Download PDF Catalogue - OMS lighting
Download PDF Catalogue - OMS lighting
Download PDF Catalogue - OMS lighting
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING OUTDOOR WORKPLACE<br />
INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING<br />
OUTDOOR WORKPLACE
PRESENTATION AND RETAIL SHOP, SHOPPING MALL<br />
INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING, OUTDOOR WORKPLACE<br />
OFFICE AND COMMUNICATION<br />
HOTEL AND GASTRO<br />
ARCHITECTURE, FACADE, CITY MARKETING AND VISUAL PRESENTATion<br />
ROAD, PATH AND SQUARE<br />
HOUSE, FLAT AND LIVING AREA<br />
EDUCATION AND SCIENCE<br />
HEALTH AND CARE<br />
SPORT, LEISURE AND WELLNESS
HEAD OFFICE<br />
<strong>OMS</strong>, spol. s r. o.<br />
906 02 Dojč 419<br />
Slovakia<br />
Tel.: +421(0)34/694 0811, 694 0877<br />
Fax: +421(0)34/694 0888<br />
e-mail: info@oms.sk<br />
www.oms<strong>lighting</strong>.com<br />
www.omselite.com<br />
“When Thomas Edison worked late into the night on the electric light, he<br />
had to do it by gas lamp or candle. I’m sure it made the work seem that<br />
much more urgent.”<br />
George Carlin<br />
Luckily the times when the craftsmen were slouching over their makes in the<br />
twinkling flame of a candle or a paraffin lamp belong to the past. The invention<br />
of the artificial light in 1789 meant a breakthrough in the area of technology<br />
and made the “light” an accessible product independently of the season<br />
of the year and the hour of the day. Together with other inventions from the<br />
second half of the 18th century the light played one of the supporting roles<br />
of industrialisation.<br />
When the artificial light ceased to be luxurious goods it found its way also to<br />
the factories thanks to the massive electrification where thanks to the multishift<br />
operation a boom of the industrial manufacturing literally arose. The<br />
need for permanent searching for more economical solutions motivated the<br />
scientists and inventors to develop better and better and more sophisticated<br />
methods how to produce and spread the artificial light. After some time the<br />
halogen lamps and later fluorescent lamps began to compete with the bulbs<br />
and finally in 1962 also the predecessors of the LED diodes which currently<br />
represent the most effective and most economical type of the light source.<br />
Together with the development of the light technologies the interest of the<br />
scientists in the influence of the light on the human organism was also increasing.<br />
The long-year investigations led to a quantity of interesting findings<br />
which more and more frequently find an effective application in practice. The<br />
fact that people spend up to 80 % of their productive life at work increases<br />
the importance of the appropriate and biologically efficient <strong>lighting</strong> at the<br />
workplace. In the manufacturing sphere and all lines of business a correctly<br />
designed <strong>lighting</strong> system can positively affect the performance efficiency and<br />
concentration of the employees in all working shifts, minimise the occurrence<br />
of failures and the risks of injuries.<br />
INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING<br />
OUTDOOR WORKPLACE<br />
2/3
CONTENT<br />
LIGHT AND HUMAN 8<br />
ergonomics 10<br />
Colour rendering index (CRI) 12<br />
Glare prevention 14<br />
Illumination level 16<br />
Lighting uniformity 18<br />
Harmonious distribution of brightness 20<br />
emOTion 24<br />
Biological factor of illumination 25<br />
Availability of daylight 25<br />
Bluelight content 26<br />
Daylight simulation 28<br />
Illumination of room surfaces 30<br />
ECOLOGY 32<br />
Latest lamp technology 34<br />
System efficacy of luminaire 36<br />
Thermal output of lamp 37<br />
Dangerous material content 38<br />
Product lifetime and maintenance costs 38<br />
EFFICIENCY 40<br />
Automatic <strong>lighting</strong> management system 42<br />
Daylight sensor 42<br />
Constant illuminance sensor 46<br />
Presence detector 48<br />
Combined <strong>lighting</strong> management system 52<br />
Calling of <strong>lighting</strong> scenes 54<br />
<strong>OMS</strong> Lighting control 56<br />
DALI 57<br />
EspriT 58<br />
EXCEPTIONALITY 60<br />
LIGHTing in THe INDUSTRY 64<br />
indoor workplaces 68<br />
Heavy industry 68<br />
Metal working and processing 70<br />
Mechanical and plant engineering 72<br />
Automotive engineering 76<br />
Automobile workshop 78<br />
Warehouse 80<br />
Plastics industry 86<br />
Woodworking and processing 88<br />
Electrical and electronic industry 90<br />
Printing 92<br />
Cleanroom 94<br />
Foodstaffs industry 96<br />
Butchery 98<br />
Bakery 100<br />
Chemical industry 102<br />
Underground parking 104<br />
Emergency and safety <strong>lighting</strong> 106<br />
OUTdoor workplaces 110<br />
Petrochemical and power industry 112<br />
Storage and logistics 114<br />
Construction sites 116<br />
Canal, lock, port, shipyard and dock 118<br />
Exterior illumination and parking area 120<br />
Special requeSTS for LUminaireS<br />
used in inDUSTRY 124<br />
SELECTING THE RIGHT LIGHT SOURCE 128<br />
LED for INDUSTRY 130<br />
BASIC TERMS 136<br />
PRODUCTS 140<br />
CONTENT<br />
4/5
LIGHT AND HUman<br />
New order in <strong>lighting</strong> world<br />
When designing the <strong>lighting</strong> system of the industrial space the <strong>lighting</strong> designer<br />
has to take into account, besides the legal standards, also other parameters which<br />
are no less important and affect the quality of the <strong>lighting</strong> solution of the whole<br />
industrial building. Until recently, the summary of these criteria has represented a<br />
chaotic system that has not offered any sufficient overview to the customer. The<br />
six-point assessment system of the <strong>lighting</strong> quality – Lighting Quality Standard<br />
developed by the company <strong>OMS</strong>, spol. s r.o., brings a new order to the chaotic<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> world.<br />
Living by rules is important.<br />
Respecting laws is relevant as well. The ancient conflict of<br />
our world is driven by patterns and order; otherwise we<br />
become adrift by chaos that is present in our civilisation to<br />
these days. Whether the former or the latter concept is the<br />
right one, is an eternal question. One thing is certain: we in<br />
<strong>OMS</strong> love the order much more than chaos. That is why we<br />
have created a brand new <strong>lighting</strong> quality standard to help<br />
the customers, buyers and competitors better understand<br />
and evaluate <strong>lighting</strong> devices and solutions.<br />
Until now there was no unifying system used in the world of <strong>lighting</strong><br />
for evaluation of eiher light fixtures or <strong>lighting</strong> solutions, and<br />
every producer has got its own way for that. Consumers get lost<br />
in the vast array of criteria used, and comparing neither products<br />
nor solution was an option. <strong>OMS</strong> brings order to this chaos. We<br />
are prepared to help the LQS become a unified standard used<br />
by the whole <strong>lighting</strong> sector. No overstatement, the LQS is an<br />
important step to the new level. Not just for our company, but for<br />
the branch and the giant world of <strong>lighting</strong>.<br />
We have chosen more than twenty objectively quantifiable criteria<br />
and we are using them to evaluate both individual light fixtures<br />
and complete <strong>lighting</strong> solutions for different types of spaces. Each<br />
criterion has got its value and the result is the LQS Index. The<br />
higher the index is, the better the <strong>lighting</strong> device or solution is for<br />
use in a given space. Simple and intuitive approach to the agenda<br />
is exemplified by the LQS Composer, a unique tool to evaluate<br />
each and every <strong>lighting</strong> product.<br />
There is a six-part program behind the acronym LQS.<br />
The chapters are named Ergonomics, EMOTion, Ecology,<br />
Efficiency, Esprit and Exceptionality, or just 6 E’s.<br />
If you imagine a house, the first four chapters are strong pillars<br />
representing criteria that are well-known in the world of <strong>lighting</strong>.<br />
The remaining two are the roof, a powerful superstructure on the<br />
top of these pillars. Together, they create an inseparable complex,<br />
because the parts of the whole cannot be perceived independently,<br />
but only in their context. That is the basic philosophy of<br />
the LQS. Immerse in the 6 E’s and conceive the idea of living in a<br />
place where rules are crystal clear.<br />
ERGONOMICS<br />
Examine the impact of light on the<br />
human eye.<br />
The ability of a light source to reproduce<br />
colours of various objects realistically in<br />
comparison with ideal or natural light is<br />
the master rule in the world of <strong>lighting</strong>.<br />
EMOTION<br />
Uncover the influence of light on human<br />
emotions.<br />
Strong scientific evidence proves the effect<br />
on mood and perception through features<br />
such as colour mixing, biologically effective<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> or illumination of room surfaces.<br />
Ecology<br />
Control energy consumption and<br />
environmental impact of light usage.<br />
The ratio of energy converted to light is the<br />
measure of light source’s efficacy. This can<br />
be used for increasing product‘s life while<br />
reducing maintenance costs.<br />
THE KEY<br />
IS<br />
6 E<br />
EFFICIENCy<br />
Take the advantage of innovation in<br />
management and control of <strong>lighting</strong>.<br />
There is a lot of possibilities to choose<br />
the right interface for a desired effect of<br />
illumination. The decision should be made<br />
according to the type of space that is to<br />
be lit.<br />
esprit<br />
Realise that appearence matters and<br />
feels not ashamed when considering<br />
the design of luminaries.<br />
An object’s form of excellent aesthetic<br />
value becomes an important part<br />
of interior design in an architect’s<br />
perspective.<br />
ExcepTIONAlity<br />
Consider every customer as a unique<br />
individual.<br />
A customised solution adds more value and<br />
comfort. Trustworthy partners prepared for<br />
an unstable future of the market and the<br />
economic system‘s changes are a necessity<br />
in the world of <strong>lighting</strong>.<br />
LIGHT AND HUMAN 8/9
ERGONOMICS<br />
Ergonomics examines the impact of light<br />
on the human eye.<br />
By adequate <strong>lighting</strong> we are able to reduce the undesirable glare, to improve<br />
performance efficiency and ability to concentrate, to prevent sight damage as<br />
well as stressful and dangerous situations. Nowadays nowhere else respecting the<br />
ergonomic standards appears as important as at the workplace.<br />
Knowing the principles of ergonomics the <strong>lighting</strong> designer –<br />
by planning the <strong>lighting</strong> solution - can make a choise of the<br />
right <strong>lighting</strong> fixture and light source and their distribution in<br />
related space.<br />
PRESTIGE LED 151<br />
The basic quantities which are taken into account by the ergonomics<br />
when creating optimal <strong>lighting</strong> conditions are – the colour<br />
rendering index (CRI), glare prevention, illumination level of the<br />
task area and surrounding of task area, <strong>lighting</strong> uniformity and<br />
harmonious distribution of brightness.<br />
ERGONOMICS<br />
10/11
From the practical point of view the colour rendering<br />
index is one of the most important aspects when selecting<br />
the light source.<br />
COLOUR<br />
RENDERING INDEX<br />
Correct perception of colours<br />
plays in many industry segments<br />
a decisive part. To<br />
provide an adeguate colour<br />
rendering is therefore one of<br />
the key tasks for a <strong>lighting</strong><br />
designer when planning the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system.<br />
The influence of the artificial<br />
light source on the appearance<br />
of the colour objects is expressed<br />
by the colour rendering<br />
index (CRI) which indicates how<br />
truthfully the individual light<br />
sources are able to copy the<br />
object’s colouring compared<br />
with daylight. The CRI value of<br />
the light source is expressed by<br />
the average of the first eight<br />
factors R1 – R8 out of fifteen<br />
colour samples illuminated at<br />
first under a reference light<br />
source with an ideal value<br />
(CRI = 100) and under the light<br />
source being tested. The larger<br />
the difference of the truthfulness<br />
of colour reproduction is,<br />
the lower the CRI value of the<br />
tested light source is and thus,<br />
also its ability to display the<br />
object’s colouring truthfully.<br />
From the practical point of<br />
view the colour rendering index<br />
is one of the most important<br />
aspects when selecting the<br />
light source. The European<br />
standard EN 12464-1 requires<br />
light sources with the colour<br />
rendering index of minimally 80<br />
for a common workplaces, for a<br />
workplaces where the right assessment<br />
of colours is essential<br />
(e.g. colour inspection in chemical,<br />
plastics, automotive, food<br />
industry or in multicoloured<br />
printing, jewellery manufacturing,<br />
painting and touch-up of<br />
vehicles, some wood working<br />
activities) the standard requires<br />
to use light sources with at least<br />
CRI 90.<br />
From the point of view of LQS<br />
the highest ranking is assigned<br />
to the light sources with CRI 90<br />
and more.<br />
For the multicolour printing process<br />
and the inspection operations it is<br />
necessary to use the light sources<br />
with the colour rendering index<br />
CRI ≥ 90 for correct distinguishing of<br />
colours.<br />
TORNADO PC 147<br />
LQS VALUE<br />
Colour rendering index<br />
(CRI)<br />
CRI LQS Value<br />
>90 5<br />
80-90 4<br />
70-80 3<br />
60-70 2<br />
40-60 1<br />
20-40 0<br />
Comparison of colour rendering<br />
indices – CRI. Up CRI 70. Down CRI<br />
93<br />
COLOUR RENDERING INDEX<br />
12/13
LQS VALUE<br />
Glare prevention<br />
Glare prevention LQS Value<br />
URG
The modern <strong>lighting</strong> solutions are based on the research results showing<br />
that natural light is the decisive factor for the well‐being of every<br />
individual. This is the reason why the designers attempt to get as close as<br />
possible to its properties including illumination level.<br />
ILLUMINATION LEVEL<br />
The minimum values of illumination<br />
level for production areas<br />
are defined by the standard.<br />
Scientific researches and<br />
our practical experience are<br />
prooving, that adequate<br />
illumination level influences in<br />
positive way the performance<br />
of the employees, their ability<br />
to concentrate, decreases the<br />
mistake rate and the risk of<br />
injuries.<br />
To define minimum values of<br />
illumination level the standard<br />
EN 12464-1 distincts between<br />
the task area, where visual tasks<br />
are carried out, the sourrounding<br />
area – which immediately<br />
surrounds it, and the background,<br />
at least 3 m wide band<br />
adjacent to the immediate<br />
surrounding area. The decision<br />
what kind of <strong>lighting</strong> system<br />
should be installed depends on<br />
the visual task performed at the<br />
workplace.<br />
visibility of the working tool´s<br />
spike or pen’s nib is ensured.<br />
Such a direction of the luminous<br />
flux is determined for the<br />
right-handers; the left-handers<br />
are often disadvantaged in this<br />
case. However, currently there<br />
are <strong>lighting</strong> solutions which enable<br />
adjusting the luminous flux<br />
to create the same conditions<br />
also for the left-handers.<br />
The insufficient or erroneous<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> of the production area<br />
can have a negative impact not<br />
only on the quality of employees´<br />
activities or quality of their<br />
performance, but also on their<br />
state of health and mind. The<br />
modern <strong>lighting</strong> solutions are<br />
based on the research results<br />
showing that natural light is<br />
the decisive factor for the wellbeing<br />
of every individual. This<br />
is the reason why the designers<br />
attempt to get as close as possible<br />
to its properties.<br />
Task Area<br />
From the point of view of<br />
demands on the illumination<br />
of the industrial and production<br />
area, it is the desk or the<br />
task area that plays the most<br />
important role. The European<br />
standard EN 12464-1 states the<br />
value of minimally 50 lux for<br />
the common working activities<br />
and automatic processing<br />
(drying, remote-operated<br />
processing installations, fuel<br />
supply plant) and tightens<br />
the requirements on the illumination<br />
level to the value<br />
of 1,500 lux for those task<br />
areas where time-demanding<br />
tasks, tasks requiring precision,<br />
productivity, concentration are<br />
carried out or where the visual<br />
capability of the employee is<br />
reduced (quality control, colour<br />
inspection, painting, manufacturing<br />
precious stones). To<br />
provide adequate values of<br />
illumination level of task area<br />
and to achieve constant <strong>lighting</strong><br />
conditions supplementary luminaires<br />
like workplace luminaires<br />
and machine luminaires can be<br />
installed.<br />
From the point of view of safety<br />
it is also necessary to prevent<br />
the rise of the stroboscopic effect<br />
when the artificial <strong>lighting</strong><br />
is on at the workplace. The<br />
stroboscopic effect represents<br />
an extreme danger, specially<br />
when working with the rotational<br />
tools because when the<br />
frequency and the rotational<br />
speed are the same an impression<br />
can arise, that the tool is<br />
off and it can cause hard injury<br />
to the user. The stroboscopic effect<br />
can be avoided by installing<br />
the LED luminaires or high-frequency<br />
control gears emitting<br />
the light with a frequency that<br />
the human eye cannot notice<br />
and therefore it perceives it as<br />
constantly continuous.<br />
Surrounding area<br />
The correct illumination of<br />
surrounding area (band with a<br />
width of at least 0.5 m around<br />
the task area within the visual<br />
field) and the background (at<br />
least 3 m wide adjacent to the<br />
immediate surrounding area<br />
within the limits of the space)<br />
is an important factor in the<br />
industry areas. Their correct illumination<br />
can prevent problems<br />
with perceiving the objects, it<br />
can minimise the damage of the<br />
sense of sight, developing stress<br />
and strain.<br />
Illuminance<br />
on the task area E task<br />
lux<br />
The illuminance of the<br />
surrounding area and the<br />
background is connected with<br />
the illuminance of the task area<br />
and is to ensure a harmonious<br />
distribution of brightness in the<br />
field of vision. The standard<br />
EN 12464-1 states that the<br />
illuminance of the immediate<br />
surrounding area may be lower<br />
than the illuminance on the task<br />
area but shall be not less then<br />
the values given in table below.<br />
LQS assigns the spaces meeting<br />
requirements of the standard 5<br />
points; those failing to fulfil the<br />
illumination value level 0 points.<br />
Illuminance<br />
on immediate surrounding areas<br />
lux<br />
≥ 750 500<br />
500 300<br />
300 200<br />
200 150<br />
150 E task<br />
100 E task<br />
≤ 50<br />
E task<br />
RELAX XTP ip65 149<br />
LED<br />
LQS VALUE<br />
Illumination level<br />
(task area)<br />
Illumination level<br />
(task area)<br />
LQS Value<br />
If the exact organisation of the<br />
facility is unknown at the time,<br />
when the <strong>lighting</strong> system is<br />
designed, the illumination level<br />
in whole area should respond<br />
to the normative requirements<br />
for the task area. At workstations<br />
where employees are performing<br />
activities requiring accuracy,<br />
where sharp objects are used<br />
(e.g. drilling, grinding), or where<br />
activities include writing or<br />
drawing, the optimal solution is<br />
considered when the luminaire<br />
is placed towards the working<br />
surface slightly from the left<br />
of the employee’s view. When<br />
the situation is solved like this<br />
the employees do not cast a<br />
shadow upon the desk when<br />
they are working and also good<br />
Space for turning and measuring<br />
moderately fine parts presenting<br />
vertical and horizontal visual tasks<br />
Place for studying drawings on<br />
vertical surfaces<br />
Place for checking workpiece<br />
measurements and depositing tools<br />
presenting horizontal visual tasks<br />
Immediate surrounding area (band<br />
with a width of at least 0.5 m<br />
around the task area within the<br />
visual field)<br />
Single industrial workplace<br />
Various industrial workplaces require different <strong>lighting</strong> solutions for individual<br />
visual tasks. These must be defined individually in terms of location and<br />
intensity of illumination. The individual tasks may be combined and<br />
performed in the same working area.<br />
Relationship of illuminances on immediate surrounding to the illuminance on<br />
the task area.<br />
The optimal solution is considered when the luminaire is placed towards<br />
the working surface slightly from the left of the employee’s view. When the<br />
situation is solved like this the employees do not cast a shadow upon the<br />
desk when they are working and also good visibility of the working tool´s<br />
spike or pen’s nib is ensured.<br />
LQS VALUE<br />
Illumination level<br />
(surrounding area)<br />
Illumination level<br />
(surrounding area)<br />
LQS Value<br />
Yes 5<br />
Yes 5<br />
No 0<br />
No 0<br />
Illumination level<br />
16/17
Big differences in the illumination rate create the<br />
impression of a broken space and increase demands on<br />
the adaptation capability of the human eye.<br />
LIGHTING<br />
UNIFORMITY<br />
The uniform illumination<br />
affects our ability to perceive<br />
the surrounding area and to<br />
orient ourselves inside of it.<br />
We perceive a uniformly illuminated<br />
space as a consistent<br />
one.<br />
An optimal state can be<br />
achieved by selecting an appropriate<br />
type and number of<br />
luminaires and their correct<br />
distribution. From the point<br />
of view of type of luminaires<br />
the direct and indirect <strong>lighting</strong><br />
fixtures with a wide luminous<br />
intensity curve seem to be the<br />
most suitable.<br />
indirect XTp 150<br />
ip 54<br />
From this point of view the<br />
ergonomic quantity - <strong>lighting</strong><br />
uniformity – is a matter<br />
of considerable importance in<br />
industrial and production areas.<br />
Big differences in the illumination<br />
rate create the impression<br />
of a broken space and increase<br />
demands on the adaptation<br />
capability of the human eye.<br />
The <strong>lighting</strong> uniformity index<br />
is adapted by the European<br />
standard EN 12464-1 which, as<br />
in the case of the illumination<br />
level, places heavier demands<br />
on workplaces requiring precision<br />
(e.g. drawing, grinding,<br />
decorating). For these ones it<br />
states the index with a minimal<br />
value of 0.7.<br />
The <strong>lighting</strong> uniformity is<br />
expressed as a ratio of the minimal<br />
and average illuminance<br />
of the space assessed. The<br />
closer their values are, the more<br />
uniform the illuminance of the<br />
space is.<br />
From the point of view of LQS,<br />
the optimal <strong>lighting</strong> solution<br />
meeting the standard is<br />
assessed by 5 points, those<br />
failing to fulfil requirements by<br />
0 points.<br />
90<br />
90<br />
LQS VALUE<br />
75<br />
75<br />
100<br />
60<br />
150<br />
60<br />
200<br />
45<br />
250<br />
45<br />
cd/klm<br />
30 15 0 15 30<br />
C0.0-C180.0 C90.0-C270.0<br />
Lighting uniformity<br />
Lighting<br />
uniformity<br />
LQS Value<br />
Yes 5<br />
No 0<br />
Luminous intensity curve of<br />
INDIRECT XTP C L2 FSD 2x36W<br />
A specialised software dialux enables<br />
a simulation of the <strong>lighting</strong> uniformity<br />
of the space already during the<br />
design phase of the <strong>lighting</strong> system.<br />
The luminous intensity curve gives the<br />
designer a hint about the resulting<br />
effect.<br />
The customer acquires the<br />
visualisation of the room space<br />
including the definitions of the<br />
material surfaces and parts of the<br />
interior as well.<br />
Lighting uniformity<br />
18/19
In industrial spaces the requirements of harmonious distribution<br />
of brightness are particularly relative to areas where visual<br />
quality control is performed, in laboratories, on workplaces with<br />
VDU or in the offices.<br />
LQS VALUE<br />
Harmonious<br />
distribution<br />
of brightnees<br />
(contrast)<br />
Em(wall)>150 lux<br />
with Uo>0.3<br />
Em(ceiling>75 lux<br />
with Uo>0.3<br />
Em(wall)>75 lux<br />
with Uo>0.3<br />
Em(ceiling>50 lux<br />
with Uo>0.3<br />
Em(wall)>75 lux<br />
with Uo>0.1<br />
Em(ceiling>50 lux<br />
with Uo>0.1<br />
Em(wall)>50 lux<br />
with Uo>0.1<br />
Em(ceiling>30 lux<br />
with Uo>0.1<br />
Em(wall)>30 lux<br />
with Uo>0.1<br />
Em(ceiling>10 lux<br />
with Uo>0.1<br />
Em(wall)0.1<br />
Em(ceiling0.1<br />
Harmonious<br />
distribution<br />
of brightness<br />
LQS<br />
Value<br />
5<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
HARMONIOUS<br />
DISTRIBUTION<br />
OF BRIGHTNESS<br />
People acquire up to 80 %<br />
of information through their<br />
sense of vision therefore<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> is the key factor for<br />
a correct visual perception in<br />
all industrial and production<br />
areas.<br />
Luminance is the only quantity<br />
to which the human eye<br />
responds and therefore its<br />
harmonious distribution is the<br />
key task for a <strong>lighting</strong> designer<br />
when planning the illumination<br />
in every type of industrial space.<br />
Harmonious distribution of<br />
brightness affects sharpness of<br />
vision and enables the human<br />
eye to perceive the contrast.<br />
Unequal distribution of brightness<br />
places increased demands<br />
on the adaptation ability of the<br />
human eye, the low contrast<br />
reduces the visual stimulation,<br />
causes eye fatigue and in this<br />
way it affects the performance<br />
efficiency of the employees at<br />
the workplace. Excessive brightness<br />
in the space causes an<br />
undesirable glare.<br />
In industrial spaces the<br />
requirements of harmonious<br />
distribution of brightness are<br />
particularly relative to areas<br />
where visual quality control is<br />
performed, in laboratories, on<br />
workplaces with VDU or in the<br />
offices. To achieve an optimal<br />
distribution of brightness in<br />
the space means to begin with<br />
a correct organisation of the<br />
interior and its design. The<br />
types of the material and colour<br />
used are decisive. In general, it<br />
is recommended to use brighter<br />
colours because dark walls, ceilings<br />
as well as furniture have,<br />
in comparison to the brighter<br />
materials, a lower reflectance<br />
and therefore they can cause<br />
depressive feelings. An appropriate<br />
selection of the luminaire<br />
(ceiling or suspension <strong>lighting</strong><br />
fixtures with direct distribution<br />
of the luminous flux) and their<br />
correct deployment are a key<br />
factor for the harmonious distribution<br />
of brightness.<br />
The values of adequate harmonious<br />
distribution of brightness<br />
are defined by the european<br />
standard EN 12464-1. The<br />
standard recommends for the<br />
major interior diffusely reflecting<br />
surfaces following values:<br />
ceiling 0.7 to 0.9, walls 0.5 to<br />
0.8, floor 0.2 to 0.4. According<br />
to the same standard, the<br />
reflectance of major objects<br />
(e.g. machinery) should be in<br />
the range of 0.2 to 0.7.<br />
The european standard<br />
EN 12464-1 sets further values<br />
of the maintained illuminences<br />
on the major surfaces in small<br />
industrial spaces, such as laboratories,<br />
small rooms or offices,<br />
For the maintained illuminance<br />
of walls are stipuleted values of<br />
50 lux with uniformity ≥ 0.10,<br />
for ceiling 30 lux with uniformity<br />
≥ 0.10. In common spaces<br />
(e.g. corridors and staircase) the<br />
stipulated value for maintained<br />
illuminance for walls is 75 lux<br />
with uniformity ≥ 0.10, for<br />
ceiling 50 lux with uniformity of<br />
≥ 0.10.<br />
LQS awards 0 to 5 points based<br />
on illuminance level and its<br />
uniformity on room surfaces.<br />
The harmonious distribution of brightness in a space can be influenced by a selection of luminaires. By using luminaires with direct distribution of the luminous<br />
flux (Figure 1-3) we don't achieve sufficient illuminance of vertical surfaces, which causes a cave effect. It can be avoided by using luminaires with a<br />
very wide luminosity curve. (Fig. 4).<br />
RELAX XTP ip65 149<br />
LED<br />
HARMONIOUS DISTRIBUTION OF BRIGHTNESS<br />
20/21
Lighting requirements for iNDUSTRY areas, tasks and activities EN 12464-1 ANd EN 12464-2<br />
Type of indoor, task or activity Em[lux] UGR L<br />
U 0<br />
CRI<br />
Type of indoor, task or activity Em[lux] UGR L<br />
U 0<br />
CRI<br />
Type of indoor, task or activity Em[lux] UGR L<br />
U 0<br />
CRI<br />
Type of outdoor, task or activity Em[lux] GR L<br />
U 0<br />
CRI<br />
Heavy industry<br />
Gangways: unmanned 20 – 0.40 40<br />
Printing<br />
Filling and emptying of container trucks and wagons with 100 45 0.40 40<br />
Production plants without manual operation 50 – 0.40 20<br />
(Illuminance at floor level)<br />
Cutting, gilding, embossing, block engraving, 500 19 0.60 80<br />
dangerous substances, replacements of pump packing,<br />
(Safety colours shall be recognisable)<br />
Gangways: manned 150 22 0.40 60<br />
work on stones and platens, printing machines, matrix making<br />
general service work, reading of instruments<br />
Production plants with occasional manual operation 150 28 0.40 40<br />
(Illuminance at floor level)<br />
Paper sorting and hand printing 500 19 0.60 80<br />
Fuel loading and unloading sites 100 45 0.40 20<br />
Production plants with continuous manual operation 200 25 0.60 80<br />
Control stations 150 22 0.60 80<br />
Type setting, retouching, lithography 1,000 19 0.70 80<br />
Repair of machines and electric devices 200 45 0.50 60<br />
Slab Store 50 – 0.40 20<br />
Storage rack face Ev [lux]= 200 – 0.40 60<br />
Colour inspection in multicoloured printing 1,500 16 0.70 90<br />
(Use local <strong>lighting</strong>)<br />
(Safety colours shall be recognisable)<br />
(Vertical illuminance, portable <strong>lighting</strong> may be used)<br />
(5,000 K ≤ T CP<br />
≤ 6,500 K)<br />
Storage and logistics<br />
Furnaces 200 25 0.40 20<br />
Plastics industry<br />
Steel and copper engraving 2,000 16 0.70 80<br />
Short term handling of large units and raw materials, loading 20 55 0.25 20<br />
(Safety colours shall be recognisable)<br />
Chemical industry<br />
Foodstuffs industry<br />
and unloading of solid bulk goods<br />
Mill train; coiler; shear line 300 25 0.60 40<br />
Remote-operated processing installations 50 – 0.40 20<br />
Butchery<br />
Continuos handling of large units and raw materials, 50 50 0.40 20<br />
Control platforms; control panels 300 22 0.60 80<br />
(Safety colours shall be recognisable)<br />
Work stations and zones in: 200 25 0.40 80<br />
loading and unloading of freight, lifting and descending<br />
Test, measurement and inspection 500 22 0.60 80<br />
Processing installations with limited manual intervention 150 28 0.40 40<br />
- breweries, malting floor,<br />
location for cranes, open loading platforms<br />
Underfloor man-sized tunnels; belt sections, cellars, etc. 50 – 0.40 20<br />
Constantly manned work stations in processing installations 300 25 0.60 80<br />
- for washing, barrel filling, cleaning, sieving, peeling,<br />
Reading of addresses, covered loading platforms, use of tools, 100 45 0.50 20<br />
(Safety colours shall be recognisable)<br />
Precision measuring rooms, laboratories 500 19 0.60 80<br />
- cooking in preserve and chocolate factories,<br />
ordinary reinforcements and casting tasks in concrete plants<br />
Metal working and processing<br />
Pharmaceutical production 500 22 0.60 80<br />
- work stations and zones in sugar factories,<br />
Demanding electrical, machine and piping installations, inspection 200 45 0.50 60<br />
Mechanical and plant engineering<br />
Tyre production 500 22 0.60 80<br />
- for drying and fermenting raw tobacco, fermentation cellar<br />
(Use local <strong>lighting</strong>)<br />
Open die forging 200 25 0.60 80<br />
Colour inspection 1,000 16 0.70 90<br />
Sorting and washing of products, milling, mixing, packing 300 25 0.60 80<br />
Construction sites<br />
Drop forging 300 25 0.60 80<br />
(4,000 K ≤ T CP<br />
≤ 6,500 K)<br />
Work stations and critical zones in slaughter houses, 500 25 0.60 80<br />
Clearance, excavation and loading 20 55 0.25 20<br />
Welding 300 25 0.60 80<br />
Cutting, finishing, inspection 750 19 0.70 80<br />
butchers, dairies mills, on filtering floor in sugar refineries<br />
Construction areas, drain pipes mounting, transport, 50 50 0.40 20<br />
Rough and average machining: tolerances ≥ 0.1 mm 300 22 0.60 80<br />
Woodworking and processing<br />
Cutting and sorting of fruit and vegetables 300 25 0.60 80<br />
auxiliary and storage tasks<br />
Precision machining; grinding: tolerances < 0.1 mm 500 19 0.70 80<br />
Automatic processing e.g. drying, plywood manufacturing 50 28 0.40 40<br />
Manufacture of delicatessen foods, kitchen work, 500 22 0.60 80<br />
Framework element mounting, light reinforcement work, 100 45 0.40 40<br />
Scribing; inspection 750 19 0.70 80<br />
Steam pits 150 28 0.40 40<br />
manufacture of cigars and cigarettes<br />
wooden mould and framework mounting, electric piping and cabling<br />
Wire and pipe drawing shops; cold forming 300 25 0.60 80<br />
Saw frame 300 25 0.60 60<br />
Inspection of glasses and bottles, product control, trimming, 500 22 0.60 80<br />
Element jointing, demanding electrical, machine and pipe mountings 200 45 0.50 40<br />
Plate machining: thickness ≥ 5 mm 200 25 0.60 80<br />
(Prevent stroboscopic effects)<br />
sorting, decoration<br />
Canal, lock, port, shipyard and dock<br />
Sheet metalwork: thickness < 5 mm 300 22 0.60 80<br />
Work at joiner’s bench, gluing, assembly 300 25 0.60 80<br />
Laboratories 500 19 0.60 80<br />
Waiting quays at canals and locks 10 50 0.25 20<br />
Tool making; cutting equipment manufacture 750 19 0.70 80<br />
Polishing, painting, fancy joinery 750 22 0.70 80<br />
Colour inspection 1,000 16 0.70 90<br />
Gangways and passages exclusively for pedestrians 10 50 0.25 20<br />
Assembly:<br />
Work on wood working machines, e.g. turning, fluting, 500 19 0.60 80<br />
(4,000 K ≤ T CP<br />
≤ 6,500 K)<br />
Lock control and ballasting areas 20 55 0.25 20<br />
- rough 200 25 0.60 80<br />
dressing, rebating, grooving, cutting, sawing, sinking<br />
Bakery<br />
Cargo handling, loading and unloading 30 55 0.25 20<br />
- medium 300 25 0.60 80<br />
(Prevent stroboscopic effects)<br />
Preparation and baking 300 22 0.60 80<br />
(For reading labels: Em = 50 lux)<br />
- fine 500 22 0.60 80<br />
Selection of veneer woods 750 22 0.70 90<br />
Finishing, glazing, decorating 500 22 0.70 80<br />
Passenger areas in passenger harbours 50 50 0.40 20<br />
