CHE REFERENCE LIBRARY - Pole Shift Survival Information
CHE REFERENCE LIBRARY - Pole Shift Survival Information
CHE REFERENCE LIBRARY - Pole Shift Survival Information
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
<strong>CHE</strong><br />
<strong>REFERENCE</strong><br />
<strong>LIBRARY</strong><br />
A project of Volunteers in Asia<br />
The Nursery<br />
Manual<br />
by L,H,<br />
Bailey<br />
Published by:<br />
The MacMillan Company<br />
New York<br />
USA<br />
l<br />
Available from:<br />
out of print<br />
Reproduced by permission.<br />
Reproduction of this microfiche document in any<br />
form is subject to the same restrictions<br />
of the original document.<br />
as thase
e lllural 1113anuab<br />
EDITED BY L. H. BAILEY<br />
THE NURSERY-MANUAL
THE<br />
AL<br />
BY<br />
L. PI. BAILEY
COPHRIGHT, 1896,<br />
BY L. H. BAILEY.<br />
BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.<br />
Set up and electrotyped. Published January, Igzo.<br />
NarfmoS prenre<br />
~1. 6. Gushing Co. - Berwick & 3mith Co.<br />
Norwood, hlnsa., U.S.A.<br />
I
EXPLAXATION<br />
7’111s Manual is thci t,wenty-second edition of the Nursery-<br />
Itook, re-rvritten and re-set. The Nursery-Book was first published<br />
Carla. in 1591. A rwrision was made in 1896, as a third edition,<br />
LVINW thca i)ook was taken over by The Macmillan Co. Since then<br />
it TV ~NYW reprinted frequently. For nearly thirty years the book<br />
1~5 t~lljoJ*ctl the confidence of the public even though in the later<br />
jrti;1rs it 1~3~ beaded re\ision. The author can hardly expect it<br />
to (*ontinncb its carcttr for imother cluart,ey-century ; yet he is glad<br />
t0 Iu\*c the opportunity to make it new again.<br />
‘I’Iw INW~ cltbnls oni). with propagation and nursery practice.<br />
‘1’11~ tenlpt;ition is strong to include certain related subjects, but<br />
tl~ \vork will proi)al)ly he useful in proportion as it confines itself<br />
it) its single purpose. Therefore t.he reader must not. expect to<br />
find c?c:icrig w tions of rulti\Tt-ltion, transplanting, the general handling<br />
of I)iants. prunivlg, seed-breeding, or pollination ; nor has it seemed<br />
list, in a prac*tical munual, to admit discussions of the interesting<br />
scientific qu~~stions more or less related to the subject.<br />
\‘1’l~n rrqv successor shall revise this book or make a new one,<br />
it is to 1~ expected that he will have the results of sufficient matured<br />
inx*estig;itions to enable him to pronounce with confidence on<br />
man)- of thr practices that now rest only on empirical and t.radi-<br />
ticmnl<br />
ITtM’a,<br />
Irnl!its.<br />
N.l’.<br />
RIq 1, 1919.<br />
L. ti. BAILEY.
.<br />
(‘11.4 PTER<br />
I. SEEDS ASD SHOOTS . . . . . .<br />
The phyton . . . . . . .<br />
The commerce in seeds . . . . .<br />
11. PROPAGATIOS BY hfEANS OF SEEDS ANC SPORES<br />
1. The requisites and conditions of germination<br />
Regulation of moisture . . . .<br />
Requirements of temperature . . .<br />
Influence of light, on germination . .<br />
Regermination . . . . . .<br />
Dela.yed germination . . . .<br />
Keeping weds . . . . . .<br />
2. Seed-ksting . . . . . .<br />
Ttasting for viability . . . .<br />
Testing for purity . . . . .<br />
The complete seed-test . . . .<br />
3. The handling and sowing of seeds and spores<br />
The stratification of seeds . . . .<br />
Other preparatory treatment . . a<br />
‘I’ransportaGon of seeds from abroad .<br />
Soil diseases ; sterilizing . . . .<br />
Sowing the seed , . . . .<br />
English advice . . . . * a<br />
Sowing spores . . . . . .<br />
Forestry practice . . . . .<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
PhOEB<br />
1-215<br />
l-10<br />
3-4<br />
5-10<br />
1 l-55<br />
12-24<br />
12-19<br />
19--Lo<br />
20-21<br />
21<br />
21-23<br />
23-24<br />
20-33<br />
24-30<br />
31-32<br />
32-33<br />
33-55<br />
35-37<br />
37-39<br />
3940<br />
40-44<br />
4447<br />
48-50<br />
50-51<br />
51-55<br />
III. PROPAGATIOX BT MEANS OF SEPARATION AND DIVISION<br />
1. Separation . . . . . . . .<br />
2. Division . . . . . . . -<br />
vii<br />
56-68<br />
56-62<br />
62-68
. \<br />
CIiAPTER<br />
IV. PROPAGATION HY MEANS OF LAYERS AND I~UNNERS<br />
The common or natural layers . . . .<br />
The so-called air-layers . . . . .<br />
V. PR~PAGATIOX BY MEANS 0~ CUTTINGS . . .<br />
1. General requirements of cutt’ings . . . .<br />
Construct,ions for regulating moisture and heat<br />
Bot.tom heat . . . . . . .<br />
Placing and protecting the cuttings . . .<br />
Soil for cut.tings . . . . . .<br />
The st.riking of cuttings . . . . .<br />
2. The divers kinds of cutt’ings . . . . .<br />
Cut t,ings. of t’ubers . . . . . .<br />
C‘uttings of root,s . . . . . .<br />
CutStings of leaves . . . . . .<br />
Cut’tings of sbems . . . . . .<br />
1. Hardwood dormant cuttings . . .<br />
2. Greenwood cuttings . . . . .<br />
l<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
l<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
VI. PROpAGziTION BY ~IEANS OFBUDDING AND GRAFTING<br />
1. Graftage in general . . . . . .<br />
Classification of graftage . . . . .<br />
Times and methods . . . . . .<br />
2. Budding . . . . . . . .<br />
Shield-budding . . . . . .<br />
Other kinds of budding . . . .<br />
Prong-budding . . . . .<br />
?lat,e-budding . . . . .<br />
The aatch-bud . . . . .<br />
H-budding . . . . . .<br />
Flute-budding . . . . .<br />
Chip-budding . . . . .<br />
3. Grafting . . . . . .<br />
l<br />
The whip-graft . . . . .<br />
.<br />
Root&-grafted w. budded stock .<br />
.<br />
Modified whip-grafts . . .<br />
.<br />
The veneer-graft . . . .<br />
.<br />
The cleft-graft . . . . .<br />
.<br />
Top-working trees by means of the cleft-graft<br />
Ot’her uses of the cleft-graft . . . .<br />
PA.GEB<br />
6%79<br />
70-75<br />
76-79<br />
80-l 12<br />
SO-97<br />
83-86<br />
87-88<br />
88-9 1<br />
91-93<br />
93-97<br />
97-l 12<br />
98-99<br />
99-101<br />
101-104<br />
104-l 12<br />
104-107<br />
107-l 12<br />
113-171<br />
113-120<br />
117-119<br />
119-120<br />
121 --I36<br />
122-133<br />
134-136<br />
134<br />
134-135<br />
135<br />
135<br />
135-136<br />
136<br />
136-171<br />
138-144<br />
141-143<br />
143-144<br />
144-146<br />
146-158.<br />
151-157<br />
157-15s
hl iscrlla,ruWls forms of grafting<br />
Splirc:-graft’ing . . .<br />
Sactdlt~-ggraftillg . . .<br />
Sidt+graftxing . . . .<br />
Shield-grafting . . .<br />
Ha,rk-gra!fting . . .<br />
Bridge-grafting . . .<br />
Inlaying . . . .<br />
Cutt,ing-graf t.ing . . .<br />
)Ierbaceous-grafting . .<br />
Fruit-graft.ing . . .<br />
Seed-graft,ing . . . .<br />
lnarching . . . .<br />
Double-working . . .<br />
Grafting-waxes . . .<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
l<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
l<br />
PAQEB<br />
. 158-169<br />
. 158<br />
. 158-159<br />
. 159<br />
. 159-16u<br />
. 160<br />
. 160-163<br />
. 163-164<br />
. 164-165<br />
. 165-166<br />
. 166<br />
. 166<br />
. 166-167<br />
. 167-169<br />
. 169-171<br />
VII. CERTXIX ELEMENTS IN NURSERY PRACTICE .<br />
Nursery lands in relation to preparation .<br />
Wades of tree5 . . . . . .<br />
St.ocks for grafted fruit-trees . . .<br />
The dwarfing of fruit,-trees . . . .<br />
Pedigree trees . . . . . .<br />
Trimming trees in t,he nursery . . .<br />
The skxing of trees . . . . .<br />
Imporbant. diseases and insects affecting nursery<br />
stock . . . . . . . .<br />
Diseases caused by fungi a’nd bacteria . .<br />
Fire-blight . . . . . . .<br />
Crown-gall . . . . . . -<br />
Apple- and pear-scab . . . . .<br />
Apple powdery-mildew . . . . -<br />
Yellow-leaf disease of cherry a.nd pIurn . -<br />
Powdery-mildew of cherry . . . .<br />
Xnthracnose of currants and gooseberries .<br />
Septoria leaf-spot of currants and gooseberries<br />
The gooseberry mildew . . . . -<br />
Peach leaf-curl . . . . . .<br />
Leaf-blight (Jf pear and quince . . .<br />
Septoria leaf-spot of the pear . . . .<br />
Ra~wpberry yellows . . . . . .<br />
. 172-215<br />
. 173-179<br />
. 179-182<br />
. 182-184<br />
. 184-185<br />
. 185-186<br />
. 186-187<br />
. 187-190<br />
190-215<br />
192-209<br />
192-194<br />
196196<br />
196-197<br />
197-19s<br />
198-199<br />
199<br />
200<br />
200-202<br />
202<br />
203-204<br />
204-206<br />
206<br />
206-207
.<br />
Raspberry and blackberry anthracnose<br />
Black-spot of roses . . . .<br />
I$llilclov~ of rose and ~waoh . .<br />
Insect pests of nursery stock . .<br />
Plant-iice or aphids . . . .<br />
Wc~olly aphis . . . . .<br />
Red-spider . . . . .<br />
Pear psylla . . . . .<br />
Tarnished plant-bug . . .<br />
Apple leaf-hopper ., .<br />
l .<br />
San .JosC; wale . . .<br />
1 l<br />
The pear slug . . .<br />
. .<br />
Currant worms . .<br />
. .<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
l<br />
l<br />
.<br />
,<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
m<br />
p.-’ OER<br />
‘207<br />
207- 20x<br />
2w --209<br />
209-2 15<br />
209-210<br />
210-211<br />
211-212<br />
212<br />
212-213<br />
213<br />
213-214<br />
214-215<br />
215<br />
THE NURSERY-LUST .<br />
INDEX . y . .<br />
PART<br />
II<br />
. . . . .<br />
l . . . .<br />
I<br />
.<br />
217-441<br />
443
LIST<br />
OF PTAATES<br />
1.<br />
II I.<br />
III.<br />
IX.<br />
x.<br />
xi.<br />
x11.<br />
A seed nursery. Flower plants grown for the crop of seeds<br />
A for&-tree nursery. Seed-beds of white pine seedlings<br />
two years old . . . . . . . .<br />
l*ropngation of hydrangeas. House in July ; the stock<br />
was marketed t,he following autumn . . . .<br />
Straddle-row tillage in the nursery . . . . .<br />
Tying or wrapping root-grafts by machinery . . .<br />
A nursery of orna.mental stock ; t,rimming . . .<br />
A g:ootl stand of blue spruce . . . . . .<br />
A fruit-tree nursery, showing trees two years from the<br />
bud . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Two-ytw budded cherry, on mazzartl and mahaleb .<br />
First-class dwarf apple stock - at left two-year wholeroot<br />
grafts . . . . . . . . .<br />
! SorstGcllp in thtb nursery. Fitting lh lunrl for nursery<br />
stock. Digging by mule-power . . . . .<br />
Nurstbry p:u*king-room, ready for the equipment . .<br />
PAGE<br />
10 .<br />
50<br />
81<br />
112<br />
139<br />
173<br />
201<br />
220<br />
277<br />
333<br />
387<br />
423
.<br />
ANUAL<br />
PR.OPAGATION
CHAPTER<br />
I<br />
SEEDS AND<br />
SHOOTS<br />
THE earth is clothed with plants. ,411 these plants are the<br />
rrsults of propagation.<br />
~+ints perpetuate themselves and increase their numbers<br />
by many means. These means are sexual (by seeds and some<br />
kinds of spores), and asexual (by vegetative parts) l<br />
Seeds are the results of the fertilization of the ovule (strictly<br />
of the egg-nucleus of the ovulej by the germ-nucleus of the<br />
pollen-grain. The ovule, with its integuments and perhaps<br />
with adhering parts, ripens into the seed. Of many forms, sizes<br />
and colors are the seeds of plants. So various are they that<br />
we Gsnalizt~ no seed-form, as we visualize heart-form or roseform,<br />
and many of them are hardly recognizable. Yet they all<br />
have this in common, that they contain a dormant or quiescent<br />
embryo. Thi9 embryo is a rudimentary or minut.e plant.<br />
When the conditions are right for the plantlet to resume its<br />
growth, we Say that the seed germinates.<br />
Sot only does the seed reproduce the parent, but it disperses<br />
the species. In fact, the word disaminute means to sow or<br />
scatter seeds, although we now disseminate knowledge as well<br />
as seeds. Tl- w act of-falling from the receptacle placer; the seed<br />
in a dit-ferent position from that of its parent stock. Often<br />
the seed is carried by wind, being whirled by means of wings,<br />
as in 1mlplu and ash ; floated by means of down or plumes, as<br />
in thistle, dandelion and poplar; driven on the snow and ice<br />
from stalks that stand stifi in the winter. It may be carried<br />
u 1
2 THE NURSERE’-MANUAL<br />
on the coats of mids and ill clot.hing, holding fast by hooks<br />
id hrbs of nxuny kinds. Some seeds are ejected forcibly<br />
from i-licbir capsule, as in the jewel-weed or touch-me-not<br />
and the witch-hazel. lU:my seeds and fruits are carried long<br />
distances in ocean currents ; the coconut is the familiar citation.<br />
Seeds are transported ill the removal of earth, by the commerce<br />
in many commodities and by floods that denude the land and<br />
carry awq* its substance. All over the earth the seeds have<br />
traveled. Vlear a piece of land ever so’ carefully, till it until<br />
all the germinating seeds are killed, remove all the trees and<br />
mow the land for miles around, then leave the place alone for<br />
a few years, and behold the vegetation that arises !<br />
Marvelous :-tre the seeds : each one is an epitome of the<br />
species condensed into the minutest space, fashioned every<br />
one of its own kind, holding within its coats the possibilities<br />
of life on the planet. Everywhere they abound, so common<br />
and so familiar that they pass unnoticed. We have never<br />
thought of a world without seeds.<br />
The abundance of seeds is one of the most significant facts<br />
in nature. E-cry kind of tree and bush and herb yields such<br />
numbers that it might populate the earth. Branches bend<br />
with seeds ; often the winds are 1adel.l with them ; they rattle<br />
along the ground and pile themselves in the still places. The<br />
seeds of begonias and orchids are as dust. Thus are the<br />
chances multiplied that the species will not fail. In all this<br />
profusion one cannot conceive that sufficient seed will not fall<br />
on good ground to give the plant its chance to persist and to<br />
yield its fruit after its kind. Sature is prodigal in propagation.<br />
We do not fear that vegetation will cease from the earth.<br />
Yet as abundant as are the seeds, seeming to make f:ailure<br />
impossible, they may not germinate readily even in a state of<br />
nature. Many kinds are contained in impervious and stonelike<br />
coverings that are penetrated or broken only with di%culty ;<br />
and the casings may have’to rot away or be cracked by frost
SEEDS AND SHOOTS 3<br />
or accident before the plantlet can escape. Other kinds have<br />
a more or less definite period of dormancy, within which time<br />
they will not germinate even though conditions are favorable.<br />
Seeds of many of the wild herbaceous perennials will not<br />
germinate till the following spring. Other seeds lie in the<br />
ground two or three years before germination. On the other<br />
hand, the seeds of some species germinate at once on maturity,<br />
even while on the parent plant as in the case of the mangrove.<br />
Special soils or other media, as to acidity, alkalinity or other<br />
qualities, may be necessary for germination and growth, or<br />
pil~tic~lll:~r tl’WtI1l~Ilt, as etherization, may yield new results ;<br />
arldi it1 sww plants, as the orchids, it is now supposed that<br />
certain fungi are necessary to germination.<br />
Thus far, the knowledge of conditions and aptitudes is chiefly<br />
empirical, mostly the result of repeated and repeated trials,<br />
with their failures and successes. We must always learn these<br />
requisite conditions by experience ; yet we are gradually discovering<br />
a rational basis for our operations, and we may expect<br />
marked progress it1 this direction in the years to come, rendering<br />
the propagatiot~ of plants more definite and predictable.<br />
‘I’1115 PHYTON<br />
It is not alone by seeds that plants multiply themselves.<br />
Many kinds rarely produce good seeds, and some of the cultivated<br />
species are multiplied practically exclusively by the nonsexual<br />
and vegetatii.e parts. Familiar examples are the sweet<br />
potato, horse-radish, sugar-cane in the United States, banana.<br />
Some species seem to be losing the power to produce seeds with<br />
the enormous artificial development of other parts, as the Irish<br />
potato.<br />
We may liken a plant to a colony of potential individuals,<br />
one individual being perhaps a node and a leaf, one growing<br />
on arMher and the aggregation making up a complex organism.
I<br />
Ever)* part of tllrk I)latlt whic~h, when removed, is capable of<br />
reprc’tlIteitlg itsicblf ant1 its parent, may be c~onsidered as an<br />
enlit). for purp0scs of propagation ; this potential individual<br />
has btlthl-1 c:~llc~tl the phyton (Bailey, “ Sur-viva1 of the Unlike,”<br />
84, 101).<br />
The pl:>*tutl, or propagata,ble part, often detaches itself<br />
naturall?-. (‘ertain willows shed their twigs, and these parts<br />
falling in . dctachtable vegetative bodies or cells.<br />
There art‘ whole ranges of plants that exist in cultivation<br />
and :trc ;~bundant ly propagated independently of seeds. Even<br />
though the plant produce good seed, the leafy and stem structures<br />
may afford the quickest and easiest means of propagation.<br />
The class of “bulb plants,” represented by the lilies<br />
and ulnar)-llis aud gladiolus, are of this order. The hop is<br />
habitually propagated by cut.tings, as are many of the ornamental<br />
trees and shrubs ; special varieties of rhododendron<br />
and the tree-fruits are multiplied and at the same time preserved<br />
“ true to name ” by means of grafting ; the cranberry<br />
is grown from slips : blackberry from root-cuttings J red raspberry<br />
from suckers ; strawberry from runners; many kinds<br />
of*I+gonias year after year by cuttings of stems and leaves ;<br />
roses getltlrntiot-1 after generation by cuttings.<br />
In great numbers of domestic plants, seed-propagation<br />
rarely intervenes. The cultivator is so accustomed to this<br />
fact that he rightly accepts it as the order of nature.
Once a matter of home-growing and supply, the trade in<br />
seeds and bulbs has come to be a business of sufficient volume<br />
in the Ilnited States to wa.rrant sepa.rate statement in the<br />
Census. The total value of flower and vegetable seeds produced<br />
in 1909 was upwards of 81,4OQ,OOO, as compared with<br />
W(i,WO ten Years earlier ; of cloyer seed, $Xi,!)OO,OOO in round<br />
numbers as aiainst $5,X9,000 ; all grass seed, $Xi, 137,000 a.nd<br />
PS,22S,OOO. These figures represent the va-11 ue of the seed<br />
crops themselves, but they are at the same time an indication<br />
of the vast agricultural croppagc they supply with seed and of<br />
the notable increa,se it) general crop-growing. Aside from<br />
t hese reported cst i ma t cs, the aggregate of seeds grown and<br />
saved in the home garden atd in the field for home use would<br />
uncloilbt.ecll~- sllrpri.-;t 11.‘; if it c~~Illt-1 be kt~own.<br />
The increasing total ~aluc of sccrls probably does not indicate<br />
alone an increase in produr*tion. Seeds are intrinsically<br />
more va.luable deca,de by decwde b~aust more carefully grown<br />
and bred. Formerl?* plant-breeding n-as tiiost~ly a question<br />
of producing new kinds or varieties ; its significance now lies<br />
more in the bettering of existing varieties by- means of careful<br />
and rational selection, whereby yield is increased, as well as<br />
quality and uniformity of stand. The importancbe of seedbreeding<br />
is now so well accepted in the public mind that the<br />
discriminating planter of staple crops no longer asks merely<br />
f or “seeds” any more than the stock-raiser asks merely for<br />
“ cows” ; the quality of the seeds is as importan~t to the corngr-ower<br />
as is the quality of the cows to the dairyman. Nany<br />
persons now make a particularity of breeding seeds of staple<br />
crops with care and skill ; this business will incereasc in volume<br />
and importance.<br />
So essential is seed production to the welfare of the people<br />
that governments have enacted laws for protection against
\ I I<br />
-- --.. -“-,a - ._ ---<br />
PC .Tccc<br />
UAN<br />
r<br />
Darts of the Uuitcd<br />
States<br />
The Knited States and Vanada have<br />
depended la,rgely on<br />
and even for some of<br />
Europe for flower and vegetable seeds,
SEEDS AXD SHOOTS 7<br />
the staple field crops, as sugar-beet. The necessary labor has<br />
been at command in Europe and the growers there have developed<br />
the requisite experienceI and skill ; and the people<br />
here have been preoccupied with the large conquest of a continent.<br />
The Great War has challenged this situation and has<br />
stimulated seed-production in ,Xorth .America ; it is to be<br />
cxpt~ted that we shall not be so dependent again. Yet w re shall
8 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
need the seeds fron2 other countries where<br />
.<br />
special skill has<br />
been dewloped and the 12andNyork is avallable ; and, more-<br />
FIG. 2. Special parts of the country in whirh<br />
over me need the comity of international trade and supply<br />
if w: are to dewlop the proper fellowship anlong the peoples<br />
of the earth. In proportion as all peoples are sufficient unto
10 THE NURSERY-.MANUi41,<br />
and carrot. Ih~mark supplied hxts a,nd other root-rmps<br />
as well as the cabbage-like vc~getrtbles. Fran~~e scllt to us<br />
radish, carrot ad seeds of a.~mud flowers. tJapw~ supplictl<br />
seeds of rape and similar plants. What ef-Ycct the War will<br />
have on the permanent sources of seed sUpply cannot yc‘t be<br />
stated.<br />
The accompanying maps, Figs. 1 and 2, show t,he special<br />
sections in the I’nited States for the produr:tinn of field seeds<br />
and vegetable seeds respertivcly , as rcport.ed by IL A. Oakley<br />
in an interesting article on “ The Seed Supply of the &Con”<br />
in the Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1917.<br />
The figures of s~~~~cI-pru
PROEzAGATIQN BY MEANS OF SEEDS AND SPORES<br />
‘1‘1rls sccvl is the q)itomt~ 0T the plaint, the result. of the final<br />
prwvss of tilt pht’s :A+~. ‘1’0 gc~rmimkte, to vegetate,<br />
to build its ~*llur~~c~tr~rist ic* st ruct urc, to fiowcr, to seed- or to<br />
sport, -. this is tl-ic c*~~*lc of the plant. Soim pla.nts die<br />
n-h sccdiug is ac~(~oln~~lisl~t!(.l, whether the epoch transpires<br />
within oiic t~wt~lvcmontl~ as with the pigweed or within a<br />
suore of ~.cars or a century as with ccrt,ain agaves. Other<br />
plants flr>wr NIP seed perennially for two or three years<br />
as with 14 c’lovcr a ~1 hollyhock: or year after year indefinitely<br />
as with tlic lilac anti the forest trees. Yet whatever<br />
the span, the s~cl or the spore completes a qcle, that new<br />
individuals miqv bc born to continue the life of the species.<br />
The cliarktcristk prqqAiu2 body of the flowering plants<br />
(1mr\v11 also ;1s pl’ellogalns and sI”ri~~“toph~~tes) is the seed.<br />
It is the result, of scsuwl union iii the flower ; it comprises an<br />
embryo contained within iiitcgunicnts, and usually a supply<br />
of stored food to support the first growth of the plantlet. The<br />
characteristic propagative body of t,he flowerless pla,nts (known<br />
also ifs crgtogams) is the q~o~r ; it contains no embryo ; it<br />
nia~- be only a single cell ; some spores are the result of sexual<br />
uniou and others are not. The spore-bearing plants, when<br />
the term is used in this sense, are the ferns and their allies, the<br />
mosses, fungi, alga and lower forms. C~ennhation is the, act<br />
or process by means of which a seed or spore gives rise to a new<br />
plant. Germination is complete when the plantlet has ex-<br />
11
12 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
hausted the store of food in the seed (or sport) and is able to<br />
support itself. A seed may have sufficient vitality to slv~~t and<br />
yet not. be able to grwhafc. The word germ iwt im cannot<br />
properly be applied to the growing of plants from tubers, as<br />
of the potato ; wgetation is the better term in sucll cases. A<br />
plant arising from a2 seed rather than from a bulb, cutting or<br />
cion is a tmvlli~~~g ; and from a spore it is a qmdim~; but even<br />
seedlings are usually not so called when they have atta.ined<br />
some age and show the fea’tures of maturity. ‘I’he science and<br />
practice of the propaga.tion of plants by means of seeds and<br />
spores is known as seedqc ; to the details of this subject we<br />
:iow proceed.<br />
10 THii: Rl%~I:ISI’I’~S 14ND CONDITIONS OF C;ERMINATION<br />
If a seed is Gable or able to grow, t.here are three external<br />
requisites to germination _ moisture, free oxygen, and a definite<br />
temperature. ‘1’1~~ requisit.es are demanded in various degrees<br />
and proportions by seeds of different species, or even by<br />
seeds of the same spt‘cies when differing widely in age or in<br />
degree of maturity. Wie supply of oxygen usually regulates<br />
itself. Tt is only necessary that the seeds shall not. be planted<br />
too deep, that the soil is porous and not overloaded with water.<br />
Moisture and temperature, howescr, must be carefully regulated.<br />
KPfphfifW t$’ rm-~sf/crG<br />
Moisture is the most iiiq’nrtaiit favior in seedage. It is<br />
usual!~~ conducted to the seeds by means of soil or some simi1a.r<br />
medi& as moss or coconut fiber. Fresh and vigorous seeds<br />
endure hea\-?. water&, but old and poor seeds must be given<br />
very little water.<br />
If there is reason to suspect the seeds to be week, water should<br />
not be applied to them directly. A favorite method of ha,ndling<br />
weak and also very small seeds is to sow them in a pot of loose
PROP2IG,4TION BY MEANS OF SEEDS AND SPORES 13<br />
,~l sandy loam which is set inside a la,rger pot, the intermediate<br />
space being filled with moss, to which, alone, the water<br />
is applied. This device is illustrated in Fig. 3. The water<br />
soaks through the walls of the inner pot and is supplied gradually<br />
and constantly to the soil. Even in this case it is necessary<br />
to prevent soaking the moss too heavily, especially with very<br />
weak st~ls. \l’hen mtmy pots are required, they may be<br />
plunged ill moss with the same effect. The soil should be only<br />
\~ty~ sliglit ly moist,<br />
iie\x‘r wet. Moisture<br />
is sometimes<br />
supplied b!T setting<br />
thy st~rtl-pot iii a<br />
shallow<br />
n , . ‘ qtt 1* 1 , or “I;t”:ZZ\.<br />
(. ;:,f<br />
sliHic+nt to place it<br />
in t IIt% Imik&l ;lt mospl1W<br />
Of ;I l’l’OI”‘- Frci. 3. lhulh wed-pot, with mm between the<br />
also :L lhbc*li of wooc1 011 wtlictk crrt,nin<br />
gat.i tlg-bc ,s. I largtb ~:1;~31f3’~~$ ),(, y,,wII<br />
* . e<br />
but weak sc~ls I~MJ<br />
be laid on tllch surface of the soil in a half-filled pot, covered<br />
with thin muslin and co~erec.1 again with loose and damp loam.<br />
I’very day the IJOt is inspected, the covering taken off and<br />
frt3h soil adrlcd. it modification of this plan, for sinall seeds,<br />
is made by plx(~ing the seeds between t.wo layers of thin muslin<br />
i111Cl l:t+g them ill damp loam, which is frequently renewed<br />
to avoid the tMremt9 that would result from watering or from<br />
allowing the soil t 0 become (lry . In these last operations,<br />
no water is applied to the seed, and they constitute one of<br />
the mo:;t satisfattorv methods of dealing with seeds of low<br />
viability. ‘I’hty nrAssentially the methods long ago used by<br />
Thomas Andrew Knight, who laid such seeds between two sods<br />
cut from an old and dry pasture.<br />
&Seeds of orchids arid certain other plants are sometimes
14 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
sown on the end of a porous block of wood that is placed in<br />
a dish of water, seen in Fig. 3. The block is covered with a<br />
bell-glass (Fig. 5)) or it may be placed in a propagating-box.<br />
Even sound and strong seeds should be watered with care.<br />
Drenchings usually weaken or destroy them. The earth should<br />
be kept merely damp in most cases. To insure comparative<br />
dryness in indoor culture, a loose material, as pieces of broken<br />
pots or clinkers, should be placed in the bottom of the pot or<br />
box to afford drainage. It is to be bol e in mind, however,<br />
that the seed-bed should be approximately equally moist<br />
throughout its depth. The waterings should be copious enough<br />
to moisten the soil, top to bottom. L4 wet or moist surface over<br />
a dry sulnstratum sl~oulcl bc avoided. Error is common here.<br />
It is usually best to apply water with a wntering-pot., as watering<br />
with a hose is likely to wash out the seeds and to pack the<br />
ewrtll, anit the quantity of Water is not so easily regulated.<br />
At. first thought, it would seem that the apparently good<br />
results folloGlg soaking of scetls are a contradiction of the<br />
statnments that st4s may be oj’er-watered. But soaking<br />
is usually hefic~hl only h3r pracZic*ed for a conq~arativrl~<br />
short the. It is not god prar+ice to smk cHicate st~ls before<br />
so&g, and it is of doubtful utility in most other WSW, unless<br />
it is necessary to soften the integuments of hard-shelled species,<br />
as discmsseil on page :Z;i. ‘he gain iii rapidity of gertnination<br />
following soal;eil, ;1s compared with dry, sct~ds, is often only<br />
apparent, htdsinW1i as gcrtuiii;.~t ion m~trially begius in the<br />
soaked seed hr~fore tlrth dry sa~tnples ;IIV SO\\III. The soaked<br />
seeds are sow11 in WiltCbrather thau in soil, mid as conditions<br />
WC ITiON” uniform tl;c~lT~, i1 guin ~l.~~1,i~~~‘~~tl)~ ilIlt’ tc) sding IlW)<br />
result. Ii1 thrt i’iI?W iIf c*thh strong se& philted outdorm ill<br />
c&l or ui~c~iqyiii~~l soil, a pi*~~liminary soaking of t\velve to<br />
twedyfwr Ilours rn:~.y be beneficial, as it lessens the period<br />
which the seeds would otherwise pass in untoward co0ilitions.<br />
hit ~0dwi1 seetcls, unless of vcrv C’ hardv ” 5pecics, should never
1.6 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
the earth be well firmed over the seeds. Walking on the row,<br />
placing one foot directly ahead of the other, is usually the most<br />
expeditious and satisfactory practice, at least with large seeds.<br />
FIG. 5. Bell-glasses of different forms. The one at, the left is the clothe of<br />
t,he .Frcnch.<br />
The earth may be firmed with a hoe or the back of a spade,<br />
or a board may be placed on the row and then be thoroughly<br />
settled by walking on it. For small lots of seeds, it is well to<br />
cover them with an inverted flower-pot (Fig. ti), ta.king care to<br />
tilt it frequently to prevent the plants from “drawing.” In<br />
the sowing of celery and other small<br />
and slow seeds, it is a frequent practice<br />
to leave the board on the row<br />
until the seeds appear, in order to<br />
hold the moisture. This is a doubtful<br />
expedient, however, for the young<br />
plants are likely to be quickly dispatched<br />
by the sun when the board<br />
is removed. If the board ‘is employed,<br />
it should be raised an inch<br />
or two from the ground as soon as the plants begin to appear ;<br />
but the shade of the board is too dense, and plants do not grow
PROPAG.4 TION BI’ MEANS OF SEEDS AND SPORES 17<br />
stocky under it. It is better to use brush or lath screens if protection<br />
is dt&ecl ; or fine litter, if free from weed seeds, tnay be<br />
emplo)-ed. In most uses, however, sc’reens will not be needed<br />
by celery and similar seeds if the ground is in the proper condition<br />
so that it will neither bake nor dry out quickly, and is<br />
well firmed at planting time, and if the seeds are sown early<br />
before hot dry weather comes. It is always advisable, nevertheless,<br />
to place the beds for slow and small seeds where they<br />
can be watered occasionally and where there is protection from<br />
strong winds and perhaps more or less protection from sun.<br />
Plants much protected from sun, however, may be burned and<br />
sometimes killed when transplanted to the field unless they<br />
have been “ hardened oft’ ”<br />
before transference.<br />
Man>* kinds of screens are<br />
in use to pre\*ent the drying<br />
out. of :S!rlull st3~ls iI1 out- ,‘,<br />
door seeciagv and to protect :--<br />
the young seedlings. ‘l’liese : .<br />
are used also in the shadilng<br />
of cuttings. The c’omman<br />
lath screen ( Irig. 7) is<br />
the most useful for general<br />
FIG. 7. Lath screen.<br />
purposes. It is sirn& a square frame made from common<br />
laths laid at right angles in a double series. The interstices<br />
between t he la& are equal in width to the laths themselves.<br />
These screens are laid horizontally on a light framework a<br />
few inches &vt the‘- seeds. The passage of the sun constantly<br />
moves the shadows over the bed, and sufficient shade is afforded<br />
while thorough ventilation is assured. This and all other<br />
elevated screens are useful in shading and protecting the young<br />
plants as well, but when used for this purpose t,hey are mostly<br />
raised a greater distance above the beds. A brush screen,<br />
consisting- of a low frame covered with boughs, is often used,.<br />
t-!
18 THE NURSERY-MANUAL ;; 2:<br />
as shown in Fig. 8. This is cheaper than the lath screens, and<br />
is equally as good for most purposes. The brush is often laid<br />
directly on the ground, especially in large beds. This answers<br />
FIG. 8.<br />
Brush screen.<br />
thr purpose of shading, but it does not allow of weeding, and<br />
it must be taken of?’ soon after the seeds germinate, or slender<br />
plants will be injured in its removal. Brush screens are somet<br />
irlles raised three or four feet to allow of weeding.<br />
A good screen for frames is shown in Fig. 9. It is a simple<br />
covering of muslin stretched over the t,op and sides of a<br />
rough framework. The cloth is usually omitted from the
PROPAGATION BY MEANS OF' SEEDS AND SPORES 19<br />
usually 3-h& stuK This shed screen is oftenest used for the<br />
protection of tender plants, but it affords an exceedingly useful<br />
and convenient place for<br />
the storage of pots and boxes<br />
of slow-germinating seeds. A ] t<br />
more elaborate shed screen, i<br />
made of lath or slats, and con- i<br />
taking seed-beds edged with FIG. 10. Shed screen for seeds and<br />
boards, is shown in Fig. 11.<br />
plsnt,s.<br />
Various frames and covers are employed for indoor seedage,<br />
designed to regulate atmospheric moisture and to control<br />
temperature. They are more commonly employed in the<br />
growing of cuttings, and are therefore described in Chapter Y.<br />
Yariations in temperature exercise less influence on seeds<br />
than variations in moisture. Yet. it. is important that the extremes<br />
of temperature be not great, especially in small, delicate<br />
FIG. II,<br />
Lnrge shed screen, with seed-beds.<br />
or weak seeds. Stwls will e~iduw greater extremes of tempcrature<br />
when dry thau when moist. This indicates that<br />
germinatin g seeds must. 1~ kept in a relatively uniform temperature.<br />
For this reason it. is poor practice to put seed-boxes<br />
in a wimlow in full sunlight. Partial or complete shade serveF
20 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
the double purpose of preventing too great heat and too rapid<br />
evaporation. Various covered seed-boxes are uF?d for the<br />
purpose of maintaining approximately the required ‘L?mpera-<br />
ture, but as they are oftener employed in bud-propagation,<br />
they are discussed in that connection (Chapter V).<br />
Bottom heat is helpful to germination in most seeds, but,<br />
except in the case of certain tropical species, it should not be<br />
strong It is a common practice to place seed-boxes on moderately<br />
cool pipes under benches in a greenhouse. Seeds of<br />
hardy annuals and perennials do not. require bottom heat,<br />
although they may be benefited by it. If the earth in seedbeds<br />
should become too cool, watering with warm or tepid<br />
water may be helpful.<br />
It is impossible to give rules for the proper temperature for<br />
different kinds of seeds. In general, it may be said that seeds<br />
germinate most rapidly at a temperature a few degrees above<br />
that required for the best development of the plant itself.<br />
Seeds of hardy plants require a temperature of 50” to 70”,<br />
conservatory plants GO” to SO” and tropical or stove plants<br />
75” to 95>“. The plantlets should be removed from these<br />
highest temperatures, as a rule, as soon as germination is<br />
completed.<br />
In outdoor culture, depth of planting has a direct relation<br />
to temperature. Seeds may be planted deeper late in the<br />
season than early when the soil is cold and damp. Deep<br />
planting probably as often kills seeds because of the absence<br />
of sufficient warmth as from the lack of oxygen or the great<br />
depth of earth through which the plantlet is unable to push.<br />
The influence that light exerts on germination is not definitely<br />
understood for all horticultural seeds. It is known, however,<br />
that seeds will often germinate in full sunlight, if the lproper
PROPAG.4TlON BY MEANS OF SEEDS AND SPORES 21<br />
conditions of moisture and temperature can be maintained.<br />
Seeds sown 011 a moist surface a.nd covered with a glass<br />
present an interesting study. They may have difficulty in<br />
getting a foothold, and they present peculiar reactions to<br />
light.<br />
It is well knvwn, on t.he other hand, that some seeds will<br />
not germinate, or will at lea*st appear unevenly, if subjected<br />
to sunlight. At least some of the delphiniums, papavers and<br />
adonises germinate very imperfectly, ii” at a.11, in direct light.<br />
It is always advisable to keep germinating seeds in shade or<br />
partial darkness, especially a.s there is nothing to be gained by<br />
exposing them. Of course, the soil itself is sufiicient protection<br />
if the seeds are covered.<br />
Xegemr ination<br />
It is a common statement that seeds can never revive if<br />
allowed to become thoroughly dry after they have begun to<br />
sprout. This is an error. Wheat, oats, buckwheat, maize,<br />
pea, onion, ~%sh and other seeds have been tested in this<br />
regard, and they are found to reger;cir\ate readily, even if<br />
allowed to become thoroughly dry and brittle a&r cprouting<br />
is well progressed. They will even regerminate several<br />
times.<br />
Kheat, peas and other seeds have been carried through as<br />
ma.ny as seven germinations after the radicle had grown a half<br />
inch or more and the seeds had been sufficiently dried in each<br />
trial to render them fit for grinding.<br />
Delayed germinationn~‘ A<br />
We noted in Chapter I that most seeds have a natural period<br />
of dorma,ncy. This period may be considerably shortened or<br />
lengthened in many cases by the treatment to which the seeds<br />
are sub jetted.
If seeds are buried in the grouncl and exposed to the action<br />
of frost, the period of dornianr*y is usually com&%ddy red<br />
Wd. Thus Pam mr4 nntl King ribport ( I’IYW. Iowa Acad.<br />
Sci. xl-) cxpcrinWnt s by I1’awcett showing that “ the dormant<br />
period of common pigweed (A Iuwfwtu~s ~Yrf$le.r0s) wa3 nine and<br />
one-third da>-s when kept in pa,ckages in a dry room, a,nd only<br />
six and one-t.hird days after having been wintered out of doors.<br />
In the case of wild rye, the dormant. period was lessened from<br />
nine to five days . . . while the percentage of germination<br />
was increased from 22 per cent to 48 per cent,, and, the pigweed<br />
from 40 per rent to 50 per cent. In geneA, the longest dormant<br />
period was found in those seeds which have the hardest<br />
and thickest. coats.‘?<br />
The better germination of some kinds of seeds after being<br />
subjected to freezing is t.he result of the cracking of the shell<br />
and the letting in of moisture, rat,her than the lessening of an<br />
inherent dormancy ; perhaps this is always the explanation.<br />
Plant-growers resort extensively to the burying of nuts and<br />
hard-shelled seeds to insure germination. They also file or<br />
notch certain seeds, as those of the moonflowers, to allow water<br />
to enter and to start the germina,tion processes, taking care, of<br />
course, not to injure the embryo.<br />
How long germination may be delayed and the seeds still<br />
remain Gable (or germinable) depends on the kind of plant<br />
more than on the conditions of storage. The longevity of<br />
seeds, in other words, is largely an hereditary trait lying probably<br />
in the anatomy and cl1emica.l constitution, In this realm,<br />
new experiments are needed on a considerable scale, reinforced<br />
by the modern understanding of the physiological processes.<br />
The stories of live seeds being taken from the mummies of<br />
ancient Egypt are not credible ; these statements have often<br />
been exposed. Yet certain seeds may outlive a human life.<br />
I’ammel and King report the following table from Ewart, of<br />
Victoria (Australia), on certain rather remarkable longevities :
-_- . ..~._ _._<br />
67<br />
57<br />
10<br />
67<br />
57<br />
51<br />
44<br />
77<br />
55<br />
15<br />
77<br />
10<br />
1.5<br />
10<br />
-.<br />
G<br />
12<br />
80<br />
9<br />
13.3<br />
7s<br />
52<br />
18.2<br />
63<br />
0<br />
0<br />
50<br />
0<br />
75<br />
:31i<br />
0<br />
swtls of prsttip<br />
ftntl
24 THE NIJRSER~‘-,lilANTJAI,<br />
Seeds should be thoroughly ripe and dry before they are<br />
stored. Those of pulpy fruits are removed and cleaned. If<br />
the seed-vessels are dry and hard, seeds may be left in them<br />
till sowing time, but usuall~r they are removed.<br />
Hard seeds, as of trees and nuts, may be buried as explained<br />
on page 35. Most seeds, however, are stored dry in paper<br />
bags or boxes in a cool dry room. The receptacles should be<br />
tight to keep out weevils ; if there are any signs of bug work,<br />
a little bisulfide of carbon may be poured in the receptacle,<br />
and the vapor of it will destro>- animal life. This material is<br />
inflammable, and it should be kept away from flames.<br />
If seeds at storing time are moist and the weather is damp,<br />
they may be lightly kiln-dried before put away for winter.<br />
liarely are dry seeds injured by freezing. Seedsmen sometimes<br />
keep large and more or less fleshy seeds, as musas, in fine dry<br />
sawdust, chafl’ or other material tha.t will insure equable conditions<br />
and prevent too great desiccation.<br />
w.<br />
9<br />
SEEWTESTING<br />
V%le it is not the province of this Manual to discuss t.he<br />
question of the te’sting of seeds, a few hints on the subject may<br />
be acceptable, particularly in the bearing of the remarks on<br />
seed-sowing. Seed-testing is for two purposes : to determine<br />
the germinating power or growing power of the seeds ; to<br />
discover the purity or quality of the sample in respect to<br />
admixtures, weed st~ls, foreign materials and adulteration,<br />
a process often cnlled “ seecl i~ntll~~sis.”<br />
lksti11g for ~ciability<br />
Germination is complete when the plantlet begins to assume<br />
true leaves and to appropriate food directly from the soil.<br />
The testing of seeds is not always concerned with germination,<br />
but with the simple sprouting of the samples. Many seeds
-PROP,4GATIOX BY MEANS OF SEEDS AND ,‘;;PORES 25<br />
u-ill sprout when not strong enough to gcrminat,c completely,<br />
and more seeds will be counted as Gable when they arc tested<br />
in a germinating apparatus _ where the conditions are perfect<br />
-.- t&n when tllcy are normally plantccl in the earth. There<br />
is even sometimes a marked difr’erence between t.he results of<br />
seed-tests in earth in the greenhouse and in outdoor planting,<br />
as the following comparisons (Bulletin 7, (‘ornell Experiment<br />
Station, lSS9) plainly show :<br />
“ It has been said recently that the idcal test of seeds is<br />
actual sowing in the field, inasmuch as the ultimate value of<br />
the seed is its capability to produce it strop. This notion of<br />
scetl-test s is 0b\~iously fallacious, although the sta,tenient on<br />
which it is bast~l is true. In otlicr words, actual planting<br />
rarely $-es a true measure of the capabilities of all the seeds<br />
of any sample, because of the impossibility to control conditions<br />
and methods in the field. The object of seed-tests is<br />
to determine how many seeds arc viable, and what is their<br />
relative vigor ; if plantin g shows poorer results, because of<br />
covering too deep or too shallow, by csposing to great est,remes<br />
of temperature or moisture, or a, score of otlior untoward conditions,<br />
the sample cannot be held to account for the shortcoming.<br />
The table on page 26 indicates the extent of mariations<br />
that may be expected between tests and actual plantings<br />
of seeds from the same samples.<br />
“Various samples were tested indoors and actually planted<br />
in the field. The seeds were sown in the field June 5, and the<br />
last notes were taken from them July 5. They were sown on<br />
a gravelly knoll. Rain fell about every alternate da’>*, and the<br />
soil was in good condition for germination throughout the<br />
month. The indoor tests were niade in loose potting earth,<br />
or in sa~?tl in sflerl-pans.<br />
“The table indic*atcs that actual planting in t.he field gives<br />
fewer germinations than careful tests in conditions under<br />
control. This difl’crence in total of germination, even under
G? =<br />
sl I THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
SAMPLER<br />
Nn.nF<br />
GERM. IN<br />
HOUSE<br />
PER C~KNT<br />
OFGERM.<br />
IN HOURE<br />
No.OF<br />
C;gW.D'N<br />
,~OOSEED~<br />
8OWN)<br />
--<br />
'ER CENT I'm VENT<br />
-JF C;ERM. OF DIFFER-<br />
INFIELD ENCE<br />
--e-i- -~-<br />
I<br />
44<br />
72<br />
00<br />
91.6<br />
41<br />
71<br />
70<br />
tie;<br />
53<br />
!I3<br />
fi5<br />
1x1<br />
22<br />
84<br />
39<br />
45<br />
2ci.5 1 17.5<br />
I<br />
40.5 ’<br />
1<br />
2.5 5<br />
*<br />
32.5 / 57.5<br />
!<br />
Oi).I”j i<br />
/<br />
1.1<br />
11 i 30<br />
42 32<br />
19.5 i 50.5<br />
/<br />
22..5 j 42,5<br />
favora’ble c*onditions of planting, IMJ~ amount to 0wr 50 per<br />
cent.<br />
“ In planting, due allowi~c~c shc:uld be n~atle for the wmpnrntively<br />
bungling inctliods of field practice by the use of<br />
greater quantities of seeds than n-ould swm, from the results<br />
of tests, to be suf5cicnt.”<br />
I’robnbly the most truthful test of seeds can be rna’de in<br />
earth in earthen pans in a grecnhousc or forcing-house. When<br />
one desires to show the ultimate percentage of seeds that contain<br />
life, the sprouting-test should be used. In this case, an<br />
apparatus should be emplo;
28 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
across to permit a i-inch brass rod to be run in (Y, I)>, from which the cloth<br />
is suspended in the pan, as &own in the cut. The lower margins of the<br />
i<br />
:,<br />
FIG. 13. Absorbing-block seed-tester.<br />
fol(is (0) are also sewn across to make them stay in place better. The<br />
total length of the strip a,fter the sewing is complet,ed is about a yard.<br />
Two swh StriiE arc Used in each pI1.<br />
“To put the pan into use, it is filled part full of water, two of the prepared<br />
cloths put in, the gla,ss cover a(.f,justed and the whole boiled over a<br />
lamp for a, short tinirb. This is necessary in order both thoroughly to wet<br />
the cloth ant1 to kill any mold or other germs. When again cool, adjust<br />
the cloths on the bra$s rods and put, in t,he seeds. Each fold will hold<br />
25 large seeds, like beans, and a hlundr4 or more small seeds. Water is<br />
placed in the pan, but not enough to touch the folds of cloth ; the four flaps<br />
drop down into it. lion-tlver, and keep the cloths sufficiently wet, by capillarity,<br />
whirl1 is increased by the long nap on the under surface of the cloth.<br />
The folds are nurnbc-rcxcl r*onsecutively, and the record kept by the numbers.<br />
“The advantages in a, pan of this kind are the facility with which the<br />
seeds may be esaminrci and counted, the thorough and uniform moisture<br />
.<br />
of the seeds throughout the longest trials,<br />
its lightness and cleanliness. It is necessary<br />
to renew the cloths from time to<br />
time, as they will slowly rot out, even<br />
with the best of care.”<br />
A device of dift’erent character is<br />
shown in Figs. 13 a,nd 14 (Annals<br />
Hort., 1890, 268) D It consists of<br />
three parts : a. tin tray (r) for<br />
holding water ; a, block of gypsum (b) that sits in the tray<br />
and contains several compartments for the reception of the
PROPAGz4TION BY MEANS OF SEEDS AND SPORES 29<br />
seeds, and is kept moist by capillary attraction; a glass cover (a).<br />
The apparatus is seen set tq) in Fig. 14. This device works<br />
on a principle long utilized in the<br />
testing of seeds _ the capillary<br />
power of earthenware and various<br />
species of rock .-~-- and there are<br />
many applkations of the idea in<br />
yrwt ice. These seed-testers may FIG. 15. Sprouting-cup.<br />
bv placed in an incubator or<br />
other heating de\*iw, or they may be used in the greenhouse<br />
or il living-room.<br />
A bulletin (So. 35) of the Rhode Tsland Rsperinient Station<br />
describes and illustrates a modification of the absorbing-block<br />
idea (Fig. 15). Instead of a slab of stone or earthenware,<br />
” sprouting cups ” are used. ‘L’l’licy are 3 inches in diameter<br />
and 1 -i- inches high, including the cover, which is ventilated.<br />
The bottom is solid and -$- inch thick. Each cup is placed in a<br />
glass dish in which a constant supply of’ wter is kept.” These<br />
30<br />
thermometer (d)<br />
ma.y b e placed<br />
to show the temperature<br />
of the<br />
:. ” wat e r in t, h e<br />
jacket.”<br />
b-1(;. 17. II~)nK~-ndt~ sectl-tcvter.<br />
A good home-<br />
111ntk tcbsttbr, oftw illustrated iI1 experiment staGon bulletins<br />
and t’lsc‘wllt’rt’, is shown in Fig. 17. Two plates a.re used,<br />
with wntt~r or wet sard in OIW of them, on which is placed<br />
11 blotting-p:tIwr or piew of canton flannel bea,ring the<br />
st‘cv 1 s.<br />
The *’ rag-doll ” tester is now one of the most popular homemr~le<br />
de\Gw and is often illustrated. It is shown in Fig. 18<br />
(;&ptecl from a 1Iontan : 1 Station publication, as is also Fig. 17).<br />
A piwe of lltbil\*>. &th is wet, the seeds placed cm it, an.d the<br />
cloth tf>cil rcJItvI up tight ; sometimes the rolk or “dolls” are<br />
stood in ;I p;iiI of \ViltPr’. I II these rolls the seeds soon germi-<br />
Wlbib, :wd t\wy may lw untied frequently for examination.<br />
Stw~;~l (4 thtw ;UC~ showu ill Il+‘ig. IS. If it is desired to test<br />
Sc’\‘Wiki I-’ \III( I h ’ 0 I st~tds ill 01w d0l1, a pitw of heavy white canton<br />
flirknnel lllil)7 l,tb llstvl ;111(1 liiiti off into squares or compartments<br />
with a ltwi ptwvil.
FIG. 10. imtruruents for seed exan~irl~~tion. - l’h swd sn111p1c : lens ; piere<br />
of rzwdl)o:trtl or c~thc~ mtlt~~ri:\l to scpnratc tlic sarnplr into piles or parts; forceps<br />
; sct:t~pel or knife.<br />
“To find out the quality of the seetl that is mimwnl~. plantetl, testing<br />
for impmities and germination power is the first in~portant step. Let all<br />
seed be run over screens to get rid of as much foreign subst,ance as possible.<br />
*After a thorough screening, an analysis should be made. The<br />
most practical method for ordinary purposes is the hand separatio _ of a<br />
well-mixed sample into piles containing (1) good seed ; (2) broken and<br />
injured seed of the same kind; (3) seed of useful plants or of other varicties<br />
of the same crop; (4) dirt, chaff and other inert material; and (5)<br />
weed seed.
32 TH.E NCJRSERY-MANUA I,<br />
“ 111 t itc first play it is ncc~rssary to get, a representative sampIe by<br />
t:tkitlg sty4 fnmt top, sides, ntictrllc and bottom of sa,ck or bin and to mix<br />
tltorottgltly (HI ;I. c4otlt, ~MINT or stttootlt table*. A tltin-bladed knife is a<br />
(*ottvtG3tt 1.001 Ivitlt \vttic*lt to mix. ‘l’lie person should exercise rare not<br />
to lose seed or dirt wltik mixing, its N goocl test rcqttires careful weighing.<br />
Wlim satisfied uitlt tltcb ttlisittg, let tlttl test-er divide the sample into two<br />
ap1~roxitiiately qttal part. i; , clisc*ardittg one-ltalf and mixing the other, and<br />
rqw:kt tiivkfiiag iiiiil iiiiSiilg tirttil tfte pifi: is stttall enough to analyze.<br />
"'1'1~ first stcl) itt ;tn;tl~~sis is to weigh tltcl sample carefttlly and record<br />
t]lv jFtbig\it. ~~im(&l~,-~is ijr(j\jtls itic ttt;ttcrially, am1 for small seed, such as grass<br />
iincl rlovthr or alfalfil, ;lrv ticc*essar,y. A needle fastened in a wooden handle<br />
or n slittrp hit-I)itt st’rvt5 to Ibid c c)ttt stnall particles or to separate adlterittg<br />
bodies. i4ftc.r tlttb scparatiott is cotttplete, each pile shottld be<br />
wGgliet1, or ~lo~~~ly Mittt;tltb(l 1);)’ cottntitig.<br />
“If possil)lc, the w~tl SCCV~ ought to be identified in order t.o prevent<br />
the introclttr*tiort of 1~1 VYY~~~~ new in the locality or not yet started on the<br />
farm in question. I(Itatl t if&t ion enables the farmer to know just what<br />
he is planting, pertnitting hittt to escrcise choice as to whether such seed<br />
is the best he can find at it rt~asonal)lc price,”<br />
If a full test is ~~adc, it includes an malysis of purity a,nd a<br />
record of Gal)ility. I:olh-ing is the form of report recommended<br />
by Circ. 23 of the I’tajh StAion :<br />
:I rel)ort of the test. slioulti show the armlysis and percentage<br />
gel*lnillatio!l. ‘h followil~ g form of report gives the most<br />
essential informat iuu :<br />
Kind of seed --<br />
Source<br />
Locality to use it -<br />
Test<br />
Purity<br />
Injured seed<br />
Other crop seed<br />
Variety<br />
Proposed use -<br />
Per Ct??zt
PROPAGATION BY MEANS OF SEEDS AND SPOKlLS 33<br />
Teat<br />
Inert matter<br />
Weeds<br />
(Kinds of weeds -<br />
Germination (per cent)<br />
Per Crew!<br />
notes on)<br />
There is an organization of ” Seed Analystsof North America,”<br />
that meets in :~mual c0nvention. It comprises the officers in<br />
the dif-ferent states associat,ed with the working of the seed<br />
laws, representatives 0f the I’nited States Department of<br />
Agriculture and of the (‘nnadian Department of Agriculture.<br />
RIany of the experiment stations and departments publish<br />
results of seed-test,s. The influence of a.11 this activity has<br />
dc~loped a public c’onsc’iousness on pure seeds, established<br />
legal procedure and rlevrloptvl accurate methods of testing.<br />
A representative summary from onto of the state pub!kations<br />
will indicate the naturv of the enterprisr. This is from n’ew<br />
Hampshire. That statti t~na~~tecl a pure seed law in 1909,<br />
requiring the publivat ion a~muall~~ of :I bulletin showing the<br />
results of all stvtLtt5ts IW& ofkiall~~ iu the previous year,<br />
placing the ~1(1rrlinistrntic)n of the law ii) the hands of the State<br />
Conaniissiorirr of .\griculture, who appointed the agronomist<br />
of the Experimrnt Statirm as his regular agent for making all<br />
tests and aual,ss~. The table on page 34 is from Bull. 180.<br />
3, THE I-i.~NI)T,lN~; AND SOM’TN(; ()I+’ SEEDS AND SPORES<br />
When one COI~W to thcb sowing r)f stvds, one must be prepared<br />
to give them good c’are and muc~h thoughtful attention.<br />
They have l~cn tliv result of ~nuch energy on the part of the<br />
plant. (‘are of the set& themselves, of the ea.rth iu which<br />
they are sown arid in the follow-up treatment adds much<br />
to the satisfaction in growing the plant.<br />
,:,\<br />
i , yi<br />
!‘i, ’<br />
/ I;!/<br />
‘I,; l,<br />
D
THE<br />
NIJRSERY-MANU-4E
PROPAGATION BY MEANS OF SEEDS AND SPORES 35<br />
&&my seeds demand treatment preparatory to sowing.<br />
Nparly all hard and bony seeds fail t.0 gtWninate, or at least<br />
germinate ~eq’ irregularly, if their (tontents are allowed to<br />
become thorcrughl~ dry aud hard. The shells must also be<br />
s&tmxl or brokt~, ill many cases, before the embryo c’an grow.<br />
Nature treats such seeds by keepin, (r them constantly moist<br />
under leaves c)r mold, and by cracking them with frost. This<br />
suggests the pra,ctice known to gardeners as sfrn~$LY&X2., an<br />
opt33tion that consists in mixing seeds with earth and exposing<br />
them to frost or to moisture for a r~onsiderable time (cf. page 24) +<br />
Stratification is pra&ed, as a rule, with all nuts, the seeds<br />
of forest, trees, shrubs, the pips of haws and often of roses, and<br />
in many cases with the seeds of common fruits.<br />
Seeds should be stratified as soon as possiblt~ after they are<br />
mat,ure. Small seeds arch usunliy plact~tl in thin layers in a<br />
box alti~rnating with ai& iuch or two of sand. Srmietimes the<br />
seeds are mix4 iiltliscritliinut~l~ in the sand, but unless they<br />
are large it, is troublesomt~ to separate them at sowing-time.<br />
The sand i.-; rjfte1! SOCVII with the seetls, 110\;5’e~~~r, but it is difficult<br />
in such wsw to clistributt: thtb seeds c\~t$~. and in sowing<br />
large quantities the ha,nrlliu, cp of the sand entails a cunsiderable<br />
burden and becomes an itt>ul of taspeuse. It is advisable to<br />
pass the sand through a sieve of finer tuesh than the seeds, and<br />
the seeds can then be sifted out at sowing-time. If the seeds<br />
are very small or few iu number, they Mary be placed between<br />
folds of thin muslin, which is then laid in the sand. Any<br />
shallow box, like a gardener’s “ flat ,” is useful in making stratifications,<br />
or pots m&v be used with small lots r,f seeds although<br />
pots are likely to be shattered by much freezing. A flat four<br />
inches in depth might contain two w three layers or strata of<br />
seeds the size of peas.<br />
The disposition of the boxes when filled varies with different
36 THE NURSERY-MANK4L<br />
operators. Some persons prefer to bury them. In this case<br />
:t well-drained sandy slope is chosen. The flats are placed<br />
in a trench one to two feet, dcq), covered with a single thickness<br />
of boards, and the trench is then filled with earth. The<br />
seeds usually freeze somewhat, although freezing is not considered<br />
necessaqv unless in the case of nut-like seeds. The<br />
object attained in burying is to keep the seeds+moist and fresh,<br />
iutluring the rotting or softening of the coverings, while they<br />
are b\1riccl so dctq) that they will not sprout. Seeds of most<br />
forest trees should be treated in this way. They are comxuonly<br />
left in the ground until the following spring, when they<br />
;II’C t&t9 up ant! sc)wn in drills iri mellow soil. If good loam,<br />
to which has been ad&d a little well-rotted manure, is used,<br />
the s&s or t1ut.s of hard>, trees and shrubs may be allowed<br />
to gcrniinate and grow for oiie season in the flats. ,4t the<br />
tb~ltl of tht~ scasou or the ~wxt spring, t.he plants can be transpl;mttld<br />
withollt lositkg one of them. This perhaps is the<br />
bvst way to hancll~ rare and difficult subjrcts.<br />
R1a1q~ growers place the boxes on the surface in a protected<br />
placid, as unclc’r trcbcs or in a shed, and cover them for winter<br />
a foot cleep with r*leall straw or leaves. If boxes are piled on<br />
top of tA1 ~~t.ht~t~ they shoultl be mulcht~cl withrmoss, else the<br />
utitler ones rtl;iJ~ bt~t~ome too tlr!*. Or the boxes may be placed,<br />
without co;ering, in a shed, but the), must be examined now<br />
ant1 then to set’ that the>- do not become too dry. Precaution<br />
must also lw t&n to keep away mice, squirrels, blue-jays,<br />
ant1 other intruclers.<br />
Large nut-like seeds or fruits, as peach-pits, walnuts and<br />
hicl-or>--nuts, art’ usuall)T buried in sand or light 1oa.m where<br />
tlle)~ tnq- flww. Or sometimes the large nuts nre thrown into<br />
a pile with earth and allowed to remain on the surface. Freezing<br />
servt’s a useful purpose in aiding to crack the shells, but it<br />
is not essential to subsequent germination, as is commonly<br />
supposed. All seeds, so far as known, can be grown without
the agcnq. of frost, if properly handled. The seeds of some<br />
of the pines art‘ IihrxitrvI by, hrating the cones.<br />
Fall s0win, (r ( vu~~urlts t0 stratifi~~ation, but unless the soil is<br />
mellow and \-cry thoroughl~~ drained t,he practice is not ad-<br />
Gsablc. The set& arc’ liablt~ to be hea\*ed or wa.shed out,<br />
or cateri by vxmin, and the earth is likely t.o bake over them.<br />
fTnc-l~r prop-i= (3,nditiolls, ho\\.vvcr, the seeds of fruits and<br />
many fortbs;t trees tllril-c well with fall sowing. The seeds<br />
sht~uld he SOMW as SOOII as they are ripe, cvt~ if in midsummer ;<br />
or if ihe ground is not, rtka(ly for them at t.hat time, they may<br />
bt\ ttqx~raril~v stratifictl to prc9-cut too great hardening of<br />
thtl parts;. It is best to allow all preen or moist seeds to dry<br />
off a fen- tLq.s before they are stratified. Fall-sown seeds<br />
should always be mulched.<br />
Nurscr,vmrn IJractic*e stratification of large seeds, as peach<br />
and pl~im, by- bur>.ing them in autunin in t.renches or shallow<br />
pits. (“arv is taken to choose a well-drained soil, and a place<br />
that can bc opened early iu spring.<br />
&nic se& rarely gt~rminatc: until the second year after<br />
maturit!-, e\-t~n with the best of trcatmcnt. The thorns,<br />
mountain 41, hollit~s, viburnums, some roses, ad many others<br />
belong in this vategcq-. ,Sorne growers sow them regularly as<br />
soon as the!- are ripe, and allow t.he beds to remain until the .<br />
seeds appear. This is a waste of lad and of labor in weeding,<br />
and the best WJ- is to str:ltif>v them and allow them to remain<br />
until the first or second spring before sowing.<br />
Partial substitutes for stratification are soaking and scalding<br />
the seeds. Soaking may be advantageously practiced<br />
in the case of slow and hard seeds that are not inclosed in bony<br />
shells, and which have been allowed to become dry. Seeds<br />
of a,pple, locust, and others of similar character, are sometimes
treated in this way. They are soaked for twenty-four or<br />
t.hirty-six hours, anti it is ~~m~monly thought that if they<br />
.<br />
are tXpoSt?d to a sharp fiU,it lil tilt: -vthei I.lbW .I&-- better results<br />
will follow. While still wet the seeds are sown. Scalding<br />
water ma>’ be poured over locust md other seeds to soften their<br />
coverings, but. setds should not be boiled, as sometimes recommended.<br />
The germination of bony seeds is often facJita.ted by filing<br />
or cutting away the shell very carefully near the germ, or by<br />
boring them. A bored nelumbo seed is shown in<br />
Fig. “0. Moonflower and canna seeds are simila.rly<br />
t rcated (page 22).<br />
‘l’rc~at.rnent with various chemicals has been<br />
recommended for the purpose of softening integ-<br />
FIG. 20. Ihred IlmentS, ;lnd a 1 so * f or some power which strong<br />
wed.<br />
oxidizing agents are supposed to exert in hast.ening<br />
gerrninat ion itsfblf, but the advantages are mostly imaginary.<br />
Z&ret and patented “germinator” compounds would better<br />
be avoided.<br />
I’ulp~* and fleshy coverings should be removed from seeds<br />
before sowing. Soft fruits, as berries, are broken up or ground<br />
into a pulp, and the seeds are t,hen washecl out. This separation<br />
may be performed immediately in some cases, but when the<br />
pulp adheres to the seed, the whole mass is usually allowed<br />
to stand until fermentation and partial decay have liberated<br />
the seeds. The pulp will then rise, in most cases, leaving the<br />
seeds at the bottom of the vessel. Seeds can be liberated<br />
quickly by adding a stick of caustic potash to each pail of<br />
water. _4fter the -mass has stood an hour or so, the seeds can<br />
be rubbed out easily after the 1Iquid has been poured off and<br />
the water changed. Even tomato seeds may be cleaned in<br />
this way.<br />
Seeds that have thin pulp, as the viburnums and many haws,<br />
can be prepared by rubbing them through the hands with
PROP,4GATION RP MEANS OF SEEDS AND SPORES 39<br />
sharp sand ; or the scant pulp of such seeds may be allowed<br />
to rot of?’ in the stratification box. Fleshy coverings of hard<br />
and bony seeds may be removed by macerat,ion. Allow them<br />
to stand in water at a! temperature of about W for one to three<br />
weeks, and then wash them out. Resinous coverings are sometimes<br />
rcnlo\-ed by mixing the seeds with fresh ashes or lime,<br />
or by treating &m with lye. Hard thick-walled seeds are<br />
rarel), injured by- the decay of the pulpy covering, but thinwalled<br />
seeds should 1 I . cleaned to aGd the possibility of<br />
damage arising from the decay of the pulp.<br />
The transportation of certain kinds of seeds over long distances,<br />
especially on sea voyages, is often beset with difficulties.<br />
Thick-meated or soft seeds may become too dry if stored in a<br />
warm place, or too moist if stored in a cool one. The humid<br />
atmosphere of the ocean is fatal to some seeds unless thej are<br />
well protected, and the moist and hot climates of some tropical<br />
countries destroy many seeds of cooler regions before they ca,n<br />
be planted, or cause them to sprout in transit. Thin-coated<br />
seeds demand dryness and air, and bony seeds usually need<br />
moisture and a more confined atmosphere. Most seeds may<br />
be sent dry and loose in coarse paper packages under all ordinary<br />
circumstances ; but if they are to traverse very hot and<br />
lnoist climates, they should be sealed in tin case: or very secburely<br />
wrapped in oiled paper, in which case the seeds should<br />
be thoroughly dried before being packed, and precautions taken<br />
to insure the dryness of the air in the package. Small seeds<br />
liable to become moldy may be packed in f+ely powdered<br />
charcoal or other dry material. Apple and pear seeds are<br />
often imported in this way.<br />
The seeds or fruits of woody plants require more careful<br />
management. They should generally be transported in some
40 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
sort of stratification. ,4 favorite method is to place them in<br />
bwws or jars, lnixtvl with naturally moist sand or sawdust,<br />
or slightly moist dead sphagnum moss. Some persons prefer<br />
to seal the pac~kagt~s hermetically, but under ordinary conditions<br />
this is unnvcvssary. In transit, the packages should<br />
be stored in a Illrvliurn 2nd uniform temperature. Even acorns,<br />
which are 0ftcln cliiiic*ult to t’ransport over long voyages, ma.y<br />
be caarriecl ill tllis nx~- with safet>v. It is important that the<br />
soil should not be wvt. Natural soil from a dryish and loamy<br />
pasturti is esc~c~llt~Ilt.<br />
In sonic wscs it is better to sprout the seeds in the native<br />
(Aouxltr?. mcl ship thti seedlings in a closed or Wardian case.<br />
Soil tl isemw : sterilizing<br />
The gardener must always be on the lookout for the rottingoff<br />
of seedlings. ‘l’his damping-oft’ is a w~~iirwn ailment of<br />
J-ouiig seedlings and (Wtinifs. I -sually the stem becomes<br />
broivn and cvnstricted at or near the smface iif the prouncl, and<br />
it srxm rots and falls over. The top of the plant oft,en remains<br />
ali\-c anal fresh for se\veral days after it has fallen. Various<br />
fungi are c,oncWnerl in tllis aticl similar disorders. The conclition5<br />
whicah set’lli partivuEarl?- to favor tile development of<br />
t,hese fungi are a<br />
moist. and close<br />
at ni( jsphere , crowding<br />
, and careless<br />
watering. Plants<br />
are supposed to be<br />
-I.-- particularly 1 iable<br />
to damp-off if so<br />
_ -- _- . -_<br />
--- -g - -~.- -.-__ ~~~ L___ much water is ap-<br />
.-.--- - -.- -=- -7<br />
plied as to keep<br />
hi. 21. A ~tcrilieiul: 1~0s or t~r:lJ’, rn:ltlcb Of’ matched<br />
bwmls. the surface con-
42<br />
Heavy canvas or burlap, 216 square feet.<br />
A steaming pan,to roller an area of about 72 square feet.<br />
Attachmeilts for the steaming pan, consisting of 4 ring bolts 6<br />
inrhes long, with S-inch rings; 4 bars or ax handles; felt packing<br />
2 inches wide, sufficient in length to extend around the pan; the<br />
same length of 4-inch hoop iron or of 2-inch angle iron; one i-inch<br />
nipple 6 or 7 inches long, threaded on both ends; two $-inch leather<br />
gaskets; two &in& nuts or threaded washers.<br />
“The boiler is the item of greatest expense, the rest of the equipment<br />
being comparatively inexpensive. With proper care the entire apparatus<br />
should last for a. number of yews.<br />
“A boiler of sufficient capacity is the essential factor in successfu1<br />
sterilization, because large volumes of high-pressure st.eam are required.<br />
Lperience has shown that a boiler of at least 20-horsepower is necessary<br />
for efficient steam production when using a steaming pan of the size mentioned<br />
above. In some localities, where seed-beds have been sterilized<br />
with steam for a number of years, farmers are supplied with their own<br />
boilers ; in other places one boiler is used coiiperatiwly by several planters.<br />
Road rollers, steam tractors and packing-house boilers are frequently<br />
called into use for seed-bed work. In some sections the owners of steam<br />
tractors or portable boilers go from place to place, sterilizing beds at fixed<br />
prices. Such operators are usually supplied with all necessary equipment,<br />
though sometimes they provide only the boiler and a fireman.<br />
“In the permanent seed-bed the pan is of such width as to fit snugly<br />
within the sides of the frame, and its length varies according to requirements.<br />
A pan ha\ving an area of i:! square feet is sufficient for a 20- or<br />
25horsepower boiler, -and a larger pan is difficult to move. On a bed 6<br />
feet wide the pan should be 12 feet long. Where only a small boiler is<br />
available, the area of the pan should be correspondingly reduced, so that<br />
the boiler can maintain the desired pressure of at least 80 pounds.<br />
“Sterilizing pans made of galvanized iron have been extensively employed,<br />
but as wooden pans are cheaper and are easily made at home, wood<br />
is the material now coming into general use. The wooden pan further<br />
possesses the distinct advantage of redwing the loss of heat b7 radiation.<br />
“The pan is simply a shallow box (Figs, 21, 22), 4 inches being the preferred<br />
depth. If it is deeper, much of the desired effect is lost through the<br />
more rapid cooling of the steam in the larger space exposed above the soil.<br />
The frame is made of 2 by 4 inch material; across this are laid matched<br />
boards (g by 4 inches). It. is advisable to put white lead in the grooves<br />
to prevent the escape of steam. The boards must be securely nailed in<br />
the tongue and at the sides to prevent, drawing, as they swell by absorp-
PROPAGATION BY MEANS OF SEEDS AND SPORES 43<br />
tion of xnoisturc during the process of steaming. ‘l’l~se lover hoards<br />
are furtllfy secured by two boards or planks which are laid over them on<br />
the outside, at right angles to them, extending the 1engt.h of the bos, and<br />
which are very secllrely nailed at the ends (Fig. 2 1). The wvcr boards<br />
are then nailed from t.he inside to the outside plants, the ohjec-t. being to<br />
prevent the swelling and warping of the rover boards. A good view of<br />
the inside construction of the box is shown in Fig. 2.<br />
*‘Two ring-bolts are set in each side of the frame on the top, one near<br />
each corner. Through the rings ax handles or bars are thrust to serve as<br />
handles in moving the pa.n along the bed.<br />
“-4 strip of $-inch felt park& 7, 3 inches wide, is placed along t,he lower<br />
edge of the frame, on the outside, to prevent the escape of the steam. The<br />
hoop iron is then laid on the packing and nailed every 4 inches, one-half its<br />
width extending beyond the lower edge of the frame, as shown in Figs. 21<br />
and 23. \Yhen the parking cannot be had, the iron is nailed to the inside<br />
of the frame instead of the outside. Instead of the hoop iron, Z-inch<br />
angle iron is sometimes used. This is fastened to the lower side of the<br />
frame, to form a tight joint when the box is laid on the soil. A piece of<br />
thin packing serves to prevent the escape of steam between the iron a,nd<br />
the bottom of t!rc ~oo~lcn frame to which it is nailed. Angle iron, because<br />
of its heavier rharac:ter, will not. bend and is bet.ter than hoop iron, but. it<br />
reluircs careful working to fit it to the frame.<br />
” In the mitltlle of o-‘ I IL ‘3 end of the frame is set a &inch pipe-threaded nipple,<br />
6 or i inches in length, through which the steam is delivered into the pan.<br />
The nipple ~houl~l projert ii inches from the box, to afford a convenient attachment<br />
for the hose, and it should be held securely in place on the 2 by 4<br />
inch end frame by locfk nut.s, closing on leather gaskets, as shown in Fig. 23.<br />
“The pan is plac~~cl on the bed, open side down, the hoop iron or a,ngle<br />
bar cutting into the ground to form a knife joint, and the steam leaving the<br />
btiiler under pressure enters the pan and quickly penetrates the soil.<br />
“The boiler is plared close to the bed and where practicable at an equal<br />
distance from each end. Steam traction engines and portable boilers have<br />
a marked advantage, bepause they can be easily moved as the work progresses,<br />
allowing the use of a short pipe.<br />
“In sandy ho&, after 30 minutes steaming, the temperatures to be<br />
expected in the upper 2 inrhes of soil directly under the pan are approximately<br />
2059” to 213” !F., at 3 to 4 inches 170” to lSO”, and at 6 inches 120”.<br />
TWO hours after tlrc removal of the pan the temperature at 6 inches should<br />
be about 160” 1:. If’ a thermometer is not available, the efficiency of the<br />
steaming operation (‘an bc easily determined by burying a potato 4 inches<br />
under the surface of’ the soil. The potato should be well cooked when
44 TIiE A'II'RSERY-~~AII'UAL<br />
the pan is rcmovul, and tllis is a common method of determining the work<br />
dotic l,y a 5;tcaming outfit. Altho~lgh the tempernt~lres rea,ched directly<br />
under the pm arc ciuitr* lligh, little heating efTer*t is to be noted away from<br />
the edge:; uf the pan.”<br />
ASOW hg t hc seed<br />
The soil irk wliicJl seeds are sown, especially in Moor culture,<br />
should be sur~h as to allow of perfect drainage and at the same<br />
time to hold moist nre. Good potting soil, with a liberal allowantv<br />
of sharp sz111(1, is the best. for general purposes. Pure sand<br />
btwmes too ~WSV , ;~ncl leaf-molt1 alone is visually too loose and<br />
o~wtl. A propt’r (*onll)ination of the two c*orrect,s both faults.<br />
It is ilnpossiblc to describe a good potting or seed-bed soil.<br />
I
46 THE NURSERI’--MANUAL<br />
Over the moss, coarse siftings from the soil may be placed,<br />
while on top only the finest and best soil should be used. Thes&ler<br />
the S~Y~S, the more care must be exercised in the sowing.<br />
‘l’he proper depth for sowing varies directly with the size<br />
of the seed. A direct advantage of very fine soil for small<br />
seeds is the greater exactness of depth of covering which it<br />
allolys. JTeq* small seecls should be sown on the surface,<br />
lq-T;hicla has pre\~iousl~~ been well firmed and leveled, and then<br />
covered with a \.q,r thin layer of finel), sifted soil or a little<br />
old and dead miss rubbed through a sieve. This covering<br />
should be scarcely deeper than the<br />
thickness of the seeds ; tha’t is, the<br />
seeds should be barely covered.<br />
BI any persons prefer pressing the<br />
FIG. 25. Planting stick. seeds into the soil with a block. Or<br />
if one has a close propagating-box,<br />
the seeds may remain on the surface and sufficient moisture<br />
will be supplied from the atmosphere.<br />
Such fine seeds are rarely watered directly, as even the<br />
most cbarcful trthatnnent would be likely to dislodge them.<br />
The soil is usually- n-e11 W,2terecl before the seeds are sown, or<br />
moisture rrla)’ be supplied b)T inserting the pot in water nearly<br />
to its rim for a few minutes. If water is applied from a rose,<br />
a thin c4oth shoulrl first be spread on the soil to hold it. Celery<br />
seeds, in outdoor beds, are often sown on a smoothly prepared<br />
surface and art? then pressed in by means of the feet or a board.<br />
Cloj.er to pre\*tlnt evaporation should be given all small seeds.<br />
This may be a board or a slate slab at first, but as soon as the<br />
plants appear glass should be substituted to admit light.<br />
(See pages 16, 17.)<br />
Large seeds JPmand u L -----_^-_<br />
much less care as to depth of covering,<br />
as a rule. One-fourth or one-half inch is a .good depth<br />
for most coarse seeds indoors. If one wishes to gauge the<br />
depth accurately, the drills may be made by a planting stick,
FIG. 26. Tracy seed-planter.<br />
the surfavc. This is a useful implement ill seed-testing.<br />
Another rk~k for regulating the depth of sowing, particularly<br />
in seed-trstinp, is thv Tracy planter, shown in Fig. 26. It<br />
rvnsists of tw0 strip of hea\*>v tin plate ahut hree inches<br />
wide, hung on two wire pivots or hinges some two inches long.<br />
At their iqqw ctlgw, and equidistant, from either end, the<br />
plates are joktl hi* a firm spiral spring, which serves to throw<br />
the nppcr edges apart, and to vanse the tower edges to join.<br />
I’he trough is now filled with the required number of seeds,<br />
and is then insflrtcd int.o t hc cart11 ‘to a, givvn depth, when<br />
the fingers push inward on<br />
the springs and the trough<br />
opens and delivers the<br />
see d s. ’<br />
Delicate seeds, sown out<br />
of doors, should bc given<br />
a. very accessible loca,tion,<br />
b ecause t,heJ wiil need<br />
constant watching in dry<br />
weather and during heavy<br />
rains. A border along a<br />
wall is a favorite site for<br />
a seed--bed. A French<br />
method of preparing such a<br />
bed is shown in Fig. 27<br />
(after Mot.tet). FIG. 27. Seed-border.
48<br />
‘rrl’l~r rwepta(+5 in ?vltic41 ills> sc~vl is to he sown need t.o be selected<br />
.<br />
IYlttl SOill(’ (‘ilIT’. 1Sos~s or palls :i in&s or rather more in depth are preferred<br />
hy many ; hut where only<br />
a little seed of a kind is needed,<br />
an ordinary flower-pot, 5 inches<br />
or 6 inches in diameter at the top,<br />
ans\vers Lvell, and does not take<br />
up a lot of room. N’hatever is<br />
FIG. 2X. Seed-has, wit,h side removed to used must be scrupulo~~sly clean<br />
show thr drninagc :~l~l rough material in and have ample outlet at the<br />
the bottom and the fine soil on top.<br />
bottom for waste water; stagnant<br />
moisture in the soil kills more seedlings under cool conditions than<br />
anything else. The 1~~s ought, to have holes three-quarters of an inch<br />
or 1 inc+ in diameter in their bottoms, five holes not being too much for a<br />
box measuring 1.7 inches by 12 inches. Over these holes a layer of broken<br />
pots, or vroc*k$ as they are termed, must he placed, then some rough<br />
fibrous material, and, finally, the fine, sifted soil. Fig. 23 shows a box<br />
with one side renic )ved. Xote the crocks a.nd rough and fine soil. This<br />
is a large box; consequently a dividing board is placed across the center<br />
so that two kinds of seed may<br />
be sown in it, one at, each end.<br />
“The soil for seed-sowing is<br />
quite as important as the<br />
drainage. For the majority of<br />
the seedlings that the average<br />
beginner is likel>y to want to<br />
raise, the following mixt.ure<br />
u-ill answer ~11 : Good turfq- FIG. 2!). The sowing in the seed-box (Fig.<br />
loam, well cahopped and passed 28). Large seeds may be placed separately,<br />
thrc)ugh a l-inch meshed sieve, as shown at the right. The small ones may<br />
two parts; leaf-soil, well dc- be mixed with dry sand and firmed into the<br />
earth by means of the press-block.<br />
cayc~f and sifted through the<br />
same sieve, half a part ; and coarse sand, half a part. Retain the coarse<br />
material that is left in the sieve for placing over the drainage. In some
50 THE N [JRSER I’--MA N IT.4 I;<br />
muslin may be utilized in the same way, although this is apt to adhere to<br />
the soil. Pots and small pans can be immersed nearly to their rims in a<br />
bucket of water, allowing the liquid to saturate the soil from below upwards.<br />
After the sowing and waterin g are completed, keep the frame or house<br />
fairly close until germination has, taken place, after which ventilation<br />
must be afiord& as freely as outside conditiorx will admit. Give water<br />
whenever the soil is at all dry, but avoid overdoing it. Remember, seediings<br />
in an eariy stage do not want large quantities of water; but, on the<br />
other hand, they must not be allowed to become dry.”<br />
Sou?iag spores<br />
Ferns, lycopodiums and selaginellas are often grown from<br />
spores. Th e general conditions required for the germination<br />
of very fine seeds are a.lso suitable for the germination of spores,<br />
but extra care must be taken with the drainage. If a pot is<br />
used, it should be half or more filled with drainage material,<br />
and the soil should be made loose by the addition of bits of<br />
brick, charcoal, (binders or other porous materials. The surface<br />
soil should be fine and uniform. Some persons place a<br />
thin 1aJver of brick-dust on the surface, in which the spores are<br />
so1y-n. It is a8 frequent practice to bake the soil to destroy other<br />
spores that might cause troublesome growths.<br />
The spores should be sprinkled on the surface and not covered.<br />
The pot should be set in a saucer of water, or in damp moss,<br />
and it should be col-ered b>T paper or a pane of glass if the sun<br />
strikes it or it is in a draughty place. Better results are obtained<br />
if the pot or pan is placed inside a propagating-frame or<br />
u~cler a Ml-glass. Tn place of earth, a block or small cubes of<br />
firm peat or sandstone may be employed Wig. 3 right ; Fig. 5).<br />
The blwk is plawd in a saucer of water and the spores are<br />
sown 011 its surfaw. Water should not. be applied directly to<br />
the spores, as it. dislodges them.<br />
The period of germination varies in different species, but<br />
three to six weeks army he wusidered the ordinary limits.<br />
Spww aw SO eswedingly small and light that the greatest
.<br />
. \;<br />
_ -: ..
PROPAGATION BY MEANS OF SEEDS AND SPORES 51<br />
care must be exercised in handling them. To gather them,<br />
the fronds may be cut as sOon as the sori Or fruit-dots turn<br />
brown, and stored in close boxes or paper bags. When the<br />
spores begin tcr discharge freely, the frond may be shaken over<br />
the pot, Or it may be broken up and pieces of it laid on the soil.<br />
While still wry. small, the sporelings should he pricked out,<br />
and fw smw time thereafter the>F should be subjected to the<br />
same conditions as before.<br />
The propagation Of forest trees is conducted on a great<br />
wale in many parts Of the couiltry, largely as governmental<br />
enterprises. This constitutes a special department of nursery<br />
practiw, and it cannot be discussed in this book ; but some of<br />
the seed-becl nwthods ma>. be indicated as a supplement to<br />
the discussion. Those who desire to inform themselves on<br />
forest-tree nursery work 4wuld consult the state and federal<br />
publicatit:;;s, ~hapt~s irk books on forestq., and Tourney’s<br />
“Seeding and Planting in the Practice of Forestry” (Wiley,<br />
1916). The follwving tirwripticms are adapted from “ Nursery<br />
Practice on the Satiw~a~l 14wsts,” EM. 179, Gntr. For. Serv.,<br />
by c’. I- re-drawn from the<br />
half-tones.<br />
“7‘1~ seeds are wwn ill Lccl~;, wit tr t tw esce]Aun of Pertain special cases<br />
in which flats or even pots may be tlsecl. The beds are staked off uniformly<br />
and with mnthematii31 prwision, to render calculations easy and<br />
to make possible the emplc)ymwt of uniform methods in subsequent work.<br />
A 4foot width facilitates sowing, wowing and weeding operations.<br />
Forty inches has been found to be a desirable width where burlap is used<br />
as a cover. \$‘herc damage from rodents or birds is possible small beds<br />
4 by 12 feet, are desiral)le, becar~se they are easily protected by the use of<br />
screened frames.<br />
“l’he seed may be sown in drills or broadcast. E’or drill sowing across<br />
,
52 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Cross-section of Marker<br />
FIG. :41. Maker, for for& sccci-beds.<br />
the beds a marker (Fig. 31), hinged seeding-board (Fig. X3), and a seedtrough<br />
(Fig. 34) have proved highly eflicient. The marker consists of a<br />
plank 4 feet long, 1.5 inches<br />
wide and l$ inches thick,<br />
with<br />
two handles projeeteyond<br />
each end, and<br />
with triangular strips of<br />
wood from 3 inch to 1 inch<br />
thick on a side and 4 feet<br />
long, nailed longitudinally<br />
and parallel, from 3 to 6<br />
inches apart, on its under<br />
1%~ pressing these<br />
lgular strips or cleats<br />
. --- .. into the soft earth of the<br />
FIG. 32. (‘oIltTf’t(’ ruarkcr-rnller. prepared seed-bed perfect<br />
\‘-shaped depressions can<br />
be made of the depth t ItGrrd. ‘I’\vo 111th11 (‘ill1 mark frotn IOU to 200, 4 by<br />
13 foot beds per day \\*ith this l~oarcl, ~l~p~nding on the dcptll desired<br />
Hinged Seeding Board<br />
FIG. 33. A seditlg-lmtrcl for forest seds. A cma+sectt.iou of t,llis bond is<br />
sh0w11 in Fig. 34.
anal the (*onCiititbil of tlic 5oil. Another kind of marker, made of cement<br />
and drn\vn ljy tbx) ~i~cn, is sllown in Fig. 32.<br />
“The scedir3g-harc]I cc)nskts of two strips of board 4; feet long, 3 inches<br />
wide ;111(1 $-inc4l in tliirht3s (narrow bevel siding is sometimes used),<br />
a small hinge at each end. The adjoining edges of<br />
FIG. 35. Protected nursery beds, with and without<br />
low COYW, and ;L water supply at hand.
54 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
trough. By varying<br />
the depth of the koove<br />
and the width of the<br />
shoulder on the adjoining<br />
side the board can<br />
be made to sow any<br />
quantity desired. One<br />
of the outer edges of<br />
the board is beveled<br />
far back on the under<br />
FIG. 36. Overhead protection, with a slat cover. side so as to offer no<br />
obstruction when the<br />
seed is dipped. Two men operate it, one at each side of the bed. The<br />
board is dipped with a swinging motion into the trough and then lowered<br />
and held close over the drill to be seeded; the hinges are bent upward, and<br />
the seeds fall into the drill.<br />
FIG. 37. A form of low shading. The beds on the right are covered with burlap,<br />
those on the left protected by slat screen. Windbreaks are provided.<br />
FIG. 38.<br />
Nursery beds covered for the winter.
PROPAGATION BY MEANS OF SEEDS<br />
AND SPORES 55<br />
“The seeding-trough is a device for holding the<br />
seeds. It is 8 inches deep, rounded slightly on<br />
the bottorll and up one side, from 10 to l-1- in&es<br />
wide, 3rd 5 feet long. It is mounted on legs,<br />
raising it from 16 to 2-I iiichs Aove the ground.<br />
‘J’he trougli is set to straddle a<br />
seed-bed in which drills have<br />
been made, as indicated in the<br />
illustration (Fig. 34).”<br />
The beds are provided<br />
with protection against winds,<br />
rodents, birds, sun and winter<br />
cold, by means of windbreaks<br />
and divers coverings and<br />
screens. ,Some of these are<br />
shown in Figs. 35-35. The<br />
seedlings are given careful<br />
\ attention in shading, water-<br />
I ,’<br />
ing, weeding, tilling, winter<br />
mulching an d otherwise.<br />
Y~llllg seedlings are shoxn<br />
Rd. 39. Conifer<br />
lings.<br />
in Fig.<br />
‘, :<br />
1 1’: :N. .I very long and undesirable tap-<br />
‘.4 \<br />
’ root sJWerii is illustrated in Fig. 40.<br />
! ,’<br />
j s<br />
I n, This development is sometimes correc$t*tf<br />
!q root-priuliiq in the nursery<br />
:\ I<br />
Led by means of a knife thrust under<br />
l<br />
j 1~: ,’<br />
*<br />
the plants. Fig. 41 d10w a specially<br />
1<br />
good development. of a season’s growth<br />
\<br />
- _ as a result of fail seeding, whereby the<br />
FIG. 4U. SCNI- plant gets an early start in spring.<br />
ling of western<br />
Stock larger by one-half inch to two<br />
yellow pine.<br />
inches can be produced in one year by<br />
fall than by spring sowing. The increased growth may<br />
mean the shortening by a year of the length of time<br />
necessary for growing stork to a size suitable for field<br />
planting.<br />
Forest nurseries operate with such numbers of<br />
plants, wlkh must be cheaply produced, and the<br />
species involved in the processes are relatively so<br />
few, that highly standardized methods soon arise.<br />
seed-<br />
FIG. 41. Douglas<br />
fir seedling,<br />
from fall-sown<br />
seed.
