also provides information 

of what will be necessary for its 

removal. 

control of 

luminaires 

group 

Group 

BUTTON of 

lighting scene 

for relevant 

level of 

luminous flux 

in the group 

Actual 

level 

100% 75% 50% 25% 10% OFF 7% 

100% 75% 50% 25% 10% OFF 100% 

100% 75% 50% 25% 10% OFF 75% 

100% 75% 50% 25% 10% OFF 75% 

100% 75% 50% 25% 10% OFF 64% 

100% 75% 50% 25% 10% OFF 52% 

100% 75% 50% 25% 10% OFF 12% 

100% 75% 50% 25% 10% OFF 98% 

GROUP9 AUT 100% 75% 50% 25% 10% OFF 51% 

actual 

level of 

luminous 

fluxes for 

individual 

lumianire 

groups 

Schedule 

diagram 

timer 

diagrams 

for 

individual 

luminaire 

groups 

15:13:29 

11.10.2012 

PRESET1 

PRESET2 

PRESET3 

PRESET4 

PRESET5 

PRESET6 

PRESET7 

PRESET8 

real 

time and 

daTE 

once 

day 

day 

once 

once 

astro 

day 

once 

daily 

timer 

repeat 

All 

GROUP 

GROUP 

All 

GROUP 

GROUP 

GROUP 

GROUP 

The activiTY 

is carried 

out for all 

groups 

list of 

timers 

Scheduler 

Repeat Group Action Time Date/Day 

100% 

AUT 

50% 

75% 

OFF 

100% 

10% 

AUT 

19:20 

05:00 

17:30 

13:16 

22:00 

St 

15:45 

08:30 

the time at 

which is timer 

carried 

11-10-12 

Every 

We 

19-10-12 

11-10-12 

Mo + 10min 

Mo, Su 

28-10-12 

date at which is 

timer once carried 

Off Schedules Classify Add Schedule 

selECTEd all 

weekdays 

Starting the 

timer 

Deleting 

a Timer 

activiTY which is TO be 

carried by the timer 

activiTY which is TO be carried 

by the timer 

selECTEd days in which will 

be perform daily repetition 

with sETTing of 

differential delay 

selECTEd days in which will be 

perform daily repetition 

add 

a timer 

DALI 

Already the name Digital Addressable 

Lighting Interface 

says that it is a digital control 

of the lighting systems which 

enables to dim the luminaires 

in full extent from 0 – 100 %. 

The limits of one DALI bus 

enable controlling 64 address 

devices which can be divided to 

16 groups. For a bigger number 

of luminaires it is possible to 

combine several DALI buses 

and in this way to create larger 

and more complex systems. 

Except for the luminaires with 

the DALI control gears we can 

also control other peripheral 

devices (e.g. the blinds, heating, 

air-conditioning, etc.) and 

signalisations through address 

DALI components. 

Thanks to the DALI management 

we can control each 

luminaire in the lighting system 

independently. The advantage 

of this system is the feedback 

thanks to which we can read 

the current state of the lighting 

fixture (e.g. the current dimming 

level, failure of the light 

source or electronic control 

gear). The DALI system allows 

using a large number of the 

action components and control 

elements, e.g. the standard wall 

buttons, touch panels, remote 

control and utilising several 

parallel control places. 


_ 

X 

Service 

POWER CONSUMPTION 

32,8 kW 

Summary 

Detection 

ONLINE 

service 

mode 

BUTTON of 


scene for the 

appropriate 

level of 

luminous flux 

in the group 

actual 

consumption 

of light 

system 

history of 

consumption 

single 

timer 

perform 

automatic 

astro 

control 

based on 

sunrise and 

sunset 

exceptions 

in sETTing 

timers 

selECTEd 

group or 

multiple 

groups of 

luminaires, 

performed 

for selECTEd 

actiont 

classification 

of graphic 

visual for 

timers 

dETECTion 

current 

status of all 

luminaires 

current 

status of the 

CONNECTion 

to the 

control units 

for lighting 

Application software – OMS Lighting Control – for 

scenic and time based control. 

oms LIGHTING CONTROL / DALI 

56/57

ESPRIT 

People love flawlessness. Therefore the lighting producers do not take only their 

light and technical properties into consideration but also their overall design. 

Where an attractive look is combined with modern technology also inanimate 

objects acquire a new dimension. Let us call it esprit. 

To breathe spirit into the inanimate objects is the basic ambition 

of the current industrial design. In the area of luminaire 

manufacturing it means the effort of the luminaire designers 

for an innovative connection of shapes and functionality. 

Today the modern materials and technologies enable countless 

numbers of variations which can be modified according 

to the client’s vision. 

Although the usage of designer luminaires in industrial and 

production halls still isn´t very common, there are always few exceptions 

to the rule to find also in this kind of spaces. By planning 

the lighting solution the lighting designers actually do not only 

emphasise the functionality when selecting the luminaires but 

also the ability to add interest to individual parts of the interior, to 

contribute to their specific atmosphere or to represent. 

TORNADO II 

by Ján Štofko 

Grafias round 

by Ján Štofko 

Some people think that industrial 

luminaires don´t have right 

for design and aesthetic. Grafias 

Round ancestor - Grafias - was 

living proof that design can be 

incorporated even in strictly 

performance and efficiency 

focused products. It is the matter 

of company philosophy. In 

this round version we keep the 

optic which is a great example 

of cooperation between optic 

designer and product designer. 

The body gets modern oval 

shape and updated thermal design 

which makes the luminaire 

lighter. Lumen output rethinking 

is also part of this Grafias Round 

future. 

Although there are no quantifiable criteria for assessing the quality, 

it is important to respect a few rules in the creative process. 

They are as follows: overall impression of the luminaire, luminaire 

appearance in the room, detailed solution, surface finish, material 

of construct parts, functional elements. 

The company OMS has responded to the design demands for 

the space illumination by creating an in-house department of 

research and development in the framework of which the “court” 

designers in collaboration with technical departments and the 

students of the Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Bratislava, 

specialisation industrial design, are working on the development 

of new design luminaires using the latest technologies. The result 

of this collaboration is a series of the design and highly functional 

luminaires falling into the category of futuristic visions. 

This is one of the most important 

luminaires in OMS portfolio. 

Working on project like 

this, takes a lot of responsibility. 

Designing new generation of 

succesfull product like 

TORNADO needs full involvement 

of all stakeholders and 

needs reasonable design 

decisions. While focusing on 

performance, price and efficiency, 

there is at the same time 

work for design team. Injection 

moulded parts like polycarbonate 

prismatic diffuser end 

segments and luminaire body 

gives enough space to import 

steady and reliable character to 

this industrial place. 

ESPRIT 

58/59

EXCEPTIONALITY 

“No man is an island unto himself”, the master of literature Ernest Hemingway 

wrote. In business this simple truth is valid twice as much. The key to success of 

any manufacturing enterprise today is not only high quality products and modern 

technologies. It is first of all satisfied customers. The company OMS approaches 

every customer individually and offers him/her exceptional lighting solutions as 

well. 

Today offering the market a quality product is by far not 

enough. During recent years the customers have become 

more and more demanding and, more than a quality product, 

they are looking for complex solutions. This is also valid 

for the customers in the segment of lighting. Today their 

requirements are not satisfied only by a simple purchase of 

a luminaire. They are looking for opportunities how to save, 

to achieve an adequate return on investments and to make 

profit resulting from the usage of the latest technologies. 

Our company has long-year know-how and an above-standard 

technical background at our disposal. Thanks to this fact it is able 

to respond flexibly to all customer needs and to offer them full 

support in all phases when solving the illumination: from working 

out a project, through its realisation, installation of lighting up to 

the service and customer adjustments. 

The key word in the time period when we face permanent rise of 

energy prices is the economy of solutions. Therefore every new 

project starts with the energy audit of lighting which provides 

the basic material and values for the energy certification of the 

building. Its goal is to acquire a sufficient amount of information 

concerning the state and efficiency of the existing lighting system, 

to identify the potential for energy saving and to suggest concrete 

measures how to achieve them and to reduce the energy 

demandingness of the spaces audited. Based on the audit of the 

lighting system the experts of our company prepare recommendations 

for our client where they quantify the extent of possible 

savings and prepare a concrete proposal how to achieve them. 

We are able to respond flexibly to all customer needs and to offer them 

full support in all phases when solving the illumination: from working out a 

project, through its realisation, installation of lighting up to the service and 

customer adjustments. 

SERVICE 

(after-installation 

services) 

PROJECT 

(pre-installation 

services) 

PROJECT 

INSTALLATION 

LIGHTING 

DESIGN 

LIGHTING 

SPECIFICATION 

LIGHTING 

CALCUlaTION 

ENERGY 

SAVING 

WIRING 

DESIGN 

TECHNICAL 

SUPPORT 

SERVICE 

LMS 

Programming 

Lighting 

measurement 

Power 

measurements 

Aiming 

luminaires 

Technical 

support 


60/61

By high-level software we will calculate the optimal 

parameters off a new lighting system and work out an 

electro-project whose part is also the lighting system’s 

electric connection scheme. 

Our Lighting Solutions department 

has the necessary knowledge 

and technical means for 

lighting measurements at our 

disposal. It will carry out the 

technical inspection of the 

installation, measurement of 

lighting intensity and illuminance 

in the client’s premises 

and will evaluate up to what 

level the quality complies with 

the legal requirements and 

standards. Through measuring 

the energy consumption of the 

existing lighting system it will 

identify the place of insufficient 

efficiency and losses and will 

work out a complete lighting 

project for the customer that is 

tailor-made to the their needs 

and requirements on energy 

saving. 

Together with the clients we 

work out a design of the 

overall solution of the space 

illumination and provide them 

support when they select the 

luminaires. Our company has 

a wide portfolio of luminaires 

at our disposal that we are 

able to customise if necessary 

according to client’s specific 

requirements. By high-level 

software we will calculate the 

optimal parameters of a new 

lighting system and work out 

an electro-project whose part 

is also the lighting system’s 

electric connection scheme 

and programming the lighting 

management systems. 

Our long-year experience, 

strong technical background 

and emphasis on the research 

and development of new 

technologies enable us to 

provide the clients with full 

support when they are selecting 

the most effective lighting 

management system. Besides 

the standard tools including 

the daylight-, presence- and 

constant illumination sensors 

we offer our own lighting 

management system through 

the intelligent system Central 

Power Source developed by the 

engineers of our company. As a 

modern enterprise we have also 

been able to respond to the 

trend of managing the lighting 

systems through tablet and 

smartphones. Our programmers 

and designers programme applications 

tailor-made for every 

client. In the after-project phase 

we provide services of Energy 

Certification of Buildings which 

documents the energy demandingness 

of the building with the 

new lighting solution. 

We have been providing complex services for designing 

the interior and exterior illumination for almost 20 years. 

Where others see obstacles, we see a lighting solution. Our 

philosophy is not based only on simple following the trends. 

We have decided to be trendsetters in our sector. A great 

number of customers in more 120 countries worldwide prove 

that we are successful. 


62/63

LIGHTing in THe INDUSTRY 

BUTCHERY 

Automobile woRKSHop 

WOODWORKING anD PROCESSING 

storage and loGISTIcs 

CANAL, LOCK, poRT, 

SHIPYARD anD DOCK 

METAL WORKING 

AND PRoceSSING 

petrochemical and power inDUSTRY 

ElecTRIcal and electronic INDUSTRY 

conSTRUction SITes 

bakery 

printing 

mechanical and 

plant engineeRIng 

fooDSTUffs inDUSTRY 

warehouse 

plaSTIc inDUSTRY 

heavy inDUSTRY 

automotive Engineering 

exterior ILLUmination 

and paRKIng area 

cleanroom 

chemical inDUSTRY 

undeRGRound paRKIng 

64/65

inDOOR WORKPLaceS 

The fact that people spend up to 80 % of their productive life at work increases 

the importance of the appropriate and biologically efficient lighting at the workplace. 

In the manufacturing sphere and all lines of business a correctly designed 

lighting system can positively affect the performance efficiency and concentration 

of the employees in all working shifts, minimise the occurrence of failures and the 

risks of injuries. 

intensity and uniformity lighting 

values and at the same time it is 

not maintenance-intensive. 

In the individual branches of the 

heavy industry the production 

premises place increased demands 

on the resistance of the 

luminaires against explosion (Ex) 

and corrosion with appropriate 

values IP 20 or IP 50. 

ux-myar 146 

RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS 

GRAFiAS 146 

ecoBAY 148 

ux-BELL 145 

ODUL tornado quark II PC 126 147 


PRESTiGE 152 

heavy industry 


industry classification, the 

heavy industry includes the 

areas of metallurgy, energy, 

machinery and chemical 

industry. The production 

premises in all these lines of 

business place specific demands 

on lighting solutions 

and selection of the light 

sources. 

The normative requirements on 

the average maintained illuminance 

in the production halls in 

the individual branches of the 

heavy industry differ according 

to the fact if they are workplaces 

without manual operation, 

processing installations with 

limited manual intervention or 

workplaces with a permanent 

occurrence of employees. The 

European standard EN 12464-1 

states a minimal illuminance 

level 50 lux for the workplaces 

without manual operation, 

150 lux for processing installations 

with limited manual 

intervention, and the minimal 

illuminance level 200 lux for 

workplaces with a permanent 

occurrence of employees. To 

achieve the optimal visual comfort 

of the employees especially 

at the workplaces with a permanent 

occurrence of people 

we recommend ensuring higher 

illuminance levels. 

When designing a lighting 

system it is important to create 

uniform lighting conditions in 

the production premises and in 

this way to avoid an undesirable 

formation of sharp shadows. 

The uniform lighting enables 

the employees’ correct handling 

with tools and reduces not only 

the failure rate but also the risk 

of injury. In the high manufacturing 

halls in the heavy 

industry it is also important to 

achieve sufficient illuminance of 

the vertical surfaces along the 

whole height of the walls. Good 

vertical illuminance improves 

the orientation ability of the 

employees, better identification 

of the large-size machines and 

improves safety when moving 

on the stairs or hall girders. 

To achieve the standardised 

stated values of illuminance 

in the high production halls in 

the heavy industry, it is suitable 

to use the luminaires with a 

wide luminous intensity curve 

and/or suspended luminaires 

with the asymmetric radiation 

curve which at the same time 

will ensure sufficient vertical 

illuminance of the surfaces. The 

continuous row systems with 

specular reflectors are an appropriate 

choice for the task area 

lighting for the workplaces. For 

an optimal adaptation to the 

local circumstances, the luminaires 

should permit variable 

light distribution. 

The selection of the light source 

depends on the activity which 

is carried out at the given workplace. 

In the production spaces 

without permanent attendants 

and in the premises with 

reduced visibility it is possible 

to use the light sources with 

CRI>40. At the workplaces with 

permanent presence of operators 

the standard determines 

the minimal value of CRI>80. 

From the economic and 

luminous point of view the 

high-intensity discharge lamps 

are considered a suitable 

solution. This type of light 

source achieves adequate 

Good vertical illuminance improves 

the orientation ability of the 

employees, better identification 

of the large-sized machines and 

improves safety when moving on the 

stairs or hall girders. 