- precision 750 19 0.70 80<br />
(4,000 K ≤ T CP<br />
≤ 6,500 K)<br />
Coupling of hoses, pipes and ropes 50 50 0.40 20<br />
Galvanising 300 25 0.60 80<br />
Intarsia, inlay work 750 22 0.70 90<br />
Dangerous part of walkways and driveways 50 45 0.40 20<br />
Surface preparation and painting 750 25 0.70 80<br />
(4,000 K ≤ T CP<br />
≤ 6,500 K)<br />
General <strong>lighting</strong> of shipyard area, storage areas 20 55 0.25 40<br />
Tool, template and jig making, precision mechanics, 1,000 19 0.70 80<br />
Quality control, inspection 1,000 19 0.70 90<br />
for prefabricated goods.<br />
micro-mechanics<br />
(4,000 K ≤ T CP<br />
≤ 6,500 K)<br />
Type of outdoor, task or activity Em[lux] GR L<br />
U 0<br />
CRI<br />
Short term handling of large units 20 55 0.25 20<br />
Automotive engineering<br />
Electrical and electronic industry<br />
Petrochemical and power industry<br />
Cleaning of ship hull 50 50 0.25 20<br />
Automobile workshops<br />
Cable and wire manufacture 300 25 0.60 80<br />
Pedestrian movements within electically safe areas 5 50 0.25 20<br />
Painting and welding of ship hull 100 45 0.40 60<br />
Body work and assembly 500 22 0.60 80<br />
Winding:<br />
Handling of servicing tools, coal 20 55 0.25 20<br />
Mounting of electrical and mechanical components 200 45 0.50 60<br />
Painting, spraying chamber, polishing chamber 750 22 0.70 80<br />
- large coils 300 25 0.60 80<br />
Overall inspection 50 50 0.40 20<br />
Painting: touch-up, inspection 1,000 19 0.70 90<br />
- medium-sized coils 500 22 0.60 80<br />
General servicing work and reading of instruments 100 45 0.40 40<br />
(4,000 K ≤ T CP<br />
≤ 6,500 K)<br />
- small coils 750 19 0.70 80<br />
Wind tunnels: servicing and maintanance 100 45 0.40 40<br />
Em = average illuminance in lux (maintained value)<br />
Upholstery manufacture (manned) 1,000 19 0.70 80<br />
Coil impregnating 300 25 0.60 80<br />
Repair of electric devices 200 45 0.50 60<br />
Ev = average vertical illuminance in lux (maintained value)<br />
Final inspection 1,000 19 0.70 80<br />
Galvanising 300 25 0.60 80<br />
(Use local <strong>lighting</strong>)<br />
UGR L<br />
= UGR unified glare rating limit (upper limit of glare)<br />
General vehicle services, repair and testing 300 22 0.60 80<br />
Assembly work:<br />
Handling of servicing tools, utilisation of manually regulated 20 55 0.25 20<br />
GR L<br />
= glare rating limit (upper limit of glare)<br />
(Consider local <strong>lighting</strong>)<br />
- rough, e.g. large transformers 300 25 0.60 80<br />
valves, starting and stopping motors, <strong>lighting</strong> of burners<br />
T CP<br />
= correlated colour temperature<br />
Warehouse<br />
- medium, e.g. switchboards 500 22 0.60 80<br />
Filling and emptying of container trucks and wagons 50 50 0.40 20<br />
U 0<br />
= uniformity<br />
Store and stockrooms 100 25 0.40 60<br />
- fine, e.g. telephones, radios, IT equipment (computers) 750 19 0.70 80<br />
with risk free substances, inspection of leakage, piping and packing<br />
CRI = colour rendering index of lamps<br />
(200 lux if continuously occupied)<br />
- precision, e.g. measuring equipment, printed circuit boards 1,000 16 0.70 80<br />
Dispatch packing handling areas 300 25 0.60 60<br />
Electronic workshops, testing, adjusting 1,500 16 0.70 80<br />
Lighting requirements for inDUSTRY areas, tasks and activities EN 12464-1 AND EN 12464-2<br />
22/23
EMOTIon<br />
The light is able to substantially affect the ability of people to perceive, to change<br />
their mood, to arouse a feeling of visual and psychological well-being and to regulate<br />
the human circadian rhythm. This knowledge has enlarged the perception of<br />
the task of artificial illumination by a new dimension. Its role today is not only to<br />
illuminate the space but also to be biologically effective.<br />
A very important discovery is, that the demands on<br />
illumination level proportionally increases with increasing<br />
age of employees.<br />
BIOLOGICAL FACTOR OF ILLUMINATION<br />
AVAILABILITY OF daYLIGHT<br />
Working people spend a great part of their life in closed spaces.<br />
That is the reason why the quality of the artificial light is attributed<br />
extraordinary importance. As we have already mentioned<br />
on several pages, the scientific research has unambiguously<br />
confirmed the positive impact of the natural light on the feeling<br />
of people’s visual and psychological well-being, their performance<br />
efficiency, the ability to concentrate and last but not least also the<br />
ability to regenerate. Many industrial spaces have to deal with<br />
limited availability of daylight, therefore a proper artificial <strong>lighting</strong><br />
has the highest importance.<br />
The most important moment when planning the illumination for<br />
any space is a correct solution, the luminaire type itself is of secondrate<br />
importance, if it is able to ensure the required result. In<br />
general, it is valid that the human eye responds best to large continuous<br />
illuminated surfaces and the white diffused light reflected<br />
from the ceiling and walls. This type of illumination simulates the<br />
properties of the natural light in the best way.<br />
The scientific research during recent decades has substantially<br />
changed the view at the task of illumination and its influence on<br />
people. Light is able to fundamentally affect not only people’s<br />
ability to perceive things around but also to change the mood, to<br />
arouse a feeling of comfort or vice versa discomfort and to regulate<br />
the human circadian rhythm. All this knowledge has enlarged<br />
the perception of the task of the artificial illumination by a new<br />
dimension – to be biologically active. When designing a <strong>lighting</strong><br />
solution of an industrial space it is from understandable reasons<br />
inevitable to take into account both requirements equally. With<br />
proper illumination of the space we can achieve the visual and<br />
psychological well-being of the employees without any negative<br />
influence on their regeneration capabilities. Extensive scientific research<br />
and demonstrated, that higher illuminance level can influence<br />
the productivity of employees in the positive way and at the<br />
same time it can decrease the risk of accidents. The results of the<br />
mentioned research shows, that by illumination level of at least<br />
500 lux grows the productivity of employees by 40 %, and the risk<br />
of accidents decreases by 66 %. A very important discovery, that<br />
should be taken into account when designing a <strong>lighting</strong> solution<br />
for a production areas is, that the demands on illumination level<br />
proportionally increases with increasing age of the employees.<br />
The eyes lose permeability and the average pupil width decreases.<br />
This creates the need for more light in any environment. A<br />
60-year old employee requires double more light as his 20-year<br />
old colleague to see clearly. Even employees over the age of 35<br />
have a greater need for light than 20-year old.<br />
LQS VALUE<br />
Biological factor<br />
of illumination<br />
Biological factor LQS Value<br />
of illumination<br />
availability of<br />
daylight<br />
blue light<br />
content<br />
daylight<br />
simulation<br />
dynamic<br />
<strong>lighting</strong><br />
0/1<br />
(No/Yes)<br />
0/1<br />
(No/Yes)<br />
0/1<br />
(No/Yes)<br />
0/1<br />
(No/Yes)<br />
tunable white 0/1<br />
(No/Yes)<br />
LQS has a holistic approach to the illumination of spaces. It perceives<br />
its solution as a whole, with the goal to copy the properties<br />
of the natural light as truthfully as possible.<br />
EMOTION / BIOLOGICAL FACTOR OF ILLUMINATION / AVAILABILITY OF daYLIGHT<br />
24/25
The workplaces with a three-shift operation represent a<br />
challenge where a sufficient amount of the blue light is<br />
able to adjust the biorhythm of those employees who are<br />
working during the night.<br />
BLUELIGHT CONTENT<br />
PRESTIGE 152<br />
Revealing the function of the<br />
third type of receptors in the<br />
human eye belongs among<br />
the biggest discoveries of<br />
the modern science. They are<br />
able to affect the production<br />
of melatonin, a hormone controlling<br />
the circadian rhythm<br />
of people. These receptors<br />
are sensitive to that part of<br />
the light spectrum which has<br />
the wavelength of 464 nanometres,<br />
i.e. the blue light.<br />
This knowledge became the<br />
basis for the luminaire producers<br />
– the <strong>lighting</strong> fixtures<br />
with a proper proportion of<br />
the blue part of the artificial<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> spectrum are able<br />
to affect the human activity<br />
effectively. The correct ratio<br />
of the blue light in the light<br />
spectrum from an artificial<br />
light source can stimulate the<br />
performance of the employees.<br />
From this point of view especially<br />
the workplaces with a<br />
three-shift operation represent<br />
a challenge where a sufficient<br />
amount of the blue light is able<br />
to adjust the biorhythm of those<br />
employees who are working<br />
during the night shifts. A shortage<br />
of blue light component in<br />
the illumination will stimulate<br />
production of melatonin which<br />
signals to the human organism<br />
that there is time for rest<br />
and induces an increased need<br />
of sleep. This leads to lost of<br />
3,000 K 6,500 K<br />
concentration, reduced performance<br />
and can cause injuries.<br />
On the contrary, in appropriate<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> conditions the human<br />
body begins to secrete serotonin,<br />
which mediates to the employees<br />
a sense of excitement<br />
and in this way enhances their<br />
performance. A suitable <strong>lighting</strong><br />
solution can be achieved<br />
by using luminaires with light<br />
sources producing a light with<br />
a correlated colour temperature<br />
of 6,500 K.<br />
Influence of daylight on the human body<br />
3 a.m. 9 a.m.<br />
6 a.m. noon 6 p.m. midnight 6 a.m. noon 6 p.m. midnight 6 a.m.<br />
cortisol level melatonin level<br />
During morning hours the human organism produces the hormone cortisol<br />
which stimulates metabolism. Its concentration in blood reaches its maximum<br />
at about 9 a.m., then during the rest of the day its content continually<br />
decreases. Melatonin, also called the hormone of sleep, is produced by the<br />
human organism also during the night and its concentration in the human<br />
organism culminates at 3 a.m.<br />
0° ~ 30° No effect<br />
30° ~ 45° Insufficient effect<br />
45° ~ 90° Optimal effect<br />
90° ~ 180° Undesirable effect – risk<br />
that glare can develop<br />
The third type of the photoreceptors in the human eye is sensitive to that<br />
part of the light spectrum which has the wavelength of 464 nanometres,<br />
i.e. the blue light. These receptors have influence on creating melatonin, a<br />
hormone controlling the circadian rhythm of people.<br />
Melatonin<br />
Melatonin makes us feel drowsy, slows<br />
down bodily functions and lowers<br />
activity levels to facilitate a good<br />
night’s sleep. It also ensures that<br />
a large number of metabolic processes<br />
are wound down. Body temperature<br />
falls; the organism, as it were, is put<br />
on the back burner. In this phase, the<br />
body secretes growth hormones that<br />
repair cells at night.<br />
Cortisol<br />
Cortisol is a stress hormone, produced<br />
from around 3 a.m. onwards in<br />
the adrenal cortex. It stimulates<br />
metabolism again and programmes<br />
the body for day-time operation. The<br />
first light of the day then stimulates<br />
the third receptor in the eye and<br />
suppresses the production of melatonin<br />
in the pineal gland. At the same time,<br />
the pituitary gland makes sure the<br />
body secretes more serotonin.<br />
Serotonin<br />
Serotonin acts as a mood-enhancing,<br />
motivating messenger. While the level<br />
of cortisol in the blood falls during the<br />
day in a counter-cycle to melatonin,<br />
serotonin helps us achieve a number<br />
of performance peaks. When daylight<br />
fades, the internal clock switches<br />
to night.<br />
However, if our body does not<br />
get enough light during the day,<br />
it produces only a low level of<br />
melatonin. As a result, we sleep badly,<br />
we wake feeling unrested, we are<br />
tired during the day and lack energy<br />
and motivation. Insufficient exposure<br />
to stimulating light during autumn<br />
and winter can turn the process into<br />
a downward spiral. At that time of<br />
year, some people develop seasonal<br />
affective disorder (SAD). Their internal<br />
clock misses its cues because the<br />
hormonal balance in the brain is upset.<br />
BLUELIGHT CONTENT<br />
26/27
The natural daylight is not monotonous. It changes<br />
its properties not only in dependence on the season<br />
of the year but it is also dependent on the cloudiness<br />
during the day.<br />
Daylight<br />
simulation<br />
As we have mentioned<br />
several times, the scientific<br />
research confirmed that the<br />
daylight is the most natural<br />
type of light for people. The<br />
effort to adapt the artificial<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> to its properties<br />
results from this knowledge.<br />
That is the reason why, when<br />
designing the light system<br />
in the industrial spaces, we<br />
utilise the function of daylight<br />
simulation. The natural<br />
daylight is not monotonous.<br />
It changes its properties<br />
not only in dependence on<br />
the season of the year but<br />
it is also dependent on the<br />
cloudiness during the day. Its<br />
intensity and colour change<br />
during the day. All these factors<br />
affect our perception of<br />
the space and objects inside<br />
of it.<br />
The daylight simulation can be<br />
achieved by various methods<br />
with the same goal: to achieve<br />
such an intensity and light<br />
colour that copies the properties<br />
of the daylight as truthfully<br />
as possible. At the beginning of<br />
the working hours higher illuminance<br />
with a high proportion of<br />
the cold light that will energise<br />
to a higher performance is desirable.<br />
On the contrary, during<br />
the lunch time it is suitable to<br />
increase the colour temperature<br />
and to strengthen the feeling of<br />
employees’ relaxation. The afternoon<br />
decline can be avoided<br />
by increasing the proportion of<br />
the cold light which is replaced<br />
by warmer tones preparing the<br />
human organism for rest at the<br />
end of the working hours.<br />
The daylight simulation is often<br />
implemented with the daylight<br />
sensor that assesses the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
intensity in the room during the<br />
day and according to this it increases<br />
or reduces the luminaire<br />
output in the light system. In<br />
this way constant illuminance<br />
of the space in compliance with<br />
the standard is ensured during<br />
the whole day.<br />
An assumption for simulating<br />
the daylight in the industrial<br />
spaces is the utilisation of the<br />
luminaires with the function<br />
dynamic light which can change<br />
the <strong>lighting</strong> intensity and tunable<br />
white technology which allows<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> level<br />
(lux)<br />
700<br />
600<br />
500<br />
400<br />
The goal of the daylight simulation is<br />
to achieve such a light intensity and<br />
colour that copies the properties of<br />
the daylight as truthfully as possible.<br />
8:00<br />
cool light (6,500 K)<br />
warm light (2,700 K)<br />
8:00 12:00 13:30 17:30<br />
Good morning<br />
Cool, fresh light raises the energy<br />
level of people coming into the<br />
workplace and provides a good start<br />
to the day.<br />
12:00<br />
Lunch time<br />
A short rest helps us to recharge out<br />
batteries. The light level decreases<br />
and the warm light facilitates<br />
relaxation.<br />
13:30<br />
Post-lunch dip<br />
After lunch,we usually feel sleepy. The<br />
light level rises again and changes<br />
to cool white to counter the „post<br />
lunch dip“.<br />
altering the correlated colour<br />
temperature in the room.<br />
The dynamic <strong>lighting</strong> in the<br />
luminaire is ensured by the DALI<br />
driver which is able to switch on<br />
or dim the light source from the<br />
value from 10 to 100 %. The<br />
function of the tunable white<br />
is ensured by two light sources<br />
radiating the light with different<br />
correlated colour temperature<br />
(cool white<br />
6,500 K and warm white<br />
2,700 K). Through changing<br />
the output of individual light<br />
sources we can achieve various<br />
levels of the white colour<br />
temperature. E.g. at a 50 % performance<br />
of both light sources<br />
the luminaire radiates neutral<br />
light with correlated colour<br />
temperature<br />
4,000 K. This solution enables<br />
creating illumination of the<br />
workplace that corresponds to<br />
its task and emotional state we<br />
want to evoke in the persons<br />
who are present.<br />
Happy hour<br />
Just before the end of the working<br />
day a change to cooler white<br />
light provides an alertness boost<br />
ahead of the journey home. For<br />
people working late, warm white<br />
light creates a pleasent „homely“<br />
atmosphere.<br />
17:30<br />
PRESTIGE 152<br />
300<br />
8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00<br />
DAYLIGHT SIMUlaTION<br />
28/29
ILLUMINATION<br />
OF ROOM SURFACES<br />
The recommended <strong>lighting</strong><br />
of surfaces in the industrial<br />
space is bound to the general<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> of the workplace. In<br />
industrial areas, the importance<br />
of adequate vertical<br />
illuminance increases in<br />
terms of safety and smooth<br />
implementation of the work.<br />
Proper <strong>lighting</strong> of vertical surfaces<br />
is especially important<br />
where oversized machinery is<br />
used and by supervisory and<br />
control work.<br />
Vertical Illumination<br />
The vertical illumination which<br />
is based on the ability of the<br />
human eye to respond to the<br />
light falling from above plays an<br />
important role for the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
of an industrial space. Using<br />
luminaires emphasising the<br />
vertical surfaces, we achieve<br />
optical brightening and appropriate<br />
visibility in production<br />
halls with oversized production<br />
machines or at the workplaces,<br />
where constant surveillance<br />
is required. It will enable the<br />
employees to recognise shapes<br />
and faces better, it will make<br />
their orientation in the space<br />
and reading numerical values at<br />
the machines easier. The vertical<br />
illuminance should achieve<br />
50 % of the working place’s<br />
horizontal illuminance value.<br />
LQS assesses the spaces with<br />
satisfactory illuminance with 5<br />
points. The luminaire TORNADO<br />
LED with a strongly asymmetric<br />
radiation characteristic can be<br />
a suitable type of <strong>lighting</strong> fixture<br />
that meets the demands on<br />
vertical <strong>lighting</strong> of the walls in<br />
the production halls. If placed<br />
correctly, the photometric luminaire<br />
characteristic will ensure<br />
a very uniformly illuminated<br />
wall almost from the top to the<br />
bottom.<br />
TORNADO PC LED 147<br />
prestige 152<br />
Relative wall illuminance: min 50 %<br />
of workplace illuminace<br />
LQS VALUE<br />
Vertical illumination<br />
Vertical<br />
illumination<br />
LQS<br />
Value<br />
Workplace illuminance 100 %<br />
Evavg > 0.5 Ehavg<br />
(Wall LG7)<br />
Evavg >150 lux<br />
Evavg > 0.5 Ehavg<br />
(Wall LG7)<br />
5<br />
4<br />
Evavg > 0.4 Ehavg 3<br />
Evavg > 0.3 Ehavg 2<br />
Evavg > 0.1 Ehavg 1<br />
Evavg < 0.1 Ehavg 0<br />
By a correct ratio of the illuminance of all surfaces in the room we can<br />
prevent both the psychological and eye fatigue and damaging the human<br />
sight as well.<br />
Illumination of room surfaces<br />
30/31
ECOLOGY<br />
The ecology and ecological solutions respecting the fragile equilibrium of the<br />
environment are important topics which have become key values across the whole<br />
industrial spectrum during the last decades. The manufacturers of the luminaires<br />
and light sources are no exception in this area.<br />
Together with awareness of the limited<br />
character of the energy sources<br />
that causes the permanent increase<br />
of their prices, taking into account<br />
the ratio of the luminaire or light<br />
source effectiveness and the energy<br />
consumed the trend is coming to the<br />
foreground.<br />
Also in this line of business the demands on efficient utilisation of<br />
energy, the recyclability and long life of the products constantly<br />
rise. In the area of manufacturing the luminaires and the light<br />
sources, the effectiveness of the light sources, the effectiveness<br />
of the luminaires and their impact on the environment are more<br />
and more emphasised. These are categories which, besides the<br />
ecological approach, contain a substantial potential for energy<br />
savings and in this way also reducing the operating costs. For the<br />
developers and architects of the industry buildings and production<br />
halls just this factor is the source of the strongest motivation<br />
when designing the light systems. Categories which are relevant<br />
from the point of view of ecology are: latest lamp technology,<br />
system efficacy of luminaire, dangerous material content, thermal<br />
output of a lamp, and finaly – product lifetime and maintenance<br />
costs.<br />
ECOLOGY<br />
32/33
The trend heads to manufacturing more effective and<br />
economical types of the existing light sources.<br />
LQS VALUE<br />
Latest lamp<br />
technology<br />
Latest lamp LQS Value<br />
technology<br />
> 100 lm/W 5<br />
> 90 lm/W 4<br />
> 80 lm/W 3<br />
> 70 lm/W 2<br />
> 60 lm/W 1<br />
> 50 lm/W 0<br />
LATEST lamp<br />
TECHNOLOGY<br />
The times when the whole<br />
world applauded Thomas Alva<br />
Edison for the discovery of<br />
the light bulb are irrecoverably<br />
over. Although he made<br />
his mark on history forever as<br />
the inventor of artificial light,<br />
other scientists and inventors<br />
came after him and they<br />
shifted and are still shifting<br />
the development by leaps and<br />
bounds ahead.<br />
With the knowledge about<br />
the limitedness of the energy<br />
sources which causes permanent<br />
increase of their prices,<br />
the trend taking into account<br />
the ratio of effectiveness of the<br />
luminaire or the light source<br />
and the consumed energy is<br />
coming to the foreground. As<br />
late as three years ago, the<br />
metal-halide lamps especially<br />
met these requirements but even<br />
they are retreating in favour of<br />
the light emitting diodes – LED.<br />
Compared to the conventional<br />
sources the LEDs achieve better<br />
parameters in any respect: they<br />
are more effective, they emit a<br />
negligible amount of heat, they<br />
place lower demands on the<br />
consumption of electrical energy,<br />
they do not contain mercury and<br />
so they are more ecological. In<br />
the area of manufacturing the<br />
light sources just LEDs represent<br />
a category which currently<br />
progresses most quickly. Up to<br />
90 % of all innovations today<br />
take place in the category of the<br />
light sources LED. Of course, the<br />
development and production of<br />
the conventional light sources<br />
has not been stopped but they<br />
progress more slowly. However, also<br />
here it is valid that the trend heads<br />
especially to manufacturing more<br />
effective and economical types of<br />
Latest lamp technologY<br />
the existing light sources. The<br />
original types are replaced by<br />
the eco and long-life fluorescent<br />
lamps or metal-halide lamps<br />
with ceramic burner of the<br />
second generation.<br />
The main indicator for selecting<br />
an optimal light source which<br />
the designer of the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system in an industrial or<br />
production hall has to follow is<br />
the efficacy of the light source.<br />
Its value shows with what effectiveness<br />
the electric power<br />
is changed into light, i.e. how<br />
much of the luminous flux (lm) is<br />
produced from the input power<br />
(W) delivered to the light source.<br />
The unit is lumen per watt<br />
(lm/W). The LED light sources<br />
achieve the best parameters<br />
also in this category. Currently<br />
the LED chips with efficacy of<br />
160 lm/W at cool white CCT, are<br />
commercially available, however,<br />
in the lab conditions the value<br />
EFFICACY OF LIGHT SOURCEs<br />
LEDs<br />
High-pressure sodium lamps<br />
Metal halide lamps<br />
Linear fluorescent lamps<br />
Compact fluorescent lamps<br />
Mercury vapor lamps<br />
Low voltage halogen lamps<br />
Incandescent lamps<br />
of 254 lm/W has already been<br />
achieved.<br />
The higher price of the LED luminaires<br />
is the reason why they<br />
have not replaced the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
fixtures with conventional light<br />
sources in spite of the fact they<br />
are clearly of higher quality. But<br />
also this factor is to be viewed<br />
in a wider context. Although the<br />
initial costs for purchasing the<br />
LED luminaires will always be<br />
higher, the return on investment<br />
in the form of energy savings<br />
during the whole luminaire life<br />
time and practically no maintenance<br />
costs make the LED luminaires<br />
extraordinary commercially<br />
interesting. From this point of<br />
view the retrofits where we only<br />
change the conventional light<br />
source for a more modern type<br />
prove to be only temporary and<br />
from a long-term point of view it<br />
is also a loss-making solution.<br />
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240<br />
lm/W (without ballast losses)<br />
34/35
The materials used for luminaire<br />
production have the biggest influence<br />
on its efficiency.<br />
GraFias 146<br />
SYSTEM EFFICACY<br />
OF LUMINAIRE<br />
The luminaire efficacy factor<br />
determines how effectively<br />
the <strong>lighting</strong> fixture itself is<br />
able to direct the light from<br />
the light sources with the<br />
smallest possible losses on<br />
the surfaces of the optical<br />
system. It is expressed as<br />
ratio of the lumen output of<br />
luminaire and installed power<br />
of luminaire. The light output<br />
ratio (LOR) expresses the ratio<br />
of the luminous flux flowing<br />
from the luminaire and the<br />
sum of the luminous fluxes of<br />
all light sources in the system.<br />
Lumen output<br />
of luminaire<br />
LOR = ––––––––––––– × 100 %<br />
Lumen output<br />
of lamps<br />
This value can be divided into<br />
the upward and downward<br />
ratio that expresses how many<br />
percent of the luminous flux<br />
from the luminaires heads to<br />
the upward and downward<br />
space (i.e. over and under the<br />
luminaire). This is of special<br />
importance for those spaces<br />
which place high demands on<br />
the illumination of the ceiling.<br />
Lumen output<br />
System of luminaire lm<br />
efficacy = ––––––––––––––– [–––]<br />
of luminaire Installed power W<br />
of luminaire<br />
thermal output<br />
of lamp<br />
The light spectrum visible for<br />
the human eyes is between the<br />
ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR)<br />
spectrum. In spite of the fact<br />
that the human eye is not able<br />
to catch the infrared radiation,<br />
it perceives it as radiant heat.<br />
Every object that is exposed<br />
to such radiation is constantly<br />
strained. However, the majority<br />
of the light sources used radiate<br />
this part of the spectrum in<br />
various extents. The lower the<br />
value of the radiated IR is, the<br />
more effective the light source<br />
is. From this point of view, on<br />
the bottom of the scale as the<br />
least efficient, there are the<br />
usual light bulbs which change<br />
up to 95 % of energy into heat<br />
and only remaining 5 % into<br />
visible light.<br />
In the industrial and production<br />
areas with air-conditioning<br />
the light sources with a high<br />
IR radiation percentage are<br />
a sufficiently big load for the<br />
electric power consumption.<br />
The heat from the non-effective<br />
sources continually heats the air<br />
in the closed space cooled by<br />
the air-conditioning – this fact<br />
is connected with the need for<br />
a higher performance of the<br />
air conditioning. It is approximately<br />
valid that for 2.5 W of<br />
the luminaire energy 1 W of the<br />
air-conditioning energy is used,<br />
i.e. if the energy consumption<br />
of the <strong>lighting</strong> system increases,<br />
the energy consumption for<br />
the air-conditioning operation<br />
grows in direct proportion<br />
also. The user of the industrial<br />
spaces illuminated by outdated<br />
light sources is burdened by<br />
increased costs not only for the<br />
energy needed for the operation<br />
of the light system but also<br />
for the air-conditioning.<br />
From this point of view the<br />
installation of luminaires with<br />
light sources creating the<br />
minimal percentage of the IR<br />
radiation is considered the most<br />
economical. These requirements<br />
are currently reliably fulfilled by<br />
the latest LED light sources that<br />
radiate only a negligible amount<br />
of the IR radiation.<br />
LQS assesses with the highest<br />
number of points those light<br />
systems which on average do<br />
not exceed 15 % proportion of<br />
the IR radiation in the overall<br />
radiated spectrum. This assessment<br />
is fulfilled especially by the<br />
LED light sources.<br />
LQS VALUE<br />
System efficacy<br />
of luminaire<br />
System efficacy LQS Value<br />
of luminaire<br />
> 80 lm/W 5<br />
> 70 lm/W 4<br />
> 65 lm/W 3<br />
> 55 lm/W 2<br />
> 40 lm/W 1<br />
> 30 lm/W 0<br />
The materials used for luminaire<br />
production have the biggest influence<br />
on its efficiency. The luminous<br />
materials enable changing<br />
the distribution of the sources´<br />
luminous flux, diffusing the light<br />
or changing the spectral composition.<br />
They are divided into<br />
reflective and permeable ones.<br />
Aluminium, using various surface<br />
finishes, creates the predominant<br />
part of the reflective materials for<br />
manufacturing reflectors.<br />
The most commonly used<br />
permeable materials are glass<br />
and plastics. Aluminium, glass,<br />
plastics, steel have different<br />
reflectance and capability to absorb<br />
light. However, in general<br />
it is valid that the more effective<br />
the materials used in the optical<br />
system are, the lower the losses<br />
on these surfaces will be as well<br />
as the luminaire efficiency being<br />
higher.<br />
Besides the used material themselves<br />
the luminaire efficiency is<br />
also affected by the design or<br />
the shape of the optical system.<br />
A correctly designed luminaire<br />
reflects the largest amount of<br />
light to the surroundings at<br />
minimal losses. The optimal<br />
mathematical and physical geometrical<br />
shapes of the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
fixture can be calculated by<br />
modern computer systems,<br />
e.g. LIGHTTOOLS.<br />
The materials used for luminaire production<br />
have the biggest influence on<br />
its efficiency. The luminous materials<br />
enable changing the distribution of<br />
the sources´ luminous flux, diffusing<br />
the light or changing the spectral<br />
composition.<br />
LQS VALUE<br />
Thermal output of lamp<br />
Thermal output<br />
of lamp<br />
< 15 % proportion<br />
of IR radiation<br />
< 26 % proportion<br />
of IR radiation<br />
< 28 % proportion<br />
of IR radiation<br />
< 31 % proportion<br />
of IR radiation<br />
< 60 % proportion<br />
of IR radiation<br />
> 60 % proportion<br />
of IR radiation<br />
LQS<br />
Value<br />
5<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
System effiCaCY of luminaire / Thermal output of lamp<br />
36/37
COMPARING TOTAL COSTS FOR ILLUMINATION (TCO) TOTAL COSTS OF OWNERSHIP<br />
LQS VALUE<br />
Dangerous material<br />
content<br />
Dangerous LQS Value<br />
material content<br />
mercury content 5<br />
0 mg<br />
mercury content 4<br />
< 0.5 mg<br />
mercury content 3<br />
< 1.5 mg<br />
mercury content 2<br />
< 2.4 mg<br />
mercury content 1<br />
< 5 mg<br />
mercury content 0<br />
> 5 mg<br />
DANGEROUS<br />
MATERIAL CONTENT<br />
The vision of danger in connection<br />
with luminaires and<br />
light sources for common<br />
people is connected with the<br />
risk of cutting by a broken<br />
bulb. As a matter of fact,<br />
the risks connected with<br />
using some types of the light<br />
sources are much more serious<br />
and can have an impact<br />
on the people’s health as<br />
well as on the quality of the<br />
environment.<br />
The reason is the mercury content,<br />
a heavy metal with high<br />
toxicity, which is an inevitable<br />
part of the fluorescent lamps<br />
and metal-halide lamps. In spite<br />
of extensive scientific research,<br />
until now we have not revealed<br />
a material which would replace<br />
the task of mercury in the light<br />
sources. The solutions which<br />
would not represent any risk<br />
from the point of view of safety<br />
are extremely costly and therefore<br />
unsuitable for the mass<br />
market.<br />
The task of mercury in some<br />
types of the light sources remains<br />
thus irreplaceable. When<br />
the luminaire is switched on, a<br />
discharge arises during which<br />
ionisation of the mercury atoms<br />
develops and they subsequently<br />
emit ultraviolet radiation. This<br />
radiation excites the phosphorus<br />
molecules spread on the<br />
internal side of the fluorescent<br />
lamp and during their return<br />
to the original state they emit<br />
photons of visible light. The<br />
risk connected with the light<br />
sources containing mercury<br />
does not consist in their common<br />
usage. It arises when they<br />
are broken during handling or<br />
they are not disposed in compliance<br />
with legislation which<br />
defines the method how the<br />
used and damaged light sources<br />
containing toxic substances are<br />
to be removed.<br />
In the first case there is a threat<br />
that the mercury vapours<br />
can leak to the air which in<br />
dependence of the number of<br />
disrupted sources, the size of<br />
the room and method of airing<br />
can cause the employees at the<br />
workplace short-term health<br />
problems (nausea, anxiety). In<br />
the second case, when disposing<br />
the toxic waste inadequately, it<br />
represents a long-term risk of<br />
soil contamination, as the heavy<br />
metals do not decompose and<br />
become a permanent part of<br />
the environment.<br />
The designers of the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system for industrial areas<br />
should also take into account<br />
the ecological potential of the<br />
light sources when they select<br />
them. The new types of the<br />
fluorescent lamps marked “eco”<br />
contain a smaller proportion of<br />
mercury than the older types.<br />
However, from the point of<br />
view of safety the LED light<br />
sources are undoubtedly<br />
considered the least dangerous<br />
option.<br />
LQS assesses the light sources<br />
according to the mercury<br />
content and the highest score<br />
– 5 points are assigned to the<br />
