MAWS HydroMetÃ¢Â„Â¢ Systems for Meteorological and Hydrological ...

MAWS HydroMet Systems 

for Meteorological and 

Hydrological Monitoring 

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION 

DOC211898-C 

November 2004 

Meteorological parameters 

& 

Data logging & Telemetry 

Water flow 

Water level 

Water quality

PUBLISHED BY 

Vaisala Oyj Phone (int.): +358 9 8949 1 

P.O. Box 26 Fax: +358 9 8949 2227 

FIN-00421 Helsinki 

Finland 

Visit our Internet pages at http://www.vaisala.com/ 

© Vaisala 2004 

The contents are subject to change without prior notice.

_________________________________________________________________________________ 

Table of Contents 

GENERAL INFORMATION ............................................................................3 

Technology................................................................................3 

Standardization – Economies of Scale and Scope ...............5 

Life Cycle Cost..........................................................................6 

Reliability and Flexibility..........................................................7 

Expandability ............................................................................8 

Quality Assurance ....................................................................9 

MAIN COMPONENTS ..................................................................................11 

QML201 Logger.......................................................................12 

Compact Flash Memory Card Option ...................................13 

QMI108 Digital I/O Module .....................................................14 

Display and Keyboard Units..................................................15 

QMD201 ..............................................................................16 

QMD202 ..............................................................................16 

QMD170 ..............................................................................17 

MAWS Enclosure ....................................................................17 

ENC542PLM........................................................................17 

QBR101B Battery Regulator..................................................20 

Transient Protection Devices ................................................20 

Options ....................................................................................21 

SOFTWARE..................................................................................................23 

General Characteristics .........................................................23 

Sensor Library ........................................................................24 

Generic Sensor Interfaces .....................................................25 

Digital Input/Output..............................................................26 

Data Quality Control...............................................................28 

Auto-calibration....................................................................28 

Climatological/Measurement Limits Check .........................28 

Sensor Status Information...................................................29 

Checking Statistical Calculations ........................................30 

Calculations ............................................................................31 

Data Messages and Reports..................................................34 

Alarms..................................................................................35 

Data Acquisition...................................................................36 

Remote Maintenance ..........................................................37 

Logged Data in Reports.......................................................37 

Data Compression...............................................................38 

Communication.......................................................................39 

Power Management................................................................40 

Power monitoring of telemetry devices ...............................41 

Dynamically Controlled Timer Function...............................41 

DATA LOGGING ..........................................................................................43 

VAISALA _________________________________________________________________________ 1

Technical Description ________________________________________________________________ 

Internal Flash Memory........................................................... 43 

External Compact Flash Card............................................... 44 

TELEMETRY AND COMMUNICATION ...................................................... 47 

Serial I/O Lines ....................................................................... 47 

Hardwire Telemetry................................................................ 49 

Wireless Telemetry ................................................................ 51 

POWERING.................................................................................................. 55 

Solar Power ............................................................................ 55 

SOLAR12-75....................................................................... 56 

SOLAR24............................................................................ 57 

Backup Batteries.................................................................... 58 

Optional Mains (AC) Power Supply MGP15V-M3................ 58 

OPERATING ENVIRONMENT .................................................................... 61 

Operating temperature .......................................................... 61 

ESD/EMI .................................................................................. 62 

MASTS ......................................................................................................... 63 

DKP206W & DKP210W - Pole Masts .................................... 63 

DKP102 - 2 m Pole Mast ........................................................ 65 

AFTER SALES SERVICE............................................................................ 67 

Commitment to Long Term Service ..................................... 67 

TECHNICAL DATA...................................................................................... 69 

QML201 Logger...................................................................... 69 

ENC542PLM Enclosure ......................................................... 70 

Mains Power Supply Unit MGP15V (Optional) .................... 71 

Battery Regulator QBR101B ................................................. 72 

Solar Panels............................................................................ 73 

Backup Batteries.................................................................... 74 

2 ________________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 1 _________________________________________________________ General Information 

CHAPTER 1 

GENERAL INFORMATION 

This document give you detailed information on the MAWS 

HydroMet systems, which offer advanced environmental monitoring 

features integrated into a compact and economical system package. 

For more details on available sensors and telemetry solutions, please 

refer to the following technical description documents: 

• MAWS Systems- Meteorological Sensors (DOC211899) 

• MAWS Systems - Hydrological Sensor (DOC211895) 

• MAWS Systems - Sensors for Soil Measurements (DOC211896) 

• MAWS System - Telemetry (DOC211897) 

Technology 

The MAWS HydroMet systems integrated around the QML201 

Logger are new generation, fully integrated systems especially 

designed for applications where no commercial power or 

communication networks are present or are too expensive to be 

installed. Due to their flexibility and economical design, the MAWS 

systems are the ideal choice for both meteorological and hydrological 

applications. The possibility of using the same and standard 

equipment for various applications lowers the cost of training, spare 

parts and logistics support – the Total Life Cycle Cost of the network 

investment. QML201 based systems offer the most economical 

solution when the total life cycle cost of operating the entire network 

is fully considered. 

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The MAWS HydroMet Systems are integrated in a compact, readyto-install 

package: 

• MAWS301 for applications requiring larger back-up batteries 

and/or multiple telemetry solutions. 

The MAWS systems are compact, environmentally robust and low 

power systems to provide reliable and continuous data on a multitude 

of meteorological and hydrological parameters. Based on the latest 

technology both in measurements and communication, MAWS301 

can be interfaced with a large choice of telecommunication equipment 

such as standard PSTN and GSM modems (incl. GPRS packetswitched), 

CDMA (incl. 1xRTT packet-switched), radio modems and 

satellite transmitters. The direct connection to the LAN network (via 

tcp/ip) can easily be made using an economical COM Server module. 

The MAWS systems have been designed for applications where only a 

few sensors are required. However, these systems can easily be 

upgraded, even in the field, to include a larger set of sensors, 

including smart sensors such ceilometer, visibility and present weather 

sensors and multi-parameter water quality sondes and ADCP flow 

sensors. The same basic system with its options and accessories can 

cater for all the needs of meteorological and hydrological networks. 

MAWS301 Automatic Weather Station Installation 

4 ________________________________________________________________________________


The new Digital I/O module option expands the use of the 

MAWS system into supervisory and control systems. This 

allows users to add controlling features such as 

burglary/vandalism alarms, flood gate controls and 

optimization of telemetry device power, to name but a few. 

Standardization – Economies of Scale and 

Scope 

Information technology, sensor technology, electronics and data 

communication have developed rapidly in recent years. This has made 

the automation of meteorological and hydrological networks very 

economical and attractive to meteorological and hydrological 

institutes, power corporations and other authorities that need to 

monitor weather and/or manage water systems such as rivers, lakes, 

reservoirs and ground water. Hydrometeorological networks, which 

typically consist of hundreds of automatic monitoring stations, 

telecommunication systems, databases and application software for 

users, are installed over wide geographical areas that often include 

remote areas. The equipment must be able to survive harsh weather 

conditions while providing information on the prevailing weather, 

precipitation, water quality and existing water reserves that the 

authority needs to manage - whether scarce or overabundant - or give 

timely and accurate forecasts, whether short or long-term. 

Meanwhile, demand for meteorological and hydrological data is 

growing constantly due to new requirements arising from legislation, 

environmental awareness and the push for efficiency in many of the 

industries that drive our modern society. Nowcasting, including the 

forecasting of floods and severe weather events, is creating new 

requirements for real-time monitoring. 

A hydrometeorological network is rarely used on its own and in many 

cases the same infrastructure is used for other applications as well. 

Complementary meteorological and climatological observations, or 

vise versa, are frequently required in order to be able to produce 

timely and accurate forecasts, warnings, reports and other end 

products. New forecasting models require more data and more 

parameters to be monitored - both in meteorology and in hydrology. 

If the network is located in a populated area, the hydrometeorological 

stations can provide accurate real-time weather information to the 

local community, environmentally hazardous industry, fire brigades, 

holiday resorts etc, who would not otherwise have accurate 

meteorological information available. By using the same sensor, data 

VAISALA _________________________________________________________________________ 5


logger and telecommunication technology the network operator can 

enjoy the benefits of economies of scale and scope by reducing the 

cost of network design and maintenance servicing, including spare 

parts and training. The archived savings in network operation can then 

be used to further automate the conventional network or otherwise 

improve hydrometeorological services. 

Life Cycle Cost 

Although some administrative procedures still favor a “lowest bidder 

is the winner” policy, the Total Life Cycle Cost (TLCC) is becoming a 

subject of greater importance. The TLCC is the total cost during the 

expected lifetime of the meteorological and hydrological equipment. 