INDOOR WOrkplaCES / Heavy industry 

68/69

The task of the lighting designer 

is to propose such lighting that 

would comply with the normative 

requirements and at the same time 

GRAFIAS 142 


ux-MYAR 142 

eco BAY 145 

ux-BELL 145 

METAL WORKING 

AND PROCESSING 

This line of business aimed at 

metal working and processing 

includes a lot of various 

activities from assembly 

through forging and welding 

up to operations requiring 

maximal precision for soldering, 

inspection or measuring. 

Each of these activities places 

specific demands on the lighting 

solution. 

The variety of the realised activities 

during metal working and 

processing does not create any 

conditions for a universal solution 

of the lighting system. The 

task of the lighting designer 


is therefore to propose such 

lighting that would comply with 

the normative requirements and 

at the same time respect the 

ergonomic criteria for appropriate 

lighting of the task area 

in dependence on the activity 

realised. 

The European standard 

EN 12464-1 determines different 

minimal values of the average illuminance 

for individual wokplaces 

in dependence on the activity 

the employee is carrying out at 

the workplace. 

For workplaces where the 

employees do not carry out any 

demanding visual tasks, e.g. 

assembly, forging or welding, 

the standard states the minimal 

value of the average maintained 

illuminance at the place of the 

visual task 300 lux. The experience 

from practice shows that 

e.g. during welding it is suitable 

to achieve higher values of 

illuminance at the place of the 

visual task. The higher lighting 

intensity can compensate the 

employee the reduced 

visibility caused e.g. by using 

the welding goggles. The required 

illuminance levels in the 

high halls (6 metres and more) 

can be achieved by using the 

luminaires with a wide luminous 

intensity curve and the highintensity 

discharge lamps which 

at the same time represent an 

economical solution. However, 

this type of luminaires is less 

suitable in the case when bright 

metals are processed at the 

workplace. The linear luminaires 

with cut-off louvers or 

with matt housing are a more 

suitable solution for this type 

of space. 

For the workplaces where the 

employees carry out demanding 

visual tasks and where 

emphasis is laid on precision 

(light engineering shops, 

monitoring and measuring 

stations) the standard states 

in the minimal values of the 

maintained illuminance 750 lux 

to 1,000 lux dependence on the 

activity realised. For these types 

of workplaces it is suitable to 

complete the general lighting 

by additional luminaires. The 

luminaires with asymmetric 

radiation curve placed over the 

task area are a suitable type of 

luminaires for these types of 

spaces. In this way we achieve 

sufficient vertical illuminance 

which will enable the employee 

to recognise the shapes of the 

machined pieces and flawless 

reading of the measured values 

from the devices. 

respect the ergonomic criteria for 

appropriate lighting of the task 

area in dependence on the activity 

realised. 

Specific requirements on selecting 

and placing the luminaires 

are placed by a metal-processing 

workplace where the employees 

use the lathe or at workplaces 

where soldering is carried out. 

During turning it is important 

to ensure good visibility of 

the machined work piece and 

to prevent the creating of 

undesirable shadows. The linear 

suspended or ceiling surfaced 

luminaires placed rectangular to 

the working area are a suitable 

solution. At the same time it is 

recommended to additionally 

illuminate the place of the visual 

task by additional luminaires 

and to place them in such 

a way that the luminous flux 

will head to the task area moderately 

from above and from 

the right side in the direction 

of the employee’s view. This 

lighting solution discriminates 

the left-handers, however, there 

already exist sophisticated solutions 

which are able to create 

the same light conditions for 

them, as well. By using the LED 

light sources or luminaires fitted 

with electronic control gears we 

can prevent the undesirable stroboscopic 

effect which increases 

the risk of injury especially when 

we use machines working on 

the rotational principle. 

At the workplaces where soldering 

is carried out it is important 

to check the operation immediately. 

The undesirable reflection 

reducing visibility can be 

prevented by using luminaires 

with matt housing. 

At the workplaces equipped 

with CNC machines with 

displays/screens the most 

important task of the light 

designer is to restrict the rise of 

undesirable reflections which 

could make it more difficult 

or even impossible to read 

the displayed information. 

A reduced luminance level of 

1,000 cd/m 2 to 1,500 cd/m 2 is 

required in order to ensure the 

reflection-free operation on the 

CNC screens. 

If an excessive amount of dust 

develops during metal-processing 

at the workplace it is necessary 

to use the dust-proof luminaires 

with IP 54 or IP 65. 

PRESTIGE 152 


PRESTige LED 151 

tornado PC LED 143 

tornado PC 143 





PRESTige 152 

METAL WORKING AND PROCESSING 

70/71

Mechanical and 

plant engineering 

Similarly as in the area of 

metal processing, the mechanical 

and plant engineering 

is typical by its variedness 

of activities performed. When 

planning the lighting system 

it is inevitable to take into 

consideration the specific 

demands they place on the 

lighting solution. 

The area of the mechanical and 

plant engineering represents 

a whole spectrum of activities 

typical in various levels of precisions: 

from the basic assembly 

through handling with small 

components up to the demanding 

visual quality control. In 

general it can be said that the 

more precision demanding the 

activity the employee carries out 

is, the higher the requirements 

on the lighting quality are laid. 


EN 12464-1 states for the 

production premises in this line 

of business the minimal levels 

of the maintained illuminance 

from 200 lux to 750 lux in 

dependence on the activity realised. 

The scientific research and 

our experience from practice 

confirms that a higher illuminance 

level positively affects the 

visual and psychological wellbeing 

of the employees and 

stimulates their performance 

efficiency and therefore we also 

recommend to maintain higher 

illuminance levels in those 

spaces where the standard does 

not require it. 

To achieve the standard stated 

values of the minimal maintained 

illuminance, it is suitable 

to use the linear luminaires with 

the direct characteristic of the 

luminous flux distribution which 

help us gain sufficient quality of 

lighting uniformity. In the case it 

is the assembly line production, 

it is recommended to place the 

luminaires parallely with the 

assembly line. 

The construction and technological 

parameters of our luminaire 

Prestige, which is able to 

achieve appropriate illuminance 

level with mounting hight up to 

12 metres, enable the lighting 

designer to use this lighting 

fixture also in high halls. 

By choosing the optimal light 

source for this industrial space, 

LED light sources could be the 

most economical and effective 

solution. They achieve high 

lifespan values, they are typical 

by high efficacy and effectiveness 

and due to their low failure 

rate and long lifespan they do 

not represent any increased 

burden from the point of view 

of the maintenance costs. 

In the spaces that are not defined 

as sterile but at the same 

time they place large demands 

on the workplace cleanliness, 

it is necessary to use luminaires 

which can be cleaned easily and 

which do not contain components 

where impurities or dust 

is trapped. 

The more precision demanding the 

activity the employee carries out is, 

the higher the requirements on the 

lighting quality are laid. 

In production halls with standard 

hight of the walls it is suitable to 

use linear luminaires with the direct 

characteristic of the luminous flux. 

To obtain the standard stated levels 

of the maintained illuminance it 

production halls with non standard 

hight of the walls (6 m and more) 

it is important to choose luminaires 

that can be used in different 

mounting hight 

Special requirements on the 

lighting solution are laid by the 

workplaces equipped with the 

visual display units (VDU). To 

prevent the rise of undesirable 

reflections on the screens which 

would disturb the employees or 

make it impossible to distinguish 

the displayed information, 

it is suitable to use the 

non-glaring luminaires, e.g. 

the special computer workstation 

luminaires or luminaires 

fitted with microprism which is 

the most effective method of 

spreading the soft diffuse light. 

For activities with demanding 

visual tasks (e.g. inspection or 

handling with small components), 

it is recommended to 

support the main illumination 

with additional table luminaires 

in the place of the visual task. 

For the inspection activities the 

luminaires with a narrow luminous 

intensity curve represent a 

suitable solution. 

prestige 152 





ux-MYar 146 


GRAFiAS 146 

eco BAY 148 

ux-BELL 145 

Mechanical and plant engineering 

72/73

lighting quality standard 

12/13

The places of the visual task at which the employees carry 

out an activity which is extremely demanding on precision 

should be fitted with additional local luminaires. 

prestige 152 





automOTive 

engineering 

Work in the automotive 

industry is typical for high 

demands on the quality of 

operations performed. Independently 

of the fact if it is 

the assembly of large parts or 

small components the precision 

is highly emphasised. To 

meet this requirement and to 

adapt the lighting system to 

it is the task for the lighting 

designer. 


EN 12464-1 states the minimal 

level of maintained illuminance 

500 lux for the manufacturing 

halls in the automotive industry. 

It can be achieved by suspended 

or ceiling surfaced luminaires 

with the direct characteristic 

of the luminous flux which can 

also provide us with sufficient 

quality of the lighting uniformity. 

The assembly line production 

creates the predominant part 

of production in the automotive 

industry. For achieving 

the optimal light conditions 

we recommend to place the 

luminaires parallely with the 

assembly line. 

For lighting the production halls 

with the height of 6 metres we 

recommend our luminaire Prestige, 

Thanks to its construction 

and technological parameters 

it is able to achieve appropriate 

illuminance level with mounting 

hight up to 12 metres. 

By choosing the optimal light 

source also for this industrial 

space, LED light sources could 

be the most economical and 

effective solution. They achieve 

high lifespan values, they are 

typical by high efficacy and effectiveness 

and due to their low 

failure rate and long lifespan 

they do not represent any increased 

burden from the point 

of view of the maintenance 

costs. 

By an appropriate selection of 

the light sources or luminaires 

with matt housings we can 

avoid the rise of undesirable 

reflection at workplaces where 

bright components are used. 

The VDU workplaces require 

a special lighting solution. By 

an appropriate selection of 

luminaires and their correct 

layout in the space it is possible 

to avoid the rise of undesirable 

reflections on the screens which 

complicate or even disable 

the employee to perceive the 

displayed information. The luminaires 

with microprism which 

is the source of soft diffuse and 

non-glaring light are a suitable 

solution. 

The places of the visual task at 

which the employees carry out 

an activity which is extremely 

demanding on precision should 

be fitted with additional local 

luminaires. The inclined working 

surfaces and inspection 

workplaces require additional 

lighting. We recommend using 

luminaire TORNADO PC for 

lighting the inclined working 

surfaces, the inspection 

workplaces should be fitted 

with luminaires with a narrow 

luminous intensity curve. 

Paintshop 

In the production halls of the 

automotive industry the Paintshop 

is a space which places 

specific demands on 

the lighting solution. The 


minimal illuminance level 

750 lux for the paintshops 

(1,000 lux for the touch-up 

jobs). The linear luminaires with 

the direct distribution of the 

luminous flux and additional 

luminaires with a distinctively 

asymmetric luminous intensity 

curve by which we can achieve 

sufficient lighting of the vertical 

surfaces (walls) are a suitable 

solution. In dependence on the 

type of the spraying booth in 

some cases it is necessary to use 

the explosion-proof luminaires. 

Some operations in the paintshop 

places extraordinary high 

demands on correctly recognising 

the colours. It is inspection 

and touch-up of painting where 

is inevitable to use luminaires 

with the light sources achieving 

excellent CRI values ≥ 90. 

ux-MYAR 146 


GRAFias 146 

eco BAY 148 

ux-BELL 145 



Tornado PC LED 147 

automOTive engineering 

76/77

In the spaces of the car washroom which 

are typical for high humidity and where 




PRESTiGE 152 



LED 


RELAx xtp 149 

indiRECT xtp 150 

Automobile 

workshop 

The performance in an automobile 

workshop includes a 

lot of various activities. The 

task of a lighting designer is 

to design a lighting system 

which would cover all 

demands that the operations 

place on the illumination. 

The common feature of the majority 

of the automobile workshops 

is the limited accessibility 

of the daylight. From this point 

of view a correct solution of the 

artificial light plays a key role 

for the visual well-being of the 

employees and the quality of 

the work done. The European 


value of the minimal illuminance 

300 lux for the general 

service of the vehicles, repair 

and testing in the automobile 

workshops. 

When planning a lighting 

system it is necessary to take 

into account the type of performance 

carried out in the given 

space. The spaces assigned 

for maintenance and waxing 

the vehicles require sufficient 

vertical illuminance therefore it 

is suitable to complete the main 

lighting with luminaires having 

the asymmetric radiation curve 

for additional lighting of the 

task area. In the spaces of the 

car washroom which are typical 

for high humidity and where 

it is impossible to exclude any 

contact of the luminaires with 

water, it is necessary to use the 

water-proof luminaires with 

minimal IP 54, if it is not clear 

in advance, what type of strain 

it is impossible to exclude any contact of 

the luminaires with water, it is necessary 

to use the water-proof luminaires with 

minimal IP 54. 

the luminaire will be exposed 

to, the luminaires with an IP 65 

have to be installed. In the floor 

pits where the luminaires are 

installed on vertical surfaces 

of the walls, it is possible to 

use a glare free linear lighting 

fixture. By its suitable placement 

we can achieve sufficient 

illuminance in the upper as well 

as bottom part of the floor pit 

space. 

120 

105 

90 

75 

60 

200 

160 

120 

80 

The luminous intensity curve 

Tornado PC LED 

120 

105 

90 

75 

60 

cd/klm 

45 30 15 0 15 30 45 

C0.0-C180.0 C90.0-C270.0 

Special demands are also placed 

on the illumination of the 

paint shop area. The standard 

EN 12464-1 states a minimal 

level of illuminance of 750 lux 

for the paint shop. For activities 

connected with repairing the 

paint and inspection activities 

the illuminance of 1,000 lux 

is determined, the value of 

the psychological factor of 

the glare UGR 19 and the correlated 

colour temperature CCT 

4,000 K ≤ T CP 

≤ 6,500 K. Due to 

good recognition of colours it is 

necessary to use luminaires with 

a good colour rendering index 

CRI ≥ 90. Because in the paint 

shop we work with flammable 

and explosive materials it is 

necessary to install luminaires 

resistant against explosion. 

Automobile workshop 

78/79

Warehouse 

The common property of 

the warehouse spaces in all 

lines of business is the low 

accessibility of the daylight. 

In combination with the high 

racks here, bad light conditions 

develop which can only 

be solved by an appropriately 

designed lighting system. 

In the warehouse spaces furnished 

with the racks the importance 

of sufficient illuminance 

comes to the foreground. 



value of the maintained illuminance 

100 lux for the warehouse 

premises without permanent 

occurrence of persons, for 

warehouses with permanent 

presence of employees 200 lux. 

The experience from practice 

unambiguously shows that 

these values are insufficient. 

They do not give the employees 

the sufficient visual comfort and 

especially in the warehouses 

with high racks they do not 

create sufficient light conditions 

for the warehouse employees 

to be able to read the information 

from the delivery notes, 

the packaging of the stored 

goods or racks. To achieve the 

adequate visual conditions we 

recommend the minimal value 

of the maintained illuminance 

300 lux. 

The required illuminance level 

and sufficient vertical illuminance 

can be achieved by using the 

linear suspended luminaires 

with the direct radiation 

component placed along the 

aisles between the racks. For 

the good illuminance of the 

high-positioned racks in the 

halls with the wall height 6 metres 

and more, it is suitable to use 

the high-bay reflector luminaires 

with asymmetrical reflectors 

fitted with housing which will 

prevent direct glare of the 

employees when they look 

directly upwards. Besides the 

required level of the maintained 

illuminance it is simultaneously 

possible to achieve the uniform 

distribution of the luminance in 

the warehouse premises with 

both lighting solutions. 