light sources with no content of<br />
mercury.<br />
Hg<br />
Hg<br />
Hg<br />
PRODUCT LIFETIME<br />
AND MAINTANANCE<br />
COSTS<br />
When designing a <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system of an industrial and<br />
production area one of the<br />
key factors the architect and<br />
developer should take into<br />
account is the lifetime of the<br />
light source and the costs for<br />
its maintenance.<br />
When the general awareness<br />
of the unsuitable parameters<br />
of the common light bulb<br />
arose, the most spread reason<br />
for replacing this light source<br />
by fluorescent lamps was just<br />
its longer lifespan. The high<br />
quality fluorescent lamps can<br />
really achieve a lifespan of up<br />
to 24,000 hours but many<br />
disadvantages, not visible at<br />
first sight, are connected with<br />
their usage.<br />
These light sources wear off<br />
rapidly when they are frequently<br />
switched on and off.<br />
Therefore their placement e.g.<br />
in a corridor with an installed<br />
movement detector (most frequently<br />
due to saving of electric<br />
power) is not the best solution,<br />
just because of the shortened<br />
lifespan. The user of the space<br />
is then burdened by the costs<br />
not only for the purchase of<br />
the replacement light sources<br />
but also for activities connected<br />
with maintenance and service<br />
of the <strong>lighting</strong> system. Further<br />
indirect costs aroused by the<br />
need to make the space of the<br />
industrial area accessible during<br />
maintenance operations and<br />
not to restrict the everyday<br />
operation of the individual<br />
workplaces are connected with<br />
a more frequent replacement of<br />
the light sources.<br />
Compared to the light bulbs<br />
the LED light sources represent<br />
at the first sight a more costly<br />
solution. Their price compared<br />
with the conventional light<br />
sources is really higher; however,<br />
their utilisation in the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system is profitable<br />
for several reasons. Their first<br />
and the biggest advantage<br />
is the extremely long lifetime<br />
reaching more than 50,000<br />
hours and it represents at 11<br />
hours operation time 250 days<br />
during the year approximately<br />
18 years. In the case of LED the<br />
end of the lifetime is given by<br />
the decrease of the light source<br />
output to 70 % (in some cases<br />
50 %). At the same time they<br />
are light sources which show an<br />
extremely low failure rate, only<br />
two LED sources pre million<br />
pieces produced. The regular<br />
costs for their replacement and<br />
maintenance are thus removed.<br />
By adding the functionality<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> management system<br />
into the <strong>lighting</strong> system we can<br />
reduce the need of the manual<br />
control which is also considered<br />
a certain type of maintenance.<br />
The long lifetime and minimal<br />
demandingness in the area of<br />
maintenance in combination<br />
with energy economy make<br />
the LED light sources an ideal<br />
solution when designing the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system in the industrial<br />
areas and production halls.<br />
When taking into account all<br />
relevant criteria, LQS assigns the<br />
highest score for<br />
the parameter “product<br />
lifetime” and the “costs for<br />
maintenance” just to those light<br />
sources with the lifetime of or<br />
higher than 50,000 hours.<br />
TORNADO PC T8 TORNADO PC LED TORNADO PC LED<br />
(daylight sensor,<br />
presence detector)<br />
type of light source FD (T8) LED LED<br />
power consumption 36 51 51 W<br />
number of light sources in luminaire 2 1 1 pcs<br />
control gear CCG ECG ECG<br />
type of <strong>lighting</strong> control none none daylight sensor + presence detector<br />
lifetime of light source 15,000 50,000 50,000 hours<br />
power consumption of luminaire 90 51 30 W<br />
luminous flux 6,700 5,100 5,100 lm<br />
LOR 74 100 100 %<br />
luminaire light output 4,958 5,100 5,100 lm<br />
number of luminaires 200 200 200 pcs<br />
average time when luminaire switch on between 6.00 – 18.00 12 12 12 hours<br />
average time when luminaire switch on between 18.00 – 6.00 5 5 5 hours<br />
number of days in week when luminaire switch on 5 5 5 days<br />
price for electrical energy 0.18 0.18 0.18 €/kW/hour<br />
purchase price of luminaire 34.3 180 190 €<br />
purchase price of light source 2 0 0 €<br />
purchase price of service hour 20 20 20 €<br />
time needed for the exchange of one source 0.25 0.25 0.25 hours<br />
COOLING ENERGY<br />
cooling system usage factor 0 0 0 %<br />
cooling efficiency 2.5 2.5 2.5 Wh/Wc<br />
purchace for initial instalation 7,660.00 36,000.00 38,000.00 €<br />
Number of maintenance required per 12 years 3 1 1<br />
Maintenance fee 1,800.00 0.00 0.00 €<br />
power consumption of luminaire 90.00 51.00 30.00 W<br />
power consumption of cooling system 0.00 0.00 0.00 W<br />
completly power consumption of room 18,000.00 10,200.00 6,000.00 W<br />
consumption of el. energy for day 306.00 173.40 70.08 kWh<br />
month 6,648.21 3,767.32 1,522.57 kWh<br />
year 79,778.57 45,207.86 18,270.86 kWh<br />
production of emission CO 2<br />
per year 51,058.29 28,933.03 11,693.35 kg<br />
price for el. energy per day 55.08 31.21 12.61 €<br />
month 1,196.68 678.12 274.06 €<br />
year 14,360.14 8,137.41 3,288.75 €<br />
difference between input costs 28,340.00 30,340.00 €<br />
saving difference per year - power consumption -6,222.73 -11,071.39 €<br />
saving CO 2<br />
per year -22,125.26 -39,364.94 kg<br />
payback excluding maintenance 4.6 2.7 years<br />
payback including maintenance 4.3 2.8 years<br />
POWER consumption of <strong>lighting</strong> inSTALLATion ProDUCTion of CO 2<br />
operating coSTS and PAYBACK time<br />
W<br />
kg<br />
€<br />
1,400,000<br />
1,200,000<br />
1,000,000<br />
800,000<br />
600,000<br />
400,000<br />
200,000<br />
0<br />
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12<br />
years<br />
TORNADO PC T8<br />
TORNADO PC LED<br />
TORNADO PC LED (daylight sensor, presence detector)<br />
700,000<br />
600,000<br />
500,000<br />
400,000<br />
300,000<br />
200,000<br />
100,000<br />
0<br />
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12<br />
years<br />
TORNADO PC T8<br />
TORNADO PC LED<br />
TORNADO PC LED (daylight sensor, presence detector)<br />
250,000<br />
200,000<br />
150,000<br />
100,000<br />
50,000<br />
0<br />
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12<br />
years<br />
TORNADO PC T8<br />
TORNADO PC LED<br />
TORNADO PC LED (daylight sensor, presence detector)<br />
LQS VALUE<br />
Product lifetime<br />
& maintenance costs<br />
TProduct lifetime<br />
& maintenance<br />
costs<br />
LQS Value<br />
>_ 50,000 5<br />
> 24,000 4<br />
> 19,000 3<br />
> 12,000 2<br />
> 10,000 1<br />
>_ 2,000 0<br />
Dangerous material CONTENT/ ProdUCT lifetime and maintenance COsts<br />
38/39
EFFICIENCY<br />
The industrial buildings represent spaces with a complex infrastructure. They<br />
are energy-intensive objects in the framework of which the <strong>lighting</strong> has to work<br />
economically and at the same time it has to be designed in such a way that it will<br />
flexibly respond to the change of the manufacturing processes. The <strong>lighting</strong> system<br />
in these premises should functionally integrate the artificial and daylight; it should<br />
be biologically effective and should positively affect the employees´ performance<br />
efficiency. Its optimal functionality can be achieved by implementing suitable<br />
management tools. A comprehensive overview of available methods and <strong>lighting</strong><br />
management systems, including an overview of the technical specifications is<br />
contained in specialized brochure <strong>OMS</strong> Lighting Management System.<br />
In the time period when we<br />
face continual growth of the<br />
energy prices, the decision of<br />
the owners and operators of the<br />
industrial objects to integrate<br />
the management tools into the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> systems is most frequently<br />
motivated by the vision<br />
of the financial savings for the<br />
consumed power. The potential<br />
of the financial savings is, however,<br />
only one parameter which<br />
improves the efficiency of the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> systems. Through implementing<br />
suitable tools of the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> management system the<br />
owners contribute to reducing<br />
the CO 2<br />
emissions to the air and<br />
at the same time they can make<br />
profit from other not negligible<br />
advantages – especially the management<br />
comfort, autonomous<br />
character and flexibility of the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system.<br />
The comfort of the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system is defined by two basic<br />
parameters. The first parameter<br />
is the tailor-made system<br />
functionality itself for the given<br />
space, the other one are the<br />
control elements which carry<br />
out the management itself. The<br />
task of these control elements<br />
is to simplify the management<br />
process. The more sophisticated<br />
the control elements included<br />
to the management are, the<br />
greater comfort to the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system owner is brought. In an<br />
ideal case it can be controlled<br />
by a remote control, tablet or<br />
through internet from a remote<br />
computer. The autonomous<br />
character of the <strong>lighting</strong> system<br />
is ensured by the automatic<br />
control. A fully autonomous<br />
system works without any<br />
forced interventions of the user.<br />
The priority task of the management<br />
system’s automation is to<br />
exclude the failure of the human<br />
factor. An autonomously working<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system is a benefit<br />
especially for the spaces with<br />
a large potential of saving the<br />
electrical power where it is not<br />
possible for the space users to<br />
know or to be able to operate<br />
the system of luminaires. It finds<br />
a wide implementation in the<br />
manufacturing and warehousing<br />
premises. The requirement<br />
on the flexibility of the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system in the industrial sphere<br />
belongs to one of the most<br />
fundamental criteria. Due to<br />
the variedness of the working<br />
activities the requirements on<br />
the illumination often change<br />
in this type of spaces. Through<br />
implementing suitable management<br />
tools using the light scenes<br />
or firmly adjusted time schedules<br />
the existing <strong>lighting</strong> system can<br />
flexibly adapt to the actual needs<br />
without any necessity to change<br />
the luminaires or wiring.<br />
EFFICIENCY<br />
40/41
The task of the artificial <strong>lighting</strong> is to balance the<br />
differences and to complete or to replace in full extent<br />
the natural light when its availability is limited.<br />
LQS VALUE<br />
Daylight sensor<br />
Daylight sensor LQS Value<br />
Yes 2<br />
No 0<br />
Automatic Control<br />
The automatic control includes comfort with maximal savings<br />
of electricity and CO 2<br />
. It represents the most effective<br />
type of management in the industrial objects as they are<br />
spaces where it is not suitable for the change of the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
to be always brought about by the user. An appropriately<br />
designed, installed and adjusted <strong>lighting</strong> system guarantees<br />
that we always have so much light as it is really necessary<br />
for the currently carried out activity. The automatic control<br />
is divided into the control based on the <strong>lighting</strong> intensity,<br />
movement or time and just the combination of the first two<br />
regulation methods is the most advantageous solution.<br />
Daylight sensor<br />
It is especially suitable to use<br />
the automatic control based<br />
on the luminance intensity in<br />
the industrial premises with<br />
availability of the daylight.<br />
In principle it is valid that<br />
the greater the share of the<br />
daylight in the concrete space<br />
is, the higher the effectiveness<br />
of this management is<br />
and it can achieve up to 60 %<br />
energy saving.<br />
The daylight sensor is the core<br />
of the system. It scans the light<br />
reflected from the scanning<br />
plane from the surface under<br />
the sensor. The daylight sensor<br />
functionality is stressed by the<br />
fact that in the area with the<br />
daylight availability the natural<br />
light and artificial <strong>lighting</strong><br />
complete each other. If the<br />
share of the daylight decreases,<br />
the luminance sensor records<br />
it and increases the intensity<br />
of the artificial <strong>lighting</strong>. And<br />
vice versa, if there is enough<br />
daylight in the space, it is able<br />
to reduce the intensity of the<br />
artificial <strong>lighting</strong> or to dim the<br />
luminaires up to a value of 0 %.<br />
When the scanned zone is covered<br />
correctly, the sensors can<br />
ensure that there is always so<br />
much light as necessary and the<br />
luminaires will not emit light of<br />
an unnecessarily high intensity.<br />
Controlling the luminaires based<br />
on the luminance intensity is<br />
carried out fully automatically<br />
and besides saving the energy it<br />
also increases the user comfort.<br />
From the design point of view<br />
the sensors for scanning the<br />
luminance are produced in various<br />
designs – for installing in<br />
the ceiling, for ceiling surfacing,<br />
for placing directly into the luminaire<br />
or for anchoring on the<br />
fluorescent light source. From<br />
the point of view of functionality<br />
and the way of utilisation<br />
the daylight sensors can be<br />
divided into the local and global<br />
ones. In the manufacturing and<br />
warehouse premises both types<br />
are used in dependence on the<br />
overall character of the space.<br />
In the manufacturing halls<br />
with a standard height of ceilings<br />
without any skylight we<br />
recommend to implement a<br />
local sensor for every workplace.<br />
In this way we achieve<br />
accurate <strong>lighting</strong> regulation to<br />
the required luminance intensity<br />
in the space. The disadvantage<br />
of the local sensors is that they<br />
The light conditions change during<br />
the day in dependence of the time<br />
of the day, weather and the season<br />
of the year. The task of the artificial<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> is to balance the differences<br />
and to complete or to replace in<br />
full extent the natural light when its<br />
availability is limited.<br />
14:00 17:00 20:00<br />
50 % of power consumption 75 % of power consumption 100 % of power consumption<br />
are not able to scan the light<br />
conditions from the workplaces<br />
where the properties of the<br />
reflection surface are often<br />
changed or materials with high<br />
reflectance are used. The local<br />
sensor also responds to the<br />
short-term changes of the luminance<br />
intensity and this fact<br />
is negative for regulating the<br />
artificial <strong>lighting</strong>. In this case we<br />
recommend using the global<br />
luminance sensor in the space.<br />
The global luminance sensor<br />
finds its place in the manufacturing<br />
and warehouse spaces<br />
with high ceilings and skylights<br />
where it is impossible to implement<br />
the local daylight sensors.<br />
The global sensor subsequently<br />
scans the <strong>lighting</strong> intensity in<br />
the whole space. For the sensor<br />
to scan the light conditions<br />
correctly, it is necessary to<br />
locate it appropriately. In the<br />
skylight space we recommend<br />
to install the sensor closely<br />
under the skylight. In difference<br />
to the local sensors the global<br />
sensor represents a guarantee<br />
of a more stable regulation.<br />
However, at the same time it is<br />
not able to record the failures<br />
of individual luminaires or any<br />
reduction of their luminous flux<br />
due to ageing and this fact can<br />
cause inaccurate regulation of<br />
the <strong>lighting</strong> system.<br />
Comparison: global vs. local system Global sensor system Local sensor system<br />
Accuracy of measurement ++ –<br />
Constancy of illumination ++ –<br />
Suggestibility by <strong>lighting</strong> effects ++ –<br />
Undisturbed room design ++ +<br />
Restrictions in relation to installation ++ +<br />
Installation costs ++ +<br />
RELAX XTP ip65 149<br />
LED<br />
automatic <strong>lighting</strong> system / Daylight sensor<br />
42/43
quality control (750 lux)<br />
maintenance (500 lux)<br />
production (300 lux)<br />
cleaning (100 lux)<br />
dimmable<br />
luminaire<br />
2<br />
4<br />
CONTROL paNEL<br />
1<br />
500 lux<br />
500 lux<br />
REQUEST<br />
100 lux 400 lux<br />
5<br />
1. Through the control panel user set level at which shall be maintained<br />
illuminance.<br />
2. Setpoint is delegated to control system (sensor).<br />
3. The daylight sensor scans luminance and compares the current value<br />
with the required.<br />
4. When detecting difference, system makes a change (luminaires are<br />
dimmed up or dimmed down).<br />
5. The resulting illuminance on the working plane is composed of sunlight<br />
and adjusted artificial <strong>lighting</strong>.<br />
unsuitable sensor<br />
placement<br />
parasitic light -<br />
glare from<br />
reflected<br />
daylight<br />
suitable range<br />
of sensor placement<br />
3<br />
FINAL<br />
VALUE<br />
+<br />
-<br />
OFF<br />
sensor<br />
DAYLIGHT<br />
unsuitable sensor<br />
placement<br />
parasitic<br />
light -<br />
glare from<br />
luminaires<br />
Proper placement of daylight sensor - the exclusion of adverse effects.<br />
When implementing the control<br />
functionality based on the luminance<br />
intensity to the industrial<br />
spaces it is necessary to take<br />
into account the fact that in the<br />
spaces with daylight availability<br />
(with windows, skylight) the<br />
luminance intensity in individual<br />
parts of the premises achieves<br />
different values. This irregularity<br />
is aroused by the sunshine<br />
which is stronger in the window<br />
area than in the remaining part<br />
of the space. This problem can<br />
be removed by the systems enabling<br />
to control the luminaire<br />
system with the offset function<br />
thanks to which it is possible to<br />
ensure the uniform distribution<br />
of the <strong>lighting</strong> intensity in<br />
the whole room. Two groups<br />
of luminaires, one by the<br />
windows and the other in the<br />
space more remote from the<br />
windows are the basis of such<br />
a system. When the daylight<br />
falls to the space during the<br />
day, the daylight sensor scans<br />
it and completes the control<br />
of the <strong>lighting</strong> intensity by the<br />
offset in such a way that the<br />
group of luminaires close to the<br />
windows lights e.g. on 40 % of<br />
the luminous flux and the other<br />
group of luminaires where less<br />
daylight occur, on 70 % of the<br />
luminous flux. In this way we<br />
achieve the required uniformity<br />
of <strong>lighting</strong> in the whole space.<br />
And vice versa, if the daylight<br />
availability from the external<br />
environment is small or even of<br />
0 value, all luminaires in both<br />
groups light with the same<br />
intensity. When using the daylight<br />
sensors it is necessary to<br />
be aware that the availability of<br />
the daylight in the space does<br />
not change only in dependence<br />
on the time of the day but is<br />
also depends on the orientation<br />
of the windows towards<br />
the cardinal points or changing<br />
cloudiness.<br />
When placing the sensors it<br />
is necessary to ensure that<br />
the luminous fluxes of the<br />
luminaires of one group do not<br />
touch the scanned surface of<br />
the sensor from the other group<br />
of the luminaires. It is also valid<br />
that the scanned surface of<br />
the sensors must not overlap.<br />
It avoids their mutual influence<br />
and subsequent destabilisation<br />
of the system regulated. At the<br />
same time the daylight sensor<br />
has to be placed in a sufficient<br />
distance from the windows and<br />
light sources which could illuminate<br />
the sensor itself and in this<br />
way affect its function.<br />
The amount of the luminance<br />
scanned by the sensor depends<br />
very much on the reflective surface<br />
and colour of the scanned<br />
area. If these conditions are<br />
changed, e.g. during operation<br />
with a material with reflectance,<br />
also the scanning conditions are<br />
changed. In this case the sensor<br />
detects increased luminance<br />
intensity and causes dimming of<br />
the luminaires. This shortage is<br />
partially removed by adjusting<br />
suitable time for delaying the<br />
change of the luminaire luminous<br />
flux and in this way we<br />
achieve a more fluent transition<br />
and the change of the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
intensity will not be that visible.<br />
A sudden change of the light<br />
conditions can be prevented<br />
by placing the scanned surface<br />
of the sensor to a place where<br />
the properties of the environment<br />
do not change so often.<br />
The primary adjustment of the<br />
illumination level to which the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system is to be adjusted<br />
is to be carried out without any<br />
daylight or at the lowest possible<br />
share of the ambient light.<br />
UNMANAGED SYSTEM<br />
lux<br />
1,500<br />
1,000<br />
625<br />
500<br />
0<br />
lux<br />
1,500<br />
1,000<br />
500<br />
0<br />
lux<br />
1,500<br />
1,125<br />
1,000<br />
500<br />
0<br />
500 lux<br />
model situation at 8:00<br />
Incorrect solution – oversized illuminance level<br />
artificial <strong>lighting</strong><br />
requested illuminance<br />
6:00 12:00 18:00 24:00<br />
h<br />
daylight<br />
6:00 12:00 18:00 24:00<br />
h<br />
oversizing<br />
6:00 8:00<br />
12:00 18:00 24:00<br />
h<br />
625 lux<br />
1,125 lux<br />
oversizing of the original<br />
system by maintenance<br />
factor 0.8<br />
MANAGED SYSTEM BASED ON ILLUMINANCE LEVEL<br />
lux<br />
1500<br />
1 000<br />
500<br />
0<br />
lux<br />
1,500<br />
1,000<br />
500<br />
0<br />
lux<br />
1,500<br />
1,000<br />
500<br />
0<br />
500 lux<br />
6:00 12:00 18:00 24:00<br />
h<br />
model situation at 8:00<br />
artificial <strong>lighting</strong><br />
requested illuminance<br />
6:00 12:00 18:00 24:00<br />
h<br />
daylight<br />
savings<br />
6:00 8:00<br />
12:00 18:00 24:00<br />
h<br />
0 lux<br />
500 lux<br />
Correct solution – required illuminance level<br />
oversizing of the original<br />
system by maintenance<br />
factor 0.8<br />
Daylight sensor<br />
44/45
LQS VALUE<br />
Constant illuminance<br />
sensor<br />
Constance<br />
illuminance<br />
sensor<br />
LQS Value<br />
Constant<br />
illuminance<br />
sensor<br />
During the operation of the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system the light properties<br />
of the installed luminaires<br />
gradually deteriorate. This fact<br />
is caused by ageing, wear and<br />
polluting the optical parts and<br />
the light sources of the luminaire.<br />
When designing the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system it is therefore necessary<br />
to count on decrease of<br />
the luminous flux due to ageing<br />
the light sources from the very<br />
beginning. The greater these<br />
declines are the more overdimensioned<br />
the <strong>lighting</strong> system<br />
has to be. It means during its<br />
operation it will produce more<br />
unrequired light. This over-dimensioning<br />
can be removed by<br />
the constant illuminance sensor<br />
and using such luminaires that<br />
can be dimmed according to<br />
the need. The sensor is adjusted<br />
to the required illuminance<br />
and adapts the luminaire<br />
output in such a way that the<br />
required illuminance will not be<br />
exceeded – the so called maintained<br />
illuminance. In this way<br />
we can achieve considerable<br />
energy savings. The constant<br />
illuminance sensor behaves<br />
as a luminance sensor and it<br />
artificially reduces the luminous<br />
relative illuminance (%)<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
1 st cleaning of luminaires<br />
2 nd cleaning of luminaires<br />
3 rd cleaning of luminaires<br />
1 st replacement of light sources<br />
1 st cleaning of room surfaces<br />
A<br />
C<br />
E<br />
}<br />
D<br />
B<br />
flux of the luminaires. This solution<br />
can be only implemented<br />
when the <strong>lighting</strong> system will be<br />
over-dimensioned from the very<br />
beginning. The economy of this<br />
solution can look contradictorily<br />
at the first sight. However,<br />
the reality is that the savings<br />
occur because during the first<br />
years of operation of the overdimensioned<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system<br />
the light sources do not work<br />
at peak output. The system is<br />
adjusted to the 100 % output<br />
after it begins to show signs of<br />
wear. Thanks to this solution we<br />
achieve constant illuminance<br />
of the whole scanned space.<br />
From the point of view of the<br />
increased economy of this solution<br />
it is suitable to combine<br />
the constant illuminance sensor<br />
with the daylight sensor. In<br />
this combination both sensors<br />
are able to utilise the natural<br />
daylight potential falling from<br />
the windows or skylights in full<br />
extent and to adapt the artificial<br />
light intensity to it.<br />
Illumination changes during the life<br />
of the <strong>lighting</strong> system<br />
A – maintained <strong>lighting</strong> system curve<br />
B – maintained value –<br />
maintenance factor<br />
C – unmaintained <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system curve<br />
D – benefits of cleaning luminaires at<br />
regular intervals<br />
E – irreversible loss caused by ageing<br />
of luminaire materials<br />
PRESTIGE 152<br />
Yes 1<br />
No 0<br />
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 (in 1,000 hours)<br />
1 2 3 4 (years)<br />
time of operation<br />
Constant illuminance sensor<br />
46/47
LQS VALUE<br />
Presence detector<br />
Presence<br />
detector<br />
LQS Value<br />
Yes 1<br />
No 0<br />
PRESENCE DETECTOR<br />
The control based on the<br />
movement belongs to<br />
automatic management<br />
methods which makes the<br />
luminaires lights only when<br />
persons or objects move in<br />
the space, i.e. when <strong>lighting</strong><br />
is really necessary. This type<br />
of management involves both<br />
the user comfort and saving<br />
potential which can achieve<br />
up to 50 % in the individual<br />
premises. It finds its place in<br />
the industrial and manufacturing<br />
halls especially in the<br />
warehouses, communication<br />
zones and for the external<br />
<strong>lighting</strong>.<br />
The functionality of this <strong>lighting</strong><br />
management system ensures<br />
the presence detector, which<br />
responds to the persons´ or<br />
objects´ movement in the detection<br />
area. Routinely are used<br />
in industry the passive infrared<br />
presence detectors or highfrequency<br />
presence detectors.<br />
Their usage is given by the type<br />
and structure of the space.<br />
Passive Infrared (PIR)<br />
Presence Detector<br />
The passive infrared technology<br />
with a built-in scanner in the<br />
sensor ensures the scanning<br />
operation of this type of sensor.<br />
These sensors respond to<br />
the thermal radiation of the<br />
human body, they transfer it<br />
to an electric signal; the sensor<br />
evaluates it and switches<br />
on the <strong>lighting</strong>. The scanner<br />
itself emits no radiation and<br />
therefore we can speak about<br />
the PIR sensors. The passive<br />
infrared sensors can be used<br />
both in the internal and external<br />
spaces. They can be installed<br />
Presence detector<br />
in various assembly heights<br />
(routinely up to the height of 12<br />
metres) and can possess various<br />
sensitivities. The extent of the<br />
maximal scanned area depends<br />
on the assembly height and the<br />
sensitivity of the sensor used.<br />
Real picture of the scanned enviroment.<br />
2<br />
1 – Direct walking<br />
2 – Perpendicular walking<br />
3 – Working position<br />
Presence detector<br />
Presence detector areas of sensitivity.<br />
presence detector<br />
360°<br />
A<br />
B<br />
C<br />
C<br />
B<br />
A<br />
3<br />
diameters of scanned areas<br />
1<br />
height<br />
of the sensor<br />
placement<br />
A – large movement<br />
B – medium movement<br />
C – small movement<br />
For the PIR scanning sensitivity<br />
not to be negatively affected, it<br />
is important not to install them<br />
close to the light sources, airconditioning<br />
and heating units<br />
or other sources of a strong<br />
infrared radiation.<br />
15.1°C 37. 6°C<br />
Infrared photograph of scanned heat<br />
from moving people and objects.<br />
The maximal sensitivity of the<br />
movement detection is achieved<br />
if the person or moving object<br />
passes the detection areas at<br />
a perpendicular direction. If<br />
the movement is direct to the<br />
sensor, i.e. longitudinal with the<br />
detection area the sensor sensitivity<br />
is reduced and the area<br />
scanned is also smaller. A disadvantage<br />
of the PIR detectors<br />
is the fact that their sensitivity<br />
is dependent on the ambient<br />
temperature, the temperature<br />
of the moving object or person,<br />
the scanning direction and<br />
the size of the movement the<br />
sensor is to scan. The lower the<br />
ambient temperature is, the<br />
higher sensitivity the sensor has<br />
and is able to scan a larger area.<br />
However, at a higher ambient<br />
temperature the scanning<br />
sensitivity of the PIR presence<br />
detector declines as the level of<br />
the temperatures in the space<br />
and the temperature radiated<br />
by people is negligible. A similar<br />
situation develops if the moving<br />
person wears several layers of<br />
clothes. The functionality of the<br />
PIR sensors is also substantially<br />
limited in indented spaces or in<br />
premises with large obstacles.<br />
The presence detector can be used in the indoor and<br />
outdoor applications with different sensitivity and<br />
mounting height.<br />
High Frequency (HF)<br />
Presence Detector<br />
The functionality of this type of<br />
the presence detector consists<br />
in emitting and receiving the<br />
signals. It is suitable for spaces<br />
as warehouses where the<br />
scanned area is limited partially<br />
or temporarily due to the occurrence<br />
of large-sized objects.<br />
These sensors are able to scan<br />
the movement also through<br />
bulky obstacles, e.g. various<br />
types of materials in the industrial<br />
spaces, glass or thin walls.<br />
They are also able to respond<br />
unscanned<br />
area<br />
scanned<br />
area<br />
Scanned area of passive infrared<br />
sensor (PIR)<br />
to a minimal movement and<br />
their sensitivity is not affected<br />
by the ambient temperature.<br />
For an ideal space coverage it is<br />
suitable for the scanning areas<br />
of the individual movement sensors<br />
to overlap each other.<br />
When installed appropriately,<br />
the sensor responds to the<br />
presence of a person in the<br />
detected zone by immediate<br />
switching on the <strong>lighting</strong>.<br />
When using the control based<br />
on the presence detector we<br />
scanned<br />
area<br />
Scanned area of high frequency<br />
sensor (HF)<br />
can make use of the function of<br />
delay for dimming and it means<br />
the luminous flux of luminaire<br />
luminous flux does not change<br />
immediately after the movement<br />
detection decays but<br />
after passing the adjusted time<br />
without any detected movement<br />
of a person or object. This<br />
time is determined according<br />
to the type of the space and<br />
the frequency of the assumed<br />
movement. Dimming can be<br />
stated either for a certain level<br />
(e.g. 10 %) of the luminaire<br />
luminous flux or dimming up to<br />
sensor A<br />
maximum<br />
distance = X+Y<br />
X<br />
sensor B<br />
minimum<br />
scanned<br />
height<br />
Y<br />
Suitable placement of presence<br />
detectors with partial overlap of<br />
scanned areas<br />
height of the sensor<br />
placement<br />
the 0 % level. The luminous flux<br />
level of 10 % is used especially<br />
for safety reasons for the space<br />
without any detected movement<br />
not to be fully dark or<br />
due to the security cameras or<br />
prolonging the lifespan of the<br />
light sources. This functionality<br />
is called the “corridor function”<br />
where it is possible with the<br />
second time delay to switch<br />
off the luminaires in the whole<br />
extent. When there is a movement<br />
again, the sensor detects<br />
it and the luminaires switch<br />
on. The luminaires can switch<br />
on and off either continuously<br />
when the luminous flux changes<br />
gradually during some time<br />
or by leaps when they switch<br />
on and off immediately. The<br />
advantage of the continuous<br />
start-up is that the human eye<br />
is not stressed by the immediate<br />
change of the light conditions<br />
as in the case of a leap change.<br />
The duration of two seconds is<br />
considered the optimal time of<br />
switching on of the luminaires<br />
to the 100 % level of the luminous<br />
flux.<br />
Comparison PIR vs. HF Passive infrared sensor – PIR High frequency sensor – HF<br />
Detection through the thin walls and obstacles – +<br />
(advantage/disadvantage,<br />
(possibility to reduce the<br />
depending on needs)<br />
sensitivity to limit this feature)<br />
Detection by reflection from room surfaces – +<br />
Influence on detection of heat sources - air conditioning, heating elements, luminaires – +<br />
Influence on detection: difference between ambient and human body temperature – +<br />
Suitability to storage rack aisles (blocked sensing areas in side aisles) ++ –<br />
Undisturbed room design + ++<br />
Installation costs ++ +<br />
48/49
Corridor function<br />
In the industrial objects the<br />
warehouses and especially<br />
the warehouse aisles are the<br />
spaces without any permanent<br />
occurrence of persons. From<br />
this point of view they are<br />
spaces where we can achieve<br />
considerable energy savings<br />
through installing the presence<br />
detectors. When planning the<br />
movement sensor layout, it is<br />
necessary to take into account<br />
that part of the space where it<br />
will be placed and according to<br />
this fact to choose the shape<br />
and extent of the storage areas.<br />
The scanning area of the presence<br />
detector in the handling<br />
part of the warehouse and in<br />
the area of the entrance and<br />
exit requires a circular shape.<br />
When detecting the movement<br />
in this part of the space the<br />
presence detector switches on<br />
several luminaires on a larger<br />
area to ensure sufficient illuminance<br />
level for the handling<br />
activities. And vice versa, the<br />
narrow and high warehouse<br />
aisles require implementing the<br />
presence detector with an oval<br />
scanning area that controls only<br />
the luminaires in the given aisle.<br />