CIIAI’TEI~<br />
III<br />
PROPAGATION BY MFANS OF SEPARATION AND<br />
DIVISION<br />
SEEDS are not the only parts or organs that naturally detach<br />
themselves from the parent plant and serve as the beginning<br />
of ntw individnuls, as we Hague learned in Chapter 1 ; and<br />
man)- plants are ~up”ble of being divided at the root into two<br />
or more parts or plants. The “ bulb catalogue” of the seedsnien<br />
indicates 1~0~ ext,ensive is this asexual means of multiplication.<br />
1. SEP.iH..-\TION<br />
Separation, or the multiplication of plants by means of<br />
naturally detachal-)le vegetative organs, is efi’wtcd 1,~ means<br />
of l~~lbs, l~ulMs, l~ull~scales, l~ulblets, corms, cwmels, tubers<br />
and sonwtinw~ by l~icls.<br />
I3Ulbs of 311 kinds are xptV*iilliWtl hut15. Tllcy arc niacle up<br />
of a short a~~1 rl;&rnentary axis &wly incased in transformed<br />
and tlkkwtvl lwws or Mlwx&~s. Tliew tliirkwd parts<br />
niajv l~i stortvl \vitll nut.rinw;it 1iwl in sulwqutwt growth.<br />
I3ull~ 0ccIlr irl plants iwwst.onxvl t-0 :I long period of inwtkity.<br />
?Sla~lJ- l)ull)r,l~s I)la~~ts ilrc pwriliar to dry :llltl ilYi(l regions,<br />
wlitw grob*tl~ is inipossil&2 ill Ioiig intwwls. A Ml), tlwrefow,<br />
is ;I nlorti or ltw perlnttlwnt anct ~‘Olll~)il(‘t~ lrwf-lJu(l, llSUd1~ O(‘(‘llp>,iilSg<br />
the base 0f tlw stem u;lcler growicl aid 4tting roots<br />
froni its lo~vor p;lrt. 13ullw arc’ c7~lrv~~ilit~ntl~7 di~~iclcvl into two<br />
great {:l;~ssc~s --- the SW&~, or t,hose cv~rnp~w~l of narrow and<br />
mostly 100s~ wt~les, as in the lily, and Itrrrhi~rfr? or fwliiwto, or<br />
xi
&Nc to keep- the<br />
bulbs as strong and<br />
~~ompwt as possible.<br />
13u1tms plants Id- *<br />
t iply most easily by<br />
l11c~ll1s of c did,9 -<br />
often also called bulbules<br />
- or small bulbs<br />
borne about a large or<br />
mother-bulb. Thes?<br />
bulbcls arc sometimes<br />
call4 ofiset.s, but this<br />
term is more properly<br />
qplied to more leafy<br />
01 sucker-like parts,<br />
and to rosettes, as the<br />
growths on a pineapple<br />
the separates in house
58 THE N URSERY-nil,4 N UA I,<br />
leek, and the like (page 4). The bulb& of the t,ulip are<br />
slwwn in Fig. -1-X 111 one of the lilies (Fig. -44) t,wo bulbs have<br />
formed at the crown of the old ow.<br />
In some lilies, as I,ilir/.,,~ wdidwtb,<br />
the bulbels form at the top or<br />
crown of the mother-bulb, and a<br />
circ’le of roots is found between them<br />
ad the bulb ; in others, as L.<br />
sprciosum and I,. mmtwu, they<br />
form WI the lower part, of the flowerstalk.<br />
In some species the bulbels<br />
ilIT fc-\v and very large, or even<br />
sin&n, aid they bloom the followii<br />
ig year. III swh cases the bulb<br />
iincltqocs il progressive movement<br />
front J-ear to year after the manner<br />
of rootstocks, the bulb of one<br />
year bearing a more or less distinct<br />
one above and beyond it, which con-<br />
FIti, 44. Two txl1tw<br />
ijf lily tinues the species, while the old one<br />
formed from one.<br />
becomes weak or dies. This method<br />
of bulb formation is seen in the cut of LiZiem2 prdclli~m~ta, Fig.<br />
45. In the hyacinth the bulbels form at<br />
the base of the bulb.<br />
Bulbels \-ar,v greatly in size and frequenc>T<br />
in different species. Sometimes<br />
they are no larger than a grain of wheat.<br />
the first year, and in other p1a.nt.s the)<br />
are as large as hickory-nuts. In some<br />
species they are borne habitually underneath<br />
the scales of the mother bulb. FIti. -.G. Bult-, of Liliutn<br />
The bulb& are often removed wlien pn s&ll~irrl4nl.<br />
the mother-bulbs are taken up, md they are usually planted<br />
in essentially the same way as the bulbs themselves, although
PROPAGATION BY SEPARATION AND DIVISION 59<br />
t.hey may he planted in pots or flat.s a,nt-i<br />
be treated dwut the same as single-eye A<br />
cuttings. In some lilies, the hulbels are<br />
allowed to remain attached, and the<br />
whole mass is planted in autumn in dose<br />
drills. SomeGmes the lakger lily bulbels<br />
may produce flowers the following (or<br />
first,) season, but they usually require the<br />
” 4 ~ r-<br />
wh01e of the sewnd season in whkh to (:lltJ hys-<br />
0,II1plete their growth. The second au- rinth hul,,els bulb wit,h resulting<br />
tumn they are ready to be permanently ’<br />
planted. Mbels of some species require even a Ionger time<br />
in which to mature into bulbs.<br />
I3ulbels are sometimes produced by a,n injury to the bulb.<br />
Growth of stem and leaves is more or less checked and the<br />
energy is directed to the format,ion of minute buds, or bulbs,<br />
a,s adventitious buds form on a wounded stem. Advantage is<br />
taken of this fa(at to multiply some bulbous plants, and in the<br />
case of the hylc+lths, at least, the mutilation of bulbs for this<br />
purpose is practiced to a conimerciaJ extent.<br />
E-Iyacir:th bulbs are cut in two, or<br />
are slashed in va,rious ways. The favorite<br />
method is to make deep transverse<br />
cuts into the base of the bulb (Fig. 46).<br />
The strongest bulbs should be chosen,<br />
md the opera’tion is performed in spring<br />
or early summer, when the bulb is taken<br />
Frti. 47. HollowwI hya- q’. The bulbs arc sometimes hollowed<br />
ninth lmll~<br />
out from the under side for half or more<br />
of their depth. This operation is sometimes performed la.ter<br />
in the season than the other, and precaution should be exer-
60 THE h’ ITRSEIZ 1’- MA N ilA4 I,<br />
cised that, th hhs do uot, bet~mc~ too moist, &e they will<br />
rot. I roll,WltVl 1 )u I1 1s sl~ould 1~ ~11 dried hefore bciiig<br />
plniitetl. r~otlr ~Mh~ds of prtq)arillg li,va~~iuth bulbs are<br />
sliocv~i in Figs. -4Ci aud -0, the latter adapted from the<br />
Garderler’s I Y~rouick. The mutilat~c~cl hilbs are storecl<br />
during s111111I1~‘I’, iml arc plant~rd ill fall or spring. Tll C<br />
~uudr~l bulbs produ(~r~ \-cry little foliage, hut,<br />
at the end of tl-ic first seasou the l~ilbels will<br />
lla\*c f01~111d. ‘1‘1~ brill~ls arc ttieu separated<br />
and plauted b? tlicmscl~~cs iu prepared beds.<br />
Several !-cars are requhl for t.he bulbels to maturn<br />
into Howcrirlg bulb. Some of the strongest<br />
OIICS may produce flowering bulbs in three years,<br />
ITIC:. 4x. ~rll11 hut some of them, especiall~~ those obtained from<br />
scslc.<br />
the liollowed bulbs, will riot mature short of six<br />
>.ears. This mhod of propagating h~~;tcintlls is confined<br />
mostly to I Iollaud.<br />
The scales of 1~~11~s are ofttlu emplq~~l to multiply scarce<br />
varieties. From ten to thirty of the thicker scales may be<br />
renkvecl from the out.side of a large bulb without serious injury<br />
to it. Tliesc~ s&5 arc treated in the same way as single-eye<br />
cuttings. The?- are usually llanrlletl in flats or propagatiugframes,<br />
and are prc’ss~~d perpcudicularl,v into a light and loose<br />
soil --- half sharp sand and half leaf-mold - for nearly or quite<br />
their entire length, or they may be scattered in damp moss.<br />
Keep the soil merely moist, and for hardy and half-hardy<br />
species Md the temperature rather low - from 45” to 60°.<br />
Slight bottom heat may sometimes be given to advantage. In<br />
three to teu weeks a little bulbel, or sometimes two or more,<br />
will appear at tlic base of the scale, as shown in Fig. 48.<br />
Late aut,uniu or early winter is a proper time for planting<br />
bulb scdes. The pots or flats may be plunged outdoors in<br />
summer if the planting was made in winter, or the scales may<br />
be potted of-l’ or transferred to the open border as soon a.s root-
PROPAG.4TION HY SEPARATION AND DIVISION 61<br />
lets have forrnetl. It is the common practice with most hardy<br />
species to allow the scales to remain in the original flats during<br />
summer amt to c(.)~-er them the next fall, allowing them to remain<br />
outdoors o\‘er winter. The succeeding spring they are shifted<br />
into a bed or border, and by the next autumn - having had<br />
two Su~lmwrs’ growth --- most species will be ready for permanent<br />
planting in the flower border for<br />
1~100ni tile following season.<br />
occur in the tiger lily and in<br />
0li10l1~.<br />
l I II. the former<br />
“ top”<br />
~~niplc, the bulblets are direct<br />
tr~tIlsforrllutiolls of buds, while<br />
in the oG)n they t8alie t,he<br />
pl;tc~ of flowers. It is ir<br />
Sims to ilr:lw ~IIJ- shaq<br />
Of St’p;ll‘il,tioll lWt.LE’t~t~Il bllll)letS<br />
\<br />
and his. 111 SOlHC’ plnnts,<br />
C'C'I'tilitl l)IlClS dc~t:I(.*ll tll~~IllSt?l~t~S<br />
and fall to the ground to ~Iiul-<br />
FIG. 49. Gl3,diolus coxm.<br />
tipl?- tlw specks. Sometimes these buds vegetate before they<br />
fall from the plants, as in the case of various begonias and<br />
fc&rI is. For purposes of propagation, bulblets are treated in<br />
tht-i stmw IV;IJ* as bulbcls, and like them, t,hey reproduce the<br />
ITilIGt)r frown whkh tltcb!. grow. They develop into full-grown<br />
bulbs iti 011~’ to tlirct~ years, acac9rcling to the species.<br />
:\ IWW, is ;i I,i~lb-lil~c~ organ that is solid throughout, although<br />
it. may have ;I march or less loose covering or tunk. Familiar<br />
eX;lrnplt3 are gMiolus :iiid isia. Cormous plants are multiplied<br />
ill t~ss~rlti;lll~- tllrb sa1nt5 way as bulbous species. AS a<br />
rule, a uew (‘arm (or sc~~netirues two or more) is produced each<br />
J’ear abovtfi tht: 0id one, mcl this commonly bears flowers the
5;<br />
62 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
following season. This renewal is well shown in the gldiolus,<br />
Fig. 39. The illustrxtion shows a gladiolus bottom, half Gxe,<br />
when taken up in November. At the base are seen the withered<br />
remains of tlw corm that w’tts plmttd iu t,he spring, and rtt~~w<br />
it the new corm, which will furnish bloom the following season.<br />
A numbthr of 0)~,r/.rrTs or “ spawn ” has also appeared about<br />
the base of the new corm in Fig. 4% These may be planted<br />
out in a border or bed, ard will prducc~ mature corms in one or<br />
two seusoIIs. The larger ones, under good tr(r’atnieut, ofteu<br />
produce bulbs an inch in diamett~r the first, season. Some<br />
growers keep the ~orn~ls a year td :I htdf btbfore planting thym<br />
out (that. is, uutil tlw stv~ond spring), as they are thought to<br />
vegetate morth tvdy uider suds treatment ; in this case they<br />
sl~oulcl be pl~eri in sd to prevent too great drying out.<br />
Adveut it ious (~ormels nIay be produced by various methods<br />
of woulrcliug the mothc~r vorm, :uId this prnct.ice is often neces-<br />
SilIy’y as soltw slwt.*it3 cl0 Ilot product’ ~~orrnels freely. Each<br />
bud 011 the top or sick of the vorm IH:I~ l)tb ma& to produce 11<br />
separate vorm hy cWting a deep rhg a~cuIrIcl it, so as partly to<br />
is mostI!. concerned with bulb-like and<br />
corm-like organs, dkision operates<br />
mostly with tubers, rootstock, suckers<br />
an d various kinds of offsets.<br />
A f&er is a prorninentl~r thickened<br />
portion of a root or ~111, and it is<br />
usually- subtcrra nean. The pota to,<br />
sweet potato and dahlia furnish good<br />
examples. The stem-tuber, even if S<br />
underground, has more or less wellnlarked<br />
e?-es. or buds, as the common<br />
potato ; the word f~rl,c~ is sometimes<br />
resfrktcd to thickened parts of stems.<br />
Tuberiferous plants<br />
are multiplied by plant- F,c<br />
z. 50. Oblong t.ubem<br />
ing these tubers whole, uudrr the crown of day-lily.<br />
or in man?’ c8ses the<br />
tubers may be cut into small portions, as<br />
described in Chapter V, in the descriptions of<br />
cuttings. In hardy species, the tubers may<br />
be allowed t.o remain in the ground over<br />
winter, but the>- are generally dug in autumn<br />
~(1 stored in a dry and cold place, but where<br />
the!. will not freeze.<br />
Tubers are of endless conformation. Often<br />
they are fascicled underneath the crown of the<br />
plant, as in the garden ranunculus and also in<br />
the dahlia and day-lily (Fig. SO). They may<br />
occur in long strings, as in the ground-nut or<br />
apios. In the garden anemone (A. corona&)<br />
the)- are irregular and fantastic in shape.<br />
FIG. 51. Pseuclo- A special form of stem-tuber is the pse2dobuZb<br />
bulb of orchid, (1iterAly “false bulb “) of many orchids (Fig.<br />
bmring a leaf at<br />
the top. 52). In some species, the pseudobulb is short
and represents but ;I single node ; in other cases it may corn--Ù<br />
prise two or sewral intcrlmlcs or joints ilIlt he llluc~ll clangatcd.<br />
It hrs<br />
only a siq$ lwf,<br />
as in Fig. 51 , or<br />
scwral leaw~s or<br />
cve11 lmridics.<br />
‘i’lic rhizomes ilIT<br />
tlivitled in smie<br />
orchids so ns to<br />
lcaw a p”“ldo-<br />
Mb to cdl<br />
piece ; or the<br />
~~S~udOblllh llli\J<br />
be treated as a<br />
cutting in some<br />
species.<br />
An oflsr f is 8<br />
c’roum or rosette<br />
of leaves, muall~<br />
home nest the<br />
surface of the<br />
groud, and which<br />
in time Inay detach<br />
itself and<br />
form an independent<br />
plant. The<br />
best examples are<br />
the house-leeks,<br />
plants more fa-<br />
FIG. 52. Pint~applc with slips (three showing) at TT,<br />
aucl two cruwus or crown-slips at AA. miliarly knows as<br />
“ hen-and-chickens<br />
” and “ man-ad-wife.” These offsets take root readily,<br />
and in propagating there is no other care uecessary than to
PROP.4 C.4 TI0.Y I3 I’ SEPA Ra4TIOX .+l,VD III VISION 65<br />
rcino\-e and plant them. Certain leafy growing offsets are<br />
cdled suokers by gardeners.<br />
Siayv of the greenhouse plants are propagated by the leafy<br />
offwts;, tls ~~~1”~1i1”~lS or screw-pine, billbergias, upright tilland-
66 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
as well as here. The practice<br />
of pineapple propaga-<br />
. . *. . . w-. TV<br />
tion IS explained in l’art 11.<br />
A CKW~J is a detachable<br />
I I Ill /I R . n . 1.<br />
portion of a rootstock, bearing:<br />
roots and a prominent<br />
II lIlll// b&-<br />
Rhizomes* or root-<br />
Y<br />
stocks mult,iply individuals<br />
a,nd extend the distribution<br />
IW/ ldl II n . . , n<br />
of the species by means ot<br />
I<br />
n<br />
a progressive movement Of<br />
Fii;. 54. A slip fully developed<br />
broken from the plant.<br />
the crowns. The rootstock<br />
grows in spring and summer,<br />
and at the end of the season<br />
each branch dexrelops a stroug<br />
terminal bud, which usuall)<br />
produces a flowering stern the<br />
Poll owi 11g sea son. The rootstock<br />
graduall>r dies awa,y at<br />
its old est,remity or base,<br />
and in a few years a single<br />
individual gives rise to a<br />
considerable ” patch.” This<br />
is well shown in the common<br />
May-apple or podophyllum.<br />
In some species these<br />
crowns are removed in the<br />
autumn, and are planted and<br />
handled in much the same<br />
Frc;. 55. A pineapple slip stripped<br />
ready for setting.<br />
/<br />
and
PROPAGATION RY SEPARATION AND IllVISION 67<br />
way as bulbs. The crown 0~ “ pip” of<br />
the lily-of-the-valley, shown in Fig. 56,<br />
is treated in this way.<br />
Rootstock may be divided into as<br />
many parts as there are eyes or buds,<br />
and eack part is then treated as an independent<br />
I.‘lont. Familiar examples of<br />
such division are the common practices<br />
of multiplying rhubarb and canna. A<br />
(3nna rootstock, or “ stool,” is seen in<br />
Fig. 57. The observer is looking down<br />
on the top of the stool ; and the five ’<br />
pit~ct’s show how the operator ha.s divided<br />
it. The two lower pieces on the left show<br />
the remhs of the flower-stalks of the<br />
p1wic,us I\;-ear. If the variety were very<br />
scarq sonw of these pieces could be ’<br />
again divided into two or three.<br />
FIG. 50. Lily-of-the-valley<br />
crown.
68 THE NURSERY-MANlJAL<br />
stock species of herbaceous border plants - as aquilegias,<br />
hemerocallis, helianthus - are cdmmonly grown in permanent<br />
small areas by nurserymen, and plants are cut out of the<br />
plot as orders are received. If, however, the nurseryman is<br />
making a special “ run” on any plant, he gets his stock by<br />
dividing up the crowns or rootstocks into small portions, and<br />
then growing t.hese for a season in specially prepared beds, or<br />
sometimes in pots.<br />
Recent experience has shown that etherization of plants<br />
may have important influence on the stimulation of offsets in<br />
certain species ; but this and similar treatments are yet too<br />
little untlerstood to warrant including them in a manual of<br />
standard practices.
CHAPTER<br />
IV<br />
PROPAGATION BY MEANS OF LAYERS AND RUNNERS<br />
M,~NY plants habitua811y propagate by means of decumbent<br />
shoots and runners. These shoots become more or less covered<br />
with earth or leaves, and roots are formed, usually at the joints.<br />
In many cases, t.he old shoots die away and an entirely inde-<br />
FIG. 5%<br />
A runner of strawberry.<br />
pendent plant arises from each fascicle of roots. in other<br />
plants, the shoots remain attached to the parent, at least for<br />
a number of years, so that the plant comprises a colony of<br />
essentially independent but connected individuals.<br />
Certain definitions should be clearly understood before we<br />
proceed with the discussion. A runner is a shoot t.hat trails<br />
on the ground, taking root at intervals ; the strawberry produces<br />
true runners (Fig. 58). Sometimes the runner is covered<br />
by the accumulating surface mold (Fig. 59). A root may sometimes<br />
act as a runner. A stoblz is a decumbent or lopping<br />
shoot which, without artificial aid, takes root and forms an<br />
independent plant. It usually starts more or less erect and<br />
bends over to the ground as it grows. The honeysuckles, some<br />
69
’I(i. ,-)!b. Ru~~rwr of srclgc, covered in tmhe leaf-mold.<br />
rooting only<br />
at its tip. A<br />
birgrr is a shoot<br />
or root, attached<br />
to the parent<br />
plant, partinllj<br />
or wholly covc&red<br />
witAi earth,<br />
with the intention<br />
that it<br />
shall t&e root<br />
and then be<br />
severed from<br />
the parent. :<br />
The operation<br />
or practice<br />
of making a<br />
layer, or the<br />
state or voll(lition of being lac\.ered, with the knowledge<br />
relating thertto, is known as hycrrrge.<br />
Great numbers of plants that do not propagate naturally<br />
by means of layers are readily increased by this rneans under<br />
the direction of the cultivator. In most cases it is necessary<br />
only to lay don-n the branches, cover them with earth, and<br />
allow them to remain until roots are ‘well formed, when -the<br />
parts may be severed from the parent. Layering is one of<br />
the simplest and commonest methods of propagation, as the<br />
mother-plant nurses the layer-piants until they can sustain
PROPAG*41’ION BY LAYERS AND IiUivNERS 71<br />
themselves. It is a ready means of multiplying hard-wooded<br />
plant,s that. do not grow well from cuttings.<br />
All \‘ines, and plants with runners or long and slender shoots<br />
that fall to the ground, may be multiplied readily by layerage.<br />
Among fruits, the black-cap raspberry and dewberry are familiar<br />
examples. The raspberry canes of the current year bend over<br />
late in summer and the tips strike the earth. If the tip is<br />
schc’ured by a slight covering of earth, or if it finds lodgment<br />
in a mellow soil, roots are formed, and in autumn a strong bud<br />
01 “ cro\vli ” or “ q7-2 ” is developt’cl<br />
for 11cst year’s growth.<br />
The parent (3nc is s~ered in fall<br />
or sprilq, some 4 or (i inches above<br />
the ground, and an independent<br />
plant, lin0wn as a “ root-tip,” as<br />
sliomm in ITig. GO, is okained. 111<br />
this c’sampl~, as in most others,<br />
it is imniattG1 at what point<br />
FIG. GO.<br />
the parent stem is severed, except<br />
Raspberry tip.<br />
that a short pic(*tb of it serves as a handle in carrying the<br />
plant, and alto marks the position of the plant when it is<br />
scht. The blac4~ raspberry propagates itself naturally by means<br />
of these layers, tI11d it is only necessary, in most cases, to bring<br />
the earth into a 1n~4ow condition when the tips begin to touch<br />
the groun(l, ill orclr~r that they may find anchorage. This<br />
la~xkng I)>* inserting the growing point has the advantage of<br />
produci i 1g vtq* strong “ crow’iis ” or plants in autumn from<br />
shoots or cttnes 01’ the same year, and it should be more<br />
~eneruIl~- pract icet 1. 1393~ currants, gooseberries and man)<br />
0th~ plants ~a11 1~ pi*opaguted in this way.<br />
I II most killcls of layer&, it is necessary to bend down the<br />
bran&3 ilil(3 t0 t'O\'t'l' tlltliI1. Thr-: covering may be continuous,<br />
ilS ii1 142~. (;I, or it lnay be applied oiilJV to the joints or restricted<br />
parts of tlltk shoot, as illustrated in Fig. 4X. In either
72 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
case the covering should<br />
be shallow, not exceeding<br />
2 to 5 inches. If<br />
the shoot is stiff, a<br />
stone or sod may be<br />
FIG. 01. Covered layer of viturnmn. placed on it to hold it<br />
down ; OF a crotched<br />
stick ma!- be thrust dower over it, as in the “ pegging down”<br />
operation of propagators.<br />
The strongest plants are usually obtained by taking only<br />
oiw plant from each shoot, nut1 for this purpose the earth<br />
should be applied only at one point, ‘preferably over a bud somewhere<br />
near the middle of the shoot. If the buds are clos?<br />
togetllrlr, all but the strongest me may be cut out. If more<br />
plants are desired, however, swpwti~rl~r Ltayerl:~g may be practiced,<br />
as shown at A in Fig. CjZ (left foreground). The shoot is bent in<br />
an undulating way and from every covered part roots will<br />
form and a plant may be obtained. The completely covered
PROPAGATIOIV BY LAYERS AND RUNNERS 73<br />
layer also possesses the advantage cf giving more than one<br />
plant, but the roots are likely to form so continuously t.hat<br />
definite and strong plants are rarely obtained ; these rooted<br />
parts may be severed and treated as cuttings, however, with<br />
FIG. 63. Carnation layer.<br />
good results. The gra,pe is sometimes propagated by serpentine<br />
layering.<br />
Stiff and hard-wooded plants do not often “ strike” or root<br />
readily, and to facilitat,e rooting, t,he branch is wounded atthe<br />
point where it is desired that roots shall form. This wounding<br />
serves to induce formation of adventitious buds at that<br />
point, and to check. the growth of the branch at the tip. It is a<br />
common practice to cut the branch about half in two, obliquely<br />
on the lower side. This operation is known as “ tongueing.”<br />
Twisting, notching, “ ringing ” or girdling, and various other<br />
methods are employed, none of which, perhaps, possesses any<br />
peculiar advantages in general practice. Some propagators<br />
cut all the buds from the covered part. In this case the free<br />
and protruding end of the layer is expected to form the top of
74 ‘l’rrl!: NUIZSEIZY-k?~4N Q/AL<br />
the new plunt. ” Arching,” or very abrupt. bending, as in<br />
serpentine la!-t‘rirq, serves the same purpose and is the ouly<br />
attentioil ~lecessar~ in most vines. A “ tofi$Ied ” carnat,ioii<br />
la?rer is showi~ in IJig. 62. The layered stem is at S, a,nd t,he<br />
root is seen to have formed from the tongue. This met,hod of<br />
propa,rratiiig c3riMions is common in I’:urope, but the plant is<br />
always grown from c+uttings in ihlericit.<br />
Wlieii large numbt~rs of plant,s are desired, as in commercial<br />
nurseries, it is often necessary to cut hack the parent plant to<br />
the jiround, or very nearly so, for<br />
the purpose of securing many<br />
shoots fit for layering. A plant<br />
cut back in the spring will pro-<br />
duce shoots fit, for layering the<br />
following spring ; or some species<br />
produce them in abundance the<br />
FIG. 64. Mounti-layering of same year if layers of green or<br />
gooselmry.<br />
immature wood are desired. These<br />
parent or stock plants are called stooEs by nurserymen.<br />
In many species, layerage is performed to best advantage<br />
by heap& cp earth over t.he stool and around the shoots. This<br />
is known as ~o~rld- or stoob-lcrycring. The shoots send out<br />
roots nea,r the base, md straight stocky plants are obtained.<br />
The En,nlish gooseberries are propagated a,lmost exclusively<br />
in this way in this country. Fig. 64 shows a row of moundla>-ered<br />
gooseberries. The shoots are allowed to remain in<br />
layerage two years, in the case of English gooseberries, if the<br />
best plants are wanted, but in many species the operation is<br />
completed in a single season. Quinces and Paradise apple<br />
stocks are extensively mound-layered. The practice is most<br />
useful in low plants that produce short and rather stifll shoots.<br />
Sometimes these layers are severed at the end of the first season,<br />
and the plants are grown in the nursery row for a year before<br />
they are placed on the market.<br />
,.
W.<br />
a<br />
r+<br />
i;<br />
c<br />
%<br />
C.<br />
5<br />
‘==<br />
e.<br />
b<br />
c:<br />
%<br />
c<br />
1<br />
-2.<br />
-- c? :<br />
F-e T3 -<br />
% =<br />
-.-.- LI<br />
7<br />
C. -,<br />
- = -<br />
F e - -s- 6 .<br />
c Z.<br />
s-.<br />
;<br />
i<br />
. f<br />
d<br />
7; .<br />
-.<br />
I.<br />
‘.:<br />
e.<br />
G<br />
s
76 ‘r[II!: N (iR$ER Ii’--MA N i.?./t IA<br />
Il’ht: ~0-mlled cI b=hyrw<br />
Pot-kryering, rirvu ttrtpositio;rl , ct.l:r-hycrirrg aid Chiwsc bycrimp<br />
are term applied to the rooting of rigid stem by means<br />
of surrounding t hvrr:, while in their natural position, with<br />
earth or moss, or similar ma.terial. The stem is wounded --<br />
~onunr~nly girdled and preferably just below a, node --- a,nd a<br />
(ii\-ided pot or bos is placed &out it ilnd filled with earth<br />
(Fig. 67). The roots start from a’bove the girdle, and when<br />
they have filled the pot the st,cm is severed, headed back and<br />
I)lwllted. Pot-kyring is practiced mostly in greenhouses,<br />
n-here it is possible to keep the earth unifornilj- moist. But<br />
even there it, is wdvisablt to<br />
wrap the pot in I~OSS to check<br />
evqmration. ~SOIllC phts, as<br />
IS’irlls ~lwfi~‘~t a 1~1 dracerla., (.‘a 11<br />
be rc;tdily rorrtcd by wrcqq)irlg<br />
thn with tnoss itlo~w, if the<br />
atniosphere is sufkiently ulosc ;<br />
1: / i<br />
FIG. 67. Pot-layerage. FIG. 6X. A “ mossed” dracena plant,
PROP.*IG;1TION BY LAYERS AND RUNNERS 77<br />
tlw oper’at im is then c~alled “ mossiug” (Fig.<br />
Mi). A piqrer (‘011C’ i~\.)~ 1~ usecl iu place of<br />
:1 pot When the atmosplkcre is not too humid,<br />
as iu (mutltioil houses (Fig. 69).<br />
Pot-lay3iiig is employed not only for the purpme<br />
of ruailtipl~ing ,plauts, but to lmver the<br />
heads of ” leggy ” or scraggly specimens. ‘I%~<br />
pot is inserted at the required<br />
point 011 the iuaiu<br />
stem, and after roots have<br />
forlntY1 ;llNli~dWltly the top<br />
ril:iJ’ l)rb rWt 0fY ail(1 pottecl<br />
I<br />
iilcl~~)t~rltlt~lltl~,, the old stump<br />
I<br />
FIti. 3). I dtyclring- bciiig (liscarclc~cl. The I+euch<br />
(‘C)ll(‘.<br />
~<br />
ililt others have various ,,,CzE;d,‘E~OO~il.~<br />
haiitf>V (leviws for fil(*ilitatiilg pot-layering. IJig, chow 1 forms of<br />
(iti shows ;I la~Weriirg-pot, provicled with a. niche iu ~~~~~jiOll Or 0ther<br />
I<br />
the side to r:A(*ei\-t-’ the stem, mid a flange behind ’ I<br />
for securiu g it to a support,. The pot showu iu Fig. 65 is a<br />
similar devke. Fig. 70 rcpreseiits a lajWillg-c*oue. It is made<br />
of zinc* or other umt31, usually 4 or 5 iuches high, aud is con+<br />
posed of two semi-conical wiugs, hinged oii<br />
the back anal secured iii front, wheri the in- ‘e “%/I~<br />
strumeut is elosecl, b>* ~wttiis of a hinge-pin.<br />
A cort1 is iusertetl in OIW side, with which to<br />
v I ”<br />
h;tiig it oil a support. A mp or pot with a<br />
removable side is also used. This is shown LlixLL<br />
A<br />
t)pen ii1 Fig. 71 am1 closed ‘Ia* 71mC,l,pLnyerin’-<br />
irk Fig. 72. An ingenious<br />
(Ymq.wLliuI layeriiig-pot is showu in Fig.<br />
‘TX The main stem or trunk of the plant<br />
is carried through the large opening, and the<br />
brai~hes are takeu through the smaller pots<br />
FIG. 72. L:kycririgcwp.<br />
at the side. I&r’s la)eriug-boxes or racks
cliIws liids of air-hycrh g, varying the mode and the operation
CHAPTER<br />
V<br />
PROPAGATIQN BY MEANS OF CUTTINGS<br />
THE regular growth-shoots of plants may grow when severed<br />
and placed in earth ; as they are cut from the parent, so are<br />
such parts known as clrttiuga. Tubers and dorm;] rlt shoots<br />
:-lrtr! leaves, and cvcn parts of fruits as in certain cact,i, may<br />
also yiel(l nnwteri:~ls for cuttings, propagating the plant. The<br />
practice or process of multiplying plants by cuttings, with<br />
all the craft and science pertaining thereto, is denominated<br />
twtta.gc. To this entertaining department we now address<br />
ourselves.<br />
1. (;ENEHAI, REQUIRERIENTS Ok’ (‘1TTTINt;S<br />
( ‘ut.tiiigs of growing parts demand a moist and uniform atmospherc,<br />
a porous soil, and sometimes bottom heat.. The<br />
requirements vary greatly with the dif-ferent. kinds of plants,<br />
yet. it is possible t.o make genera,1 statements that will be useful<br />
in specific application.<br />
~07hwcltio~~s jar rcglrlatilrg<br />
~uoistluc awl heat<br />
To secure a uniform and moist atmosphere, various propagat-<br />
.<br />
mg-frames are in common use. These frames and boxes or<br />
bell-glasses may be used also for seed propagation, but as they<br />
find their greatest application in cuttage, they are described<br />
mostly in this chapter.<br />
Whatever its construction, the frame should be sufficiently<br />
tight to confine the air closely ; it should admit light, and allow<br />
so
PLATE III. Prupngntion of hydrangeas. -House in July; the stock was<br />
mnrket,ed t.he following autumn.
82 THE NURSER)'-hlA21'T!AI,<br />
the window garden or smateur conservatory is shown in Fig.<br />
79. A box 2 or 3 inches high is obtained, and inside this a<br />
zinc or galvanized iron tray is set,<br />
leaving sufkient space between it and<br />
the box to admit a pane of glass on<br />
every side. Tlwse panes form the four<br />
sides of the box, and one or two panes<br />
are laid across the top. The metal<br />
tray holds the soil and allows no water<br />
nti. so. I’rol-)u~:atir:g-bog.<br />
to drip on the floor.<br />
One of tlw best boxes for general purposes is made in the form<br />
of a simple bo2~r(1 rectangle without top or bott.om, and 15 or<br />
18 inches high, the top being cowred wit.11 two sashes one of<br />
wlikh raises on a hinge (Fig. N). Ibir hy three feet is a<br />
convenient size. Consult also Fig. S5.<br />
An ordinary light hotbed frame is sometimes constructed<br />
on the herwll of a grccnl~~~~ and covered with common hotbed<br />
sash. I’r’“pafflltinbr-houst~s are sometimes built with<br />
permanent yrol.‘agatiiig-frallles of this character throughout<br />
Frt;. si. Permanent propagating-frames in ;I greenhouse.<br />
their length, 2s shown in Fig. 8 1. Such permanent frames<br />
are mostly used for conifers, either from cuttings or grafts
PROP.-1GATIOiV BY MEANS OF CUTTINGS $3<br />
m<br />
CJ GLASS<br />
(usually the latter) and<br />
also for grafts of rhododendrons.<br />
(,Siee(‘hapter<br />
YI.)<br />
In all the above appliances,<br />
heat is obtained<br />
from the sun or from the<br />
bench-pipes or flues of a<br />
greenhouse. There are<br />
various contrkuices in<br />
which the heat is applied<br />
lwally, for the purpose<br />
4 )f securing greater or<br />
FIa. X2. Simple propagating-oven.<br />
more Aform warmth. One of the simplest and best of these<br />
is the T”“)I~a~atitl.cS-l!\-en s1~ow1~ in Fig. 82. It is a glass-covered<br />
bos aho11t 2 feet &ep, with a tray of water beneath the earth,<br />
and is heated with a lamp. Similar but somewhat complicated<br />
apparatus has bee11 used ill times past, but with the more de-<br />
E’rt;. x:4. Harnnd’s I)rr)I):1Rating-turrk.<br />
pkndable heat of steam or hot-water pipes, the old forms arc<br />
likely to pass out and not need description here. Persons who<br />
,
84 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
are curious about such devices may consult the older European<br />
wxks, and he will find brief descriptions in the previous<br />
editions of the “ Nursery-Book.‘*<br />
Barnard’s propagating-tank,<br />
Fig. 83, is a<br />
practicable device for<br />
attachment to a common<br />
stove. A similar<br />
apparatus may be connected<br />
to the pipes<br />
of a greenhouse. The<br />
tank consists of a long<br />
FIG. &I. Zinc propatgacing-tank.<br />
wooden box of matched<br />
boards and put together with paint between the joints to<br />
make it water-tight. The box should be about 3 feet wide<br />
and 10 inches deep, and 10 to 30 feet long, according to the<br />
space required. In the middle of the box is a partition, extending<br />
nearly the whole length, and on the inside, on each<br />
side, is a ledge or piece of molding to support slate slabs to<br />
be laid over the entire surface of the box. The slates are supported<br />
by the ledges and by the central partition, and should<br />
be fastened dower with cement to prevent the propagatingsa.nd<br />
from falling into the tank. One slate is left qut near the<br />
end, next the fire, to enable the operator to see the water and to<br />
keep it at tile right level. Sand is spread on the slates, in<br />
which the cuttings may be struck, the sand nearly filling the<br />
box. At .me end of the box is placed a common cylinder stove,<br />
with smoke-pipci to the chimney. Inside the stove is an iron<br />
pipe, bent in ii spiral. This coil, which is directly in the fire,<br />
is connected by pipes with the tank, one pipe leading to one<br />
side of the partition and the other to the opposite side, as<br />
shown in the drawing. If water is placed in the tank, it wili<br />
Cl1 the pipes and form a continuous circulating systellr +,llrou&
.r<br />
.-<br />
,- ,+:,<br />
-- ‘- ti<br />
c=<br />
e-<br />
.5<br />
c<br />
._-.
111 commercial establishments, cuttings are grown extensively<br />
in summer. The cuttings are made of growing or maturing<br />
shoots taken f7om<br />
the natural outdoor<br />
growth, as cuttings<br />
of similar maturity<br />
may be taken from<br />
greenhouse stuff in<br />
winter and spring.<br />
Cover and protection<br />
must be provided<br />
for these summer<br />
cuttings. Low glasshouses,<br />
of the forc-<br />
l?rc;. sti. f’ropnRntillR-hollses, UsefUl for summer ing-pit type, are mucll<br />
work wit 11 r:ut,t,ings.<br />
used, being well<br />
shadecl. AK 5 111 houst~s are indicated in Fig. 86. They may be<br />
IltiIizecl. for ~cccl-proI)agntion or other work, if needed. Frames<br />
are useful, as in Fig. SI ; ant? these are also usable in spring<br />
for rrc&*ing surphW<br />
s t 0 c Ii f r o m t h e<br />
greenhouse. TllC~*<br />
are commonly- provided<br />
with slatcovers,<br />
as shown, to<br />
go over the glass ;<br />
or in summer the<br />
covers alone may be<br />
used. Usually tliQ<br />
L’s’<br />
frames are ranged<br />
FIG. 87. Propagating-frame.<br />
torcther in a yard,<br />
aI;d high shading is provided by means of muslin as illustrat,cd<br />
in Fig. ‘3 aild again in Fig. 88.
PXOP.-1GA TIOA;’ LiY MEANS OF CUTTIXGS 8?<br />
Ilotton~ hat<br />
Soil somewhat warmer thau the air is essential to the best<br />
s~ic’w‘ss with cut tirigs. Bottom or root growth should precede<br />
top growth, and this is aided by bottom heat. This heat may<br />
be two or thnv dcgrces, or three or four t.imes that much,<br />
highthr than the tcq.keraturt~ of the atmosphere.<br />
In outdoor work, this heat is supplied by the natural warmth<br />
of the soil iI? spring at~d summer, and it is often intensified by<br />
__.<br />
Flti. s+. Nurserynwl’Y frmes ill 2 yard. prcltcctccl 1,s tnuvlir~ canopies.<br />
bur,&g hard-wooded cuttings bottom cud up for a time before<br />
planting them , altllough there may be other reasons and benefits<br />
in the inversiotl of cuttiugs. This inverting of cuttings is<br />
often ptxctktv1 with grapq particula’rly with t,he Delaware<br />
an(l otlww that root jvith some difficulty. The cuttings are<br />
tkd in bunclles and truritad iu a sandy place, with the tops down,<br />
the butts t)ciug covt~red 2 or 3 inches with sand. The)<br />
no)- btr put in this position iii autumii and allowed to remail1<br />
until the ground bt~gius to freeze hard, or the)- may be buried<br />
ii-1 spring aucl allowed to remain until May or June and then
88 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
bth regularly planted. In outdoor practice, the cuttings which<br />
are of medium length, from ti to S inches, derive more bottom<br />
heat t.han the very long ones, such as were formerly used for<br />
the propagation of the grape.<br />
In indoor work, bottom heat is obtained<br />
by means of fermenting manure, or, preferably,<br />
by greenhouse pipes. Cutting-benches<br />
should have abundant piping beneath, and<br />
iu the case of many tropical and subtropical<br />
species the bottom heat may be intensified<br />
FIG. l s9. Forsyth’a by inclosing the benches below, so that no<br />
cut t iw-pot.<br />
heat can escape into the walks. Doors<br />
IMJ* t)ta plac4 in the partition a,longside the walk, to serve as<br />
0Wilrttrirs if the heat should become too iutense.<br />
I%lci?lg Ullll potrctir2g the clltti~ngs<br />
Cuttings usually ” strike” better when they touch the side<br />
of the pot than when they are wholly surrounded by earth.<br />
This is probably because the earthenware insures greater<br />
uniformity iu draitlage t.han the earth, and supplies air and a<br />
mild bottom heat; and it is possible that the deflection of the<br />
plant-food t.owards the side of the pot, because of evaporation<br />
therefrom, induces better growth at that point.<br />
Various devices are employed for the purpose of securing<br />
these advautagrs to the best ef-fect. These are usually double<br />
pots, in one of whir4i water is placed. A good method is that<br />
represented it) Fig. S(3, which shows a pot, b, plugged with<br />
plaster of Paris at ihe bottom, placed inside a larger one. The<br />
earth is placed between the two, drainage material occupying<br />
the bottcjm, (I, aud fine soil the top, c. Water stands in the<br />
inner pot as high as the dotted line, a.ud feeds uniformly into<br />
the surrounding soil. The positions of the water and soil are<br />
frequentA> reversed, but in that case there is less space avail-
PROl’,4Cr’A TlO,V BY MEANS OF CUTTINGS 89<br />
able for cuttings. A double pot, with moisture supplied in a<br />
surrounrling ~w~hion of sphagnum moss, is seen in Fig. 3.<br />
Xeui~mm’s cutting-pot is shown in Fig.<br />
90. This contains an inverted pot in the<br />
center, n,, designed to supply drainage and<br />
t,o admit 1lea.t into tlic center of the mass of<br />
soil.<br />
A goocI method of striking difficult sub- IZIG. DO. Neumann’s<br />
cutting-pot.<br />
Jects is as follows : Fill a saucer with moss ;<br />
on this place an invert~cd flower-pot ; insert the cutting through<br />
thr hole in the bottom of the pot, so that it stands in the<br />
moss and almost touches the saucer ; keep the moss moist.<br />
LSonle kind of protect,ion, commonly combined with bottom<br />
heat, is given cuttings of the soft and growing parts. In indoor<br />
FIG. 91. Cut,ting-bench shaded wit,h lath.<br />
work, n~iy of the devices ~xmxd above may be employed, but<br />
. . .<br />
a bos lke that showr~ in Fig. SO IS oue of the most useful for
90 7’HE N TJRSERY-MAN UAL<br />
I \,<br />
Frc; 0” . I -” IlI+:l~CIl~ cuttings WCll l~lilCC?d.<br />
cuttings i5 li~wn as tt “cuttingbench<br />
.” A good cutting-bench should<br />
be near the glass. anti either exposed<br />
to the north or dsc capable of being<br />
well shaded. If the cuttings become<br />
too dry iii twi hot, they will wilt<br />
or LL flag.” A good bench, facing<br />
south and shaded over the glass with<br />
a’ lath screen, is illustrated in Fig.<br />
91. A cutting-bench of sand, now<br />
bearing cuttings of dracena, is seen in<br />
Fig. 92.<br />
III outdoor work, soft cuttings are<br />
usua~lly placed in an ordina’ry cold-<br />
common operations.<br />
Or the greenhouse<br />
itself may afford<br />
sufficient protection,<br />
especially if the cuttings<br />
are shaded<br />
when first se!f, to<br />
check evaporation<br />
from t!3e pla.nt and<br />
soil, and to prevent<br />
too great heat., This<br />
shading is usually<br />
supplied by whitewashing<br />
the glass, or<br />
a newspaper ma.y be<br />
laid over the cut.tingbed<br />
for a few days.<br />
A greenhouse table<br />
or benA prepared<br />
for the growing of<br />
F1r;. 93. Pot of hardwod<br />
cutt~ings of Myrica Gale;<br />
growth beginning.
92 I’IIE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
quic~l+-. It, should not “ hake ” or forttt a crust, on its surfaw.<br />
As il I&, especially for cuttings made of growing<br />
parts, the soil sl-10uld not wtttain fresh vegetable matter, as<br />
such material holds too much water and is often a.pparently<br />
ittjuriotts to th cutting, arid it is lilwl~* to hcet1 tllc fungi of<br />
thttpit~g-off.<br />
FIc;. 97. Pit or storage house for hardy cuttings and swcl boxes.<br />
A coarse, sharp, clext sand is t.lw best material for indoor<br />
nsc. \+* fine sand packs too hard, and should rarely be etnpl0pYl.<br />
bSot~ic propagators prefer to use fine graTeI, composed<br />
of particles an eighth to a fourth of an inch in diameter,<br />
and from n-hich all fine material has heen wa,shed. This<br />
answers well for green cuthgs ; but. 8. propagating-frame<br />
should be used t.0 check evaporation, and attention be given<br />
to watering, because drainage is perfect and the material quickly
PROPAGA TIOA’ B,- ME.4N.9 ffk’ C’IJTTINGS 93<br />
permeable. Damping-off is less liable to occur iii such material<br />
than in denser soils. The same advantages are to some<br />
extent. present in sphagnum tnoss and coconut fiber, both of<br />
which are sometitnes used in place of earth. The ” silver sand”<br />
used by florists is a very cllean and white sand, which derives<br />
its partic&r advatitagcs from t.he almost entire absence of<br />
vegetable mat ten’ ; but it is not now r~onsidered so essential<br />
to suc’ct5sfnl propagation as it, was formerly, and fully as good<br />
tnateriul may often be found itt a common sand-bank.<br />
(‘uttings that strike strongly and vigorously may be placed<br />
in a soil tnade of light garden loam with twice its bulk of sand<br />
added to it. All soils used for indoor work should be sifted<br />
or srreenecl before using, to bring t.hctn t-0 a uniform texture.<br />
Hardwood dormant ~~utt~itigs are cotnrnotil~~ planted outdoors<br />
in mellow and light garden loam, well trenched. Only fine<br />
and well-rotted manure should be applied to the cutting-bed,<br />
at-d it should be well rnixecl with t,ltcb cart,lt. In most cases,<br />
a well-drained soil givc5 best results, bitt sotrie cuttitigs root<br />
and grow well in wlct soils, or WCJII in st~attding water, as poplars,<br />
willows, some of the dogwoods, the plane-tree and others.<br />
In fact, certain cuttings tnay be rooted in glasses of water, as<br />
of the oleander.<br />
‘I‘lw sttikiny of clittilz<br />
When cuttitlgs emit roots and begin to grow, the gardener<br />
says that they “ strike” or are “ struck.” The striking of<br />
cuttings is the suc~~~ful rooting of them. The formation<br />
of root-s is influenced by the way in which the cutting is made,<br />
tlte earth or other mediutn itt which it is set, the temperature<br />
il.ll(.l moisture conditions, and other factors.<br />
As a rule, roots arise most readily from a joint, and it is a<br />
common practice, therefore, to cut the base of the cutting just<br />
below a bud, as shown in the grape cutting, Fig. 98. Sometimes<br />
the ctliting is seI.ered at its point of attachment to the<br />
ys
94 THE NURSER Y-MAN UA Ii<br />
parent branch, tltl(l a stmll portiott, or “heel,” of that branch<br />
is illiOFY
the cuttings are kept ” quiet” or dormant for a t,ime, to<br />
allow callusing to progress, as iu a pit (Fig. 97). If cuttings<br />
arc buried so deep that the>r cannot sprout, callusing may be<br />
hastened by placin g them in a mild temperature. Single-eye
grape cuttings are sometimes pa&ed between layers of sand<br />
in a barrel, aurl the barrel is set uucler 21. for&g-house bench<br />
where the teuiperiitur~~ is about 50”. Ei&t or ten inches of<br />
sand is usually placed over the top layer. Iii this wa,y, cuttings<br />
taken in winter or early spring may be callused before<br />
.<br />
planting time.<br />
It is a singular fat% that. the lower ~cl of the cutt,ing, as it<br />
stood 011 t,he parent, plnut, produC~t~s roots, and the upper end<br />
produces leaves and shoots, evru if the cut.ting is inverted.<br />
And if the cut,ting is divided iut,o several parts, each part will<br />
still exhibit this dif!‘erentiation of fun&on. This is true even<br />
of root-cuttings, and of other cuttings that. bear no buds. The<br />
reasons for this localization of function are not clearly understood,<br />
alt.hough the phenomenon has often been the subject<br />
of study. On this fact. probably depends the hastening of<br />
the rooting process iu inverted cuftiugs by the direct application<br />
of heat to the bottoms (page ST), md it likewise indicates<br />
that care must be taken to plant cuttiugs in approximately<br />
their natural directiou if straight and handsome plants<br />
are desired. This remark applies particularly to horseradish<br />
“ sets,” for if these are placed wrong end up (even<br />
though they are root-cut,tings), the resulting root will be very<br />
crooked.<br />
The particular method of making the cutting, and the treatment<br />
to which it should be subjected, to cause it to strike<br />
readily, must be determined for each species or genus, Some<br />
plants, as many maples, can be propagated from wood two or<br />
three years old, but in most cases the wood of the previous or<br />
present season’s growth is required. Kearly all soft and loosewooded<br />
plants grow readily from hardwood cuttings, while<br />
those with dense wood are generally multiplied more easily<br />
from soft or growing wood. Some plants, as oaks and nuttrees,<br />
are propagated from cuttings of any description only<br />
with difIiculty, although the hickories grow rather freely from
I’K(~P.4 (2.4 7’10.1; BE’ MEANS OP t’l’TTINCS 97<br />
soft tip-cuttings of roots. It is probable, however, that all<br />
plants can be multiplied by cuttings if properly treated.<br />
It often happens that one or two species of a closely defined<br />
genus will propagate readily from cuttings while the other<br />
species will IH )t, SO that the propagator comes to learn by experience<br />
that di!-krtM trtaatment is profitable for very closely<br />
related plants. For t5ample, most of the viburnums are propagated<br />
from la,~rs in commercial est.a~)lishnlents, but I,‘,<br />
t(~lrlt)ntosrr~~~ (often l~nown as l-. pliratlm) is grown extensively<br />
from cuttings.<br />
-1 I. TIIE: DIJ’ERS KINDS OF CUTTINGS<br />
I‘uttings arc made from all parts of the plant. In its lowest<br />
terms, cuttagc is a division of the plant itself into two or more<br />
IIWrlJr e(]Ilal IXlI’tS, as in the division of crowns of rhubarb,<br />
dicentra iillti rlwst 0thtT l)lailts tlliLt tend to form broad masses<br />
or stools. I’his spe&~ of crlttagc is at times indistinguishable<br />
from separation, ~1s ill the dividing of lily Mbs (page ST), and<br />
at other times it, is WWlltii111~ tile salne as la?-erage, as in the<br />
dividing of stools that Slave arise11 from suckers and layers.<br />
This breaking or (buttin g up of the plants into two or more<br />
large parts that, are alread> root331 is technically known as -<br />
division, md is tliscussed 1n Chapter III. It. is only necessary,<br />
in dkidiiig plants, to set’ that air or more btids or shoots remain<br />
on the portions, r nid these portions are then treated iu the same<br />
way as intlependcnt niaturcl plallts, or sometimes, when the<br />
clivlsioiis are sikdl anti w~uk, t,heJl inzyv be handled for a time<br />
in a frame or for&g-house as ordinary cuttings.<br />
Cuttings proper niq- be cli\irletl intri fr!~ gellera! t!a.s3CS,<br />
with respect to the part, of the plant from which they are made :<br />
1, of tubers ; 2, of roots and rootst~ocl;s ; 3, of stems ; 4, of<br />
leaves. All these forms of cuttings reproduce the given variety<br />
with the Same degree of certainty as do grafts or buds.<br />
H<br />
_..
‘rlll)clrs arc tilidwtlcd pilrtS of cith tV(>tS or stC?IllS (page G:3),<br />
illl(l tulm--cuttitlgs, therefore, fall logioally under t.llose divisiorls<br />
; but thy :m: so unlike ordiuaiy<br />
(Mtiugs in forin that a sqmmte class&<br />
c3tion is (lt3iraMc. One form of tuberwttitig<br />
is sihen in Fig. 101.<br />
Tukrs are storccl with starch, which<br />
sllI)ports or supplk the plant in time of<br />
IlW(l. ‘I’ul)(~r-~~~tt~iii~s, t lierefcm, are able<br />
to supI)ort thcrnsel~x5 for a time if the)<br />
art’ pl~c’(l itI cmiclitioi~s suited to their<br />
F-11;. 101. ( ‘tit filw of ;t \-qret;~tioll. Roots rarely arise from the<br />
]N,t:lto t,ut)l’I..<br />
tubers tli~~nist4ves, hut from the base of<br />
tllc ~voul~g shoots tllilt. sl)riiig froin them. This fat+ is fainiliilrl)’<br />
iIlllSttYlttvl it) the cuttiiigs of Irish atld swWt p0tAtWS.<br />
l’h >‘01111:, p ‘spl’otlts c%ll l.W rcbui()\Vth(l il11Cl pl;tllt~Yl separately,<br />
atltl 0ttitW itI*iSV i’t’o1ii tlW tulm to t;lli(~ their pl:LWS. This<br />
pm4 i(*th is (~rkqhyc~l s(mith~(5 with nc’w or sctm~e mri-<br />
(ohs of ttle lristl ~IOtiltO, ati(1 tllrt~(~ or folir crol)s of rooted<br />
sprouts (‘it11 1)(& c)l)tilillt”(l ft?)ttt Otlc’ thcr. ‘1’tit~ tub3 is cut<br />
it) t\Yo hj$t~wis(~, au(l is ttlcl11 hit1 in (lamp ikioss or loose<br />
clrttr \vittl ttl(n (#lit. surfii(btb (lowly, iill(l i\S SO011 itS tile sprouts<br />
tlir(,\v (hilt roots s~~f-kicic~tit f01* lllililltC’tl;1I1C’t’ tlithJV are severed<br />
Wld puttd Ott’. Snvtvt I)otatc)c5 ;tr(’ ~~S~lilll>’ propugatecl iii this<br />
\\‘a)’ .
100 THE N lJRSER Y-MA N IJA I,<br />
stocks or underground stems can be made into cuttings, as<br />
explained under division, in Chapter III ; but true root-cutt<br />
ings possess no buds whatever,<br />
the buds developing after the<br />
cut,ting is planted.<br />
Roots are usually cut into pieces<br />
berry (s i).<br />
1 to 3 inches long, and are planted<br />
horizontally in soil or moss. These<br />
cuttings thrive best with bottom heat, but blackberries and<br />
some other plants grow fairly well with ordinary outdoor<br />
treatment. A root-cutting of the blackberry is shown in<br />
Fig. 103. A growing dracena root-cutting is illustrated in<br />
Fig. 10-L The cuttings of this plant are handled in a propagating-frame<br />
or on a c*utting-bench in a warm greenhouse. The<br />
bouvardias and many &her plants are grown similarly from<br />
root-cuttings. Many of the fruit-trees, a,s peach, cherry,<br />
apple and pear, can 1~ grown readily from short root-cuttings<br />
in a frame. *-hllC)llg<br />
kitchen-garden plants, the<br />
horse-radish is the most<br />
familiar esanlple of propagation<br />
by root-cuttings.<br />
The small side roots, +<br />
inch or so in diameter,<br />
are rc~ov~l w1~e11 the<br />
horse-radish is dug in fall<br />
or spring, and tire cut into<br />
4 to G-inch length as seen<br />
in Fig. 105. These cut-<br />
tings are knowi as ” sets”<br />
among gardeners. When<br />
FIG. 104. Root-cutting of dracena.<br />
the cro&s of rhubarb<br />
a,re cut and used for propagation, the operation falls strictly<br />
under division, from the fact that buds or eyes are present ;
can be made to<br />
grow<br />
from leafcutfings.<br />
The brs-<br />
\.I .<br />
FIG. 106. Leaf-propagation of bryophyllurn.<br />
ophyllum is one of<br />
the best plants for showing the possibilities of propagation<br />
by leaves. If one of the thick leaves is laid on moss or sand
twgonias, also, tlw hole leaf may bv cased, as shown in Fig. 107.<br />
Tt is Iili(l 011 moist SillIt in tl frame allrl Ilclcl doWI by splinters<br />
that. tlirougli t hcl ribs. The w011nd ndc by the peg induces<br />
the form-ttioli of roots, and ;i ;\xNlllg ]llunt arises. A half<br />
dozen or niorc pl;IlIts Illily hc obtninetl from One leaf. Solne<br />
operators wt tlw rills, iik+tmd of wouiidi~ig tlieni with a prick.<br />
3lalk> garclc~iwr~ pnlfcr to tlivitie the 1Cilf iuto tXW ilea,+ equal<br />
parts, and then set cwli part, or the better we’, upright in the<br />
soil, the sever4 rclge bciiig cowered. This is shown in Fig. 1OS.<br />
Fewr plantL s - oftm 0dy wit - are obtained in this manner,<br />
but. the?? are strong.<br />
Wlu3I stock is scarce, the<br />
begonia leaf may be cut into<br />
several fan-shaped pieces.<br />
The whole lea,f may be<br />
divided into as many triangular<br />
qqnents as can be<br />
secured with a portion of<br />
FIG. 10s. .tn<br />
the petiole, a strong rib or<br />
upright begonia leaf-culting.<br />
a vein attached at the base ;
There .~=e comparatively<br />
few species in which they form the<br />
most available means of multiplication. IIn some cases,<br />
variegat-ion will not be reproduced by the rooted<br />
leaf. ‘i‘his is true in the ivy-leaved geranium<br />
Ixlt’gilIltC ; a good plant may be obtained, but it<br />
reverts to the plain-lea-931 type.<br />
Cuttings of the stem divide themselves into two<br />
general classes : those known as cuttings of the ripe,<br />
~11uttlI*t~ or Ili~r(l wood ; and cuttings of the green,<br />
iillinaturti or soft wood. The two classes run into<br />
~a(*11 tjt.llvr, and no hard and fast line can be drawn<br />
lwt\ww tlwIlL<br />
I- tIltA ttlrtti htrr7.I~ood is meant wood or tissue<br />
that is mature or nearly so and will not grow an><br />
mow till the following season. The leaves may not<br />
have fallen, but the growth of the season (at least<br />
ill leq$h) is ~*ompleted.<br />
C ‘uttings of the hard dormant wood are made at<br />
ail>. time from late summer to q3ring. It is advisable<br />
to make them in autumn, to allow them to callus<br />
\W~OW the plaiitin g stbason, and to forestall injury<br />
from a se~re winter. They may be taken as early<br />
as ;Iugust, or as soon as the wood is mature, and<br />
he stripped of leaves. Callusing then takes place in<br />
time to allow of fall planting. Or, t.he cuttings<br />
Frc;. 111 . taken iu early fall may be planted immediately,<br />
~‘urr:111t rat- ;wl be allowed to callus where they stand. All<br />
tiug (s i;).<br />
fall cutting-beds shou!d be nmlchedS, to prevent<br />
the heaving of the cuttings. As ti rule, however, dormalat<br />
hardwood cuttings are buried on a sandy knoll or n+re stored
in moss, said or sawdust in a cellar until spring. (See page 87.)<br />
There is IIO general rult~ to govern the length of hardwood<br />
mtt ings. Most propagators<br />
jmfer t.0 iua,kcb them (i to 10<br />
iiic~hes long, as this is a coinvenient<br />
length to handle,<br />
hilt the shorter length is prefcrablc.<br />
Two buds are always<br />
to be taken, oue bud<br />
or one pair at the top mcl<br />
one at the bottom, hut in<br />
“ short-jointed ” plaints umre<br />
~~ucls are retained. Scmlet<br />
in33 :t!l but the top buds<br />
arc’ reinc:Ved to preyent the<br />
starting of shoots or sprouts<br />
underground. (Grape cuttings<br />
are now cotnnionl~~ cut to<br />
two !x three buds (as in Fig. ,<br />
!KS), two being the fal-mite<br />
number for most mrietics.<br />
Currant anal gooseherr~~ c*ut- E’I (;. 112.<br />
tings (Fig. 111) usuall~~ hear<br />
.I well-rootcrt cutkg of fig.<br />
six to ttm buds. All lmg l~arrlwootl cutt.iligs are set perpendicularly,<br />
or nearly SO, and only oue or two buds are allowed<br />
to stand above the surface. A hardwood cutting of fig,<br />
after it. ha5 made roots and a terminal shoot, is shown in<br />
Fig. II:! (Reiiuer, N. C Bull. 208).<br />
When the stock is rare,<br />
cuttiiqs are made of single<br />
FIG. 113. Single-eye grape cutting (x 1).<br />
eyes or buds. This is par-<br />
*<br />
titularly the case with the<br />
grape, and c~rirraiit~ md inmy other plants arc occasionally<br />
grown in the saimt way. Fig. 113 shows a single-eye grape
porti:ms iif sterns art-I 011 record. (‘hips from a tree trunk<br />
IlaYC hWl1 lillO\Vll t0 procluw I’li’.lltS, a tttl the olive is readily<br />
inrri-wwcl b>- ktlots or t’xCwsc:ettrw formed r~pott the trunks of<br />
old trees. ‘l’ltcsr ~wreswttc’c~s MY~UI~ itt mutty plants, and are<br />
known RS iil/t/llrt)*. 7’1tt~~* are oftctl abuttciattt about tlte base<br />
of large plut-ie-trees, but. tlteS are ttot often used for purposes<br />
of ptWpiipt iOtt. \Vhc& trttttks will winetimes grow after<br />
h;wirig been (‘lit. for tttatt)’ tnottths, especiall)~ of such plants as<br />
Ctl(‘t.llseS, 11lill1>’ cuphot*I~ias allf.1 )‘1lc’c’ilS. Sect ions of these<br />
spotig~~ trunks will grow, also. Trunc’l~eons of q-cad trunks<br />
and tree ferns inay also giw rise to plants. I5Wll saw-logs of<br />
~ottlmotl trees, US elm :1ru1 asf-n, will sprout while itt the “ bootn,”<br />
or water.<br />
thaw t&it from soft :d still growittg parts, herbaceous in<br />
characater ; those tttit(le of shoots that. huge practicalI?* (leased<br />
growing and are woodsy. The shoots are spoken of as “ wood”<br />
hv I gardeners, whet Itcr a(*tttall>v woody or not ; this has become<br />
tt. sped tWhIli(*ill ttbrttt. “ S1 ips ” are green-wood cuttings, but<br />
the twin is often twtrir~ted to those made by pullitlg or “ slipping<br />
” off ii sit41 si&4toot, att(1 it. is c~otiitnottl~~ applied to<br />
the ttittltiI)lic~atiott of J)t;1,lltS in willrlo\Y-gnr~ells. Al 1 soft-<br />
~00clt~1 pl:ttlts iltl(l ttiittt>r orttitttletltal shrubs are itwrcased by<br />
h rwt’tt cuttiilg3 of ottt’ kind or attothw. Ihtse plants, as gerattittms,<br />
~wlt~uscs, C!ill*ll~lti~~ilS, fwhsias, ilW grown from the Soft<br />
~‘01111g \\:OO(l.;111c<br />
1 111illl)~ IlillYltlr n-oodecl plaltts are growi in<br />
the $1 IUC’ \\-iI>‘. S~tnr~titttes true ltardwood is used, as in<br />
camellia attd iizt! I ea .
108 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
1. -<br />
In making sof~zoood cuttings, the first<br />
thing to learn is the proper texture or<br />
age of shoot. A very soft and flabby cutting<br />
does not grow readily, or if it does<br />
it is particularly liable to damp-off, and<br />
it usually makes a weak plant. Too old<br />
wood is slow to root, makes a poor stunted<br />
plant and is handled with difficulty in<br />
many species. The ordinary test for<br />
beginners is the way in which the shoot<br />
breaks. If, cm being bent, the shoot<br />
snaps ofi squarely so as to hang together<br />
with only a bit of bark, as in the upper<br />
break in Fig. 115, it is in the proper conbrittle<br />
~ou~]~ ~1 dition for cuttings; but if it bends or<br />
wood.<br />
crushes, as in the lower part of the<br />
figure, it is either too old<br />
or too young for good re- I. 1<br />
suits. The tips of I&e shoots<br />
of soft-wooded plants are<br />
usually employed, and all<br />
or some of the leaves are<br />
2llnmefl<br />
_l._., _.^<br />
to rmmin<br />
-.. ----_----<br />
_<br />
The cuttings are inserted<br />
in sha.rp sand to a sufficient<br />
depth to hold them in place,<br />
FIG. 116. :<br />
and the atmosphere and soil must be<br />
kept moist to prevent wilting or<br />
“ flagging.” The cuttings should also<br />
be shaded for the first week-or two.<br />
It is a common practice to cover<br />
newly set cuttings with newspapers<br />
in the heat of the day. A propagating-frame<br />
is often employed. Soft
PROPAGATIO:~T BY iktEAN8 OF CUTTINGS 109<br />
cuttings are commonl>r cut below a bud or to a<br />
heel, but this is unnecessary in easily rooted<br />
plants like geranium,<br />
coleus, heliot.rope.<br />
Fig. 116<br />
shows an oleander --<br />
cutting at a, a<br />
carnation at b, and<br />
a geranium at c.<br />
A coleus cutting<br />
is illustrated in One fol’m Of<br />
chrysanthe-<br />
Fig. 117. hIany mum cutting<br />
growers prefer to ix g).<br />
make a larger cutting of certain<br />
firm-wooded plants, like<br />
chrysanthemums, as<br />
shown in Fig. 11X. A bed of dracenas is shown in<br />
Fig. 92, a.nd one of the cuttings is drawn in Fig. 119.<br />
Sometimes the growth is so<br />
short or the stock so scarce<br />
that the cutting cannot be made<br />
long enough to hold itself in<br />
the soil. In such case a toothpick<br />
or splinter is tied to the<br />
cutting to hold it erect, as in<br />
the cactus cutting, Fig. 120, or<br />
the geranium cutting, Fig. 131.<br />
In the window-garden, soft cuttings<br />
may be started in a deep Fro. 120.<br />
plate half or two-thirds full of ~$us~~~-j<br />
sand and then filled to the brim F; !~~linter<br />
with water, and not shaded ; J ’<br />
this method, practiced on a larger scale,<br />
FIG. 121. Cutting held<br />
by toothpick (x 5). is sometimes useful in the hot summer
i10 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
months. If bottom heat is desired, the plate may be set on<br />
the back part of the kitchen stove. Oleanders usually root<br />
best when mature shoots are placed in<br />
bottles of water. Refractory subjects<br />
may be inserted through the hole in the<br />
bottom of an inverted flower-pot, as explained<br />
on page 89.<br />
Certain plants art’ grown from firrk4icood<br />
crrttiwp, as diervillas (weigela), roses, liydrangeas<br />
(Fig. lL)2), lilacs. These plants<br />
art- woody subjects, and the cuttings<br />
reprc5ent shoots that have nearly or<br />
practically completed growth The cuttings<br />
are taken in essentially the same<br />
way as the bardwood cuttings described<br />
on p;lge 104. They are<br />
often used in summer,<br />
when the buds have de-<br />
Wlop”‘l ar1tf tlw w\ ,od<br />
has about attained its<br />
full size. They are<br />
cut to two to four or<br />
five buds, and are planted an inch or two<br />
deep in sliadecl frames. They are kept close<br />
for somt’ dam-s :lftcr setting, and the tops<br />
rirt’ sprinkletl frcqut’ntlJY. Care must be<br />
t.alieik il0t t0 sot tlicni too deep ; the!7 are<br />
ra.rely put iii o~i 311 inch, if the cutting is<br />
six or se\‘t’il iil(4ltls lollg. \YlWn tnlien early<br />
ill tllc st’ilsoil. tllel- are kl~wn as “June-<br />
/<br />
struck r*uttiiigC<br />
FIG. 123. Rose<br />
tin!: (s i).<br />
Several we~lcs arc required for rooting the<br />
firmwood cuttings, but good plants are obtained, which, when<br />
wintered in ;L r&l-frame, may be planted out in beds the uext
SUCll I~C’llt’i~iliIl~; ;I II urlusudy large I:rci. l”4 .d . Srimrnrr rutting<br />
at thct \,ot,tcm, but<br />
of Vihirnum, wady for pot-<br />
the lem-es<br />
4 shriwl ad die. This frequently<br />
occws in what some nurserymen<br />
call growers,” among<br />
ni:~y be mentioned weigelas (propcrly<br />
diervillas), the shrubby altheas,<br />
I”CW~S jnpmica, and such spireas as<br />
Singlr-joint,<br />
rrw cutting. S. fdohtn, S. rotwrrd2$blia~ var. alba<br />
of gardens, ad 8. cantonmsis (8.<br />
Ikm~il. of the trade), and the var. robusta (probably properly<br />
s. hlnrzdcr).<br />
t inf.
ll’t THE NIJRHERY-MANtJAL<br />
The reader must not suppose that all rose cuttings are made<br />
after the fashion of Fig. 123, although that is a popular st;.rl:~b.<br />
Tea roses, and other forced kinds, are largely propagated ~AVL<br />
softer wood cut to a single eye, with most or all of the leaf left<br />
on (Fig. 1%).<br />
These firmwood cuttings, about two inches long, are often<br />
made in the winter from forced plants of many kinds. Cuttings<br />
taken in February, in the North,<br />
will be ready to transfer to borders<br />
or nursery beds when spring opens.<br />
Stout well-rooted stock-plants are<br />
used from which to obtain the cuttings,<br />
and t,hey are cut back when<br />
taken to the house in autumn, in<br />
order to induce a good growth.<br />
Many hardy shrubs can be easily<br />
propagated in this way when the<br />
work is difficult or unhandy in the<br />
-.<br />
..---* open air: e .g., Spima cantonensis and<br />
FIG. 1%. Fimling the earth S. T’mhouttei, the roses and the like.<br />
about t,hc plant.<br />
Stock plants of the soft species, as<br />
coleus, lantanas and geraniums, are obtained in like manner.<br />
In the potting of rooted plants, care is taken to &rn the<br />
earth ; and good workmanship requires that the plant be centered<br />
in the pot. Fig. 126 shows the operation.<br />
We now propagate only certain plants by means OF cuttings,<br />
’ ttlough the number is really large ; but we may confidently<br />
axt to learn how to multiply all plants by such parts. We<br />
L i cstended new experiments and a study of physiological<br />
I‘c’ril t ions. Such investigations as E. F. Smith’s on the growth<br />
of tumors (Journ. ,4gr. Research, Jan. 29, 1917) yield suggestions<br />
for difficult subjects.
CHAPTER<br />
VI<br />
PROPAGATION BY MEANS OF BUDDING AND GRAFTING<br />
THE vegetative parts of plants may be severed and inserted<br />
in earth or water for the making of new plants. Under certain<br />
conditions, severed parts may be inserted in other plants<br />
with the intention of making new plants : this process is<br />
known broadly as grcrftilzg. The part removed from the<br />
parent and inserted in the foster parent is the c&z (or scion).<br />
If the cion is only a bud with a bit of bark and wood attached,<br />
the operation of inserting it is usually spoken of as bud&g,<br />
and the term grafting is restricted to the use of a cion consisting<br />
of a piece of twig bearing two or more buds; yet the operation<br />
is all grafting, independently of the make of the cion.<br />
Budding is really only one of the forms of grafting. What is<br />
known as the g/m@ is the ixqMet1 work, - the cion set in its<br />
new plant ; but sometimes the word graft is used in the sense<br />
of cion. The plant or part in which the cinn is set is the stocll.<br />
The whole subject of grxfting, comprising the knowledge and<br />
discussion that goes with it, is known as graftage. While all<br />
pla.nts can probably be grafted, in practice the operation is<br />
confined mostly to trees and shrubs.<br />
i. GRAFTAGE IN GENERAL<br />
The reasons for grafting are two : (1) To keep or perpetuate<br />
a variety true to name, which is not accomplished by seedpropagation.<br />
Thus, if one would grow the Elberta peach one<br />
I<br />
P13
114 THE IVURSERY-MANUAL<br />
would not attempt it by<br />
planting the seed of Elberta ;<br />
on any seedling peach-stock<br />
buds from the Elberta could<br />
be set and the residting t,ree<br />
would be Elberta. (t-2) To<br />
multiply the plant, by maskiug<br />
iiin~iy plants from one.<br />
I %ually both purposes are<br />
accomplished at the same<br />
time. To these reasons may<br />
be added a third : to produce<br />
2 given change in cion<br />
or stock, as when a variety<br />
is dwarfed b?* working it on<br />
a slower-growing stock, or<br />
fruit-bearing is hastened by<br />
setting a cion in an old<br />
stock ; weeping varieties are<br />
graft et 1 high on straight
PROPAGATION BY BUDDING AND GRAFTING 115<br />
--<br />
budded to the desired variety. Graftage is employed in the<br />
propagation of the tree-fruits in America, and of very many<br />
ornamental trees and shrubs, and it is indispensable to the<br />
nursery business.<br />
Iri some specks, didi present no marked or named varietlies,-<br />
propagation by seeds or cuttings is for various reasons so difficult<br />
or uncertain that recourse must be had to graftage, quite<br />
independently of the perpetuation of particular horticultural<br />
Y&et ies. This is true in ma,ny of the firs and spruces, which<br />
do not produce seeds to any extent in cultivation. In other<br />
ens~ts, graftage is employed to a,id the healing of wounds or<br />
to repair and fill broken tops. It has been used to make<br />
infertile plants fertile, by grafting in the missing sex in<br />
tlitxlcious trees, or a variet.y with more potent pollen as<br />
yracticed in some of the native plums.<br />
The oid discussion ass to whether<br />
grafting is a devitalizing process is<br />
quite a.side from the question, seeing<br />
the many necessit.ies tha’t must<br />
be met. Poor work and the match-<br />
.7IG. 120. A natural graft of forest trees. Similar but nlaniyulnted grnft at<br />
tlic right.
116 TIIE NURSERY-MA NiJAL<br />
ing of uncongenial kinds are surely to be avoided, but it is now<br />
too late to raise the question in the abstract.<br />
Grafting is not unknown in nature. Often limbs of trees<br />
grow together solidly when they cross. Fig. 129 (left) shows a<br />
natural graft Of two trunks which in some way became en:<br />
tangled. Fig. l2C3 (right) is a similar case, but here the four<br />
trunks were tied together intentionally and are now grown<br />
into a firm union. In these cases the trees are of the same<br />
kind or species.<br />
The limit within which graftage is possible or desirable<br />
between species, is determined only by experience. Probably<br />
all exogenous plants __ those with a distinct bark and pith -<br />
can be regularly grrlf ted. Plants must be more or less closely<br />
related to allow of successful graftage of the one on the other.<br />
AS a rule, plants of close botanical relationship, especially those<br />
of the same genus, intergraft with more or less ease ; yet this<br />
relationship is by no means a safe guide, particularly as the<br />
current fashion among taxonomists of splitting up genera into<br />
fragments obscures nffinities. A plant will often thrive better<br />
on a species reputed to be of another genus than on a congener.<br />
The pear, for example, does better on many thorns than on<br />
the apple. Sonietirnes plants of very distinct genera unite<br />
rea.dily. Thus :~mong caclt i, the leafless zygocactus (usually<br />
known as epiph~~lluni) grows well on the leaf-bearing pereskia.<br />
It should be borne in mind that union of tissues is<br />
not a proof of affinity. Real affinity can be measured only<br />
by the thrift, healthfuhless and loilgevity of the cion.<br />
The bean has been known to make a union with the chrysanthemum,<br />
but it almost immediately died. Soft, tissues, in<br />
particular, often combine in plants that possess no affinity<br />
whatever, as we commonly understand the term. Keither<br />
does affinity refer to relative sizes or rat,es of growth of stock<br />
and cion, although the term is sometimes used in this sense.<br />
It cannot be said that some varieties of pear lack affinity for
Z’Z~~~Il’~l~;.l TZO.2 Ii 1’ /1ljDl)l,2’(; il NU CICAP’l’lNG 117<br />
tlw ‘~IlilIW, ;111d yt tlw pca1 viori q~~wws m1.1c4~ larger than the<br />
St (Wk. I II fwt, it is jllst this dift’ctww iri size and rate of<br />
gmvt II tht wiAitutcs tlw ~-i1111c~ of the yuillcc root for dwarfing<br />
the peii I’. WWH thcrcl is a m~l~tl dif-krcncc? in rate of growth<br />
l)f~twt~Cn t I)(\ stock ;IIN~ Aon, an cnlargenlent will occur in the<br />
~vulrw of t ilrlcb, t~itl~or iil)OVC or hclow tlw union. If this occurs<br />
011 tlltl stcbl11, it 111iIl\C‘S ill1 unsightly tree. If the cion greatly<br />
olltgro~v~ tlltb sto(ak, t1 IVC’ill< tree is t.hc result.<br />
‘I‘ht~ il~t~~r-rc~l;~tiol~slli~)s of stock and &n a~1 the physiologica<br />
r(‘ii(.*ti(>llS ill gr;iftiIIg ha\x 1~0n IWI~P the subject of prolonged<br />
stud?* 13~. t IW ~+cw~I~~w~, I,. I)ankl. In this field we are to<br />
vspvcat itrli)ortilllt tlpplications to nursery practice in the course<br />
of t inlc.<br />
‘l’ht~ rlllltlrill influvncrt of cion and stock is a subject of per-<br />
J)t‘tllal filsr~ill~lti~~I1. It has been much discussed, but without<br />
1~31 cvnr4usi0ris or much influence on practical operations<br />
out~ick s;11~11 nl;\ttt’rs as the operations of dwa.rfing and the<br />
cbIC\-iktiOll Of \VCThl”:” g IltXCIS 011 StriI.ight~ stocks. Some of the<br />
real a 11d s~q~p~s~vl reciprocal influences may be mentioned :<br />
gri\ft;lgC 1113) modif,-v the stat,ure of a plant (dwarfing and<br />
vice \-CrSitl ; iIcliIl)t l)lilIltS to adverse soils and climat.es ; correct<br />
i1 poor llilhit ; A’ord good trunks for weeping and drooping<br />
I)liltlts ; lx1stcll ilIl(l sornetimcs augment. fruit-bearing ; modify<br />
thth SCTt\S()t1 of flowering or ripening ; increase the size and<br />
modif>- the qunlity of flowers and fruits ; transmit disease.<br />
Cltrssifificcctiolc of groftagt:<br />
There arc thrcp general divisions or kinds of graftage, betwchcarl<br />
n-hic*h, however., there are no decisive lines of separation :<br />
1 * Hlltl-gl?lftillg, or budding, in which a single bud is inserted<br />
uridcr the l)ark on the surfaceof t.hc wood of the stock. 3. Ciongrilfting.<br />
or grafting proper, in which a detached twig, bearing<br />
one or more buds, is inserted illtll or on the stock. 3. Ina’rch-
I<br />
118 THE NURSERY-MA.NUAL<br />
ing, or grafting by approach, in which the cion remains attached<br />
to the parent plant until union takes place. This lsst is so<br />
rnuc4 like grafting proper, and is so little used, that it is discussed<br />
under-the head of. grafting in the succeeding pa,rts of<br />
this chap&r ; it is cssentiaIIly a, mode of layering. Each of these<br />
divisions w n he almost endlessly varied and subdivided, but<br />
in this diwussion only the leading practices can be detailed.<br />
The following enumeration, after Baltet, gives a fair idea of<br />
the kinds of grafting witI- distinct names :<br />
1. Bud-grafting, or budding<br />
1. Grafting with shield-buds.<br />
Bltd-grafting under the bark, pr by inoculation.<br />
Bud-grafting, ordinary method.<br />
Bud-grafting with a cross-shaped incision.<br />
Bud-grafting with the incision reversed.<br />
Bud-grafting by veneering.<br />
Bud-grafting, the combined or double method.<br />
2. Flute-grafting.<br />
J?lute-grafting,<br />
Flute-grafting<br />
common method.<br />
with strips of bark.<br />
2. Pion.-grafting, or grajfir2.g proper<br />
1. Side-grafting under the bark.<br />
Side-grafting with a simple branch.<br />
Side-grafting with a heeled branch.<br />
Side-grafting in the alburnum.<br />
Side-grafting with a straight cleft.<br />
Side-grafting with an oblique cleft.<br />
2. Crown-grafting.<br />
Ordinary ;nethod.<br />
Improved method.<br />
3. Grafting de preckion.<br />
Veneering, common method.<br />
Veneering, in crown-grafting.<br />
Veneering with strips of bark.
PRC)Y=1C.4TION BY BlJDDING AND GRAFTIhTG 1.1:)<br />
C’ro\vtt-grnftittg hy itila~ittg. .’<br />
,Side-grafting 1,~ itilqhg.<br />
4. Cleft-grafting, c’otntttcm single.<br />
C’lt~ft-grafting, ~‘0111111011 dollMe.<br />
C‘left-grafting, chiiqttt~.<br />
(~‘left-grafting, twttiittnl.<br />
C‘lcft-grafting, tertttittal woody.<br />
(‘left-grnftiilg, twtttittnl lierbaceous.<br />
3. V$%ip-grafting, 5itttplc~.<br />
N7tippftitig, cvmiplt~s.<br />
,Sitd~~li?-graft iiig.<br />
6. 1Iistvl grafting.<br />
(;raflitig with mttittgs.<br />
37iCil tlk km is ;t cwtiitig.<br />
.<br />
\IIwti the stock is ;t. wttmg.<br />
IYlttm hbtli ;arv crittittgs.<br />
Root-graftitig of ;I plant on its owl root.<br />
Ihot-grnftiq of ;t ]>littlt on tlte roots of anotlier plant.<br />
Graftittg wit11 fruit-lmls,
111 the sw,mii of greatest growth it usually occurs as a soft<br />
mucilaginous and more or less un&ganized substance, and in<br />
this st,age it most readily repairs and unites wounded surfaces ;<br />
and for this reason the grafting and budding of old trees are<br />
usually performed in the spring. Later in t,lie season, the<br />
cambium Iwumw firmer and more dift’erentiated, and union<br />
of wc,otly parts is more uncertain.<br />
It, is necessaq- to cover the wounds to check evaporation<br />
fr(!m the tissues. In outdoor work, wax is commonly used<br />
for all kinds of grafting that wound the wood itself, but in<br />
budding, the loosened bark, bound down securely by a bandage,<br />
afiords sufficient protection. It is commonly supposed that<br />
an ordinary cleft-graft cannot live if the bark of the stock<br />
immediately adjoining it, is seriously wounded, but the bark<br />
really- serves little purpose beyond protection of the tissues<br />
beneath. ,I cion will grow when the bark is mostl?’ removed<br />
from the stub, if adequate protection is given which will not<br />
interfere with the formation of new bark.<br />
The cion must always bear at least one good bud. In most<br />
cases, only buds that are mature or nearly so are used, but. in<br />
the grafting of herbs very J*oung buds may be employed.<br />
These simple requirements may be met in an almost innumerable<br />
variety of ways. The cion or Id may be inserted in the<br />
root, crown, trunk or any of the branches ; it may be set simply<br />
under the :iiirk, or inserted into the w00d itself in almost any<br />
fashion ; aid the operation may 1~ pt~form~l either on growing<br />
or c!r:!mant plants at any St’ZiOI1. But in practice there<br />
are comparatiAy few methods sufi&ntly simple and expeditious<br />
to admit of genrral use ; the operator must be able<br />
to clio~~ the particular method best adapted to the (base in<br />
hand S
1* employed on young fruit-trees, and with<br />
thy stone-hits ill Ilursery prwtice. It is also used in roses<br />
2111(1 IllilllJ- OI’I1i1I.11~‘Iltill t7ecs. Grafting is in common use for<br />
u-orking-over the tops of large trees, and it is also employed<br />
t~stcwsiwly in certain kinds of nursery practice as the rootgrafting<br />
of apples and the veneer-grafting of ornamental<br />
stock.<br />
IJudding i s r~ommonly performed in the growing season,<br />
usually in summer or early fall, because mature buds can be<br />
procured at that time, and young stocks are then large enough<br />
to be worked readily. But budding can be done in early spring,<br />
as soon as the bark loosens; in this case perfectly dormant<br />
buds must hal-e bec~n taken in winter and kept in a cellar,<br />
ice-house or other ~~~01 place.<br />
Iludding is always best accomplished when the bark slips or<br />
peels easily. It c’an be undertaken when the bark is tight, but
the operation is tlwr-. tedious and uncertain.<br />
certain when perfortwd in dry clear weather.<br />
It is also more<br />
But one style of budding is in general use in this country.<br />
This is known t?S jllielcl-building, from the shape of the piece<br />
of bark ~wnoved with the bud. Technir~all,v, the entire<br />
sewred portion, wmprisiiig both bark and bud,<br />
is calle~l a ‘* bud.” ii shield-bud is SlloWn natural<br />
size in Fig. I30. This is cut from a young twig of<br />
the prtwtilt seaso11’s growth. It. is inserted underneath<br />
the bark of a ymng stock or hra.nch, and is<br />
(s 1). a print oiwc<br />
published 1, I \’ the<br />
I ‘nited Stir t :s Hepartment<br />
of Agricult’ure.<br />
Somet inies tlre<br />
positions are re\-ersecl,<br />
the bud beill:: inserted<br />
from below.<br />
The n1ini.x details<br />
of shield-budding cliffer<br />
with nt:a$ every<br />
opera tar, and with<br />
the kind of plant, to<br />
be budded. In commercial<br />
p-ractice, it is<br />
FIG. 131. Shield-budding. a, the incision ;<br />
performed in the ?r, the bark opcncd ; c. the bud cnt’ering ; d, the<br />
xortll rfj(jst]jr fro111 bud fu11Y irlsert’cd . 9 c, the work t icd and complet,c.<br />
earl>- July until the middle of September. In the southern<br />
states it usually begins in June. *4s a rule, apples a.nd pears<br />
are budded earlier in the season than peaches. This is because
iuttlrfere with thtl opm~tiou. ‘l’hq- are usunll~~ rubbed off with<br />
the tx.I~~cl fr)r it spac,tl of five or sis illc*hes abovt! t,tlrc ground.<br />
‘l’ht~,v should not 1~ rcumvcd tnore than two or three days in<br />
advances of budding, ck the growth of the parts will be checked<br />
md the hrk will “ set.” Any branches which might impede
124 7’HE .V URSEIt I'-ilILt N (!.‘I (1<br />
the work of t,licb budder, as in the quitict~, arc to be cut off at<br />
the same time.<br />
The bnd is instbrt(‘(l an inch or two above the ground, or as<br />
low down as the buddrr can work. The advantage of setting<br />
the hurl low is to bring the resulting (*rook or un’ion<br />
whttrc it will not h.2 seen, ad to eliahlo it to he set<br />
lwlow the siirfaw of the ground wlitw the tree is<br />
trmsphted, if the planter so desires. It is a common<br />
and good pra.&c, alSO, t,o ~~i;tW the hid 011 the<br />
wrth side of the stock to shield it. from the sun.<br />
The buds are ttlkc’ll from strong and well-hardened<br />
s;tloots of the seasolI’s growth and of the variety it is<br />
dt:sirt~cl to propagate. I ‘sually the whole of the<br />
present growth is cut, the leaves are removed but<br />
:l part of the petiole or stalk of each leaf is left (as<br />
in Figs. 130 and 1X3) to serve as a handle to the bud.<br />
This trimmed shoot is then called a Wick.” A<br />
stick ma~r bear two dozen good buds when the growth<br />
has 11ee11 strong, but only ten or twelve buds are<br />
c~:~nrnonly obtained. The upper buds, which are<br />
usunll~~ not fully grown a,nd are borne on soft wood,<br />
are general 1 y discarded.<br />
The buds are cut with a thin-bladed sharp knife.<br />
Various styles of budding-knives are in use (Fig. KM),<br />
FIG. 1x3. and the budder usually has preference for a particular<br />
Et.ick ()f pattern. The essent.ials of a good budding-knife are<br />
buds (X:J* tllese : the very best steel, a thin blade with a curved<br />
or half-circular cutting end, which is light, a,nd handy in shape.<br />
The curved end of the blade is used for making the incisions<br />
in the stock. The handle of the budding-knife often runs into<br />
a thin bone scalpel at the end, and this part is designed for<br />
the lifting or loosening of the bark on the stock. The operntion<br />
of raising the bark by means of this scalpel is often<br />
called “ boning.” Some budders, however, raise the bark
L<br />
P'RQP~~G~~TIOLV BY BUDDING AND GRAFTING 125<br />
with the blade. A good form of blade, but one seldom made,<br />
has a rounded end, the YIpper side of the curve being ground<br />
FI(;. 13-1. Budding-knives. The two-bladed form is a combined budding- and<br />
grafting-knife.<br />
simply to a thin edge. This blade may be used both for cutting<br />
the bark and loosening it, thus overcoming the necessity<br />
FIG. 135. Budding-knife wit,h stnt,icmary blade (x a).<br />
of reversing the knife eater>. time a bud is set. The blade<br />
of a common budding-knife cm be ground to this shape. In<br />
large fruit-tree nurseries the knife<br />
shown in Fig. 135 (anti the top one<br />
in Fig. 134) is in ~nimon use.<br />
This is ;I cheap knife with a stationary<br />
blade. When using this knife,<br />
the operator ~I)CMW the bark wit.11<br />
thp rou~&d edge of the blade.<br />
FIG. 136. C:utt,ing the bud.<br />
Fig. U(i), but some prefer to make a downward incision.<br />
It does not matter just how the bud is cut, if the surfaces are
126 THE NURSERY-M,4NUAL<br />
smooth and eveu, am1 t,he bud is not too thick. Some propagators<br />
out the buds as they go, while others prefer to cut a<br />
whole stick before setting any, letting each<br />
bud hang by a bit of bark at the top, and<br />
which is cut ofi squareiy when wanted,<br />
as is showi in Fig. 133. On a stick onefourth<br />
or three-eighths inch in diameter the<br />
cut, at its deepest joint just urlder the bud,<br />
is about one-fourth the diameter of the<br />
twig. A bit of wood, therefore, is removed<br />
with the bud, as shown in Fig. 1311.<br />
,.,, There is some discussion as to whethel<br />
this wood should be left on the bud, but<br />
no definite experiments have been made<br />
to show that it is inju-<br />
Fro. 137. Prtå thf.2 rious to the resulting<br />
st,ock (x i). tree. ,Sonie budders<br />
remove the wllc~od with the point of the knife<br />
or by a deft t\-\.ist as the bud is taken from<br />
the stick. Hut t~ic!:+ appear to live equally<br />
well with wood attached or removed. The<br />
bit of wood probubIy serves a useful purpose<br />
in retaining moisture ill the bud, but at the<br />
same time it interposes a foreign body between<br />
the healing surfaces, for the bark of<br />
the bud unites directly with the surface of<br />
the stock. Probably the very >x)uIlgest<br />
parts of the wood in the bud unite with the<br />
stock? but. if the budding-knife cuts deep,<br />
the denser part of the wood should be re- FIQ. 138. - Bud PIImoved<br />
from the bud. This remark is par- t wing matrix (x 31,<br />
titularly true, also, of all buds likely to be cut into the pith, as<br />
in the nut-trees.<br />
The wound or matrix that is to receive the bud is made by
Thr~ but1 is now in-.<br />
serted in the cleft 0f<br />
the bark. It is thrust<br />
down part way by<br />
the fingers, as in I$.<br />
The dct.nils of shield-.budding.<br />
138, bUt it is usuall~~<br />
driven home bv pu”hing down on the leaf-stalk handle with<br />
the back of th; knife-blade. The entire bud should pass into<br />
the cleft ; or if a portion of it project,s a.bove, it should be<br />
cut, off. If the bark peels freely, t,he bud will slip in easily<br />
and will follow the cleft, but if it sticks somewhat, more care<br />
is necessary to prevent the bud from running o:lt. If the bark<br />
is very tight, it may have to be loosened with the knife throughout<br />
the length of the cleft ; but budding should be performed,<br />
if posGble, when such pains is not necessary.