A basic concept of the TLCC contains the following four elements; 

T = P + R + O + C 

Product Cost 

Resource Cost 

Operating Cost 

Contingency Cost 

P 

R 

O 

C 

An optimum selection would be a combination of a low T and a good 

overall performance of the equipment to be purchased. We have aimed 

at a low Life Cycle Cost when designing the MAWS system and when 

selecting its system components and accessories. 

The Product Cost contains, in addition to the basic price quoted, 

installation, testing and documentation, packaging and transportation, 

taxis and duties etc. 

The Resource Cost includes site preparation works such as site 

purchasing, access to the site, possible building(s), electricity etc. The 

MAWS systems are compact, lightweight and easy to install. 

Frequently they are powered by solar panel and communicate via 

wireless telemetry, thus minimizing site preparation costs. 

When talking about unmanned, automated equipment the major part 

of the Operating Cost comes from the telecommunication and 

maintenance costs. In addition, modification and upgrade costs will 

play a more significant role in future systems. The MAWS systems 

already have field proven extended Mean Time Between Failure 

(MTBF) rates. In addition, maintenance is made easy with modular, 

easy to replace modules and sensors with connectors. A wide range of 

telemetry options always offer the most economical and reliable 

alternative for data transmission. 

6 ________________________________________________________________________________


The Contingency Cost primarily contains possible risks in the planned 

purchase such as a defective product, late delivery, inability to deliver 

at all, or inability to support the investment with spare parts and 

upgrades during the life time of the equipment, frequently calculated 

as 10- 15 years. Vaisala, as the largest manufacturer of meteorological 

systems, can guarantee timely delivery. In addition, it is Vaisala’s 

policy to support its equipment for its whole lifetime with spare parts, 

training, upgrades and technical support, incl. HelpDesk functions. 

Reliability and Flexibility 

Vaisala's HydroMet Station MAWS301 combines Vaisala's and 

Handar's long term expertise with a new, compact data logger design. 

The design has been derived from field experience with the 

MILOS200, MILOS500, QLC50, QLI50 and Handar's 555 systems in 

synoptic, climatological, hydrological and research applications and in 

the most demanding industrial use. There are over 25,000 of these 

pieces of equipment installed in over 70 countries. 

MAWS HydroMet systems are an excellent choice for applications 

requiring ease of installation, low power consumption, automatic 

operation and interfacing with modern telecommunication options 

such as satellite transmitters and packed-switched data networks. 

The MAWS systems are easy to install and maintain. All connections 

are pre-wired. The sensors are equipped with ready-made cables and 

connectors/glands for quick installation. All optional modules such as 

modems, mains power supplies and surge arrestors are easily mounted 

on DIN-rails without any special tools. 

VAISALA _________________________________________________________________________ 7


The MAWS is the most modern HydroMet system including all 

necessary functions designed on a single printed board logger. Using 

the latest Surface Mounted Technology the board is very compact and 

uses little current. It has a very high Mean-Time-Between-Failure 

(MTBF) value (over 20,000 hours strictly according to MIL-HNDB- 

217F). 

The MAWS HydroMet systems are field proven in various 

installations around the world. The MAWS stations are already in use 

in over 65 countries around the world. 

For example, the MAWS301 stations are used in the Surface Weather 

and Airport systems in the SIVAM (Sistema de Vigilancia da 

Amazonia) in Brazil. Climatological networks in Poland, Romania 

and Brazil are equipped with the MAWS systems. The Swedish 

Hydrological and Meteorological Institute (SMHI) automated their 

whole hydrological network using the MAWS301. In addition, the US 

Air force’s new generation Tactical Meteorological (TACMET) 

Observation System is based on the same MAWS technology with 

300 systems already in field operations. For further details of MAWS 

references, please see the MAWS Reference List. 

Based on Vaisala’s continuous product development, the MAWS 

HydroMet system offers a versatile system concept with a planned 

upgrade path to meet future customer requirements. 

Expandability 

MAWS HydroMet systems are already economical in applications, 

requiring only few sensors. However, they are easily and 

economically expandable to incorporate a large number of sensors, 

including intelligent sensors with different types of serial interface. 

The total number of inputs in the basic data logger is 20 analog inputs 

(single ended) with the possibility to use them as digital inputs (state), 

2 counters and a dedicated input for a Vaisala atmospheric pressure 

sensor (frequency). Intelligent sensors can be interfaced using the RS- 

232, RS-485 and SDI-12 serial interfaces, up to 7 ports. 

The new optional expansion modules include: 

• QMI108 Digital I/O Module with 8 digital inputs and 8 digital 

outputs for digital measurements and control purposes. 

• QMU101 Sensor Multiplexer with additional 20 single ended (10 

diff.) analog inputs 

8 ________________________________________________________________________________


Quality Assurance 

Vaisala's quality management system meets the requirements of the 

ISO 9001 quality system standard. Vaisala's quality management 

system has been granted the ISO 9001 Quality System Certificate No. 

1413-02 (First issue 1993-03-18) by the Finnish Standardization 

Organization and the IQNet -The International Certification Network. 

The Finnish Defense Forces have granted Vaisala a Certificate No.8 

for meeting the requirements of AQAP 110 and ISO 9001 since 

1.12.1990. More information on Vaisala's Quality Assurance system is 

available in a separate document. 

WAA151 Anemometer and 

WAV151 Wind vane with 

WT521 transmitter, cross 

arm and 10 m cable 

QMW110 

Combined Wind Sensor 

with 10 m cable and mast 

mounting accessories 

Pyranometer 

SOLAR24 

Solar panel, 24 W 

with cable and mast 


QMH102 

Temperature and 

Relative Humidity 

Probe inside 

DTR502 

Radiation Shield 

Satellite antenna 

Mast 

Sensor support arm 

QMR102 Rain 

gauge and stand 

MAWS301 

Automatic Weather 

Station with PMT16A 

Pressure sensor, 

incl. rad. shield and 

mast mounting 

accessories 

Soil temperature sensor(s) 

An Example of a Typical Met. Station Layout 

VAISALA _________________________________________________________________________ 9


GSM antenna 

QMW110 

Combined Wind 

Sensor with 10 m 

cable and mast 

mounting 

accessories 

FD12P 

PW & Visibility Sensor 

Pyranometer 

QMH102 

Temperature and 

Relative Humidity Probe 

in DTR502 Radiation Shield 

QMR102 

Rain Gauge 

and stand 

DKP12SUP1 

DKP12 

10 m pole mast 


Automatic Weather 

Station with PMT16A 

Pressure sensor , 

BWT15SX Mains power 

sypply, comms modules, 

incl.. rad. shield and mast 


2-wire RS-485 

cable not included 

CT25K 

Ceilometer with cloud 

coverage algorithm 

Mains (AC) power 

2-wire RS-485 Mains (AC) power 

cable not included 

+5 cm 

+-0 

-5 cm 

-10 QMT107 

-20 Multi -level Soil 

-50 Temperature probe 

Mains (AC) power 

-100 

An Example of a Met. Station with an Extended Set of Sensors 

QMR102 

Rain gauge 

GSM antenna 

Solar panel 


incl. back-up battery, 

GSM data terminal 

and accessories 

Pole mast 

Water level 

sensor 

An Example of a Typical Pluviometric / Water Level Station 

10 _______________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 2 __________________________________________________________ Main Components 

CHAPTER 2 

MAIN COMPONENTS 

MAWS HydroMet systems are integrated into the versatile 

MAWS301. The basic MAWS HydroMet system comprises the 

following main components. 

Back-up batteries of 

7, 12, 24 or 48 Ah 

Telemetry options, incl: 

PSTN & cellular modems, 

UHF modems, LAN 

satellites: readiness for 

multiple telemetry 

solutions 

QML201 Logger with 

options (Digital I/O, 

Sensor Mux. etc) 

Power supply options, 

battery regulator, surge 

arrestors etc 

Main Components (photo of MAWS301 system) 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 11


QML201 Logger 

The QML201 is a complete data logger with a highly specialized 

single board computer (CPU) which makes the measurements and 

calculations, controls all system functions and telemetry devices and 

logs data. The simplicity of the single board approach reduces the 

need for excess interconnecting wires and cables. It also greatly 

enhances reliability and reduces the cost of maintaining a spare part 

stock. This board contains the 32-bit Motorola CPU for data 

processing and 10 differential (20 single ended) analog sensor inputs. 

There are also three (3) frequency sensor interfaces, the 16 bit A/D 

converter, 1.7 Mbytes of secure Flash memory for data logging, RS- 

232 and RS-485 serial ports, a real-time-clock and a power supply 

also providing sensor excitations. 

The QML201 has an internal Real-Time-Clock with a resolution of 1 

second (internally in milliseconds) and stability better than 20 

seconds/month. The RTC is backed up with a lithium battery. There is 

also the possibility of reading and adjusting the RTC using commands 

issued via serial ports, both locally and remotely, e.g. from the central 

data collection software. In addition, the RTC can be synchronized by 

GPS clock, as an independent device or built-in, e.g. in satellite 

transmitters. 