To ensure an accurate delimitation<br />
of the scanned surfaces<br />
the sensor scanning surface is<br />
limited by the so called blank<br />
plugs. This prevents the sensors<br />
located in a concrete aisle<br />
from scanning the movement<br />
in the neighbouring one and<br />
in this way not to switch on<br />
the luminaires which are in<br />
neighbouring aisle. In dependence<br />
on the length of the<br />
warehouse aisle it is possible<br />
to adjust the presence detector<br />
functionality in such a way that<br />
after scanning a movement all<br />
luminaires in the given aisle will<br />
switch on at the same time or<br />
they will switch on step by step<br />
according to the movement of<br />
the scanned person / object.<br />
prestige 143<br />
The presence detector switches on the luminaires in selected spaces when<br />
somebody is present and thus the <strong>lighting</strong> is really needed.<br />
100 %<br />
relative<br />
illuminance<br />
10 %<br />
movement<br />
0 % time<br />
Time procedure of presence detector - without delay<br />
100 %<br />
relative<br />
illuminance<br />
movement<br />
delay<br />
10 %<br />
0 % time<br />
Time procedure of presence detector - with delay<br />
100 %<br />
If in the scanned area no movement<br />
of an employee has been detected,<br />
the luminaires remains on low<br />
illumination level (safety reasons).<br />
When an employee enters the<br />
scanned area, the presence detector<br />
responds to the infrared radiation<br />
which the human body or working<br />
machine emits and switches the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> on.<br />
The presence detector can be adjusted in such a way that the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
will not switch off /dim in a vacant storage lane immediately after the<br />
employee leaves it,but gradually with a predefined delay time.<br />
relative<br />
illuminance<br />
movement<br />
delay<br />
100 %<br />
delay<br />
0 % time<br />
relative<br />
illuminance<br />
movement<br />
delay<br />
Time procedure of presence detector - with double delay<br />
10 %<br />
0 % time<br />
Presence detector<br />
50/51
Combined<br />
<strong>lighting</strong><br />
management<br />
system<br />
Combining the control based<br />
on the movement (presence<br />
detector) and intensity (daylight<br />
detector), i.e. using the combined<br />
sensors we can achieve<br />
the highest energy savings.<br />
According to the regulation<br />
method the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
management can be carried<br />
out continuously or in leaps in<br />
dependence on the daylight<br />
availability of the space. When<br />
we regulate using the combined<br />
control the luminaires switch<br />
on (after detecting a movement)<br />
only if the scanned<br />
level of <strong>lighting</strong> in the space is<br />
lower than the firmly adjusted<br />
value. If the luminance intensity<br />
scanned is higher the luminaires<br />
do not switch on also when<br />
the movement continues. On<br />
the contrary, if there is a lower<br />
luminance level in the space<br />
and the sensors detect a movement,<br />
the luminaires switch on<br />
and the illumination is gradually<br />
regulated to the required level.<br />
If the movement continues, the<br />
luminaires dim according to the<br />
need and switch on according<br />
to the daylight availability.<br />
GRAFIAS 146<br />
When using combined <strong>lighting</strong> management<br />
system responds presence<br />
detector on persons in scanned area<br />
turning luminaires on only if intensity<br />
of daylight, which incident to the<br />
space through windows or skylights<br />
is below a preset value. Luminaires in<br />
the room remain off even if there are<br />
not persons.<br />
movement of people frequency<br />
0:00 h 24:00 h<br />
Regulation in leaps: When presence<br />
is detected, the luminaires turn on<br />
in leap only when illumination level<br />
is lower than the preset value. If the<br />
illuminance is higher, luminaires in the<br />
room remains off even if movement<br />
continues. For this type of combined<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> management system luminaires<br />
do not need to be equipped<br />
with dimmable control gear power<br />
components.<br />
100 %<br />
relative<br />
illuminance<br />
0:00 h 24:00 h<br />
Continuous regulation: When<br />
presence is detected, the luminaires<br />
turn on, followed by a continuous<br />
adjustment of desired level based on<br />
scanning of illuminance in area. If<br />
the movement persist, the luminaires<br />
are dimmed up and down according<br />
to requirements on illuminance<br />
level. For this type of combined<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> management system must be<br />
luminaires equipped with dimmable<br />
control gear power components.<br />
100 %<br />
relative<br />
illuminance<br />
0 %<br />
0:00 h 24:00 h<br />
Combined <strong>lighting</strong> management system<br />
52/53
Dividing luminaires to control groups.<br />
Some luminaires may be assigned to<br />
more than one group.<br />
CALLING OF<br />
LIGHTING SCENES<br />
PRESTIGE 152<br />
The <strong>lighting</strong> system management<br />
based on the<br />
changes of the adjusted<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> scenes finds a<br />
broad implementation in<br />
the industrial spaces. It can<br />
be utilised where it is not<br />
necessary to achieve dimming<br />
based on the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
intensity or movement. The<br />
adjusted <strong>lighting</strong> scenes can<br />
be switched on manually or<br />
automatically according to<br />
the adjusted time schedules.<br />
Gr. B<br />
Gr. D<br />
Gr. C<br />
Gr. A<br />
LQS VALUE<br />
Calling of <strong>lighting</strong><br />
scenes<br />
Calling of <strong>lighting</strong><br />
scenes<br />
LQS Value<br />
Yes 1<br />
No 0<br />
Manual <strong>lighting</strong> scene<br />
Under the manual <strong>lighting</strong><br />
scene we can understand an<br />
adjusted value of the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
level which can be brought<br />
about at any moment or<br />
changed by a button. The<br />
used control buttons can be<br />
pre-defined for the value of<br />
the luminous flux (e.g. 100 %,<br />
75 %, 50 %, 25 %, 0 %) the<br />
luminaires are to work on or to<br />
dim after we press them.<br />
In the industrial halls the<br />
management method can<br />
be used e.g. for <strong>lighting</strong> the<br />
manufacturing lines which are<br />
currently in operation. In that<br />
part of the space which is not<br />
used it is possible to reduce the<br />
illuminance level to the required<br />
level by calling the adequate<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> scene. In a similar way,<br />
it is possible to pre-define the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> scenes for breaks or<br />
cleaning.<br />
Gr. A Gr. B Gr. C Gr. D<br />
This type of management can<br />
be controlled by a built-in panel<br />
or remote controls. Especially<br />
for structured spaces we recommend<br />
using controls working<br />
on the wave basis. The electromagnetic<br />
waves they emit<br />
are able to penetrate materials<br />
which create an obstacle between<br />
the sender and receiver.<br />
This enables building-in a receiver<br />
also in spaces that are remote<br />
from the given room and<br />
to control the <strong>lighting</strong> system<br />
also through walls and on several<br />
floors. The current modern<br />
technologies enable to control<br />
the <strong>lighting</strong> through a tablet or<br />
smartphone. Through creating a<br />
specific application it is possible<br />
to control the <strong>lighting</strong> system in<br />
the whole manufacturing space<br />
by a simple touch. Through the<br />
wireless communication the selected<br />
actuator sends a signal to<br />
the controller, it assesses it and<br />
sends information through the<br />
control unit directly to the luminaire<br />
or a group of luminaires<br />
whose radiation intensity can<br />
be remotely switched on and<br />
off, increased or decreased.<br />
The management based on the<br />
adjusted <strong>lighting</strong> scenes belongs<br />
to those types of the manual<br />
control which from the point of<br />
view of savings are not as effective<br />
as the automatic solutions.<br />
Due to the fact that an intervention<br />
of the staff is necessary<br />
for calling a <strong>lighting</strong> scene, it<br />
is not possible to exclude any<br />
failure of the human factor.<br />
daily shift<br />
afternoon shift<br />
night shift<br />
security<br />
service<br />
cleaning<br />
turn off<br />
Description near the buttons on the<br />
control panel for calling of <strong>lighting</strong><br />
scenes<br />
Automatic <strong>lighting</strong> scenes<br />
The automatic <strong>lighting</strong> scenes<br />
represent adjusted <strong>lighting</strong><br />
scenes based on a firmly stated<br />
time schedule. The adjustment<br />
of the one-time or regularly<br />
repeating actions is realised<br />
through specialised software<br />
applications. In this way it<br />
is possible to change the illumination<br />
and adapt it to the<br />
currently realised activity in the<br />
manufacturing spaces automatically<br />
without any interventions<br />
of the user. The management<br />
system at the pre-defined times<br />
automatically changes the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system intensity for the<br />
individual working shifts, breaks<br />
or cleaning. The advantage of<br />
this <strong>lighting</strong> system management<br />
is its fully autonomous<br />
character which excludes the<br />
human factor.<br />
1 st <strong>lighting</strong> scene: 2 nd <strong>lighting</strong> scene:<br />
3 rd <strong>lighting</strong> scene:<br />
4 th <strong>lighting</strong> scene:<br />
Daily shift<br />
luminaires<br />
50 %<br />
100 %<br />
Afternoon shift<br />
100 %<br />
Night shift<br />
100 % 100 % of power consumption<br />
50 % 50 % of power consumption<br />
0 %<br />
0 %<br />
0 %<br />
100 %<br />
0 %<br />
0 % of power consumption<br />
Security<br />
0 % 50 % 0 %<br />
Lighting control based on occupancy<br />
of workplaces. In differentd scenes,<br />
different luminaires are turned on or<br />
luminaires lit with different intensity.<br />
CALLING OF LIGHTING SCENES<br />
54/55
prestige 152<br />
<strong>OMS</strong><br />
Lighting CONTrol<br />
The automatic management<br />
systems provide the users with<br />
maximal comfort and enable<br />
them to use the saving<br />
potential of the <strong>lighting</strong> system<br />
in full extent. Moreover, the<br />
existing technologies enable<br />
to realise the control of the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system from a remote<br />
point. The company <strong>OMS</strong> gives<br />
Inactive BUTTON TO<br />
control group of<br />
luminaires in the<br />
automatic (sensory)<br />
mode<br />
descriptions<br />
of groups of<br />
luminaires<br />
currently<br />
running<br />
automatic<br />
(sensory)<br />
operation in the<br />
group<br />
LIGHTING CONTROL<br />
GROUP1<br />
GROUP2<br />
GROUP3<br />
GROUP4<br />
GROUP5<br />
GROUP6<br />
GROUP7<br />
GROUP8<br />
AUT<br />
AUT<br />
AUT<br />
AUT<br />
AUT<br />
AUT<br />
AUT<br />
AUT<br />
aCTUal called<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> scene<br />
in the group<br />
its customers an opportunity to<br />
utilise the system <strong>OMS</strong> Lighting<br />
Control. It is a sophisticated<br />
system enabling to control the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system through internet.<br />
This application allows reading<br />
the actual energy consumption,<br />
it informs about failures of the<br />
luminaires and localises exactly<br />
the place of the breakdown<br />
and also provides information<br />
of what will be necessary for its<br />
removal.<br />
control of<br />
luminaires<br />
group<br />
Group<br />
BUTTON of<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> scene<br />
for relevant<br />
level of<br />
luminous flux<br />
in the group<br />
Actual<br />
level<br />
100% 75% 50% 25% 10% OFF 7%<br />
100% 75% 50% 25% 10% OFF 100%<br />
100% 75% 50% 25% 10% OFF 75%<br />
100% 75% 50% 25% 10% OFF 75%<br />
100% 75% 50% 25% 10% OFF 64%<br />
100% 75% 50% 25% 10% OFF 52%<br />
100% 75% 50% 25% 10% OFF 12%<br />
100% 75% 50% 25% 10% OFF 98%<br />
GROUP9 AUT 100% 75% 50% 25% 10% OFF 51%<br />
actual<br />
level of<br />
luminous<br />
fluxes for<br />
individual<br />
lumianire<br />
groups<br />
Schedule<br />
diagram<br />
timer<br />
diagrams<br />
for<br />
individual<br />
luminaire<br />
groups<br />
15:13:29<br />
11.10.2012<br />
PRESET1<br />
PRESET2<br />
PRESET3<br />
PRESET4<br />
PRESET5<br />
PRESET6<br />
PRESET7<br />
PRESET8<br />
real<br />
time and<br />
daTE<br />
once<br />
day<br />
day<br />
once<br />
once<br />
astro<br />
day<br />
once<br />
daily<br />
timer<br />
repeat<br />
All<br />
GROUP<br />
GROUP<br />
All<br />
GROUP<br />
GROUP<br />
GROUP<br />
GROUP<br />
The activiTY<br />
is carried<br />
out for all<br />
groups<br />
list of<br />
timers<br />
Scheduler<br />
Repeat Group Action Time Date/Day<br />
100%<br />
AUT<br />
50%<br />
75%<br />
OFF<br />
100%<br />
10%<br />
AUT<br />
19:20<br />
05:00<br />
17:30<br />
13:16<br />
22:00<br />
St<br />
15:45<br />
08:30<br />
the time at<br />
which is timer<br />
carried<br />
11-10-12<br />
Every<br />
We<br />
19-10-12<br />
11-10-12<br />
Mo + 10min<br />
Mo, Su<br />
28-10-12<br />
date at which is<br />
timer once carried<br />
Off Schedules Classify Add Schedule<br />
selECTEd all<br />
weekdays<br />
Starting the<br />
timer<br />
Deleting<br />
a Timer<br />
activiTY which is TO be<br />
carried by the timer<br />
activiTY which is TO be carried<br />
by the timer<br />
selECTEd days in which will<br />
be perform daily repetition<br />
with sETTing of<br />
differential delay<br />
selECTEd days in which will be<br />
perform daily repetition<br />
add<br />
a timer<br />
DALI<br />
Already the name Digital Addressable<br />
Lighting Interface<br />
says that it is a digital control<br />
of the <strong>lighting</strong> systems which<br />
enables to dim the luminaires<br />
in full extent from 0 – 100 %.<br />
The limits of one DALI bus<br />
enable controlling 64 address<br />
devices which can be divided to<br />
16 groups. For a bigger number<br />
of luminaires it is possible to<br />
combine several DALI buses<br />
and in this way to create larger<br />
and more complex systems.<br />
Except for the luminaires with<br />
the DALI control gears we can<br />
also control other peripheral<br />
devices (e.g. the blinds, heating,<br />
air-conditioning, etc.) and<br />
signalisations through address<br />
DALI components.<br />
Thanks to the DALI management<br />
we can control each<br />
luminaire in the <strong>lighting</strong> system<br />
independently. The advantage<br />
of this system is the feedback<br />
thanks to which we can read<br />
the current state of the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
fixture (e.g. the current dimming<br />
level, failure of the light<br />
source or electronic control<br />
gear). The DALI system allows<br />
using a large number of the<br />
action components and control<br />
elements, e.g. the standard wall<br />
buttons, touch panels, remote<br />
control and utilising several<br />
parallel control places.<br />
PRESTIGE LED 151<br />
_<br />
X<br />
Service<br />
POWER CONSUMPTION<br />
32,8 kW<br />
Summary<br />
Detection<br />
ONLINE<br />
service<br />
mode<br />
BUTTON of<br />
<strong>lighting</strong><br />
scene for the<br />
appropriate<br />
level of<br />
luminous flux<br />
in the group<br />
actual<br />
consumption<br />
of light<br />
system<br />
history of<br />
consumption<br />
single<br />
timer<br />
perform<br />
automatic<br />
astro<br />
control<br />
based on<br />
sunrise and<br />
sunset<br />
exceptions<br />
in sETTing<br />
timers<br />
selECTEd<br />
group or<br />
multiple<br />
groups of<br />
luminaires,<br />
performed<br />
for selECTEd<br />
actiont<br />
classification<br />
of graphic<br />
visual for<br />
timers<br />
dETECTion<br />
current<br />
status of all<br />
luminaires<br />
current<br />
status of the<br />
CONNECTion<br />
to the<br />
control units<br />
for <strong>lighting</strong><br />
Application software – <strong>OMS</strong> Lighting Control – for<br />
scenic and time based control.<br />
oms LIGHTING CONTROL / DALI<br />
56/57
ESPRIT<br />
People love flawlessness. Therefore the <strong>lighting</strong> producers do not take only their<br />
light and technical properties into consideration but also their overall design.<br />
Where an attractive look is combined with modern technology also inanimate<br />
objects acquire a new dimension. Let us call it esprit.<br />
To breathe spirit into the inanimate objects is the basic ambition<br />
of the current industrial design. In the area of luminaire<br />
manufacturing it means the effort of the luminaire designers<br />
for an innovative connection of shapes and functionality.<br />
Today the modern materials and technologies enable countless<br />
numbers of variations which can be modified according<br />
to the client’s vision.<br />
Although the usage of designer luminaires in industrial and<br />
production halls still isn´t very common, there are always few exceptions<br />
to the rule to find also in this kind of spaces. By planning<br />
the <strong>lighting</strong> solution the <strong>lighting</strong> designers actually do not only<br />
emphasise the functionality when selecting the luminaires but<br />
also the ability to add interest to individual parts of the interior, to<br />
contribute to their specific atmosphere or to represent.<br />
TORNADO II<br />
by Ján Štofko<br />
Grafias round<br />
by Ján Štofko<br />
Some people think that industrial<br />
luminaires don´t have right<br />
for design and aesthetic. Grafias<br />
Round ancestor - Grafias - was<br />
living proof that design can be<br />
incorporated even in strictly<br />
performance and efficiency<br />
focused products. It is the matter<br />
of company philosophy. In<br />
this round version we keep the<br />
optic which is a great example<br />
of cooperation between optic<br />
designer and product designer.<br />
The body gets modern oval<br />
shape and updated thermal design<br />
which makes the luminaire<br />
lighter. Lumen output rethinking<br />
is also part of this Grafias Round<br />
future.<br />
Although there are no quantifiable criteria for assessing the quality,<br />
it is important to respect a few rules in the creative process.<br />
They are as follows: overall impression of the luminaire, luminaire<br />
appearance in the room, detailed solution, surface finish, material<br />
of construct parts, functional elements.<br />
The company <strong>OMS</strong> has responded to the design demands for<br />
the space illumination by creating an in-house department of<br />
research and development in the framework of which the “court”<br />
designers in collaboration with technical departments and the<br />
students of the Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Bratislava,<br />
specialisation industrial design, are working on the development<br />
of new design luminaires using the latest technologies. The result<br />
of this collaboration is a series of the design and highly functional<br />
luminaires falling into the category of futuristic visions.<br />
This is one of the most important<br />
luminaires in <strong>OMS</strong> portfolio.<br />
Working on project like<br />
this, takes a lot of responsibility.<br />
Designing new generation of<br />
succesfull product like<br />
TORNADO needs full involvement<br />
of all stakeholders and<br />
needs reasonable design<br />
decisions. While focusing on<br />
performance, price and efficiency,<br />
there is at the same time<br />
work for design team. Injection<br />
moulded parts like polycarbonate<br />
prismatic diffuser end<br />
segments and luminaire body<br />
gives enough space to import<br />
steady and reliable character to<br />
this industrial place.<br />
ESPRIT<br />
58/59
EXCEPTIONALITY<br />
“No man is an island unto himself”, the master of literature Ernest Hemingway<br />
wrote. In business this simple truth is valid twice as much. The key to success of<br />
any manufacturing enterprise today is not only high quality products and modern<br />
technologies. It is first of all satisfied customers. The company <strong>OMS</strong> approaches<br />
every customer individually and offers him/her exceptional <strong>lighting</strong> solutions as<br />
well.<br />
Today offering the market a quality product is by far not<br />
enough. During recent years the customers have become<br />
more and more demanding and, more than a quality product,<br />
they are looking for complex solutions. This is also valid<br />
for the customers in the segment of <strong>lighting</strong>. Today their<br />
requirements are not satisfied only by a simple purchase of<br />
a luminaire. They are looking for opportunities how to save,<br />
to achieve an adequate return on investments and to make<br />
profit resulting from the usage of the latest technologies.<br />
Our company has long-year know-how and an above-standard<br />
technical background at our disposal. Thanks to this fact it is able<br />
to respond flexibly to all customer needs and to offer them full<br />
support in all phases when solving the illumination: from working<br />
out a project, through its realisation, installation of <strong>lighting</strong> up to<br />
the service and customer adjustments.<br />
The key word in the time period when we face permanent rise of<br />
energy prices is the economy of solutions. Therefore every new<br />
project starts with the energy audit of <strong>lighting</strong> which provides<br />
the basic material and values for the energy certification of the<br />
building. Its goal is to acquire a sufficient amount of information<br />
concerning the state and efficiency of the existing <strong>lighting</strong> system,<br />
to identify the potential for energy saving and to suggest concrete<br />
measures how to achieve them and to reduce the energy<br />
demandingness of the spaces audited. Based on the audit of the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system the experts of our company prepare recommendations<br />
for our client where they quantify the extent of possible<br />
savings and prepare a concrete proposal how to achieve them.<br />
We are able to respond flexibly to all customer needs and to offer them<br />
full support in all phases when solving the illumination: from working out a<br />
project, through its realisation, installation of <strong>lighting</strong> up to the service and<br />
customer adjustments.<br />
SERVICE<br />
(after-installation<br />
services)<br />
PROJECT<br />
(pre-installation<br />
services)<br />
PROJECT<br />
INSTALLATION<br />
LIGHTING<br />
DESIGN<br />
LIGHTING<br />
SPECIFICATION<br />
LIGHTING<br />
CALCUlaTION<br />
ENERGY<br />
SAVING<br />
WIRING<br />
DESIGN<br />
TECHNICAL<br />
SUPPORT<br />
SERVICE<br />
LMS<br />
Programming<br />
Lighting<br />
measurement<br />
Power<br />
measurements<br />
Aiming<br />
luminaires<br />
Technical<br />
support<br />
EXCEPTIONALITY<br />
60/61
By high-level software we will calculate the optimal<br />
parameters off a new <strong>lighting</strong> system and work out an<br />
electro-project whose part is also the <strong>lighting</strong> system’s<br />
electric connection scheme.<br />
Our Lighting Solutions department<br />
has the necessary knowledge<br />
and technical means for<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> measurements at our<br />
disposal. It will carry out the<br />
technical inspection of the<br />
installation, measurement of<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> intensity and illuminance<br />
in the client’s premises<br />
and will evaluate up to what<br />
level the quality complies with<br />
the legal requirements and<br />
standards. Through measuring<br />
the energy consumption of the<br />
existing <strong>lighting</strong> system it will<br />
identify the place of insufficient<br />
efficiency and losses and will<br />
work out a complete <strong>lighting</strong><br />
project for the customer that is<br />
tailor-made to the their needs<br />
and requirements on energy<br />
saving.<br />
Together with the clients we<br />
work out a design of the<br />
overall solution of the space<br />
illumination and provide them<br />
support when they select the<br />
luminaires. Our company has<br />
a wide portfolio of luminaires<br />
at our disposal that we are<br />
able to customise if necessary<br />
according to client’s specific<br />
requirements. By high-level<br />
software we will calculate the<br />
optimal parameters of a new<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system and work out<br />
an electro-project whose part<br />
is also the <strong>lighting</strong> system’s<br />
electric connection scheme<br />
and programming the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
management systems.<br />
Our long-year experience,<br />
strong technical background<br />
and emphasis on the research<br />
and development of new<br />
technologies enable us to<br />
provide the clients with full<br />
support when they are selecting<br />
the most effective <strong>lighting</strong><br />
management system. Besides<br />
the standard tools including<br />
the daylight-, presence- and<br />
constant illumination sensors<br />
we offer our own <strong>lighting</strong><br />
management system through<br />
the intelligent system Central<br />
Power Source developed by the<br />
engineers of our company. As a<br />
modern enterprise we have also<br />
been able to respond to the<br />
trend of managing the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
systems through tablet and<br />
smartphones. Our programmers<br />
and designers programme applications<br />
tailor-made for every<br />
client. In the after-project phase<br />
we provide services of Energy<br />
Certification of Buildings which<br />
documents the energy demandingness<br />
of the building with the<br />
new <strong>lighting</strong> solution.<br />
We have been providing complex services for designing<br />
the interior and exterior illumination for almost 20 years.<br />
Where others see obstacles, we see a <strong>lighting</strong> solution. Our<br />
philosophy is not based only on simple following the trends.<br />
We have decided to be trendsetters in our sector. A great<br />
number of customers in more 120 countries worldwide prove<br />
that we are successful.<br />
EXCEPTIONALITY<br />
62/63
LIGHTing in THe INDUSTRY<br />
BUTCHERY<br />
Automobile woRKSHop<br />
WOODWORKING anD PROCESSING<br />
storage and loGISTIcs<br />
CANAL, LOCK, poRT,<br />
SHIPYARD anD DOCK<br />
METAL WORKING<br />
AND PRoceSSING<br />
petrochemical and power inDUSTRY<br />
ElecTRIcal and electronic INDUSTRY<br />
conSTRUction SITes<br />
bakery<br />
printing<br />
mechanical and<br />
plant engineeRIng<br />
fooDSTUffs inDUSTRY<br />
warehouse<br />
plaSTIc inDUSTRY<br />
heavy inDUSTRY<br />
automotive Engineering<br />
exterior ILLUmination<br />
and paRKIng area<br />
cleanroom<br />
chemical inDUSTRY<br />
undeRGRound paRKIng<br />
64/65
inDOOR WORKPLaceS<br />
The fact that people spend up to 80 % of their productive life at work increases<br />
the importance of the appropriate and biologically efficient <strong>lighting</strong> at the workplace.<br />
In the manufacturing sphere and all lines of business a correctly designed<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system can positively affect the performance efficiency and concentration<br />
of the employees in all working shifts, minimise the occurrence of failures and the<br />
risks of injuries.<br />
intensity and uniformity <strong>lighting</strong><br />
values and at the same time it is<br />
not maintenance-intensive.<br />
In the individual branches of the<br />
heavy industry the production<br />
premises place increased demands<br />
on the resistance of the<br />
luminaires against explosion (Ex)<br />
and corrosion with appropriate<br />
values IP 20 or IP 50.<br />
ux-myar 146<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
GRAFiAS 146<br />
ecoBAY 148<br />
ux-BELL 145<br />
ODUL tornado quark II PC 126 147<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
PRESTiGE 152<br />
heavy industry<br />
From the point of view of the<br />
industry classification, the<br />
heavy industry includes the<br />
areas of metallurgy, energy,<br />
machinery and chemical<br />
industry. The production<br />
premises in all these lines of<br />
business place specific demands<br />
on <strong>lighting</strong> solutions<br />
and selection of the light<br />
sources.<br />
The normative requirements on<br />
the average maintained illuminance<br />
in the production halls in<br />
the individual branches of the<br />
heavy industry differ according<br />
to the fact if they are workplaces<br />
without manual operation,<br />
processing installations with<br />
limited manual intervention or<br />
workplaces with a permanent<br />
occurrence of employees. The<br />
European standard EN 12464-1<br />
states a minimal illuminance<br />
level 50 lux for the workplaces<br />
without manual operation,<br />
150 lux for processing installations<br />
with limited manual<br />
intervention, and the minimal<br />
illuminance level 200 lux for<br />
workplaces with a permanent<br />
occurrence of employees. To<br />
achieve the optimal visual comfort<br />
of the employees especially<br />
at the workplaces with a permanent<br />
occurrence of people<br />
we recommend ensuring higher<br />
illuminance levels.<br />
When designing a <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system it is important to create<br />
uniform <strong>lighting</strong> conditions in<br />
the production premises and in<br />
this way to avoid an undesirable<br />
formation of sharp shadows.<br />
The uniform <strong>lighting</strong> enables<br />
the employees’ correct handling<br />
with tools and reduces not only<br />
the failure rate but also the risk<br />
of injury. In the high manufacturing<br />
halls in the heavy<br />
industry it is also important to<br />
achieve sufficient illuminance of<br />
the vertical surfaces along the<br />
whole height of the walls. Good<br />
vertical illuminance improves<br />
the orientation ability of the<br />
employees, better identification<br />
of the large-size machines and<br />
improves safety when moving<br />
on the stairs or hall girders.<br />
To achieve the standardised<br />
stated values of illuminance<br />
in the high production halls in<br />
the heavy industry, it is suitable<br />
to use the luminaires with a<br />
wide luminous intensity curve<br />
and/or suspended luminaires<br />
with the asymmetric radiation<br />
curve which at the same time<br />
will ensure sufficient vertical<br />
illuminance of the surfaces. The<br />
continuous row systems with<br />
specular reflectors are an appropriate<br />
choice for the task area<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> for the workplaces. For<br />
an optimal adaptation to the<br />
local circumstances, the luminaires<br />
should permit variable<br />
light distribution.<br />
The selection of the light source<br />
depends on the activity which<br />
is carried out at the given workplace.<br />
In the production spaces<br />
without permanent attendants<br />
and in the premises with<br />
reduced visibility it is possible<br />
to use the light sources with<br />
CRI>40. At the workplaces with<br />
permanent presence of operators<br />
the standard determines<br />
the minimal value of CRI>80.<br />
From the economic and<br />
luminous point of view the<br />
high-intensity discharge lamps<br />
are considered a suitable<br />
solution. This type of light<br />
source achieves adequate<br />
Good vertical illuminance improves<br />
the orientation ability of the<br />
employees, better identification<br />
of the large-sized machines and<br />
improves safety when moving on the<br />
stairs or hall girders.<br />
INDOOR WOrkplaCES / Heavy industry<br />
68/69
The task of the <strong>lighting</strong> designer<br />
is to propose such <strong>lighting</strong> that<br />
would comply with the normative<br />
requirements and at the same time<br />
GRAFIAS 142<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
ux-MYAR 142<br />
eco BAY 145<br />
ux-BELL 145<br />
METAL WORKING<br />
AND PROCESSING<br />
This line of business aimed at<br />
metal working and processing<br />
includes a lot of various<br />
activities from assembly<br />
through forging and welding<br />
up to operations requiring<br />
maximal precision for soldering,<br />
inspection or measuring.<br />
Each of these activities places<br />
specific demands on the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
solution.<br />
The variety of the realised activities<br />
during metal working and<br />
processing does not create any<br />
conditions for a universal solution<br />
of the <strong>lighting</strong> system. The<br />
task of the <strong>lighting</strong> designer<br />
when planning the illumination<br />
is therefore to propose such<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> that would comply with<br />
the normative requirements and<br />
at the same time respect the<br />
ergonomic criteria for appropriate<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> of the task area<br />
in dependence on the activity<br />
realised.<br />
The European standard<br />
EN 12464-1 determines different<br />
minimal values of the average illuminance<br />
for individual wokplaces<br />
in dependence on the activity<br />
the employee is carrying out at<br />
the workplace.<br />
For workplaces where the<br />
employees do not carry out any<br />
demanding visual tasks, e.g.<br />
assembly, forging or welding,<br />
the standard states the minimal<br />
value of the average maintained<br />
illuminance at the place of the<br />
visual task 300 lux. The experience<br />
from practice shows that<br />
e.g. during welding it is suitable<br />
to achieve higher values of<br />
illuminance at the place of the<br />
visual task. The higher <strong>lighting</strong><br />
intensity can compensate the<br />
employee the reduced<br />
visibility caused e.g. by using<br />
the welding goggles. The required<br />
illuminance levels in the<br />
high halls (6 metres and more)<br />
can be achieved by using the<br />
luminaires with a wide luminous<br />
intensity curve and the highintensity<br />
discharge lamps which<br />
at the same time represent an<br />
economical solution. However,<br />
this type of luminaires is less<br />
suitable in the case when bright<br />
metals are processed at the<br />
workplace. The linear luminaires<br />
with cut-off louvers or<br />
with matt housing are a more<br />
suitable solution for this type<br />
of space.<br />
For the workplaces where the<br />
employees carry out demanding<br />
visual tasks and where<br />
emphasis is laid on precision<br />
(light engineering shops,<br />
monitoring and measuring<br />
stations) the standard states<br />
in the minimal values of the<br />
maintained illuminance 750 lux<br />
to 1,000 lux dependence on the<br />
activity realised. For these types<br />
of workplaces it is suitable to<br />
complete the general <strong>lighting</strong><br />
by additional luminaires. The<br />
luminaires with asymmetric<br />
radiation curve placed over the<br />
task area are a suitable type of<br />
luminaires for these types of<br />
spaces. In this way we achieve<br />
sufficient vertical illuminance<br />
which will enable the employee<br />