12s ‘I’HE N17RSERF-MANUAL<br />
The illustration, Fig. 139, shows some of the Mails of shieldbudding<br />
(OH x small scale) as described by Peck in a Cornell<br />
Reading-Course Lesson : 1, bud-sticks ; 2, cutting the bud ; 3, the<br />
L...J” uLlcc3 reak -i y for settmg l ; 4, the stock made ready 7 * 5, the bud<br />
inserted.<br />
The bud must now be tied. The whole matrix should be<br />
closed and bound securely, as represented in Figs. 140, 143.<br />
The string is usually started below the bud, being<br />
wrapped twice below and about thrice above it, in<br />
fruit-trees, t,he lower end being held by lapping the<br />
second course over it, and the upper end being secured<br />
by drn,wing a bow through under the upper<br />
course or sometimes by tying an ordinary hard knot.<br />
Waxed string or bandage is sometimes used, as in<br />
Fig. 131. Care should be taken not to bind the<br />
string directly over the bud itself.<br />
The strings are previously cut the required lengthabout<br />
one foot - and the tying is performed very<br />
quickly. Any fjoft cord may be employed. Yarn<br />
and carpet warp are sometimes used. Formerly the<br />
FIG. 140.<br />
most common material was bass-bark. This is the<br />
The bud inner bark of the basswood or linden. The bark<br />
tied (x 4).<br />
is stripped in early summer, and the inner portion is<br />
macerated or “rotted ” in wa.ter for four or five weeks. It is<br />
then removed, cut into the desired lengths, and stripped into<br />
narrow bands-one-fourth to one-half inch wide - when it may<br />
be sorted and stored away for future use. If it is stiff and harsh<br />
when it comes from the maceration, it should be pounded lightly<br />
or rubbed through the hands until it becomes soft and pliable.<br />
The best tying material we now have is undoubtedly raffia.<br />
It is an imported article, coming from the eastern tropics (the<br />
product of the palm Raphia Ru&z), and it is so cheap that it is<br />
superseding even bass-bark. It is strong and pliable, and is<br />
an excellent material for tying plants in the greenhouse or
PROP;1I(I’ATION BY BUDDING AND GRAFTING 129<br />
outdoors. The greatest disadvantage in its use in budding<br />
practictl is its habit of rolling when it becomes dry, but it may<br />
be dipped in water a few minutes before it is taken int.o the<br />
fieid, or, better still, it may be allowed to lie on the fresh ground<br />
the previous night, during which time it will absorb sufficient<br />
moisture to become pliable.<br />
In two or three weeks after the bud is set, it will have “ stuck”<br />
or united to the stock. The bandage must then be removed<br />
or cut. It is the common practice to draw a budding-knife<br />
oyer the strings, on the side opposite the bud, oqmpletely<br />
severing them and allowing them to fall. If the strings are<br />
left on too long, they will constrict the stem and<br />
ofttan kill t.hp bud, and they also have a tendency<br />
to cause the bucl to ” break” or to begin to grow.<br />
The bud on summer- and fall-budded stock<br />
should remain perfectly dormant until spring,<br />
for if it should grow, it will be injured and perhaps<br />
killed by the winter. It should remain<br />
green and fresh ; if it shrivels and becomes<br />
brown, even though it still adheres to the stock,<br />
it is worthless. A dormant bud, as it appears<br />
in the winter following the budding, is shown in<br />
l-21 .<br />
. . . . . .<br />
‘1’1~ bud was inserted in August, the<br />
picture was made in March, following; the bud - y$<br />
should have started to grow iii May. $.<br />
Advantage may be taken, when cutting the<br />
I<br />
strings, to rebud any stocks tha,t have failed. If<br />
1’ICi. 141. DOrthe<br />
bud sl~oul~l begin to grow because of 11 warin mant bud of<br />
and wet fall or other reasons, there is little “lurn (’ *‘*<br />
remedy except perhaps to head the shoot back if it should bc*<br />
come long enough. If the stocks are protected by snow in<br />
winter, some of the buds at the base of the new shoot maq- pass<br />
the cold in safety.<br />
The spring fr,iL~wing the budding, the stock should be cut<br />
K
130 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
off just above the bud, in order to throw the entire force of the<br />
plant into the bud. The stock is generally, and preferably<br />
cut ofl twice. The first cutting leaves the stub 4 or 5 inches<br />
long above the bud. This cutting is made as soon as the stocks<br />
begin to show an) signs of activity. Two weeks later, or<br />
when the bud has begun to grow (the<br />
shoot having reached the length of an<br />
inch or two), the stock is again cut of? a<br />
half inch above the bud (Fig. 142). A<br />
greater proportion of buds will usually<br />
grow if this double heading-in is done, in<br />
outdoor conditions, than if the stock is<br />
cut back to the bud. at the first operation.<br />
Sometimes the stub of the stock is cut<br />
long to serve as a stake to which to tie<br />
the bud, preventing it from blowing out<br />
and keeping it straight. Fig. 143 shows<br />
this at 3 ; and the total removal of the<br />
FIG. 142. Cutting off stub is shown at 3. (Peck, Cornell.)<br />
the stock.<br />
If the root is strong a.nd the soil good,<br />
the bud will grow 2 to G feet the first year, depending much on<br />
the species. All sprouts should be kept rubbed off the stock,<br />
and the bud should be trained to a single stem. In weak<br />
and crooked growers, the new shoot must be tied, and some<br />
propagators in such cases cut off the stock 5 or. 6 inches above<br />
the bud and let it serve as a sta.ke to which to tie (3, Fig.<br />
143) ; but this operation is too expensive to be employed on<br />
common fruit-trees. The stock, of course, must not be allowed<br />
to grow. Late in the season the stock is cut down<br />
close to the bud. Peaches and some other fruits are sold<br />
after having made one season’s growth from the bud, but<br />
pea.rs, apples, and most other trees are not often sold until the<br />
second or third year.<br />
“ June-budding” is a term applied to the budding of stocks
-<br />
L.<br />
-E,<br />
e.<br />
r<br />
-.<br />
.<br />
A<br />
‘:<br />
- -t<br />
;;: s<br />
iS<br />
%<br />
L- c<br />
%<br />
4<br />
3.<br />
-/<br />
X .^<br />
fi<br />
c-<br />
.<br />
% ‘/<br />
Yt-<br />
x<br />
-<br />
-<br />
=t<br />
=:.<br />
c-<br />
z cf;<br />
1<br />
J 7<br />
7<br />
5<br />
r,<br />
?<br />
m.<br />
-<br />
%<br />
r’ I<br />
54.<br />
‘Is<br />
s<br />
F *<br />
z<br />
P-t<br />
r<br />
ti<br />
c-<br />
c<br />
4-<br />
0<br />
0
sowing. In peaches, the bud will produce a shoot 3 to 5 feet<br />
high the same season the buds are set, so that marketable<br />
budrlet{ trees wn be had complete it1 one season from the seed.<br />
A different kintl of early summer budding is sometimes performed<br />
OH apples and other fruit-trees. In this case, the<br />
stocks are one r)r two years old from the transplanting, the<br />
same as for common budding, but dormant<br />
buds are used. These buds are<br />
cut the previous fall or winter in the<br />
same way as c’ions, and when spring ap-<br />
’ _ proaches they are put on ice - in saw-<br />
FIG. 144. The oper:ltinn dust, sd or moss _ mtl kept, until the<br />
of hidding.<br />
stocks are large enough to receive them.<br />
The particular advantage of this method is the distributing<br />
of the labor of budding over a longer season, thereby avoiding<br />
the rush of the regular budding time. It is also a very useful<br />
means of top-working trt*efS, for the buds start the same season<br />
in which they are set, ant1 a lvhole season is thereby saved .as<br />
compared with the u~~nmo~~ summer or fall budding.<br />
Budders usuall~~ carry a number of ’ “ sticks” with them when<br />
they enter the uursery. These ma>’ be taken in the pocket,<br />
or some budders carr>r four or five sticks in the hand. The<br />
budder follows a row throughout its length, passing over those<br />
trees that are too Small to work. It is an old mode to rest on<br />
one knee while budding, as in Fig. 143, but some prefer to use a<br />
low stool or to sit. It is a common pract,ice, in some nursery<br />
regions, for budders to have a low box with, half of the top<br />
covered to serI’E: as a, seat, and the box is used for carrying<br />
buds, string, kni\*es and whetstone. The tying is usually done<br />
by a boy, WOO should follow close behind the budder in order<br />
that the buds shall uot dry out. An expert budder will set<br />
from l()OC_) to 3001) buds a day, in good stock, and with a boy<br />
(or two of them for the latter speed) to tie. I’each stocks are<br />
more .rapidly budded than most others, as the bark is firm
L’R(.lPrl(;A I’Ic,h’ Ii)’ Hi:DL~liVG AND GRAFTING 133<br />
ant-l slips easil>*, and s01nt’ rcmarkablc records are made by<br />
skillful workmen.<br />
Budding is somct imes employed the same as top-grafting<br />
for changing over the top of an old t.ree from one variety to<br />
another. The buds cxnnot be easily insertTed in very old and<br />
stiff bark, but in all smooth and fresh bark they work readily,<br />
even if the limb<br />
is three or four<br />
years old ; but the<br />
younger the limb,<br />
the greater the proportion<br />
of buds that ”<br />
-. - . .<br />
may be expected to<br />
live. Sometimes<br />
-<br />
old trees are sever+-<br />
pruned or<br />
stubbed the year<br />
before the budding<br />
is to be undertaken,<br />
t,o obtain Young --, _<br />
shoots in which to<br />
set, the buds. The<br />
stubbing or heading-back<br />
of a citrus<br />
tree to get new FIG. 145. Tree headed back preparatory to top<br />
shoots for budding<br />
budding.<br />
is indicated in Fig. 145 (adapted from a. publication by R. A.<br />
Davis of the Department of Agriculture of the Union of South<br />
Africa). In fruit-trees six or seven years old or less, budding is<br />
fully as advantageous as grafting. Yew varieties are also<br />
budded into old branches to hasten bearing of the bud, for the<br />
purpose of testing the variety. Here budding has a distinct<br />
advantage over grafting, as it uses fewer buds, for the wood<br />
of new sorts is often scarce.
134<br />
It would not profit us to pause with all the kinds of budding<br />
that may have been named. Only those that seem to represent<br />
rather distinct classes or depurturcs need be<br />
mcntioncd, and these only bricf-ly.<br />
l’r(J~rll-brc(((~ilr!l (SOIrdI~l~s dd twig-hcldill@.<br />
__ A modification of the common shieldbnd<br />
is the use of a short prong or spur in the<br />
place of a simple bud. The bud<br />
is cant in essentially the same way as<br />
the shield-bud (Fig. 146). This is<br />
chiefly used in certain regions for<br />
Frc;. 146,. Prong- nut-trees, particularly for the walnut,<br />
Id (x 1).<br />
and when the trees are dormant.<br />
The met.hotl is very much like grafting, for the stock<br />
is cut of?’ just above the bud when the operation is<br />
performed, and the wound, in addition to being tied, I;I(;. i47.<br />
is covered tvith grafting-was. In budding the wal- +tc-t~~l~nut,<br />
it -is essential that dlrlg (x ‘)’<br />
nearly all the wood be removed from<br />
the bud, to bring as much as possible<br />
of the bark in direct contact with the<br />
stock.<br />
l’tkdc-b22~ilaTing is sometimes employed<br />
wit,h the olive, and is adapted<br />
to other species. A rectangular<br />
incision is made through the bark<br />
of the stock, and the flap of bark<br />
is turned down (Fig. 147). A bud<br />
FIG. 146. Budtling by means is cut of similar shape, with 110<br />
cd a rwtangular I):tt.ch.<br />
wood a.ttached, and is inserted<br />
in the rectangular space, and is then covered with the<br />
flap, which is brought up and tied. The subsequent treat-
.<br />
PROPAGATION BY BUDDING AND GRAFTING 135<br />
ment of t,he bud is similar to that of the ordinary shield-<br />
hid.<br />
I’hc p’tc’h-brrrl (Fig. 1-B) is very like the plate-bud, but the<br />
bark is cut away from the stock with no hanging strip. This
136 THE NURXERY-MANUAL<br />
extends only part way about the stem, a,s in the illustration,<br />
the operation is sometimes known as wrlrl,~-l,u.~~(JI!1S. When<br />
it extends entirely round the stem it is called Gq- or a.n?z?clarbudding.<br />
Flute-buddin g is usually performed late in spring.<br />
It is best adapted to plants with very thick and heavy bark.<br />
The bud is tied and afterwards treated in essentially the same<br />
way as in shield-budding. A species of flute-budding in which<br />
a ring of bark is slipped down on the tip of a shoot,<br />
which has been girdled for the purpose, is called<br />
whistle-<br />
or 2(%il~lIIar-bll,~~i~illg.<br />
Chip-budding (Fig. 151) inserts a chip of bark and<br />
wood into a mortise in the stock. It is used in<br />
spring, when the stock is dormant and the bark does<br />
not slip. The bud is held in p&e by tying, and it<br />
is better for being covered with wax.<br />
3. IiR.WTING<br />
Grafting is the operation of inserting a cion (or<br />
scion) - or a twig comprising one or more buds -<br />
into the stock, usually into an incision in the wood.<br />
It is variously divided or classified, but chiefly<br />
FIG. 151.<br />
Chip-bud- with reference to the position on the plant, and to<br />
ding. the method in which the cion and stock are joined.<br />
In reference to position, there are four general classes :<br />
1. Root-graftin,, v in which the stocak is entirely a root,. 2. Crowngrafting,<br />
011 the crown or collar of the plant just at the surface<br />
of the ground, an operation often confounded with root-grafting.<br />
3. Stem-grafting, in which the eion is set on the trunk or body<br />
of the tree below the limbs, a method occasionally employed<br />
with young trees. 3. Top-grafting, in the branches of the<br />
tree top.<br />
Any method of inserting the cion may be employed in these<br />
ctlasses. The best classification, particularly for purposes of
PROPAGATION BY BUDDING AND GRAFTING 137<br />
description, is that which considers methods of making the<br />
union. Some of these kinds of grafting are catalogued on<br />
pages 118 a.nd 119. The most important methods of grafting<br />
are now to be considered ; but almost endless modifications<br />
may be made in the details of the operations. The union of<br />
the cion with the stock, like the union of the bud and the stock,<br />
depends on the growing together of the cambial tissue of the<br />
two. It is essential, therefore, that the tissue lying between<br />
the outer bark and the wood in the cion should come closely<br />
in contact with the similar tissue of the stock.<br />
(‘ions are cut in fall or winter, or any time before the buds<br />
swell in spring. Ouly the previous year’s growth is used in all<br />
ordinary cases, but in maples and some other trees, older wood<br />
may be taken. In the grafting of peaches - which is rarely<br />
practiced- the best cions are supposed to be those with a small<br />
portion of two-year-old wood at the lower end. This old wood<br />
probably serves no other than a mechanical purpose, as the<br />
recent wood is soft and pithy. It is a common opinion that<br />
cions are worthless if cut in freezing weather, but this is unfounded<br />
if the species is haidy.<br />
The cions a,re stored in sand, moss or sawdust in a cool cellar,<br />
or they may be buried in a sandy place. Or sometimes, when<br />
a few are wanted for top-grafting, they are thrust into the<br />
ground beside the tree into which they are to be set the following<br />
spring. If the cions are likely to start before the spring<br />
grafting can be undertaken, they may be placed in an icehouse.<br />
Only well-formed and mature buds should be used.<br />
Sometimes flower-buds are inserted for the purpose of fruiting<br />
a. new or rare variety the following yea.r, but unless particular<br />
pains is taken to nurse such a cion, it is likely to give only very<br />
indifferent results.<br />
In practice, only three kinds of grafting need be much considered.<br />
These are whip-grafting, veneer-grafting and cleftgrafting.
138 Tflh’ NUiiS;ERY-i!lAN UAL<br />
l’h?<br />
a4 ip-grwfi<br />
Whip- or tongue-graft& (1‘ is c~i~phyd 01dy 011 s~~~all stocks,<br />
usually those one or two years old. 130th tire Gon md stock<br />
are r*ut across clii~gonally, the ~1% surface cxt,entling<br />
from 1 t,o 2 it 1&s, according to the siz!c<br />
of the part. A vertic4 cleft, is then ma& in<br />
bat.h, arid the two arc joined by irrsert,ing t,he<br />
fongue of the r+m il1t.o t.he cleft of the stocbk.<br />
The operation can be understood by reference<br />
to Figs. I52, 153. Fig. 152 s110ws the end of a<br />
cion, cut natural size. The stock is cut in the<br />
same way, and the two arc joined in Figs. 153,<br />
154, 155, 156. The parts are held firmly<br />
by a bandage- as bass bark or raffia<br />
- passed five or six times around<br />
Of whip-gruf t tllern. If the graft is to stand above<br />
cx 1). ground, the wound must be protected<br />
by applying wax over the bandage.<br />
Ally sharp and strong thin-bladed knife may be<br />
used for the making of whip-grafts. For small and<br />
tender plants, a common budding-knife is sufficient,<br />
but it is too light for most work. A good style<br />
of knife for root-grafting is showr~ in Fig. 157. It<br />
is much like a shoe-knife, with large cylindrical<br />
handle and a stationary blade.<br />
Root-grafting, particularly of fruit stocks, is<br />
performed almost entirely by the whip-graft, in<br />
winter. The stocks, either one or two years old, are FIG 157<br />
dug and stored in autumn. In January or February Whip-&,zft<br />
the grafting is begun. In true root-grafting, only E -~~~ition<br />
pieces of rotits are used ; but most nurserymen * ’<br />
prefer to use the whole root and graft at the crown, muking<br />
the strong “ root-grafts” of commerce known as “ whole roots.”
I“It;. 155. *<br />
(;r:lft; 011 :t ing ap;u%. If tl w diwr is wmn, the grafts will start<br />
sll(~rt I)~(>cc into growth and be lost. String or bandages that do<br />
of root.<br />
not soon clway when growth hegins will strm~le the
144 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
end of the cion 4 or 5 inches long, so that it may lead downwards<br />
into a botztle or dish of water, thereby absorbing sufficient<br />
moist.ure to maint.ain the cion until it unites with the stock.<br />
Another modification, with the same ~<br />
purpose in view, is to allow the ends<br />
of the tying material to fall into the<br />
water. These methods are called .<br />
“ bottle-grafting” in the books. They<br />
are rea.liy of little account, a)lthough they<br />
might be employed for certain difficult<br />
R subjects amongst ornamental plants ; but I-<br />
even there, better results can be obtained<br />
by placing the grafts in a close<br />
frame, or by packing them in moss.<br />
A “ double whip-graft” is shown in Fig.<br />
163. In this method, the cion is cut i<br />
1 on one side into a wedge, and on the<br />
other with a long tongue (H). The stock<br />
is provicled with two clefts, at R and P.<br />
FIG. 163. DOUSE whip- This cion, having two supports in the<br />
graft (x $).<br />
stock, forms a most intimate contact<br />
with its host ; but it is t.oo slow, and the rewards too slight,<br />
to warrant its general use. This is sometimes, but erroneously,<br />
&led a saddle-graft.<br />
:,<br />
:-<br />
’<br />
A style of grafting much used, particularly for ornamentals<br />
and for rare stocks grown in pots, is seen in Fig. 164. An inc&ion<br />
is made on the stock just through the bark and about<br />
an inch long (,4), the bit of bark being removed by means of<br />
a downward sloping cut at its base. The base of the cion is<br />
cut off obliquely, and on the longest side a piece of bark is<br />
removed, corresponding to the part taken from the stock.
The lit.tle tongue of bark on the stock covers the base of the<br />
cion when it is set. With (*ion is tied tightly to the stock (B),usually<br />
with rai?i~t .<br />
This method of grafting makes no incision into old wood,<br />
and all wounded surfaces are completely covered by the matching<br />
of the cion and stock. It is not ~lecessaq-, therefore, to<br />
wax over the wou~icIs, as a rule. If used in the open, however,<br />
wax shr,uld be used. The parts grow together uniformly and<br />
quickly, niakin, 1~ a solid and perfect union, as shown at D. So<br />
far as the union of the parts is concerned, this is probably the<br />
most perfect form of grafting. This method, which is nothing<br />
but the side-graft, of t,Ile English gardeners with the most important<br />
t 1 ( 1 c 1 i t ion of a longer tongue ml the stock, is known by<br />
various similes, but. it is<br />
oftencst r*aIled vthnver-grafting<br />
in this countr>-.<br />
Veneer-grafting is employed<br />
mostly from November<br />
to March, WI potted<br />
plants. Stocks gIY~u’I1 outdoors<br />
are potted in the early<br />
fall and carried OCR in a<br />
cool house or pit. The cion<br />
is applietl an inch or two<br />
above the surface of the<br />
ground, and the stock need<br />
not. be headed back until<br />
the cion has united. (See<br />
Fig. 16.5.)<br />
Both dormant a.nd grow-<br />
--- .-<br />
A B c<br />
FIG. 164. Veneer-Frafting (x f).<br />
ing cions are used. All p1ant.s in full sap must be placed<br />
under a frame in the house, in which they may be almost<br />
entirely buried with sphagnum, riot, too wet, mlci the house<br />
.kept cool and rather moist until the cions are well estab-<br />
L
146 THE NLrRSERY-MANUAL<br />
lished. Some species may be transferred to the open border<br />
or to nursery rows in the spring, but most plants grafted<br />
in this waq’ are handled in pots the following season.<br />
Rhododendrons, Japanese maples and many conifers are some<br />
of the plants multiplied by veneer-grafting. Such plants are<br />
usually laid on their sides in frames and covered with rnoss<br />
for several days, or until healing<br />
begins.<br />
!!3lis method, when used<br />
with hardy or t.ender plants,<br />
gives a great advantage in<br />
much experimental work, because<br />
the stock is not injured<br />
by a failure, and can be used<br />
over again many times, perhaps<br />
even in the same season<br />
; and the manipulation is<br />
simple, and easily acquired 1,)<br />
inexperienced hands.<br />
In cleft-grafting, the stock is<br />
cut off squaxt4y and split, and<br />
into the split a cion with a<br />
wedge-shapecl base is inserted. It is adapted to large stocks,<br />
and is the method ernplo~xxl for top-grafting old trees, its<br />
only competitor being the bark-graft clc3cAeCl on page lti0.<br />
Figs. 166, 167 illustrate the operatioll.<br />
The end of the stock, technicull~ cal!ed a ‘* stub,” is usually<br />
large enough to a~conimodate two cions, one on either side.<br />
In fact, it is better to use two cions, not only because they<br />
double the chances of success, but because they hasten the<br />
healing of the stub. Cleft-grafting is at best a harsh process,
especially on large limbs, and its evils should be mitigated as<br />
1nuc11 a~ possible by choosing small limbs for the operation.<br />
III ~~okmion practice, the cion (E’ig. 167)<br />
bears three buds, the lowest one standing<br />
just above the wedge. This lowest<br />
bud is usually entirely covered with wax,<br />
but it pushes through without difficulty.<br />
In fact, being nearest the source of food<br />
and most protected, its chances of living<br />
ark‘ greater than those of the higher buds.<br />
The sides of the cion must be<br />
cut smooth and even. A single<br />
draw cut on each side with a<br />
sharp blade is rrmch better than<br />
two or three partial cuts. A<br />
good grafter makes a cion by<br />
three strokt~s of the knife, one<br />
to wt off tlw rht1 and two to<br />
shape it. ‘lh outer c+e of<br />
the w&t: sl~oultl 1)~ a little<br />
thicker than the iunc’r, so that<br />
The stork or stub must be cut 0M’ square and<br />
smooth with a sharp tml preferably fine-toothed<br />
l:I,i. 1ci7a saw. If OIW desires to btx specially careful it1 the<br />
(‘ldt-graft operation, the end of the st.ub, or at least two OppOviori<br />
(.x 1).<br />
site sitltls of it, may be dressed off with a knife, so<br />
that. the juncture l)etween the bark and the wood may be<br />
more easily seen. Professional grafters rarely resort LO this
148 THE NURSERY-MANUAI,<br />
dressil,g, however. The stub is then split to the depth<br />
of l-& or 3 inches. Various styles of grafting-knife are<br />
used to split the stub. One<br />
of the best ones is shown in<br />
Fig. 168. It is commonly<br />
made from an old file by a<br />
Fro. 1GS. Home-made gmfting-knife.<br />
bla,cksmith. The blade is<br />
curved, so that the bark of the stub is drawn in when the<br />
knife is entering, thereby lessening the danger of loosening<br />
the bark. Another style of knife is illustrated in Fig. 169.<br />
In this tool, the cutting edge is straight, and, being thinner<br />
than the other tool, tends rather to cut the stub than to split<br />
it. On the end of these knives<br />
i:; a wedge, about 4 or 5 inches<br />
long. for opening the cleft. The<br />
wedge is driven into the cleft and<br />
~~awaw~,~<br />
FIxa. 169. CLfo-grafting-knife (x 4).<br />
allowed to remain while the cions<br />
are placed. If the cleft does not open wide enough to allow the<br />
cions to enter, the operator bears down on the handle. It is<br />
important that the wedge stand well away from the curved<br />
blade in the knife shown in Fig. 168, else it cannot be driven<br />
into the stub. In Fig. 169 7 showing the style of knife<br />
commonly seen in the market - the wedge is too short for<br />
most efficient service.<br />
There are various devices<br />
for facilitating the operation<br />
of cleft-grafting, but none<br />
of them has become popular.<br />
Oue of the best is<br />
Hoit’s device (Fig. 170))<br />
FIG. 170. Hoit’s grd&r.<br />
which cuts a slot into the<br />
side of the stub. The machine<br />
is held in place by a trigger or clamp working in notches<br />
on the under side of the frame. The upper handle is then
I’ROI’AGd 7’ZoiY IC 1’ HiiDDING AND GRAFTING 149<br />
thrown over to the right, forcing the knife into the stub. This<br />
is ii (‘aliforni;~n &+c. A very good grafting-knife for small<br />
st\Icks or trer~s ill I~HW~,Y row is the Thomas<br />
knife shotvn in Fig. 17 1. The larger arm is<br />
made entirely of wood. At its upper end<br />
is a grooved part, int.o which the blade<br />
closes. This blade can 1x2 iiwde from a<br />
steel case-knife, md it should be about 2-&<br />
inches long. It is secured to an iron ha,ndle.<br />
The tssent.ial feature of this implement is<br />
thy (lril\v cut, which is obtained by setting<br />
t 1W 1 dil&‘S a1~t2 the pivot in just the position<br />
show11 ill the figure. The stock is cut<br />
01-f by the shears, and the cleft is then<br />
nlilde b>r turning the shears up and making<br />
i1 vertical cut. TIw &ft, therefore, is cut<br />
insteud of split, insuring a tight<br />
fit of tlw c&ns. This tool is<br />
said t 0 1~ specially useful on E<br />
hard ilnd c*rooked grained stocks.<br />
grafting-knife.<br />
III cleft-grafting, the c&s must3 be thrust down<br />
to the first bud, or even deeper, and it is imperative<br />
that they fit tightly. The line of separation<br />
between the bark and wood in the cion should<br />
meet as nearly RS possible the similar line in the<br />
stock. Tl le (ions 1’ a.re usually set a trifle obliquely,<br />
the t,ops projecting outwards, to insure the contact<br />
or crossing of the cambium layers. Writers<br />
ofterl state that it is imperative to have the<br />
FIG. 17%<br />
Rooted grape exact. lines between the bark and wood meet for<br />
cutting cleft- at least t,he greater part of their length, but this<br />
grafted (x $).<br />
is an error. The callus or connecting tissue<br />
spreads beyond its former limits when the wounds begin to<br />
heal. The most essential points are rather to be sure that
1 I, n . I... _ L _.<br />
arc c!lett-~raftcd (1”Q. 1721, and<br />
these, being in the ground, are well<br />
f protcctcd, and it is difficult to split<br />
the stub deep enough to allow the cion<br />
P<br />
.--7 -<br />
to be thrust in far. If the stub, in<br />
this case, has little ekticity after<br />
olfl gr:tpr stock.<br />
FIG. 173. Cleft-grafhg ou<br />
. . . . . me _<br />
twnig split, it s11ould he<br />
tightly wou~cl to keq) t,he cion in place. An old<br />
grapcY stoc*k, ckft-grafted, and then covered with<br />
earth, is seen in Fig. 173. These covered grape<br />
stubs arc usiinlly not wastd. This is the common,<br />
and gencrnll)V the best, method of grafting the<br />
grape.<br />
The wounds must now be covered with wax. Fig.<br />
F-k is ;I stub after the covering has been applied.<br />
If the grafting is performed in early spring, when<br />
thtb weather is cold, the was will have to be applied<br />
with a. brush. The wax is melted in a gluepot,<br />
which is carried to the tree. But if the weather is<br />
warm enough to soften the was, it should be applied<br />
with the ht-ends. The hands are first greased<br />
to prevent the was from sticking. The two side<br />
or vertical portions are applied first. The end of<br />
the mass of was in the hand is flattened into a<br />
thin pad about ;i half inch wide. This pad is then<br />
FIG. 174.<br />
laid over the lower bud of the cion and held there A waxed stub<br />
b>- the thumb of the other hand, while the wax is (’ “.<br />
drawn downwards over the cleft, being pressed down firmly<br />
upon the bark by the thumb of the first hand. The wax
% Y.<br />
r+-<br />
‘t L.<br />
7 -<br />
- I<br />
-<br />
=<br />
I<br />
Y.<br />
-<br />
r:-<br />
=-<br />
- --<br />
*z - s F<br />
c;:<br />
2<br />
r-k<br />
c<br />
;-.<br />
C.<br />
-f-t<br />
‘<<br />
c<br />
-hw<br />
c<br />
-<br />
z.<br />
Tt<br />
c<br />
.
152 THE NURSER Y-MAN I/AL<br />
tree is the shaping of the t.op. The old top is to be removed<br />
in three or four or five JXWS, and a new one is to be grown in<br />
its place. If the tree is old, the original plan or shape of the<br />
top will have to be followed in its general outlines. The<br />
branches should be grafted, as a rule, where they do not ex-<br />
FIG. 170. Top-grafted oId tree,<br />
teed an inch and a half in tlisrnett~r, as Ans do better in such<br />
branches, the wounds heal quickl,v, and the injury to the tree<br />
is less than when ver!r large stubs are used. The operator<br />
should endeavor to cut all the leading stubs at approximately<br />
equal distances from : he center of the tree ; and then, to prevent<br />
long and pole-like branches, various minor side-branches<br />
should be grafted. These will serve to fill out the new top and<br />
to afford footholds for pruners and pickers. Fig. 176 is a good
illust,ration of an old tree just top-grafted. Many stubs should<br />
be set, and at least Al the prominent branches should be grafted<br />
if the tree has been well-trained. It is better to have too many<br />
stubs and to be obliged to remove some of them in after years,<br />
t.han to have too few. In thick-topped trees, care must be<br />
exercised not t,o cut out so much foliage the first year that the<br />
intler branches will su~bur11. All large branches which must<br />
be s;kfkrd ought to lrc cut out when the grafting is perfornlcd,<br />
as the?. increase in dkrneter very rapidly after so<br />
hiucli of the top is removed.<br />
’ A horizontal branch lying directly over or under another<br />
FIG. 177. Sbowirzg the upright direct,ion of a graft in a horizontal limb.<br />
should not be qxfted, for it is the habit of grafts to grow<br />
upright rather than horizontal in the direction of the original<br />
branch ; 4 it is well to split all stubs on such branches horizontally,<br />
that one cion may not stand directly under another.<br />
The habit of growth of the cion is well shown in Fig. 177,<br />
illustrating the form a,nd direction of the original branch,<br />
and the yearling grafts. It is evident, therefore, that a topgrafted<br />
tree is narrower and denser in top than was the tree
154 THE N ~~RSERI’--MAA’~‘UAL<br />
originally, and thi4.t careful pruning is required to keep it sufficiently<br />
open. Each graft is virtually a new tree-top placed<br />
into the tree, a~1 for this reason, if for no other, the common<br />
practice of grafting old trees close tlowii iii the large limbs is<br />
seen t.o bc ii~acl~~isabl(~.<br />
,Sniall young trees with a (bcnt.ra.1<br />
trrmk or axis, such as have been<br />
planted only two or three years,<br />
Inay be cut oft bodily, as at IC in<br />
Fig. IiS, onl;\ one graft being<br />
made. I~sually such trees can be<br />
diangtd over in one or two<br />
When the young tree is<br />
well branched, however, it may<br />
he branches as sug-<br />
179 (after Powell).<br />
are should be taken<br />
to choose alternating branches, so<br />
that crott*hes will not be formed.<br />
is performed in<br />
The best time is when<br />
the leaves are pushing out, or just<br />
before, as wounds heal quickly and<br />
FIG. 175. A part rtmovcd in top- cions a.re most likely to live.<br />
graftiw.<br />
But when a large lot of grafting<br />
is on hand, it is ncxcessary to begin a month, or even two,<br />
before the leayes start. On t,he - other hand, the operAon<br />
can be extended until a. month or more after the leaves are fullgrown,<br />
but such late cions make a short growth, which is likely<br />
to perish the following winter.<br />
Professional grafters usually divide their men into three<br />
gangs, - one to do the cutting of the stubs, one t.o set the cions<br />
and one to apply the was. The cions are whittled before the<br />
grafter enters the tree. They are then usually moistened by
4<br />
-.i<br />
%’<br />
3<br />
2<br />
h I<br />
cr
150 THE NURSERY-MANliAL<br />
the new tissue. In the meantime, the wound should be prot,ccted<br />
b>. a dressing, a, wax or pa,&, to prevent decay. In<br />
cleft-grafts, the swfxces should be covered with wax every<br />
year until they arc closed over by the new tissue. In most<br />
cases the wax will loosen &e first season, a,nd sometimes it<br />
The character of the hea,ling<br />
process is well depicted in Figs.<br />
181, 4w, 183. In Fig. 181 is<br />
yearling cleft-graft of<br />
apple. The strip of wax along the<br />
side of the cleft is seen to have split<br />
with the enlargement of t.he branch,<br />
and the cleft has filled<br />
up with tissue and is<br />
now sa.fe from infection<br />
of disease or rot. The<br />
roll of liea,ling tissue on<br />
1 the end of the stub is<br />
year after setting (s 1). seen about the border<br />
of the wound. This<br />
tissue has not >*ttt (*o\wererl the cleft across the end of the stub,<br />
and this cleft, if exposed to the weather, is a fertile pla.ce for the<br />
starting of cleca~-, for the cleft does not unite except along the<br />
sides of the stub bt~ncath the hark. When this stub is split<br />
lengthwise, following down the cleft, we may readily distinguish<br />
the lor*ation of the healing tissues, Fig. 182. The lower<br />
ends (if the vions ;m at T1:, and t.hey are now inactive and nearly<br />
lifeless bits of wood. The new or healing tissue has been built<br />
up on the outward side of the c,ions. On the left, this deposition<br />
of new tissue may be traced as far down as H, while it is thick<br />
ant1 heri\-J* at K ant1 above. The whole interior part of the stub,<br />
repre~entcri by the dark shading, is dead tissue, which will<br />
soon begin to deca,y unless it is well protected from the weather.
.<br />
PROPAGATION BY BUDDING AND GRAFI‘ING 157<br />
In time, the oltl stu\j becomes<br />
lwrmeticall~ scaled 1,>* the reparative<br />
tissue. I$r* 183<br />
shows a sectiou of an apple<br />
graft nearl)V fifQ* years old.<br />
The original stub, :hout an<br />
i11c11 in diameter, is still seen in the<br />
center, the end of it eutirely free from<br />
the inclosing tissue. It is a dead piece of<br />
preserved the<br />
heart of the tree. The depth of the old<br />
cleft or split is traced in the heavily<br />
i<br />
shaded part of this<br />
central core. When<br />
this section was<br />
made, the cores of<br />
FIG. lS.7. Section of old<br />
cleft-graft on npplo tree.<br />
i ‘ion Itas outgrow-n the stoc-k.<br />
still found in the<br />
cleft and the graftiug-wax<br />
-- faith- Fro. 182. The stub<br />
fully laid 011 a half i& Y~J S~;f;o;~~I ikz I<br />
century sgo --- still c&&ze Si(jL.<br />
adhered to the<br />
g,pI>= cud of t.he stub, underneath the mass<br />
of tissue that had piled itself over<br />
the old wound.<br />
Other PiS4S of the deft-grcrft.<br />
Cleft-graft& is put to various other uses than the topgrafting<br />
of old trees. It is ill common use on soft and fleshy<br />
stocks, as cactuses, and various fleshy r0ot.s. Fig. 184 shows a<br />
cleft--graft on cachs. The cion is held in place with a pin or<br />
cactus spine, and it. is tL p.1 bound with raffia or other cord.<br />
Waxing is not necessary.<br />
A similar graft is often made on peony roots. The cleft in the
C.<br />
3<br />
5 I.<br />
c<br />
z<br />
-7’<br />
rt- - c<br />
cc<br />
E
: I.<br />
YS .<br />
Y<br />
C<br />
z= Y<br />
c:<br />
F .<br />
H.<br />
5<br />
%<br />
3<br />
Y<br />
c<br />
y<br />
P.<br />
c-l-<br />
-.<br />
LL<br />
2<br />
?
1 tie '1'111i A\' I 'K,SEK1'-X.4 N iill I,<br />
the cion is set, and again at. intervals during the season.<br />
The cion ofteli Dlill
The edges of the wound are trimmed, and cions are cut a.n<br />
inch or two longer than the width of the girdle, and they are<br />
shlrped iit htl1 ads. One mcl is inserted under the bark<br />
below the girdle and the other above it. The cions are placed<br />
close together entirely around the tree. The two ends are<br />
held firmly in place 14,~ tying, and the line of union is then<br />
.<br />
FIG. 191. Hridgcyqaft,iny, for t,he repairing of wounda.<br />
waxed over. This opt~ration is said to be necessary to keep<br />
up the connection between the root and the top, but this is in<br />
most cases an error, unless the girdle extends into the wood.<br />
A ~oc’d dressing of was or clay, held on with stout bandages,<br />
is often IWCII better than the grafting. This method of<br />
grafting is somvtimes, but erroneously, valled inarching. A<br />
complete bark girdle made in spring or early summer will<br />
usually heal over readily if it is well bandaged ; and. in some<br />
cases even the bandage is not necessary.<br />
Several forms of bridge-grafting are practiced. Those<br />
described by Peck in Cornell Rea,ding-Course Lesson 123 may<br />
be taken as examples :<br />
ill
162 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
.<br />
“The ragged edges of the bark around the wound are cut back to live<br />
tissue (Fig. 191 13). At the points above and below the wound where each<br />
cion is to be inserted, the bark is slit about one-half or three-quarters of<br />
an inch. The cion should be about one and one-half inches longer than<br />
the space to he abridged, and is beveled on each end with a straight cut<br />
about an inch long. This beveling exposes considerable cambium layer<br />
and facilitates the insertion of the eion under the bark and against the<br />
camhium layer of the stock. The bark at the slit below the wound is<br />
loosened with the knife, and the lower end of the rion is inserted with the<br />
cut side next to the wood of the tree. In order that the cambium layers<br />
of cion and stock may be held in close contact, a brad is driven through<br />
the end of the rion into the tree. The slit at the upper edge of the wound<br />
is then loosened and the &her end of the rion inserted and nailed. When<br />
the bridging is completed, the area about the ends of the cions is carefully<br />
ivnxecl to prevent drying out and possible infection and to exclude<br />
air and moisture. In some cases it may be advisable to wrap the parts<br />
where the (*ions are inserted with bandage or raffia to insure their being<br />
held in place. For a tree with a trunk one and a half inches or less in<br />
diameter, usually three c*ions in the bridge are enough. With each inch<br />
added to the diameter, at least one cion should be added to the bridge.<br />
“If the princ4l)lc~ that the caml)ium layers of stock and cion should come<br />
in contact is carefully c*arried out, other forms of bridge-grafting may be<br />
used with S~CYYSS. One of these is illustrated in Fig. 191 C’. Here ruts<br />
are made al)out half an inch above and below the girdle through the bark<br />
into the sapwood, tllus cautting across the rambium layer. The rions for<br />
this bridge arp n&r very much as those previously described. They are<br />
inserted, nailed, and waxed in a similar way. Still another method of<br />
bridge-grafting, wllic*ll some growers have found very satisfactory, is<br />
illustrated in Fig. 191 11. The cambium layer of the stock is exposed<br />
by cutting uut pieces of bark above and below the girdle, corresponding<br />
accurately in size with the ends of the cion to be inserted. The cions<br />
are cut as shown in Fig. l!Il II and are nailed and waxed as in the method<br />
already described.<br />
“Bridge-grafting may be used on any of the orchard fruit trees grown<br />
in Ntlw York State. More damage by girdling is probably done on apple<br />
and pear trees than on any other fruits; however plum, cherry and peach<br />
trees are often irljurrtl, and bridge-grafting, which is the only method of<br />
saving tIleill, is ~41 \Vortli trial. It is advisable to replace very young<br />
trees unless the girdled portion is far enough above the root system to<br />
permit of cleft-grafting in the trunk just below the girdle. If bridgegrafting<br />
is skillfully done, and the bridged portion carefully attended
PROPAGAT10N BY IZUDDING AND GRAFTING 163<br />
to afterward to prevwt the entrance of injurious insects ant1 fungous<br />
diseases, the tree may apparently be as strong and producti\~(~ as its uniiljrircd<br />
neighbor. Scme trees, however, will never seem to recover wholly<br />
from the injury, and unless bridge-grafting is very carefully<br />
done, a high pcrwntage of the trees so treated<br />
cannot be espectecl to live. The esserltial point to keep<br />
in mind is that, tlic cmnbiuiii layers of the &is inust<br />
be held in contact with the carnbiwn lagers of the stock,<br />
both ahove and lwlow the girdled part, until union<br />
takes place.”<br />
0ssiMc Altlrougli this method of<br />
grafting is Ilot. so (~mlrnuld)~ used as others, it still possesses<br />
some decided advmtages for grape viues. It is a much simpler
l&&<br />
‘I’HE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
and more satisfactory method than cleft-grafting in very<br />
caurly wood. The tying is a slow process, atid for straightgraiiled<br />
wood the &h-graft is to be preferred. It is also open<br />
to the objectiorl of requiring the shoots to be st.aked or tied<br />
to some support, for the wind is apt to break the point of<br />
union more easil>r than with other<br />
methods. A good uniorl admits of a<br />
very stroll,: p growth, ard if the above<br />
prec,uhons are kept in mind the vines<br />
will equal t,hose produced by the more<br />
~IIIII~~II methods.”<br />
(‘r,ffj/lg-(-l~crfti,lg.-Chttage<br />
and graftage<br />
111ay he combined in various ways.<br />
Cuttings of pkmts that root with difficulty<br />
are sometimes grafted on those<br />
that root easily. A good example is<br />
in Fig. 1.59. When the plants are<br />
tr:insplanted, t.lio following autumn or<br />
spring, the m~.cic or st,oclc may be removed,<br />
the cion hving taken root.<br />
FIG. 194, Ttrncl tlltb point of union, and to stand<br />
in the soil or moss or dish of water. (See also pages 143-l&&.)<br />
I ‘ig. 194 is ;i gootl illustrations of tile practice. The cion extends<br />
ht’o the earth uearly as far as the root itself. After<br />
union has takeI plume, the lower p:trt of the cion is removed.<br />
‘l%is method MII be used for magnolias, mulhcrries, birches<br />
a.n(l maiiy other plants of whic$ some kinds root with more<br />
or less difliculty. ” BottltJ-grafting,” described in most of
the books, is essentially this method, modified by letting the<br />
end of the cion, or i-1. piece of the bandage, drop into a bottle of<br />
wkktw D<br />
A modification of this style of grafting is the “ cutting sidegIXft,”<br />
showi in Fig. I!);?. This is adapted to root-grafting,<br />
pi!~ti~~llliWl~ Of tllc gI% [It’. ‘I’hc stock is cut, wedge-shape, and<br />
is iikserted illto ill1 ot~liquc incision in t.he cion.<br />
lI~?Pbtrc~c~olrs-g~~~~‘tilrg. -- 111 tllc prtwvling pages, the tfiscussio1is<br />
l~\~r~ Ililt to cl0 with cions clorinnnt or at least well<br />
l~arclei~~~l, ant1 with stocks that contrlin more or less hard w00d,y<br />
suhst:allcc, Hut. hcrlxwous shoots can be grafted wit,h case.<br />
LIll SUC+ll PlillltS ;iS gwwiwis, begonias, colcwses,<br />
clir!.si~litlielnu~ns :In(1 tomatoes, can be made<br />
to hear t.wo or more w&ties on tile silmc indiviclual.<br />
,4lmost. i111>- style of grafting ma>~ be<br />
emplo~ecl, but the ~‘clwcr-, cleft- and sacidlegrafts<br />
arc prefrrrrd. Shoots should be chosen<br />
for st0c.k tllilt xrc rather firm, or in condition<br />
for niktliing good cwttinq3. The cions sliould<br />
be in tl similar condition, anal tllcy IMJ* be<br />
t&n from the tips of branches or made of a<br />
section of tt branch. The union should be<br />
bound snugly with rafl%~, and the plant set in a<br />
prO~~il~~Itill~-f~itI~~~. Klltsre it must be kept close<br />
for a few iln?s. It is not necessary, in most<br />
cases, to use ws, and on ~~~riie tender stocks<br />
the was is injurious. Jloss may be bound<br />
about the gwft, but unless the union is first FIG. 105. Cutting<br />
side-graft (x {>.<br />
thoroughly wwretl hy the bandage, roots may<br />
start into the moss and the pa.rts may fail to unite. The<br />
growing shoots of shrubs and trees can alsu be grafted, but<br />
the operation is rarely employed. In various coniferous<br />
trees (as pines and spruces) the young shoots are sometimes<br />
cleft- or saddle-grafted in May, the parts being well bandaged
with waxed muslin or i’w#ia, and shaded with paper bags.<br />
‘he m-irlnut aIlt1 some other trees that do not work readily are<br />
sornrtimcs trc:rt.ccl in this manner.<br />
Even leaves may he used as stocks or cions. Any succulent<br />
and permanent leaves, as those of the house-leeks, crass& and<br />
the like, may ham young shoots worked on them, and leaves<br />
used as cuttings can often be made to grow on otlier plants.<br />
k’Nlit-grclfti?1~~. -- A little known<br />
species of lierbaceous-graftirlg is the<br />
joining of part,s of fruits. It is easily<br />
performed with fleshy fruits, as tomatoes,<br />
a,pples, squashes and cucumbers.<br />
When the fruit is half or more<br />
grown, one-half or a piece is cut away<br />
and a similar half from another fruit<br />
is applied. Better results follow if the<br />
severed side of the parent or stock<br />
fruit is hollowed out a little, so as to<br />
let the foreign piece set into the cavity.<br />
The edges of the epidermis of the<br />
stock are then tied up closely against<br />
the cion by means of bast or raffia.<br />
The t,wo parts are securely tied to-<br />
FIG. 19fi. Inarching.<br />
gether, but no wax is required. This<br />
operation succeeds best under glass, where conditions are uniform,<br />
and where winds do not move the fruits.<br />
Smd-gruj?i~~~~. -- An interesting kind of grafting has been<br />
described in France by I’ieron, which consists in using a seed<br />
as a cion. This has been employed in the grape. A seed is<br />
dropped into a gimlet-hole near the base of the vine while the<br />
sap is riGiig in the spring. The seed germinates, and after a<br />
time the plantlet unites with the stock.<br />
I?zcI&i/l~. - Inarching, or grafting by approach, is the<br />
process of grafting contiguous plants or branches while the
parts are both atttached t,o their own roots. When the parts<br />
have grown together, 011e of them is severccl frown its root.<br />
The practice of inarching is explained in Fig. 196. In this<br />
case, the larger plant (on the left,) is designed for the stock.<br />
When the smaller plant has united, it is cut of-f just. below the<br />
union and it tllellc*efortll grows on the other plant. Limbs<br />
of wntiguou~ trees are sornetimsch grafted in this way. It<br />
is the proc:ess eniplo>-ctl by nature in what is called natural<br />
gruftin g (p3g. 129). Grape-vines are often inarched.<br />
A t,lirifty young branch of a<br />
fruit-tree ni:q 11th inar&d into<br />
I:I(;. 1!)7. lktails of inarching.<br />
similarly treated. 111 N, the method of cutting the conjoined<br />
surfaces is espluiIled at Iarnellias were often<br />
propagated lq inarch& r in the old practice, but this work is<br />
now muc*h more easil>- a(*c:omplished by the veneer-gra.ft.<br />
UorrLLr-cr'or~:i?rg. - Grafting 011 a grafted tree is known as<br />
double-grafting or double-working. It is employed for the
purpose of growing n variety 011 an unrongeriial root, or of<br />
srcurirlg ;I str:tig+t and viprous stock for a weak and poor<br />
Et&n ic~ttsltrd) . . . . . . . . . . 5 pounds<br />
RtY?swas ( fiwly rllt) . . . . . . . . 1 pound<br />
Powdcrcd wmi charcoal . . . , . . . 3 pound<br />
Raw linseed oil . . . . . . . . . . $ pint<br />
hlctt the twin and the bcwwas together, a.dd t,he charcoal, and stir<br />
the twixt rtre briskly to prevent Itttnping. Add the linseed oil, and mis it<br />
thorottghl~ \I-itii tlw other ingredients. ‘1‘1~. wax is then ready for use<br />
It is app(Lickd hot with a small hrttsh. It does not crack badly, nor does i1<br />
melt and rttn during hot weather.
PROPAGATION BY BUDDING AND GRAFTING 171<br />
5. Another formula for melted wax is as follows :<br />
Resin ((Brushed) . . . . . . . . . . 6 pounds<br />
Heeswas (finely cut ) . . . . . . . . I pound<br />
Linseed oil . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 pint<br />
Melt the resin and the beeswax together. stir in the linseed oil, and<br />
the wax is ready for use.<br />
,~11c0h01 ic 1iKr’PR<br />
6. Liquid wa’x. - R.esin, 3 parts l)~- weight ; beeswax, 2 parts; mutton<br />
tallow, I part ; alcohol, b or 2 part. A&l the alcohol when the other<br />
ingredients are melted together and removcb(l from the fire. A good soft<br />
Wax.<br />
7. Lefort’s liquid grafting wax, or alcoholic plastic. - Best white resin,<br />
1 pound ; beef tallow, 1 ounce; remove from the fire and add S ounces<br />
of alcohol. Keep in closed bottles or cans.<br />
Wcucd string and bandage<br />
S. Waxed string for root-graftin,. v - Into a kettle of melted wax<br />
place balls of No. 1S knitting cot.ton. Turn the ba’lls frequently, and in<br />
five minutes they will be thoroughly saturated, when they are dried and<br />
put away for future use. This material is strong enough, and at the<br />
same time breaks so easily as not to injure the hands. Any of the resin<br />
and beeswax waxes may be used. When the string is used, it should be<br />
warm enough to stick without tying.<br />
9. Waxed cloth. - Old calico or thin muslin is rolled on a stick and<br />
placed in meited wax. When saturated it, is allowed to cool by being<br />
unrolled on a bench. It is then cut in strips to suit. Or the wax may<br />
be spread on the cloth with a brush.
CERTAIN ELEMENTS IN NURSERY PRACTICE<br />
‘I’rizs Nanual deals with t.he propagaf~ion of pla,nt,s, not<br />
with business aid r~onnn~~r~kl management. Yet certain<br />
phases of the nursery business naturally follow the treatment<br />
FIG. l!N. The Rmgg tree-digger.<br />
of propagation, king to do with the growing and saving of<br />
the young stock ; t,lwse sui)jects we may now consider briefly.<br />
In the IYtecl States and Canada a nursery is understood<br />
to be an outdoor area! mostly of several or many acres, in<br />
which the propagation of trees and shrubs for commerce is<br />
the dominant feature. It. is this kind of nursery we are now<br />
to discuss. Yet, in fact, a< nursery is any area or esta.blishme&<br />
in which plants are propagated a.nd nursed, whether a
PLATE VI. A nursery of ornamental stock ; trimming.
CrFRTAIN ELEMENTS IN NUIHERY PRACTICE 173<br />
greenhouse bench or a garden, whether the plants are orchids<br />
or ferns or raspberries, and whether for one’s own use or for<br />
snle. In North America, the growing of fruit-trees is supposed<br />
to be the chief concern of a nursery. We have had a<br />
continent to transform into or(41ards.<br />
Present, practice ill Sort11 Amerkan m~rst:ries is to use heavy<br />
machinery allcl imp1emeut.s fo1 major operatioils. The mechanical<br />
tractor is used for<br />
road work and sometimes<br />
in fitting the land. Heavy<br />
s0iLcutting tools are emplayed<br />
(Plate XI). Overrow<br />
tillage is facilitated by<br />
Whet4 Ativators (Plate<br />
I\‘). A mechanical peaclk ~ i;<br />
pit planter is invented. -‘--c;-<br />
Root-grafts arc wrapped<br />
1)) njacl~iI~es (Plate 1’). , ^ -.;yL;;ze- 2:..- Ii----.- c<br />
Le;~f-]loppers aye captured - y ‘LiG .5->-:~~~~~~-. Iii&, wncl tlltl old hancL61igging 1)~ means of the<br />
long spades is a thill g of the past in the large-area fruit-tree<br />
plantations. They are drawn by several teams of horses cbr<br />
mules, and sometimr3 l)JV wire &les pulled by stationary<br />
eugines. Two of tile tree ploIvs are shown in Figs. 199 aurl<br />
200, md agairl in Plate XI. Two forms of tree-diggers used<br />
in the Vnited States Forest Servir*c (Ml. -I?!)) are illustratecl<br />
in Figs. 201, WL<br />
1lkwy<br />
ltrlltL!! ill lY!ltlfit~rl to ~“‘o~“‘~tx.tiolr.<br />
The best lard for general nursery purposes is heavy rather<br />
than light, containing a good percentage of clay beneath,
174 THE NCTR,SERY-MANUAL<br />
loamy on top, and lying as nearly level as possible. Before<br />
trees are put on it, the land should be deeply and thoroughly<br />
worked for at least one season and perhaps subsoiled. Nat-<br />
‘I‘rec-digger for fort&-tree nursery..<br />
is t,o lx preferred, but if the property is<br />
to hold surface water for two or three days<br />
iould be thoroughly tile-drained. Nursery<br />
--<br />
FII:. ~‘a!. Tree-digger for a forest-tree nursery.<br />
trees constitute a crop oc’c’upyiug the land for a number of<br />
years, and unless this land is in good heart when the trees are<br />
planted, there will be little opportunity to raise a good product.
_---<br />
._---c____I_-<br />
CERTdliV ELEi\IENTS IN NURSERY PRACTICE 175<br />
The Iand shorlld ht strong enough t.o r&x a) good crop of wheat<br />
: r c:orn.<br />
\Vith fruit-t,rvc3, the age of the tree determines its salable-<br />
Iless ; therefore it is imperative that the growth within the<br />
given time he r;rpid and strong. N’ith orna,mentals, however,<br />
the value is tlctc-~rmi!!ecl by the size of the specimen, with little<br />
reference to its age. It therefore follows t,hat lands not sufficientlx<br />
strong to allow of the profitar i!e growing of fruit-trees<br />
ma)* still be useful for growing ornaniekitals.<br />
111 consitleriug the question of t.hc fertility of nursery lands,<br />
it is first ncccssary to determine what are the proportions of<br />
the chief elements of plant,-food removed by the trees from<br />
the soil. The star&trd investigations of Roberts, at Cornell,<br />
still constitute a11 t3c4leut record :<br />
“ Amounts ad values of fertilizing constituents removed<br />
by a II acre of uurst’ry trees iu three years :<br />
PEAcH~~H<br />
PLUMR<br />
Nitrogen . . . .<br />
Phosphoric acid .<br />
Potash . . . .<br />
Lbs.<br />
Value<br />
22.42 $3 36<br />
5.42 38<br />
11.75 53<br />
$4 27<br />
Lb%<br />
____~<br />
Value<br />
19.75 $2 96<br />
4.42 31<br />
11.50 52<br />
$3 79<br />
--___-~<br />
“The above resuks show conclusively that but a small<br />
amount of plant-food is removed from the soil by the growth<br />
of nursery stock. They also show that more phosphoric acid<br />
is removed by the apples and pears than by the peaches and<br />
plums ; but. any orclinary soil, cultivated as nursery lands are,<br />
should easily furnish in three years ten times the plant-food<br />
used by the trees. In order to compare the drafts made by<br />
nursery stock and some of the common crops raised in mixed
176 THE NURSERY-M-ANUAL<br />
l~usba&~~, the following statement will be useful : ‘I’he amount<br />
of green i:orn necessary to remove an equal amount of fertilizing<br />
ingredients per acre, takiug the average of the value of the<br />
nitroger), phosphoric acid and potash ($1.72) removed by an<br />
acre of the trees (3 years’ growth), would be 4,779 pounds.<br />
“ Sil;Ige corn raised in drilis usually yields from 12 to 20 tons<br />
per acre, and yet rlr~s not make drafts on the land which preclude<br />
duplicating t.he yield the following season ; hence some<br />
other pause than soil exhaustion must, he found if the failure<br />
to grow a second crop of nursery trees without intermediate<br />
crops is explained.” These conclusions are supported in analyses<br />
made lj~y the ,Xew York State Station (Geneva).<br />
All experience proves that a crop of nursery trees does not<br />
eshaust the land of its fertility. In fact, it is generally considered<br />
that land front which trees have just been removed is<br />
in good condition and heart for a crop of beans, wheat or<br />
potatoes. Yet, despite this fact, it is also generally considered<br />
that land can seldom raise two good crops of nursery trees in<br />
succession. Land that has been “ treed ” must be I‘ rested ”<br />
in grass or some other crop. This disposition of land to refuse<br />
to gro:v two consecutive crops of good trees is not Ann invariable<br />
ruie, however. ASursery lands have produced good plum trees<br />
for twenty consecutive years. One frequently sees lands<br />
yielding apple and cherry stocks for two or three crops in succession.<br />
Plums seem to be particularly amenable to this<br />
consecutive cropping, and they are benefited by applications<br />
of stable manure. Some other species, as, for example, the<br />
pear, do not take so kindly to trea’tment with manure. Because<br />
of this common experience with iudifl’erent trees grown<br />
on treed land, nurserymen with a large business prefer to rent<br />
land for th e growing of trees.<br />
The chief reason for this condition of treed lands seems to<br />
be t,hat the soil is injured in i.ts physical texture and robbed<br />
of its humus by the methods of cultivation and treatment.
CERTAl,V ELEMENTS IN NURSERY PRACTICE 177<br />
The best nursery lands contain a basis of clay, and these are<br />
the kinds that soonest sufl’er under unwise treatment. The<br />
land is kept under high culture, and it is therefore deeply pulverix4.<br />
There is practically no herbagc: to protect it in<br />
winter. When the crop is removed, eveu the roots are taken<br />
out uf the soil. The tree-lifter or digger i,j likely to be used<br />
when the laud is wet and easily injured. For four or five<br />
years, the la11d reG-es practically no herbage that can rot and<br />
pass i alto lmrnus. The trees are dug ii1 the fail, often when<br />
the soil is ill unfit CY>!!i!itlGii, auci this fall digging amounts to<br />
a fall plowirlg. The soil, deeply broken a& robbed of its humus,<br />
rul:s together and cements itself before the following summer ;<br />
ill it then rk+rcs three or four years of “rest” in clover or<br />
otlwr herbage crop to bring it back to its rightful condition.<br />
This resting period allows nature to replace the fiber in the soil,<br />
and to make it onc’e more SO open and warm and kindly that<br />
plants caii find a congenial root-hold.<br />
It ~~oulc~ seem, therefore, that some of this mechanical injury<br />
tcl nursery lands should be prevented by the growing of covercrvps<br />
bt’twetiu thy rows late> ill the swsm, to be plowed under<br />
the following spring. It is \!xhll kiiO~Vl1 that. the plowing-in<br />
of course inamir~* l)thtxeen tllt3 trtics ill fall or spring, for tG0 or<br />
tl1Iw JFW!Y, will somc+mes so greatly irnpro~*e the land that a<br />
sel~oiid go~cl strop of trees ~‘a11 1x2 grown with ease. This is<br />
particArly true for pluiii trtw, as already nuted, but the<br />
results do not seem to be so well marked for pea,rs and some<br />
other trtltx it is pr~~l~;tl~le that one reason for the very general<br />
refusal of pear tretbs to follow pear trees is the fact that they<br />
are liicel,v ttr 1~ grt~~ on llrwv,v c4ay, and this is just the land<br />
rnwt iujur4 1,?, ~~urs~r~~ practices. Some lands are naturally<br />
50 lwsit’ i111(1 opi~l it1 str~icturt~ tht tmw or three crops of trees<br />
(~1 bth grow11 it1 suc(~tAoll but thcbsc la~lds contairl little crude<br />
VlU)J ant1 tht~rt&rc~ do tlot suf-l’er quickly from the passing cut<br />
Of the<br />
hl.lJllUS.<br />
y
178 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Q~S~~II~~N now oftett grow a cover-crop between trees to<br />
sttppl~* the tte&d humus, the various annual legutninous crops<br />
(11s ~ri~~0n &~erj being preferred, although rye and buckwheat<br />
are got Ml. In regions where tltey tnatu.re, cowpeas are<br />
SOWll. On accouttt of the scarcity and cost of labor, nurseries<br />
are likel?, not to be kept so cleatt as fcrrtnerly throughout the<br />
Smsoll, and the wt~ds tttny add useful fiber to the land ; yet<br />
\veeds art‘ ttot to 1~ recommended for this purpose.<br />
For the resting period or rotat,iott betweett nursery crops,<br />
longer-lived crops tttay be used. Kains suggests sweet clover<br />
as specially ~~Atablc ()I. Cf. Kaitts, “Plant Propagation, Greenhuse<br />
anti S~trwry Practice,” 19 I(j), “ because this plant burrows<br />
tfecpl>. and opts up the soil well besides adding considera’ble<br />
humus, both by its decaying roots and its tops, when these are<br />
turned uidt~. I’crhaps it woulti re$tce the rest.ing period to<br />
two or three y~trs, as against, three to five or even tnore under<br />
cotmiiott pra&L’ K~uall~~ tlte nursery lands are rested in<br />
red clover or other meadow crop ; and if they can be pastured<br />
before treed agnitl, the result is s~~ppc~~l to be better.<br />
Although tile clheniical analogs of nursery trees sltow comparatively<br />
small tttnounts of the more itnportant plant-foods,<br />
tiurscrj’ lt~ti(ls ~weti fertilizing. Sit rogett is needed in cotnparatively<br />
large atrtount.s. It chiefly cotiduccs to strong<br />
growth. It is also augmented by the addition of ltumus and<br />
the improvemt~nt of the physical condit,iott of the soil. When<br />
nursery stock is making a poor growth, the grower should<br />
first see that the tillage of the soil is as thorough and perfect<br />
as possible, to supply additional plant-food and to preserve<br />
the soil moisture. He may then add nitrogen in the form of<br />
&micals. Tl w application should be tnade in spring or early<br />
suttttttt’r. Ire should then be sure that ittsect or fungous attacks<br />
are averted. If the land was originally in fit condition<br />
for trees, and adapted to thetn, these suggestions should afiord<br />
relief. More attention is being given to the complete fertiliz-
CERTAIN ELEMENTS IN NURSERY PRACTICE ,179<br />
ing of nurst’r) lands, as other agricultural lands are supplemented,<br />
ad not, to rely on the eflect of a single ingredient to<br />
meet il. present dificulty. This is the rational procedure.<br />
[‘ndoubtedl,v nursery lands will respond to good rotations,<br />
careful working, and thoughtful fertilizer management as readily<br />
as other ill’C’itS. The nursery practice has been too much like<br />
a skinning process. Some nurserymen now feed live-stock<br />
and IN the manure in preparing and supplementing nurser)<br />
lands.<br />
Another di&ult~- in using nursery lands in succession is<br />
the danger from soil diseases. The nurseryman must be<br />
c~;~rtM not to infect his land. Rotation Seems yet to be the<br />
w$, remt+*, if trouble arises.<br />
Grcrdes of frees<br />
Common opinion demands that a tree, to be first-class,<br />
must be perfectly straight and comely. This arbitrary standard<br />
is but the expression of the general demand for large and<br />
good-looking trees. Yet there are some vari.eties of fruit-trees<br />
that cannot be made to grow in a comely shape, and there is<br />
a 1 ways a ten&n- to discontinue growing them, notwithstanding<br />
the fact that they may possess great intrinsic merit.<br />
All this is to be deplored. The requiremen.ts of a first-class<br />
tree should be that the specimen is vigorous, free from disease<br />
or blemishes mtl that it possess the characteristics of the<br />
variet>T. This allows a crooked tree to be first-class if it is a<br />
Greening or Red Canada apple, because it is the nature of these<br />
varieties to grow crooked. Wayward and often scraggly<br />
growers among apples are Williams Early Red, Wealthy, Oldenburg.<br />
Wagner, and others. A crooked or wayward grower is<br />
not nrc~essarilj~ a weak tree. It is advisable to top-work weakgrowing<br />
varieties on strong-growing and straight-growing ones3.<br />
(See pages 1 ti7- 1 t $4 .)
180 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
A first-class tree is well grown ; that is, the various operations<br />
to which it has been subjected by the nurseq’man have<br />
been properly performed ; the workmanship<br />
is good. It must be mature,<br />
that is, not stripped of its leaves before<br />
the foliage has ripened. It must be of<br />
the proper age for plant,ing. It must have<br />
a clean smooth bark, a stocky, strong<br />
trunk, good roots, and be free of borers<br />
and other insect injuries. The union -<br />
at the bud or graft - must be completely<br />
healed over if sold at two years<br />
or above (peach trees are seldom healed<br />
at the selling age). Stocky and rather<br />
short trees, with well-branched heads,<br />
are preferable to very tall ones. Very<br />
1“ll;. 203. Self-rwistwing slender trees, if above one or two years<br />
tree-wlipcr.<br />
old, should be avoided.<br />
Surserymen express the size of a tree by its diameter about<br />
two inches above the bud or crown. The measuring is made<br />
with a c3liper or gage (Figs. 203, 204, 2(K). The diameter of<br />
a first-(*lass tree varies with the method of growiilg td trimming<br />
it. III the Sew h’wli 111irst~rit’s, ;I first-class two-yeur-<br />
I-, --<br />
I+(;. Wk. Heikes tree gage.<br />
old apple tree (budded) should caliper eleven-sixteenths inch<br />
and upward. Plums run about the same. Pears Fliil
%<br />
0 . ‘4<br />
0<br />
? .<br />
l-b<br />
&<br />
5:<br />
..,’ c<br />
?<br />
1;5<br />
Y<br />
‘4<br />
l-b<br />
?<br />
‘4<br />
0 .<br />
%<br />
= .<br />
c13<br />
rt<br />
”.<br />
C.<br />
3<br />
.<br />
‘2<br />
0 .
152 THE NURSERY MANIJAL<br />
Peach, 1 year, medium, 3-4 ft., &-~6 in.<br />
Ylum, 2 par.?, X0. 1, 5-7 ft,, +-k in. a.nd up<br />
Plum, 2 years, medium, 4-G ft., i-+-i- in.<br />
C berry , sour, 2 years, No. 1, 4-G ft., +& in. and up<br />
Cherry, sour, 3 jrears, medium, 3-4 ft., A--+-+ in.<br />
Sweet cherries will run about 1 ft. taller.<br />
Stoclis for qraftcd f rrd-frm8<br />
A fruit-tree may be budded or grafted on seedling or cuttinggrown<br />
stocks of the same species of plant, or 011 stocks of a<br />
related species. The practice is determined wholly by t,he<br />
c~hrapness of the stock and fhe ease with which it can be grown<br />
and worked, except t.hat in the dwa.rfing of trees a speck1<br />
definite kind of stock must be supplied. It does not. follow that<br />
thtl stocks now c*ommonly used are intrinsically the best. The<br />
subject is much in need of careful in\-estigation not only in the<br />
nursery hut throughout the lifetime of the resulting orchards.<br />
The choice of stocks ha:; usually not gone beyond the<br />
spcties, whether, for esnmple, the cherry shall be worked OIL<br />
rnahaleb which is PROI US MahaM or on the mazzard which<br />
is I’rwl US II 2:2’ii~rv, whether cultivated persimmon shall be<br />
budded on IIr’ospgms Kaki, or Il. virginiana or D. Lotus.<br />
,Soon, ho\v\rt\.cr, we must refine our processes much more than<br />
this. \Yv tlscrcisc particular care in the variety to he propagated<br />
for the top or over-ground part of the plant. We must<br />
also i3iiscriminate as to the variety, rather than the species, of<br />
th.t: stock or under-ground part. We shall find ways to<br />
pr0pagat.e varieties and strains of stocks as we now have ways<br />
to reproduce exactly the varieties and. strains of the fruitbearing<br />
or flower-bearing part. This may increase the expense<br />
of the finished plant, but the time i; coming when we must<br />
reduce the sources of failure to the minimum and be willing to<br />
pay for the extra certainty. We must, foresee the time when<br />
a man may plant an orchard with all human -. assurance of
CERTAIN ELEMENTS IN NURSERY PRACTICB 183<br />
cxwt I’twltS : the character of the stocks must be one factor<br />
in the program (page NO). IIere optms an important prospect<br />
ill IlI11’sC1’)’<br />
plXCti(Y:.<br />
The reit(ler will find the customary stocks mentioned under<br />
the cliflwcnt entries in Part II (Nursery-List), but it may be<br />
~11 to bring together a brief statement at this place.<br />
Tht: almond is ~vork~d on seedlings of almond, peach, myrobalan<br />
and I’r~mu,s<br />
Ikwidiana.<br />
plum,<br />
The apple is grown on seedling stock of the same species, Pyrats M&s.<br />
Jt is dwarfed 13~ working any variety on the Paradise or Doucin, which<br />
aw cltvarf forms of the apple, grown from mound-layers. The seedling<br />
stoc*k is gro\vn esttwivt4y in Kaiv,as at present. and is also imported from<br />
I:rnnw.<br />
Apri(*ot is grown on seedlings of apricot, peach, and several kinds of<br />
p1um.<br />
(_‘hwric~s are grown on mazzard storks, which is a half-wild form of thr<br />
s\vwt c*lierry, Z’runlls flttilrm, and on mahalcb, which is a distinct speries<br />
( 1’ r1il1l~s ,Ilrt/rtr~c~h) tllat clots not procluw cdiblc fruit. Sweet vherries<br />
are suppos~~1 to cl0 \wst on mazzard and sour cherries on mahaleb, but<br />
tllchy art’ lil;thl>* to JK* \\.orkt4 rather intlisc~rixninatel~.<br />
(‘lwst n11ts, \~~llc~thc~l ;Irwriwn, Eurqwan or *Jal)an~‘st~, are mostly<br />
\vorktA(l 011 rwti\x~ A~llcTi~~ilrl stocks. ‘1’1wee sptwiw of’ ( 'X4tilIl~i~ are involvc~d<br />
htw.<br />
Grapes iilp grown from vllttings. Tn regions where phylloxera renders<br />
the groning of tlw wine grape (I-i/ix ~~IL.$Hw) impossible on its own wets,<br />
the varictiw are grafted on American stocks, chiefly on I’. ~dpina (riparia).<br />
Orange is \\.orktn(l 011 sour orange stock, rough lemon, grapefruit and<br />
t rifoliat a, all rtqwwntil~g different, spcries and the t rifoliata now considercd<br />
to Jw of il ciistilwt genus (Poncirus).<br />
Yeavh is 111~hltvl on seedling pea& stocks, the seeds being obtained<br />
mostly from run-wild trtw in the southern states.<br />
Peilr is gro\vn WI stwfling stocks of the same species (I’yrus cornmu&)<br />
importecl fro111 Fraliw ; also to some extent on American-grown seedlings<br />
of Kieffer, and OII Am&ran-grown and imported stork of the oriental<br />
sand pears (P~~TIIS,9f~rofinu, I-‘. ~o*vidta and perhaps others). The pear is _<br />
clwtrfecl lqr l)llcltling it on Angers qIlince, which is mostly mound-layered.<br />
14twn is grown t,~r stwlling pecan, and sometimes top-worked on establisht4<br />
native trew.
IS4 THE NURSERY-,MANITAL<br />
Persimmon is of two species, the oriental kaki (ZIiosp~~os Kal~i) and<br />
the native (D. rirginimla). Roth kinds are worked on native seedlings,<br />
&hough II. Lotus and one or two other oriental species will probably be<br />
considerably used in the future for the kaki.<br />
Plum is handled on a variety of stocks. Most of the common plums<br />
of the European type (~‘TWHLS rbrrrc~+f ica) and the Japanese plums (I’.<br />
srrZic,i~zu) arc studded on imported myrohalan plum (I’. wrmvj’cra). Stocks<br />
of common and Japanese plums may he used when seeds can be had and<br />
when it pays to grow t.he seedlings in this country. ‘l’hc American 01<br />
native plums arc worked mostly on seedlings of the na.tive species, and<br />
also on Marianna v:hich is sometimes grown from cuttings (prohablu; a<br />
hybrid of 1’. CL’RISI~CT~ and a na.tive species).<br />
Quince. - The large fruit-bearing varieties are sometimes worked on<br />
imported Angers quince, which is propagated by mound-layerage. The<br />
conlmon quince itself may be grown directly from cuttings and moundlayers.<br />
Waht of the Persian or so-called English type is worked on native<br />
walnut stock. Tn California, the native .Jnglans Hiz&i~i is mostly used ;<br />
Juglms nigm, the black walnut of the East, may also be employed.<br />
The dwarfing of trees depend s on two factors, - working<br />
on a slow-growing stock, aid subsqumt wnfining of roots<br />
and heading-in. III particular c’xws, dwarfing is accon~plisl~ed<br />
by growing the trees in pots or twxes. Vie nurserl\;man supplies<br />
the first factor, - the tree l.iflitWi to the dwarf root.<br />
Rut this factor tdoi~~~ rarely irwws a I?c”rirlai~~~i~tl~r dwarf tree.<br />
The vigorous top sooty impart:; s011ic cd its habit to the stock ;<br />
a,nd if the trw is pl;LIltwl SC) :leep that, thcb union is zt few inches<br />
Mow ground, roots may start, from 1-h cion, and the bee will<br />
X~ecoine half tlwtrf, or cvei~ full stancl;wtl.<br />
The possit,ility of keeping tlw trW dwtwf lies mostly with<br />
the grower, illtllO~l~l1, urlfort~iil;llel?-, tlw grower uSUL~l1~ LLStribes<br />
it wholly to the nurseqwan. An excellent illust~ration<br />
of all this is a~r~rclctl 1)~ the Arrry. If c+erry trees are to be<br />
dwarfed, they are worked on the mahaM~ cherry ; ad yet the
(,‘f;;‘fi’l’;t I:\’ E/,IiilIEN 2’S liv X URSERY PRACTICE 185<br />
~,FI’c‘~I~w pi-t 0f t.1~ tweet cherries, and some of the sour ones,<br />
;I~C t)~l&~i OII ~wtdeb roots in caster’n nurseries, but cherry<br />
tr('(TS iIr(' IlOt ti\Vill'fS tllC?Wl))*. If, however, the grower were to<br />
hc;~cl-il~ his In;~t~~tlcl)-worketl cherries eac’h year, as he is ad-<br />
14stvi to trot, (l\Vill’f ])I.YITS, hc. would be at& to have dwarf<br />
t rws. 111 likcb IIMI~VI’, the ph~rn on the myrobalan, the peach<br />
OII tlicb 1)1111tl, tllth ii1)1)1’-’ 011 t,llc I)ouc:in or even on the Paradise,<br />
sooty (wise tc, I)(, (lIVi11’fS if illlOWCY1 to grow to their utmost.<br />
‘h 1N‘ilt’ 011 th c~“i”“‘: atiords the most complete dwarf fruittrticb<br />
\VC~ 11il\*c, l)llt c\~c~~l this usua,lly soon ceases to be a true<br />
(l\Vilrf it’ Il(*iI(lillg-ill i.; Ilc~glcc~tkYl.<br />
A~;IIIJ. ~-;1~*ic~ti~:s of I)l:lnts are (lwi~ri’ bar nature, and they theret’ort~<br />
do ilot rquirtb to l)e worked OH slow-growing stocks. The<br />
I’i~l?l~liSt~ iI]I1)1(‘ is itwlf sucll a llilt~d dwarf, and was originally<br />
it sceclliq. 1 hwrf spruces, piues, viburnums, beans, dahlias<br />
a1~1 swreti of rdwr plants twe well known. Such dwarfs are<br />
~cl~crnlt>- pr(~p:~g;ltt~(l 1))~ means of cuttings, although some of<br />
th11, as tl1c g;lrclell jvegetables and annual flowers, reproduce<br />
tliemscl\Ves from seeds.<br />
Nit h t 1x1 Iargc~ areas clc\x)tcd to fruit-growing in North<br />
Ant’&;\, tllcb r~l;lti\-t~l~ lo\v price of land and high cost of<br />
lilhW, ~4 the gre:\t c~ui~tltitic~s it1 which fruit is desired, the<br />
d\vijrf tree is not much in demand.<br />
I ‘c,Ii!/wc~ f?wS<br />
I~ortndy tlw WOOL for MS and &ns was taken more or<br />
less irltlis~rirrlill:lt~~l~~ from nurstq’-row or other trees of the<br />
dc.-;ired \7ilrifdJ*. Sow, liowwr, bud-wood or &n-wood is<br />
chosen with more rxre from trees of recognized vigor and proliticacy,<br />
and the product is advertised as pedigree stock. Of<br />
course it, i.-; Ilot ii. pedigree product in the sense in which the<br />
tt:rtll is ~~mplo~~l !)y plant-breeders, for there is no record and<br />
no line of brcctlitig. It is merely a form of selection.
18t.i THE NliRSERY-MANUAL<br />
One never knows what the so-called “ pedigree ” may mean<br />
iI1 any case or whether it is actually worth an additional price.<br />
Yet the exercise of care in any part of the nursery operation<br />
is commendable and ought to express itself in the product.<br />
There is rea,son to think that parentage counts in bud-propagatioll,<br />
altl ~ougl-I there is not the scope for variation and breeding<br />
that there is in seed-propagation. The bud-selection<br />
work of Shame1 in oranges is significant. Nurserymen should<br />
encourage a careful seleotioii-protluct ,<br />
lhhn~i~uj t rws iu the 11 ursny<br />
One of the prime efforts of the nurseryman is to make his<br />
trees stocky. Many factors conspire to produce this result.<br />
LIny trcatmerlt that makes trees grow vigorously may be espetted<br />
to contribute to their stockiness, if the grower does<br />
not circumvent it by some subsequent operat,ioil.<br />
Fruit,-trees should be give11 plenty of room. The rows in<br />
The nursery should stand 3;. feet apart, for ordinary fruit-trees,<br />
and the plants should sta.nd 10 inches or a foot apart in the row.<br />
The first year the leaves should not be rubbed off the bodies<br />
of the trees, else the trees will grow too much at the top and<br />
become too slender. If, however, strong forking or side<br />
branches appear low down - as often happens in sour cherries<br />
- they should be removed. Budded or whole-root stock of<br />
fruit-trees should reach a height of 4 feet or more the first<br />
year. The following spring, the stock is headed-in uniformly,<br />
reducing it to the height of 3 or 4 feet, according to kind and<br />
the uses for whicbh the stock is grown.<br />
Soon after the trees are headed back the second spring, they<br />
are “ sprouted.” This operation consists in hoeing the dirt<br />
a\~?- from the base of the tree and cutting ofl all sprouts that<br />
start from the root or the crown. After heading-in, the tree<br />
“ feathers out ” from top to bottom. It is a common practice
(‘ERT.41.V ElI,E,lfENTS IN NURSERY PRACTICE 187<br />
to rub of-l’ these IWW shoots that appear on the body, allowing<br />
O+ thostb shoots to remain that spring from near the top of<br />
the trunk, at~l whic*h are presumed to form the top of the<br />
future trot>. This rubbing oft’ the side dlo . Trees
CERTAIX ELEikIENTS IN NURSERY PRACTICE 189<br />
of conditions of weather and trade, and they insure to the<br />
planter quick delivery of stock that shows no winter injury.<br />
A ~~mmm~~ style of nursery cellar is shown in Fig. 207 and<br />
another in 20s ; a combined stora,ge- and packing-house is<br />
presented in Fig. 2(K). The store-house is provided with ample<br />
facilities for ventil,ztion, either by means of windows along<br />
the sides or flues in the roof, or both. It has an earth floor.<br />
Tn this IGlding, the trees are heeled-in very thickly in the fall.<br />
They ciththr arc stood straight up, or they may be piled in tiers.<br />
‘l’hcs~ tiers are rrmle up of overlapping horizontal layers laid<br />
FIG. 209. CI ml)iwcl st.or:igc- :tncl pnrkiug-house.<br />
Q<br />
.<br />
in opposite (Iircctiolls. The roots of t,he first layer are laid<br />
tcJ\VillYlS tllc center aiitl damp sand thrown over them. On<br />
thcw i11~ &lit1 the roots of the second layer, with the tops in<br />
the opposite (lire(:ti~bll. IGuth is again thrown on, when another<br />
la)x~ like the first is :ul&rl. The tops, therefore, are always<br />
011twi1rt1. TIWW tops should lit II litt,le higher than the roots,<br />
allcl ill or&r to raise tflthtn, ilii(l also to bind the pile, scantlings<br />
or IHMI’~S arc oftran laid crosswise of the layers, at the outward<br />
~1, at intcrv;&. Ness may be used in place of sand, although<br />
tile li~tt~‘l’ is Iklortf CW5il)v r)btaint~d ill1c-l. kept, ant! is generally<br />
ustd. In pitiny or (*orcling trees in tllis fashion, it is important<br />
tllilt 11 suf-I+ieut ])ilSSit$’ (11 i~llPJr IW left between each pile t0<br />
ildlllit Of fIVlt> (4nqlltlfioll of ilir. A ps~agc through which a<br />
man (*:L,n just. pass is sufir:ient. A cellar me hundred feet
190 7’H-IR N IJRSER Y-M,4 N Ti.4 I,<br />
long, twenty feet wide and tell feet high in the clear, will winter<br />
about flt,,O()() three-year-ol(l apple trees, if the trees are corded,<br />
as already described.<br />
While vtntilution should be provided, the house may nevertheless<br />
be kept c4ose in cold weather. If the temperature runs<br />
but little above frecbzillg, there is little withering nor does mold<br />
de\velop. SOW houstls art‘ provided with refrigeration. Keeping<br />
houses too warm and allowing air to blow through are<br />
likely to de&dim the stock.<br />
IMPORTANT DISEASES AND INSECTS AFFECTING NURSERY STOCK<br />
Prepared for tllis 3lanual by the late V. 13. Stewart, Bureau of Plant<br />
Indu~tr~~, United States L)epzirtment of Agriculture, and of Cornell Univers1t<br />
I \ , qxvialist ill nursery-t;tock diseases. Fumigation and inspection,<br />
not dealing with the growing and perfecting of the stock, are not treated<br />
here. (;rowm ivill (10 \\ell to rons1llt s11rli worlds as 14:. I?. Smith 0tI<br />
“l!acteriul I)iwaw: of PlalltS” (Sanders, Phila.), awl t-lie Rural Manuals 1)~<br />
lle5ler 8c 1Vlietzt4, l&nkiu, Slingerinncl & (‘roJq~.<br />
The ilnpn~ti~nt problem coufronti1q uurseryrnen is the<br />
productiorl r~f tht. grwtt~st C]UillltitJr of first-class stock to the<br />
acre within thtl shortest period of tim. Sm4~ ~~onditio~~s as<br />
WWtht!r, soil, cultiv&m, a~ltl presetm of certain destrucstive<br />
diseases, are some of the factors that influence the development<br />
of nurWqY plantings. Of particular importance is the<br />
effect of y;triolls I)lullt (liseases and ins&s. The stock may<br />
have deveh)prtl j.tqr rapidI>’ illltl bca perfectly healthy, whw<br />
within a I’qV sllort time c~oll(litions Illil) (‘lliLll@ ;l,lltl the plants<br />
become seriously injured or totirll>. milled I)>. a destructive<br />
disease or il lsect .<br />
The losst5 ill tlltl Ilursery C!iluSet~ 11)~ diseases are often veq<br />
hC%V)‘. Some (liseilsfr’s, swll ilS fire-blight, completely de&o)<br />
the stock attaclcecl urhss the disease is t~radicat,ed by cutting<br />
out, the affec,ted parts. Otht~r diseases iifFWt 0111)~ the foliage<br />
ad art: a m011acc to nursery stock by causing the leaves to
fall prematurely, thus retarding the development and growth<br />
of the plants. Not only dots this condition rdx it necessary<br />
for a longer time to t*lapse before the stock is salable, but<br />
premature dcfoliat ion also prevents proper maturation of<br />
the trees and n~akcs them less able to withstand winter injury,<br />
a(lvcrs;e conditions cnc~ountered in stx)rage, and the like.<br />
Mtdhcts cwninitrd~~ pra&& for the prevention of diseases<br />
of cjl(ltJr and maturer plants are in many cases not appli-<br />
DDE? to tlitl smtdlcr st.cx*k in the nursery, while in many<br />
c’ascs certain mt~tllods of control can be employed in the<br />
nurstxr>. whic4r UNII~ not be us4 in the treatment of mature<br />
ph Ilt 5;.<br />
( )W of the importimt prohlems confronting the nurseryman<br />
is it satisfac~tor~ mCans of applying t,lie various fungicides and<br />
i nst’&ides. An a,pparatus is desirable l3a.t will apply the<br />
materi:! with that least, inc’onvtGenc’e, permitting the work<br />
to bc ptlrft-rrrned wit 11 considerable rapidit,y on a wide acreage<br />
and as ccollc,lnic~i111?- as possible. The materials may be applied<br />
in ;I powdrred form with air used as a carrier, or as a<br />
spray- with water as a c*arrier.<br />
For spra>-ing tmrsq- stock, there are numerous handspra>*ers<br />
that c’an brb used for small plantings, but there is no<br />
power ma-lcGne on the market t.1la.t is entirely satisfa,ctory for<br />
large :lurstlrl\- work. It is difficult to build a machine that can<br />
be transported o\*er tall nursery t.rees. On the other hand,<br />
the narrow $pac’e separating the nurser>’ rows makes it difficult<br />
to construcht 11 sprayer tShat will run between the rows.<br />
With the spra)yerx that have been used, only a relatively small<br />
amount of stock can be covered within a given time ; this not<br />
only increases t,he expense? but in many cases it is impossible<br />
to cover all of the suscheptihle st,ock before it is too late for<br />
the application to be effective.<br />
Most of these difTiculties a,re overcome when the materials<br />
are applied in t,he powdered form. by means of a dusting ma-
192 THE NilJRSERY-MAN [JAI-,<br />
chinr. With the dust method, the time of application is not<br />
limited by soil conditions, inasmuch as the lightness of the<br />
out.fit permits its transportation at all times ; also blocks of<br />
trees on rough or hilly ground or in localities remote from an<br />
adequate water supply nlay be protected without unusual<br />
difficulty. The dusting method can be employed in controlling<br />
a large percentage of the leaf diseases and foi+e-eating insects<br />
in the nursery. The cost of spraying solutions is less than<br />
dust materials. The actua,i expense for the dust method,<br />
however, is practically the same as for the liquid since the<br />
handling of a large bulk of water is eliminated, the outfit is<br />
less expensive, and the operators are fewer in number.<br />
The nursery-stock diseases caused by fungi a,nd bacteria<br />
are particularly baffling because the organisms are not seen<br />
and recognized. In former da,ys these disorders were ascribed<br />
to the weather, t,o t?iect,ric currents and to other little understood<br />
or occult phenomena.<br />
FIRWHLIMW. - The fire-blight disease is most destructive<br />
on the cultivated varieties of pear, apple and quince. Usually<br />
in the nursery it means total loss or” t,he trees afleeted a,nd often<br />
within a comparatively short t,ime thousands of young trees<br />
are ruined by its rapid spread t,hrough the blocks.<br />
Ik.script km . - The limbs, blossoms, twigs and fruit may he<br />
attacked. In the nursery the disease is most commonly found<br />
in the twigs (Fig. 210). In the case of two- and three-year-old<br />
quince stock, however, the trees often blossom profusely in<br />
the spring and when this happens blossom-blight (due to the<br />
same organism) frequently occurs. The blight usually first<br />
appears two or t.hree weeks after the blossoming period. The<br />
first evidence of the trouble is the brown and subsequent
.<br />
194 THE NURSERY-MANK4i<br />
punctures the tissue and thus furnishes a means of entrance<br />
for blight germs.<br />
Fire-blight is frequently introduced into seedling blocks<br />
by the use of diseased cions cut from blighted trees. The<br />
seedlings buddetf with the diseased buds, not only blight, but<br />
the ba.cteria art: carried on the budder’s knives to other seedlings.<br />
Later, at rebudding time, the budders being unfamiliar<br />
with the disease, frequently attempt to rebud the blighted<br />
stocks ; their knives become infected and the bacteria are<br />
transmitted to other seedlings.<br />
The shipment of eions from one nursery to another may<br />
also be a means of transmitting the blight, and blight bacteria<br />
have even been known to live over in cions used for grafting<br />
purposes. In the winter, when the grafts were cut, the grafting<br />
knives became infected ad transmitted the blight bacteria<br />
to grafts made from healthy cions.<br />
Chtd. - The elimination of l)lig~lt-tfissemiriatixig agents<br />
is a11 importa,nt crmsideration in the control of fire-blight. It<br />
has been dernonstr~~tcd that controlling the aphids is frequently<br />
an essential step in preventing the spread of blight bacteria,<br />
All sources of infection should be destroyed, such as neighboring<br />
blighted orchard trees, and an att.empt made to eradicate all<br />
traces of the disease as soon as it appears in the nursery. It has<br />
proved profitable to remove the blossom-buds on two- and threeyear-old<br />
quince trees. By removal of the buds before they<br />
open, the danger of blossom infection is eliminated. Frequent<br />
s;\~stematic inspections should be made td all blighted shoots<br />
removed and the wounds disinfected with a solution of corro-<br />
sive sublimate 1 to 1000. If the blight has extended into the<br />
trunk, the entire tree should be removed and burned.<br />
~ItOWN4;ALL. -- Crown-gall or root-gall is commonly found in<br />
many kinds of trees and other plants in the nursery. Fruittrees,<br />
berry bushes and roses are frequently attacked. The
w<br />
F<br />
,r+<br />
-<br />
%’<br />
-.<br />
<<br />
r:<br />
L.<br />
I-.<br />
L.<br />
%<br />
c<br />
-r.<br />
w-<br />
‘3<br />
. %<br />
w<br />
?<br />
s.<br />
;: -<br />
3<br />
C<br />
z<br />
% .<br />
h -<br />
3<br />
CD<br />
=r<br />
c-t<br />
0
196 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
ga.11 infections call be reduced by using a root and cion of approximately<br />
the same size and by wrapping the grafts carefully.<br />
APPLE- AXD ~UPSC,~B. - The scab diseases exist apparently<br />
in every country where apples and pears are grown commercially.<br />
In the nursery, the pearscab<br />
is usually of importance<br />
only on the Flemish<br />
Beauty buds. The applescab<br />
is most destructive<br />
in the nursery on the varieties<br />
McIntosh, Transcendent<br />
and Martha.<br />
Lkmipt~ion .-The leaves<br />
and the fruit and sometimes<br />
the twigs are affected.<br />
The disease appears on<br />
the leaves as olivaceous<br />
to dark brown or nearly<br />
black spots (Fig. 212).<br />
There is a tendency for<br />
the lesions to extend along<br />
the veins of the leaf, making<br />
them irregular in ap-<br />
FIQ. 212. Scab on apple leaves. pearance.<br />
Cmcsc. - The scab<br />
lesions are caused by the fungi Tk~Wia ilLceqlraZis and V~turia<br />
pyrinn, which produce a large number of spores in the spots.<br />
The spores are disseminated by wind and rain and are responsible<br />
for the new infections which occur throughout the summer.<br />
On the diseased leaves that fall to the ground in autumn,<br />
special fruiting bodies (perithecia) of the fungi are produced<br />
and by this means the organism lives over winter. In spring<br />
the perithecia produce spores which attack the new foliage.