It is important to pay attention to the 

zones of vehicle entrance and exit 

from the warehouse. The light scene 

is distinctively changed in this part 

of the warehouse space. Especially 

the transfer from lighter to darker 

spaces places greater demands on the 

human eye’s adaptation phase which 

from the point of view of safety is to 

It is important to pay attention 

to the zones of vehicle entrance 

and exit from the warehouse. 

The light scene is distinctively 

changed in this part of the 

warehouse space. Especially the 

transfer from lighter to darker 

spaces places greater demands 

on the human eye’s adaptation 

phase which from the point of 

view of safety is to be reduced 

to minimum. The optimal solution 

consists of the increased 

density of the luminaires 

installed (similarly as in the tunnels) 

and this will increase the 

illuminance level in the critical 

zones and in this way a softer 

transfer from different light 

environments will be achieved. 

When solving the lighting of the 

warehouse spaces by installing 

the intelligent tools of the lighting 

management system we 

can reach substantial savings of 

energy. The presence detectors 

installed are able to switch on 

the lighting only in those parts 

of the warehouse where it is 

necessary. 

prestige 152 



GRAFias 142 

ux-MYAR 142 

eco BAY 145 

ux-BELL 145 





PRESTige 152 

be reduced to minimum. 

WAREHOUSE 

80/81

WAREHOUSE 

Bell Simple Tornado Prestige 

ERGONOMICS i 

Colour rendering index (CRI) 


Illumination level (task area) 

Illumination level (surrounding of task area) 


Harmonious distribution of brightness 

Bell Simple Tornado Prestige 

ERGONOMICS i 

Colour rendering index (CRI) 


Illumination level (task area) 

Illumination level (surrounding of task area) 


Harmonious distribution of brightness 

EMOTION i 


Ceiling illumination 

Biological factor of illumination 

A availability of daylight 

Bluelight content (Tc>6500K) 

daylight simulation 

D dynamic lighting 

Tunable white 

Accent lighting 

RGB colour mixing 

Ambient lighting 

EMOTION i 


Ceiling illumination 

Biological factor of illumination 

A availability of daylight 

Bluelight content (Tc>6500K) 

daylight simulation 

D dynamic lighting 

Tunable white 

Accent lighting 

RGB colour mixing 

Ambient lighting 

BENEFITS SCHEME COMPONENTS 

Availability of daylight 

bringing natural conditions into 

interior by maximizing the use of 

daylight, thus minimizing operating 

costs. 

UX-BELL AL1 

IP65 MT E40 

1x250W 

ECOLOGY i 

Latest lamp technology metal halide 

System efficacy of luminaire 


Dangerous material content 

Product lifetime and maintenance costs 

EFFICIENCY i 


Constatnt illuminance sensor 


Calling of lighting scenes 

R3 Auto ON/Dimmed 

normal movement of 

R8 Photo cell dimmin 

BENEFITS SCHEME COMPONENTS 

Availability of daylight 

bringing natural conditions into 

interior by maximizing the use of 

daylight, thus minimizing operating 

costs. 

PRESTIGE DM 

T5+R12 T5 AL DEEP 

2x49W 

ECOLOGY i 

Latest lamp technology Classic 

System efficacy of luminaire 


Dangerous material content 

Product lifetime and maintenance costs 

EFFICIENCY i 


Constatnt illuminance sensor 



R3 Auto ON/Dimmed 

normal movement of 

R8 Photo cell dimmin 

Switch 

Mains (230V) Switch Mains (230V) 

Mains (230V) 

Switch 

Data line 

Working days: 

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sa Sun 

Working hours / day: 12 Working hours / night: 12 

Power consumption 

Power consumption with LMS 

66528 [kWh/year] 


CO 2 

savings 0 [kg/year] 

LENI 66.46 [kWh/year.m 2 ] 

Push button 

Sensor 

ER 

A 

EM 

0 % 

Remote controler 

ENERGY SAVING 

D 

EF 

1.67 

EC 

Bluelight content(Tc>6500K) 

lighting installation contains of light 

sources with increased portion of 

blue in the spectrum, which has an 

influence to circadian rceptors of 

humans. 

Daylight simulation 

lighting installation with impact on 

well being of humans. Installation 

contains of light management 

system that is slowly changing 

colour temperature duirng a day, 

thus simulating natural conditions 

Mains (230V) in interior. Switch Mains (230V) 

Mains (230V) Switch Mains (230V) 

Dynamic lighting 

Data line 

lighting installation with impact on Data Data line 

well being of humans. Installation 

contains of light management system 

that is slowly altering light level 

during a day, thus simulating natural 

conditions in interior. 


Passive infrared sensor that reacts on 

movements. It is switching luminaires 

on to a pre-programmed level by 

occupancy of the room and switching 

luminaires off by absence of persons. 

Push button 

Remote controll 

Power supply for the 

DALI line 

Push button 

Push button 

Sensor 

Sensor 

Remote controler 

Remote Combined 

controler controler 

motion and 

illuminance 

sensor 

Working days: 

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sa Sun 

Working hours / day: 12 Working hours / night: 12 

Power consumption 


Power consumption with LMS 


CO 2 

savings 

14368 [kg/year] 

LENI 28.06 [kWh/year.m 2 ] 

A ER 

A 

EM 

46 % 

ENERGY SAVING 

EF 

3.87 

EC 

Constant illuminance sensor 

reduce the use of artificial light in the 

early life lighting system. 


Sensor reduce the use of artificial 

light in interiors when natural 

daylight is available. 


Lighting system allows to program 

several lighting scenes, which can 

be launched anytime by using of 

different user interfaces. 

The space is illuminated by luminaires 

equipped with high-pressure metal- 

-halide lamps 250 W. It is a suspended 

rotationally symmetric lighting 

fixture. This type of luminaire achieves 

sufficient illuminance values as well 

as the lighting uniformity which 

helps us achieve good results of the 

ergonomic parameters. 

The area of ecology represents a 

big problem of this solution because 

the light sources contain hazardous 

substances (mercury), have a low 

lifespan and also high maintenance 

costs are connected with their usage. 

The illumination system does not 

make use of any lighting management 

tools, i.e. when using these 

light solution we are not able to 

achieve any savings of energy. This 

lighting system belongs to the energy 

class D which gives the value LENI 

66.46 kWh/year.m 2 . 

The final LQS value is very low and 

due to this fact we assess this type 

of space as a space with an insufficient 

lighting quality. 

We achieved the required space 

illuminance by using the suspended 

luminaires with the direct characteristic 

of the luminous flux distribution 

with FHD (T5) light sources 2x49 W. 

The light curve is shaped in such 

a way that we will achieve the 

necessary vertical illuminance of the 

racks in the warehouses and at the 

same time also sufficient horizontal 

illuminance of the task area. 

From the point of view of ecology 

this light solution achieves an average 

assessment, the greatest number 

of points is lost due to the below- 

-average efficacy of the luminaire. 

The complex lighting management 

system we used here contains all 

types of sensors: the presence detector, 

constant illuminance sensor and 

daylight sensor thanks to which we 

achieve the saving potential up to 

46 %. The LENI value gives this solution 

the energy category A. 

The resulting LQS value of 3.87 represents 

a good quality level especially 

due to the high efficiency provided 

by the lighting management system. 

However, the usage of fluorescent 

lamps takes away important points in 

the area of ecology. 

WAREHOUSE / LQS COMPOSER 82/83


12/13

If an excessive amount of dust develops during this type of production, it is 

recommended to use the luminaires with the higher-degree protection. 

grafias 142 


ux-MYAR 142 

eco BAY 145 

ux-BELL 145 


The industrial branch of 

plastics industry includes 

three different manufacturing 

processes: injection moulding, 

extrusion and reaction 

foam moulding, which place 

specific demands on the 

lighting solution. 

In general the European standard 

EN 12464-1 determines the 

minimal level of maintained 

illuminance 300 lux for the 

production spaces with permanent 

occurrence of employees. 

For activities which include the 

demanding visual tasks or 

work with a PC (or computers 

controlled machines) it requires 

the minimal illuminance level 

500 lux. In the production halls 

where plastic processing is under 

way is besides the general 

lighting recomended additional 

illumination of the task area 

where the higher illumination is 

needed. 

The linear systems of luminaires 

with the direct characteristic of 

the luminous flux are a suitable 

light solution here. In the 

manufacturing premises with 

the height of more than 6 metres 

it is possible to use the suspended 

luminaires with a wide 

luminous intensity curve and 

the metal-halide lamp. Through 

this solution we achieve the 

required level of illuminance as 

well as the uniform illuminance 

of the whole space. 

Plastics industry is often 

computer-controlled and is 

managed from a display. When 

choosing the luminaires and 

laying them out in the space it 

is important to avoid the rise 

of any undesirable reflections 

which would make it difficult 

or even impossible for the 

employees to read the displayed 

information. In the manufacturing 

premises with the height of 

walls 6 metres and more, it is 

suitable to use luminaires with 

a wider luminous intensity curve 

and the high-intensity discharge 

lamps. If an excessive amount 

of dust develops during this 

type of production, it is recommended 

to use the luminaires 

with the higher-degree protection 

IP 54 or IP 65. 

Besides the main lighting, some 

manufacturing activity requires 

higher illumination level, so its 

possible to use there additional 

lighting of the task area. For injection 

moulding, it is necessary 

to ensure increased illuminance 

of the clamping units during 

the tool replacement. Also 

the extrusion process requires 

additional lighting of the task 

area when the final products 

(profiles, foils or plates) are 

subsequently adjusted to the 

required form or length. 

The process of the reaction 

foam moulding during plastic 

processing where explosive 

substances are used places 

additional demands on the 

illumination. Therefore it is 

inevitable to use the explosionproof 

luminaires in this part of 

the premises. 

eco bay 148 


GRAFiAS 146 

ux-MYAR 146 


PRESTiGE 152 



ux-BELL 145 





PRESTige 152 


86/87

WOOdwORKING 

AND PROCESSING 

When solving the illumination 

of halls in the woodworking 

and processing industry 

especially the question of 

security and safety comes to 

the foreground. The appropriately 

designed lighting 

system creates optimal conditions 

for the visual well-being 

of the employees and at the 

same time it reduces the risk 

of the rise of injuries. 

The line of business aimed at 

woodworking and processing 

includes a lot of various 

activities which are frequently 

concentrated in one hall. The 

task of the lighting designer is 

to create such light conditions 

which will be suitable for all 

types of activities carried out. In 

general it means that the main 

lighting system designed for this 

type of space is to be strengthened 

by additional luminaires or 

lighting fixtures with adequate 

protection level. 


EN 12464-1 states the value 

of minimal illuminance 500 lux 

for the production spaces in 

the woodworking and processing 

industry. For the activities as 

varnishing, grinding and 

wood inlay work it needs 


750 lux and for the inspection 

1,000 lux. The variety of the 

realised activities and frequent 

transfers in the premises place 

increase demands on the uniform 

luminance distribution. 

The required illuminance levels 

and its corresponding uniformity 

can be achieved by using 

the ceiling or linear luminaires 

with the direct component of 

radiation and a wide luminous 

intensity curve. In the halls with 

height 6 metres and more it is 

suitable to use the suspended 


intensity curve with a metalhalide 

discharge lamp. At the 

workplaces where, due to the 

realised operations an increased 

concentration of dust occurs, it 

is necessary to install the luminaires 

with IP 54 or IP 65. 

If the production is concentrated 

to a hall with access of 

daylight it is suitable to place 

the working desks rectangular 

to the area with windows for 

ensuring good visual conditions. 

For activities that require additional 

lighting – e.g. sawing, 

milling, drilling – it is good to 

place the luminaire in such 

a way that the luminous flux 

directs moderately from above, 

from the left hand side in the 

direction of the employee’s 

view. This lighting minimises the 

risk of arising sharp shadows 

and at the same time it ensures 

good visibility of the sharp part 

of the machine. 

When solving the lighting 

system in the woodworking and 

processing industry it is necessary 

to avoid the stroboscopic 

effect when the artificial lighting 

is on. The stroboscopic effect 

represents a serious danger 

especially when we work with 

rotational tools because when 

the frequency and rotational 

speed are the same there can 

develop an impression that the 

tool is off and cause serious 

injuries to the user. The stroboscopic 

effect can be avoided by 

installing the electronic control 

gears. 

When solving the lighting system in 

the woodworking and processing 

industry it is necessary to avoid 

the stroboscopic effect when 

the artificial lighting is on. The 

stroboscopic effect represents a 

serious danger especially when the 

employee works with rotational 

tools. 




woodworking and processing 

88/89

At the workplaces where the visual 

inspection is carried out or we work 

with computers, it is suitable to use 

the luminaires with diffuser. 

Electrical and 

elECTronic 

INDUSTRY 

The production in the electrical 

and electronic industry 

consists of a number of 

processes including simple 

service activities which do 

not place heavy demands 

on the eyes but on the other 

hand precision work with 

small components where it is 

inevitable to ensure the optimal 

visibility. The appropriate 

light conditions play a key 

role here. 


system for the electrical and 

electronic industry the lighting 

designer has to take into 

consideration the variedness of 

the performed activities and to 

adjust the lighting solution to 

them. The individual activities 

connected with the production 

of the electrical components 

or repair of the electrical appliances 

place different demands 

on the intensity and lighting 

solution. 



illuminance level of 300 lux up 

to 500 lux for the electrical 

workshops. For the workplaces 

where the employees carry 

out activities demanding on 

precision or work with small 

components, it states the value 

of the minimal illuminance of 

1,000 lux, and 1,500 lux for 

the inspection workplaces and 

calibration. If the workplace is 

equipped with high machines it 

is necessary to ensure sufficient 

vertical illuminance which will 

enable the employees to reliably 

identify machine outlines 

and to read the displayed 

digital values. The main lighting 

consisting of a system of linear 

suspended luminaires with 

the direct characteristic of the 

luminous flux distribution can 

be in this case completed by 

luminaires with the asymmetric 

luminous intensity curve in the 

task area where the activity 

carried out requires sufficient 

vertical illuminance. 

The radio and television workshops 

place similar demands 

on the lighting solutions as 

the electrical shop floors. The 

demandingness of the realised 

visual tasks requires maintaining 


of 500 lux at the workplaces 

where the employees assemble 

small components, by production 

of fine wire-wound coils or 

soldering – here the standard 

requires the minimal illuminance 

level of 750 lux. To ensure the 

optimal light conditions at the 

workplace it is important to 

achieve sufficient lighting of the 

walls and ceiling. In this case 

the linear suspended luminaires 

are a suitable solution. In the 

halls with the height of 6 metres 

and more, the suspended 


intensity curve and the 

metal-halide lamps represent an 

economical alternative. 

At the workplaces where the 

visual inspection is carried out 

or we work with computers, it 

is suitable to use the luminaires 

with diffuser. They are a source 

of non-glaring soft diffuse light 

which will form uniform lighting 

conditions without any risk of 

creating sharp shadows and 

undesirable reflections. The activities 

which include especially 

demanding visual tasks require 

increasing the level of the minimal 

illuminance to 1,500 lux. It 

can be achieved by installing an 

additional luminaire directly towards 

the task area. The higher 

level of illuminance will enable 

the employee to perceive the 

contrast better and will improve 

his/her 3D perception. 

Those spaces place specific 

demand on lighting where production 

and assembly of miniature 

components, chips and 

microprocessors are carried out. 

These spaces require dust-free 

and sterile environment and 

high levels of the maintained 

illuminance – 1,500 lux. Those 

luminaires are suitable which 

can be cleaned easily, are fitted 

with a housing made of material 

which does not change its 

luminous and chemical properties 

even when disinfection is 

carried out frequently. 

