New Energy Technologies Magazine nr 3 2005.pdf - Index of

New Energy Technologies 

Magazine 

Scientific news on advanced propulsion systems for aerospace industry and new energy technologies 

Issue #3 (22) 2005 

CONTENTS 

• Excessive energy in molecular reactions, A. Sterling, A. Akau, USA 2 

• News about Perendev Motor, A. Sterling, USA 14 

• Gravity engine, A.N. Sakharov, Russia 21 

• Paradoxes of gas structures, S. Geller, Russia 25 

• Vortex liquid heaters, S. Geller, Russia 29 

• The discoveries of John Keely, Review, E. Artemyeva, Russia 40 

• A water-lifting device, V.V. Marukhin, Russia 49 

• An anti-gravity platform of V.S. Grebennikov, Review 58 

• Gravity Driven Generator, Russell Lee 78 

• Membraneless Fuel Cells, Review, S. Shlenchak, Russia 79 

• Hypothesis of I.O. Yarkovsky, Sizov A.V. , Russia 84 

• Flying Platform, S.A. Gerasimov, Russia 92 

• Company News: Cycclone Magnet Engines 94 

Publisher: Faraday Lab Ltd 

Editor-in-Chief Alexander V. Frolov, Scientific Advisor Kirill P. Butusov, 

Technical Editor Svetlana A. Schlenchak, Translator Elena N. Artemieva 

Correspondence Address: 7 Lev Tolstoy Str., St-Petersburg 197376 Russia, 

Tel/fax: 7 (812) 380-3844, net@faraday.ru 

2005 subscription $49. All the back issues as PDF files on CD $29. 

Please pay online from our web site http://www.faraday.ru 

Printed in Russia. Copyright © 2004-2005 by Faraday Lab Ltd. 

Circulation: 500 printed copies 

Please note that publications in 2006 are not planned. 

Information reported in New Energy Technologies magazine is not necessary endorsed by the publisher or staff. 

In many cases information received cannot be verified, though we try to report the news as accurately as possible. 

New Energy Technologies #3(22) 2005 

1

Generation of excessive energy 

during molecular reactions 

Experimenter Jean-Louis Naudin (France) claims to derive free energy cleanly and safely from the 

dissociation and association of hydrogen atoms. The invention has been made in 2003 by A.V. Frolov 

during the combined research project with Spectrum Investments Ltd. Data about several tests was 

posted. Plans, schematics, methods all listed openly to encourage replication and improvement of 

results. The idea is based on decades-old concepts set forth by Nobel laureate Irving Langmuir. 

Last news from Jean-Louis Naudin’s laboratory: 

Using impulse heating of a 12V-cathode with a frequency of 51 Hz and under ratio of the impulse to 

the pause equal to 5%, efficiency more than 2000% was obtained. A theoretical maximum for the 

given kind of construction, according to A.V. Frolov’s calculations, is 83:1, i.e. more than 8000%. 

Jean-Louis Naudin’s comment: 

“Alexander Frolov was the first to carry out tests of the atomic hydrogen generator in Saint Petersburg, 

during the first stage of the project. You can read more about it at http://jlnlabs.imars.com/mahg/ 

mahg1.htm. Now I have confirmed the results of his tests independently, using two kinds of completely 

different measurement equipment”. 

Jean-Louis Naudin, E-mail: jnaudin509@aol.com, Web-site: http://jlnlabs.org 

Editor’s note: The work has begun after 

Nicholas Moller’s visit to Saint Petersburg, 

2003. We have analyzed his idea of using 

the monatomic hydrogen recombination 

process for the generation of excessive 

energy. The idea also was published in 

William Lyne’s book “Occult Ether 

Physics”, USA,1997. Initially, Moller 

planned to work with free flame in a device 

of the hydrogen burner type, but I rejected 

this idea due to the explosive risk and 

suggested another approach without 

hydrogen consumption, i.e. with the 

dissociation-recombination cycle occurring 

in a closed volume. A powerful electronicvacuum 

diode with a tungsten cathode of 

the direct heating was chosen as a basis 

of the device. Making a contract on the 

research on the given subject, we have 

determined that intellectual property on 

this project belong as 50/50 to Faraday 

Lab Ltd, A.V. Frolov, Russia, and Spectrum 

Investments Ltd, UK, Nicholas Moller. 

Further, Spectrum Investments Ltd paid a 

part of the works’ expenses. Then, a test 

bench and two gas-filled lamps were 

exported to UK. Our company, Faraday Lab 

Ltd, invested additional funds for 

development of the works with different 

variants of the device. It happened more 

than a year ago but Spectrum Investments 

Ltd still did not paid for our customs fee 

on this contract (about 1,000 dollars). Due 

to this problem, relations between Faraday 

Lab Ltd and Spectrum Investments Ltd 

became strained. We understood that it 

is only a mere formality but we had to 

bring an local court action against an unfair 

partner because execution of export 

contracts shows mutual respect of the 

companies. 

I have to say that due to Nicholas Moller’s 

organizing efforts it was created the 

Global Institute For New Energy 

Technologies (GIFNET) http://gifnet.org). 

In August, 2005 Nicholas Moller called me 

by phone and informed me that UN 

General Secretary Kofi A. Annen visited 

the Institute and wished them success and 

promised a support. 

Our firm also is developing this topic. Now 

we have established contacts with 

institutes in Australia and UK to continue 

the research. We also are interested in 

joint projects with Russian research 

institutes. 

A.V. Frolov, CEO, Faraday Lab Ltd 

2 New Energy Technologies #3(22) 2005

maintenance it might require - similar to other 

free energy sources such as solar or wind energy. 

The development is still too young to be able 

to ascribe a cents-per-kilowatt-hour estimate. 

The hope would be that it will be less expensive 

than any energy technology available today. 

Mechanism 

Fig. 1. The experimental device in J.L. Naudin’s 

laboratory. A test-bench with heat calculator, a 

system of water cooling and ESB 3.314.363 

lamp was exported from Saint Petersburg in 

2004 by Faraday Lab Ltd. 

Information from web-site http://pesn.com 

was given by authors Allan D. Sterling 

(sterlingda@pureenergysystems.com) and 

Adrian Akau (adrianakau@aol.com). 

French independent researcher Jean-Louis 

Naudin reported that he ran is experimental 

"Frolov/Moller Atomic Hydrogen Generator" 

(FMAGH) version 2.0 for one hour at an 

efficiency of 2000% - that's 20 times more 

energy out than he put in. The day before, using 

slightly different settings, he reported having 

achieved an efficiency of 682% for twenty 

minutes. On June 2, he reports to have run this 

generator for two hours at an efficiency of 

243%. This is the first known replication and 

collaboration of the work done by inventor 

Alexander Frolov of Faraday Lab Ltd. of St. 

Petersburg, Russia, in January 2003. 

Free Energy 

According to Naudin's claims, this several-fold 

excess energy is being derived somehow in the 

process of molecular hydrogen dissociating into 

atomic hydrogen, and then re-associating into 

H 2 

. Free energy is derived, and hydrogen is 

neither lost nor gained. It is a closed system in 

terms of "fuel". "The Atomic Hydrogen Process 

is 100% clean and safe," says Naudin on his site. 

Once realized into a commercial product, such 

a generator would provide the consumer with 

a device that would supply energy for free, 

minus the expense of the device itself, and any 


In simplistic terms, the FMAHG is comprised 

of a cylinder that has an input and output 

channel for water flow around a closed inner 

chamber filled with hydrogen at 0.1 

atmospheres pressure. (Editor’s note: 

Devices with another pressure have been 

also investigated in our laboratory. Frolov 

A.V.) A 0.25 mm diameter tungsten filament 

at the heart of the device serves as the cathode, 

where the Hydrogen reacts to switch between 

monatomic and diatomic states. Again, the 

hydrogen is not consumed in the process of 

alternating between monatomic H and H 2 

. 

Extreme heat is given off as the H atoms 

recombine to H 2 

. The water cools the vacuum 

tube containing hydrogen at 0.1 atmospheres. 

The heated water is where the excess energy 

manifests for practical use. We speculate that a 

stirling-acoustic engine might be the ideal 

mechanism for efficiently converting that heat 

to mechanical energy. 

The key is found in the frequency 

characteristics by which the positive anode and 

negative cathode are pulsed, to effect a lowenergy 

separation of the H 2 

into H. The anode/ 

cathode voltage gradients range between 200 

and 300 Volts. AC-driven pulses do not work. 

The pulses have to be DC, in the range of 10 

megahertz. The shape of the pulses is important 

as well. 

The recent improvement in efficiency that 

Naudin saw, came from changing from a powersupply-driven 

voltage pulse, to a battery-driven 

pulse. Naudin replaced the power supply by a 

high power battery connected through a high 

power MosFet Switcher. The Switcher is 

driven by a 10 MHz pulse generator. 

Apparently, the battery characteristics provide 

a better input reservoir. By using the battery, 

Naudin was better able to focus the pulse and 

gain better results. This is like using a sharp 

knife instead of a dull one to dice vegetables. 

3

Fig. 2. The new experimental device in J.L. Naudin’s laboratory, June 2005. 

The shape and length of time for the pulse 

might be the most important part of the 

experiment. Editor’s note: hydrogen 

dissociation is a subject, which has been 

thoroughly studied in the classical 

experimental physics. According to the 

design, which Naudin has, it is advisable to 

work on its resonance frequencies. Besides, 

this is not the only method to obtain the effect 

in the given system. The effect’s essence is 

not limited by the processes in hydrogen. 

Alexander V. Frolov. 

Self-run Capability Not Yet 

Jones Beene, an observer of the Naudin results, 

commented that until someone is able to make 

such a device as this self-run, with energy left 

over to use, the mainstream scientific 

community will remain aloof and uninterested. 

Historically, there are too many effects 

displaying in the same way but having nothing 

to do with free energy. 

Naudin responded, "If I am able to greatly 

overcome the poor efficiency of the Carnot 

cycle at high power and for a long time, with 

the use of a high-efficiency TEG (Thermo 

Electric Generator), it seems possible to build 

up a closed-loop device. This is a long way off; a 

lot of work is required." 

Beene has numerous ideas of his own about the 

FMAHG, both about how to improve the 

design as well as the theory behind its operation, 

and the political ramifications of open sourcing. 

He expects that a self-runner could appear quite 

soon, and then the scenery would change 

rapidly. 

Open Source Project 

Naudin reports additional experimental results 

on his website, along with photos of his 

apparatus, descriptions of his protocol, 

schematics and diagrams of his set-up, and 

copies of the data he has obtained during his 

experimental runs. He provides a history of 

the technology as well as an essay describing 

the principles and theories that underlie the 


Fig. 3. MAHG, version 2.0 built by J.L. Naudin 

Nicholas Moller, one of two individuals after 

whom this particular variant (2.0) device is 

named, said, "The time has come for removing 

the responsibility of defining the energy policies 

and structures of the future from the hands of 

the established energy industries, and place it 

in the hands of men of science who will work 

for the preservation of the environment that 

sustains all life on Earth." (A quote is from 

Naudin's site.) 

That does not mean, however, that there will 

not be contentious attempts to claim and 

patent the technology and its various nuances. 

Beene points out the problem of "claim 

jumpers" in some other countries such as Japan, 

technology. The information is clearly 

intended to be adequate for anyone who 

wishes to construct the device and try to 

replicate the results, or join in the quest to 

improve upon them. 

Water 

OUTPUT 

Water 

INPUT 

"The results are stable and fully 

reproducible," said Naudin on his site. He 

describes the FMAHG as one of the best 

devices that he has tested to date, a very good 

candidate for producing a clean and 

independent energy “for the benefit of all." 

This technology is nearly 70 years old, and is 

not likely to be patentable. (A patent was 

obtained by Frolov in Russia, but a source 

that request to remain anonymous states that 

it is probably not valid). (Editor’s note: We 

sent a patent application to the patent 

authority of the Russian Federation but, 

after a prolonged correspondence, it was 

rejected due to the fact that they 

considered this result impossible, though 

our measuring bench had been specially 

certified by the state metrological center. 

Besides, some inaccuracy of measurements 

is not important in case of the efficiency of 

210-245% (for the first experiments). We 

hope that the following attempt to patent 

this technology will be successful. Of 

course, according to our contract about 

cooperation work with Spectrum 

Investments Ltd., we will give them 50% 

of the patent. A.V. Frolov). It appears to be 

a feasible candidate for the "open source" model 

of development by interested scientists 

worldwide. 

H 2 

at 0.1 atm 

0.3 L 

Tungsten 

filament 

25/100 mm 

Fig. 4. ESB 3.314.363 lamp’s design. 

A reaction chamber of the generator with 

tungsten filament. 


5

Fig. 5. A scheme of the experiments 

Korea, and Taiwan; where the "first-to-file" rule 

trumps "first-to-publish." It will take a 

magnanimous spirit by many to see some 

staking their claims on this technology while 

others are freely sharing their ideas. In some 

countries, including the U.S., the rule is "first 

to publish," so open disclosures on the Internet 

will preclude the patenting of the idea by 

others, ensuring that the technology stays in 

the open domain in those countries. Beene 

further points out that Governments in 

China, Pakistan, and the Arab world might 

seek to obtain international patents, even on 

some small technical issue, like a more correct 

theory or a minor detail of operation; thus 

limiting or delaying the commercial 

implementation by others. 

"Perhaps, since Moller himself has no problem 

with this open approach, then no one else should 

care either. After all, he is the one who is giving 

up the most," said Beene. The rush to derive a 

clear theory behind how the technology works 

is also likely to be animated. (Editor’s note: 

The theory already exists and is developed in 

details but its publication is not advisable 

before getting the patent). 

Beene, who has a "bare proton" Dirac 

hypothesis about how this technology works, 

points out that Randall Mills might seek to 

claim that this is a hydrino device, while 

advocates of the low energy nuclear reaction 

(LENR) will claim that this is more akin to cold 

fusion. "The Langmuir explanation, being the 

one on which the device was built, is likely to be 

seen by most as being operative," says Beene, 

"but there could be others." All things 

considered, Beene concludes, "Yes, let's create 

something unique in all of free-enterprise - the 


completely open project which benefits the 

poor as well as the wealthy - but also, let's not 

be naive enough to think that other forces are 

not at work to try to keep that from 

happening." 

It may, therefore, be worthwhile to consider the 

example of Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of and 

copyright holder on the World Wide Web. He 

uses his copyright as a means to fend off 

attempts to introduce proprietary programs, 

and to keep the web both free and universal, 

which are both part of the definition. So, after 

this example, this publication and others can 

be used to establish the “anteriority” of the 

concept, and such a copyright may provide at 

least some leverage to keep the FMAHG 

universal and "free". 

Nobel Laureate Irving Langmuir's 

Discovery 

Naudin states that Frolov/Moller's Atomic 

Hydrogen Generator is based on a discovery 

by Irving Langmuir (1881-1957 b. Brooklyn, 

N.Y). Irving Langmuir won the Nobel Prize for 

Chemistry in 1932. His work on filaments in 

gases led to the discovery of the vacuum tube, 

gas-filled incandescent light bulbs (the life of 

tungsten-filament light bulbs would be 

lengthened by filling the vacuum with inert gas 

such as Argon), atomic hydrogen, and the 

atomic hydrogen welding process. Langmuir's 

doctoral thesis in 1906 at the University of 

Gottingen in Germany was entitled "On the 

Partial Recombination of Dissociated Gases 

During Cooling". In 1926, he invented the 

atomic hydrogen blowpipe in which hydrogen 

gas is sent through a small hole through by 

means of an electric arc formed by two tungsten 

rods, reaching temperatures of 3700 degrees 

Kelvin (K). Hydrogen (H 2 

) yields two 

("monatomic") atoms of hydrogen, absorbing 

422 kilojoules in the process. The atoms of 

hydrogen then quickly recombine into the 

more stable molecular form giving off 

extreme heat. The hydrogen is therefore 

thought to be a transport mechanism to 

extract energy from the arc plasma and to 

transfer it to a work surface. In 1912, 

Langmuir showed that hydrogen at low 

pressure in contact with a tungsten wire 

heated by an electric current is dissociated 


into atoms and is accompanied by a large 

absorption of heat (100kcal per gram 

molecule). He used electric currents of 20 

amperes and voltages from 300 to 800 volts. 

FMAHG 

In the FMAHG (Frolov/Moller's Atomic 

Hydrogen Generator), as demonstrated by 

Frolov and then showed by Naudin, hydrogen 

changes between the diatomic and monatomic 

states without being used up. In this process, 

hydrogen appears to be acting as a vacuum 

energy pump because an excess of heat results 

from more energy being released during the 

monatomic to diatomic part of the cycle than 

from the dividing of the diatomic hydrogen 

molecules into monatomic hydrogen. 

Mr.Naudin's results show that the difference 

between output and input may reach a ratio 

higher than 10:1. 

What is the mechanism for this excess energy 

production, and precisely what is occurring in 

the plasma In other words, why is this cycle 

acting as a vacuum-energy heat pump We 

know that the FMAHG works most efficiently 

with pulsed DC energy; it has no positive 

results with AC. The direct-current pulses must 

play a part in causing the H 2 

molecules to break 

apart with less energy than when the individual 

atoms recombine. Why The effect of the DC 

pulse on weakening the bonds must make the 

difference. A pulse can be controlled as to its 

voltage, current and duration. 

Editor’s note: It is important to take into 

account that the dissociation is produced by 

an electrical field between the electrodes. 

Avoiding creation of a conduction current 

between the electrodes, we will escape or 

decrease energy consumption. This concept 

is known according to the works of 

T.E.Bearden, USA, and it was also presented 

by Frolov A.V, Russia, in his article 

“Application of a potential field for the 

creation of power”, New Energy News, 

USA, #1, May 1994. A.V. Frolov. 

The recombination of the single hydrogen 

atoms into H 2 

molecules, on the other hand, is 

a natural event which, to some degree under 

given conditions, provides the same amount of 

output energy. 

7

However, all is not so simple, as temperature is 

another factor affecting the efficiency. 

Mr.Naudin has shown that the efficiency of the 

energy pump is greatly increased as the 

temperature of the hydrogen increases. His 

chart (voltage vs. current) shows that the 

resistance of the tungsten filament is not 

linear. Irving Langmuir's 1926 chart shows 

that at 8,000є K, well above the melting point 

of tungsten, the amount of hydrogen 

dissociated reaches a maximum of 99.9%. 

Remember that Irving Langmuir was not 

subjecting the diatomic hydrogen molecules 

to voltage pulses. 

The curve on the diagram shows how the 

percentage of molecular hydrogen dissociated 

into atomic hydrogen is related to the 

temperature of the tungsten. These data were 

published by Irving Langmuir in March 1926. 

The following experimental curve from Naudin, 

enhanced by the warm to cool background hues, 

shows the FMAHG filament (the cathode) 

temperature in relation to time during the tests. 

You may notice that atomic hydrogen (1% to 

7%) has been produced during only 25 of each 

100 ms. Mr. Naudin's filament (cathode) 

temperature and time graph, based on data 

recorded in May 2005, shows that a minimum 

of 2,000є K must be attained before the 

hydrogen dissociation process begins. At the 

peak temperature of just below 3,000є K, there 

is a 7% dissociation of the diatomic hydrogen 

molecule into its mono-atomic form. 

The voltage vs. power graph shows that the 

ratio between the output power and input 

power is increasing non-linear as the voltage of 

the pulses increases. Therefore, the voltage 

itself must also have the effect of increasing the 

number of dissociations per unit of time, or of 

increasing the difference in output over input 

power. Note that both input and output taken 

individually seem nearly linear except at the 

lower voltages (below 2 volts). 

In the new tests on June 23rd, 2005, Naudin 

made some changes to the apparatus. He 

replaced the power supply by a high-power 

Fig. 6. MAHg Tests - May 2005 - J.L.Naudin 


Fig. 7. Dissociation of hydrogen to atoms. 

The diagram is taken from the research diary of A.V. Frolov. 

The diary is completely published on J.L. Naudin’s site. 


9

attery connected through a high-power 

MosFet Switcher. The Switcher is driven by a 

10 MHz pulse generator. The efficiency of the 

system went from a maximum of 243% up to 

1153% while the duty of the squared pulse 

decreased (up to 5%). This refers to the time 

interval each DC pulse is acting on the hydrogen 

molecule. By using the battery and the special 

MosFet Switcher, the length of time for the 

pulse was shortened by up to 5%. In other 

words, by using a more precise pulse, Mr.Naudin 

was able to achieve much better results than 

with the previous pulse produced by a power 

supply. Apparently, the features of the new 

pulse allowed the vacuum energy pump to work 

more efficiently. We expect that Mr.Naudin will 

present a graph of this new pulse when available. 

What Next 

Once others have been able to repeat these 

results, and the effect fully characterized, 

explained, and optimized; the big question will 

be how practical this technology will be as a 

free energy tapping modality. 

Solar energy is free energy, but the hardware 

required to convert photons to electricity is 

anything but free. Likewise, even though this 

FMAHG technology apparently taps free 

energy, does not automatically mean that it will 

solve the world's energy problems. The machine 

cost and efficiency will be a primary 

consideration in the practicality of the 

technology for commercial application. 

Preliminary results and extrapolations appear 

promising for the FMAHG. Further studies 

and development will answer that question 

more definitively. 

In an email granting permission to use the 

images that appear in this article, Naudin said, 

"I hope that my modest contribution of my 

researches about this fascinating device will 

soon give us a clean energy source for the 

future and will contribute to saving our 

planet". 

Beene gives his opinion that "of all the many 

projects going-on in alternative energy right 

now, this is by far the closest thing to being a 

demonstrable (and shocking) success within the 

next 6 month time-frame. By success, I mean 

self-powered overunity leading to an immediate 

commercial prototype - or at least something 

which cannot be denied by the mainstream of 

physics as being overunity (probably ZPE) and 

instantly marketable." 

In the throws of this recent success, Naudin's 

Fig. 8. MAHG tests: Filament temperature Vs time. Tested by J.L. Naudin, May 2005. 


Fig. 9. MAHG Tests, J.L. Naudin, May 2005. 


11

assessment of this technology is that it rises to 

the status of the "Holy Grail" of energy. 

Follow-up 

If you are interested in pursuing this concept, 

there is a project list that pursues various 

iterations of the atomic hydrogen generator 

concept such as JL Naudin's FMAHG above. 

The group is designed for those wishing to 

replicate, improve, and develop theories for this 

fascinating concept. 

• http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aH-gen 

SOURCES 

• Email correspondence with JL Naudin, who 

reviewed a near to final draft of the above story 

and said, "Thanks for your very well 

documented paper about the FMAHG and for 

your contribution to this fascinating project." 

• Email correspondence with Jones Beene. 

• http://jlnlabs.imars.com/mahg/ 

index.htm - MAHG Project home page 

• Data Reports 

o http://jlnlabs.imars.com/mahg/tests/ 

lrtests.htm - 2-hour test run with 243% 

efficiency (June 2, 2005) 


pultests.htm - Towards high efficiency in 

excess of 1000%. "The purpose of these 

tests is to improve the MAHG efficiency 

so as to overcome the losses due to the 

poor efficiency of the Carnot cycle at the 

MAHG output." (June 20, 2005) 


mahg2a.htm - High efficiency confirmed 

with a new tests bench. "During the RUN 

#74 all the data [sic] have been recorded 

during 20 minutes, the average power 

output measured was 90.56 watts with 

only 13.22 watts at the input. The delta T 

was 2.8°C with a cooling water flow of 0.54 

L/min. The average efficiency measured 

was 682 % during this test." (June 23, 

2005) 


mahg2b.htm - MAHG v2.0: one hour test 

run at 526%. "This 1 hour test confirms 

again all the previous measurements done 

with the MAHG." "During the RUN 75, 

the average power output measured was 

66.5 Watt with only 12.5 Watt at the 

input. The delta T was 4.6°C with an 

average cooling water flow of 0.24 L/min. 

The average efficiency measured was 526 

% during this test." (June 24, 2005) 


index.htm - Full tests of the MAHG by 

JL Naudin (May 23, 2005) 

o http://jlnlabs.imars.com/mahg/ 

logbook.htm - Genesis phase of the 

project; 1st preliminary experimental 

tests results. (March 1, 2004) 

• Instructions 


diagram.htm - The MAHG full 

construction diagrams. 


setup.htm - The MAHG experimental 

tests setups. (March 1, 2004) 

• History: 


mahg1.htm - Documentation of genesis 

phase of the project, in which Alexandar 

Frolov of St. Petersburg, Russia, tested 

inventor, Nicholas Moller's, device (1.0), 

to demonstrate Langmuir's principle. 

(March 1, 2004) 


photos.htm - The MAHG photos album, 

with descriptions and labels. (March 1, 2004) 

• Article: http://jlnlabs.imars.com/mahg/ 

article.htm - Irving Langmuir and Atomic 

Hydrogen by Nicholas Moller 

• Forum: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ 

jlnlabs/ - Naudin's discussion list covers a wide 

array of free energy topics. The forum is 

moderated and selective in what it allows. 

ADDITIONAL READING 

• The Atomic Hydrogen Reaction - Tom 

Bearden introduces William Lyne's book 

Occult Ether Physics. (July 6, 2003) 

• Carnot Excedence - Patent and 

Mathematical Proofs by Kenneth Rauen, Science 

Advisor for PES Network Inc., show that superefficient 

thermodynamic exchange is possible. 

(Pure Energy Systems; June 28, 2004) 

CONTACTS 

• Jean-Louis Naudin : jnaudin509@aol.com 

• Jones Beene : jonesb9@pacbell.net 

• Nicholas Moller : 


wavebalance@icqmail.com 

See also 

• Hydrogen Technologies (index at 

FreeEnergyNews.com) 

• PESN (Pure Energy Systems News) - 

feature stories 

• This Week in Free Energy - Weekly five 

minute blurb. 

Editor’s note: We also advise you such a 

primary source as publications of Faraday 

Lab Ltd about the partial progress on this 

subject on our web-site http://www.faraday.ru 

and in “New Energy Technologies” magazine. 

Now we have exported new devices to 

Australia for testing. We would like to see 

interest of Russian research institutes and 

laboratories to this subject and carry out joint 

experiments with them. 

Frolov A.V. 

Director General of Faraday Lab Ltd. 

Our site http://www.faraday.ru 

Fax 812-3803844 


13

News about Perendev Motor 

Sterling D. Allan 

sterlingda@pureenergysystems.com 

www.pureenergysystems.com 

Phone: +1-801-789-8030 (MST) 

Perendev is Tooling Up for 

Magnetic Motor Mass Production 

in Europe 

All-magnet motor poised to be first to reach 

market. German manufacturer licensed to 

manufacture 20 kw unit for Europe and Russia. 

Estimated cost for first units: $8500 Euros. 

JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA -- For 

centuries, inventors have been claiming to come 

up with magnetic motor designs that use nothing 

more than the power of permanent magnets for 

the motive force; and for the same amount of time, 

mainstream science has responded that this is 

impossible. "It has been proven mathematically 

that no combination of permanent magnets in any 

arrangement will generate power." 

History tells us that what has been proven in many 

people's back yards and garages does not always 

coincide with mathematics of the day. 

Refusing to be daunted by what he considers to 

be petty dogmas of academic science, inventor 

Michael J. Brady of Johannesburg not only claims 

to have produced such a device, but reports that 

his company, Perendev Power Developments Pty 

(Ltd) is now in process of manufacturing it on a 

large scale for markets in Europe, Russia, and 

Australia. 

Perendev's new website was published recently 

at Perendev-Power.com with the assertion that 

they have achieved the milestone of producing 

"the world's first fuelless magnetic engine." 

Other inventors who claim to have built 

working all-magnetic motors would take 

exception to the Perendev claim to being the 

first, as stated on the site. Brady mentioned 

that he had noticed some inaccuracies on the 

wording on the site and that he would be 

addressing them. 

What is yet to be attained by anyone is a marketready 

device. If Perendev continues on the track 

claimed on its site, it could achieve that distinction, 

and set the hitherto balking scientists community 

into motion to come up with theories of why it 

works. 

Brady estimates that the first units will sell for 

around $8500 Euros, but that the price will 

decrease as volume sales increase. 

The site features video footage of an earlier 

prototype running as well as computer 

simulations of the newer designs. The prototype 

video is not skeptic proof, as it does not do a walkaround 

during acceleration. Brady has been 

promising another video that would do a walk 

around before, during, and after motor 

engagement and acceleration followed by 

disengagement and deceleration. 

A page about the motor says that the motor 

works "by focusing the magnetic field, the angles 

of the magnets and a special method of shielding." 

Also, "the motor does not require external power 

to start up." Brady reports that tests run have 

shown no diminution of magnet strength over 

period of motor operation, which was two months 

in one instance. 

As the stators become engaged, the three rotors 

with off-set magnet alignment begin to spin. The 

speed is controlled by a governor. Without the 

speed control, the device would accelerate to 

destruction. 

Brady also states that a 4 megawatt unit is 

plausible with this design, and has been rendered 

in conceptual blue print form. 

A German company has licensed the 

manufacturing and marketing rights for all of 

Europe and Russia, excluding the U.K., and is in 

process of tooling up to begin mass production. 


Two other groups are in process of negotiating 

licensing terms with from Perendev. One is in the 

U.K., for rights to manufacture and market in the 

U.K., and the other is in Australia, for rights down 

under. 

Brady brought a prototype to the Germans in 

mid March, and said they have been testing it since 

that time. The prototype has been undergoing 

testing by TЬV, a German consumer quality 

control agency. 

The name of the German company will be 

revealed when they have finished tooling up 

and are ready to begin production, which Brady 

estimates will take place in a month or two. He 

said that these units will be consumer ready for 

application in home use, pending the stamp of 

approval from TUFF. Brady also plans to allow 

German television crews to document the 

device for public view. 

Twenty kilowatts is adequate to handle the peak 

load of most homes. Ran continuously at that 

rate, the excess produced during average use, 

which is five percent of peak use, could be sold to 

the grid for a quick return on investment. It will 

put out quite a bit more than twenty kilowatts, 

said Brady. "That is what it is rated to produce 

continuously." 

In May he reported to have tested the unit with a 

larger alternator rated at 60 kw "with very little 

degrading of the motor's performance." 

Brady has been churning on this idea for thirty 

years, and actively developing it for approximately 

the last five. "We've been through hell -- no money 

coming from anywhere -- but we made it through." 

A German citizen working in South Africa for a 

Hollywood project came and talked to them and 

told them, "Let's put that behind us and move 

forward. 

MUNICH GERMANY -- Mike Brady's claim 

to a working magnet motor, capable of putting 

out enough torque to run a 30kW generator 

continuously, has been a topic of interest for 

several years. 

He has gone as far as releasing a video of the motor 

in operation, but has not followed up with a 

skeptic-proof video that shows a walk-around 


Fig. 1. Perendev Magnet Motor, Nov. 18, 2004 

during acceleration, rather than just during 

deceleration. He was going to do a big debut on 

German television last Fall, but a series of 

Murphy's law type of problems compounded, and 

that public launch never materialized. 

Though the "30kW" capability is a more recent 

claim, surpassing earlier claims of 5kW and then 

10kW, Brady has been touting near-market 

readiness for at least three years. 

Around the time of the claim to a pending debut 

on German television, Brady had come upon a 

sizeable amount of funding. Part of that was 

manifest in the improved professional look of the 

Perendev-Power website. The site also featured 

a fancy animated version of the motor in action. 

Perhaps because these public demonstrations did 

not materialize, Brady felt he had to show at least 

something. In the past few months, he has also 

been touting several new lines of technology, as if 

they are in-house and in the bag, from an energy 

spark plug to water treatment. In in reality, 

however, at least one of them is held by a company 

out of Australia that had only discussed a possible 

arrangement with Brady, and had not actually 

solidified anything in contract form. 

Presently, the Perendev-Power.com website 

seems to have taken a step backward. Perhaps 

another unpaid bill. 

Another modification of note on the website is 

the addition of the statement: "In Association with 

EADS Space Transportation". In a telephone 

conversation, a representative of EADS said they 

have not heard of Perendev. Perhaps the word 

15

has just not gotten around within EADS yet. I've 

submitted and email asking about this, and am 

awaiting their response. 

Fig. 2. Author with Mike Brady, Dec. 2002, 

Johannesburg 

Fig. 3. June 17, 2003 Prototype Rendering 

Like so many other inventors, Mike Brady tends 

to talk far ahead of himself. Part of that future 

vision in Brady's case includes dreams of dripping 

wealth. Though my first encounters with him gave 

me the impression of a person with an altruistic 

drive to help the planet, since that time it seems 

more apparent to me that for him, money and fame 

have become the primary driving factors. He 

expects to be paid today as if his device actually 

performs like he says it does, when in fact he has 

proven time and again to be misrepresenting just 

how far along he is. 

He somehow seems to continue his work 

despite the clashes that inevitably occur when 

the optimism of the inventor disconnects with 

the rubber-hits-the-road practical nature of the 

investors and business partners. The further a 

technology is from the mainstream, the more 

pronounced this phenomenon seems to become. 

Those that are far enough away from the 

mainstream hardly get any money in the first 

place. Because of his prototype claims, Mike 

has been able to bridge that gap. That does not 

mean, necessarily, that he really is just months 

away from market readiness. Anyone investing 

or considering investing there should be aware 

of this. 

I wish him well. Meanwhile, I've mothballed 

PerenTech.com, to which Perendev.com points. 

However, just because the team I pulled together 

three years ago to manufacture and market 

Brady's device in North America wilted away a 

good many months ago due to delays and broken 

promises from Brady, does not mean that Brady's 

device will never materialize. It merely serves as 

a point of advice for any person or party intending 

to engage. 

A Word of Caution 

I have known Mike Brady since May 2002. At 

that time, when I inquired about his magnetic 

motor, he said, "yes the motor is running and 

almost ready for the market, only the commercial 

packaging [is] still to be done." You will see below, 

in a letter soliciting licensing and investment 

funds, that he is still representing himself and his 

company as being this far along with the magnet 

motor. 

As one who has been intimate to the workings of 

Perendev (I own Perendev.com and I built a team 

to spearhead the manufacturing and marketing 

of his magnet motor in North America), and as 

one who has stood by Mike through much 

skepticism and criticism, I feel I need to issue a 

caution in regard to this most recent development, 

as it involves the actual solicitation of funds. 

Previously this has not been the case. 

Since our team was unable to verify what stage of 

development Mike has really reached with his 

magnet motor and other technology claims, we 

cannot vouch for their readiness to be marketed. 

I do believe he has created something worth while. 

However, in the past I have observed him to 

exhibit a strong tendency to talk far ahead of 

himself, thinking he’s much farther along than he 

really is. Therefore it is important to take all 

statements with a grain of salt, and independently 

verify any claims, which can be difficult not only 

because of the distances involved, but because of 

the difficulty of pinning Mike down at a time when 

he actually has a prototype to view. 