CERTAIN ELEMENTS IN NURSERY PRACTICE 197<br />
Pen frol. -- Spraying with lime-sulfur solution I to 40, or<br />
dusting with 90 parts dry sulfur plus 10 parts powdered arsenate<br />
of lead, proves etiective in the control of apple- and pear-scab.<br />
For nursery stock, the first treatment should be made soon<br />
after the first new Icaves appear. This application should be<br />
followed 1-q. at least three more treatments at intervals of two<br />
t,o three Fveeks.<br />
ilS a, general recommendation for nurseries, it is not consiclered<br />
necessary to treat varieties of pear trees for scab except<br />
the I”letnish. In most nurseries it is not necessary to treat<br />
applt~s each yc~ for sca.b, but in some cases the treatment<br />
pro\‘cs profitahlC Where t.hc: disease is commonly observed<br />
on c(r’rtain \Gt+t~s of apples, such as McIntosh and Transcendctlt<br />
NY&~, spra.ying or dusting is advisa,ble.<br />
:\PPIX I’( ~WDISI~Y-MILDEW. ---.- This disease is most commonly<br />
ohserved in the nursery on the foliage and young shoots of the<br />
apple seedling stoc*k. When it appears early in the summer,<br />
the growth of the seedlings is checked and the bark does not<br />
peel readily at budding time.<br />
Ikscriptin~~. - ‘I’llt~ disease appears as grayish white, feltlike<br />
areas on the foliage, varying in size from a minute speck<br />
to an inch in diatnctt-ar. The diseased leaves are stunted and<br />
haye a tcndcnq, t.o crinkle and curl up. Aft’ected shoots are<br />
stunted ;tticl appear tnuch shorter than healthy twigs.<br />
(‘n Ilsr’. -- The disease is caused by a fungus, .Z%~!osph~~a<br />
lwcotricho. The grayish patches of mildew on the leaf or the<br />
shoot. consist of a tangle of fine threads or strands of the<br />
fungus. Tl lis . 1 oosely interwoven mass of threads (known as<br />
m~*celium) produces spores that, are carried by wind and rain<br />
to other lea,ves where they produce new patches of mildew.<br />
The fungus lives over winter between the dormant bud-scales<br />
or by means of special fruiting bodies.<br />
C~olltrol. -- Lime-sulfur solution 1 to 40 is eflective to a
198 7’IlE NURSERY-MANTJA I,<br />
certain dcgrce, in cbcmtrolling apple mildew, but the addition<br />
of 3 pounds of iron sulfate makes a more ctfec,tive mixture.<br />
l)usting with a mixture of 90 parts sulfur and 10 parts powdered<br />
arsenat.c of lead also has proved satisfactory in checking the<br />
mildew.<br />
In some seiW2ns tile mildew is more prevalent than in other<br />
years, aiid when the disease is sbundant an efl’ort should bc<br />
riide to keep its much as possible of the new<br />
growth covered with the fungicide. The first<br />
application should be made soon after the seedlings<br />
have developed the first new leaves.<br />
Three or four subsequent treatments should be<br />
made at. intervals of two to three weeks.<br />
YEI,LO~WAL~ I~SEA~+E OF CI~RI~T mn I'Lm.<br />
- - The yellow-ieaf may be very destructive to<br />
nurser) trees when weather conditions are<br />
FIG. A ‘q,3. y(+ fa\-orable. Mazzard cherry seedlings arc exlow-leaf<br />
discasu of ceetlingly susceptible and often badly defoliclwrry.<br />
ated. i\Iahaleh cherry seedlings are commonly<br />
afleeted, while myrobalan plum seedlings show a considerable<br />
degree of resistaiicc. The sweet and sour varieties of cherry<br />
and the European varieties of plum are more susceptible to the<br />
disease than thtb .Japanese plum varieties.<br />
Ihsr riptiob. - The disease appears on the cherry foliage as<br />
dark red sp( )t. c; , th:rt, ma). he abundant on the leaves (Fig. XS> .<br />
Tn the ad\xiicecl stages of the disea,se, a yellowing of the affected<br />
foliage may occur and the leaves fall premat.urely. On the<br />
plum foliage the disez;e is conspicuous because of the shothole<br />
appe:rran[*e of the leaves caused by the d.ropping out of<br />
the c*irc&r areas of affected tissue. The same yellowing<br />
sometimes appears on diseased plum leaves but never so abundantly<br />
as on sweet cherry foliage.<br />
Cause. - The yellow-leaf disease on cherry is caused by the
CERTAIN ELEMENTS IN NURSERY PRACTICE 199<br />
fungus Cocco~~nyces /zie7r&is, and a similar fungus causes the<br />
yellow-leaf or shot-hole of plum. The fungus produces masses<br />
of spores that appear as small, white, velvety pustules on the<br />
undersides of the leaves, opposite the discolored spots. These<br />
spores are produced throughout the summer and being carried<br />
by wind and rain to other leaves cause new infections. The<br />
fungus lives over winter in the fallen leaves on the ground, and<br />
in the spring spe4al fruiting bodies (ascocarps) develop in<br />
they old leaves. Spores discharged from the ascocarps pro-<br />
(1u~ t!le first infections that appear on the new foliage.<br />
hi trd. ---.- I, ime-sulfltr solution 1 to 50, or a dust mixture<br />
of !G pa”‘ts filH?l)’ ,grourltl sulfur to 5 parts powdered lead arsenate,<br />
i.; &‘c&ve for the control of the yellow-leaf disease.<br />
‘1’1~ first application should be made when the first-year buds<br />
WC about six to ten inches high. As a rule, five to seven<br />
:qq4i&ons at inter\-& of about two weeks are sufficient.<br />
An attempt should be made to keep as much as possible of the<br />
foliage protcc.tctl throughout the summer. It is usually not<br />
necessary to treat m>-rob&n plum seedlings or the Japanese<br />
varieties of plums sincbe the yellow-leaf disease seldom causes<br />
111UCll tlillUage Oil tllWt& trees.<br />
~'~~IVI'DERT-MILDEW cw <strong>CHE</strong>RRY. - The mildew of cherry can<br />
bc recognizt4 1,~ the &aracteristic upward rolling of the foliage,<br />
actc~orklI.““~i~‘(1 by a shortening and an increased thickness of<br />
the internodes of the twigs. The curled leaves are covered<br />
011 tllch ullcler S\lrftl(‘t with a txngle of white felt-like threads.<br />
I ‘sutJly ;lfter miclsummer, small black specks ma,y be observed<br />
sc~attorrJ OYW the surf~e of the felt-like mass on the underside<br />
of tlw ltd. ‘l’hc &3x is fht3 work of the fungus PodospA@rU<br />
cr.~~~frc~c~rrtIlrr~.<br />
(‘r~f~l. -- The trea.tments for the yellow-leaf disease of<br />
dltW~~ id plwn are also suficient for the control of the<br />
mildr~w.
200 TllE NIJRSERY-MANIJAL<br />
&ITIRACNOSE OF CURRANTS AND ~OSEI;IERRIES.- The<br />
anthracnose disease often causes heavy defoliation of nursery<br />
stock early in the season. Usually<br />
the currants are more severely affected<br />
than the gooseberries.<br />
I)P.wriptifm. - The disease appears<br />
on the leaves as small circular spots,<br />
dark brown in color and about one<br />
twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter<br />
(Fig. 311). Severely afk’ected folkge<br />
soon turns yellow and falls prematurely.<br />
ltlw:wI~cm of ~‘(f121~se. - The disease is caused by<br />
cTlrr:1111.<br />
the fungus I’~mdopf3kr. ribis. Spores<br />
of the fungus are produced in the spots on the leaves a.nd<br />
being carried by wind and rain to other leaves the spores<br />
germinate and produce new infections. Special fruiting bodies<br />
(apot.heeia,) of the fungus develop in the diseased leaves<br />
which fall to the ground and these apothecia serve to bridge<br />
the fungus OCR winter. In the spring, spores are produced<br />
which affect the new foliage.<br />
Control. --- Spraying the bushes with<br />
lime-sulfur solution 1 to 40, or dusting<br />
with a mixture of 95 parts finely ground<br />
sulfur to 5 parts powdered arsenat.e of<br />
lead, has pro~tl c#ective in controlling<br />
the anthraciiose. It is advisable to<br />
make the first application when the<br />
leaves are unfolding and other applicutions<br />
at intervals of ten to twenty days<br />
until about five or six treatments have<br />
Fru. 215. Septorin leafspot<br />
of gooselxrry uxd<br />
been made.<br />
cwrarit~.<br />
SEWORIA LEAF-SPOT OF CURRAN~~~ AND C~~HE~ERRIES.---<br />
The septoria leaf-spot occurs on various species of Iiibes. It
t:ERTAIN Ei,EMENTS IN NlrRSERY PRACTICE 201<br />
is often the chief cause of the dropping of currant leaves and<br />
inay be destruc%ivc also on gooseberries.<br />
Ihmipfio~r. .-.--- The septoria leaf-spot disease causes rather<br />
large angular lesions with grayish centers and brown borders.<br />
Wit.hin tile grayish center of old spots may bc~ observed several<br />
minute black specks. The spots may be few or many on the<br />
leaf ; whm they al*e numerous, the leaf turns yellow and falls<br />
prematurely- (Figs. 2 15,<br />
Zlti). The septoria<br />
leaf-spot is tlisting&lied<br />
easil>- from hhe<br />
antluxc~nosc disease by<br />
thtl much larger and<br />
well-defined lesions,<br />
with characteristic<br />
light-colored centers.<br />
Ccr~usr. - The disease<br />
is caused by the<br />
fungus A~1yms]dllr~clbn<br />
tJ ross7i It1 r ilr . The minute<br />
black specks in<br />
the center of the okI FI(;. 2l(i. Sty\tori:t Icnf-spot of currnnt and<br />
goos~bcrry.<br />
sp0t.s are fruit~ing<br />
bodies (pycnidki) of the fungus. The pycnidia contain spores<br />
which a,re disseminateci by the wind a,nd rain, and are thus a<br />
means for further spread of the fungus. Falling 011 currant or<br />
gooseberry leaves, the spores germinate a,nd produce new infect<br />
ions. The fungus lives over winter in t.he old leaves on<br />
the ground and in the spring sptxG1 spores nre produced that<br />
&tack the new foliage. As with most leaf-spot fungi, heavy<br />
rains, followed by da~up cloudy weather, grea’tly augment<br />
the sprk2acl of this p;krasite.<br />
C’orrtrol. -- hkasures suita,ble for the anthracnose disease<br />
control a.lso the septoria leaf-spot. The first application
.-ihoulrl bc ma(lc soon after tllc IICW lctlVC!S i1W puslld forth<br />
in the spring. 14~ or five subsequent applications should bc<br />
marl
of iltl’t’t’t~V1 1)IlfIS fail IO ClC-<br />
FIG. 317. Ld-cu4 of peach.<br />
(491 to protividv fnwr the opwiiq bud-scdcs. The lesions may<br />
L WElfi9lt'd t 0 it p:trt, of tlic blacle or the pctiolc, or they may<br />
iiiwlw the rb99tirci Id mrl extend into the twig (Fig. ali).<br />
Thv (1iscasscvI p;lrts iire t.hick alld brittle, causing a considerahk<br />
inmwe ii1 n-tight rrf the afYectet1 lea.ws. With the<br />
mt~tl9wtio9~ of tlrc lewcs, the pale yellow or red color distt]I~Wil1’S<br />
aid t hc 1i4~TpertroplGed area on the upper surface<br />
hc~mws sihqv in appearance. The first, leaves to expand are<br />
usuull~* the most aft’ected, and the curled leaves finally die and
CERTAIN ELEMENTS IN NURSERY PRACTICE 205<br />
red to dark brown, and a minute slightly elevated black area<br />
appears iir the center of the spot.<br />
The spots are circular in outline and may be so numerous<br />
a.s to involve most of the leaf tissue. When the trees are<br />
severely attacked the leaves turn yellow or brown, especially<br />
those of quince, and readily fa,ll. The disease also affects the<br />
twigs to some extent. Leaf-blight may be distinguished from<br />
the septoria leaf-spot as the spots are smaller, more colored<br />
when young, and somewhat more circular. The septoria spots<br />
are apparent on the under surface of the<br />
leaf. In the nursery, septoria spot is generally<br />
found OH budded pears, while leafblight<br />
is commouer on quinces and pear<br />
seedlings (Fig. 21s).<br />
Crc17~~w. - The leaf-blight disease is<br />
wused by IfmY4Yl~ ~7Mfwl(rffl. Thc~ small<br />
lhk specks previously ment ion~~d, wlkli<br />
develop in the center’ of the aflkcted areas<br />
of the leaf, arc! the reproduc~tive hdies<br />
(acervuli) of the fungus. Kithin the FrcJ. 2tz.,,it,‘-““‘t<br />
acerxulus spores are developed, wll icli<br />
011 beir1.g discharged ar/’ carried by wind and rain to the<br />
foliage. Uncler favorable condiths, with the presence of<br />
moistu**e, the spores germinate and produce new infections. In<br />
this way the fui~gus is propagated throughout the summer.<br />
Some of the spores 11xq’ live over winter on the diseased twigs<br />
and produce iitw infectious wh growth starts in spring ;<br />
but utj doubt ,thc greater proportion of infections in earl><br />
spring is due to the sexual stage (peritliecia) of the parasite.<br />
The perithecia develop on the fallen leaves, and the next<br />
spring discharge many spores which produce the first infections<br />
of the season.<br />
hr2.f rd. - Spraying with lime-sulfur solution 1 to 40, or<br />
‘dusting with a mixture of 95 parts finely ground sulfur and
Ihwli-swr 01~‘ I{oslr:s. - The disease liiiowi as black-spot,<br />
lwf-blotc4 or lt~;Aq~ot is ow of the most destrwtive diseases<br />
011 r( ws. I II lwscrks the rose plmts severely affected become<br />
~IC’fOliiLtCYt in s~I~nllicr, in many caws causing the leaf-buds,<br />
whkh st~wdtf ~~lll;~ill dormant until the following year, to<br />
O]IC’ll tiktt? ilk ttlC SCYlStill.<br />
Ilfsrrildif)?r . ---- The s>-mpt,oms of the disease are black sootlike<br />
blotches OH t.he upper surface of the leaves (~Fig. 230).
The spots are first small, but tliP;\r increase in size to a half<br />
inch in diameter. Often a number of spots coalesce involving<br />
a considerable part of the leaf tissue. A very marked character<br />
is the fringed border of the spots. Severely affected<br />
lea,ved usually turn yellow and fall prematurely.<br />
t-21 l1Sf. -- The cause of the disease is the fungus I)$ocqarpon<br />
rostx . Spores of the fungus which are borne in the black spots<br />
on the leaves are disseminated<br />
by wind and rain to new foliige<br />
where they produce<br />
new infe&ms. Special fruiting<br />
bodies which develop in<br />
the diseased leaves that fall<br />
to the ground carry the fungus<br />
over winter.<br />
t ?I~7 trol. - Bordeaux mixture,<br />
or a dust mixture consisting<br />
of 95 pa,rts finely<br />
ground sulfur and 5 parts<br />
powdcrcd lcnd arsenate, will<br />
control t,he black-spot disease.<br />
The first application<br />
should be made in early summer,<br />
soon after the first new<br />
leaves arc I lcvclopcd. Four. or five subsequent trea,tments<br />
should be made at intervals of about two weeks.<br />
~h.JIW Ok’ ~k.,SE AND h4CII. - Mildew is found on both<br />
the peach and the rose, but it is commoner on the latter. AS<br />
a rule, peach mildew is of little importa,nce in the nursery, but .<br />
rose mildew often causes considerable damage. The disease<br />
on roses checks the growth of the plants in the field, and some<br />
growers are of the opinion that severely mildewed rose stock<br />
does not keep well in storage. The affected shoots tend to
Often the aphids secrete a sweet liquid known as honey-dew in<br />
which a black funglls develops and gives the infested foliage<br />
and twigs a sooty appearmce. The<br />
green colored species (L~l~~his ym’: and<br />
b<br />
A phis sorlzi) are c’omrnonly found 011 apple<br />
and qui me, while chrry hds me often<br />
. attacked by a, black-colored species (Xyxs<br />
k ct3-ik j .<br />
COllfTOl. - The aphids lay small shiny<br />
bla,ck eggs on the twigs in autumn.<br />
F Sprayhim Q in October with tobacco extract,<br />
r 3 of a pint in 100 gallo~is of water, addiil,g<br />
:; pounds of soap -to exl1 101) gahs to<br />
a 4 make the liquid spread better, will kill<br />
many of the aphids before tlic eggs are<br />
laid. Aphid irifestations ~‘a.11 be grcatl)<br />
fi,-.. reduced by spraying with t.hc almve soluu<br />
(’ 1%’ 1 y<br />
~1t.M (.I’- tion just, after the eggs hatch in thc~ spring ;
CERTAIN ELEMENTS IN NURSERY PRACTICE 211<br />
The nodular swellings or aphis galls are especially common<br />
on the roots of nursery stock. The woolly aphis is known to<br />
entomologists as Schiwnc2dra Zmigera.<br />
cht?d. - The woolly aphis appears first in summer on the<br />
trunk and branches aboveground and it can then be readily<br />
controlled by drenching the woolly colonies with 15 per cent<br />
kerosene emulsioli. The treatment should be made as soon<br />
as the aphids appear, and this will prevent many of them from<br />
migrating to the roots.<br />
oval-shaped, reddish<br />
are usually found on<br />
live under the pro-<br />
the spring. sprtl,vil~g the hibernating J?rc:. g;raW;h;ft;r;<br />
eggs while the tree.-; art’ dormant with x~‘t~;tlme& 37I<br />
.<br />
. L .<br />
lime-sulfur solution 1 to 9 will prove<br />
d-b&W. T!;e red-spider (Tetranychus) hibernates throughout<br />
the winter iu the ground and crawls baScl; to the foliage in
the spring. Dusting the foliage with sulfur will kill the redspitler<br />
.<br />
PEA It I’SYbL.4. - The pear psylla (Pqlln pyricola.) is a minute<br />
yellowish flat-bodied sucking insect that occasionally attacks<br />
the foliage of nursery pear trees early in<br />
the season. The psyllas develop into minute<br />
cicada-like jumping lice. The young psyllas<br />
serbrcte a sweet sticky honey dew in which<br />
a peculiar black fungus grows, giving the foliage<br />
a sooty appearance. There may be four<br />
broods annually.<br />
d<br />
(votttrob. - Spray for the adult psyllas, dur-<br />
Fro. 223.<br />
~~iA~d pl:m1-hug. T”r- ing warm p&iods in December or March, with<br />
tobacco extract, il. of a pint in 100 gallons of<br />
water, with 5 pounds fish-oil soap added. Good results have<br />
b~crl (Maii~ed l)>v making an application of lime-sulfur solution<br />
1 to 8 just after the leaf-buds open in the spring. If the psyllas<br />
appear 011 t,hc new foliage, make another treatment with the<br />
tt~bil(‘~‘O an(i SOlip solution.<br />
‘C.u-PJIHIiI:I) l~LANT-nvG. - This sucking bug (Fig. ,323)<br />
attwclis m:tny species of plants. In feeding, it punctures the<br />
buds and tender growing tips and sucks the juices. Peach<br />
nurseq stock is often seriously injured. The bugs kill the<br />
tender tips, cnusing the tree to throw out lateral branches<br />
which are ill turn similarly injured, causing an overbranched<br />
stwittvl tree. l’tw a1d apple st.od c are often attacked but<br />
seem alA to outgrow t.he iujury more easily than peach trees.<br />
This irlscbc*t is of grtxt importance in spreading the fire-blight<br />
bacteria in :qq)le, pear and quince trees. The adult tarnished<br />
plant-bug is ahout !j inch in length and colored a dull yellowish<br />
or greenish, ruottlcd with rctldish brown. The species is Lyg us<br />
pr& tia is.
~ERT,i IN El,E~IfENTR IN N IJRSERY PRACTICE 213<br />
Ihfrol. -- ‘i’hc control OF the t.arnished plant-bug in the<br />
nursc~r~ is still an unsolved problem.<br />
AI’I’IJTI: Ixw-I1oPPIm. --- The leaf-hopper (E??L~xMsCcI 71&a@<br />
mat\l atta& the Foli;lgr of apple, (burrant, rose, gooseberry,<br />
raspberrj~ and numerous other plants. These insects (Pig. 224)<br />
sur4\: t,hr> juicae from the leaves, causing t,hem to curl and to<br />
assuint: a mottled yc\IIowish appea,rancle. The insects work<br />
tnostI~* 011 the ut&rsides of the leaves. &eding on the terminal<br />
ICWW of the growing shoots in the latter part of (June, July and<br />
August, tlqv may rcti& the growt,Ii and thus cause such trees<br />
its ;tp1)1(5 to he stritlttcl an(1 undersizetl.<br />
(‘cM~)b. -~- It. is difficult to hit t.he young hoppers in the<br />
CWM Icavcs by spraying and this method of treatment is not<br />
protitalrle. I )ipping badl~~ infested stock with a soap solution,<br />
OI~C~ pou1~1 it1 S ~;&HH of water, kills most of t.he young hoppers.<br />
The dipping sho~~ld be clone in the latt.er part of June and again<br />
about 11 tnonth Iatxir. In Nissouri nurseries the hoppers are<br />
sometimes cqtur4 on sticky shields mounted<br />
on it two-n~I~t&4 c3rt drawn by a horse.<br />
SAN .Josi;: SCUX. --- The San Jo& scale<br />
( A~iSpidifd?M I)fTrl iriosus) att.acks practically<br />
aI1 deciduous fruit and ornamental plants and<br />
is often very destructive in the nursery.<br />
The insect, may he recognized by two forms<br />
of scales on the bark and fruit (Pig. 225).<br />
The largest scales are about & of an inch in FIG. 224. The<br />
diameter, nearly circular, gray, with a central apple leaf-hopljcr,<br />
adult (x 11).<br />
rla~rk nipple surrounded by a yellowish ring.<br />
The smaller scales are nearly black with a central gray dot<br />
surrounded by a black depressed ring bordered by a grayish<br />
ring. Usually the bark appears reddish in color around the<br />
scale. When abundant the scale forms a crust on the bark.
214 T?1E ,VliR,SERY-AIri NlJAL<br />
Tht W& mr~ltipli~~s with marvelous nr.pidit.y, there being<br />
three or four broods annually, allcl eac4i mother scale may<br />
give birth to several hundred<br />
l .h, .,<br />
yNll1g. The young are born<br />
alive and breeding continues until<br />
Intc! allt.111~1 II. The snizlll halfgrown<br />
bIa& SC&~ are resista,nt<br />
to GYM wea,tIier a,nt I many of<br />
them hibt~rnatc safely.<br />
(‘orzfrol. --- San Jo& scale can<br />
be coi~troIIed by spraying with<br />
linle-sulfur solution 1 to 8 in the<br />
aut.umn or spring while the plants<br />
are dormant. Uons or cuttings<br />
reclei ved 1)) nursery-men from<br />
a’nother locality should be fumigated<br />
with hydrocyanic gas before<br />
they are used in order t.o prevent<br />
Frc;. 225. St111 JO& sritlc. the introduction of the scale.<br />
T!lE PEAR SLW. - This insect (I:‘rioctl,~l~1)~)1’~~~~ lin~~ci~)<br />
attacks the foliage of pear, cherry, quince and plum. In the<br />
North the small oval eggs appear on the foliage as blisters<br />
about the middle of 1Ia.y. About two weeks later the eggs<br />
ha,tch and the dark green Iarvc713 appear on the upper side of<br />
tI1e Ie:rf. The larve are covered with a sticky slime and have<br />
the appearance of small snails. The body is swollen in front<br />
and tapers beI~ind like a tadpole (Fig. 2%). There may be<br />
two or t.hree broods in the summer.<br />
The larxe feed on the upper surface of the leaves, eating<br />
only the epidermis and lea,ving the skeleton of veins and the<br />
lower epidermis to turn brown and wither. Badly injured<br />
leaves fall and trees in the nursery may be entirely defoliated<br />
by midsummer.
CERTAtIN ELEilIE,VTS IN NURSERY PRACTICE 215<br />
CbPl t rod. - An application of freshly slaked lime or powdered<br />
arsenate of lead will destroy the slugs. The dust mixtures<br />
emplo?-ed in the control of pear leaf-spot or yellow-leaf of cherry<br />
will also kill them.<br />
t? I’RR.CW ~\‘ORAIS. - The green currant worm (C~~~OWJAUS<br />
a2~~~~“l~li~lll”tl~.s~ and the imported currant worm (Pteroms<br />
ri~~ii> are often destructive on currant and<br />
gooseberr) buslles. These worms appear on<br />
the bushes two or three weeks aft,er the leaves<br />
d~~Jop in the spring, and if numerous they<br />
arc’ able to strip a bush of its leaves within a<br />
ft5v claJ?L<br />
The imported worm is about. j$ inch in<br />
length, green in color with black spots. The<br />
grcc~ worm is smallt~r, has a blackish head<br />
but. lacks the t~1la~4; spots. There may be<br />
three or more broods of the green worm during FIG. ZX. PEW<br />
slugs at work.<br />
the sunimer.<br />
il’or&d. -- ;2p$ications of a dust mixture or a spray SolUtion<br />
contairGrq arsenate of lead will vlleck these insects. The<br />
treatment rc~cc)rnnrcrlclecl for the leaf-spot diseases on currant<br />
will alw ctrmfrd tlw wmns if lead arsenate is added to the<br />
fungicide.
to I~loricl:~ ;llI(t t ‘illifr)l~llitt~. l’:St 1’il C’ili’t‘<br />
tIltI ~t:!f~~Iilt~Ilts iI1 tllct 1)Ook illltlltbllti(.~, t)<br />
liis ()\\.I1 r%li ii\ llI;lI;iIlg il],l>liCiltiOllS.
220 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
(‘ones should be matured full~v ‘r~efore being gathered. If they<br />
hold t,he seeds tightl>-, they should be placed in a dry place, sometimes<br />
even in an oven, until the scales spread. In some species,<br />
as the balsam fir, the cones drop and fall to pieces as soon as ripe,<br />
and these cones must be gathered just before they begin to fall.<br />
The seeds may be separated by rubbing them in the hands, when<br />
they are thoroughly dry, then winnowing them out through a<br />
sieve. To obtain stocky plants, the seedlings should be transplanted<br />
the following spring.<br />
The named vuricties and the species which do not produce sufficient<br />
sethd are winter-worked on seedling stocks which are potted<br />
in the fall. !‘u ttings of growing t,ips set i? sand in a close wellshaded<br />
house or frame are often successful. Stocks the size of a<br />
1t’iLd pencil iiW COlllI~~o:ll~ UWtl. One-year-old seedlings are usually<br />
prefcrrctl, I )llt in some cases the requisite size is not reached<br />
lmtil t~hc sec’oti(1 or third J-ear. Any of the common operations<br />
of grafting may bc employed, but the veneer-graft is best. The<br />
conifers are not difficult to graft. The European silver fir (A&es<br />
I’icrn or pwt~‘wxtcr) or the balsam fir nl;~y be used as a stock, but<br />
tlv> common Norway spruce is now the most popular stock for<br />
species of both :1bies and Picea (see P~icca).<br />
Readily<br />
propagate(1 by seeds ; also l)y softwood cuttings.<br />
I’ropagatctl by seeds sown in autumn or spring. Sometimes<br />
sown in pots of sanely soil, and kept in il frame till the following<br />
spring, then placcrl in their flowering cluarters. Also increased<br />
by young cuttings , set in spring, in sandy soil. Spring sowing in<br />
the open is a con~mon method in this country. The outer coverings<br />
of the seed should be removed.<br />
Abrus. Impi 1~1 irloscr.<br />
Propagated by seeds, more quickly by soaking ; also by cuttings<br />
under glass in sand.<br />
Abutilon (Flowering Maple). Malvacec~).<br />
Propa.gatet.1 by seeds and cuttings. Sow seeds in pans, with same<br />
soil and temperature as for cuttings ; if planted in March, blooming<br />
plants should be secured by autumn. Cuttings may be taken<br />
from young wood, at almost any season ; the best time is spring
THE NC~RSERY-LIST 221<br />
or fall. The cuttings may be st.ruck in a bench or in pots, in a<br />
tenipcrature of 65’ to 75”.<br />
Acacia. Lcpl Ul iM&YE.<br />
Propagated by seeds as soon as ripe. Soak in warm water twentyfour<br />
hours if seeds are not, fresh. Keep tenqxrature ai)out, .X5”<br />
or liO”, an(l pot of? \vlltln la1’gSth cnougli to hanrll~~. ~tlso incrtlase(l 1.)~<br />
cuttings of the lliilf-I*ir>t?Ilc(l WOWI in ;L l,r(~l,il~il,tinK-~~iIII~~~ or 011 tl<br />
hW41. :1. &Y111mYYws is graftchcl on x~ecllil~gs of ,.I. bongifolicl,<br />
il. Builf~~ytl~lt~ or ,.I. rt~f~lfrtrf~.~~~~lf~rt~ this alit1 sonic’ otllvrs strike from<br />
root-cuttings. SW also ZCObi,l ir1.<br />
Ar.al.ypha. I:‘ul’ho~bitrr~ltrl.<br />
PIWpLlgilt~Vl l,y StJPClS, soLvn itnnicdiatel~~ or striltifitV1 and sown<br />
in spring ; iLlSO l)y root-cuttings \vitll I)OttOlll Il(hilt :In(l 1))’ SOftwood<br />
cuttings tilkt’I1 frown for4 pInutS.<br />
Acanthophcmix. l’trhtrcta~<br />
Iianrlled by stvvls, scnvtl iI1 Ilottoln hthat, in a \vvll-rotted compost.<br />
See Pdms, page 3X.<br />
Acanthorhiza. I’Cl(!wwrv.<br />
Propagated by secvls, SOWI preferably<br />
oyer bottom heat. SW Ynlws, piqy :3x.<br />
in spring, in fresh peat<br />
Acanthus (Bear’s Hrccch). ,~ltwt~fhrrtvw.<br />
Increased 1~~. seects in Iniltl litat, anil 1,)~ tli\-ision in autumn or<br />
early spring. .-Us0 illt’l’t’ilSt’t1 I,), root-ciittingx.<br />
Acer (Maple). .4 vv~(~c(v~.<br />
Stocks are groivn from stratified see(ls, wllich should 1~ sown<br />
an inch or tfvo deep. Somc~ vtlry tharl>r-ripening species, as A.<br />
s~~chtrri~~~c~~ ad ..I. r*~brrt~r (t,he sil\vvr or soft maple and the red<br />
maple) come reatl,il~* if s~tls arca sinlpl)r sown as soon as ripe ;<br />
they will not keep well until the nest spring. Varieties are often
TftE N URSh’fZ Y-LIST 223<br />
t, I )egins to grow. See Orch&,
234 THE S CJRSERY-MAN r/AL<br />
Akhynanthus : l’richosporu,ll.<br />
&sculus (Elorse-( ‘best nu t . But beye). Ilil)poctLstalLu.ccra?.<br />
Propagated readily by- strat,ified seeds in spring, and by layers<br />
in spring or autumn ; und 1)~ grafting or lmdding on the<br />
common horse-chest.nut or native buckeye, usuaIlly under glass.<br />
Aganisia. Orchidtrcm.<br />
Propagated by di+ling the ps&ot mll)s just before growth<br />
starts. See Orchifl,~, pge :I??.<br />
Agapanthus (:Ifrioan Lily) + Liliwrw.<br />
Propagated by offs&s, and I~IOT’C cornlnonl~ ~IJ- dividing the old<br />
plants in early spring ; al:;o sometimes by seeds, if procurable.<br />
Agave. A mar!ldbittrrcr~(~.<br />
Increased by- w‘P&, to secure the produ&ion of which the flowers<br />
usually need to be pollinat~cd. Propagated more commonly by suckers,<br />
which spring naturally from the old plant, or by underground<br />
shoots. Some kinds produce buds from the stem which may be<br />
detached and planted ; a few species bear bulbels in the flowerclusters.<br />
Tl w century-plant belongs here.<br />
Ageratum. Compositcc.<br />
Easily grown from se& in the open or started in the greenhouse,<br />
growing in any garden soil.<br />
Aglaonema. ~1 TWW.<br />
Propagated by tli\-ision and cuttings. Put the parts into sand bed<br />
previous to potting, to develop new roots. See /Irace@, page 239.<br />
Agrostis (Bent-Grass). G~~N&PGT.<br />
Increased easily by seeds, sown in spring in the open ; sometimes<br />
kept in pots for ornament. Some kinds are agricultural field grasses,<br />
sown broadcast or by a drill.<br />
Ailanthus (Tree of HealTen). Simarubctcrcr.<br />
Propagated by suckers, and by root-cuttings. Seeds are used<br />
when large quantities are desired ; they grow readily if sown soon<br />
after maturing.<br />
Ajuga (Bugle). Lnbintce.<br />
Perennials are propagated by seeds sown in t.he open in spring<br />
or autumn, and by division ; annuals, by seeds sown where<br />
plants are to stand. The plants are readily divided.
226 THE iVURi?ERY--MANUAL<br />
alk to almonds, 8s stocks. 1Vhcw irriga~tion is practiced, prefcwttccs<br />
arv espr~~sscrl for thct peach stocks as they withstand the<br />
fluct,uating moistuw conditions l.wtter than the almond. The<br />
alhtottd uttites wr4 kvith l’~wws (or 1-1 wgy!~rlus) D~~G./iu~~~cx, the<br />
“ wild peaoh of (‘hina,” and its r0ot.s apptw to lw tnore resistant<br />
to alkali in the soil than art’ peach roots, but its ultitnate influence<br />
on the siw, longevity, vigor a,ttd product.iven~~ss of the tree has<br />
not lwrtt rlt~tc~rttiineti. The trtyrol)alan plutn has been used as a<br />
stock for almottds, anti r~~‘(!ortttttended especially for poorly drained<br />
soils, Ijut the ultnorttl outgrows the plum stock, although the union<br />
;~ppwrs to be st rang. The rwult is a dwarfing of the &e, and apparently<br />
such trws do not heat as well as those on almond or<br />
peach sto&s.<br />
The so-enllCY1 flc w~~t~itt~ altnonds (se\wal species of I+mus) will<br />
grow frcrtn root-cuttings if Ott their own roots. Hcc4-in the plants<br />
in fal!, attct lwcts Lvill Iwgiti to forttt from the roots in a few weeks ;<br />
tlwtt in&~ cwttings. Results arc’ less satisfactory when cuttings<br />
:tw titkctt ditwtl~~ on first digging tltcb plants. They are sotneti!ll(‘s<br />
I~udcltYl 011 Ill~t~Ol~itliln plUtk1 StoCk, IJUt th?W StOC!kS are likely<br />
t0 ~~~l’~lllf Ot’ SU(‘l- soil, \vittt tetttperutllrt~ Of<br />
7.5” I’. ?fla~*d~ is Iwst time for propaga,ting. See :~I l’frcm’, page<br />
239.
x<br />
. . -( -7 -<br />
. w.2 -
Androsace. I’riw rr~crct~~.<br />
I’rc~p;~g;~tion is I))- di\*ision, seeds and cuttings.<br />
Anemia. S~~lli,rr~rrc~~~ir.<br />
Propugat~d 1)~ spores ; tuftwl<br />
.2pril. L_ 5 ee $hrs, page :< i 2.<br />
hemt%e<br />
--;r _-_,-. . ..-.&X -f- ?:-.<br />
(.ult’llltJJl,L k k Ir~ctnrnwrj.<br />
kinds 1)~ division in March and<br />
1lkr11111d7ctYF.<br />
11icwast~l 1)~ stbti(Is, root-tli\.ision or root-cuttings in autumn or<br />
earl). spring. ‘l’hr~ st~~lletl tuberous kiwis make naturally divisi-<br />
111~ root parts. ‘I%(~ seeds arc sown in open-air lx& in autumn or<br />
spring, in II protcctchtl place.<br />
Angelonia. Scru~~lr~iltr~in~~~tr.<br />
2Uultiplietl I)!- seeds, which should he planted in spring in hotfwds,<br />
and transplanted in the open in 3Ia.y ; or in regions of long<br />
seasons, SCWI~ directly in the open. ,4lso increased by cuttings of<br />
the :-wing shoots in spring. These root readily in a propagatinglwl.<br />
4,1. gr~~~/(flora, the most popular kind, will produce flowers<br />
the first year from seed. ;l . c0rrl.igcn-t is annual.
232 THE .hTIJR,SERY-~‘11,4,~‘UA L<br />
raised from seeds sown directly in the open ground, but. if earlier<br />
hlootn anal a longer season are desired the seeds may be started in<br />
the dwc4ling hottst~, window-garden, hotbed or gl:ctenliouse, and the<br />
stiiall scccllings t IYillSpl~IlttXl to the garden. Whether the seeds<br />
shoulrl be started imloors depentls on the region, t,he hardiness of<br />
the species, the season in which bloom is desired. Small and delicate<br />
sretls slioultl ht* started under cover for protection from beating<br />
ruins ancl witttls, whatever the region, north or south. The<br />
young plattts (II’ some species are so clf~liC%te ant1 tender as to<br />
(1c’tl1iLt1~1 protect ion from wind, hot sun and dryness. All tl1ese<br />
tlcbtililS tlitl gardent~r 1tYLrIlS l)y experience. Hints on then1 are<br />
lilic4~~ to 1x1 found in see(l catalogues.<br />
,Sotttcbt itttes atltl ttais are class~~d as harcly, half-harclj: and tender,<br />
h:i\7itig rc4c~rt~ncc to frost, itIlt in pracfic~ applied to tirne of sowing.<br />
So wick ;irc tlict li1titU(lW in North Atllel’ic’i1, however, within the<br />
litttits Of a single coutttry, that these distinctions are largely given up<br />
ItcW. 11 ltard~’ itttntta! may be sown even before “ settled weather ”<br />
iLIlt When frosts are still esprctctl, as sweet pea, abronia, sweet,<br />
:t!)~:isititt; ilir5t.~ IliillliS arc’ usually sown directlqv in the open ground,<br />
sottictittkc~s 1J\‘t’tl in il.UtUi~ltl. The half-hardy MHIL&, i/s phlox,<br />
illOnSOa, pCtlltlii1, witlrst,ancl c~otisiderable hardship and may bc<br />
started incloors or sown in alie open l)efore the weather becomes<br />
very hot. Tthntler annuals are sown late and are impatient of cold,<br />
and are sonietittk3 protectecl tinder glass or elsewhere all summer ;<br />
~Xilttl~lt’S arc tltiltl)~ i~OttltYitS iLtl(1 cucurbits, tnaurandia, torenia.<br />
Vet=>* ftw iI~tlU~llS I~looni ~~ontit~ttor~sl~~ frottt earl)’ to late. Whet1<br />
seeds begin to forttt, the l~looming usuully halts. The best result3<br />
are obtttined 1)~. rt~peated sowings at intervals, one crop being rettio\7t4<br />
from tltth MS wlten it he#ins to fail and a fresh crop of the<br />
same or anotltrhr sp~Ges put in its place. Thu seedlings should be<br />
transplanttvl before they crowd in the pots or boxes, and care<br />
should be taken t,hat they do not, become ” drawn.” Annuals are<br />
adaptalAr-, ;t nd t hq gi\re niuc~l~ satisfaction when one is willing tb<br />
take suficicant pains in ptV~piqpt,tiotl.<br />
It, is sotnetitttes tlesirul)le to propagate :~n~iuals\,y other means<br />
than seecls itt otxkr to pcrpetuatc* particular strains or forms.<br />
For this purpose cuttings of vigorous young shoots may be taken<br />
late in the sc’asot-I and the new plants carried o\xJr winter in the<br />
window-garden or under glass. Probably not all the annuals can<br />
bi; handkd sati5fai*torily by this ttic~thocl. The pfxennials that are<br />
commonly treated as annuals, as verbena, are readily propagated
234 THE I\r/TR,SER~‘--Pi~iyi!AL<br />
Antirrhinum (%a.prhxgon). Sr~oph?{~nriarc~cr.<br />
lncwastd !iy stw’l;; sij\vn in cariy spring for summer bloom OF<br />
in tnitlsllnlnlcr for wirltc>r lh~~~ undt~ glass ; by cuttings, which<br />
sltonltl bc tiik(xn ill Sthpt ~rnb~ or in spring, when they will readily<br />
root. untkr glass. alost, kinds are hard>-, and for earlJ* spring or<br />
summc’r bloom :WWIS arc som&ncs son’n in the open in August<br />
or Septeml)er anal 1~41 protected in winter where they stand ; in<br />
the spring, the plants may be fi.?~r .$lted from the seed-bed.<br />
Plants started in stm~mclr may be used for winter bloom under<br />
&5!5.<br />
Aphelandra. d 1 CYI ~1 I~wv(~.<br />
Handled b~7 ci 1 t t ings from half-riprnctl wood at. any time, or from<br />
young ~x-ood tilktbn u-itlt. il. hc4 ; pIact in pots of sandy soil, and<br />
1d1111pc~ in pot~tl l~~tton~ heat. (‘an bc increased by seeds, when these<br />
;~rc 0l)tainal)l~~.<br />
Apicra. I,iliilfVY~.<br />
I’ropaga tion 8s for tlloe, \~hic+ set\.<br />
Apocynaceaz. Apocynads.<br />
;I11 the> shrnl)l)Jv sl~e(ks art’ reatlily increased by cuttings from<br />
tht1 J-01111g *(Troivt It or 13~ sr~cls, while thcl hcrl~a~rous pla-nts are<br />
propagat~4 11)~ (li\‘kion antf stwts.<br />
Aponogeton, inclllclin~ On\%xnclra. 1 l~)r,n,09(~fr,,r’irrr’cr.<br />
I’rop;lg;ltt4 r;t1)icil>~ by ~~1s an(l oflfsets. The seeds should be<br />
sowII tks so01I 3s ril)tl :Inci not tlritltl, in pcjts sunk in water and covfbrcld<br />
with glass, or in 1~11s of earth submerged. To obtain good<br />
st~ls, th(t flo\\-fbrs slic~ltl be prtllinatc~ct and kpt above water.<br />
Ti,(> 1‘ c~c -: +kaf (-.1 ~N~ZKMJYO~~, or O~rGrcrrltfrrr, fr~~csfrrrlis) is propagated<br />
I);\- (livision.<br />
Apple ( I’!~I.Ics Mrrl~rs). Hosncrcr.<br />
St;rndar(l Apple stocl~s are grown from seeds, and dwarf stocks<br />
from monnd-la>-ers. 4-\pplt‘ seeds are either imported from France<br />
or ol)taintld from poniace. Formerly “ Vermont crab ” stocks,<br />
grown from the pomace of SW Enpland cider mills, and largely<br />
from stbeclling trcxths, were popular in the Xorth and West. Of late<br />
>-oars, with thtb (lis;lI’E)~‘;1r~lnc(‘ of seedling trees, these stocks have<br />
lost favor, sinccb thlb)- cmIc larF;c‘l~- from cull fruit. of grafted trees.<br />
7%~ Fron~h ~~1s fiivc what are tc&nicnlly known as crab stocks,<br />
although Lotnnically not crab-apples. The yearling stocks them-
THE NURSERY-LIS7’ 235<br />
selves are imported from France in great numbers. 1 t has lwt-~n<br />
supposed that Frenclh crab stocks are hardier a.nd more vigorous<br />
than ours, I)ut, this opinion is much less prevalent than formerly.<br />
Of late years th(by ha\-e not. been available in large quantity, which<br />
has led to the more general DISC of native stocks. *As a rule, nurserymen<br />
who grow trees tlo not raise apple stocks. Stock growing is<br />
largely- a separate business requiring spt&l experiencc~, and in this<br />
country it. is an important industry, mostly in Kansa,s at present<br />
on the f~~rtilo Ijot toln lands.<br />
The &kf prcscnt. sollrcc of apple seeds is the pomace from<br />
cider mills. Tints “ cl~cest~ ” of pomace is broken up, and if the<br />
Illnttxrial is tlr)- enouph it may be run through a large sieve to rcnlo\*c<br />
thrh c’oars;(‘r parts. The scuds are then removed bj- washing.<br />
JVilriOlls (l~~\.i(*(s are in llsc for w-ashing -tlltWl Out. They all pro-<br />
CYYV~ on tlub fact tllat. tile pomace will rise in water and the seeds<br />
sink. ~or11r~ use a. tub or common tank, which is tilted a little to<br />
allow the n-:itttr to flow over the side. Others employ boxes some<br />
7 or 8 feet Ion g, 3 fettt wick and a foot deep, the lower end of which is<br />
only ! 1 in&s clrstbp to illlOW the escape of the water. This box is<br />
set on hench~~s, am1 a good stream of water is carried int.o it at the<br />
upper end. .I l~iisli(4 or two of pomace is emptied in at a time, and<br />
it is hrokn and stirrclcl with a fork or shovc4. When the seeds<br />
are lihcratc~tl, the>- fall to the bottom a.nd the refllse runs over the<br />
louver end. i1n~>tll~‘I’ l)os is pro\+lctl with several cleats, at interpals<br />
of about a foot, and t.he ends art’ left open. The box is set at<br />
an angle, aml tllca set~ls are caught l)&iilcl the clcbxts. Seeds must<br />
not stand long in tlw pomncc pile, or they will 1)~ seriously injured.<br />
Xurser~mcn lilicb to srlcure the pomace as soon as it is taken from<br />
the press.<br />
*-Is soon as the se& are collccM, thq* should be spread on<br />
tables or boards, atncl should be turned frequently until perfectly<br />
dry. Thq- ma>- then be stored in hoses in slightly damp sand or<br />
sawdust, or in powdered charcoal, and kept in a cool and dry place<br />
until spring. Or if they are to bc sown immecliately, they need not<br />
bc dried, but simply’ rniscd with enough dry sand t,o absorb the<br />
water so as to make them easy to handle. Seeds should not be<br />
allowed to become hard and dry through long esposure, or they will<br />
germinate unevenly. Apple seeds procured at the seed stores<br />
may he worthless because of this neglect. Very dry seeds can<br />
sometimes be grown, however, by subjecting them to repeated<br />
soakings and then sprouting in a gentle hotbed or mild forcing-
236 l’(fE iVURI~EIZE’-:a~r117\11/*1/,<br />
llollstb. t ‘Ilange that I\-atc:r on thv s&s c\*vry clay, ant1 at the end<br />
of 11 ~yfx~k or t.cn ~lilJ’s illis kvit,h sand ancl phw in :L tliin layer in the<br />
lrot~wl. Stir frtqucmt I? to prcycnt moltling. I\‘hcn tllc se&<br />
1 wgi n to sprou 1, soii~ tllr9l in tlw opca pountl. This operation,<br />
which is somet imr5 wllrcl “ pipping,” inay I)e performed in a small<br />
wa,y near the I;itcbl1lilIltS COlllC thickly, they<br />
must 1x1 thinn(v1.<br />
I11 tlw ~lutllnin of t llc first >*tb:ir thv socdlings should he large<br />
ellollgh to lx> tlllg iIIl(1 sold tc, gc~ntT;ll nnr:ierc\‘mcn. ~onietinies<br />
th(h poortbst pl;tnts ;II’(’ allo~~~t~tl IO st;IrIci aIl0tllt~r year, but, they are<br />
usllally so SViIt tt’l’illg tl1;l.f tllcy (10 not p;l)’ for the usv of tllc land,<br />
and tlley slioiil~~ 1~ transplantccl thv s;iniv tis the larger stock, or<br />
the weakest 011(5 nlay 1~ thrown a~va~\-. The stocks are dug with<br />
a plow or t rve-(Iiggvr an(1 hec~lctl-in c!osely, so that the leaves<br />
‘( s\vtYlt ” 111Nl fall off. The plants arc‘ then stored in sand, moss<br />
or salvdust in a ~llar. lkfore they are planted, the tops are cut<br />
off near the c’row:n, usually wit.h a hatchet on a block ; or if to he<br />
used for I)uclding, IO io 12 inches or more of the top is left 011.
T/II3 NURSER Y-LIST 237<br />
L>warf stocks art: nlostly ol)tainth(l front rllourlct-layering. The<br />
c’olllnlc)ll sttcbrbli for rlu.arfing is tlltk I’i~lYltlist~ ilpple, a dwarf variety<br />
of tllth c*r)illlllc)ll :tl)I)ltb sptTi(3 (J’!/r,rs Jl~llrls). This variety rarely<br />
iIttiliIlS iI lickigltt Of IllOR tllilI1 4 f’(Y’t. 11 largc~r or freer stock is thcb<br />
I.)oucin, il 1. SO it. \.:!ric.t?* Of l~‘!/i’l(.Y JIfdLl.S, t hilt will produce iLI1 C’llgrikfttVi<br />
trivb ilttcbrillrvli;ltt in sixth I)c~t~vcvn tllilt. aft’ortlcci l)y tile Paradise<br />
and frtach or C’OIIIII~I~ stocks. To obtain stools for moundliIJ.tbriIlg,<br />
t llt:i t l’tv’, ~vl~n well estul~lishcrl, is cut off within 4 or 6<br />
inches of tllc jy0urItl iIl spring, anti in the suItIIIIer scvcwl shoots<br />
or sprouts \j*ill aris;ib. Tlic nest year tile stool is vovt~red l)y<br />
it IIiOI1~1~1, ilII(l 1,)* arltumn thtl layers are rtbatly to take off’.<br />
SonlotiIllt5, M*lIc~II stoc:lW tll’t’ Ktl't', nlc)lintl-la~~c~riIlg is performed<br />
tlw first s11111111t’1’, l)l~fOIYb tilt> ~OUll&$ SllOOtS 1IiLVt’ hardened, 1)Llt<br />
pW(l stoc*ks ill’t’ Ilot Ol)tili~lOtl l))r this method.. (‘ommon green<br />
la>7t+njq is strrnc4rnt5 ~)l.il(~ti~!d’ the first yrar, but it is not in<br />
favor. The cl\vikrf stocks, in common with all apple stocks, may<br />
t>e proI)il~ittt~tl sparingiy 1)~ root-cuttings and by hardwood cuttings.<br />
‘l’lltb ~~nmon cultivated varieties are rooted from hard-
235 TjlE NURSERY-MA.NUAL<br />
wood cuttings with extreme difficulty, if at all. (For a study of<br />
Yara(& stocks, user1 for dwarfing, see Hatton, Journ. Royal Hart.<br />
sot. May, 1919.)<br />
Apple stocks are either grafted or buclded. Root-grafting is<br />
the most common at the West. ; long cions are sometimes used<br />
in order to securt’ own-rooted trees, although only a few varieties<br />
root well On their own wood. Budding is performed in August<br />
ad early St~pttwlwr in the northern states, or it may be begun<br />
on strong stocks in J’uly by using buds that have been kept on ice.<br />
Stocks shoul~l 1x1 strong enough to be budded the same year they<br />
are transplanted, but. the operation is sometimes deferred until<br />
tlie s~~con(l s~ininit~r. Stocks that cannot be worked until the<br />
scconti j’t’ar artA unprofital)lc, especially on valuable land. For<br />
illustri~tions of tllrl rnethorls of grafting apple trees, consult many<br />
of t,llrb figurcbs fro111 Figs. 1.52 to ISS, and Fig. 113s.<br />
For root-graftin,, [r strong one-year-old roots are best, but twoyear-oltls<br />
art> often ristid. For piece-root work, the root is cut into<br />
two or t hrcc pieces of 2 to 3 inches each. The lowest piece is<br />
us~lally small and \veak, and is generally discarded. Whole-root<br />
grafts iLPr’ to !,(I I,rcbfcrrt*tl, IlIllt3s tllC tIYJP i5 to l)C grown on its own<br />
roots 1)~ tlita ust’ of a long chn. For discussion of the relative<br />
rilt*rits of l~utl&~l aricl root-graftcAd trcl(3, turn to page 141.<br />
Thtl Apple is easily top-grafted and top-budded. (See Chapter<br />
VI. For gradw Of trws Of il~)plCS itlld others, see pages 179 to 182 ;<br />
Illt’itSlIl’iIl~ (l(h\*i(*c5 iIIY.’ SlIO\VIl in Figs. 303 to 205.)<br />
Apricot (1’tw~~ us urum imw, I’. claspxrp, P. df umc). Rosnceae.<br />
The apricot t,hrivcs on a variety of stocks. Apricot stocks are<br />
usc~i in apricot-gro\?-ing regions, especially for deep and rich welldrained<br />
soils. The pits grow readily if given the same treatment<br />
as that detailed for the peach (which see). The stocks are also<br />
hanclleti in the s:lme way as peach stocks. Apricots on apricot<br />
roots are riot liLr@Tl~ grown outside of California, in this country.<br />
Apricot stocks can be grown from root-cuttings the same as cherries<br />
and other stone-fruits, but this is lit.tlc practiced.<br />
The apricot tloes well on the peach, especially on light soils.<br />
In the warmer parts of the country peach is much used.<br />
Plum stocks arc’ commonly used at the North, especially if the<br />
trees are to be planted in moist or heavy soils. The common<br />
plum is generally used, but. some of the native plum stocks<br />
are coming into favor, especially in trying climates. The Russian
7’11 E ;Y I ~R:rS/(:R 1’ /,ILS7’ 339<br />
;~pricnts, \v}~irh ;Ir(’ ;L l~rily race of l’i’7ili iis itrlili’?ii(7Ci;, xe grown in<br />
cwlclty c*lini;ltc3 tllan thtk wmInr)n vwrktivs, anti thqy therefore dcttl~lllfl<br />
ltilI’(l)~ StOt’liS. .\IlJ' of tlitl IlittiV(% ~>lrlltlS IttSktt @XX1 StOCkS,<br />
I jut tlw 3ilwriannit is prominent. ‘lb In;~~robalan plum can 1~<br />
used for all aljricots, I)tlt it. is not. popular in severe climates.<br />
The almon(l, l)otll. llartl- ancl soft,-sh&cl, is sometimes used for<br />
t hv a price t , l)lit thv union is likely to 1~ imperfect, ant1 it. is not<br />
rc~colnlut~llcir~c~. .\linl,ilrl-roott~r-1 trees art> thought to be best<br />
aclnptt~cl to light soils. ‘1%~ ~vliol(~ slll,jrBc$ of stocks for apricots is<br />
in twtlcl (II’ ill\.clsl igittiOll.<br />
\‘arictks of ilpriU)tS arc usu;illJ- l~uclrlt~cl, in tht? same Way as the<br />
pfsac11, altllo1~gl~ thcbJ* ltlii)’ lw siOv-graftv(l at, thcl crown in the nursitq-<br />
ro\f’.<br />
Tn ( ‘aliforlikt, tliv :Iljric7>t is nir,stl>- nx~rkrri on apricot, swdlings,<br />
1 )J- 1)ut l(ling t hts swllillgs thv samt’ ~.var the stwl is planted. The<br />
pwh stoc.l< gr0u.n ill tilt% SilllIt? xv;iy !vas formerly preferred and of<br />
I;itcb )‘t’i\I’!i is ag3ili wniing into favor, wpwially in rather shallow<br />
01’ I11(4ilinl I~w\~J. soil.-;. In ltoavy soils, or on hillsides subject to<br />
qwing s(T’pagt’, thtk n1yrcJ~;llan plunl stock is ~rsed. On the almond,<br />
tlrtb union i5 too irtipvrfvct for I~tX~~tiCill piirpows.<br />
Aquilegia (( ‘ol\lmlrin~). l~~r~~~II~III~~~.<br />
I ncrtwwrl I):\- sw IS , sov-ii thinl?, soon aftw ripe, in a sandy soil<br />
or in :i frann~. 13foorning plants should 1)~ liacl tlw second season.<br />
Kwp the wcvl-lwls ItniforrtilJ- Itioist, as tlltb stwls ;irv likely to be<br />
slow in gwminating. IX\-ision of tlw root is vmploycd for the<br />
pwpetuating of na111tvl or horticllltural \-arictics.<br />
Arabis (~Ya114’rcw. Rocl~-( ‘wss). C’~~w~l;~~*rr.<br />
hlllltiplied rcadil~- I)>* scwls soivn in the open or in pans, ii1<br />
spring ; 1)~ cli\-ision of the root, and 1,~. cuttings in a shady place<br />
or a frame in summc~r.<br />
Araceae. Aroids.<br />
Propagation is by swd, in most cases sown as soon as ripe, using<br />
a compost of peat, loam, sand and sphagnum moss, cowring lightly,<br />
placing the tropical spwie :; in a close nloist propqating-case where<br />
a tcmprratlirc of 75” to 80” is maintained. Seeds of species from<br />
temperate climates may lw placed in a tt3nperature of 65’ to 70”.<br />
The soil shouhl btb kept uniformly moist at, all timps. Some kinds<br />
art’ incretrsetl !)J- of-tsets, others by tubers, while the larger number<br />
arc increased by division or by cuttings.
240 7’1113 MIrRS~:IZY-~~i.ilNUBL<br />
Arachis : I’m 11 ,r f.<br />
Aralia. . I u~lifrrur.<br />
PlWiMgiltC~~l I)y stvvls soxvn in spring ant 1 by root-cl‘! :.I~ss, also by<br />
stem-cuttings, ;dl in hwt. ‘l’lir~ grt~(~nhollsc~ kintls I’ is, ;mt. likely<br />
to proctllct~ stbtvis. 7%~: ~)lil,lltS ~oIti~IroIll~~ kno~~ll to horticultwists<br />
as alXliils il,I’f’ IIoIv tlistril)uttvl in w\*f~rtll gwwrii, tllc true aralias<br />
bcing rnwt,l~- llitrt~~~ 01’ ll;Llf-lliLr(ly olltcloor plarlts in tile northern and<br />
cc*litral stat- tillit’ tl?Cf? )*l’ilI’S tO root.<br />
Archangelica. r -/tt h&ffvY~~.<br />
I’ropagxtcvl I))- steels sown ii1 autuum as soon as ripe, or the<br />
following spring in scvwc climates.<br />
Archontophcmix. d’trbwrrcorr.<br />
Propagation 1)~ ~~~1s in heat. See Pdm, page 3ii.<br />
Arctostaphylos ant1 Arctous. ~rirnwn.<br />
Propag:~tion as for arbutus, which see ; mostly 1,)~ dkision of<br />
the plants when possible, and also by seeds and cuttings. If cut-
TTTE N URSERY-tTST 241<br />
tings are taken in January and placed in sand in bottom<br />
they root readily.<br />
l~‘nnz posit ff.<br />
hvat,<br />
Arctotis.<br />
Propagatcvl l,y cuttings in mild heat,. The commonly cultivated<br />
kintls arv ttbn(itlr arlnuals and may be raised readily from seeds<br />
sown in the open \vhtAn weather is warm, or started indoors.<br />
Ardisia. dlyrsir~ctcr~n.<br />
Hancllt~l 1 I)- SCYY~S and cuttings. The latter should be taken<br />
frorr~ yourlg shoots of half-matured wood, and placed in a cutt.ing-<br />
1~~1 vitll 11 tol, ilrl(l t)ottom temperature of 7’3”. The cuttings may<br />
1)~s r(Baclily ol)ti~illt~rl frolll olti plants that have been cut lmck. They<br />
sl~)111(l root in a month. (‘hoosv cuttings only from plants of good<br />
1 )(~rr~Y-l)c5iring hnl,it. (‘uttings give more compact or shorter<br />
I)litnts t h:in scvdlings. Seedlings give fruiting plants the following<br />
>‘c’:li’. I’surllly sc7~ls ;lrcb sown in liLttb winter or early spring, and<br />
ph ts art’ rtxII>’ for I)otting in early summer. Seeds often<br />
~~~rrilinut(~ ~10~1~~.<br />
.
242 T’IIE N CRSERY-MAiVUAL
THE N TJRSER E’--LIST 243<br />
to give more vnrinl)le results and to 1~ unsatisfactory unless very<br />
carefully S&‘C’tjCd ; if suds are started early, edible heads may be<br />
had the SiLIIle J’oar, but usuall> not till t.hc second year. 1’01<br />
divisirjns, the lauds iji: shoots are (leta&ed from !he ol(\ c’rown in<br />
spring before growth begins.<br />
Artichoke, Jerusalem (Ilrdi~~~~thus tuberosus). C’oqmsitf~.<br />
Corr~~:dy Inultiplied by means of the tubers, which niajr be<br />
planted w111ble or cut. into eyes, after the manner of potatoes.<br />
Se& MC’ !‘(‘I.)* rarel>* used. The plant is hardy and persistent,<br />
:kntl propagutvs itself strongly.<br />
Artocarpus (Bread-Fruit ).<br />
Mo~~xcel~.<br />
e3row11 flvlll p*uttings of the young lateral growth ; also from<br />
suckers, when the>* form ; hy seeds, when procurable.<br />
Arum. :1 I’flf’f’ff’. .<br />
,S~~\~c\r:tl \7vr~r unlike plants bear the narne aruni in cultivation, as<br />
dl’tlCIIIIC’1ilUS, helivodiceros, altlorI’hophallus ; propagation is<br />
silnilar for all of them. Most of then1 produce oflsets from the<br />
t uhcrs or rhizomes. The: s~tls or berries may be planted when ripe<br />
or stratified until spring. SW 11 rawaJ, page 39.<br />
Arundinaria (IVild (-‘anth. Hamboo). C~~rzirlu~p.<br />
Multiplied by clivision. See Burrlbrrstr.<br />
Arundo (Reed). Urtr In irrm.<br />
hlulti;&vl 1)) divkiuii. In ,aarly autumn, the canes can be cut<br />
into lengths of 18 to 24 inchts for cuttings, and partly buried in<br />
sand in a gentle bottom heat, laying them horizontall>-. Tt seldom<br />
xc&, at least in the iNort!l.<br />
Asclepias (Mill
--<br />
7”<br />
+-<br />
.<br />
.C -<br />
--<br />
--<br />
-I<br />
5 =<br />
.C<br />
.,y z<br />
ff ‘=<br />
--I<br />
.C<br />
- -<br />
-Z - .<br />
r- 2<br />
--<br />
+-+<br />
- -<br />
-- I<br />
; - .-<br />
Z-
246 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Auricula ( P~z’nwkc ~iurk~la). Prim 2dcm(17.<br />
(‘hoice or named varieties are propagated by natural offsets, or<br />
by dividing the plants. Seeds grow readily but may not be<br />
expect.ed to reproduce the horticultural forms. They should be<br />
sown in pans or pots in early spring (as March), pressed lightly<br />
into the soil and t.hinly covered ; provide temperature of about<br />
w ; germination takes place in three or four weeks; as soon as<br />
large enough, prick off into pans or flats and grow carefully.<br />
Averrhoa. Oxn&dcrccae.<br />
Handled in spring by half-ripened cuttings, under glass, with<br />
Ijottom heat ; by seeds when obtainable.<br />
Avocado ( Pcrwa cl mrricana). Laurncm.<br />
l3utld~l stock is to be preferred to seedlings. Shield-budding is<br />
11sm~1lv emplo~~cd, in late autumn or winter in Florida, and May or<br />
,I unc iu (.‘wlifornia. Inarching and grafting under glass are also<br />
practiced, a~nl. cuttings struck over bottom heat. The seedling<br />
stocks arc‘ raised in the open, the seeds being planted in pots or<br />
ciircact.ly in grorrncl as soon as ripe. Germination. should take<br />
piacc in two or three weeks ; plants should stand a foot or so apart<br />
in the rows. The fruit is sometimes called alligator pear, but<br />
this name should be discouraged. Sttc I’ws~v, page X39.<br />
Azalea. li:ricflrrcr.<br />
Although azaleas and rhododendrons a.re united generically bv<br />
many botanists, hort.iculturists usually think of them separat.ely.<br />
The azaleas are of two cultural groups, - the Indian or greenhouse<br />
evergreen kinds, and the hardy deciduous kinds.<br />
The Indian azaleas (Axalcrr indica or Rhododrwdrou ir~dicam)<br />
arc usually propapat.ed by cuttings and grafting. The cuttings<br />
are preferably made of half-ripened wood in August, being struck<br />
in a frame with light bottom heat. The choicer varieties may be<br />
tongue-grafted or veneer-grafted either in summer or winter on<br />
cutting-grown stocks, handling them in a frame or propagatinghouse.<br />
New varieties originate from seeds, which are sown in<br />
frames or pots in spring ; the soil should be sandy peat, or seeds<br />
may be sown in chopped sphagnum and plants pricked out as<br />
soon as possible. The young plants are handled in boxes or frames ;<br />
they should bloom in two or three years.<br />
The deciduous outdoor azaleas are of many kinds. The Ghent<br />
azaleas are hybrids of A. &~~~sis, A. jayonica or mollis, and others.<br />
.
143 TIlE Ai URSERY-iilANIi.+~L<br />
matter of habit. The question has practically passed its contr~vtrsial<br />
stage.<br />
I’robably the method of propagation - whether by bud or<br />
graft - is not the important factor. ‘I’luz test ttirils on the<br />
size of roots in the grafting process and the method<br />
of trimming the stock ; and tlw greater Iumber of<br />
~rlur~ipulntionss the roots receive in the grafting operation<br />
rwty have some signifkwce. A whole-root<br />
grnftrcl tree sl~o~a,lcl be ct,rnparable witlt a budded<br />
tree, the wtire root system (or practically so) being<br />
used in both cases. When it conies<br />
to piece-roots, the questim resolves<br />
itself into the sizes of the<br />
pieces, tlwir age, whether from<br />
young slw 11 i ng stock or from older<br />
trees, whether the pieces arc used<br />
rwrcly as nurses wtil the ciorl<br />
i~t~~m~t~~~ own-rooted. lik certain<br />
espcrirnents, the Ike-roots have<br />
gi\-Pll hcttcr tlccv~uIIt~ of tlIeIIEx~l\x~s<br />
ill after years than tlie wll~jle<br />
roots ; in other tests the reverse<br />
has becr1 the (‘OII-<br />
(tltl(lt’ tllilt tilt? ~~llolc~ root is pl’c’f-<br />
FIG. 1CN. erallJ1~1 to tllc pitw-root, otlw1
7’ II I!: N URSR R I’--- I, IST 247<br />
The deciduous aznlras grow readiI~- from swds, handled as for ~1.<br />
i~zdicn. The narnci(l 1iinti.s are grown from hwl-cuttings of mature<br />
wood taken in late summer and placed under glass. Tlley are also<br />
veneer-grafted on any common deciduous potted stock in autumn<br />
under glass.<br />
Allllti,blied quickly 13y scecls in pans in a mild heat. Also propagated<br />
1)~ 0fiset.s or corm& in boxes or planted in the open. I:k<br />
year o; two is required to produce blooming plants.<br />
BacchaCs (Ground$el Tree). Cu~~,~osit~p.<br />
Propagation is 1oy seeds, and by cuttings struck under glass.<br />
Bactris.<br />
i’tflmam2.<br />
Edible IMIWW r;wtJy produce weds. The youug plants are<br />
olAairwc1 frorlk sutfkers, which spring from t.lw main rootstock.<br />
Thcst~ suckers art‘ traInsplanted when 2 or Z3 feet high. These<br />
plants thtw~~4vt~s may nt~tproduce asgood crops as the suckers which<br />
arise front them, and are not transplanted. Two or three suckers
250 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Derivatives of L3. socnfra~~ are grown frotn the bulbels, that<br />
usually form freely .<br />
Tuberous begonias may be propagat.ed by seeds, cuttings, and<br />
by division of the tubers. They are commonly grown from seeds,<br />
which should be sown early in spring, and the seedlings pricked off<br />
and shifted regula,rly. Cuttings of the young rapidly-growing<br />
shoots, if taken as soon as the plants are 4 to 6 inches high, will<br />
form good tubers by fall. Cuttings made while the plants are in<br />
flower rarely produce tubers of ~nwh value ; B. ix&&& and<br />
B. 17clifrlzil: are particularly likely to fail in this respect. The<br />
cuttings should be L’ to 4 inches in lengt,h, the lower cut being<br />
just, bcncath a joint ; remo1.e one or two of the lowest leaves and<br />
insert singly near the edge of thumb-pots filled with a soil composed<br />
of al)out cc-~~~al parts sa,nd, leaf-mold and loam. Place in a<br />
cool sh;ltlcd position, applying water onl)r to prevent flagging.<br />
IXviding the tubers is an unsat,isfactory met,hod of propagation.<br />
If employed, the tnlxlrs should be cut before active growth begins,<br />
so that each part shall have an eye or crown. They are then<br />
treated as separafe tubers. Begonias which have not been improved<br />
arta most easily and rapidly propagated from seed ; the<br />
named or inlproved varieties are best increased by cuttings.<br />
Belamcanda, including Pardanthus (Blackberry Lill*). Iri&ncc~.<br />
Increased by seeds, division and cutt.ings of Jroung growth. The<br />
blackberry- lily (11. dz.iwmis) propagates readily? by division and by<br />
scccl~, the latter being freely produced.<br />
Bellis (English Daisy). CJomyositcr.<br />
Increa,scd readily by seeds, which should be sewn in early spring.<br />
Also propagated 1)~ division after flowering. Seeds do not always<br />
reproduce the spe&l kind, and choice forms are multiplied by<br />
division.<br />
The was gourd is readily raised from seeds planted after the<br />
weather is warm ; handle same: as for melons.<br />
Benthamia : COW US.<br />
Berberidopsis. Flncourtiaceau.<br />
Multiplied by seeds in spring, by layering in autumn, and by<br />
young greenwood cuttings in spring.
TIll.3 X URSERI--LIST 251<br />
Berberis (Ba rl Ierr)= j . bcrhrridrrrm.<br />
I’ropaqi t ed 1)) strait ified seeds, and b,y suckers, layers and<br />
clit tings of ma tilrc ~voocl. Sretls should be sown in Rat,s or broadcast<br />
iti beds in the fall ; seeds of rare kinds should be sown in the<br />
greenhouse. hIo,st 1)arberries can be propagated from green<br />
cuttings of tllr yollng ivootl taken from the first to the middle of<br />
t T unv, and plaid in sand in a shaded hotbed. Layers are usually<br />
;1.llO\\-C’d to lY’lll;till t\VO yca.rs. Rare sorts are sometimes grafted<br />
Oil (‘0111111011 Stor’lL~.<br />
Berchemia. I~hcttrr tlrlr’(‘c.r.<br />
l’rop;~~atrvl 1)~. la!-vring young shoots in autumn ; by cuttings<br />
of nlat.nrv M-oo(1 anrl root-cuttings under glass ; and also by seeds.<br />
Bertolonia. ,I1 ,~llistctt//rrr’i’cr*<br />
Grown froir~ st~tls ;rncl cwttings. i\lso 1,)~ healthy ripened leaves<br />
\\hi(:h, if thtb Ini(iril) 1~ nicked in several places and t.hen pegged<br />
011 il IMlt Of’ SanCIJv E)Pilt , . soon fornl roots and tiny tubers at every<br />
incision. I’lact~ ill ;I nloist propagating-frame.<br />
Bessera. I,ilirrcv~~.<br />
I-sriall~- propag:itv(l 1)~ offsets.<br />
Beta : i3~~cf.<br />
Betula (Uirch). Ijrf ulc~nw.<br />
lnrrcxxd l,\- SW&, \vhich must bc sown as soon as gathered, or<br />
else stratified t SOW rather tllickl.\- in sandy soil, slightly or not at<br />
all cm-cd, hut pwssd firmly into the ground and kept moist and<br />
sllild)-. Propaga tvcl itlso b?r layers and rarely by greenwqod<br />
vnttings lln(lvr glass ; also l)y grafting or l)oldding on seedlnng<br />
stcwlis of I{. I~itto, I{. pnpj/r(fr’m, B. nigr’tr or H. po&Jn. The<br />
grafting is sonicxt imc9 performed in spring under glass on potted<br />
stock, hut llSlliLll)- t.llrb stocks are butlclcd in summer.<br />
Biennials.<br />
Plants tll;it l)!oo111 it11(1 die the second J-car from seed, having<br />
flowered oncc~, :Irt’ 1 rivnnials or two-)-ear subjects. The number<br />
of true l~ic~nninl5 in the \legetable kingdom is relatively small.<br />
The tCii.St'I, PilS~lilY‘ nlllllein -( I~orlmsrv~n Th(~ps2~s), and common<br />
cvcning primrose (~ll,rothrvv hic~mis) are examples. In the garden,<br />
the 111m~~sty or lunariu is an example ; also the Allegheny vine<br />
or adlumia, and thtl Canterbury bell.
Billbergia. B l-0 111 diCWCP.<br />
As seeds are rarely oM2kwl~lc under cultivation, the plants are
254 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Blandfordia. 1T,il!invm.<br />
Multiplit:d by stx& sown in sandy peat. with mild bottom heat ;<br />
by offsets ; and by division of the old plants, which must be performed<br />
wl~n repotting in early spring.<br />
Blechnum. ~~ol!llt(~(lict~‘rl(~,<br />
Propag:ltvtl 1)~ spores ant1 by tli\rision from the end of the rhi-<br />
20111e. Sf?l~ l’;‘/‘~IS, I’;‘#’ :i 12.<br />
c’9wh l&rtw.<br />
Bletia and Bletilla.<br />
These arch ttvestriill, and their fla,t rollndish pseudobull)s art’<br />
Propagateci i)y rrmo\~ing and perhaps di\.iding bushes or clu~nps<br />
from the wild ; by’ 1;~~~s ;- by cuttings ; b>r seeds ; by graftage.<br />
S~tls w;~l~tl froui frtbsh I)errics and solved at once in two parts<br />
of peat to one part of &3ii Silnd will Ijegin to germinate in two to<br />
four weeks if t IW nigllt tthmperature is kept down to 60” F.<br />
Selected and h>.l)riti blueberries do not, “ come true” from st~l.<br />
Lowbush blut~bc~rrit~s whicll spread 1,~. rootstocks are readily propil<d<br />
bJ7 cli\*ision, !)u t highbusll blueberries u:;ually have no<br />
rootstocks tIlla fxllllot t,e propagated satisfactorily in this waJv.<br />
Layering and Irlolincl-la?t~rin:: are easy but slow. Soft-wood<br />
cuttings root with great rlifliculty 13t’C’ilUSt1 of the escessiye heat<br />
of summer. YilriOllS Spt‘Ciill nlt~thods of propagation haIre been<br />
devised. 1‘1 It‘ most ~kdd of these arv “stumping” (which, like<br />
layering, is slow), “ tubering,” ant1 wintrv cuttings. Budded<br />
plants are unsuital)hb for pcrmanc~nt. plilntiIIgS l~cause they ilrtb<br />
continuallJv sending up new and undesirable shoots from t 11th<br />
stock., but butltlitl(p h iltfC)l’llS tilt> quickest 111t’UIlS Of growing it large<br />
amount of clotting-wootl ~froin a ~~aluable ~‘oung hybrid. (hfting<br />
is more difiivrilt ikilt less SiltiSfiWtOQ~ than budding.<br />
The sand usccl ill vutting-t)t& should be clean, with referenctb<br />
especially to Clil)‘, Imcteria, lime, and At ; the peat either bog<br />
or upla.nd, I jut formed from t~ri~a~ous plants and taken from<br />
near the surface ; tllld ttltl Wilter free from lime.<br />
bstl~trl.ph-f-. --- (‘ut the bush to the ground in the dormant season,<br />
outdoors. C’o~r the stumps 2 to 3 inches with a mixture of 1
7’11 I!: N l~R,SER I-‘--l,l,sI 255<br />
Root-c~uffings often make excellent plants when treated in the<br />
same way as tubercd cuttings.
Il’ittfvr wffiup. - Jlalcc the cuttings in iLlltlllllll ilS SOOll ;I5 111(1<br />
lw,wS are shtd. I’se well-ripened unl,rantrhcb(l IVoo(l of tllca SI’iiSOil’S<br />
growth, pro(lucv(1 in ~vell-lightcvl SitlliktiollS. .4l)ollt 4 to 5 i;iclicbs<br />
is a suital,le length. Tf a greenhouse is a~xilal~lc, set t lie cnttings,<br />
upright or at an angle, in a cutting&vi of 3 part,s of bxiswood<br />
sawdust t0 1 part, of Pt’iLt. blhple or bircli SZ~Wcl~l:~1: dovs IlCilrly<br />
as well as l~lsswoocl. For winter cu t.tSinps, Sit\V(lllSt, anrl ]X’iLt,<br />
provide II lwf.tFbl’ r~llt~ill~-\Kd t.hiMl F)t’ilt ;lIld Sib Il(1. i.‘Nliir 01<br />
pine sawdllst is too arTid. Keep the cutting- bet1 ilt il tt~liipvraturt:<br />
of 55” to fi.5” for 2 month, when the cuttings will be callused. Then<br />
CllilIljiC? t0 :3s” ikt iiigSllt, il.IlCl GO” in the daJ4nie. :\fter itbOll t tIVo<br />
months, the st.arch-to-su~,PILr tritIlSforInatiOII consecluent on the drilling<br />
will llik\7f’ t~iLl,tirrle, the air tll,o\-c the cutting-hcd being kept sat~lrtlted or<br />
Jlt’il rlF SO. After nmv twigs have pushed from the upper burls,<br />
tliv new growth lias heen terminattvl l)y the browning of the<br />
tips, :111rl the new lcavrs have reached tllcir full size am1 acquire(l<br />
the (lilrli grthtbri color illld tcsture of niaturit)., roots Ivill<br />
I)t>gin to form ttt lilt lowcar en(ls of the cilttings. Rooting is<br />
visually foliowrvl 1)~. stbcontlary twig growth. 17cntilut-ion may then<br />
incrcxw, anil tlic rootccl PlilIltS be treated thereafter as dcscribcd<br />
under “ tubering.”<br />
If 110 grcr9hollsc is :bV;lilill)l(l, the cuttings slrolllrl 1W IllilCll’ in<br />
tilt\ iLUtIlIIlr1, IiLiCl in l)oSCS, covervrl lvitli pllW moist l)ilSS~VOO~l SikFV-<br />
dust, and kept in ;In iIlcllI)iltOr for ii month ilt iI tt~rllpCl’i~tlllT Of<br />
55” to CiOO, in order to c:illus. 120r tlw I’Clliili~ld~~l’ of tlie winter<br />
the ~OXPS ~h0I~lt1 be kept at ;L temperature of 32” to JO”, an(l tls<br />
soon as the frost is out of the ground in sprin, (r the cuttings should<br />
be set \~er~- ~xl*c~fllll~~, so ilS not, to injure tile C’iIllllS1’S, in a cuttingbecl<br />
Of S:l.IVClllSt. illlcl IWiLt, OI’ INXt illl(l SilIlCl, as alrt~ad~~ (lescril)cd,<br />
in a CWltlfIXIllt?. Wlf.~ fl*:lIllC1 SllOllltl IW lt, 11s 11C;ll’ 55” tO (XI0 ilS<br />
possible, ilS earl)r iilld tLs long :LS the W~~i~tllCr permits. The latcl<br />
progress itd trcrttriic~nt Of tlK? cuttings SllOllltl XX? ilS itlWiLCl~~ destrrild.<br />
Budtlirrg. --For stocks use the sl-rang new shoots from wild<br />
I-mdiw cut to the ground in the preceding cloIWli~Ilt sca,son. Ttlld<br />
them in July- or early LIugust. ITse buds from selected l~>vl)ritl~,<br />
choosing from the season’s growth those whose scales haye turned<br />
brown. In the hottest weather sticks of such buds can be carried<br />
safely for one or two days if wrapped in clean moist muslin and.
THE NURSERI--LIST 257<br />
properly packed in a thermos bottle in clean chilled sphagnum<br />
and cracked ice. 13~1 by the ordinary shield method, with a<br />
T-shape{1 cut and unwaxed raEa wrapping. Protect the wrapping<br />
from rain by a COIW of paraffined paper tied tightly around the<br />
stem, or in situations free from clust and dirt omit the cones but<br />
use for bud wrappings raffia sterilized by boiling. After three<br />
we& the I,utl wrappings may be removed if the stock is choking<br />
sc-brious!Jr. T:,arl~v in the following spring cut off the stock about<br />
half an inrh al )o\.(b tllcb 1~1, and by repclntedly rubbing all stock<br />
sprouts, ;LIIOW 110 grrtj\vtll front the bush cscept that from t,lie in-<br />
SlTttYI hds. Tic> tht* 110w I~ucl shoots to st~akcs.<br />
Bocconia. T’u pi1 1’c’)‘rlr’r’fr’.<br />
l’rop;~qt(~(I cBllic+l?V 1)~~ sdwrs, tukcn from old plants in summer,<br />
( ‘!!ttir!gs fro!!! !!!V 2rih r If rlic* large lea\-es in early summer will<br />
llili.(’ roots I)t’fOI’(f lvintchr. Root-cuttings of 13. cord&. (i!Wcdcaya<br />
f~dftffl j St rilcll droll-. IlLsily grown from seeds.<br />
Bahmeria. T -~ficwc’lYr.<br />
I-I:~ntllt~t 1)). clivision ; also l)y sct& when obtainable.<br />
Boltonia. (Tc,rrl I)ositw.<br />
AIrlltipliecl I))* tli\*isions of thth root, in spring ; and by seeds.<br />
Bomarea. ,.1 r,lllr.!Jlbitlrlc~rlIrl.<br />
I\Inltiplit~cl 1)~. l’rt~11 scoot.-;, in ;L \vitrlll houst~ ; also by cart~ful ’<br />
dii-ision of tlicb rllizc~lritl iyitll SOT~V of thtb roots attu.&d.<br />
Borago (l$or;~~~). Uol'(l!li//(l('c'(I'.<br />
I’ropagatc~~l I)>- sc~bcls ill spring ; ills0 l)y (Iivisions in spring, Or<br />
l)I* . cuttings in i1 ftYlttl(~ Oli’ Ilnclc~l’ glMS.<br />
Borassus. T’rr? 111 ~IW~I~.<br />
Hantlll~l. l)j- schthcls ill :L stro!l; Id torn heat and atwdant<br />
t uw. StY’ l’(fI://lS, IIilgt‘ *)I “-- 1.<br />
mois-<br />
Boronia. ~l~d~~~~~w.<br />
lncr~sc~l 1,?- st~l ant1 1)~ cuttings of young or half-ripened wood.<br />
I’lace tlicso ill it tllorou~hly tlrained pot with a compost of finely<br />
sifted lo:~m, peat and sand, with 1 inch of sand on the surface, and<br />
co\‘tbr Faith a bell-glass, in a temperature from 45” to 50”. Seeds<br />
s:milarly treated make flowering plants the same season.<br />
s
Bougainvillea. ;l’!lctcr~li~rctCc~c~.<br />
Handled 1)~’ ruttings from the half-ripened wood from April to<br />
June ; place in sand>* soil in I)ottom IWat ; keep moist at temperature<br />
65’ to it)“. ;Uso grolVii from root-cdttings.<br />
Boussingaultia (Ratl~4ra 1’ine). l3~t,ss&tc~~~x~.<br />
Propagated 1’). stw 1% and yasi!y bar meails of the tubercles on<br />
the stern ; also 1)~. thcb underground tubers.<br />
Bouvardia.<br />
l~ubicrwn~.<br />
C’om~nonly propugutc’cl by root.-cuttings, which strike readily ;<br />
t,he larger and thickcbr roots arc taken in spring for this purpose.<br />
Cuttings of shoots art’ also usr!d, struck in heat ; these cuttings are<br />
made of fresh shoots arising from plants cut. back after bloom and<br />
kept at cc,mparati\.e rrst for a time. The cuttings should be 2<br />
incl~s hg and taken \vitll a heel, and placed in pots in brisk bottom<br />
heat ; it is best to put the pots in a propagating-frame till roots<br />
form.<br />
Bowiea. %ibicrcwr.<br />
Propagat~~(l 1,~ Scot&, or offstlts from the great bulbs. The name<br />
of this rcmarlcal31~~ plant is now Sckizobaso~,si.s ~tdtrlllilis, rather than<br />
Bowicc2. dubilis.<br />
Brachycome (Swan IXi\-er T)aisy). CompOSjtc~.<br />
hIultiplic>d 1,~ sc~ls in early spring, and transplanted ; or they<br />
ma.!- be sown thinly outdoors, late in spring in regions of long<br />
seasons. Easily grown.<br />
Brahea. PcL~u~~~ww.<br />
Grown from SW& in heat. See Palms, page 377.<br />
Bramble Fruits : ~backbrwg, I)dWrr~J, hga~t~bumy, Raspberry,<br />
Il’tYncbcrr~y..<br />
Brassavola. Orch idtrcccp.<br />
Increased by di\vision. See Orchids, page 372.<br />
Brassia. Ouch idcrcm.<br />
Propagated bJ* dividing the plant when growth begins. See<br />
Orchids, page 372.<br />
Brassica : Btwwls Sprouts, Cabbage, Caul(flowe~, Collards, Ko!lrF,<br />
Kohlrubi, Turnip. All readily grown from seeds ; hardy.