In the premises typical for 

high dustiness, it is necessary 

to install luminaires resistant 

against dust with IP 54 or IP 65. 

In the production premises with 

a high level of humidity (e.g. 

galvanisation) it is necessary to 

use luminaires resistant against 

corrosion. When solving the 

lighting system it is necessary 

to avoid the stroboscopic effect 

when the artificial lighting is 

on. The stroboscopic effect 

poses an extraordinary danger 

especially for operations with 

rotational tools (e.g. coil winders) 

as at the same value of 

frequency and rotational speed 

an impression can arise that 

the tool is switched off and in 

this way the user can be heavily 

injured. The stroboscopic effect 

can be avoided by installing the 

electronic control gears. 



PRESTige 152 





PRESTige 152 



Electrical and elECTronic INDUSTRY 

90/91



PRESTiGE 152 



Printing 

The appropriate illumination 

of the space in the printing 

industry plays a key role. 

Good light conditions are the 

basic assumption not only for 

high-quality work but also 

for safety during handling 

with fast running printing 

machines. 

As a rule, the space in the printing 

production is divided into 

two parts. In the first part the 

printing operations are carried 

out, in the second one it is 

the prepress and finalising the 

printed material e.g. binding 

and lithographical processes. 

The standard EN 12464-1 states 


500 lux for both spaces and 

for typesetting, retouching 

and litography it increases the 

required value of the minimal 

maintained illuminance to 

1,000 lux, for the inspection 

activities to 1,500 lux and 

for copper engraving up to 

2,000 lux. 

The required illuminance 

levels can be achieved by using 

linear luminaires with the direct 

characteristic of the luminous 

flux distribution. In the printing 

works with the height of 

walls 6 metres and more the 

suspended luminaires with the 

wide luminous intensity curve 

and metal-halide lamps are an 

alternative. By the appropriate 

layout of the luminaires and the 

corresponding proportion of the 

indirect component of the luminous 

flux we can avoid the rise 

of undesirable reflections when 

working with glossy paper or 

foils. If the printing is realised 

on large machines, it is at the 

same necessary to achieve 

sufficient vertical illuminance. 

We can use the additional luminaires 

placed directly over the 

machine or the task area. 

For the multicolour printing 

process and the inspection 

operations it is necessary to 

use the light sources with the 

colour rendering index CRI >90 

for correct distinguishing of colours. 

It is important to choose 

such light sources that produce 

neutral white or daylight 

white colour of light with the 


5,000 K ≤ T CP 

≤ 6,500 K which is 

closest to the properties of the 

natural daylight. 

The prepress workplaces are 

today almost always equipped 

with computers therefore when 

designing the lighting system 

we have to pay attention to 

fulfilling the requirements of 

the standard EN 12464-1 valid 

for the VDU workplaces as to 

the usage and layout of the 

luminaires. The standard states 


500 lux for this workplace and 

the boundary values of the average 

luminance which can be 

reflected from the flat screens 

must not exceed the values 

of 1,500 cd/m 2 (displays with 

high luminance) or the value 

of ≤ 1,000 cd/m 2 (displays with 

medium luminance). 

For the multicolour printing process 

and the inspection operations it is 

necessary to use the light sources 

with the colour rendering index 

CRI ≥ 90 for correct distinguishing of 

colours. 





PRESTige 152 

Printing 

92/93

Cleanroom 

Originally these types of 

rooms were utilised in 

medicine. Today when the 

requirements on quality and 

flawlessness of the final 

product are getting stricter 

and stricter, we can meet 

this type of manufacturing 

premises also in various lines 

of business. 

Nowadays we can find the 

cleanroom in the chemical, 

microelectronic as well as 

electronic industry. They are 

part of industrial halls aimed at 

manufacturing semiconductors 

or biotechnologies; they have 

their place in industrial processing 

of metals and even in the 

food industry. The main task 

of the cleanroom is to prevent 

pollution or product contamination. 

The requirements on 

equipping and furnishing the 

space adjust to this purpose 

and it also concerns the lighting 

solution in full extent. 

In general the optimal solutions 

here are considered the ceiling 

recessed luminaires with the 

direct characteristic of the 

luminous flux distribution. As in 

the case of the cleanroom there 

are rooms with directed air 

flow, the luminaires without an 

extended diffuser represent an 

optimal solution as they have almost 

no impact on the air flow. 

When selecting the luminaires 

the overall shape and material 

they are made of play a very important 

role. As to the shape it 

is important to avoid luminaires 

with undercuts, slits, joints 

and the so called wake space 

harbour where the remnants 

of the manufacturing material 

could be trapped. As a matter 

of fact, here is a risk that the 

primary air will not take these 

particles out. Subsequently it is 

difficult to remove them from 

such problem zones by cleaning. 

The microorganisms which 

come repeatedly into contact 

with a low concentration of 

detergents can build resistance 

against them and in this way 

become a source for generating 

highly resistant bacterial germs. 

When selecting luminaires for 

the cleanroom it is similarly 

important to take into account 

the material they are made of. 

In general, it is valid that they 

should be produced from a material 

with low porosity which 

even after repeated contacts 

with chemicals and detergents 

does not change its properties. 

The rough surfaces increase the 

risk of catching the particles of 

the manufacturing waste and 

subsequent contamination of 

the products. In dependence 

on the type of production it is 

necessary for the luminaires to 

be fitted out with housings with 

a corresponding IP factor. 

The selection of a luminaire 

with an adequate IP depends 

on the procedure how the 

cleanroom is air-conditioned 

or how the air flow is directed 

in the room. In principle two 

methods are used: the laminar 

airflow and mixed airflow. In 

the case of the laminar airflow 

the air flows from top to bottom. 

This type of directing the 

air is often utilised in manufacturing 

semiconductors and microcomponents. 

The luminaires 

with the IP 40 are suitable for 

this type of cleanrooms. 

When using the type “mixed 

airflow” the air is distributed in 

the room in turbulent patterns. 

This method of directing the airflow 

in the cleanroom belongs 

to the most frequently used 

ones because it is the most 

economical. In dependence on 

the type of production it is necessary 

for the used luminaires to 

achieve IP 54 or IP 65. 


LED 


RELAx xtp 149 

indiRECT xtp 150 

Luminaires for the cleanroom should 

be produced from a material with low 

porosity which even after contacts 

with chemicals does not change its 

properties. 

Cleanroom 

94/95

The luminaires used for the main lighting should have 

housings made of unbreakable materials. 




FOODSTUFFS 

INDUSTRY 

The foodstuffs industry places 

higher demands especially on 

the cleanliness and hygiene of 

the manufacturing premises. 

The correct illumination is 

another task, which is no less 

important, when processing 

foodstuffs and making drinks. 

A sufficiently illuminated 

space enables the employees 

problem-free realising the 

work activities and at the 

same time it creates a trustworthy 

atmosphere which 

highlights the positive picture 

of the company. 

The spectrum of the working 

activities which are connected 

with processing or manufacturing 

the foodstuffs and drinks 

extends from simple and mostly 

mechanised activities when 

the employees fulfil only an 

inspection task up to specific 

and visually demanding tasks. 

The task of the lighting designer 

is to design the lighting system 

in such a way that it will comply 

with the light requirements laid 

on each of the activities carried 

out. The standard EN 12464-1 

states the minimal level of 

illuminance 200 lux for the 

spaces where washing, boiling, 

drying, fermenting and filling 

operations are realised. For the 

manufacturing premises where 

the employees carry out cutting, 

grinding, mixing, sorting and 

packaging the standard states 

the minimal illuminance level of 

300 lux, for the spaces where 

the employees fulfil visually demanding 

tasks or at a high risk 

of injury it states the minimal 

illuminance level 500 lux (abattoirs, 

butcheries, dairies, mills, 

delicatessen food production). 

At the inspection workplaces 

and where recognising the 

colours is important it requires 


1,000 lux, luminaires with the 

colour rendering index CRI 90 

and correlated colour temperature 

4,000 K ≤ T CP 

≤ 6,500 K. 

The required illuminance level can 

be achieved by using suspended 


characteristic of distribution and 

to complete them with additional 

lighting fixtures with the asymmetric 

radiation curve where it 

is important to achieve sufficient 

values of the vertical illuminance 

for a concrete task area. E.g. 

they are workplaces with fully 

automated manufacturing. The 

additional luminaires are required 

also at workplaces where the 

employees carry out especially 

demanding visual tasks (e.g. 

decorating, checking bottles). The 

luminaires with matted housing 

or microprism which are a source 

of soft diffuse light and minimise 

the risk of the rise of undesirable 

reflections from the bright surfaces 

(cans, bottles) are suitable. 

The luminaires used for the main 

lighting should have housings 

made of unbreakable materials 

which prevent fragments falling 

down to the foodstuffs or drinks 

being processed when the luminaire 

is damaged. From the point 

of view of safety it is suitable to 

use luminaires with LED sources 

which contain in comparison 

with the conventional sources 

incomparable lower amounts of 

hazardous materials (mercury). 

Moreover, in comparison to 

other light sources they contain 

mercury in solid state, i.e. in 

the case of damaging the light 

source there is no risk of the air 

contamination in the manufacturing 

premises. 

At the same time the importance 

of recognising the colours 

correctly in all manufacturing 

processes in the foodstuffs 

industry comes to the fore. It is 

valid for workplaces where we 

work with food colouring as 

well as for all other workplaces 

where the employees carry 

out the visual inspection of 

the food freshness. Therefore 

we recommend using the light 

sources with high values of the 

colour rendering index with CRI 

minimally 80. From the point of 

view of safety it is suitable to 

use luminaires resistant against 

humidity, dust and at some 

places also against explosion 

with IP 50, for wet places IP 65 

in the manufacturing halls 

determined for processing and 

production of foodstuffs. 

The cold stores require a special 

lighting solution in the foodstuffs 

industry. From the point 

of view of the standard they are 

warehouse spaces for which 


100 lux is stated. However, the 

experience from practice shows 

that this value is insufficient and 

it is recommended to maintain 

also in these spaces the minimal 

illuminance level 300 lux. In the 

light conditions like this the 

employees are able to read the 

information from the delivery 

notes and to see the designation 

of the foodstuffs in the 

racks better. The luminaires 

have to be resistant against 

coolness and humidity therefore 

we recommend to use the types 

with IP 54 or higher. One of the 

key tasks of the lighting designer 

when designing the illumination 

of the cold stores is to 

take into account the fact that 

at the temperature 0°C there 

is a significant reduction of the 

luminous flux which can achieve 

up to 40 % at lower temperatures. 

Therefore it is necessary 

to implement the correction 

factor to the lighting system 

already during the planning 

phase. Another way how to 

avoid this problem is to use the 

luminaires with the LED sources 

which even at substantially low 

temperatures do not show any 

reduction of the luminous flux 

and vice versa, their luminous 

flux picks up intensity with the 

declining temperature. 

TORNADO PC led 147 



foodstuffs INDUSTRY 

96/97

If there is a store in the meat-processing plant where the producers sell their 

products it is suitable to use luminaires with a high proportion of red light for 

illuminating the showcases with meat. The goods illuminated with this type of 

light gives an impression of a redder and thus a fresher product. 




Butchery 

Processing meat includes 

a lot of various activities 

which utilise, almost without 

any exception, sharp working 

tools. Correct lighting of 

the manufacturing spaces 

is therefore important not 

only from the point of view 

of creating optimal lighting 

conditions for the employees´ 

visual comfort but also due to 

safety at the workplace. 



illuminance level of 500 lux for 

the manufacturing halls of the 

meat processing industry. This 

value is valid also for seemingly 

simple operations, e.g. washing. 

As just in meat processing 

the hygienic flawlessness is emphasised, 

washing is considered 

a demanding visual task. 

The required illuminance level 

can be achieved by installing 

a system of linear luminaires 

with direct characteristic of the 

luminous flux distribution which 

achieves adequate values of 

the illumination of the vertical 

surfaces. At workplaces which 

require sufficient illuminance 

of the vertical surfaces, it is 

suitable to complete the main 

lighting by the luminaires with 

the asymmetric luminous flux 

curve. We recommend them 

to be placed parallely with the 

working area and windows. 

The luminous flux should head 

to the task area from above 

and moderately from the left 

from the employee’s view. This 

minimises the risk of creating 

sharp shadows and at the same 

time perfect visibility of the 

sharp ends of the working tools 

is ensured – it reduces the risk 

of injuries. At the workplaces 

where the employees carry out 

especially demanding visual 

tasks it is suitable to complete 

the main lighting by additional 

luminaires. For the employees 

to be able to carry out the 

visual inspection of the meat’s 

freshness it is necessary to 

use the light sources with the 


minimally. Due to the safety at 

work it is suitable to use the 

luminaires with housing made 

of unbreakable material or protected 

by a grid which prevents 

fragments falling down to the 

meat being processed in the 

case the luminaire is damaged. 

Because of the working conditions 

the luminaires used have 

to be resistant against humidity 

and corrosion, with IP 54 or 

higher. 

If there is a store in the meatprocessing 

plant where the 

producers sell their products it is 

suitable to use luminaires with 

a high proportion of red light 

for illuminating the showcases 

with meat. The goods illuminated 

with this type of light 

gives an impression of a redder 

and thus a fresher product. 

Butchery 

98/99

The LED light sources represent an optimal solution 

which compared to the conventional sources contain 

incomparably lower amount of hazardous materials. 


Bakery 

When planning the lighting 

system for a bakery the lighting 

designer has to take into 

account not only the variedness 

of the realised activities 

but also the shift operation. 

The standard EN 12464-1 states 


of 300 lux for preparation and 

baking. For finishing, glazing 

and decorating it increases 

the requirement to 500 lux. 

A higher illuminance simultaneously 

positively affects the activity 

and performance efficiency 

of the employees and influences 

the potential customers or the 

visits by a pleasant welcoming 

impression. 


system it is good to take into 

account the fact that a substantial 

part of manufacturing runs 

during the night hours or early 

in the morning. Optimal performance 

efficiency and the feeling 

of the visual and psychological 

well-being of the employees 

during the night shifts can be 

achieved by increasing the 

lighting intensity to 1,000 lux. 

At the same time it is suitable 

to use the light sources which 

are able to produce daylight 

white colour of light with the 


CCT of more than 6,500 K. In 

such light conditions that copy 

the properties of the daylight, 

melatonin which would signal 

to the employees that it is time 

for sleep stops being created 

in the human organism. And 

on the contrary, it increases 

the production of serotonin 

that stimulates the activity and 

performance efficiency. 

When taking these facts into 

consideration, it is possible 

to meet all demands on the 

required lighting level of 

1,000 lux and through integrating 

the lighting management 

tools to reduce its performance 

to a value which is stated for 

the individual activities by the 

standard. 

A suitable solution for lighting 

in the bakery premises is the 

system of linear suspended 

luminaires with the direct characteristic 

of the luminous flux 

distribution and to complete 

them with luminaires with the 

asymmetric radiation curve in 

the task area which require 

a sufficient illuminance of the 

vertical surfaces. In the bakeries 

with higher ceilings it is possible 

to use the suspended luminaires 

with a wide luminous intensity 

curve and metal-halide lamps. 

In both cases it is necessary for 

the luminaires to be protected 

by an unbreakable housing 

which prevents fragments 

falling down to the working 

surface when the light source is 

damaged. It is necessary to use 

protection level of luminaires 

with a housing of IP 50 value. 