I do not believe Mike is intentionally running a 

scam operation. He believes in what he is doing. I 

will say, though, that his integrity quotient is 

among the lowest I've ever encountered of those 

I would yet consider friends. He makes promises 

readily, but seems to lack a built-in drive to carry 

through with his promises or explain why he is 

not able to deliver as promised. 

One of the most blatant and significant examples 

of this, from a business point of view, was his 

continued promise of patent information (never 

delivered) as well as a skeptic proof demo video 

(never arrived). The one video he did produce 

showed a walk-around after acceleration, not 

during. An in-person demonstration was sought 

and promised on numerous occasions but never 

materialized. 

The first statement in the document for investing 

or licensing supposedly certifies that he/she "has 

had a full and complete opportunity to ask all 

questions concerning Perendev Power 

International AG and its proposed business 

operations" is problematic. Unless the new people 

Mike has aboard his company are more 

forthcoming in cooperating with potential 

investors by providing answers to important 

questions, this provision is not likely to be satisfied. 

Another red flag is that the solicitation mentions 

three new products: "zero-point sparkplugs, 

friction free lubricants and UV water treatment 

products." There is no information at this time on 

the perendev-power website about these new 

products that are allegedly ready for market. You 

would think that if they really did have patents, 

they would put patent numbers next to each item 

claimed. 

Furthermore, the statement says that there are 

no other products like these available. I can 

say that I've heard a number of claims to related 

magnet motors gearing for market. Mike's 

might be the furthest developed according to 

their public pronouncements, but we don't 

know the details about other groups who might 

be more discrete in their pre-market 

development phase. 

There are several other anomalies about this 

solicitation, such as the high price for licensing 

and for stock shares. 


My personal suggestion would be this. If you put 

money into this, be sure it is money you can afford 

to lose. Those who take risks in business don’t do 

so recklessly. Successful venture capitalists read 

the fine print, check the patents, and attend the 

product demos; they don’t put cash on the table 

for wishful thinking or vague promises. The old 

expression “caveat emptor” (buyer beware) is a 

good one to keep in mind for all types of 

investments. 

I would hope that Mike's team can pull off a 

miracle and actually deliver to market one or more 

of the products they are presenting here. The ideas 

sound great. Maybe some day Perendev-Power 

will be a tremendously successful company. Any 

company at its outset has its weak points, 

including flaws in personalities and even some thin 

areas in its individual and group level of integrity. 

Successful companies are able to weed out those 

weaknesses, pull together on a proper footing of 

good business practices, and ultimately offer pretested, 

viable products to investors first and then 

to customers. 

Be sure to do your due diligence such as seeing 

the relevant patents claimed. Don't depend on 

this coming through anytime soon, if at all. It's 

not just about whether or not the technology is 

viable, but it hinges on whether the business team 

can pull it off. My hope is that they will, for the 

sake of the planet 

Perendev Power Taking Orders for 

Magnet Motors 

Manufacturer wishes to gauge level of interest. 

No monies accepted until delivery ready. 

MUNICH, GERMANY -- Perendev Power 

Developments declares on the news page of their 

website that they are now ready to take orders 

for their permanent magnet motors. Magnetic 

forces are the driving power, eliminating the need 

for outside input of fuel or electricity of any kind. 

Combined with an alternator, the unit is said to 

produce 20 kilowatts -- more than enough to 

handle the peak load of most homes. 

Perendev does not yet have units ready to ship, 

though they claim that they have had several 

working prototypes and that they have had some 

independent testing run on their devices, and that 

17

they are gearing up to be able to volumeproduce 

the product. 

The purpose of inviting advance orders is to 

enable the manufacturer to gauge the level of 

interest in the product. 

As similar claim was made around two years 

ago on Perendev's web site, any interested 

parties are advised to keep their hopes in check. 

This is a noteworthy development, but until 

actual product is being delivered, the news is 

not yet groundbreaking. 

Managing Director and inventor Mike Brady 

states that Perendev will not accept any 

payment up front. Rather, they will keep the 

client advised as to the timing for delivery. 

When the product is ready for fulfillment to a 

particular customer, then Perendev will request 

a 50% deposit. The balance for the unit is to be 

paid upon proof that all shipping documents are 

ready to go and fees have been paid. 

Brady anticipates that the unit will cost 

between 9,500 and 10,000 Euros. 

Shipping costs will be paid by the client, and are 

expected to be rather high due to the size and 

weight of the unit, and due to the fact that the 

unit will need to be packaged in such a way as to 

not emit strong magnetic fields. 

Consumers are advised that while this 

development sounds exciting, there are chilling 

bureaucratic obstacles to bear in mind at this early 

stage. Most countries require national laboratory 

certifications of safety and performance, such as 

Underwriter Laboratories (UL) in the U.S. or 

"CE" (European Union standard) in Europe, in 

order for an electrical device such as this to be 

used legally. Non-compliance can result in loss of 

fire insurance or other penalties, forcing the 

market to target at first mainly off-grid 

applications. 

Shipments to countries where the product is still 

officially unknown could incur delays as the 

necessary bureaucratic clearances will need to be 

established. 

Torque applications such as for automobiles or 

industry may also trip over bureaucratic 

stipulations, removing the romance of the 

notion of simply installing the device and 

having "free energy." Obstacles in the way of 

obtaining proper clearances are significant and 

must not be overlooked. 

Extensive field tests and results will need to be 

compiled before such certifications will be 

granted. Furthermore, a new product such as 

this is bound to have performance issues, 

despite the rigorous pre-emptive engineering 

to avoid the same. 

How well will such a unit be able to provide a 

stable power input for commercial application 

Modern electrical appliances are designed to 

operate within a certain window of electrical 

input, including the right frequency as well 

maintenance of the proper energy level. What 

happens to the magnets if they get too hot in 

an enclosed shed or vehicle under intense 

summer sun What happens to the rotating 

magnets if the unit is jarred in a collision 

Possible health implications of such strong 

magnetic forces may lead to calls for healthand-safety 

studies, which are very expensive 

and long-lasting affairs. Whether these studies 

would result in a finding of safety, and 

consequently in issuance of permits to install 

such devices in or near human habitation 

remains unknown. 

Even if Perendev had units ready to ship today, 

this field is early in a pioneering stage. It will be 

years before such a technology becomes 

commonplace even under the best of 

circumstances. 

These issues, and more unforeseen issues that 

will arise, will need to be ironed out. It may take 

years of stable performance history in pioneer 

settings to gain the level of consumer 

confidence required for such a device to become 

as ubiquitous as the computer. 

Meanwhile, for those of an adventurous spirit, 

who understand the risks and restrictions at this 

early stage, Perendev is taking orders. 

While they do not yet have a unit for public 

display, Brady anticipates that they will have 

one soon. "Possibly Dec. 17," he said. He hoped 


to have had one several months ago, but 

Murphey's law seems to have ruled otherwise. 

Part of that delay can be ascribed to the fact that 

Brady, as an inventor, is never satisfied with 

something that works now, if he can see a way to 

improve it -- and as an inventor, he will always see 

the next improvement. Two days ago, he reported 

that he is changing the number of magnets in the 

stator from 6 to 18. That was supposed to have 

been done today. 

As long as he is in a controlling role in the company, 

and as long as he continues to have new ideas, this 

creative cycle will continue. While that is good 

for the technology, it spells perpetual delay for 

impatient consumers and business associates who 

want it now. Although through an inventor’s eyes, 

that see each detail of progress, continually 

unfulfilled deadlines represent additional 

milestones that needed to be made, the delays tend 

to spell "fraud" in the minds of many of those 

impatiently watching and waiting, either as 

customers or associates. 

Brady is confident that his day of vindication is 

soon at hand -- and has been for years. 

Some feel he should follow the example of the 

computer industry and simply release the early 

models, although drawing-board concepts have 

already made them obsolete. Upgrading 

performance and capacity on a regular basis is a 

standard practice in many industries. Taking 

orders is a good first step -- again. 

Perendev Magnetic Motor Analogue 

Winds Down 

Kieth Anderson says he saw the Perendev motor 

running, and that his group has built two different 

working magnetic motor designs, including one that 

is analogous to the Perendev, but that they all 

depleted their magnets under load. 

Message 1 

From: "Keith Anderson" 

 

Date: Mon, 18 Oct 2004 

Subject: Re: New perendev replication 

I have seen first-hand three magnetic motors 

running and have written cost feasibility and 


reproducibility reports on all three. Two of them 

I had in my lab and my staff used the inventors' 

plans to build several working replicas. We also 

went and saw, first-hand, the Perendev device. 

All three designs used "Rare Earth" magnets 

(Neodymium, or more correctly stated, 

Neodymium Iron Boron or NdFeB) and our 

various reproductions used NdFeB, SmCo and 

Ferrite magnets. We did not attempt to 

reproduce the Perendev device because of its 

design proximity to one of the other two. 

The results were always the same: they all run 

down. Under load, they run down very quickly. 

It doesn't take very long for magnets to lose 

their magnetism when they are constantly 

being put in opposition to one another. 

Every magnet has a "maximum energy product" 

rated in Mega Gauss Oersteds, MGOe. This is 

the amount of work a magnet can do before its 

level of magnetism has deteriorated to the point 

that its energy doesn't reach out far enough to 

affect anything surrounding it. Contrary to the 

popular notion that rare earth magnets are 

invincible, even the most expensive sintered 

NdFeB magnets max out at less than 50 MGOe. 

If they are used in a device that puts them 

constantly in opposition, they will run down, and 

this is the whole assumption behind so-called 

"magnetic motors". 

The amount of energy used in manufacturing a 

magnet is typically 10 times what the magnet is 

capable of producing. More expensive magnets 

are even less efficient. Add to this the losses in 

energy incurred by these 33%-66% concept 

magnet devices themselves, and the energy 

consumed in the overall manufacturing process is 

20-25 times the energy you will get out. 

There are situations where these types of 

devices may be useful, but they are not "free 

energy", nor do they represent any sort of 

"overunity" phenomenon, nor any solution to 

the energy crisis. 

Message 2 


 

Date: Mon, 18 Oct 2004 

Subject: Re: New perendev replication 

19

Without putting the magnets in opposition at 

some point during the cycle, and probably for at 

least 33% of the time, you will have the same 

problem that exists with the many hypothetical 

gravity motor designs that don't work. What goes 

up, comes down. Nothing will simply come down 

without having gone up first. 

You have to treat magnets a lot like springs from 

a design standpoint, although the mechanics of 

magnetism aren't as simple as that of springs. 

There are billions of spring-powered motors in 

the world: clocks, toys, etc. They all run down. 

Nobody will ever design a spring-powered motor 

that runs forever without winding. 

Message 3 


 

Sent: Wednesday, October 27, 2004 

Subject: RE: your visit to Perendev 

My company was paid to evaluate the Perendev 

device, and it was brought to Colorado during the 

summer of this year. As with the case of many of 

our contract jobs, the identity of the client and 

details of the testing process are confidential, but 

because the general results are so similar to the 

others we have tested, it wasn't a breach of our 

confidentiality agreement to state the general 

result in the "Energy2000" group. It should also 

be noted that the Perendev device is not a novel 

design, and the patent is therefore subject to legal 

challenge. 

I'm not so arrogant as to believe our tests are 

100% conclusive, but it's a fact that magnets are 

not "permanent", and because they are the sole 

source of energy behind the Perendev device and 

similar inventions, they are not a persistent or 

inexpensive source of energy. You might consider 

the diversionary/science kit market as an option 

for the Perendev design. 

Message 4 


 

To: "Sterling D. Allan" 

Sent: Wednesday, October 27, 2004 

Subject: RE: your visit to Perendev 

My parent company is Solar Thermal Energy 

Project (STEP) Corporation, and the STEP 

Group of Companies, with multiple locations, 

but will soon be consolidating to Utah where 

our $50 million STEP Solar Energy Park will 

be under construction starting next year. 

The company that paid for the evaluation was 

someone interested in the Perendev device 

from a business standpoint, and they handcarried 

it to Colorado where we tested it. I am 

unsure whether it was the original machine or a 

duplicate. We were paid in advance to perform 

the tests according to a negotiated contract. 

This is an old client, and confidentiality is part 

of the reason they keep coming back to us. 

I have recently been directed to the Perendev 

web site where videos are shown of an operating 

Perendev magnetic device. I can confirm that 

the device does, in fact, spin as shown in the 

video. I can also say I was surprised at the claims 

they make on that web site. 

Counter Point: Magnets Don't 

Demagnetize When Kept Within 

Their Rating 

People know that in a car, you don't run the 

engine rpm's up into the red line, and certainly 

you don't go above the read line without risking 

your engine, not just for that moment, but 

henceforth. You damage the engine. 

Same thing holds true of magnets. If you stress 

them, they will demagnetize. This has been 

shown in the laboratory. Magnet specialists 

know what a magnet's capabilities are, and 

know what the magnet's limits are. 

If a magnetic motor is designed to stay within 

the magnet's tolerances, then conceivably, 

demagnetization should not occur. 

Holds True in Electro-Magnetic 

Motors 

"There are many Permanent Magnet motors 

in the world that continually apply similar 

magnetic loading forces as what the Perendev 

motor might experience. As long as the motors 

are not abused and properly cooled (and not 

overloaded or stalled in locked rotor mode), 

the magnets typically last for thousands of 

hours. 


"However, if the motor is overloaded such that 

the magnets get too hot, they will lose their power 

(or “Demag” themselves). This is why cooling and 

proper loading is absolutely critical – even more 

so here as you don’t have an auxiliary source of 

energy as in typical electric motors." 

Sterling's Comment -- Wind Turbine 

Analogy 

If a magnetic motor were feasible, I had envisioned 

that it would be operating like a turbine -- tapping 

into some magnetic field in a way not yet fully 

understood by science. I would like to think that 

Mike Brady will yet come through. He claims to 

have tested the gauss of his magnets and that it 

does not weaken in any detectible way. 

Mike Brady Knows of No Test in 

Colorado 

Kieth Anderson replies that he cannot divulge 

client specifics. What he can say is: "Prior to the 

contract we were told it was the Perendev motor 

and were referred to the web site. I don't believe 

we had any further conversation about the origin 

of the device." [Speculation: could be a reverse 

engineered job] 

Gravity engine 

A.N. Sakharov 

Saint Petersburg, Russia 

+7 (812) 434-32-36 

ascold@mail333.com 

Is it possible to make the earth's gravitational 

field serve as an energy source Not all people 

consider this question absurd. Numerous 

attempts to design engines able to produce 

work without energy consumption, which use 

the influence of gravity of weights moving in a 

closed cycle, are known. Engines of this kind 

were called a "perptuum mobile" or a 

"perpetual motion machine" because their 

energy source is an inexhaustible gravity force. 

"Orffyreus' wheel" set in motion by weights 

moving inside the wheel and creating a noncentral 

moment of forces during rotation of the 

wheel was famous in the beginning of the XVIII 

century. The wheel not only rotated 

continuously with a frequency of 26-50 rev/ 

min depending on its size but also allowed 

producing yield, for example, rising a weight 

with a mass of 16 kg at a height of 1.5 m. Over 

dozens of years, Orffyreus openly 

demonstrated different models of his wheel. Its 

operation was repeatedly tested by famous 

scientists and official establishments. A 

German prince, Karl, who knew its design, gave 

him a certificate for the Orffyreus' perpetual 

motion machine with the speed of 26 rev/min 

and able to produce yield. Under the control of 

a competent commission, in 1717, the wheel 

operated for forty days in a closed sealed up 

room and it was still rotating with the speed of 26 

rev/min when a sudden check-up was carried out. 

The experiments continued while the wheel was 

repeatedly removed and the committee 

thoroughly searched for a possibility of hidden 

wires' existence. 

Peter the Great was interested in the engine after 

he had been convinced in its efficiency by people 

whom he trusted. He was even going to buy it at 

a fabulous price; however, his unexpected death 

prevented this project. Despite the fact that one 

of Orffyreus' supervisors was Professor 

W.J.Gravesande, a close friend of Newton, the 

scientific community could not bear with the 

possibility of the perpetual motion machine's 

existence. Some people even offered a big sum of 

1,000 marks to a person who would expose 

Orffyreus. Besides the fact that this prize stayed 

unclaimed, the scientific community was 

reassured by the appearance of a lampoon, which 

explained the effect of the invention as the 

following: supposedly, a thin rope was attached to 

the wheel's axle and a brother or a maidservant of 

Orffyreus made the wheel rotate with the help of 

this rope. An author of the lampoon said that 

this exposure was caused by a fight between 

them and Orffyreus. 


21

Despite ineptitude of such an "exposure", the 

scientific community could more easily believe 

in the complete incompetence of Professor 

Gravesande, prince Karl and other respectable 

participants of numerous tests of Orffyreus' 

wheel than assume the possibility of existence 

of a phenomenon, which was beyond the 

established ideology. In 1775, Paris Academy 

of Sciences refused to consider perpetual 

motion machines at all because they did not 

exist. And the same Academy refused to 

consider the existence of meteorites because 

the possibility of stones falling from the sky was 

thought absurd. After the law of energy 

conservation had been formulated in the XIX 

century, the question of the possibility of 

perpetual motion machines' existence was 

finally buried as contradicting mathematical 

and physical laws. A paradoxical situation often 

happened when a working device posed as a 

Perpetuum mobile was demonstrated but no 

scientifically grounded refutation followed. 

Usually such a situation ended up with a 

magazine lampoon, as it happened in the case of 

Orffyreus' wheel. 

A perpetuum mobile model shown at Paris 

exhibition in the middle of XIX century can be 

an example of such a pseudo-exposure. The 

engine had a form of a continuously rotating 

wheel with weights moving inside it. People 

interested could stop it by making a strong 

effort; after that the wheel continued rotating. 

A journalistic "exposure" of the perpetuum 

mobile was a presence of a spring in the wheel. 

Ostensibly, the spring became twisted during 

the device's stop and was a source of rotation 

energy. It is interesting that no scientists 

disputed such an "exposure". 

How can the law of energy conservation work if 

the engine's wheel continues rotating while 

energy is always spent for its stop Possibly, there 

was a flywheel inside a wheel with the spring 

attached to it, which became twisted during the 

wheel's stop by the flywheel's inertia while a 

locking device connected to the frame prevented 

the flywheel from untwisting. Thus, the spring 

created the effort necessary for starting the 

wheel's motion after a stop. Further motion could 

happen only due to the weights' motion inside the 

wheel. By the way, Orffyreus' wheel needed an 

effort imparting initial velocity of rotation, too. 

Undoubtedly, due to the shirking position of the 

scientists, many perpetuum mobile projects 

originated from wrong suppositions but this does 

not mean that all demonstrated models were the 

results of a counterfeit or incompetence. An 

objective of real science is the search for truth 

instead of conservation of the previous paradigm 

at any price. That is why, if there are facts 

contradicting it, they should be objectively 

studied and, if necessary, the science paradigm 

should be changed instead of rejecting the facts 

without grounds. 

The regular crisis of physics happening in the end 

of the XX and the beginning of XXI centuries 

makes scientists revise many physical theses. For 

example, the question of existence of aether or 

"physical vacuum", which is a medium having 

inexhaustible reserves of potential energy where 

electromagnetic waves spread, is the order of the 

day again. 

The existing idea of the nature of matter and force 

fields, particularly the gravity one, must be revised. 

Finally, it is time to understand what the 

fundamental concepts, force and mass are because 

physics is still satisfied with the ideas of the XVIII 

century, when force was determined by mass and 

mass was determined by inertia. And it is still not 

understood what inertia is. Probably, the scientific 

paradigm, particularly the physics' one, can 

greatly change soon. The changes can also concern 

the existing interpretation of the law of energy 

conservation and, therefore, the scientific 

approach to the possibility of designing of the 

perpetuum mobile, i.e. a device able to produce 

yield using energy from a force field or directly 

from physical vacuum. 

In order to hasten this process, besides a 

description of another perpetual motion 

machine's design given in this article, it is 

suggested to consider its validity from the 

physics' point of view not overstepping the limits 

of the existing paradigm except the ban against 

the possibility of such a machine's existence. 

A basic model of the suggested gravity engine 

consists of hollow cylinders with pistons fixed at 

a flexible base of the type of a closed belt. The 

base is stretched on two freely rotating wheels 

with axles, placed one under another, fixed on the 

frame. Moving around the wheels, the belt with 


Fig. 1 

Fig. 2 

the cylinders can move in the vertical 

direction in such a way that, on the one side 

of the device, they go up while, on the other 

side, they go down. The cylinders are equally 

spaced along the belt and fixed by their sides 

in such a way that a bottom of each cylinder 

is placed opposite the open side of the 

cylinder next to it (Fig. 1). There is a useful 

capacity in each cylinder, which is bounded, 

on the one side, by its bottom and, on the 

other side, by a free-moving piston, a massive 

weight attached to its external side. A 

connecting pipe is fixed into each cylinder's 

bottom, an end of a flexible hose put on it, 

while another end of the hose is put on the 

cylinder's hose, which is placed on the belt in 

the diametrically opposite position (Fig. 2). 

Flexible hoses connecting useful capacities 

of each couple of the cylinders (1-7, 2-8, 3- 

9… and so on) through the houses can be fixed 

on the belt, where the cylinders are fixed. In 

the vertical position of the system, the 

weights with the pistons will go down under 

the influence of gravity force. On the left 

side, the piston of each cylinder will go to its 

bottom while, on the right side, to the 

contrary, each piston will move away from 

the bottom as much as the cylinder's length 

allows and completely empty its useful 

capacity. 

If we will move the belt clockwise, the pistons 

inside the cylinders will move in such a way 

that one whole useful capacity will account 

for each couple of the cylinders. The belt's 

motion will be limited only by friction force 

because motion of the pistons with the 

weights inside the cylinders must not change 

the impulse of the whole system due to the 

fact that their motion is carried out in the 

left and the right cylinders at the same time 

and completely neutralizes their influence on 

the belt's motion. Thus, we can assert that, if 

there are no friction forces, no energy is 

needed for the belt's motion. If now, when the 

cylinders' position is fast, all empty useful 

capacities are filled with water (or another 

liquid) and connected with houses, it will be 

found that, on the right side, there are more 

vertical cylinders filled with water than on 

the left side. Due to the fact that the weight 

of the right cylinders will be heavier than the 


23

weight of the left ones by the weight of the 

water filling the useful capacities, an 

additional force will influence the right side 

of the belt and create a rotary moment of the 

systems: 

Z=mgNR (1), 

where m is the mass of the water in the useful 

capacity; g is the acceleration of free fall; N 

is the number of the cylinders filled with 

water in the vertical sector of the belt; R is 

the wheel's radius. 

Thus, the belt will rotate clockwise. When the 

cylinder filled with water will pass the lowest 

point and occupy a vertical position, the 

piston will press the water out of the cylinder 

under the influence of gravity force. At the 

same time, in the upper cylinder, which is 

connected with it, the piston will go down 

under the influence of the weight and draw 

the water from the lower cylinder into its 

useful capacity. Both weights will operate in 

the same direction under the influence of 

gravity force overcoming a pressure of a 

liquid spout with height H (where h is an 

upright distance from the bottom of the left 

lower cylinder to the bottom of the right 

upper one). A condition of the water raise will 

be determined by the excess of the sum of 

pressures created by two weights over a 

pressure created by water spout H: 

2Mg/s ρgH (2), 

where M is the mass of the weight; s is the 

sectional area of the cylinder's useful 

capacity; ρ is the specific density of the liquid. 

it follows that an optimal height of water 

rises: 

H = 2M/sρ (3). 

Due to the fact that, if the lower cylinder is 

located vertically, the water from it raises up 

to height H in the upper cylinder, which is 

connected with it, the system increases its 

potential energy by a value of 

E 0 

= mgH (4) 

under the influence of gravity force inside the 

cylinders. The water mass corresponds with 

the cylinder's useful capacity: 

m = ρsL (5), 

where L is a length of the useful capacity. 

Using (4) and taking into account (3) and (5), 

the potential energy increase can be 

expressed as 

E 0 

= 2MgL (6), 

which is equivalent to the work produced 

during motion of the weights under the 

influence of gravity force in both cylinders. 

Thus, the described system is a gravity 

engine of perpetual mobile type able to 

produce yield using only gravity force. 

Thus, the gravity engine's power will be 

determined by a quantity of the cylinders 

passing through a permanent point of the 

system (n) per second and efficiency (η) 

taking into account friction losses: 

W=nE 0 

η (7) 

Under permanent speed of the belt's motion 

(V): 

n=V/(L+d) (8), 

where d is the interval between adjoining 

capacities of the cylinders. Putting (7) into 

expressions (6) and (8), we obtain an 

expression of the power as: 

W=2MgVηL/(L+d) (9) 

It can be seen that a maximal power can be 

obtained by a possible increase of the belt's 

motion and placing the cylinders on the belt 

with minimal allowable intervals. 

However, it is early to talk about efficiency 

and future possibilities of the gravity engine 

without making an experimental test. 

The author would be thankful for critics and 

discussion the model proposed. 


Arctic squall will heat up 

paradoxes of gas structures 

S. Geller 

Rostov-on-Don, Russia 

Tel. +7-863-270-13-49, 

carma555@mail.ru 

Conditions of the Russian North are rough, 

especially taking into account the insufficient 

energy carrier’s supply. When a man is in 

difficult straits, his nature makes him think 

keenly in order to find resources. The suggested 

gas-dynamic heating system corresponds with 

such an approach. I think this system will 

become important (but I regret that it will be 

so difficult to find an “understanding” investor). 

As early as in 1852, W. Tomson invented a 

“dynamic heating” aiming to take the internal 

energy of dank London smog by work inputs 

(during coal firing). An operation of such a heat 

pump is based on a so called refrigeration cycle 

(heat transfer to a higher temperature level). 

Tomson’s idea was realized in the XX century 

as air-conditioner split-systems, which are in 

almost all offices now. 

But tundra is not an office. As a rule, there is no 

place to put an air-conditioner’s plug into there. 

I call readers’ attention to a completely 

autonomous kind of heat pump. 

The gas-dynamic heating system takes heat 

from cold wind, which is an actuating body. 

First, the actuating body is pressed by a 

mechanical energy of wind (a work, which is 

necessary for “reverse” cycles). A heat 

gathering tool is a thermotransformer, a reliable 

device without moving parts. Its operation 

includes direct and reverse thermodynamic 

cycles. 

A number of thermotransformers are known 

(even thermochemical ones). In the gasdynamic 

heating system, I provided for a 

combined use of a vortex thermotransformer 

and a so called “resonance pipe”. When used 

together, the vortex and the “resonance pipe” 

mutually strengthen each other increasing 

heating coefficient of the system. Processes 

taking place in these devices will be described 

below. I must note that any given explanation 

of a thermotransformer’s operation will find its 

opponents (different scientific schools have no 

accordance concerning this problem). But it is 

absolutely obvious that the vortex device can 

considerably shake the academic hydrodynamic 

views. I will concentrate on this later. 

A vortex thermotransformer was invented by 

a Frenchman, J. Ranque, in 1931. In his simple, 

as all great things, invention, complicated 

processes based on structuring of the actuating 

body occur. Some aspects of vortex structures 

were described in my article “Marshal Vortex” 

(“Engineer, 1993. #45). Many interesting 

things can be found in sources [1], [2], [3]. 

Vortexes have become a favorite object of 

synergy’s study not without reason. Vortexes’ 

tendency to self-organization is sometimes 

displayed quite nontrivially. For example, at 

great ocean depths, hundreds of quickly 

rotating discoid objects – lenses with a 

diameter of up to eighty kilometers were 

discovered [4]. The lenses are formed during 

seawater flowing into the ocean; they live up 

to ten years keeping their initial hydrologic 

properties! These structures are a typical 

example of so called anti-entropic processes 

(the processes when complex items are formed 

from simpler ones). 

Let us return to Ranque’s vortex 

thermotransformer. Due to tangential lead in 

of the pressed gas into an energy division 

chamber (Fig. 1), a complex vortex flow is 

formed, which has a huge radial temperature 

gradient. The initial one flow is divided into a 

cold part led out from a diaphragm and a hot 

flow led out through a throttle. Ranque’s energy 


25

A new view on thermotransformation process allowed me to invent 

a new kind of a thermotransformer with better energy efficiency. 

I am searching for an investor (for patenting and realization). 

Actuating body inlet (P 0 

, T 0 

) 

Hot stream (P 1 

, T 1 

) 

Cold stream (P 2 

, T 2 

) 

To the resonance pipe’s 

nozzle (Fig. 3, pos. 2) 

Figure 1. Ranque’s vortex thermotransformer (the classical design) 

1 – spiral gas supply; 2 – energy division chamber; 3 – diaphragm; 4 – throttle-unswirler; 

5 – resonator (a noise blanking device); 6 – reflector (adjustable); 

7 – fitting for cooled gas outlet; 8 – counter-nut; 9 – external beading. 

division chamber had a form of a tube. Its forms 

have been improved over seventy years; this 

can be seen in Fig. 1 (an internal cylinder-conic 

cavity, a resonator for noise blanking, an 

external fanning). It is still unknown how 

thermotransformation occurs, though there are 

a lot of theories claiming to explain this process 

[5]. It is impossible, for example, to base the 

thermotransformation explanation on the 

molecular-kinetic theory (including centrifugal 

and pressure forces in a model) because molecules 

moving along a free path run, as it is well known, 

uniformly and in straight lines. Attempts to use 

average environmental parameters in the 

thermotransformer’s chamber will lead into a 

dead end. In 1895, Osborn Reynolds suggested 

to describe a kinematics of the vortical motion 

on basis of statistical (probabilistic) 

characteristics. But even now manuals (for 

example, [6]) impose such a disputable approach. 

If we translate a “probabilistic nature” into 

ordinary language, it means that vorticity is an 

effect, which occurs sporadically, i.e. it is a rather 

vague, unstable substance. Then, this ephemeral 

instability can easily, for instance, cut a tail unit 

of 300 aerobus (as it happened above a New 

York suburb on the 12th of November 2001. 

And a vortex trail of a Japanese air liner, which 

took off a couple minutes earlier, was just the 

“instability”). However, a life time of an air 

structure (the vortex trail) is much less than 

that of the above mentioned vortex lenses. 

I think it is obvious now that it is rather difficult 

but also very important to describe the energy 

division process. It must be taken into account 

that Ranque’s vortex device is the first example 

of the anti-entropic systems designed. If an 

initial gas in the chamber is expanded, entropy 

(a disorder degree) decreases! A Nobel Prize 

laureate Ilya Prigozhin has created 

thermodynamics of irreversible processes. But 

even it cannot completely explain the discrepancy 

between real processes in the vortex 

thermotransformer and theoretical consequences 

of the second law of thermodynamics. It remains 

only to be happy because scientific orthodoxes 

have now less opportunities to hamper anything, 

which does not fall into their a priori patterns. I 

will give a historical fact, which directly 

concerns the article’s topic. 

In the beginning of the 1960th, the Soviet press 

attracted attention to a phenomenon of 

“Babiegorodsky pereulok”. In a basement of one 

of the houses of this Moscow side street, a 

group of physics (“odd fellows”) found out that 


their experimental device produces more heat 

than it consumes electric energy. After 

discussions, which took place during a year (while 

the main arguments concern “Materialism and 

empirical criticism” work and not physical laws), 

a label of a “pseudo-science” has been stuck on the 

experiments. The object of this “ostracism” is 

interesting: the enthusiasts have designed... a 

prototype of the heat pump outstripping western 

and Japanese producers of air-conditioners of 

“winter-summer” type for two decades! At that 

careless time, when everyone took a great 

interest in growing corn beyond the Polar 

circle, an invention of a 23-years-old lieutenant, 

Vladislav Ivanov, was rejected. The invention 

was a computerized tomographic system. In 

1983, after 23 years, Ivanov obtained an already 

completely useless author's certificate # 

1112266 for “the method of determination of 

material bodies’ internal structure”. Americans 

P. Lauteburg and R. Damadian gained public 

acknowledgement as inventors of the 

tomographic system. It was too late for us. 

Vortex thermotransformers were luckier because 

they came from the West. Scientific bureaucrats 

traditionally considered foreign innovations 

important (I.V. Stalin made A.N. Tupolev copy “a 

flying super-fortress” B29). It is interesting that 

it did not prevent Stalin from imprisoning others 

for “the blind worship of the West”. Soviet 

researchers A. Merkulov, A. Azarov, A. Martynov, 

Sh. Piralishvily, V. Volov and others have 

considerably developed “the point of increase” 

determined by Ranque and a German researcher 

Hilsch. Domestic “vortexes” are successfully 

operating in all known media but in a rather limited 

range of actuating bodies’ consumption (by an 

order less than the gas-dynamic heating system 

requires). It is helpful that vortexes can use cold 

actuating bodies (an adiabatic efficiency increases 

during cooling of a wall of the energy division 

chamber). Hence, we can easily lead an arctic wind 

in a package of transformers (pos. 3, Fig. 2), if we 

caught it previously by an air intake and pressed 

it. This “expropriated” heat is led to radiator 5 

heating the object. I am not going to discuss how 

to press the actuating body. 

Let us now speak about a vortex’s partner, i.e. a 

resonance tube. In it, a gas flow is ordered (we 

have to do here with a periodic wave structure). I 

do not know whether Ranque discovered his effect 


Figure 2. A scheme of dynamic heating. Its 

“cycle operation” is made by cold wind 

1 – heated object; 2 - air inlet (turns to wind); 

3 - thermotransformer ; 4 - fitting warm air 

outlet; 5 – radiator; 6 - discharge pipes with 

aspirators; 7 - thermo-insulation; 8 - hot-well; 

9 - functional pressure block. 

by accident, but Schprenger’s effect, which 

underlies the resonance tube’s operation, was 

discovered by chance during analysis of industrial 

objects’ accidents (particularly chemical plants). 

It was found out that braking of a high-speed gas 

stream in a half-open space (a “glass”) can cause 

blast waves, which bring the “glass” to a great heat 

of up to thousands of degrees (a “storm in a 

teacup” can be terrific!). In order to reproduce 

the effect, Schprenger determined 

interconnections between a geometry of a setting 

(a nozzle and the “glass”), a speed and a pressure 

of the stream of the “initiating” gas. This allowed 

finding an engineering application of the effect. 

Simple and reliable fuse-devices for gas are one of 

the examples of the effect’s use. The process has a 

resonance nature; that is why the device was 

named the “resonance tube”. In Russia, “resonance 

tubes” have being also actively studied as 

cryogenerators (the gas gives heat to the 

”glass” and, according to the energy 

conservation law, refrigerates). 