Optional modules include, for example, a Compact Flash (CF) 

memory card, various communication modules and a built-in pressure 

transducer. 

QML201 Logger 

12 _______________________________________________________________________________


The printed board uses the latest SMT and CPLD (Complex 

Programmable Logic Device) technologies and is uniformly coated for 

better protection and reliability in high humidity environments. 

Each sensor input has a varistor (VDR) protection against induced 

transients. The maintenance terminal connection (RS-232, COM0) 

also has transzorb diodes in its inputs. 

When long signal cables are needed, these will be equipped with 

optional devices for surge voltage protection. These surge arrestors 

consist of a combination of VDR, gas-filled discharge tube, transzorb 

diodes and coils, thus providing excellent protection. These DIN-rail 

mountable devices are easy to change without any special tools. 

Compact Flash Memory Card Option 

The QML201 Logger has a place for a standard Compact Flash 

memory card, the same as is used for example in a digital camera, for 

logging a large amount of data. CF cards offer logging capacity from 

32 Mbytes to hundreds of Mbytes at a very economical cost. CF cards 

do not need any back-up battery for preserving contents practically 

indefinitely. 

The data is logged into the daily files making it easy to locate any 

particular data set e.g. for further analysis. 

Compact Flash Memory Card Option 

These cards can be read directly to the PC. Several different types of 

readers are commercially available at any PC or camera store; internal 

PCMCIA (PC-card) readers and external readers connected to the 

USB or parallel port of a PC. 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 13


Compact Flash Memory Card Readers 

QMI108 Digital I/O Module 

The new QML201 Logger provides the possibility to extend the 

digital I/O capacity of MAWS with the optional Digital I/O Module 

QMI108 equipped with eight digital inputs and eight digital outputs. 

Digital I/O Module QMI108 

0312-025 

14 _______________________________________________________________________________


The main characteristics of the QMI108 module are: 

• The module interfaces to the logger via the SPI connector, therefore 

it does not use any RS- channels. 

• The module has eight (8) open collector outputs with 30 VDC / 1 A 

continuous drive capability and LED indicators. 

• The eight (8) inputs of the module tolerate voltages from 0 to 25 

VDC (the absolute maximum 30 VDC), and they have 40 ms 

(typical) contact debouncing circuitry. 

• The module conforms to the same environmental immunity and 

emission standards than the logger. 

• The module also allows connection of slow pulse inputs, e.g. tipping 

bucket rain gauges. 

• The module is located inside the enclosure beside the logger. 

Display and Keyboard Units 

The MAWS301 HydroMet systems can be equipped with optional 

display and keyboard units at installation sites where an operator 

needs to see data locally and/or insert some own observations or 

reference data into the system. There are three different models of 

QMD - display and keyboard units utilizing the same hardware and 

software technology. 

The QMD displays are programmable LCD displays with back light.. 

They can show several lines of alphanumeric data. The full display 

size expressed in characters is 20*6 (width * height). The QMD 

displays include keypad with user-friendly menu, whose content is 

also configurable by the user. The displayed data is sent as reports to 

the display. The contents, format and updating intervals of these 

reports are user configurable. The update interval can be anything 

between 1 second and 24 hours. The QMD displays are for: 

• Viewing data messages whose contents are freely configurable by 

the user using the MAWS Lizard Setup software. 

• Setting up of an extended set of system parameters 

• Performing one-point calibration in the field (gain & offset) 

• Entering data and/or text messages via the keyboard. 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 15


QMD201 

The QMD201 unit is mounted on the door of the enclosure. The units 

can be accessed without opening the enclosure. This unit is mainly for 

sites, where the enclosure will be installed indoors, e.g. in a "hut" built 

for a stilling well. 

QMD202 

The QMD202 unit is mounded on a DIN-rail inside the enclosure. 

Access is only by opening the enclosure door, which can be firmly 

locked. 

16 _______________________________________________________________________________


QMD170 

The QMD170 handheld unit is attached to the RS-232 port connector 

at the bottom flange of the enclosure. There is no need to open the 

door of the enclosure. The QMD170 unit is powered by its own 

rechargeable battery. Due to its light weight and small size, the 

QMD170 is easily carried to the installation site in the pocket. The 

length of the cable is 3 meters. 

MAWS Enclosure 

ENC542PLM 

The ENC542PLM is a polyester enclosure reinforced with fiberglass 

for the MAWS301 HydroMet system. This robust enclosure has space 

for the QML201 Logger, multiple communication equipment, battery 

charger and maintenance free Lead-acid batteries of different sizes 

with a capacity of up to 48 Ah. Optional devices such as a mains 

power supply and protective devices for communication lines can also 

be installed inside the enclosure. All of these devices are installed on 

easy-to-remove DIN-rails except the back up battery which is installed 

by means of a screw fixed mounting clamp. 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 17


The modular design allows optional devices to be installed on two 

levels. These installation modules can easily be removed for 

maintenance or replacement. The installation frame for equipment is 

made of stainless steel, which also provides excellent protective 

grounding. 

The enclosure material is highly resistant to corrosion, ultra-violet 

radiation, principal chemicals and atmospheric agents. The door 

sealing is ensured by using an extruded polyurethane foam gasket. 

The door has two keyed locks. 

The protection rating is min. IP 65 (equiv. NEMA 4X) i.e. dust tight 

and sealed against water jets. The enclosure material is selfextinguishing. 

The ENC542PLM enclosure can be equipped with an optional metal 

radiation shield, which is painted white. This shield gives additional 

protection against excessive sun radiation or falling material such as 

ice, tree branches etc. In addition, as standard there is a white back 

plate, this gives additional protection against excessive sun radiation. 

The enclosure has an optional pressure compensation element 

installed on the bottom plate. This element compensates for varying 

degrees of pressure caused by the temperature differences. The 

element has a GoreTex membrane filter, which prevents moisture 

sucking in while the enclosure is cooling off, because the element can 

"breathe". This membrane filter element together with plastic material 

of high quality and white painted shields significantly reduces water 

condensation inside the enclosure. Therefore no drying agent, such as 

silicacel bags, is required inside the enclosure. 

18 _______________________________________________________________________________


In hydrological application where the equipment is frequently 

installed in small huts built e.g. over the stilling well, the radiation 

shield is not necessary. 

For future needs, the ENC542PLM enclosure has spare space reserved 

for optional devices. 

Bottom View of the ENC542PLM enclosure with extended 

meteorological configuration, all connectors are labeled 

All sensors, power supplies and communication devices are connected 

to the equipment inside the enclosure via environmentally sealed 

connectors. 

The protection class of all connectors is IP66 as a minimum. Each 

connector is identified individually with a label. The enclosure used in 

hydrological systems is normally economized for these applications. 

The atmospheric pressure sensor is located on the CPU board of the 

QML201 Logger. There is a static pressure head for venting out the 

pressure sensor, thus minimizing the wind effect on the pressure 

measurement. 

There is space for future expansion by installing new sensors and/or 

communication devices both in the CPU’s sensor inputs and in the 

enclosure. 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 19


QBR101B Battery Regulator 

The QBR101B Battery Regulator maintains the charging of the 

integral 12 V battery. The charge/recharge control includes a 

temperature compensation function as well as deep discharge 

protection of the battery. QBR101B also allows simultaneous inputs 

from both a solar panel and mains (AC) power. 

QBR101B Battery Regulator 

Also included are LED lamps for indicating Battery OK/Low and 

Charge/Recharge conditions. In order to maximize autonomy time, the 

lamps are activated only while pressing the ON button. 

QBR101B is a rail-mountable unit allowing easy maintenance. 

Transient Protection Devices 

Each sensor input in the QML201 has varistor (VDR) protection 

against induced transients. The maintenance terminal I/O port has 

transzorb diodes in their inputs. A coaxial surge arrestor is used for 

the RF signal input when radio or satellite equipment is being used. 

In case of long signal cables, additional transient protectors can be 

installed on the DIN-rail. These surge arrestors consist of a 

combination of VDR, gas discharge, transzorb diodes and coils, thus 

providing excellent protection. 

These are easy to change in the field without tools. In addition, these 

devices are industry standard and readily available locally, too. 

20 _______________________________________________________________________________


Surge Arrestor for the 230 and 115 VAC Mains Power 

Surge Arrestors for RS - serial lines and PT100 sensor 

Optional coaxial surge arrestors will be used for UHF / VHF antennas. 

Options 

In the MAWS enclosures there is space for various types of optional 

devices, such as: 

- Communication equipment (modems, satellite terminals, radio 

modem). 