From the security point of 

view the luminaires with the 

LED light sources represent 

an optimal solution which 

compared to the conventional 

sources contain incomparably 

lower amount of hazardous 

materials (mercury). Moreover 

compared to other light sources 

they contain mercury in solid 

state, i.e. also if the light source 

is damaged there is no risk of 

contaminating the air in the 

manufacturing spaces. At the 

same time the light sources 

used have to enable the recognition 

of the colours correctly 

(e.g. when choosing the ingredients 

or during decorating) 

therefore we recommend using 

the light sources achieving the 

value of the colour rendering 

index CRI 80 and more. 





PRESTiGE 152 




PRESTiGE 152 

Bakery 

100/101

To avoid the rise of undesirable reflections from the 

materials and tools with bright surface or on the screens, 

it is suitable to use non-glaring luminaires with factor of 

the psychological glare UGR max.19 


CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 


system for the chemical 

industry the lighting designer 

has, besides the required illuminance 

levels, to take into 

account also the resistance 

of the luminaires against dust 

and explosions. 



production premises in the 

chemical industry the minimal 

illuminance level 300 lux for the 

zones with a permanent occurrence 

of employees, 150 lux for 

activities with a limited occurrence 

of people and 50 lux for 

the remotely controlled activities. 


levels can be achieved with 

ceiling surfaced or suspended 


characteristic of the luminous 

flux distribution. At the inspection 

workplaces and at the 

workplaces with permanent 

supervision of the manufacturing 

process it is at the same 

time necessary to achieve 

adequate values of the vertical 

illuminance. The additional 

luminaires with the asymmetric 

radiation curve (wall washers) 

are a suitable solution. In the 

production halls with the height 

of 6 metres and more it is 

possible to achieve the optimal 

light conditions by installing the 


intensity curve and the metalhalide 

lamps. 

At the workplaces with an 

increased occurrence of dust 

and dirt (e.g. mixing, grinding, 

pulverising) it is necessary to use 

the luminaires with the protection 

housing IP 65. 

The laboratories in the chemical 

industry require a special 

lighting solution. The normative 

requirements state the minimal 

illuminance value 500 lux, for 

the inspection workplaces 

1,000 lux and the neutral white 

or the daylight white colour of 

the light corresponding to the 

range of Correlated Colour Temperature 

4,000 K ≤ T cp 

≤ 6,500 K. 

For the employees to be able 

to identify the colour reliably 

during usage of the chemicals, 

the light sources used have to 

achieve excellent values of the 


and more. To avoid the rise of 

undesirable reflections from the 

materials and tools with bright 

surface or on the screens, it 

is suitable to use non-glaring 

luminaires with a matt housing 

or microprism and the factor 

of the psychological glare UGR 

max.19. As the explosive and 

flammable substances are used 

for work in the labs, it is necessary 

to use the luminaires with 

IP 65. 



PRESTige 152 


LED 




PRESTiGE 152 


RELAx xtp ip65 149 

indiRECT xtp ip54 150 

chemical industry 

102/103




Underground 

parking 

The underground parking 

lot places special demands 

on the intensity and type 

of illumination, beginning 

with the luminaire marking 

the entrance and way out, 

through the guidance lighting 

up to general lighting of the 

functional area. 

One of the most important 

tasks of the lighting system 

designers when they solve the 

illumination of an underground 

parking lot is the entrance 

and exit zone from the 

parking area in the framework 

of which the light scenery is 

distinctively changed. Such an 

environment places extraordinary 

demands on the adaptation 

phase of the human eye 

during transition from various 

light environments. It is inevitable 

to reduce this phase to 

minimum. The optimal solution 

includes a higher quantity 

of the luminaires installed in 

these zones (similarly as in the 

tunnels) which means a softer 

change of illuminance and 

safer transition. 

The task of the general 

lighting in the underground 

parking lot is not only to 

ensure the basic visibility 

but to provide the person in 

the parking area a feeling of 

comfort and security. For the 

road users in the parking lot 

environment to be able to 

assess and solve the situation 

sufficiently quickly, it is inevitable 

to choose the luminaires 

with the lighting intensity of 

minimally 75 lux. In general it 

is recommended to use the luminaires 

in anti-vandal version 

and a long lifetime placed 

on both sides of the traffic 

lanes. A sufficient illumination 

especially in the areas with 

irregular occurrence of people 

is inevitable also from the security 

point of view. It enables 

the persons to recognise faces 

and to respond in time to the 

first signs of aggression. 

The task of the general lighting in the underground 

parking lot is not only to ensure the basic visibility but 

to provide the person in the parking area a feeling of 

comfort and security. 

When designing the light 

solution it is to also take into 

account the lifetime of the 

light sources. From the point 

of view of the lifetime and demandingness 

on the maintenance 

the LED luminaires are 

especially suitable. As they are 

areas without any access of 

daylight and at the same time 

without permanent occurrence 

of persons, it is suitable 

from the point of view of 

energy saving to consider the 

installation of the constant 

illuminance sensor and presence 

detector that scans the 

movement of the vehicles in 

the garage, manages the illumination 

in the zones where 

it is necessary and creates the 

guidance lines in the area of 

the underground parking lot. 

UNDERGROUND PARKING 

104/105

EMERGENCY AND 

SAFETY LIGHTING 

In the spaces with an 

increased concentration of 

persons, rooms without any 

access of the daylight and 

in the communication zones 

determined for escape paths 

the safety and emergency 

lighting helps to solve collision 

situations and reduces 

the risk of injury. 

Regardless to the fact if it is a 

power cut, danger of fire or 

another crisis situation, the 

task of the safety and emergency 

lighting is to ensure 

the persons basic visibility and 

orientation during leaving the 

space or to make their access 

to the fire extinguishers 

easier. Correctly planned and 

carefully maintained emergency 

lighting can prevent an 

outbreak of panic, injuries and 

even save lives. When selecting 

the type of the emergency 

lighting the requirement on 

its long-term lifetime and 

the ability to fulfil its tasks 

at good visibility also during 

the power cut plays the most 

important role. 

The battery pack LED luminaires 

represent the optimal 

solution – the producers 

guarantee here the minimal 

lifetime of 50,000 hours. In 

this way the maintenance 

costs are reduced and compared 

to other light sources 

the user can save up to 70 % 

of the power consumption. 

The effectiveness of the LED 

emergency lighting can be 

increased by installing the additional 

optics and reflectors 

which will reduce the number 

of the LED luminaires when 

the legal standard is fulfilled. 

The requirement on the safety 

and emergency lighting is 

adapted by the European 

standard EN 1838. 

Correctly planned and carefully maintained emergency 

lighting can prevent an outbreak of panic, injuries and 

even save lives. 

Definition of emergency lighting 

The relevant standards define emergency lighting as lighting that is activated as a result of a malfunction in the general 

artificial lighting. 

Objectives of emergency lighting 

• Safe escape from the problem zone on failure of the general power supply (visibility required for evacuation) 

• Adequate visibility and orientation along escape routes and in danger zones (illuminated or backlit safety signs along 

escape routes, direction signs to assist progression towards the emergency exit) 

• Easy identification of fire-fighting and safety equipment 

1. Safety lighting for escape routes 

The safety lighting for escape routes is that part of safety lighting that enables escape facilities to be effectively identified 

and safely used. 

Escape routes up to 2 m in width: 

Illuminance 

at least 1 lux along the central axis, 0.5 lux over at least half the width 

Uniformity 

E max : E min ≤ 40 : 1 lux 

Colour rendering CRI ≥ 40 

Rated service time for escape routes 1 hour 

Switch-on delay 

50 % of the required illuminance level within 5 seconds, 100 % within 60 seconds 

(wider than 2 m can be considered as a group of 2 m wide strip or can provide by lighting as in open area – anti-panic 

lighting) 

2. Anti-panic lighting 

Anti-panic lighting is that part of safety lighting that serves to avoid panic and provide illumination to allow people to reach 

a place where an escape route can be reliably identified. 

Illuminance 

E (horizontal at floor level) ≥ 0.5 lux 

(Marginal areas with a width of 0.5 m are not taken into consideration) 

Uniformity 



Rated service time for escape routes 1 hour 


50 % of the required illuminance level within 5 seconds, 100 % within 60 seconds 

ux-EMErgENCY 156 

3. Hazardous workplaces 

There are special requirements that relate to potentially hazardous work processes and situations. Proper shut-down procedures 

are needed for the safety of operators and all other occupants of the premises, for example in places where machines 

are running, in laboratories handling hazardous and in control rooms. 

Illuminance 

E min = 10 % of the level needed for the task or at least > 15 lux 

Uniformity 



Rated service time for escape routes for as long as the hazard persists 


0.5 seconds 

EMERGENCY AND SAFETY LIGHTING 

106/107


12/13

OUTDooR WORKPLaceS 

When planning the lighting system for industrial spaces it is important to take into 

account the fact that lots of activities are carried out in the external environment. 

The task of the artificial lighting comes to the foreground, here especially after 

dark, when it is necessary to ensure optimal conditions for carrying out various 

demanding, visual tasks and at the same time to minimise the risk of injury at the 

workplace. 

it is impossible to determine 

exactly the place of the visual 

task, it is necessary to dimension 

the lighting system for the 

whole outdoor workplace on 

the highest illuminance level 

required by the standard for 

carrying out the most demanding 

visual task. 

We are to take into account 

such a fact that the outdoor 

workplace is often surrounded 

by a dark area which can pose a 

risk of a non-uniform luminance 

distribution. If there is a too big 

difference between the luminance 

levels in the individual 

parts of the space, it takes the 

human eye a few minutes until 

it adapts. There is an increased 

eye strain, the premature 

visual fatigue develops and 

subsequently the employees 

lose their concentration. This 

increases the risk of injuries 

at the workplace. To prevent 

this, it is necessary to create a 

homogeneous light environment 

without any distinctive 

differences in the luminance 

intensity at the workplace. A 

uniformly illuminated workplace 

contributes to the psychological 

well-being of the employees 

and creates a positive communication 

atmosphere. From the 

point of view of safety it is also 

necessary to prevent the rise of 

the stroboscopic effect when 

the artificial lighting is on at the 

workplace. The stroboscopic 

effect represents an extreme 

danger, specially when working 

with the rotational tools 

because when the frequency 

and the rotational speed are the 

same an impression can arise, 

that the tool is off and it can 

cause hard injury to the user. 

The stroboscopic effect can be 

avoided by installing the LED 

luminaires or high-frequency 

control gears emitting the 

light with a frequency that 

the human eye cannot notice 

and therefore it perceives it as 

constantly continuous. 


EN 12464-2 adjusts the requirements 


outdoor workplaces. 

While in the internal working 

spaces the artificial light 

plays only an additional task 

during the day, the outdoor 

workplaces use it only from 

the evening to early morning 

hours when we cannot count 

on the support of the natural 

light. 

This fact fundamentally affects 

not only the employees´ sharpness 

of vision but also their 

physiology. The sharpness of 

the human vision achieves only 

3 % to 30 % after dark compared 

with the vision during the 

day. Moreover, the activity of 

the retinal cones in the human 

eye which enable to recognise 

colours and shapes is suppressed. 

After getting dark the 

so called mesopic vision starts 

when the retinal rods which 

recognise only grey shades are 

activated in the retina of the 

human eye. When the evening 

is coming, the level of the 

relaxation hormone melatonin 

increases in the human organism 

which causes decline of the 

performance efficiency of the 

human organism to less than 

10 %. Due to the increased 

fatigue the employee’s concentration 

capability decreases 

and therefore the risk of injury 

occurrence is greater. The adequate 

lighting intensity and suitably 

selected correlated colour 

temperature can create such 

light conditions at the outdoor 

workplace which activate the 

activity of the colour-sensitive 

cones, improve the employees´ 

performance efficiency and 

their ability to concentrate and 

in this way it also increases their 

safety at work. 


system, besides the biological 

influence of the light on people 

it is necessary to solve a few 

other problems connected with 

the ergonomics of the outdoor 

workplace. Due to the fact that 


we cannot count on the 

reflective surfaces here, it is only 

possible to use the luminaires 

with a direct characteristic of 

the luminous flux distribution 

for the illumination of these 

spaces. This type of lighting presents 

an incomparable higher 

risk of developing undesirable 

sharp shadows and direct glare 

caused by the light source. They 

can be prevented only by a 

correct layout of the luminaires, 

by using the lighting fixtures 

with shields against glare and 

through rectifying the luminous 

flux. 

As there are frequent movements 

of employees and equipment 

at the outdoor workplaces, 

defining the task area itself 

poses another frequent problem 

for a lighting solution. When 

OUTDOOR WOrkplaCES 

110/111

UX-stadio 157 

mars 1000 


ux-STADio 158 

venus 1000 

PETROCHEMICAL 

AND 

POWER INDUSTRY 

The maintenance and operating 

activities in a lot of industrial 

lines of business require 

creating outdoor workplaces. 

Handling with machines and 

tools demands a thorough 

lighting solution not only for 

ensuring sufficient sharpness 

of vision but also from the 

point of view of safety. 

Creating external workplaces 

is necessary in various industrial 

lines of business. They are 

needed e.g. for the chemical, 

petrochemical and power industry 

or mining and processing 

minerals. The key factor 

when solving the illumination 

of these spaces is to achieve 

a sufficient illuminance level 

of the task area and the surrounding 

of the task area with 

the luminance distribution 

as uniform as possible in the 

whole manufacturing space 

and a minimal risk of undesirable 

glare. 


EN 12464-2 requires the minimal 

illuminance level from 

20 lux to 100 lux, with the 

uniformity from U o 

= 0.25 to 

U o 

= 0.4 for general activities 

carried out in the external 

workplaces in the petrochemical 

and power industry. For 

the activities involving the machine 

repairs as well as repairs 

of the electrical equipment it 

increases the requirement for 

the minimal illuminance to 

200 lux with the uniformity of 

U o 

= 0.5 and determines the 

additional local lighting in the 

place of the visual task. 


system the lighting designer’s 

task can be made more difficult 

by the fact that it is hard 

to determine the task area. 

Then it is necessary to achieve 

the standard determined illuminance 

levels in the whole 

manufacturing space. 

An increased emphasis, when 

solving the illumination of the 

external workplaces in the 

petrochemical and power industry, 

is laid on the uniform 

luminance distribution in the 

whole manufacturing area. 

If there is too big difference 

between the luminance levels 

in the individual parts of the 

space, it takes for the human 

eye a few minutes to adapt 

and due to this fact the eyes 

are exposed to an increased 

strain and it can cause the 

premature visual fatigue and 

subsequently the loss of concentration. 

This increases the 

risk of injury at the workplace. 