to recognise the shapes of the<br />
machined pieces and flawless<br />
reading of the measured values<br />
from the devices.<br />
respect the ergonomic criteria for<br />
appropriate <strong>lighting</strong> of the task<br />
area in dependence on the activity<br />
realised.<br />
Specific requirements on selecting<br />
and placing the luminaires<br />
are placed by a metal-processing<br />
workplace where the employees<br />
use the lathe or at workplaces<br />
where soldering is carried out.<br />
During turning it is important<br />
to ensure good visibility of<br />
the machined work piece and<br />
to prevent the creating of<br />
undesirable shadows. The linear<br />
suspended or ceiling surfaced<br />
luminaires placed rectangular to<br />
the working area are a suitable<br />
solution. At the same time it is<br />
recommended to additionally<br />
illuminate the place of the visual<br />
task by additional luminaires<br />
and to place them in such<br />
a way that the luminous flux<br />
will head to the task area moderately<br />
from above and from<br />
the right side in the direction<br />
of the employee’s view. This<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> solution discriminates<br />
the left-handers, however, there<br />
already exist sophisticated solutions<br />
which are able to create<br />
the same light conditions for<br />
them, as well. By using the LED<br />
light sources or luminaires fitted<br />
with electronic control gears we<br />
can prevent the undesirable stroboscopic<br />
effect which increases<br />
the risk of injury especially when<br />
we use machines working on<br />
the rotational principle.<br />
At the workplaces where soldering<br />
is carried out it is important<br />
to check the operation immediately.<br />
The undesirable reflection<br />
reducing visibility can be<br />
prevented by using luminaires<br />
with matt housing.<br />
At the workplaces equipped<br />
with CNC machines with<br />
displays/screens the most<br />
important task of the light<br />
designer is to restrict the rise of<br />
undesirable reflections which<br />
could make it more difficult<br />
or even impossible to read<br />
the displayed information.<br />
A reduced luminance level of<br />
1,000 cd/m 2 to 1,500 cd/m 2 is<br />
required in order to ensure the<br />
reflection-free operation on the<br />
CNC screens.<br />
If an excessive amount of dust<br />
develops during metal-processing<br />
at the workplace it is necessary<br />
to use the dust-proof luminaires<br />
with IP 54 or IP 65.<br />
PRESTIGE 152<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
PRESTige LED 151<br />
tornado PC LED 143<br />
tornado PC 143<br />
TORNADO PC 147<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
tornado PC LED 147<br />
PRESTige LED 151<br />
PRESTige 152<br />
METAL WORKING AND PROCESSING<br />
70/71
Mechanical and<br />
plant engineering<br />
Similarly as in the area of<br />
metal processing, the mechanical<br />
and plant engineering<br />
is typical by its variedness<br />
of activities performed. When<br />
planning the <strong>lighting</strong> system<br />
it is inevitable to take into<br />
consideration the specific<br />
demands they place on the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> solution.<br />
The area of the mechanical and<br />
plant engineering represents<br />
a whole spectrum of activities<br />
typical in various levels of precisions:<br />
from the basic assembly<br />
through handling with small<br />
components up to the demanding<br />
visual quality control. In<br />
general it can be said that the<br />
more precision demanding the<br />
activity the employee carries out<br />
is, the higher the requirements<br />
on the <strong>lighting</strong> quality are laid.<br />
The European standard<br />
EN 12464-1 states for the<br />
production premises in this line<br />
of business the minimal levels<br />
of the maintained illuminance<br />
from 200 lux to 750 lux in<br />
dependence on the activity realised.<br />
The scientific research and<br />
our experience from practice<br />
confirms that a higher illuminance<br />
level positively affects the<br />
visual and psychological wellbeing<br />
of the employees and<br />
stimulates their performance<br />
efficiency and therefore we also<br />
recommend to maintain higher<br />
illuminance levels in those<br />
spaces where the standard does<br />
not require it.<br />
To achieve the standard stated<br />
values of the minimal maintained<br />
illuminance, it is suitable<br />
to use the linear luminaires with<br />
the direct characteristic of the<br />
luminous flux distribution which<br />
help us gain sufficient quality of<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> uniformity. In the case it<br />
is the assembly line production,<br />
it is recommended to place the<br />
luminaires parallely with the<br />
assembly line.<br />
The construction and technological<br />
parameters of our luminaire<br />
Prestige, which is able to<br />
achieve appropriate illuminance<br />
level with mounting hight up to<br />
12 metres, enable the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
designer to use this <strong>lighting</strong><br />
fixture also in high halls.<br />
By choosing the optimal light<br />
source for this industrial space,<br />
LED light sources could be the<br />
most economical and effective<br />
solution. They achieve high<br />
lifespan values, they are typical<br />
by high efficacy and effectiveness<br />
and due to their low failure<br />
rate and long lifespan they do<br />
not represent any increased<br />
burden from the point of view<br />
of the maintenance costs.<br />
In the spaces that are not defined<br />
as sterile but at the same<br />
time they place large demands<br />
on the workplace cleanliness,<br />
it is necessary to use luminaires<br />
which can be cleaned easily and<br />
which do not contain components<br />
where impurities or dust<br />
is trapped.<br />
The more precision demanding the<br />
activity the employee carries out is,<br />
the higher the requirements on the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> quality are laid.<br />
In production halls with standard<br />
hight of the walls it is suitable to<br />
use linear luminaires with the direct<br />
characteristic of the luminous flux.<br />
To obtain the standard stated levels<br />
of the maintained illuminance it<br />
production halls with non standard<br />
hight of the walls (6 m and more)<br />
it is important to choose luminaires<br />
that can be used in different<br />
mounting hight<br />
Special requirements on the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> solution are laid by the<br />
workplaces equipped with the<br />
visual display units (VDU). To<br />
prevent the rise of undesirable<br />
reflections on the screens which<br />
would disturb the employees or<br />
make it impossible to distinguish<br />
the displayed information,<br />
it is suitable to use the<br />
non-glaring luminaires, e.g.<br />
the special computer workstation<br />
luminaires or luminaires<br />
fitted with microprism which is<br />
the most effective method of<br />
spreading the soft diffuse light.<br />
For activities with demanding<br />
visual tasks (e.g. inspection or<br />
handling with small components),<br />
it is recommended to<br />
support the main illumination<br />
with additional table luminaires<br />
in the place of the visual task.<br />
For the inspection activities the<br />
luminaires with a narrow luminous<br />
intensity curve represent a<br />
suitable solution.<br />
prestige 152<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
PRESTige LED 151<br />
tornado PC LED 147<br />
tornado PC 147<br />
ux-MYar 146<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
GRAFiAS 146<br />
eco BAY 148<br />
ux-BELL 145<br />
Mechanical and plant engineering<br />
72/73
<strong>lighting</strong> quality standard<br />
12/13
The places of the visual task at which the employees carry<br />
out an activity which is extremely demanding on precision<br />
should be fitted with additional local luminaires.<br />
prestige 152<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
PRESTige LED 151<br />
tornado PC LED 143<br />
tornado PC 143<br />
automOTive<br />
engineering<br />
Work in the automotive<br />
industry is typical for high<br />
demands on the quality of<br />
operations performed. Independently<br />
of the fact if it is<br />
the assembly of large parts or<br />
small components the precision<br />
is highly emphasised. To<br />
meet this requirement and to<br />
adapt the <strong>lighting</strong> system to<br />
it is the task for the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
designer.<br />
The European standard<br />
EN 12464-1 states the minimal<br />
level of maintained illuminance<br />
500 lux for the manufacturing<br />
halls in the automotive industry.<br />
It can be achieved by suspended<br />
or ceiling surfaced luminaires<br />
with the direct characteristic<br />
of the luminous flux which can<br />
also provide us with sufficient<br />
quality of the <strong>lighting</strong> uniformity.<br />
The assembly line production<br />
creates the predominant part<br />
of production in the automotive<br />
industry. For achieving<br />
the optimal light conditions<br />
we recommend to place the<br />
luminaires parallely with the<br />
assembly line.<br />
For <strong>lighting</strong> the production halls<br />
with the height of 6 metres we<br />
recommend our luminaire Prestige,<br />
Thanks to its construction<br />
and technological parameters<br />
it is able to achieve appropriate<br />
illuminance level with mounting<br />
hight up to 12 metres.<br />
By choosing the optimal light<br />
source also for this industrial<br />
space, LED light sources could<br />
be the most economical and<br />
effective solution. They achieve<br />
high lifespan values, they are<br />
typical by high efficacy and effectiveness<br />
and due to their low<br />
failure rate and long lifespan<br />
they do not represent any increased<br />
burden from the point<br />
of view of the maintenance<br />
costs.<br />
By an appropriate selection of<br />
the light sources or luminaires<br />
with matt housings we can<br />
avoid the rise of undesirable<br />
reflection at workplaces where<br />
bright components are used.<br />
The VDU workplaces require<br />
a special <strong>lighting</strong> solution. By<br />
an appropriate selection of<br />
luminaires and their correct<br />
layout in the space it is possible<br />
to avoid the rise of undesirable<br />
reflections on the screens which<br />
complicate or even disable<br />
the employee to perceive the<br />
displayed information. The luminaires<br />
with microprism which<br />
is the source of soft diffuse and<br />
non-glaring light are a suitable<br />
solution.<br />
The places of the visual task at<br />
which the employees carry out<br />
an activity which is extremely<br />
demanding on precision should<br />
be fitted with additional local<br />
luminaires. The inclined working<br />
surfaces and inspection<br />
workplaces require additional<br />
<strong>lighting</strong>. We recommend using<br />
luminaire TORNADO PC for<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> the inclined working<br />
surfaces, the inspection<br />
workplaces should be fitted<br />
with luminaires with a narrow<br />
luminous intensity curve.<br />
Paintshop<br />
In the production halls of the<br />
automotive industry the Paintshop<br />
is a space which places<br />
specific demands on<br />
the <strong>lighting</strong> solution. The<br />
standard EN 12464-1 states the<br />
minimal illuminance level<br />
750 lux for the paintshops<br />
(1,000 lux for the touch-up<br />
jobs). The linear luminaires with<br />
the direct distribution of the<br />
luminous flux and additional<br />
luminaires with a distinctively<br />
asymmetric luminous intensity<br />
curve by which we can achieve<br />
sufficient <strong>lighting</strong> of the vertical<br />
surfaces (walls) are a suitable<br />
solution. In dependence on the<br />
type of the spraying booth in<br />
some cases it is necessary to use<br />
the explosion-proof luminaires.<br />
Some operations in the paintshop<br />
places extraordinary high<br />
demands on correctly recognising<br />
the colours. It is inspection<br />
and touch-up of painting where<br />
is inevitable to use luminaires<br />
with the light sources achieving<br />
excellent CRI values ≥ 90.<br />
ux-MYAR 146<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
GRAFias 146<br />
eco BAY 148<br />
ux-BELL 145<br />
TORNADO PC 147<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
Tornado PC LED 147<br />
automOTive engineering<br />
76/77
In the spaces of the car washroom which<br />
are typical for high humidity and where<br />
TORNADO PC LED 147<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
PRESTige LED 151<br />
PRESTiGE 152<br />
tornado PC 147<br />
RELAX XTP ip65 149<br />
LED<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
RELAx xtp 149<br />
indiRECT xtp 150<br />
Automobile<br />
workshop<br />
The performance in an automobile<br />
workshop includes a<br />
lot of various activities. The<br />
task of a <strong>lighting</strong> designer is<br />
to design a <strong>lighting</strong> system<br />
which would cover all<br />
demands that the operations<br />
place on the illumination.<br />
The common feature of the majority<br />
of the automobile workshops<br />
is the limited accessibility<br />
of the daylight. From this point<br />
of view a correct solution of the<br />
artificial light plays a key role<br />
for the visual well-being of the<br />
employees and the quality of<br />
the work done. The European<br />
standard EN 12464-1 states the<br />
value of the minimal illuminance<br />
300 lux for the general<br />
service of the vehicles, repair<br />
and testing in the automobile<br />
workshops.<br />
When planning a <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system it is necessary to take<br />
into account the type of performance<br />
carried out in the given<br />
space. The spaces assigned<br />
for maintenance and waxing<br />
the vehicles require sufficient<br />
vertical illuminance therefore it<br />
is suitable to complete the main<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> with luminaires having<br />
the asymmetric radiation curve<br />
for additional <strong>lighting</strong> of the<br />
task area. In the spaces of the<br />
car washroom which are typical<br />
for high humidity and where<br />
it is impossible to exclude any<br />
contact of the luminaires with<br />
water, it is necessary to use the<br />
water-proof luminaires with<br />
minimal IP 54, if it is not clear<br />
in advance, what type of strain<br />
it is impossible to exclude any contact of<br />
the luminaires with water, it is necessary<br />
to use the water-proof luminaires with<br />
minimal IP 54.<br />
the luminaire will be exposed<br />
to, the luminaires with an IP 65<br />
have to be installed. In the floor<br />
pits where the luminaires are<br />
installed on vertical surfaces<br />
of the walls, it is possible to<br />
use a glare free linear <strong>lighting</strong><br />
fixture. By its suitable placement<br />
we can achieve sufficient<br />
illuminance in the upper as well<br />
as bottom part of the floor pit<br />
space.<br />
120<br />
105<br />
90<br />
75<br />
60<br />
200<br />
160<br />
120<br />
80<br />
The luminous intensity curve<br />
Tornado PC LED<br />
120<br />
105<br />
90<br />
75<br />
60<br />
cd/klm<br />
45 30 15 0 15 30 45<br />
C0.0-C180.0 C90.0-C270.0<br />
Special demands are also placed<br />
on the illumination of the<br />
paint shop area. The standard<br />
EN 12464-1 states a minimal<br />
level of illuminance of 750 lux<br />
for the paint shop. For activities<br />
connected with repairing the<br />
paint and inspection activities<br />
the illuminance of 1,000 lux<br />
is determined, the value of<br />
the psychological factor of<br />
the glare UGR 19 and the correlated<br />
colour temperature CCT<br />
4,000 K ≤ T CP<br />
≤ 6,500 K. Due to<br />
good recognition of colours it is<br />
necessary to use luminaires with<br />
a good colour rendering index<br />
CRI ≥ 90. Because in the paint<br />
shop we work with flammable<br />
and explosive materials it is<br />
necessary to install luminaires<br />
resistant against explosion.<br />
Automobile workshop<br />
78/79
Warehouse<br />
The common property of<br />
the warehouse spaces in all<br />
lines of business is the low<br />
accessibility of the daylight.<br />
In combination with the high<br />
racks here, bad light conditions<br />
develop which can only<br />
be solved by an appropriately<br />
designed <strong>lighting</strong> system.<br />
In the warehouse spaces furnished<br />
with the racks the importance<br />
of sufficient illuminance<br />
comes to the foreground.<br />
The European standard<br />
EN 12464-1 states the minimal<br />
value of the maintained illuminance<br />
100 lux for the warehouse<br />
premises without permanent<br />
occurrence of persons, for<br />
warehouses with permanent<br />
presence of employees 200 lux.<br />
The experience from practice<br />
unambiguously shows that<br />
these values are insufficient.<br />
They do not give the employees<br />
the sufficient visual comfort and<br />
especially in the warehouses<br />
with high racks they do not<br />
create sufficient light conditions<br />
for the warehouse employees<br />
to be able to read the information<br />
from the delivery notes,<br />
the packaging of the stored<br />
goods or racks. To achieve the<br />
adequate visual conditions we<br />
recommend the minimal value<br />
of the maintained illuminance<br />
300 lux.<br />
The required illuminance level<br />
and sufficient vertical illuminance<br />
can be achieved by using the<br />
linear suspended luminaires<br />
with the direct radiation<br />
component placed along the<br />
aisles between the racks. For<br />
the good illuminance of the<br />
high-positioned racks in the<br />
halls with the wall height 6 metres<br />
and more, it is suitable to use<br />
the high-bay reflector luminaires<br />
with asymmetrical reflectors<br />
fitted with housing which will<br />
prevent direct glare of the<br />
employees when they look<br />
directly upwards. Besides the<br />
required level of the maintained<br />
illuminance it is simultaneously<br />
possible to achieve the uniform<br />
distribution of the luminance in<br />
the warehouse premises with<br />
both <strong>lighting</strong> solutions.<br />
It is important to pay attention to the<br />
zones of vehicle entrance and exit<br />
from the warehouse. The light scene<br />
is distinctively changed in this part<br />
of the warehouse space. Especially<br />
the transfer from lighter to darker<br />
spaces places greater demands on the<br />
human eye’s adaptation phase which<br />
from the point of view of safety is to<br />
It is important to pay attention<br />
to the zones of vehicle entrance<br />
and exit from the warehouse.<br />
The light scene is distinctively<br />
changed in this part of the<br />
warehouse space. Especially the<br />
transfer from lighter to darker<br />
spaces places greater demands<br />
on the human eye’s adaptation<br />
phase which from the point of<br />
view of safety is to be reduced<br />
to minimum. The optimal solution<br />
consists of the increased<br />
density of the luminaires<br />
installed (similarly as in the tunnels)<br />
and this will increase the<br />
illuminance level in the critical<br />
zones and in this way a softer<br />
transfer from different light<br />
environments will be achieved.<br />
When solving the <strong>lighting</strong> of the<br />
warehouse spaces by installing<br />
the intelligent tools of the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
management system we<br />
can reach substantial savings of<br />
energy. The presence detectors<br />
installed are able to switch on<br />
the <strong>lighting</strong> only in those parts<br />
of the warehouse where it is<br />
necessary.<br />
prestige 152<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
PRESTige LED 151<br />
GRAFias 142<br />
ux-MYAR 142<br />
eco BAY 145<br />
ux-BELL 145<br />
TORNADO PC LED 143<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
tornado PC 143<br />
PRESTige LED 151<br />
PRESTige 152<br />
be reduced to minimum.<br />
WAREHOUSE<br />
80/81
WAREHOUSE<br />
Bell Simple Tornado Prestige<br />
ERGONOMICS i<br />
Colour rendering index (CRI)<br />
Glare prevention<br />
Illumination level (task area)<br />
Illumination level (surrounding of task area)<br />
Lighting uniformity<br />
Harmonious distribution of brightness<br />
Bell Simple Tornado Prestige<br />
ERGONOMICS i<br />
Colour rendering index (CRI)<br />
Glare prevention<br />
Illumination level (task area)<br />
Illumination level (surrounding of task area)<br />
Lighting uniformity<br />
Harmonious distribution of brightness<br />
EMOTION i<br />
Vertical illumination<br />
Ceiling illumination<br />
Biological factor of illumination<br />
A availability of daylight<br />
Bluelight content (Tc>6500K)<br />
daylight simulation<br />
D dynamic <strong>lighting</strong><br />
Tunable white<br />
Accent <strong>lighting</strong><br />
RGB colour mixing<br />
Ambient <strong>lighting</strong><br />
EMOTION i<br />
Vertical illumination<br />
Ceiling illumination<br />
Biological factor of illumination<br />
A availability of daylight<br />
Bluelight content (Tc>6500K)<br />
daylight simulation<br />
D dynamic <strong>lighting</strong><br />
Tunable white<br />
Accent <strong>lighting</strong><br />
RGB colour mixing<br />
Ambient <strong>lighting</strong><br />
BENEFITS SCHEME COMPONENTS<br />
Availability of daylight<br />
bringing natural conditions into<br />
interior by maximizing the use of<br />
daylight, thus minimizing operating<br />
costs.<br />
UX-BELL AL1<br />
IP65 MT E40<br />
1x250W<br />
ECOLOGY i<br />
Latest lamp technology metal halide<br />
System efficacy of luminaire<br />
Thermal output of lamp<br />
Dangerous material content<br />
Product lifetime and maintenance costs<br />
EFFICIENCY i<br />
Presence detector<br />
Constatnt illuminance sensor<br />
Daylight sensor<br />
Calling of <strong>lighting</strong> scenes<br />
R3 Auto ON/Dimmed<br />
normal movement of<br />
R8 Photo cell dimmin<br />
BENEFITS SCHEME COMPONENTS<br />
Availability of daylight<br />
bringing natural conditions into<br />
interior by maximizing the use of<br />
daylight, thus minimizing operating<br />
costs.<br />
PRESTIGE DM<br />
T5+R12 T5 AL DEEP<br />
2x49W<br />
ECOLOGY i<br />
Latest lamp technology Classic<br />
System efficacy of luminaire<br />
Thermal output of lamp<br />
Dangerous material content<br />
Product lifetime and maintenance costs<br />
EFFICIENCY i<br />
Presence detector<br />
Constatnt illuminance sensor<br />
Daylight sensor<br />
Calling of <strong>lighting</strong> scenes<br />
R3 Auto ON/Dimmed<br />
normal movement of<br />
R8 Photo cell dimmin<br />
Switch<br />
Mains (230V) Switch Mains (230V)<br />
Mains (230V)<br />
Switch<br />
Data line<br />
Working days:<br />
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sa Sun<br />
Working hours / day: 12 Working hours / night: 12<br />
Power consumption<br />
Power consumption with LMS<br />
66528 [kWh/year]<br />
66528 [kWh/year]<br />
CO 2<br />
savings 0 [kg/year]<br />
LENI 66.46 [kWh/year.m 2 ]<br />
Push button<br />
Sensor<br />
ER<br />
A<br />
EM<br />
0 %<br />
Remote controler<br />
ENERGY SAVING<br />
D<br />
EF<br />
1.67<br />
EC<br />
Bluelight content(Tc>6500K)<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> installation contains of light<br />
sources with increased portion of<br />
blue in the spectrum, which has an<br />
influence to circadian rceptors of<br />
humans.<br />
Daylight simulation<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> installation with impact on<br />
well being of humans. Installation<br />
contains of light management<br />
system that is slowly changing<br />
colour temperature duirng a day,<br />
thus simulating natural conditions<br />
Mains (230V) in interior. Switch Mains (230V)<br />
Mains (230V) Switch Mains (230V)<br />
Dynamic <strong>lighting</strong><br />
Data line<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> installation with impact on Data Data line<br />
well being of humans. Installation<br />
contains of light management system<br />
that is slowly altering light level<br />
during a day, thus simulating natural<br />
conditions in interior.<br />
Presence detector<br />
Passive infrared sensor that reacts on<br />
movements. It is switching luminaires<br />
on to a pre-programmed level by<br />
occupancy of the room and switching<br />
luminaires off by absence of persons.<br />
Push button<br />
Remote controll<br />
Power supply for the<br />
DALI line<br />
Push button<br />
Push button<br />
Sensor<br />
Sensor<br />
Remote controler<br />
Remote Combined<br />
controler controler<br />
motion and<br />
illuminance<br />
sensor<br />
Working days:<br />
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sa Sun<br />
Working hours / day: 12 Working hours / night: 12<br />
Power consumption<br />
51643 [kWh/year]<br />
Power consumption with LMS<br />
28090 [kWh/year]<br />
CO 2<br />
savings<br />
14368 [kg/year]<br />
LENI 28.06 [kWh/year.m 2 ]<br />
A ER<br />
A<br />
EM<br />
46 %<br />
ENERGY SAVING<br />
EF<br />
3.87<br />
EC<br />
Constant illuminance sensor<br />
reduce the use of artificial light in the<br />
early life <strong>lighting</strong> system.<br />
Daylight sensor<br />
Sensor reduce the use of artificial<br />
light in interiors when natural<br />
daylight is available.<br />
Calling of <strong>lighting</strong> scenes<br />
Lighting system allows to program<br />
several <strong>lighting</strong> scenes, which can<br />
be launched anytime by using of<br />
different user interfaces.<br />
The space is illuminated by luminaires<br />
equipped with high-pressure metal-<br />
-halide lamps 250 W. It is a suspended<br />
rotationally symmetric <strong>lighting</strong><br />
fixture. This type of luminaire achieves<br />
sufficient illuminance values as well<br />
as the <strong>lighting</strong> uniformity which<br />
helps us achieve good results of the<br />
ergonomic parameters.<br />
The area of ecology represents a<br />
big problem of this solution because<br />
the light sources contain hazardous<br />
substances (mercury), have a low<br />
lifespan and also high maintenance<br />
costs are connected with their usage.<br />
The illumination system does not<br />
make use of any <strong>lighting</strong> management<br />
tools, i.e. when using these<br />
light solution we are not able to<br />
achieve any savings of energy. This<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system belongs to the energy<br />
class D which gives the value LENI<br />
66.46 kWh/year.m 2 .<br />
The final LQS value is very low and<br />
due to this fact we assess this type<br />
of space as a space with an insufficient<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> quality.<br />
We achieved the required space<br />
illuminance by using the suspended<br />
luminaires with the direct characteristic<br />
of the luminous flux distribution<br />
with FHD (T5) light sources 2x49 W.<br />
The light curve is shaped in such<br />
a way that we will achieve the<br />
necessary vertical illuminance of the<br />
racks in the warehouses and at the<br />
same time also sufficient horizontal<br />
illuminance of the task area.<br />
From the point of view of ecology<br />
this light solution achieves an average<br />
assessment, the greatest number<br />
of points is lost due to the below-<br />
-average efficacy of the luminaire.<br />
The complex <strong>lighting</strong> management<br />
system we used here contains all<br />
types of sensors: the presence detector,<br />
constant illuminance sensor and<br />
daylight sensor thanks to which we<br />
achieve the saving potential up to<br />
46 %. The LENI value gives this solution<br />
the energy category A.<br />
The resulting LQS value of 3.87 represents<br />
a good quality level especially<br />
due to the high efficiency provided<br />
by the <strong>lighting</strong> management system.<br />
However, the usage of fluorescent<br />
lamps takes away important points in<br />
the area of ecology.<br />
WAREHOUSE / LQS COMPOSER 82/83
<strong>lighting</strong> quality standard<br />
12/13
If an excessive amount of dust develops during this type of production, it is<br />
recommended to use the luminaires with the higher-degree protection.<br />
grafias 142<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
ux-MYAR 142<br />
eco BAY 145<br />
ux-BELL 145<br />
Plastics industry<br />
The industrial branch of<br />
plastics industry includes<br />
three different manufacturing<br />
processes: injection moulding,<br />
extrusion and reaction<br />
foam moulding, which place<br />
specific demands on the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> solution.<br />
In general the European standard<br />
EN 12464-1 determines the<br />
minimal level of maintained<br />
illuminance 300 lux for the<br />
production spaces with permanent<br />
occurrence of employees.<br />
For activities which include the<br />
demanding visual tasks or<br />
work with a PC (or computers<br />
controlled machines) it requires<br />
the minimal illuminance level<br />
500 lux. In the production halls<br />
where plastic processing is under<br />
way is besides the general<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> recomended additional<br />
illumination of the task area<br />
where the higher illumination is<br />
needed.<br />
The linear systems of luminaires<br />
with the direct characteristic of<br />
the luminous flux are a suitable<br />
light solution here. In the<br />
manufacturing premises with<br />
the height of more than 6 metres<br />
it is possible to use the suspended<br />
luminaires with a wide<br />
luminous intensity curve and<br />
the metal-halide lamp. Through<br />
this solution we achieve the<br />
required level of illuminance as<br />
well as the uniform illuminance<br />
of the whole space.<br />
Plastics industry is often<br />
computer-controlled and is<br />
managed from a display. When<br />
choosing the luminaires and<br />
laying them out in the space it<br />
is important to avoid the rise<br />
of any undesirable reflections<br />
which would make it difficult<br />
or even impossible for the<br />
employees to read the displayed<br />
information. In the manufacturing<br />
premises with the height of<br />
walls 6 metres and more, it is<br />
suitable to use luminaires with<br />
a wider luminous intensity curve<br />
and the high-intensity discharge<br />
lamps. If an excessive amount<br />
of dust develops during this<br />
type of production, it is recommended<br />
to use the luminaires<br />
with the higher-degree protection<br />
IP 54 or IP 65.<br />
Besides the main <strong>lighting</strong>, some<br />
manufacturing activity requires<br />
higher illumination level, so its<br />
possible to use there additional<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> of the task area. For injection<br />
moulding, it is necessary<br />
to ensure increased illuminance<br />
of the clamping units during<br />
the tool replacement. Also<br />
the extrusion process requires<br />
additional <strong>lighting</strong> of the task<br />
area when the final products<br />
(profiles, foils or plates) are<br />
subsequently adjusted to the<br />
required form or length.<br />
The process of the reaction<br />
foam moulding during plastic<br />
processing where explosive<br />
substances are used places<br />
additional demands on the<br />
illumination. Therefore it is<br />
inevitable to use the explosionproof<br />
luminaires in this part of<br />
the premises.<br />
eco bay 148<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
GRAFiAS 146<br />
ux-MYAR 146<br />
PRESTige LED 151<br />
PRESTiGE 152<br />
tornado PC LED 147<br />
tornado PC 147<br />
ux-BELL 145<br />
TORNADO PC LED 147<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
tornado PC 147<br />
PRESTige LED 151<br />
PRESTige 152<br />
Plastics industry<br />
86/87
WOOdwORKING<br />
AND PROCESSING<br />
When solving the illumination<br />
of halls in the woodworking<br />
and processing industry<br />
especially the question of<br />
security and safety comes to<br />
the foreground. The appropriately<br />
designed <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system creates optimal conditions<br />
for the visual well-being<br />
of the employees and at the<br />
same time it reduces the risk<br />
of the rise of injuries.<br />
The line of business aimed at<br />
woodworking and processing<br />
includes a lot of various<br />
activities which are frequently<br />
concentrated in one hall. The<br />
task of the <strong>lighting</strong> designer is<br />
to create such light conditions<br />
which will be suitable for all<br />
types of activities carried out. In<br />
general it means that the main<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system designed for this<br />
type of space is to be strengthened<br />
by additional luminaires or<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> fixtures with adequate<br />
protection level.<br />
The European standard<br />
EN 12464-1 states the value<br />
of minimal illuminance 500 lux<br />
for the production spaces in<br />
the woodworking and processing<br />
industry. For the activities as<br />
varnishing, grinding and<br />
wood inlay work it needs<br />
the minimal illuminance level<br />
750 lux and for the inspection<br />
1,000 lux. The variety of the<br />
realised activities and frequent<br />
transfers in the premises place<br />
increase demands on the uniform<br />
luminance distribution.<br />
The required illuminance levels<br />
and its corresponding uniformity<br />
can be achieved by using<br />
the ceiling or linear luminaires<br />
with the direct component of<br />
radiation and a wide luminous<br />
intensity curve. In the halls with<br />
height 6 metres and more it is<br />
suitable to use the suspended<br />
luminaires with a wide luminous<br />
intensity curve with a metalhalide<br />
discharge lamp. At the<br />
workplaces where, due to the<br />
realised operations an increased<br />
concentration of dust occurs, it<br />
is necessary to install the luminaires<br />
with IP 54 or IP 65.<br />
If the production is concentrated<br />
to a hall with access of<br />
daylight it is suitable to place<br />
the working desks rectangular<br />
to the area with windows for<br />
ensuring good visual conditions.<br />
For activities that require additional<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> – e.g. sawing,<br />
milling, drilling – it is good to<br />
place the luminaire in such<br />
a way that the luminous flux<br />
directs moderately from above,<br />
from the left hand side in the<br />
direction of the employee’s<br />
view. This <strong>lighting</strong> minimises the<br />
risk of arising sharp shadows<br />
and at the same time it ensures<br />
good visibility of the sharp part<br />
of the machine.<br />
When solving the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system in the woodworking and<br />
processing industry it is necessary<br />
to avoid the stroboscopic<br />
effect when the artificial <strong>lighting</strong><br />
is on. The stroboscopic effect<br />
represents a serious danger<br />
especially when we work with<br />
rotational tools because when<br />
the frequency and rotational<br />
speed are the same there can<br />
develop an impression that the<br />
tool is off and cause serious<br />
injuries to the user. The stroboscopic<br />
effect can be avoided by<br />
installing the electronic control<br />
gears.<br />
When solving the <strong>lighting</strong> system in<br />