Thus, the “resonance tube” is just another type 

of the thermotransformer, simpler than the 

vortex concerning the geometry calculation but 

having less efficiency. In my opinion, both 

devices will perfectly work together. A more 

complete heat gathering is achieved by 

directing a cooled air from the nipple 7 of the 

vortex thermotrasformer (Fig. 1) in nozzle 2 of 

27

Actuating body inlet 

(particularly, inlet of a cold 

stream from the diaphragm – 

Fig. 1) 

Heated heat 

carrier +∆t 

(to radiator 5, fig. 2) 

Heat carrier 

inlet 

Figure 3. Resonance pipe 

1 – body; 2 – nozzle; 3 – cup; 4 – heat exchanger; 5 – regular pulsation zone; 

6 – opening for cooled gas outlet. 

The conditions necessary for thermotransformation are the following: 

V – stream speed (a function of pressures P and P’ and also of the nozzle’s form); 

Certain mutual ratios expressed by dimensions H, l, D and d. 

the resonance tube (Fig. 3); the exhaust flow 

from the vortex thermotrasformer is not wasted 

but transformed into the actuating body for the 

“resonance tube”. The author knows no attempts 

to use the vortex thermotrasformer and the 

“resonance tube” with as much actuating body’s 

consumption as it is in the gas-dynamic heating 

system. Although its elements are known 

separately, they obtain new properties being 

combined like that and allow thermostating 

objects, which are remote from electric energy 

supply (in field conditions). 

References 

1. Gupta and others. Swirling flows. M. Mir, 1987. 

2. S. Geller. On the ejection air supply in the burnt gases’ 

exhaust system. // Motor-car industry. 1995. # 1. 

3. S. Geller, Bermant Yu. The method f hydrodynamic 

influence and “Tantsuyuschaya zvezda” device for its 

realization. Patent of the Russian Federation # 2 175 272. 

4. Unknown floating plates. // Znaniye sila. 1990. 

5. Information bulletin # 89190 of Leningrad 

Interindustrial Technical Research Institute,1989. 

6. A. Bogomolov, K. Mikhaylov. Hydraulics: a manual for 

hydraulic engineering specialities of higher education’s 

institute. M., 1972. p.99. 


VORTEX LIQUID HEATERS 

S. Geller 

Rostov-on-Don, Russia 

Tel. +7-863-270-13-49, 

CARMA555@MAIL.RU 

1. Vortex liquid heaters (VLH) 

Recently, between the millenniums, a lot of 

materials concerning the excessive heat 

generation by VLH have been published. 

According to the words of VLH developers, 

these heat devices belong to hydro-dynamic 

type and are remarkable for an unusually high 

efficiency, i.e. a ratio of the produces heat to 

the consumed energy. For example, numerical 

values of the efficiency of heatgenerators 

suggested in sources [1], [2] almost reach one 

while values of the generators suggested in [3], 

[4] exceed it within the limits of a possible 

mistake of calorimetric measurements and 

values of the generators suggested in [5], [6] 

and [7] exceed one by a few times! Are vortex 

liquid heaters extra-efficient 

All VLH, in spite of the variety of their designs, 

are noted for two common peculiarities: 

- only liquid, mainly water, is used as an 

actuating body; 

- the water is specially mechanically treated. 

The treatment is called mechanoactivation. 

Mechanoactivation process consists in that 

water is rendered moving in complex irregular 

way by mechanical influence. Choose of motion 

type imperted to water is made, as a rule, using 

“the more complex the better” principle. There 

are no reasonable theories and well-founded 

selection criteria considering this. 

Choise of a motion type imperted to the water 

is made, as a rule, using a “the more complex, 

the better” principle. There are no reasonable 

theories considering this. 

it is possible to find three main types of VLH: 

• passive tangential, 

• passive axial and 

• active. 


Passive ones are VLH of the static type, which 

do not contain moving parts in devices of the 

liquid flow formation. Mechanical activation in 

these generators results from interaction of 

moving liquid with motionless elements of the 

work chamber, which are made and located in 

such a way to turbulize the flow as much as 

possible. 

Passive VLH are distinguished by the method 

of liquid flow bringing in the work chamber, 

which can be tangential or axial. 

Active VLH include generators, where 

mechanical activation of the actuating body 

results from influence of generator’s moving 

activating elements on liquid. The elements can 

be rotating, swinging or moving in a complex way. 

Method of liquid flow bringing in the work 

chamber of the active VLH has no fundamental 

significance. The motion type of the moving 

activating element is more important for this 

type of generators. 

It is important to note that passive VLH with 

tangential bringing in of the liquid flow by no 

means is not a modification of widely known 

vortex [7] based on Ranque-Hilsh effect and 

assigned for thermo-transformation of a gas 

flow. Often met analogies (even among 

authors of VLH!) with vortexes explain 

nothing and only create confusion. 

Fundamental difference of VLH from 

Ranque’s vortex consists in absence of 

gaseous actuating body [1], hence, it is a 

question of cardinally diffrenet working 

processes. 

Let us consider a design philosophy of each of 

the distinguished groups. 

Basic elements of this device are streamtwirling 

device 1, work vortex chamber 2 with 

29

Hot water 

Cold water 

Fig.1 

outlet fitting 3 and brake device 4 (see Fig. 1). 

Sometimes the VLH has additional overflow 

pipe 5. 

In the simplest case, the stream-twirling device 

of the generator is made in the form of an inlet 

fitting providing for bringing in a coldwater 

flow from the force-pump to the the periphery 

of the vortex chamber. In the cylindrical 

chamber, the flow twirls and moves to the axled 

outlet fitting where it is hampered by the 

specila device. In the process of vortex motion 

and braking, the liquid in the work chamber is 

activated, heated and hot water flows from the 

outlet fitting. A part of hot water can be 

transferred from the outlet to the inlet through 

the overflow pipe in order to improve a VLH’s 

efficiency. 

In modifications of vortex generators, streamtwirling 

devices are made with screw or spiral 

profiles of work chambers, with uniform or 

converging cross-sections, with one or more 

work chambers, with one or several tangential 

inlets, with inlets in the form of swirl atomizers 

etc. [2], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14]. 

Work chambers of these heatgenerators can be 

single straight-flow, double counterflow, 

cylindrical, conical, of complex form (up to 

toroid one) etc. [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], 

[21], [22], [23]. 

Designs of brakes are also various: from streamline 

bodies to straightener blades [6], [17]. 

A passive VLH with an axial inlet of the liquid 

flow is even simpler. Its main elements are work 

chamber 1 with inlet fitting 2 and restriction 3 

with outlet fitting 4 (see fig. 2). Sometimes 

VLH has additional flow former 5. The 

restriction of such VLH (a diaphragm, a nozzle, 

a throttle, a draw plate etc.) is usually a partition 

with a hole installed in the work chamber. 

Cold water 

Hot water 

Fig. 2 


In the passive axial VLH, different diafragms 

are used: with cylindrical, conical, fissured or 

spiral holes, with one or more holes, with axial 

or shifted holes, with one or several successively 

installed partitions etc. [24], [25], [26], [27], 

[28], [29], [30]. 

Besides passive VLH with tangential and axial 

inlets, generators of a mixed type are used. They 

use stream-twirling devices and diagrams at the 

same time in order to increase an efficiency of 

their work. 

In VLH of the third group, active ones, 

mechanoactivation is carried out by moving 

activators located in their work chambers; as a 

rule, they belong to a rotor type (see Fig. 3). 

A rotor is fixed at power shaft 2 and rotating 

inside cylindrical work chamber 3, which has 

inlet 4 and outlet 5 fittings and brake device 6. 

During supply of a cold water to the inlet 

fitting of an active generator, the water is 

forcibly twirling by the rotating rotor, 

accelerated, partially activated and heated and 

moves towards the motionless brake device. 

It is hampered and additionally activated 

there and is led outside through the outlet 

fitting. 

Types of active VLH vary according to a design 

of rotors and brake devices. The rotors and 

brake devices can be made in the form of 

turbines with straight or profiled blades, 

figures of revolution with longitudinally 

profiled surfaces, perforated cylindrical or 

conical drums, uni-directional or oppositely 

rotating perforated discs and others [30], 

[31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], 

[39], [40]. 

In each of the distinguished groups of VLH, 

special operation modes can be additionally 

formed in order to promote activation of the 

liquid and, as a result, increase of the heat 

production. For these purposes, variable 

statistical pressures are set in the work 

chamber [41], self-oscillaltion are excited in the 

liquid [42], additional vortex flows are formed 

in an ortoganal direction of the main flow [43], 

percussion braking of counter flows, ultrasonic 

machining of the liquid is carried out [45] etc. 

Besides mechanical methods of intensification, 

electrophysical ones are sometimes used: 

magnetization of the liquid [32], [46], impulse 

radiation treatment of the liquid in an optical 

range [47], an electrical current running 

through the liquid [32] and even... a 

cosmological vector potential influencing the 

liquid [48]. 

In spite of absence of moving parts and high 

maintainability of the passive heaters, VLH of 

the active type can turn out to be more 

perspective for a practical use because they 

provide for more efficient mechanoactivation 

of the liquid. 

It was and still is unknown what causes heating 

of the liquid in all types of VLH. Since a 

temperature increase of the water at the exit 

of the generator as a result of direct 

transformation of work into heat due to the 

liquid’s internal friction, dispersion of an energy 

of acoustic vibrations etc., advantages of 

hydro-dynamic heatgenerators are brought to 

the simplisity of their design. 

It is significant that, during VLH operation, a 

water temperature at the exit can reach boilingpoint 

in the event that total energy inputs for 

Hot water 

Cold water 

Fig. 3 


31

the water heating are evidently insufficient for 

producing such a result. 

Using a usual and rather plausible 

calorimeter procedure, a measured increase 

of the quantity of heat produced by the 

generator per unit of time can considerably 

exceed a measured energy consumed by the 

generator during the same period of time. 

Efficiency of the heating becomes specially 

notable if a temperature of an initial water 

subjected to mechanoactivation is (66.5 3.5)C, 

[3], [4], [5]. Energy inputs for the water heating 

with initial temperature t = 66.5C are minimal 

and obviously inequivalent to the heat quantity, 

which is required for this. 

Such facts require an explanation, therefore, 

different, sometimes rather unexoected 

hypotheses about “the reasons of the extraproductivity 

of hydro-dynamic 

heatgenerators” have been suggested. 

For example, according to work [49], 

production of the excessive heat is connected 

with the theory of world aether. It is also 

suggested naming the heat production effect 

after V.A. Kochetkov, who considers this effect 

as a merely aether effect. A supporting data is 

provided. 

In work [14], on the basis of the the virial law 

proven already by R. Klausis, it is affirmed that 

any accelerated rotation motion of an actuating 

body must be accompanied by a discharge of a 

part of its self-energy in the form of heat and, 

therefore, by a temperature increase. 

In work [50], it is suggested that one of the 

reasons of the excessive heat can be chemical 

reactions of the actuating body – water and its 

solutes – stimulated by an influence of 

hypothetical torsion fields. 

In article [51], the excessive heat is considered 

as an emanation of the energy of physical 

vacuum (!); in work [52] it is considered as a 

result of cold fusion using exotic anions and 

ersions; and in above mentioned work 48, it is 

considered as an influence of the “cosmological 

vector potential”. However, if we take into 

account a possibility to "deceive” a supply 

meter by a thyristor transducer, which 

increases a frequency of a current supplied to 

the pump drive (a know-how of a “pioneer”, 

Mr. Potapov), everything becomes more than 

simple! 

2. Mechanoactivation 

Researches of the mechanoactivated water’s 

properties have being carried out for quite a 

long time [53], [54], [55]. 

It has been found out that many of liquid’s 

physical qualities can reversibly change as a 

result of a liquid’s mechanical treatment. For 

example, numerical values of relative statistical 

dielectric penetrability ε, heat capacity C, light 

refraction coefficient n and others of the 

mechanoactivated water can considerably 

differ from reference values [56], which 

characterize usual water. 

One of the most important reasons of such 

differencies are cavitation effects 

accompanying the liquid’s mechanoactivation. 

Due to the fact that surfaces of cavitation 

cavities are borders of phases’ division, nearsurface 

layers of the liquid near the borders of 

the division are in a mechanical stress, which 

significantly differs from a state of free liquid. 

Under a developed cavitation, a relative volume 

of near-surface layers of the liquid becomes 

rather big: there are from 10 3 to 10 5 of steamgas 

pulse cavitation bubbles with an average 

diameter of about 10 mkm each in each milliliter 

of the cavitating liquid. 

Due to this, physical properties of the 

mechanoactivated cavitating liquid always 

depend on its properties in the near-surface 

layers. 

According to the dependencies shown on Fig. 

4, it is obvious that dielectric penetrability of 

water ε in a thin film or a drop, beginning with 

thickness of the film d o 

or diameter of the drop 

D o 

, becomes considerably less than a 

penetrability of water in a free volume. 

In the event of a decrease of water flat layer’s 

thickness d from 40 to 10 mkm, its relative 

dielectric penetrability permanently diminishes 

from nominal value ε = 81 to value ε = 10 3, i.e. 

it diminishes up to almost an order of 


film 

drop 

Fig. 4 

magnitude. A similar picture can be observed 

for the water drop either, if diameter D 

decreases from 60 to 10 mkm. 

It is usually considered that a relatively high value 

of a statistical dielectric penetrability of free water 

is connected with high values of dipole moments 

of supramolecular formations - short-lived 

molecular associations (nano-clusters of (H 2 

O) n 

). 

Their spatial orientation in the external 

electrostatic field is determined by its direction. 

Due to this, the decrease of the water dielectrical 

penetrability in the thin layer can be naturally 

connected with a decrease of an orientation 

receptivity of the molecular associations, i.e. with 

a partial “congelation” of clusters’ resulting 

dipole moments in the near-surface layers by 

uncompensated coulomb forces of the surface 

layer, caused by structural regulating of this 

layer’s molecules by mechanical forces of a 

surface tension [57]. 

It follows from the given diagrams that, under 

normal climatic conditions, a thickness of a flat 

one-sided near-surface water layer, where long 

range ordering partially remained, is about 0.5d o 

= 20 mkm, while a radial thickness of a partially 

ordered near-surface water drop layer is about 

0.5D o 

= 30 mkm [54, 55]. 

Accordingly, effective thicknesses of near-surface 

layers for a flat surface and a drop is about 11 mkm 

and 16 mkm. 

It is also follows from the diagrams that, during 

the decrease of dimensional parameters d and D, 

the value of the dielectric water penetrability 

aspires to value εmin (the dotted line), which is 

close to value of high-frequency dielectric 

penetrability ε i 

of ice in its most spread 

modification I: ε min 

ε i 

[56]. 

Comparability of values ε min 

and ε i 

gives grounds 

to suggest that, under d < d o 

, D < D o 

, not only for 

the dielectric penetrability but also for other 

parameters with a structural dependence, 

particularly specific heat C в 

, can approach by their 

values parameters of a solid phase during the water 

change from liquid state B 1 

to partially ordered 

ice-like state B 2 

. Due to the fact that the water 

specific heat exceeds that of ice by 2 times, a 

change of water heat capacity, which happens 

during the water change from a free state to a 

partially bound state, is always accompanied by a 

partial heat generation. 


33

This possibility was controlled by using a 

swirler as a passive mechanoactivator and 

forwarding a cold water under strong pressure 

at its inlet [58]. 

Due to the mechanoactivation, a water stream in 

the swirler was characterized by a strong 

maldistribution of local speeds and, accordingly, 

by high gradients of mechanical tensions in the 

liquid. Regions with negative pressures appeared 

in the stream and conditions were formed for 

tearing of the liquid's continuity and 

development of cavitation processes. These 

processes were accompanied by a clear sign of 

cavitation – a sonoluminescent glow of the liquid 

[59, 60] while a cavitating hot water, which was 

in a condition close to a dispersion one, was 

coming to the exit of the swirler. 

While an initial water temperature had been T 1 

= 20C at the swirler’s inlet, a water temperature 

after a mechanical treatment increased up to T 2 

= 55C. While the initial water temperature had 

been T 1 

= 40C, the water temperature after the 

mechanical treatment increased up to T 2 

= 85C. 

While the initial water temperature had been T 1 

= 66.5C, a boiling water came to the outlet of the 

swirler. 

A comparative appraisal of a quantity of 

heat, which is equivalent to a 

mechanoactivation work, and a quantity of 

heat, which is necessary for water heating in 

the given temperature intervals, allows 

making a conclusion that an additional heat 

generation happens during the 

mechanoactivation process. 

During the mechanical treatment causing an 

intensive cavitation, a part of the water turns to 

ordered, colloid-like, close to liquid-crystal, state 

B 2 

, and transition B 1 

B 2 

is accompanied by the 

heat generation. 

Such a transition can be determined as a “phase 

transition in in the wide sense” [61], [62], which 

results in excessive heat Q exc 

generation: 

B 1 

B 2 

+ Q exc 

(1) 

It is found out in work [58], that the partially 

odered water state is unstable and accompanied 

by a reverse transfer from metastable state B 2 

in 

state B 1 

. Reverse transfer B 2 

B 1 

is endothermic 

and can happen both with a relatively continuous 

and an uneven absorption of heat: 

B 2 

B 1 

– Q exc 

(2) 

Uneven phase change B 2 

B 1 

is accompanied by 

an abrupt water cooling: for example, the water 

temperature can lower from T 2 

= 75C in 

dispersion phase B 2 

to T 1 

= (45 – 55)C in B 1 

phase. 

Relaxation time τ r 

during the reverse transition, 

in dependence on stability of the environment and 

water cleanness, can be a few or some dozen 

minutes: τ r 

= (3 – 30) min. 

Thus, the mechanical water treatment 

accompanied by an intensive cavitation [55, 58] 

can lead to the generation and absorption of heat. 

It is important to note that, in the event that hot 

water temperature T 2 

in dispersion state B 2 

is 

decreased, for example, by a heat exhange with 

the environment, water temperature T 1 

in 

dispersion phase B 1 

after the reverse transition 

can be lower than the initial one. 

This allows suggesting with sufficient certainty 

that the effect of VLH is based on this. Various 

manifestations of the above described heat 

effects have been observed earlier. In front of a 

buidling of the Estonian Academy of Sciencies 

in Tartu, a fountain with stream-swirlers is 

located. The swirlers form strong vertical 

streams of a cavitating water hazed by a mist of 

small waterdrops. In spite of the fact that a 

water with an initial temperature of about 20C is 

led to the swirlers, a temperature of a metastable 

dispersion phase, which looks like small drops 

hanging in the air near the cavitating streams, is 

about 40C, and a final temperature of a liquid state, 

which is a condensate in the fountain’s pool, does 

not exceed 15C. 

It is also know that water temperature can 

increase during the phase change, if the partially 

ordered liquid’s state is formed not by a surface of 

a part “liquid - gas” but by a surface of a part “liquid 

– soild”. 

A heat produced during water moistening of 

hydrophilic surfaces is ususally called a heat of 

moistening. No matter which nature of this effect 


is, according to thermodynamics of moistening 

and adsorption processes [63], a part of the 

produced heat, in the end, is released due to a 

decrease of the water’s self-energy located in 

a contact layer during its turn into partially 

ordered phase B 2 

. It suggested that, since the 

water comes out of a contact zone, it must 

experience a reverse turn of the endothermic 

nature. 

In order to test this opportunity, a water 

temperature was measured when water was 

going through a column filled with a refined 

ground quartz with particles’ dimensional 

parameter d 40 mkm. 

It was noted that a temperature of a water front 

going through the quartz layer was by 8...12 K 

higher than the initial one. 

A temperature of a water collected in the 

thermostat right after its going through the 

quartz layer slightly exceeded the initial one. 

However, after relaxation time τ r 

= (5 – 15) 

min, the water in the thermostat spontaneously 

cooled by 2 – 3 K, perhaps as a result of the 

reverse cjange. 

Possibly, an endothermic nature of the reverse 

change allows to explain a low summer 

temperature of subterranean waters, which lose 

a part of their self-energy and dissipate heat 

during filtration through upper finedyspersated 

soils. 

Undoubtedly, other examples of the discussed 

effects exist. 

It is quite possible that the heat effects, which 

appear in the mechanoactivated water during 

the exothermal and endothermal changes like 

B 1 

B 2 

+ Q exc 

and B 2 

B 1 

– Q exc 

, underlie 

operation of all VLH. 

where Q exc 

is a heat of change B 1 

B 2 

, and ∆Q is 

a quantity of heat obtained by a direct change 

of work into heat. 

It is possible to obtain a phenomenological 

assessment of quantity of heat Q exc 

, which is 

produced in the water during release of its selfenergy 

due to the phase change, by taking into 

account an intensity of the mechanoactivation, 

a degree of discrepancy of molar water’s heat 

capacities in the free and activated states and 

also an initial water temperature: 

Q exc 

= k 1 

m/µ(C B1 

– C B2 

) ( T 1 

– T im 

), (4) 

where C B1 

and C B2 

are, accordingly, specific 

heats under a continuous pressure of free water 

B 1 

and the mechanoactivated water in phase 

B 2 

; it is convenient to present value C B2 

as C B2 

= k 2 

C i 

, where dimensionless constant 1 k 2 

< 2 

characterizes a difference degree of heat 

capacity C B2 

of partially odered water phase B 2 

from heat capacity C i 

of the 

crystallographically ordered water phase in the 

solid state; 

k 1 

is a mechanoactivation coefficient, 

dimensionless value 0 < k 1 

1 characterizing a 

mass part of partially ordered phase B 2 

in the 

mechanoactivated water: 

k 1 

= m B2 

/ (m B1 

+ m B2 

); 

m is a mass of the mechanoactivated water; T 1 

and T im 

are, accordingly, a water temperature 

before the mechanoactivation and the meltingpoint 

of ice; µ = 18,015 is a molar mass of the 

liquid water. 

Ideally, in the event of a complete 

mechanoactivation, where k 1 

= k 2 

= 1, the 

expression (4) becomes simpler: 

Q exc 

= km ( T 1 

– T im 

), 

3. Efficiency 

where k is a constant, k 

2,1 x 10 3 J/K kg. 

A quantity of heat produced during the water 

mechanoactivation in a generator depends on 

a heat of the phase change and a power 

dissipated in the water during the activation: 

Q = Q exc 

+ ∆Q, (3) 


In dependence on the initial temperature, a 

water temperature at the outlet of the heater 

must be the following, under the ideal 

conditions: 

T 2 

= T 1 

+ Q exc 

/ m C B 

. 

35

As it follows from the last expression, in the 

event that C B 

= C B1 

, in order to obtain boiling 

water at the outlet of the heater, it is necessary 

to get the initial temperature of the water 

subjected to the mechanoactivation of about 

T 1 

= 66.5C. This coincides with the results 

given in [3], [4], [5]. 

Thus, the described heat effects allow obtaining 

a rather considerable additional heat generation 

Q exc 

in the generator’s work chamber. 

However, the very fact of presence of additional 

heat Q exc 

does not mean that it can be used for a 

considerable increase of the generator’s heat 

productivity. 

In order to make sure of this, let us consider 

two contours of hydro-dynamic generators’ 

operation: the first contour is with a closed 

circuit of the actuating body’s circulation and 

the second one is with an open circuit. 

In the first contour, heat generation Q exc 

during 

the water change from the stable lowtemperature 

state to the metastable hightemperature 

one happens without a change of 

total energy content of a system 

“heatgenerator – circuit”. During this, a heat, 

which was temporarily produced in the contour 

by the water in the phase change, will be 

absorbed again within the limits of the same 

contour by the water, which spontaneously 

returns in its initial low-temperature state after 

the relaxation time has passed. 

It is obvious that, in this case, the heat, which 

was first produced and then absorbed, is a kind 

of virtual heat and cannot change the 

generator’s productivity in such a way that its 

efficiency exceeds one. 

The operation of the heatgenerator with the 

closed contour is explained on Fig. 5. 

The countour of the actuating body of 

heatgenerator 1 circulation consists of force 

electric pump 2 and heat exchanger 3 connected 

by hydro-pipes. 

Using the pump, a water with temperature T 1 

is led to the inlet of the heatgenerator, heated 

there up to temperature T 2 

, and led to the heat 

exchanger where it is cooled up to temperature 

T 1 

, and then it is led to the inlet of the 

heatgenerator again through the pump. 

A heating efficiency of the generator during 

time τ, as a rule, is determined by temperature 

drop ∆Т = Т 2 

– Т 1 

in the heat exchanger and 

water consumption G in the contour: 

Q = k ∆Т G τ (5), 

where k is an aspect ratio. 

The efficiency of the heatgenerator’s operation, 

excluding heat diffusion in the hydro-pipes and 

elements 1 and 2 of the contour, is evaluated by 

ratio 

η = Q / U, (6) 

where U is an electric energy consumed by the 

pump during time τ. 

However, evaluation (6) can be reliable just 

in the event when all heat Q produced by the 

generator is led to the environment, for 

example, to the consumer. 

Actually, as it follows from (3), heat Q is a sum 

of two components: the first, Q exc 

, is caused by 

the exothermic water change while the second, 

finally, is obtained by electric energy 

transformation U into heat ∆Q, which is 

equivalent to it. Durng continuous heat 

production of the generator, the consumer can 

obtain only a part of the heat, which is obtained 

via heat excange, i.e. it is possible to get heat 

∆Q, and always ∆Q U. 

Another part of heat Q, heat Q exc 

, is caused by a 

temporary heat production because, on the 

expiry of relaxation time τ r 

, this part of the heat 

is absorbed by the water again and is unavailable 

for the consumer. 

Hence, temperature drop ∆T in the heat 

exchanger cannot be used as a representative 

informative parameter for the evaluation of 

the heatgenerator’s efficiency according to 

the diagram on Fig. 5. 

The mentioned drop is caused by two reasons: first, 

by the water cooling during the heat emission and, 


Fig. 5 

second, by the water cooling during the heat 

absorption. Among them, it is only the first reason, 

which characterizes the generator’s heating 

efficiency and can be used for the evaluation of its 

efficiency. 

Thus, a procedure of the heating efficiency 

evaluation based on parameter ∆Τ is incorrect and 

the efficiency value is conservative. 

In order to carry on a reliable evaluation, another 

measurement procedure can be recommended, 

which allows to control only the part of the 

generated heat, which is available for the 

consumer. Such an approach can be implemented, 

for example, using a calorimeter consisting of 

reservoir 4 with a reference liquid, where heat 

exchanger 3 is located (on Fig. 5, the reservoir is 

shown by a dotted line). 

It is known that temperatute T of the reference 

liquid in the reservoir will change during time τ, it 

is possible to determine quintity of heat ∆Q given 

by the heat exchanger of the reference liquid 

during this time and to evaluate reliably the 

generator’s efficiency using ratio 

η 1 

= ∆Q / U, (7) 

where always η 1 

1 because, as it was mentioned 

earlier, ∆Q U. 

According to (7), we come to a conclusion that 

the efficiency of the gydro-dynamic 

heatgenerator with the closed contour cannot 

exceed one. 

Analysing the premises, it is naturally to suggest 

that an overvaluation of the heatgenerators’ 

efficiency can be caused by a superficial 

convincingness of calorimetric operations made 

according to expressions (5) and (6). 


Credibility of these operations can mislead even 

a rather objective researcher. 

Possibly due to this, efficiency values obtained by 

authors [3], [4], [5], [6], [7] are quite reliable and 

experimentally grounded, on their opinion. 

VLH with the closed contour can be used not due 

to their efficiency but due to their technical 

properties, which alternative heatgenerators do 

not have. 

Use of VLH as simplest transformers of work 

into heat with natural sources of mechanical 

energy (wind, falling water etc.) can become 

rather perspective. In this type of VLH, it can be 

possible to obtain hot, including boiling, water 

at the outlet of a pump with a wind drive and an 

activator. 

It is possible to provide the design with an open 

contour for an operation mode, during which a 

part of heat Q exc 

will be permanently extracted 

from a running water experiencing a direct phase 

change within the limits of the contour and 

relaxing right after running beyond its bounds. 

The excessive heat is extracted from the 

environment; there are no limits concerning the 

efficiency of VLH. 

The described operation mode of the generator 

with the open contour was practically realized 

during operation of an active rotary VLH with 

an activator of the rotor type with a turbine drive. 

It was based on the so called “Tantsuyuschaya 

zvezda”, patent of the Russian Federation 

#2175272 (see Fig. 6). 

“TZ” has a hexagonal-cycloidal generator 

invented by me as early as in 1994. It generates 6 

parallel vortex flows, which form together a 

“tornado” structure. A back surface of the rotor 

37

(which has three reach-through holes) periodically 

overlays three vortex chambers during rotation 

in contact with a front side of the stator. This 

process is automatically associated with cooling 

effects observed in a "sandwich” of the cylindrical 

field of Serl’s machine. 

A speed of the overlay is high enough to provide 

for a hydraulic shock. Waves of the hydraulic 

shock reflected from the rotor’s plane are 

overflown to axled zones of the three other 

chambers, which are opened at this moment. Due 

to this, water flows out from the opened chambers 

with an increased kinetic energy. The process is 

like an operation of a sextuple aerogun (though 

only one barrel of the gun shoots at a time while 

three of them operate at a time in “TZ”). A 

combination of high speed of streams and their 

cyclical manifestation (pulsation) increases an 

efficacy of the mechanoactivation and an 

efficiency of the operation as a whole. 

An inlet of the work chamber of “TZ” was 

attached to a water pipe and an otlet of its heat 

exhanger was attached to a reservoirprecipitation 

tank. During tests of this heater, a 

portion of a tap water with temperature about 

T 1 

20C was led to its work chamber and heated 

up to temperature T 2 

55C, after that the water 

was led to the heat exchanger, where it gave a 

part of its heat to a calorimeter during time about 

τ 1.5 minutes and cooled itself up to temperature 

about T 25C, and then it was led to the heatinsulated 

reservoir-precipitation tank. 

In about τ 10 minutes after the discharge, 

the water in the reservoir-precipitation tank 

was spontaneously cooled to temperature T 

= (12 – 15) C. 

An efficiency of this VLH is considerably more 

than one. It was calculated as a ratio of the 

measured quantity of heat, which was 

transferred by the heat exchanger to the 

calorimeter during the preset time, to the 

measured energy consumed by the electric 

pump during the same time. 

Such a result can be explained by the fact that, in 

order to produce electric energy, not only the 

external electric energy but also the external heat 

were used. The external heat was extracted from 

the tap water during its cooling from initial 

temperature T 1 

20C to a temperature, which, 

finally, was T = (12 – 15)C. 

VLH can operate with the efficiency of more than 

one, however, this is provided by not only a 

generator but also a method of heat extraction 

from an external low-temperature source. 

“Cold fusion” has absolutely nothing to do with 

it. It is advisable to remember a logical principle 

formulated as early as in the 12th century: 

substances must not multiply needlessly! 

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39

The discoveries of John Keely: the XIX century 

and the present time 

Review by E. Artemyeva. 

You can know more about John Keely on sites: 

www.keelynet.com, http://www.lhup.edu, http://donhuan.da.ru 

Brief biography of John Keely 

John Worrell Keely (1837-1898) of 

Philadelphia was a carpenter and mechanic who 

announced in 1872 that he had discovered a new 

principle for power production. Keely 

persuaded a dozen engineers and capitalists to 

invest in the idea, forming the Keely Motor 

Company in New York in 1872. Soon he had 

capital of one million dollars, primarily from 

wealthy New York and Philadelphia 

businessmen. He used the money to buy 

materials necessary for building a motor based 

on his theories. 

Soon he had constructed an aetheric generator, 

which he demonstrated to amazed audiences in 

1874 in Philadelphia. Keely blew into a nozzle 

for half a minute, then poured five gallons of 

tap water into the same nozzle. After some fine 

adjustments the pressure gage indicated 

pressures of 10,000 pounds per square inch. 

This, said Keely, was evidence that the water 

had been disintegrated and a mysterious vapor 

had been liberated in the generator, capable of 

powering machinery. 

Keely lived in high style, as befitted the head of 

any large company. To his credit, he plowed 

most of the invested money into research 

equipment. He did most of the experimentation 

himself, constructing his own apparatus. He 

was not willing to entrust his secret to those 

who could not or would not understand— 

especially physicists and engineers. 

The work went slowly. To keep up the spirits of 

stockholders Keely staged public 

demonstrations. These were masterpieces of 

showmanship. 

Biographers have described Keely as a 

"mechanical experimenter", "inventor and 

imposter", "professor of perfidy", "swindler", 

Figure 1. John Worrell Keely photographed in his 

laboratory in 1889. The Bettmann Archive. 

and "scandalous scamp". Keely's lack of formal 

scientific education didn't bother his 

supporters, and didn't deter Keely himself from 

grandly proclaiming his theories as "scientific". 

Some disillusioned stockholders withdrew their 

support as Keely's experiments suffered 

repeated delays. Keely declared he'd already 

proven his theory and it could be implemented 

for useful purposes, and he made vast claims 

for the economic benefits of aetheric energy 

over coal and other energy sources. But he 

resisted investor's demands that he produce 

some marketable product. Stockholders were 

not happy with Keely's insistence that more 

experimentation was needed to "perfect" the 

machines. Fortunately, when nearing 

bankruptcy, Keely acquired a wealthy backer, 

Mrs. Clara S. J. Bloomfield-Moore, the widow 

of a Philadelphia paper manufacturer. 

She advanced him over $100,000 for expenses 

and promised him a salary of $2,500 per month. 

She became active in promoting Keely in 

journals and books and in seeking scientists who 


might validate his claims. She suggested that 

he share his secret with Edison or Tesla to 

hasten its development, but Keely refused. 

Keely continued this research for fourteen 

years, occasionally staging demonstrations to 

placate impatient stockholders. 

After Keely died on Nov. 18, 1898, suspicious 

skeptics and newspaper reporters did a careful 

examination of his laboratory. Some of Keely's 

machinery had already been removed by 

"believers" who hoped they could make it work. 

Some of the apparatus ended up in England. No 

one could make it function as it had in Keely's 

laboratory. 

Keely had kept his company going for 26 years 

without ever putting a product on the market, 

paying a dividend or revealing his secrets. That's 

his one undisputed accomplishment. He never 

divulged his secrets with anyone, so far as we 

know. One close friend reported that he had 

once asked Keely "John, what do you want for 

an epitaph" His answer: "Keely, the greatest 

humbug of the nineteenth century." 

John Keely’s perpetual motion machine 

More than 100 years ago John Keely 

discovered a practical opportunity to obtain and 

use aether energy. He researched this energy 

for a quarter of a century and built about two 

thousand prototype devices and mechanisms, 

which used the energy in their operation. 

According to John Keely’s opinion, it was a use 

of aether energy that could realize the 

centuries-old dream of mankind to create a so 

called “perpetual motion machine”. He managed 

to prove that aether energy was real and 

confirm his discovery by working factory shops 

with his mechanical motors using aether energy. 

According to Keely’s data, energy contained in 

a pail of water is sufficient to get our earth 

moving out of its orbit. Nicola Tesla, Tomas 

Edison, and Jules Verne were among witnesses 

of his numerous experiments. 