The dark and insufficiently 

illuminated zones can, moreover, 

arouse feelings of depression 

of the employees. On the 

contrary, the homogeneously 

illuminated space where the 

employees can see each other 

induces a communication 

atmosphere and improves the 

feeling of the psychological 

comfort. The communication 

atmosphere can be also improved 

by sufficient cylindrical 

illumination in the task area 

which enables to recognise 

the face of the colleagues 

with any occurrence of disruptive 

dark shadows. The task of 

the lighting system designer is 

to design the lighting system 

in such a way that homogeneous 

light environment without 

any great differences in the 

luminance intensity will be 

created in the whole panoramic 

field of the vision of the 

employees. 


levels with the corresponding 

uniformity of the luminance 

distribution can be achieved 

by using the asymmetrical 

reflector luminaires for 

high pressure lamps. At the 

same time, their high-grade 

facetted optics and a flat 

glass enclosure minimise 

the risk of developing glare 

of the employees. This type 

of luminaires achieves the 

sufficient illuminance of the 

whole working plane. For 

lighting large surfaces we 

can use the wide-angle flood 

systems. Due to the fact that 

the outdoor workplaces in 

the petrochemical and power 

industry are typical by a high 

concentration of dirt, dust 

and humidity, it is necessary 

to select luminaires produced 

from a sufficiently resistant 

material and adequate IP 

coverage level. 

The key factor when solving the illumination of these 

spaces is to achieve a sufficient illuminance level of the 

task area and the surrounding of the task area with the 

luminance distribution as uniform as possible. 

At the workplaces where 

we handle with explosives 

or where explosive fumes 

are released to the environment 

(refineries, natural gas 

wells) it is necessary to use 

luminaires resistant against 

explosion. 

When solving the illumination the 

outdoor switching stations require 

increased attention due to the safety 

reasons. During the night operation it 

is important to create such light conditions 

when it is possible to carry out 

reliably the visual inspection of wiring 

at any time. In this connection the requirement 

on the sufficient illuminance 

comes to the foreground – here the 

standard EN 12464-2 determines the 

minimal value 50 lux. The luminaires in 

the lighting system have to be installed 

in a sufficient distance from the high 

voltage power line for the employees 

not to be exposed to the danger of 

hitting by the electric current while 

maintenance and lamp replacement 

are carried out. It is recommended 

to install the luminaires to the height 

where it is not necessary to use a ladder 

for handling with them. 

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venus 2000 

UX-STAR 250/400 157 

PETROCHEMICAL AND POWER INDUSTRY 

112/113

The risk zones and dangerous places in the warehouse 

premises should be emphasized by the reflexive paint. 

UX stadio 157 

mars 1000 


ux-STADio 158 

venus 1000 

ux-STADio 158 

venus 2000 

ux-STADio 158 

MARS 2000 

ux-STAR 250/400 157 

Storage and 

logistics 

The solution of the illumination 

in the storage spaces 

requires a flexible approach. 

While in the outdoor warehouses 

without night operation 

especially the question 

of the property protection 

comes to the foreground, in 

the warehouses with a nonstop 

operation the key factor 

is to ensure the safety at 

work for the employees. 

The required illuminance levels 

stated by the standard 

EN 12464-2 change in 

dependence on the type of 

the space and the activity 

performed. In the storage 

spaces without the night operation 

where it is necessary 

to protect the property or in 

the warehouses with the nonstop 

operation where only 

short-time handling with large 

parts and raw materials or 

loading and unloading of solid 

bulky goods is carried out, the 

standard requires the minimal 

illuminance level 20 lux. With 

the increasing demandingness 

of the visual task the 

employees have to carry out 

and the rising risk of the injury 

occurrence at the workplace, 

the standard increases the 

requirements on the minimal 

illuminance level 50 lux 

(non-stop handling with raw 

materials, the movements of 

the crane, loading and unloading 

of goods) and 100 lux 

(reading addresses, working 

with tools). For the activities 

connected with installing 

the electrical, machine 

and pipeline devices and the 

inspection operations it states 


200 lux with the uniformity 

of U o 

=0.5 and also requires 

installing the local lighting in 

the task area. 

In the outdoor warehouses 

where no handling with 

goods occurs during the night 

hours it is important to ensure 

the minimal security lighting 

level especially for protecting 

the property. Therefore it is 

important to prevent the rise 

of the camouflaging shadows. 

The risk zones and dangerous 

places in the warehouse 

premises should be emphasised 

by the reflexive paint. 

For the general lighting of the 

space it is suitable to use the 

pole luminaires with a wide 

luminous intensity curve. The 

sufficient periphery illuminance 

will provide the security 

staff an overview about the 

movement of unauthorised 

persons in the storage space. 

The checkpoints of the security 

staff should remain unlit 

from outside. The unauthorised 

persons who would enter 

the warehouse cannot identify 

where the security is while 

they themselves will be easily 

seen in the light of the reflectors. 

If the warehouse is enclosed 

by a fence, it is suitable 

to install lower pole luminaires 

with a wide luminous intensity 

curve on the circumference 

of the fence. This lighting 

solution will ensure sufficient 

periphery illuminance and 

the illumination of the access 

zone. If there is an increased 

risk of damage or theft it is 

suitable to fit every pole with 

two luminaires and to connect 

them to a special circuit. 

However, this type of light 

solution should not exceed 

the permissible illuminance 

levels to avoid obtrusive light 

on the adjacent estates. 

The outdoor warehouses with 

the night operation are usually 

situated close to the loading 

and transport facilities. 

Besides the general lighting, 

this type of workplaces should 

be illuminated adequately in 

the framework of the whole 

working plane and this will 

be achieved by the additional 

illumination of the task area. 

If moving devices are used 

for transporting the goods 

from place to place, the 

dynamic lighting solution is 

suitable. When portal and 

bridge cranes are utilised, it is 

suitable to place the luminaires 

with a wide luminous 

intensity curve directly to the 

undercarriage of the device 

for the luminous flux to head 

perpendicular to the route the 

crane moves on. 

To prevent the undesirable 

glare of the employees and to 

reduce the risk of injury, it is 

suitable to solve the illumination 

in such a way the luminous 

flux from the installed 

luminaires will fall in the direction 

of the employee’s view. 

UX-stadio 158 

VENUs 1000 


ux-STADio 158 

venus 2000 

ux-STADio 157 

MARS 1000 

ux-STADio 158 

MARS 2000 

Storage and logistics 

114/115

CONSTRUCTION 

SITES 

The construction sites are 

time-limited outdoor workplaces 

where changes are 

often happen in this field. 

Therefore when we solve 

the lighting system here, 

the requirement of a flexible 

lighting solution comes to the 

foreground. 



construction sites in dependence 

on the activity carried 

out the illuminance level from 

20 lux (clearance of buildings, 

excavation work) to 200 lux 

(element joining, demanding 

electrical, machine and pipe 

mountings). Due to the fact 

that the construction site’s 

appearance is changed during 

the construction operations 

it is necessary for the lighting 

system to be solved flexibly. 

The portable stands with luminaires 

fitted with adjustable 

reflectors powered from an 

autonomous source of energy 

are an optimal solution. The 

required illuminance levels 

can be achieved by using 

the floods for metal-halide 

lamps or high pressure sodium 

lamps. 

To ensure throughput of communications 

at the construction 

site, it is suitable to place 

the luminaires providing the 

main illuminance along the 

building site’s circumference, 

outside the communication 

zones. However, this 

lighting solution requires at 

the same time the additional 

illumination in the task area 

during the excavation work 

or partially roofed spaces. 

The luminaires with tubular 

fluorescent lamps represent 

here a suitable solution. In 

the dangerous zones it is also 

necessary to install the warning 

lights. 

As the construction site is 

a space with an increased 

concentration of dust and 

high humidity it is necessary 

to use luminaires with the 

coverage level of minimally 

IP 54 for the lighting system. 

It is recommended to use 

luminaires made of unbreakable 

materials. To increase the 

safety level it is recommended 

to use a protection grid, in 

case a luminaire is damaged 

will avoid injury the employees 

by not permeating the 

fragments from the luminaire 

to fall down. 

The cranes require a special 

lighting solution at the 

construction site. It is a key 

role when designing the 

illumination to ensure the 

crane operator good visibility 

of the whole workplace and 

at the same time of the load 

transported. 

From the crane operator’s view 

it is extraordinary important to 

achieve sufficient horizontal as 

well as vertical illuminance of 

the whole working plane. These 

lighting conditions create an 

assumption for good modelling 

of the objects necessary for 

transferring the material and 

at the same time they increase 

the orientation capability of 

the employee. To achieve the 

optimal lighting conditions it is 

suitable to install the luminaires 

with a wide lighting distribution 

curve directly to the tower and 

jib of the crane. When placing 

the luminaires it is necessary to 

take into account the position 

of the crane cabin and to install 

them in such a way they cannot 

glare the crane operator. 

It is recommended to use a protection 

grid, in case a luminaire is damaged, 

it will avoid injury the employees by 

The appropriate illumination can improve the employees´ sense of orientation 

and simultaneously reduce the risk of collisions when motor vehicles and 

machines move around the construction site. From the point of view of navigation 

it is suitable to place the identification and orientation lighting to the 

communication zones. The drivers´ attention can be drawn to the risk zones 

and the necessity to slow down by using the dynamic light signals. 

UX-stadio 157 

mars 1000 


ux-STADio 158 

venus 1000 

UX-stadio 158 

mars 2000 


ux-STADio 158 

venus 2000 

not permeating the fragments from 

the luminaire to fall down. 

Construction sites 

116/117

At the checkpoints it is necessary besides the sufficient 

illuminance level to prevent the risk of undesirable glare. 

CANAL, LOCK, PORT, 

SHIPYard AND 

DOCK 

The water cargo transportation 

and subsequently the 

reloading of the goods in the 

ports require a consistent 

solution of the lighting system. 

The correct illumination 

of these spaces shortens the 

time for anchoring the ships 

to a minimum, it accelerates 

the transfer of goods and at 

the same time it reduces the 

risk of collisions in the port. 

For the canal, lock, port, 

shipyard and dock the European 

standard EN 12464-2 

determines the minimal illuminance 

levels in dependence 

on the demandingness of the 

activity carried out and the 

risk character of the space in 

the range from 10 lux (quays, 

gangways) up to 50 lux 

(connecting hoses, pipes and 

ropes; reading notices). The 

lighting uniformity requires 

U 0 from 0.25 to 0.4. When 

designing the illumination it is 

necessary to pay attention to 

the fact that the selected light 

solution must not pose any 

risk of glare for the ships moving 

in the discharging berth 

or in its vicinity. The lighting 

solution itself and the type of 

the luminaires used depend 

on the size of the surface that 

needs to be illuminated. 

For illuminating smaller 

surfaces in the spaces of the 

cargo port it is possible to use 

the standard luminaires suitable 

for the public lighting but 

also reflectors with a wide luminous 

intensity curve or the 

flood lights with the assembly 

height of 12 metres. 

The large-scale terminals with 

containers can be illuminated 

by reflectors or flood lights 

placed on the masts in the 

height between 25 to 35 

metres. For lighting large 

areas and due to preventing 

undesirable glare it is necessary 


a wide radiation angle in the 

vertical direction and a diffuse 

optical system in the horizontal 

direction. The places 

of loading and unloading the 

goods are to be fitted with 

the additional illumination of 

the task area. At the checkpoints 

it is necessary besides 

the sufficient illuminance level 

to prevent the risk of undesirable 

glare through suitable 

directing the luminous flux of 

the luminaires used. 

When selecting the light 

sources the factor of efficacy 

and lifespan of the 

light source come to the 

foreground. A longer lifespan 

of the light source prolongs 

the interval necessary for 

maintenance and in this 

way it reduces the costs for 

the operation of the whole 

lighting system. From this 

point of view the LED sources 

represent the most effective 

solution. Moreover, they 

are highly resistant against 

temperature fluctuations and 

in comparison to the conventional 

light sources they do 

not have any decrease of the 

luminous flux at low temperatures. 

As the main lighting we 

often use the high-pressure 

sodium lamps, for spaces and 

activities where recognising 

the colour is of great importance, 

e.g. the illumination of 

the docks where it is suitable 


the metal-halide lamps which 

achieve the values of CRI 

between 80 and 95. 

In spite of their industrial orientation 

the cargo ports are 

often one of the most prominent 

dominants of the towns. 

Therefore when designing 

the lighting system, besides 

functionality it is necessary 

to take into account also the 

aesthetical potential. Through 

suitable programming of the 

lighting system it is possible 

just during the evening hours 

to increase the attractiveness 

of this industrial area. 

The transhipment point determined 

for loading and unloading the goods 

equipped with cranes requires a 

special solution. One lighting option 

for the port cargo-handling areas is 

to erect a mast at each end of the 

crane rails so that the light from the 

floods mounted on them can reach 

between the rows of wagons. When 

selecting the light source of the crane 

it is necessary to take into consideration 

the fact that there occur vibrations 

when it moves. Therefore the 

luminaires are to be put on places 

insulated from this influence as much 

as possible. If the port is equipped 

with a rail crane or another mobile 

port facilities, it is suitable to implement 

the functionality of the dynamic 

illumination to the lighting system. 

UX-stadio 157 

mars 1000 


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venus 1000 

ux-STAR 250/400 157 

UX-stadio 158 

mars 2000 


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venus 2000 

canal, lock, port, shipyard and dock 

118/119

The increased demand on the illumination of the external 

spaces is especially in parking areas where the 

pedestrians, and drivers meet. 

FORSTREET 155 

segin 


FoRSTREET 155 

ASTERope 

Exterior 

illumination and 

parking area 

Besides the aesthetic task the 

exterior lighting in an industrial 

area especially fulfils the 

security function. It makes 

the orientation in the external 

spaces easier, it refers to the 

entrances and the entry ways 

to the building, it increases 

the feeling of safety and comfort. 

The increased demand 


external spaces is especially 

in parking areas where the 

pedestrians and drivers meet. 

The correctly illuminated vertical 

as well as horizontal areas 

minimise the risk of collision 

and provide enough information 

about the orientation in 

the space. The access roads 

and external parking lots are 

made visible by the pole luminaires; 

decent in the ground 

recessed lighting fixtures 

separate the parking areas 

from the traffic lanes and the 

pedestrian zones. For all types 

of luminaires for external 

usage there are strict criteria 

as to the resistance against 

humidity, the temperature 

fluctuations and pollution. 

From the ecological point of 

view, new types of luminaires 

that do not emit the light 

towards the upper half-space 

and thus do not produce 

the light smog are a suitable 

solution. These requirements 

are met especially by the LED 

light sources. They are typical 

by high efficacy and effectiveness. 

Due to their low failure 

rate and long lifespan they do 

not represent any increased 

burden from the point of view 

of the maintenance costs. In 

difference to the traditional 

light sources, e.g. fluorescent 

lamps or discharge lamps, the 

LEDs reach the full luminance 

immediately, moreover, after 

a short power cut the full 

luminance is reached without 

any delay. For the illumination 

of the external areas 

and the parking area of an 

industrial building it is possible 

to achieve full luminance 

immediately and this fact 

significantly improves the 

safety of employees movement 

in the industrial areas. In 

the external environment, the 

fact that in difference to the 

conventional sources there 

is no decline of efficiency at 

low temperatures and vice 

versa its effectiveness is even 

increased in such conditions, 

says in favour of the LED. 

From the point of view of 

safety it is a very resistant 

light source that can be hardly 

damaged, moreover also in 

the case of damage they do 

not constitute any threat 

for the health of employees. 

Compared to the conventional 

sources they contain a negligible 

amount of heavy metals 

which are, moreover, only in 

the solid state in the LED and 

this reduces the danger of air 

contamination. 

EXTERIOR ILLUMINATION AND parkiNG AREA 

120/121


12/13

Special requeSTS for 

luminaires in inDUSTRY 

The luminaires applied in the industrial and manufacturing spaces are exposed to 

the influence of the surrounding environment. For the security and safety to be 

guaranteed at the workplaces in any respect, they have to be resistant against 

increased strain which is represented in this type of spaces by dust, humidity, 

water and flammable or explosive materials. 