the woodworking and processing<br />
industry it is necessary to avoid<br />
the stroboscopic effect when<br />
the artificial <strong>lighting</strong> is on. The<br />
stroboscopic effect represents a<br />
serious danger especially when the<br />
employee works with rotational<br />
tools.<br />
TORNADO PC LED 147<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
tornado PC 147<br />
woodworking and processing<br />
88/89
At the workplaces where the visual<br />
inspection is carried out or we work<br />
with computers, it is suitable to use<br />
the luminaires with diffuser.<br />
Electrical and<br />
elECTronic<br />
INDUSTRY<br />
The production in the electrical<br />
and electronic industry<br />
consists of a number of<br />
processes including simple<br />
service activities which do<br />
not place heavy demands<br />
on the eyes but on the other<br />
hand precision work with<br />
small components where it is<br />
inevitable to ensure the optimal<br />
visibility. The appropriate<br />
light conditions play a key<br />
role here.<br />
When designing the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system for the electrical and<br />
electronic industry the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
designer has to take into<br />
consideration the variedness of<br />
the performed activities and to<br />
adjust the <strong>lighting</strong> solution to<br />
them. The individual activities<br />
connected with the production<br />
of the electrical components<br />
or repair of the electrical appliances<br />
place different demands<br />
on the intensity and <strong>lighting</strong><br />
solution.<br />
The European standard<br />
EN 12464-1 states the minimal<br />
illuminance level of 300 lux up<br />
to 500 lux for the electrical<br />
workshops. For the workplaces<br />
where the employees carry<br />
out activities demanding on<br />
precision or work with small<br />
components, it states the value<br />
of the minimal illuminance of<br />
1,000 lux, and 1,500 lux for<br />
the inspection workplaces and<br />
calibration. If the workplace is<br />
equipped with high machines it<br />
is necessary to ensure sufficient<br />
vertical illuminance which will<br />
enable the employees to reliably<br />
identify machine outlines<br />
and to read the displayed<br />
digital values. The main <strong>lighting</strong><br />
consisting of a system of linear<br />
suspended luminaires with<br />
the direct characteristic of the<br />
luminous flux distribution can<br />
be in this case completed by<br />
luminaires with the asymmetric<br />
luminous intensity curve in the<br />
task area where the activity<br />
carried out requires sufficient<br />
vertical illuminance.<br />
The radio and television workshops<br />
place similar demands<br />
on the <strong>lighting</strong> solutions as<br />
the electrical shop floors. The<br />
demandingness of the realised<br />
visual tasks requires maintaining<br />
the minimal illuminance level<br />
of 500 lux at the workplaces<br />
where the employees assemble<br />
small components, by production<br />
of fine wire-wound coils or<br />
soldering – here the standard<br />
requires the minimal illuminance<br />
level of 750 lux. To ensure the<br />
optimal light conditions at the<br />
workplace it is important to<br />
achieve sufficient <strong>lighting</strong> of the<br />
walls and ceiling. In this case<br />
the linear suspended luminaires<br />
are a suitable solution. In the<br />
halls with the height of 6 metres<br />
and more, the suspended<br />
luminaires with a wide luminous<br />
intensity curve and the<br />
metal-halide lamps represent an<br />
economical alternative.<br />
At the workplaces where the<br />
visual inspection is carried out<br />
or we work with computers, it<br />
is suitable to use the luminaires<br />
with diffuser. They are a source<br />
of non-glaring soft diffuse light<br />
which will form uniform <strong>lighting</strong><br />
conditions without any risk of<br />
creating sharp shadows and<br />
undesirable reflections. The activities<br />
which include especially<br />
demanding visual tasks require<br />
increasing the level of the minimal<br />
illuminance to 1,500 lux. It<br />
can be achieved by installing an<br />
additional luminaire directly towards<br />
the task area. The higher<br />
level of illuminance will enable<br />
the employee to perceive the<br />
contrast better and will improve<br />
his/her 3D perception.<br />
Those spaces place specific<br />
demand on <strong>lighting</strong> where production<br />
and assembly of miniature<br />
components, chips and<br />
microprocessors are carried out.<br />
These spaces require dust-free<br />
and sterile environment and<br />
high levels of the maintained<br />
illuminance – 1,500 lux. Those<br />
luminaires are suitable which<br />
can be cleaned easily, are fitted<br />
with a housing made of material<br />
which does not change its<br />
luminous and chemical properties<br />
even when disinfection is<br />
carried out frequently.<br />
In the premises typical for<br />
high dustiness, it is necessary<br />
to install luminaires resistant<br />
against dust with IP 54 or IP 65.<br />
In the production premises with<br />
a high level of humidity (e.g.<br />
galvanisation) it is necessary to<br />
use luminaires resistant against<br />
corrosion. When solving the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system it is necessary<br />
to avoid the stroboscopic effect<br />
when the artificial <strong>lighting</strong> is<br />
on. The stroboscopic effect<br />
poses an extraordinary danger<br />
especially for operations with<br />
rotational tools (e.g. coil winders)<br />
as at the same value of<br />
frequency and rotational speed<br />
an impression can arise that<br />
the tool is switched off and in<br />
this way the user can be heavily<br />
injured. The stroboscopic effect<br />
can be avoided by installing the<br />
electronic control gears.<br />
PRESTIGE LED 151<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
PRESTige 152<br />
tornado PC LED 147<br />
tornado PC 147<br />
PRESTIGE LED 151<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
PRESTige 152<br />
tornado PC LED 147<br />
tornado PC 147<br />
Electrical and elECTronic INDUSTRY<br />
90/91
PRESTIGE LED 151<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
PRESTiGE 152<br />
tornado PC LED 147<br />
tornado PC 147<br />
Printing<br />
The appropriate illumination<br />
of the space in the printing<br />
industry plays a key role.<br />
Good light conditions are the<br />
basic assumption not only for<br />
high-quality work but also<br />
for safety during handling<br />
with fast running printing<br />
machines.<br />
As a rule, the space in the printing<br />
production is divided into<br />
two parts. In the first part the<br />
printing operations are carried<br />
out, in the second one it is<br />
the prepress and finalising the<br />
printed material e.g. binding<br />
and lithographical processes.<br />
The standard EN 12464-1 states<br />
the minimal illuminance level<br />
500 lux for both spaces and<br />
for typesetting, retouching<br />
and litography it increases the<br />
required value of the minimal<br />
maintained illuminance to<br />
1,000 lux, for the inspection<br />
activities to 1,500 lux and<br />
for copper engraving up to<br />
2,000 lux.<br />
The required illuminance<br />
levels can be achieved by using<br />
linear luminaires with the direct<br />
characteristic of the luminous<br />
flux distribution. In the printing<br />
works with the height of<br />
walls 6 metres and more the<br />
suspended luminaires with the<br />
wide luminous intensity curve<br />
and metal-halide lamps are an<br />
alternative. By the appropriate<br />
layout of the luminaires and the<br />
corresponding proportion of the<br />
indirect component of the luminous<br />
flux we can avoid the rise<br />
of undesirable reflections when<br />
working with glossy paper or<br />
foils. If the printing is realised<br />
on large machines, it is at the<br />
same necessary to achieve<br />
sufficient vertical illuminance.<br />
We can use the additional luminaires<br />
placed directly over the<br />
machine or the task area.<br />
For the multicolour printing<br />
process and the inspection<br />
operations it is necessary to<br />
use the light sources with the<br />
colour rendering index CRI >90<br />
for correct distinguishing of colours.<br />
It is important to choose<br />
such light sources that produce<br />
neutral white or daylight<br />
white colour of light with the<br />
correlated colour temperature<br />
5,000 K ≤ T CP<br />
≤ 6,500 K which is<br />
closest to the properties of the<br />
natural daylight.<br />
The prepress workplaces are<br />
today almost always equipped<br />
with computers therefore when<br />
designing the <strong>lighting</strong> system<br />
we have to pay attention to<br />
fulfilling the requirements of<br />
the standard EN 12464-1 valid<br />
for the VDU workplaces as to<br />
the usage and layout of the<br />
luminaires. The standard states<br />
the minimal illuminance level<br />
500 lux for this workplace and<br />
the boundary values of the average<br />
luminance which can be<br />
reflected from the flat screens<br />
must not exceed the values<br />
of 1,500 cd/m 2 (displays with<br />
high luminance) or the value<br />
of ≤ 1,000 cd/m 2 (displays with<br />
medium luminance).<br />
For the multicolour printing process<br />
and the inspection operations it is<br />
necessary to use the light sources<br />
with the colour rendering index<br />
CRI ≥ 90 for correct distinguishing of<br />
colours.<br />
TORNADO PC 143<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
tornado PC LED 143<br />
PRESTige LED 151<br />
PRESTige 152<br />
Printing<br />
92/93
Cleanroom<br />
Originally these types of<br />
rooms were utilised in<br />
medicine. Today when the<br />
requirements on quality and<br />
flawlessness of the final<br />
product are getting stricter<br />
and stricter, we can meet<br />
this type of manufacturing<br />
premises also in various lines<br />
of business.<br />
Nowadays we can find the<br />
cleanroom in the chemical,<br />
microelectronic as well as<br />
electronic industry. They are<br />
part of industrial halls aimed at<br />
manufacturing semiconductors<br />
or biotechnologies; they have<br />
their place in industrial processing<br />
of metals and even in the<br />
food industry. The main task<br />
of the cleanroom is to prevent<br />
pollution or product contamination.<br />
The requirements on<br />
equipping and furnishing the<br />
space adjust to this purpose<br />
and it also concerns the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
solution in full extent.<br />
In general the optimal solutions<br />
here are considered the ceiling<br />
recessed luminaires with the<br />
direct characteristic of the<br />
luminous flux distribution. As in<br />
the case of the cleanroom there<br />
are rooms with directed air<br />
flow, the luminaires without an<br />
extended diffuser represent an<br />
optimal solution as they have almost<br />
no impact on the air flow.<br />
When selecting the luminaires<br />
the overall shape and material<br />
they are made of play a very important<br />
role. As to the shape it<br />
is important to avoid luminaires<br />
with undercuts, slits, joints<br />
and the so called wake space<br />
harbour where the remnants<br />
of the manufacturing material<br />
could be trapped. As a matter<br />
of fact, here is a risk that the<br />
primary air will not take these<br />
particles out. Subsequently it is<br />
difficult to remove them from<br />
such problem zones by cleaning.<br />
The microorganisms which<br />
come repeatedly into contact<br />
with a low concentration of<br />
detergents can build resistance<br />
against them and in this way<br />
become a source for generating<br />
highly resistant bacterial germs.<br />
When selecting luminaires for<br />
the cleanroom it is similarly<br />
important to take into account<br />
the material they are made of.<br />
In general, it is valid that they<br />
should be produced from a material<br />
with low porosity which<br />
even after repeated contacts<br />
with chemicals and detergents<br />
does not change its properties.<br />
The rough surfaces increase the<br />
risk of catching the particles of<br />
the manufacturing waste and<br />
subsequent contamination of<br />
the products. In dependence<br />
on the type of production it is<br />
necessary for the luminaires to<br />
be fitted out with housings with<br />
a corresponding IP factor.<br />
The selection of a luminaire<br />
with an adequate IP depends<br />
on the procedure how the<br />
cleanroom is air-conditioned<br />
or how the air flow is directed<br />
in the room. In principle two<br />
methods are used: the laminar<br />
airflow and mixed airflow. In<br />
the case of the laminar airflow<br />
the air flows from top to bottom.<br />
This type of directing the<br />
air is often utilised in manufacturing<br />
semiconductors and microcomponents.<br />
The luminaires<br />
with the IP 40 are suitable for<br />
this type of cleanrooms.<br />
When using the type “mixed<br />
airflow” the air is distributed in<br />
the room in turbulent patterns.<br />
This method of directing the airflow<br />
in the cleanroom belongs<br />
to the most frequently used<br />
ones because it is the most<br />
economical. In dependence on<br />
the type of production it is necessary<br />
for the used luminaires to<br />
achieve IP 54 or IP 65.<br />
RELAX XTP ip65 149<br />
LED<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
RELAx xtp 149<br />
indiRECT xtp 150<br />
Luminaires for the cleanroom should<br />
be produced from a material with low<br />
porosity which even after contacts<br />
with chemicals does not change its<br />
properties.<br />
Cleanroom<br />
94/95
The luminaires used for the main <strong>lighting</strong> should have<br />
housings made of unbreakable materials.<br />
TORNADO PC 147<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
tornado PC LED 147<br />
FOODSTUFFS<br />
INDUSTRY<br />
The foodstuffs industry places<br />
higher demands especially on<br />
the cleanliness and hygiene of<br />
the manufacturing premises.<br />
The correct illumination is<br />
another task, which is no less<br />
important, when processing<br />
foodstuffs and making drinks.<br />
A sufficiently illuminated<br />
space enables the employees<br />
problem-free realising the<br />
work activities and at the<br />
same time it creates a trustworthy<br />
atmosphere which<br />
highlights the positive picture<br />
of the company.<br />
The spectrum of the working<br />
activities which are connected<br />
with processing or manufacturing<br />
the foodstuffs and drinks<br />
extends from simple and mostly<br />
mechanised activities when<br />
the employees fulfil only an<br />
inspection task up to specific<br />
and visually demanding tasks.<br />
The task of the <strong>lighting</strong> designer<br />
is to design the <strong>lighting</strong> system<br />
in such a way that it will comply<br />
with the light requirements laid<br />
on each of the activities carried<br />
out. The standard EN 12464-1<br />
states the minimal level of<br />
illuminance 200 lux for the<br />
spaces where washing, boiling,<br />
drying, fermenting and filling<br />
operations are realised. For the<br />
manufacturing premises where<br />
the employees carry out cutting,<br />
grinding, mixing, sorting and<br />
packaging the standard states<br />
the minimal illuminance level of<br />
300 lux, for the spaces where<br />
the employees fulfil visually demanding<br />
tasks or at a high risk<br />
of injury it states the minimal<br />
illuminance level 500 lux (abattoirs,<br />
butcheries, dairies, mills,<br />
delicatessen food production).<br />
At the inspection workplaces<br />
and where recognising the<br />
colours is important it requires<br />
the minimal illuminance level<br />
1,000 lux, luminaires with the<br />
colour rendering index CRI 90<br />
and correlated colour temperature<br />
4,000 K ≤ T CP<br />
≤ 6,500 K.<br />
The required illuminance level can<br />
be achieved by using suspended<br />
linear luminaires with the direct<br />
characteristic of distribution and<br />
to complete them with additional<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> fixtures with the asymmetric<br />
radiation curve where it<br />
is important to achieve sufficient<br />
values of the vertical illuminance<br />
for a concrete task area. E.g.<br />
they are workplaces with fully<br />
automated manufacturing. The<br />
additional luminaires are required<br />
also at workplaces where the<br />
employees carry out especially<br />
demanding visual tasks (e.g.<br />
decorating, checking bottles). The<br />
luminaires with matted housing<br />
or microprism which are a source<br />
of soft diffuse light and minimise<br />
the risk of the rise of undesirable<br />
reflections from the bright surfaces<br />
(cans, bottles) are suitable.<br />
The luminaires used for the main<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> should have housings<br />
made of unbreakable materials<br />
which prevent fragments falling<br />
down to the foodstuffs or drinks<br />
being processed when the luminaire<br />
is damaged. From the point<br />
of view of safety it is suitable to<br />
use luminaires with LED sources<br />
which contain in comparison<br />
with the conventional sources<br />
incomparable lower amounts of<br />
hazardous materials (mercury).<br />
Moreover, in comparison to<br />
other light sources they contain<br />
mercury in solid state, i.e. in<br />
the case of damaging the light<br />
source there is no risk of the air<br />
contamination in the manufacturing<br />
premises.<br />
At the same time the importance<br />
of recognising the colours<br />
correctly in all manufacturing<br />
processes in the foodstuffs<br />
industry comes to the fore. It is<br />
valid for workplaces where we<br />
work with food colouring as<br />
well as for all other workplaces<br />
where the employees carry<br />
out the visual inspection of<br />
the food freshness. Therefore<br />
we recommend using the light<br />
sources with high values of the<br />
colour rendering index with CRI<br />
minimally 80. From the point of<br />
view of safety it is suitable to<br />
use luminaires resistant against<br />
humidity, dust and at some<br />
places also against explosion<br />
with IP 50, for wet places IP 65<br />
in the manufacturing halls<br />
determined for processing and<br />
production of foodstuffs.<br />
The cold stores require a special<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> solution in the foodstuffs<br />
industry. From the point<br />
of view of the standard they are<br />
warehouse spaces for which<br />
the minimal illuminance level<br />
100 lux is stated. However, the<br />
experience from practice shows<br />
that this value is insufficient and<br />
it is recommended to maintain<br />
also in these spaces the minimal<br />
illuminance level 300 lux. In the<br />
light conditions like this the<br />
employees are able to read the<br />
information from the delivery<br />
notes and to see the designation<br />
of the foodstuffs in the<br />
racks better. The luminaires<br />
have to be resistant against<br />
coolness and humidity therefore<br />
we recommend to use the types<br />
with IP 54 or higher. One of the<br />
key tasks of the <strong>lighting</strong> designer<br />
when designing the illumination<br />
of the cold stores is to<br />
take into account the fact that<br />
at the temperature 0°C there<br />
is a significant reduction of the<br />
luminous flux which can achieve<br />
up to 40 % at lower temperatures.<br />
Therefore it is necessary<br />
to implement the correction<br />
factor to the <strong>lighting</strong> system<br />
already during the planning<br />
phase. Another way how to<br />
avoid this problem is to use the<br />
luminaires with the LED sources<br />
which even at substantially low<br />
temperatures do not show any<br />
reduction of the luminous flux<br />
and vice versa, their luminous<br />
flux picks up intensity with the<br />
declining temperature.<br />
TORNADO PC led 147<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
tornado PC 147<br />
foodstuffs INDUSTRY<br />
96/97
If there is a store in the meat-processing plant where the producers sell their<br />
products it is suitable to use luminaires with a high proportion of red light for<br />
illuminating the showcases with meat. The goods illuminated with this type of<br />
light gives an impression of a redder and thus a fresher product.<br />
TORNADO PC LED 147<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
tornado PC 147<br />
Butchery<br />
Processing meat includes<br />
a lot of various activities<br />
which utilise, almost without<br />
any exception, sharp working<br />
tools. Correct <strong>lighting</strong> of<br />
the manufacturing spaces<br />
is therefore important not<br />
only from the point of view<br />
of creating optimal <strong>lighting</strong><br />
conditions for the employees´<br />
visual comfort but also due to<br />
safety at the workplace.<br />
The European standard<br />
EN 12464-1 states the minimal<br />
illuminance level of 500 lux for<br />
the manufacturing halls of the<br />
meat processing industry. This<br />
value is valid also for seemingly<br />
simple operations, e.g. washing.<br />
As just in meat processing<br />
the hygienic flawlessness is emphasised,<br />
washing is considered<br />
a demanding visual task.<br />
The required illuminance level<br />
can be achieved by installing<br />
a system of linear luminaires<br />
with direct characteristic of the<br />
luminous flux distribution which<br />
achieves adequate values of<br />
the illumination of the vertical<br />
surfaces. At workplaces which<br />
require sufficient illuminance<br />
of the vertical surfaces, it is<br />
suitable to complete the main<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> by the luminaires with<br />
the asymmetric luminous flux<br />
curve. We recommend them<br />
to be placed parallely with the<br />
working area and windows.<br />
The luminous flux should head<br />
to the task area from above<br />
and moderately from the left<br />
from the employee’s view. This<br />
minimises the risk of creating<br />
sharp shadows and at the same<br />
time perfect visibility of the<br />
sharp ends of the working tools<br />
is ensured – it reduces the risk<br />
of injuries. At the workplaces<br />
where the employees carry out<br />
especially demanding visual<br />
tasks it is suitable to complete<br />
the main <strong>lighting</strong> by additional<br />
luminaires. For the employees<br />
to be able to carry out the<br />
visual inspection of the meat’s<br />
freshness it is necessary to<br />
use the light sources with the<br />
colour rendering index CRI 80<br />
minimally. Due to the safety at<br />
work it is suitable to use the<br />
luminaires with housing made<br />
of unbreakable material or protected<br />
by a grid which prevents<br />
fragments falling down to the<br />
meat being processed in the<br />
case the luminaire is damaged.<br />
Because of the working conditions<br />
the luminaires used have<br />
to be resistant against humidity<br />
and corrosion, with IP 54 or<br />
higher.<br />
If there is a store in the meatprocessing<br />
plant where the<br />
producers sell their products it is<br />
suitable to use luminaires with<br />
a high proportion of red light<br />
for illuminating the showcases<br />
with meat. The goods illuminated<br />
with this type of light<br />
gives an impression of a redder<br />
and thus a fresher product.<br />
Butchery<br />
98/99
The LED light sources represent an optimal solution<br />
which compared to the conventional sources contain<br />
incomparably lower amount of hazardous materials.<br />
TORNADO PC LED 143<br />
Bakery<br />
When planning the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system for a bakery the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
designer has to take into<br />
account not only the variedness<br />
of the realised activities<br />
but also the shift operation.<br />
The standard EN 12464-1 states<br />
the minimal illuminance level<br />
of 300 lux for preparation and<br />
baking. For finishing, glazing<br />
and decorating it increases<br />
the requirement to 500 lux.<br />
A higher illuminance simultaneously<br />
positively affects the activity<br />
and performance efficiency<br />
of the employees and influences<br />
the potential customers or the<br />
visits by a pleasant welcoming<br />
impression.<br />
When designing the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system it is good to take into<br />
account the fact that a substantial<br />
part of manufacturing runs<br />
during the night hours or early<br />
in the morning. Optimal performance<br />
efficiency and the feeling<br />
of the visual and psychological<br />
well-being of the employees<br />
during the night shifts can be<br />
achieved by increasing the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> intensity to 1,000 lux.<br />
At the same time it is suitable<br />
to use the light sources which<br />
are able to produce daylight<br />
white colour of light with the<br />
correlated colour temperature<br />
CCT of more than 6,500 K. In<br />
such light conditions that copy<br />
the properties of the daylight,<br />
melatonin which would signal<br />
to the employees that it is time<br />
for sleep stops being created<br />
in the human organism. And<br />
on the contrary, it increases<br />
the production of serotonin<br />
that stimulates the activity and<br />
performance efficiency.<br />
When taking these facts into<br />
consideration, it is possible<br />
to meet all demands on the<br />
required <strong>lighting</strong> level of<br />
1,000 lux and through integrating<br />
the <strong>lighting</strong> management<br />
tools to reduce its performance<br />
to a value which is stated for<br />
the individual activities by the<br />
standard.<br />
A suitable solution for <strong>lighting</strong><br />
in the bakery premises is the<br />
system of linear suspended<br />
luminaires with the direct characteristic<br />
of the luminous flux<br />
distribution and to complete<br />
them with luminaires with the<br />
asymmetric radiation curve in<br />
the task area which require<br />
a sufficient illuminance of the<br />
vertical surfaces. In the bakeries<br />
with higher ceilings it is possible<br />
to use the suspended luminaires<br />
with a wide luminous intensity<br />
curve and metal-halide lamps.<br />
In both cases it is necessary for<br />
the luminaires to be protected<br />
by an unbreakable housing<br />
which prevents fragments<br />
falling down to the working<br />
surface when the light source is<br />
damaged. It is necessary to use<br />
protection level of luminaires<br />
with a housing of IP 50 value.<br />
From the security point of<br />
view the luminaires with the<br />
LED light sources represent<br />
an optimal solution which<br />
compared to the conventional<br />
sources contain incomparably<br />
lower amount of hazardous<br />
materials (mercury). Moreover<br />
compared to other light sources<br />
they contain mercury in solid<br />
state, i.e. also if the light source<br />
is damaged there is no risk of<br />
contaminating the air in the<br />
manufacturing spaces. At the<br />
same time the light sources<br />
used have to enable the recognition<br />
of the colours correctly<br />
(e.g. when choosing the ingredients<br />
or during decorating)<br />
therefore we recommend using<br />
the light sources achieving the<br />
value of the colour rendering<br />
index CRI 80 and more.<br />
TORNADO PC 147<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
tornado PC LED 147<br />
PRESTige LED 151<br />
PRESTiGE 152<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
tornado PC 143<br />
PRESTige LED 151<br />
PRESTiGE 152<br />
Bakery<br />
100/101
To avoid the rise of undesirable reflections from the<br />
materials and tools with bright surface or on the screens,<br />
it is suitable to use non-glaring luminaires with factor of<br />
the psychological glare UGR max.19<br />
TORNADO PC LED 147<br />
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY<br />
When planning the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system for the chemical<br />
industry the <strong>lighting</strong> designer<br />
has, besides the required illuminance<br />
levels, to take into<br />
account also the resistance<br />
of the luminaires against dust<br />
and explosions.<br />
The European standard<br />
EN 12464-1 states for the<br />
production premises in the<br />
chemical industry the minimal<br />
illuminance level 300 lux for the<br />
zones with a permanent occurrence<br />
of employees, 150 lux for<br />
activities with a limited occurrence<br />
of people and 50 lux for<br />
the remotely controlled activities.<br />
The required illuminance<br />
levels can be achieved with<br />
ceiling surfaced or suspended<br />
linear luminaires with the direct<br />
characteristic of the luminous<br />
flux distribution. At the inspection<br />
workplaces and at the<br />
workplaces with permanent<br />
supervision of the manufacturing<br />
process it is at the same<br />
time necessary to achieve<br />
adequate values of the vertical<br />
illuminance. The additional<br />
luminaires with the asymmetric<br />
radiation curve (wall washers)<br />
are a suitable solution. In the<br />
production halls with the height<br />
of 6 metres and more it is<br />
possible to achieve the optimal<br />
light conditions by installing the<br />
luminaires with a wide luminous<br />
intensity curve and the metalhalide<br />
lamps.<br />
At the workplaces with an<br />
increased occurrence of dust<br />
and dirt (e.g. mixing, grinding,<br />
pulverising) it is necessary to use<br />
the luminaires with the protection<br />
housing IP 65.<br />
The laboratories in the chemical<br />
industry require a special<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> solution. The normative<br />
requirements state the minimal<br />
illuminance value 500 lux, for<br />
the inspection workplaces<br />
1,000 lux and the neutral white<br />
or the daylight white colour of<br />
the light corresponding to the<br />
range of Correlated Colour Temperature<br />
4,000 K ≤ T cp<br />
≤ 6,500 K.<br />
For the employees to be able<br />
to identify the colour reliably<br />
during usage of the chemicals,<br />
the light sources used have to<br />
achieve excellent values of the<br />
colour rendering index CRI 90<br />
and more. To avoid the rise of<br />
undesirable reflections from the<br />
materials and tools with bright<br />
surface or on the screens, it<br />
is suitable to use non-glaring<br />
luminaires with a matt housing<br />
or microprism and the factor<br />
of the psychological glare UGR<br />
max.19. As the explosive and<br />
flammable substances are used<br />
for work in the labs, it is necessary<br />
to use the luminaires with<br />
IP 65.<br />
PRESTIGE LED 151<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
PRESTige 152<br />
RELAX XTP ip65 149<br />
LED<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
tornado PC 147<br />
PRESTige LED 151<br />
PRESTiGE 152<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
RELAx xtp ip65 149<br />
indiRECT xtp ip54 150<br />
chemical industry<br />
102/103
TORNADO PC LED 143<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
tornado PC 143<br />
Underground<br />
parking<br />
The underground parking<br />
lot places special demands<br />
on the intensity and type<br />
of illumination, beginning<br />
with the luminaire marking<br />
the entrance and way out,<br />
through the guidance <strong>lighting</strong><br />
up to general <strong>lighting</strong> of the<br />
functional area.<br />
One of the most important<br />
tasks of the <strong>lighting</strong> system<br />
designers when they solve the<br />
illumination of an underground<br />
parking lot is the entrance<br />
and exit zone from the<br />
parking area in the framework<br />
of which the light scenery is<br />
distinctively changed. Such an<br />
environment places extraordinary<br />
demands on the adaptation<br />
phase of the human eye<br />
during transition from various<br />
light environments. It is inevitable<br />
to reduce this phase to<br />
minimum. The optimal solution<br />
includes a higher quantity<br />
of the luminaires installed in<br />
these zones (similarly as in the<br />
tunnels) which means a softer<br />
change of illuminance and<br />
safer transition.<br />
The task of the general<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> in the underground<br />
parking lot is not only to<br />
ensure the basic visibility<br />
but to provide the person in<br />
the parking area a feeling of<br />
comfort and security. For the<br />
road users in the parking lot<br />
environment to be able to<br />
assess and solve the situation<br />
sufficiently quickly, it is inevitable<br />
to choose the luminaires<br />
with the <strong>lighting</strong> intensity of<br />
minimally 75 lux. In general it<br />
is recommended to use the luminaires<br />
in anti-vandal version<br />
and a long lifetime placed<br />
on both sides of the traffic<br />
lanes. A sufficient illumination<br />
especially in the areas with<br />
irregular occurrence of people<br />
is inevitable also from the security<br />
point of view. It enables<br />
the persons to recognise faces<br />
and to respond in time to the<br />
first signs of aggression.<br />
The task of the general <strong>lighting</strong> in the underground<br />
parking lot is not only to ensure the basic visibility but<br />
to provide the person in the parking area a feeling of<br />
comfort and security.<br />
When designing the light<br />
solution it is to also take into<br />
account the lifetime of the<br />
light sources. From the point<br />
of view of the lifetime and demandingness<br />
on the maintenance<br />
the LED luminaires are<br />
especially suitable. As they are<br />
areas without any access of<br />
daylight and at the same time<br />
without permanent occurrence<br />
of persons, it is suitable<br />
from the point of view of<br />
energy saving to consider the<br />
installation of the constant<br />
illuminance sensor and presence<br />
detector that scans the<br />
movement of the vehicles in<br />
the garage, manages the illumination<br />
in the zones where<br />
it is necessary and creates the<br />
guidance lines in the area of<br />
the underground parking lot.<br />
UNDERGROUND PARKING<br />
104/105
EMERGENCY AND<br />
SAFETY LIGHTING<br />
In the spaces with an<br />
increased concentration of<br />
persons, rooms without any<br />
access of the daylight and<br />
in the communication zones<br />
determined for escape paths<br />
the safety and emergency<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> helps to solve collision<br />
situations and reduces<br />
the risk of injury.<br />
Regardless to the fact if it is a<br />
power cut, danger of fire or<br />
another crisis situation, the<br />
task of the safety and emergency<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> is to ensure<br />
the persons basic visibility and<br />
orientation during leaving the<br />
space or to make their access<br />
to the fire extinguishers<br />
easier. Correctly planned and<br />
carefully maintained emergency<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> can prevent an<br />
outbreak of panic, injuries and<br />
even save lives. When selecting<br />
the type of the emergency<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> the requirement on<br />
its long-term lifetime and<br />
the ability to fulfil its tasks<br />
at good visibility also during<br />
the power cut plays the most<br />