- Mains power supplies, e.g. for the heating of a rain gauge or wind 

sensor 

- Additional protective devices against over-voltage and electric 

discharge, e.g. for communication lines or long signal cables. 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 21


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22 _______________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 3 __________________________________________________________________ Software 

CHAPTER 3 

SOFTWARE 

General Characteristics 

The MAWS HydroMet systems utilize Vaisala’s field-proven and 

accurate sensors, which are in extensive use in over 100 countries all 

over the world from Antarctica to tropical islands. The offered suite of 

meteorological sensors measures wind direction and speed, pressure, 

air and surface temperature, relative humidity, precipitation and global 

solar radiation. There is space for expanding the station with optional 

sensors such as soil temperature, net radiation, leaf wetness, water 

level etc. when necessary. 

The library of sensors also includes intelligent sensors such as a cloud 

height ceilometer with cloud cover algorithm, visibility and present 

weather. 

The suite of hydrological sensors includes various types of sensor for 

measuring water level, water temperature, precipitation and 

intelligent, multi-parameter water quality sondes and acoustic Doppler 

profilers for flow and discharge measurements. 

The operation of the MAWS systems can be easily set-up and 

modified with the help of the user-friendly MAWS Lizard Setup 

program. Using the ready-made templates, this setup software guides 

the user through the simple set-up routines. Modifications to the 

system configuration and operation can easily be carried out by the 

user. 

All the configuration settings can be stored in the MAWS Lizard’s 

configuration library where they are easily available for modifications 

or for creating a new setup based on the old one. In addition, there is 

an Import/Export function for adding new setup files, or, for example, 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 23


for sending an old file to the Vaisala Helpdesk in case troubleshooting 

or other assistance is needed. 

Lizard Configuration Software 

Sensor Library 

The MAWS HydroMet systems have a large and continuously 

updated sensor library. The sensor library includes the default setting 

for the most common meteorological and hydrological sensors, 

including Vaisala’s optical sensors for cloud height, visibility and 

present weather. 

Example of Sensor Setup Template 

24 _______________________________________________________________________________


Generic Sensor Interfaces 

In addition to the sensors with default settings, the MAWS Lizard 

software has options for configuring generic voltage, PT100, counter, 

frequency, mA and potentiometric inputs as well as numeric string 

received via serial interface(s). 

Each sensor can have user specified validation and conversion/ 

linearization parameters (up to the 3rd degree factor). This feature 

enables the interfacing and conditioning of customer’s own sensors. 

Generic Sensor Interface Setup Template 

In the generic numeric receiver, the user can define receiving 

parameters for a data string via serial port(s). In addition, the SDI-12 

interface can be used for interfacing sensors supporting this standard 

protocol, which is frequently used especially with hydrological 

sensors. 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 25


Digital Input/Output 

Basic QML201 Logger 

In addition to digital frequency/counter inputs (2 + 1 pcs), analog 

inputs can be used for monitoring digital state. Furthermore, the state 

status information can be used for controlling one of the excitation 

voltages, e.g. as a contact enclosure that can be activated by an event. 

Optional QMI108 Digital I/O Module 

The digital inputs and outputs of QMD108 are freely and individually 

configurable by the user. 

Hardware Setup View: Digital I/O Configuration 

The Hardware Setup view also provides the possibility to select 

which outputs are controlled by Timers. The on/off cycle for the 

selected outputs can then be configured in the Timers view. The other 

possibility to control the outputs is to use alarms, for example, to 

activate the output signal when the alarm condition is met. The alarm 

condition is configured in the Alarms view. 

The following template shows an example of the Timers view. In the 

example the configuration is as follows: 

- Output 0 toggles between on and off in a one minute cycle. 

- Output 5 is on for one minute before each full hour. 

26 _______________________________________________________________________________


Timers View: Timer Configuration for Digital Outputs 

The following example shows the Alarms view. In the example, the 

configuration activates output 3 when the air temperature measured by 

the QMH101 sensor rises above +15 °C. 

Alarms View: Controlling Digital Output Using Alarm 

The inputs of the QMI108 module can be used as any other 

application variables, that is for reporting, logging and as alarm 

inputs. 

In the Reports view, the input statuses are available as individual 

variables IN0 through IN7 and combined as bits into a single status 

word ALL. The input module status is also available as for the 

sensors. 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 27


Reports View: Digital Inputs in the Report 

Data Quality Control 

The QML201 Logger has a 32-bit CPU, a 16-bit A/D conversion, and 

advanced software with data quality control features in order to ensure 

the continuous accuracy of the measured and calculated data. 

Auto-calibration 

The MAWS software automatically performs the offset recalibration 

of the A/D converter and electronics every 15 minutes. In addition, the 

self-calibration will be initiated automatically whenever there is a 

temperature change of more than 1° C measured onboard the CPU. 

The full ADC calibration will be made every 10th calibration time, i.e. 

at least every 150-min. 

Climatological/Measurement Limits 

Check 

The built-in quality control software checks the measured sensor data 

against the user-set minimum and maximum limit values and step 

changes between two successive measurements. The user can set these 

data validation parameters independently for each measured parameter 

and each site. There is also built-in test software to ensure the 

reliability of the sensors’ measurements. 

28 _______________________________________________________________________________


Data Validation 

Sensor Status Information 

The MAWS logger provides status values indicating detailed 

information about the state of the connected sensors. Depending on 

the sensor, this indication may vary, for example between ok and out 

of range, or may provide more accurate diagnostic information. For 

all sensors, the value is contained in the variable status, which can be 

included in the report(s) and/or monitored in order to produce an 

alarm, e.g. for maintenance purposes. The following table provides the 

list of currently available status indications: 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 29


Possible Values for the Status Variable 

Value Meaning Note 

0 The sensor is working properly (OK). 

1 Not measured yet 

2 Interface is not initialized. 1) 

3 Communication timeout has occurred. 1) 

4 Unknown data is received. 1) 

5 Communication is functioning, but sensor reports errors. 1) 

Use sensor's own service interface to determine cause. 

6 Sensor communication is paused because service 1) 

connection is opened through MAWS. 

7 Message sequence numbers are overlapping in the 1) 

Autotrac satellite transceiver interface. 

8..19 Not available 

20 Excitation failure is caused by an overload in the 2) 

excitation output. 

21 The input voltage is out of range or A/D conversion has 2) 

failed due to an internal error. 

22 Sensor is disconnected or connection cables are 2) 

broken. 

23 Sensor output exceeds the min/max limits defined in the 2) 

Measurement configuration view. 

24 Change in sensor output has exceeded the maximum 2) 

step defined in the Measurement configuration view. 

25 An internal configuration error has occurred. 2) 

26 Error in reference measurement, usually caused by 2) 

damaged sensor/logger or electrical interference. 

27 Internal voltage error occurred or the logger is 

2) 

damaged. 

28 PMT16 calibration data error. 2) 

29 Data invalidated for unspecified reason. 2) 

99 Sensor status is not supported. 2) 

1) Value is available only for sensors with serial interface. 

2) Value is available only for sensors with a conventional, that is analogue or counter/frequency, interface. 

Checking Statistical Calculations 

The statistical calculations are made only when the minimum number 

of valid measurements are available. This number (%) is also a user 

configurable parameter which can be set individually for each 

calculation. 

Data Quality Control in Statistical Calculations 

30 _______________________________________________________________________________


Calculations 

Statistical calculations such as minimum, maximum, averages, 

standard deviation, and cumulative values, are calculated over user set 

periods at user set intervals independently for each measured and 

calculated parameter. 

An Example of the Calculations Setup Window 

The extreme values can have time stamps accurate to seconds 

(selectable format hh:mm:ss). 

A library of ready made calculations is available in the MAWS 

software, including, for example, unit conversions, dew point, QNH, 

QFF, QFE, evapotranspiration, wind chill, heat stress and frost point, 

MacArthur fire index, rain duration (requires DRD11A sensor) etc. In 

addition, the sunshine duration can be calculated using the data from 

the global solar radiation sensor. The CM6B or CM11 global solar 

radiation sensor is recommended for this purpose. 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 31


The List of Unit Conversions 

The calculation module also offers the possibility to make various 

arithmetic operation one or two operands, which can be any measured, 

calculated or manually entered parameters. The operations include: 

• Add 

• Subtract 

• Multiply 

• Divide 

• Square root 

• Power 

• Logarithm, lg(A) 

• Logarithm10, log(A) 

• Exponent 

• Absolute 

• Sine 

• Cosine 

• Tangent 

32 _______________________________________________________________________________


An Example of Arithmetic Operation 

The special Wind Task is for calculating statistical values for wind 

speed and for wind direction in the vector format. The list of 

calculations also includes the Sigma-Theta calculation for wind 

turbulence. 

An Example of the Wind Calculation Setup Options (Partial List) 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 33


Data Messages and Reports 

The formats and contents of the output message are freely 

configurable by the user(s). MAWS HydroMet systems can be 

configured to produce several different kinds of fully automated 

messages to serve various users of the data. The data messages can 

include measured and calculated data items, complete reports, user 

inserted data and/or ASCII text. In addition, the data messages can 

include diagnostics data such as battery voltage, internal temperature, 

status of the mains power, enclosure door open/close etc. 