The value IP (International 

Protection Rating) defined by 

the international standard IEC 

and the European standard 

EN 60529 as well as the value 

Ex by which the European 

directive ATEX (Atmosphéres 

Explosibles) defines the necessary 

protection level of the luminaire 

at workplaces with the 

occurrence of flammable and 

explosives materials gives the 

information if the luminaires 

used fulfil the usage criteria in 

the concrete manufacturing 

spaces. 

International protection IP 

The code IP expresses the protection 

level of the interior or exterior 

luminaire against penetrating a 

foreign body or liquid. The code 

consists of two numbers IP XY 

– the first one assesses the protection 

level against a dangerous 

contact and penetrating of the 

foreign bodies (X) and the second 

one against penetrating water (Y). 

The luminaires with the minimal 

value IP 44 are recommended for 

Degrees of protection 

1st code numeral 

(Protection against foreign 

bodies and contact) 

the exterior usage, in the case of 

a direct contact with water IP 65. 

The dust-proof and water-proof 

luminaires which can be also used 

under water have the highest possible 

protection level expressed by 

the code IP 68. 

Explosion-protected 

luminaires 

The usage of flammable and 

explosive materials in the industrial 

manufacturing premises requires 

luminaires resistant against fire 

or explosions. Especially those 

spaces that are typical by a high 

level of dustiness (up to 80 % of 

dust arising due to the production 

is classified as flammable) or 

spaces in the framework of which 

operations with oxygen are carried 

out represent a risk. Based on the 

unified classification the individual 

spaces are divided into zones according 

to the risk of an explosion 

occurrence. Each zone is assigned 

a value of the protection level 

which the luminaires used for the 

illumination have to achieve. 

2nd code numeral 

(Protection against water) 

0 Non-protected Non-protected 

1 

Protected against solid 

foreign bodies > 50 mm 

Protected against 

dripping water 

2 




dripping water when 15º titled 

3 


foreign bodies > 2.5 mm 


spraywater 

4 




splashwater 

5 Protected against dust 


jets of water 

6 Dustproof 


powerful jets of water 

7 – 


temporary immersion 

8 – 


prolonged submersion 

...m 

Special requests for luminaires in industry 

HAZARDOUS 

LOCATION BasiCS 

Hazardous locations are separated 

into three “Classes” or 

types based on the explosive 

characteristics of the materials. 

The Classes or type of material 

is further separated into “Divisions” 

or “Zones” based on the 

risk of fire or explosion that the 

material poses. The Zone system 

has three levels of hazard 

versus the Division System’s two 

levels. 

Class I locations are those in 

which flammable „gases or 

vapors“ are, or may be, present 

in the air in quantities sufficient 

to produce explosive or ignitible 

mixtures. The terms, „gases or 

vapors“ differentiates between 

materials that are in a gaseous 

state under normal atmospheric 

conditions, such as hydrogen 

or methane, and a vapor that is 

flashed off from a liquid, under 

Hazardous Materials 

Gasses or Vapors 

Combustible Dusts 

Fibers or Flyings 

normal atmospheric conditions, 

such as gasoline. 

The subdivision of Class I, locations 

into “Divisions” or “Zones” 

is based on the probability that 

an explosive gas atmosphere 

may be present in a location. 

If the risk is extremely low, the 

location is considered nonhazardous. 

A good example 

of a low risk area is a single 

family home with natural gas 

or propane furnace for heating. 

The gas could, and does on 

extremely rare occasions, leak 

into the home, encounter an ignition 

source and an explosion 

occurs, usually with devastating 

results. However, since the risk 

is so low, because of the safety 

systems built into the gas supply 

and heating equipment, these 

areas are not “hazardous classified 

locations”. 

Class/Division 

System 

Class I, Division 1 


Class II, Division 1 

Class II, Division 2 

Class Ill,Division 1 

Class III, Division 2 

Zone System 

Zone 0 Zone 1 

Zone 2 

Zone 20 Zone 21 

Zone 22 

No Equivalent 

Frequency 

Division System Zone System 

ol Occurrence 

Continuous 

Zone 0 


Intermittent Periodreally Zone 1 

Abnormal Condition Class I, Division 2 Zone 2 

The following chart illustrates the differences between the various 

Zones. 

Grade ol Release Zone 

Flammable 

Mixture Present 

Continuous 0 1,000 hours per year or more (10 %) 

Primary 1 

Between 10 and 1,000 hours per year or 

more (0.1% to 10 %) 

Secondary 2 Less than 10 hours per year (0.01 % to 0.1 %) 

Unclassified – 

Less than I hour per year 

(Less than 0.01 %) 

Class I locations are further divided into Groups based on the 

explosive properties of the materials present. North America has 

traditionally used four groups while the IEC and CENELEC use 

three. The chart below compares the two systems. 

Typical Gas Class/Division Gas Groups Zone Gas Groups 

Acetylene 

A 

Hydrogen 

B 

II C 

Ethylene C II B 

Propane D II A 

Class II locations are those which are hazardous due to the 

presence of combustible or electrically conductive dusts. The dust 

must be present in sufficient quantities for a fire or explosion hazard 

to exist. The fact that there is some combustible dust present 

does not mean a Class II hazardous location exists. 

Groups Type of Material Examples 

E Electrical ly Conductive Dusts 

Powder ed Metals such as 

AIum num or Magnesium 

F Carbonaceous Dusts 

Carbon Black, Coal Dust or 

Coke Dust 

G 

Agricultural Dusts 

Grain, Flour, Sugars, Spices and 

certain Polymers 

Zone 20 - an area in which a combustible dust, as a cloud, is 

present continuously or frequently during normal operations in 

sufficient quantities to produce an explosive mixture. 

Zone 21 - an area in which a combustible dust, as a cloud, is 

likely to occur during normal operations in 

sufficient quantities to produce an explosive mixture. 

Zone 22 - an area in which combustible dust clouds may occur 

infrequently and persist for only short periods of time or in which 

accumulations or layers may be present under abnormal conditions. 

Class III locations are those which are hazardous due to the 

presence of easily ignitable fibers or flyings. However, the material 

is not suspended in the air in quantities sufficient to produce ignitable 

mixtures. Easily ignitable fibers and flyings present a serious 

fire risk, not normally an explosion hazard. The greater danger 

with Class III materials is that if a layer forms throughout a facility, 

an ignition will cause a flash fire which moves at near explosive 

speeds. 

TEMPERATURE ClassES 

Ignition temperature or auto-ignition temperature (ATI) is the 

minimum temperature of a surface at which an explosive atmosphere 

ignites. Flammable vapors and gases can be classified into 

temperature classes according to their ignition temperature. The 

maximum temperature of a piece of equipment must always 

be lower than the ignition temperature of the gas - air mixture 

or vapor - air mixture in which it is placed. Equipment shall be 

marked to show the operating temperature or temperature class 

referenced to a +40°C (+104°F) ambient. The temperature class 

(T code) is indicated on the manufacturers nameplate and is 

based on the table below. 

North American 

Temperature 

Code 

IEC/CENELEC/NEC 505 

Temperature 

Classes 

Maximum Temperature 

°C °F 

T1 T1 450 842 

T2 T2 300 572 

T2A – 280 536 

T2B – 260 500 

T2C – 230 446 

T2D – 215 419 

T3 T3 200 392 

T3A – 180 356 

T3B – 160 329 

T3C – 150 320 

T4 T4 130 275 

T4A – 120 248 

T5 T5 100 212 

T6 T6 85 185 

124/125

Special requeSTS for 

luminaires in inDUSTRY 

Typical North 

American Marking 

TO NEC 505 

Ignition temperature or autoignition 

temperature (ATI) is 

the minimum temperature of a 

surface at which an explosive 

atmosphere ignites. Flammable 

vapors and gases can be classified 

into temperature classes 

according to their ignition temperature. 

The maximum temperature 

of a piece of equipment 

must always be lower 

than the ignition temperature of 

the gas - air mixture or vapor - 

air mixture in which it is placed. 

Equipment shall be marked to 

show the operating temperature 

or temperature class 

referenced to a +40°C (+104°F) 

ambient. The temperature class 

(T code) is indicated on the 

manufacturers nameplate and is 


Typical European 

ATEX/CENELEC 

Marking 

Ignition temperature or autoignition 

temperature (ATI) is 

the minimum temperature of a 

surface at which an explosive 

atmosphere ignites. Flammable 

vapors and gases can be classified 

into temperature classes 

according to their ignition temperature. 

The maximum temperature 

of a piece of equipment 

must always be lower 

than the ignition temperature of 

the gas - air mixture or vapor - 

air mixture in which it is placed. 

Equipment shall be marked to 

show the operating temperature 

or temperature class 

referenced to a +40°C (+104°F) 

ambient. The temperature class 

(T code) is indicated on the 

manufacturers nameplate and is 


Equipment Group I Overview 

Equipment intended for use in underground parts of mines, and 

to those parts of surface installations of such mines, liable to be 

endangered by firedamp and/or combustible dust. 

Equipment 

Category 

M1 

M2 

Protection 

2 levels of protection; 

or 2 independent faults 

1 level of protection based 

on normal operation 

Comparison To Current 

IEC Classification 

Group I 

Equipment Group II Overview 

Equipment intended for use in other than Equipment Group I 

places that are liable to be endangered by explosive atmospheres. 

Equipment 

Category 

1G 

1D 

2G 

2D 

3G 

3D 

Protection 

2 levels of protection; 

or 2 independent faults 


on frequent disturbances; 

or equipment faults 


on normal operation 

Group I 

Comparison To Current 

IEC Classification 

Group II, 

Zone 0 (gas) Zone 20 (dust) 

Group II, 


Group II, 


Special requests for luminaires in industry 

CLASS I ZONE 1AEX DE IIC T6 

Ex II 2G EEX DE IIC T6 

Methods of protection: 

Flameproof Type of Protection “d”- or Explosionproof Equipment 

Encapsulation - Type of Protection “m” 

Increased Safety - Type of Protection “e” 

Intrinsically Safe Equipment - Types of Protection “i”, “ia” and “ib” 

Oil Immersion - Type of Protection “o” 

Purged And Pressurized - Type of Protection “p” 

Powder Filling - Type of Protection “q” 

Class I (Gases and Vapors) 

Zone 0 Areas where explosive gas atmosphere is continously present or 

present for long periods of time 

Zone 1 Areas where explosive gas atmosphere is likely to occur in normal 

operation or can be expected to be present frequently 

Zone 2 Area where explosive gas atmosphere is not likely to occur and if it 

does, it will only exist for a short period of time 

AEx designates built to a US ANSI standard 

Methods of protection, d, e, p, i, o, q, m, n 

Apparatus Group 

I Mining - Underground (methane) 

II Surface Industires 

A (propane) B (ethylene) C (hydrogen) 

Temperature class 

T1 450°C T3 200°C T5 100°C 

T2 300°C T4 135°C T6 85°C 

Approved mark for apparatus certified by EU test authority 

Equipment group I (mining) 

Category M1 and M2 

Equipment group II (on surface) 

Category 1G, Zone 0 Areas where explosive gas atmosphere is continuously 

present or present for long periods of time 

Category 2G, Zone 1 Areas where explosive gas atmosphere is likely to occur 

in normal operation or can be expected to be present 

frequently 

Category 3G, Zone 2 Area where explosive gas atmosphere is not likely to occur 

and if it does, it will only exist for a short period of time 

Category 1D, zone 20 Area where combustible dust is continuously or 

frequently present 

Category 2D, Zone 21 Area where combustible dust clouds are likely to 

occur during normal operation 

Category 3D, Zone 22 Area where combustible dust clouds may occur 

infrequently during normal operation 

Explosion protected according to CENELEC standards EN 50... 

Methods of protection, d, e, p, i, o, q, m, n 

Apparatus Group 

I Mining - Underground (methane) 

II Surface Industires 

A (propane) B (ethylene) C (hydrogen) 

Temperature class 

T1 450°C T3 200°C T5 100°C 

T2 300°C T4 135°C T6 85°C 

126/127

SELECTING 

THE RIGHT LIGHT SOURCE 

The individual areas in industrial and production spaces have different demand 

on the illumination. When designing a lighting system the task of the lighting 

designer is to choose the light sources with the most suitable parameters where 

besides the procurement price the categories of effectiveness, lifespan and safety 

are also included. 

Lamp type 

power 

rating 

from - to 

(W) 

luminous 

flux from 

- to 

(lm) 

efficacy 

(lm/W) 

light colour 

colour 

rendering 

index (CRI) 

from-to 

lifespan 

from - to 

socket 

Tube-shaped fluorescent FD (T8) Ø 26 mm 18 - 70 860 - 6,200 61 - 93 ww/nw/dw 80 - 96 16,000 - 80,000 G13 

Tube-shaped fluorescent FDH (T5) Ø 16 mm 14 - 80 1,100 - 6,150 67 - 104 ww/nw/dw 80 - 93 24,000 - 45,000 G5 

Compact fluorescent lamp 5 - 80 250 - 6,400 46 - 95 ww/nw/dw 80 - 90 5,000 - 32,000 

2G11, 2G7, 

2G8–1 

High pressure metalhalide lamp MT/ME 

(HIT/HIE) 

35 - 2,000 3,200 - 240,000 67 - 120 ww/nw/dw 65 - 96 6,000 - 15,000 

E 27, E 40, 

PG12-2 

High pressure sodium lamp ST/STH (HST) 35 - 1,000 3,500 - 150,000 74 - 150 ww 20 - 25 12,000 - 32,000 

E 27, E 40, 

PG12-1 

Double ended metalhalide lamp MD/MN 

(HID) 

70 - 2,000 5,500 - 230,000 73 - 117 ww/nw/dw 65 - 95 4,500 - 15,000 RX7s, K12s 

Double ended high pressure sodium lamp 

SD (HSD) 

70 - 150 6,800 - 15,000 97 - 100 ww 20 - 25 12,000 - 32,000 RX7s 

LED module 1 - 140 100 - 17,200 90 - 200 ww/nw/dw 70 - 98 50,000 - 

ww = warm white correlated colour temperature (CCT) below 3,300 K 

nw = neutral white correlated colour temperature (CCT) 3,300 K to 5,300 K 

dw = daylight white correlated colour temperature (CCT) over 5,300 K 

SELECTING THE RIGHT light SOURCE 

12/13

8 

LED for INDUSTRY 

When in 1962 the American professor Nick Holonyak created the prototype of the first 

“light emitting diode” – LED, his invention remained almost unnoticed. The only one who 

anticipated its revolutionary future on the pages of the magazine Reader´s Digest was the 

inventor himself. It lasted almost forty years until the industry revealed all the exceptional 

properties of the LED and learned how to utilise them. In the lighting industry the LED 

sources currently represent an area that is developing in the most dynamic way. 

In what respect are the LED 

light sources so exceptional 

and exceed the properties and 

parameters of the conventional 

sources? Why do the 

architects, developers and 

users of industrial buildings 

concentrate more and more 

frequently on the LED sources 

when designing the lighting 

systems? It would be possible 

to answer in a very simple 

way: The LED sources are 

highly effective, they have a 

long lifespan and an excellent 

colour rendering, they are 

cost-effective and environment-friendly. 