important role.<br />
The battery pack LED luminaires<br />
represent the optimal<br />
solution – the producers<br />
guarantee here the minimal<br />
lifetime of 50,000 hours. In<br />
this way the maintenance<br />
costs are reduced and compared<br />
to other light sources<br />
the user can save up to 70 %<br />
of the power consumption.<br />
The effectiveness of the LED<br />
emergency <strong>lighting</strong> can be<br />
increased by installing the additional<br />
optics and reflectors<br />
which will reduce the number<br />
of the LED luminaires when<br />
the legal standard is fulfilled.<br />
The requirement on the safety<br />
and emergency <strong>lighting</strong> is<br />
adapted by the European<br />
standard EN 1838.<br />
Correctly planned and carefully maintained emergency<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> can prevent an outbreak of panic, injuries and<br />
even save lives.<br />
Definition of emergency <strong>lighting</strong><br />
The relevant standards define emergency <strong>lighting</strong> as <strong>lighting</strong> that is activated as a result of a malfunction in the general<br />
artificial <strong>lighting</strong>.<br />
Objectives of emergency <strong>lighting</strong><br />
• Safe escape from the problem zone on failure of the general power supply (visibility required for evacuation)<br />
• Adequate visibility and orientation along escape routes and in danger zones (illuminated or backlit safety signs along<br />
escape routes, direction signs to assist progression towards the emergency exit)<br />
• Easy identification of fire-fighting and safety equipment<br />
1. Safety <strong>lighting</strong> for escape routes<br />
The safety <strong>lighting</strong> for escape routes is that part of safety <strong>lighting</strong> that enables escape facilities to be effectively identified<br />
and safely used.<br />
Escape routes up to 2 m in width:<br />
Illuminance<br />
at least 1 lux along the central axis, 0.5 lux over at least half the width<br />
Uniformity<br />
E max : E min ≤ 40 : 1 lux<br />
Colour rendering CRI ≥ 40<br />
Rated service time for escape routes 1 hour<br />
Switch-on delay<br />
50 % of the required illuminance level within 5 seconds, 100 % within 60 seconds<br />
(wider than 2 m can be considered as a group of 2 m wide strip or can provide by <strong>lighting</strong> as in open area – anti-panic<br />
<strong>lighting</strong>)<br />
2. Anti-panic <strong>lighting</strong><br />
Anti-panic <strong>lighting</strong> is that part of safety <strong>lighting</strong> that serves to avoid panic and provide illumination to allow people to reach<br />
a place where an escape route can be reliably identified.<br />
Illuminance<br />
E (horizontal at floor level) ≥ 0.5 lux<br />
(Marginal areas with a width of 0.5 m are not taken into consideration)<br />
Uniformity<br />
E max : E min ≤ 40 : 1 lux<br />
Colour rendering CRI ≥ 40<br />
Rated service time for escape routes 1 hour<br />
Switch-on delay<br />
50 % of the required illuminance level within 5 seconds, 100 % within 60 seconds<br />
ux-EMErgENCY 156<br />
3. Hazardous workplaces<br />
There are special requirements that relate to potentially hazardous work processes and situations. Proper shut-down procedures<br />
are needed for the safety of operators and all other occupants of the premises, for example in places where machines<br />
are running, in laboratories handling hazardous and in control rooms.<br />
Illuminance<br />
E min = 10 % of the level needed for the task or at least > 15 lux<br />
Uniformity<br />
E max : E min ≤ 10 : 1 lux<br />
Colour rendering CRI ≥ 40<br />
Rated service time for escape routes for as long as the hazard persists<br />
Switch-on delay<br />
0.5 seconds<br />
EMERGENCY AND SAFETY LIGHTING<br />
106/107
<strong>lighting</strong> quality standard<br />
12/13
OUTDooR WORKPLaceS<br />
When planning the <strong>lighting</strong> system for industrial spaces it is important to take into<br />
account the fact that lots of activities are carried out in the external environment.<br />
The task of the artificial <strong>lighting</strong> comes to the foreground, here especially after<br />
dark, when it is necessary to ensure optimal conditions for carrying out various<br />
demanding, visual tasks and at the same time to minimise the risk of injury at the<br />
workplace.<br />
it is impossible to determine<br />
exactly the place of the visual<br />
task, it is necessary to dimension<br />
the <strong>lighting</strong> system for the<br />
whole outdoor workplace on<br />
the highest illuminance level<br />
required by the standard for<br />
carrying out the most demanding<br />
visual task.<br />
We are to take into account<br />
such a fact that the outdoor<br />
workplace is often surrounded<br />
by a dark area which can pose a<br />
risk of a non-uniform luminance<br />
distribution. If there is a too big<br />
difference between the luminance<br />
levels in the individual<br />
parts of the space, it takes the<br />
human eye a few minutes until<br />
it adapts. There is an increased<br />
eye strain, the premature<br />
visual fatigue develops and<br />
subsequently the employees<br />
lose their concentration. This<br />
increases the risk of injuries<br />
at the workplace. To prevent<br />
this, it is necessary to create a<br />
homogeneous light environment<br />
without any distinctive<br />
differences in the luminance<br />
intensity at the workplace. A<br />
uniformly illuminated workplace<br />
contributes to the psychological<br />
well-being of the employees<br />
and creates a positive communication<br />
atmosphere. From the<br />
point of view of safety it is also<br />
necessary to prevent the rise of<br />
the stroboscopic effect when<br />
the artificial <strong>lighting</strong> is on at the<br />
workplace. The stroboscopic<br />
effect represents an extreme<br />
danger, specially when working<br />
with the rotational tools<br />
because when the frequency<br />
and the rotational speed are the<br />
same an impression can arise,<br />
that the tool is off and it can<br />
cause hard injury to the user.<br />
The stroboscopic effect can be<br />
avoided by installing the LED<br />
luminaires or high-frequency<br />
control gears emitting the<br />
light with a frequency that<br />
the human eye cannot notice<br />
and therefore it perceives it as<br />
constantly continuous.<br />
The European standard<br />
EN 12464-2 adjusts the requirements<br />
on the illumination of the<br />
outdoor workplaces.<br />
While in the internal working<br />
spaces the artificial light<br />
plays only an additional task<br />
during the day, the outdoor<br />
workplaces use it only from<br />
the evening to early morning<br />
hours when we cannot count<br />
on the support of the natural<br />
light.<br />
This fact fundamentally affects<br />
not only the employees´ sharpness<br />
of vision but also their<br />
physiology. The sharpness of<br />
the human vision achieves only<br />
3 % to 30 % after dark compared<br />
with the vision during the<br />
day. Moreover, the activity of<br />
the retinal cones in the human<br />
eye which enable to recognise<br />
colours and shapes is suppressed.<br />
After getting dark the<br />
so called mesopic vision starts<br />
when the retinal rods which<br />
recognise only grey shades are<br />
activated in the retina of the<br />
human eye. When the evening<br />
is coming, the level of the<br />
relaxation hormone melatonin<br />
increases in the human organism<br />
which causes decline of the<br />
performance efficiency of the<br />
human organism to less than<br />
10 %. Due to the increased<br />
fatigue the employee’s concentration<br />
capability decreases<br />
and therefore the risk of injury<br />
occurrence is greater. The adequate<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> intensity and suitably<br />
selected correlated colour<br />
temperature can create such<br />
light conditions at the outdoor<br />
workplace which activate the<br />
activity of the colour-sensitive<br />
cones, improve the employees´<br />
performance efficiency and<br />
their ability to concentrate and<br />
in this way it also increases their<br />
safety at work.<br />
When planning the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system, besides the biological<br />
influence of the light on people<br />
it is necessary to solve a few<br />
other problems connected with<br />
the ergonomics of the outdoor<br />
workplace. Due to the fact that<br />
when planning the illumination<br />
we cannot count on the<br />
reflective surfaces here, it is only<br />
possible to use the luminaires<br />
with a direct characteristic of<br />
the luminous flux distribution<br />
for the illumination of these<br />
spaces. This type of <strong>lighting</strong> presents<br />
an incomparable higher<br />
risk of developing undesirable<br />
sharp shadows and direct glare<br />
caused by the light source. They<br />
can be prevented only by a<br />
correct layout of the luminaires,<br />
by using the <strong>lighting</strong> fixtures<br />
with shields against glare and<br />
through rectifying the luminous<br />
flux.<br />
As there are frequent movements<br />
of employees and equipment<br />
at the outdoor workplaces,<br />
defining the task area itself<br />
poses another frequent problem<br />
for a <strong>lighting</strong> solution. When<br />
OUTDOOR WOrkplaCES<br />
110/111
UX-stadio 157<br />
mars 1000<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
ux-STADio 158<br />
venus 1000<br />
PETROCHEMICAL<br />
AND<br />
POWER INDUSTRY<br />
The maintenance and operating<br />
activities in a lot of industrial<br />
lines of business require<br />
creating outdoor workplaces.<br />
Handling with machines and<br />
tools demands a thorough<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> solution not only for<br />
ensuring sufficient sharpness<br />
of vision but also from the<br />
point of view of safety.<br />
Creating external workplaces<br />
is necessary in various industrial<br />
lines of business. They are<br />
needed e.g. for the chemical,<br />
petrochemical and power industry<br />
or mining and processing<br />
minerals. The key factor<br />
when solving the illumination<br />
of these spaces is to achieve<br />
a sufficient illuminance level<br />
of the task area and the surrounding<br />
of the task area with<br />
the luminance distribution<br />
as uniform as possible in the<br />
whole manufacturing space<br />
and a minimal risk of undesirable<br />
glare.<br />
The European standard<br />
EN 12464-2 requires the minimal<br />
illuminance level from<br />
20 lux to 100 lux, with the<br />
uniformity from U o<br />
= 0.25 to<br />
U o<br />
= 0.4 for general activities<br />
carried out in the external<br />
workplaces in the petrochemical<br />
and power industry. For<br />
the activities involving the machine<br />
repairs as well as repairs<br />
of the electrical equipment it<br />
increases the requirement for<br />
the minimal illuminance to<br />
200 lux with the uniformity of<br />
U o<br />
= 0.5 and determines the<br />
additional local <strong>lighting</strong> in the<br />
place of the visual task.<br />
When designing the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system the <strong>lighting</strong> designer’s<br />
task can be made more difficult<br />
by the fact that it is hard<br />
to determine the task area.<br />
Then it is necessary to achieve<br />
the standard determined illuminance<br />
levels in the whole<br />
manufacturing space.<br />
An increased emphasis, when<br />
solving the illumination of the<br />
external workplaces in the<br />
petrochemical and power industry,<br />
is laid on the uniform<br />
luminance distribution in the<br />
whole manufacturing area.<br />
If there is too big difference<br />
between the luminance levels<br />
in the individual parts of the<br />
space, it takes for the human<br />
eye a few minutes to adapt<br />
and due to this fact the eyes<br />
are exposed to an increased<br />
strain and it can cause the<br />
premature visual fatigue and<br />
subsequently the loss of concentration.<br />
This increases the<br />
risk of injury at the workplace.<br />
The dark and insufficiently<br />
illuminated zones can, moreover,<br />
arouse feelings of depression<br />
of the employees. On the<br />
contrary, the homogeneously<br />
illuminated space where the<br />
employees can see each other<br />
induces a communication<br />
atmosphere and improves the<br />
feeling of the psychological<br />
comfort. The communication<br />
atmosphere can be also improved<br />
by sufficient cylindrical<br />
illumination in the task area<br />
which enables to recognise<br />
the face of the colleagues<br />
with any occurrence of disruptive<br />
dark shadows. The task of<br />
the <strong>lighting</strong> system designer is<br />
to design the <strong>lighting</strong> system<br />
in such a way that homogeneous<br />
light environment without<br />
any great differences in the<br />
luminance intensity will be<br />
created in the whole panoramic<br />
field of the vision of the<br />
employees.<br />
The required illuminance<br />
levels with the corresponding<br />
uniformity of the luminance<br />
distribution can be achieved<br />
by using the asymmetrical<br />
reflector luminaires for<br />
high pressure lamps. At the<br />
same time, their high-grade<br />
facetted optics and a flat<br />
glass enclosure minimise<br />
the risk of developing glare<br />
of the employees. This type<br />
of luminaires achieves the<br />
sufficient illuminance of the<br />
whole working plane. For<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> large surfaces we<br />
can use the wide-angle flood<br />
systems. Due to the fact that<br />
the outdoor workplaces in<br />
the petrochemical and power<br />
industry are typical by a high<br />
concentration of dirt, dust<br />
and humidity, it is necessary<br />
to select luminaires produced<br />
from a sufficiently resistant<br />
material and adequate IP<br />
coverage level.<br />
The key factor when solving the illumination of these<br />
spaces is to achieve a sufficient illuminance level of the<br />
task area and the surrounding of the task area with the<br />
luminance distribution as uniform as possible.<br />
At the workplaces where<br />
we handle with explosives<br />
or where explosive fumes<br />
are released to the environment<br />
(refineries, natural gas<br />
wells) it is necessary to use<br />
luminaires resistant against<br />
explosion.<br />
When solving the illumination the<br />
outdoor switching stations require<br />
increased attention due to the safety<br />
reasons. During the night operation it<br />
is important to create such light conditions<br />
when it is possible to carry out<br />
reliably the visual inspection of wiring<br />
at any time. In this connection the requirement<br />
on the sufficient illuminance<br />
comes to the foreground – here the<br />
standard EN 12464-2 determines the<br />
minimal value 50 lux. The luminaires in<br />
the <strong>lighting</strong> system have to be installed<br />
in a sufficient distance from the high<br />
voltage power line for the employees<br />
not to be exposed to the danger of<br />
hitting by the electric current while<br />
maintenance and lamp replacement<br />
are carried out. It is recommended<br />
to install the luminaires to the height<br />
where it is not necessary to use a ladder<br />
for handling with them.<br />
UX-stadio 158<br />
mars 2000<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
ux-STADio 158<br />
venus 2000<br />
UX-STAR 250/400 157<br />
PETROCHEMICAL AND POWER INDUSTRY<br />
112/113
The risk zones and dangerous places in the warehouse<br />
premises should be emphasized by the reflexive paint.<br />
UX stadio 157<br />
mars 1000<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
ux-STADio 158<br />
venus 1000<br />
ux-STADio 158<br />
venus 2000<br />
ux-STADio 158<br />
MARS 2000<br />
ux-STAR 250/400 157<br />
Storage and<br />
logistics<br />
The solution of the illumination<br />
in the storage spaces<br />
requires a flexible approach.<br />
While in the outdoor warehouses<br />
without night operation<br />
especially the question<br />
of the property protection<br />
comes to the foreground, in<br />
the warehouses with a nonstop<br />
operation the key factor<br />
is to ensure the safety at<br />
work for the employees.<br />
The required illuminance levels<br />
stated by the standard<br />
EN 12464-2 change in<br />
dependence on the type of<br />
the space and the activity<br />
performed. In the storage<br />
spaces without the night operation<br />
where it is necessary<br />
to protect the property or in<br />
the warehouses with the nonstop<br />
operation where only<br />
short-time handling with large<br />
parts and raw materials or<br />
loading and unloading of solid<br />
bulky goods is carried out, the<br />
standard requires the minimal<br />
illuminance level 20 lux. With<br />
the increasing demandingness<br />
of the visual task the<br />
employees have to carry out<br />
and the rising risk of the injury<br />
occurrence at the workplace,<br />
the standard increases the<br />
requirements on the minimal<br />
illuminance level 50 lux<br />
(non-stop handling with raw<br />
materials, the movements of<br />
the crane, loading and unloading<br />
of goods) and 100 lux<br />
(reading addresses, working<br />
with tools). For the activities<br />
connected with installing<br />
the electrical, machine<br />
and pipeline devices and the<br />
inspection operations it states<br />
the minimal illuminance level<br />
200 lux with the uniformity<br />
of U o<br />
=0.5 and also requires<br />
installing the local <strong>lighting</strong> in<br />
the task area.<br />
In the outdoor warehouses<br />
where no handling with<br />
goods occurs during the night<br />
hours it is important to ensure<br />
the minimal security <strong>lighting</strong><br />
level especially for protecting<br />
the property. Therefore it is<br />
important to prevent the rise<br />
of the camouflaging shadows.<br />
The risk zones and dangerous<br />
places in the warehouse<br />
premises should be emphasised<br />
by the reflexive paint.<br />
For the general <strong>lighting</strong> of the<br />
space it is suitable to use the<br />
pole luminaires with a wide<br />
luminous intensity curve. The<br />
sufficient periphery illuminance<br />
will provide the security<br />
staff an overview about the<br />
movement of unauthorised<br />
persons in the storage space.<br />
The checkpoints of the security<br />
staff should remain unlit<br />
from outside. The unauthorised<br />
persons who would enter<br />
the warehouse cannot identify<br />
where the security is while<br />
they themselves will be easily<br />
seen in the light of the reflectors.<br />
If the warehouse is enclosed<br />
by a fence, it is suitable<br />
to install lower pole luminaires<br />
with a wide luminous intensity<br />
curve on the circumference<br />
of the fence. This <strong>lighting</strong><br />
solution will ensure sufficient<br />
periphery illuminance and<br />
the illumination of the access<br />
zone. If there is an increased<br />
risk of damage or theft it is<br />
suitable to fit every pole with<br />
two luminaires and to connect<br />
them to a special circuit.<br />
However, this type of light<br />
solution should not exceed<br />
the permissible illuminance<br />
levels to avoid obtrusive light<br />
on the adjacent estates.<br />
The outdoor warehouses with<br />
the night operation are usually<br />
situated close to the loading<br />
and transport facilities.<br />
Besides the general <strong>lighting</strong>,<br />
this type of workplaces should<br />
be illuminated adequately in<br />
the framework of the whole<br />
working plane and this will<br />
be achieved by the additional<br />
illumination of the task area.<br />
If moving devices are used<br />
for transporting the goods<br />
from place to place, the<br />
dynamic <strong>lighting</strong> solution is<br />
suitable. When portal and<br />
bridge cranes are utilised, it is<br />
suitable to place the luminaires<br />
with a wide luminous<br />
intensity curve directly to the<br />
undercarriage of the device<br />
for the luminous flux to head<br />
perpendicular to the route the<br />
crane moves on.<br />
To prevent the undesirable<br />
glare of the employees and to<br />
reduce the risk of injury, it is<br />
suitable to solve the illumination<br />
in such a way the luminous<br />
flux from the installed<br />
luminaires will fall in the direction<br />
of the employee’s view.<br />
UX-stadio 158<br />
VENUs 1000<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
ux-STADio 158<br />
venus 2000<br />
ux-STADio 157<br />
MARS 1000<br />
ux-STADio 158<br />
MARS 2000<br />
Storage and logistics<br />
114/115
CONSTRUCTION<br />
SITES<br />
The construction sites are<br />
time-limited outdoor workplaces<br />
where changes are<br />
often happen in this field.<br />
Therefore when we solve<br />
the <strong>lighting</strong> system here,<br />
the requirement of a flexible<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> solution comes to the<br />
foreground.<br />
The European standard<br />
EN 12464-2 states for the<br />
construction sites in dependence<br />
on the activity carried<br />
out the illuminance level from<br />
20 lux (clearance of buildings,<br />
excavation work) to 200 lux<br />
(element joining, demanding<br />
electrical, machine and pipe<br />
mountings). Due to the fact<br />
that the construction site’s<br />
appearance is changed during<br />
the construction operations<br />
it is necessary for the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system to be solved flexibly.<br />
The portable stands with luminaires<br />
fitted with adjustable<br />
reflectors powered from an<br />
autonomous source of energy<br />
are an optimal solution. The<br />
required illuminance levels<br />
can be achieved by using<br />
the floods for metal-halide<br />
lamps or high pressure sodium<br />
lamps.<br />
To ensure throughput of communications<br />
at the construction<br />
site, it is suitable to place<br />
the luminaires providing the<br />
main illuminance along the<br />
building site’s circumference,<br />
outside the communication<br />
zones. However, this<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> solution requires at<br />
the same time the additional<br />
illumination in the task area<br />
during the excavation work<br />
or partially roofed spaces.<br />
The luminaires with tubular<br />
fluorescent lamps represent<br />
here a suitable solution. In<br />
the dangerous zones it is also<br />
necessary to install the warning<br />
lights.<br />
As the construction site is<br />
a space with an increased<br />
concentration of dust and<br />
high humidity it is necessary<br />
to use luminaires with the<br />
coverage level of minimally<br />
IP 54 for the <strong>lighting</strong> system.<br />
It is recommended to use<br />
luminaires made of unbreakable<br />
materials. To increase the<br />
safety level it is recommended<br />
to use a protection grid, in<br />
case a luminaire is damaged<br />
will avoid injury the employees<br />
by not permeating the<br />
fragments from the luminaire<br />
to fall down.<br />
The cranes require a special<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> solution at the<br />
construction site. It is a key<br />
role when designing the<br />
illumination to ensure the<br />
crane operator good visibility<br />
of the whole workplace and<br />
at the same time of the load<br />
transported.<br />
From the crane operator’s view<br />
it is extraordinary important to<br />
achieve sufficient horizontal as<br />
well as vertical illuminance of<br />
the whole working plane. These<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> conditions create an<br />
assumption for good modelling<br />
of the objects necessary for<br />
transferring the material and<br />
at the same time they increase<br />
the orientation capability of<br />
the employee. To achieve the<br />
optimal <strong>lighting</strong> conditions it is<br />
suitable to install the luminaires<br />
with a wide <strong>lighting</strong> distribution<br />
curve directly to the tower and<br />
jib of the crane. When placing<br />
the luminaires it is necessary to<br />
take into account the position<br />
of the crane cabin and to install<br />
them in such a way they cannot<br />
glare the crane operator.<br />
It is recommended to use a protection<br />
grid, in case a luminaire is damaged,<br />
it will avoid injury the employees by<br />
The appropriate illumination can improve the employees´ sense of orientation<br />
and simultaneously reduce the risk of collisions when motor vehicles and<br />
machines move around the construction site. From the point of view of navigation<br />
it is suitable to place the identification and orientation <strong>lighting</strong> to the<br />
communication zones. The drivers´ attention can be drawn to the risk zones<br />
and the necessity to slow down by using the dynamic light signals.<br />
UX-stadio 157<br />
mars 1000<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
ux-STADio 158<br />
venus 1000<br />
UX-stadio 158<br />
mars 2000<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
ux-STADio 158<br />
venus 2000<br />
not permeating the fragments from<br />
the luminaire to fall down.<br />
Construction sites<br />
116/117
At the checkpoints it is necessary besides the sufficient<br />
illuminance level to prevent the risk of undesirable glare.<br />
CANAL, LOCK, PORT,<br />
SHIPYard AND<br />
DOCK<br />
The water cargo transportation<br />
and subsequently the<br />
reloading of the goods in the<br />
ports require a consistent<br />
solution of the <strong>lighting</strong> system.<br />
The correct illumination<br />
of these spaces shortens the<br />
time for anchoring the ships<br />
to a minimum, it accelerates<br />
the transfer of goods and at<br />
the same time it reduces the<br />
risk of collisions in the port.<br />
For the canal, lock, port,<br />
shipyard and dock the European<br />
standard EN 12464-2<br />
determines the minimal illuminance<br />
levels in dependence<br />
on the demandingness of the<br />
activity carried out and the<br />
risk character of the space in<br />
the range from 10 lux (quays,<br />
gangways) up to 50 lux<br />
(connecting hoses, pipes and<br />
ropes; reading notices). The<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> uniformity requires<br />
U 0 from 0.25 to 0.4. When<br />
designing the illumination it is<br />
necessary to pay attention to<br />
the fact that the selected light<br />
solution must not pose any<br />
risk of glare for the ships moving<br />
in the discharging berth<br />
or in its vicinity. The <strong>lighting</strong><br />
solution itself and the type of<br />
the luminaires used depend<br />
on the size of the surface that<br />
needs to be illuminated.<br />
For illuminating smaller<br />
surfaces in the spaces of the<br />
cargo port it is possible to use<br />
the standard luminaires suitable<br />
for the public <strong>lighting</strong> but<br />
also reflectors with a wide luminous<br />
intensity curve or the<br />
flood lights with the assembly<br />
height of 12 metres.<br />
The large-scale terminals with<br />
containers can be illuminated<br />
by reflectors or flood lights<br />
placed on the masts in the<br />
height between 25 to 35<br />
metres. For <strong>lighting</strong> large<br />
areas and due to preventing<br />
undesirable glare it is necessary<br />
to use the luminaires with<br />
a wide radiation angle in the<br />
vertical direction and a diffuse<br />
optical system in the horizontal<br />
direction. The places<br />
of loading and unloading the<br />
goods are to be fitted with<br />
the additional illumination of<br />
the task area. At the checkpoints<br />
it is necessary besides<br />
the sufficient illuminance level<br />
to prevent the risk of undesirable<br />
glare through suitable<br />
directing the luminous flux of<br />
the luminaires used.<br />
When selecting the light<br />
sources the factor of efficacy<br />
and lifespan of the<br />
light source come to the<br />
foreground. A longer lifespan<br />
of the light source prolongs<br />
the interval necessary for<br />
maintenance and in this<br />
way it reduces the costs for<br />
the operation of the whole<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system. From this<br />
point of view the LED sources<br />
represent the most effective<br />
solution. Moreover, they<br />
are highly resistant against<br />
temperature fluctuations and<br />
in comparison to the conventional<br />
light sources they do<br />
not have any decrease of the<br />
luminous flux at low temperatures.<br />
As the main <strong>lighting</strong> we<br />
often use the high-pressure<br />
sodium lamps, for spaces and<br />
activities where recognising<br />
the colour is of great importance,<br />
e.g. the illumination of<br />
the docks where it is suitable<br />
to use the luminaires with<br />
the metal-halide lamps which<br />
achieve the values of CRI<br />
between 80 and 95.<br />
In spite of their industrial orientation<br />
the cargo ports are<br />
often one of the most prominent<br />
dominants of the towns.<br />
Therefore when designing<br />
the <strong>lighting</strong> system, besides<br />
functionality it is necessary<br />
to take into account also the<br />
aesthetical potential. Through<br />
suitable programming of the<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system it is possible<br />
just during the evening hours<br />
to increase the attractiveness<br />
of this industrial area.<br />
The transhipment point determined<br />
for loading and unloading the goods<br />
equipped with cranes requires a<br />
special solution. One <strong>lighting</strong> option<br />
for the port cargo-handling areas is<br />
to erect a mast at each end of the<br />
crane rails so that the light from the<br />
floods mounted on them can reach<br />
between the rows of wagons. When<br />
selecting the light source of the crane<br />
it is necessary to take into consideration<br />
the fact that there occur vibrations<br />
when it moves. Therefore the<br />
luminaires are to be put on places<br />
insulated from this influence as much<br />
as possible. If the port is equipped<br />
with a rail crane or another mobile<br />
port facilities, it is suitable to implement<br />
the functionality of the dynamic<br />
illumination to the <strong>lighting</strong> system.<br />
UX-stadio 157<br />
mars 1000<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
ux-STADio 158<br />
venus 1000<br />
ux-STAR 250/400 157<br />
UX-stadio 158<br />
mars 2000<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
ux-STADio 158<br />
venus 2000<br />
canal, lock, port, shipyard and dock<br />
118/119
The increased demand on the illumination of the external<br />
spaces is especially in parking areas where the<br />
pedestrians, and drivers meet.<br />
FORSTREET 155<br />
segin<br />
RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS<br />
FoRSTREET 155<br />
ASTERope<br />
Exterior<br />
illumination and<br />
parking area<br />
Besides the aesthetic task the<br />
exterior <strong>lighting</strong> in an industrial<br />
area especially fulfils the<br />
security function. It makes<br />
the orientation in the external<br />
spaces easier, it refers to the<br />
entrances and the entry ways<br />
to the building, it increases<br />
the feeling of safety and comfort.<br />
The increased demand<br />
on the illumination of the<br />
external spaces is especially<br />
in parking areas where the<br />
pedestrians and drivers meet.<br />
The correctly illuminated vertical<br />
as well as horizontal areas<br />
minimise the risk of collision<br />
and provide enough information<br />
about the orientation in<br />
the space. The access roads<br />
and external parking lots are<br />
made visible by the pole luminaires;<br />
decent in the ground<br />
recessed <strong>lighting</strong> fixtures<br />
separate the parking areas<br />
from the traffic lanes and the<br />
pedestrian zones. For all types<br />
of luminaires for external<br />
usage there are strict criteria<br />
as to the resistance against<br />
humidity, the temperature<br />
fluctuations and pollution.<br />
From the ecological point of<br />
view, new types of luminaires<br />
that do not emit the light<br />
towards the upper half-space<br />
and thus do not produce<br />
the light smog are a suitable<br />
solution. These requirements<br />
are met especially by the LED<br />
light sources. They are typical<br />
by high efficacy and effectiveness.<br />
Due to their low failure<br />
rate and long lifespan they do<br />
not represent any increased<br />
burden from the point of view<br />
of the maintenance costs. In<br />
difference to the traditional<br />
light sources, e.g. fluorescent<br />
lamps or discharge lamps, the<br />
LEDs reach the full luminance<br />
immediately, moreover, after<br />
a short power cut the full<br />
luminance is reached without<br />
any delay. For the illumination<br />
of the external areas<br />
and the parking area of an<br />
industrial building it is possible<br />
to achieve full luminance<br />
immediately and this fact<br />
significantly improves the<br />
safety of employees movement<br />
in the industrial areas. In<br />
the external environment, the<br />
fact that in difference to the<br />
conventional sources there<br />
is no decline of efficiency at<br />
low temperatures and vice<br />
versa its effectiveness is even<br />
increased in such conditions,<br />
says in favour of the LED.<br />
From the point of view of<br />
safety it is a very resistant<br />
light source that can be hardly<br />
damaged, moreover also in<br />
the case of damage they do<br />
not constitute any threat<br />
for the health of employees.<br />
Compared to the conventional<br />
sources they contain a negligible<br />
amount of heavy metals<br />
which are, moreover, only in<br />
the solid state in the LED and<br />
this reduces the danger of air<br />
contamination.<br />
EXTERIOR ILLUMINATION AND parkiNG AREA<br />
120/121
<strong>lighting</strong> quality standard<br />
12/13
Special requeSTS for<br />
luminaires in inDUSTRY<br />
The luminaires applied in the industrial and manufacturing spaces are exposed to<br />
the influence of the surrounding environment. For the security and safety to be<br />
guaranteed at the workplaces in any respect, they have to be resistant against<br />
increased strain which is represented in this type of spaces by dust, humidity,<br />
water and flammable or explosive materials.<br />
The value IP (International<br />
Protection Rating) defined by<br />
the international standard IEC<br />
and the European standard<br />
EN 60529 as well as the value<br />
Ex by which the European<br />
directive ATEX (Atmosphéres<br />
Explosibles) defines the necessary<br />
protection level of the luminaire<br />
at workplaces with the<br />
occurrence of flammable and<br />
explosives materials gives the<br />
information if the luminaires<br />
used fulfil the usage criteria in<br />
the concrete manufacturing<br />
spaces.<br />
International protection IP<br />
The code IP expresses the protection<br />
level of the interior or exterior<br />
luminaire against penetrating a<br />
foreign body or liquid. The code<br />
consists of two numbers IP XY<br />
– the first one assesses the protection<br />
level against a dangerous<br />
contact and penetrating of the<br />
foreign bodies (X) and the second<br />
one against penetrating water (Y).<br />
The luminaires with the minimal<br />
value IP 44 are recommended for<br />
Degrees of protection<br />
1st code numeral<br />
(Protection against foreign<br />
bodies and contact)<br />
the exterior usage, in the case of<br />