259<br />
Briza (Quaking Grass). G’ra~nzi~lr.<br />
~lultiplir~tl 1)~’ studs, sown where the plants are to stand.<br />
Brodisea, including H~dxra. ~ibiwcrw.<br />
Propagated 1:)~ ofI’sets, which soon bloom when separated. Will<br />
also grow rr7r(lilJ- from seeds, but it requires several years to flower<br />
tllt’lll.<br />
Bromeliaceae. Bromeliads. .<br />
11an~~ of thcb ~~romt~liuds produce good seed and are readily<br />
I~r()~.);t~ilft’(l I))* soiving ~Iu.-w in pans of fine sandy soil, and kept<br />
iI1 a nioist tt~nlperafnrt~ of about 75”. .JLlso increased by offsets<br />
Ivhich are frt~t~ljY pro~ln~d after the plants blossom.<br />
Bromus. Gru 111 iu m.<br />
lksil\~ i~lcwast~cl t)y srtds sown in the open where the plants are<br />
10 StilIl(l.<br />
Broughtonia. OIT/! irl~~r.<br />
1 rlcl*r~as~(I \,y tli\vision, as for cpidendrum. See Orchids, page 372.<br />
Broussonetia (Papclr 3lulberry). Uorucia?.<br />
l’ropL1g’;l t cd t ‘,\’ s;t’t‘ds, sown when ripe or kept till the following<br />
spring ; ati(l I,!- s~lcl;c~s ant1 grc~cnwootl cuttings or cuttings of<br />
ripenctl \\.00~1, in il. C*ool hOUSe ; also by root-cuttings with slight<br />
t)OttOlll tlC’i1.t iltl(l IitJ’t’l’S. Thth varieties are also sometimes budded<br />
in suInn1er or ~l*ilt'tf'il iti tlarly spring on thtt roots of thtJ type in the<br />
gtwt1110t1w.<br />
Browallia.<br />
Sobtrr~rr~lr.<br />
Brunsvigia. .(I ttl crry/iitlaccw.<br />
Grown from ofLets of the large bulbs.<br />
22” b.<br />
See Amnr~~b2i&~~~, page
Buxus (Isos) . Ihrflcr cr.<br />
Propagatc~d 1,~. seetls so\Vn as soon as ripe, bnt the plants grow<br />
\*cry slow i y . They wn be increased by suckers and division ;<br />
1’~’ layers of ~voung or old wood, made in autumn or early spring ;<br />
usually hy cuttings made of thtl young shoots, from 4 to ti*inches in<br />
icngth, in a sandy p1a.c~ in spring or fall. The lattw method is the<br />
better way in this cwmtr>-, a,nd in the Sorth the cuttings should be<br />
handled under glass. I)wrf forms are usually increased by division.<br />
Cabbage ( Brns~~‘rw olr~~~rwrr). C:rw
exercised in preparing t htt pot for plan t.ing. As it mlc the drain<br />
hole in the bottom is too small and is easily clogged. Thiy hole<br />
should bc enlargccl, as thorough drainage must be maintained in<br />
growing tact i . The pot, should be fill&~ to one-fourth its dept~h<br />
wit,h small I)its of llroken pots, and on thcsc the prepared soil<br />
should 1~ placed and pressed or shaken together firrnly but not.<br />
packed harcl. The surfacx~ is then levclcd by the use of a round<br />
flat,-fit& tamper of a diameter just to fill the pot. This surface<br />
should be about. half an inch from the top of the pot. Over it, the<br />
seeds are e~*enly distributed and then co\‘ere(l wit.h a vtlry thin<br />
layer of soil, upon which is spread a layer of fine gra\*el to a depth<br />
of about, one-fourth of an inch. For the first few months, ctactus<br />
seedlings are but small, globular, balloon-shaped or cylindrical<br />
bodies, so tcndcr and delicate that they readily “ damp off ” if<br />
sul)jected to a sudden change from a high to a low temperature.<br />
For watering, a \.essel should be user-i that. gives a fine gentle<br />
Sl,MJ-, to avoid the danger of wa,shing the seeds from their position<br />
or of injurin g the young seedlings. Watering should be done at<br />
least once a day. The temperature of the propagating-house or<br />
frame should l)e kept as nearly uniform as possible and should not<br />
vary much from 70” I?. The seedlings should usually be left in the<br />
germination-pot until the plant, shows atleast three or four clust,ers<br />
of spines. It is not advisable to begin with pots smaller than 2;<br />
inches, as they dry out too ra.pidly.<br />
Nearly all cacti may be propagated readily from cuttings. The<br />
plants are so soft and so filled with water tha,t any bruise is like11<br />
to be the point, of attack of a fungus, which quickly destroys them ;<br />
therefore, a clean sharp knife must be used and a smooth surface<br />
left on the cut. end. The cut,ting should then be placed in a dry<br />
atmosphere for a day or more, until, by drying, a kind of cuticle<br />
has formetl over the cut surface. The cutting may Glen bc rooted<br />
in sand on a bench, or planted directly in pots. Tn the warmer<br />
drier regions it may 1~ placed directly in the open ground, provided<br />
the soil has perfect drainage. In greenhouse culture it is best not.<br />
to place much of t.he cut,ting below the surface of the soil or sand ;<br />
1 inch is siifii&~nt for large plants, and less than that for smaller<br />
ones, in proportion to the size of the cutting. When the cutting is<br />
long and likely to fall over, a, st.ick should be inserted in the soil by<br />
its side and t.he two securely tied togeUler until roots have been<br />
formed.<br />
When mature plants are shipped in from the field, the roots i.xe
THE NURSERY-LIST 263<br />
always more or less injured. It is always best to cut away the<br />
roots, let t,he wounds dry and heal for a time, and then treat the<br />
plants as cuttings. Many of the opuntias are naturally adapted<br />
to propa,gatct themselves vegetatively. The stems are readily<br />
detached at the joints. These stems fall to the ground and in a<br />
short time deve!op roots and begin to grow as independent plants.<br />
In rIlnI1~ of the opunt.ias the fruits are sterile but proliferous.<br />
‘l’h~c fruits may be removed and treated as cuttings and will<br />
rc3rtil>v products new plants. Many of the smaller kinds, such as<br />
t’~lllillc~~‘~~tlls, ec’hinoc(~reus, and mamillaria, produce branches<br />
t,hxt are readily tktuchablc and easily rooted as cuttings. Some<br />
sptGs of mamillaria have side shoots which are so lightly attached<br />
that thc>r break ott’ t,~v a slight touch.<br />
(frafting is c&ly accomplished in cact.i. The possibilities of<br />
uniting /bot,h species ~~~2 genera seem to be unlimited. For a long<br />
tinit it has Iwe a practice to graft epiphyllum on pereskia or some<br />
upright stiR’-stemmed cereus in order to produce a more decorative<br />
hsh plant. The rat-tail cactus (.4yorocacf us, or CCWUS, Jlccgcbl~i-<br />
4/;~rr,cix) is frthquently treater1 in the same way. It not infrequently<br />
lIapptm that a plalkt lIecomes deca~~l at its Ijase, and when all<br />
c~\~iclc~ncc of clr~~~ or disease has heen removed there will be so little<br />
hcalth~. tisslle lrhft that. it is nest to impossible to get it to grow as a<br />
cutting. Sue+ a piclce may IW graft~eci on a heaithy stock and the<br />
plant IW prt’sei*v(h(l, if tlith growing tip is intact. A\ cleft-graft or<br />
saclclltb-graft is mart’ dcsirahlc when either of these can be employed,<br />
since tlieJ- require ltbss work in preparat,ion and give a large surface<br />
for the union of thtA tissues. The mucilaginous sap that exudes<br />
from tlitb Gut sII~*fa.et~ tallows the stock and cion to slip apart very<br />
tlasil!., and the parts INW~~~~ disarranged unless proper precaution<br />
is used to prigi*chnt it. For this purpose the needle-like spines of<br />
pclreskia or opunt ia ma!r l)e ust~d. The two parts are pressed<br />
fit*nil~- togt~t\it~r into tile rksirt~tl position, and then a spine is thrust<br />
tlrrc.)ugll thcb unittl(l portions, securel>~ pinning them in that position.<br />
No M’U is rx~rluirrct, Ijut it is Ilest to wrap the graft closely with<br />
raffia to esclu(lt~ thtb air. The grafted plants are then placed in<br />
a warm modt~ratel~~ moist place until the tissues have become<br />
tliorougl~ly knitt& together. They should not be placed where<br />
su\~,jcc*to clrJ*ing, for under such conditions the cut surface Gil<br />
be thti first t,o tlry, a11d consequently a perfect union will be<br />
Pi*ti~eL2fit&.<br />
With sndl glol~se or thick plants, suoh as mamillaria, echino-
264 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
cactus an(l echinocc’reus, a different method is preferable. The<br />
heucl of thcb plant is cut away with a perfectly smooth transverse<br />
rut. ;2 stock is ~.llost~n that. has about the same diameter as the<br />
cion, and it is gi\*tln a smooth transverse cut. The two flat surfaces<br />
are then pressed firmly together and held in place by tying<br />
thtm \vit!l a cotto: or c,tiliir soft cord. It is essential that<br />
clean instrurnt~n~ts ltci used to prevent inoculation with disease<br />
germs.<br />
A m~rntwr of tllcl l~prigllt-growing species of cereus have been<br />
llscti S1lwt’SSfllll~’ ff,l’ !&PCkS, mi therm WC-ms to be no limit to the<br />
I~UI~~~WI~ of sl)c~cic~s tllat rllt~y 1~ ertlployed. \Vhen it is desired to<br />
La\*e the cioll a foot or n1c)rt’ higl1, good stocks may be obtained<br />
from plants of’ thtb oltl genus ( ‘ereus, as L~~~rla,il’poc~~~~~~~.s stellatus,<br />
,~,t/dVt't't'f'tttS .~','r*]Jf'"fh Iis, L ~itl other sptv+s of similar habit. These<br />
siock~ are p~&rai&~ fw use in grafting A por0cact~u.s j/ng&iformis<br />
and species of q~ipli~~llum ant1 rliipsalis, which normally grow in a<br />
pendent tlirct~tion. M”hen only slmrt stocks are desired the above<br />
may 1~~ us~vl, i111({ :llso C’. ~OI’~~~OSUS, C. Borlplandii, ~S~‘IIJ,)~~CPT(“L(S<br />
w!yc!iculu,s, S. nIrrc.l)orrrtltlicr, ;~nd 8. grandijorus. These latter<br />
plants iirc’ ~~t’;ll~-stt”ltllllecl wlwr~ :rllowecl t,o grow tall ; hence, they<br />
cannot be ustb(l for lligll grafts unless supported by a stake of<br />
sorn~ kincl. ;\ll t llc3tl species art’ reaclily grown from cuttings,<br />
which shoultl INI sctrlltb\vhat longer than the stock is to be. When<br />
the cutting is tlloroqlil>* rooted it slioul(1 be potted and kept in<br />
good grov’ing cbontlition until a new root system has formed. It will<br />
then be rea.dj. to rtveivt~ the &)x1 after having been cut back to the<br />
desired height. - C~~~~~~IISP~ and adapted j’roT)l C. H. Th.ompson,<br />
Bd. 2132, Urcr. 1% It& 11. S. Drpf. Agr.<br />
s<br />
Caesalpinia. I,q ti itt iriosw.<br />
Readily propagutcrl by seeds which should be soaked in warm<br />
water for sornc~ hours l)efore sowing ; plant in a bed of sandy soil<br />
and shade liglltly : pot oti whe. n tl le plants show the first true leaf.<br />
Sometimes increased by cuttings, which may not root readily ;<br />
put them in sand unrlcr glass.<br />
Cajanus (Pigeon Ptla). Lfy1~rrl~irlosf.P.<br />
Grown rckatlily front seeds ; in the tropics treated as an annual<br />
for its e(liblc seeds. As a glasshouse subject, it may be grown from<br />
cuttings struck in hat.
THE NURSERY-LIST 265<br />
Calaciium. A rcwff.<br />
Handled by tu\)crs, ivhich have been kept dry or rested for<br />
some time. The cut surfaces should be well dusted with powdered<br />
charcoal to prevent. deca,y. Place in small pots where the night<br />
temperature is mainta,ined from 60” to 65’. Large tubers, if<br />
sound, may be di\*itlvd and the pieces potted ; some also by<br />
cuttings. New forms raised from seed. See ~rnccoe, page 239. ,<br />
: Calamagrostis. Crra t21 iwa2.<br />
Multiplied by suds sown in autumn or spring.<br />
Calamus. I’d IPI wfw.<br />
1 ncreawd by seeds in heat. See Y&k?, page 371.<br />
Calan&inia, I’t3iiflilfifflWiE.<br />
Propagated mostly by seeds in this country, as they are annuals<br />
or treated as such for flower-garden bloom. C. unabellata, and<br />
orher perennials, may also be grown from cuttings.<br />
Calanthe. Orchidacrw.<br />
Readily handled by separating the pseudobulbs when repotting ;<br />
young bulbs often appe:ir on the top of the old ones ; the old bulbs<br />
wilt &art agaiti the second year.<br />
Calatliaa. AL-mmf~Cff-F.<br />
Tubers may be used for propagation, when produced. A<br />
t:ommon method is to divide the crowns. When secondary growths<br />
or suckers arise, they ma,y be taken ofi below the joints, preferably<br />
in spring before growth starts.<br />
Calceolaaia (Slipperwort). h%rophuZariacelie.<br />
The herbaceous calceolaria.s, treated practically as annuals, are<br />
grown from seed. Sow on finely sifted soil and be very careful<br />
with watering ; it is a gobd pla,n to sink the pan or pot into water<br />
when needed rather than to water on top. Tempera,ture should be<br />
about 60” ; protect from sun. Seeds may be sown from late spring<br />
to early autumn to get plants for the succeeding wint,er and spring.<br />
The shrubby calccolarias may br grown from seeds the same as<br />
the ot.hers, but cuttings may also be employed with good results.<br />
When the plant is trimmed in late summer or early autumn, the<br />
cuttings of firm wood are taken, with two joints. The temperature<br />
of the ho-use should 13 bc about 45” to 50”, and the cut.tings should be<br />
protected from the sun.
266 TllE NURSMRY-MANUAL<br />
Calendula (Pot Mari,-:Ild). Comyosit~.<br />
The common pot, marigold (C. 0 j”: 2cidis) grows quickly from<br />
early-sown seeds where the plants are to stand ; or the seecls may<br />
he started indoors and the plants tra,nsplant.ed for early bloom.<br />
‘She pl”“:s of this gCiii.iS iii&y aiso be grown from cuttings.<br />
Calla of florists<br />
: %trllirltfcsch2:tr.<br />
Calliandra. IA~U ~1 inme.<br />
Cyuttings in sand over bottom heat arc used for propa,gation.<br />
Callicarpa (Frt~x% 3lulberry). C~frlj~~~l~~riW.<br />
Increased by seeds, divisions, and by cuttings of the young<br />
shoots in spring or summer under glass ; also by hardwood cuttings<br />
and layers.<br />
Calliopsis : C’orro~zsis.<br />
Calliphruria. Ar1lnr~~llidcrcrce.<br />
Propagated by offsets from the bulb.<br />
Callkhiie (Poppy-Rlallow). Jlal~zac~ae.<br />
Perennials are propagated by seeds, division of roots, and<br />
cuttings ; the annuais are easily raised from seeds.<br />
Callistemon. Nj/rtrtcrw.<br />
hIultiplier1 by seeds, and by ripened cuttings (or wood firm at. the<br />
Ibase) in sand under glass. Seeds should be sown in early spring<br />
in finely sifted mixture of sand, leaf-mold and loam and covered<br />
lightly, and placed in a cool greenhouse. The seed is gathered<br />
in summer, the capslrles being allowed to open naturally in a box<br />
or on sheets of paper.<br />
Callistephus ((‘hina LIster). Cnmposittx.<br />
Quickly grown f ram seeds. For the main or late crop, sctcls<br />
may 1)e sown in a seed-bed in the open or even where t,he plants<br />
are to stand. For earlier bloom, seeds may be started indoors in<br />
late spring.<br />
Callitris, Frcnela. Piuacm.<br />
Multiplied by seeds when obta,inable ; and by cuttings under<br />
glass in autumn, and wintered in a pit.<br />
Calluna (Heather). Eri’caccmL<br />
Propagated by cuttings of the tender shoots in sand under gl:rss
-.<br />
7’lZE N URSER I’--LIST 267<br />
irl ;i cw)l liouw in autuInn. Plants for propagating stock should<br />
l)(t l)0ttrk(l in Stptemljcr :lntl kept in a cold frame or pit till January ;<br />
01-i \)cing l,r~l~ght into a w3rm greenhouse, cuttings may be taken<br />
ink :~hjut tiuo wt~k+ imtl will root rcarlily in sand. C. mdgnris is<br />
propag;ttf~(l front cuttings or seeds ; its variet.ies by cut.tings.<br />
Calochortus ([Jlariposa I.,il)-). Liliacrff.<br />
Pr(jI)iifi~ltf’(l 1))’ St’t’(ls, OfYSt’tS, anti by t.he litt.le bulblets on<br />
t 1w st!w . SOW sctbcls iis soon as ripe, or early the nest year. As<br />
tlltbJ* tnq- liavc tr, rt~IlliliI1 in the pans or flats the second year, it is<br />
\veIl to 501~ tlic scc~~l ttlinl>v. Keep in 1-t frame or cool house. Pot<br />
tlltlttl 0fl’ tlic tliircl season ; that or the following season they should<br />
Ihm1. Offsets iircx rc~n~o~~c’d when the plants are shifted, or in a<br />
(iorl~lilrkt pr-riotl.<br />
Calongction (~Ioonflr~wrr) . ~0~2?~f~1z’ZCZcCC~~~.<br />
l(xisec1 from seeds, which may he cut or filed to hasten germinat<br />
ion. For short-season climates, the plams should be started<br />
indoors. Oft,cn rrtaincd in the genus Ipornces.<br />
Caltha (3Iarsh 3larigoltl. “ C’owslip ” in ilmerica). Ra~nunculaceoe.<br />
Readily increascci l)y division of t.he plants, or of the rhizomes<br />
of soiw species. Fresh seeds sown in moist cool earth give satisfactory<br />
results.<br />
Calycanthus (Siveet-sccntccl Shrul). (‘arolina Allspice). i?dycany<br />
t11r1wcr.<br />
l’ropagilt(~tl i)y scvtls so\vn in spring in a frame ; by divisions or<br />
suckers, aml 11~ la~~crs in summer.<br />
Calystegia : (‘olrl~olllll.bl,i.,~.<br />
Camassia iC ‘i~Illll.SS or QIII1IlliLS). I,ilirlWcf.<br />
Secvls gr6nv rc:itlil)~, k (riving l~looming plants in three or four years ;<br />
also incrf3ks:Yt l)y offsrts.<br />
Campanula (Ikll-flower) . Cra I,r,~)crn,u,l~tcr~.<br />
~Ilacrcascd 1 I)- seeds started early under glass. Annuals may be<br />
rilised in the l)or(ler l)~. seeds sown 1at.e in April or May, or raised<br />
in the qeenhouse and transplanted. The prrennials are also propilgittt’fl<br />
1)). clil-iclin g the roots, or by cuttings of shoots in spring.<br />
The C’ilnterliiiq~ l,e!l (C. A!frYliunl) is biennial. Seeds sown in<br />
late spring will giyc good bloom the following year. Plants for
268 THE NURSERY- hlil N IT,4 K,<br />
spcciall!- good results are somet~imes potted<br />
winter in a fra.mc or cool house.<br />
and carried over<br />
Campsis (Trumpet-( ‘recper). Uigtaitrt~iW~Xf.<br />
Propagated by seeds, by greenwood cuttings under glass, by<br />
hardwood and a.lso by root-cuttings and layers. The plant is<br />
mostly known as l’~co~~ta (rather than Cctrn~~is) radicans.<br />
Canistrum. Brou1 fzituw.<br />
Propagation as for nidularium, which see.<br />
Canna. (Iall ~1c(0’m.<br />
The named garden cannas a,re propagated by division of the<br />
large branching roots or rhizomes. Every large eye, with some<br />
root. and rhizome attached, ma,y form an independent plant,. Weak<br />
eyes usually protlm*c relatively weak plants, unless handled with<br />
special cart’. These rhizome-cuttings are start.ed in pots or boxes<br />
under glass, so that the plants may be a half foot. or foot high when<br />
planting-out t.irne comes with warm wea,thcr. The entire clump of<br />
root.s may be plant,ed directly in the open if one does not need to<br />
multiply the,plants, or only partial tlivision may be made ; this<br />
gives stronger plants or masses under ordinary conditions. Fig. 57.<br />
Seeds grow readily if well matured, w,lt,hough they usually gerniinat,e<br />
slowly ant1 irregularly unless cut or filed t,o let in t.he<br />
moisture. If sown in lat,e wint.er or early spring over good bott.om<br />
heat and the plants shifted as needed, blooming plants may be had<br />
the first year. Seeds give rise to new varieties, or at least to<br />
variations.<br />
Cannabis (Hemp). Morncf~.<br />
Grown from seeds sown in spring.<br />
Cantua. Fol~~~n,on inrfw.<br />
Handled by cuttings placed in sand under glass ; little known<br />
in North America.<br />
Capparis (Caper). CSqqmridarrcr.<br />
In warm countries, grown from seeds. In greenhouses and cold<br />
climates, propagated by cut,t.ings of ripe shoots in sand under glass.<br />
Capsicum : I’f ppf r.<br />
Caragana (Siberian Pea Tree). Lcgumin.os~.<br />
Seeds are sown in autumn or spring; if kept dry over winter,<br />
they are soaked in warm water before sowing. Root-cuttings
THli: NURSERY-LIST 2%<br />
may be used ; also layers of the bushy kinds. Rare or choice kinds<br />
may lw grclfted 011 seed-raised stocks of C. fzrZl~~rsccns.<br />
Cardamine (Lad+ Smock). Cruc$~~<br />
hZultiplied easily by division of the roots after flowering, and by<br />
stwls.<br />
Cardiospermum (Balloon-Vine). Sayk,dacece.<br />
I’ropagate(1 c4ly 1)~ seeds.<br />
Cardoon (I’jjntr,‘rt C’rr~tlrcrlrl.~I~~~). Compositm<br />
Seecls am1 suc*l~c~rs as for artichoke, to which it is very closely<br />
rt’liLtd.<br />
I’rt,I)~>Ltt’tl 11). setbtls sown in late fall, and by division of the<br />
t*Iunlps, usuall~~ the latter. Seeds often lie dormant the first year.<br />
Carica : 1’upa~Ja.<br />
Carissa. :1 pe!/~t 11ctw.<br />
Propagatiort l,y seeds and by cuttings of ripe wood.<br />
Carludovica. (‘yda 11 thrrcr w.<br />
Propa~atiou I,)* cli\,isiou, in ~rly spring ; also by seeds cleaned<br />
of the pulp aucl sowu 011 surface of a pan of finely chopped sphagnum<br />
IIIOSS.<br />
flowers. Seeds :lrv usuully sown as soon as ripe under glass.<br />
Seedlings are potted as soon as the t.rue foliage leaves appear ;<br />
bloom may be expected within a year.<br />
The commtrt~ial florist’s carnation is grown in Xorth America<br />
from cuttings rootect in winter and early spring in benches of<br />
eleun sharp sum1 oiver even bottom heat of about 60’ and an air<br />
temperature 50” to X0, protected from drafts and direct sunshine.<br />
The cuttings are cut to a joint beneath and the leaves are stripped<br />
from t,his joint so that there will be a half inch of clean stem<br />
The spreading upper leaves are cut. off, and only the fresh upright<br />
foliage is left S The cuttings are inserted about 2 inch into the<br />
sand; close together in the row. Keep uniformly moist and not too<br />
hoi. These eut,tings J-it 1~ ld +E- L Lc. blooming plants for the succeeding<br />
winter. Best cuttiugs are made from the middle side-growths on<br />
the flower-stems, care being taken that oniy heaithy and producf.ive
270 THE NURSERY-RIANK4L<br />
stock is propagatetl. Good cuttings may be ‘had from stocky<br />
cutting-made plants grown o.nly for the purpose of yielding cuttingwood<br />
and not grown on for bloom. The carnation soon deteriorates<br />
if care is not taken to select from the best parents. Fig. 116.<br />
In Europe, the carnation is also propagated by layering, which<br />
should be done at the end of July or the beginning of August. The<br />
slroot,s selected should be denuded of a few of their leaves at the<br />
base of the young wood, and a slit must be made from this point<br />
upwards, extending through a joint of the bare stem, so that a<br />
tongue is formed. Figs. 63, 69.<br />
The outdoor harcly carnation is grown in the same way as pinks.<br />
See Dimthus.<br />
Carpinus (Hornbeam. Blue Beech). Bctuluceae.<br />
Propagated by seeds sown usually in fall, which germinate<br />
irregularly. If the seed-bed is kept moist and clean (covered wit.11<br />
moss or other material) through the entire season, the remaining<br />
seeds may be espectecl t.o germinate the second spring. Varieties<br />
propagated by budding or grafting on seedling st,ocks, either under<br />
glass in spring on potted stock or in t.he open in summer.<br />
carrot (l!hcclA~~s Curoffl). 8% lwEzi,fPrfF.<br />
Grown from seeds sown in spring where the plants are to st,and.<br />
Carthamus (Safflower). Compsifm.<br />
Raised from seeds sown clirectly in the open, or started under<br />
glass. The common C. tilrctorircs is a garden annual.<br />
Carya : IiiCkOry, l’tWl11.<br />
Caryopteris. T7t~rhrcwm.<br />
Raised by seeds sown in spring, 1)~’ cli\*ision, and by cuttings of<br />
half-ripened wood in summer or fall under glass.<br />
Caryota. P&UKW.<br />
Propagated by seeds or by suckers.<br />
Cassandra : C’ha~~la~rlu~h,zt~.<br />
See f”111~~~s, page :377.<br />
Cassava (il~Ullih,lf d&~,s \Tar. A ;!I;). ~~rs~~ho?~l~iclct~~.<br />
Multiplied by cuttings of the stem anti by suckers. Propagated<br />
in spring, the cassa\‘a. roots are ready to harvest in autumn. cut<br />
the large main stalks into pieces from 4 to li inches long, and set<br />
them perpendicularly into the ground in the field. The cuttings<br />
can be c--+m1n DC1 Lab,1 k a,t various times, bi;t spring is usuaiiy preferred.
‘j%e stalks e;~n 1~ kept 01’er winter ljy covering with sand on a dry<br />
knoll, I’liit’iIIg the st:rll;s tr.nct santl in laytxrs. (‘over the whole with<br />
J)oards to shed the water. Suckers which appear during summer<br />
can be reniovetl ant1 planted or matlc into cuttings. Seeds are<br />
sometilnes used for grouing the early-l~l~tturing varieties.<br />
Cassia. tqrr tn iu0.w.<br />
The I)c’rtl2rtri;rl arid noc~dy kintls are grown frotn divisions and by<br />
cuttings of firm \i\-0~1 struck in heat ; t.hc annuals by seeds ; C.<br />
nctrr!jlulrr/irrl ;ilso l,;,. ctil-ision.<br />
Castanea : (‘h~t222rf.<br />
‘l‘lrt: C2lStflllt’it nuts of eommcrce are Brazil-nuts (Berthollet.ia),<br />
not grim-n in Xort 11 America.<br />
Castor-oil Bean : /- cuttings of the ripe wood. The named<br />
varieties are ~>rt~J>irgatearittely potted. See Orchi&, page 372.<br />
Cauliflower (/I~/+~irrt olrrrrccn var. hofrj$is). Cmmfera?.<br />
Gro\vn from seeds much as cabbage, which see.<br />
271
372 THE NURSERY-MAN/JAI,<br />
Ceanothus. Rhnmn cwce.<br />
Increased by layers and by cuttings of mature wood in autumn<br />
in a coldframe. Softwood cuttings grow readily if taken in early<br />
spring from forced plants. Also propagated by seeds sown in<br />
spring. Varieties and hybrids may be grafted on roots of C.<br />
nmurl’carrus under glass in early spring. Seeds may be sown in<br />
spring.<br />
Cedar : Ct~drns, Clhn~n~cyparis, Juniperus, Thztjn; also Ccdreba.<br />
Cedrela (Bastard Cedar). Meliace~.<br />
Propagated by seeds and mature-wood cuttings in sand, under<br />
glass ; also by root-cuttings.<br />
Cedronella. Lnilinf~.<br />
The hcrhaceous species are propagated by division of the roots<br />
and by cuttings of young wood ; C. triphglla by cuttings or by<br />
seeds.<br />
Cedrus (
TfiE NURSERY-LIST 273<br />
Celtis (Nettle-Tree). I.Vmaw~.<br />
Multiplie(l 1)~. seeds as soon as ripe ; by layers, and by cuttings of<br />
ripened shoots in autumn. Rare kinds are sometimes grafted on<br />
seedlings of C’. occ..ilr’vn ttrlis.<br />
Centaurea. Comyosit~.<br />
Annuals are grown from seeds sown directly in the open or started<br />
under glass. C’. C’iuvwricr. and some ot,hers grown for foliage may<br />
be raised from seeds in .4ugust, or from cuttings about the beginning<br />
of Septeml)er and carried over winter. The bachelor’s button (C.<br />
C?/co~) is best known and is an easily-grown annual from seed ;<br />
often self-sows.<br />
Centradenia. 1~lt~lrl,sto77tC1CPCf.<br />
Irwtwt~d 1))~ vutthps at any time of the year. To obtain good<br />
plants for the following winter, cuttings should be taken in February<br />
or nlnrch.<br />
Centranthus. PTrr!f~t-ia~ncrce~.<br />
Propagated by scheds in spring, and by divisions.<br />
Cephalanthus (Hut ton-I3ush). Rubiacece.<br />
Propagated by sethcls, layers, and mature cuttings in autumn ;<br />
also by greenwood cuttings taken from forced plants early in<br />
spring.<br />
Cephalocereus : Cttet(wt~t.-f, page 261.<br />
Cerastium (Mouse-Ear Chickweed). Caryophyllacece.<br />
Raised by seeds and division, or by cut,tings after flowering.<br />
Ceratonia (C:arob). Lfyum inosap.<br />
Grown from seeds, On the seedlings, choice or named varieties<br />
may be budded, the buds from bearing trees yielding fruit in three<br />
to six or eight years. Seeds may be soaked in water three or four<br />
days to hasten germination. cluttings may be struck in bottom<br />
heat.<br />
Ceratopteris. Cr~tl foptPr,ida,cuce.<br />
Propagated by burls which arise from all parts of the leaves.<br />
See Fnwa, page 312’.<br />
T
274 7’TT‘E NURSERY-MANlJ,t I,<br />
Ceratostigma. Plu.mbagincrcecxl.<br />
Increased by divisions, and by cuttings.<br />
Plumbugo Larpc)zta? of nurseries.<br />
C. Larpcntce is the<br />
Ceratozamia. c’yccldscce@.<br />
Usually grown from the imported plants. It may be propagated<br />
by seeds, when obtainable, and also by offsets. These offsets or<br />
suckers arise on the crown when the trunk is injured ; to stimulate<br />
them, the center of ahe plant is sometimes burned out with a hot<br />
iron.<br />
Cercidiphyllum. Trochodendrcrcece.<br />
Propagated by cuttings made in the summer and from greenwood<br />
cuttings taken from forced plants in spring ; by seeds, when procurable,<br />
sown in spring, or by layers.<br />
Cercis (Red-Bud. Judas Tree). Leguminosoe.<br />
Propa,gated by seeds in spring, p referably indoors witch bottom<br />
heat. May also be increased by layers, and by greenwood cuttings<br />
from forced plants in early spring. C. chinmsis is grown from<br />
soft cuttings in summer under glass.<br />
Cereus. Cacticrc~.<br />
By seeds and cuttLgs. See Cacti, page 2611.<br />
Cerinthe. Bomgirtacrca.<br />
Propagated readily by seeds, in spring.<br />
Ceropegia. Asdr~yitrdmcfw.<br />
Handled by cuttings of green shoots in spring, preferably with<br />
bottom heat.<br />
Ceropteris. Poly yodiacctP.<br />
Spores and division. See Fmzs, page 312.<br />
Cestrum, including Habrothamnus. SoZan.rtc~~~cp.<br />
Propagated by cuttings in February or early March and inserted<br />
in sand in a warm temperature ; l)y seed, when obtainable.<br />
Chaenomeles (Japan Quince). ROSMXP.<br />
Propagated by seeds, usually stratified and sown in spring ; by<br />
root-cuttings in fall or early spring ; also from cutt.ings of halfripened<br />
wood, under glass, and from layers. Rarer kinds may be<br />
grafted on stock of Japanese (CA. Zngenrrria) or common quince<br />
(Cydok oblongcl) in early spring in the greenhouse. The Japan
THE NURSERY-LIST’ 275<br />
quince, grown for its attractive early spring bloom, is commonly<br />
known as C!ltloniu ,japonica; later ~L:S Chav1.om vlc~ japonica, and<br />
now as Ch~~o~l~lr3 lap) aria.<br />
Chamaebatiaria. Rosace~.<br />
The Q&U, or So~baria, MiZl~j’oZium of nurserymen ; seeds in<br />
spring, as for spireas, or by heeled cuttings of half-ripened wood in<br />
summer in slight bottom heat.<br />
Chamaxyparis (White cedar). Pirwrce. 6,<br />
Raised from seeds freely, sown in spring, also by layers, but<br />
mainly by cuttings of mature wood put in a frame or greenhouse in<br />
autumn and kept cool and close over winter ; in spring, gentle<br />
bottom heat is applied. The retinosporas (which are juvenile<br />
forms of other species) are grown in this way from cuttings, and<br />
also many forms of C. La ~~isowianf~.. Other species are veneergrafted<br />
in winter on seedlings. Dwarf kinds lose their small<br />
stature if grafted.<br />
Chamaedaphne (Leather Leaf). EGeacrce.<br />
Propagated by seeds in peat or on live sphagnum moss, scarcely<br />
covered, kept uniformly moist and shady. Layers and suckers are<br />
employed ; also mature wood cuttings under glass in late summer.<br />
C. cabyczc~lcttrc is the Cassa~!ru and Androjmcdn cabyculata of nurseries.<br />
Chamaedorea. PlrI!mwrw.<br />
Grown from seeds. See Palms, page 377.<br />
Chamerops. ~‘~~I!IIIIIC~YR.<br />
Grown from seeds, and freely from suckers. See Palms, page 377.<br />
Charieis. Compositor.<br />
Propagat4 by seeds, either planted in the open or sown indoors<br />
and transplanted. Cr. htr~rophylla is the Kadfussia ~mclloidra of<br />
se&men.<br />
Cheiranthus (\l’allflower). Cruc(few.<br />
The perennials are grown from cuttings t,aken in autumn and<br />
carried o\-er winter in a frame or coolhouse. The annuals and<br />
biennials are readily raised from seeds.<br />
Cherry ( PI+UTI US clri,rrrr~, I-‘. Cvorasus, etc.). hsawe.<br />
Cherry stocks are commonly grown from seeds. If the ground<br />
is in readiness and is in proper condition, the seeds may be planted<br />
in fall, or even as soon as they are ripe. If stored until spring, they
276 THE NURRER~‘-111,4NUAI,<br />
must, be stratified and kept very cool to prevent germination, and<br />
they should be sown at the earliest possible moment. They do<br />
not need to be cracked by hatitl. t ‘are must be taken that cherry<br />
pits do not become hard and dry. This precaution is more important<br />
with cherries than with peaches and plums. At the close<br />
of the first season, the seedlings will be a foot or foot and a half<br />
high, large enough to transplant into nursery rows, after the manner<br />
of apples, where they are budded the following season (second<br />
seasdn f roni t lie seed). In warm climat.es the pits are sometimes<br />
cracked as soon as they are gathered, anti the ‘I meats ” planted<br />
immediately. They n-ill then make stocks fit for grafting the<br />
ensuing winter, or for transplanting and budding the following<br />
summer.<br />
(.‘herries, in common with o-ther stone fruits, grow readily from<br />
root-cuttings, in the same way as blackberries. They do better if<br />
startecl over a gentle heat.<br />
The mazzard cherry is the stock on which cherries are recommended<br />
to be worked. It is a hardy and vigorous variety, with<br />
inferior fruit, of the common sweet cherry (Prunes aGum). Seeds<br />
of this are readily procured in this country. As a matter of fact,<br />
. however, nearI>* all sour cherries are worked on the mahaleb in this<br />
country, as tlltiy take better on it, and the stocks are cheap. Sweet<br />
cherries are often budded on the mahaleb, but it is a question<br />
whether such practice is best. The mazzard is such a strong<br />
grower that the I)ucl is often “ drowned out ” by the flow of sap.<br />
To avoid this esuberance, nurserymen often pinch in the tips of<br />
the stocks a few days before they are to be worked. The mazzard<br />
is also liable to leaf-blight, and to serious injury from the black<br />
aphis, so that thtl bark often sets before the operator has had time<br />
to finish his plantation. Mazzards usually have a shorter budding<br />
season than lnallalet)s, and are less uniform in behavior ; and for<br />
these reasons, mahalebs are widely used.<br />
Malialcb is 8 distinct species, P1’21.17218 nhiln~rJh, from southern<br />
Europe. The seeds or stocks of it are imported. Mahaleb st.ocks<br />
are recommended in the books for dwarfing the cherry, but the<br />
tluarfing depends more on pruning than on the mahalel) root.<br />
The mahalcl) is naturallJ7 a smaller tree than the mazzard, however.<br />
It is said that the mahaleb is better adapted to heavy clay<br />
soils than the mazzard, l)ut. in practice it is used indiscriminately<br />
for all soils and nearly all varieties.<br />
Morelin ( 1’~~ if ,7,, C%~flsus) stocks will no doubt prove to be
PLATE 1s. Two-yex budded cherry. on mazznrd (left), and mahaleb<br />
(right).
~alualde in thr Nnrthwtlst, whcrc grc 3 t. hardiness is demanded.<br />
Seedlings cl0 riot. sprout or swkw ldl~*, hit. t,lw natural suckers,<br />
which ;krt~ stunctitlw-4 ustvl for stocks, arty likdy to he more troutksome<br />
ill t llis rvspwt . If strong-growing t0ps are worked on<br />
1norello stocks, I10\v0vcr, there is usually litt1e annOyance from<br />
suckering. ~Ia~hald~ str~ks are gcn;-rally used for the more?lo<br />
cherries.<br />
It is probal~le that sOmr of the nativf> i1merican cherries can be<br />
used as stocks. The comm0n wild red, pin, pigeon Or bird cherry<br />
(,I+urr~ca j~~~lsjjlc~rrn ic*rl) has already been used to sOme extent.<br />
Thr sweet and sour cherries unite readily with it, and bear very<br />
c%rly. It is xet to 1)t> (lt~termind how long the trees will persist, but<br />
trtips sixteen or cightclcxn ~.ears old have been still healthy and<br />
\*ij;orous. It is consi(l~Wd to t)c a decry promising Aock for the<br />
c~dtl prairir s”i;ltPs. The dwarf Or sand cherries (I’runus pmiln<br />
ilIlt\ 1’. B~~.s,Wj/i) give promise as dWarf stocks.<br />
(~‘herry stocks arc worked 1)Ot.h by burlding and grafting. Butlfling<br />
is the c’0mmOn m&lid. The st.0cks sh0uld l>c fit, t.0 work the<br />
scas;on they arti t I’al;~I,li~nt.c~rl, Or in the second summer from seed.<br />
SW41 as are too Stllilll for working then may he allowed to stand<br />
unt it thr following ?-car; or if the number is small, the poor Ones<br />
arc rooted out .<br />
In the \Yest ) whertx grtla t hdiness is required, the vatrides are<br />
crown-gr:lfttd on lIlWX42IlYl stocks in winter. Yearling stocks are<br />
used, an{1 tlitb Gons arc ti to 10 indit5 long. N7ien planted, Only<br />
thtl tnp l)u(l ~1~0~~1~1 11th left i~l)O\~t grnunrl. The cion strikes rOOts,<br />
ant1 own-rOotec1 trees iIN’ ol)t.ainccl.<br />
The ornatrnent;~l c&rrics arc workecl on the stlme stocks as the<br />
fruit-lbearing sorts. Ibtitl~~l(‘l~ and mazzarci :lre commonly used<br />
for all species, the latter for weeping forms which need to be worked<br />
high.<br />
C’herry trees can be top-grafted, as are apple or pear trees.<br />
They are usually gr;tftcd very early in the spring. The chief<br />
requisit.e is that the cions 1~ completely dOrmant.. They should be<br />
cut in winter and stored in an ice-house Or a cold cellar. It is<br />
probable, however, that durable trees cannot be secured by topworking.<br />
The Japanese flowering cherries are Of different species from<br />
the fruit-bearing chc-lrrics, being forms mostly of 1+26?1zM srrrulntn,<br />
P. Ii!nnrsin?lrr, P. Sifl,vltlii, P. ~~frlof71sis, and 1’. sulhirff Iln.<br />
These may be world on mazzard and other stocks of European
278 TIIE l~liR,S~~IR}‘--,ll.il:VIIB I,<br />
origin, l)ut the trees arc likol>~ to lw sl1ort-li~*cil anrl ilnsat kfac~tcq*.<br />
iY;kt i Vc ,Japanescb s t oclL+ til’(’ t 0 1W pIY$CITCcl. The ornarllental<br />
varieties of I’. wrrrdtrtrr arc probably I)est worked on stocks of<br />
I’. scwulatcz~ var. ,str~l~.tclir~,r~~~,sis from the northern part of ?Japan,<br />
particularly for the nort hem regions of this country, as this stock<br />
is hardy in ~Yew J3ngland. I”orms of the wild I’. Lc~r1t3jc~fl<br />
from .Japan, particularly the form known as hlazakura, arc also<br />
recommended. I’. stihhirfdl~~ l’iw. IW,~/~/I//CC (known to nurscr~‘-<br />
mc’n as I’. jfrjmrr ifv rosrn p~~~d161a) Should l)e grafted high on such<br />
seedlings of I’. sdhirffdln as assume an upright2 habit. To maintain<br />
an upright st oclc of good forms of I’. .sddGrfdln itself, propagation<br />
should IW from cuttings or it niaJ* 1~ grafted on its own<br />
upright sccacllingss.<br />
ervil !(.‘hcr’l*ol)fr!/llunl, l~ulI~osurr~ and ~1 r2th~isc~~ C’errf0biu.m).<br />
1 ’ ni bdlijcra~.<br />
Seer1 is sown much the same as celery seeds, but the plants are<br />
usually allowed to stand where sown. Seed is often sown in<br />
autumn.<br />
Chestnut ((_‘astanea spccirlq). Fflqnccca.<br />
(‘hestnut stocks are grown from seed. J~XRiculty is sometimes<br />
experienced in keeping thtl seeds, as they lose their vitality if<br />
dried t,oo hard, and are-likely to becomtt moldy if allowed to remain<br />
moist. The surest way is to allow the nuts to l)ecome well dried<br />
off or “ scasonetl ” in the fall, and then stratify thflm in a box with<br />
three or four times as much sand as chestnuts, and bury the box a<br />
foot or two deep in a warm soil until spring. They do not always<br />
keep well if &red or stratified in a cellar. Fall plant.ing esposcs<br />
the nuts to squirrels and mice. American stocks are better than<br />
European9 because the latter are kncler in the North.<br />
The stocks are worked 1,~ whip-grafting above ground, the wound<br />
being well tied and protected by waxed cloth.
way. The union is imperfect in many varieties, and usually no<br />
more tllan half thch grafts take well and live long. In all nut-trees,<br />
the skill of tl~~~ operator is more important than the particular<br />
method.<br />
In regions where chestnuts grow wild, orchards are sometimes<br />
made by grafting the sprouts or the seedlings that come up in<br />
ckred lands.<br />
Chicory (Cicfioriunl IIt tyhs). Comyosita.<br />
The field crop, for tllc roots, is grown from seeds sown directly<br />
in the drills, l-l& pounds to the acre.<br />
As a sdd plajlt, chicory is easily raised from seeds sown where<br />
the plants arc’ to stand. See Il’itlo0j’.<br />
Chilopsis (Desert iYillo\v). L@jzorL,i[xclE.<br />
Propagated by* seeds ; and 1,~ cuttings of half-ripened shoots in<br />
I bottom heat.<br />
Chionanthus (Fringe Trerl). O~IJCKYW.<br />
Increased 1,~. S;CY& sox\fu in autumn or stratified till spring ; also<br />
1,~ la>*crs and cuttings t’roi~i forc4 plants in early spring. Grafting<br />
or l,udcling on the asll (,a~ k’rf1.rillu.s Orirua) succeeds very well.<br />
Chionodoxa. hliucvw.<br />
EVopagatt~d rrt~lil~. lb)- st~ls~ V;llirll are sometimes self-sown.<br />
If sown in a fr:ltIl(: as soon as ripcb, the seeds may be expected to<br />
germinate the followin g winter or early spring. Also increased by<br />
l,ulbels or offsets.<br />
Chives, or Cives (;1 Ibilc ~1 Sch(~~l~~~~~(t.s%~.~~~). Lil,incrw.<br />
Propagated 1,~ di~;ision of the clumps. The stools should be<br />
1)rolien up and rc~pluntrtl every few ~-cars.<br />
Chloris. Gru 111 iIt tw.<br />
Raised from seeds sown directl)r in the open, or started under<br />
glass and transplantt51.<br />
Chlorophytum. Lilicrcm.<br />
Multiplied l,~r division of the tough root system before the<br />
plant i,cgins new grolvt 11, or lay the suckers that naturally arise ;<br />
also sometimes Iby seeds, when produced. Usually known to<br />
gardeners as anthericum.<br />
279
280 THE’ NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Chorizema. 7,ciprn inosw.<br />
Propagated by cilttings in March from half-ripened wood, in a<br />
mixture of two parts sharp sand and one of peat,, finely sifted.<br />
They should 1~ covered with a bell-glass with a night temperature<br />
of 5s” to GO”.<br />
Chrysalidocarpus. l’dmacea?.<br />
The ~wca~ Ezctc~~~s of gardeners : propagated by seeds in pans,<br />
bosc~s or benches, where they are left until two or more leaves have<br />
formed ; the pan or box may have gravel in the bottom. See<br />
Pa,lms, page 377.<br />
Chrysanthemum. Cmnyosifcp.<br />
Many plants are included in this genus, as the florist’s chrysanthemum,<br />
flower-garden annuals, pyrethrums, marguerites, Shasta<br />
daisy, a,ntl hardy perennials grown in the border. All are readily<br />
propagated by seeds, the perennials giving bloom the second year<br />
or sometimes the first year. The annuals (C. c*oronarium, C.<br />
carinafthw, Cr. sqvfzcnz) are easily raised from seeds sown in spring<br />
where the plants are to grow ; and they may be started under<br />
glass and trtinsplanted.<br />
The perennials are grown from divisions of the stools and also<br />
from cuttings, The marguerite or Paris daisy (C. frutcscem) is propagated<br />
l,>r cuttings of firm shoots in winter or spring; blooming<br />
plants should 1~ 1~1 the following winter. See Pywthrum,, page 405.<br />
The florist’s ~l~rv~;antllen~unl is grown from seeds to obtain new<br />
varictics ; these slkld be sown in spring and plants should yield<br />
good bloom the following year. Usually propagated by cuttings<br />
about 3 inc!les long, of firm, healthy, short-jointed shoots, which<br />
spring from the base of the plant after the flowering season. They<br />
should be made in late winter or spring, and placed near the glass<br />
of a rather clot frui;;e li:kving a temperature of about 45’. If instIrted<br />
in pots, only the lower kaf should be removed ; if in beds,<br />
the remaining f’~~li;~ge should also be trimmed to admit air. Insert<br />
about half of tlie cutting, press the soil firmly, and water. Leaf -<br />
cuttings have l)tlen employed. Tnarching and grafting may also<br />
be performed, when it is desired to grow two or more varieties on<br />
one plant.<br />
The time at which chrysanthemum cuttings should be taken<br />
depends on the season at which bloom is wanted, and the methods<br />
of cultivation. The plants may be flowered in pots, or in a solid<br />
soil bench. ‘I’ery good small plants may be brought to perfection
THE N lJR,SERY--LIST 381<br />
in &-inch pot,s, but the best results, in pot plants, are t,o be obtained<br />
in ,9- or IO-inch pots 01’ IL’-inch pots st8arted in November and<br />
December. If thcb plants arr to be used for decoration, they should,<br />
of course, lw gro\vn iri pots, but the best results for cut-flowers<br />
are usually. obtained by growing in the earth. In any case, the<br />
cuttings arc maclc from the tips of basal or strong lateral shoots<br />
lat,e in Februnr>7 to Xiay. One form of cutting is shown in Fig. 118.<br />
If the plants art‘ to 1~) flowered in pots - in which case they usually<br />
mature clarlitbr -- thcb cuttings may IW start4. as late as April, or<br />
even Jurw ; Itrlt if thq’ are grown in the soil and large plants are<br />
desirecl, the c!lt.tings should be taken in Fel)runry or Ma!,ch. The<br />
plants which itW floIVcret1 in the soil arc gcnrrally grown in pots<br />
until July-. 7’1~ I~li~nts arc flow~~~l l)ut, once, new ones being<br />
groivn from (buttinKs ra;ac+ c\t’ar.<br />
Sornct irncls the old stools of florist’s c*l~rysanthemum are divided<br />
beforcl growth Iqins in spring, but this is unusual. Suckers,<br />
partialI!. rootctcl or usc~l as cut.ttngs, may LLISO be taken from the<br />
old crowns.<br />
Chrysobalanus (Cocoa-Plum). I- propagated by the little tubers, planted in spring where<br />
the plants are to grow.<br />
Cicer (Wck-Pen. Garbanza). I,ry!~~.~j~nscr.<br />
Seeds sown in spring whcrc tlw plants arr to grow propagate<br />
the plant freely.<br />
Cimicifuga (Riiglmnc). I(III111.~1~1i~it(‘(‘~.<br />
Grown front scetls sown when mature‘, tlw seed-bed being kept<br />
cool and m&t ; pl;lnts will probal)ly not il~lPC?lr till spring ; also<br />
from divisions in fall or spring.<br />
Cinchona (Peruvian Bark). Rubinwn.<br />
In greenhouses, propagated by mat,ure-wood cut _ t,ings _ in heat<br />
or from imported stcds. In the tropics by seeds, with only a thin .<br />
covering of ea.rth ; protect from rain and sun and keep uniformly<br />
moist ; transplanted when about 2 inches high.
232 THE N URSE R Y-MAN UAL<br />
Cineraria (Sro fcio cwct1 tus). Conzposit@..<br />
Raiser1 from s;c~ls, 11sual1y from well-grown commercial seed.<br />
The florist’s cincraria is usually a winter and spring bloomer.<br />
TWO batc~hes of seerllings arc usually raised for succession, one<br />
from seed sown in .iugust a.nd anot,lier in September or early<br />
October. If I~looni is wanted. for early winter or late autumn,<br />
seed should be sown in RIay. Seed is sown in pans, flats or pots<br />
on the surface of findy prepared ad leveled soil and covered with<br />
siftd sl!?!?. IYater with ., 1xs1 PRl’O L,-ac, keep unifrrl*nlIlr Z111VI **l-J moist., protect<br />
from (Iraft 5 anal direct sun, and prick out as soon as large enough<br />
to 1Kmrt1c. Keep them shifted as needed, not in too large pots at<br />
each shift, anal gron-ing \vithout. check ; do not allow them to bloom<br />
prcninturely.<br />
Cinnamomum. IA II rrf10W.<br />
Increased 1)y cuttings and seeds. The seeds should be sou-n as<br />
soon as ripe in a shaded bed, t,he seedlings being transplanted when<br />
very small into pots and kept until set out permanently. Gttings<br />
of half-ripened wood may be rooted in the spring in moderate<br />
heat, in coars(‘ sand. In this genus are included cinnamon,<br />
camphor and cassia-bark.<br />
I<br />
Cissus. 1 XlCf’fP.<br />
Grown from sccd~, when obtainable ; also by cuttings of green<br />
or mature wood. Hanrllerl essentially as for t.he grape, ampelopsis<br />
~incl T);lrtli~~nocis~us.<br />
Cistus (Rock ROW). C’isfncrYE<br />
Seeds sown in flats or pans in spring, protected from sun, give<br />
good resu!ts ; 1)~. l;qeers ; 1)~ cutt,ings under glass in peaty soil in<br />
late spring or summer.<br />
Citron (Citrus Mrdicr~). Kutcrctv.<br />
Propagatc(1 from se& ; by mature cuttings, the same as the<br />
lemon ; anal more commonly by budding on sour orange, sweet<br />
orange or ltmon stocks. See under Ora?gc.<br />
Citrullus : II-frff~rmf~lm.<br />
Citrus. IZ II fnci~.<br />
Propagn ted 1)~. seeds, layers, cuttings, inarching, grafting and<br />
budding. For particular methods, set Grapfruit, Kun~~quat,<br />
Lcmm, Limo, Oraugc.
THE NIJRSERY-LI,ST 283<br />
Cladrastis (Yellow-wood. \‘irgilia). IA~~M III inostr.<br />
&i~~ltiplicc~ by seeds in the open a.ir in spring, or by cuttings of<br />
the root, dug in fall am1 kept in sand or moss, moderately moist and<br />
cool, until spring.<br />
Clarkk. Oungwwcr.<br />
Raised rcndil>* from suds sown in spring, either in the open or<br />
started indoors.<br />
clavija. M+l~rshlr’m<br />
l’ropaga twl t)~- c*llt t ings of half-ripened shoots.<br />
Clematis (\‘irgin’s Bower). Z~fz~~2Iol~‘lllncf~.<br />
,C;(W~S gathertd as soor as ripe ilrld stratified till spring usually<br />
grow I’rct~l>y. I.d)-t~I?i niay bc emploJVed, put down preferab!? in<br />
fill1 or spring. Some SpGes, as C. T&G, a,re increased by divlslon.<br />
The kinds of clematis can be grown from cuttings of young<br />
shoots, cut to sinplc edges and root,ed in sand under glass in summer.<br />
(‘uttings of nearly ripe wood may also be similarly used in summer.<br />
The naniecl varieties are grafted on pieces of roots of C. Flnnz-<br />
~zulrr. or C. I riii~~4/cl or others, the roots being taken from established<br />
plants in the op~~n. The cions are taken from house-grown<br />
plants, ancl the grafts are handled in a cool greenhouse in summer<br />
to fall or winter, wh(tnever roots and good cions are available.<br />
Cleome (Spitlcr Plant 1. Cslppnrirlnrtw.<br />
Tht~ commonly cultivated trleomes are annuals or treated as<br />
SUCh. Seedy may 1~ sown under cover in spring and the p1ant.s<br />
transferred to permanent quarters out of doors ; or the sowing may<br />
be directly in the open. (Tuttings of the perennial kinds may be<br />
struck in heat.<br />
Clerodendron. I ‘c~rbrwrrrr~n.<br />
R.aiscd from seeds and cuttings, usually started in small pots<br />
in a soil of sand and peat (or leaf-mold). They should be started in<br />
a rather close t,cmpcrature of about. i’0”. C’utGngs are usually<br />
taken from half-ripened wood.<br />
Clethra (\Vhi te ;Ilder) . C/,+/IIWVW.<br />
Grown ;‘r9in seeds sown in spring in pans in sandy-peat.>* soil.<br />
Propagatccl ills0 h)’ grrcnwood cuttings under glass ; by layers and<br />
division of large plants.
284 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Clianthus (Glory-Pea.) Leguminosc.<br />
The brilliant 6. Zhnpicri is raised from seeds, when procurable.<br />
C. pztniwus anrl others grow from cuttings in sand in bottom heat<br />
and also from seeds. In Germany and England C. Dampieri has<br />
been handled successfully on small seedling stocks of Colutea<br />
urboreswns. The colutea is sown a few da3.s before the clianthus,<br />
a,nd after the cotyledons are formed on the colutea the hypocotyl<br />
(or stem) is split down the center, the cotJ,ledons being ret,ainecl ;<br />
into this cleft is inserted the seedling cliant,hus, being tied with<br />
very fine raffia ; in a warm case, union will take place in four or<br />
five days.<br />
Clintonia. Micrcm.<br />
Increased by seeds, and by division of the root in spring. The<br />
&ntonias of seeclsmcn are downing& (Campanulacez), garden<br />
annuals readily grown from seeds.<br />
Clitoria (Butterfly-Pea). Lcyuw itlosae.<br />
Easily grown from seeds, which are usually produced freely ;<br />
also handled from firm-wood cuttings under glass. .<br />
Clivia, Imantoph~*llum. A r/?~$iidncr~.<br />
Propagated by seeds and division. The common species, C.<br />
rhiata, is reatlily handled by dividing the old roots when the pot<br />
becomes crowded.<br />
Clover (Trifolium species). Lrgu In inom.<br />
The clovers are raised from seed. Some of them are annual,<br />
as crimson clover ; others perennial, as white cloyer ; others shortlived<br />
perennials, as red clover. Seed is usually sown in early<br />
spring with a nurse crop, particularly with wheat. The quantity<br />
of red clover seed sown to the acre in grain fields is 10 to 14 or<br />
16 pounds; of alsike about the same quantity. 1Vhite clover is<br />
sown about 10 to 12 pounds to the acre; for lawns, twice this<br />
quantity. (“rimson clover for coyer-crop in the open field is sown<br />
15 to 3 pounds to the acre. Red clover is usually sown on the<br />
surface in wheat fields, without covering, the land at the time<br />
being not yet dry and hard. Probably better results are to be<br />
expected by waltmg till the ground is settled, harrowing lightly<br />
for seed-bed and harrowing again after sowing.<br />
.Japan clover is a lespedeza ; used for hay; sown about 12<br />
pounds to the acre. Sweet clover is melilotus ; sown about 2 pecks<br />
to acre.
THE NURSERY-LIST 285<br />
Clytostoma. B igno~ inctw.<br />
Propagation as for bignonin, which see. The tall climber grown<br />
as Biigtt,otk ,sy~~c~iusw is now known as C. cullistqioidcs.<br />
Cobsea. E-'olt~~tlo~r~itrc~t~~.<br />
The comn~on C’. SNIOC~IWS, although perennial, is handled as an<br />
annual, and is readily raised from fresh seed in spring, if a gentle<br />
bottom heat is supplied. It is often said that the seeds must be<br />
placetl on edge, but this is a mistake. Exercise care not to keep<br />
the seed soil too moist. Also may be grown from young cuttings<br />
in spring in bottom livat.<br />
Coccinia. @~tclltAiltrcc+~.<br />
‘l’rCxfe-f(l a.5 annual climbers, grown from early-st.arted seeds.<br />
Pf hqf1~fl.ftf’fP<br />
Pnmfialnha /. seeds, sown in shallow pans of light peaty soil and<br />
placed in a warm &srh atmosphere. Pollination may need to be<br />
assisted for the production of good seeds.<br />
Coconut (,Co(aos rI 1l~ij~rrt.J D Palmwiw.<br />
The nuts are buried in nursery rows, and the young trees are<br />
transplanted. Another practice is to remove the buried nuts,<br />
when they begin to sprout, to the place in which the tree is to stand.<br />
;a nut is then placed in a hole some 2 feet cleep, which is gradually<br />
filled in as the plant grows. In six to eight. years t.he tree begins to<br />
bei1.r. The best method is to plant the ripe nuts in seed-beds<br />
and transplant the seedlings to the nursery when about 6 inches<br />
high, which will usually be six months or more from the time of<br />
planting. See Palm, page 377.<br />
cocos. Pal~rrracew.<br />
Most species increased by seeds in heat ; some by suckers.<br />
Cocorl<br />
?li.<br />
See
286 THE NURSERI’-Il~;lN~?rlL<br />
Codiaxtm ((‘roton of gnrckners). ~uphorbiaw~.<br />
sew \-aritbtit5 ill’t’ produced by seckd, started in heat. Cuttings<br />
of half-ripcnecl t~ooct taken in winter or spring make good<br />
plants if struck in a hottom heat of SO”. Large branches nmy be<br />
moused (air-layered) and ~na.c:le thereby into separate plants ; this<br />
treatment is often also employed with old t,all plants : an incision<br />
is mack in tl~b strlu beneath the crown of leaves ad moss is<br />
tied about the plant, and in ahout three weeks it should he read)<br />
to be se\*crcd and potttd.<br />
Ccelogyne. Orch iclwvrF.<br />
Propagated 1,~ cli\-ision and by taking off the back bulbs.<br />
Orc’hids, page ST?.<br />
See<br />
Coffea i]ccrt?t*~). R?h-rrrt~rr~.<br />
I-rider glass as iln ornamental or “ economic ” plant, coffee may<br />
be grown from ripe cuttings.<br />
As a crop in the tropics, coffee is raised from seeds. Sometimes<br />
yoluntecr st4ling:; in old plantations are used, but it: is best to<br />
p!nnt ihe seeds, after the pulp is remolyed, in carefully prepared<br />
shaded seed-he&, well protected from hearer rains. In ten to twelve<br />
weeks, the plants should be ready to transplant to nursery rows,<br />
the first foliage len\~t~s hal4ng appea,red. The tap-roots are cut<br />
back. LIfttAr ai)c,ut five pairs of true leaves are driveloped, the<br />
plants ma>’ 1~ scbt in the field ; they should bear in three or four<br />
years.<br />
Coix (.Job’s Tears). Gaut irtr~a~.<br />
Grown from seeds, sometimes started indoors with heat.<br />
Colchicum (.-Iuturnn Oocus). I,iliuccce.<br />
Increased h?, SW&~ as so011 a$ ripe, June to hiy ; tliso propagated<br />
b>, separation just after the leaves die, end of June or early July.<br />
Coleus. Liil~icrfcr.<br />
hlultiplicd b). seeds (which grow readily) for new Lrarieties ; also<br />
by cuttings of soft growing shoots with the greatest ease at any<br />
season. J*‘ig. 117.<br />
Collards (Brrl~ic~ oI~~rucca yar. accphala) . Cr uciferw.<br />
Grown from seeds: in the South started in February and March<br />
so that growth rnq- be made before hot weather, in the North in<br />
July\- or Ilugust so that the growth may bc made before winter.
‘I’ll 15 iV Cl RSI< R Y-LIST 287<br />
Collinsia. Svrc~j~h rilrrriwrv.<br />
I’rq~:lgat~~(l 11). SWV!S sown in the fall outdoors in well-drained<br />
soi1 aid protect~vl over winter ; may also bc sown in spring for<br />
later bloom.<br />
Colocasia. .lra07r.<br />
Propagation as for cxlarlium, by offsets of the tubers or “ bulbs.”<br />
Tare is the tnlxlrous roots of C. nrrtiquorurrl~ or C. rscul~r~ta. Da&en<br />
is another forni. ( ‘onsul t C~clrl~f~ilc~?,?., pa,gc‘ 2ti5.<br />
Colutea (Itladrl~ S;1~1ina 1. Lr~gli,~~r irlnsw.<br />
3Iultipliecl 1,~. stats sown in spring, and by cuttings in sandy soil<br />
in ;lntlimn. I~arc kintls are sometimes grafted on C. arborcscelzs<br />
in spring nntlcr glass.<br />
Comfrey: spr &r/t I/ Ii1 -<br />
Commeiina. foul ulrii~twcw.<br />
Grown from seeds sown in a frame early in April ; also by<br />
cuttings, which will root in sand, in a gentle hotbed, in March or<br />
April. Sometinics propagated 1)~ division of the tubers.<br />
Comptonia (Frr,rr@HI Irr ~.s~)l(~~ vers. By<br />
some hotanis;tS;, this interesting native plant is included in Myrica,<br />
as JI. a.splrw (folio.<br />
Conifers. COU
288 THE NI~R~‘;E’RY-i12;1NIJrlI,<br />
Convallaria (I,il!.-of.~tllcl-\‘;rllt~~). Liliftrt77~.<br />
I-Ianrlletl bp “ cr(fwik5 ” or “ pip’,” which art’ the separated growing<br />
points of the roots, possessing a strong bud. These crowns can<br />
be oIGnc(l from an)’ wc~ll-cstiLl,lishccl bed in the fall, but they are<br />
usually importrd. Plants may bc di\~icled in spring. Fig. 56.<br />
Convolvulus (,Rindwecd) . ~o12Llolzlubac~?a~.<br />
Anniia,ls and perennials ; the former are easily grown from seeds<br />
sown in the open or under glass ; t,he latter by seeds, by cuttings<br />
of young wood, and by division.<br />
Corchorus (.Ju te). Tilicrcrcr.<br />
Annuals i,af warm countries easiljv grown from seeds ; others are<br />
perennial and grown from seeds, cuttings and division, but they<br />
are little known in cultivat,ion.<br />
Gordia. Bora.gin.m=vv.<br />
Increased by seeds, cuttings of firm wood in heat.<br />
Cordyline. Lilirwcr.<br />
,Seeds when obtainable ; cut.tings ; root-cuttings ; air-layering.<br />
The dractvnas of gardeners are cordy 1 ines. They are readily<br />
handled, as dcscribecI by Eisele, by cutting tlie ripened stems or<br />
trunks, from ~vhkh a.11 leaves ha\-c been removed, int,o pieces 2 to<br />
4 inches long. Thc~e are la,id either in very light soil or in sand in<br />
the propagating-!)(>(I, where they receilye a bottom heat of about<br />
SO”? being barely oo\-erctl with sand or moss. The eyes soon<br />
start into growth, and, as soon as thrxy have developed about six<br />
leaves, these shoots are cut off wit,h a small heel and again placed<br />
in the propagating -bed unt.il rooted, after which they are potted off<br />
into small p&s in Ii&t soil, kept close until they become established.<br />
The plant known in the market as Dracavra indiuisa grows readily<br />
from seeds. Figs, 68, 92? 104, 119.<br />
Coreopsis, Calliopsis. Compos~l~.<br />
The annuals are readily grown from seeds started in the house or<br />
sown directly in the open. The perennials are grown from seed,<br />
by cuttings of growing wood in summer, and by division.<br />
Coriander (6loriandrum safi*cu.m). Umbdlz’fcr~.<br />
Seeds are sown in fall or spring ; they grow readily.<br />
Corn : itlnkc.<br />
I
THE NURSERY-LIST 289<br />
Corn-Salad ( Vdwinndla oliforia). I’nhia~nace~.<br />
Grown from seccls sown in spring, lat,e summer or autumn.<br />
plants mature quickly in cool weather.<br />
The<br />
Cornus (I~ogwood. Q&r). Comacr~<br />
Propagated by seed, suckers, layers and cmtings. Seeds usually<br />
germinate the second year, being stratified t.he first winter. The<br />
herbaceous species, C. c~r~zu&rGs- and C. suwica, may be increased<br />
by division, as also by seeds. The willow-like soft-wooded cornuses<br />
grow from cuttings of ripe wood, C. stolonifera and its kin<br />
by layers or y tolons. They are often raised from firm-wood cuttings<br />
in summer in frames. Named varieties and some species are<br />
budded in many cases, especially all the weak-growing sorts. If<br />
possible? the stock should be the same species as the horticultural<br />
variety when praftage is employed. CO~WZIS mas, raised from<br />
Iseed, is, however, a favorite stock. Shield-budding in late summer<br />
ant1 veneer-grafting are most successful. Fig. 99.<br />
Coronilla. LPg 11 Ul iwsn.<br />
Mostly grown from seeds and by division. Cuttings of young<br />
wood are sometimes employed, handled in a frame or a greenhouse.<br />
Cortaderia (Pampas-Grass). G’rcl ItI irrep.<br />
Propagated by st~ls, started under glass in the North ; also<br />
inrrea,secl 1,)~ dividing the clump::. The pampas-grass was formerly<br />
included in the genus Gynerium.<br />
Corydalis. E'utr~uritrww.<br />
Grown from seeds and by division ; the bulbous-rooted species<br />
by offsets.<br />
Corylopsis. H~l~~l~l~~l~~li~lt~(I~~Q.<br />
Propagated by seed:; sown in spring, with slight bottom heat,<br />
and by cuttings of half-ripened wood in summer under glass ;<br />
also by layers which root readily in moderately moist peaty soil.<br />
Cory1us (Hazel. Filbert. Cobnu t). BPf dacm. 1<br />
Propagated by seeds, suckers, layers and cuttings. Grafting<br />
and budding are each practicable, and are adopted when growing<br />
tall standards or scarce varieties. The seed should be sown as<br />
soon as gathered, or stored in sand (stratified) till the following<br />
spring. All superior varieties should be increased by suckers or<br />
layers. Stools kept for layering must be allowed to make more<br />
u
290 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
growth than those used for suckers. Free growth must be encouraged<br />
for a year or more, and, any suitable time in winter, the<br />
shoots should be bent to the ground, pegged firmly and covered<br />
t.o the depth of 3 inches with earth. They will be well rooted by<br />
the following autumn, and may then be removed and planted out<br />
permanently.<br />
Coxypha. PalmacrcP.<br />
Propagated by seeds. See Patms, page 377.<br />
Cosmidium : Tkc~qwrma.<br />
Cosmos. Co m posit@,.<br />
Readily grown from seeds. In short-season climates the seeds<br />
wou!d better be started indoors.<br />
Costus. Zi~lgibvra~ccrz.<br />
Propagated by cutting the canes or stalks into pieces an inch or<br />
so in length, and planting in sifted peat or fine moss and sand,<br />
covering lightly. Also increased by dividing the roots and by<br />
seeds.<br />
Cotinus (Smoke-Tree). Anacardiaccne.<br />
Propagated by seeds, root-cuttings and layers. By<br />
botanists retained in the genus Rhus, as R. Coti~~z~.~.<br />
many<br />
Cotoneaster. Koscrrf~r.<br />
Grown from fall-sown or stratified seeds ; also by autumn<br />
layers, by cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass in 1at.e summer.<br />
Some kinds may 1~ gra,fted on seedling stocks of C. intcgerrima<br />
(C. dgaris), common quince, hawthorn-or mountain ash.<br />
Cotton (Gossypium). Ma/l!acw.<br />
Cotton is grown from seeds dropped where the plants are to<br />
stand. In the southern states the planting runs from April 15<br />
to May 15. Tl IO plants are thinned as they stand to 12 to 2 L<br />
inches ; thtk rows art-’ 34 to 4 feet apart. About one bushel of seed<br />
is sufficient to the acre, although two to three times this quantit!<br />
is sometimes used.<br />
As a greenhouse subject, cotton is sometimes raised from soft<br />
cuttings.<br />
Cotg?tedon (Na\relwort). Crassulacr~.<br />
Propagated by seed, offsets, cut&s of the stem and of leaves.<br />
The greenhouse kinds (as C. gibbiflora) are grown from stem
TIIIE NI?KSERY-LIST 291<br />
cuttings 2 or 3 in&s long. It. is a good plan to stand them on moss<br />
in pots ; roots will t’ortn in the moss. Old shoots past flowering<br />
may 1.~ cut ant1 erowdt4 together in sh:dlow 1~s~ and kept warm<br />
and dry to force si&-shoots .for cuttings.<br />
The carpet-bedding kinds are propagated in November and<br />
L)ecetnbrr from leaYes , giving plants for tltc nest season’s work.<br />
The leaf is gently twisted off, with the dormant. asillary bud intact.<br />
The lc:t~es art> laid on thrlir backs in a depression in the sand of<br />
the propagat in,- (r bed in two rows so that the butts touch ; at their<br />
butts t1lc.y are covered about 2 inches deep. V’ithhold water till<br />
roots form , anti water sparingly thereafter. Three or four weeks<br />
arp required for rt;ot ing.<br />
The alive (lirt>ctions :lppl~r also to t&everia.<br />
Cowpea ( I -i{gt/fr sir~r~,~s;s). l.r’~ptitl rItosu’.<br />
Frost-ten&r annual grown frotn seeds sown when weather berom~‘s<br />
m-arm, 1 t0 I ; l~usl~cls to the acre.<br />
Crambe (Sea-K&B). (.lr*llcifr~~.<br />
Etaiwd clasi\>- frc>tn x4.<br />
Cranberry ( I vcwci,l ire VI r~~rt~orrxr~x~~.). 11Jricmm. (Elizabeth C.<br />
The coti~tt~~rcial prolxlgatioti of ctxtiberries is entirel> by cuttings.<br />
These are ot)taincrl 1,). tttowing with a s-the<br />
\-igorous vines on a<br />
well-establishctl Ijog. The \.itics shouhl l)tl cut itntnediatcl~ after<br />
the withdrawal of 11~ wintthr flowttgth ; or, it’ front an unflowed bog,<br />
before growth starts in thch spring. In ~tlst~ the new area to be<br />
planted is not t~ntirrl;~ prepared, thtb cut, tines should be made into<br />
bales and entircl~ sul)ntergetl in wattlr. In this way they may<br />
be kept in perfect c*ontlition for ph~nting for a month to six weeks<br />
or t’vt1t-t longer.<br />
After thcl ground has been tlrained, le~~4ed and sanded, I if<br />
sanding is rl~G~l, --- the cuttings, ptx4rrul.J~ S to 12 inches long,<br />
are thrust ol~liquel~- into the soil at the tnidtlle with a blunt<br />
ins trutnent , lcl;i\-ing about 2 inches of each end exposed. In<br />
planting on sanded ground, care should be taken that the cutting<br />
reacht5 info tlicb nlrreli l~low the sand. The cutt,ings should be<br />
set three or four in :L play and I :! to 1% inches apart. In<br />
soft ground the cuttings may sometimes be pushed directly into<br />
the soil witltout previously making a hole, but more frequently it<br />
is desirable first to make a hole with a dibble or similar tool, and
292 THE ArURSERY-MANU.4L<br />
to firm the soil about the cuttings after they are placed. Various<br />
tools ha1.e been developed for making holes and pushing in the<br />
cuttings whctta planting begs in the various sections where this<br />
fruit is grown. The uw of some of these impletnents necessitates<br />
the worker kneeling on the ground ; others can be used as -the<br />
workers stan(l.<br />
C’ross-pollination or hybridization by man has had no part in<br />
the production of the various comtnercial varieties of cranberries,<br />
Earl>~ Blacks, HOMW, Qlentennials, a.nd the like. All these have<br />
resulted from the selection of choice wild stocks and. their propagation<br />
l)y cuttings. Howelrer, seeds may be sown with the hope of<br />
obtaining IWW v;xit*ties, the methods being those in general recomtnentItxt<br />
for ~~~ricact~~~~ (p. 308). The seeds are stratified till spring,<br />
and thcb st.4linp~ arc’ allowed to grow the first year in the seed-box<br />
or well prepareA stbed-bed.<br />
@rassetTa. C~I’CISSI~~MYYE.<br />
Propagutt~cl I)y seeds ; usually by cut.tings, which should be<br />
laid in thch sun to Jry before planting. If cutting shoots do not<br />
form, as in (1. j*~I(~lic~, the plants may be headed back to encourage<br />
a,clvetttit,ioits gt*oH’ths.<br />
Cratzegus (Hw. Hawthorn) d I~o~Mw.P.<br />
Propagated 1))~ si4s sown in fttll or St-ratified. The pulp should<br />
first be rc2noscd I))* mxcration, ~wxJ,~, or rubbing in sand. Seeds<br />
may contiziuc~ to g~~rtriinate the second and third yearA, The seedlings<br />
shouhl IW transplantc~d when a year (one S,eation) old to prevent<br />
the fOl.tllittiotl (rf long ll:atXl roots. The varieties are grafted, rarely<br />
budded, on ~onttnon sto(.akS, mostly on the European hawthorn, C.<br />
O.u/rrca 11 th .<br />
Cress (Lf~pitliritrc swtiuiittt). C’rul~~~~tw.<br />
Raised from s.;1-‘txls, sown in spring or late sutnmer.<br />
in the rool sf~ason. SW II ‘crtfd3f~ss.<br />
It does best<br />
Crinum. -4 It/(1 tyi1i11uwlP.<br />
Raised tttostl!- from offsets of the bulbs ; also by seeds, particularly<br />
fin new varieties, in a warm temperature. See A 01 ary I%-<br />
dflcfYP, pag:” 2x.<br />
Crocosmia. I ridu~~m~.<br />
Offsets or c*ortncls art‘ used for propagation, as for gladiolus.<br />
Seeds may be etttplored , sown under glass when ripe.
TN?: NURSERY-LIST 293<br />
Crocus. I ridrarcw”<br />
nlultiplic4 1)~. thcb oIf5f~t.s or new corms that form on top or on<br />
the side of tllc* ol(l corni. These arp hanttlcd as arc the corm& of<br />
gladiolus and similar tliings, making blooming plants in one or<br />
two years. Propagation is oft.en effected by seeds, which are<br />
likely to 1~ o\x~rlookocl I~~ccausc they form near the surface of the<br />
ground. Tl IC wtbcls art‘ ;;own in pots or hoses and exposed to<br />
freezing bcforc germination. 13looming plants should be had in<br />
three >‘txu rs.<br />
Crotalaria (Rat tltb-Box). l,t~gl~l,r.~rl~osn.<br />
3Iultipliccl I)y sectls sown early indoors, aft,er being soaked in<br />
warm water ; the shruhby kinds by greenwood cuttings in sand<br />
uncier gliIS5.<br />
Croton : Co~iir~ ~II .<br />
CrucianeUa (( ‘rosswort). RuKiacm.<br />
Handled mostl). hy division of the plants ; also by seeds and<br />
sometimes by soft cuttings.<br />
Cryptanthus. B~~r~~~Iitic~fx.<br />
Propagation as for l~illhcrgia, which see. C. xo~zntus is the<br />
common spAes, usually- grown as tillandsia ; it makes parts that<br />
I-My hc LlSCd as offsets. -<br />
Cryptomeria (Jnpxn (~‘edar). l’iib(lrraz.<br />
I’ropl~; ttv 1 b)’ SOW 1s ; also by cuttings of growing wood in sandy<br />
soil under gsluss wllich often, as in the var. Acg~s, root freely.<br />
The horticultural varieties are sometimes increased by grafting on<br />
stocks of the sp&cs itself.<br />
Cucumber (Curtis sr~fir~ts). C1c~c2~~rbifncr~.<br />
Propagated b:\v SW& If sown outdoors, the operation should<br />
be delayed until tile we&her is thoroughlj settled. The early<br />
outdoor crop is grown from seeds start.ed indoors in pots or pint<br />
berry-boxes, as the plant,s do not. remove well if the roots are<br />
disturbed.<br />
Cucumis : C’ucunzber, Gh~crlcin, Melon.<br />
Cucurbita : Gorlrd, Pumplc~in, Squash.<br />
Cucurbitaceae. Cucurbits.<br />
The common method of propagating all species and varieties of<br />
cucurbiti is by seeds, which are large and usually germinate
294 'I'ijE ili'l!RSERl'~~ ,Ii,4Nli'.~tI,<br />
rtriirlil~~ it’s(fw~i iu n-:mn wwtlwr or in ii. warm lio11se. The cucwhit,s<br />
arc frost-tender. Srctls retain their gernlinating qualities for a<br />
nulnlwr Of c\'t‘iilY. Spwial kinds may I)r increased l,y cuttings,<br />
lvliicll root clrric*kly in Ixisk hctut.<br />
Cunninghamia. l’irl (IWW.<br />
I’ropaga tee 1 by servls ; also by r*ut tings of growing wood in late<br />
sumnier lincler gla55. For symmetrical specimens, cuttings should<br />
t)p t;l'if ;I from l(‘iL(lill, (p shoot.s on strong branches or from short<br />
shoo1;; i~;isiIl~~ 011 tilt% Ol(l Wood.<br />
Cuphea. IA/f h rncrw.<br />
I’snally porn t’rmi seeds, the plants being treated as annuals.<br />
The more slirnhhj- kinds, as c. iy/?lr (1, are grown from cuttings of<br />
firm wooocl.<br />
Cupressus (( ‘y*press). I’i)lcIcfYr.<br />
Handled as are the species of cl-ramwcyparis, by cuttings and<br />
scerts.<br />
Curculigo. ;1 nlarylfidacr’~.<br />
Propagltrcl t,J* seeds ; also 1,~. suckers from t.he base of the stem.<br />
Before potting, plact) t.he pieces in the sand-bed of a warm prop-<br />
:lg;~tillg-‘hOllSc ~OI’ iI ft’w cLL>*s.<br />
Curcuma. %itrgibrrntnP.<br />
Incre:~5ecl tj)- (li\visic-,n of tuhcrs or roots in spring.<br />
Currant ( Kihrs wl$w w, R. nigruw and R. odnrh~m). Safxifmgacec;e.<br />
a Sew I-arietitbs are originated from seeds, which may be sown in the<br />
fall or stratified until spring. They are planted in a well-protected<br />
and carefully prepared seed-bed, and ~rsually grow readily. Bearing<br />
plants should be had in three or four years.<br />
Commercial I-ariet ies are nearl) always mu1 t i plied by hardwood<br />
cuttings. The cuttings may be taken in spring and placed<br />
directly in the ground, but better results are obtained by taking<br />
them ;;I the fall or late summer. Many nurserymen prefer to take<br />
them in .\ugust, strip off the leaves, and bury them in bunches with<br />
the butts up. The). may remain in this condition or in a cellar all<br />
winter, or they may be planted in the fall. Currant cuttings strike<br />
readily, however, under any method. Some growers cut out the<br />
1~~1s that stand t.wlow t.he surface of the grouncl, to prevent<br />
suckering, but this is not generally practiced ; the suckers are cut
TIIE NURSERY-LIST 295<br />
off when the cuttings tlr~ rc~n~o~cd from the cutting-bed, either to<br />
lx> sold or to lx tr;knsplautt~cl into nurse-‘I’>’ rows. Strong plants,<br />
SUch its t%sterII IIIal.l;c~tS (lc~lnand, aW ~1SlliLIl~’ Ot)titintVl by allowing<br />
tht> cuttings to StiiIlCl for tW0 ~tXlrS MOW Sdtl. Fig. 11 1.<br />
Green layering is sometimes practiced wit.11 rare sorts, or single<br />
CYCS lIla)y be IlStYf, ;1S in KriLpt’S. Tip-layering, as in the black raspberq.,<br />
iuriy also lw t~IIlplo~~td.<br />
Weak or low :mrts are sornetiines grafted on stronger ones, in<br />
order to pij-e them a tree fornl, but such l~ushes are grown only as<br />
curiosities or as speciuleu plants.<br />
Cyanophyllum<br />
: 31 ir*o~r icl.<br />
Cyathea. C”,+f11~crcv~.<br />
Propagated by sportas. See Furus, page 312.<br />
Cycas. C’pwlafwr.<br />
Propuga t ed l.b~r set’( 1, tmtl ofteurr by suckers. The seeds will<br />
keep for a umitll or ukort~ after they get ript2. They are best sown<br />
in shtill~~ t)os~s or I)(:nc+t~s, covered in sand, and potted soon a#fter<br />
gerininat ion.<br />
Some * alIt1 ~3f’YlliCl)S all, of tile cyc;ads WI1 IX propagated byV<br />
sectkxis of the old sttsti1 or trunk. (.‘ut the trunk into truncheons<br />
2 or 3 inchtxs thick, muall>’ slanting ; let the pieces dry a few<br />
days to gum1 agilillst rotting. thcln plant in pots or sand. Roots<br />
kil form lx~twc~ii tlkta SiC’iLlt’S, ad ntw plants will push out. These<br />
should Ix renlo~tV1 illltl treated as independent plants. The<br />
severed crown of the trunk inay also be potted, aid it will grow.<br />
Pritrt lilwt~.<br />
Cyclamen.<br />
Propagated b>r fresh seed, usuallv sown by florists in early<br />
winter. Tl w plants should be shifted as neecled and kept growing.<br />
1~1001~i iiitiy 1~ esprctti(l in about fifteen months. Old tubers may<br />
he used for secmud ljluoiking, but seerlc; pi\‘e best results.<br />
The hardy q-clamen
296 THE NURSE’RY-*~/lAn:Cl;1L<br />
Cypella. Ir~G-lucr~.<br />
E’ropagattvl I,)- off sets (cormels) and by seed as soon as ripe.<br />
Cyperus. ~1!j/~~rtMvP.<br />
l’ropagattxl eithcsr Gy seed-heat., or by divisions. C’. ahw(folius,<br />
the umbrella-plant, propagates readily from t.hc crown or rosette of<br />
lea\*es. Cut off the crown, with an inch or two of stern remaining,<br />
and set ~j1-l sand or moss. C’ut in the leaves. Nthw plants will<br />
start from ttith asils. See Papyrus.<br />
Cyphomandra (Tree Toma to). SolaCacr~.<br />
Set~ds arc’ emplo~~ed, started untlcr glass and handled as are<br />
eggplants ; uIs0 by cuttings of growing shoots under glass.<br />
Cypripedium 01’ florists : Pn ph ir,pdilu 111 and P/Wag In ipdilum.<br />
Cyrtomium. r’r,l!lf)clrlitrcr~c.<br />
Sports ; stv Ft’rns, page 312.<br />
Cytisus. I,i+gl4 tii ilcoscr.<br />
Grown from scc~ls and cuttings. Seeds are usually sown in<br />
spring, under $JlitSS 01’ in tlltl OptXll. If well grown and frequently<br />
triansplanti~d, scvvllings should make blooming plants the second<br />
season.<br />
C.‘uttings of firm J-(rung wood map- be struck in early spring under<br />
glass, making fowc+ng plants tliv nest spring. Layers are sometimes<br />
used. Forms of some of the species may be grafted on C.<br />
~~ig~icnr~s or on Iitl)~lrnulll (which see) ; greenhouse kinds may be<br />
wc&xxl on the coiniiion C. cunurit~~w.<br />
Dzdalacanthus. ,-I r~nnthuctw.<br />
I’ropagation is i,~ cuttings as for justicia, which see.<br />
Dahlia. ~‘~~q~~sif~.<br />
collllllold~- grown from tubers, wlkich are (lug in the fall and<br />
stored in thth (atlllilr, like potatoes. 1’:acli fork of the root may be<br />
broken apart :d phntml srp;watel~- in the fkld ; or the pieces<br />
may be started earl?, in pots or bosvs. It is essential that each<br />
piece have an e>‘e or hurl ilt the top ; to insure this, it is well t0<br />
start the roots :n tlick hciust~ in spring kI’orc dividing them.<br />
Single v:lriclt it9 I and sometimes the cloul~les, are grown from<br />
stvds. Ntbw v;~r.i~~tie,s, or at least many vuriat.ions, are produced<br />
from set&, particularly if cross-pollination has int.ervened. Good<br />
blooming plants, particularly of the singles, may also be had for
I<br />
THE NURLYERY-LIST 207<br />
mass-effect, the same st‘ason if started early under glass. The roots<br />
of these seed-grown plants may be used for subsequent propagation<br />
the same as from othchr plants.<br />
Dahlia tuhcrs ttttq be started into growth in heat in wint,er (say<br />
January), and the Foung sprouts may be removed and handled<br />
as ordinary cutting.; as fasi as they fnrtn the third or fourth leaves,<br />
the same as sweet Dot a toes are handled. These cuttings should be<br />
removed close to the tuber or else at the first joint (preferably the<br />
former) ; they are set in sand in a propaga,ting bench with bottom<br />
heat ; when rooted, the plants are handled into stnall pots, where<br />
they will soon forttt tubers. These cutting-plants, if G to 10 inches<br />
high wltt-In set in the open, tnake excellent bloom t,hat season, altltou~la<br />
generilll\~ giving cl\varfchr pla.nts than those grown frotn<br />
f\ll)t~i‘s ~>littIt(‘tl ttilXTtlJ* in the ground. If the shoo,ts or cuttings arc<br />
sc\vcWcl fitr l~>low TV joint, no tttl)ers will fortn (for the subsequent<br />
propagation of the plant\, although flowers may be produced. Rare<br />
sorts ~itrt>~ l>ch increased in sutnntcr 1))~ cuttings from growing tips.<br />
Dultlias tllit>* he grafted, the tuber being used as a stock. Cions<br />
rnadc of the growiti g tips may be graftctl on the root-tubers hy a<br />
cleft- or side-graft or simple layin g together of cut, surfaces. This<br />
method is oftenest cttiplo>~ctl for the purpose of preserving over<br />
winter rare or weak sorts which it is feared may be lost. The<br />
grafts are kept growing slowl>y during winter, and cuttings may<br />
lrre taken frotn them. Sotnctitnes cions are taken from forced<br />
plants in l:lte wititvr Ix Piid?. spring and set in strong tubers for<br />
outdoor pltinting. The joitte(l part of the grafted pla,nt, (the<br />
union) is sotnetitnes covered with cla!., hut usually sufficient protection<br />
is secur’ec1 if the union is partly buried in the earth in which<br />
the plant is potted.<br />
Dalbergia. Lty ll1?1 i?l osfx.<br />
Grown frott? se&;, as art other leguminous trees ; also from<br />
young-wood cuttings in heat.<br />
Dandelion ( Tcrrmvru ))I o~fi.c-i~~nlr). Co~~posifrr.<br />
Raised front seeds, in early spring, when grown for ” gr’eens ” or<br />
Manchcd 1~~s. The plants may be harvested the same fall or<br />
allowed to stand until spring.<br />
I Daphne. Thy III&I~CIY~.<br />
Propagated 1,). seeds, sown after tnaturity or stratified ; gcrtnination<br />
is slow in sonic species. For layers, remove the soil
298 THE l~C’RSER?‘-,1I,~NUAL<br />
itl)ottt thr plant in spring to a depth of 3 or :i inches and fill with<br />
fintb compost to within 2 inches of tlit> tops of the shoots. The<br />
Ilt’Xt q~rittg, Carcflllly \ViLFll ilWily tllc compost, and plant the small<br />
white lauds in pots of fitic soil. Place in a cool frame. This method<br />
is specially adapted to I.). Crzrorif.~rz. Cuttings tnay be used. Soft<br />
wood from forrctl plants ma,y bc taken for this purpose. Mature<br />
wood may al50 hc entplo,~~l, particularly in the evergreen species ;<br />
thrl cuttings tire set ttncler glass in fall and carried over winter<br />
in a cool gtxx~tthortse, tnild bott.om heat being applied in spring.<br />
Tlic PlilntS are soiwtiiries propagated in winter by gtxfting on<br />
stct-lling stocks or on roots. ?Geedlings of II. Ln~c~oZn and roots of<br />
I). 3lrW~Pl/1?1 nlilkP gfot)Cl Stocks for II. 0f/OIYt. The stock most used,<br />
pm1 dgY, is 11. M~r~rr 1)) roots.<br />
II. otlo~ is prop~tgiitt~d 1)~. ripened cuttings in a cool house, in<br />
Sillttl ; sotn~titnes the 01~1 wood can be used ; the time is determined<br />
1)). tl1v fitness of the wooc-1.<br />
Darlingtonia. r%mrrcf~~~irrcm~.<br />
Hitndlcd 1))~ tli\*itling tlte plants ; also grown from seeds sown in<br />
I>ittl+ on li\-cx q~hapntttn iind kept cool and moist in a propagatingbOS.<br />
Dasylirion. Lilimwr.<br />
I Ysually grown from seeds ; suckers and cuttings of branches,<br />
WltVtl tllt’y arises, 11litJ’ itIS 1E Used.<br />
Date, Date Palm ( I’hwrr i.r drrc~yl~fmr). I'nlmnrtw.<br />
The seeds from rottltttcrcial clattas grow readily (if they have been<br />
properl\- pollitlitt ancl withottt stratification. Brief stratification,<br />
of four or sis wetbks, i5 sometimes employed for the purpose of<br />
softening tht> St&-coats. iI\s a greenhouse subject the date is<br />
usuall~~ grown from 5et:tl. Seedlings are also sometitnes employed<br />
in cortimt3Gl plilntil t iOIl< , although the ses of the resulting plants<br />
Cannot lx* foWtol(l. Steels art’ planted in the nursery, and the<br />
plant< transplat~tecl in ottc to three years ; or sometimes the seeds<br />
;tr(’ plantecl in the ficbl~l where the bearing trees arc to stand. ,4<br />
suficitlnt nittnl)r~r of sct~cllitigs sltoultl bc provided so that superfluous<br />
malts 111Ry lw ClillliIlitttvl.<br />
(‘omtnercial d:I tes arc prOpilg:ttCd by suckers that arise about<br />
the lmse of tlw 01~1 trttnk. Thcsc are prcfera,bly handled in pots<br />
if takt~ wltrtt tlw ground is cold, l,ut tntiy bc set directly in permanent<br />
quarters in wartn wcathcr, as in spring. The suckers may be
THE N URSEZW--LIST 299<br />
t;tken as cuttings, without t*oot~, c mtl hcucltd Icick ; if planted in<br />
11~ field, wtvr is ;lI)~~licYl ftYY~ltCnt1~ SO that. rooting lIl:l,J~ 1X<br />
(~~)ntilltl()~ls, IJIlt CillX IlllISt l)C tilkk~ll not. to SCt the CI’OWtl SO CiC%p<br />
its to itt\.ite (1t’Cii’)‘. It. is preferable, however, to allow the<br />
suckers to grow on the: parent until root.s of their own have formed.<br />
Datisca. lh!isfYlcrm<br />
In(*reastl(t I)>- SC~S, ilnd by di\Gling old p1ant.s.<br />
Datum, ittcluding Brttgn~itttsiu. So/mucm.<br />
l’lw i~ll~lll~ll sp(G: ill't" propagated by seeds, which are usually<br />
stitrttl(1 ttt&Ar cover in thtl ,Xorth. The perennials are readily<br />
growtt front cuttings in mild heat. Garcleners like cuttings taken<br />
with ii IIW-\l.<br />
Davallia. l’ol~,l,r,tlinf~r~f~.<br />
I’rnpagatecl Izrgel?* }),I* division ; also by spores.<br />
done in spring inonths. See PfWS, page 312.<br />
Should be<br />
Decumaria. Sarif rtr~qcrrrir.<br />
Cuttings of prrettwoo~l 1na.y be lnade in summer in a frame or in<br />
greenhouse. Rarel? propagated by seeds.<br />
Delphinium (Larkspur). RCIZI.‘ICI~CU~~C~W.<br />
Grown freely frotn se&. For early bloom of the annual kinds,<br />
scds are ~otn~t imcls 5 t ilrted indoors. Seedlings of perennials<br />
should bloom tlte sccoti~l year. The perenttials are readily increased<br />
by- divisiott. If the flowering stems are cut away after<br />
bloom, new growths will quickly form, and these may be divided<br />
in autumn or spring. The perennial larkspurs may also be multinlied<br />
. hy cuttings, rooted in a shaded frame. The cuttings are<br />
taken from new gowvth in sprin,, v when it is a few inches long, or<br />
from the cro\fTn or bottom growth after flowering. Cuttings<br />
should gi\-e blootning plants the following season.<br />
D endrobium. 0 rch iducm.<br />
Mllr~ a rnpici incrcasc of a new or special variety is required,<br />
the pxbutlo! )ulbs niorc than one year old rtla~~ be cut into lengths,<br />
and fastc~t~c~(I on or&cl rafts, with a layer of sphagnum beneath<br />
tl1ct11. Suspend tli(7il in a hot. tnoist, house, if possible over a<br />
water-tank. The atIvikntage of this method is that the young<br />
plants do not need shifting after they commence rooting on their
7’IiE N URSERY-MANCJA L<br />
own a.ccount . The section to which D. nggwgafzm, D. Jcn~kin.sii,<br />
1). tl~~siflorlr ~1 anti I>. tIlr~,s,~~~jrz~~~~~~ belong is best propagated by<br />
tli\,i.-;ion. SW Or’f*h if/s, IliLgi’ 372.<br />
Deutzia. Sa.~*ijrtrgac~cW.<br />
(‘ol~l~ll~~rciilll~‘, thy species arc mostly propagated by green<br />
l-lar(-tc~nycl cuttings in summer, under a frame. Hardwooded<br />
cuttings IniLy be taken in aut,umn, and be treated in about the<br />
Silnle IVity iIs currant CWttiZ@. The deutzias are also propagated<br />
1)). cli\*isions and la>.crs. Some of thr dwarf sorts are sometimes<br />
forccfcl, to make cuttings for winter use. They may also be grown<br />
from setalls sown in pans or boxes in spring.<br />
Dewberry (Rubus spetcies). KONNVV.<br />
Seeds arc han(llc(I in the saner way a,s blackberry seeds. Increased<br />
by la>*crs an(l, like the t)lackberr>-, root-cuttings and canetips.<br />
J,ayers art rlliltlc simply by covering the decumbent canes<br />
at the joint.+ hut, this method is now lit,tle used. The tips root<br />
freely, as in the \,li~ck(~ap raspbcrrics, and it is from these that the<br />
commcrciitl tlewbt2q. plants ure mostly grown. See Blackberry.<br />
Dianthus (Carnation. Pink. Sweet M?lliam). Caryophyh~~.<br />
Annllnls ,znti pmvnnials, all tA:tsily grown from seeds. The<br />
annual kimls tlrr sometimes started indoors ; but usually the seeds<br />
are sown wli~~ro the PliilltS are to remain. Best results are to be<br />
cspectrvl in most spc&s when new plants of tht perennial kinds<br />
arc grown from seeds every two or three years, as strong plants are<br />
obtained and the beds are kept clear of grass. Plants bloom the<br />
second year from seed. Old plants may be divided, if vigorous.<br />
SW Cbnatio?l.<br />
Dicentra, I&l>-trn (Illccding-Heart). k’uwnriacec.<br />
The clumps rnqr hc divided in early spring, or short cuttings may<br />
l)e made of the roots and placed in sand. The native species<br />
propagate readily 13~ the undrrground parts - D. Czrcullaria by<br />
division of the bulbs, and D. ra?~&~is by the little tubers.<br />
~111 species h wrow from seeds that have been stratified or else sown<br />
in autumn.<br />
Dichorisandra. Corr~ 111 crl irr mm.<br />
Multiplied bq’ seeds, cut.tings of green shoots, and division of old<br />
plants.