But let us 

have a look at the individual 

categories more thoroughly 

and we will explain why the 

LED sources represent also for 

Emitted light 

Molded epoxy 

lens 

Anoded wire 

Anode lead 

Cathode lead 

LED for industry 

your industrial spaces the best 

solution. 

The LEDs are light sources based 

on the semi-conductor basis. A 

very small amount of energy is 

necessary for emitting the light. 

The diodes emitting light consist 

of two types of semi-conductors 

– the N-type with surplus of electrons 

and the P-type which has 

lack of electrons (the so called 

holes). After connecting the 

power the excessive electrodes 

and holes begin to migrate to 

the PN junction. When they 

meet the recombination develops 

and the diode starts emitting 

photons. By its size that is not 

larger than a dot made by a 

pencil the LED ranks among the 

smallest light sources. The package 

which is at the same time a 

Positive 

terminal 

Negative 

terminal 

Reflective cup 

p-type GaN 

Active region 

n-type GaN 

Photon 

Hole 

Electron 

lens serves as protection. It enables 

distributing the luminous 

flux directly under the angle 

15° to 180°. While a common 

light bulb is able to change into 

visible light only 5 % and the 

fluorescent lamp 30 % of the 

electric power, the LED with its 

ability to change up to 40 % of 

the total energy reaches incomparably 

better parameters in this 

category. The efficiency of the 

light source or its efficacy says 

with what efficiency the electric 

If the LED sources after binning are 

on the Planck curve, they emit “pure 

white”, i.e. pure white light. 

energy is changed into the light, 

i.e. how much of luminous flux 

it produces from. the electric 

input power (W) delivered to the 

light source. The unit is lumen 

per watt (lm/W). While the first 

LEDs in 1996 had an efficacy 

of 0.1 lm/W, today there are 

commercially available LED chips 

with an efficacy of 160 lm/W for 

cool white CCT LED and in the 

labs there has been achieved an 

efficacy of up to 254 lm/W. 

y 0,9 

520 

0,8 

540 

0,7 

560 

0,6 

500 

580 

0,5 

T C 

(K) 4,000 

3,0002,500 

0,4 

600 

6,000 

2,000 1,500 

10,000 

620 

0,3490 

700 

0,2 

480 

0,1 

470 

460 

0,0 

380 

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 

x 

The LED luminaires used in the 

industrial and production spaces 

have to fulfil high ergonomic 

and economic requirements. 

In the industrial areas they are 

required to deliver high-quality, 

glareless lighting for the optimal 

visual comfort also for the Visual 

Display Units (VDU) and at the 

same time they have to fulfil the 

requirements of the European 

standards. The LED diodes are 

primarily the source of the white 

colour radiation. The white LED 

light can be acquired by various 

methods; however, the principle 

of luminescence is most frequently 

used for its production. 

In this method a thin phosphorus 

layer is applied to the blue 

LED which, after the switching 

on of the source, changes part 

of the blue light which passes 

it into the white one. This technology 

of the LED production 

enables achieving the emission 

of the white light with various 


from 2,700K to 10,000 K. 

Colours STRAight from the semiconDUCTor 

Colours straight from the semiconductor 

Another method making it 

possible to acquire the white 

LED light consists of mixing 

the coloured light of various 

wavelengths. Through additive 

mixing the red, green and blue 

colours (RGB) the white light 

can arise. The advantage of 

this method is that besides the 

white light by targeted mixing 

we can also acquire coloured 

light. The disadvantage when 

acquiring the white light by the 

RGB technology consists in its 

demandingness. It requires a lot 

of know-how because the management 

of the coloured LED 

with various values of luminance 

is demanding and the white light 

produced often achieves lower 

values of the colour rendering 

index CRI 70 – 80. If we consider 

changes of the correlated colour 

temperature of the white light 

when solving the illumination in 

the industrial spaces, it is suitable 

to combine the coloured chips 

with white LEDs. In this way 

optimal CRI values are obtained. 

LEDs do not require colour filters: their light comes in different colours produced 

directly by different semiconductor materials. Secondary colours are also possible. The 

major semiconductors are: 

Semiconductor 

material 

Abbreviation 

Colour(s) 

Indium gallium nitride InGaN green, blue, (white) 

Aluminium indium 

gallium phosphide 

Aluminium gallium 

arsenide 

Gallium arsenide 

phosphide 

AlInGaP 

AlGaAs 

GaAsP 

red, orange, yellow 

red 

red, orange, yellow 

Silicon carbide SiC blue 

Silicon Si blue 

The lifespan of the LED sources 

moves in the values of up to 50,000 

hours which represents 18 years for 

11-hour-operation daily, 250 days a 

year. 

Intensity (counts) 

4,000 

Blue peak 

3,500 

3,000 

Yellow phosphor 

2,500 

1,500 

1,000 

500 

0 

300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 

Wawelenght (nm) 

White light can be produced by combining blue and yellow light only. Sir 

Isaac Newton discovered this effect when performing 

colour-matching experiments in early 1700s. 

Spectra of white and coloured LEDs 

watts 


lifespan the LED light sources 

achieve above-average parameters. 

Their lifespan moves in the 

values of up to 50,000 hours 

which represents 18 years for 

11-hour-operation daily, 250 

days a year. The drop of the light 

source performance to 70 %, in 

some cases to 5 % is introduced 

Definition of lifespan 

luminous flux (lm) 

100 % 

75 % 

50 % 

25 % 

0 % 

1.2 

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0 

380 430 480 530 580 630 680 730 

nanometres 

LEDs do not require colour filters. The colour tone of the light is determined 

by the semiconductor material used and the dominant wavelength. 

as the LED lifespan end. It means 

that the LED failure rate is substantially 

lower compared to the 

conventional sources. However, 

appropriate cooling of the light 

source is a necessary condition 

for maintaining the lifespan 

parameters. 

T 70(a) 

T 50(a) 

T 70(b) 

T 50(b) 

T c(2) 

T c(1) 

hours 

LEDs do not fail but the intensity of the light they produce diminishes over 

time. The lifespan (L) of an LED thus needs to be defined for different applications. 

For emergency lighting, for example, rating up to L80 ore more are 

required, this means that the LED reaches the end of its service life when the 

luminous flux falls to 80 percent of the original flux measured. For general 

lighting, values of L50 or L70 are defined. The lifespan of an LED depends 

to a large extent on ambient and operating temperature. Where an LED is 

operated at a high temperature (Tc1) or with poor thermal management, its 

life is shortened. 

130/131

8 

In spite of higher purchase 

costs the LED sources represent 

in a longer-term horizon the 

most effective and economical 

light solution. The experts 

estimate that if we replaced all 

existing light sources for the 

LED ones today, the energy 

savings worldwide could reach 

the amount of 30 %. If we 

realise that the artificial lighting 

consumes up to one fifth of the 

energy produced, this amount 

is not negligible at all. When 

we take into account a smaller 

area illuminated by obsolete 

conventional sources, we would 

be able to save up to 75 % of 

lighting system input power by 

the controlled LED illumination. 

All light sources also produce 

the IR radiation during the 

change of the electric power 

into the light which the human 

organism perceives as heat. 

However, the LED light sources 

produce it in a negligible 

amount compared to the conventional 

sources and thus they 

do not increase the inadequate 

costs for the air-conditioning 

power consumption. The 

lifespan and failure rate of the 

LED sources reduces the lighting 

system maintenance costs as it 

does not require any regular interventions 

of service staff and 

purchasing new light sources. 

The LED source saving potential 

can be maximised by 

installing the intelligent lighting 

management which enables 

adjusting the radiation 

intensity of every luminaire in 

the lighting system automatically 

in dependence on the 

availability or intensity of the 

daylight. 

The environment-friendly approach 

is a topic also for the 

producer of the light sources 

today. The reality is that the majority 

of the conventional light 

sources cannot be produced 

without using the toxic heavy 

metals – lead and mercury. The 

users of the premises equipped 

with this type of light sources 

have an additional burden 

when they replace them as they 

are compulsory to remove the 

used or damaged sources in 

compliance with the law about 

disposal of the toxic waste and 

on the other hand they are 

exposed to the risk of breathing 

the toxic vapours when the 

light source is damaged. In this 

respect the LED sources represent 

an incomparably lower risk. 

Though they contain a small 

amount of heavy metals, they 

are in solid state and so there is 

no danger of breathing in the 

toxic vapours when the LED 

source is damaged. 

Thermal management 

Similarly as in the case of other 

light sources, the temperature 

significantly affects the performance 

of the LED light source. 

Without any adequate thermal 

management overheating of 

the LED source can develop 

and it reduces its lifespan and 

the risk of its damage is also 

increased. Implementing a suitable 

cooling system we achieve 

Thermal output of Grafias 

maintaining the declared 

lifespan of the LED light source 

and its high efficacy. From this 

point of view the thermal management 

represents the most 

critical factor for the luminaires 

with the LED source. 

y 

0.9 

520 

0.8 

540 

spectral locus 

0.7 

560 

0.6 

500 

580 

0.5 

blackbody 

T radiation 

C 

(K) 4,000 

3,0002,500 

curve 

6,000 

0.4 

600 

2,000 1,500 

10,000 

620 

0.3490 

700 

0.2 

480 

line of purples 

0.1 

470 

460 

theoretical colours 

0.0 

380 

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 

x 

Binning 

During the industrial production 

of LEDs deviations of the key 

parameters arise in the individual 

batches. In the framework of 

one batch the parameters are 

generally the same, but when we 

compare two various batches, 

the LEDs differentiate e.g. in 

colour or the luminous flux. To 

ensure the constant quality of 

light with the same level of luminance 

and colour of the light, it is 

inevitable to sort out every batch 

according to the value of individual 

parameters. This sorting is 

called binning. The main criteria 

taken into account when binning 

are as follows: the luminous flux 

measured in lumens (lm), the correlated 

colour temperature measured 

in Kelvins (K), the forward 

voltage measured in volts (V). 

The LED sources are nowadays 

classified according to the binning 

standard ANSI. This standard 

defines the colour shades of LED 

by the MacAdam ellipses which 

depicts the colour deviation on 

the axis X and Y. The MacAdam 

ellipses shows how the colour of 

the individual LED modules can 

differ. The binning standard ANSI 

recommends for the resulting 

colours to be inside of the ellipse 

on the curve with four threshold 

values. The binning groups of 

the LED sources which show 

minimal differences of the values 

measured will produce the light 

of the same colour. 

ANSI colour codes 

C y 

Fluorescent 

IEC 60081 

Planck 

0.43 

Daylight 

ANSI 2,700 

0.38 

ANSI 3,000 

ANSI 3,500 

ANSI 4,000 

0.33 

ANSI 4,500 

ANSI 5,000 

ANSI 5,700 

0.28 

ANSI 6,500 

0.27 0.32 0.37 0.42 0.47 C x 

The LED sources are mostly classified 

in compliance with the binning 

standard ANSI. ANSI defines the 

colour shades in the space xy of the 

Mac Adam ellipse. According to the 

standard the defined colours should 

be inside of the ellipse on the curve 

with four threshold values. 

PWM control 

The Pulse Width Modulation 

(PWM) represents the most 

effective method how to check 

the intensity of the LED light 

source. The PWM principle is 

based on periodical switching 

on and off of the constant 

current directed to the LED. The 

resulting intensity of the LED 

light source is characterised by 

the ratio between the state of 

switching on and off. The frequency 

of switching on and off 

is adjusted for the human eye 

to perceive the emitted light as 

a continuous luminous flux. Its 

intensity depends on the adjustment 

of the PWM cycle (0 % to 

On 

Power 

50 % Duty-Cycle 

Off 

0 20 40 

Time (miliseconds) 

100 %). The advantage of the 

impulse width modulation is the 

maintaining of the constant correlated 

colour temperature in 

the whole range of dimming. 

70 % Duty-Cycle 

Compared with the conventional light sources the LED light sources reach the 

full luminance immediately. The immediate start of the LED source is a benefit 

from the point of view of safety and comfort. At the same time compared 

to the conventional sources, frequent switching on and off does not make 

any damage to the LED source and does not reduce its lifespan as well. 

On 

Power 

Off 

0 20 40 

Time (miliseconds) 

LED for industry 

132/133


12/13

LUMINOUS FLUX Φ 

BASIC TERMS 

The luminous flux is a physical quantity 

which states how much light in total a 

light source emits to all directions. It is the 

radiant power of the light source assessed 

from the point of view of the human eye 

sensitivity. The luminous flux expresses the 

ability of the radiant flux to cause a visual 

perception. The unit of the luminous flux is 

lumen (lm). 

2,700 K 

4,200 K 

6,500 K 

The correlated colour temperature of the 

light source determines the atmosphere in 

the room. It is defined by the correlated 

colour temperature of the light source 

expressed in kelvins (K). Low temperatures 

create a warm light, the high ones the 

cooler ones. The most used light colours 

are the warm white (below 3,300K), the 

neutral white (3,300 to 5,300 K) and the 

day white colour (over 5,300 K). The warm 

white colour is predominantly used for 

emphasising the red and yellow colour. The 

blue and green colours become apparent 

at higher temperatures. 

CORRElaTED 

COLOUR 

TEMPERATURE 

(CCT) 

LUMINOUS EFFICACY OF THE SOURCE 

EFFICACY η 

The luminous efficacy states with what 

efficiency the electric power is changed 

into the light, i.e. what proportion of the 

luminous flux is produced from the input 

power (W) delivered to the light source. 

The unit is lumen per watt (lm/W). 

LED 

High-pressure sodium lamp 

Metal halide lamp 

Linear fluorescent lamp 

Compact fluorescent lamp 

Mercury vapor lamp 

Low voltage halogen lamp 

Incandescent lamp 

LUMINANCE L 

LUMINOUS 

INTENSITY I 

ILLUMINANCE E 

The luminance is the gloss of the shining 

or illuminated surface as the human eye 

perceives it. The unit is candela per square 

metre (cd/m 2 ). This quantity gives the level 

of the luminous intensity over the specified 

surface area. The luminance of the illuminated 

surface depends in a great extent on 

its reflectance. 

The luminous intensity is a physical quantity 

which states what volume of the luminous 

flux the light source (or luminaire) emits to 

the elementary solid angle in the direction 

evaluated. The unit of the luminous intensity 

is candela (cd). 

Illuminance is a vector quantity which 

states what amount of the luminous flux 

falls to the illuminated surface. The unit of 

the illuminance is lux (lx). 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 

Lumen/Watt (without ballast losses) 

intensity 

distribution 

curve 

CRI 70 

CRI 95 

The properties of light source colour 

rendering are given in the levels of the 

general index of colour rendering – Ra. The 

CRI gives the rate of the congruence of the 

object surface’s real colour illuminated by 

the considered light source under stated 

conditions of comparison. The smaller this 

difference is, the better the property of the 

colour rendering of the given source is. 

The light source with Ra =100 renders all 

colours completely equally as a standard 

light source. The lower the index Ra is, the 

worse the colour rendering is. 

The Light Output Ratio is the ratio of the 

luminous flux coming out of the luminaire 

and the sum of the luminous fluxes from all 

light sources. 

COLOUR 

RENDERING INDEX 

(CRI) 

LIGHT OUTPUT RATIO 

(LOR) 

GLARE 

If too great luminance occurs in the field 

of vision of the eye, its differences or the 

spatial or time contrasts which exceed the 

vision adaptability, the glare arises. During 

the glare the activity of the visual system is 

deteriorated. 

BASIC TERMS 

136/137


12/13

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