The formatting of the messages is done using the MAWS Lizard 

Setup software. The software is fully configurable and therefore there 

is no need to write new software code and no prior knowledge of 

programming is needed. 

Several Data Messages Can Be Configured to Be Sent to Different 

Output Ports 

In addition, the reports can be easily configured to simulate already 

existing data formats. 

34 _______________________________________________________________________________


An Example of a Configuration Template for a Tabular Message 

Alarms 

The alarms function is also a completely user configurable feature. 

Any measured or calculated parameter can be used for testing the user 

set alarm criteria. 

Example: It is possible to combine several alarm criteria (AND or OR 

- type functions) e.g. to create an alarm when the wind direction is 

more than 275 degrees and wind speed exceeds 20 m/s. 

Whenever an alarm condition has been detected, a user configured 

alarm message will be automatically sent to the specified 

communication port(s). Alternatively, triggering an alarm can cause 

logging of a user defined data group or set an excitation voltage e.g. 

for controlling a relay. The system supports multiple alarm functions. 

There are several alternative triggering functions for alarms such as 

below minimum, above maximum or a combination of these limits. 

In addition, the Alarm module can be used to dynamically adjust the 

timer functions, such as the report transmission interval or measuring 

intervals. For a more detailed description, see the Dynamically 

Controlled Timer Functions section. 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 35


An Example of the Alarms Setup Window 

Data Acquisition 

The transmission of the reports can be: 

• Self-timed: MAWS sends data at user set interval(s). The 

interval(s) can be changed remotely on command. The interval is 

freely configurable between 1 second and 24 hours at 1 second 

intervals. In addition, these intervals can be changed automatically 

when a user set parameter exceeds its threshold values. In this way 

the data can be transmitted more frequently, e.g. when the water 

level is rising and the development of a potential flood situation 

requires more real-time data. This feature also allows 

telecommunication costs to be optimized. 

• Polled: data acquisition system polls MAWS stations whenever 

data is needed. Polling can retrieve data message(s) or data logged 

into the station's memory (see Logged Data in Reports below) 

• ALARM: based on a measured or calculated parameter exceeding 

preset threshold value(s). 

• FTP: data transfer via FTP (File Transfer Protocol) in GSM, 

GPRS and PSTN networks. AWS acts as an FTP client placing a 

file on the FTP Server's hard disk using the central data collection 

software at a user configurable interval and/or at an ALARM. 

36 _______________________________________________________________________________


Data transmission can include any combination of the above 

mentioned methods. 

Remote Maintenance 

Reporting functions can also be efficiently used for remote 

maintenance by: 

- the system monitoring itself with real-time self-diagnostics tasks 

and providing system alarms in case of system failure, 

- providing system maintenance information to the system operators 

remotely, so that the system status can be analyzed and required 

maintenance procedures planned in advance prior to maintenance 

on site, and 

- providing a maintenance interface to maintenance technicians on 

remote sites. 

A system status message can include information on internal 

temperature, available battery capacity and the status of charging, 

amongst other things. In addition, hardware and software version 

numbers can be included in these messages. This message can be 

transmitted e.g. once a day at a set time, typically at midnight. 

Logged Data in Reports 

In the MAWS systems, it is possible to format output reports using the 

data items in logged data files. The user can select the number of 

records from the logged file to be included in the report. There are two 

automatically made report formats. When using the SCAN format, the 

logged data items are organized in columns, in such a way that one 

column consists of the measurements of one item over a user-set 

period of records. In the CHANNEL ordered report format, the logged 

data are organized in rows, with one row consisting of the 

measurements of one item over a period of records. The data items are 

by default separated by a space, but the user can also change this 

parameter. 

This option is most convenient when the data is not needed in nearreal-time 

but will be sent e.g. every 3 or 6 hours only. 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 37


Data Compression 

The cost of telecommunications is often the most significant annual 

cost in operating the network. In order to lower this cost the MAWS 

system offers two automatic data compression methods which are user 

configurable. This function is particularly useful when the data is 

transferred using methods which are costly or otherwise limit the 

amount of data to be transferred. Such methods include, for example, 

satellite systems and SMS (Short Message Service) messages in 

cellular data transfer. 

There are two methods for automatic report formatting: BASE32 and 

BCD. Depending on the parameters and the length of the message, the 

data reduction can even be over 50 %. 

An Example of the Compression Setup Window 

Base32 Compression 

The BASE32 report formatting method produces ASCII data and thus 

printable characters. With this method every measured value is scaled 

and converted using a radix of 32 instead of 1. The compression ratio 

is approximately from 30 to 60 %. 

38 _______________________________________________________________________________


Example: temperature value, string presentation: 

Original: -18.7 

(5bytes) 

Offset: -18.7+50=31.3 (if -50 is minimum of measured value) 

Scale: 31.3*10=313 (if 0.1 is resolution of measurement) 

313 -> BASE32 -> 9P (2bytes) 

BCD Compression 

The BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) method is a Positional Number 

System, with a radix of 10 and coefficients expressed in 4-bit binary 

words. The BCD formatting method produces non-printable binary 

reports. 

Example2: 

3 | 1 | 3 

8421|8421|8421 

0011|0001|0011 

313 -> BCD -> 001100010011 (1,5bytes) 

Communication 

The available telemetry devices are selectable from the list. All 

equipment has its own default setting which can be modified by the 

user whenever necessary. 

List of Communication Equipment 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 39


The MAWS system can have up to 7 serial ports for connecting to 

telemetry equipment as well as to sensors with serial interface. The 

communication ports are easily managed using their own setup 

template: 

Communication Ports Setup Template 

Multiple telemetry devices can be connected at the same time thus 

increasing reliability at critical monitoring site(s). 

Power Management 

The MAWS HydroMet system includes several advanced power 

management features, which guarantee long term operation during 

main power failures. In addition to the very low power consumption 

of the QML201 Logger itself, the following features are included: 

• Monitoring of presence of the main power voltage 

• Monitoring the voltage level of the back-up battery 

• Monitoring the presence of charging for back-up batteries. 

• Switching off heater circuits whenever the main power is OFF. 

• Controlling powering of the telemetry devices according to the user 

configured schedule whenever the mains power is OFF 

40 _______________________________________________________________________________


• Controlling powering of the telemetry devices according to the user 

configured schedule whenever the charging of the back-up batteries 

from the solar panel is OFF. 

• Reducing the telecommunication rate whenever the system works 

on back-up batteries. 

• Reducing the sampling rate whenever the system works on back-up 

batteries. 

The low power monitoring is an intelligent algorithm taking into 

account the charging state of the back-up batteries and repeated mains 

power failures. 

Power monitoring of telemetry 

devices 

The MAWS station offers intelligent power monitoring features for 

guaranteeing extended operation. When there is a failure in supplying 

primary power to a remote station, the MAWS system can be 

configured to switch off the power from the telemetry device for most 

of that time. In order to conserve the back-up battery capacity, the 

power can be switched on at user-defined times for a short period to 

transmit an alarm or other critical data. Whenever the primary power 

is recovered, the telemetry device will again be powered normally. 

Dynamically Controlled Timer Function 

MAWS application execution is mostly controlled by timers, which 

are configured to fixed intervals using the MAWS Lizard Setup 

Software. 

Timer intervals controlled by thresholds provide the means to change 

these intervals dynamically according to limit values (thresholds) 

while the system is running. Each measured and/or calculated data 

item can be configured to be monitored by thresholds. 

For example, the following topics can be handled using this control 

method: 

- Power consumption control when operating on backup batteries. 

MAWS can keep the communication equipment permanently on 

when external AC-power/solar charging is available, and switch to 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 41


cyclic powered mode (low power mode) when the system is 

running on back-up batteries. 

- Communication cost reduction. When the measured conditions are 

normal, data messages can be transmitted less frequently, but 

when preset limits are exceeded by user set parameter(s), the faster 

transmission cycle can automatically be taken into use. 

Interval threshold configuration view 

The Interval thresholds are configured in the MAWS Lizard's alarm 

configuration view. The above picture shows a typical setup for 

managing transmission intervals for reports. For each timer there can 

be up to five (5) thresholds configured. 

Example of thresholds definition 

42 _______________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 4 ______________________________________________________________ Data Logging 

CHAPTER 4 

DATA LOGGING 

Internal Flash Memory 

The QML201 Logger has 1.7 Megabytes of secure flash memory 

available for the logging of measured and calculated data. The flash 

memory does not need any external or internal back-up batteries, and 

preserves its contents for many years. 

There can be several logging schedules where the parameters and 

logging intervals are user definable. The intervals are configurable 

from 1 second to 24 hours at 1-second intervals. Data are logged into 

the daily files, which can be retrieved through the communication 

channel(s) locally using a laptop PC, or remotely via a modem. 