a direct contact with water IP 65.<br />
The dust-proof and water-proof<br />
luminaires which can be also used<br />
under water have the highest possible<br />
protection level expressed by<br />
the code IP 68.<br />
Explosion-protected<br />
luminaires<br />
The usage of flammable and<br />
explosive materials in the industrial<br />
manufacturing premises requires<br />
luminaires resistant against fire<br />
or explosions. Especially those<br />
spaces that are typical by a high<br />
level of dustiness (up to 80 % of<br />
dust arising due to the production<br />
is classified as flammable) or<br />
spaces in the framework of which<br />
operations with oxygen are carried<br />
out represent a risk. Based on the<br />
unified classification the individual<br />
spaces are divided into zones according<br />
to the risk of an explosion<br />
occurrence. Each zone is assigned<br />
a value of the protection level<br />
which the luminaires used for the<br />
illumination have to achieve.<br />
2nd code numeral<br />
(Protection against water)<br />
0 Non-protected Non-protected<br />
1<br />
Protected against solid<br />
foreign bodies > 50 mm<br />
Protected against<br />
dripping water<br />
2<br />
Protected against solid<br />
foreign bodies > 12 mm<br />
Protected against<br />
dripping water when 15º titled<br />
3<br />
Protected against solid<br />
foreign bodies > 2.5 mm<br />
Protected against<br />
spraywater<br />
4<br />
Protected against solid<br />
Protected against<br />
foreign bodies > 1 mm<br />
splashwater<br />
5 Protected against dust<br />
Protected against<br />
jets of water<br />
6 Dustproof<br />
Protected against<br />
powerful jets of water<br />
7 –<br />
Protected against<br />
temporary immersion<br />
8 –<br />
Protected against<br />
prolonged submersion<br />
...m<br />
Special requests for luminaires in industry<br />
HAZARDOUS<br />
LOCATION BasiCS<br />
Hazardous locations are separated<br />
into three “Classes” or<br />
types based on the explosive<br />
characteristics of the materials.<br />
The Classes or type of material<br />
is further separated into “Divisions”<br />
or “Zones” based on the<br />
risk of fire or explosion that the<br />
material poses. The Zone system<br />
has three levels of hazard<br />
versus the Division System’s two<br />
levels.<br />
Class I locations are those in<br />
which flammable „gases or<br />
vapors“ are, or may be, present<br />
in the air in quantities sufficient<br />
to produce explosive or ignitible<br />
mixtures. The terms, „gases or<br />
vapors“ differentiates between<br />
materials that are in a gaseous<br />
state under normal atmospheric<br />
conditions, such as hydrogen<br />
or methane, and a vapor that is<br />
flashed off from a liquid, under<br />
Hazardous Materials<br />
Gasses or Vapors<br />
Combustible Dusts<br />
Fibers or Flyings<br />
normal atmospheric conditions,<br />
such as gasoline.<br />
The subdivision of Class I, locations<br />
into “Divisions” or “Zones”<br />
is based on the probability that<br />
an explosive gas atmosphere<br />
may be present in a location.<br />
If the risk is extremely low, the<br />
location is considered nonhazardous.<br />
A good example<br />
of a low risk area is a single<br />
family home with natural gas<br />
or propane furnace for heating.<br />
The gas could, and does on<br />
extremely rare occasions, leak<br />
into the home, encounter an ignition<br />
source and an explosion<br />
occurs, usually with devastating<br />
results. However, since the risk<br />
is so low, because of the safety<br />
systems built into the gas supply<br />
and heating equipment, these<br />
areas are not “hazardous classified<br />
locations”.<br />
Class/Division<br />
System<br />
Class I, Division 1<br />
Class I, Division 2<br />
Class II, Division 1<br />
Class II, Division 2<br />
Class Ill,Division 1<br />
Class III, Division 2<br />
Zone System<br />
Zone 0 Zone 1<br />
Zone 2<br />
Zone 20 Zone 21<br />
Zone 22<br />
No Equivalent<br />
Frequency<br />
Division System Zone System<br />
ol Occurrence<br />
Continuous<br />
Zone 0<br />
Class I, Division 1<br />
Intermittent Periodreally Zone 1<br />
Abnormal Condition Class I, Division 2 Zone 2<br />
The following chart illustrates the differences between the various<br />
Zones.<br />
Grade ol Release Zone<br />
Flammable<br />
Mixture Present<br />
Continuous 0 1,000 hours per year or more (10 %)<br />
Primary 1<br />
Between 10 and 1,000 hours per year or<br />
more (0.1% to 10 %)<br />
Secondary 2 Less than 10 hours per year (0.01 % to 0.1 %)<br />
Unclassified –<br />
Less than I hour per year<br />
(Less than 0.01 %)<br />
Class I locations are further divided into Groups based on the<br />
explosive properties of the materials present. North America has<br />
traditionally used four groups while the IEC and CENELEC use<br />
three. The chart below compares the two systems.<br />
Typical Gas Class/Division Gas Groups Zone Gas Groups<br />
Acetylene<br />
A<br />
Hydrogen<br />
B<br />
II C<br />
Ethylene C II B<br />
Propane D II A<br />
Class II locations are those which are hazardous due to the<br />
presence of combustible or electrically conductive dusts. The dust<br />
must be present in sufficient quantities for a fire or explosion hazard<br />
to exist. The fact that there is some combustible dust present<br />
does not mean a Class II hazardous location exists.<br />
Groups Type of Material Examples<br />
E Electrical ly Conductive Dusts<br />
Powder ed Metals such as<br />
AIum num or Magnesium<br />
F Carbonaceous Dusts<br />
Carbon Black, Coal Dust or<br />
Coke Dust<br />
G<br />
Agricultural Dusts<br />
Grain, Flour, Sugars, Spices and<br />
certain Polymers<br />
Zone 20 - an area in which a combustible dust, as a cloud, is<br />
present continuously or frequently during normal operations in<br />
sufficient quantities to produce an explosive mixture.<br />
Zone 21 - an area in which a combustible dust, as a cloud, is<br />
likely to occur during normal operations in<br />
sufficient quantities to produce an explosive mixture.<br />
Zone 22 - an area in which combustible dust clouds may occur<br />
infrequently and persist for only short periods of time or in which<br />
accumulations or layers may be present under abnormal conditions.<br />
Class III locations are those which are hazardous due to the<br />
presence of easily ignitable fibers or flyings. However, the material<br />
is not suspended in the air in quantities sufficient to produce ignitable<br />
mixtures. Easily ignitable fibers and flyings present a serious<br />
fire risk, not normally an explosion hazard. The greater danger<br />
with Class III materials is that if a layer forms throughout a facility,<br />
an ignition will cause a flash fire which moves at near explosive<br />
speeds.<br />
TEMPERATURE ClassES<br />
Ignition temperature or auto-ignition temperature (ATI) is the<br />
minimum temperature of a surface at which an explosive atmosphere<br />
ignites. Flammable vapors and gases can be classified into<br />
temperature classes according to their ignition temperature. The<br />
maximum temperature of a piece of equipment must always<br />
be lower than the ignition temperature of the gas - air mixture<br />
or vapor - air mixture in which it is placed. Equipment shall be<br />
marked to show the operating temperature or temperature class<br />
referenced to a +40°C (+104°F) ambient. The temperature class<br />
(T code) is indicated on the manufacturers nameplate and is<br />
based on the table below.<br />
North American<br />
Temperature<br />
Code<br />
IEC/CENELEC/NEC 505<br />
Temperature<br />
Classes<br />
Maximum Temperature<br />
°C °F<br />
T1 T1 450 842<br />
T2 T2 300 572<br />
T2A – 280 536<br />
T2B – 260 500<br />
T2C – 230 446<br />
T2D – 215 419<br />
T3 T3 200 392<br />
T3A – 180 356<br />
T3B – 160 329<br />
T3C – 150 320<br />
T4 T4 130 275<br />
T4A – 120 248<br />
T5 T5 100 212<br />
T6 T6 85 185<br />
124/125
Special requeSTS for<br />
luminaires in inDUSTRY<br />
Typical North<br />
American Marking<br />
TO NEC 505<br />
Ignition temperature or autoignition<br />
temperature (ATI) is<br />
the minimum temperature of a<br />
surface at which an explosive<br />
atmosphere ignites. Flammable<br />
vapors and gases can be classified<br />
into temperature classes<br />
according to their ignition temperature.<br />
The maximum temperature<br />
of a piece of equipment<br />
must always be lower<br />
than the ignition temperature of<br />
the gas - air mixture or vapor -<br />
air mixture in which it is placed.<br />
Equipment shall be marked to<br />
show the operating temperature<br />
or temperature class<br />
referenced to a +40°C (+104°F)<br />
ambient. The temperature class<br />
(T code) is indicated on the<br />
manufacturers nameplate and is<br />
based on the table below.<br />
Typical European<br />
ATEX/CENELEC<br />
Marking<br />
Ignition temperature or autoignition<br />
temperature (ATI) is<br />
the minimum temperature of a<br />
surface at which an explosive<br />
atmosphere ignites. Flammable<br />
vapors and gases can be classified<br />
into temperature classes<br />
according to their ignition temperature.<br />
The maximum temperature<br />
of a piece of equipment<br />
must always be lower<br />
than the ignition temperature of<br />
the gas - air mixture or vapor -<br />
air mixture in which it is placed.<br />
Equipment shall be marked to<br />
show the operating temperature<br />
or temperature class<br />
referenced to a +40°C (+104°F)<br />
ambient. The temperature class<br />
(T code) is indicated on the<br />
manufacturers nameplate and is<br />
based on the table below.<br />
Equipment Group I Overview<br />
Equipment intended for use in underground parts of mines, and<br />
to those parts of surface installations of such mines, liable to be<br />
endangered by firedamp and/or combustible dust.<br />
Equipment<br />
Category<br />
M1<br />
M2<br />
Protection<br />
2 levels of protection;<br />
or 2 independent faults<br />
1 level of protection based<br />
on normal operation<br />
Comparison To Current<br />
IEC Classification<br />
Group I<br />
Equipment Group II Overview<br />
Equipment intended for use in other than Equipment Group I<br />
places that are liable to be endangered by explosive atmospheres.<br />
Equipment<br />
Category<br />
1G<br />
1D<br />
2G<br />
2D<br />
3G<br />
3D<br />
Protection<br />
2 levels of protection;<br />
or 2 independent faults<br />
1 level of protection based<br />
on frequent disturbances;<br />
or equipment faults<br />
1 level of protection based<br />
on normal operation<br />
Group I<br />
Comparison To Current<br />
IEC Classification<br />
Group II,<br />
Zone 0 (gas) Zone 20 (dust)<br />
Group II,<br />
Zone 1 (gas) Zone 21 (dust)<br />
Group II,<br />
Zone 2 (gas) Zone 22 (dust)<br />
Special requests for luminaires in industry<br />
CLASS I ZONE 1AEX DE IIC T6<br />
Ex II 2G EEX DE IIC T6<br />
Methods of protection:<br />
Flameproof Type of Protection “d”- or Explosionproof Equipment<br />
Encapsulation - Type of Protection “m”<br />
Increased Safety - Type of Protection “e”<br />
Intrinsically Safe Equipment - Types of Protection “i”, “ia” and “ib”<br />
Oil Immersion - Type of Protection “o”<br />
Purged And Pressurized - Type of Protection “p”<br />
Powder Filling - Type of Protection “q”<br />
Class I (Gases and Vapors)<br />
Zone 0 Areas where explosive gas atmosphere is continously present or<br />
present for long periods of time<br />
Zone 1 Areas where explosive gas atmosphere is likely to occur in normal<br />
operation or can be expected to be present frequently<br />
Zone 2 Area where explosive gas atmosphere is not likely to occur and if it<br />
does, it will only exist for a short period of time<br />
AEx designates built to a US ANSI standard<br />
Methods of protection, d, e, p, i, o, q, m, n<br />
Apparatus Group<br />
I Mining - Underground (methane)<br />
II Surface Industires<br />
A (propane) B (ethylene) C (hydrogen)<br />
Temperature class<br />
T1 450°C T3 200°C T5 100°C<br />
T2 300°C T4 135°C T6 85°C<br />
Approved mark for apparatus certified by EU test authority<br />
Equipment group I (mining)<br />
Category M1 and M2<br />
Equipment group II (on surface)<br />
Category 1G, Zone 0 Areas where explosive gas atmosphere is continuously<br />
present or present for long periods of time<br />
Category 2G, Zone 1 Areas where explosive gas atmosphere is likely to occur<br />
in normal operation or can be expected to be present<br />
frequently<br />
Category 3G, Zone 2 Area where explosive gas atmosphere is not likely to occur<br />
and if it does, it will only exist for a short period of time<br />
Category 1D, zone 20 Area where combustible dust is continuously or<br />
frequently present<br />
Category 2D, Zone 21 Area where combustible dust clouds are likely to<br />
occur during normal operation<br />
Category 3D, Zone 22 Area where combustible dust clouds may occur<br />
infrequently during normal operation<br />
Explosion protected according to CENELEC standards EN 50...<br />
Methods of protection, d, e, p, i, o, q, m, n<br />
Apparatus Group<br />
I Mining - Underground (methane)<br />
II Surface Industires<br />
A (propane) B (ethylene) C (hydrogen)<br />
Temperature class<br />
T1 450°C T3 200°C T5 100°C<br />
T2 300°C T4 135°C T6 85°C<br />
126/127
SELECTING<br />
THE RIGHT LIGHT SOURCE<br />
The individual areas in industrial and production spaces have different demand<br />
on the illumination. When designing a <strong>lighting</strong> system the task of the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
designer is to choose the light sources with the most suitable parameters where<br />
besides the procurement price the categories of effectiveness, lifespan and safety<br />
are also included.<br />
Lamp type<br />
power<br />
rating<br />
from - to<br />
(W)<br />
luminous<br />
flux from<br />
- to<br />
(lm)<br />
efficacy<br />
(lm/W)<br />
light colour<br />
colour<br />
rendering<br />
index (CRI)<br />
from-to<br />
lifespan<br />
from - to<br />
socket<br />
Tube-shaped fluorescent FD (T8) Ø 26 mm 18 - 70 860 - 6,200 61 - 93 ww/nw/dw 80 - 96 16,000 - 80,000 G13<br />
Tube-shaped fluorescent FDH (T5) Ø 16 mm 14 - 80 1,100 - 6,150 67 - 104 ww/nw/dw 80 - 93 24,000 - 45,000 G5<br />
Compact fluorescent lamp 5 - 80 250 - 6,400 46 - 95 ww/nw/dw 80 - 90 5,000 - 32,000<br />
2G11, 2G7,<br />
2G8–1<br />
High pressure metalhalide lamp MT/ME<br />
(HIT/HIE)<br />
35 - 2,000 3,200 - 240,000 67 - 120 ww/nw/dw 65 - 96 6,000 - 15,000<br />
E 27, E 40,<br />
PG12-2<br />
High pressure sodium lamp ST/STH (HST) 35 - 1,000 3,500 - 150,000 74 - 150 ww 20 - 25 12,000 - 32,000<br />
E 27, E 40,<br />
PG12-1<br />
Double ended metalhalide lamp MD/MN<br />
(HID)<br />
70 - 2,000 5,500 - 230,000 73 - 117 ww/nw/dw 65 - 95 4,500 - 15,000 RX7s, K12s<br />
Double ended high pressure sodium lamp<br />
SD (HSD)<br />
70 - 150 6,800 - 15,000 97 - 100 ww 20 - 25 12,000 - 32,000 RX7s<br />
LED module 1 - 140 100 - 17,200 90 - 200 ww/nw/dw 70 - 98 50,000 -<br />
ww = warm white correlated colour temperature (CCT) below 3,300 K<br />
nw = neutral white correlated colour temperature (CCT) 3,300 K to 5,300 K<br />
dw = daylight white correlated colour temperature (CCT) over 5,300 K<br />
SELECTING THE RIGHT light SOURCE<br />
12/13
8<br />
LED for INDUSTRY<br />
When in 1962 the American professor Nick Holonyak created the prototype of the first<br />
“light emitting diode” – LED, his invention remained almost unnoticed. The only one who<br />
anticipated its revolutionary future on the pages of the magazine Reader´s Digest was the<br />
inventor himself. It lasted almost forty years until the industry revealed all the exceptional<br />
properties of the LED and learned how to utilise them. In the <strong>lighting</strong> industry the LED<br />
sources currently represent an area that is developing in the most dynamic way.<br />
In what respect are the LED<br />
light sources so exceptional<br />
and exceed the properties and<br />
parameters of the conventional<br />
sources? Why do the<br />
architects, developers and<br />
users of industrial buildings<br />
concentrate more and more<br />
frequently on the LED sources<br />
when designing the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
systems? It would be possible<br />
to answer in a very simple<br />
way: The LED sources are<br />
highly effective, they have a<br />
long lifespan and an excellent<br />
colour rendering, they are<br />
cost-effective and environment-friendly.<br />
But let us<br />
have a look at the individual<br />
categories more thoroughly<br />
and we will explain why the<br />
LED sources represent also for<br />
Emitted light<br />
Molded epoxy<br />
lens<br />
Anoded wire<br />
Anode lead<br />
Cathode lead<br />
LED for industry<br />
your industrial spaces the best<br />
solution.<br />
The LEDs are light sources based<br />
on the semi-conductor basis. A<br />
very small amount of energy is<br />
necessary for emitting the light.<br />
The diodes emitting light consist<br />
of two types of semi-conductors<br />
– the N-type with surplus of electrons<br />
and the P-type which has<br />
lack of electrons (the so called<br />
holes). After connecting the<br />
power the excessive electrodes<br />
and holes begin to migrate to<br />
the PN junction. When they<br />
meet the recombination develops<br />
and the diode starts emitting<br />
photons. By its size that is not<br />
larger than a dot made by a<br />
pencil the LED ranks among the<br />
smallest light sources. The package<br />
which is at the same time a<br />
Positive<br />
terminal<br />
Negative<br />
terminal<br />
Reflective cup<br />
p-type GaN<br />
Active region<br />
n-type GaN<br />
Photon<br />
Hole<br />
Electron<br />
lens serves as protection. It enables<br />
distributing the luminous<br />
flux directly under the angle<br />
15° to 180°. While a common<br />
light bulb is able to change into<br />
visible light only 5 % and the<br />
fluorescent lamp 30 % of the<br />
electric power, the LED with its<br />
ability to change up to 40 % of<br />
the total energy reaches incomparably<br />
better parameters in this<br />
category. The efficiency of the<br />
light source or its efficacy says<br />
with what efficiency the electric<br />
If the LED sources after binning are<br />
on the Planck curve, they emit “pure<br />
white”, i.e. pure white light.<br />
energy is changed into the light,<br />
i.e. how much of luminous flux<br />
it produces from. the electric<br />
input power (W) delivered to the<br />
light source. The unit is lumen<br />
per watt (lm/W). While the first<br />
LEDs in 1996 had an efficacy<br />
of 0.1 lm/W, today there are<br />
commercially available LED chips<br />
with an efficacy of 160 lm/W for<br />
cool white CCT LED and in the<br />
labs there has been achieved an<br />
efficacy of up to 254 lm/W.<br />
y 0,9<br />
520<br />
0,8<br />
540<br />
0,7<br />
560<br />
0,6<br />
500<br />
580<br />
0,5<br />
T C<br />
(K) 4,000<br />
3,0002,500<br />
0,4<br />
600<br />
6,000<br />
2,000 1,500<br />
10,000<br />
620<br />
0,3490<br />
700<br />
0,2<br />
480<br />
0,1<br />
470<br />
460<br />
0,0<br />
380<br />
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8<br />
x<br />
The LED luminaires used in the<br />
industrial and production spaces<br />
have to fulfil high ergonomic<br />
and economic requirements.<br />
In the industrial areas they are<br />
required to deliver high-quality,<br />
glareless <strong>lighting</strong> for the optimal<br />
visual comfort also for the Visual<br />
Display Units (VDU) and at the<br />
same time they have to fulfil the<br />
requirements of the European<br />
standards. The LED diodes are<br />
primarily the source of the white<br />
colour radiation. The white LED<br />
light can be acquired by various<br />
methods; however, the principle<br />
of luminescence is most frequently<br />
used for its production.<br />
In this method a thin phosphorus<br />
layer is applied to the blue<br />
LED which, after the switching<br />
on of the source, changes part<br />
of the blue light which passes<br />
it into the white one. This technology<br />
of the LED production<br />
enables achieving the emission<br />
of the white light with various<br />
correlated colour temperature<br />
from 2,700K to 10,000 K.<br />
Colours STRAight from the semiconDUCTor<br />
Colours straight from the semiconductor<br />
Another method making it<br />
possible to acquire the white<br />
LED light consists of mixing<br />
the coloured light of various<br />
wavelengths. Through additive<br />
mixing the red, green and blue<br />
colours (RGB) the white light<br />
can arise. The advantage of<br />
this method is that besides the<br />
white light by targeted mixing<br />
we can also acquire coloured<br />
light. The disadvantage when<br />
acquiring the white light by the<br />
RGB technology consists in its<br />
demandingness. It requires a lot<br />
of know-how because the management<br />
of the coloured LED<br />
with various values of luminance<br />
is demanding and the white light<br />
produced often achieves lower<br />
values of the colour rendering<br />
index CRI 70 – 80. If we consider<br />
changes of the correlated colour<br />
temperature of the white light<br />
when solving the illumination in<br />
the industrial spaces, it is suitable<br />
to combine the coloured chips<br />
with white LEDs. In this way<br />
optimal CRI values are obtained.<br />
LEDs do not require colour filters: their light comes in different colours produced<br />
directly by different semiconductor materials. Secondary colours are also possible. The<br />
major semiconductors are:<br />
Semiconductor<br />
material<br />
Abbreviation<br />
Colour(s)<br />
Indium gallium nitride InGaN green, blue, (white)<br />
Aluminium indium<br />
gallium phosphide<br />
Aluminium gallium<br />
arsenide<br />
Gallium arsenide<br />
phosphide<br />
AlInGaP<br />
AlGaAs<br />
GaAsP<br />
red, orange, yellow<br />
red<br />
red, orange, yellow<br />
Silicon carbide SiC blue<br />
Silicon Si blue<br />
The lifespan of the LED sources<br />
moves in the values of up to 50,000<br />
hours which represents 18 years for<br />
11-hour-operation daily, 250 days a<br />
year.<br />
Intensity (counts)<br />
4,000<br />
Blue peak<br />
3,500<br />
3,000<br />
Yellow phosphor<br />
2,500<br />
1,500<br />
1,000<br />
500<br />
0<br />
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800<br />
Wawelenght (nm)<br />
White light can be produced by combining blue and yellow light only. Sir<br />
Isaac Newton discovered this effect when performing<br />
colour-matching experiments in early 1700s.<br />
Spectra of white and coloured LEDs<br />
watts<br />
From the point of view of the<br />
lifespan the LED light sources<br />
achieve above-average parameters.<br />
Their lifespan moves in the<br />
values of up to 50,000 hours<br />
which represents 18 years for<br />
11-hour-operation daily, 250<br />
days a year. The drop of the light<br />
source performance to 70 %, in<br />
some cases to 5 % is introduced<br />
Definition of lifespan<br />
luminous flux (lm)<br />
100 %<br />
75 %<br />
50 %<br />
25 %<br />
0 %<br />
1.2<br />
1.0<br />
0.8<br />
0.6<br />
0.4<br />
0.2<br />
0<br />
380 430 480 530 580 630 680 730<br />
nanometres<br />
LEDs do not require colour filters. The colour tone of the light is determined<br />
by the semiconductor material used and the dominant wavelength.<br />
as the LED lifespan end. It means<br />
that the LED failure rate is substantially<br />
lower compared to the<br />
conventional sources. However,<br />
appropriate cooling of the light<br />
source is a necessary condition<br />
for maintaining the lifespan<br />
parameters.<br />
T 70(a)<br />
T 50(a)<br />
T 70(b)<br />
T 50(b)<br />
T c(2)<br />
T c(1)<br />
hours<br />
LEDs do not fail but the intensity of the light they produce diminishes over<br />
time. The lifespan (L) of an LED thus needs to be defined for different applications.<br />
For emergency <strong>lighting</strong>, for example, rating up to L80 ore more are<br />
required, this means that the LED reaches the end of its service life when the<br />
luminous flux falls to 80 percent of the original flux measured. For general<br />
<strong>lighting</strong>, values of L50 or L70 are defined. The lifespan of an LED depends<br />
to a large extent on ambient and operating temperature. Where an LED is<br />
operated at a high temperature (Tc1) or with poor thermal management, its<br />
life is shortened.<br />
130/131
8<br />
In spite of higher purchase<br />
costs the LED sources represent<br />
in a longer-term horizon the<br />
most effective and economical<br />
light solution. The experts<br />
estimate that if we replaced all<br />
existing light sources for the<br />
LED ones today, the energy<br />
savings worldwide could reach<br />
the amount of 30 %. If we<br />
realise that the artificial <strong>lighting</strong><br />
consumes up to one fifth of the<br />
energy produced, this amount<br />
is not negligible at all. When<br />
we take into account a smaller<br />
area illuminated by obsolete<br />
conventional sources, we would<br />
be able to save up to 75 % of<br />
<strong>lighting</strong> system input power by<br />
the controlled LED illumination.<br />
All light sources also produce<br />
the IR radiation during the<br />
change of the electric power<br />
into the light which the human<br />
organism perceives as heat.<br />
However, the LED light sources<br />
produce it in a negligible<br />
amount compared to the conventional<br />
sources and thus they<br />
do not increase the inadequate<br />
costs for the air-conditioning<br />
power consumption. The<br />
lifespan and failure rate of the<br />
LED sources reduces the <strong>lighting</strong><br />
system maintenance costs as it<br />
does not require any regular interventions<br />
of service staff and<br />
purchasing new light sources.<br />
The LED source saving potential<br />
can be maximised by<br />
installing the intelligent <strong>lighting</strong><br />
management which enables<br />
adjusting the radiation<br />
intensity of every luminaire in<br />
the <strong>lighting</strong> system automatically<br />
in dependence on the<br />
availability or intensity of the<br />
daylight.<br />
The environment-friendly approach<br />
is a topic also for the<br />
producer of the light sources<br />
today. The reality is that the majority<br />
of the conventional light<br />
sources cannot be produced<br />
without using the toxic heavy<br />
metals – lead and mercury. The<br />
users of the premises equipped<br />
with this type of light sources<br />
have an additional burden<br />
when they replace them as they<br />
are compulsory to remove the<br />
used or damaged sources in<br />
compliance with the law about<br />
disposal of the toxic waste and<br />
on the other hand they are<br />
exposed to the risk of breathing<br />
the toxic vapours when the<br />
light source is damaged. In this<br />
respect the LED sources represent<br />
an incomparably lower risk.<br />
Though they contain a small<br />
amount of heavy metals, they<br />
are in solid state and so there is<br />
no danger of breathing in the<br />
toxic vapours when the LED<br />
source is damaged.<br />
Thermal management<br />
Similarly as in the case of other<br />
light sources, the temperature<br />
significantly affects the performance<br />
of the LED light source.<br />
Without any adequate thermal<br />
management overheating of<br />
the LED source can develop<br />
and it reduces its lifespan and<br />
the risk of its damage is also<br />
increased. Implementing a suitable<br />
cooling system we achieve<br />
Thermal output of Grafias<br />
maintaining the declared<br />
lifespan of the LED light source<br />
and its high efficacy. From this<br />
point of view the thermal management<br />
represents the most<br />
critical factor for the luminaires<br />
with the LED source.<br />
y<br />
0.9<br />
520<br />
0.8<br />
540<br />
spectral locus<br />
0.7<br />
560<br />
0.6<br />
500<br />
580<br />
0.5<br />
blackbody<br />
T radiation<br />
C<br />
(K) 4,000<br />
3,0002,500<br />
curve<br />
6,000<br />
0.4<br />
600<br />
2,000 1,500<br />
10,000<br />
620<br />
0.3490<br />
700<br />
0.2<br />
480<br />
line of purples<br />
0.1<br />
470<br />
460<br />
theoretical colours<br />
0.0<br />
380<br />
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8<br />
x<br />
Binning<br />
During the industrial production<br />
of LEDs deviations of the key<br />
parameters arise in the individual<br />
batches. In the framework of<br />
one batch the parameters are<br />
generally the same, but when we<br />
compare two various batches,<br />
the LEDs differentiate e.g. in<br />
colour or the luminous flux. To<br />
ensure the constant quality of<br />
light with the same level of luminance<br />
and colour of the light, it is<br />
inevitable to sort out every batch<br />
according to the value of individual<br />
parameters. This sorting is<br />
called binning. The main criteria<br />
taken into account when binning<br />
are as follows: the luminous flux<br />
measured in lumens (lm), the correlated<br />
colour temperature measured<br />
in Kelvins (K), the forward<br />
voltage measured in volts (V).<br />
The LED sources are nowadays<br />
classified according to the binning<br />
standard ANSI. This standard<br />
defines the colour shades of LED<br />
by the MacAdam ellipses which<br />
depicts the colour deviation on<br />
the axis X and Y. The MacAdam<br />
ellipses shows how the colour of<br />
the individual LED modules can<br />
differ. The binning standard ANSI<br />
recommends for the resulting<br />
colours to be inside of the ellipse<br />
on the curve with four threshold<br />
values. The binning groups of<br />
the LED sources which show<br />
minimal differences of the values<br />
measured will produce the light<br />
of the same colour.<br />
ANSI colour codes<br />
C y<br />
Fluorescent<br />
IEC 60081<br />
Planck<br />
0.43<br />
Daylight<br />
ANSI 2,700<br />
0.38<br />
ANSI 3,000<br />
ANSI 3,500<br />
ANSI 4,000<br />
0.33<br />
ANSI 4,500<br />
ANSI 5,000<br />
ANSI 5,700<br />
0.28<br />
ANSI 6,500<br />
0.27 0.32 0.37 0.42 0.47 C x<br />
The LED sources are mostly classified<br />
in compliance with the binning<br />
standard ANSI. ANSI defines the<br />
colour shades in the space xy of the<br />
Mac Adam ellipse. According to the<br />
standard the defined colours should<br />
be inside of the ellipse on the curve<br />
with four threshold values.<br />
PWM control<br />
The Pulse Width Modulation<br />
(PWM) represents the most<br />
effective method how to check<br />
the intensity of the LED light<br />
source. The PWM principle is<br />
based on periodical switching<br />
on and off of the constant<br />
current directed to the LED. The<br />
resulting intensity of the LED<br />
light source is characterised by<br />
the ratio between the state of<br />
switching on and off. The frequency<br />
of switching on and off<br />
is adjusted for the human eye<br />
to perceive the emitted light as<br />
a continuous luminous flux. Its<br />
intensity depends on the adjustment<br />
of the PWM cycle (0 % to<br />
On<br />
Power<br />
50 % Duty-Cycle<br />
Off<br />
0 20 40<br />
Time (miliseconds)<br />
100 %). The advantage of the<br />
impulse width modulation is the<br />
maintaining of the constant correlated<br />
colour temperature in<br />
the whole range of dimming.<br />
70 % Duty-Cycle<br />
Compared with the conventional light sources the LED light sources reach the<br />
full luminance immediately. The immediate start of the LED source is a benefit<br />
from the point of view of safety and comfort. At the same time compared<br />
to the conventional sources, frequent switching on and off does not make<br />
any damage to the LED source and does not reduce its lifespan as well.<br />
On<br />
Power<br />
Off<br />
0 20 40<br />
Time (miliseconds)<br />
LED for industry<br />
132/133
<strong>lighting</strong> quality standard<br />
12/13
LUMINOUS FLUX Φ<br />
BASIC TERMS<br />
The luminous flux is a physical quantity<br />
which states how much light in total a<br />
light source emits to all directions. It is the<br />
radiant power of the light source assessed<br />
from the point of view of the human eye<br />
sensitivity. The luminous flux expresses the<br />
ability of the radiant flux to cause a visual<br />
perception. The unit of the luminous flux is<br />
lumen (lm).<br />
2,700 K<br />
4,200 K<br />
6,500 K<br />
The correlated colour temperature of the<br />
light source determines the atmosphere in<br />
the room. It is defined by the correlated<br />
colour temperature of the light source<br />
expressed in kelvins (K). Low temperatures<br />
create a warm light, the high ones the<br />
cooler ones. The most used light colours<br />
are the warm white (below 3,300K), the<br />
neutral white (3,300 to 5,300 K) and the<br />
day white colour (over 5,300 K). The warm<br />
white colour is predominantly used for<br />
emphasising the red and yellow colour. The<br />
blue and green colours become apparent<br />
at higher temperatures.<br />
CORRElaTED<br />
COLOUR<br />
TEMPERATURE<br />
(CCT)<br />
LUMINOUS EFFICACY OF THE SOURCE<br />
EFFICACY η<br />
The luminous efficacy states with what<br />
efficiency the electric power is changed<br />
into the light, i.e. what proportion of the<br />
luminous flux is produced from the input<br />
power (W) delivered to the light source.<br />
The unit is lumen per watt (lm/W).<br />
LED<br />
High-pressure sodium lamp<br />
Metal halide lamp<br />
Linear fluorescent lamp<br />
Compact fluorescent lamp<br />
Mercury vapor lamp<br />
Low voltage halogen lamp<br />
Incandescent lamp<br />
LUMINANCE L<br />
LUMINOUS<br />
INTENSITY I<br />
ILLUMINANCE E<br />
The luminance is the gloss of the shining<br />
or illuminated surface as the human eye<br />
perceives it. The unit is candela per square<br />
metre (cd/m 2 ). This quantity gives the level<br />
of the luminous intensity over the specified<br />
surface area. The luminance of the illuminated<br />
surface depends in a great extent on<br />
its reflectance.<br />
The luminous intensity is a physical quantity<br />
which states what volume of the luminous<br />
flux the light source (or luminaire) emits to<br />
the elementary solid angle in the direction<br />
evaluated. The unit of the luminous intensity<br />
is candela (cd).<br />
Illuminance is a vector quantity which<br />
states what amount of the luminous flux<br />
falls to the illuminated surface. The unit of<br />
the illuminance is lux (lx).<br />
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240<br />
Lumen/Watt (without ballast losses)<br />
intensity<br />
distribution<br />
curve<br />
CRI 70<br />
CRI 95<br />
The properties of light source colour<br />
rendering are given in the levels of the<br />
general index of colour rendering – Ra. The<br />
CRI gives the rate of the congruence of the<br />
object surface’s real colour illuminated by<br />
the considered light source under stated<br />
conditions of comparison. The smaller this<br />
difference is, the better the property of the<br />
colour rendering of the given source is.<br />
The light source with Ra =100 renders all<br />
colours completely equally as a standard<br />
light source. The lower the index Ra is, the<br />
worse the colour rendering is.<br />
The Light Output Ratio is the ratio of the<br />
luminous flux coming out of the luminaire<br />
and the sum of the luminous fluxes from all<br />
light sources.<br />
COLOUR<br />
RENDERING INDEX<br />
(CRI)<br />
LIGHT OUTPUT RATIO<br />
(LOR)<br />
GLARE<br />
If too great luminance occurs in the field<br />
of vision of the eye, its differences or the<br />
spatial or time contrasts which exceed the<br />
vision adaptability, the glare arises. During<br />
the glare the activity of the visual system is<br />
deteriorated.<br />
BASIC TERMS<br />
136/137
<strong>lighting</strong> quality standard<br />
12/13