THE NURSERY-LIST 301<br />
Dicksonia. CyatheaceE.<br />
Propagated by division mostly, but also by spores.<br />
page ,312.<br />
See Femzs,<br />
Dictamnus (Dittany, or Fraxinella). Rutaceae.<br />
Seeds should be sown in fall as soon as ripe and covered an inch<br />
or so. Seedlings should bloom in two years. Increased with<br />
difficulty by division.<br />
Dictyosperma. Pul macea).<br />
Propagation as for areca, which see.<br />
Didymocarpus. C’cwneriacece.<br />
Propagatecl by seeds, when obtainable. Cuttings of young<br />
shoots when,growth begins, in sandy soil in heat, usually do well.<br />
SW Lksr~f~riczcfw, page 318.<br />
Didymochlaena. Polypod~iacm.<br />
Increased by division. See Ferns, page 312.<br />
Dieff enbachia. ,-i TCZCCYE<br />
Propagated by cuttings of the stem, cutting into pieces 2 or 3<br />
inches long which are dried for a few days, then put into boxes of<br />
sand. These cuttings should be potted as soon as roots have<br />
formed. See JraWca, page* 239.<br />
D&villa (Weigela) . Ca~~~~~oZ~inc~~.<br />
Increased by suckers and cutt.ings made in spring, summer or<br />
autumn. Hardened green cuttings, handled under a frame in<br />
summer, are estensively used by nurserymen. (See page 110.)<br />
They are sometimes grown from cuttings in winter from forced<br />
plants. IIardwood cuttings, made in winter and planted in<br />
spring, like the grape, succeed well. The American nat,ive species<br />
may be grown from seeds sown in spring. .<br />
Digitalis (Foxglove). Scro~~h &zriar~f~cc~.<br />
Raised from seeds, sown in spring, either indoors or in the open.<br />
The common foxglove (D. pzrrpzma) often self-sows ; it is best<br />
treated as a biennial ; seeds for next year’s bloom may be started<br />
in spring, or in late summer and handled in a frame to prolong the<br />
season. Digitalis may also be propagated by division of clumps.<br />
Dill (Anethwn gmveolens). Umbelliferte.<br />
Raised from seed sown in spring where the plants are to stand.
302 THE NURSERY-MANIJAL<br />
Dillenia. n i//w irwv.<br />
IncreastA by s&s ; with some difikulty by cuttings of halfripened<br />
wood in sand in bottom heat.<br />
Dimorphotheca (c’ape ~larigold). COW yosifcr.<br />
Tile annuals are grown from seeds started indoors or planted in<br />
the open. These plants have lately become popular. The<br />
perennials are raised from seeds, a!so by soft cuttings, and perhaps<br />
1~~7 cli\*ision.<br />
Dionaea. L) ~~s~‘~ww~.<br />
Propagated 1;~ seed placed under a bell-jar on moist sandy soil<br />
mised with finely chopped sphagnum moss ; also by dividing the<br />
plants.<br />
Dioon. C’~~t’fdtrefw.<br />
Increased 1,~. seed.<br />
See Cycns.<br />
Dioscorea (Yam). ~~~iosco~acact-l.<br />
Th :l~rr~ln~~t trllxrs may be divided in autumn or spring ;<br />
start in heat. Seeds are sometimes used ; so are the tubers that<br />
ftmkl in the asils b,r the leaves. Hothouse species can be propagated<br />
1~~. cuttings of the half-ripened wood.<br />
Diosma. R ~tfrwcr.<br />
Prop;qxtvrl 1)~. cuttings of ~.oung wood, much as for the heaths.<br />
Diospyros (PtArsirlllllrtn. k’uki) : PI*IY~MUIOU.<br />
Dipladenia. * 1 poe!/rl ~~~Cm?.<br />
In spring, or its early as February 1, when the plants begin growth,<br />
cuttings are nuule from the young shoots, placed in bottom heat.<br />
The pots shoultl he placed in a tight propagating-bed, in a night<br />
temperature of 70”. Propagated also by seed when obtainable.<br />
Diplazium. i’ul!/~)rltiiclc.r:(~.<br />
Propagation I,>, sp;Ws arrd tlivisiolr. See FerW, page 1312.<br />
Diplothemium. I’II~III~~u~.<br />
Inereascd 1)~. sec~tls.. See Yal~ls, page 377.<br />
Dizygotheca. .4 ~(l/iwfw.<br />
To this name are now referred some of the tender plants formerly<br />
included in Aralia. Others are now included in Polyscias, which<br />
see for propagation.
THE i’WRSERI’-LIST 303<br />
Dodecatheon (Shooting-Star). I’T~w IL/WWF..<br />
Prqagut~d Slowly lq seeds. The roots may be divided in<br />
spring or autlllnn. (‘rlttings of the whole root can be used effectively,<br />
the root bein, (r taken ofI’ the crown, planted upright, and<br />
covered with the sandy soil.<br />
‘nQE&-& ?A?j?l!!! !‘?!Q:W.<br />
Incrcascxc reaclily by. seeds, which should be handled same as<br />
t leans. $1 jet imt5 c.*uttage or la?*erage is employed for the more<br />
wood!. kintls. SW I’ll fvwrinJ for 1). Th,tr,tt hrrgian~us.<br />
Doodia. ~‘o~~~~~o,liraf~f~a~.<br />
Propagation 1,)~ spores and tfi\.ision. See FWns, page 312.<br />
Doronicum (Ixoparcl’s Bane). (~ouI~I~)s~~E<br />
Alliltipliccl 1-j~~4s anfl divisions.<br />
Dorstenia. Jlorarfw.<br />
Propagated 1,). se&<br />
R-hen repotting.<br />
when procuraJble ; division of the plant<br />
Doryanthes. ;f mrrrylliflacfw.<br />
Propagated 1)~. su&~rs in pots ; they are produced after flowering.<br />
Downingia (( ‘lintonia of se&men). IJohrl,incccp.<br />
,Snnuals e;rsil>* groivn from secrls sown in the open or started<br />
under g’lass.<br />
Draba (FY hi t low-Grass). Cyrur(fpraT.<br />
By fall-sown or spring-sown seeds ; the perennials by division.<br />
Draczena. Lili~~tctv.<br />
Propagation as for (:ord>vlinc, which see, page 288.<br />
Dracocephalum (Ikapon’s Head). I,a~hiafce.<br />
The annuals are raised easily- from seeds, sown in the open in<br />
spring or started indoors. Perennials are handled by division or<br />
by cutting5 of growing wood in spring.<br />
Dracontiurn. ~1 raccal.<br />
Propagation as for amorphophallus. See also Aracece, page 239.<br />
Dracunculus. A RNVW.<br />
Propagation as for arum, by offsets of the tubers and sometimes<br />
by seeds. See Arucc~, page 239.
304 1’lIE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Drosera (Sundew). ~)~~~oYMY~.<br />
Increased b\r ;w&, sown soon after gathering. The root may<br />
be divided ; or rhixonu3 may be made into cuttings an inch or<br />
less long, which root in two or three weeks in a propagating-box.<br />
Drosophylhun. 11 rmorww.<br />
Grown from seed ; probably can be propagated much as drosera..<br />
Duranta. I -fhfw fl(‘fW.<br />
Propagated by cuttings in spring ; also by seeds.<br />
Dyckia. 11 ro ))I diwcw.<br />
Propagated by suckers or offsets. See Billbcrg~ia, page 252.<br />
Echallium (Sqllirting (‘ucumber). Czmdifarwe.<br />
Treated as an annual, and grown readily from’seeds sown indoors<br />
or in the open when the weather is warm ; tender.<br />
Eccremocarpus (C’alampclis). Bignorlinccm.<br />
Propagatccl 1,~ seeds in spring in mild heat.<br />
made of green or ripe wood.<br />
Cuttings may be<br />
Echeveria. Crrrss ztlacm.<br />
Propagation 1,~s cuttings of stems and lca\~es as for cot,yledon,<br />
\\.hicli ste. I- botanists the two genera are united.<br />
Echinacea.<br />
.<br />
Cmrtposifcr.<br />
Readily- Z>iiltii:,!:cCa c<br />
- 1 1)X, seeds and division.<br />
Echinocactus. Cwfcrcm.<br />
Propagation by seeds, in May or June. If well ripened, seeds<br />
at this time of year should germinate in a week or less. Sow in<br />
4-inch pots in finely sifted mixture of leaf-mold, loam, and charcoal<br />
dust and silver sand. See Cactus, page 261.<br />
Echinocereus. Cacfncm.<br />
,is for ccreus ; see also Cactus, page 261.<br />
Echinops (Globe Thistle). Composz?ae.<br />
&Seedsown in spring are used for the biennials, and early division<br />
for the perennials ; also increased by root-cuttings.
THE NURSERY-LIST 305<br />
Echinopsis. Cactacc~~.<br />
I-Lndled as are the species of cereus. See Cactus, page 261.<br />
Echium. Borugi~lawa).<br />
Grown from seeds, sown as soon as ripe ; the woody species from<br />
cuttings and layers.<br />
Edgeworthie . Thy 111 daaceca.<br />
Propagation is 1)~ sctds ; also by grecnwt~otl cuttings in spring<br />
under glass.<br />
Eggplant (SOTLI.~I l11)1 JIr~/~>~~l~~rl.u). SOIC;I~MZC~‘P.<br />
Grown readily from WI&, as for tomatoes ; start indoors and<br />
transplant. Fruit should btl had in a warm climate in 120 to 150<br />
tlq~ from s&-sowing. The plant can he propagated lq- cuttings.<br />
Eichhomia (Popi fvdrrite (z~~recz and crns&ju~s of gardeners), PontedrvGwE.<br />
Propagates naturally 11) division.<br />
Ekagnus (Measter. \Yild Olive. Gumi). Ela?agn acm.<br />
Propagated l)~- means of seeds, root-cuttings and layers. Seeds<br />
should be stratified and planted the second spring, as they usually<br />
do not. germinate the first year. Hardwood cuttings of E.<br />
angllsfifoliu strike rcadil~~. The named varieties are often grafted<br />
on the most. vigorous kincls. Imported seeds of some species are<br />
likely to I,t* tkII1pty. I:‘. rwultijloru (gumi) can be propagated<br />
reacliljr bye cuttings of the half-ripened wood in June and July, under<br />
glass.<br />
Elaphoglossum. ~‘cJl!ll)odiacute.<br />
Propagation ‘t_lr\. di\.ision and spores. See Ferns, page 312.<br />
Elettaria ((‘ardarllorn). %in~y&rtrreaP.<br />
Propagated 113’ seeds when obtainable ; also by division of the<br />
plants.<br />
Elsholtzia. Lnbirrt~.<br />
Propagation by se& sown in spring ; the woody species also by<br />
greenwood cuttings in summer.<br />
Emilia (( ‘acalia of florists). Co~posif~~<br />
Propagated easily by seeds, sown in heat in early spring, or in the<br />
open later.<br />
x
306 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Empetrum (C‘rowberry, or C’rakeberrJ.). hhpcfracea?.<br />
Increased by seeds ; also by nearly ripe-wood cuttings in late<br />
summer under glass.<br />
Encephalartos. Cyxkxw.<br />
Multiplied by seeds, offsets and suckers. See Cycas.<br />
Endive (Cichoriuttl, I:‘n&~iht). Cowposit@.<br />
Raised readily from seeds, either in the open where the plants<br />
are to stand, or under glass.<br />
Enkianthus. I~ricawm.<br />
Propagation 1~~7 seeds SOP n in spring, by cuttings of ripe wood<br />
under glass in spring, and by greenwood cuttings in summer ;<br />
also by lq*ers.<br />
Eomecon. Pa pu wm0w.<br />
Propagated by seeds ; also by division.<br />
Epacris. Epacridacc~.<br />
Grown from tip cuttings in a frame in winter, with bottom heat,<br />
much a5 for tC!a.<br />
Epidendrum. Orch itlctccae.<br />
The tall-stemmed section of this genus is increased by cuttings, the<br />
section with short thick pseudobulbs b)v division. The former also<br />
occasionall)- productAs viviparous flower-scapes, thus affording a<br />
ready tI1t'iillS of increase. See Orchids, page 372.<br />
Epigaea (Trailing ,Arbutus). ~~ricacm.<br />
r‘al+t;nns L I. CC...& of m.atr!rc wood g1a1.7 lw VL L,
THE NURSERY-LIST 307<br />
Epiphyllum. Cncftrcm.<br />
Thtl plants form& known as Phyllc~~~tus are now called<br />
Epiphyllun~s, the former name being discontinued. (What have<br />
been known as Epiphyllums will now be found under Zygocactus.)<br />
Seeds germinate readily in sandy soil. Usually increased by<br />
Cuttings of the stems, 5 or 6 inches long, placed in sandy soil,<br />
which is kept only slightly moist. See also Cactus, page 262.<br />
Episcia. Ghw’riilfcff.<br />
Cuttings ; see GIfs22friuctxe, page 318.<br />
Eragrostis (I,ove-(;rass). G’rarzzizz.e@.<br />
Raised freely front seeds, sown in the open, in spring.<br />
Eranthemum. ,-lcnnthmvv.<br />
Increased by seeds. (.yuttings root in spring or early summer in<br />
pcaty soil in a warm propagating-box. See Justitiu. The<br />
Eranthemums of gardeners are now placed in Daedalacanthus and<br />
Pseud~rantliemunl.<br />
Eranthis (FYintcr ;Iconite). Raz2ztmu~ace~.<br />
Propagated by* tlivision and by seeds.<br />
Eremurus. Li/icwcw.<br />
Increased t))r dii-isions and more slowly by seeds.<br />
Erianthus (Plume-Grass). (Iraw itltw.<br />
Handled by seeds and division.<br />
Erica (Heat 1~). I:r icme.<br />
Commonly propagated by very short cuttings, taken from the<br />
tips, or made of the lower young or side growth, and made in<br />
winter or from December to April, usually cut t.o a heel. Carefully<br />
remove the leaves from the lower parts of the cutting, which<br />
should be about i inch 1011 g, and then firmly insert rather closely<br />
in pans or pots, which should be filled two-thirds with crocks, the<br />
remainder being fine sandy peat with a layer of clean compact sand<br />
on the sul -f ace ; coix~r with glass ; water well, and place in a temperature<br />
of about 60”. Plants are sometimes raised from seed, but<br />
mostly when it is desired to obtain variations. They are sown on<br />
li\ye sphagnum or on peat, kept cool and ha.rldled with care throughout.
308 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Ericace=. Heaths.<br />
This family contains some very decorative garden plants. The<br />
heaths are reaclily propagated by cuttings of the young wood<br />
inserted in pots of peat and sand surfaced with sharp clean sand<br />
and placed in a propagating case. Damp and too close atmosphere<br />
is injurious to them. Most of tliC other genera of Ericac!ea? can<br />
be increased either by cuttings or seeds.<br />
Erigeron (Fleabanp). Ccmposif~.<br />
Propagatecl l)~? seeds and divisions, and possibly 1)~ cuttings.<br />
Division is a good method for the tuftetl perennial species.<br />
Erinus. Scrol,~~,ILluI’1’uc~‘~.<br />
Increased by seeds and divisions.<br />
they spread t.hemst~l~*es by seeds.<br />
After becoming established,<br />
Eriobotrya (Loquat). &w~cP~.<br />
Increased by stratified seeds or half-ripened cuttings under glass.<br />
Varieties of loquat, 1;:‘. jnpo72.ica, are grown from layers or cuttings<br />
of ripe wood ; it is also worked on seedling stocks or on thorn or<br />
qlrince, after the nlanner of pears, as seedlings are too variable<br />
for satisfactory results in fruit. The usual method in this country<br />
is to bud the varieties on loquat seedlings. See Impwt .<br />
Erodium (Heron’+ISill). G’WUII icrct~~.<br />
Increased by set~ls and cli\*ision, usually the former.<br />
Eryngium (Kr>xgoj. l btt lwll tprm.<br />
Eta&l from wtvl sown as soon as ripe , germination taking place<br />
the following spring ; soinetiincs handled l),y tlivision.<br />
Erysimum. C~W$VW.<br />
The annirals are grown from seeds sown in the garden or started<br />
indoors ; the pereunials by seeds, division and sometimes by<br />
cuttings.<br />
Erythea. Pnl n~c~cp.<br />
Grown from seeds. See Pulttts, page 3177.<br />
Erythrina (Coral-Tree). Jlrgz~~~~~ i71.oscr.<br />
Propagated by seeds. Cuttings of young shoots may \)c struck<br />
in spring or early summer in Siitltlq’ soil in heat. Herbaceous<br />
species are increased by division of t,he root,stocks. The woody<br />
kinds grow from cuttings of growing woorl.
Erythronium (l)og’s-toot11 Violet. :~cl(lt~r’s-ToIlgu~~). Iilinfm.<br />
Offsets or bull~c~ls are usually cmployctl for the European and<br />
~~tSt-i~lllt~ric’;ll~ spc~cic5, taken as soon as tllrt lcaves die after<br />
flowering. Most of t lw ~~cSt.-ilIIlt!rictln spccics arc grown from<br />
seeds.<br />
Erythroxylon. I:‘r~/1hrr,.I~!/l(lc~f~rr.<br />
C’uttings of half-ripcqle(l shoots in sa.nd uncler a glass, in heat,<br />
are st~colrlrll~~ntl~~tl. S~WIS, if obtainable, may be employed.<br />
Escallonia. ‘sfl,l~i~~r’il~nf’t’rr.<br />
Sw(ls, wlacn ol)tainillk, ma)- lw usetl. ( ‘utt infs of firm wood<br />
strike unclcr glass. I ,;1J*crs and sucl~rs arc sometimes employed<br />
for propa ga t ion.<br />
Eschscholtzia (C’aliforrki Poppy’). Z’cII~cl~!r~~~cccT.<br />
Prop;rg;ttcrl rtlaclily l)y seeds whcrc plants arc to stand, which<br />
shor~lti gi\-c IAooming stock the same season. In gardens treated<br />
as IL hard 1 annual, although plant,s will bloom the second year;<br />
often self-sows.<br />
Eucalyptus (Gm-‘lhc). dl~/r~rrrrw.<br />
Planted cstcnsi\-cl>* in t ‘alifornkr. kown from seeds gathered<br />
as soon ;ts the potis open. It is best to sow in a light loam in<br />
flats ; )~Ollll~ pl;111ts rrsrl;llly 171’Cd ShILdf’. The seed is sown in<br />
spring, amI sctbcllings shoultl 1~ largt’ enough for transplanting<br />
to the ficl(l thci following spring. :\s greenhouse subjects, eucalypti<br />
may 1~ grown front cutt-ings.<br />
Eucharidium. O~~ct,clwrwcr.<br />
Increased c;lsil>- I)y suds, sown 11sual1~. in the open border in<br />
spring or autumn.<br />
Eucharis (~b~~azcm I,ilj-), ,,I ~~l~,~~~llitlrrccl~.<br />
T’su;tll)* increased by oflscts from the large bulbs, preferably in<br />
spring. Somr~timts grown from seeds, when obtainable, under glass.<br />
Euchlaena (Tcosin t(b). Grn~~ir~cce.<br />
Progagaterl (lircctly 1)~ seed, as for maize.<br />
Eucomis.<br />
Irmyascd<br />
I,ilirrrm.<br />
1,)~ oft’s&, sometimes by srvds under glass.
I<br />
310 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Eugenia. J!wyrfa~rraP.<br />
Grown from seeds when procurable ; also increased by ruttings<br />
of firm shoots in sand in heat.<br />
Eulalia. 2l~iscnnthus.<br />
By seeds ; also division of clumps.<br />
Euonymus : I’]DOII~WM, below.<br />
Eupatorium. Colnposit@.<br />
The greenhouse kinds are grown from cuttings of the growing<br />
wood uncler glass in winter or early spring. Seeds may also be used<br />
and the hardy herbaceous kinds are increased by division.<br />
Euphorbia (Spurge). Euphorbia,cee.<br />
A polymorphous genus, one of which is poinsettia (which see),<br />
The annuals grow readily from seed. Some of the perennial<br />
kinds may be divided. The fleshy kinds (simulating cacti) are<br />
htindled from cuttings of stems. These cuttings are usually taken<br />
in summer and allowed to dry somewhat before planting ; they<br />
may be struck in sand and charcoal or even in coal-ashes. Some of<br />
the succulent species may be grafted after the way of cacti.<br />
Euphorbiacee. Euphorbiads.<br />
The annual kinds are increased by seeds ; herbaceous sorts by<br />
seeds and division ; succulent or fleshy kinds by cuttings in sand<br />
and kept in a warm dry house. With t.he semi-fleshy species, as<br />
poinsettias, as soon as the cuttings are taken off the old plants, immerse<br />
them at once in water and then put in wet sand.<br />
Euterpe. Pnl~na.cm.<br />
Propagated by seeds in heat. See Pd~n,s, page 377.<br />
Evodia. Rutnceoe.<br />
Propagation by seeds ; for warmhouse species by cuttings of<br />
half-ripened wood and also probably by root-cuttings. ti<br />
Evonymus. Celnstracecz<br />
Grown from seeds stratified and sown in spring, from cuttings<br />
and layers. Cuttings usually make better plants than layers.<br />
The deciduous species are usually grown from hardwood cuttings,<br />
but the evergreen kinds are started under glass, from cuttings of the<br />
growing or ripened wood. The small and weak kinds are grafted<br />
on the stronger ones. The evergreen species will grow on the<br />
deciduous kinds.
THE NURSERY-LIST 311<br />
Exacum. C(>rl tier n mw.<br />
Grown front seed ; for specimens in &inch pots, sow in March of<br />
smlc~ year ; for IargSt~r spt*cimens, sow in August of the preceding<br />
>7har.<br />
Exochorda. I?ostu*r~.<br />
Yropagtlt~~rl by seeds, layers, cuttings and suckers. Layering<br />
in Juntb is a common practice. Various kinds of cuttings are<br />
t~mpl~~~t~l, but thtb best results follow short soft cuttings, taken<br />
from forced plants and set deep in shallow fla.ts of sand. They<br />
require a very strong bottom heat, a close frame, and the water<br />
should be applietl in a spray on the foliage. Cuttings are sometimes<br />
&JlXftPtl on piece5 of roots. It has been regarded as a difficult plant<br />
to propagate, but seeds are now easily procured from cultivated<br />
plants, and they grow readily,<br />
Fagus (Ret&j . I”ayczccc~.<br />
( ‘orll~llwll~~ grown from the seeds or nuts, which should be<br />
strat if%31 itIlt sown v;‘ry early in spring. They may be sown in<br />
autumn immetliatc~l~~ after they are gathered, ii they can be prottded<br />
from \W7nlin. Sretllings should be transplant4 every year<br />
or two to prevent the* forlnation of tap-roots. The named varieties<br />
are grafttAt on seetllirigs of tliti I3uropea.n or American species in<br />
spring, preferatIl>, untltbr glass. Tlit~ purple-leaved beech reproducc~s<br />
itself ver>v ~40scl~~ by seeds, although different shades of<br />
purple will appear in thtl seetIlings.<br />
Fatsia. *-I Id iW’C’U’.<br />
!‘trf,si~ (or d 1 rtrlitrj jupowiccc is increased by seeds and cuttings.<br />
Root-cuttings, about :3 in&es long, also may be used in spring,<br />
started in Siltnd 01‘ Itloss.<br />
Feijoa. ,\I~~rtucwP.<br />
I.‘suallv propagated by seeds ; sow in pans or flats, covering to a<br />
cltspt 11 of’ f inch, a misture of silver sand and well-rotted redwood<br />
sawdust being a gootl medium. Cluttings of young wood. from the<br />
ends of the branches ran be successfully rooted under glass over<br />
hotto heat. (‘hoice forms may be perpetuated by layers, by<br />
whip- or veneer-grafting under glass.<br />
--
312 l’IIE NtJRSERY-MAN UAL<br />
Felicia (AgathaxI). Composik<br />
By seeds and by cuttings, as for cineraria and chrysanthemum.<br />
Fennel (1~~~niculum). Umbrllifrvw.<br />
Raised from stbeds, usually in spring. See Fr&a, for giant<br />
fcnncl.<br />
Fenugreek ( Trigorrdla F~~7,‘u,ni-CT~c1(.)?1). I,qum irmaca.<br />
Annual, grown from seeds sown whtbre t.hc* plants are to stand ;<br />
in drills 1s inclIt5 apart, 7 to 10 poun~ls of seeds is required for an<br />
acre ; broadc,ast., 10 t.0 20 pounds.<br />
Ferns. Filiccs; 11ow divided into several families.<br />
1Yhcn division is possible, it is the easiest anti most economical<br />
methods of prOpgiLt iOIl, and slIoultl be practiced just before the<br />
plant StiIrtS into growth.<br />
3lost ferns arv rr~atlily propagated by means of spores, as directed<br />
bt4ow and 011 page 11. Some species rarely produce spores in<br />
cultivation, howe\rer, and in other cases, as in some tree ferns, it is<br />
almost iInpo.isil)le to rear the young plants after the spores have<br />
gc~rmina tcrl. In all such cases, recourse must be had to separation,<br />
division or layerage. Some species, as ;Ispl~~~iun~~ bulb itIlt 31arclI, or earlier, under<br />
glass, in a warnI propagating pit. Partly f111 it suitable sized pot<br />
or pan with C’OiilW? peat, h Gving p1ent.y of tlrainagt~ ; Inake the<br />
surfact* ltx\x*l, anti on this place a-inch culx5 of well-seasoned peat<br />
whic4I is rather dry, watering the whole and scattering on the<br />
spores tavtbnly. ( ‘over with a pant’ of glass, anti plac!e in a partial<br />
Yhade. \VlIile the process which corresponds to gerinination is<br />
going on, great care must be given to the water supply. This is<br />
sometimes done by placing the pots or pans in a saucer, from which
?‘lIIIl NIJIZ,Sl~IL)l~---f~1,S7’ 313<br />
tllry cil,ll slick 111, tht’ wat,tbr. ijwkd watering may 1~ used,<br />
:tnd often is, 1,111 it iliiist 11thtft~ with gWilt catx~. Ik m?ain that<br />
thtb sporty ;IIX’ full>. riptt whet1 gathrm4. The ~*oung plants should<br />
1~ pricli~*tl omit \vl~cbii tlita true loaf appcbars, amI t.hc*y are largo enough<br />
to hxncllt~. ‘I’lic~ s;tii~t~ cxrclful treatment shoul~l 1x1 cont.inued until<br />
tlicty art‘ c3t;tl)lisht~cl in pots. Thcbre is little tlif-liculty in getting<br />
tiw ~‘o\ing plants, if ftwl~ spms arc Ol)tilin:Ll)l(~, Ijut there is con-<br />
Sic-lc~Wi)lt~<br />
roiltblt~ irl li;rii(lling tlw ]$lilntltxtS, +ntl establishing them<br />
in tIltair q*t~wilig tIIlitrtt’l’5.<br />
Ferula (Gi;itil I:r-riibt-I). 1. ‘r III hril( fr.)‘w.<br />
ILlis(l(l 1.1‘IBIII scull suwn in sl)riiik 7 whc<br />
plants are to grow.<br />
Ficus. .l IOl’WW.<br />
‘l‘h grt~~1~1101is(* sl)tbtsic5 iI l’t’ ~IlVI~MR;l,ItYl l~‘y l;i,>9~rs iltld cuttings.<br />
‘I\(> t-111 I ilip ;113* li;li)tlhl iii a, c*losc~ fril.lTlf\, ;tnci :l leaf Or two is<br />
mmllly It+? on tllt’lll. For Firus Curim, xc Pig. Propagation<br />
lb>- steels is soint~tinlt5 ~ri~ployt~t~ in the c~dil,lc figs, but is not easy<br />
\vit 11 tlltb Orllil,lIlf’tltitl sorts. F. dnstim, F. ,irdicn, and the like<br />
;,rt iiic’rt3s4 1)~. writ t ings (cotnn~only single-eye), leaving one<br />
txiitirtt hut i111tl I)ottCVl singly in 2-i.nch pots which are plunged ;<br />
or the cllttings ;tr-<br />
sc>t in wiiltcr, l)t$ore growth hogins. Last season’s wood<br />
sllt~llltl lW wtd. .\ ~Y~II~II~~GI nWlio(l of niultiplJving F. elastica<br />
(rul)l)c~r-I)l~tllt! is lb\- il~~tiis of (‘hincsc or air layf2rs or “ mossing ”<br />
(StY‘ IXl,I$.‘ 7(i). It’ ‘tl,(b IWI~SC citn 1~ kept mois’t, simply a ball of<br />
sph;tgriu~~ IWIII~(~ on tlw sttw is sufficic~nt, without the use of a<br />
split pot, or il. .I)iiI)t‘r ~WIIC (;LS SIIOW~ in Figs. W and 69). Plmts<br />
of cV~lI~irlt~IYl1~lt~ siztk, fit for nurst’ry trade, can 1.~2 obtained more<br />
(liiic~kly Iby this ~~hint50 layering (if one has good stock plants)<br />
than 1)). cuttings.<br />
Fig (Fivus (itrrirtr). .II0rnwtr.<br />
Figs grow rt~iitlily from thtl plump st~otls in the comtnercial fruit.<br />
IYash ollt thtb s~tls, all(l thosct that sink may 1~ sown in a frame.<br />
The ~OI~I~K I)lilnt. s will appear in thrtae or four weeks. In three to<br />
fiVcb ~PilrS tllc ~Ilii~iti will begin to lxbar. New varieties are obtained<br />
in tl$ Wit)‘.<br />
Vurictics of the fig arc multiplied with ease by layers, suckers and
314 THE iVTTRSERY-M.4 NI.r.4 1,<br />
cuttings. Make cuttings of mature wood in autumn, cutting just<br />
below a bud. Scarce varieties may he multiplied by single-eye cuttillgS.<br />
Fig cuttirqs arf’ handled in the same way as grape cuttings.<br />
Some prefer, howevtbr, to place the cuttings where the tree is to<br />
stand. ,4 well-grown plant will bear at two or three years of a,ge.<br />
Fig. 112.<br />
The fig is readily ljudded and grafted, hut. these mr.;thods are<br />
seldom used, because the plant is so easily multiplied by cuttings.<br />
Shield, ring or tubular buddings are employed. Various methods<br />
of grafting are adapted to it, and cleft-grafting is usually employed<br />
on old plants.<br />
In California,, the best fig cuttings are made from short-jointed<br />
well-ripened wood about 9 inches long, with the terminal bud undisturbed.<br />
These should be planted in sandy loam, with top of<br />
cutting just above the surface, and kept well irrigated until sufficient<br />
growth is made, usually 3 or 4 feet the first year. They grow<br />
to best. advanntage in the warmer interior valleys.<br />
Filipendula (YkEcaduw-Sweet). &warm.<br />
Propagated by seeds sown in fall in pans or bosev and kept in a<br />
cool grecnhousc, or in spring in a frame ; also hy division of older<br />
plants.<br />
Fittonia. *-1w~lfllm~rw.<br />
The fittonias groin readily from cuttings of any part. of the stem ;<br />
cuttings from the tips of shoots, cut to one joint, are usually<br />
emplo>~etl. Propagate every year to get compact plants. Also<br />
increased by division.<br />
Feeniculum : f’:en ml.<br />
Fontanesia. Okzccn.<br />
Layers and seed are used for propagation ; also by greenwood<br />
cuttings in early summer under glass ; or it may be grafted on<br />
the privet, although this is little necessary as cuttings root so<br />
readily.<br />
Forsythia (Golden-Bell). Olr~~oe.<br />
Grown extensively from green cuttings in summer, in a frame ;<br />
also grown Prom ripe cuttings taken in fall and winter, and planted<br />
in the open air in early spring. I\1so raised from seeds. The<br />
shoots of the drooping kinds take root freely at the tips.
THE<br />
NURSERY-LIST<br />
315<br />
Fortunella : Ii’ II WC~ZUI~.<br />
Fothergilla. Hurrln ~rrvlidncrw.<br />
I’lWp~l~i~ ted II)’ srcds, sown iu spring ; Ivy layers which should<br />
havtl two ~-ears to root ; F. Cnrdwii also by suckers and root-<br />
(IlIt tinge;.<br />
Fragaria : ,wT11~blwy.<br />
Francoa. Sfc.~~~‘rcrgllr~cc.<br />
Propagated by seeds, sown in early spring in a coolhouse or<br />
frame ; iilso !bj- division.<br />
Fraxinus (Ash). I~~~wIYF.<br />
t’ropagated chiefly 1)~ seeds, which should be stratified until fall<br />
or the spring followiug the gathering. The seeds are not expected<br />
t0 gt.rminate the yc>ar in which they mature, and sometimes remain<br />
ciorlnwnt t,ill tile secotkti year. The named sorts are worked on<br />
stbec]ling stocks if the sorts are upright growers, or top-grafted if<br />
t hey are weepers. ‘l’lle~~ may be grafted in early spring or bud-<br />
&d in SlJlllJJlCI‘. 130th the European and American species are<br />
IWc-~ for stocks.<br />
Freesia. I riclrr~clj.<br />
UI+ts pro\-& the usual means of propaga,tion, and the strongest<br />
ones should give l~iloon~ the following yea,r. Freesias grow readily<br />
frotn Seeds, sow11 ;t~ soon as ripe ; some of the recent kinds wil:<br />
gi\-e bloom in six or seven months from seed, but usually one to<br />
t 11 ree years are required.<br />
Fremontia. Sfr~rclrlincm.<br />
j T3y seeds, or I,\- , greenwood cuttings under glass in summer.<br />
Fritillaria. L,il icrr~.<br />
Propagated t)>- offsets and natural division of bulbs. Plants<br />
should be lifted and divided now and then. Also increased by<br />
seecls, HS soon as rip{‘ tvhere the plants are to stand the first year.<br />
Fuchsia &atlit~;’ I
316 7’111:: s ultsm y-m N Uit I,<br />
cuttings arc srcurcci from suckers that start frotti the base of<br />
plants that arc bedtlctl out. The cut,ting shoul(l be 3 inches long<br />
and for large sptGmc~ns potted singly in Z-inch pots, in three parts<br />
sami, one’ part loam ;JJltl ant’ k-xf-mold ; l)Iacc’ in shady position in<br />
night tt~nip~raturr~ of tiO”. Plants for winter bloom are usually<br />
Ytil,rt63i in late spring. 1:or tlJt\ (.Y~JJ~I~J~IJ Window-gitrtkSn and conservatory<br />
kinds, prolx4 gilt iorJ SllOUlCl 1x5 t~tftYACX1 awry yew.<br />
Funkia : J/r)s/tr.<br />
Furcraen. .I 111(t)‘!iili(lll(‘i’u’.<br />
I’rop;lg;r tot1 I)>- l~ult~ls, whic4i arc froc~ly procluccd. Srveral<br />
>x3r,5 art IlS~lilll)’ rtbcluircd to proclucc blooming plants, and sometiirlc5<br />
long periods arc ncccssury.<br />
aillardia. (~owposifw.<br />
‘1‘1~~;~nnual s0rt.s are propagated by sc~tls started under glass or<br />
sown in the open where the plants are to stand ; the perennial kinds<br />
by seeds, cuttings in ,%ugust or September or division. Sometimes<br />
root-cuttings arc used in early spring. \regeta.tive propagation<br />
is ennployed for the perpetuation of particular variations.<br />
Galanthus (Snowdrop). L4 ~1,a~!ilIil(n~c~n.<br />
I ncrcascd commonly by of&c+, the strongest of which may bloom<br />
thcb following year ; rarely 1)~ seeds.<br />
Galax. II inprrl~siacPcr.<br />
Propagated by division of the clulnps.<br />
Galtonia ( Ijytrirlfh 11.s rtrrlrlicnus of gardcncrs). Lilincc~<br />
Handled by offsets or SCC&, as for hyacinths.<br />
Gamolepis. Co 111 psif E.<br />
Grown from se&.<br />
Garcinia (Mangosteen). Gutt~crw.<br />
Increased by seeds ; cuttings of ripened shoots under a glass, in<br />
bOttOJJ1 hf%t. see JlarlgosfrY~ll~.<br />
Gardenia. I~zrhinctw.<br />
Grown from strong healthy cuttings of three or four buds, early<br />
in winter being thtl best time. They should be placed in bottom
THE NI.iRSERZ’-LIST 317<br />
hyat of about 7~’ to 30’ in a frame, keeping rather close till<br />
root& ; shade ~ht~ cutting-bed ; syringe frequently.<br />
Garlic (~Illiu~r scrtir~l~rl). L&ncece.<br />
Incrwsed 1,). “ ClOWY ” or divisions of t.he l~ull). In the North<br />
tllc~ art’ planted in the spring, but in warm c%nx&es they may be<br />
planttIc in ;lutuIIln.<br />
Garrya, inclutling F;itl>Venia. G’crrr?/c~r~.<br />
I’rctpagutc~~l El\. stbe(ls, 1.))~ cuttings of half-ripened wood in summer<br />
:lntl sh;ttlthd 1inti1 rootrbd, or hy layers ; also by budding on ~1 urubn<br />
,;rrpot/ic~tr at tlw (‘ro\vn. Plant, sufioient.ly deep to cover the bud or<br />
graft.<br />
Gasteria. Li/itrc*rScrl.<br />
I’rc)l):qatitbn :is f’ol* :11Wk, which SW.<br />
Gaultheria (I-. ~~intergi’ePn). Eric*nct*cr.<br />
Grown i)j- stltbtls, tfi\Visirbns, suektbrs, layers and cuttings of halfrip(ant>tI<br />
I\-ootl untl(ar glass.<br />
Gaylussacia !Il~~(*kl~~itt~rr~~). il?ricwcrw.<br />
For propagation, SW I *trwitr it1 ttt .<br />
Gazania. Co to pi)situl.<br />
Incrt~~~~d !)J, SIYV~S, anal 1)~. tlix~ision. Cuttings are also taken<br />
in sunlllit’r t’rol~~ slloots ntnar the mown of the plant ; these should<br />
txi plac*tYl iti 11 Sail(l), soil iu rL fIXrlIt’.<br />
Gelsemium. ~oyrr,l.iccr,c,tr.<br />
Pr()I);Lgiltt’d 1)J tw t t inp Iltltlt‘l’ gliMS, itllC1 1)y SWds wht:n obtainnW.<br />
Genista. Lqu ttt ittow.<br />
I’l’ol)ilgatt’(l 1)). :-x>cVls sown in spring ; also 1)y layers and greenw7ocd<br />
cuttings Ilu(ler glass. For the genista of florists, see Cyfisus.<br />
Gentiana (Crntiani. (/lll)lfi(ltt(~(lPff~.<br />
Propagattbcl 1)~. sells anct di\-ision. The ~cds are small and<br />
germinatth +lo\Vl~-, ant1 often witlr tliffic~u1t.y. They often lie dor-<br />
IllLtIlt i1 >.t’iiI’ 01’ 11101’t’. They slx~uld 1x1 sow11 a.s soon as gathered<br />
in LVcll-siftcbtl ligllt 101~111, in pans or flats, and kept Sol and shaded.<br />
I)i\,ision rllrrst 1~1 (*:Irc~fully~ pc~rfonned, or the plants will suffer.<br />
Geonoma. I’ultttm*w.<br />
Multiplic4 1)~. WAS and suckers. See Yalnrs, page 377.
318 7’Iif?’ ,~lJRSERY-i;llANI.?AI,<br />
Geranium. G’rwn itrctv.<br />
Mostly inC~rcasc~(1 1,~ seeds and cli\yisions. The true geraniums<br />
are mostly outdoor pt~rt~1mials ; for t 11tA cxmser\-‘atory p1snt.s known<br />
as geraniums, wt’ I’I’lU tyon~ iu 111,<br />
Gerardia. Seraph duriwt*a~,<br />
Propagated, Out often with difficulty, by seeds, sown in the<br />
opttn ilk or in a fraIlke or c~oolllolls~*. khy of the species are<br />
partia!!!, I~artrsitii. 1 on roots.<br />
Gerber:. C’o tt! psifw.<br />
Propagated 1)). seeds, ad by cuttings of side shoots. Seeds give<br />
good results, as a pWrnnia1.<br />
Gesneria. ~:t’Stit’rillt’t’u’.<br />
Propagated by set&;, cuttings of the shoots and leaves, and by<br />
offsets of thtA tubers. Handled in esscntiall!’ the same way as<br />
sinningiu, which set.. See ~ksn~~rirwtw.<br />
Gesneriaceae. Gesneriads.<br />
Propagation is effected I)>, cuttings of the young shoots when<br />
about 2 or 3 inches long placed in a close moist propagating-frame,<br />
using clean sharp sand or sand and peztt noised, in a temperature<br />
of 70” to 75”. Or 1 ‘jr leaf-r*u t t ings , using mature leaves. Propagation<br />
\)JV ~~4s is t Ilt most common met.hod for most of the<br />
geucra. Tl lt’?’ shoultl be sown in January or February in small<br />
pans of firwl~- sifter1 soil, ctm~posed of leaf-mold, loam and sand in<br />
about equal parts. Seds should be sown very thinly, rovered<br />
very lightly, carePu11>~ watered, placed in a temperature of 65” to<br />
70” and kept shadthti. The seedlings damp readily and should be<br />
pricked into small pans of fresh soil as soon as they are large enough<br />
to handle.<br />
Geum. KOYU(‘t’a’.<br />
Propagated bar division and 1)). seed.<br />
Gherkin icuc*u:tt is .-I trguriu). C~ltcwi%tawcP.<br />
Easily grown frock-1 seeds, as for cucumber.<br />
Gilia, including I’tbnzlia. Pdt~tttotliuem.<br />
Seeds ma> I.)tl sown in spring in the open ground or frame,<br />
usually in the open.
Gillenia. Rosnceca.<br />
Propagated readily by dividing<br />
t.he roots ; also by seeds.<br />
Ginkgo, Salislluria (Maidenhair Tree). ChkgoawcP.<br />
Yropaga ted by seeds, which are mostly imported, and which<br />
should be stratified. Seeds are now produced in some quantity in<br />
this country-. ,Ilso increased by layers, and by cuttings of either<br />
green or ripe wood. The cuttings are hundl~d under glass. Named<br />
varieties are grafted on common stocks.<br />
Ginseng ( Prr.t~~.~ (31 .A din ‘It~itt,QtL’lfoljt.~,ttt j. iI raliaceix.<br />
Propagated by seeds, which germinate the second spring. As<br />
soon as ripe, in autumn, the seed should be gathered and kept<br />
moist for twc1L.e months, being planted regularly in beds a year<br />
from the time of gathering. The seed may be kept moist and fit*<br />
1)~ plantin g it as soon as ripe, but this exposes it to mice and other<br />
risks ; a safer way is to mix the seeds in several times their bulk of<br />
sand (stra,tify) and keep them in a bos, covered with wire netting,<br />
until planted. The seed ma>’ be sifted from the sand. The seed<br />
is sown either in drills or broadcast in well-prepared narrow beds<br />
(to admit of cultivation from either side), the seeds being an inch<br />
or two apart. Seedlings should be transplanted the first or second<br />
sea.son. ~‘ommerciw.1 mature roots may he expected in five years.<br />
Gladiolus. Iridrr~~r.<br />
Propaga tetl by- see(Is, which art: c~~n~n~onl~~ sown in pans in spring,<br />
in the house ; or the?- may be sown in the border. Seedlings flower<br />
in two or three ?-ears, but. foyer years is often required to produce<br />
good merchantable bottoms. Theme give new varieties. The<br />
common method of propagation is by means of cormels or offsets.<br />
These are removed from the parent corm and planted in the open,<br />
where some of them will flower the same season, although most of<br />
them will require a season’s independent growth before they bloom.<br />
If cormels are desired in abundance, the large corms should not<br />
be allowed to flower. Some varieties do not produce cormels<br />
readily, and these may be made to bear them by cutting or ringing.<br />
Aside from cormels, one or two new corms are formed above the<br />
old one each year. Fig. 49.<br />
Glaucium (Horned Poppy). Papaverace~.<br />
The annual and biennial kinds are grown from seeds sown<br />
where the plants are to stand ; perennials by division.
4<br />
320 I’IIE NURSERY-MANUAZ;<br />
Gleditsia (Honct~* Lorust.). I,(lllll,11l,I’II.o.s~.<br />
Seeds should 1~ sown in spring about 1 inch deep. They shouiri<br />
be soaktvi in liot water before l9eing sown. Varieties arc propagatecl<br />
1)~ grafts on seedling stock in spring, C. triacant~hos being<br />
mostly usd as stock. Sometimes sptllled Ueditschia.<br />
Gleichenia. Clriehrw imete.<br />
Increased by tlivision of t>he plant. See Ffm28, page 313.<br />
Globularia. Globrtlariczrea).<br />
Propagated 1,~ (livision and by seed.<br />
Gloriosa. Lil inrr w.<br />
Offsets are commonly employed for propagation when they are<br />
~9rotlucecl (d,o11t. the old hllh) ; seeds are readily used, started in<br />
hot t om heat. The bulb-like tubers may be cut in two for purposes<br />
of propagation.<br />
Gloxinia (Sinn iugitl spmiosn.) . IhsnPriacc~.<br />
Glosinia seeds should be sown the latter part of winter, in welldrained<br />
pots or small pans of finely sifted soil, of peat, leaf-mold<br />
and sand in ahout equal proportions. The seeds should be covered<br />
slightly*, then carefully watered, and placed in a temperahre of<br />
about w”. If seeds are sown in spring, blooming tubers should<br />
be had the following winter.<br />
Cuttings of the shoots may 19~: taken after the old tubers start<br />
in spring, sncl placed in a propagating-frame. Leaf-cutt.ings,<br />
with a small portion of the petiole att.ached, give excellent results,<br />
especially when the leaves are firm and nearly matured.<br />
Leaf-cuttings are made after the manner of Fig. 110 ; a little<br />
tuber forms on the end of the leaf-stalk, and this is removed<br />
and handled like any small tuber ; or the last leaf may be laid<br />
flat, as for begonia, and the ribs cut at intervals. Also grafted<br />
on tubers, much as for dahlia and peony. See GCN~.~P%DXZ.<br />
Glycosmis. Rrctacm.<br />
Cuttings nay be used, started under glass ; seeds, when obtainable.<br />
Glycyrrhiza (Liquorice). Lqwninos~.<br />
Propagated 19)~ division and by seeds ; roots left in the ground<br />
after harvesting may produce a succeeding crop.
TlIE NCJRSERY-I.&ST 321.<br />
Godetia. O~grnrc~.<br />
l+q~agattxl by st~ls, which, in California, may be surface-sown<br />
in late fall, or in February lightly covered in sunny or half-shady<br />
places. In common garden culture, seeds are sown in spring.<br />
Gomphrena (Globe Amaranth). 11 maranthacca?.<br />
The common kind (G’. globosu) is annual and grown readily<br />
from st~ls sown in the open. Yerennial kinds are propagated<br />
ds0 by cuttings and division.<br />
Gongora. O&itlwccYz.<br />
lncrc~ascd by divisions. See &cl&k, page 3i%.<br />
Gooseberry (1-libr.s G’rossdariu and IC. hirttdlum). Sa.rifragacea!?.<br />
St4s, for the raising of new varieties, should be sown as soon as<br />
wcall ~‘ured, in loamy or sandy soil, or they may be stratified and<br />
sown together with the sand in the spring.<br />
Siiiii(’ 2s for currants.<br />
They are handled the<br />
(.tuttings ti to Cy incl~es l,.,, env of the mature wood, inserted twothirds<br />
their length, will grow in fair proportion, especially if taken<br />
ilr August or Septt~ml)rr and stored during winter, in tlie same way<br />
as currant cuttings ; but the gooseberry does not start so readily<br />
from cuttings as does the currant. Single-eye cuttings may be<br />
used for rare kincls. Stronger plants are usually obtained by<br />
layers, and thtx I-Cnglish varieties are nearly always layered in this<br />
country (althoug?l frequently grown from cuttings in England).<br />
hIound-layering is usually cmployerl (the mounding being done in<br />
.J1lIW, or when the new growth has reached severai inches), the<br />
English varieties being allowctl to remain on the stools two years,<br />
l)rit the Amt%c:tn varietks only one. Much depends on the variety.<br />
The ljowning, for example, usually makes a merchantable plant in<br />
one year after transplantin, (7 from the stools, but Smith Improved<br />
iiii~)’ Tt’qUiR* tL year more. Layered plants are usually set in nursery<br />
rows for a )‘t?ilr after removal from the stools. (Fig. Cl.9<br />
Green-lay&q during summer is sometimes practiced for new or<br />
rare varit&s. St.rong plants may also be procured by tip-layering,<br />
its in the l)lack ra5pbckrry.<br />
If it is clesirtlcl to tr;lin the weaker goos&erries in tree form, they<br />
may 1)e grafted on the stronger-growing varieties.<br />
Gordonia. /Ihactw.<br />
PI’OPitg;LttYl l)y seeds, layers, or cuttings from half-ripened Wood<br />
under glass.<br />
Y
322 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Gourds (&~curbif~ l’tyo, Lagcnaria, a.nd others). @~urbitaccl~~~<br />
Increased by suds, after the weather is settled and ground is<br />
warm, usually planted directly where the plants are to grow.<br />
Grammatophyllum. ~~rchidnctm.<br />
Propagated from pieces of the pseudobulbs. See OrchkZs, page 372.<br />
Grape (Vit is, several species ; I’. vir$tm is the wine grape and<br />
the source of the European varieties ; I’. Labzwca is the<br />
dominant source of the American varieties). Vitacc~.<br />
Grape seedlings at-c’ easily grown. If the ground is fit and there<br />
is no danger from vt>rmin, the seeds may be sown in autumn, but<br />
they are usually stratified and sown in spring. They come readily<br />
if sown outdoors, bur some prefer to force them under glass with a<br />
mild bottom heat. Seedlings do not “ come true,” and they are<br />
therefore grown only- for the purpose of obt,aining new sorts.<br />
The grape is readily multiplied by layers, either of the ripe or<br />
green wbod. The ripe wood or canes may be layered either in falI<br />
cir spring, but spring is usually preferred. The cane is covered<br />
2 or 3 inches dcq, and nearly every bud will produce a plant. In<br />
August or Septembt~r the la?:er should be lifted and cut into plants.<br />
Better plants are obtained if only the strongest canes are used and<br />
only a part of the buds on each allowed to grow. The cane is<br />
usually cut back to four or five buds, or if very strong plants are<br />
desired only one 1~~1 is left on each la>yer. Canes of the previous<br />
year, those rcccntly matured, are preferred, although wood two or<br />
three years old ma>- 1~ used, but in this case it is usually necessary<br />
to cut or otherwise wound the joint to induce the formation of<br />
root,s. Vinrbs or stools grown for the production of layers should be<br />
cut back severely in fall or winter, to induce a vigorous growth of<br />
canes the following season. These canes are then layered the<br />
succeeding fall or spring. Only a part of the canes are layered<br />
from any stool, some of them being allowed to grow for cutting<br />
back the nest autumn in order to get another crop of canes. In<br />
some varieties which do not strike readily from cuttings, layering<br />
is considerabl), practiced by nurserymen. The Delaware is often<br />
grown in thi wag’.<br />
Extra strong layers can be secured by layering in pots. A large<br />
pot, filled with rich soil, is plunged beneath the layer. In this<br />
way a layer may be rooted and separated even while carrying<br />
fruit. Layering in pots is prac Aced only in special cases.
THE NURSERY-LIST 323<br />
In vineyards, layering is often employed for the purpose of<br />
fill mg vacancies. .A strong cane is left, without pruning, on a<br />
neighborin, (r \-ine in the same row, and in the spring the end of it is<br />
laid down in tl~ L’Want place. The vine is covered about a half<br />
foot deep, and the free end of it is turned up perpendicularly out of<br />
the earth and tied to a stake. I3y fall or the following spring the<br />
layer should be suflicirntly rooted to allow the parent cane to be<br />
cut away.<br />
Grern-layering is sornctimes practiced on new and scarce<br />
varieticbs, Ijut strong plants are not obtained unless they are well<br />
I~~lled by- forctbful culture aft,er they are separated. The growing<br />
(211x is la>.ered in midsummer, usually by serpentine layering.<br />
C’llttings are usually employed by nurserymen to propagate the<br />
gral,t’. Thc~ arc of many fashions. In all ordinary eases hardnwn(l<br />
cuttings arc ma&~ from the ripened ‘canes in autumn or<br />
winkr whchn the vines are pruned. It is advisable to ta.ke the<br />
cuttings before the canes have been exposed to great cold. Choose<br />
only those wws that are well matured, solid and rather shortjointed.<br />
In common practice, the cuttings are made in two-bud<br />
ltingths, tlltb Lowe cut. Ix+ng close to the bud. The cuttings will<br />
range from tj to 10 inches in length. Some prefer three-bud<br />
cuttings [Fig. w), but unless the cane is very short-jointed,<br />
such cnttings arc too long to be planted and handled economically.<br />
Thrt~c4rtcl cuttings usually. give stronger plants the first<br />
season, l~cau~ roots start. from both joints as a rule.<br />
\‘ery strong plants are obtaineb(l from mallet cutt.ings (Fig. loo),<br />
but as only ant- ~1~211 cutting c’an be mutlt~ from a cane, unless tht:<br />
cane bcaars vcnr?- strong ljranches, they ;~re not much used. Various<br />
methu(l5 of petbling, slitting and slicin, (r cuttings are recommended,<br />
in ordtbr to estencl thy callusing process, but they are not used in<br />
c’ommun or cxmim~~rcL1 practice.<br />
Grape cllttings arc, tied in bundlrs of 50 or 100, and stored in<br />
sand, moss or xtw(lust. in a cellar, until spring, when they are<br />
planted in rows in the open. borne varieties, of which the Delaware<br />
is an t~~~nple, rlo not. strike readily from cuttings. Some<br />
growers start c’on~mon cuttings of these under glass in spring.<br />
Others brq~. tilt* t)uncllr3 of cuttings in a warm exposure in autumn,<br />
with the butt entl-; up and about level with the surface of the ground.<br />
This is s~1pposc~1 to induce callusing. (See page 87.) At the<br />
approach of colt1 weatller tile cuttings are removed to a cellar, or<br />
are ilt~avii~~ ~d&d and allowed to remain where buried. Storing
324 ?‘llfi; 1VI/RSERY-MANUAL<br />
is safc~. Some growers obtain the same results by burying upside<br />
down in ;I 41x. Thr~ slow-rooting sorts often start well if they<br />
are sinrpl). k(q)1 in a warm cellar - 1 Ilit. where the lmds will not<br />
swrbll - 2111 \viiitcli*, ;IS the callusing is then hastened. At. the end<br />
of tllca first SC;~SOII t,hc plants may be transplanted. The plants<br />
are often sol~l at tllis agsc, I)ut buyers usually prefer two-year-old<br />
plai1ts.<br />
Singlib l)utl or “ I~~J~~I ” cuttings are largely used for the newer<br />
and rarer v;trietic3. ‘l’hese are cut from the canes in the fall, the<br />
same as long cuttings, and are stored in 1~0~s of sand or moss. A<br />
month l~l’or~: thtb wc~uther bclcomes settled, these boxes may be<br />
talw11 r’i1to il tl0u-w or greenhouse, or put in a mild hotbed, to induce<br />
thtl torination of the c:alIus. Thcby may then be planted outdoors,<br />
and :L fair prq~ortion of most varieties may be expected to grow.<br />
‘I’llcb liWt iiil(l wi~ill~ont~st wily of handling eyes, however, is t0 start<br />
tlit’in nnclf*r gluts;. ‘l’l~y are planttxl horizontally, or nearly so,<br />
and iLl~0llt~ an iiicli tl~cp in sand or sandy earth, in a cool greenhouse<br />
in late winter - in February in thcl nort,hern states - and in<br />
about six WCW~;S tfltb plants will be large enough to pot off or to<br />
trnnspl:int into (~ol(lfrmit~s or it coolhouse. If only a few plants are<br />
to 1~ ~~O~VII, tllcb~. n1;1y by started in pots. When the weather is<br />
thorouglll~- stkttlcvl, t hcby arc transferred to nursery rows, and by<br />
fall tlltly will iili~k~~ Sttrollg plants. Various ways are recommended<br />
for the cutting of thtbsc tbyt~~ - as cutting the ends obliquely up or<br />
down, sha\*ing oti’ t llc> bark below thfb bud, and so on - but the<br />
advantages of tlIr3tb fil,SllionS art’ imaginary. A good eye--.zutting<br />
is shown in I:&. 11:;. The foreign grapt”s arc‘ propagated by eyes in<br />
the Korth, i~ltllou~ll long cuttings also give good results.<br />
Soft cuttings iki’t’ sonletimcs used to multiply new kinds. These<br />
rn;q by takcsn in snnlmer from the growing canes, but the plants are<br />
usually forced in winter for thcb purpose of giving the extra wood.<br />
C’nttings art’ tttk(>n off as fast as buds form, and they are forced in<br />
Pl05;c framw wit11 ii gOot1 l>Ott0111 heat. The cuttings may comprise<br />
two buds, with thrh Laf at thtl nppor bud remaining, or they may bear<br />
bnt, a single tlJF(‘, in \vllich case the lcaf, or the most of it, is left on.<br />
This mpicl rllllltii)lir.atiol1 t’~~m smaI1 soft wood usually gives poor<br />
plu:1t5 ; l)rll strong plal’ts may lw obtained by allowing the wood to<br />
bccolilrh ~~~~11 l~;~rclc~~wct bcforch it is used. Soft cuttings will root in<br />
two or thrr>cb wcc~lis under good treatment.<br />
To securt’ t’xtra strong plants from single buds, the eyes may be<br />
saddle-grafted or whip-grztfted on a root 2 or 3 inches long. The
THE NURSERl‘-LIST 325<br />
root-grafts are t,hen treated in the same way as eye cuttings, 0111;<br />
t]lilt they are usWll1~ grown in pots fPOtt1 tile Start.<br />
The \4nc nlily be grafted with C’itSt’ l)y ilIly tnethod. Cleftgrafting<br />
is commonly tmploycd on old plants. Thcx cions are<br />
inserted on the crown of the plant, just l~low the surface of the<br />
ground. The cleft is bound with string, and then covered with<br />
earth, no was 1Glg necessary. The best. time to perform the<br />
operation is very early in spring7 bcforc tllc sap starts. Vines may<br />
be grafted late in ‘ipring also, after rtitJlgCr of bleeding is past, if<br />
the cions are kept. pi rfectly dormant. Vines are sometitnes grafted<br />
in the fall, but this practice cannot be rccomt~zcnded in the North.<br />
Young plants are usttall~~ whip-grafted itt the crown, either indoors<br />
or out doors. Grafting the vine is tnostl>v confin to Europe,<br />
( ‘aliforttia, and other cottntries where tltc European grape ( ‘C/IXY<br />
r*irr ijfBrf7) is grown, as tltat species ntust bc graftcltl upon sotne other<br />
stock in order to rt5ist the plqlloscra. The common wild frostgrapcl<br />
( /-2:fi~ UU~/I~UU) is the most. popular stock. The union in these<br />
cases tnust not be mllclt I)elow the grottntl, unless it is desired that<br />
the riot1 take root; ‘1’11~ union is sometimes wound with waxed<br />
muslin and the earth is heaped about it until it llas heakd. Grapes<br />
can he graftt-ld b?y tlita cleft-graft, ljelow gt-ottn(l as readily as pears or<br />
apples can 1x1 worked. For pictxrcts of \,arious methods of grafting<br />
the grape. s~‘(’ Figs. 172, 1 iis, I!)?, 195. Fig. iii-5 rcprcsents a<br />
good t~*pfl for !gCtlr~t?Ll 11s 011 oltl vititts.<br />
The vitttb is frr,~rt7tetitl\Y itlar’cliclcl, ilIlt (>at*1J7 in spring it can be<br />
budded by- orclin:tt:y ttrc~~!:oc-Is.<br />
Seed-grafting is a cttrious pr;i
3% 7’ZlR iZiIJRL~ERE’-;1’.4R:IJiiL<br />
st~lcctfd wood, the size of t-t, lead-pencil, r?r somewh;it. largq cut<br />
sornc~time in winter, tied in brindlt5, and lmritd their cntirct length<br />
on t11e shacly siclc of iL building, or under a tree, to keep t,hctn dorn1ant.<br />
Short-joint,c~d, firm wood is to bc preierrecl. iI11 cm be<br />
carried in a l)itSkt’t, if 0llC intends to perform the opcnttion it1011t’.<br />
If se~ral art‘ to work together, of course the tools must be cliVitletl<br />
accorclingl)V. In ( California we work generally in gangs ot’ tlirefb,<br />
t?w first m;~n c~lwring away the ground from the stock until he<br />
conws to :L smooth pl;t where the cion is to join the stock, so as to prevent bruising,<br />
anti rdiLrk or fiber of s;tock and cion are well joined,<br />
as on this princ‘il)illl?’ depends the success of the operation. To<br />
open the caldt , tlitb wedges on the chisel are used if necessary. .%n<br />
fxpc~rt will clq~ud Very little on these, unless the stocks arc. Very<br />
hea\-?-, l)lit will optan the cleft with knife or shears, ad then push<br />
down the don to its proper placc~. The inner side of the cion, opposite<br />
the burl, shoultl lw sonicwhat thinner, so that the stock will<br />
claw firnil>, Oil it ; the cion should also kc inserted far enough so<br />
that the l)u(-I is just above the horizontal cut. on the stock. The<br />
t.hirtl nlan follows, presses a little moist t2krth on the surface of the<br />
stock, iin(l then hills 11p around the junction to the uppermost buds<br />
of the cioii wit11 well-pulverized soil, taking care not. to move the<br />
don, itn(l the operation is finished. It becomes necessary somctimes<br />
to tic\ tlitb StoCl
TiIE NURSERY-LIST 327<br />
whole operation is co~crcd with earth, there is no danger of<br />
(lrying up, a.5 is sometimes the case when fruit trees are topgraft<br />
d .<br />
“ A very important consideration, to insure success, is to equalize<br />
the stock and cion. If, therefore, large st,ocks are to be grafted,<br />
we must ha\-c strong, well-developed wood for the cions, and have<br />
l)u& enough to taliCb up the full flow of sap, while small stocks, if<br />
~lsetl at all, shoul~l be grafted with small cions of onI>? two or three<br />
lwis. \Yhc~n the stocks are strong, I take t.wo cions and insert<br />
ow on CYLC~~ sick of the stock, of full length, say from 14 to 16<br />
in(*ht5, ;inrl with six to tbight buds each. This has many advantages.<br />
‘UN> principal OIW is tllut they will elaborate anal work up the entire<br />
flow Clf sap. i\notiwr is, that if the cions have well-developed<br />
fruit l)ucls, thti>* will produce quite a number of clusters from the<br />
iippcr hds, and thus show the character of the fruit the first year.<br />
1 IIUIY~ pickr~tl a thousand pounds of grapes from an acre thus<br />
gr:lfttvi, the first summer, and a full1 crop of five or six tons per acre<br />
t ht: follr~~ving stlabx)n. .Another ad\-antage is t,hat it establishes<br />
11~1 crown of the graft at the right distance from the ground, as the<br />
t IlrtY~ uppt”r thuds ivill produce the canes for the nest season’s<br />
ht3riilg. if Ibotli GoiiS grow, cut off the kv-cukcst. above the junction<br />
the nest spring, lc2t\.ing -only the strongest. T generally find that<br />
tlltb wholly surfacth of the stock is c~ver~~tl 1~)~ the ;WW growth, and<br />
tllat tlic* junction lWwet&ii stock and cion is perfect. Another<br />
atl\‘;lnta- arc more apt to run over and tlisturl> the small<br />
graft5 than thtb I;trg~~(b ones, which arc protected by hills of earth<br />
~I)oIY~ the% 5:1irf;1c(h ; nor are the young shoot.; disturl,ecl and broken<br />
SO tb:l.-;il>. 11~7 c;trt~l~~~ Iluntl~ or high winds. ;I stake should be driven<br />
32s 7’1IF: I~l~XL~~K11T-r\Jr4.~rrJ,4 I,<br />
must he taken not ?o clisturl) tlw cion. If everything does well,<br />
tliwc will l)tb t ttIYbth OF four (‘IlIlt’S frorll the upper buds, whicll may 1,~<br />
pIYlIlc’~i just ;ls aII>~ cbttlctl’ IK~i~rilI~ i’ilws.”<br />
Grapefruit, Pomelo, Shaddock (C’hws ywdkj. I~U~WYYP,.<br />
PI’Ol)il~iltP(l i,J’ I)utl(lirk g on swdlings of sour orange, rough lemon<br />
and grii pdru i t , atw 011 I’otrcvht.s fryt,litrttr. See (Irtlrt~/r~.<br />
Grasses? agricultural.<br />
Tl1e $JIXSSt’S elf IIl~~:l(lO\VS ant1 13itSt ures are mostl)~ perennial.<br />
Tht&y itl’t’ proI);!, (Ylft’r t I)\* ScVlflS, IlSUi~ll~’ Sow11 in tile Cool of the<br />
Fwr as in sI)riug ill I\‘tlrhLiLt ficlt(ts or ottwr grail]. I.ysual quantities<br />
Of StYYl to t tltb ttt’l’t’ ill? ;LS i’OllO\l’s 1 timoth,v, 15 to 25 p0urId~ ; blutb<br />
gri1SS (~jllrio-grass), 23 1101111(3S ; 1~]‘01]]1’-~1’~]SS, 12 t() 20 IJOU]~&, ;<br />
jol~lls~~lr-gl,;~ss;, I t0 I A t)rlStltbtS; OI’(‘tli~I’(l-gI’~tSS, 12 t0 15 l-J,OIIIl(jS;<br />
shy t’twrth, -*’ .) ’ t0 i3 t)llStlt~lS ; I’) t’-griiSS , 2 to :( l~usl~els ; redtop, 12 to<br />
15 poUl]ds. ~LI1~~ ~~olI~l~iItiltioI~s of t tlcwb :II]C~ 0th grtlSses ilrt‘ IISfyt.<br />
Grasses, ornamental.<br />
‘lh? p~WIltli;lt c~I~Il;iIlleIlttll g,Pl’;tSSt~S art’ in most cases increased<br />
by stwl or cli~~isio]]. It is IlSIlitll)’ Iwst to l.)IWlXl@tV \ra.rieties with<br />
\xriegatcd foliilgtl 1)~’ di\.ision, alttwll~l~ SOIW of the variegated forms<br />
of &I Jltc~~s ~‘OIII(’ trutx froft1 sculls. . 1 rtrrltlo 1htrtr.r ruritpu~fa is<br />
increased I-J)- cii\.ision, iis it rartbl>r weds (at least North). The<br />
annual ornament ;I t gr;ksst5 xrt’ raiwl reatlil>. from seeds.<br />
Grevillea. /‘~o!o~v~.IIJ.<br />
C;rown from svvls, sou7I llnclthr LJlilSS in lirtt’ winter ; also 11)<br />
cuttings of tliltf-l*i~~t~Il~h~l \Vowl. The (bou11t1on silk oak of greenhouses<br />
(C. ~or’ll~sf~r) is ritisthtl estcnsivel)~ frown seeds ; it is attractive<br />
only in itS ~‘(JUIlg st a@‘, ant1 IIPW plants are raised frequentl>r.<br />
Most of the spwic5 graft readily* cm I:. rrhu.sfu.<br />
Grind&a. ~'~~tt~po~it~~.<br />
Propagatrcl 1,~- weds, wwn in the open or under glass, by divisions<br />
and 1,~ cllttings.<br />
Guava (Psidiulu, wveral sprc+s). Myrfmw.<br />
Thr g,pl~;lvas grow rtbatlily t’rom se&, ant1 plants often bloom<br />
when IL ?rtx;lr iLllt1 :L tlillf Ol(l. Tlw~~ II]~,J- also lw multiplied bv layers,<br />
atill 1,~. clittin~s clithtlr Iimlcr ~luss or in the open. C:raffing and<br />
huddirig lla\Xb iLlSO l)wn prwtiwrl. Tllt~ usual method is by seed,<br />
but as Ilillll~btl hortic~ultural \-arkties lwcon:~~ more prominent, mpid<br />
vegetati\*r IIK~I~S of propagation must be perfected.
THE XURSERI’--LIST 329<br />
Gunnera. iicilortr~~itlrrr~r~cr.<br />
I’ropag;Lted \)Y\v tli\*ision. Seeds nra,~* bc employed when obtain-<br />
;el)le, hut often thtt>- g(*rmina.te with rlif’licult~.<br />
Guzmania. Brontdiww.<br />
pr~p:tga tion as for tillandsia,, which see. Stlc Bromeliace~.<br />
Gymnocladus (I annual and perennial kinds.<br />
Haemanthus (R!ood Flower). 1 ,nn~!lllirJnrtun.<br />
Propagated t 1~ ot’fse ts which shouhl I w rtanloved and potted<br />
when the plant. q ;tre beginning growth in spring. Rarely by seeds.<br />
Hakea. J’~&Yw~~.<br />
I-suall). grown fro111 seeds, sown in winter or early spring, in<br />
mixture of sancl, 14’~rnold and loam. Hakcas should be pricked<br />
off into boxes ant1 kpt i ti ib l;~tlil~ousc for CL Xi~SOIl before planting<br />
in the open. \I?41-ripened cuttings rna,~r 1~ placed in sandy peat<br />
under glass, in II. CWA llollst~.<br />
Halesia (Silver-Ijcnll. Snowdrop-Trcta). St~~r~cn~n.<br />
SWClS, which r;lr0ly gcrrnin?Ltt~ till tlltb swoncl ye;jr, should be<br />
stratifictl or kept constantly n&t. Stx~Wirix~s t,liey are sown as<br />
SO011 its iGjiF*, t~iit acscic-lent,s i1rP likt~l~ to 1ltIppen before they gerniinatc.<br />
I’ropaqition is also t#cr+cd l,y Iil~~~~IY, iIIlt1 by cuttings Of<br />
the roots in spring and autumn, and by greenwood cuttings taken
3m<br />
Y’HI!: NURS’E’RY-il/lAiVI/fiL<br />
frottl fcmxd pim ts. Layers art? cotntnonly cmpioyed in this<br />
country-.<br />
Halimodendron (Salt ‘I’w~). 1q1~ ~tcos~r.<br />
Irtcreasc(l 1,~ swrls, layers anal wttings, the> iaycrs often rooting<br />
tardily ; nlay also he gra-ftcbd on c’ommon Murnutn and on peatree<br />
or c:tr:ig;1tt:1. Tltin winter cuttings in bottom heat root readily.<br />
Hamamelis (\\‘itc*lt-il:tzt:l). I~TL~~~TcIII~~~I:~ucI~~~.<br />
Ail kinris grow frottt SCW~S or ia~ers, g *tnc-1 thtb .Jap;ttt spaGcs succeed.<br />
if grafted on ;Itt1c”ric’atI species in the grecnhousc in spring, II.<br />
Tirgill irrun ~na> Ix propngatcd readily by layers. Seeds usually<br />
germina tc the s~x~t~ci year.<br />
Hamelia. K~l~itrc~.<br />
SIq- he incrc~;t~;cti by seecls. Cut.tings of nearly ripe wood will<br />
root in tbilrl)* sutttmcr under glass.<br />
Hardenbergia. LIZZIE 111 ~MMW.<br />
FOr ~tW~itgiltiOt1, WPtlS TtXLy IN’ WA’Cl ; dso tncreusect l by division.<br />
(.‘uttings of firm ~‘ottng side sl1oot.s in spring will grow under glass<br />
in il warttk fratnc: or pit.<br />
Harrisia i ant* of tlto s(~grt~gatt~ of Ccrcus). CUC~UCCUA<br />
For p~O~XI~~~tiOtl, xx? Cacti, page 261.<br />
Hatiora. Cnr-ftrr~~.<br />
YtVptgSilf iOt1 ilS I’or rhipsalis ( II. , salirnrlr.if)1:~cs is usually known<br />
IIS h!hipsulis sft.iiw~‘~~ ioidvs). Sw Cu.cf i, pqe Xl.<br />
Haworthia. Lilincw.<br />
Propagation its for aloe, which see.<br />
Hedera (IvJF). -1 rrdiucm.<br />
Inc~rc:tsed !,~r l:t>ytbrs and seeds sown soon after ripening, usually<br />
not. germinating until the second year. The rooted parts of the<br />
vine may I)e xvortlci and treated as independent plants. Cuttings<br />
may 1~ nl;tdib in autumn placed in pots or in the open ground.<br />
Xantc~~i var’icbtit3 itr(g grafted on the stock of any strong form. The<br />
slow-growing l,u.
Hedysarum. lqu IO iwstr.<br />
I’r(jp;lg:lt ion is 1 )s’ set& and division.<br />
Hedyscepe. ~‘~I~~I~ww.<br />
SCCCiS. St’(’ 1 ‘(!I t)IS, llilgt’<br />
THE NURSERY-LIST 331<br />
3ii.<br />
Helenium. ( ‘o))/ Imsiftr-.<br />
I’l’O~~ii~iil~~~i 1):. s(Wi5, c*uttitigs, ad division.<br />
Helianthemum (Krwk fbw. Sun &se ). Cliafnrte.<br />
I’roI~i1gil t iorl is (t;rsily c~ft’ect.ed by divisions, from greenwood cutt<br />
iiip, il II{ 1 I))* St’tm’tlS.<br />
Helianthus (Snnflow$. Cor,l~wsitcr.<br />
1’r()l~;~~:~ tori 1)~. WCV~S, wllich tt~ity Iw sown in pots and the seedlings<br />
tr;rn.-;ft*rrcbcl, or in tlttk rq)c’n ground in spring ; also by divisions.<br />
4 >F pc~rc~titii;tl sort.;l, 11s~ the underground shoots or “ creepers,”<br />
t rt3 t ing as t’or cut tiny+. Some of them (as the Jerusalem arti-<br />
~‘~101
332 THE NURSERY-~~~,42\i’i,T,4L<br />
Helipterum, including Rhodanthe. C)onr~~.sifcr~,<br />
Seeds sown in earl~~ spring under cover, or directly in the open<br />
gaI&n.<br />
Helleborus (Black Hellebore. C.~hristmas Kosc). fZn,l.1L~2.(‘221Mlf(r.<br />
Seeds sown as soon as ripe may br used for the obtaining of<br />
new varieties. Root -divisions are usually employed. Se IJ’WZtrunz<br />
for white and green hellebore.<br />
Hemerocallis (1)a.y Lily). I,ilinc~ce.<br />
Propagated by division of the clumps, which should also be<br />
(ii\-idcd for the goocl of the plant,. Seeds may be used, sown as<br />
socn as ripe, of such kinds as produce them ; t,he J’oung plants<br />
should remain in s~rl-hoses until the following spring, when they<br />
m;ly 1x1 planted out in rows. Fig. 50.<br />
Hepatica. I-!rr~ ~17~~211~~~.<br />
Propagated by- division of the roots in autumn ; also by seeds<br />
sown very shallow in a moist shaded soil.<br />
Heracleum (C’ow-Parsley . ( ‘ow-Parsnip). Irnlbfll~fcr@.<br />
Increased by se& or division, the former usually growing readily<br />
if fresh.<br />
Hernia& Caryophlltlnrrt.<br />
Propagated by ctivision and seed.<br />
Hesperis (Iktnc’s I~iolet . iiotrkct). CIVW(~NW.<br />
The single kinds ;ire grown from SC& ; the double forms (which<br />
arc most prized) by dividing the roots, and by cuttings.<br />
Heterocentron. nlr~(rt.sfo~l/ncr~,r.<br />
Propagation a~ for centr:rdenia, which see.<br />
Heuchera (Alrrrn Root). Sasifrnguc~~~.<br />
Increased 1)~ dividing the clumps in spring or autumn, and also by<br />
seeds.<br />
Hevea (ilrazilian Rubber-Tree). EuphorbincrcP.<br />
Propagated 1))~ seed, sown as soon as ripe ; also by cuttings.<br />
Hibiscus. Jlulr~c~.<br />
( ‘uttings of grec*n wood are cotnmonly used, made in summer for<br />
hardy Ypccies or in early spring for tender ones. Cuttings of
PLATE X. E'irst-class dwarf apple stock ; - ait left, two-yc;lr whole-root<br />
grafts.
THE NlJRSERY-LIST 333<br />
ripened wood ma>- 1~ taken in fall, and stored until spring in a<br />
rttthcr dry place. ;Ilso increased b,r* seeds, divisions and layers.<br />
The variegated sorts do better if grafted on strong stocks.<br />
Hickory (carya, or Hicoria, species]. ,Jqlnn.dnceae.<br />
PJropagated chiefly by seed S, which should be stratified or planted<br />
(;tbout 3 inches deep! as soon as ripe. Seeds are sometimes planted<br />
at inttkrvals in the field where the trees are to stand; but this<br />
I)ractice is scarcely to IW recommended, when there is opportunity<br />
t 0 t ranspiunt sce(flings annually in t,he nursery (established trees<br />
~10 not transplant well). Seeds may be planted directly in the<br />
nr~rst~r~~ in :iutumn, but to obviate loss bj. rodents it is customaq<br />
to str:l1 if>- tllrhti1 till spring, the husks being first removed ; the<br />
Illlf-: iil’t’ IlOt CTit~~liCVl. T11c hickory can be grafted by veneer- or<br />
sl~lic~~-~r;kffin~ in winter on potted stocks, without special diffic~lllt>~.<br />
( ‘left-grafting Vi111 be employed outdoors, however,<br />
tilt* stril, l)ein# cut 3 to G inches below the ground, and the cions<br />
(YI\*~wv~ Ivitli ekrrtil, 3s for grafting the grape. The cions must be<br />
ptbrP:lc? l\. (l!!r!n;~ n t I illl(l ;trc’ safer, therefore, if they have been kept<br />
on ice or in 3 \.rBr>-(*old c~~llar. Saddle-grafting upon young twig5<br />
is soriietilnc5 11.5e~l. Slliehi- an(l flute-1)ridding of$~n succeed in<br />
thth hickorit9, ;LS in f:~c*t ~tktn~’ kinds of graftage do ; but, the skill<br />
of tllrb opt~l’ittor is Illort’ important than the method. Named<br />
[-a&tit5 II~;LJ’ l)th ~vorkt~~l on I)“ttc4 plants of C. co~rl~jormis (C.<br />
rltrlrirtrl untlthr ~lxis itI spring. SW also P~‘,‘i’1l~k<br />
Fuller’s n~thorl of propagating the hickory is to employ the<br />
side roots of tlie trc;tt, which art’ severeli i\Ilti allowed to grow from<br />
tlke seVereri t.licl. ;\s ctescribed 1)~. \\‘. :I. Taylor, “ the severed<br />
sidcb roots ;trt’ struiglltc~rl~~d up and tied to stakes to hold them in<br />
position, wit11 ttichir r&lit ~1~1s al)out. lc\~el with the surface of the<br />
ground to stiIriulattb thtb formation of shoots from adventitious<br />
buds, on(s c!f \vliic*li is ~b\~r~ntualljY made the trunk of the new t~rei~-<br />
The lower enci of th(b root is not se\Tereil until the top has formed,<br />
wlwii tlic new trtntl should be transplanted to its permanent. location<br />
ill ric*lt ilntl 1~~1low soil and kept well mulched until thoroughl><br />
estal)lisllc3l. ‘l’l~t~ rtlththod k slow and sharply limited in extent of<br />
application, t)ut is pthrhiips tlw surest in the hancb of the amateur<br />
growc’r. ”<br />
Hidalgoa. (IO I/I posifw.<br />
w<br />
Seeds ; also cuttings. Closely allieti to dahlia.
Hieracium (Hawk-Keed). Corrzyosit~.<br />
The flower-garden species are grown readily from seeds, blooming<br />
the first or second year.<br />
Higginsia<br />
: Hqfrrtawia.<br />
Hippeastrum (Equestrian Star). A mar~llidncrw,<br />
As for amaryllis, which see. Tlsually hanrllctl by the offsets<br />
that form &out the bully. Tht5e are tnken when the plants arc<br />
!ifted or repotted. I)0 not co\‘c’r tile ~~1~ of tIltI l~ull). In a year<br />
or two, depending on size, the offsets shc~lil~l n~lic~ strong ~blooming<br />
plants. Seeds usually grow reaclil),, sown tbi soon 2s riprb. If the<br />
JVoung plants are kept growing c~ontil~uousl~., t)loou~ing specimens<br />
Inay be had in two ~.ears.<br />
HippophaG &a Buckthorn). .I:‘l~~q~~trc~~.<br />
Increased by seeds sown at. once or strtLtifi(~(l, by suckers, layers,<br />
cuttings of the roots and crittings of matrlrv wootI in spring.<br />
Hoff mannia. Rdiucrw.<br />
Propagated l)y cuttings of half-ripenecl shoots in sttnd, with<br />
fdtom heat.<br />
Hohenbergia. B ro rl:cd itrcrw.<br />
As for billtxqia, which see.<br />
Holcus (tile proper name for the Sorghums and Tv grown from stbetl solb n as soon as ripe, in summer.<br />
See that thf2 soil is mellr~w anti iiloist , to (‘ncoiitxge the tlt~vc~lopnient,<br />
Of side roots rather tllilll 11 tlrhcap till>-rO()t. The sec*cIlings art<br />
sornetimt+i carriecl o\‘t’l’ willtcar ii) 21 frilIll(‘. Tht~ sun1Iuc’r following<br />
sowing, plants shoul~l gi\‘tb goo(l l~l0011~. Swtls 11111)’ dso lx? kept<br />
o\‘t’r winter ant1 sown in spring. II’ sow11 iti Fcl)rilnr~ or March<br />
and plants kept growing r;lpitll>., 1~1~)0111 lllilj’ l)(’ ll;ltl liltt’ tilt’ first<br />
J-ear.<br />
Holi~hocks arta sonletimcs propag~~t,e~l l)~r cuttings of sllort young<br />
shoots that rtrise from the crown. A crown may lx lif’trd in spring
‘I’llIt ,1;UR,SERl’--I,IS7 335<br />
:lncl (*o\xtrtl(l n-it11 mntl to encourage the formation of such shoots.<br />
Sornctilllc5 tlw root5 ot’ strong fresh plants art divided after flowering,<br />
cl;tcll v)-t~ (‘illT)~irl~ wit11 it ib gootl set Of roots.<br />
Holodiscus (s:)rnt~tirnes inr~luch~rl in Spir:ra). hwacof~.<br />
1’rOl)ilg;t t Of 11<br />
‘s’ ~~1s usrl:rlly sown in fall in Bose, slightly covered<br />
\yith sclit or 011 ;t sligllt top layer c?f moss whClrc they req,uire no<br />
vo\*(hring ; 1);. la?.cTs f or sometimes l)~r greenwood cuttings under<br />
glil5S t;ilit’ll with $1 ll(Y’l.<br />
Hop (I-Iundus~. ;I~OIW~VV.<br />
'ihh itllllll;tl (~)~lli~rll~~~t:~,l .Japant‘se hop is grown readily and<br />
t’rc~\l~. 1’ronl s;~xY~s;, oi’trbn self-sowing. The common field hop<br />
( II II ~1 U/US Z,~j)rrl~csl, \vhich is pr)rennial, is propagated by cuttings<br />
ot tl~l ~lncic~rqou11(1 .c;t(bnls, which are taken in spring, 4 to 8 inches<br />
I 011g ilIlt u.ith t\Vo to Sk C’J’f’S, ;mcl usually set two to four together<br />
ill \lills tlirertly -\vllcbrch the crop is to grow ; sometimes the cuttings<br />
itI’- stwls WXI~ when ripe ; blooming plants shollld be<br />
hati in ant’ to tlircbt> ?-t’i1rS. ITsually by dividing the clumps in spring.<br />
Hottonia. Prim ulurm.<br />
Propagated 1)~ seeds, and by division in spring.<br />
House Plants.<br />
Tllcb common cont;cbr\-atory plants, as fuchsias, geraniums, carllil<br />
tiOllS, h (pi\‘c l~si rcslllts when allowed to bloom but one year.<br />
‘l‘l~~- :Lr(’ then tllron’n awq. and their places supplied by other<br />
plants ; or the olrl stoc4w may 1~ cut back, if st.ill vigorous, so that<br />
cwttiup n1;1;\~ 11th made from the new slioot,s that arise. Cuttings<br />
are g~rle~i~ll~+ matfc iu late winter or spring for the nest winter’s
loom. These cut,tings are slips (page 107) of the growing wood.<br />
SW the various species, under their respective heads.<br />
Hovenia. 1tlla ~1 )I W(VX.<br />
Propagated by seeds, cuttings of mature wood struck<br />
glass, and also by root-cuttings.<br />
und,er<br />
Howea (‘commonly known as Kent&). PaZmncc~.<br />
Increased by seeds in light soil, with heat. See Palms, page<br />
377.<br />
Hoya (U’as-Plant) . A~sc/r~~ia~/~.cccll.<br />
Iiandled by layers a.nd cuttings. The common was-plant, 11.<br />
mrnosw, is r~~adily propagated 1)~ layering ; the long shoots make<br />
roots naturally. Vut tings may 1~ taken in spring of firm wood.<br />
Some species Magi Ix graft.ed on stronger-growing kinds.<br />
Humulus<br />
: liop.<br />
Hunnemannia. I’cri~n WWYV.<br />
Grown from seed ; in the East seeds sown early in Ma,y give<br />
bloom in tiummer.<br />
Hyacinthus (l-l>*;rcintll). Lilincrc~.<br />
lqor thtb procluction of new varieties seeds are c~~ployed. These<br />
are sown tht> same season they mature, in light sandy soil, and are<br />
covered not, more than f inch cleq. In four or five years, or<br />
sometimes cv(‘n hmp~r, the bllll)s will be large tbnough to flower.<br />
Varieties are perpetuat,ed by means ;~f the bulb&, which form<br />
freely on some varieties. These are treated in much the same way<br />
as mnturc bulbs, or they may be handled in pans or flats. The)<br />
make flower bulbs in two or three years. To increase the numbers<br />
of these bulb&, the bulbs are variously cut by the Dutch growers.<br />
These practicev arc described and illustrated on pages 59 and 60,<br />
Figs. 46, 47.<br />
a<br />
EQvacinths can he propa.gat,ed by leaf-cuttings. Strong leaves<br />
should be taken in early spring and cut into two or three portions,<br />
each portion being inserted about an inch in good sandy loam, and<br />
given a t,emperature of about 75”. In eight or ten weeks a bulblet<br />
will form at the base of the cut.ting (see page 59). The lower leaves<br />
give better results than the upper ones. These bulblets are then<br />
treated in the same manner as bulbels. For Hyacinthus candicczn8,<br />
see Gahmia, page 316.<br />
I
THE NtJRSERY-LIST 337<br />
Hyd.rangea, I-Iortcnsia. ~‘insifrqt~r~~.<br />
Seeds may be employed when they are produced ; but usually<br />
the hardy speck5 ;w propagated by green cuttings in summer,<br />
under glass (seVou Ii& 7 wood, usually in late winter. Layers are occasionally<br />
emplo)vetl, ant1 suckers can be separated from some species,<br />
Sometimes the hard>, species are forced for purposes of propagation<br />
by cuttage. II. qrtrwifoliu is propagatecl by little suckers or<br />
&’ root pips.‘* 11. pmic~~~lu~tu var. yrandiJEo~ can be propagated<br />
easily from the >-owl ,:’ wood, taken in June and planted under<br />
glass.<br />
Hydrastis (Goldenseal). ticrnl~,}~.c1c,lu,clra7.<br />
Seeds sown in autumn or spring in a well-protected shady place<br />
should grow rcadilj-. Old plants or colonies may be divided.<br />
Hydriastele. l+rl WC’VW.<br />
I’ropagated by SWlS. See Pnlms, page 377.<br />
Hydrocleis (\Yatt~r-Poppy). Blctorr~~rc~.<br />
Propagated 11)~ tlividing the rooting sterns.<br />
Hydrocotyle (\Yater Pennywort). liudw/hfer~.<br />
Increased !)I’ seeds, cuttings or layers. Usually spreads by the ’<br />
rooting stems.<br />
Hylocereus (separated from the old genus Cereus).<br />
For propagation, see CJncfi, page 261.<br />
CactacecE3.<br />
Hymenocallis. -4 ~r~(ir!~llidnceaf.<br />
Increased 1,~ ofscts from the bulbs. Treated the same as<br />
tlmaryllis and paneratium, which see.<br />
Hymenophyllum (Filmy Fern). ~~!!~~?,c~?Loph?lllacE~.<br />
Propagated 1,~ spores ant1 I))7 divicling the roots. See Fen2s.<br />
Hypericum (St . J ohn’s-\l’or t ). Ily ycricacm.<br />
Most of the species grow readily from seeds. Some of them produce<br />
runners that may be used as cuttings or layers. The shrubby<br />
kinds are handled by cuttings of green wood under glass in summer.<br />
Division may be practiced in some cases, and suckers may be<br />
removed wl1e11 thy are produced.<br />
z
338 ‘1’111;: N URSER Y-MA N I/A I;<br />
Hyssop ( Irl~ssoyus ~jkimh). Lab,ic&x.<br />
Grown from seed sown in spring, either in drills where the plants<br />
are tostand or broadcast in nursery-beds. It may also be propagated<br />
from cuttings or division in spring or fall ; greenwood<br />
cuttings may be started in shade in early summer.<br />
Iberis (Clandytuf t). Cru&f~~.<br />
The annuals and biennials are increased by seeds in spring or<br />
tllltulnll. Auturnu-sown plants should be slightly protected during<br />
winter ; these will hlooin from spring to July while spring-sown plants<br />
M.mn from cJ~~ly to September. The sub-shrubby sorts are inchreasetl<br />
bq’ seed:; sown in spring, and by di\?sions and cuttings<br />
taken in September and put in sand, in a cold propagating-frame.<br />
Ilex (Holly). ,4 qT1;J;l iace@.<br />
Propagated by seeds, which should be strat.ifiecl. They are often<br />
cleaned of the pulpy coat by maceration. The seeds rarely germinate<br />
until the second year. The el’ergreen species may be increastbd<br />
1)~ cuttings of ripened wood under glass. Varieties are<br />
perpet.uatcd l)y graftage. The veneer-graft, on potted plants, is<br />
usuall~~ ~~tnplo~xvl, I)llt other methods may be successful. Budding<br />
is sonictimes practiced. I. ;f qwifolizcttt and 1. opfr.cf1. are iilostly<br />
used as stocks.<br />
Illicium. Mug?1 01 i(uwP.<br />
Increased 1);~ st4s ; also by cut tings of youn, (7 ripened wood.<br />
Imantophyllum : Clioitr.<br />
Udwrt1 ittwcw.<br />
Impatiens.<br />
Grown froill sr~ls. ‘I’ll intloor species may Iw grown tither<br />
from cuttings or seecls ; cuttings usually root freely. See Balsunt.<br />
Incarvillea. Ui$gtrott iacrw.<br />
Propagated 1)~. division anal by seed.<br />
Indigofera (Indigo). I,c~grttttittos~.<br />
3Iultiplied b>* sc~ls, and 1):~ cuttings of young shoots under glass<br />
in light heat and liardwoocl cuttings iA winter.<br />
Inula. Co7r~posifc.t~.<br />
Seeds usually grow readily, e 4ving 1)loomiiig plants the secolltl<br />
year. Old plants may be divided.