The user can also specify how many days of back-up data is held in 

the memory. When the memory is full the system will automatically 

free space by deleting old files, but will always preserve the user 

specified amount of most recent files in the memory. 

The logged files can easily be retrieved e.g. onto a PC’s hard disk 

using the MAWS Terminal software, which is included in the MAWS 

delivery. The MAWS Terminal automatically converts the binary files 

into Comma Separated Value (CSV) format used e.g. by Microsoft’s 

Excel software. 

In addition, the logged data can be used in data reports that are sent 

via communication port(s). 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 43


External Compact Flash Card 

The MAWS system can also log data and reports on a Compact Flash 

memory card, expanding the memory capacity to hundreds of 

megabytes. 

The external memory card is used for storing data files which have 

been copied/moved from the internal log directory. The internal log 

system, file format and operation is not changed, and is operated 

parallel to the external card. The copy/move is carried out once a day, 

typically just after midnight. In case the internal memory becomes full 

earlier, the oldest files are moved to the external log module. 

QML201 Logger with a Compact Flash Memory Card 

The external log memory card can be hot-swapped with a new card 

without any command or stopping the logging operation. 

The data can be retrieved from the memory card via a terminal 

connection using Zmodem protocol or by swapping the memory card 

with empty one. Due to the large amount of data on the card, the 

contents of the card are most conveniently read directly to a PC. 

However, it is also possible to retrieve data records or complete files 

remotely from the CF card. 

44 _______________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 4 ______________________________________________________________ Data Logging 

Memory Card Readers 

The file system is compatible with the PC file system, i.e. by inserting 

the log module into a PC slot or external reader the files can be copied 

onto the PC. The files are stored in internal log-format, so the MAWS 

Terminal program can be used to convert the files to CSV format. The 

files can then be used in various standard software packages, such as 

MS-Excel, for further analysis. 

An Example of the Logging Setup Window 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 45


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46 _______________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 5 ________________________________________________ Telemetry and Communication 

CHAPTER 5 

TELEMETRY AND COMMUNICATION 

Telecommunication costs are frequently the major annual cost of 

operating an observation network. Therefore, it is essential that there 

are several alternative telecommunication options available to best 

optimize this function. In addition, the availability of 

telecommunications is frequently a restrictive factor. 

In addition, the availability of data sets requirements for the 

telecommunication equipment used in the network. When e.g. flood 

warning is a critical requirement, then near real-time data transmission 

must be guaranteed. In the MAWS systems there can be two or more 

redundant communication devices connected at most critical sites, 

where data availability is of the highest concern. 

On the other hand, when data is used for statistical purposes or 

processes which do not require real-time data, other, often less costly 

methods, can be used. The MAWS system offers solutions for all 

these requirements. 

Serial I/O Lines 

The MAWS system has one (1) RS-232 and one (1) RS-485 port as 

standard. Two (2) optional plug-in communication modules can be 

used for enhancing the number of serial I/O channels up to seven (7), 

including SDI-12 serial sensor interface(s). The high number of serial 

channels allows the interfacing of intelligent sensors. Redundant 

communication channels can easily be used for applications and sites 

where data accessibility is highly important. 

The standard RS-232 interface is normally reserved for local use and 

maintenance tasks such as command interface, updating software, 

uploading new configurations or downloading logged data files. For 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 47


all these tasks the MAWS Terminal Software is included with each 

system. This terminal software automates many of these tasks using 

easy to use user interfaces. 

MAWS Terminal Software can be set to automate many tasks 

The QML201 Logger with 2 Communication Modules 

The optional plug-in communication modules include: 

- DSI485 Isolated RS-485 modules for connecting intelligent 

sensors, terminals and displays up to 1,500 meters away from 

MAWS. 

- DSI486 Dual isolated RS-485 module, also including the SDI-12 

interface. The module can be also used as 1 x RS485 and 1 x 

RS232. 

- DSU232 Dual RS-232 module providing an additional two RS-232 

channels. 

48 _______________________________________________________________________________


- DMX501 Fixed line modem for connecting other Vaisala devices 

with a similar interface, max. distance up to 10 km. 

Communication Modules 

The communication interfaces are freely user configurable in regards 

to baud rate, stop and start bits, handshaking and ASCII protocol with 

headers, footers, delimiters, message contents etc. 

Hardwire Telemetry 

The MAWS system has several options for hardwire telemetry. For 

more details, see the MAWS Systems - Telemetry - Technical 

Description document: 

• DXE421 ComServer module for connecting the MAWS directly to 

a 10- or 100Base-T Ethernet network, making MAWS systems 

Internet-Enabled devices. 

DXE421 ComServer for TCP/IP Network 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 49


• DXM421 modem for Public Switched Telephone Networks 

(PSTN). DMX421 includes both data compression and data 

correction functions and has a data rate of up to 57.6 Kbits/second. 

DXM421 PSTN Modem 

• DXL421 is a compact modem for leased line connections of up to 

10 kms. 

DXL421 Leased Line Modem 

50 _______________________________________________________________________________


Wireless Telemetry 

The MAWS system has a large variety of wireless telemetry options. 

In addition, several of these options can be installed simultaneously as 

a back up for each other at sites where data availability is of the 

utmost importance. For more details, see the MAWS Systems - 

Telemetry - Technical Description document: 

• GSMTC35T-M3 is a dual band (900 and 1800 MHz) GSM 

Terminal especially designed for demanding professional use. 

• GSMMC45-M3 is a GSM terminal for the 1900 MHz network in 

use e.g. in USA. 

• GPRS-M3 is a GSM terminal including a GPRS option, offering a 

permanent online connection plus fast and cost efficient data 

transmission. 

• CDMA-M3 is a cellular data modem operating both in circuit 

switched and packed-switched CDMA networks. 

GSMTC35T-M3 GSM Data Terminal 

• QST101-GOES-M3; GOES Transmitter - transmits at 100 or 300 

baud, no internal GPS 

• QST102 -GOES-M3; GOES HDR Transmitter - transmits at 100, 

300 or 1200 baud, with internal GPS. 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 51


GOES transmitters 

• QST102-METEOSAT-M3; Meteosat transmitter 

• OmniSAT Satellite Communication (AutoTrac); The OmniSat 

telemetry offers 2-way communication, enabling the sending of 

polling and other commands to remote MAWS systems. 

AutoTrac Satellite Transmitter and Antenna Installed on a Stand 

at INMET, Brazil 

• ORBCOMM Satellite Transmitter; the ORBCOMM system 

utilizes a Low-Earth-Orbiting (LEO) satellite enabling the use of 

low power and small antenna in transmitter terminals. The 

ORBCOMM telemetry offers 2-way communication, enabling the 

sending of polling and other commands to remote MAWS 

systems. 

52 _______________________________________________________________________________


ORBCOMM Satellite Transmitter 

• QSI101-M3; Inmarsat-C Satellite Transmitter; TT-3026LM is a 

mini-C system comprising transceiver, antenna and 12 channel 

GPS receiver in one single and compact unit, making installation 

very easy and simple. The INMARSAT-C telemetry offers 2-way 

communication, enabling the sending of polling and other 

commands to remote MAWS systems. 

INMARSAT-C Transceiver with Mast Mounting Kit 

• SATEL3ASET-M3; high speed UHF radio modem with data 

transmission of up to 40 kms Line-Of-Sight (LOS). The Epic 

model with its 10 W transmitter power and dual receivers with 

Diversity Reception operation can have a distance of up to 60+ 

kms LOS. 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 53


Satelline 3AS & Epic Radio modems, with optional display 

Message Routing is a built-in feature in SATELLINE-3AS modems, 

which makes it easier to build up a large radio modem network. 

Message Routing features a versatile radio protocol, which takes care 

of routing messages across a radio modem network. Only one radio 

channel is required even in large networks. Any radio modem in the 

network can act as a repeater. 

QMR102 

Rain gauge 

Substation No:1 

with radio modem 

Substation No:2 

with radio modem 

Communication antenna: 

• GSM 

• Radio modem 

• Satellite 

Pole mast 

Radio modem antenna 

Solar panel 

MAWS301 incl.; 

• Back-up battery,battery 

• Charger 

• Comms equipment 

• Mains power supply (option) 

• Accessories 

Signal cable 

Vented cable 

Water level 

sensor 

54 _______________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 6 _________________________________________________________________ Powering 

CHAPTER 6 

POWERING 

The MAWS HydroMet systems are low power systems. The basic 

QML201 Logger consumes less than 5 mA from a 12 V battery with 

five basic sensors. It can be powered using a small-sized solar panel or 

optionally using a 110/230 Mains (AC) power supply. The power 

consumption of the complete MAWS system depends on the 

connected sensors, telemetry equipment and other options included in 

the delivery. 