In 1873, he informed the scientific community 

about discovery of a fundamentally new kind 

of energy. For several decades, Keely had been 

working with aether energy and used secret 

devices in order to use a source of the unlimited 

eternal energy of the environment for different 


purposes. The mechanical devices, motors 

rotated, produced work using no visible 

external energy sources. It was Keely’s opinion 

that everything in Nature oscillates, vibrates. 

The nature of forces is vibratory. Organized 

vibrations are music. A harmonious interchange 

of vibrations is sympathy. A science about the 

nature of such effects is Sympathetic Vibratory 

Physics created by Keely. 

How many people know now that, since the 

middle of the XIX century, alongside with 

traditional technologies and devices, various 

(from mechanical to electrical) working and 

patented so called “self-sustaining devices” 

existed Self-sustaining devices were the 

devices which, when started, produced energy 

sufficient for passing of the technological 

process and maintenance of the device’s 

operation, i.e. the devices needing no additional 

external energy (fuel) supply (Free Energy, 

Zero Point Energy etc.). A power supplied for 

starting the device could be much less than a 

power produced during the device’s operation 

(of the device having efficiency >1). This was 

evidence of interchange processes with the 

subtle environment (aether, physical vacuum), 

which is always a real participant of the process. 

These inventions were based on those 

interchange processes: John Keely called them 

Sympathetic Vibration while Nicola Tesla, 

Tomas Morey, and Bruce de Palma called them 

Radiant Energy. William Reich, whose books 

were burned, as if in the Middle Ages, began 

working on climatic weapon and psychic energy 

(Phoenix project). 

Thus, it turned out to be that, for more than 

100 years, mankind has known but cannot apply 

the technologies based on the use of Free 

Energy, i.e. needing no production and 

transportation of fuel, using the subtle 

environmental material’s energy – the energy 

of aether, physical vacuum. 

Vibration laws 

John Keely thought that any real formation (a 

“molecular unit”), no matter how small it is, is 

in a state of continuous internal vibrations and 

excites something like sound vibrations in the 

environment. Moreover, each formation can 

react to the vibrations coming from without. 

41

It can be done in a variety of ways depending 

on whether this external vibration is 

accordant to its own tone or no. If vibrations 

of two bodies are acordant, the bodies are 

attracted; if there is a dissonance in their 

sound, they avoid each other. All physical 

forces appear due to a certain concordance 

(or a disagreement) of wave characteristics 

of vibration fields, which unite all existing 

matter. Vibrations play a role of an allorganizing 

and all-controlling source. And 

this source is not energy. Vibrations carry not 

energy but only an incentive to its absorption 

or production, i.e. its transformation from 

latent forms into evident ones. The energy is 

everywhere in the environment, which 

surrounds us and penetrates into us in an 

unbounded quantity. Eternal motion occurs 

everywhere and always. Energy reserves are 

unlimited in nature. We do not produce this 

energy and do not use it but, knowing the laws, 

we can transform it into useful forms. In order 

to do this, it is only necessary to co-ordinate 

operation of separate “molecular units”. It 

can be achieved by obtaining their 

consonance. 

Imagine that a metal support stands on a 

table, in front of you, and supports a hollow 

copper ball-sphere with a diameter of about 

30 cm. Numerous metal rods of different 

lengths and thicknesses are around the 

support’s base. They vibrate like tuning forks 

being touched by fingers. Plates and 

resonance tubes are placed inside the sphere. 

Their inter-location can be changed by 

handles. All this construction is called a 

“sympathetic transmitter”. 

Next to it, a cylindrical glass vessel with a 

diameter of 25 cm and a height of 120 cm is 

placed. It is filled with water. The vessel’s 

head, which is also metal, is connected with 

the sphere by thick wire from gold, silver or 

platinum. Three metal spheres lie on the 

vessel’s bottom, each of them with weight of 

about 1 kg. As the experimenter explains, 

each of the spheres, as well as any other 

material body, has its own internal melody. 

The inventor comes to the sympathetic 

transmitter and begins to make the tuning 

forks vibrate, the handles turn. Suddenly, a 

trumpet sounds briefly and the sphere on the 

vessel’s bottom begins to swing, then it slowly 

comes off from the bottom and goes up 

through water column. It hits the head, 

bounces off, goes up again and, finally, settles 

down pressing itself to the head tightly. 

The trumpet sounds again, and the second 

metal sphere reacts to it and comes to the 

surface. Then the third does the same. Music 

subsides but the spheres still float. Actually, 

they still slightly come down sometimes, 

possibly, under the influence of accessory 

chords. 

This astonishing experiment and many others 

took place in John Keely’s labortory in 

Philadelphia more than 100 years ago. The 

scientist said that sound is “a violation of 

atomic balance destroying the existing 

atomic particles and a substance, which is 

released during this process, must 

undoubtedly be an aether current of some 

order”. It is possible to say that Nature is 

based on vibrations of different frequencies, 

which create various combinations. The 

“accordant” harmonious combinations cause 

attraction and have a creative nature while 

disharmonious ones cause repulsion, 

destroy. 

An example of the orginized vibrations are 

music. When two strings of an instrument are 

attuned in a harmonic combination (for 

example, according to a third, fifth or 

octave), motion of one of them causes a 

respond in another. Since ancient times, 

another music was known, Kepler’s “music of 

the spheres” created by the Sun, the Moon 

and planets. Today we can listen to this music 

in a computer arrangement. 

Keely brought his Sympathetic Vibratory 

Physics to fourty laws, in which, particularly, 

the unity of force and matter and also 

fundamental infinity of matter’s divisibility 

are postulated. Keely considers force as a 

released matter and matter as a constrained 

force. This was brilliantly confirmed in the 

XX century in the form of famous formula 

E=mc 2 . An idea of neutral center is 

considered by Keely as one of the most 

important physical and metaphysical 


negative label used in a work on spreading the 

necessary scientific and technical policy and 

containment of technical data. That is why 

attempts to rehabilitate the idea “perpetual 

motion machine” give only the opposite, 

negative result instead of contributing to 

advanced scientific knowledge and 

technologies. 

Keely’s experiments were described by his 

contemporary Richard Harte in his article 

“Stone Decomposition”, in 1888, this way. 

Fig. 2. A replica of Keely’s device 

categories. Every manifested body in the 

Universe – from an atom to a star system – 

has a neutral center as a base, an inviolable 

focal. Everything that we consider as matter 

is built around it and matter is its objective 

manifestation. It induces all objects to 

continuous motion and provides them with life 

impulse from the neutral center of the higher 

hierarchy level. This property of the neutral 

center allows designing a “perpetual motion 

machine”. This was demonstrated during 

Keely’s experiments. A small initial impulse was 

sufficient to induce a motor to work. 

According to Keely, the most important 

vibration characteristic is frequency because, 

in dependence on frequencies’ combination, 

vibrations can interact. Force, or energy, is 

manifested in three forms: as a generating, 

active force; as a perceiving, reacting force; and 

as a transmitting, transferring interactions one. 

Concordant vibrations form harmonic 

frequencies; due to this, subatomic particles are 

attracted to each other. Dissonance vibrations 

cause disconnection of the particles. Keely’s 

laws connect electricity, magnetics and gravity 

since they are caused by vibrations and, therefore, 

are only special cases of the common law. 

The expression “perpetual motion machine” in 

its contemporary meaning obtained a sense of 

a jeer of a coryphaeus aimed at an ignoramus, 

who does not know the basis of physics and 

dreams of abundant energy from nothing. The 

expression “perpetual motion machine” is a sad 

example of a creation of an effective, ingrained 


Recently, the American mineral resource 

industry was inexplicably agitated... It has been 

known that a syndicate of far-sighted and 

richest mining magnates had secretly bought 

in the cheapest and useless gold-mines. ...A 

question appears: why do the experienced 

businessmen purchase the useless mines This 

strange event can be explained as the following. 

Some weeks before the described events, twelve 

respectable men met, after making an 

appointment, in a laboratory in Philadelphia in 

order to see a demonstration of a new method 

of quartz decomposition. These people were 

extremely interested in a quick and cheap 

method of gold production from quartz. And 

an inventor rendered them this service slightly 

touching pieces of quartz by a small device, 

which was in his hands. The moment he touched 

each piece, it instantly disintegrated turning 

into dust, in which gold particles lay like pebbles 

in a sand sea. Then, the twelve respectable men 

with one accord said: “Mister Keely, if you 

desintegrate a quartz deposit like this, each of 

us will draw a cheque for you”. Then all of them 

came to the Catskill Mountains and the twelve 

men pointed at a sound, just like them, goldbearing 

quartz bed at a mountainside; mister 

Keely took his small device and said: 

“Gentlemen, be patient”. In 18 minutes, a tunnel 

with a length of 5.5. meters and a diameter of 

1.4 meters was formed in the quartz mountain. 

After that, Mr. Keely calmly returned to 

Philadelphia with the cheques in his pockets and 

the twelve respectable men went from New 

York to San Francisco in order to purchase the 

seemingly useless stocks of the mines, which 

were derelict for so long time... 

Decomposition (splitting) of quartz was one of 

Keely’s secrets. However, the decomposition 

43

is only a minor and secondary influence of the 

tremendous force hidden in that mystery. The 

influence of this force had been discovered by 

chance. One day the inventor was investigating 

an influence of aether flows on fine sand 

scattered on the floor; aether currents twisted 

the sand in the form of ropes. And suddenly a 

piece of granite, which lied as a stop for the door, 

disintegrated before his eyes. He took the hint 

and, some days later, made a vibratory 

disintegrator. 

Dispersion is more complex and delicate, and 

Keely can as easily split matter’s atom as its 

molecules. But to what extent Apparently, he 

can split it to aether or a hypothetical 

substance, which existence is postulated by 

modern scientists though they know nothing 

about its nature besides the fact that it had been 

invented by themselves. While did Keely 

considers it as not a supposition but a real thing 

just as his own shoes. Actually, it is the initial 

substance of all matters. (The editors: A 

similar point of view and even an experiment 

is described in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s story 

called “A discovery of Rolf Hose”). 

As for the gravitation law, from the standpoint 

of Keely’s experiments, it is not completely 

convincing or, at least, is just one of 

manifestations of the more overall law, which 

provides for mutual change of attraction and 

repulsion processes. One of small Keely’s 

experiments is the following: a piece of wire is 

winded around an iron cylinder with a weight 

of some hundreds of kilograms. When the force 

is moving along the wire, it is as easy to lift and 

carry the cylinder by a finger as if the cylinder 

is just a piece of cork. Recently the 

experimenter, without assistance, moved a 

vibratory motor with a power of 500 horsepowers 

from one part of his workshop to 

another making no scratches on the floor. 

Amazed engineers confirmed that they could 

not move it without a windlass, which could 

have been installed only if the roof was 

removed. Such an operation becomes possible 

if a device is designed, which, being polarized 

by a force of negative attraction (i.e. repulsion), 

will rise and move under the influence of an 

aether flow with a speed of 500 miles per hour 

in any direction. This is, essentially, a principle 

of Keely’s airship. 

Later, he used the same force in optics. He 

placed three wires around microscope’s lenses 

and, thus, increased its magnification up to what 

is reached by the biggest telescope in the world. 

When the history of his discoveries and 

inventions will be published, a story of John 

Worrell Keely will be the most amazing story 

in the annals of geniuses’ history. The people of 

tomorrow will hardly believe that, in the last 

quarter of the XIX century, a man who was able 

to fathom the essence of nature decrees, 

cognizant of its elusive forces, which could be 

used for mankind’s liberation from hard work 

making most people’s lives a misery, was 

doomed to die of starvation. There was no one 

lavish, generous, unselfish enough to furnish the 

capital for the purpose, which did not promise 

immediate benefit, among neither businessmen, 

stockbrokers, literary men nor cultural workers... 

The forces controlled by Keely still have no 

practical application and cannot be compelety 

understood until the world is ready to accept 

them for its good. Keely himself is sure that the 

world will undoubtedly benefit from his 

inventions... Keely’s discoveries have a secret 

aspect. He does not, possibly, realize it himself 

but it is up to him whether they will be 

recognized (due to the return, or sympathetic, 

vibration of even more spiritual aether than that 

Keely talks about) in order to get harmonized with 

the common system of the modern civilization and 

manifest in mankind’s material life. 

According to the opinion of the growing 

number of intellectuals, inventions and 

discoveries of our century have already proven 

their rather malignancy than good. They 

improved the global standard of living but, at 

the same time, considerably decreased a 

possibility to buy the facilities they had created 

a need for. Advantages, which appeared since 

steam and machines had been invented, became 

available for only a minority... However, Keely 

thinks that his inventions will allow to restore 

this disturbed balance. 

It is considered now that Keely’s discoveries 

are aimed at increase of human control over 

material nature, which already increased during 

the last hundred years. The world is not ready 

for appearance of such amazing forces at this 

stage of human life. Mankind is still too selfish, 


savage, foolish, cruel, in other words, the brute 

is too strong in it for higher forces to be 

entrusted to it. Today, such forces cannot be 

used for the welfare of the people and for the 

progress of the human race. 

Aether and gravity 

Dan A. Davidson in his research on the aether 

and gravity followed Keely's discoveries. Over 

the years the existence and understanding of 

the aether has evolved as the basis for gravity 

and free energy effects at a micro and macro 

level. Laboratory experiments have shown that 

superluminal energy and information transfer 

has been effectively accomplished via aetheric 

engineering, which effectively eliminates the 

theory of relativity and its absurd views of 

physics and cosmology. 

In XIX, John Keely performed extensive 

experiments in engineering the aether including 

producing various gravity phenomena, 

controlled breakdown of matter into aether and 

then using the aether in experiments, etc. From 

Davidson's research over 35 years, the 

existence of the aether is a reality. It led him to 

characterize the aether as follows: 

1. A superfluidic particulate medium which 

pervades all space. 

2. A medium, which in its various modes, is the 

building block of the physical universe. 

3. A medium, which, in one of its modes, is 

responsible for gravity and inertia. 

4. A medium which is controllable by our mind 

and can be manipulated my our thoughts. 

5. A medium which can be controlled by 

geometric shapes. 

The electron is a vortex of aether caught in a 

rotating standing wave due to the vibrating 

flow of aether which flows into and out of the 

atom's nucleus. 

Atomic structure builds according to the rules 

of geometry and the basic polarity of atomic 

particles. Polarities are the result of aetheric 

flows into and out of matter. 

John Ernst Worrel Keely was the first sub 

atomic physicist. His basic elucidation of 

atomic structure was derived from his 

development of the science of vibratory 

physics. One of his basic discoveries was that 

of the substructure of the proton3. 

He discovered it was a vortex made of three 

sub nuclear particles, also vortexes. 

Further research led him to the idea that this 

three particle substructure continued down to 

smaller and smaller level of particles within each 

particle. Keely claimed to have learned to 

control the substructure 27 levels down from 

the basic proton. The Keely atom is depicted in 

a stylized format in Fig. 3. 

The first level of substructure was finally 

theorized in the orthodox community by 

Feynman in 1958. Keely's discovery 

The charge of matter is due to its interchange 

with aether. The electron as well as the other 

subatomic particles is basically self sustaining 

vortices in a fluidic particulate aether. 

Charge represents a difference in concentration 

of the aether between two points. Mass (i.e., 

atomic particles) is made of aether, aether 

continually flows into and out of the particles 

as vortices, and the charge is due to its being at 

a different concentration of aether a apoint in 

time and space than the local aether 

concentration. 


Fig. 3. Keely's "Atom" Showing the Substructure 

of the Neutron 

45

antedated Feynman by over 60 years! 

Feynman called the three particles making 

up the proton quarks. 

The gravitation constant as grad E correlates 

with the seminal work by T. Townsend Brown. 

Brown discovered that a capacitor will tend to 

move in the direction of the positive plate. 

Apparent weight loss is the result when the 

plates are perpendicular to the local gravity 

gradient. This effect can be enhanced by making 

one plate much smaller than the other plate. 

This essentially forces the grad E to maximize. 

It should be noted that grad E is independent 

of whether the field is AC or DC. Experiments 

have shown that even with this enhancement 

the capacitor does not have all its apparent 

weight nullified and levitate. 

(The editor's note: Our researches have 

shown that gradient E produced due to the 

properties of the dielectric's material is a more 

perspective method. A. Frolov) 

The reason for this can be found again in the 

nuclear particle's relationship with the aether. 

Even though each atom is in constant resonance 

with the aether this resonance is not 

synchronized across the mass4. Each atom is 

doing its own thing, so to speak, and there is a 

random interchange with the aether with 

respect to all the nuclei. 

Thus, when a grad E acts as an aether pump 

across the capacitor plates only a small portion 

of the atoms become synchronized to this 

aetheric flow so the entire mass does not 

respond at the same time; therefore, all the 

atoms don't try and move at the same time. 

The Detection of Aetheric Gravity Flow 

Using Dielectrics 

It should be obvious that the larger the mass 

the more aether which flows into the atomic 

structure of the mass. Mass is both radiating 

and absorbing aetheric energy. 

Other mass in the vicinity will cause 

perturbations in this aetheric flow. Because of 

this fact, aetheric flow detectors can be 

constructed by taking advantage of this 

principle. 

Davidson's first working gravity or local 

aetheric stress/flow detector was 

demonstrated at the 1990 Extraordinary 

Science Conference in Colorado Springs, 

Colorado. The basic principle of the gravity 

detector is the fact that the electronic charge 

structure of a given mass is a function of the 

amount of aether flowing into the mass. The 

charge around the atom is governed by the 

amount of aether flowing into and out of the 

mass. His reasoning was that dielectrics would 

make the best aetheric flow detector. In 

dielectrics the electronic charge is isolated and 

trapped within the dielectric material since the 

charge cannot flow and dissipate. By using a 

high dielectric such as titanate zirconate or 

barium titanate the amount of charge change 

is directly readable by putting electrodes on 

each pole of a polarized dielectric. 

Davidson's first detector circuit used a 

picoamplifier attached to the electrodes to 

amplify the signal. Then the voltage/current 

Analysis of various apparently disconnected 

events where levitation was witnessed provides 

some important clues to a means of effecting 

synchronization of the nuclei. 

Synchronization of the nuclei with the aether 

has been achieved by two main methods; 

namely, rotation or movement and sonically. 

Analysis of the phenomenon of inertia provides 

the major clue to how rotation could act to 

synchronize the flow of aether into the nuclear 

sub structure of the gravitors. 

Fig. 4. Gravity Sensor Data Example. 

Data from July 11, 1991 Solar Eclipse 


changes across the dielectric are easily 

measured directly by a voltmeter. 

Fig. 4 depicts the output of the gravity 

detector circuit as a graph of local 

gravitational stress (i.e., aetheric stress). The 

graph readily shows the daily swing of 

aetheric flow on the dielectric material as the 

sun and moon affects the earth's gravity field 

and gravity flows into the earth. 

The data was taken during a solar eclipse and 

shows the effect of local aetheric field stress 

dropping during the period of the eclipse. 

Experiments with the dielectric detectors 

showed they tend to be noisy and susceptible 

to temperature, light, and sound pressure. If you 

are going to experiment with this type of 

gravity detector be sure to isolate the dielectric 

from temperature swings, light and sound. 

The Detection of Aetheric Gravity Flow Using 

DNC Coil 

When discussing Davidson’s results of 

gravitational energies (i.e., aether stress 

flows), his fellow gravity researcher, Joe Parr, 

mentioned he had similar results with 

dielectrics and had accidentally discovered a 

better detector. 

To wind the coil, Davidson set the coil form and 

wire and electrician tape on the coffee table in 

front of the TV set and whenever he was 

watching TV he would wind a couple of hundred 

turns on the loop and cover the turns with black 

electrician tape to keep the coil in place. After 

a couple of months he finally had wound the 

DNC coil. A BNC connector on the two ends 

of the coil completed the job. 

Resistance changed daily. The change in 

resistance is a direct readout of the local 

aetheric stress flow changes. 

Resistance changes in the coil because the 

atomic lattice electronic charge of the metal in 

the wire changes as more or less aether is 

flowing in the nuclei of the coils atoms. During 

the course of a 24 hour period the sun, moon, 

planets as well as the stars put differing stress 

levels on the earth's aetheric field which 

directly affects the flow rate into the nucleus. 

(The editor's note: In Russia. these 

experiments are known according to the 

works of N.A. Kozyrev, 1947 – 1989) 

Parr used a strange coil to which he attached 

the moniker "Do Nothing Coil" (DNC). The 

DNC would detect the aetheric gravity flow 

without the bothersome temperature, 

photonic, and sonic noise effects. 

Joe called the coil "do nothing" because it did 

not respond in any significant manner to 

magnetic or electrical signals from DC to 

about 300 Ghz. By accident he discovered 

that the coil's resistance changed during a 24 

hour period. 

The DNC coil consists of about 8000 turns 

of number 34 copper wire wound on a plastic 

hoop. In Davidson’s duplication of the DNC 

coil he got a Hula Hoop and cut it open, 

removed the plastic noise maker beads, and 

shortened the tubing length to make a plastic 

loop 19 inches in diameter (i.e., center of toroid 

on one side to center of toroid in other side). 

Fig. 5. Parr Gravity Wheel Experiment Design 


47

The Parr Gravity Wheel Experiment 

Around the periphery of the wheel are copper 

triangular shapes. When the motor spins the 

wheel the copper triangles move between 

permanent magnets mounted statically on 

either side of the wheel. This new experimental 

set up is depicted in Fig. 5. 

Davidson had been following Joe Parr's 

experiments over a several year period and, 

with Joe Parr's assistance, built a duplicate 

experiment. 

The shaft must be oriented east-west. A negative 

ion source is set within a few feet of the spinning 

wheel to feed the force fields which form around 

the copper triangles on gravity wheel. 

The experiment is set on a delicate scale which 

measures accurate to 0.5 grams. The static 

weight of Davidson's experimental setup is 

about 1200 grams. Joe Parr's version is about 

1800 grams. The experiment used machined 

maplewood to hold the motor and shaft, and 

the stanchions which hold the magnets and 

Parr's experiment was made of machined 

aluminum. 

During experimental operations the weight of 

the experiment can drop from 0 to 6.5 grams. 

When one considers that the gravity wheel with 

the copper triangles weighs about 24 grams the 

total normal operational levitation effect is on 

the order of 25% weight loss. This by itself in a 

remarkable experimental effect and deserves 

acute attention. 

The scale which is used in the experiment is an 

Ohaus Precision Plus purchased from Cole 

Parmer. The scale can measure accurately 

within 0.1 grams over a range of 0-4000 grams. 

The scale has an RS-232 serial interface which 

allows the scale to be interfaced to a printer or 

computer. 

The scale outputs the weight continuously 

except when there is a scale upset. The upset 

weight can be varied and it was set at the 

maximum of 5 grams. This means that if the 

scale weight is changed more than 5 grams 

within a couple of milliseconds then the RS- 

232 interface stops outputting the weight. 

Davidson’s preliminary hookup of the scale 

was to a computer; however, the intense 

forcefield which builds up around the 

experiment destroyed two computer 

interface cards. Since the RS-232 interface 

stops outputting data on a scale upset, the 

serial output of the scale was converted to a 

voltage level and used as an indicator. 

When the voltage drops, a scale upset has 

occurred. The voltage level was/is interfaced 

into a pulse counter. This provides a count of 

scale upsets greater than 5 grams. If the 6.5 

gram weight loss is added to the 5 gram upset, 

we are looking at about a 50% weight loss of 

the gravity wheel. Joe Parr's data showed a 

correlated hit with Davidson’s experiment's 

data on April 11th. 

There are two basic types of force fields built 

up in and around the experiment. There is an 

ovoid shaped forcefield around each of the 

copper triangles. 

When these small force fields build up in 

intensity they cause a drag on the motor 

which can be plainly heard in the lab. There is 

a larger forcefield which builds up around the 

entire experiment setup. 

What seems to be happening is the earth 

moves through energy conduits which go 

from our sun to other planets and star 

systems. When the gravity wheel experiment 

crosses one of these energy conduits, the 

forcefield around the copper triangles 

intensifies to the extent that the bubble starts 

moving either toward the conduit or away 

from the conduit very rapidly and a scale 

upset occurs. 

Attempts at simulating the energy conduit 

thus far have failed. Davidson and his 

collegues are in the process of evaluating the 

data and they have found some correlation 

with planetary and stellar conjunctions where 

the earth gets lined up with other planets or 

stars and our sun. 

The data analysis is currently in its infancy 

so Davidson can make no statements of solid 

fact other than that they are getting some 

very impressive gravitational effects. 


A water-lifting device 

A new source of inexhaustible, ecologically clean and 

powerful energy 

V.V. Marukhin, Russia 

grwpower@mail.ru 

In 1775, an article by J. Whitehurst containing 

a description of a device, which was invented 

and designed by him in 1772, appeared in a 

British magazine. The device of J. Whitehurst 

allowed water lifting from a small height to a 

considerable height without any additional 

power supply due to the use of a so called 

potential energy of water and due to a so called 

"hydraulic blow" effect. But the device could 

not operate in the completely autonomous 

mode. This disadvantage was removed by an 

inventor of a balloon, a Frenchman 

J.Montgolfier, in 1776. In 1797, he obtained a 

patent for his invention. In the same 1979, 

M.Bulton from England obtained a patent for 

the same device. In 1809, J. Cerneay and 

S.Hallet obtained a similar patent in America. 

And already in 1834, an American, 

H.Strawbridge, put an industrial model of the 

similar device into mass production. 

It is considered that it was the device invented 

by J. Montgolfier, which was then called a 

"hydraulic ram". 

As a rule, Montgolfier's "hydraulic ram" (Fig.1) 

consists of a water reservoir 1, a force pipe 2, an 

impact valve 3, pressure valve 5, an air chamber 

4, and a draft tube 6. 

water 

Fig. 1 

water 

Its operation happens as follows: water from 

water reservoir 1 goes by force pipe 2 to open 

impact valve 3 and, under pressure h, flows out 

with an increasing speed. Under some water 

speed, a pressure to the impact valve exceeds 

the force keeping the valve open (for example, 

a spring force), closes it and blocks water's way 

out. An abrupt halt of moving water and the so 

called "hydraulic blow" occurs. In the space of 

the force pipe, from impact valve 3 to pressure 

valve 5, the water pressure almost momentarily 

increases up to a value, which coincides with H, 

and, due to this, the pressure valve opens. 

However, water spends only a part of its speed 

for the pressure increase. Using the residuary 

speed, it goes to air chamber 4 through the 

opening pressure valve. In the air chamber, the 

residuary air volume is also pressed up to the 

pressure, which coincides with water pressure 

H. In its turn, water from the chamber, under 

the same pressure, goes by draft tube 6 to 

height H to a consumer. 

After a time, the residuary speed in the reservoir 

is totally spent on the maintenance of the 

increased pressure in the reservoir. After that, 

the water pressure under the valves decreases 

a little lower than the atmosphere one. As a 

result, the existing increased pressure in the air 

chamber closes the pressure valve while the low 

pressure under the impact valve and an opening 

mechanism (for example, a compressed spring) 

allow the impact valve to open. Thus, all 

construction returns to the initial state and the 

process repeats. As a result, under certain 

standards of components' production, water 

can raise at rated altitude H continuously in 

the autonomous mode for many years. 

Moving parts of the hydraulic ram – two valves 

– are designed in such a way that the pressure 

increases in the reservoir, closes the impact 


49

valve and opens the pressure one while the 

pressure decrease influences the reverse 

sequence. All meaning of the device's operation 

is that it raises water volume qH at height H 

using water volume's energy q. 

However, the "hydraulic ram", as the water lifting 

device, has a very important disadvantage. 

In order to obtain the water increase, it is 

necessary to discharge a certain amount of 

water qk=q-qH. Water flowing out of the 

impact valve must quickly vacate a place for a 

new portion of water, which will flow out during 

the next cycle. If water at the outlet of the drain 

hole will gather somehow, an insuperable 

resistance for water flow out will form and, as a 

result, the water acceleration in the force pipe 

will be broken and then stop. 

As a result, the given device being in the 

submerged state, i.e. submerged in water, 

cannot operate. This prevents its use in the flat 

country with open reservoirs and on rivers 

without slopes or without dams. 

Besides that, the "hydraulic ram" attracted 

attention of scientific theorists and experts by 

its originality and operation simplicity. During 

the XIX century, many theoretical researches 

of the "hydraulic ram" were carried out but, until 

1900, they all rested on the fact that the theory 

of a "hydraulic blow" in pipes had been unknown 

and, therefore, gave no correct results. As early 

as in 1804, Eitelvein from Germany carried out 

more than 1,000 experiments and published a 

number of empirical conclusions and formulas. 

Most of them, as it was found out already at 

that time, were not suitable for designing. 

The fact of existence of the "hydraulic blow" effect 

was known as early as in the XVIII century, but a 

right theory was developed for the first time by a 

Russian scientist, N.E. Zhukovsky. Professor 

Zhukovsky checked and confirmed his theoretical 

conclusions by special experiments in 1897-1898. 

In 1898, his theory was first published in 

"Bulletins of Polytechnic Society". 

In 1901, an Italian engineer Alievi published 

almost the same theory of the "hydraulic blow" 

but in relation to pipelines of different powerplants. 

However, the experiments carried out by 

Zhukovsky and, later, by other researchers from 

other countries completely proved the accuracy 

of basic concepts of Zhukovsky’s theory. But this 

theory, even after its publication, did not obtain 

proper acknowledgement. Researchers and 

enthusiasts of the "hydraulic ram", as usual, 

from year to year, carried out experiments and 

found different non-generalized formulas for 

their purposes. 

The "hydraulic ram" was developed under the 

name of «ram-pump» in melioration and in 

private life as a device for free water lifting in 

America, Australia and other western countries. 

Today there are several dozen small companies 

specializing in the production and sale of the 

«ram-pump» in these countries. Searching 

Internet for words "hydraulic ram" or «rampump» 

by different search engines, it is possible 

to find not only these companies but also some 

publications on this subject. Many companies 

use only their own formulas installing their 

«ram-pumps». 

In Russia, right after the publication of the 

"hydraulic blow" theory by Zhukovsky, the work 

on the creation and development of the "hydraulic 

ram" theory was successfully continued by his 

disciples and following: B. Bubekin, B. Bahmetiev, 

S. Chistopolsky. For example, Professor 

Zhukovsky created the right scheme of the 

"ram's" operation during water delivery relying 

on the results of special experiments carried out 

by B. Bubekin from 1903 to 1907 and described it 

in a report on "The new hydraulic ram theory" in 

Mathematical Society on the 18th of September 

1907. Later on, Professor B. Bahmetiev gave the 

right interpretation of the water acceleration 

period in researches by Navler and Harza in his 

work "Introduction to the research of the 

unbalanced liquid flow" on the basis of the same 

theory of Zhukovsky. However, it was Professor 

S. Chistopolsky who finally combined theory and 

practice in his work "A hydraulic ram" in 1930. 

He created the first and, to present day, the only 

known and reliable method of the theoretical 

calculation. This method was, and is, completely 

confirmed by the results of numerous tests. 

Unfortunately, the "hydraulic ram", as the 

device for free water lifting, was undeservedly 

forgotten as petroleum production has been 


developed, despite the fact that, before the 

fifties, there were plants producing a lot of these 

devices for melioration in Russia. Only one 

remark about this device is left in the Big Soviet 

Encyclopedia. Almost all engineers and scientists, 

who were educated in the USSR and worked with 

hydrodynamics or at hydroelectric power 

stations, as a rule, heard nothing and know 

nothing about this device. The concept of the 

"hydraulic blow", as applied to water-pipes, 

exists in theory, in industry, in text-books and 

in the specialized literature but the concept of 

the "hydraulic ram" became identified with a 

device able to clean pipes and ship's bottom by 

the "hydraulic blow" or hole by water. All works 

on the "hydraulic blow" by N. Zhukovsky, B. 

Bubekin, B. Bahmetiev, and S. Chistopolsky 

have been forgotten. And only recently, obviously, 

in connection with the fact that people are talking 

about the possibility of the forthcoming oil crises' 

approach, isolated inventors, who found, to their 

surprise, information about this device, tried its 

reanimation. An inventor, G. Rogozin, 

progressed even more. He was the first to 

suggest a combination of the "hydraulic ram" 

and a water turbine connected with an 

electric generator. This was, as a matter of 

fact, the first public statement that this water 

lifting device can be used also as an energy 

source. According to his estimations, such a 

combination makes the water turbine work 

with water flows, which cannot be used by it 

alone. This constructive combination would 

allow producing electric energy using small 

rivers, streams and reservoirs with a small 

hydro-electric system, which has no prospects 

and cannot be used by traditional hydroelectric 

power stations. However, his estimations 

including estimations of the "hydraulic ram's" 

parameters are also based mainly on his own 

series of experiments. 

As such a science as hydraulic gas dynamics 

appeared and has been developing, during all these 

years, in different countries, where the "hydraulic 

ram" was not forgotten, there were numerous 

attempts to find the accurate development of the 

main existing hydrodynamic equations in order 

to explain the existent processes and find optimal 

characteristics. But such a development for an 

unstable flow or, as is customary, a nonstationary 

stream, which is a process of water flow in the 

"hydraulic ram", is possible only by numerical 


methods. In order to use them, it is necessary to 

know a lot of the beforehand unknown input data. 

Due to this, such attempts were unsuccessful. It 

is confirmed by the fact that many different 

patents for modernization of this device have been 

obtained. They did not concern change or 

improvement of its operation principle. However, 

the "hydraulic ram" theory stated in S.Chistopolsky's 

work is sufficient for understanding, which factors 

and which parameters influence the "hydraulic ram" 

operation and also for making a comprehensive 

analysis. 

This theory, which was many times proved in 

practice and considerably augmented by the 

author, underlies a proof of existence of another 

hydrodynamic system of water acceleration, i.e. a 

proof of existence of another water lifting device, 

which can have no water discharge at all. 

Imagine a pipe, which is attached to a basis of a 

water reservoir and closed from both sides. 

There is a solid bottom, on the one side of the 

pipe, and there is a thin-wall membrane, which 

restricts water, on the other side, where the 

water reservoir is located. Under the certain 

design pressure, the membrane will break and 

the water flow with an accelerating speed will 

go to the closed pipe from the reservoir. If there 

is no air in the pipe or it is somehow freely 

replaced by water, the effect of the "hydraulic 

blow" will also appear when water reaches the 

pipe's bottom or its considerably restricted 

part in the end. If the pipe's bottom has, as the 

"hydraulic ram", a pressure valve, which opens 

under certain pressure, the "hydraulic blow" 

process will provide for the same pumping. The 

"air blast" with the increased pressure zone will 

go towards the water flow stretching the pipe's 

walls by an excessive pressure and providing, 

therefore, for water coming in through the 

pressure valve. Reflecting from water locating 

in the reservoir, the "air-blast" will move to the 

pipe's bottom again. During the "air blast" 

motion toward the pressure valve, as in the 

"hydraulic ram", decrease of the static pressure 

will occur in a zone from the pipe's inlet to the 

"air-blast" front. Such a motion with the 

recurring pressure increase and decrease will 

repeat many times until the water lift located 

in the pipe uses up its kinetic energy. In a certain 

amount of time, a certain quantity of water will 

go to chamber 4. 