THE<br />
NURSERY-LIST<br />
339<br />
Iochroma. So~nrmcece.<br />
Seeds and cuttings as for cestrurn.<br />
Ipomea (Moonflower. &Iorning-Glory) . Conuolu24lacea?.<br />
All the annual species (or those grown as annuals) are raised<br />
from seeds. Seeds of moonflowers and similar species sh.ould<br />
usually be filed or cut on the point, and started in a rather high<br />
temperature. The perennials are also increased by seedage, but<br />
the), inuy be raised from cuttings struck in a forcing-house or a<br />
frame. The moonflowers often do better in the North from cuttings<br />
than from seeds ; this is true also of some of the greenhouse species<br />
that do not produce seeds. Some kinds root with difficulty from<br />
cuttings, howcv~, and they may be propagated by grafting cions<br />
of well-ripened wood of roots on I. yanduratn or ot,her species.<br />
IX\Gion is sometimes eniployed. I. ymduratn can be propagated<br />
1,) root-cuttings ; also grafted. See Calonyction, Quanzoclit,<br />
S rcwf Potato.<br />
Iresine, Achyranthes. A ma~al~.ffz,ucc~.<br />
Increast4 readily tjy cuttings. For summer bedding in the<br />
h’orth, cuttings should be started in February or March; for use<br />
as window plants, the>7 should be taken in late summer. Old<br />
plants Inay be carried over winter to provide a supply of cuttings,<br />
or plants may be grown for this purpose from cuttings struck in<br />
late summer. Rarely propagated by seeds.<br />
Iridacee. Irids.<br />
The rhizomatous irids are easil!r increased by offsets or division.<br />
The species a~1 \~aric~tit~s of crocus and gladiolus are readily propagated<br />
by offstAts. Tht* species of irids produce seed freely and<br />
are rapidly iucreasetl from these. These seeds should be sown as<br />
soon as ripe ; if carried over until spring the germination is much<br />
slower.<br />
Iris. Iriductw.<br />
Seeds grow readily and give good results, and are usually produced<br />
freely, esptGally in the bulbous species. Sow as soon as<br />
ripe in light soil in soin~~ protected place. The bulbous species<br />
produce tmlbels, which may be used for multiplication. The<br />
rhizornatous speck&s are propagattad by dividing the rhizome into<br />
short-rooted pieces ; or when the rhizomes lie on the surface of the<br />
ground and do not root readily, they may be layered. See hidacts.
348 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Isoloma. Kohlcria. &sneriacec~.<br />
Propagation as in achimenes ; the usual kinds grow readily<br />
from seeds, blooming the same year they are sown. See Gesneriucm,<br />
page 318.<br />
Itea. Sa~ifrtagactw.<br />
Multiplied by seeds and by suckers ; also by cuttings and division<br />
of the roots, and sometimes by layers.<br />
Ixia. Iridacm.<br />
Seeds may be sown in autumn, and the pans or boxes kept in a<br />
cool frame. Seeds should give blooming plant,s the second year.<br />
Propagation b>r bulbels or offset.s is much quicker, and is the<br />
usnal method. For gree?.house bloom bulbs should be planted<br />
from September 1.5 to October 30, five or six in a s-inch pot or<br />
tight to ten in a (i-inch pot, an inch deep in a mixture of sandy soil<br />
and leaf-mold. The pots shouid be stored under a bench or in a<br />
rather dark Alar, at a temperature of 45”. For outdoor culture,<br />
bulbs should bc planted as late as November 30, 3 inches deep in a<br />
frame and covered with leaves, ha17 or pine-needles.<br />
Itiolirion. ,-I 111 cz ry 11 idmm.<br />
Propagated 1~7 seeds, and b>v offsrts from the bulbous rootstocks.<br />
See A nluryll idacm, pqy 2X<br />
Ixora. R U/I imar.<br />
Readily increased in spring bar cuttings of three or four joints in<br />
sharp sand undrr heat and protected from sun. They may also<br />
be propagated by seeds, when obtainable.<br />
Jacaranda. B igrbmiacecr.<br />
Seeds when obtainable ; cuttings of half-ripened<br />
wood.<br />
Jacobinia. Aca?zthncm.<br />
Propagated easily by cuttings, much as for fuchsia. Sew<br />
plants should bc grown every year for best results in conservatory.<br />
Jacquemontia. Con z~olz’ulacecp.<br />
Propagated by seeds and cuttings, much as for ipomaea.<br />
J amesia. Sax(fmgacetP.<br />
Propagated by seeds, and by cuttings of ripened wood.
THE N ITRSERY-LIST 341<br />
Jasminum (.Jnsmine. ,Jt-assaminc). olfw~r cr.<br />
Propagated rcatlily l)y cuttings of nea.rly mature wood under<br />
glass in summer ; c also by ripe-wood cuttings t.aken. in autumn, by<br />
layers, a.iid sometimes by seeds sown as soon as ripe.<br />
Jatropha. Elr~)ho~bicrc~c~r.<br />
Readil?. txised from sr~ls. Propagated also by cuttings from<br />
firm >*oung wood struck in sand over bottom heat, ; the cuttings<br />
should be dried somewhat. before setting, as the plants have milky<br />
juice.<br />
Jubea ((“oquit o Palm of Chile) . Z+-dmacm.<br />
Propagation is b>- seeds, started in a warm house and kept moist.<br />
SW Pulws, page 377.<br />
Juglans (iYalnut. and But tcrnut). Juglan.dacrm.<br />
All the .ipecies art readily propagatrd b>- mean3 of stratified<br />
nuts. Ilo not allow the nuts to become dry. Artificial cracking<br />
should not be pra.cticed. In stiff soils the seedlings are likely to<br />
produce a long tap-root which renders transplanting difficult after<br />
the first. ;-car or two. The t.ap-root ma.>? XW cut by a long knife<br />
while the tree is growing, or t.he j-oung seedling may be transplanted.<br />
Particular varieties art‘ perpetuated by graft.ing or budding with<br />
any of the common methods ; but the skill of the grafter is more<br />
important than the method. In the North, they are sometimes<br />
worked indoors in pots. ( ‘ommon shield-budding works well, if<br />
the sap is flowing freely in the st.oek. Flute-budding is often<br />
employed. Tl le improved native sorts are root-grafted in winter.<br />
Old trees can be top-grafted like apple t,rees (see page 151). If<br />
nursery stocks are graft,ed, it is usually best to insert the cions<br />
below ground, as for grapes. In all walnut grafting, it is generally<br />
preferred that only one scarf or cut of the cion should traverse the<br />
pith. It is important that the cions be kept perfectly dormant.<br />
The “ English ” wa.lnut (J. re@) is mostly grown direct from<br />
seed in this country, and the different varieties usually come true.<br />
In California, the native walnut (,1. Hindsii and J. cal~fornica) is<br />
often used as a stock for this species, and flute-budding’on branches<br />
a half-inch or more in diameter is ot‘ten ,practiced. Twig- or prongbudding<br />
(Fig. 146) is sometimes employed. See bt’alwt.
Juncus (R.ush, Rulrush). J 11,ll cn.wr.<br />
Propa,g:1 tc(l 1,~ srctls, t.he perennials also 1)~ division.<br />
Juneberry (Amelanchier species). Rosnr Pa?. .<br />
Increased by using the sprouts which form freely about the old<br />
plants ; also by seeds. The cultivated dwarf juneberry is multiplied<br />
1,)~ suckers. Budding and grafting on seedling stocks may<br />
also he emplou\-t~cl. See L.i mrlanrhi~~r.<br />
Juniperus (,Junipclr. Red Cedar. Satvin). Pim-mw.<br />
Increased readil)- 1,~ seeds, which, however, often lie dormant<br />
until the sc~cond ?Tea,r and sometimes c\‘en to the third year. Red<br />
cedar seed is one of the kinds which licl dormant a year. They<br />
germinate mort’ rtbwdily if the pulp is removed b~v maceration or by<br />
soaking with asilos for a few rla>3. Green cuttings, in sand under<br />
glass, root casil!. ; or mature cuttings may be taken in fall and<br />
placed in a coltlfri~rne, in which they will need little protection<br />
tluring win tcr. Some -\-arieties require a long time to root, even<br />
twtalve to eighteen months. RIost, of the named varieties may be<br />
gr:tftc(l on importe(l Irish stocks, which are much used in some<br />
pnrt.s of the countrJV. They ma)- be veneer-grafted and handled<br />
in a cool house. The shrubby species, especially J. Sabinn, are also<br />
propagated 1)~ lu~x~rs. Fig. 9,5.<br />
J ussiaea. On ngrnc’m.<br />
lncrcased 1)~ scc~l sown in fall or spring in shallow water, using<br />
St&cd-puns or pots ; (*over seed with finel!, sifted soil, place pot in<br />
water but do not submerge until the second clay.<br />
Justicia. .4crtllfhar~ff~.<br />
Most of the plants cotnmonly cultivated as justicias are jacobinias,<br />
which see. The true just,icias are propagated by cuttings of<br />
firm wood, usually in late winter or spring under glass.<br />
Kadsura. Jlngnolinceo2.<br />
Increased by seeds ; and by cuttings<br />
under glass.<br />
Ka.Gr, Kafir-Corn ( Ilolc~s Sorghum). Graminece.<br />
RF seeds, as for maize.<br />
Kaki : I’crsinz mom<br />
of nearly ripened wood
THE N lJRSERS--LIST 343<br />
KalanchoE. crtlssl1laft’a~.<br />
Propagated 1,~. set4 when obtainable, but cuttings are more used.<br />
They g&w rrnrlil>Y from several parts, as do the crassulas.<br />
Kale (Urassicn olt~rnr*rw var. nccphaln). Crztcifme.<br />
Increi~sed by seeds, sown in the open in early spring in the North,<br />
or in the fall in tlie South. They are hardy plants, standing much<br />
frost ; shoultl he grown in the cool season.<br />
Kalmia (>Iountain I,uurel. calic’o Ijush). fi~ricactw.<br />
Kalnlias may be increastd 1))~ WA, which shoulcl be sown in<br />
spring in shullow pans of sandy peat or sphagnum, and kept in a<br />
c~,rlfr~in~ until the seedlings are large enough to transplant. After<br />
Inning ~~st;~l~lisht~cl, thrb ~roung plants are hardened off and the next<br />
>*rtar transfcrrt4 to framt5 or open beds. By cuttings of young<br />
shoots in sandy peat, placed in a shady situation under a handglilss<br />
(xi t h rnucah tlifflcul t>*). illso propagated by layers. Usually<br />
0i)tiliIltYf from the WOOdS. Varieties are veneer-grafted under ~<br />
pl:kX, 011 unnarne~l stocks.<br />
rfau~fussia *.<br />
(y~iii.jr’jqyi:.<br />
Lag lfm itiosw,.<br />
Kennedya.<br />
Hantllt~cl frtht$v from seeds sown in spring or summer in pans or<br />
flats ; also I,>- cuttings of the firm green wood.<br />
Kentia : li~wr~.<br />
Kerria. I~osawap.<br />
Yropqqltthcl 1))’ seeds when these are produced, as on the singleflowered<br />
forms ; also 1~)~ division, layers, and by cuttings of young<br />
shoots uncltbr gl;~, a&l b?; ripen&l cuttings: In this country,<br />
oftener increased 1)~ rip-press). Cht~~rol)oditccr~~.<br />
Grown from stbecls which may 1~1 sown indoors in April and the<br />
plant5 set out in Ma). ; or sown in the open when the weather is<br />
warm.
344 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Koelreuteria. Sapindace~.<br />
Grown from seeds, stratified or sown in autumn; also by rootcuttings<br />
and young or low plants by layers.<br />
Kohlrabi (Brnssica olvracca var. Caulo-Rapa). Crucijerce.<br />
Propagated by seed sown in the open in early spring, or started<br />
in a hotbed and the plants transplanted. Usually sown directly<br />
in the open after the manner of turnips or rutabagas.<br />
Kumquat (Fortunella species). Rufacece.<br />
Worked on stocks of three-leaved orange (Poncirus trijoliata),<br />
rough lemon and sweet orange by the ordinary method of shieldbudding.<br />
See Orange.<br />
Laburnum (Golden-Chain). &guminosc;e.<br />
The laburnums are increased by seeds sown usually in spring.<br />
Layers and suckers are often used. The varieties are grafted or<br />
budded on seedlings of the common sorts. See Cytisus.<br />
Lachenalia. Lilicrcm.<br />
Seeds usually start readily and blooming plants may be had the<br />
same season if kept growing. Offsets from the bulbs are also used,<br />
sometimes making blooming bulbs in one season.<br />
Lactuca. C0rr11msiftK<br />
The ornamental kinds are grown readily from seeds. See Lettuce.<br />
L&a. Orch,idactw.<br />
Increased by pseudobulbs, as in cattleya.<br />
See also Orchids.<br />
Lagmaria (Gourd). Cucztrbitacea?.<br />
Propagated by seeds ; in the North these may be started indoors<br />
in pots, but usually they are planted where they are to grow.<br />
Lagerstraemia (Grape Myrtle). Lythracete.<br />
Propagated by seeds sown in boxes in autumn, and by layers and<br />
cuttings of ripe wood. In long-season climates the plant may<br />
bloom the first year from seed.<br />
Lagurus. Graminece.<br />
Increased by seeds, sown in fall and plants set out in spring, or<br />
by seeds started in spring.
THE’ N URKh’RY-LIST 345<br />
Lamar&a. Cm 1)) incur.<br />
Propagated by seeds, sown in spring or fall, and the plants set<br />
out in the spring ; also by spring-sown seeds.<br />
Lantana. I -t&v7 wv.<br />
Tncreased by seeds, which give new varieties, ancl by cuttings, in<br />
fall or spring, from good growing wood, in sand in a warm house or<br />
frame. For florist’s USC, old plants are lifted or repotted in early<br />
autumn to stimulate cutting wood ; cuttings are then taken in<br />
winter or spring and blooming plants arc had for summer.<br />
Lapageria. Liliacm.<br />
Seeds may be sown as soon as ripe, when procurable, in a sandy<br />
peat soil, and kept in a moderate heat. Increased by layers of<br />
tirnl strong shoots frnn~ which some of t!ze leaves have fallen. The<br />
shoot may be bent back and forth in a box of sand and peat, being<br />
pegged down and then covered with the earth ; keep moist, and<br />
shoots will start from the joints and when rooted may be separated<br />
and pot ted.<br />
Lapeyrousia. Iriilaw~.<br />
Increased by division of the bulbs.<br />
Larix (Larch. Tamarack). Pi~~ccce.<br />
Usually grown from seeds, which should be kept dry over<br />
winter and planted early in spring ; shade the young plants.<br />
17arieties, as the weeping sorts, are worked on common stocks<br />
(usually the European larch). The grafting ma.y be done by the<br />
whip method, outdoors early in spring. Rare sorts are sometimes<br />
veneer-grafted under glass. Rarely increased by cuttings of<br />
nearly ripened wood under glass or by layers.<br />
Lasiandra<br />
: Tiboztchiwa.<br />
Latania. Pal macea).<br />
Propagated by imported seeds sown in strong bottom heat.<br />
Palms, page 3X.<br />
See<br />
Lathyrus (Vetchling). d,eguminosa-?.<br />
Propaga.ted by seeds, sown verv early in the open ; the perennials<br />
also by seeds, something by diviYSion, and special varieties by cuttings<br />
in the fall, after the flowering season, or in spring from old<br />
plants stored in t!x greenhouse. The sweet pea ma.y be sown before<br />
frosty weather is passed, and south of Norfolk it is usually satis-
factory if sown in tlw fall. - _ See b!!uwt Pm. The everlasting pea<br />
(I,. Itrt(fo1iu.s) is increased by seeds, di\Gion and cuttings.<br />
Laurus (Ilaurel). J,nMrncrfl.<br />
Propagated by se~r-ls, laJ.ers and by cuttings, under glass in<br />
sandy soil ; also 1,~ root-cuttings. The bay tree (Laurus nobilis) is<br />
grown from cllttiilgs cf well-ripened wood 3 to 4 inches long, s~.~k<br />
in sharp sand under glass, bottom heat not being essential ; the<br />
rootecl cuttings ilr(’ poIllltiplied 1)~ scbcdsown in spring in peaty soil, much as azaleas ;<br />
als,) 1~). di\*ision and 1)). layers.<br />
Leek (,.llli~~ I-‘orr~m). Lilicxcrcr.<br />
I’ropaga t ed bjr seeds, sown very early in the spring, either outdoors<br />
or in il coldframe ; usually started where the plants are to<br />
stand ; frost-hiUY1~.<br />
Leiophyllum (Sand Myrtle). Kricacr~~.<br />
Increased freely 1)~ seeds in boxes or pans and placed in a frame ;<br />
also hy layers in autumn.<br />
Lemon (Cifrlts Lirrrowia). Kutacm. (H. H. Hume.)<br />
The named jxricbties are propagated by budding on sour orange<br />
or rough lemon stocks. Sour orange stocks are most commonly<br />
used as they are adapted to a wide range of soil conditions. For<br />
indoor culture I’orlcz’rus trij’oliafa stock is best. For methods o,f<br />
propagation, see Ora? gc . Lemons may be grown from mature
7’NE<br />
1’I!RSERY-LlST 347<br />
Wood cuttings which il?X‘ St<br />
ground in spring. Rootcvl<br />
in sand in a frame or in the open<br />
cn t t.ings ma37 also hr! used for stock.<br />
Lentil ix hs r*,w~tlvtr ftr). I,( 9 ti ))I iwsa>.<br />
Grown from stwls, sown in wrly spring where the plants are to<br />
stand.<br />
Leonotis (I ,j~ll’s hr. L,ion’s Tiail). Labiatrr.<br />
Incrt>asetI I,>- c.nttings in i)ottom heat in early spring and may be<br />
transplantt~11 t 0 t htb opc’n in Mar ; also grown from seed when<br />
Ol)tiliIlil\)lC’.<br />
Leontice. I>~rlw~idrwW.<br />
Increased 1)~. se&, and bJr suckers from the rhizomes.<br />
Leontopodium ( IGlclwth. Lion’s Foot). ~o~nyrwitoe.<br />
Melwtiss ma>’ btb raisetl annuall~~ from SYC(~S, or the old plants<br />
rlliiy he tfivided in fill1 and wintered in a coldfmme. The seeds<br />
rnus;t he kpt in iI. tfr>* place throughout the winter and should be<br />
sows about Febrrinr)V 1, which gives plank 1ilTge enough to be<br />
plnntcd alit ill pf~~IlliitW~lt quarters in likte spring. Plants I~100111<br />
the following )-WY, illthough a few flowers may be had the first<br />
)‘t‘ar frown 5tbtb( 1.<br />
Lepidium<br />
: Crr*w.<br />
Leptospermum. ~~~!/rtrfwn.<br />
I’rop:q;9 tivl 1)~. wttings of well-ripened wood in fall or of young<br />
gro\vfl) in sun1m(‘r or in spring under gla.ss ; also grown from seeds<br />
sown in spring.<br />
Leptosyne. C’owpositfr.<br />
Grown rc>aclily from seeds, usually started indoors.<br />
Lespedeza. Z,~II 01 itroxr.<br />
Increased 11s division of the clumps ; L. formom (L. Sicboldii) by<br />
greenwooc1 cllttings Iindcr glass ; also b>v seeds when obtainable,<br />
sown in spring. I,. strirrtrr is the so-called Japan clover, an annual<br />
grown in thfx SOIlth for ha)* ; 1.5 to 25 pounds of seed are sown to<br />
the acre.<br />
Lettuce (J,trctirc’rr sdirrr). Clo~~~positw.<br />
Thist~d from ~~tls, \vhich may be sown under glass or in the open.<br />
Thtb early crop is grown from seeds started indoors ; the summer<br />
crop may 1~ sown in fralnes or prot,ccte(l seed-hcds ; sometimes<br />
lettuce is sown in the Open directly where the plants are to stand
348 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
for a home supply. In the middle and southern states, the seeds<br />
may be sown in the fall, and the plants protected from cold by a<br />
mulch ; or the pl;l,nts may grow in winter in the warmer countries.<br />
Leucadendron (Silver Tree). f’rotcacr~<br />
Propagated bpr seeds, the seedlings being carefully protected<br />
from damping off. It is desirable, before the hypocotyl or stem<br />
of the germinating plantlet becomes hardened, to sink the pot< in<br />
water when the plant is dry, not allowing the water to come over<br />
the rim.<br />
Leucojum, often spelled Leucoium (Snowflake). Amnryll~~dnce0?.<br />
I ncrcased by seeds;, which should produce flowering bulbs in a year<br />
or two. Propaga t.ion is corn manly by bulbels, however, which<br />
should be taken ils soon as possible after the herbage matures.<br />
Leucotho& E&ww.<br />
Propagated by seeds, which should be sown under glass in moss<br />
and sand and plants pricked off into boxes ; by divisions of established<br />
plants in autumn or winter, by layers and the underground<br />
rnnncrs ; cuttings may be rooted in sand over gentle bottom heat.<br />
Levisticum (Lovage). l ‘mlwIIifmr.<br />
Propagated 1,~. sc.eds sown in the open ground, and division in<br />
spring or autlinin.<br />
Lewisia. Porflrinfmvx.<br />
Handled by seeds, or by division in spring. The root of the<br />
bitter-root (I,. rcdicircr) may live for years out of the ground.<br />
Liatris (Blazing Star. Button Snake-Root). Compositce.<br />
Seeds are usually sown early in autumn or in spring. Some<br />
species produce offsets, and of others the clumps may be divided.<br />
Libocedrus. Pinrrwn.<br />
Grown from seeds when they are procurable, sown in spring.<br />
Cuttings may be started under glass in summer or aut,umn. It<br />
may be grafted on related plants, as thuja and cham=cyparis.<br />
Libonia : ,Jnrohiu itr .<br />
Licuala. Ptrlnrncm.<br />
Raised from seeds sown at an,y time in a sandy soil, in strong bottom<br />
heat. See ~‘u~Ms, page 377.
THE NURSERY-LIST 349<br />
Ligustrum (Privet. Prim). OlcnWcY.<br />
Propagated by seeds sown in fall or stratified ; and by division.<br />
Seeds may not germinate the first year. The named varieties<br />
are usuallr\ grown under glass from cuttings of green or ripe<br />
wood, and are sometimes grafted on L. aldga~w or L. oual,$olium.<br />
Liliace:ae. Liliads.<br />
Nearl), all liliaceous plants seed .Freely. Some produce small<br />
bulblets on the flower-stems. Others are propagated by dividing<br />
the bulbs. The strong growing lilies with thick scaly bulbs may<br />
be increased kj~~ stripping off the scales and planting them as cuttings.<br />
The seeds of hardy kinds IW,J* be sown out-of-doors in<br />
April or 3IilJ'. The srtds of tender sorts mav be sown as soon as<br />
ripe in a greenhouse- with a temperature of 60’ to 70’. Many of<br />
the liliaceous plants are propagated by offsets, but the larger number<br />
may be increased by seeds.<br />
Ltiium (Lily*) . Lil iarm.<br />
The usual propagation of the true lilies is by offsets from the<br />
bulbs, but seeds may be employed For the production of new varieties.<br />
With a few species, blooming bulbs ma>. be had the second<br />
season after sells are sown, t)ut usually three to five or even six<br />
years are required. Se& co~r~~wnly germinate within a month or<br />
two if sown in autunm when fresh, but> dried seetls may lie dormant<br />
much longer. Seeds of SOIIW species do not germinate till the first<br />
or second spring. Lily seeds are usually sown about $ inch<br />
deep under moss in boxes of sand and kept under glass till they<br />
germinate ; then out-of-doors protectcad from direct sun.<br />
Usually 1ilie.j are increased by bulbels, which should be planted a<br />
few inches apart in prepared beds. The offsets or bulbels are<br />
taken about the time seeds would ripen, as the roots are most<br />
dormant then ; in two or three years blooming bulbs should be<br />
securecl if the offsets are taken good care of in well-prepared beds.<br />
Sometimes small bulblets form in the asils of the leaves, and these<br />
are used in the sarntx way as bulbels. Bulb-scales are often employed<br />
for the multiplication of scarce kinds, giving blooming<br />
bulbs in two or three year?;. Those that produce large and loose<br />
bulbs, as L. L~un,di(!?~~rz, may be increased by simple division.<br />
These operations are described on pages 57 and 58. ,<br />
Lily-of-the-Valley<br />
: Convailnria.
350 THE NURSERY-M,4NUAI,<br />
Lime (Citrus nurnnf~din). Rzdacm. (H. H. Hump.)<br />
Trees prnduced from seeds vary in size, quality of fruit and<br />
productiveness. and to produce trees true to type should be budded<br />
on rough lemon or lime seedlings. See Omngu.<br />
Limnan themum : iYj/ ~//yI~&~~fJ~~.<br />
Limnobium. II~d~OCllfl~it~lCi~~.<br />
Propagated by division of t,he runners.<br />
Limnocharis. ~U~OUI(ICO(;P.<br />
Increases naturally by offsets or suckers from the flower-stem ;<br />
also by seeds, sometimes self-sowing.<br />
Linaria. Scroph Uluriflct’iP.<br />
Xnnual species (or those treated as such) are readily raised from<br />
seed, which, as they are small, are usually sown indoors and the<br />
seedlings transplanted ; sometimes seeds are sown where the plants<br />
are to grow. The perennials are usually increased by means of<br />
division, but also by seeds when obtainable.<br />
Linum (Flax). L it1 ILI’I~.EJ.<br />
Multiplied bj? seeds, the hard)7 species sown outdoors and the<br />
tender ones under glass. Cuttings may be taken from firm shoots<br />
of tlltb perennial species and inserted in sand under glass. The<br />
ordinary flax (I,. witatissirrlum) is sown directly in the field, from<br />
2 to 0 peck; of seed being used, depending on whether grown for<br />
linseed or fiber. Set> I-lrirl wardf icl.<br />
Lippia. 17f3+twmm.<br />
I’::ually increased by cuttings of young shoots under glass.<br />
C,uttings of the hard wood may be used in autumn, under glass.<br />
Also grown from seeds. The running kinds are increased by simple<br />
&vi&n of the plants. The lemon verbena (L. citriodoru., often<br />
called aloysia) is grown ciuickly from cuttings taken from cut-back<br />
stock plants in late winter or earl>, spring ; such plants should be<br />
of blooming size Ijy summer. I,. cu:(11cwc12s is now much used as a<br />
ground cover or I;IWI plant in ( ‘alii’ornia and elsewhere (under the<br />
name Lippilr wpws). It is a creeping perennial, rarely producing<br />
seeds. Propagated ba. sods cut to 2 inches square and planted a<br />
foot or two apart.<br />
Liquidambar (Sweet Gum). H[~nlunrc?Zidacrce.<br />
Propagated by seeds, which should be stratified or sown as soon<br />
as ripe. TIsny of the seeds may lie dormant until the second year.
TfIE NliRSERY-I,IST 351<br />
Liriodendron (Tulip Trcr. , Whitcwood J. ,Ilcrtpoliarrlr.<br />
Incrcasc*d by st&, which art‘ stratifichd as soon as they are<br />
ripe, and sown thr following spring. Thrh seeds of the t,ulip tree are<br />
liktlly to hc hollow, ospcicially those grown along the eastern limits<br />
of the distribution of tht* species. Layering is sometimes employed<br />
for horticultural varie&s, or they may bc grafted on common<br />
seedling stocks.<br />
Lit&i (Lifrh i chirw7~.sis or Kcphd iii 111 Lifrh i). Sapim-lacccp.<br />
The “ goatee ” method of propagat,ion (as described by Popenoe)<br />
is commonly Itsed. ” A healthy, well-matured branch is chosen,<br />
and a narrow ring of hark removed just, below a leaf-bud or node.<br />
Around this is formed ;I ball of clan- soil, with an outer covering of<br />
coconllt fil)cr, tow, or moss, to hold it together. ;I little above the<br />
1)illl ;1 good-sizc’d flower-pot or earthen vessel is suspended, and a<br />
pit>cbtl of soft rope is inserted through the small hole in the bottom.<br />
The roptb should fit the hole snugly’, and is knotted on the inside ;<br />
it. is thcxn carried to the goatee, and wound around the ball several<br />
times. 1‘1 w water tricl&s froill the pot, which should be filled every<br />
r-lay or two, and after running slowly down the rope is distributed<br />
over the gootec, keeping it uniformly moist. The gootee is made<br />
in spring, from E’el)ruar~~ to :Ipril, depending on climatic conditions,<br />
and at least three or four months arc required for roots to form.<br />
\‘l’hcn the ball is fillt~l with roots and they begin to show on the<br />
surfiic~~, tllc 11ran~l1 is scb\*ered from the tree and plant.ed in its<br />
perman~~nt location in the orchard” (Standard Cycle. Hort.,<br />
l-01. IV 1. I,:i)*Wing ilIlt inarching may also be practiced.<br />
Livistona. J’nl~rrcrc*c*r~.<br />
Propagated by- SC&, sown in a sandy soil and placed in a gentle<br />
bottom heat. SW Pulrrls, page 377.<br />
Loasa. Lotrsmc CF.<br />
Mostly raised from seeds ; the perennials may also be propagated<br />
from cuttings.<br />
Lobelia. Carrrpamlnctv.<br />
The common annual flower-garden lobelias are grown from seeds,<br />
usu:~l!y starter] m&r glass but sometimes sown in the open where<br />
the plants are to stand. Scrdr; of perennials may give bloom t,he<br />
first year if started early, but of most of them a year of growth is<br />
required for best results. Seeds are sometimes sown in fall, of
35% 7’111; N LTRSE’Rl’-MA N 7lA I,<br />
the pcwnnials, 31~1 ;)hrtts carritd over winter in a frame. Old<br />
but ~ip-mms pl;lnts t11;1)* 1~ tli~~idcd.<br />
Leselia (Hoi t mitt’). l’~~l~~~~~m~ iww.<br />
Increasc(l 1)~. stats antI I)y cuttings of half-ripened wood under<br />
glass.<br />
Loganberry (Rrth~rs rif(f;dirrs ()I* (I(\rivativtb). ~~IAs~~~w(~.<br />
The loganherr>- or logan l)lackl~rr~* is propagated 1)y root,-tips,<br />
root-cuttings iin(t Iaj7c~rs. The onl>v rommcrc,iat method is to root<br />
the tips in ;illtiitlln. Set~ts give various plants, l)ut most of the<br />
seedlings ma). 1~1 (*spccte(E to I~tlr fruit closely resembling the<br />
log;lnl)err>r. Set la (if +1 , mry and Ilr~whcrry.<br />
Loiseleuria. I~~ricwrfv.<br />
Prcqxigat ion 1)~. Ii1>*crs atl(l 1))~ taut t ings of half-ripened wood<br />
\111(1t‘1’ ~1ilSS ; also 1)~. seeds, after the method for rhododendron.<br />
Eonicera (Hone~~srlcklt~. 1Yootll)ine). Cnyrif'linw~~<br />
For new varieties scecls should 1~ sown as soon as ripe, or stratif&9,<br />
first retno\-ing them from the pulp. Tulle upright species are<br />
cc,nllnonl!- grown I’roln layers and from cuttings of dormant wood.<br />
The creepers art’ mostly grown from dormant. cuttings. Some<br />
spccirs do welt from greenwood cuttings in summer under glass.<br />
Lopezia. Oungrncer.<br />
Propagatett i)y set+, mostl!. started indoors ; also by cuttings of<br />
firm wood.<br />
Loquat (I='richo!rjln jqmicrc.). lhmwr.<br />
Headily grown from seeds, removed from fruit as soon as ripe<br />
and planted then. Named varictk are budded on seedling stocks<br />
in autumn, the buds starting the nest spring. Large shieldbuds<br />
are used. Cleft-grafting may be practiced on trees or large<br />
stocks.<br />
Lotus. Lrgumimsce<br />
Grown from seeds ; the woody ones by cuttings and division,<br />
and also b)- layers when the branches are prost.rate.<br />
Luculia. Rubiu.cce.<br />
Seeds ma>- be used, when obtainable. Cuttings may be employed<br />
but re;juire some skill. Nearly or completely ripened wood is<br />
taken after ffowcring, which will be in late winter for plant;,. grown<br />
for holiday trade. They are kept under glass with mild bottom
THE NURSERY-LIST 353<br />
heat ; when rooted, the plants should have night temperature of<br />
about GO’, being hardt~ned off if to 9~ ptacett out-of-doors.<br />
Lucuma. supoturrYr.<br />
The genus comprises several species of tropical fruits, usually<br />
propagated by seeds, the outer husk being first removed and the =<br />
seed planted at once in santly soil. Of t91e lnnrllt’~r sapotc (I,.<br />
~~arn~~scr), seedlings 111u~ 9x1 espect.ed to bear at five to seven<br />
years of age. Seedlings of thtb ti-es (L. .t~(~/*~~os(f) should bear in<br />
three to seven J*ears.<br />
Luffa (I~isl~-c4ot9~ Gourtl. Vegeta.ble Sponge). Cmvirt~ifmm.<br />
Prt~pagated 9,~ seett, sown in the open, or in the North better<br />
st,lrttbct in pots in earl)- spring. The sptGcbs art’ frost-tender and<br />
in gOllt’l’iI9 sho~lltl 9)e hand ted as cucum9)ers and melons.<br />
unaria (~Honesty). Crlrc~fcru~.<br />
Th(b 1)iennial species is propagated by seeds and the perennial<br />
iLtS0 1)). ttivision.<br />
Lupinus (,Lupine). Lrlgu 111 ittow.<br />
Seeds ma). be used for the easy propagation of all the species,<br />
usuatt~ being sown where the plants are to grow, as they do not<br />
bear transplantin g welt after attaining some age. The perennial<br />
species forming stools may 9,e increased by’ division.<br />
Lycaste. Orclridcrcm~.<br />
Propagation bJV :!i\-ision and pseudol~ul9k+. See Ori~hids, page 372.<br />
Lychnis, includin, ~7 ;$grosteinnia and \‘karia. C’nr,~oyh.~llart~~.<br />
Propagated readit>. in spring by seeds, t 9x1 perennials also by<br />
division and sometimes 9)~. cuttings.<br />
Lycium (~latrimon~,-Vint~. Box-Thorn). Sola~rr~.<br />
Propagated by seeds and layers ; and also 9)~ hardwood cuttings<br />
in autumn or spring, and some species I>>. the natural suckers.<br />
Lycopersicum : To~wfo.<br />
Lycopodium (Club-Moss). L,pwpodic~ww.<br />
Increased by spores, as for ferns (which see) and by short cuttings<br />
in pans or pots ; sometimes by layers. See Srlugi~tual.<br />
Lycoris. ;I mnyyttiducm.<br />
Propagated by offsets, as for amar~~ttis ; also by seed if procurable,<br />
but longer time is usually requirect.<br />
2A
Lygodium (Hartforcl Fern. Climbing Fern). Scziixce~ccfxe.<br />
I’IWp~tgit ion 1)s. sport’s, and divisions of thtl root. See Ffmas.<br />
Lyonia. I:‘ricwcw.<br />
Propagated by seeds, sown in sanely peat soil, as for other<br />
Ericact ; illso lb)* hJ’C’I?i.<br />
Lysimachia (I,oosestrift*). I’rittt2tlwr~.<br />
Propitga t ion i. c: usuwll~~ by division in autumn or spring ; also<br />
l)j. cuttings and sonMinx l>y src~ls.<br />
Lythrum. I,j/th~Ut’i’,/‘.<br />
Grown usually* front di\%ion of strong clumps ; also by seeds<br />
as for other perennials, and sorue species vornctimes by cuttings.<br />
. Macadamia (Qut~sland Nut j. Protmm.<br />
Propagated 1,~. st~ls, which niay 1)~ stratified in sand or planted<br />
sin&* in pots of porous sand!- soil. Thc~~ gern~inate more rapidly<br />
when pi\3211 ;irtikicial heat or planted in surnnler.<br />
Maclura ; hvwl also as l’~,r,qlu~ (~(.)sagt~ Orange). 91o~cu~.<br />
Incrcascct \JJ. wc~l sown in t.lltk spring ; also propagated by rootcuttings,<br />
anal I))* qc~(~nwoocl cuttings under glass. Seedlings usuall>r<br />
IIlalit’ plants tlic first ,\‘t’ar strong t~llongh for planting for hedges.<br />
Madia. C ‘0 ttt posits.<br />
Propagated t,?v ~~~1s sown<br />
flll\\Tth~-gii~dt?ll<br />
~IlIllli~l5.<br />
in spring ; the kinds usually grown are<br />
Magnolia. JIcr~~ttctli~rwt.<br />
SC& are cornin~nl~~ twployvl, SOWI as soon as ripe or stratified<br />
till spring. Thtb c*o\-erings sho~~ld be nlaccraterl in the very pulpy<br />
specks. T11e St& of cucumber tree and sonle others are sown<br />
directly in autunin. ‘1‘1:~ seeds of any species should not be allowed<br />
to hw1I1~ thoroughl>. drj.. See Midwlitr.<br />
1f:ignolias striktx ~111 front green cuttings, cut to a heel and<br />
h:ln4lt4 un&r &ss. Layers of last ;Tear’s growth put down in spring<br />
ilTI(l tOngUtV1 or Ilr)tC~ll~Vl RI? often used ; layers are usually severed<br />
ant1 transplantt-4 tlw following spring, but it is safer to take them<br />
of-Y (l:lrly in .Jnl~-, plant in pots and keep in a close franle until<br />
establishccl. Nanled \~arieties are veneer- or side-grafted upon
‘y’HI;I R’VR,SRR,‘-I,I,ST 355<br />
strong sr0rk.s. Tlw ~~ui~ni1ll)t~r tree (31. wutttittafrl) is used as a stock<br />
for ill1 spk5. Tlltl u~nl)r~~lla tree (.I/. ft*ipd~~ln) is iLlSo tt good stock.<br />
Mahernia. rUtc’)‘(‘ttli~t(*c’(I’.<br />
The lm~-~~--l~ell (JI. wrfivilldcr) is propagated by cuttings of<br />
~OllIlg shoot. G ill1 inch or tW0 long, uiickr glass.<br />
Mahonia. r~r~~l,c~ritl~r~r~~~.<br />
Propag;lt* spring, or in the open<br />
a month or two later ; eusil), grown flowtlr-jiarden annuals.<br />
Malpighia . Mtrlpi~yh itruw.<br />
Grown from cllttings of Ilt~arl~~ riprlled shoots in summer under<br />
glass. Also propagatth(l IIJ~ ~~31s;. The Barbados sherry (M. glCZbi*fl)<br />
grows hot11 t’roill s&ls i1IlCl (butting+.<br />
Malus. l~~w~w~.<br />
The a lqAt‘s i1ncl cr:tl)-applt’s are grown usually from seeds, and<br />
the scetllings rr~,v 1)t b graftetl or buclded to the desired Yariety. See<br />
il pylv, P,tirrt.s.<br />
The annuals arv propagated by seeds only ; the perennials by seeds,<br />
division and rbuttings. The common ornamental kinds, annuals and<br />
perenniak, are commonly raised from seed.
3 c 33 7’IfE NURSERY-MAiVUAL<br />
Malvastrum. L!!~!zwP~P.<br />
Propagated bjv firm green cuttings uncler glass in late winter or<br />
spring ; sonwtimes 1)~ sends, when available.<br />
Malvaviscus. ilIalca,ctw.<br />
Handled bg seeds, and by greenwood cuttings under glass. The<br />
familiar M. trr6o~rcs (A&An MuI~ln~iscz~~) grows readily from<br />
cuttings.<br />
Mammea (.:;ll:ul~mee-Apple. St. Domingo Apricot). Guttif em?.<br />
Usually- increased by seeds. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots<br />
sho~ild be placed in a frame. Inarching and buddin.g probably<br />
should be practiced for desirable named varieties, on seedling<br />
stocks.<br />
Mammillaria. C’rrt*fucrm.<br />
Propagation as for echinocactus, which see. See Cacti, page 261.<br />
M andevilla . *4 pof,l/ll cxf’ff.<br />
Handled by seeds, layers and usually by cuttings of halfriprncd<br />
wood under glass.<br />
Mandragora (Mandrake). Solunclc~e~.<br />
Propagated 1,~ seeds and division. The plant usually known as<br />
mar&al& in the I’nitrd States is porlophyllun~, readily increased<br />
by division of the new shallow rhizomes, leaving a growing end,<br />
Manettia (nolv called Lygistum). Knbincvc~.<br />
T’suully increased by cuttings of young shoots started under glass<br />
in a temperature of 60” t.o 65”. Root-cuttings are sometimes made,<br />
and seeds are employecl when obtainable. This genus now takes<br />
the name Lygistunl.<br />
Manfreda. ;1 iii tlj/ll idCilCi’i7.<br />
Propagation as for agave, which see. Usually known as agaves.<br />
Mango (31m~p’j’m iudicn). A ~~uc~diactw,<br />
Stoclrs art‘ readil)r obtained by seeds. The seeds oft.en have<br />
more than one crnbr~~o, sometimes as many as ten. Each embryo<br />
will produce a distinct plant. The embryos may be separated before<br />
planting, but it is preferable to separat.e the young plantlets soon<br />
after germination, before they grow together, as they are apt to do.<br />
The seeds germinate better if the hard shell is removed before plantinc<br />
Seeds retain their vitalitv but a few davs. and if to be shimed
THE NURSERY-LIST 357<br />
for sowing tky should he incloscd in was. Srt~cllings Iqin to bear<br />
from the third to the sisth years.<br />
Varieties are inarc4iec1, graft,4 or burldt~l on other stocks. Inarching<br />
from a l,c:Iring tree to a seedling is an old practice, but<br />
laborious and slow. 13utltling on seedlings about a year old may be<br />
performer1 on pot-grown stocks or on plants that have been transplanted<br />
to tk n11rstq’ row.<br />
Mangosteen (,Grrrrin icr ~Ian.go,stnrln). G~ff$~rw.<br />
Grown fror~~ seeds, and said also to strike from cuttings of ripened<br />
shoots undtkr glass in sand. Seedlings should be protcctcd from the<br />
sun. ‘I‘hc selected forms can be inarched on seedlings of mangosteen<br />
and also on stocks of related species of garcinia.<br />
Manihet. I:'l,cl)lir~rbirrcr~cr.<br />
Propagation is by cuttings of rather firm shoots under glass ; some<br />
kincls 1)~ root-rut tings ; 1 by seeds when securable. For the propagation<br />
of 31. clrilfis x*ar. .-1ipi, see Cassaw.<br />
Maranta. *IiWYl?l ffWW.<br />
In~rc~asrxl I,)* tli\-ision of the crowns in spring. Cuttings may be<br />
potted in eclu;~l part:5 of loam, leaf-mold, sharp sand and a small<br />
part of broken charc*oal. Some of the plants known as maranta are<br />
properly specks of calathea, which see.<br />
Marguerite, or Paris Daisy (Chr?lRnnth,rn?urn ,fr7rfcsccns and C.<br />
(i,lI~th~~~~lill,,l). Co in posita?.<br />
Increased t)y seeds or cuttings, as described for chrysanthemum,<br />
which see.<br />
Marica. Iritlacm.<br />
Handled by division of rhizomes started under glass or with<br />
bottom heat.<br />
Marrubium (Horehound). Lahiccfce.<br />
Increased by seeds, i :I early spring, or division. Seeds of horehound<br />
(N. rulqnrr) should give good plants the following year for cutting.<br />
Marsdenia. A sclP piadactw.<br />
Cuttings made in spring when t‘he plants are pruned, struck under<br />
glass.<br />
Martynia (Unicorn Plant). Marf,zpiarpce.<br />
Raisfhcl frorll steels, sown where the plants are to grow, or started<br />
under glass in the North; frost-tender annuals.
I ricwased by srAs, sown either under cover or in the garden.<br />
Grown also from cuttings. The common annual or ten-weeks’ stocks<br />
3re bloomed mostly from seeds st.arted in late winter a.nd spring,<br />
t.he plants t)cing t.rtrnsferred to the open or carried under glass. The<br />
intermediate and ptarennial stocks art’ bloomed from seeds sown the<br />
summr’r or fall befor
THE N IIRSERY--LIST 359<br />
Plunge the pots in a bed with 70” to 75” bottom heat, shading them<br />
from the sun. Tt is best to inclose them in tight frame to avoid<br />
drafts.<br />
Melia (China-Berry . Pride of India). Mtliacra~.<br />
Propagated by seeds, sown as soon as ripe, and sometimes by<br />
cuttings of growing wood under glass. The Texas umbrella tree<br />
(,M. Azrdcwd~ \‘ar. rtntbrcrcul~~or,mis) reproduces itself from seed with<br />
great regularity.<br />
Melianthus. dIt~licl~z.fhcrcIt~ce.<br />
Propagated by seeds and cutt.ings under glass.<br />
Melicocca (Genip. Spanish Lime). Sappinclaccce.<br />
Increased 1,). seeds ; and by ripened cuttings ill sand under glass.<br />
M eliosma. Snbicrcw.<br />
Propagated by seed s sown as soon as ripe ; also by layers and<br />
cutting:; of half-ripened wood under glass.<br />
Melon, Muskmelon (Cbcztnz~s Alr$o). Czccurlrifactw.<br />
Propagated by seeds, sown where the plants are to stand. In the<br />
iNorth the>* are often started under glass in pots or pieces of inverted<br />
sods or in berry boxes, SO that the plants may be transferred to the<br />
open without cht~k or injury. Frost-tender annual vines.<br />
Melothria. C’ucurbitac-w.<br />
Easily raised from seeds sown in heat or planted in open ground<br />
when weather is warm.<br />
Menispermum (Moonseed). i&l ispr~?~~ acts.<br />
Propagated readily by seeds stratified and sown in spring or<br />
planted as soon as ripe ; also by division and cuttings in spring.<br />
Mentha (Mintj. Labiafce.<br />
Propagated by cuttings and division of rootstocks ; some kinds<br />
produce stolons or runners. Cuttings of the rootstocks of peppermint<br />
may be planted directly in the field.<br />
Mentzelia. Lomactw.<br />
Usually treated as flower-garden annuals (often under the name<br />
of bartonia), the seed being sown where the plants are to stand.<br />
Meratia (C’himonanthus). Ccdycanfha~ctw.<br />
Propagated by layering in autumn and seeds in spring, as for<br />
calycanthus.
360 THE NURSERY-MdhTUAL<br />
Mertensia (Lungwort.). i%mx~in~rcc~c~.<br />
Swds art: sown as soon as ripe or the following spring. Established<br />
plants ma)’ IW diviclcvi, althongl~ this is not ad\.isal)le.<br />
Mesembryanthemum (Fig-iClarigold , Ice-Plant). A isoczr~~.<br />
Propngatd easil~~ 1jy seeds sown under glass ; by pieces cut off<br />
and laid in the sun two or three days and then put in sand as<br />
cuttings. The common ice-plant (M. crystalZ,inzm) is grown as an<br />
annual from sty+.<br />
Mespilus (~lcdlnr). I(osacm.<br />
Sto&s :tre gtt’o\vn from stratified seeds, and the plant may be<br />
\vorktd on these, the thorn and the quince. Seeds sometimes lie<br />
cforrn;!!lt lInti the st~(~nd year.<br />
Metrosideros (Bottk-Brudl). dl!lrfacP~.<br />
Scccls and cuttings. The florist’s plants so named are increased<br />
1 b,\r cuttings of the Toung growth in early spring, set out in good soil<br />
at the end of Ma)-.<br />
Michelia. Jlcrg?tc~liircr’i.P.<br />
Propagated 11~ stvds and cuttings of ripened wood in summer<br />
or fall, in sancl urtrler glass, one or two leaves being left on. Seeds<br />
iit? handled as in magnolia, to which the species are often referred.<br />
Miconia, or Cyanophyllum. nl~,lnsf(,~zrnrrn.<br />
Increased 1)~ scvl ; by cuttings or eyes of firm wood in sand, with<br />
bott,oni heat and shaded from the sun ; itlS0 11y ringing the tops of<br />
old plants and covering with sphagnum moss ; when roots appear,<br />
st’\‘c’r froni tlltl Old I.)lilIlt iln(l pot 011.<br />
Mignonette (Kvsvd~~ crtlornfn). Kcs~dmve.<br />
Grown from seeds, which nlay he started indoors in spring or<br />
sown in ihri 0pt’Ii kvhere the plants art‘ to remain. For florist’s use as<br />
a crop for winttbr ant1 spring and early summer bloom under glass,<br />
the seeds arc started for succession early in *July, August- a.nd<br />
Septcmher. Plants of the Septcmher sowing should bloom till the<br />
following nlidsutnmer and supply seed for resowing. Seeds are<br />
usually sown on the benches where the plants are to bloom, several<br />
of tlkcnk clroppt*( ! itt points akit 6 by 8 inches ; all but two to four<br />
are removed 11)r t llinning. The mignonette is annual, usually<br />
classed among the hardy kinds.
Milla.<br />
IIltTt‘iLStVl<br />
TIII!: N II RRERY-LIST 361<br />
!,i/icrcw.<br />
l)y StWls, l~llll)c*ls (offstbts) :I,lltl I)y clivision.<br />
Millet (species of I’illli(*lltll an(l of W.:l.rirt, or ( ~h~~tochloa, and of<br />
othcbr ~t’l1CI’it). (:rffm iur*a:.<br />
;Innual h:ircl~* for;qta gwsses grown from seecl, usually sown in<br />
sumrnt~r for fit11 lIilI*\~C~Slill~ or feed. Harnyard millet usually<br />
rta(luires i to 2 ~~(*ks ot; SCYY~ to the acre ; foxtail and proso, 2 to 3<br />
ptY+s ; (&*rn!;in, 1 to 1 l pf&s.<br />
Miltonia. Owh iclflr’tn(r.<br />
ln(‘rt’ilst’(l 1)). (ii\-icling t lit1 ps~~tlol~ull~s. See, Orchids, page 372.<br />
Mimosa (Siclnsiti\-tn Plant). I,r~q~rrli?lo~(;n.<br />
I~l~rt~;ls;(~l 1)~ scecls sown inrloors ilnrl 1))~ cuttings cf rather firm<br />
shoots in SiLIltlJ’ soil unclt2r glass. The common AI. pacdica grows<br />
rt~utlily from studs, Sow11 under heat or in warm weather.<br />
Mimulus ~~Io~~k~~-I+‘lowt~r. >4usk-Pla,nt). Scrophulnriaccak<br />
Propagatc~d 1)~ seetls frown *January to April. A mixture of loam,<br />
leaf-molti ilIlt ~ilIlC1 in qrlal part,s is good ; keep in a temperature<br />
of fiO” until germim~tion. ;\lso increased 1)~. clivision, and cuttings.<br />
Mirabilis (YTar\-(11 of J’tbr\l. Four-O’clock). ilr~/ctnginace~.<br />
Raisctl from SC~VIS, sown in sprin, (1‘ either under cover or outdoors,<br />
llSllilll~~ tht* In t ttsr.<br />
Miscanthus (Eulalia j. (;~CUIH?UW.<br />
+ Propagation ll>v seed and division of the clumps. The variegated<br />
forms of M. si77vusis arc increased by division.<br />
Grown frctin set&, started indoors in February and March and<br />
transplanted in Ma?-. 31. Imis, the shell-flower, may be sown in the<br />
open where seasons ;r,ro long.<br />
Momordica. C7rc7rrbifawa).<br />
Raised from sc4s sown in heat early in spring, or in the open<br />
in tlits Solith.<br />
Monarda. I,rrbicttw.<br />
Prop:lgatc~d 1,). clivisian of the roots in fall ; also by seeds, as for<br />
other herbaceous perennials.
362 THE iVURt.!3ERY-dilAiVUAL<br />
Monstera. ,d I’QCPQ.<br />
Easily iilc I’F‘ a, sed b~v seeds and by cuttings of the stem. For<br />
q~nhouse culture, placc~ cutting in 3-inch pot in mixture of sand,<br />
petit and leaf-mold, plunge pot in warm propagating-bed and<br />
cover with glass. WIen new roots form, place on bench in house<br />
with night temperature of 55” to 70” and 80” to 85” on bright days.<br />
see .4)‘czcvcT,<br />
pagv 239.<br />
Montia. ~‘o~fu/rrcrrwm.<br />
Grown from seed sown in spring and summer where the plants<br />
are to stand.<br />
Moraea. Id(W!YP.<br />
Propagation by corms and their offsets. See Iridac~~, page 339.<br />
Morus :<br />
SI lllhy.<br />
Muehlenbeckia. Po~~~gorzc~ccr.<br />
Propagated usually by cuttings under glass in early<br />
also 1~~ seeds when obtainable.<br />
summer;<br />
Mulberry ( J~OI-US<br />
SWV kinds arc’ prcxtuced by seeds, which should be handled in the<br />
same wu>- as small-fruit seeds. Xamed va.riet.ies are multiplied by<br />
cuttings gf the root, or of mature wood, and sometimes by layers.<br />
The?- ma>’ 1~ cion-budded in the spring. In the South, cuttings<br />
of the Downing nllllhcrry are used for stocks.<br />
Tht~ comn1on white mulberry was formerly used as a stock for<br />
namtbrl x.arichticbs, l)ut, Russian rnulberr~~ seedlings are now much<br />
employed. The stocks may be top-xorked outdoors (as explained<br />
above) or root-grafted in the house. The fancy varieties are commonly<br />
crown-worked, in the house in winter, the stocks being<br />
groKn in pots or boxes for the purpose. They are then kept under<br />
glass until the weather permits them outdoors. By this method<br />
choice specimcln trees are procured, but the5 are readily handled<br />
1,~ cheaper methods. The weeping and other ornamental kinds<br />
are worked upon the Russian mulberry.<br />
rrllxr, AI. ~rrigra, 91. ruhra, etc.). nbaceE.<br />
Musa (Banana. Plantain-Tree). MUKW~.<br />
Seeds may be sown in heat during spring. Suckers are used for<br />
those spec+s which produce them. Many of the species do not<br />
produce sce(is frec)ly, and suckers must be relied on. These suckers<br />
are taken from the middle of February to April lst, planted in a<br />
compost of fillrous loam three parts, well-decayed cow-manure
THE NURSERY-LIST 363<br />
one part, sand and bone-meal ; keep in a close and humid at.mosphere.<br />
MIW JI:rrs~tr~ is propagated by seeds start,ed in heat, See BUMWX.<br />
Muscari (Grape II>-acinth). I,iliacw.<br />
Seeds nncl ljull) offsets arr usually produced freely and provide<br />
em)* rncans of incrcasfl.<br />
Mushroom ( . 1 tyr~i~~s rn 1)) pvfris). ~1 ~UI’~P~PFIP.<br />
Grown from “ spawn,” which is the mycelium of the fungus<br />
grown in a IAN+ or “ I)ric*lc” of earth and manure. Break up the<br />
~*olnnltG:ll sp;~wn into pieces about as large as a hen’s egg, and<br />
plant it 2 or :3 iric+t3 &cp in drills or holes, using from i to 1<br />
pounil of spwn to ~~11 square yard of bed.<br />
\~ill’iOl15 nlc~tllo~ls an c~nlplo~~~~ct for makin,g the spawn, but the<br />
csstt11 t i;rls of them :111 HW that the hods of the brick shall be compostal<br />
of a porous an(l light material, which can 1~ compressed into<br />
il. c'olnpwct 1113ss ; flv4 mycelium must. be cornrnunicated to this<br />
n1ass , anrl tlirn a n&l heat must be npplicrlF unti! the ~:holc mass<br />
is permeated 1)~ thr niyccliuiii. The mass should be kept. in heat<br />
until the ~holncy of mortar. It is then spread upon the<br />
floor or in larg(b \*iltS, until sufficiently dr>r to be cut into bricks.<br />
\Y!wn they art‘ tcll~~rnl~ly well dried, nr~;ci;lirrnn from a mu.shroom<br />
bed or fr~ni other l)r”- 1L11a -’ 1.-, inserted in the side of ea,ch brick. A bit<br />
of spawn about the sisc of a small walnut is thus inserted, and the<br />
Isle is pluggtltl III). The bricks are now placed in a mild covered<br />
liiktbetl, with tl ljottom heat of iiti” to G?“, and left t.here until the<br />
cloudc~l tl ppcara nt*c’ inclicat.es that the mJ.celium has extended<br />
throughout tll(l IlliLSS.<br />
Soil from a goorl mushroom bed is sometimes used to sow new<br />
beds, in place of commt~rcial spawn.<br />
Old clumps of rnnshroonls may be allowed to become dry, and<br />
tile>- nlii>v tlltbll 11th nliscrl into a 1~~1. Thr spores may then stock the<br />
soil :in(l protfr~~ a I b a now crf)p, altliou~l~ this method is not reliable.<br />
Thc~ full-gro\vn 111usl1room nia~\ 1~ laid on whitcl paper until the<br />
sport’s arc’ clischargccl, ilntl these sport’s may then be mixed into the<br />
earth.<br />
Spawn is now nx~de from reliable cultures and the difficulties of
364 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
mushroom-growing have i3ccn much r~iuccd.<br />
to purchaw onion fwsh spawn.<br />
Mussenda. 1~1~hiccrw.<br />
l’l’OI)il~ii tt’t-I I)\* (71 t t ings<br />
of J’oU 11:: gI%iVt II in spring.<br />
(Tare siiouid be taken<br />
See I~ubiaccE.<br />
Mustard CISrasJi~*:l or Sin;tpis spwh). crrwlprcr.<br />
F+cds grow cjlliciii~~, sown tlirecti~ in tilt open early in spring.<br />
Myosotis (‘b’or;Set -nIta-not).<br />
I~o~qi~nr*v~.<br />
I’r(31>;1gi1 t(t(i 1)~. st*tvls in spring indoors or in thr garden. The<br />
~~!'lY‘I~llii~lS illSO 1)). rii\vision in spring. Ti1(~ florist’s forget-me-not<br />
si\otlicl Iw Sow1 in spring, SllillIUC‘l’ or early fail for succession of<br />
i~loom in wintvr ant1 spring.<br />
Myrica ilZa\*ix~rr>~. S\\‘cvat Gait'. l\'ilS 3I>*rtie. (,‘andleixqq~). .k!vY[-<br />
wrr’(r.<br />
Il;lr(i>. sp~~c’ks art‘ propagatcvi mostly 1.)~ seeds, from which the<br />
pulp has i~vn rc~mo~-cti ; sow as sgon as ripe, or stratify. Layers and<br />
ciivisions nlil>- illso 1~ tbmplo>*etl, also snckers. The greenhouse species<br />
:(rf’ iI?Cl'i'iL5CCI mosti>’ l)Jv Lyrcen cuttings. Fig. 93..<br />
Myriopkyllum \Pill.IWt’S F~YLtllCI.). Ilnloru~iducm.<br />
PrO]X1$ktctl I))- 1011 I$ cut.tings inscrtcd in the earth or mud of the<br />
aquarium or pond. -<br />
Myristica (IS11 t rnq$). Jl~~risficrcwrr.<br />
St~tls are cmpl~~~vl, startcvi in pots or i)arni>oo joints so that the<br />
tap-root, will not i)c disturlxvi in the transplanting. The nutmeg<br />
IIlilJ* also lw StiirttVl from cl.1 ttings of ripcncvl wood under glass.<br />
Myrrhis (Sweet C’iwi~ or >I~~rrh). I’llll~cdl~fPr@.<br />
Increaser1 l)?- (Ii\-isions and I,)* secds sown in spring or autumn.<br />
Myrsiphyllum : A-lspnrn~rts rrspnrugoitlc.s, page 24.5.<br />
Myrtus CU~-rti
THE NURSERF-IAS7 365<br />
will also root readily. The trcattnent. for achitnines applies in<br />
g:cnerai. SW Iks~rc~riwrw, page 318.<br />
Nandina.<br />
Bcrbc~ridtrcm.<br />
I IlCiWEd b)- StWdS.<br />
Narcissus (DafYociii. .Jonquil. Chinese Sacred Lily). Anzar?pl-<br />
1 itlaw~.<br />
New varieties are grown from seeds, which give flowering h&s<br />
in tht? CJr fwr J.t’LirS. Ordimrily increased by buil~4s or off sets<br />
from the l~uibs, whkh usually flower the second year.<br />
Nectarine : I’~lc*/l.<br />
Negundo ( k~s Iv show signs of young growth.<br />
If tiicy are tii~turlx~d l)tlfore growth conitilenct‘s, tile tubers should<br />
1~ kept in :I Wil.tTkl piuc*t~ wiitv grow-tit will lx!gin at once<br />
Nemastylis. I~-it/rrr~~.<br />
l’ropagattvl I))* svrvls ami IIJ~ l,uil)eis.<br />
Nemesia. 4%rop/2 !r~rrriwr~s,<br />
~io\~t~r-g~~t.(1t~tt pi;ltlts growin, (p readily from seeds, which may be<br />
starttvl intloor~ or SOL~II tiirtvti)r in titv opc’t!.<br />
Nemopanthus (AIorltltain T-loli~~). .~lq~ifi)l~~~~.<br />
Ililtl~!i~~ti lb>, s(v~is, wiiivii sitt~uiti 1~ sown as soon as ripe or else<br />
strutifie(i ; alSo I)>- ciivision of old plants and by greenwood cuttings<br />
uncirr gims.
366 7’IIF: N IJRSER IT-ML4 1V UA I;<br />
Nemophila.<br />
ll~~tJ~~~~h~~~lltl~~~~~cP.<br />
i~llll~l~lS gs1‘O\Vl1 flWlll SCYdS.<br />
Nepenth_eS (I'itc'hc~-l'lill~t!. ~Y('~M'?lthWNP.<br />
Grotvn from sc~ls and cuttings. Thr see& must have good<br />
clruinagt~, uniforttt ~ontlitions and strottg heat (SO” to W”). Sow<br />
OII ;\ soil of peat and fintb sphagnum, and keep in a moist close frame.<br />
i ‘\tttings 3x-c’ usuull~~ struck in tttoss in iI frame ha\ktg strong bottoll1<br />
llCilt. A goocl l)littt is to fill a small pot with I~IOSS, invert it,<br />
it 11 d insert alte cutting through the hole in the bottom. The pot<br />
thtln keeps thr tttoss unifortn in temperature and moisture. The pot<br />
is hroi;c~n \vht~n titrl piiltlt is rtltnoved. IYtlen p0ttillg Ofl, UYf? LVETy<br />
coarse lllilt~l.iill. t ‘ut tittgs in a close frame in sharp clean sand,<br />
lqt tltr~rnugltl~~ ttkois;t and given two tnonths or more to root, will<br />
gi\-e new cuttings.<br />
Nepeta. I,tiOitrlcr.<br />
Grown reaclil>F from seeds, the perennials also by division.<br />
Nephetium : I,iic*h i.<br />
Nephrolepis. I’olypotliacm.<br />
f'YOIliL~ittetl l)Jr runners. SW FfI+IZS, page ;312.<br />
Nerine (Gttt~rnw~- I,il>-). *-I rrrn~~/llidrrc~r~n.<br />
( ‘O~I~IIIOII~;~~ itt(~t’(:;t~;t~(l hy mutts of \)ttlhcls that form about the<br />
tlbotltt*r lbr111)5 ; also 1)~. sculls ~vltclti ol)taitiablc.<br />
Nerium (O!~iltt(Itlt*‘). A f ~)oc*~/~~rl~~w.<br />
Prqxtgt tth(l 1)~. la~~c~rs, Ijut. tttostl~~ growtt frotn cuttings of strong<br />
firttt ShJOts, itI ti c~\o.-;(~ frittttt’, or rooted in bottles of water and after-<br />
IVill?l$ potttb(l itt soil.<br />
Nertera ( I3, rli\*isioti ; and cuttings usually strike<br />
rcadil),.<br />
Nicandra. !hdrltlclcw~.<br />
Groivtt frottt sit~t~cl.-; , sown in tlte open lxx&r, or under glass in<br />
th Sort 11.<br />
Nicotiana. Solrr II rrww.<br />
Pr0pagatc.d It>, sc~&, started under glass or in a carefully prepared<br />
s4-tbetl ; the ornamental species sometimes by cuttings.
7’11E iVI!R,SER~‘-I,IS7 367<br />
,\‘. rrluifr \+a~. t~w~~rl(/lr~rn ( ,V. ff,fillis of gdc~ns) propq;ktes \,y rootcuttings.<br />
’ I ‘01);ic*(‘o is Il;incllt~tl (YS~~lltiilllJ’ like tOnlRt0 plants.<br />
Nidularium. ~JI’,)~//~‘/;(~(‘I’(I~.<br />
PIW~)il~;~tiO~l 1)). 51IC’kt’l’S. ‘l’iitw should be placed in small pots in<br />
vornpost of ligllt pww~s rllaterial with twokcn crocks or charcoal<br />
untlw frame with I,ottom heat and a<br />
Rclri~~cl fc,l. clr:li?!r!~I”- I’itlC’t’<br />
humicl ;tt~l\(.)~p\lt~rt‘. S;lYb ~~rf~~uf~liftrf~fr, Ilibgt‘ ‘,‘;i$l.<br />
Nierembergia. So/rr~rrrcv’w.<br />
Grown frorll St’t‘( IS, ~vhic*li ill7 sold t)y scedsinen. (‘uttings of firm<br />
~ilciois 111 .1~ filii ;?!‘(‘ ::iso I,:s:,:l. s. ri:~:tl(lt’is is most readily increased<br />
1)). cli\*icling the crtqing sttblll Inhere it 1likS rooted iit the nodes.<br />
Nigella fx l~t~~lnc~l-i~ln~~c~r 1 ,o\~~~-ill-il-I\Iist). li”ct~l IOI~~~~~~(YCT.<br />
.\1111llillS, B vo~vn r. from stbtvls SOWI~ earl>* in the open.<br />
Nolana. sfhlt?m’t’ff.<br />
l(’ Stllrtt’(l ll?lt-lt’r gl;lSS.<br />
Nolina. I,illnf*fw.<br />
I~lCT~~itStVl I>)- sr~cls irnportrtl from their nati\‘e clountr). ; 11)<br />
vutting5, wht>n Ol)tainill)lt~ ; rwri;ill~-, liowver, hy offsets.<br />
Nuphar. *Ypttt p/1tFwf’1F.<br />
I’ropa~:ite:l t!ltb S;IIII~ 3’: r~lunlbo and iiyrnphe;l, which see,<br />
SW also A-!/ rtllJi’“‘“Wff.<br />
Nyctocereus. t?nctnwcr.<br />
For propagation, sw C’Wf i, page 261.<br />
Nymphaea, (‘astalizt (I\‘ater T,ils-. Lotus). iYy 127 p/l @UCfO.<br />
Propagated bj- ~tvls, which are rolled up in a ball of clay and<br />
dropped into a pond, or sown in pot,s which are then submerged in<br />
shallow water, either indoors or out. I’sually increased by portions<br />
of the rootstock, whkh are sunk in the pond and held by stones, or<br />
the tender qsccies placr(t inside, in pans of water. Some species<br />
produce tubers on the rootstock, which are used for propagation.<br />
Nymphaeacez. Water Lilies.<br />
:I11 plants \)elonging to this family are readily increased from seeds.<br />
The sc~ls should t )t’ sow~n in pots or boxes of loamy soil and sand,<br />
submerged in a tank or tub of water, and placed in a sunny position.
,SCW~S should not 1~8 livpt too long out of water. Also propagated by<br />
(jivitling the rhizomes, ant! by t~ubcrs.<br />
Nymphoides, IlillllltllltIlt’l.lllllll (I“lo;Lt illff-Ijtb:lrf). C:c~~t,firtrrf~~(‘(13.<br />
1 ncr(;qtst7l t,y clivisioll of tlW IIlilIltS.<br />
Nyssa (I’rtppcridgc. $0111’ Gun1. T~lpdo). A’psw’c’c~‘.<br />
Seeds sh;,uld I)(\ soivn as soon as ripe or else s trat,ificd.; they<br />
usually. lk clorlll:int thcb first year. Layers are sometimes employed,<br />
but rooting’ is slow.<br />
oak<br />
: (h=f’Ii~S.<br />
Ochna. Oc*h II fl(‘(‘(r.<br />
111 W~HWI‘ or autumn, cuttings may be made of firm or halfript~nv~l<br />
shoots.<br />
0cimu.m : Hfrsil.<br />
Odontoglossum. ~~rrh.i~n~wcr.<br />
Prop:\gation 1,~. cli\Yision and bJc seeds. See OW.lz.kI3, page 372.<br />
anothera (Evening Primrose. Sundrop). t),l.agrcLcoc.<br />
(Grown rra,(lil~~ .from scetls, some species blooming the first year<br />
zinc1 others not till that scconcl. Perennial kinds may be dividetl.<br />
Okra, Gumbo (, ~!iihiwrrs I~sc’I~~~~~~~us). A~~d~~~~~~ff~.<br />
liai5tvl frown sc~tls;, sown where the plants are to stand, or often<br />
startrrl in pots in the Sorth.<br />
Olea. Ol~ncrw.<br />
The ornamental species are grown from cuttings of mature shoots,<br />
either unrkhr frames or in the border, and also by seeds. For propagat.ion<br />
of 0. c’uropu7z, see Oli~w.<br />
Olive (,Olvfr v~~ropff’il). Oh-zc~rr.<br />
Thc~ elk is grown in large quantities from seed, especially in<br />
I’llrope. Tl w pulp is removed by maceration or by treat,& with<br />
potash. The pit s should be cracked or else sdftened by soaking in<br />
strong 1)-c, othcrwisc they will lie dormant for one or two years.<br />
(‘tlttings of an>- kind will grow. I,imbs, either young or old, 1 or 2<br />
inclktls in rliamvtc>r, :lnd from 1 to 2 feet long, are often stuck into<br />
the ground whcro tllo trees are to grow, or they are sometimes used<br />
in the nilrSor;-. (frozen cuttings, with t,he leaves on, are often used,<br />
being handled in frames or in boxes of sand. Chips from old trunks,
‘I’FlE N URSERY-LIS? 369<br />
if ktq-d wmni m-d moist, will grow. VW olive is of ten propngat,ed by<br />
trun(4l~~ons of trunks. A trunk 2 0~. i ~nc~lic~s in diamf4er is cut into<br />
foot or two-fchet l~mgths, ande:~h lelig. II is split, t~hrough the middle.<br />
Each half is plantecl horizontally, bark up, 4 or 5 inches deep, in<br />
warm moist soil. Thr sprouts which arise may be allowed tq grow,<br />
or they rnqr 1~ mndc~ into green cuttings. Knaurs (see page 107)<br />
arc somctirnes usr~l. Tllc olive can be budded or grafted in a variety<br />
of WlJY. Twig-lmlding or pron g-budding and plate- or H-budding<br />
(Figs. l-Hi, I-IT, 149) give admirable results, and are probably the<br />
1x5 t n1cd1ods. Twig-buclding is the insertion of a sndl growing<br />
twig whicl1 is cut from thtb branch ill just the way in which shieldbucls<br />
:tre cut. (I$ig. 1-K.) Side-grafting is also successful. (Fig. 187.)<br />
In ( ‘;llifornin, owing to the uncthrtainty of getting a good stand<br />
of (butting5 of grtbrbn \Voocl am1 tlic slowness of rooting cuttings<br />
of largtb woo(l, the practic*cb of raising olive seedlings and budding<br />
011 tlltm 1~s lwomv nmrc popular. After the pulp is removed, the<br />
t3trmt~ point of tlltb pit. or stone is cut off with ordinary pruning<br />
shtmx, whrn thch sr~cl gt~rminat.es very readily. This method insures<br />
a goocl st,an(l wit.llout injury to the kernel. Ordinary shield-budding<br />
rm:~ 1~ performtkd an>* tilllrh in the ycxr when dormant buds may be<br />
obt:Gned and tllrl sctbtlling is in cmnclition to rt‘ceive them. The root<br />
sc\‘stenm is l)etttBr unticbr t.hi5 mrtllocl of propagation.<br />
Omphalodes. Z~c)rll!li~l(~('('(I'.<br />
Ilancllr~l 1)). st~ls, rli\.ision of the plant am1 of thtl ryinners of some<br />
speck+.<br />
Oncidium. Owh idww.<br />
I’rnpagatd 1,)~ cli\9isiou or notcllin, (p tlkcb rhizome between the<br />
ps~~utlol~rrlbs just I~forc~ tlic growing season. In some species<br />
dt~tac~hal~le lauds art’ lm)(luet~ti in tile inflor~~scmce, and these give<br />
s’ollrlg plunts. StYh o,+c~hids, pgt 3-L’.<br />
Onion (..I llirl 111 (~'r~pu rtml ..l . *fist ~tlosli III). Lil iczcw.<br />
Onions art’ ulostlJ* ,qrown frolic set~ls, which must be sown as early<br />
as ~mx-Al~~ in spring ; or in the .Sorith tlley may bc sown in autumn.<br />
‘l’ly~ art’ al5o grmi’n front “ tops,” \rrliich are bulblcts borne in<br />
tilt* f-lot~er-c~l~lstc~r. Tht~ ar(’ pluntt~d in the spring, or in the fall in<br />
m&l 4irnatcs, and tlkbJP soon grow into large bulbs.<br />
“ Sets” are also ustbd. These are very sn~all onions, and when<br />
planted they simply complete their growth into large bulbs. Sets<br />
art3 prowred 1)~ sowing seeds very thickly in poor soil. The bulbs<br />
‘,’ 13
370 THE NUlLSER Y-MA It’ U A l-1<br />
soon crowd each other, and growth is checked, causing them t0<br />
ripen prenlatllrtlly. Good sets should not 1~ more than a half inch<br />
in diameter. Ver>, small onions which are selected from the<br />
genera1 crop - callt~l “ rare-ripes” _ arc bornetimes used as sets,<br />
but they are usually too large, t0 give good results.<br />
Somtb onions -- the “ multiplier” or “potato onions” - increase<br />
tllc\nist~l\-es t,J- division of the bulb. The small bull,, which is<br />
planted in tlxt spring, splits up into several distinct parts, each one<br />
Of which will multiply itself in the satne manner when planted the<br />
fOliowing year.<br />
Ophiopogon. LiliWa?.<br />
Propa~att~d 1):~ tii\.ision. See Liliaccae, page 349.<br />
Oplismenus. G’rw ;I/ tw.<br />
I’ropa~atcd 1))~ rlij-isions of the rOotinK stems ; seeds, when<br />
OE)t~lillill)l(‘.<br />
Opunlia (Priclil>y Ik~r. Indian Fig). C~cfnct~w.<br />
SWANS grow r(na(lilj-, sown as so011 as ripe in ordinary sandy soil,<br />
either in the houw Or 0lltrloor.s. ?‘hch joints or pads root freely if<br />
laitl 0n ~1~1. It 1~ *.I custrmlur>- to allow t.hese cuttings to dry several<br />
da>3 ldow planting them. SW alto C&i, page 261.<br />
Orach (. 1frildts.l ,bd~~~.si~). ('ll~r~?lo~)otli~lc(~a?.<br />
Itaiwcl front S~YYIS, 5o~vv11 kvl~rc~ tile plants are to stand.<br />
Orange (Cl~iIrtr.9 A-l~rrtrrltirlrtl,<br />
1.11. 14. Iluitlt~.)<br />
C. s~~2o~bsis and others). Kutacm?.<br />
The orangr’, in coniniOn with Other fruits Of the genus (.litrus, is<br />
generally propagattbtl by workin g on orange seedlings or seedlings<br />
of relilt~~i 1 spcGt3. The stocks are grown from seeds of sour orange,<br />
swt~ t orang
THE N URSERl’--LIST 371<br />
Sour orange s;t~ls will run about 2100 to the quart, rough lemon<br />
aI)ont. (i%W to t 11th quart, grapefruit about 1400, and Po1lfGu,s<br />
fr(j;,lidrl ii~mit Lrti(lO to tlw quart. *Sour orange seed weighs 32<br />
poun~ls to tllcl l)usM aftc-lr slight drying. It is usual to estimate<br />
doublt~ thta number of seeds for the seedlings desired.<br />
( ‘itrus st4s are t)asily spoiled by drying, the cotyledons separate<br />
and thq- arch tht’n worthless. They can be stored for several weeks<br />
or evc’n rllontlls if pacl~ed in a closed container or box in pulverized<br />
charcoal. They should 1x1 planted immediately after removing from<br />
tht: st>cvI, or properly packed and examined frotn titne to time to see<br />
that tliqr do not dry out.<br />
In ciirl.is niirstq’ districts, tlita se& are sokvn in winter or early<br />
spring, thither in thr opcln or under slat shades. The young seedlings<br />
arc’ ci;lsiI>r injurtvl I))* hot sun and dry winds, and therefore should<br />
INA wthll stnrtvcl I)rfc)rch spring is far advanced, if planted in the open.<br />
Tht~ ~~oung setvllings of citrus are sometimes killed back to the<br />
ground, and ivlltbn so illjured do not sprout out again, but those of<br />
pr)n~;rus ivill start agail from buds on thtb tiny stems, below the<br />
groui~cl. Tl w he’t : ’ c I is scnvn in rows much as apple or garden seeds<br />
arc’ sown, at tlic: rate of about 100 to the yard of row. Ciean cultivation,<br />
applications 0P vonilnercial fertilizer and plenty of water are<br />
necessary for thtl pro(Iuvtion of good sturdy seedlings The use of<br />
stable manurt~ as it. ftbrtilizer is not advisable because of increased<br />
dnngcr from (1i1lllpiIlg-Ott tungi.<br />
After one’ or Wi’o J’cars in the seed-1~~1, the seedlings are transplantcrl<br />
to the nnrsvr)* rows. TIltA rows arc usually spaced :3$<br />
or 4 feet apart and thv seedlings are svt. I foot apart in the rows,<br />
gilring about 10,000 stvtllings to the acrt’. Roadways are left a.t<br />
convenient interv:A for the passage of teams and wagons. Transplanting<br />
from sectl-1~1s to nursery rows is usually done in early<br />
spring or during 51nnnit’r, if suitable rainy weather prevails or if<br />
lvatckr is a\-ailal&: for irrigating.<br />
Slrit4d-l)ucltIing, with buds aboiit 1 i inches long, is the<br />
tnetl1od mpl’~y”I. Sometimes the T-incision is inverted and<br />
thv but1 is inserte(l from below. This is the method commonly<br />
followt!d in Flori(la. ‘I’hv buds are usually wrapped with waxed<br />
Cloth, the lnicl anal ai1 incisions lacing covered. The wraps are<br />
commonly lvft on from ten days to two weeks depending on<br />
growth and weathclr conditions. The seedlings are dormant-budded<br />
just btbforc growth c*t’tlses in autumn or in early spring. Better<br />
growth can be secured from dormant buds as they have the advan-
372 THE NZ/'RSERY-2C~AN1?,4L<br />
tagc of the full growing season. In the colder sections where there<br />
is &mger of dormant buds being injured, they are often protected<br />
1)~ Ix~nllring kvith earth. III spring as soon as the hrli will slip,<br />
stocks in which the buds have died are rebudded. For this work<br />
bud-sticks of the previous season’s growth are cut, the leaves are<br />
removed, and the sticks packed in sawdust, or sphagnum until<br />
needed.<br />
In spring, the tops of the dormant-budded seedlings are cut off<br />
close 1~~1~ to the inserted buds. In some sections, the tops arch heatled<br />
lxwk or lopped and later removed entirely, but as this entails adciitionul<br />
~vork it sl~ould be a~oideti if growth is not too vigorous.<br />
Sprouts rnwt berenio~ed from the stoc~ks from time to time. ;1bout<br />
thy time the buds start to grol.v, a stake is set at ~auh one and to<br />
tllis the l)ud is tied from time to time, throughoutS the summer, as<br />
they grow. Tl lis stww the ~ioul~le purpose of stying the buds from<br />
l~real;ing away from the stocks alit1 of keeping them straight.<br />
For propagating oranges under glass, seedlings of grapefruit or<br />
orange imq- lw used, although the lwst stock for pot and tub plants<br />
is t’wcirus (or C’ifws) trijllirtfn.<br />
Orange trees of alAo& any size may be top-w&cd to other<br />
varieties either by. t)udaling or grafting 1)~ tlw usual methods.<br />
Sometimes the tops are cut ofi or loppc‘d, shoots aw then thrown<br />
out and in these buds are insertetl. !311cis may !w inserted in large<br />
luranches and after uniting forwl into grob*th 1)). lopping or cutting<br />
back the 1)ranches.<br />
Orchids. Orchidaceae.<br />
The method of propagatin, cf wchitls must in each species be<br />
adapted to tlw hahit and anode of growth. Tlw easiest and safest<br />
plan<br />
.<br />
for the greater number of kincls is by division, hut seeds,<br />
cuttmgs,<br />
1<br />
La;i-ers, of-lkts, and =L-er;b- rarely* roots, are also u t ilizrd.<br />
It ib important that artificial means of increase shoultl l)e atlopted<br />
only when the individual plants are in rol)ust health. With many<br />
orchids the struggle of life uiidtbr tile nIlnatural contlitions of (lomt3-<br />
tication is nrcessllrily se\we, ant1 my operation which trnnsfornis<br />
one weak plant into two or more tvealwr ones is to lw depreratcd.<br />
In cases in which thtb only iwthfl available necessitates disturl)anc!e<br />
at the roots, consideration must 1~ paid to the constitution of the<br />
species, for some orchids, even when perfectly healthy, strongly<br />
resent interference. Many of the orchicls are really not propagated<br />
under cultivation, but are grown front stock rlewly imported from
7’1TE .Y ITIZ,‘;‘~Tt~’ 1,IST 373<br />
thcb u.il(i ; \~twrl th(> 1~1;111ts P;iil, 111(l), an‘ (list ~;:ivi~~i anti rww import a-<br />
tious stllkititIltc\rl.<br />
s,‘r’ri,s. 11 110 ~+l;IS,< 01’ (~riIti\.;it(~(l j)l;llltS is ~,1~O~~il~i1tiOll 11y StYdS<br />
nI(br(’ tiil!ic*iil1 illlcl tcvlioiis t llilll it is k\.il.li orrahi(is. I II iill tIi1SC’S,<br />
fvrtiIiZiItioi1 Iltllst I,(> ~)~dortlirvi 1)). Ilitll~i. 111 IZll~l~lllrI, tlltl lmgth of<br />
t ilil(b t’c.rliiirtvI 1’01’ I II(~ (*;Ilwlll~5 to rilwbn Yill‘ios from three tl~onths to<br />
it \‘(‘ill’. G01)tl sfv*(is 1’01’111 ;i \.vr,j* ,Slll~~ll proport ion Of tll0 WllOl~,<br />
:lllfi it CbC’t’;tsiC’:11illl~~ \i;l~)~)t’~~.~ t Ililt t 111’ ~Vblltt’lltS Of ib C:iI]jSIll(’ 1Vill IlOt<br />
pl‘o’lll”” ii SiTlSlt’ ])lillit . ‘I‘llis, llo~vt~\*t~r, 11s u.(41 as tliv tlifidt,y<br />
c~s~)cv.ic*llc~ivi ilr 1 ftr)Ivwirlg stiigr, is<br />
prilllill’il)~ cillrt 10 tllrq clr~fic*it~ilc~J7 of slirilight, iill(i in sucll it lwiglit<br />
(‘lilllilf~’ ;Is tlliit 01’ tilt\ I’IlitcYi St:ltc3 IVOlllti IlOt 1W likdy to oufw.<br />
. . .<br />
\ i11’lOllS I)l~‘tllt1(lS 01’ Sic~\\‘lll~~ ;1lY 111 \‘O”ll( siicmli iiS sprinliliRg C!\,‘!‘T<br />
I?itbcbcki c,f 1~00~1 ;i11(1 cv~~~li or tr~~c4~mi sTf*n;, allti on tlw top of 1noss<br />
31~1 Ih3t. ill \~~liic~li (3t;tiblislir~(1 Ijl;Itlts r,P thcb s;iri~v or a tw;~rl~* rcla.twi<br />
sp~c.i~vi ;i r(b g-c bv ii kg, ‘l’lir~ List is prol~~~l~l~- thcb lwst, lmt it is :dways<br />
;t(i\.kl)l~~ to trj- s(~\.(T:L~ inc~tl~ocis. Of Colll’s~~, tllcl 111iLtCl‘ill 011 ivhicli<br />
tlltb s;cYvis art- .*;(‘;I t tcl‘vci rllllst al\\mill\vS 1X licbl>t ilioist ;llllI Slladtd.<br />
‘1’11tb i)cbritd Ih‘t\\.iV‘ll ~~~l’lllilliltiOll ilil(i tllcl ~iC’\~t’lO~~lllt’llt Of the first<br />
root is tllcb Illclst c~l*itic~ill in tilt\ lifv of i\ srkcdiiiig orclliti. ;\fter thy<br />
iII’(’ Of sliifii*it~nt sizcb to l~illlCll~~, tll(lJ. iI1.t’ IIc~tt~Vi Ofl into tint- pOt.S,<br />
anti i1S tlltBJ7 cf;kiij strt-ugtll, art’ gi\.r\n tlY~iltlllC’llt. ~tpI)r(~~iii~l’ting that<br />
,f il(i\llt I)iillltS.<br />
Tilts iI1 )i)\.t‘ rt~Imw~il t s t 11(* formw j;pi\1’(1~‘111~1”S Inc~tll0c~ iii t,hc ywwing<br />
of orr*llici5 frolii 5~~1. .\t tllcl IHYit it I\‘iiS ill(~~il~t ~~llti llllrrlii~l~lc~.<br />
It is no\\’ t I101igli t t Ii;1 t t II(~ fr(vb gc‘i*?tlillil t-irjll of cml~itl stwis rcyuirc3<br />
thrh prw~n(*c’ of tilt\ root f’llllpls tllilt is :1SSOC’iilt(Yi wit,l-i thca F;rowing<br />
I>lilllt. ‘h(b t’Sill’t(‘l’ Irlc~tllcMi rlo~v ~~rl~pl0y(vi is tf~wrilwci ;tS fOliO\YS<br />
l)y EIilSSt~ll1rill~ in tl)ti Stilll(lill’~l (‘~dopcdi;~ of Hortiwltr~re : “ It iS<br />
;Il~sOl~ltt’lt\’ cYs;l’Ilt iill tllilt ;I11 ilSSOCi;ltit~ll Of tllcb SWti with tilt’ proper<br />
root-fungls \,(I I,roljglit ill)(,tlt. In I)lYk so\\-ing of tllc sctds 011 pts cc~lltilillill~ the<br />
p:r!mt p!:!rrts. ‘Sl\iG tll~‘fllcHl, lio\yvvvr, ll;~S I)lilll~ (li~i~tl~aIltaR(~S.<br />
Tilt’ I)lillltS ~‘itllIlOt I)(’ r’t~potttvl ivlliltl tlitt stwilings m-t‘ grmviix,<br />
ilTlt1 tlltb 5cVViS iII'(‘ lilic*lJ’ to l)ft \\‘:1511(?1 il\Vily in witt+ng, sinw they<br />
C’illlll~~t l)fa IY?lrlil~~ f)rotcdfvi l)y il propw wvtGiig. lh4cr siicwss<br />
wrt IN> ,S~YYIIYV~ 1,~. tll(b 115th of str;li~lit-n-all~~(i ghss jars with<br />
1 ()I)$( gliiSS f.‘O\‘t’l‘S. ‘1\ll(‘s;(’ iit’{’ filltY1 ivitli fiTIt%ly Cllo[~~.H.~(1 S~I1lil~IllI~~~~<br />
\\.llic:li is ~(41 pr(55(~1 into tilv jar. The ~vhol~~ is tlwn stwilimd in iI<br />
stc~;1m-l)os for alit’ l~oiir on tllrw suw(5siv(~ (IilJ’S iii orclcv to kill<br />
Ijmctcria illl(I spores of rl~oi(is which arc lilwiy to owrrwl the Seed-
374 THE NVRSERY-.16,4 iVTi.4 I,<br />
lings. ,ifter sterilization, the jars should 1~1 allowc~l to stand for a<br />
few rlayL Tl wsv in lvhich molds develop should 1~ discarded. The<br />
sterile jilrs n;:i)7 then IW inoculate(l with the root-fungus from the<br />
spcGes of orchid to \vhich the seed-plant belongs,. For this purpose,<br />
portirjns of infcctc4 ro0t.s should be cut into small pieces wit,h a<br />
steriltk knife ilIlt scxttered o\‘er the sphagnrllll scc(l-bed. Great<br />
c:trc sh~ultl 1~ c,lwr\-cd at all times to avoid the introduction of<br />
foreign sp!!ros from the air. It should also 1~ l,orncb in mind that<br />
onI\- thcb cw\-c~rw1 roots contain the fungus, and that generally on13<br />
tl~‘soft tissues from ‘,- to I inch hack from the root-tip are most<br />
al~l~nrlantl)* infcv*tcd. As soon as t.he root-fungus has grown through<br />
tlw sp1xlgtNln1, the se&, should he sown in the jars. In the col-<br />
Iwtion and hi~tnclling nf thtl SC-ads, all possible precaution should be<br />
t;lli1’11 to prej-cnt cc~nt~~niin~~tioll.” R,ecent experience does not<br />
cvnfirrii th nc*ccssity of the fungus in all cases, biit. the aseptic<br />
ilIlt cvntrollccl methods of germination are good.<br />
I)irisiojl. -- Tlic I,al,liinpedil~lll~s (greenhouse cypripedirmis) afforci<br />
an c~sample of the way in which tlii-ision may be emplo)-ccl. The<br />
soil is shaken from th(x roots and by the aid of a sharp knife the plant<br />
is se\-crtvl into as man>- pieces 3s arc required. It. is always advisable<br />
ti, lea\-~3 ant, or more leading growths to each portion. This method<br />
r[liiy he practiced for the increase of phaius, masdevallia, sobralia,<br />
atlu, thv e\-ergrcY~n scbction of calanthe, and all of similar habit.. In<br />
nearl>- aI1 thoscb kincls in which the ps~~~~dr~bull~s are united by a<br />
procunibcbnt rhizolne, sudi 3s occurs in cattleyas, the process is<br />
s;lo~~~r. 1 t set’lns to IN> natural for thvse plants to continue year after<br />
year, producing 8 single growtt.h from the old pseudobulb. To<br />
obtain additional “ leads,” the rhizomes shouhl be cut through in<br />
earl>- sprin,, cr two or three pseudobulbs being reserved to each piece.<br />
.1<br />
.<br />
bud<br />
. .<br />
will then push from the base of each pseudobulb nearest the<br />
t.fll-iSiOil, i3ild a iiF%* lea d is formiid. The pieces should not, ‘be separated<br />
until this is well established, and three years may sometimes<br />
ix required. IIzliu, catasetum, cwlogyne, lycaste, cymbidium,<br />
q-gopetalum, odontoglossum, oncidium, miltonia, and the like, are<br />
treated in this manner. Fig. 51.<br />
&Ltti,up. -- This method is available for those kinds with long<br />
jointed stems, like dendrobium and epidendrum. Just before the<br />
plants begin to grow, . say in February, the old pseudobulbs are cut<br />
up into length s, and laid on a moist warm surfa.ce, such as a pan<br />
of mo.is in a propagating-frame. Young offshoots will shortly<br />
appear at the nodes, and when large enough are potted off with the
Tlllj: A’T~R,SERY--LIST 375<br />
ol(l picwn ;1 t t adlrd. This plan inay IW iisc~l :h~ for lmrkcria anal<br />
trlic~rost~~lis. It is \v(41 to r~mc~inl)(~r that in any mvtliocl of propagat<br />
iol\ in \\rllicbtl tllcb ps~wl”1~ult~ is cli\7itfcvl, tht* I*igor of the young<br />
1)1;1,Ilt is proport iotkutcb to tile i~lIlOIl~lt. Of reser\*v fuatc~rial supplied it.<br />
I~o\‘c.P\~~T suital)lv tlitl t~sternul contlitions may 1~s for growth, it is<br />
for soiilt’ titilth tllltirt4). clr~peliclent for sustena.nW on the olrl pie05<br />
froul \vllirnll it sl)rings. !)t~ucirthium l~h~.~iw~ropsi,s is a case in point.<br />
If iI j~t’tidd~l~llll~ is rwt into, s;ilj’, three pieces, it will take at least<br />
tivo j-tars for tlltb ~*orl1lg l,li~IltS to reitch fIowc%ng strength, but<br />
frc~clu~~ntl~-, lb;,, usin, 1~ tlitb eiitiw pstwdohull~, one cati get in a singltl<br />
)‘(‘itl’ i\ gro\vtll Clli; tc’ i1S l;trgv ilS tllP Oltl OIlC’.<br />
Srrl~i~~~~rrt hf~trdlirr!l.---Tllc~ treatuit~nt of young orchids shoul(l 1~<br />
1'Oll~1(11Vl OII \\.llilt sriits tlltl I>ilU’IltS. ,\s a r111e, llowcver, they requirca<br />
i~ion’ (3wflil nlirsiiig, untl sonic of the contlitions must be mo(~ificcl.<br />
l)roilglit, iiitt>llsc light ;111(1 c-old clrafts must 1.~ a\~oided. Fat<br />
Illi111)~ orc*lii(l5, C3])~T’iiIll)’ tli(JStb from qua torial regions, where the<br />
at~nospliwic twmlitions illt(‘l’llilf.(’ IM~t.\vt’eIl sat.uration anal int.ense<br />
lIthilt illltl (Ir)*nrw, it is tl(‘(‘t‘SSiII’~, in ortler to inciuce flowering, that<br />
n;i tiircb, to SoIlIt’ c~stt~llt itt ICi1St, SllOUltl. tre irnitatcvl. With ~OUIlg<br />
[)lalltS, 1))’ \\.ll;lt(‘\.t’l’ Iil(‘tl1Ofl tll’ l)(b I’~‘(llll’t’~l in iIWOl.(liLIl(‘tb wit 11 t llv witt her iLIlt<br />
Yt’asoll :illtl l~(~~voll~l tllilt, il0 ;Ittcbrtlpi ilt rwtillg ~llUltb. In (WX’S,<br />
i loxt*\.;‘r, ’ ill n,llic+li I)jallts ilil\‘t’ IbrV~1l tli\.itltvf ()I’ 11111(1(’ into vuttings, il<br />
\.t’r>’ litklittvl srlppl)’ of 1ViLtt’I’ is Iltwl~J~l ilt first ; tbrlt to prt~\~twt C’Slmllstioli,<br />
tlitb:l! ~1105~)11t~n~ shorllrl illkVil)‘S lbts kept IacleIk with tuoisturtb.<br />
/ Oreocereus. (I’rrr~ftrr~cr.<br />
120r ~~l’O~)i~@tiO~I, StYA C’rlc*f;, page 2(ji.<br />
Oreodoxa. /‘r~l~~c~r~.<br />
(;ro\vil f1’Olll WtVlS. !+V J’(l~//iS, k)iL!$’ :S77.<br />
Oreopanax. ..I r~i~i~ww.<br />
I’rop;~gattvl 11). c~littinp ant1 smvls, frown .January to March.<br />
Pliic’C’ l~;tlf-1’il>‘~l~(Vi growths of t3trcme tops ilk a wurru propagatingtwti<br />
\vitll 1)0ttom ht of MI*, cv\‘c’r with glass. Stwl nlay tw sown in<br />
]JiirlS, \jvitll il rrlisturt L {if lOil)l~, peat iiIl(! sarlcl ;
376 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Ornithogalum (Star of Bethlehem). Lilinrm.<br />
(‘Ic)n~monl~- increased by bulb& or offsets, and by division ; also<br />
by seeds \vhen they cm be had.<br />
Orobus : Lwthyw.<br />
Orontium. ~1 wcr7z.<br />
Increased I>y division, but seeds may be used if there is less<br />
bask. See ,1 rww, page 239.<br />
Osmanthus (Japan Holly). OZ~wrc~.<br />
Propagated t)y cuttings of half-ripened wood ik; late ~ILII~~~‘P<br />
undcar glass, or t)y grafting on osmanthus stock, or on privet. Seeds<br />
are rarely obtainable and do not gc>rminate until the second year.<br />
Osmaronia, Xuttalia. Rosnrfc~.<br />
Propaga.tcd Ijy seeds, stratified or sown as soon as ripe ; by<br />
di\.isions ; b>- suckers from the roots.<br />
Osmunda (Flowering Fern). Osrnwzdncrnl.<br />
11Iostl~~ 1)s tli\.ision ; sometirnes by spores. See Ferns, page 312.<br />
Ostrowskia (Giant Il(~llwort). Cnvt/)cr~~ u~Y~~.<br />
Propagatc~tl I)>- root- or top-cuttings in spring. Seeds, unless sown<br />
fresh, reqriire a long tirnc for gcrminntion and seedlings may not<br />
mature undthr three or four years.<br />
Ostrya (Hop Hornlwam). Brjt ~lw~ljr.<br />
usually grown from seeds sown when ripe or stratified. ,%lso<br />
increased by layering ; or it can he graftetl. The European species<br />
is often grafted on the hornbeam (carpinus).<br />
Othonna. (‘o/;! posifn.<br />
T’mpagatrt! -<br />
1)~. pieces of the stein, treatetl as cuttings, or taken<br />
(F afkr rooting if plant lies on gro111~1.<br />
Ouvirandra : .,l ~~o~~~gr?w.<br />
Oxalis. 0.~wbitlw~cr~.<br />
Propagated 1)~ seeds, division and cuttings ; the tuberiferow3<br />
speck art: increased hy tile w~dergrou:lc2 tuks.<br />
Oxydendrum (Sorr&T’ree). I$rica.cm,<br />
Increased by seeds, handled as for andromeda and sitnilar things ;<br />
also by layers, which often root with difficulty.