Solar Power 

The MAWS system is typically powered by SOLAR12, a 12 W solar 

panel. When e.g. communication equipment with a higher power 

consumption is used, the system uses SOLAR24, a 24 W solar panel, 

to guarantee trouble-free and continuous operation. For systems with 

multiple telemetry options installed and operating simultaneously, 

there is a 50 W solar panel, SOLAR50. 

Solar Panel Mounted to a Pole 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 55


The solar power package also includes mast-mounting accessories for 

a pole mast and a 6-meter cable with connector. The angle of the panel 

is adjustable. 

Using a solar panel significantly reduces the risk of electric shocks 

caused by lightning and induced via long cables when mains (AC) 

power is used. 

SOLAR12-75 

SOLAR12-75 solar panels are custom-designed modules 

incorporating high power efficiency, quality and ruggedness. The 12- 

Watt panel contains 36 polycrystalline silicon cells in series. The cells 

are protected from dirt, moisture and mechanical impact by a tough 

fluoropolymer front film. The solar circuit is laminated using EVA 

between this film and the durable glass fiberboard back sheet for 

superior moisture resistance. The SOLAR12-75 modules have 

lightweight, high power and robust construction. 

Solar Panel SOLAR12-75 

56 _______________________________________________________________________________


SOLAR24 

Solar Panel SOLAR24 

SOLAR24 solar panels are custom-designed modules incorporating 

high power efficiency and quality. The 24-Watt panel contains 36 

polycrystalline silicon cells in series. The cells are protected from dirt, 

moisture and mechanical impact using a tempered, low iron glass 

front. The solar circuit is laminated using EVA between tempered 

glass and a durable, multi-layered polymer back sheet for superior 

moisture resistance. 

Anodiset aluminium frame 

Tempered high transmission glass 

EVA (Ethylene vinyl acetate) 

Cell string 

Silicone sealant 

Junction box, including By-pass diodes 

Fibre-glass 

EVA 

Tedlar 

Figure 53 

Solar Panel Layers 

The mounting frame of the SOLAR24 panel also has space for a 50 W 

panel (SOLAR50) for applications with higher power consumption or 

for installation sites where less sunshine will be available e.g. during 

the winter months. 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 57


Backup Batteries 

There are four alternative back-up battery sets available with 

capacities: 

QMBATT7; 7 Ah 

QMBATT12; 12 Ah 

QMBATT26; 26 Ah 

QMBATT52: 52 Ah (2x 26 Ah) 

The size of the back-up battery depends on the system configuration 

(options) and the required back-up time. The batteries are charged by 

solar panel using the QBR101B Battery Regulator. Optionally, the 

back-up battery can also be charged through the Mains power supply 

when included in the system. 

MAWS can also have its own optional internal backup battery of 1.3 

Ah/ 6V, keeping the basic AWS Logger operational for an additional 

week. 

The batteries are sealed lead-acid and maintenance free. 

Optional Mains (AC) Power Supply MGP15V-M3 

MGP15V Mains 

58 _______________________________________________________________________________


The Mains power supply unit MGP15V is a switching power supply, 

which operates from the universal mains (AC) input of 85 to 264 VAC 

and 50/60 Hz. The output voltage is 15 VDC, which is used to power 

the MAWS system, and as an input to the Battery Regulator 

QBR101B to charge the back-up battery. 

MGP15V is installed inside the MAWS enclosure on a standard DINrail 

enabling easy maintenance of the unit. 

Some sensors, such as the heated ultrasonic wind sensor 

WS425STDH, require higher DC voltage. In these installations, an 

additional mains power supply MGP36V-M3, a 36 VDC power 

supply module will be installed. 

Power Supply 

The mains power supply modules are delivered as packages that also 

include surge aerators and all internal wiring in the MAWS enclosure: 

• MGP15V-230-M3: for 230 VAC mains power 

• MGP15V-115-M3: for 115 VAC mains power 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 59



60 _______________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 7 _______________________________________________________Operating environment 

CHAPTER 7 

OPERATING ENVIRONMENT 

The MAWS HydroMet systems have been especially designed for 

unattended operation at remote locations. Only minimum maintenance 

is required annually. 

Operating temperature 

The MAWS systems have a wide operating temperature of -35° to + 

55° C (extended range at request). When installed outside, it is 

recommended that the enclosure is equipped with a white radiation 

shield, efficiently protecting the enclosure against excessive sun 

radiation, falling ice in tower installations etc. The shield also 

minimizes the temperature differences between day and night, thus 

preventing condensation inside the enclosure. This, together with the 

GoreTex membrane filter, guarantees that no extra drying agent bags 

are required inside the enclose to keep it dry. 

Bottom of the Enclosure 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 61


ESD/EMI 

The ESD/EMI (Electrostatic Discharge/Electromagnetic Impulse) 

design of the MAWS system is based on Vaisala's over 25 years 

experience of delivering highly reliable data collection systems for the 

most demanding environments and industrial conditions, to over 70 

countries around the world. 

The high reliability is achieved with professional electronic design, 

protecting the I/O lines and proper grounding of the equipment. All 

the I/O lines are protected against lightning induced overvoltage 

surges. When sensors are installed using short, shielded cables, the 

proper protection is achieved using VDR circuits at inputs. Whenever 

longer cables are required, additional protective devices - surge 

arrestors - are installed on those lines. 

62 _______________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 8 ____________________________________________________________________ Masts 

CHAPTER 8 

MASTS 

DKP206W & DKP210W - Pole Masts 

The Vaisala Tiltable Masts DKP206W (6 m high) and DKP210W (10 

m high) are suitable for a wide range of surface weather and 

climatological applications. The mast tubes are made of anodized 

aluminum. The remaining parts of the main assembly are made of 

stainless steel to resist weathering. The mast is painted white. One 

maintenance person can effortlessly tilt the mast with the optional, 

easily detached winch to maintain the sensors and other equipment 

installed on the upper mast assembly. This significantly reduces the 

costs associated with maintaining the automatic weather station. The 

basic mast delivery includes the lightning rod with grounding cable, 

one set of guy wires, the lifting rod and the foundation set. All the 

components are packed in durable cardboard boxes suitable for 

airfreight. 

The lightning rod protects the sensors and other equipment by means 

of non-conductive holders and grounding via one of three guy wires 

totally isolated from the mast. The equipment is always grounded to a 

separate grounding point. With one standard set of guy wires, the mast 

can easily withstand winds of up to 50 m/s when the weather station 

enclosure, solar panel and sensors are installed on it. The optional 

second guy wire set enables the DKP210W to withstand winds of up 

to 75 m/s. The foundation set includes all parts needed to construct a 

steady and correctly oriented base for the mast. The only additional 

item needed at the installation site is concrete or an existing concrete 

block. 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 63


The air temperature, humidity, and solar radiation sensors will be 

installed on a sensor cross arm (DKP12SUP1 or DKP12SUP2) 

typically at a height of 1.5 to 2.0 meters from the ground. 

An Example of the 10-m Installation Mast with Accessories 

DKP210 Specifications 

Property 

Height 

Diameter 

Lowest section 

Highest section 

Maximum wind speed 

With one set of guy wires 

With two sets of guy wires 

Weight (DKP210W with winch) 

Pedestal tube and hinge 

Mast tubes and lifting rod 

Guy wires 

Material 

Breaking strength 

Marking 

Threaded anchor bolts 

Other parts, e.g. bolts 

Description/Value 

10 m (32.8 feet) 

100 mm (3.94 in) 

60 mm (2.36 in) 

50 m/s (100 knots) 

75 m/s (145 knots) 

125 kg 

Stainless steel 

Aluminum alloy 


28 kN (6 295 lbf) 

Black and yellow colored cable shrouds 

to a height of 2 meters from the ground 

Galvanized steel, thread M20, length 

300 mm (11.8 in), with M20 wedge bolts 

(cast or drilled into concrete using the 

provided orientation plate) 


64 _______________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 8 ____________________________________________________________________ Masts 

Property 

Coating/Painting 

Pedestal tube 

Aluminum parts 

Steel parts 

Stainless steel parts 

Temperature 

Description/Value 

Corrosion-resistant powder coating 

Anodized and painted 

Galvanized 

Uncoated 

-50 … +60 °C (-50 ... 140 °F) 

DKP102 - 2 m Pole Mast 

DKP102 is a 2-m high pole mast designed for installations where 

normally no wind sensor is required. The diameter of the mast is 60 

mm. It is shipped with all necessary installation accessories on a 

concrete pad. 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 65



66 _______________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 9 __________________________________________________________After Sales Service 

CHAPTER 9 

AFTER SALES SERVICE 

Commitment to Long Term Service 

A hydrometeorological network is a long-term investment, which is 

intended to operate for over a decade. With such a system, special 

interest should be paid to the manufacturers' capability of providing 

after sales support to network components. A practical demonstration 

of a company's commitment to providing long lasting value to its 

customers is a certified quality system. In the case of Vaisala, the ISO 

9001 quality system ensures that the customer can rely on receiving 

after sales support for Vaisala-made components up to 10 years after 

the initial delivery. 