51

The same process will happen, if opening valve 

3 will be installed at the pipe's inlet instead of 

the membrane, as it is shown on Fig. 2. 

water 

Fig. 2 

water 

However, if this valve will be designed reverse, 

i.e. closing from the direction of pipe's bottom 

7, during contact with the very first "air blast", 

which moves towards the water flow and 

creating a zone of the increased pressure behind, 

the valve will tend to close due to the pressure 

difference. To a greater or lesser extent, it will 

begin to block the water flow going through it. A 

mathematical research of such a hydrodynamic 

scheme, an introduction into the theory of the 

real mechanism of the valves' closing and 

opening, taking into account their inertia, show 

that, under a certain design of valve 3 and 

certain initial parameters, the closing process 

can happen in such a way that the valve will not 

only close before the first "air blast" but also 

stay in the closed state until the excessive 

pressure influences in pipe 7 under pressure 

valve 5. As a result, conditions can be created 

that valve 3 will completely block the water 

flow for some time. After gathering a certain 

speed, the blocked water lift in pipe 7 has to 

continue its motion to chamber 4 mechanically. 

Thus, the strength of water pressure for water 

pumping to the camber can be substituted by 

the equivalent inertia. However, unlike the 

“hydraulic ram”, due to the fact that valve 3 is 

closed, each portion of water pumped in the 

chamber must cause losses of the whole water 

lift’s mass, which cannot be made up. Due to 

this, in pipe 7, from the side of closed valve 3, a 

dilution zone with a pressure close to 0 must 

appear from the moment of the beginning of 

the first reflected “air blast” motion. Only a part 

of solute gases can be there. The zone’s length 

will increase during the pumping. Due to the 

water pumping in the chamber, like in the 

“hydraulic ram”, a difference of the initial and 

final kinetic energy will change to the potential 

energy of water, which came to the chamber. 

As a result, in both cases, the excess pressure in 

the chamber must close the pressure valve and 

an almost total absence of pressure in pipe 7 

during the water lift destruction must open 

valve 3, which experiences the static water 

pressure from the side of pipe 2. Water will flow 

again through opening valve 3 to pipe 7. Its 

volume during flowing in will be exactly the 

same as the volume of the “zero” pressure zone 

or, as it is said in hydrodynamics, the “lift-off” 

area. A speed of this water can reach the initial 

one. Thus, all process must automatically 

repeat. 

During the real process of water pumping in 

the chamber after valve 3 is closed, all following 

reflections of the “air blast” spreading in the 

direction of valve 3 must occur from the bound 

of the “lift-off” area with its length increasing. 

During this, each portion of the pumped water 

will decrease due to a decrease of the pressure 

influence’s duration under pressure valve 5, 

because of a decrease of the “air blast” 

influence’s duration. 

As a result of the mathematical description of 

this scheme, taking into account the pumping 

mechanism, the mechanism of the pressure 

change in the chamber, taking into account all 

time characteristics, various losses, peculiarities 

of the horizontal and vertical scheme of water 

flowing in, a rather complete theory of such a 

hydrodynamic scheme has been developed. It 

contains more than 400 formulas and the 

method of parameters’ calculation, which is 

necessary for the designing. As a result of 

engineering research, a necessary design of 

valve 3 was also found. However, such a 

construction can be built only for burial depths 

of more than 15 meters due to the fact that 

there are no necessary materials and a 

technology for their production in the industry. 

The obtained mathematical dependencies show 

that, in the end of the pumping, a volume of the 

“lift-off” area is always less than a volume of 

the pumped water in the chamber. As a result, 

under the same initial parameters, a total 


quantity of the water pumped in the chamber 

will be less than that in the “hydraulic ram”. 

However, all pumping period is also shorter. 

Besides, a dependency of the pressure on the 

speed, which was consumed for its production, 

is more complex in comparison with the 

“hydraulic ram”. In spite of this, the pressure in 

the chamber is always more than the initial but 

its value is not more than its double initial value. 

Moreover, certain criteria of the initial 

parameters exist, which determine conditions 

of the automatic repetition of the process. One 

of these necessary conditions is an exact 

accordance of the masses of valve 3 and pressure 

valve 5 with the initial process’ parameters. A 

certain design volume in the chamber for an air 

cushion and a certain square of the crosssection 

on the chamber’s outlet for the water 

export must be realized. It should be mentioned 

that, from the energy point of view, this scheme 

consumes more energy for the operation than 

the net energy produced by it. Thus, the 

efficiency of this scheme is always less than 

100%. A kind of the efficiency’s change in 

dependence on the depth is shown in Figure 3. 

The given scheme can be, obviously, used in the 

same conditions as the conditions of the 

“hydraulic ram” operation. But it can be used, 

as it was said above, on the lowland rivers, where 

the “hydraulic ram” cannot work. 

There are, theoretically, no barriers for 

operation of such a water lifting device without 

a reservoir 1. In order to do this, it is enough to 

submerge it into water at certain depth h, as it 

is shown in Fig. 4. 

Under these conditions, the scheme becomes 

an ideal pump of low pressure, which can be 

used, fir example, in seawater desalters. 

However, this scheme has the biggest 

prospects, as it is shown in Fig. 5, in the event 

when there is no outlet tube at all or in the case, 

when there is some short tube’s section with a 

throat, which is equal to the cross-section of 

the chamber’s outlet port at the chamber’s 

outlet at depth h э 

h. As the obtained 

dependencies show, a theoretical dependency 

of the pressure in the chamber on the time will 

be like it is shown on Fig. 6, under the certain 

volume of the air cushion in the chamber and 

Depth, m 

Fig. 3 

the certain square of the throat of the outlet 

port in the chamber. 

Time of the pressure increase tw and its 

abatement tu is always less than 0.1 tH. During 

time ty < tH, an opening of valve 3, the water 

acceleration and energy accumulation occur. 

This allows considering the average speed of 

water flow out of the chamber during pumping 

time tH as a value, which is very close to some 

maximum possible speed. 

Thus, a water stream, which is characterized by 

a certain water consumption and an average 

water level 

Fig. 4 

water level 

Fig. 5 

water 

water 


53

Fig. 6 

efficiency of any pulse system, will be 

determined by a total, in accordance with the 

time, force impulse, if there is no force during 

time ty. 

Depth, m 

Fig. 7 

Depth, m 

Fig. 8 

speed, must be periodically formed in the outlet 

of the nozzle once during time tH. The average 

water consumption during time tH can 

considerably exceed the value obtained in the 

“hydraulic ram”. Hence, according to the law 

of impulse conservation, this water stream must 

create a reactive force because valve 3 is closed. 

Thus, this design becomes an ideal hydrojet 

propulsion engine. Its efficiency, as well as the 

Besides, such a water stream per se can produce 

some yield during time tH. This allows installing 

a reaction-type hydraulic turbine with a 

concatenated electric generator at the chamber 

outlet. Therefore, electric energy can be produced. 

Naturally, the electric generator must be located 

either in a hermetic chamber or on the water 

surface and connected with the turbine by some 

rotating shaft. Due to the fact that a considerably 

short period of time ty will influence only during 

gathering of the design angular velocity by the 

hydro turbine and generator, the obtained electric 

power will be determined only by the hydro 

electric machine’s efficiency. 

In order to evaluate possibilities of this design, 

calculation results of a ratio of average reactive 

force Rcp and electrical power Ncp to a square 

of the inlet port of the device from burial depth 

h under a certain acceptable design size of pipe 7 

and valve 3 are given on Fig. 7, 8. The calculation 

results show that there is a certain maximum at 

depths of approximately 450-650 meters. 

Thus, this scheme can theoretically provide for 

any thrust and any electrical power. In order to 

do this, only the certain square of the inlet port 

is needed. 


Fig. 9 

Fig. 10 

Using the given scheme in generator 

engineering, it seems possible to create a single 

power module of any electric output power. 

Taking it as a base, it will be possible to gather a 

sea submarine or pool hydroelectric power 

station of any power consisting of a number of 

such modules. As an example, one of 

constructive variants of such a module with a 

design electric output power of approximately 

315 kW and its possible size are given on Fig. 9. 

Its batch assembling (1) included in a coastal 

hydroelectric power station with a power of 

approximately 31.5 MW located at a depth of 

approximately 16.5 m is given on Fig. 10. Drive 

cable outlets (2) and current control units (3) 

can be located directly on the coast. 

The same hydroelectric power station can 

provide for a power of approximately 150 MW 

at a depth of approximately 50 m and a power 

of approximately 320 MW at a depth of 

approximately 100 m. 

The power module based on the same 

hydrodynamic scheme but located vertically in 

water, as it is shown on Fig. 11, 12, requires 

bigger depth and the same power. Such a 

module consisting of given water lifting device 

(6), hydro turbine (5), and electric generator 

(4) needs less area for its location. It can be, for 

example, simply hanged in water reservoir (1) 

by rope (3). The water reservoir can be made in 

the form of a closed cylinder tube installed in 

an underground well. 

The vertical location of the module makes it 

simpler to use it in regions where there are no 

deep water resources because it allows using 

smaller volumes of the required water. 

Fig. 11 Fig. 12 


55

account their compatibility together with 

minimal redesign costs. A reaction-type 

hydraulic turbine produce by a Dutch company 

«Energi Teknikk, A/S» had been used as a 

hydraulic turbine. It had been specially 

modernized for an inlet pressure of 

approximately 33 meters. The hydraulic 

turbine is shown on Fig. 14. 

Fig. 13 

The theoretical calculations’ results of the given 

scheme and the developed method of its 

designing were confirmed by experimental 

researches. In 2003, an experimental desk-size 

power module has been developed, built and 

tested in Spain. It consisted of an analytical 

model of the horizontal construction, a hydro 

turbine, and an electric generator for testing at 

a depth of approximately 50 meters. 

The given module had a design electric output 

power of approximately 97.4 kW. As the main 

parts (the chamber, pipes 2, 7 etc.) of the scheme 

and the pressure control units in the chamber, a 

set of construct elements of the certain 

seawater desalter shown on Fig. 13 had been 

used. The chamber’s volume, the pipe’s size, the 

valves’ fittings had been selected taking into 

An AC synchronous generator with a voltage 

rating of approximately 6 kV and a power 

rating of approximately 100 kW with an 

automatic frequency and pressure adjustment 

had been used as the electric generator. A 

ballast ohmic resistance by strong wind power 

generators had been used as a load. 

All parts of this power module, registering 

equipment of the chamber pressure, a selfcontained 

power source for the equipment, the 

hydraulic turbine and the electric generator 

were assembled in a hermetic container, which 

had a flanged joint for pipe splicing in the front 

part and a hatch for flowing out of the used 

water in the upper part. There were additional 

hermetic hatches in the container. They 

provided for access to the valves if their manual 

adjustment was necessary. The container design 

provided for splicing of acceleration and 

pressure pipes of any length and, if necessary, 

quick change of them. The appearance of the 

container with the given power module is shown 

on Fig. 15. 

The tests were carried out by putting this 

container by the rope from a ship at the 

specified depth. Several test series have been 

carried out. 

Fig. 14 Fig. 15 


As a result of a certain updating of the valves’ 

weight, a stable self-running operation mode was 

obtained at this depth after some tests. Processing 

of the chamber’s excess pressure oscillogram gave 

average results shown on Fig. 16. 

As a result, a direct measurement of the 

produced electric pressure showed a voltage 

value of 5.8±0.35 kV while a direct current 

measurement showed a current of 15.96±0.46 

a. This coincides with the obtained electric 

power of 92.73±8.25. According to the average 

value, it is less than the theoretical value only 

by approximately 4.8%. 

Thus, the new water lifting device, which is 

per se a new gravity energy transformer, first, 

can produce any industrial quantity of 

ecologically clean and powerful electric 

energy by the simple and cheap method and, 

second, according to its power, can substitute 

the existing heat and nuclear power stations. 

Now there are no problems with wide technical 

introduction of this invention into energy. It 

depends only on investments. A detailed 

financial evaluation shows that, in order to 

develop and build such power modules for the 

possible hydroelectric power stations based on 

it, with a power of more than 100 MW, it is most 

advisable to use the scheme with the vertical 

module’s location, with a unit output power of 

approximately 500 kW. A batch of such 

modules will need a water reservoir with a 

square of no more than 4.5 mІ/MW and a 

height of 21 meter. A total mass of such a 

module using an electric generator “SG2-500- 

4УЗ» (Russia) and a special reaction-type 

hydraulic turbine «PHY-500P» (Spain) can be 

only 4,840 kg. And its prime cost during serial 

production, taking into account the existing 

prices, will not exceed 97,200 Euro. Hence, a 

specific prime cost of such an energy source can 

be only 194.4 Euro/kW, which is minimal of all 

known energy sources. General costs of such 

hydroelectric power stations’ construction will 

not exceed 130 Euro/kW and a payback period 

will be 2 years after the construction beginning. 

During the after-payback period, it is possible 

to lower power rates up to a symbolically small 

value or sell electric energy at the market cost 

and get not less than 14% of the initial costs 

per month. 

In conclusion, we should mention that the 

results of the theoretical and experimental 

research allowed the article’s author together 

with other co-authors to obtain Eurasia patent 

# 005489 and some European patents in 2005. 

theory 

experiment 

Fig. 16 


57

An anti-gravity platform of 

V.S. Grebennikov 

We publish materials from http://gragons-matrix.narod.ru. The site’s author writes 

under the pseudonym of Dragon’s Lord. His ideas are interesting enough for an 

inquisitive reader to analyze them. 

impossible to put even a thumbtack on this block 

because it was thrown up and then aside. When 

the thumbtack was forcefully fixed to the chitin 

block from the top, it was lifted and, for a 

moment, completely disappeared! 

Grebennikov discovered a bio-antigravity 

effect in 1988 and then, during 3 years, studied 

it from many sides, developed the platform’s 

designs, carried out experiments. Together with 

Professor V. Zolotarev, he sent a patent 

application. Finally, in 1991, Grebennikov built 

his gravity-plane and started flying by a 

noiseless aircraft, which reached a speed of 

1,500-2,400 km/hour. The aircraft was 

inertialess and almost invisible from below. 

People, who observed it from ground, saw, 

instead of it, a light sphere or a disc or a cloud 

with sharply outlined edges. 

Fig. 1. Viktor Stepanovich Grebennikov 

In summer 1988, an entomologist from 

Novosibirsk city, Viktor Stepanovich 

Grebennikov, examined a micro-structure of the 

lower surface of beetles’ wing case by a 

microscope and became interested by “an 

unusually rhythmic, extremely ordered, 

incomparable honeycomb, solid 

multidimensional composition, which looked as 

if it was pressed by some complicated automatic 

machine”. Studying this amazing micro-pattern 

allowed Grebennikov to design an aircraft of a 

new kind called “Gravity plane”. 

As usually, this discovery was made by chance. 

Once Grebennikov put a chitin bristle from 

some beetle’s shell under a microscope and 

wanted to put another one but it slipped out 

from tweezers and… hung in the air. Then the 

scientist tied some laminae together from the 

top by a wire arranging them vertically. It was 

It is unnecessary to say that this was discovered 

not yesterday but in 1980ies. Grebennikov 

tried to rouse interest of “real” scientists but it 

was useless. Nobody wanted to talk to him. In 

Fig. 2. A wing and a wing case of Cetonia. In 

many parts of his book, Grebennikov describes 

remarkable properties of wing cases of 

scarabaeus, bronze poplar borer and especially 

Cetonia. Among five species of bronze poplar 

borer, almost all have the CHAOTIC- 

HONEYCOMB pattern on the INTERNAL side of 

wing cases. 


April 2001, Grebennikov died of a stroke. A 

book called “My world” written by him in 1997 

remained. There is a full variant of the book in 

Internet at http://bronzovka.narod.ru. 

Grebennikov studied an effect of cavitary 

structures of insects. He gave this name to a 

mysterious radiation emanated from their 

nests. 

In chapter 5-1 of the book, Grebennikov writes: 

«I have only a handful of old clay lumps, 

fragments of these nests, with numerous small 

rooms-cells. The cells were located side by side 

and looked like small thimbles or, more likely, 

small jugs with smoothly narrowing beaks. I’ve 

already knew that these bees belonged to 

species of Halictus – according to the number 

of light rings on their oblong bellies. There was 

a wide vessel filled with these spongy clay lumps 

on my working table, which was jammed with 

instruments, ant and grasshopper houses, vials 

with chemical agents and other things. I had to 

take something and I brought my hand above 

these spongy fragments. And a miracle 

happened: I suddenly felt heat above them… I 

touched the lumps by the hand – they were cold. 

But I obviously felt heat above them. 

Moreover, I felt unknown pushes, bounce, 

“tick” in my fingers”. 

This radiation cannot be screened. Grebennikov 

wrote: “I put a piece of cardboard on top – the 

feelings were the same. I put a pan’s lid but it 

had no effect: this “something” ran through the 

barrier. I should immediately study this 

phenomenon. But the instruments did not react 

Fig. 3. Grebennikov’s flying platform 


59

at all: neither finest thermometers, nor 

ultrasound recorders, electrometers nor 

magnetometers. But usual human hands (and 

not only mine hands!) obviously felt either heat 

or cold wind or ticks or a denser medium above 

the nests. Some people’s hands became heavier, 

other people’s hands were pushed up; some 

people’s fingers grew numb, fore arm’s muscles 

felt spasms, some people felt giddy, secreted 

saliva voluminously”. 

But how did V. Grebennikov came to the idea 

of his aircraft Let us read further: “In summer 

1988, I watched by microscope chitin shells of 

insects, their fleecy antennae, butterfly wings’ 

lamellae of finest structure, open-work of shad 

mooneye’s wings with bright play and other 

Natural Patents. I was interested in an 

unusually rhythmic micro-structure of some 

parts of rather big insects. This was an 

extremely ordered composition, which looked 

as if it had been pressed by some complicated 

automatic machine according to special designs 

and calculations. In my opinion, this 

incomparable cellular structure was 

necessary neither for strength nor for 

decoration of this part. 

I did not notice something even resembling 

such an unusual amazing micro-pattern neither 

on other insects’ parts nor in the rest of nature, 

nor in technology nor in art. Due to the fact 

that it was multi-dimensional, I could not copy 

it in a flat drawing or a photograph. Why does 

an insect have this This structure is located in 

the bottom of wing cases and is almost always 

hidden. It can be seen only when an insect flies 

but who can do this 

I suspected that this can be a wave beacon 

having “my” effect of multi-cavitary structures. 

During this really happy summer, there were a 

lot of insects of this species and I caught them 

using light in the evenings. Neither before nor 

after that, I observed neither such a great 

number of them or even single individuals. 

I put a small concave chitin lamella on a 

microscope table in order to watch its strange 

cells using strong magnification once more. I 

looked at a regular masterpiece of Naturejeweler 

and, without any purpose, put another 

lamella with these unusual cells located on one 

of its sides on the first lamella by tweezers. 

But the part was pulled out the tweezers, hung 

in the air for some seconds under the lamella, 

which lay on the microscope table, rotated 

clockwise, moved – in the air! - to the right, 

rotated anticlockwise, swung and only then 

quickly fall on the table. 

A reader can only imagine what I felt that 

moment… After coming to consciousness, I tied 

some lamellae by a piece of wire. It was difficult 

and possible only if I took them vertically. So, I 

made a kind of a multilayer chitin “block”. I put 

it on a table. Even such a comparatively heavy 

thing as a thumbtack could not lie on it: 

something pulled it up and then aside. I fixed 

the thumbtack to the top of the “block” and 

then so unbelievable things began to happen 

(particularly, the thumbtack completely 

disappeared for a moment) that I understood 

that this is not a beacon but some Other thing. 

Fig. 4. A picture from the sixth chapter of “My 

world” book 

I was excited again and, due to agitation, 

everything around me was like in mist; but I 

could calm down and, in two hours, could 

continue working… Everything began from this 

accident.” 


Fig. 5. “These strange, extraordinary fine and complex instruments and devices of 

insects are used not only for senses of touch, smell, vision, sound but they also 

receive or generate electronic waves while some of them hamper the Earth’s 

gravity. The picture was made by an electronic microscope.” 

Did you pay attention to magical words “…and some of them oppose to the Earth’s attraction…” It is 

really strange that “…strange stellate cells…” cannot be seen on them though “…the unusually rhythm 

micro-structure… extremely ordered composition looking as if it had been pressed by some complicated 

automatic machine according to special designs and calculations… incomparable sponginess…” is 

obviously seen on the third photograph. However, if we remember Grebennikov’s remark: “…I did not 

notice something even resembling such an unusual amazing micro-pattern neither on other insects’ 

parts nor in the rest of nature, nor in technology nor in art…”. Usual hexagon honeycombs can be 

observed. Or does Grebennikov want to say that honeycombs (as in experiments on production of 

the effect of cavitary structures - ECS) are a simplified example of this complicated pattern and the 

antigravity effect can be observed already in such a simple structure Here are more photographs of 

honeycombs: 

Fig. 6. Multi-cell structures of insects magnified by an electronic microscope 

by hundreds and thousands times 

These are the only photographs in the book, where “…strange stellate cells…” can be seen. Possibly, it is 

the construction’s prototype. At least, this is something very close. We can suppose that these are 

honeycombs (on micro-level) and an element with a star consisting of multi-layer mesh of cells is 

formed. Just like on the photographs. 


61

And, in two years of laborious work, a gravity 

plane shown on Fig. 3 appeared: an aircraft with 

amazing characteristics. It is invisible, need no 

traditional engine as we imagine it, and has no 

wings or a propeller. It is noiseless; easily reach 

a safe flight speed of 1500 km/h, which is not 

felt by a pilot: there are no either inertia 

properties of a moving body or heat influence 

of the environmental air to the aircraft, or 

dynamic pressure or other effects. It also has a 

very simple design: a post with two handles 

placed on an opened platform. 

A detective story 

In 1992, in “Molodost Sibiri” newspaper, a prerelease 

of Grebennikov’s book “My world” was 

published. The photographs of Grebennikov 

flying by his platform were published in the 

article for the first time. The photographs were 

also published in “Tehnika molodezhi” magazine. 

From bad to worse, it was written in a “Tehnika 

molodezhi” article that total volume of the 

book was meant to be 500 pages and 400 colorful 

images. In the same article, it is written that 

the aircraft principles, heights and outfit will 

be given in “My world”. Grebennikov was going 

to completely describe his invention. The whole 

book was aimed at it. But proofreaders and an 

editor (and, possibly, the according authorities) 

explained Grebennikov that it is forbidden to 

publish such information. 

So, Grebennikov had to remove fragments of 

the text and patch it up. This is why a lot of 

hints and keys remained in the book. In order 

to completely remove information on the 

platform, he had to rewrite the whole book! 

Two photographs with Grebennikov’s flight 

were left in the book because they were already 

known to people. As a result, the book’s total 

volume was more than 300 pages and there were 

a lot of inappropriate butterfly images in the 

end of the 5th chapter”. 

Though Grebennikov could not publish the 

invention’s description, he tried to tell readers 

fundamentals of his inventions by hints 

(because, in 1990ies, he WANTED to tell this 

to the world and, only in 2000ies, after he 

became ill, he began to reduce the information 

considering it dangerous for people’s health). 

In the “Tehnika molodezhi” article, it was 

written that Grebennikov had demonstrated 

his platform in a museum (in Siberian Research 

Institute of Agriculture and Agricultural 

Chemistry) FOR EVERYONE! Possibly, a big 

colorful photograph of the aircraft was taken 

in the museum. If it is so, there must be eyewitnesses 

who saw the aircraft. There must be 

a lot of them. 

A real device was made in one copy and 

disappeared after Grebennikov’s death. 

However, in the mentioned above museum, a 

model of the device made by Grebennikov 

remained. Actually, only the post remained. The 

board was stolen, the post was roughly pulled 

out, all plaster wing nuts were broken – 

apparently, they tried to untwist them! 

Everything – buttons, toggle, right handle of 

the handle bar – was made of playdough, plaster 

and papier-mache and then covered with silver 

paint. Grebennikov obviously tried to 

reproduce an appearance of the real device with 

maximal accuracy because it is much easier to 

use real wings nuts in the model. In this case, 

however, plaster copies were made using the 

real board. It is a pity that the lower part of the 

platform, i.e. the board, was lost. It could 

contain copies of block-boards’ parts and 

mirrored a real scheme of kinematic blind 

control. If we could look at the control scheme, 

it would be possible to remove many versions 

considering antigravity production principle. 

A range of questions would narrow… 

The device 

A fine analysis of a possible design of 

Grebennikov’s platform is published at http:// 

dragon-matrix.narod.ru/ (it is not real but a 

supposed design). 

The platform’s post (the handle bar) 

The first handle bar’s section is a T-shaped 

welded construction with a lot of buttons, signal 

indicators (light-emitting diodes) and even an 

electrical toggle. The instrument at the handle 

bar’s center is an altitude meter. 

An electrical snap-action (two-position) toggle 

(5) is used for turning on board electrical 

equipment (signal light-emitting diodes) and, 


Fig. 7. A scheme of elements of the first (upper) post’s elbow 

possibly, additionally, for “permission” of motor 

device operation process. 

At the left of the altitude meter, opposite to 

the toggle, the electrical button-starter (3) is 

located. Grebennikov pushed it when the device 

still stood on the ground (right before take-off). 

Pushing the button, a condenser plate in the 

motor device is charged by a high potential. On 

the end of the left handle, another lightemitting 

diode (1 – traditionally, it is called 

“green”, in order to distinguish it). It shows 

charge presence on the motor device’s 

condenser plate and, possibly, a charge degree 

of the plate (by different brightness of glow). 

In the opposite direction, on the end of the right 

handle, two light-emitting diodes are placed: red 

(8) and white (7). They are directly connected 

to plug-and-sockets placed in mechanical units 

of joining-separation and change of blinds’ 

tilting. The white light-emitting diode induces 

straight motion while the red one induces quick 

slowdown. 

Left rotary handle (2) controls blinds 

separation with increase of an active surface – 

a vertical traction. The right one (6) controls 

change of rotation angle of every blinds’ plate 

around the long axis – a horizontal traction. 

Two mechanical buttons-catchers (14, 9) 

directed at a pilot’s belly are placed lower than 

the toggle and the button-starter. They are 

connected to the rotary arms according to 

“push and turn” principle. In order to turn the 

arm, it is necessary to press an according button 

by a thumb (to release the arm’s motion) and 

then it is possible to rotate it freely pressing 

the button. If you stop pressing the button, the 

arm will stay fixed in the existing position (with 

the given angle). This helps to carry out the 

hovering mode and choose a fixed height and 

flight speed (during a long flight time). 

All other “convex” elements located at the first 

handle bar’s elbow are retention screws. There 

are no control and diagnostics elements except 

the mentioned ones. The most interesting thing 

is that the upper (right) handle bar’s section 

TURNS like a handle bar of a standard bike (!) 

controlling a mechanism of the platform 

rotation (unsynchronism of the symmetric 

block-boards’ rotation). A rotary effort is 

transferred by a flexible elastic cable (with a 

diameter of about 10 mm). The biggest screw 

on the handle bar (13) located under the 

altitude meter in the center is a bonding of this 

cable. Bonding of the whole post to the 

platform, this rotary cable is set into a central 

socket (the biggest one on the photograph, 


63

Fig. 8. A scheme of elements of the fourth (lower) post’s elbow 

where Grebennikov keeps his suitcase). 

“Loosening screw-nuts on the control post, I 

shorten it like an antenna of a radio set, and 

take it (Grebennikov means this cable) out of 

the platform, which is folded in two, due to 

joints”. 

By the way, the handle bar could rotate. Near a 

bolt of the rotary cable bonding, a cramp is stuck 

(10). Grebennikov tied himself to it with a belt. 

The second elbow is not interesting because it 

is a standard pipe. It is only necessary to 

mention that it does NOT rotate together with 

the first one but is fixed to the third elbow, 

which, for its turn, is screwed to the fourth 

immovable elbow. A wing nut on the first elbow 

(11) DOES NOT ATTACH the first elbow to 

the second one. Instead, it holds a special 

bushing, which helps the handle bar to turn. 

There is a button directed to a pilot on the third 

elbow. It is not a light emitting diode but a 

button because Grebennikov painted it the 

same brown paint as the post. Who would paint 

light emitting diodes which do not light bright 

The use of this button will remain unknown, 

perhaps. And we will not know how the wing 

nut on the forth elbow was used (it is located in 

the center and directed to a pilot). 

The forth elbow ends by perpendicular flange 

(25, with three bolts), which decreases the “pull 

out” moment. The lower elbow cannot rotate 

because a device of the lower side rotary arm is 

stuck to it. A body of the device (17) is a 

CYLINDRICAL pipe section (it is stuck to the 

post horizontally). A free end of the body is cut 

with an angle of about 40 degrees and closed by 

round plate-stub (16) with three small screws. 

There is a hole in the stub’s center, where our 

handle (15) protrudes from. The handle is 

spring-loaded and has a mechanical nature. It is 

necessary to pay attention to rod (18) starting 

from the handle’s body to the control box. 

Actually, this is a hollow pipe, where either a 

cable or a rod with a bolt head (at the bottom) 

slides. When the handle is turned against a pilot, 

it is impossible to fly. If it is turned to a pilot, it 

is possible to fly. 

There is an adjusting element (26) on the upper 

handle’s surface. It looks like a small cylinder 

with a horizontal metal rod, which is used for 


its rotation. It adjusts accuracy of the 

connection-disconnection mechanism’s 

operation (by pulling up the cable or somehow 

else). Most likely, the handle is a standard 

protecting device, which blocks accidental 

operation of the platform’s antigravity devices 

without a pilot. 

Now let us discuss a small box in the bottom of 

the post. Four wing nuts (19, 24) located on 

the upper surface of the box fix the post to the 

platform. Two side (opposite) wing nuts (20, 

23) adjust accuracy of “distributors” operation 

(accuracy of bringing together and 

synchronization of the blinds). There are two 

“distributors”: the left one is used for separating 

the blinds and the right one is used for change 

of the blinds’ angle. Each mechanical 

“distributor” of the efforts (located 

horizontally) is connected to a cable from each 

of the rotary arms of the handle bar. Then, 

efforts are distributed to several cables, to each 

of four blinds’ blocks. 

There is a treadle (22) in the box from the pilot’s 

side for the right foot. Its function is quick 

slowdown (and also standard slowdown). 

Another electrical snap-action toggle is located 

near the treadle (at the left of it). It has bright 

orange color and either made of transparent 

plastic and lit from inside by a light emitting 

diode or made of an opaque material and 

painted by a fluorescent paint (with phosphorus 

or something like this). Why is it painted It is 

made so due to the fact that it is used only at 

night, i.e. under conditions of limited 

illumination. 

What does it control A small headlight is 

placed on the right side of the box (like a 

reflector of a flash-light). It turns the 

headlight on. A flash-light lamp is used. It is 

connected through a resistor to a small 

accumulator hidden in the same box at the 

handle bar’s base (it is an analogue of “Krona” 

battery of 9 Volt; it has the same size but it is 

cylindrical). 

It is necessary to mention that such an 

accumulator can supply all light emitting 

diodes, headlights and a high-voltage 

transformer and charge the condenser plates 

in the motion device for a couple of weeks of 

continuous operation (at least, it will be 

enough for a rather long time). It can also be 

charged at home. 

The headlight can be used during take-off and 

landing and is useless during flight due to two 

reasons. First, there is nothing to light in the 

sky. Second, if the platform’s irradiators have 

sufficient power, the platform becomes 

invisible and stops light from going out of its 

field’s limits. Besides, it is difficult to 

ACCIDENTALLY step on and break the 

toggle glowing in the dark because it is placed 

not very well. 

Fig. 9. A bottom view of the platform (the picture from “My world book”). The design of the back 

blinds-fans can be seen. 


65

The platform’s base 

Grebennikov made his airplane of a platform, 

so numerous screws and wing nuts are just 

lightly modified platform’s parts. 

Each of the platform halves was made by 

Grebennikov of ONE wooden piece while 

industrially produced platforms are made of 

plywood with attached boards. But this is a 

box of old Soviet microscope package with 

an external walls’ thickness of 8 mm and an 

internal walls’ thickness of about 50 mm. 

Grebennikov only had to take out a plastic 

foam interlay and cover the body with drying 

oil. He made this though the board’s thickness 

of 8 mm is rather unreliable. Possibly, 

Grebennikov strengthened the base by sheet 

metal from inside. 

Blinds (block-boards) 

The blinds’ design is a standard FAN made of 

flat long elements. There are four fans. Each of 

their four axles is fixed vertically at the 

platform’s corners. It can be seen in 

photographs. Even a picture by Grebennikov 

showing its device from below exists! 

Two bolt heads can also be seen on the 

photographs, approximately in the center of 

each platform halves. This is a bonding of the 

distribution mechanism, which transfers effort 

from the “distributors” to a fan opening device. 

Each fan consists of nine plates. In order to make 

them strong, the plates are made of sheet metal. 

Micro-nets are stuck from the upper surface of 

each plate. On the one hand, the metal does not 

prevent nets from operating because the effect 

of cavitary structures cannot be screened and, 

on the other hand, protects them from 

mechanical influences such as influence of grass 

during landing. Holes in the plates, which can 

be seen, are not related to micro-cells. They are 

made only for lightening the metal plates’ 

weight. Do you see that it is difficult for 

Grebennikov to hold even a lightened version 

of his platform 

Antigravity effect (created due to the effect of 

cavitary structures) is produced by the cells but 

they need “fuel” in order to work with maximal 

efficiency. 

Roughly speaking, the effect of cavitary 

structures works the following way: any 

material consists of particles vibrating by its 

own frequency (read Tesla’s cosmology, works 

of John Keely, Thomas Henry Morey, Wilhelm 

Reich and others). Due to such internal atomic 

vibrations, a stationary wave exists in the 

environment, around any object (and further, 

discrete “reflections” or maximums of such a 

wave). 

Thus, a frequency and length of such vibration 

are unique for any material (according to 

Grebennikov, this is a “reflection of de Broglie 

waves). If we make a cavity, its walls will begin 

to “radiate” towards each other or under some 

angles. If a right size of such a cell will be found, 

waves’ maximums will sum up and a field will be 

strengthened in the given point of space (field 

antinode). 

So, let us make conclusions. First, as many as 

possible surfaces are necessary for one cell (it 

may seem strange but a polygon with maximal 

quantity of sides, which can be used for filling a 

plane without gaps and fractally is a hexagon). 