An important factor in operating a network is its capability to adjust to 

new requirements and to be expanded economically during its whole 

operational life. At the time the first system is installed, the operator 

of the system may decide not to extend the system to cover a certain 

area or certain variables due to some practical restraining reason. 

However, it is often found that the system needs be extended after a 

while and new stations, sensors and/or telemetry must be added to the 

system. The rapid development of electronics brings new solutions, 

which must also be easily adapted to existing systems. The system 

components should be modular so that it is straightforward to expand 

the system’s features. In the MAWS system all of these factors are 

already taken care of in the system’s design. 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 67



68 _______________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 10 ____________________________________________________________ Technical Data 

CHAPTER 10 

TECHNICAL DATA 

QML201 Logger 

QML201 Logger Specifications 

Property 

Processor 

A/D conversion 

Data logging memory 

Sensor inputs 

Typical accuracy across 

measured temperature 

range –50 °C ... +80 °C 

Maximum error across 

measured temperature 

range –35 °C ... +50 °C 

Description / Value 

32 bit Motorola 

16 bit 

1.7 Mbytes internal Flash memory 

Several hundreds Mbytes on optional 

Compact Flash memory card 

10 Analog inputs (20 single ended inputs) 

2 counter / frequency inputs 

Internal channel for PMT16A pressure 

transducer 

Better than ± 0.06 °C 

Less than ± 0.12 °C 

Maximum error at 0 °C Less than ± 0.06 °C 

Voltage measurement With factory calibration: 

±2.5V range 

Better than 0.04 % reading ± 150 µV 

±250mV range 


±25mV range 


±6.5mV range 


Frequency measurements 0.003 % + resolution 241 nsec (up to 10 kHz) 

Common mode range 

Real-time clock 

Standard 

With GPS option 

Serial communication 

Standard 

Optional 

+5 V / -4 V 

Better than 20 sec/month 

Configurable, default 5 sec/month 

One RS-232, one RS-485 

Two (2) optional plug-in slots for 

communication modules to increase the 

number of serial I/O channels up to 7 pcs 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 69


Property 


Speed 

Parameters 

300 ... 19200 bit/s 

Configurable speed, start bits, data bits, stop 

bits, parity, XON/XOFF, and check sum 

Voltage (external 

8 ... 14 VDC recommended (30 V max.) 

powering) 

Optional internal battery 1.3 Ah/6 V 

Power consumption < 10 mA/6 V (typically with basic 5 sensors) 

Solar panel options 12 W/12 V and 24 W/12 V 

Back-up battery options 7, 12, 26 or 52 Ah rechargeable sealed lead 

acid, maintenance free 

Mains power 

Optional module MGP15V 

85 … 264 VAC 

Temperature (operating) -35 ... +55 °C (extended range at request) 

Temperature (storage) -50 ... +70 °C 

Humidity 

0 ... 100 % RH 

Emissions 

CISPR 22 class B (EN55022) 

ESD immunity IEC 61000-4-2 

RF field immunity IEC 61000-4-3 

EFT immunity IEC 61000-4-4 

Surge (lightning pulse) IEC 61000-4-5 

Conducted RF immunity IEC 61000-4-6 

ENC542PLM Enclosure 

ENC542PLM Equipment Enclosure Specifications 

Property 


Material 

Glass fiber reinforced polyester 

Protection rating 

IP 66, equivalent with NEMA 4X 

Dimensions 

530 (h) × 430 (w) × 200 (d) mm 

Weight 

7 kg (without equipment) 

Wall mounting 

By four M8 × 15-mm screws from rear side 

Temperature range -50 … + 100 ºC 

Approved by 

UL50 

Optional 2 locks with key PLMLOCKSET 

70 _______________________________________________________________________________


Mains Power Supply Unit MGP15V (Optional) 

MGP15V is a switching mains power supply unit, which operates 

from universal mains (AC) input. 

MGP15V Mains Power Supply Specifications 

Property 


Output power 

30 W 

Operating principle SMPS 

Input voltage range 85 … 264 VAC 

Frequency range 

50/60 Hz 

Input current on full load: 

110 VAC 

220 VAC 

0.6 A 

0.4 A 

Output voltage +15 V, adjustable ± 10% 

Output current 

2 A 

Efficiency 80 % 

Operating temperature -40 ... +60 °C 

range 

Installation 

DIN rail 

It is recommended that over voltage protection is used for the main 

input lines. The following mains power supply packages also include 

surge arrestors for input lines as well as the necessary wiring inside 

the MAWS enclosures: 

• MGP15V-230-M3 for 230 VAC lines 

• MGP15V-115-M3 for 115 VAC lines 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 71


Battery Regulator QBR101B 

QBR101B Battery Regulator Specifications 

Property 


Maximum input voltage 30 VDC 

(SMPS and Solar Panel 

inputs) 

Maximum input current 6 A 

(SMPS) 

Solar panel input 

55 W max. 

Recommended input 16 VDC 

voltage from SMPS input 

Max. load current (backup 3.5 A 

output) 

Recommended battery 4 … 72 Ah 

capacity range 

Battery charge current for 0.5 A 

4 Ah battery (selections 

0.5 / 1.0 / 2.0 / 2.5 A by 

jumper) 

Max. battery discharge 3.5 A 

current 

Battery charge voltage 13.7 V for stand-by use (mains back-up) 

selection (with external 14.4 V for cycling use (solar panels) 

resistor) 

Battery charge temp. -20 mV/°C typ. 

comp. Coefficient 

Load disconnection 10.0 V typ. 

threshold voltage (with Lo 

Btry Switch) 

Load reconnection 12.0 V typ. 

threshold voltage 

Btry Low signal threshold 11.5 V typ. 

voltage 

Self consumption from 0.2 mA max. @ + 25 °C 

battery (with LEDs 

disconnected) 

Ground connection Negative 

Reverse voltage protection Btry, solar panel 

Dimensions (in mm) 90 × 80 × 25 (w × d × h) 

Weight 

0.1 kg 

Housing 

Anodized aluminum, gray 

Wire terminals 

screw terminals, removable 

battery and load wires 2.5 mm 2 

solar panel, DC input and 1.5 mm 2 

controls 

MTBF (parts stress > 150 000 hours 

method, MIL.HDBK 271F 

ground benign Ta +25 °C) 

72 _______________________________________________________________________________


Solar Panels 

SOLAR12 Solar Panel Specifications 

Property 


Peak power (Pp) 

12 W 

@ 1 kW/m 2 @ +25 °C 

Guaranteed min. peak 10.8 W 

power 

Voltage @ peak power 16.7 V 

(Vpp), typical 

Current @ peak power 0.72 A 

(Ipp), typical 

Short-circuit current (Isc), 0.8 A 

typical 

Temperature coefficient of 0.25 mA/°C 

current 

Operating temperature -40 °C ... +85 °C 

Dimensions (in mm) 268 × 540 × 15 

Weight 

1.5 kg 

Output cable 

6 m, 2 × 1.55 mm 2 , incl. 

SOLAR24 Solar Panel Specifications 

Property 


Peak power (Pp) 

24 W 

@ 1 kW/m 2 @ +25 °C 

Guaranteed min. peak 21.6 W 

power 

Voltage @ peak power 16.7 V 

(Vpp), typical 

Current @ peak power 1.44 A 

(Ipp), typical 

Short-circuit current (Isc), 1.6 A 

typical 

Temperature coefficient of 0.5 mA/°C 

current 

Operating temperature -40 °C ... +85 °C 

Dimensions (in mm) 327 × 674 × 34 

Weight 

3.2 kg 

Output cable 

6 m, 2 × 1.55 mm 2 , incl. 

VAISALA ________________________________________________________________________ 73


Backup Batteries 

QMBATT7 7 Ah Backup Battery Specifications 

Property 


Type 

Sealed. Lead-acid 

Nominal voltage 

12 V 

Nominal capacity 

7Ah 

Self discharge 

3% / month 

Expected lifetime 

4 … 5 years, temp. dependant 

Dimensions 

151 (w) × 65 (d) × 97.5 (h) mm 

Weight 

2.8 kg 


Property 


Type 



12 V 


12 Ah 


3% / month 



Dimensions 

151 (w) × 98 (d) × 94 (h) mm 

Weight 

4 kg 


Property 

Type 





Dimensions 

Weight 



12 V 

26 Ah 

3% / month 


8 kg 

The QMBATT52 battery set includes two pcs of 26 Ah back-up 

batteries. 

74 _______________________________________________________________________________

MAWS HydroMetÃ¢Â„Â¢ Systems for Meteorological and Hydrological ...

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