Second, the less the size of each cell, the more 

quantity of surfaces, which we can have with 

the same volume. The more cells and, 

accordingly, the more surfaces, the stronger the 

effect of cavitary structures. Let us remark 

more that size of one cell is not arbitrary but 

divisible by wave “reflections” (maximums’ 

position), which, in their turn, depend on a used 

material. Wave “reflections” can be far from the 

surface as well as very close to it. Closer ones 

have stronger power. 

So, we have a very fine net. By specifying a 

certain geometry of its cells (size and form of 

planes, angles between the planes), we 

concentrate our STATIC field (the material’s 

“radiation”) in certain points of space. 

However, we are interested, first of all, in force 

GRADIENT. The mentioned static field does 

not produce yield and confirms the law of 

energy conservation. We don’t have 

antigravity so far. 

Then we use lepton theory of Isakov (remember 

that lepton, aether, and orgone are the same). 

We have to determine such a form of cells, which 

will allow having different field force: from a 


very low on the one side to a very high on 

another. The less distance to the cell material 

surface, the stronger wave “reflections” we 

have. We make a simple and logical conclusion 

that one side of the cell must be geometrically 

less than another. If an initial cell is 

cylindrical, we have a cone: if it is triangular 

or square, we have a pyramid with a triangular 

or square base. If we initially have a 

hexagonal cell, the pyramid will be hexagonal 

too. 

It is necessary to tell about lepton 

explanation of gravity effect. This means that 

leptons fly all over space in all directions, 

chaotically. They pass through all bodies but 

still they transmit some (very small) part of 

their speed to these bodies. Now imagine two 

spheres. A lepton stream flying from one 

sphere to another passes through the first 

sphere, brakes and “irradiates” the second 

sphere less than the first one (the second 

sphere is in “lepton shadow” of the first one). 

And on the contrary. Thus, pressure from the 

direction of the internal space (between the 

spheres) will be less than the external 

pressure, which leads to attraction (i.e. 

pushing together) of two bodies. This effect 

is called gravity. 

So, we need antigravity. There are leptons or 

aether everywhere in universe. If a device will 

be invented, which will be able to change 

leptons’ direction to the necessary one 

(create aether wind), our task will be solved. 

We already have such a device – this is our 

cell. A cell of the conic (or cuneiform) kind 

takes up a lepton stream from the horizontal 

direction (it will become obvious after we 

read Wilhelm Reich’s works in the 

attachment) and reapportion it to the vertical 

one: a small part of the stream goes in one 

direction while almost the whole stream goes 

in another. Of course, if the cell’s axis is placed 

vertically as in Grebennikov’s platform. 

Now, if we place such a solid net consisting of 

the micro-cells under the platform (in a zone 

BETWEEN the bodies, i.e. between the Earth 

and the platform with a man) and orient it in 

such a way that “aether wind”, which is 

created by it, blows the platform from the 

bottom compensating insufficiency of lepton 


pressure (as described above), the platform 

and its passenger will become imponderable 

and fly up. Controlling a power of an aether 

stream and its directions (the blinds are used 

for this), we have the same rough material 

idea of force vector as in the case of jet 

streams. The only difference is that aether is 

so insensible for us that there are no strong 

air streams. At first sight, there is nothing! 

The platform just picks up speed and height 

without any sound, visual and other effects. 

Inertia force doesn’t influence a pilot. It is 

necessary to note that a head is heavier than 

legs while the legs, in their turn, are heavier 

than the platform – it is a gradient of the 

antigravity force! 

It is interesting that it is possible to make 

symmetric cells (like usual honeycombs) 

instead of cuneiform ones. A half of this 

“aether wind” can blow in the ground – it s 

all right. It is unreasonable: about a half of 

the power is lost (power, however, can be 

increased by decreasing cells’ size by 0.5) but, 

technologically, such nets are easier to build. 

Now let us tell about the cells’ “fuel”. 

Grebennikov noted that, in case with the 

effect of cavitary structures experiments, it 

is necessary to take the Sun into account 

under normal conditions. The point is that, 

together with sunlight, an intensive aether 

(or lepton, this is the same) flow goes from 

the Sun. As it was noted by Grebennikov, 

during take-off, Grebennikov’s aircraft was 

always carried away in a direction, which was 

opposite to the Sun. This happened because, 

from the Sun side, the fans got more effective 

supply and worked more effectively moving 

the aircraft in another direction. This is the 

answer. In the event when the aircraft was 

moved away due to different reasons, this 

cannon be explained by “usual conditions”. In 

this case, different environmental 

disturbances take place. We will not consider 

them here because these are fluctuations, 

which do not hamper in flying. 

Let us now think about electrostatics. If in all 

descriptions of Grebennikov’s experiments 

including the beetle regularity “two layers of 

reticular structures are more powerful than one 

layer” takes place, how a fact can be explained 

67

that a folded fan (a multi-layer package of nets) 

is much WEAKER than an unfolded by 

Grebennikov one (i.e. place all nets in one 

layer) 

It is obvious that power increases during fan 

unfolding: “Moving a handle, I unfold the 

blinds again and hoick vertically” or “A 

flexible cable inside the handle transmits 

motion from the left handle to the gravity 

blind. Folding and unfolding them, I carry out 

take-off or landing”. What increases during 

the blinds’ unfolding Right, their square 

increases. But not just square but a square of 

interaction with the second layer. It is 

understandable that there are no additional 

elements under the fans. But there is such a 

structure above them! Remember about the 

sheet metal 

Why electrostatics Various purely electrical 

elements are installed on the platform. It means 

that electricity is used. It is also known that an 

electrostatic field of high potential can produce 

yield (remember what Tesla told) and is not 

consumed during this. It is possible to obtain 

high voltage of dozens kilovolt by rather 

compact devices which use watch batteries. In 

Novosibirsk, in the 90ies, a whole kind of such 

devices was sold: from shokers to stimulators. 

Such a “box” can be easily placed in the box 

under the post. Pressing the button-starter 

(the button on the left of the handle bar), the 

transformer turns on for a short time and the 

terminal’s plate located a little higher than the 

nets obtains a considerable static charge. The 

“green” diode indicates a charging degree of the 

terminal. The terminal cannot discharge itself, 

during operation, but it is slowly discharged 

through the air (a so called corona discharge). 

Thus, Grebennikov periodically had to press the 

mentioned button taking into account the 

diode’s light. It is possible to build an automatic 

scheme controlling this process but 

Grebennikov did not know radio electronics and 

hardly knew electrotechnology. 

There is only one vexed question: “What did 

Grebennikov show on the picture It could be 

either BOTH halves of the platform or only 

ITS BACK half”. The first version will be 

asserted by supporters of a rough 

interpretation of the platform’s operation: a 

repulsive force, which is directed DOWN 

(vortex technologies and others). The second 

version is confirmed by a reasonable thought: 

“there are NO two internal vertical partitions, 

to which rotary hinges are fixed, between the 

fans on the picture. It means that two BACK 

fans are shown on the picture”. In our 

supposition, we consider a force directed UP 

and “blowing” at the platform from below. 

Understanding the construction this way, it is 

possible to explain how the brake is carried out 

by incline of the back couple of the fans. This is 

how the treadle on the platform works. 

Accordingly, the front fans work the same way 

but mirroring (creating traction in the motion 

direction). It is necessary to note, just in case 

(for military men and cosmonauts), that the 

incline changes not the whole fan but each 

separate plate. Each plate has its own axis. 

The left handle USUALLY works only with the 

back fans (It will not be surprising if two back 

fans will turn out to be much stronger than the 

front ones), i.e. creates the vertical traction. 

Grebennikov stands only on the back half of 

the platform. Make your conclusions. The 

right handle ALWAYS controls only the front 

fans, i.e. creates the horizontal traction (the 

while diode lights). Rotation, as it was already 

discussed, is transmitted mechanically by 

twisting a thick flexible cable. The rotary effort 

is transferred from the lower transmitting unit 

in the center of the box under the handle bar by 

a standard “car” method, i.e. through hard 

control-rods with trunnion balls at their ends 

(but the trunnion balls can be absent) directly 

to “rotary” unit of the FRONT fans bonding. 

The back fans are not used by Grebennikov for 

control. This allows not transmitting all this to 

the back block-filters. So, the back couple is 

mechanically simpler than the front one by one 

third. During flight, the fans are unfolded and, 

when the treadle is pressed, the treadle drive 

rotates the plates and hampers the platform 

after preliminary turning off the “gas handle” 

(the white diode goes out and the red one 

lights). The effort for the plates’ unfolding and 

their turn to the back fans is transmitted 

through flexible cables; this allows easily 

folding the platform. Thus, the treadle is an 

analogue of the right handle but for the front 

fans instead of the back ones. 


Invisibility of the gravity plane 

A reason of a pilot’s instable invisibility 

described by Grebennikov is caused by four 

crossed fields exists instead of the place of one 

field’s influence. A product space is where a pilot 

stands. If only one field would exist, it would be 

stable. 

The fans, according to the flight mode, change 

radiation power and radiation direction all the 

time (take-off/fall, acceleration/slowdown 

and, mainly, turn). So we just have to comment 

presence of the invisibility effect. 

Light could freely come to the “sphere” around 

Grebennikov (in the influence zone of the field 

created by the nets) but could not come back. 

This is why Grebennikov was invisible. He 

could see everything because light reached his 

retina. But no reflected beams came from him 

because the entire light (a flow of particles 

coming from outside) was absorbed by the 

process generated by the nets, i.e. light was 

utilized (a flow of particles bringing the “fuel” 

to the nets). 

When Grebennikov stood on the ground, he 

was visible because the blinds were folded and 

did not work (therefore, they did not absorb 

light or any other particles). As soon as he began 

to rise and increase power (increasing the fans’ 

square), he smoothly (not suddenly) started 

becoming invisible. Of course, the invisibility 

was full during flight and, coming back, the 

process was the same. This is why, when 

Grebennikov flew low above the ground (and 

generated low power), he became visible (cast 

shadow). The same happened during quick 

landing, in the “falling like a stone” mode, when 

the blinds were folded: he became fully visible. 

This is why it was possible to take a photograph 

of Grebennikov during take-off, when he flew 

low. But when he flew “above pine’s tops”, it 

was impossible to photograph Grebennikov 

because there were no reflected beams from 

him, thus he was invisible. 

Humidity and electrostatics 

Grebennikov noticed one more detail: it was 

impossible to fly by the platform during rainy 


weather. On the one hand, actually, increased 

humidity does not promote electrostatics 

(and a bronze poplar borer flies only during 

sunny weather because chitin is very 

electrostatic; a beetle, most likely, uses the 

following effect: statics+ECS=strong 

antigravity). On the other hand, as 

Grebennikov wrote: 

“Put a shower head on a tap and turn on 

cold water. Slowly bring your palm to a 

beam of falling drops aside: most people feel 

heat at this moment. In fact, this is ECS 

increased by motion of new elements of the 

“multilayer net”: falling water drops and 

gaps between them. After training in a 

kitchen or in a bathroom, feel stronger ECS 

at fountains or waterfalls. Even if 

atmosphere pressure is not falling, remote 

rain creates a strong ECS field influencing 

at a distance of many kilometers. 

Remember how we want to sleep before rain 

even in a closed room: ECS cannot be 

screened”. 

Many small drops and gaps between them 

form a multidimensional void structure, 

which influences by its ECS. This, however, 

does not help the device based on the same 

principle to fly. 

Under the picture with the bronze poplar 

borer Grebennikov wrote: 

“When a big Middle-Asia bronze poplar 

borer sits like that (this is live!) on a finger, 

the finger feels like it is pulled up”. 

Pay your attention: the insect is “LIVE”!!! 

Possibly, wing cases of a dried beetle will 

NOT show the repulsion effect. I repeat: 

possibly. What do I mean Perhaps, the dried 

beetle has no sufficient static charge on its 

chitin and this prevents display of antigravity 

effect. It is also possible that statics is 

transmitted not by wing cases’ surface but 

by hemolymph (a blood type) of insects. Or 

maybe this is not statics but something else. 

As an example, here is a small fragment from 

Mister X’s “works” (The editor’s note: Mister 

X is a visitor of http://gragonsmatrix.narod.ru 

site forum): 

69

“Once I accidentally killed a standard and 

not prominent ladybird (I knew about 

Grebennikov’s discovery from the article). I 

am confused to confess but I tried even laying 

one wing case on another but it gave no result. 

I had no microscope and I used a standard 

magnifying glass for examination of the wing 

cases. Even under such a small magnification 

I could clearly see inside thin longitudinal 

walls-“edges”. Following mere curiosity, I 

crushed one of the wing case between my 

fingers. As a result, a red liquid flew out of it. 

My curiosity continues, this is why I took a 

standard flat battery, a lamp and a piece of 

cross patching. I found out an interesting fact: 

the liquid was a conductor. After I read the 

book and analyzed the pictures, it dawned 

upon me that we have a simplest electrolytic 

condenser with hemolymph (insects’ blood) 

as electrolyte and dielectric (chitin)!". 

What an idea! The electrolytic condenser, what 

do you think! In general, it is obvious that, even 

if we get the necessary wing cases, a lot of 

DIFFERENT experiments must be carried out. 

But how to impact properties of the “live” wing 

cases to the “dead” ones Grebennikov’s platform 

worked; this is a fact, so it is possible to technically 

reproduce the effect of the “live” wing cases. 

The editor’s note: Here it is appropriate to 

remember readers about another approach 

to creation of engines, which is called 

“asymmetrical condensers”. Articles 

devoted to this topic have been published in 

our magazine. 

Eye-witnesses 

As it was found out, Grebennikov hoped to 

remain invisible in vain. People who saw him in 

the sky were found. Mister X writes: 

“I was interested in Grebennikov’s question 

since an article called “Night flight over the 

city” had been published in “Molodost Sibiri” 

newspaper in 1991. A precondition was my 

only observation of UFO flight in the middle of 

March 1990. The UFO did not look like a 

“saucer” or an “object”. The observed object 

was practically the same as on the picture 

thought I cannot judge whether it was 

Grebennikov’s flight or not.” 

Biological hazard 

Grebennikov died at the age of 74. The age is 

venerable, but death was caused by a number 

of diseases, which can be obtained, for example, 

as a result of irradiation of a strong 

electromagnetic field. And Grebennikov 

confirmed that obtained the diseases due to 

flights by the platform. But a triangular bearer 

frame can be made of pipes, a platform can be 

placed in each corner of the frame and a pilot’s 

seat can be placed in the middle of this 

construction. In this case, a pilot will NEVER 

be in a filed of the platform’s influence. 

Moreover, Grebennikov mentioned that the 

triangular design with three elements (net 

platforms) is an ideal kind of control. 

In order to exclude a pilot’s contact with 

atmosphere, a hermetic cockpit is installed. It 

provides full comfort and safety. 

Questions and answers 

Question: Why did Grebennikov stood flying 

instead of, for example, sitting on the platform 

with his legs down and, in this case, why did not 

he make a shorter handle bar 

Answer: Both the platform and Grebennikov 

was COMPLETELY in the zone of 

compensated gravity’s influence, i.e. their mass 

and, more precisely, their weight was not 

positive but negative, which allowed flying. If 

he would put his legs OUT the field’s limits, 

their weight would become normal again, i.e. 

about 30-40 kg. As a result, the platform would 

change its vertical position in space to a 

horizontal one due to outweigh by the appeared 

weight. And Grebennikov would just fall from 

it. In general, nothing can be put out the 

platform’s limits during flight. 

Question: Thus, it is impossible to build a device 

where a pilot will be OUT of the dangerous 

radiation of the blinds. Is it necessary to be in 

the field’s influence zone as Grebennikov did 

Answer: No, this is a mistake. The pilot’s cockpit 

can be placed outside the limits of the 

admittedly harmful radiation. It is just 

necessary to have at least three independent 

platforms placed on the edges of such a “saucer” 


in the device’s construction. Besides, the blinds 

must be made more powerful than 

Grebennikov’s blinds because we will have to 

carry a not nullificated mass of the cockpit and 

a pilot placed in the center between the 

irradiators. Moreover, it is necessary to have 

an automatic stability device, which would 

remove list of the aircraft manipulating by 

powers of all three irradiators. 

Question: Why do cells (for example, pipes) 

oriented vertically “irradiate” stronger than the 

ones oriented horizontally (remember how 

Grebennikov tried to tie some wing cases 

together and all his experiments on ECS) if 

aether is everywhere 

Answer: There are not sufficient quantity of 

aether wind in a space BETWEEN two objects 

in a vector’s direction from one object to 

another. As we see, the Earth has a huge size 

and, accordingly, considerably ties up a stream 

flowing through it. This causes its strong 

gravity influence on other objects. If we place 

any cell (pipe) horizontally, aether will be 

absorbed from the vertical direction through 

walls of such a cell. Due to the fact that a lepton 

flow in this case is very depressed, we obtain low 

efficiency. If we place any cell (pipe) vertically, 

aether will be absorbed from the horizontal 

direction. In the horizontal direction, aether winds 

are not “screened” (because the Earth is lower 

than the pipe and, for example, the platform is 

higher. The second object can be missing). 

Question: What is a “fractal principle” 

Answer: Imagine standard honeycombs. We 

take one hexagonal cell. If it has the right size, 

antinodes of the ECS field from each wall of 

this cell must coincide exactly along the central 

axis (reflection of de Broglie waves), i.e. the 

same “maximum” of the stationary wave. We 

have a certain power. Let us add six cells along 

the circumference – it is an approximate 

hexagon. Antinodes of the ECS field from the 

newly formed EXTERNAL sides of this big 

hexagon will coincide again and meet in the 

center but these will be other reflections 

(stronger than the first ones observed by us). 

Both groups of “maximums” sum up and, as a 

result, we obtain a field, which is stronger than 

that created by all cells participating in the 


process and taken individually. Now we add 

other 12 cells along the external outline and so 

on. ECS maximums of different ranges will sum 

up all the time. This is a clear “fractal principle”. 

Obviously, this is why there were so many 

hexagons in Grebennikov’s book. 

Question: How can we work with micro-cell 

nets – press them, assemble them in blockboards 

and install these boards to the device, - 

if a cell will immediately fly if we let it off 

Answer: This is a widely spread mistake. The 

nets do not fly themselves. Only objects placed 

in the compensated gravity zone (above the 

horizontally placed nets) has weight equal to 0. 

Difficulties appear only at the last stage of 

assembling when powers of construction 

elements are relatively strong and influence 

each other. In this case, assembling the device, 

it is necessary to watch the nets being in the 

vertical position. This relates to Grebennikov: 

when he folded and unfolded his platform, he 

put it vertically (I mean the board). 

Question: Grebennikov could not turn at small 

power of the vertical traction (during take-off, 

landing and slowdown), could he 

Answer: Yes, it is because, in the event of the 

minimal vertical traction, the blinds are hardly 

unfolded. This does not allow normally turning 

the plates around their axes (change their 

incline angle). During slowdown, a drive of the 

“gas” handle turns off. This makes use of the 

handle bar useless because the plates of the front 

fans are placed in the horizontal plane too. 

Due to the fact that the back fans bore the main 

vertical load, it is possible that the front fans 

are half-unfolded in their minimal position 

(when the right handle is not turned), which 

allows using the handle bar during low-power 

flight modes. If it is not so, it is still possible to 

do so. It seems to me that Grebennikov did not 

do this because he was pulled away from the 

Sun and he could not fight with it and, therefore, 

could not manipulate the turning function 

during take-off. Fundamentally, these details do 

not influence flight because motion is 

inertialess and, during change of reapportion 

of an aether wind flow, a motion vector changes 

at the same time. 

71

Question: Could the handle bar really turn 

Answer: Let us think: actually, the left handle 

is busy (it unfolds the blinds and creates the 

vertical traction); the right handle, according 

to the description, changes incline of the blinds’ 

elements (i.e. creates the horizontal traction 

from zero to maximum). Thus, only the treadle 

is left of all control tools. But, using the treadle 

(if we consider it as an analogue of another turn 

handle from a motorbike), we can turn the 

horizontal plane only in one side (motion of the 

treadle is one-way like motion of the handle). 

It is very inconvenient and, therefore, unreal. 

So, we make a conclusion that the handle bar 

actually turns to the left and to the right and 

the handle bar controls turning. The 

photographs confirm this. 

Question: How can you prove that the treadle 

is used as a brake and is not, for example, a device 

controlling operation of a complex motion 

device 

Answer: Let us think again. Both handles 

change speed from zero to maximum (one – 

vertically while another – horizontally). In 

order to contradict, if necessary, a vertical 

force, it is possible simply to unfold the blinds 

(de-energize them) and, due to the fact that the 

platform ALWAYS flies with its bottom turned 

to the ground, gravity force does its work for 

us. It is different with the horizontal motion. 

We can gather speed from zero to maximum 

without any problems but how can we quickly 

slowdown if necessary According to 

Grebennikov’s words, there is not even air 

friction! It leads to a necessity to have another 

control element on the platform, i.e. the treadlebrake, 

which acts the same way but opposite to 

the right handle. 

Question: It is not logically to trust one’s life 

to presence or absence of voltage in the 

accumulator. What if it will run down during 

flight 

Answer: First, this is unlikely. Second, even this 

happens, nothing fatal will happen. The nets will 

work though not with maximal power. This 

event, possibly, will lead to a smooth landing of 

the aircraft (because the high-potential terminal 

will run down not quickly but smoothly). 

Question: Why did Grebennikov tried to draw 

energy vortex exhaust from the platform on 

pictures of night flights 

Answer: Possibly, Grebennikov used not cone 

cells but symmetric ones in his design. I.e. an 

aether flow was distributed up as well as down 

in them. This variant is a working one, too. 

Taking into account use of high-voltage 

potential, aether flows carried bigger particles 

(charged ions, for example), which became 

visible in darkness. They were formed into single 

discrete pseudo-vortexes due to presence of 

holes in the blinds’ metal plates (metal absorbs 

or hamper radiation while the holes let them 

pass freely). 

Question: Why do you think that the drive 

from the right rotary handle goes only to the 

front fans but not for all of them 

Answer: Here is what Grebennikov wrote: 

“The upper part of my device is really a bike’s 

one: the right handle is used for horizontalforward 

motion, which is made by incline of 

both groups of the blinds also through the 

cable”. He wrote “BOTH”, i.e. he meant the 

two front fans (a fan is a single group of the 

blinds or, in other words, a block-board). 

Appendixes: scientific hypotheses and 

extracts from articles 

Lepton-hypothesis of B.I. Isakov. Extracts 

Consequence 5. According to the formulas, an 

opportunity follows that high values of 

gradients of lepton physical fields’ objects can 

be observed in zones opposite to acute angles 

of solid bodies, geological rocks, on tectonic 

plates’ edges, on rock peaks, on tops of big cliffs 

and pyramids etc., particularly, matter outflow 

in the form of leptons and other elementary 

particles is possible. 

Discovery of electron emission in zones of 

geological rocks’ fractions (USSR, 1984) is a 

particular manifestation of a more general law. 

A body placed opposite to acute projected 

angles of other bodies or solid rocks, on tops of 

cliffs and pyramids etc. can be irradiated by 

leptons. On the contrary, bodies placed inside 

hollow planes of other solid bodies, for example, 


inside pipes, cylinders, and cones or placed in a 

polyhedral or a 3-dimensional angle can 

experience “swap-out” of microleptons. 

Biological objects with weakened microlepton 

fields can be “charged” with lepton energy on 

tops of rocks or pyramids. On the contrary, 

excessively excited biological objects calm 

down quicker if they are placed into internal 

cavities of solid matter with negative curvature 

or into an angle, a bay etc. with geometrical 

unbalance of matter, which is equivalent to 

negative curvature (possibly, a custom of many 

nations to calm down overexcited children 

placing them in a corner makes sense). 

Consequence 14. According to the lepton 

hypothesis, each body is permeated extensively 

by lepton streams, which bombard it and 

balance lepton pressure up to a zero average 

resultant. Interaction of leptons with a body 

happens all over the body’s volume, not only on 

its surface. If preponderance or deficiency of 

lepton pressure will be artificially created just 

on one side by focusing lepton streams or, on 

the contrary, by obstruct them from the body 

by some screen or an artificial lepton vortex, a 

no-zero resultant can be created, which will be 

able to move light objects. 

This can explain telekinesis phenomenon, 

particularly, experiments of V. Avdeev, R. 

Kuleshova and others and also poltergeist 

effects. The lepton hypothesis allows 

comprehending the universal gravity 

mechanism expressed by Newton’s law from a 

new point of view. Two bodies located close to 

each other partially screen each other from 

lepton streams’ pressure. From the external 

sides, preponderance of lepton pressure in 

comparison with a pressure from the side of a 

space between the bodies is created because 

each body partially hampers lepton streams 

coming through it. If point mass m is located 

near distributed mass M, a force equal to the 

screening force influences m… 

… where d is a constant of proportionality; p is 

a density of matter in the distributed mass, g is 

a distance and a multitude of distances from 

variable body point M to point mass m; l is a 

body angle corresponding to angle sizes of 

distributed mass M and a point of location of point 


mass m; f(r) is a function of body M geometry; 12 

is a function of geometry and curvature of a lepton 

stream in the given point of space. 

The lepton hypothesis allows not postulating 

but concluding, substantiating theoretically 

and comprehending, understanding Newton’s 

law, understanding the concealed gravity and 

remote influence mechanism. If two bodies with 

distributed masses M1 and M2 are located close 

to each other, a resultant force does not change 

fundamentally, only a conclusion of Newton’s low 

becomes more complex while the fundamental 

nature of the dependence does not change. 

Thus, according to the lepton hypothesis, 

attraction is a deficiency of repulsion, i.e. the 

law of gravity can be considered as a 

consequence of the law of lepton repulsion (or 

lepton compression, pressure) during bodies’ 

screening, which leads to that the bodies are 

pressed to each other. If the lepton hypothesis 

is right, it is possible to suppose a potential 

possibility of varying gravity and inertia mass 

of a body under certain conditions: 

1) during change of lepton streams’ focusing 

with the help of “lepton lenses” causing their 

concentration on the given, lepton rockets and 

lepton flying discs; 

2) during huge speed of lepton vortexes’ 

rotation with high angular velocity, which is 

equivalent to screening from lepton streams. 

If the lepton hypothesis is right, the mentioned 

mechanism gives a possibility of partial or 

complete gravity control. The suggested 

mechanism of potentially possible partial or 

complete levitation must be thoroughly 

checked experimentally. If the lepton 

hypothesis is right, lepton engines, rockets and 

flying discs are possible. 

A nature of the effect of cavitary structures 

Which is a physical nature of the cavitary 

structures effect Many suppositions and 

hypothesis have been expressed but, 

unfortunately, many of them are connected 

with extrasensory perception, which is 

fashionable among modern intellectuals for 

some reasons. A theory of Leningrad physician, 

Doctor of Technical Science, V.F. Zolotarev 

73

deserves better attention. It was developed by 

him earlier and experimentally confirmed now. 

As a result of long combined researches, we 

characterized the discovery as “an unknown 

effect of multi-cavitary structures’ interaction 

with living systems consisting in that, due to 

interference, de Broglie waves accompanying 

motion of electron flows in solid walls of 

cavities form a macroscopic field of multicavitary 

structures, which cause change of 

functional state of living objects locating in 

this field”. 

De Broglie waves are peculiar to moving microparticles 

of any body. They are compensated 

inside the body and displayed as radiation on 

its surface. They are so short-wave and superhigh-frequency 

that instruments pick them up 

only in the form of diffraction but still they 

helped science. Remember peculiar pictures of 

electrons and neutrons obtained on crystals 

and films with the help of de Broglie waves. 

Nobody thought that these scanty radiations 

can influence living matter somehow. And they 

did not influence – at least near flat objects. 

But near multi-cavitary structures, where a 

square of solid bodies is big and multiply curved, 

de Broglie waves are put together and form, 

like musical overtones, harmonies with lower 

frequencies. 

Thus, lengthening and strengthening due to 

laying on ach other in cells, they form 

antinodes-maximums of stationary de Broglie 

waves. Striking on these passive barriers, nerve 

impulses glitch changing their frequency and 

speed and causing not only seeming feelings but 

also sometimes considerable physiological 

changes. 

Stationary de Broglie waves do not have their 

own energy and, therefore, the law of energy 

conservation is not violated. Due to the fact 

that de Broglie waves moves in physical 

vacuum, the effect of cavitary structures 

must permeate everything. We observe it 

when we uselessly try to stop the effect up 

by any screen. 

The editors’ note: In 1996, Prof. Zolotarev 

gave me a copy of his manuscript. We studied 

it, prepared a plan of experiments and began 

to search for investors. It was useless. Our 

situation that time could be described by 

words “starvation” and “poverty”. I 

remember that Professor had to raise 

chickens in his flat for some food. Possibly, 

now somebody will be seriously interested in 

beginning a research program on the effect 

of cavitary structures aimed at creation of 

real engines for space systems. A.V. Frolov. 

Energy fields of 

geometrical forms 

www.keelynet.com 

Works of Wilhelm Reich are also connected 

with change aether density. We would like to 

express some interesting thoughts: 

“Energy fields of geometrical forms” are special 

effects connected with the modern concept of 

aether. Some optimal geometrical forms and 

materials can be used for constructing devices, 

which react under influence of only 

environmental conditions, i.e. without 

additional external stimulation. Contraction 

details of two simple devices, which produce a 

tangible linear force influence without use of 

any additional energy at the input. It is possible 

to note two meanings of these training 

demonstration devices: (1) they prove that an 

aetheric kind of matter exists and any average 

person can feel it; (2) they demonstrate reliable 

methods of aetheric activation, which can be 

used for new energy applications. 

Other examples of devices with efficiency more 

than one include a venerable organ-pipe and an 

electromagnetic antenna. 

These devices work using resonance method 

when relatively low vibration of amplitude is 

reflected back. An echo signal can be many 

times more than an input signal in dependence 

on sizes of the device. The most effective size 

of the resonator accurately corresponds with 

a quarter of the initial wave length. 

Resonance will also occur with any lengths 

which are divisible by an odd number of a 

quarter of waves’ lengths. In these cases, we 

find that geometry of the specific device has 

minor significance. If the geometry is 

optimized for conditions at the 


input, a maximal increase or an increased echo 

can be obtained. 

We can summarize characteristics of these 

“super-single” devices as devices using 

“geometrical energy fields” because intensity 

of full energy of echo, which can be produced 

only as a function of size, form and location. 

Remembering that, we can suppose that certain 

highly optimized geometrical forms could 

provide for an increased echo without any 

additional input signal at all. Such a device 

could induce an effective echo increasing the 

finest vibrations at quantum level, which are 

much lower than the threshold our ability to 

measure them. 

Despite the fact that the subtlest natural forces 

have been studied for thousands years, it can 

be proved that a modern era began in 1844. In 

1844, Baron Karl von Reichenbach from 

Stuttgart published a series of letters 

describing his research of aether, which was 

called “OD” by him. Reichenbach discovered 

that a part of all people can visually feel outflow 

from tops of crystals and magnets if they had 

been first properly located in full darkness. He 

called such people “sensitives”. 

Some time later, Reichenbach decided that 

aether can permeate through materials like silk, 

glass and metal. According to his ideas, aether 

seems to permeate all things in different density. 

Large quantities of aether could be found in 

sunlight and candle flame. 

On the edge of the century, an Austrian 

philosopher Rudolf Steiner with clairvoyance 

talent researched an invisible world of aetheric 

forces. His close partner and biographer 

Guenther Wachsmith continued this work after 

Steiner’s death and published a masterwork of 

his teacher called “Aetheric shaping forces in 

Space, Earth and Man”. 

A first true engineer of aetheric forces was 

Wilhelm Reich who discovered, as he called it, 

an “orgone energy” in 1939. Like Reichenbach, 

Reich discovered that metals able to conduct 

aether a hundred ears ago. His real big 

achievement, however, was an understanding 

of the fact that organic materials have a 

tendency to absorb aether. Laying two kinds of 


materials together, Reich could produce a 

directed aether flow. 

Reich developed a first working device for 

collection and concentration of aether. An 

“orgone accumulator” is a box with six walls 

made of alternating layers of metal and organic 

materials. Under controlled conditions, this 

device produced an inexplicable temperature 

increase in its internal part. This was enough 

for attracting attention of Albert Einstein who 

met Reich in January 1941. Reich also 

experimented with a “cloudbuster” (a buster 

for clouds dispersion), a tower-shaped device 

which, most likely, directed an aether flow 

through atmosphere. 

Possible, the biggest contribution to aether 

engineering technologies was made by Trevor 

James Constable. He was a follower of Steiner, 

Wachsmith, Reich and others. He spent more 

than 40 years improving use of the aether 

technology of weather control. He discovered 

that some geometrical forms, possibly, show a 

big aether echo. During many years, he 

developed his methods so that a device with a 

size of a coffee mug located, accordingly, far 

from an ocean ship could change weather 

condition over a distance of many miles around it. 

Constable discovery of resonance aetheric 

structures was important for research of the 

new energy. Now a simple geometrical device 

can direct a concentrated beam of aetheric 

forces through any type of a device with high 

accuracy. Actually, a degree of aether 

concentration is so high that human organs of 

senses can directly feel its resultant pressure. 

Thanks to pioneer works of the above 

mentioned scientists, it is possible to describe a 

design of two resonance aether devices, which 

Fig. 10. Stimulation of the directed aether stream 

75

Fig. 11. The “emitting” device of ECS 

Fig. 12. The “vacuum” device of ECS 

were called “Chi Pencils” by the author. Both 

devices are built around a central resonance 

cavity. A formula for calculation of the 

resonance cavity’s size was obtained from a 

research of a ballistics expert Gerald Bull from 

Philadelphia. 

An “emitting” device is generally a cylindrical 

metal cavity with a no-metal external layer. Due 

to boundary effects discovered by Reich, aether 

is absorbed from space through a side surface 

and emitted through both sides (actually, it is 

like laser). Geometrical energy fields around the 

emitting device are shown on Fig. 11. 

How to build the emitting device. The 

following things are necessary: 

- a piece of a 5/32-inches copper pipe; 

- a 1/8-inches soft cotton cord; 

- a metal knife for the pipe; 

- a meter-stick, a sharp knife and glue. 

Cut a piece of the copper pipe with a length of 

18.1 cm. Apply a small bead of hot glue to the 

external part of one end and fix the cotton cord 

there. Wind 2 cm, apply a bead of hot glue and 

wind the cord arount the entire pipe. Cut excess 

of the cord. 

A “vacuum” device is made the other way. We 

need a non-metal cylindrical cavity with a metal 

external layer. Aether is drawn into one end and 

dispersed through the sides. A geometrical 

energy field around the vacuum device is shown 

on Fig. 12. 

How to build the vacuum device. The following 

things are necessary: 

- a piece of vinyl hose with a diameter of 5/ 

32 inches; 

- a piece of a copper pipe with a diameter of 

5/16 inches; 

- a metal knife for the hose and the pipe; 

- a meter-stick, a sharp knife and electrical 

insulation tape. 

Cut a piece of the copper pipe with a length of 

18.1 cm. Wind the electrical insulation tape 

around the vinyl hose in some places in such a 

way that it could closely go into the copper pipe. 

Push the vinyl hose into the copper pipe until 

its end appear. Cut excess of the vinyl hose. 

The noted streams of aether forces generated 

by above described different resonance devices 

allow defying their discovery by standard 

instruments. It is not surprising that, as many 

people think, aether is “live” energy while 

standard instruments are, of course, “dead”. 

However, discovery of aether forces by a living 

organism (such as a human body) is known. 

Editors’ note: we hope that publication of the 

given materials will cause interest of 

experimenters who will try to examine these 

effects. Creating aether streams, changing 

aether density, it is possible to produce not 

only force effects, i.e. motion. Due to the fact 

that matter elements are processes in aether 

(vortex processes), aether parameters 

influence speed of existence of any matter. It 

was confirmed in the experiments which 

were carried out by our company with V.A. 

Chernobrov. It is obvious that gravity and 

time speed are mutually connected effects. 

Due to this, creation of such devices defies 

not only the Earth’s gravity but also Time. 

We would appreciate offers from 

organizations which could invest into 

development of these technologies. 

A.V. Frolov, 

General Director of 

“Faraday Lab Ltd” company 


In figures from Grebennikov’s book “My 

world”, effects of repulsion of recently cut 

plants’ stems (Fig. 15) and a bunch of pipes (Fig. 

13, 14) are shown. These are simple and 

convincing experiments during which the effect 

of repulsion is manifested. 

Fig. 14 

Fig. 13 

Fig. 15 

Dear subscribers, thank you for interest 

to “New Energy Technologies” magazine. 

Please note that publications in 2006 

are not planned. 

All best respects, 

Editors 


77

Gravity Driven Generator 

Russell Lee 

RusLee863@aol.com 

I would like to bring to your attention the Pinwheel 

Generator located at the following address: 

http://www.godproven.com/gp33.htm. The 

Designs for the World Project has openly given 

this design, as they have all of their others, freely 

to all nations of the world. 

Description of the Pinwheel Generator 

As weight ball #1 moves down cylinder (A), the 

fluid in (A) is forced at high pressure through piping 

#2, turning the Pelton wheel (C), and into cylinder 

(B). When the weight ball has reached the bottom 

of the cylinder, the situation will exist where the 

mechanism is over-weighted to one side, the side 

having the top cylinder filled with fluid, and the 

right horizontal cylinder filled with fluid. The 

weight ball in the empty left horizontal cylinder 

has rolled near the axis and is held in place there by 

magnetic attraction from the inside cradle. The 

filled right cylinder weighs more that the empty 

left cylinder so that when the #1 weight ball unlocks 

cylinder (A) (at the bottom of the cylinder), the 

weighted right side will begin moving down causing 

the entire mechanism to rotate 90 degrees until the 

full right cylinder has rotated to be on the bottom 

and vertical, where it's weight ball begins it's 

assent-beginning the process again. 

During this process, as cylinder (A) began rotating 

up to the empty left side position, it's weight ball, 

still at the bottom begins to assert it's weight as a 

counter weight to the filled right cylinder's weight. 

At the same time, however, the filled top cylinder 

(B), now rotating to the filled right side cylinder 

position, begins to assert it's weight alsocountering 

cylinder (A)'s weight with more weight. 

Now the situation exists where two full cylinders 

are combining their weights to rotate empty 

cylinder (A) to the horizontal position. They have 

more than enough weight to do this. 

When cylinder (A) is at the horizontal position, 

it's weight ball rolls toward the axis, and, being 

magnetic, is held in place there. At the bottom, the 

unlocking mechanism, as it is depressed by the 

20,000 pound weight ball (made of a magnetic 

material- a solid steel ball would be 1/4+- the inside 

diameter of the cylinder), depresses the spring 

loaded shock absorber-type mechanism and 

compresses it's inner spring-storing 15,000 

pounds+ energy in the spring. 

As the mechanism unlocks, and the rotation begins, 

the shock absorber rotates with the unlocking 

mechanism, applying it's compressed spring energy 

to the rotation, giving cylinder (A) a 15,000 pound 

push-off. Between the combined weights of the 

filled cylinders, and the 15,000 pound boost, the 

successful operation of the mechanism is assured. 

The turning of the Pelton wheel also turns the 

larger wheel that turns the generator. 

Fig. 1 

The scale of the mechanism, the weight of the balls, 

and the length/width of the cylinders, can be 

adjusted to produce the amount of electricity 

needed. This is a perpetual motion mechanism, the 

generator is an attachment, as would be a water 

pump, an air compressor, etc... In a chain these 

generators could pump water from South Africa to 

the Sahara, without ever needing one watt of 

electricity, or one gallon of fuel! No more droughts, 

no more lack of energy, no more justification for 

energy wars. 


Membraneless Fuel Cells 

Review by S. Shlenchak, Russia 

using materials from www.physorg.com 

Fuel Cell Prototype 

for ThinkPad Notebooks 

IBM and SANYO Electric unveiled initial plans 

for a prototype micro direct methanol fuel cell 

system for IBM ThinkPad notebooks. Leveraging 

SANYO's latest advancements in fuel cells that 

increase the longevity of notebook batteries, IBM 

and SANYO jointly developed a basic design of a 

fuel cell power source. Based on the design, the 

companies developed a prototype fuel cell system 

that could supply up to 8 hours of power per 

cartridge on current and future ThinkPad models. 

SANYO's system was designed to be compatible 

with most current ThinkPad models without the 

need to alter the notebook design. 

A fuel cell is an electrochemical device similar to a 

battery, but differing from the latter in that it is 

designed for continuous replenishment of the 

reactants consumed; i.e. it produces electricity 

from an external fuel supply as opposed to the 

limited internal energy storage capacity of a 

battery. Typical reactants used in a fuel cell are 

hydrogen on the anode side and oxygen on the 

cathode side (a hydrogen cell). The only 

byproduct of a hydrogen fuel cell is water vapor. 

The fuel cell system also includes an auxiliary bay 

IBM's Ultrabay Slim Battery to supplement peak 

power consumption for business applications. In 

addition, the auxiliary bay could be used to make 

the power supply even more versatile by charging 

an Ultrabay Slim Battery. 

The fuel cell system could enable ThinkPad 

notebooks to run intensive business 

applications such as multimedia, graphics and 

computation programs, while performing tasks 

such as security updates and scheduled 

maintenance without draining PC battery 

power. These capabilities could provide added 

stability for increased productivity, access to 

information and customer service. 

"There are a number of vendors developing fuel 

cell battery prototypes for PCs and mobile 

devices, but the combination of IBM's first-class 

ThinkPad notebooks and SANYO's leadership 

position in the technology will accelerate research 

and development in the field," said Peter 

Hortensius, vice president, IBM Personal 

Computing Division. "We do not focus simply on 

the 'wow factor' of fuel cells - we see it as a 

powerful enabler that could support a wide variety 

of business applications. These companies are 

collaborating to help carry ThinkPad notebooks 

to the next generation of power supplies, while 

supporting the highest levels of business 

productivity." 

The IBM PC Division's ThinkPad development 

team has focused on new behavioral usage models 

for fuel cells in mobile computing, such as docking 

stations used for office 'hoteling' concepts and 

the deployment of notebook computers in 

locations remote from traditional power sources. 

"SANYO, as the world technology leader in 

rechargeable batteries, has been conducting 

research and development of fuel cells. I am proud 

to work in earnest specifically with IBM to create 

an innovative fuel cell system with the ThinkPad 

design, the industry standard in business 

computing," said Mitsuru Homma, Group 

Executive of SANYO's Power Solutions Group. 

"This is quite a new concept that utilizes both 

micro fuel cells and rechargeable batteries. This 

hybrid system could enable the user to efficiently 

operate IBM's ThinkPad notebooks for a longer 

time compared to systems with only a fuel cell 

while also providing the convenience of an AC 

cordless environment." 

The IBM PC Division's research and 

development of ThinkPad mobile computing 

technology takes place at the Yamato Laboratory 

in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan and at 

development facilities in Research Triangle Park, 

North Carolina. After the launch of the new 


79

Lenovo Group in the second quarter, 2005, these 

resources will be joined by Lenovo R&D facilities 

in Beijing and Shanghai. 

SANYO is the world's leading producer of 

rechargeable batteries, supplying power to mobile 

phones, notebook PCs and other mobile devices. 

SANYO's Energy Research Facility is a 

stronghold for research and development in the 

mobile energy field. SANYO is building a strong 

base for the next generation of mobile energy 

businesses by consistently performing 

fundamental and application technology research, 

working with a wide range of mobile energy 

related technology. 

Membraneless fuel cell is tiny, 

versatile 

A fuel cell designed by researchers at the 

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign can 

operate without a solid membrane separating fuel 

and oxidant, and functions with alkaline 

chemistry in addition to the more common acidic 

chemistry. 

Like a battery, a fuel cell changes chemical energy 

into electrical energy. While most fuel cells 

employ a physical barrier to separate the fuel and 

oxidant, the microfluidic fuel cell developed at 

Illinois utilizes multi-stream laminar flow to 

accomplish the same task. 

“The system uses a Y-shaped microfluidic channel 

in which two liquid streams containing fuel and 

oxidant merge and flow between catalyst-covered 

electrodes without mixing,” said Paul Kenis, a 

professor of chemical and biomolecular 

engineering and a researcher at the Beckman 

Institute for Advanced Science and Technology. 

pass through the cell to the cathode, where they 

recombine with electrons, which traveled through 

an external circuit. Most fuel cells use a polymer 

electrolyte membrane to separate the cathode 

and anode. 

In the Illinois fuel cell, the physical membrane is 

replaced by the behavior of laminar flow. The fuel 

and oxidant are brought together as liquid 

streams in the microchannel. The protons and 

electrons diffuse through the liquid-liquid 

interface. 

This configuration offers several advantages over 

PEM-based fuel cells, including fewer parts and 

simpler design. It also means that membraneless 

fuel cells are compatible with alkaline chemistry. 

Just as alkaline batteries outperform acidic 

batteries, alkaline fuel cells should be superior to 

acidic fuel cells, Kenis said. Several problems, 

however, have prevented the widespread use of 

alkaline chemistries in PEM-based fuel cells. 

Among them are poor permeability of the 

membranes to hydroxide ions (which take the 

place of protons in acidic fuel cells) and clogging 

of the membranes from the formation of 

carbonates. 

The system designed by Paul Kenis (Fig. 1), a 

professor of chemical and biomolecular 

engineering, uses a Y-shaped microfluidic channel 

in which two liquid streams containing fule and 

oxidant merge and flow between catalyst-covered 

electrods without mixing. 

Fluids flowing through channels of microscale 

dimensions behave differently than fluids flowing 

through the much larger pipes found in home 

plumbing systems, Kenis said. “At the microscale, 

there is no turbulence. This laminar flow means 

streams of fuel and oxidant can pass side by side 

without having a physical barrier in between.” 

A fuel cell consists of two electrodes (an anode 

and a cathode), a fuel source and an oxidant. 

Reactions occur as the anode liberates protons 

and electrons from hydrogen atoms. The protons 

Fig. 1. Paul Kenis’ system 


“Our fuel cell doesn’t suffer from these 

problems, because it doesn’t make use of a 

membrane,” said Kenis. 

“Since the membraneless fuel cell is based on a 

phenomenon that occurs only at the microscale, 

we can’t just scale up to larger dimensions,” 

Kenis said. “Instead, we need to scale out by 

creating arrays of many fuel cells connected in 

series and in parallel.” 

In applications such as power sources for 

portable computers or battery chargers, 

multiple fuel cells will have to be integrated to 

attain sufficient power levels. 

New fuel cell drives around hydrogen 

economy roadblocks 

"A hydrogen economy is not a perfectly clean 

system," said Scott A. Barnett, professor of 

materials science and engineering. "You have to 

process fossil fuels at a plant to produce hydrogen 

fuel as well as develop an infrastructure to get 

that fuel into vehicles. We have bypassed these 

technological hurdles by basically bringing the 

hydrogen plant inside and pairing it with a hightemperature 

fuel cell in one compact unit that has 

a fuel efficiency of up to 50 percent." 

In a paper to be published online today (March 

31) by the journal Science, Barnett and graduate 

student Zhongliang Zhan report the development 

of a new solid oxide fuel cell, or SOFC, that 

converts a liquid transportation fuel - iso-octane, 

a high-purity compound similar to gasoline - into 

hydrogen which is then used by the fuel cell to 

produce energy. The cells could lead to costeffective, 

clean and efficient electrical-power 

sources for applications ranging from aircraft and 

homes to cars and trucks. 

Although only demonstrated on a small scale, 

Barnett and Zhan's fuel cells are projected to have 

a 50 percent fuel efficiency when used in a fullsized 

fuel cell generator, which would improve on 

other technologies. Higher fuel efficiencies mean 

less precious fuel is consumed and less carbon 

dioxide, a greenhouse-effect gas related to global 

warming, is produced. Internal combustion 

engines have a "well-to-wheels" efficiency of a 

mere 10 to 15 percent. Current hydrogen fuel cells 

that require hydrogen plants and new 


infrastructure have been calculated to have a 

29 percent fuel efficiency while commercial 

gas/electric hybrid vehicles already have 

achieved 32 percent. 

"The advent of hybrid vehicles has shaken up the 

fuel cell community and made researchers rethink 

hydrogen as a fuel," said Barnett, who drives a 

Toyota Prius and foresees his new fuel cells being 

developed for use in battery/SOFC hybrid 

technology for vehicle propulsion or in auxiliary 

power units. "We need to look at the solid oxide 

fuel cell - the one kind of fuel cell that can work 

with other fuels beside hydrogen - as an option." 

A fuel cell is like a battery that can be 

replenished with fresh fuel. It consists of two 

electrodes sandwiched around an electrolyte 

material that conducts ions between them. 

Oxygen enters at the cathode, where it 

combines with electrons and is split into ions 

that travel through the electrolyte to react with 

fuel at the anode. Fuel cells are environmentally 

friendly: water and carbon dioxide are the only 

by-products. In the process, the oxygen ions 

traversing the electrolyte produce a useful 

current. Heat is also generated. 

Because conventional solid oxide fuel cells 

operate at such high temperatures (between 

600 and 800 degrees Centigrade) Barnett 

recognized that the heat could be used internally 

for the chemical process of reforming hydrogen, 

eliminating the need for hydrogen plants with 

their relatively low fuel efficiency. Barnett and 

Zhan found the optimal temperature for their 

system to be 600 to 800 degrees. 

The real key to the new fuel cell is a special thinfilm 

catalyst layer through which the 

hydrocarbon fuel flows toward the anode. That 

porous layer, which contains stabilized zirconia 

and small amounts of the metals ruthenium and 

cerium, chemically and cleanly converts the fuel 

to hydrogen. 

"A major drawback of using solid oxide fuel cells 

is that carbon from the fuel is deposited all over 

the anode because of the high temperatures," 

Barnett said. "But our thin film catalyst, plus 

the addition of a small amount of oxygen, 

eliminates those deposits, making it a viable 

technology to pursue with further research. We 

81

have shown that the fuel cell is much more stable 

with the catalyst and air than without." 

"The main drawback of fuel cells has been their 

complexity and high cost," said Barnett. "The 

simple design of our system, which brings the 

hydrogen reformer in house, is a great advantage 

for a range of applications. For example, imagine 

a unit cheap enough to be used for auxiliary power 

in cars or diesel trucks. It would supply electricity 

continuously, cleanly, quietly and efficiently even 

when the engine is not running. This work has the 

potential to lead us in that direction." 

UNC researchers study fuel cells, 

focus on portable possibilities 

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 

is among the newest participants in a statewide 

alliance formed last summer to explore renewable 

and efficient energy sources. UNC is participating 

in the N.C. Fuel Cell Alliance through the 

laboratory of Dr. Joseph DeSimone, W.R. Kenan 

Jr. distinguished professor of chemistry and 

chemical engineering at UNC and N.C. State 

University. DeSimone recently was elected to 

membership in the National Academy of 

Engineering. 

First devised in 1839, fuel cells are not currently 

used in the commercial industry. Researchers 

believe they have the potential to provide energy 

for a wide range of applications, such as powering 

laptops, providing light and heat to homes and 

running automobiles. 

"You can use fuel cells anywhere you use 

batteries. For example, if you used a fuel cell in 

a laptop it could last about a week, instead of 

lasting three-to-four hours with batteries," said 

Dr. Everett Baucom, deputy director of the 

NSF Science and Technology Center and 

adjunct professor of chemistry at UNC. "Then, 

instead of recharging the cell you would simply 

replace the fuel cartridge." 

UNC’s fuel cell research will focus on portable 

uses for the technology, including laptops, cellular 

phones and U.S. departments of Defense and 

Homeland Security applications, DeSimone said. 

Fuel cells offer high automotive fuel efficiency 

(especially in city traffic), low emissions and silent 

operation. Most major automotive 

manufacturers worldwide are active in fuel cell 

development, said Baucom. In addition, several 

ongoing demonstration projects employ fuel 

cells in city buses in the United States, Canada 

and Europe, he said. 

"We are working primarily on the chemistry end, 

designing a new type of membrane that would 

give higher surface area and higher performance 

per unit volume," said Baucom, formerly the 

technology manager for DuPont’s PEM division 

and who joined UNC in 2000. "This would lead to 

more effective use of the membrane." 

UNC researchers are taking this field in a new 

direction, said DeSimone. 

"Most of the PEMs used in fuel cell manufacture 

are solid materials. We are pioneering liquid 

precursors. Having a liquid precursor can open 

new ways of fabricating fuel cells." 

UNC researchers will work with the Teflon 

division of DuPont in Fayetteville, the leading 

manufacturer of PEMs. UNC’s Institute for 

Advanced Materials, Nanoscience and 

Technology and its NSF Science and Technology 

Center both focus on this kind of technology. 

A Prototype Next-Generation Mobile 

Phone Fuel Cell With High Output 

Power 

Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation 

have developed a prototype micro polymerelectrolyte 

fuel cell (PEFC) 1 that uses hydrogen 

gas as a fuel and is small enough to directly fit in a 

mobile phone. Under tests using a productionmodel 

mobile phone, this prototype PEFC 

successfully powered start-up and signal 

reception/transmission (i.e., video phone, voice 

calls, and "i-mode" internet services). In 

conjunction with this development, a device for 

automatically topping up the micro PEFC with 

hydrogen was also developed. 

At present, the direct-methanol fuel cell 

(DMFC)-which uses methanol as the hydrogen 

fuel supply-is the mainstream development 

concerning batteries for mobile-phone use. 

However, a DMFC suffers two key problems: 

firstly, CO 2 

is produced during power generation; 


secondly, since the power density per unit area of 

the power-generation part is insufficient, battery 

miniaturization is difficult. 

In light of this problem, utilizing hydrogen gas as 

a fuel, the PEFC NTT have developed attains a 

high output power compatible with that of a 

lithium-ion battery without producing CO 2 

during power generation. On top of that, as a result 

of unifying the power-generation unit and the 

hydrogen-storage alloy tank and simplifying 

electrical circuitry, our PEFC has a compact size 

(external dimensions: 42*80*13 mm; weight: 

104g), which makes it suitable for directly fitting 

into a mobile phone, and enables a talk time of 

nine hours. Furthermore, by changing the surface 

area of the PEFC's power-generation part, it is 

possible to apply the PEFC to a wide variety of 

mobile electronic devices like video cameras, 

digital cameras, PDAs, and notebook PCs. 

Development background 

In recent years, as high performance and multifunctionality 

of mobile electronic devices (such 

as mobile phones and notebook PCs) has 

advanced, the problem of insufficient capacity of 

batteries as the power source of these devices has 

come to the forefront. 

Under these circumstances, investigations on 

energy sources to replace the lithium-ion batterywhich 

is nearing its limit on further improvements 

in energy density-are continuing. At the same 

time, as a breakthrough technology exerting a low 

environmental load, fuel cells are continuing to 

create great expectations and spur on their 

development by many manufacturers. 

NTT, as part of our creation of fundament 

technologies for supporting a “Resonant” 

communication environment, is making great 

efforts to establish environmental energy 

technologies aimed at realizing a sustainable 

society, and driving forward with research and 

development on powerful, high-efficiency, clean 

fuel-cell technologies that will contribute to 

reductions in CO 2 

emissions. 

Characteristics of the micro PEFC 

In a micro PEFC, with hydrogen gas as a fuel, 

water vapor only is produced as emission. This 


means that even under a high-power-density 

environment, a PEFC is a benign and extremely 

clean power source. It is thus regarded as a nextgeneration 

power source that is compact 

enough for directly mounting in a mobile phone. 

The main characteristics of our PEFC are 

summarized as follows. 

1. High power density. Compared to a DMFC (i.e., 

methanol-fuelled), our PEFC produces a higher 

output, since it is hydrogen-gas fuelled, even 

though the power-generation area is smaller. 

2. Compactnes. Its high energy density enables a 

compact size. 

3. Simple construction. Owing to booster 

technology, the conventionally required 

"stacking" of cells is unnecessary. And by unifying 

the hydrogen-storage alloy tank and electricitygeneration 

part, the number of parts and battery 

size have been reduced. 

4. Long-term power generation 

By utilizing a high-capacity bcc2 (body-centeredcubic) 

type alloy system for hydrogen storage, 

our PEFC attains long-term power generation. 

In addition to the above, even in the case of 

mobile electronic devices such as notebook 

PCs-which have relatively high power 

consumption-the micro PEFC can be easily 

adapted by increasing the area of its electricitygeneration 

part. 

Future developments 

As regards all-out practical application of fuel 

cells, several challenges-such as setting up 

hydrogen-fuel supply systems as part of a social 

infrastructure-remain to be overcome. 

However, even given the forecasted increases 

in power consumption of future devices due to 

their higher performance and more functions, 

micro PEFCs are expected to meet the power 

demand and target early commercial 

applications. 

At NTT, from now onwards, with our goal of 

realizing the next generation of fuel cells, we 

will continue to push forward research and 

development in areas such as further validation 

of safety and investigation into optimum 

utilization conditions from a general user's 

viewpoint. 

83

Hypothesis of I.O. Yarkovsky 

Sizov A.V. 

Saint Petersburg, Russia 

Tel. +7 (812) 586-96-25 

dva@tu.spb.ru 

It is undoubtedly so, let us say… 

if only we have common sense. 

For it is impossible to disagree 

with the one who tell the truth. 

Socrates 

Scientific truth develops by a complicated 

and winding way and not all scientific 

ideology expresses it. 

V. Vernadsky 

This article is devoted to Russian scientist Ivan 

Osipovitch Yarkovsky (12.05.1844-09.01.1902). 

I.O. Yarkovsky is an author of the book called 

“Universal gravity as the result of the formation 

of ponderable matter inside celestial bodies” 

published in 1889. [1] 

Yarkovsky attracts attention to his book only by 

its name though it is not easy to make a summary 

of the “Universal gravity” book’s meaning after 

reading. If a reader judges only by names of its 

chapters, he or she will find a natural science 

encyclopedia or, more precisely, philosophy of 

natural science. Unfortunately, some generations 

in Russia and in the world did not and still do not 

know about this work’s existence and the author’s 

name is almost consigned to oblivion. Yarkovsky’s 

book takes the reader’s attention from the very 

beginning; it makes him or her think, object to the 

author’s conclusions and, then, follow the scientist 

searching for confirmations of his ideas in the 

environment. All strange things have a simple and 

logical explanation in the book. 

What is the main point of I.O. Yarkovsky’s work 

We think that, in memory of people who published 

its second edition, we should give them permission 

to speak: “The main purpose of this work can be 

briefly summarized as the following: to recreate 

the universe, with its complex transformations, 

using one single matter – aether”. [2]. 

Speaking of I.O. Yarkovsky and his work, it is 

impossible to keep silent about aether. In natural 

science history, this Something was considered as 

something passive. No attention has been paid to 

the thoughts and theories of ancient people 

taking into account scientific achievements of the 

following centuries. Ivan Yarkovsky, on the 

contrary, expresses his main idea through his 

entire book: interactions of aether and chemical 

elements are the main reason of gravity formation 

and the main condition of celestial bodies’ 

evolution, self-consciousness. 

Yarkovsky has found a reasonable and logical 

explanation of the integration of an “invisible” 

world, which is aether, and ponderable matter. The 

developed gravity concept became rather 

unexpected even for its author: “…in short, it does 

not matter which point of view on universal 

gravity and chemical elements you have, you must 

consider it absurd that there is a connection 

between these two things”. 

A thoughtful modern researcher will find many 

interesting and new things familiarizing himself 

or herself with Yarkovsky’s work. This means that 

the concept of material aether is not subjected to 

ageing and cannot fall to oblivion. We will not 

make a mistake thinking that any person who read 

the main Yarkovsky’s work asks the same 

questions: why the author of the so well grounded 

hypothesis is not known Why does a silent 

conspiracy exist around the scientist’s work for 

more than a century Who was this man 

I.O. Yarkovsky had an excellent education: he 

graduated from Saint Petersburg Technological 

University. After he defended his thesis in 1872, 

Yarkovsky obtained a rank of a mechanical 

engineer. It may seem strange but long-standing 

financial troubles and limitations of childhood and 

youth could do him good: Ivan Yarkovsky learned 

not to divert himself on empty and senseless 

dreams. It is also possible that, in this period of his 

life, Yarkovsky could develop a very high level of 


self-consciousness, which later helped him uphold 

his views with firmness and resolution. He also 

was naturally observant and inventive; his quick 

mind was always aimed at solution of practical 

problems. Working on his work, I.O. Yarkovsky 

provided himself for a thing, which was 

inadmissible for most scientists: complete 

freedom of research and independence on 

influence of different scientific schools. 

I. Yarkovsky managed to do, possibly, the best 

analytical review of ideas and names connected 

with problems of gravity, celestial bodies’ genesis 

and star energy sources in all natural science. 

Yarkovsky thought about numerous poorly 

argued descriptions of effects in the environment. 

Conclusions, which were made by the scientist 

and underlay the developed hypothesis, exceeded 

the bounds of usual scientific ideology. Yarkovsky 

understood it: “I offer readers a book, which 

includes thoughts so different from the ones now 

acknowledged by science that I thought a lot 

before deciding to publish them”. 

Yarkovsky did not claim to explain everything. 

Possibly, the strength of careful prudence showing 

up in his works’ conclusion and opinions had 

Socrates spirit: “What is higher than we, it does 

not concern us”. We suppose that, due to such selfcontrol, 

“gathering patiently facts according to 

the ideas”, the author successfully moved toward 

his work’s purpose, which was to explain the 

reasons of universal gravity. There were no 

fantasies in his ideas. In one of his works, I.O. 

Yarkovsky said: “I, naturally, value my ideas; it is 

understandable that I will fight for them to the 

best of my ability but, however high I value them, 

I will not be keen on them so much that I will fight 

against indisputable scientific truth defending 

them; I will never act against logic and common 

sense”. [3] 

It is possible that all developers of cosmological 

hypotheses were inconsistent materialists. 

Formally, they recognized materialism but their 

world outlooks were tangled and contradictory. 

Scientists forgot that the world is material and 

single when talking about the most subtle effects, 

which could not be observed by instruments. It 

caused serious defects of concepts, which 

explained material things only by a so called 

ponderable matter. This was a methodological and 

ideological impasse and mistake. 


Ivan Yarkovsky has found the way out. He was 

not afraid to introduce the concept of material 

aether and gave it an active, creative role in the 

Earth’s life and life of all celestial bodies. It was 

not easy for I. Yarkovsky to make such a decision: 

“…I have to discuss so many scientific fields that 

my knowledge is insufficient”. Yarkovsky paid 

attention to an interconnection between the 

formation of chemical elements and universal 

gravity. This regularity was never a subject of 

serious scientific study. A research method 

suggested by Yarkovsky gave amazing results. 

Possibly, due to this, scientific ideology tried to 

keep silent about Yarkovsky later. 

Proofs of Yarkovsky’s hypothesis, which were so 

obvious, are, possibly, not connected enough with 

just a sum of scientific intelligence. Why could 

not other scientists make the same conclusions 

What prevented them Here, it is advisable to 

mention an interesting article by N.A. Morozov 

devoted to the same problems as Yarkovsky’s 

work. Morozov only marked the following lines: 

“…during the long evolution of celestial bodies, no 

matters were ever formed and will never be formed 

except the ones belonging to Mendeleev’s periodic 

table”. [4] No conclusions follow from this 

established fact. The article was published in 1912. 

There were no references to Yarkovsky’s ideas in 

it, and this is difficult to explain. 

What was the reaction of contemporaries to 

Yarkovsky’s idea In 1891, a book of Professor 

Mushketov called “Physical geology” was 

published. Yarkovsky is mentioned there. The 

Professor included him into a list of authors of 

hypotheses of Earth formation. In 1902, D.I. 

Mendeleev, in his article devoted to aether study 

[5], paid attention to Yarkovsky’s thoughts [6] 

and mentioned respectfully the author’s 

aspiration for clarifying a matter of understanding 

of this matter, which can be hardly measured. 

The Imperial Academy of Sciences kept silent 

during Yarkovsky’s life. The reason of the 

absence of polemics concerning his works are 

considered to be very well argued statement of 

thoughts and the practically complete absence 

of gaps in the concept theses’ defense. It is also 

possible to add an unusual ideological approach 

to investigation of gravity and a number of other 

cosmological problems. Yarkovsky kept distance 

from the orthodox science. An insuperable gap 

85

for any criticism appeared. Paying attention to 

Yarkovsky’s ideas could cause serious and 

objectionable “disturbance” among views on 

natural science problems. Possibly, in order to stop 

a “destructive” influence of Yarkovsky’s ideas on 

usual scientific views, a very effective method was 

applied to Yarkovsky’s hypothesis – suppression. 

Besides life-time reviews of Yarkovsky’s book, 

some interest to his hypothesis existed in popular 

science periodicals [7], [8], [9]. The scientist was 

formally mentioned in a work devoted to aether 

dynamics [10]. A member of Academy of 

Sciences, E.E. Milanovsky, referred to 

Yarkovsky’s ideas [11]. 100 years after the 

scientist’s death, a work of V.F. Blinov appeared 

[12]. It was the first book devoted to I.O. 

Yarkovsky’s ideas. 

The unexpected and unusual ideas of Yarkovsky, 

the encyclopedic nature of the book, the 

seriousness and vital importance of the considered 

questions make it rather difficult even to approach 

a narration about the scientist and his ideas. That 

is why we will consider only energy aspects of 

Yarkovsky’s hypothesis of the entire variety of 

his conclusions and their practical applications. 

In order to do this, we will have to consider the 

situation, which developed in the according fields 

of natural science in his period. 

Ivan Yarkovsky could sum up the science of the 

XIX century and show ways of natural science 

development next century. Actually, studying 

gravity problems, I.O. Yarkovsky began to 

develop, according to his own words, a “view of 

integrity” for creation of a “truly strong science”. 

However, the scientific community paid no 

attention to Yarkovsky’s ideas. It was not by 

accident, taking into account his epoch. At that 

time, physicians began to refuse to try to obtain a 

description of the world on the basis of 

phenomenological models; a new method of 

research and interpretation of nature decrees 

appeared. Undoubtedly, Yarkovsky saw the rise 

of a “new physics” and a “new world outlook”. The 

engineer’s attitude to the beginning scientific age 

totally differed from enthusiasm of the ‘public 

opinion”. The scientist warned of danger of 

unreasonable introduction of such trends into 

natural science and, probably, his unconquerable 

arguments were the main reason of his falling into 

oblivion. 

We suppose that the unwillingness to tolerate the 

idea of aether in physics was caused by 

impossibility to explain logically its role in 

different physical laws. There were not even 

suggestions considering how the role of this 

Something in natural effects can be understood. 

Such an intellectual impotence was irritating. 

Possibly, that is why there was such a cruel and 

ruthless fight against the aether theory in physics 

as nowhere else among the fields of natural science. 

Against a background of doubts and scruples, 

which were typical for the scientific community 

of that age, I. Yarkovsky made material aether a 

full member of the main universal effect – gravity. 

During Yarkovsky’s age, many attempts to detect 

aether by instruments were carried out. At the 

same time, there is an impression that the scientific 

world of that time impatiently waited for an 

experiment, which would undoubtedly prove that 

aether did not exist. This waiting ended up with 

the experiment of A. Michelson – A. Morley, 1887. 

The results of A. Michelson’s experiments became 

the “facts”, which underlay the theory of relativity 

(TR). In the Russian scientific community, one of 

the first responses to the appeared TR postulates 

was the following: “… first of all, it is not necessary 

to search for the explanation of these negative 

experiments, for example, Michelson’s 

ones…,…the first postulate of the principle (TR) 

clearly makes such a search absolutely 

unnecessary…, …we must inevitably conclude that 

aether does not exist, i.e. there is no interstellar 

medium… …negation of aether lead to a new wide 

energy doctrine” [13]. 

Here, it is necessary to mention that no one among 

thoughtful scientists ever stated that it was 

possible to detect aether by instruments. This 

follows from the definition of aether: “Something 

permeating everyone and everything”. In the 

series of Albert Michelson’s experiments, the 

purpose was another: some characteristic of light 

was detected”. 

Nevertheless, A. Michelson got a Noble Prize of 

physics for the “Invention of a high-accuracy 

optical device (an interferometer), which allowed 

proving that “aether wind” does not exist. This 

work was an experimental prerequisite for the 

creation of Einstein’s TR”. It is difficult to explain 

the change of the “aether” idea to “aether wind” 


one in the given formula. Possibly, the reasons of 

this are hidden not only in the above described 

situation in physics at that time. 

The experiments of 1887 became classics of 

physics. Everyone knows that they proved that 

aether does not exist. This statement was 

introduced into the scientific community with 

surprising haste and insistence. No one paid 

attention to the remarks and objections of A. 

Michelson [14]. 

In the beginning of the twenties of the last century, 

Michelson’s experiments were reproduced. The 

titanic efforts of Dayton A. Miller, who used a 

more sensitive device than in the experiments of 

1887, allowed determining speed of aether wind 

and making an important conclusion: “the 

experiment of Michelson – Morley must not give 

a zero result and, most likely, never gave such a 

result” [4]. 

In 1913, a book of G. Mi (Greifold) called 

“Molecules, atoms, and universal aether” was 

translated into Russian. This work is a collection 

of proofless and contradictory discourses, which 

explain almost nothing. G. Mi is considered one 

of not many creators of general relativity (GR). 

Possibly, G. Mi wrote about aether in such a way, 

which was typical for theoretical physics of those 

days: “Before we go further, we should ask again a 

serious question: does it make sense to speak of a 

physical substance, which is not actually matter 

How can such a substance be an object of physical 

study Maybe we should substitute it for a better, 

more natural system of ideas” 

An exclusion of the aether idea from natural 

science, which seems so harmless, hid an 

ideological impropriety. Later this fundamental 

mistake led to serious problems in the 

understanding of energy effects’ meaning. The 

existing method of physical-chemical processes’ 

research is that ponderable matter is given all 

properties, which has been displayed. The 

following interpretation of the obtained results 

leads to the loss of a part, which possesses energy 

and is as material as anything in the world though 

it remains “invisible” for us. Now the words of D.I. 

Mendeleyev must be cited: “… it must not be said 

that aether is imponderable but that it is 

impossible to weigh” [5]. Undoubtedly, it is 

difficult to detect aether in physical-chemical 


processes. But, possibly, we are just used to 

thinking so Probably, we should take into 

account Leibniz’s words: “Possibly, … many people 

who thought deeply had some knowledge, which 

allowed them to introduce and fight for substance 

forms… And these people are not as far from the 

truth and funny as the most ordinary of our 

modern philosophers think”. [20] 

In his book and the following works, I.O. 

Yarkovsky permanently emphasized that his 

hypothesis is based only on facts. An example of 

GR shows what can be caused by the reation of 

“completely mathematical” theories. In this case, 

the search of facts-proofs began after the 

mathematical model was designed. Yarkovsky 

predicted such things: “A deliberately false, quite 

out of place hypothesis, which has no confirmatory 

fact in nature, contradicts both experience and 

common sense, can be introduced in science only if 

there are facts, which can be explained by it”.[16] 

By the 80th of the XX century, an opinion was 

formed that GR gave an “explanation to the 

precession of Mercury’s orbit, which was caused 

by space band caused by gravity influence of the 

Sun” [17]. Before this explanation was given, an 

article by a German astronomer E. Freindlich 

about Mercury anomaly had appeared. E. 

Freindlich had showed impossibility of a 

satisfactory explanation of the anomaly on the 

basis of Newton theory [18]. The astronomer’s 

conclusions had not been new. He had to know 

about his predecessors’ achievements. In his book, 

Yarkovsky showed possibly reasons of the 

mentioned discrepancies. 

Let us read Yarkovsky: “After thorough 

calculations, Bessel even made a conclusion that 

it is possible to suggest a hypothetical 

construction of the Sun, the planets and their 

satellites in such a way, that the Sun’s attraction of 

the planets and their satellites would be 

proportional to the matter’s quantity, i.e. to their 

mass, but attraction of one planet to another could 

have some other ratio. But this suggestion was 

equal to rejection of the universal law of gravity. 

Evaluation of other planets’ masses often led to 

some disagreement. In 1813, Lindenau published 

Mercury tables and paid special attention to 

disturbances produced by neighboring Venus. 

Thus, he showed that the estimated up to now 

mass of Venus had to be considerably increased in 

87

order to coordinate a position of Mercury, which 

was shown in the tables, with the observed one”. 

During I.O. Yarkovsky’s time, it was considered a 

difficult task to take into account the mass 

increase of celestial bodies and making according 

dynamical corrections in systems of equations 

during astronomic calculation. Now it is easy to 

make the necessary calculations. If such a work 

will be done, its performer will discover amazing 

things. 

The importance of such works is confirmed by a 

message about research of our solar system’s 

planets by space probes: “Even after the evaluation 

of Uranus’ mass had been considerably changed 

(it was increased by 0.3%), it became possible to 

achieve the necessary coincidence of the 

calculated and observed paths…” [19]. The 

spacecraft “Voyager-2” was meant. Undoubtedly, 

the age-old slowing down of the Earth’s rotation 

also confirms I. Yarkovsky’s hypothesis. 

In the history of the “new ideology”, A. Addington 

was the first to suggest some hypothesis about 

reasons of stellar heat appearance (except 

unknown Yarkovsky). A name of the chapter in 

Addington’s article must be noted: “Material and 

aether heat” [20]. Something in these words 

imperceptibly looks like Yarkovsky’s words. But 

this expression is illusive. Addington compares 

ponderable matter and aether while Yarkovsky 

considers the world single and material. We think 

that Yarkovsky created his concept, first of all, in 

order to establish a precedent, i.e. to show how 

changeability and dynamics of the world must be 

explained. 

In the beginning of the XX century, a conviction 

clearly appeared that science knows everything 

about matter and energy. Now it seems premature. 

It is possible to say that there is no evidence that 

ponderable matter is connected with energy and 

Poincare dependency explains almost nothing. 

Taking into account the orthodox method of 

investigation of the given world’s properties, I.O. 

Yarkovsky is always very reserved and careful in 

its suppositions: “I did not try to understand the 

essence of matter and energy. These questions may 

remain unascertained for mankind forever. 

Instead, I considered matter only the properties, 

which undoubtedly belong to matter and are 

acknowledged by everyone”. 

The main book of Yarkovsky arouses a feeling that 

the author’s confidence demonstrated on its 

pages hides many untold things. Yes, the book is 

devoted to the explanation of the universal 

gravity reasons by aether and energy united by a 

process of chemical elements’ formation. The 

scientist’s work is also a call for action. 

Undoubtedly, Yarkovsky understood the 

operation principle of the World Machine. 

Possibly, he could understand how the 

inexhaustible energy source can be used. There 

are rough drafts of how to carry out according 

experiments in the book. 

Scientists knew that the understanding of gravity 

is a key to energy sources. In an article- reflection 

devoted to aether, D.I. Mendeleyev wrote: “It is 

impossible to solve problems of gravity and 

energy engineering without a real understanding 

of aether as the universal medium transmitting 

energy for a distance”. [5] 

In all theories where something called “energy” is 

present, one element is always missing – an 

intermediary between energy effects and 

ponderable matter. This gap in knowledge is 

especially evident in cases of gravity theory 

development and explanation of the reasons of 

the stellar heat appearance. This problem with the 

“missing part” took place in Newton’s theory and 

in GR. In Newton’s case, something was untold 

and had in mind while, in case of GR, 

incomprehensible gravitons were introduced as a 

violation of logic and, possibly, common sense. 

Unlike the mentioned theories, Yarkovsky’s idea 

contained such an intermediary, which was not a 

passive medium but dynamical material aether. 

The engineer’s hypothesis explained and revealed 

cause-and-effect relations, which cause and 

maintain each energy process in celestial bodies. 

Due to such a balanced description of the world, 

Yarkovsky’s concept is convincing and grounded. 

It seems difficult to compare Yarkovsky’s 

conclusions with the results of cosmological 

researches of the XX century. Possibly, since works 

of D.G. Gins had appeared, an opinion was formed 

that “a source of stellar heat is a star’s mass” [21]. 

Gins meant that suns lose their mass due to 

radiation; this is a theory. Actually, on the contrary, 

stars become brighter every century [1], [22]. 

This is confirmed by modern measurements and 

coincides with Yarkovsky’s conclusions: “Our Sun 


must grow like our Earth and any other planet. 

That is why it can never die away”. More from 

Yarkovsky: “… which were the reasons of the view 

that the Sun must get cold and then die away and 

the Earth must turn into a cold sphere” 

The new gravity theory was, according to 

Brillouin’s opinion, “a brilliant example of a great 

mathematical theory built on sand, which leads 

to the increase of the mathematics’ part in 

cosmology (a typical example of science fiction). 

[23] This note was confirmed by cosmogony 

researches, which followed Yarkovsky’s epoch. 

Then they went into a field of explanation of the 

Universe’s formation, the search for virtual black 

holes and gravity waves. A new competition 

concerning singularity of purely created 

mathematical theories began in cosmology. In 

Russia, no attention was paid to the “obsolete” 

and, therefore, “useless” works on gravity 

research. Yarkovsky foresaw such things and 

envisaged that they are temporary: “an idea will 

not die without a trace even if it has a part of 

truth…”. 

In the 30-40ties of the XX century, scientific 

interest to origin of the stellar heat increased. At 

that time, the first works of A. Bete appeared in 

Germany. In 1957, the Noble committee 

formulated achievements of this scientist in such 

a way: “A contribution to the nuclear reaction 

theory (Bete cycle), which is the main stellar 

energy source”. 

For some reason, Bete’s ideas were instantly 

acknowledged by the scientific community 

though a part of scientists doubted that they were 

true. Before Bete’s theory was acknowledged, 

another hypothesis had appeared. It was as 

beautiful and heretical as Yarkovsky’s one. It was 

created by Nikolay Alexanrovitch Kozyrev [24]. 

It is considered that N.A. Kozyrev “paid” for 

doubts that thermonuclear reactions exist inside 

stars. An article by three members of Academy of 

Sciences appeared in “Pravda” newspaper: L. 

Artsimovich, P. Kapitsa, and I. Tamm [25]. The 

article devoted to “mistakes’ of Professor Kozyrev 

was multidimensional and had correct style. 

Claims connected with the fact that his hypothesis 

“violates” the second law of thermodynamics were 

also presented to Kozyrev. Such remarks will 

undoubtedly be applied to Yarkovsky. He 


understood and explained this: “It seems to me 

that we forget about the sources… It seems to me 

that, in this case, thermodynamics makes its 

conclusions on the basis of facts of one kind not 

taking into account others”. Talking about “the 

source”, Yarkovsky meant aether. Another extract 

from his book must be added to this: “…the 

universe must be… eternal, …it cannot have such 

a pitiful end, which is predicted by 

thermodynamics!”. 

Reading I. Yarkovsky, it is possible to find a 

permanently mentioned idea that strong 

pressures influence processes of chemical 

elements formation inside celestial bodies: “… 

under a certain pressure, aether turns into 

something we call the primary matter, i.e. into this 

explosive amorphous mass with enormous energy 

reserves, which, under violation of balance, makes 

this primary matter disintegrate and form 

ponderable or chemical matter”. It is necessary 

to make a correction that the book’s author did 

not know scientific data on structure and 

properties of the nuclear nucleus and he had to 

create its own terminology. In spite of this, it is 

possible that Yarkovsky could predict behavior 

of ponderable matter inside celestial bodies. 

Probably, the most amazing conclusion of the ones 

created by Yarkovsky’s hypothesis is explanation 

of the solar heat reasons. Comparing Yarkovsky’s 

views on the construction and operation principle 

of the Sun with the according theories of the XX 

century, we find a great difference. The idea of 

thermonuclear reaction occurring inside stars 

appeared on the basis of theoretical physics’ 

conclusions concerning the Sun’s structure. 

Presuppositions of this were evaluation of the 

Sun’s density, the following supposition of its 

internal chemical structure and ideas of physical 

processes creating its energy supply etc. 

Yarkovsky’s doubts concerned accuracy of 

evaluation of the Sun’s density and were caused 

by the mistaken calculation of its mass: “Attractive 

force of the Sun and the planets has been 

determined by astronomers on the basis of its 

influence on other bodies. This definition is 

indubitably true but, on the basis of this, it is 

impossible to determine masses of the planets 

because this attraction, possibly, depends not on 

mass but on some other reasons. …Believing in 

accuracy of the numerator of Newton’s formula, 

scientists… consider it gaseous”. 

89

Such an idea of the Sun (of all stars) is a canon, 

only a gas is substituted by “plasma” now. The 

impossibility to evaluate real masses of celestial 

bodies and the following strange ideas of their 

structure show an obvious divergence of 

Newton’s gravity theory. This means that the 

known explanation of gravity must be seriously 

corrected. Now such a revision is not carried out. 

Almost one hundred years since the book 

“Universal gravity” was published, an article of a 

member of the Academy of Sciences E.B. 

Alexanrdov appeared [26]. The scientist made a 

review of reports on research results, which, 

according to his words, could lead to the “revision 

of Newton’s law”. It is possible to say that the 

article consists of the same key words as 

Yarkovsky’s book chapter. Right there the 

similarity ends because E.B. Alexanrdov copies 

all mistakes caused by the impossibility to find 

analogies between gravity and mutual attraction 

of check weights. Yarkovsky warned against this 

mistake many times. Naturally, Yarkovsky’s 

hypothesis is not mentioned in the article. 

Nevertheless analyzing the existing situation with 

determination of celestial bodies’ masses, 

Yarkovsky suggested rational methods of 

elimination of mistakes. Newton’s doubts 

concerning the gravity reasons are rarely cited: 

“the fact that one body can interact with another 

over a distance, through vacuum, without 

influence of something else, seems to me so absurd 

that I cannot imagine that someone, who can think 

with competence in the field of philosophical 

questions, can make such a conclusion”. [27] 

Thinking about gravity, Leibniz considered it a 

“physical barbarism” to explain it in such a way, 

that, “using the suggested presuppositions, 

conclusions are made, which are not only 

unreliable but also wrong and impossible like this 

universal attraction of matter to matter” [28]. 

I. Yarkovsky made two conclusions developing 

the hypothesis about the origin of gravity and 

evolution of celestial bodies (all without 

exceptions, including stars): “1. Due to the fact 

that new layers of ponderable matter are 

permanently forming inside a body, we can say 

that the body transforms aether into ponderable 

matter; that the body grows. 2. Due to the fact that 

aether turned into ponderable matter cannot go 

to the surface as aether again and has to form 

chemical bodies, which has the same ability to 

absorb and condense aether, the absorption will 

continue and cause a kind of a permanent aether 

current from the surface to the center of the body”. 

The given important conclusions point at the 

source of enormous energy hidden in the process 

of gravity formation. 

In the XX century, interesting researches were 

carried out directly or indirectly connected with 

the gravity problem. On the basis of their analysis, 

V.F. Blinov wrote a work showing presence of 

Yarkovsky’s ideas in many of the effects around 

us. According to Blinov’s book, another 

conclusion is possible: the western scientific 

community, which considers itself sufficiently 

independent, does not know Yarkovsky’s works. 

A new century has come, but nothing has changes 

in the scientific “public opinion”. The works of 

Miller and Kozyrev are considered unremarkable 

as well as the works of the most evident 

“unknown” Yarkovsky. Possibly, this is why 

recognized cosmology specialists can hardly 

understand that the equations, which formed a 

fantastical idea of “the big bang”, are based on 

wrong and shaky grounds. 

Let us read Yarkovsky: “Even if the temperature 

in universe becomes the same, if aether of 

universal space has the same energy, but if there is 

only one material body of a big size in universe, it 

is sufficient for aether to condense itself inside 

the body using its own, even small, energy and, 

therefore, create a new source of heat and, hence, 

to revive the universe again”. 

Yarkovsky understood the complexity of the idea 

of “energy”. This is why he refused to try to find 

out what is meant by the word “energy” in an 

introduction to his book (1889): “we will not try 

to explain the essence of matter and energy 

because this is a completely wasted labour 

considering the existing state of our intellect”. In 

chapter IV, Yarkovsky writes about the essence 

of energy: “possibly, it will always remain an 

incomprehensible and inexplicable element of 

motion. …we can always consider energy as a 

special matter”. 

Despite the fact that Yarkovsky only lightly went 

into the energy side of his hypothesis, 

nevertheless, his explanation of the universal 


gravity reasons can show a direction of researches 

on a path leading to new energy. An analysis of 

Yarkovsky’s ideas and the research results of some 

scientists of the XIX and XX centuries allow 

finding a hypothetical possibility to find the 

source of this energy. Undoubtedly, it will require 

using some aether properties, but it is a mistake 

to thing that this matter is “fuel”. 

The most important observed aether effect is 

heating of the Earth and all celestial bodies after 

they reach a certain size. Which size This is a 

very important question and, maybe, it is possible 

to explain the reason of the stellar energy 

answering it. Yarkovsky understood it: “…the 

body only has to have a size of the certain 

magnitude. We cannot say now what magnitude 

it is – probably, very big or maybe not. Anyway, 

we know that there must be the certain size of the 

body”. Kozyrev mentioned a diameter of celestial 

bodies of about 2,000 km. Having this diameter, 

the body begins to heat. The scientist noted that 

this process can be also initiated in bodies of the 

smaller size. According to Kozyrev’s works, it is 

also necessary to take into account “a geometrical 

form of these bodies” [24]. Photographs of a 

number of extraterrestrial objects obtained by 

spacecrafts allow considering that, in addition to 

the size and form, plastic morphology of satellites 

of our solar system’s planets must be taken into 

account. There are a lot of such objects, celestial 

bodies of different sizes and forms, which can be 

used for tracing their evolution from the beginning 

of the heating process. 

It is unknown whether Kozyrev knew about 

Yarkovsky’s works but a copy of “Universal 

gravity” book is kept in a library of Pulkovo 

observatory, where Kozyrev worked. It is natural 

to mention Kozyrev in the article devoted to Ivan 

Yarkovsky. The Professor was a peculiar successor 

of Yarkovsky. 

The researches of Yarkovsky and Kozyrev gave 

another approach to creation of an artificial 

source of the stellar heat, which is different from 

the orthodox one. Even if we understand the 

reasons of the internal Earth’s heat formation, we 

will be able to make the following steps in 

exploration of the world. Undoubtedly, the 

operation principle of the Earth’s heat machine 

will underlie energy technologies of the future. 

Possibly, there are confirmations of this in Blinov’s 


book: “Plasma necessarily appears inside a nucleus 

of a growing planet because the development of 

the planet leads to its turning into a star. The 

question is when plasma appears in the nucleus. 

Possibly, plasma already exists in the Earth’s 

nucleus”. [12] 

The oracular ideas of Yarkovsky turned out to be 

uncalled. They were not understood in Russia and 

in the West and, due to this, became obsolete. 

There were important reasons for this: Ivan 

Yarkovsky’s thoughts appeared at the 

inappropriate time. 

References 

1. I.O. Yarkovsky. Universal gravity as the result of formation 

of ponderable matter inside celestial bodies. M. 1889. 

2. I.O. Yarkovsky. Universal gravity as the result of formation 

of ponderable matter inside celestial bodies. M. 1889. SPb. 1912. 

3. I.O. Yarkovsky. New view on the reasons of meteorological 

effects. M. 1891. 

4. N.A. Morozov. The past and the future of worlds according 

to the modern geophysical and astrophysical point of view. // 

Priroda. #3. / 1912. p. 333 

5. D.I. Mendeleyev. An attempt of chemical understanding of 

universal aether. // “Periodic law. M. Nauka. 1958. 

6. I.O. Yarkovsky. Density of light aether. Bryansk. 1901. 

7. K. Arsenyev. A mystery of global fissures. // Tehnika molodezhi. 

N11/ 1969, p. 27. 

8. V. Neiman. The Sun shines brighter! // Tehnika molodezhi. 

N4/ 1977, p. 59. 

9. V. Novitsky. The undecidable problem of physics. // Tehnika 

molodezhi. N5/ 1990, p. 20. 

10. V.A. Ayutskovsky. General aetherdynamics. M. 1990. 

11. E.E. Milanovsky. The expanding and pulsatile Earth. // 

Priroda. N8/ 1982, p. 48. 

12. V.F. Blinov. The growing Earth: from planets to stars. M. 

2003. 

13. O.D. Khvolfson. Relativity principle. // Priroda. N11/ 1912, 

p. 1275. 

14. D.K. Miller. Aether wind. 1925. 

15. Leibniz. Thoughts of metaphysics. M. 1982. 

16. I.O. Yarkovsky. A passion for mathematical theories in 

modern science”. M. 1893. 

17. P. Davis. Super-power. M. Mir. 1989, p. 84. 

18. V.P. Vizgin. Einstein and others. Priroda. N3/ 1979, p. 41. 

19. R.P. Lazer and others. A meeting of “Voyager-2” with 

Uranus. // V mire nauki. N1/1987, p. 12. 

20. A. Addington. Internal construction of stars. 1926. 

21. D.G. Gins. New in cosmology. 1928. 

22. Planetology. // Priroda. N6/ 2000, p. 61. 

23. L. Brilloin. A new view on relativity. M. Mir. 1972. 28. 

24. N.A. Kozyrev. A nature of stellar energy on the basis of the 

observed data’s analysis. L. 1991. p. 199. 

25. L. Artsimovich and others. On thoughtless chase of scientific 

sensations. “Pravda” newspaper. 22.11.1958. 

26. E.B. Alexandrov. Searching for the fifth force. // Nauka I 

zhizn. N1/1988, p. 50. 

27. V.F. Mitkevich. The main physical views. M. 1939, p. 23. 

28. Leibniz. Against barbarism in physics. M, 1982, p. 349. 

91

Flying Platform 

S.A. Gerasimov 

Faculty of Physics, Rostov State University, 

Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia 

E-mail: GSIM1953@MAIL.RU 

An endless ribbon with apertures rotating on 

shafts with unbalanced masses can exerts nonzero 

lifting force. The influence of the phase shift 

between rotations of the ribbon and the 

unbalanced bodies on the lift force is considered. 

This is an attempt to find out what parameters 

of the device shown in Fig. 1 must be to ensure 

the lift of the system in the gravitational field. 

Essentially, the system is an endless ribbon W 

of length πnd having apertures of length πd, 

where n is digital number. The ribbon rotates 

between four shafts of diameter d two of which 

have unbalanced masses m/2. In fact this is a 

variant of the vibrational air craft [1]. The only 

distinction is in that the body W contacting 

with the surrounding medium changes its sizes 

and form synchronously with the rotation of 

the unbalanced masses. In the vibrational air 

craft, the form and the sizes of this body are 

immutable. Therefore, one may consider this 

system as a variant of the ornithopter [2]. 

Possibly that the aspiration to save the form of 

the wing was a reason of failures in attempts to 

build the ornithopter [3]. Unfortunate choice 

of the phase shift ∆ can be another reason of 

the mentioned failures. There is meaning to 

consider a case when the resistance force F r 

proportional to the effective area of wing W is 

also proportional to the velocity of this body 

relative to surroundings. 

The unbalanced bodies rotate in opposite 

directions. Therefore, the motion of these 

bodies may be represented as a vibration of one 

body of the mass m executed forced oscillations 

in the vertical direction. When the wing is open 

(small effective area of the wing) the mass m 

must move downwards to produce the motion 

of the wing upwards. When the mass m moves 

upwards the wing should be closed (large 

effective of the area of the wing). In this case 

the essential magnitude of the resistance force 

prevents the wing from motion downwards. 

The center of mass of the system, therefore, 

rises. It is all over up with the principle of action 

of the platform. But such an interpretation of 

the lifts valid only in the case of the piecewiseconstant 

dependence of the area of the wing on 

time when the wing is open or closed. In the 

device shown in Fig. 1 the area of wing changes 

harmonically with time. Therefore the influence 

of the phase shift ∆ on the lift force must be 

investigated. Now about the lift force. By all 

appearance, this is the weight of the system that 

can be kept on a immutable distance from the 

earth to the platform. In another words, this is 

the weight corresponding the critical regime 

Fig. 1. The flying platform 

Fig. 2. The dependence of the lift force F 

on the phase shift ∆ 


Fig. 3. The dependence of the lift force F 

on the period of rotation T 

of the flight [4]. In this case the calculation 

procedure is almost identical to that 

corresponding to the vibrational air craft [2,4]. 

But the results of calculations are quite 

unexpected (Fig. 2). It turns out that when the 

unbalanced bodies are downstairs, the wing 

must be half open and must be in state of closing. 

Suppose that ∆=-d/2 and d=0.5 m. A plane of 

area 1 m 2 moving with velocity =10 m/s 

exerts the resistance force 76 N [5]. This means 

that the period of rotation of the unbalanced 

bodies must approximately be T ≈ 2d/=0.1 

s if the mass of the system without the 

News 

I have invented, patented, and tested a chip containing 

very many very small diodes that absorbs uniform ambient 

heat and releases D.C. Electrical power. This is a superior 

energy source that is very inexpensive and will power 

mall appliances out of the box without a need for power 

wiring anywhere in the world. 

Michael Huff at the Stanford MEM network, a network 

of nanotechnology evelopers, has given me a quote that 

$50,000 would pay for developing this chip. He could 

receive grant funding directly to improve the 

accountability as I am an unaffiliated inventor that 

cannot personally produce the chip. 

U.S. Patent 3,890,161, DIODE ARRAY. As a 1975 patent, 

it may be vailable in an image form only, not yet in an 

electronically searchable text form. The original materials 

specified in the patent have been superseded by C60 

carbon buckyballs as anodes on an N type InSb 

(semiconductor) substrate. 


unbalanced bodies is small M4M 0 

λ ) the system 

cannot even lift itself . 

References 

1. Udalova E.S. Vibrational Air Craft by Engineer 

Gerasimov. // Engineer. 2005. No 3. P. 2-5. 

2. Gerasimov S.A. On Theory of Ornithopter. // 

Technique and Technology. 2005. No 2. P. 17-20. 

3. DeLaurier J.D. An Aerodynamic Model for 

Flapping-Wing Flight. // The Aerodynamic Journal. 1993. 

V. 97. N 964. P. 125-130. 

4. Gerasimov S.A. Vibrational Displacement in 

Gravity Field. // Journal of Applied Mechanics and 

Technical Physics. 2003. V. 44. No 6. P. 786-789. 

5. Kasnevsky V.P. Aerodynamics in Nature and 

Technique. // Moscow: Prosveschenie. 1985. 

In 1993, I commissioned the preparation and testing of 

an adapted satellite transponder chip containing 5,600 

Au on GaAs diodes fabricated in a patch as an expedient 

for assemblers to find one diode where diodes operating 

at high frequencies have to be very small. Conductive 

paste was applied over the face of the chip to connect all 

the diodes in consistent alignment parallel as required. 

Next, the chip was immersed in a constant temperature 

pure vegetable oil bath inside a shielding box in the 

California desert. The chip produced approximately 25 

watts where an output more than 1/2 watts validates 

the theory that electrical thermal noise (Johnson Nouse) 

can be rectified and aggregated. 

If replication of this test is desired, the chips may still be 

available as draw down obsolete stock from Virginia 

Diodes Inc. www.virginiadiodes.com. I have lost contact 

with the lab that adapted and tested the chip. The C60 / 

N type InSb version of the chip should perform much better. 

Charles M. Brown 

phone (808) 828-0297 

abundance@logonhi.net 

www.diodearray.com 

93

Company News 

Cycclone Magnet Engines 

http://cycclone.com/ 

The composition of the metals that the 

magnets are mounted to or applied with, is 

another area that gives accurate control. 

Practically all of the research and development 

work carried out in the race to create a power 

source utilizing the attraction and repulsion of 

magnets has been derived from linear motion. 

Cycclone magnetic engines combine cyclic 

motion with the use of spinning metals that clone 

the magnetic pole, hence the name cyc-clone. 

The Magnets 

All-permanent-magnet engine by U.S. company 

with R&D lab in Australia. October 2003 TV 

footage shows demo prototype in action. 

Company claims to be building a prototype that 

can be fitted to an automobile. 

The Project 

Recent developments in the manufacture of 

magnets has opened this exciting new arena for 

technological advancement. 

Cycclone Magnetic Engines (CME) is the 

concept of using permanent magnets in a 

configuration that supplies mechanical power 

on demand. To offer an alternative to the 

ubiquitous internal combustion engine that is 

commercially viable, the technology must 

imitate the manner and principles that the 

internal combustion engines operate under. 

That is to, accelerate, decelerate, maintain a 

required revolutions per minute while 

responding to an increase or decrease in load 

and to have the ability to be operated by 

humans in a fool proof fashion. 

CME believes that it is able to meet this criteria 

by concentrating development on the control 

and configuration of the applied magnets. The 

shape and composition of the magnets is the 

technical heart of the concept and one of our 

most guarded secrets. 

Magnets attract certain materials - such as 

iron, nickel, cobalt, certain steels and other 

alloys. They also exert an attractive or repulsive 

force on other magnets, have an effect on 

electrical conductors, and have an effect on 

electrically charged particles. 

Based on these effects, magnets transform 

energy from one form to another, without any 

permanent loss of their own energy. Examples 

of magnet functions are; 

• Mechanical to mechanical - such as 

attraction and repulsion 

• Mechanical to electrical - such as 

generators and microphones 

• Electrical to mechanical - such as motors, 

loudspeakers, charged particle deflection 

There are four classes of modern 

commercialized magnets, each based on their 

material composition. Within each class is a 

family of grades with their own magnetic 

properties. These general classes are; 

• Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) 

• Samarium Cobalt (SmCo) 

• Ceramic (also known as Ferrite magnets) 

• Alnico (Al Ni Co) 

NdFeB and SmCo are collectively known as 

Rare Earth magnets because they are both 

composed of materials from the Rare Earth 

group of elements in the lanthanides section of 


the Periodic Table of the Elements. NdFeB is 

the most recent commercial addition to the 

family of modern magnet materials. At room 

temperatures, NdFeB magnets exhibit the 

highest properties of all magnet materials. 

Samarium Cobalt is manufactured in two 

compositions: Sm1Co5 and Sm2Co17 - often 

referred to as the SmCo 1:5 or SmCo 2:17 types. 

2:17 types, with higher Hci values, offer greater 

inherent stability than the 1:5 types. 

Sintered Rare Earth/Neodymium Magnets made 

from rare earth elements are the most powerful 

permanent magnetic materials commercially 

available. Made from either Neodymium Iron 

Boron(NdFeB) or Samarium Cobalt(SmCo), 

rare earth magnets boast magnetic energy values 

ranging from 18 MGOe to over 45 MGOe, 

depending on grade and material. 

Basic problems of permanent magnet design 

revolve around estimating the distribution of 

magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit, which may 

include permanent magnets, air gaps, high 

permeability conduction elements, and 

electrical currents. Exact solutions of magnetic 

fields require complex analysis of many factors, 

although approximate solutions are possible 

based on certain simplifying assumptions. 

Obtaining an optimum magnet design often 

involves experience and tradeoffs. 

The basis of magnet design is the B-H curve, or 

hysteresis loop, which characterizes each 

magnet material. This curve describes the 

cycling of a magnet in a closed circuit as it is 

brought to saturation, demagnetized, saturated 

in the opposite direction, and then 

demagnetized again under the influence of an 

external magnetic field. The second quadrant 

of the B-H curve, commonly referred to as the 

"Demagnetization Curve", describes the 

conditions under which permanent magnets are 

used in practice. A permanent magnet will have 

a unique, static operating point if air-gap 

dimensions are fixed and if any adjacent fields 

are held constant. Otherwise, the operating 

point will move about the demagnetization 

curve, the manner of which must be accounted 

for in the design of the device. 

The ability of a permanent magnet to support 

an external magnetic field results from small 


magnetic domains "locked" in by crystal 

anisotropy within magnet material. Once 

established by initial magnetization, these 

positions are held until acted upon by forces 

exceeding those that lock the domains. The 

energy required to disturb the magnetic field 

produced by a magnet varies for each type of 

material. Permanent magnets can be produced 

with extremely high coercive forces (Hc) that 

will maintain domain alignment in the presence 

of high external magnetic fields. Stability can 

be described as the repeated magnetic 

performance of a material under specific 

conditions over the life of the magnet. 

The effect of time on modern magnets is 

minimal. Studies have shown that permanent 

magnets will see changes immediately after 

magnetization. These changes, known as 

"magnetic creep", occur as less stable domains 

are affected by fluctuations in thermal or 

magnetic energy, even in a thermally stable 

environment. This variation is reduced as the 

number of unstable domains decreases. Rare 

Earth magnets are not as likely to experience 

this effect because of their extremely high 

coercivities. Long-term time versus flux 

studies have shown that a newly magnetized 

magnet will lose a minor percent of its flux as a 

function of age. Over 100,000 hours, these 

losses are in the range of essentially zero for 

Samarium Cobalt materials to less than 3% for 

Alnico 5 materials at low permeance 

coefficients. 

If a permanent magnet is stored away from 

power lines, other magnets, high temperatures, 

and other factors that adversely affect the 

magnet, it will retain its magnetism essentially 

forever. Shock and vibration do not affect 

modern magnet materials, unless sufficient to 

physically damage the material. 

The Mechanical Application 

The internal combustion engine produces 

power through the mechanical advantage of a 

reciprocating crankshaft. These engines are 

configured as either two stroke or four stroke. 

In a two stroke engine, there is a power stroke 

for every revolution, however, these engines 

have proven to be uneconomical in the modern 

environment. A four stroke engine has a power 

95

stroke for every two revolutions. Both engines 

use a scalene triangle with two fixed sides to 

convert the power stroke into usable rotating 

mechanical power. The concept behind CME is 

to replace the liquid fuel power stroke of two 

revolutions with a load line (permeance 

coefficient, Pc) power pulse in four to eight 

deliveries per revolution depending on the size 

and power requirement. 

This will equate to four power strokes per 

revolution in a four cycle configuration 

eliminating the wasted energy of one and a half 

rotations of the four stroke engine. Further, the 

power consuming components of the 

reciprocating engine such as the camshaft, 

valve train, oil pump, water pump, fan, and fuel 

pump in diesel engines will further advantage 

the CME as they will not be required. 

When arrays of magnets are assembled, 

especially when the magnets must be placed in 

repelling positions, it is very important to 

consider safety issues. Modern magnet 

materials such as the Rare Earth types are 

extremely powerful, and when in repulsion they 

can behave as projectiles if adhesives were to 

break down. CME has identified several 

potential methods of mechanical retention. 

CME believes now is the time to forge 

forward and consolidate it's technology into 

commercial reality. With the advent of hybrid 

powered vehicles at the cutting edge and the 

ever increasing demand on environmental 

management, the need for alternative power 

systems has never been greater. 

See the Engine Running 

You can view the video clips (http:// 

www.cycclone.com/videos/cycc_20031125- 

215Kbps.wmv) over a broadband connection 

(1.8MB) and (http://www.cycclone.com/ 

videos/cycc_20031125-56Kbps.wmv) over a 

dial up connection (918KB). Requires 

Windows Media Player 7 or greater. 

Founder and Inventor 

Micheal Peter Nugent (mnugent@ 

cycclone.com) is the Chief Executive Officer 

of Cycclone Magnetic Engines. He is highly 

regarded as one of the top engine builders of 

today. Being a member of the Australian 

Corporate Lawyers Association and Australian 

Institute of Company Directors, Mr Nugent 

brings more than 25 years experience in engine 

technology. Mr Nugent will manage the 

Technical Development Centre for Cycclone 

Magnetic Engines and carry out the assembly 

and further development of the new engines 

including the fitment of an engine to a vehicle for 

testing in a long distance drive in the near future. 

Contacts 

Corporate Directory 

Cycclone Magnetic Engines Inc. 

1005 Terminal Way, Suite 110 

Reno, Nevada, USA 89502 

Technical Development Centre 

2/6 Millennium Circuit 

Gaven, Queensland, Australia 4211 

Postal Address 

PO Box 152 

Arundel, Queensland, Australia 4214 

Phone: +61 7 5580 6000 

Fax: +61 7 5580 6111 

Email: info@cycclone.com

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