7’16fC hrURRERY--LIST 377<br />
Seeds, gi\*ing riscb to n(‘\i’ \*arkticls, are so\vn as soon as ripe. About<br />
tl1lw ~Wll’S :IfttT ~(~rrtlii~:~tion ;II*(’ rcquirotl for tlicl production of<br />
lhorll. Tl 11’ swtilings s~~l~lo~r~ risct aho\xl the surface the first year,<br />
ill1 tlwir c’ncq+s lwiil, (r slant in tl~b formation of roots.<br />
Thv c’01i~1~~0~~ llt’~l)ilCY’i)llS 1.arivtiw arv oftwc5t propagated by<br />
clii-ision of tl:t> cllliii])S. 141ilCll portion sllo~ll~l possWs at least one<br />
lwl. Ihlll~~ tlw hrlp” ;1n c!iG!rv! in “d) iLllt!!?!?rl.<br />
;I11 woe B(~J- sI)cbc+vs ina) lw incwasvt 1 ljy layws and cut.tings.<br />
( ‘11tings ;IW titl- the* cion, rather than to split the stock ; but<br />
t-\itllrhr practi~*c~ is goo(1. Strong roots of various vxieties or species<br />
InnJ- lw Ilscvl. The ( ‘hinesc- peony ( f’. s~~ij~mticosa), P. oficinalis<br />
Cill(l I’. C111~iJlO)‘Cl ill-C’ Oft(‘llcSt. IlSC?tl.<br />
lIZi1 rc’ \-al:icbt itbs of tlw lwrlxweous specks are sometimes grafted in<br />
libtt’ 511111~11(‘1’, i111 t’J.C’ Of tllV gi\ml kind being inserted in a tuber<br />
fronl \\~llic*h iill tllcs C~J~CY Ilit,\-
stvds are imported 112’ the dtialers, am1 if fresh and fully ripe thqv<br />
germinate wtbll although some of thcrn start slo~vl~~. The period<br />
of gt~rmination rnns from two or thrcv~ weeks to as many rears.<br />
Thai seeds are 11sua1ly started singly in &inch pots.<br />
Some of the species sucker freel:\~ from the crown as they mature,<br />
and these offsets ma)- be rcmoyed and repotted singly. A few of<br />
them stool, and map- be divided.<br />
Pauaa --a-a.. (ii ’ USt;ii!~, I’ohjRcim.<br />
Pancratium :~nd Hymenocaliis. .4 maryllidncctx.<br />
St&;, sokvn in pots or pans in ht’a.t, are sometimes employed.<br />
Thq- should gi\-v blooming plank in two or three years. Corrlr~k~nly<br />
increased 1)y offsets, which usually form freely. Place the otfsets<br />
ratlicr clostb in pans in it light mixture of equal parts of leaf-mold,<br />
peat iilltl sand, gi\-ing good drainage.<br />
Pandanus (Screw-Pine) . PHI TV ~ln 11 won.<br />
Propagated t))v seeds and 811ckers, as for palms ; also by cuttings<br />
of the J-oung growth in heat. Tlte “ seeds” are really fruits, and if in<br />
(Wad conclition SC’\‘Cl’itl plants, one t.0 ten, are ObtiXilli~~~lt? from each ;<br />
Fhev shoultl t)c separated when well furnished wit.h roots. These<br />
seek are Vi1Sily ol)taincd from the tropics, a,nd are planted in moist<br />
black soil in IN& or pots. When the plil,IltS appear, the little clumps<br />
are separ;ltecl and tlic plantlets potted off. Suckers often form freely<br />
on or near the crown ; these may he taken off and pot.tcd singly.<br />
Pandorea. B iqrlno71 kwcr.<br />
Propagated by seeds and by greenwood cuttings under glass.<br />
Pansy ( T 'iolff frico!or). I,‘iolncc6?.<br />
Propagated by seeds, sown from July 10 to August 25 for the<br />
nest ;;ear’s spring bloom. The plants may be carried over in a<br />
frame, or in mild climates left. directly in the seed-bed and prot,ected<br />
with loose mulch. Somet,imes started indoors in spring or late<br />
winter. Good plants may be purchased from regular growers.<br />
X:tnlc~l varictits may be mult,iplicd late in the season from cuttings<br />
or lqvs.<br />
Papaver (Poppy). I’tc~xcaeraccce.<br />
Incrc~ilsctl t )y seeds -I- usually sown outdoors where plants are to<br />
stand -- and division. I’. oric~fal~ and allied species are easily<br />
propagated by root-cuttings in sand under glass in autumn.
THE N ULRSER Y-LIST 3’19<br />
Papaya, sometimes died papa.w ; see ilsimina. (Cc&a Papaya.)<br />
Papa~yncrcr.<br />
.<br />
As a. greenhou~c subject, propa,ga,ted by cut,tings of ripe shoots<br />
1~) 1.1 c*3316 LIU‘ IA*, 4 t- sp,i, l 1 iin,, J bottom hpat, !;::,t branches suitable for cnttings<br />
are few.<br />
As a fruit crop, fhfs papaya is grown from seeds. Seeds started in<br />
Florida, in ,January or February should give fruiting plants the<br />
foliowing winter. ‘The seeds are sown in iight sandy soii about onehalf<br />
inch deep ; care should be taken to prevent damping afi ;<br />
plants may be placed in pots when they have made the third leaves,<br />
and from the pots (after anot.her shifting) transferred to permanent<br />
qliarters.<br />
The papa>.a. plant ma.\- be graft.ed, specia! varieties thus being<br />
prrpetunted. Thr old piant is cut 03 and shoots form along the<br />
trunk. Tl NW are use(l as cions, being cut to wedge-shape at the<br />
lowtar end and inserteff in vigorous seedlings which have been cut<br />
hxck to X or 10 inches high. Shoots about the size of a lead pencil<br />
art’ chosen for c’ions, and t.he leafage is partly removed. Seeds<br />
started in February in Florida, according to Simmonds, will protlucc<br />
stock large enough to graft in March; the grafted plants are<br />
potted, and transferred to the field in late April or in May; they<br />
should bear fruit in November or December.<br />
Paphiopedilum ((.‘yprip&lum of greenhouses). OrchGIace~.<br />
Propagated b? seeds sometimes ; usu.ally by division. See<br />
Orchids, page 1172 ; also Phmn~noperlilunb, page 392. .<br />
Papyrus (Cyl~~s Prrpyrlrs). Cyprmccar.<br />
Propagated by seeds sown in early autunln or spring, and division,<br />
chiefly the latter.<br />
Paradisea (St. Bruno’s Lily). Liliaccm.<br />
Propa,gated by cti\++n, or by seeds sown as soon as ripe.<br />
Parkinsonia. Leg 24111<br />
inoscp.<br />
Usually raised from seeds.<br />
Parrotia. II a n2 fln2 rl idnceoe.<br />
Slultiplied by seeds, layers or by greenwood cuttings under glass.<br />
Parsley ( I-‘&YMv~ irr II 111 horkme) . U/n hcI1 vcr@.<br />
Raised from seeds, which are usually sown outdoors in spring.<br />
The roots may be taken up in fall to be forced under glass.
Parsnip ( I’cisfiilmw srrfim), I~,rthrJl~vrcc.<br />
Grown from frtb.iIt SCYYJS, sown ~~ltere the plants arc to stand.<br />
Parthenocissus, Ps;(Y~~T;L V%zcc@.<br />
Prq);Lg:‘l\ tccl 1 ‘J’ 5(‘(‘( 15 ( \w7lwootl cut,tittgs itt-td lay*ors ; I”. frir*uspi-<br />
&tfn and it>; varieties 1’rottt grf~~ttwood vtrt titigs ; Virginia crq~er (I’.<br />
~~&~lrrjblirr j ant1 sitttilar kittds by hard c.utt.ittgs. SW I~l~~s~~~~l~~~~~i~.<br />
Passiflora (I’;~ssic,tl-I”l~)\lr(lr). ~‘as,siJ7!,rrrcr~a’.<br />
IlIClX~~LS;c~c11). SerilS, SOWit utttkr R1iLSS. I ‘u t.tings of the youttg<br />
gmwth takrbtt ~‘~OIII tJtc> ttticlrllc of ~January utttil iIpri1 root; e:t+ in<br />
:i:~tt(l in a frautcb. \*:trietit\s arc’ sortt~titttc~s \*vnec~r-grafted on r&ted<br />
stocks. I’, iwrulw [)lV~Xl~~tteS t,y root-cuttings.<br />
Paullinia. S(~~ii~~il~l(*r~iI~.<br />
J’ropaqttt71 1)~. c*~tt t ittgs 0-f y~oung shoots in spring.<br />
Paulownia. Sr~rr)j)lr rricrritrwm.<br />
J’t-qxtfatC‘d l,y s(~ls, sown in sprin g in cartfui:y prepared soil,<br />
chittier itt ;I WY~-IW~J 07 itk a coldfratnc. C‘ttttings of ripe wood or of<br />
tMots llli1(11‘ itt fiIP1 or spring are usecl ,. also leaf-cuttings, inserted in<br />
Sillid ttmlc~r ii *gJ;l.5<br />
in a propagating-house, the young unfolding<br />
lt>itveS l)vittg ust~l for t.his purpose when about an inch long and<br />
cut off clost! to tlte pvtiolc.<br />
Pavetta. r~rrfiirrwclt<br />
Prop;t,~ate(J Ii_\- c.ut tittgs of half-riprnccl - ~~<br />
itt 11 warttt ttioist liousc.<br />
shoots in sharp sand<br />
Pavonia. :IldlWffY~~.<br />
Propagated 11). vttttirtgs in spriup or early summer ; also by seeds<br />
wJtc7-t o!~taiti;tl~l~.<br />
Pea ( l’isri.)u srl f ilyu IF). L~~grt ~wimscc.<br />
Tki~;c~cJ frottt SMYJ~, sown whcrt~ the plants are tu stand. The plants<br />
am lt;rrdJr and sccrl~. trmy be :-own very early, and deep. For cowpea,<br />
see Iyigt)fl.<br />
Peach and Nectarine (Pmms f'rrsica). Rosac~~. (H. P. Gould).<br />
The peach is perhaps the easiest to propagate of all the widely<br />
grown tree-fritits. Propagation is universatly by shield-budding<br />
and, as a rule, ou seedling peach st,ocks, alt,hough hard-shell altnond<br />
seedlings have km used somewhat in California where it is said
TIJE NURSERY-LIST 381<br />
tht>!, gi~ehardkr and strong:er roots than PC’ilClI seedlings, especially<br />
i!l r!r\- Y0iC-L (PII soi!>: tot) nt9ist f .3r prtch mats, St. JU!iuil plU.UI<br />
StO(*kS hitV!.’ I)C’Clt 11 %:(.(I ;IS well as ttt~~ro\x~lm pltittts, l)ut plutn stocks<br />
tt-il(f t() il+ t/ii:. iit'('S, ancl tlte union is frtqucntly ittiperfect ;<br />
thtky arc‘ tltert:forkh littIc ttst4 at prcscrit. ilprict)t seedlings have<br />
Latin ust~l, l)tit posst3 no special merit. The “wild peach of ( Ihina”<br />
(1’rll.H/is, or ,-t Hr!~~~rlrrl~r.s, Ilnl:irJifmrr) is attracting attention in<br />
SotIlt rcyiotis 1/S i1 h,ii-~IJ. peaVlt Stock, l)Ut it ItaS Ilot. paSs;cd tile<br />
~~X~~~~~illrt~lltill 5tkLj$’ alui it ckarly is not adapt4 to growing in<br />
all stBc&t ions. ‘l‘lltb w~sttcm sand cherqr (l’rurlus !3twwyi) is used to a<br />
\.tar~- l,irliittvl tA\ittlnt ;ci :L dwarfing stock.<br />
I’r3c*li I)its or sic~vls fur growing seedling stocks cotiie tnainly<br />
frotti “ natttral,” t hu t is, seedling, peach t,rces and orchards that<br />
ill jolt ttcl in t It11 -\pp;!lac*lti:tt~ tnountain districts of ,Xorth Cbolina,<br />
‘I’c~rlrlr5scv ant! iL(ljilCt’llt mm. On the Pacific Coast, t,he pits of<br />
~a~brt;ii~i \.;irii;iii+, SiiCh :l.i ,5ktlweJ-, M.orris iYhite and Struwlmry, are<br />
wllllllOld~~ WWrl. Pits frottt eastern cuntic~ries are considered un-<br />
(lt~siiral)k IWWWC of tltp clangt~r of “ yellows” and because the)- arc:<br />
so \-i1riilttl(’ in size its to ititvrfcrr~ in ltatt~lling t.hvtll in it peach-pit<br />
~>lillttt’Y, l)t5idc3 prrb(litcittg seedling3 \.ar>.itig widc~l~* in size. The<br />
c*ott\.ic*ticm art~ottg ttttrsc~ty~tt1en is that tltci “ natural ‘* pits produce<br />
stroit~~r*i .&&Ii”“ att(l ttlore uniforttt in sk, than do those frotn<br />
tIltI “i,ut1d~4 ” or k”’ ti;r:tic~d ~Varir~ties.<br />
‘I‘liv s~wl~ or pits 10;ty tx plante(1 in thv arttutnt~ iii drills, where<br />
tlItb tturstkr)’ is to I)rb lO(litt.4’(1, and covc~rt~cl al)out 2 inches deep, or<br />
Thl?;\y Illil~~ ibil I)rci(itbti or sttxtific 1 in santl in late suttit136’r or’aututiin<br />
\vlttLrik tlw). art’ licpt tnoist anal sul,jected to frtiezitig during winter ;<br />
tltk trcattntmt rt)sults in cracking the pits, thus rcllessing the<br />
litTllr++. St-1 lolls iIs thti l~cWtc4s remain iticasecl in t.licb pits, they can<br />
not gt~rtninat~. I n 1 N b ( 1 ( 1’ 111x the pits, an esc:avation I:! or 15 inches<br />
.‘ltTp is tnmI(’ itt a wtbli-(lraine(l spot, and the pits art’ placed in it in<br />
!il)yt’l‘S, i~lt~l~ll~till~ \;z’itlt sand in t3srnti;kll~. t.ltt\ Sillltl’ Way as when<br />
tltr*)r are strut.ifkcl~irt ;t 110s.<br />
In thtb txrl>* syriug tlk pits art‘ stqx~rute(l fr&rt the sand by sifting<br />
:llltl 11;1ft(1 sortittg, iiIl(l IIliiIltt’(t in clrills wltthre thth)7 ilIT to grow, being<br />
covt~rml 1 i to 2 inc4l~s &YII. If otil~ a ftw st~vls are concerned,<br />
t.Ilt’ pits Illil). IJt*
382 THE NITRSERY--MANIJ~4 L<br />
they may remain over one year in tile grou’nd after t,hey are planted<br />
before t.hey germinztte.<br />
If smtil, well-gr;L&d, (‘ IltLtllI’iLl ” pits are ust~l, running ti,OOO to<br />
7,000 to the ldld, 7 or S l)ushels will 1~ required to plant an acre ;<br />
the larger pits Crolu “ buddetl ” varieties stlcured from canneries<br />
may run as low :IS 2,200 to 2,5(JO to the busl~l, requiring a correspondingly<br />
largrr quantit.~~ to p!ant a gi\~en area. Planted in<br />
well-prepared fel:tile soil, most of the seedlings should att,ain a<br />
diameter of allout one-fourth inch by midsummer ; that is, a size<br />
large enough to bud, this operation being performed principally<br />
from the last of .Tul~- to eurl~~ Septeml)er. (The dct,ails of shieldbudding<br />
are dt~seril~t’(l on pages 122--I 33.) The buds placed on the<br />
stocks in this peri remain dor-cnant until the following spring,<br />
when, with the ribturn of warm wrat’her, they should grow rapicll>r.<br />
‘Afttlr one st’~~)n’s gt*o\vtll in thrh nurs(I;ry they are termed “ one-<br />
I)Vear-oids ” anti art’ ready -for sale and for permanent planting.<br />
Peach trees ohltlr than one year should rarely if ever be planted,<br />
ahhough “lJune buds ” or “ summer buds,” which have roars<br />
one year younger than one->yar-old trees, find favor. with some<br />
growers in t.he South. These are produced in regions where ;L very<br />
early opening of thtb growing season in spring produces seedlings<br />
large enough to hut1 1)~. ,June of thtb Saul )year. If buds are inserted<br />
on such stocks in *Juncb or early* .Jul>~, the). start into growth at once<br />
inst.ead of reillainiilg (lormant until tile following spring, and 1,~<br />
late fall they tlexx~lop into ~~~~ll-l~~~~t~~cht~cl trees 2 to 3 feet high. Such<br />
trees give excellent results for orchard plant.ing in the experience of<br />
many southern growers.<br />
As soon as the 1.~1 has ” taken, “tllat is, become attached to the<br />
stock, which will IW \f*ithin ten damps to t,wo weeks after it is inserted,<br />
the raffia or string with which t.llt+ stock was wra.pped should be cut.<br />
to prevent it girdling the stock and choking the bud. And further,<br />
as soon as the bud 1~s grown :< or 4 incahes - in midsummer in case<br />
of June budding, in earl!. spring in case of later budding -- the<br />
top of the seedlin g stock ahove the bud should be cut away close<br />
enough to the bllcl SO that, the wound will heal over reaclilJ* as the<br />
tree grows.<br />
‘In Florida, the May and *June budding of peaches is successful<br />
oniy when the leaives are left on the stock exceJ]t that enough to<br />
allow the bud to be inserted may l)tA remo\~e(l. Leaves must be<br />
left above and below t.he point of insertion. .As soon as the bud<br />
is inserted, the top of the stock is cut back partly*, and this cutting
THE NURSERl’-LIST 383<br />
back process is continwd till the buds have developed a, length of<br />
;< to 4 inches, when the stocks may bc cut off and all the leaves<br />
cleaned up.<br />
Peach trees map* IW graftcci and this practice is somletimes followed<br />
in top-working trees sex?eral years of age ; but when. it is desired to<br />
change the variety, it, is better to do so by budding, since the<br />
wounds made in grafting do not heal readily.<br />
‘1s buds can be set successfully only in wood of the current<br />
season’s growth, it is necessary to head back olld trees severely<br />
and get a vigorous growth of sprouts if it is desired to work them<br />
over to other varieties.<br />
Ornamental peaches (as double-flowered varieties) are budded<br />
on common peach stock m the same way as the fruit-bearing sorts.<br />
The nectarine is propxgat,ed in the ,sarne way and on the same<br />
stwkC; n.s the pca..ch. For PIWRIM Sinzon.ii, see Phr FII.<br />
Peanut, Goober ( A4 m-h is h~yyogm). Zqumin,osce.<br />
Grown from seeds, which, for greenhouses or cold climates,<br />
should be sown in heat. In warm exposures and quick soil in the<br />
lXorth, seeds planted directly in the open will give satisfactory<br />
results for the amateur. The peanut, as a field crop in the South,<br />
is grown from seeds planted where the crop is to stand. The<br />
seed of thcl thick-podded kinds is shelled before planting, but not<br />
of t,he thin-podded kinds. The seed is plant,ed at the same season<br />
as corn (maize), 6 to 10 inches apart, jin the row, and the rows 2s<br />
t.0 3 feet apart,.<br />
Pear (Pyres con2m umi, t’. serot i)La and perhaps others). Rosacece.<br />
Pear seedlings are grown in the same way as those of the apple,<br />
which see. Pear stocks are imported from France, however, as the<br />
leaf-blight is so destructive to t.hem here as to render their culture<br />
unprofitable. This leaf-blight is a furngus, and recent experiment<br />
has shown that it can be readily overcome by four or five thorough<br />
sprayings with bordeaus mixture, so that there is reason to hope<br />
that the growing of pear stocks may yet become profitable in this<br />
country, although the higher price of labor here, and the drier summers,<br />
are serious disadvantages. Heretofore, the only means of<br />
mitigating the ravages of this blight was the uncertain one of inducing<br />
a strong growth early in the season. Even-when pear stocks<br />
are raised in this country, they are grown from4imported French<br />
seed. Aside from its cheapness, however, this foreign seed probably<br />
possesses no superiority over domestic seed. But pear seed is so
384 THE NURSERY-MAN7JAL<br />
diffcult to obtaiifi in America that it is practically out of the market.<br />
Seildlings of the sand pear t>Tpe (Qrzrs srrofinn) have h&w strongly<br />
recommended for stocks, but they do not attain general favor<br />
amongst nurserymen.<br />
Pear seedlings should be taken up and removed from the seedbed<br />
the first fall. The foreign st,ocks arc imported when a year old<br />
from t,he seed. The seedlings are trimmed and sometimes ” dressed”<br />
(see page lZ), and are set into nursery rows the following spring.<br />
The nest season -- that is. the sc’ayon in which the sto& are<br />
transplanted - shitld-budding is performed, as with the apple.<br />
The budding sea,son usually begins late in July or early in August<br />
in the il’orth. If t.hc storks arc small, of ” second size,” they ma:y<br />
stand over winter and be budded the second year. Pear trees a:‘e<br />
sold at two a.ntl three >*rars from the bud. Pears dG not succex! well<br />
n-hen root-prilfted, except when a long cion is used, for the purpose<br />
of securing own-rooted trees (see page 140). Dormant buds of the<br />
pear may be iised on large stocks in early spring, the same as with<br />
the apple, and buds may be kept on ice for use in early summer<br />
(WC page 13”).<br />
Pears are dwarfed by working on the quince. The Angers quince<br />
is the best stock. The ordinary orange quince and its kin generally<br />
make weak and short-lived trees. C$lince stocks are obtained from<br />
ordinaqr cllttings or from mound-layering, the latter method giving<br />
rn~~ch thrl l)tlttlbr stocks (see Quiuw). The layers should be removed<br />
tllc first autumn ; or, if they are not rooted then, they may be left a<br />
year longer, vhen they will be found to be well rooted, and may then<br />
be taken off, trimmed up and fitted to plant as stocks the following<br />
spring, and budded in August. Quince stocks are bought in Europe,<br />
whence they arrive in the fall. They are “ dressed ” and set in<br />
nursery rows the following spring, and the buds are set the first<br />
season. It is imperative to set. the bud as low as possible to secure<br />
trees that C;III easily be set deep enough to cover the union (4 to 6<br />
inches ~wlow the surface i:s the common depth of planting dwarf<br />
pears). Some varieties do not unite well with the quince, and if<br />
it is desired to dwarf them they should be double-worked (SW page<br />
US$. Some of the common and popular varieties that thrive<br />
directl>* on the quince (without double-working) are the follovGng :<br />
AngoulCme (Duchess), Anjou, Louise Bonne, Howell, White<br />
Doyennc (TYrgalicu), Manning Elizabeth, Lawrence. J’arieties<br />
that usually thrive better when double-worked are Clairgeilu,<br />
Bartlett, Seckel, and others.
THE NURSERY-LIST 385<br />
The pear can also be gro’wn on the apple, thorn and mountain<br />
ash. On the apple it is short-lived, although pear cions, set. in the top<br />
of an old apple tree, often bear large fruits for a few years. When<br />
pear stocks cannot be had, pears are sometimes xorkcd oil apple<br />
roots. If the cions are long they will emit roots, and when the apple<br />
nurse fails the pear becomes own-rootecl. Good dwarf trees are often<br />
reported on the thorn. The subject is little understood. The mnuntain<br />
ash is sometimes used for the purpose of growing pears on a<br />
sandy soil, but its use appears to be of little consequence. All these<br />
special stocks are of doubtful utility.<br />
Pears of the Le C’onte and Kieffer type are often grown from cuttings<br />
in the South. C.‘uttings are made of the recent mature growth,<br />
al)out a foot in length, and are planted in the open ground, after<br />
tllc mannt~r of long grape cuttings. Le Conte, Garber, Smith, and<br />
otflthr vcbry strong growers of the Chinese type, are probably best<br />
whtbn grown from cut t.ings. They soon overgrow French stocks, as<br />
also apple stocks, which ha-is been used to some extent ; but if long<br />
cionj are used, own-rooted trees are soon obtained, and the stock will<br />
have served a useful purpose in pushing the cion the first two or<br />
three years.<br />
.<br />
Pecan (Carya, or flicoria, Pecan). J~u&tndacecP. (C. A.<br />
Heed.)<br />
The species is propagated by seeds, varieties by budding and<br />
grafting. Xutg for planting should be gathered as soon as ripe,<br />
cured so as to rt’mo\‘( excess moisture, without drying, ana planted<br />
at once, or bettclr stratified or held in storage until spring. The<br />
soil should be a fertile loam, preferably underlain with a firm but<br />
not hard clay suljsoil, and moist without being wet. It should<br />
bt- well preparecl and the nuts planted about 3 inches deep, 8 t.o 10<br />
inches apart in the row and the rows 4 to fi feet apart. In the South,<br />
well-sclt~c*te(l nuts planted in *January should make seedlings fit<br />
for grafting in one to three years. Some of those grafted in one<br />
year shouhl be of sufficient size for transplanting to permanent<br />
orchart positions the following winter, or t.wo years after the nuts<br />
lvere plnntt4. Xs budding is performed only in summer, the earliest<br />
thut any of these s41ings ordinarily cxn 1~ user1 by this method is<br />
when eighteen months of age.<br />
The advantages of grafting over budding, or vice versa, are<br />
dependent more on the convenience and skill of the operator than<br />
on the method. In either case preferably the operation should be<br />
‘2(’
%I5 THE NURSERY-ilfANUi4L<br />
perFormed not less than 1S inIches above ground in order to avoid<br />
subsequent winter-injury to t.he smooth trunks forming above the<br />
point of union. Ol,\~iously crown- or root-grafts are most susceptible<br />
to this troublp. Trees worked low should be given a winter<br />
wrapping of wooden ireneer, heavy paper, burlap, or similar material<br />
for four to six years, or until the natural protklction of rough bark<br />
is developed. (‘ions of last year’s growth cut while dormant and<br />
held in storage mn)~ be used in early spring for grafting or to afford<br />
buds for early summrr budding. For late summer budding, budsticks<br />
may be cut from the earliest o,F the current season’s growth.<br />
In the South, root-grat’ting is usually performed from January to<br />
March; in the sorth from March to May, depending on weather<br />
and soil conditions. For nursery grafting the tongue-graft is most in<br />
use. With larger stocks, especially in top-working, the bark- or slipbark-graft<br />
givcls maximum results. Dormant budding in late<br />
winter or early spring is successful at the hands of skilled operators.<br />
Later budding rntq be b>- the annular or patch methods. Special<br />
tools haye been de\%ed for these method:: 1.1~~ which amateurs soon<br />
become successful. No matter what method may be employed in<br />
propagating thrh pc‘c:~n, subsequent care in unwrapping, rewrapping,<br />
removing the wrn pping, necessary shading, staking to prevent<br />
the new top from blowing out, pruning, guarding against insects,<br />
and the like, art’ qually important to initial operation.<br />
Propagation is ::omctimes accomplished by cuttings taken from<br />
the ends of soft growing roots. See H,ic?,~ry.<br />
Pelargonium (Geranium. Stork’s Bill). Geraniace~.<br />
Seeds, sown in light soil with mild heat, are sometimes employed.<br />
Commoniy increascrl by cuttings OF firm shoots, which grow readily<br />
(Figs. 119, 121). The common geraniums, for conservatory use,<br />
should be renewed from cuttings every Jrear. Cuttings of the zonal<br />
or “f&h” geraniums are mostly taken from stock plants grown in<br />
the open and lifted in autumn. The fancy or show geraniums are<br />
grown from cuttings taken after blooming, and sometimes from<br />
root-cuttings, but often will not come true. Geraniums can<br />
also be grafted, the named varieties bring worked on related stocks.<br />
(See page 16.5, Hcrbaceous Grafting.)<br />
Pelecyphora (Hatchet Cactus). CnctacecP.<br />
Handled by seeds in moderate heat, and by cuttings made of any<br />
small shoots that arise from the base. See also C~adi.
PLATE XL. Horse-help in the nursery. - Fitting the land for nursery stock.<br />
Digging by mule-power.
THE iWJfiYWRY--LIST 387<br />
Pell*a ((I7lift’ I off. Scecls may also be used.<br />
Pepper, Red or Cayenne (Capsicwm). ~~o~tr~~.crwcr.<br />
Jhiscvl fro111 sc~cvls;, sown olltcloors in a swd-M or in the North<br />
oftt~nt~r stt;rr-ttbtl in tlrcb Ilrlrls;c* in ~‘l~l,I*lli~~~r 01’ M;tr(*ll. For t.llt* pqqwr<br />
ot’ ~‘011111I~‘1’~‘~‘, St’{’ l’ipr.<br />
Perennials.<br />
\\‘flitt- iII’4’ lillO~V11 10 gi11’(1~‘11~‘1’$ ilS “ pW~‘~~lii~lS ” arc lwrbaceous<br />
plarrts t Iut li\.rb t Irrc~~ ~*cl:trs or fiwv. Of course? the shibs and<br />
tl’c*c5 :11’1’ l)~w~niri;rl (t Ilitt. is, ]~tb~ilI~l~ll!~l) l)llt t.llPy r2w take11 for<br />
g1*;111t(~(l i111(1 ;II‘(’ IISII~IIIJ’ IIO~. it1 miwl whr~rl J.wwnniaJs are ment<br />
ioilo(l.<br />
JXiillJ’ (11’ t I\(’ 116’1’1M4’(‘01IS ~N’~*~‘tlIliitlS J)r* cli\~icling t.1~ c~Juu~ps,<br />
StOOlS ill141 IlliltS. SIW(*iitl 01‘ n~~tn(d Vi1l.i&cY Illily bet grown fro111<br />
(*iI t tiilgs, :IS tlttfi SI~II~I~I(‘~ pcwnnkl pl~los~~s.<br />
&Jost OF the* 11t~~I)i1(*t~()l~s Jwwwials J
388 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
IWliSpurS, campanulus, achilleas, chrysanthemums, asters, heli-<br />
;mtl~usw, goldenrods, may be grown easily from seeds sown in the<br />
opc’n prouncl in spring. The plants should blooru the following<br />
year. Thta sowing may be where the plants are eventually to<br />
stand, but tllis I~~ZCI~S that the place will not be well utilized the<br />
first )-ear. It is usl~ally preferable to raise the seedlings in speciall~~<br />
prepnred l)eds and to transplant in autumn or spring to<br />
permanent quarters. Specially choice things should be handled<br />
in pots and currird over winter in a frame, particularly if somewhat<br />
tender to cold, heat and drought. Seeds of many early-blooming<br />
dry-fruited perennials germinate the same season, if planted<br />
when kpe, but spe&l care is often necessary to protect the young<br />
plants over winttbr so they may not get a strong foothold. Usually<br />
it is better to keep the seeds till the following spring. Seeds<br />
of many perennials, particularly those borne in fleshy capsules or<br />
bc’rrics, do not grow till they have pa3secl the winter’s frost, and<br />
sornc~ of the woods things will not germinate till the second spring.<br />
In long-WWOH climates, perennial seedlings may become so<br />
karge 1,~. fall, if started early in spring, as to make preparations<br />
for bloLm and thcrtl-ry so weaken themselves as to be liable to<br />
winter-injllr>.. TiGs is true specially of those that tend to take on a<br />
birnnirtl character.<br />
&Ian)* of tllr florist’s perennials are practically avmuals under the<br />
method of cultural under glass, with the continuous growth. This<br />
is true of tlitl c;~rnntioI~, the florist’s chrysanthemum, violets,<br />
fuchsius, geraniums, a.nd even of roses, counting the period from<br />
cutting to blooin. Even from seed, the epoch may be condensed<br />
into a )-ear, ils with tuberous begonias, gloxinias, cyclamens,<br />
calceolarias, lupines, primulas. In nature the line between perennials<br />
and plants of lesser duration is not always sharply drawn.<br />
See Uic~~ll~icds ;d ,llnll mls, pages 251, 231.<br />
IYith most herbaceous perennials, the best bloom is obtained<br />
with young plants ; after the second bloom (or sometimes even<br />
after the first) the plant may begin to fail or to become rootbound.<br />
Tl lere are many exceptions to this, when plants grow<br />
stronger and mow Aoriferous for a series of years, as lilies, crown<br />
imperial, peonies, dictamnus. Only by experience of oneself or<br />
others can one determine these difierences ; and the distinctions<br />
are likely to \-ary in different climates and soils.<br />
The practice of growing perennials from seeds should be encouraged.<br />
One knows a plant better and cares more for it if one
THE NURSERY-LISi! 389<br />
is responsible for the entire process from seed-time to harvest and<br />
death. The practice of buying perennials from nurserymen deprives<br />
the amateur of one of the choicest satisfactions in plantgrowing.<br />
To see young things coming up, to handle them with<br />
skill and patience, to provide the conditions they most require,<br />
to watch the result of a Fear’s good effort2 - all this is a part of<br />
good gardening.<br />
Pereskia (Barbados Gooseberry). C’ac/nccx~~<br />
Seeds when obtainable. Cuttings, as described under tact i.<br />
I’. acukatn is much ustIc as a stock for zJ.gocactus. Y. gra&$oZia<br />
id sometimes used for the same purpose, ai; it is fully as good as the<br />
other spec*ies. (‘uttings of I’. nclrlfda can by mark a foot or more in<br />
length, and of sllfIi&nt siztt for immediate use ; or the graft may be<br />
inserted when the cutting is made. See Ca,cti, page Xl.<br />
Perilla. Lnbiafn.<br />
Readily raised from SW&~ sown in t.1~~ opc~ when weather is<br />
warm. or started unrttlr glass and transplanted ; tends to become<br />
spontaneous.<br />
Periploca. rl,~flr~l,i~fflaff’tr.<br />
Increased mostly* by lq*c~rs or grccnwoocl cuttings under glass, in<br />
summer or autumn. Root-cuttings succeed. Seeds are also employed.<br />
Peristeria. Orch idacur.<br />
Increased by division or separat,ing the pseudobulbs, as growth<br />
commences. See Orrhids, pge 372.<br />
Peristrophe. ,4cnuflzncrw.<br />
Propagated b>- softwood cuttings taken at a,ny time and placed<br />
in a warm bed.<br />
Pernettya. Ericacvfx.<br />
Propagation is by seeds, or cutting5 of half-ripened wood in<br />
summer under glass ; also by layers and suckers.<br />
Persea. Lazmcece.<br />
Raised from seeds. For growing under glass, layers of ripened<br />
shoots may be made in autumn, or cutt,ings of firm shoots. See<br />
A‘cocndo.
390 1’lIlS N URSEIZ I’- MA N un Id<br />
Persimmon, Kaki (Diosp~~ros Kalii mti Il. uirgin,~iana.). I’:b~W1cH0t?.<br />
(Ii. 1-l. Hume.)<br />
Seeds of D. zirgithiam aud Il. I,ott,~s pkmtocl in the wint.cr in the<br />
lower South, or in early spring fart,hcr nortll., usually give stocks of<br />
sufficient, size for budding the first year ; or these same stocks may be<br />
whip- or cleft-grafted just. under the surface of the ground the<br />
following winter. I’ersimnions may also be bench-grafted on whole<br />
or piece roots. It is l)est to grow D. PirqiGrsua seedlings in closely<br />
planted seed-bed. s anal tr;Luspl;tut to nursery rows when one year<br />
old, thereby vastly improving their otherwise scaut root systems.<br />
They are there grown on for another season before being worked.<br />
D. rirgiuiana is the stock commonly used, but for clry or scbiui-srici<br />
ChateS, it),. LfJfllS is I~llldl tll(’ httcr. 11. ,t~irgitt,intt,fC ancl D.<br />
Lofts stocks are used both for the named or improved forms<br />
of I). rirgittian.a and for the k&i or ,Jnpanrse persimmon (1). I\Taki).<br />
For best results, when persimmons are propagated by shieldbudding,<br />
the buds should be cut long, and inserted either when the<br />
leaf-buds are breaking into growth in spring or dormant-budded<br />
just before the bark tightens on the stocks at the close of the<br />
season’s growth. For early spring work, dormant winter-buds are<br />
used. For top-working trees, the same methods of budding and<br />
grafting are successfully employed.<br />
Petdostemum (Prairie Clover). Lqpminos~.<br />
Propagated by seeds and division.<br />
Petasites. ComposifaF.<br />
Increased mostly by division ; also by seeds after the manner<br />
of other herbaceous perennials.<br />
Petrea. T -erbl;nacm.<br />
Propagated by shoot.-cuttings placed in brisk bottom heat ; by<br />
seeds where they mature.<br />
Petunia. Solanacc7.P.<br />
Raised from seeds, either indoors or started in the garden. Sometimes<br />
they self-sow. Choice and double varieties are often increased<br />
by cuttings, as for geraniums, which grow readily.<br />
Phacelia, Eutoca, kl’hitlavia. Ilydro~,h!llcl,cccr.<br />
The flower-garden annuals are increased by seeds, and the<br />
perennials by seeds and division.
THE NURSERY-LIST 391<br />
Phzdranthus. Il)igmziacm.<br />
Propagation as for bignonia, which see.<br />
Phaius. Clrch ir/acm?.<br />
lncreuscbd by division of the dormant pseudobulbs. See Orchi&.<br />
Phalaenopsis. O~~hidchclcar.<br />
The kinds of phalznopsi~ are very slow and difficult to propagate.<br />
In nlost of the SpecGs it can only be done when a lateral offshoot<br />
is TIM& i’rom the tnuiu stem. Some species, such as P. Lueddcmatzthtl(e,<br />
ant1 mortb rarely 1’. ntnabilis, P. Stuartia?zaand P. Schillcriana,<br />
clt~vt4op plantlets on the old flower-scapes. By pegging these down<br />
on ;I l)itsktbt of Inrringa, erroneously). Saxijragace@.<br />
l’~~~~X~~~tf3l 11). set~ls, la>x~rs, suckers and cuttings. CtMings Of<br />
Irut ur(’ \Voo(l itrt’ g~ii(*rallj~ ~~mplo>~ed. Some well-marked varieties,<br />
I i I;(1 \‘ar. tt (1 tt us of I’. wrotiuritc,s, are grown from cuttings of soft<br />
~00~1 in sunlmt’r in I’rarnt5.<br />
Phillyrea (.Jasllli!l~ lk~x. Mock Privet). O/HUWP.<br />
Mav be propagat~tf t)y seeds sown SOOIl after maturity, cuttings<br />
of ll:t’Z-ripctueil wood under glass in summer, layers, and by grafting<br />
on the privet (its on Ligusfrtm ocalifolium).
392 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Philodendrsn; il K!C~CF.<br />
Propagated 1,~. divicling the stems, allowing two or three joints<br />
to C:K~I piece, struck under glass ; also by seeds when they are<br />
obtainablth. Serb ,-1 ~~~W~~, page- 239.<br />
Phlomis. Labiuflr.<br />
Seeds usually grow readily ; cuttings of green wood may also be<br />
emploJ,ed ; tlivision of strong stools.<br />
Phlox. z’olmIo~/ itrr*cYu.<br />
TOW ~~nnlli~l~ art’ grown from seeds sown in the open or sometimes<br />
started in5iclch. ‘Rw pt~rennials are grown from seeds, divisions,<br />
cuttings Of SttLlllS iL!i(l lV)OtS. C’ut.tings made in summer, and handled<br />
in a frarnc~, (IO well. ‘1‘1~ roots are sonMinx cut into short pieces,<br />
ilIltl tll’v tllt’ll ll~lll~~llt?~l in pUlH Or flats llntler Cover. The showy<br />
sui~~mt~r-l~looi~~in~x~rrnnial pl~losc~s (of the I-‘. clvcussuta type) are<br />
g,pi’OWIi frm~ cutting,rs 01 side sl1oots in summer and also of stronger<br />
and more mature shoots.<br />
Phcenix. z+l~l IllUCi’u?.<br />
The ~pwies ~,PI‘OWII for ornament are generally increased by’<br />
suckers and sc~tls;, tllr seeds usually lx4ng imported. SW also Date.<br />
Phormium (New %t~iL1:~nd Flax). L~~~~ucvc~.<br />
Seeds sown in Ft~I,ru;tr~ will make good plants for bedding purposes<br />
the spring of tile follo\x-ing j’ear. Also increased by division of the<br />
crowns l~fore growth l+ns in spring.<br />
P’notinia. H~SCWCT.<br />
Propagiited by sec~cls and by cuttings of half-ripened wood under<br />
glass and by layers ; :~lso bq grafting on hawthorn or quince. The<br />
genus is now usuall>* defined separateiy from Eriobotrya ; seeLoqztat.<br />
Phragmopedilum (part of the group of greenhouse cypripediums).<br />
Orrh idurrw.<br />
Propagated lj)- rfivision and seeds. See. Qrrhitls, page 372.<br />
Phygelius. LIIcroph ~iltrriacr~,<br />
Propagated 1)~ seeds ; also by cuttings, taken from the late<br />
autumn shoots of outdoor plants, or from growths arising from<br />
stock plants.<br />
Phyllanthus. Z~liphorhiuc~xr.<br />
Propagated by cllttings of ripe shoots taken in August or before,<br />
which will root in sand if placed under a glass and in bottom heat.
THE NURSERY-LILST 393<br />
P. nii:oszr.s grows readi\)- from root-cutkings, I-‘. ncidus and P. Em-<br />
Mica may be grown from seeds ; the latter also by layers.<br />
Phymatodes. l’nl~~~~diwm.<br />
Spores and division. See Fmhs, page 312.<br />
Physalis (Ground or Winter Cherry. St,rawberry Tomato. Husk<br />
Tomato). Ic;@l~?l~cf'~.<br />
Propagated by se&, sown out,doors or under cover ; perennials<br />
by division of the rhizomes and soft cuttings.<br />
Physocarpus (Ninebark). Kj~scccc~~.<br />
Propagated hy harclwood or greenwood cut,tings and by seeds, as<br />
for spiraea.<br />
Physostegia. Labinfn.<br />
Division of strong c:iumps ma.y be made readily ; also grown from<br />
SW&, a,~ are other herbaceous perennials.<br />
Phyteuma. Cam pan dacm.<br />
Propagated freely by seeds, and division in spring.<br />
Phytolacca (Stoke. Poke), I’h~~to7afcacc~.<br />
Propagated by means of seeds, or by division of the thick roots,<br />
usually the former.<br />
Picea (Spruce). /‘iltnc’fff.<br />
Propagated l-):7 seeds, sometimes h~v layers, sometimes by grafts ;<br />
also by cuttings of recent. wood. Seedlings must be shaded the first<br />
year. The sp&es are easily grafted. P. cxcdsn (Norway spruce)<br />
or P. canadcnsis (rtlh~) makes a good stock ; the veneer-graft,<br />
under glass, in winter, succeeds better than any method of outdoor<br />
work practicable in our climate ; if t,he graft is inserted near the<br />
base in young plants, it is quite possible to obtain them on their<br />
own roots after a few transplantings, Side shoots can be used as<br />
cions, and if started in time will furnish good leaders ; sometimes a<br />
leader ,is developed more rapidly by bending the plant over at<br />
nearly a right angle, when a stout bud ma,y st,art from the stem.<br />
The balsam fir is- a.lso a good stock for flat-leaved species. See<br />
A him.<br />
Pieris. lhkY?E.<br />
Propagation by seeds and layers and the evergreen kinds by<br />
cuttings of almost, ripened wood in August under glms, kept
384 !i?HE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
o\-cr the winter in ;t cwoi grcenhousc. Sectilings art‘ handled much as<br />
are rl~odotlc~ndrons and similar things.<br />
Pilea (;\rtill(~r~ I’lant). Urti~mww.<br />
Increased 1’3’ st~~tls (whtkn availabk),<br />
commonly thta last.<br />
division and soft cuttings,<br />
Pimelia. ‘I’/1 j/111 hw’r ‘cr.<br />
Propagated I,>- c*uttings of half-ripenctl shoots iu Mar&, placed<br />
in mixture of loam, p6h;tt. and silvW sand, covered with glass, and<br />
kept in a temprratllrc~ of 55” to CO”.<br />
Pinanga. I’d~ll(lr’i’ct’.<br />
Prop:tgattd I))- irnporkl seeds. See Z’alws, p:tgr 377.<br />
Pine :<br />
Pill us.<br />
Pineapple (il Il~t?l(ts srrii/~&s). I~ro~lrrllianrlr~~. (I'. I-I. Rolfs.)<br />
Pinc~lpplc fruits as obtained on the mark rarely contain seed,<br />
but b>p hand-pollinatin, (r it is comparat.i~~~4y easy to produce an .<br />
abundwnct~ of seed. The only use that can lrc ndc of these seeds<br />
is in producing now ~ariet~ies. In this countryr, pincapplils arc rarely<br />
grown under glad for fruit, but specimclns art‘ sotnctimes found in<br />
botanical collections and there are stripe-leaved varieties grown for<br />
ornamt~nt. Tl 1c . m( * .l oor propagation is mostly by suckers or offsets<br />
from the base.<br />
The stock or trunk of the pineapplr, as the plant is grown cornmercially<br />
in sul,tropic;tl Iinitclcl Statcls, is usually spoken of as the<br />
“root ” and also as the “ stool.” This bears a bud in the asil of<br />
every leaf. Thy root proper of the pkcapple plant is a small fibrous<br />
organ and contains no buds. In commercial pineapple fields, from<br />
one to a large nurnbcr of buds sprout from the old stem after the<br />
fruit hilS been rcmovctl fro-m the plant. In local vernacular, these are<br />
spoken of as “ suckrrs.” In most va,ricties, the suckers are preferred<br />
for the settin, (r of new ‘fields. They are commonly set out<br />
when 3 to l-1 incltcs long. The bases are usuallq’ trimmed and the<br />
tops c11t lM!lL The suckers may he allowed to lit on the sand for<br />
dq3, or ~~v~ri VXY&, without serious damage. They start into<br />
growth more quickly, however, if set out promptly. Sometimes<br />
“ rattoons ” propagate the plant ; these are shoots arising from<br />
an underground part and developing a plant independently of the<br />
parent stock. Figs. 52-55.<br />
When the pineapple plant fruits, a stalk is produced varying in
‘I’ZIE N IJRSERY-1,187 395<br />
i :.<br />
1;;<br />
I,__<br />
lvngt!l with cliffvrcwt x1-i~rictics from :L Ecw itidies to 2 foot or cvcn<br />
Inow in lfq$h. Thr~ IGncapplc fruit. is borne at the summit of this<br />
stulk. At tlw lx15(* of tlw fruit ;L consih:d~lc number of small plants<br />
is producYd. ‘I‘l~st* iircl spoken of as “ slips.” IJsrmlly th.e pineapple<br />
fruits wm lw l)rol~n from the t.01) of t,hFl stalk after removing<br />
the slips. \Yl WIT tlww slips h;tvr~ grown. to 1~ S or 10 inches long,<br />
thq~ art’ rt~mo\x~O ;tn(l r*rlnsiclc~r~~cl as c~lual to suckers of the same<br />
sizt>.<br />
At t lw apes of thp fruit is a11 outgrowth spoken of as the “ crown.”<br />
‘Fhis c‘rown may 1x3 used For producing pineapples in the same way<br />
t 11a t ~;l~cqkcrs or slips ;IW t~mplo~4. I[n some varieties a considerable<br />
IIIIIII~HT of srryall plants ark around fhe crown ; at times these<br />
clt~\~t~lop into large c~nough plants to make it possible to set them in<br />
t I)(* ficbl(l. 7’1~~~. art‘ thtln called “ crown slips.” It is seldom that<br />
C’rown Slips iLIT usctl for connncrcial propagation.<br />
In C’;W of rare or high-priced pineapples, the old stools may be<br />
l~rcl ~~~ccc~sl’r~ll~~ for producing new plant,s. By removing the stools<br />
from tllcb grouml, trimming off the leaves and roots, these stools<br />
Illit>* lw pl;~(~~l in i\ horizontal position and covered with a small<br />
quantity of soil. In tltch course of a few weeks to several months,<br />
many of 111th l)u&i? one of which is in the asil of every leaf, will grow<br />
into pirwnppl~~ ~lli1lltS. These are removed from time to time, as<br />
theme ilrc‘ lilrgtt cnougll for t.r;tnsplanting. In greenhouses the same<br />
opcr;l tion IlltL>. 1 w c;lrriclcl out, sphagnum moss being substituted<br />
for tlitl soil. ( 'ill't'<br />
.<br />
shouhl 1~ ta,ken that the temperature of the<br />
pro~m~‘L -“(r*r*‘*x~y L I ‘b- 1 ,::yl, 1 ;rlrl- ,..,,tj fi1.q .,*.. or mtclnors7 clo(+ not. reach a high degree<br />
It slmultl not rwcl1 !)(I”, ilIlt it is preferable to keep it in the 80’s.<br />
PintqqArs 00 l)cst in tliosc> regions where the annual temperature is<br />
approsim:itclJ- 2”.<br />
IVnder fa\-oruble contlitions, pineapple plants will produce fruit<br />
in eightr>rtn to thirt>- months from the time the rooted plants are<br />
set out, \-ar>.ing with different \ytirieties. Red Spanish, which<br />
is rarely grown in the greenhouse, comes into bearing in<br />
about eiglltecn months under field conditions. Porto Rico and<br />
Smooth (‘aycnnt.a require somewhat longer time, usuall*v about.<br />
t hirt>- nion tbs.<br />
The pro(luc+ion of serdling pineapples may be described, although<br />
practiced only for the obtaining of new varieties. In<br />
Florida seeds arc rarely produced. This is becausr: there are<br />
no natural agcnoies for distributing the pollen. The fruit from<br />
the tropics, particularly from Panama, frequently contains viable
396 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
seeds. Hand-pollination and cross-fertilization produce a reasonable<br />
quantity of seed. The difi’crent v-arieties are readily crosspollinated,<br />
making it possible to secure an endless extent of variation<br />
within the limits of the different varieties. This seed can be<br />
germinated readily under greenhouse conditions. The method<br />
of handling the seeds is simple. They should be removed from the<br />
ripe fruit and plant,ed singly, preferably in thumb-pots, and plunged<br />
in well-drained beds. A sphagnum-moss covering may be used to<br />
maintain the moisture. As soon as the seeds have germinated, the<br />
moss may be removed and overhead watering discontinued. Half<br />
shade should be maintained. As soon as a sufficient growth has<br />
been ma&, the seedhngs may be shifted from time to time to larger<br />
pots. The seedlings are delicate and subject to damping-off,<br />
and other adverse e&ditions, but after they7 are four t,o six months<br />
old they become rather robust and no great care need be exercised.<br />
Over-watering is one of the most fruitful sources of failure with<br />
seedlings. The most precocious seedlings may come int.o bearing<br />
thirty months from the time the seed was planted. As soon as<br />
the seedlings come into fruiting, t.he multiplication is somewhat<br />
certain and rapid. T t varies greatly with different individual<br />
plants. Csually those that, produce the smallest and poorest<br />
fruits have the largest number of suckers and slips.<br />
Pinguicula (Butterwort) . I,rlM ibular~incf~ff.<br />
The species mostly seen in collections, P. caudata, is propagated<br />
easily by leaf-cuttings. The leaves are broken clean from the stem<br />
and ‘laid fiat in pans of sand protected by glass, the pan being placed<br />
in a tray of water. FYhen the roots have formed, the plants may be<br />
potted off. All the species may be grown from seeds when these are<br />
to be had.<br />
Pink : Carnation, D iazlthus.<br />
Pinus (Pine). P~innccxE.<br />
Seeds, wh.irh shculd be kept dry over winter, are commonly<br />
employed. These are often started in pots, but for most species they<br />
are sown in well-prepared beds outdoors. The seedlings must usually<br />
be shaded the first season. Varieties, as also species that do not<br />
produce seed freely, may be grafted on stocks of white or Austrian<br />
pine or other species. This grafting may be performed on the<br />
tips of growing shoots early in the season, but it is more often practiced<br />
on potted plants by the veneer method. Pzinus Strobus should be
.<br />
THE NURSERY-LIST 397<br />
used for the five-leaved species, and the Scotch or Austrian<br />
for three-leaved and two-leaved species.<br />
pine<br />
Piper (Pepper. Cubeb) . Fiyeracm.<br />
All pipers are increased by cuttings of the firm-growing shoots<br />
in sandy soil under glass ; also by seeds when they are to be had.<br />
Piqueria. Co m posifa?.<br />
The common Piperia trinervia (t.he &via, serrata of florists) is<br />
generally grown from cuttings, like fuchsias and carnations ; also<br />
by sods, 61&h are frt-e’l~~ produced, and by division.<br />
Pistacia. .-I rl ucu rd km.<br />
Propagated by seeds, cuttings and la>Fers. The pistachio-nut,<br />
pi~tnc~he, OI “ green :~lmon(l ” (P. .wra), is grnwn from seeds, which<br />
are planted where the trees are to stand. Named varieties of the<br />
pistache are often grafted on stocks of P. Terebinthus, or budded on<br />
t,hern or otller stocks in the nursery row. The best and most available<br />
stocks for this country a.re yet to be determined by longer<br />
trial.<br />
Pistia. A rcmv.<br />
Propagation is by runners, on which new plants are formed.<br />
see ,-I rmw, page 239.<br />
Pisum :<br />
Pm.<br />
Di+raiinin * .,“---cr. B ro !!diacPcp.<br />
Propagation as for billbergia, which seg,<br />
Pitcher--Plant :<br />
11’t~ptlrthus, Sarracmia.<br />
Pithecoctenium. Big?ror! iace@:<br />
propaga;;or1 as for bignonia, which see.<br />
Pittosporum. Pittosyorucr~.<br />
Propagated 1)~ studs sown in winter or early spring in ordinary -<br />
soil in ti cool gr~t~nhouse. and by cuttings of the growing or halfripe<br />
wood, 11 ntler glass. Grafting is sometimes practiced, P. undula-<br />
~UW btaing one of thtb best stock:;.<br />
Planera (\Yatclr-Elm). C.Trfimftw.<br />
Propagated by SW~S Sown soon after ripening in May ; also by<br />
layers, and by grafting on the elm.
398 THE NURSERY-MANtJAL<br />
Platanus (Plane-Tree. Buttonwood. Sycamore, improperly).<br />
1’lcltarlncl~cP.<br />
I’sually prop,,& 41 mated by seeds, sown in spring, slightly covered with<br />
earth and kept moist and shaded, but layers, ripe-wood cuttings<br />
and greenwood cuttings under glass in ,June taken with a heel may<br />
be employed. I7arieties may be h vafted in spring on seedlings<br />
of one of the species.<br />
Platycerium ( Stag’+Horn Fern). T’r,l,q~0cl~iaCtW.<br />
Propagation ehiefly~ by division ; sometimes by spores. See Fcn2.s.<br />
Platychis. Owh idnc'rw.<br />
I’ropagatcYl IQ FicIcA-growths from the old pseudobulbs. When<br />
no nnttrr;iI I)retlk occurs, the plants may often be induced to break<br />
1)~. slightly twisting, or notchin, (F the rhizome with a sharp knife.<br />
See Orchids, page 32.<br />
Platycodon, \YahIcnI~crgia. C’n,,lz~nnulu~r?cr.<br />
Propagatd 1,) sc~ls, and old plaints I,y division in spring if care<br />
is taken wit]: tllr flev from fresh well-ripened seeds. The pits or<br />
stones should I)e remo\*ed from the pulp tind then stratified until<br />
spring. If thcb>* are allowed to freeze-•, tllc b germination will be more<br />
uniform, a5 tltc pits will be more easil). optn:vI I)y thcl swelling<br />
enibr~*o. Plum pits are rarely cracked 1))~ hand. The strong-growing<br />
species and \*arietic5, cspeciaII~* southwarrls, will give stocks strong<br />
enough to iburl thrh first season ,- but the we&r ones must stand<br />
untii the nest season after the seccls ;tre planted. In all tile northern<br />
states, howe\*tT, I)lum pits arc’ usually sown in seetl-be&, in t,hc<br />
SlffllC way as apple and pcxr scvYls. The set-bcllings arc’ taken up in<br />
the fall, and tlie following sprin, (7.<br />
wt out in nurser)’ rows, wlierc~ they<br />
arc” !miidtvI in :‘itigrr?;t.<br />
1’1uii15 are c~stensi\x~I,~ r, vown from suc’liers, which spring in great<br />
numbers frorr~ the roots of man>’ species. In France tllis method of<br />
propaga.tion 1. ‘s Iargely used. $0 long as graftagc does not intervene,
Tl1E N CJRSERI’--LIST 399<br />
the\ sprlxlfs will rtq)ro(l~~~~~ the variety ; and even in grafted or<br />
I)~ltlclc~l tr’tybs this sol~~~tin~\s tx’(*11rs, Ijut it. is proI,abIy because the<br />
trccl has I~oinc~ own-rootclcl from t Iicrooting of the cion. It is a cornman<br />
notion that trees grown frox11 SI~&C~S sprout or sucker worse<br />
tlxln those grown from steels.<br />
La ;,-t; I’S ;I 13 ;lI.+) sometinltts c~~ploy~l for the propagation of the<br />
pl11w. Strt)np slools arc’ grown, antI thcl long :knd strong shoots are<br />
(‘o\xm’ii ill S;IWi~l, (p t lrrnugllr)llt tllrtir I~~rigth -the tips only being ex-<br />
1~~4~1 ----;I ntl (x\-tbrJ* 1)1~1 LviII protluc’c~ II plant. Strong shoots of vigor-<br />
011s sorts xvii1 givtl I>Iilllts large t~norlgh the first. fall to be removed<br />
illto n11rstq* roW. ,1Iounc!-l:~~cring is also enlplo)ved with good re-<br />
SllhS.<br />
It001 -(ai&tirlgs;, 11;1nt!l~~(I liktb tllostb of I~lackl~erry, grow readily, but<br />
SOIIIC’ gro\~~‘r,i ;il~I~I)o~t* tililt they protlllctl trr‘t’s which sucker badI,;-.<br />
31;1n~- 1)1~1ns grow rt>;lrIiI>. from cuttings of t.he mature recent wood,<br />
tIXbiktcd tile s111w it’; long grape cuttings. This is especially true of<br />
thc~ 3I;~rianna (x!lir:h is a form of m~robalan, or a hybrid of it and<br />
sonlt nati\-c plum of the 1YiIc-l Goose type), which is grown almost<br />
exr~?Wi~*r~l~- from cuttings. Some kind.- of the common garden plum<br />
(I’. c!u~r~i~,Yf~(Atl 1 ilIc;o grow from ciltfings.<br />
I’lunls arr worketl in \*arious ways, but, ordinary shield-budding<br />
is 1lSIli~ll~~ t~lllplO~~eCi in latr i summer or carI>r fall, as for peaches and<br />
cherrit~~. Root-grafting I)>- the common whip method is sometimes<br />
~~mplo~ctl, t~~~>c~~~i;lIl>* whthn own-rootctl trees are desired. In the<br />
Xortll ;~nci kht, tlw common pl,um (P. dowcsticn) is worked on<br />
stocks of tile same sprcios, and t,hese xre always to be preferred.<br />
These stocks. if set~dlings, are likely to I:)e very variable in size and<br />
hal)it, and sometimes half or more of any batch, even from selected<br />
st4s;, are pr:1c+c;\Ilj- worthless. Stocks from inferior or constant<br />
varictit3 arc2 tlx~ri~forc, t5cntit~I. Such stocks are largely imported ;<br />
Ijut. sonata Yrrrictic 5 Ci\ll Iw relied on in this count.ry. One of the<br />
best of thtbsp tlotn~lstit: stocks is the Horse plum, a small and purplefruitctl<br />
\.itritlt>* of P~UU~US (/o!~~C~sfirn, which gives very uniform seedlings.<br />
TIlLi is soni~tinl~s used in New York. It is simply a sponta-<br />
WOII~ or wiltling plurrl, in thicket,s and along roadsides. The French<br />
stocks in lrloit ctmnlon use are St. ,JuIien and Black Dama.s. The<br />
myroMan ( I’. ~nsi:;~), however, is chiefly used for plums,<br />
bt~use of its cIl~~aI~I~t*ss and t.he readiness with which all varieties<br />
tab on it. In Iarg~ nurstlry centers it is the prevailing stock. In the<br />
coltl~r rqion5, 1’. CIWP~‘~CW~~ stocks are used. The peach is often<br />
used as a pli~in stocl C, and it is valuable in the South, especially for
400 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
light soils. In the North plum stocks are better. Marianna is used<br />
southwards, very likely too freely. Almond stocks, especially for<br />
the French prune and for light soils, are considerably used in<br />
California. The apricot is sometimes employed, but results appear<br />
to be poor or indifferent., on the whole. Prunes, which are varieties<br />
of plums, thrive on the above stocks also.<br />
Various stocks dwarf the plum. The chief dwarf stock at present<br />
is the myrobalan. This is imported. It is easily grown from seeds,<br />
or sometimes from cuttings. Although the myrobalan, like the<br />
mahaleh cherry, is a slow grower, the dwarfing of the top depends<br />
more on subsequent pruning than on the root. The mirabelle (a<br />
form of P. cera$‘~~a), a foreign stock, is sometimes used. The<br />
many species 0 nat.ive plums, OF the Prwhus amf~ricaruz, P. iWunsonCm~~<br />
and P. anguati~dia (Chickasaw) types, are good stocks for<br />
dwarf or intermediate trees. In most cases, the: bud or graft grows<br />
lusuriant.ly for two or three years, and thereafter rather slowly.<br />
It is best to bud or graft low on these stocks. Unless the tops are<br />
freely and persistently headed in, however, dwarf plum trees are<br />
not secured. The only exception to this statement seems to be in<br />
the use of the native dwarf cherry st,ocks (Pm~~.us ~~,~m.iZa and P.<br />
H~ssqZ’), which have been used in an experiment.al way with much<br />
promise.<br />
The native or American plums are budded on native seedlings, or<br />
rarely on Prunus domestica seedlings ; or they are grown from<br />
cuttings, as in tbc case of Marianna.<br />
The Japanese plums (Prwnus snli&rm, formerly called P. tr$ora)<br />
are worked on peach, common plum, natives, or Marianna. Peach<br />
and Marianna are mostly used, but seedlings of the Japanese kinds<br />
should be preferable. Peach is probably preferable t,o Marianna.<br />
Prwus Si~oGi works on peach, common plum, myrobalan and<br />
lHarianna, chiefly on the first.<br />
The ornamental plums are worked on the same stocks as the<br />
fruit-bearing sorts. See Pr~rnu~.<br />
Plums (like cherries) can be top-grafted the same as apples, but<br />
the cions must be kept completely dormant. It is preferable to<br />
graft very early in the spring.<br />
Plumbago (Eeadwort). Plum baginacece.<br />
Propagated by seeds, division and cuttings. The cuttings are<br />
made from nearly mature wood, taken either in autumn from plants<br />
growing in the open or in the spring from stock plants.
THE NURSERY-LIST 401<br />
Plumeria. *4pOf?~/llMWP.<br />
Propagated by cuttings, under glass, usually taken in February<br />
or March.<br />
Podocarpus. Tascrwcr.<br />
Grown from cuttings of firm wood under cover ; also from seeds ;<br />
sometimes grafted on the related species.<br />
Podolepis. C’o ~1 ~~sitca.<br />
Raised from seed, either in April under glass or later outdoors.<br />
Poinciana. Lty I! 111 iuoscp.<br />
Propagated by seeds.<br />
Poinsettia (l
I 402<br />
THE NURSERY-MANlJAL<br />
Polypodium (Polo-potly). P~~l!lpodincr~a~.<br />
Propagation 1)~ tlivision usually. See Ferns, page 312.<br />
Polyscias. A ~zlifrcvcr.<br />
To this genus are now referred many of the glasshouse plants<br />
commonly known as aralias, others goin, (r to tlic genus IXz~gotheca,<br />
They Jo not, svcd untler cultivation. Propag:ate(l 1)~ cut,tings, eyes,<br />
pieces of the root an(l grafts, usually 1)~ cut t.ings of firn~ ~00~1. The<br />
cleft or wetlge metho& of grafting are usuallyv empltm~ed ; they must<br />
be 1;rpt in a night temperature of not lvss than TO”, in a tight moist<br />
case. Ejvcuttings should be place~l in l)risk heat in a yropagating-<br />
1x31. If the olcl stools are put in hottom heat, they will throw out<br />
cuttings which Illil)- l)tb rernovv(l with a ht~t~l ant1 star&cl in heat.<br />
Polystichum. Pol~~~~rrtlicrrt~.<br />
Propa~atetl 1)~. spore+, or 11~ pinning clown the froncls on porous<br />
surface until small hurls are rootecl, then clctaclie~l.<br />
Pomegranate ( I’UH ictr Grflztlcrf 111~). Putr icww2.<br />
Multiplied largely 1)~ seeds, anal all varieties are increased by<br />
hartlwood cuttings planted in open grouilrl during IMruarY, b->y<br />
softwooiI cuttings in ~umrner, suckers, layers, anti scarce kinds<br />
by grafting on il common sort.<br />
Poncirus (coninlonl~~ known as ‘C~itms tr~~olirr~frr). l~~dcrrrcr.<br />
Propagatecl t,>, s~ls. SW? Citrus ilnd OrtlHp~.<br />
POpUlUS (POplilr. LIS~)(‘Il. ~‘~~ttOIl~VO~~~1). SCll;Ctrrl’CP.<br />
liaisvcl from sc~l >, % SOW11 21s SOD11 i1S rip’\ i ~ncl ral;ctl in, on light soil.<br />
Suckers art- ;!lso rist~l. A\rlost often in(*rv:i.sc~(l 1)~ (vitting< of’ripe woo&<br />
taken in fall antI spring, as for willows. Thck wcq’ing forms arc?<br />
stock-graft4 on upright sorts, iLS 011 I’. (~~fl~tldifiC’~l ttltfl,.<br />
Portulaca i,I’UlYlittN~. Rose Moss). I’nrfrrI~~mrr@.<br />
The annuals arv rakvl from scxvl. Varitht it5 arc soinct iines<br />
propagatecl 1)~ cllttings. The common rose moss (I’. cpwrrrliJ(orn) is<br />
grown from scd ;iown where the ?3lilntS ilrt’ to t)loOlll.<br />
Potato (Si~lrr~r )I>?) fuhvros~,~ m). Soln~~crwa~.<br />
I’ropngat~vl 1)~. t u1)(irs, either wllol~h or ixriouUSlIt~lS Of tlll)(~l.S are rtquirvtl t0 iJl;lllt ill1 iIc’W, (IepC’lldiKl~ 011<br />
how tl~t~~ arc
THE *iVURSERY--LIST 403<br />
slioultl pl*otluce full-sized tubers. Potatoes are grown from seed only<br />
for the procluction of now varieties. Potatoes may be grown from<br />
stem-cuttings, tiLk(hn ils for geraniums. The cutting will produce<br />
one or more small tubers underground, and these may be grown<br />
tlic same as the small tubers raised from :iocds, but new varieties<br />
art not produced this way. Figs. 101, 102.<br />
If thrb seed is sown J)y April 1 following maturity, in a hotbed<br />
or prccnhorise , and pricked out or potted OR when the first true leaf<br />
is dc‘vt~lopecl, and transplanted to the open field in the latter part of<br />
AIay or early .June, ma,ny of the seedlings will produce Pull-sized<br />
tiil~t~rs tllch first season, tlierr4~y saving at least one year’s time as it<br />
is t htbn possibk to detcrminc whethrr they are promising or not. --<br />
II 'illirr m Stictirf.<br />
Potentilla (cl inquefoil. Five-Finger). I’(osn~ce.<br />
PIW~i~~~ttYl by seeds, layers, division, rarely by green cuttings.<br />
Pothos. L4 rtrcecr.<br />
Propagation a9 for pliilodentlron,<br />
1,y dividing the rooting stems.<br />
Primula, Pol~~nnthus (Primrose. (‘owslip). I’ritrlltlnwa~.<br />
Grolvn Prom set&, sown carefully in very fine soil, under glass.<br />
Thtby rllia~- 1~ sown in Ft~brllar>~ in pans or flats in a mixture of loam,<br />
leikf-lllt>ltl allcl Sii~Iltl, ~~liL~‘t’~l in a WiLlVn greenhouse. Seeds may also<br />
1x1 sown ii1 iL col(lfr:l.rrlc? in April or 3IiLy. The seeds should bc fresh ;<br />
Oltl OIlc’S OftchIl litb ~lOl.ltlilIlt iL ytl:lr. RIiLIly har(ly kinds are increased<br />
bar (Ii\-Lion, in Scpt~~mt)t~r. Set-1 ,,I uricaulrr.<br />
Pritchardia. I’d III~~.<br />
Grown from iniporttitl stbtbds. See I’tllIrrs, page 377.<br />
Protea.<br />
I’ropa~att4<br />
Profrwfw.<br />
by iniportc4 sectis.<br />
Prune ( 1’1’~~ 11.3 iJorrrr3fic~rr). lCoscmw.<br />
I’runcs itrt’ plLIll~S. Tiie commt~rcial product is a driQd plum.<br />
Propagation iri all ways as for otlirlr kinds of plums.<br />
Prunus (;\l!nonil. Apricot . ClitW>v. Pcacll. Plum). I10sWrW.<br />
The d\v;lrC iilnl(,*l(l5 (A\I1lJ*~tli~,lllS) iLI’C’ increased by SNdS, division,<br />
cuttings, and by l~uddin, (7 on seedling plum or pea.ch stocks ; also by<br />
root-cuatings. PWc4n stock 3 gi\:tb lurgcr trees at first than plum<br />
stocks, lkut thcb trees arc’ not so long-lived. Perhaps ten years may be<br />
considered the average life of most ornamental almonds upon the
THE<br />
NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
peach, while on the plum they may persist twenty-five years or<br />
more. See Almoll,d.<br />
The ornamental cherries, peaches, and the like, are propagated<br />
in essentially the same wa,y as the fruit-bearing varieties. P. Lauro-<br />
W~CCSU.S and P. IvsitanGx, the cherry laurel and Portugal laurel,<br />
may be propagated by short cuttings of ripened wood, in a cool<br />
greenhouse in autumn. P. Pkardii propagates by cuttings of the<br />
soft wood and, with more difficulty, from cuttings of dormant wood.<br />
Soft cuttings succeed well with many of the double-flowering plums<br />
and cherries, if the wood is grown under glass. See Apricot, Cherry,<br />
Pench, Plum.<br />
Pseuderanthemum. Acanthac~~.<br />
Propagated by greenwood cuttings any time from March to<br />
(J u nc . To this genus are now referred the plants commonly known<br />
as Eranthemum.<br />
Pseudolarix (Golden Larch). Enaceae.<br />
Should be raised only from seeds ; if grafted on its own roots<br />
or on common larch, it rarely grows into a symmetrical tree.<br />
Pseudotsuga. Pimcm.<br />
Propagated by seeds, as for abies and pinus ; varieties may be<br />
grafted on the type.<br />
Psidium : G’uaza.<br />
Psoralea. Lqzl n&osce.<br />
Propagated by seeds, divisions and cuttings of growing shoots<br />
under glass. The tuberiferous species, as the “ pomme blanche ” or<br />
Indian potato (63. escuknia), are increased by the tubers or divisions<br />
of them.<br />
Ptelea (Hop Tree). Rutace@.<br />
Multiplied by setlds, sown in autumn or stratified, and also by<br />
layers. The varieties may be grafted on the common forms in spring<br />
under glass or budded in summer on seedlings of the type.<br />
Pteris (Brake. Bracken). Polypod,iacet-e.<br />
Easily grown from spores and by division of the rhizomes.<br />
Ferns, page 312.<br />
Pterocarya. Jugla~~.dace~.<br />
Handled by seeds sown in autumn or stratified,<br />
qnd layers.<br />
See<br />
and by suckers
THE NlJRSERY-LIST 405<br />
Pterostyrax. SQPncncflcr.<br />
Prop:lg:1 ted 1)). seeds, layers, and greenwood cuttings under glass.<br />
Ptychosperma : II -1 rchnn io&mi.r.<br />
Pueraria. Legum 1 Il0.w.<br />
Propagated by seeds when procurable, division of the roots, and<br />
cuttings. The kudzu vine (P. hirsute, known in the trade a,s P.<br />
Thurrbcrgiana and Dolichos jnpokw) grows readily from seed and<br />
may be multiplied by division of the great root.<br />
Pumpkin ((~“ucurbita, three species). Cucurb~itactlcr.<br />
Propaga,ted by seeds, when the weather is settled; frost-tender.<br />
Pwnica :<br />
Pomegran-ntr.<br />
Puschkinia, Xdamsia. Liliacccr.<br />
Propagation by bulbels and seeds.<br />
Puya. Bro 1)) eliacm.<br />
Propagation as for billbergia, which see.<br />
Pyracantha (often included in (-‘rataqus). Rosacece.<br />
Propaga,ted by seed: ci, by cuttings of ripened wood in fall under<br />
glass, kept in winter in a temperate greenhouse, by layers, and by<br />
grafting on hawthorn or cotoneaster. Seeds should be treated as for<br />
crataegus and may not, germinate the first year.<br />
Pyrethrum. Coiupoaitrr.<br />
The pyrethrums are chrysanthemums aud are propaga.ted as are<br />
other cultivated members of that genus, by seeds and cuttings.<br />
The common garden pyrethrums grow readily from seeds, blooming<br />
the second year or sometimes the first year if started early under<br />
ghass. Increased also by division.<br />
PyroZa (Shin Leaf. Wintergreen). Pyrolace~.<br />
Multiplied by division ; very rarely from seeds and with difficulty.<br />
Pyrostegia (Bign.o~ein renusta) . Bignoniacele.<br />
Propagation by seeds and cuttings as for bignonia, which see.<br />
Pyrus (Apple. Pear). Rosacea?.<br />
The ornamental species and varieties of apples and crabs are<br />
budded or grafted on common apple seedling stocks. La.yers and<br />
green cuttings are occasionally employed for various species and<br />
varieties of Pyrus. See also Apply, Pca.r. It is a good plan to obtain
St(WtiS :IS ilWl’1)’ rt’lil tO
THE NunSER~‘-LIST 407<br />
the greater part of them from the latter, but seeds are occasionally<br />
t~tnplo~LYl. Tl WS(~ stocks are two years old when imported, having<br />
lien trimsplantetl tile first year from the cutting-bed or the stoolyarcl.<br />
To secure extra strong plant,s and a uniform stand, some<br />
growers graft quince cut.tings on pieces of apple or pear roots. In<br />
SiiCll (‘ik%‘S tlic l>liLIltS sllould lx! taken Up in the fall, when the quince<br />
will 1x1 founcl to IMYC~ scbnt out roots of its own ; the apple sprouts (or<br />
(~~,.vII tllcb cbntircb root 1 should be removed, and the quince replanted<br />
tllcb I’ollowiIrg spring ill tile nursery row, otherwise suckers frequently<br />
spring frolii tlltb stock ;~nti interfere with the growth of the quince.<br />
‘l’llc union is sufficient to nurse the cion for two or three years.<br />
TIM\ fioxt~ring or .Jap:mrse quince (Chc~~~~onzeZes Zagerwria) is best<br />
j)rop:l.j2~tc~(l I))- sllort i,or)t,-cluttings, which are usually marle in the<br />
t’:lll, alit1 sc;tttcbrt*(.l in drills in frames or in a well-prepared border in<br />
sl)riilg. C ‘tit tiugs of firm, ncbar.l?- mature wood, handled in frames,<br />
[vi\1 grow, I)rlt tht~~~ XIV not. oft,en used. The double varieties are<br />
root-grafttx(l on mmmo1~ stocks of C. Iagma~ia in winter. The plants<br />
;trt* then grown on iu pots. (‘ommon quince (C$cn’on,ia oblonga) stocks<br />
;I IY' c~clIasinnal1~ ustitl, ibut they arc not in favor. The C’hinese quince<br />
(('hw~rowc~lr~s sirrv)rsix) is worke(l on tlw (wIn111on quince.<br />
Quisqualis. co tt1 hlhlccYr.<br />
Pl3~~~~~ilt~Vl 1.)). s;o~t~Voorl cuttings in sancl with<br />
SCYYlS ~Vllt*Il OlJtiliIlill)l~‘.<br />
hottom heat ; by<br />
ItikiSCYl from sculls, usuall?~ sown whrhrcl the plants are to grow.<br />
In fOr(‘il-r[-C-llo~lst’s, tllch j*oung s(~(~tllings art‘ ofttln t,ransplanted into<br />
tlw 1rcdL<br />
Ramondia. (:r’.\‘~~,‘~‘;(tl’r’(l’.<br />
Incrwst3l 1)). st~cvls in spring, or old pl;lnts 1~3' division.<br />
Rampion (~C’rrwj.~tt~ rrlfr l~tr~)rcrr(lrrl~ts). C/u r,c~‘ct~r,~rltrtr~cr.<br />
Chrnw frolll swds, sown \vlrerth tllcb plants arc to stand ; good<br />
roots ;~r(’ ol)t:litit\cl t llt~b soc~ond >‘c%l., :&hough if early sown it may<br />
1’1111 to scvd the first J.(‘;ir.<br />
Pandia. I~t~l~~wvcr~.<br />
C’uttings of thr young shoots in spring in sandy soil in heat.
408 THE NURSERY-MARrUAL<br />
.<br />
Ranunculus (Rut tercup. Crowfoot). H~PWWU~CLC~Q.<br />
Propagated by seeds, and by division of the plants in spring.<br />
The thick-rooted species are propagated by the natural division<br />
of the tuberous parts. After flowering and the herbage dies down,<br />
the tuberous roots may be taken up, dried, and kept cool and dry<br />
until spring ; or the plants may be left in the ground where the<br />
winters are not too 5evere.<br />
Raphia. PCilUl clrl’rp.<br />
Propagated by seeds. See Pa.l,ms, page 377.<br />
Raspberry (,R~ztbus st~it~osus, K. ocride~ltal,is, etc.). Rosacea?.<br />
New varieties are originat.ed from seeds, which are washed from<br />
the pulp md sown immediately, or stratified. Bearing plants should<br />
be had the second growing season, or perhaps the third season far<br />
1N0rt11.<br />
The black-cap varieties are grown mostly from root-tips, as<br />
described on page ‘il. If the ground is loose and mellow, the tips<br />
will commonly take root themselves, but on hard ground the tip<br />
rrl;l; have to be held in place by a stone or clod. Some strong-growing<br />
varicxties, as the Gregg, especially in windy localities, have to<br />
be hetd down. Comme&ial growers commonly bury the tips in<br />
early fall. Blackcaps may also be propagated by layers and by<br />
root-cuttings. These cuttings are best handled in warm coldframes<br />
or mild hotbeds, being planted very early in spring. By the time<br />
the weather is settled, they will be large enough to plant in nursery<br />
rows.<br />
The red varieties increase rapidly by means of suckers which<br />
spring from the roots. Better plants are obtained by means of<br />
root-cuttings, however, as described under blackberry (see also<br />
Fig. lo:* set&, cuttings of strong shoots in heat and<br />
divisions of old plants.<br />
Reseda : ilI itJ~lOllt.!tt~.
THE NURSERY-LAST 409<br />
Retinospora, species of Chamaecyparis and Thuja (Japanese Arbor-<br />
Vitae). Pinace@.<br />
The retinosporas do not constitute a distinct group of plants, but<br />
are juvenile forms in other genera. They are grown sometimes from<br />
seeds, which should be denuded of pulp. Layers of tender branches<br />
are sometimes employed. Most commonly grown from cuttings.<br />
These are made from tips of growing or ripened shoots, and are 2 or<br />
3 inches long, with all the leaves left on. They are usually, from<br />
necessity, variously branched. The soft cuttings are usually taken<br />
from forced plants, and are handled in a close frame or under a bellglass,<br />
with bottom heat. In commercial establishments the cuttings<br />
of ripe wood are preferred. Following is the practice of one of the<br />
oldest nurseries in the country : Cuttings of the entire season’s<br />
growth, cut to a heel, are taken in October and November, and are<br />
placed in sand in boxes in gentle heat, as in a propagating-house. By<br />
February the roots will be formed, and the boxes are then placed<br />
in a cool house where the temperature is about 5r)*. Early in spring<br />
(about April 1st) the boxes are placed outdoors in coldframes, where<br />
they remain until May, until frost is over. The boxes are then<br />
removed from the frames and are set on boards in a shady place,<br />
where they are left until fall. In the fall - having been nearly a<br />
year in the boxes - the plants are shaken out and are heeled-in in a<br />
cellar. The next spring they are planted out in beds, and during the<br />
following summer and winter they are given some protection from<br />
sun and cold. Yews and arbor-vitaes are handled in the same way.<br />
Usually the retinosporas propagate easily from cuttings taken in<br />
autumn if given shade ; good-sized pieces root in ordinary soil.<br />
Retinosporas are often grafted on retinospora or common arborv&e<br />
stocks. This operation is usually performed on potted plants<br />
in winter by the veneer method.<br />
Rhamnus (Buckthorn). Rhamnacea?.<br />
The hardy kinds may be increased by means of seeds or by layers.<br />
The greenhouse species may be multiplied by cuttings of growing<br />
parts in summer. Seeds should be stratified or sown in fall. R.arer<br />
kinds are sometimes grafted on related species, R. Fravyula and R.<br />
cathartica being mostly used as stocks.<br />
Rhapis. Pulm acfm.<br />
Propagated by suckers which are produced freely, or by imported<br />
seeds. See Palms, page 3?7.
410 THE N URSERY-M.4 N UA L<br />
Rheum (Rhubarb. Pi+Plant. FVine-!‘lant) . Po!j/~oan.cea?.<br />
Propa.gat& by seeds and by divixion. Each division should<br />
contain at kast one l)utl or eye, with as much rhizome and root as<br />
pos~il)lc. S;CW~S 1k1:i~v 1~ sown where the plants are to stand, but will<br />
not rr~protfucc thcb varieties, and three years are required for the<br />
plants to mature.<br />
Rhipsalis. C’wfmw.<br />
Cuttings, after having been dried a few days, should be inserted<br />
in coarse ~8 nd. See C’rtrf i, page 261.<br />
Rhododendron. ~~~im-~w.<br />
Seccl~ ;Iro 1:1rgt~l>~ employed, but t,hey arr small and light, and<br />
mlist 1~ carcfull\V handled. They arc sown in spring in pans or<br />
l)osr~ in :i soil of sand>r peat, care being taken to cover them very<br />
lightl>* ilntl not to tli$lodFe them when applying water. They are<br />
h:1n(lk~l in coldframes or m a cool house, and the young plants must<br />
1~) sllitded. The plants arc commonly allowed to remain a year in<br />
tlw hoses.<br />
‘1’1~~ seeds should 1~ sown in prepared boxes, half filled wit,h<br />
rcwks or ashes, on which is placed a mixture of petit, leaf soil and<br />
sikrl(l ; on top place a thin layer, about. one-eighth inch, of finely sifted<br />
moss. ‘It-ater well and sow the seed on the top of the moss. If<br />
kept shaclc~l and tilcb moss never allowed to become dry, the seeds<br />
gerrnin;tte readil>r in almut five weeks. Sown ttie third week in<br />
,Ji~nu:lr~ t\ley art’ rt~il(l>~ to transplant in a peaty mixture b)- June.<br />
‘l’ran~plant :~bout one inch apart in boxes four inches deep, with a<br />
slight, (fritinage at the bottom. These plants will be ready to<br />
plant out-of-doors in frames the following May. Three inches of<br />
grojvth are obtained with some species eight months after the<br />
scerl i5 ~owti.<br />
Low-growing plants are often layered. Cuttings of growing wood,<br />
cut to :I heel, art’ sometimes employed, being made in summer and<br />
handlccl in a fralile, but the percentage of rooted plants is oftensmall.<br />
Khoclodentlrons ;irc extensively grafted, the veneer method being<br />
most u~ci. Ti ~1 operation is performed on potted plants in late<br />
sunlnlt’r or earl?- fall, or sometimes in a cool house in early spring.<br />
1Iost of thcb k;t~x~~ are allowed to remain on the cion. The plants are<br />
then l~li~c~~(l in tlr~~c~ly shaded cool frames (Fig. 4’3, and are nearly<br />
covtlrc(l with sphagnum. J’arious stocks are cmplo)Ted, but for<br />
se\-c’rc’ clinlatc::< thch hardy species, like I?. crrtn&ir~r and R. mct.&<br />
31u1)2, are probably best. I(. po~~fic2m is extensively used in Europe,
hut, it is not.. hardy t7lol~gll for th t: North,<br />
planted deep, SW iLlSO :1 xzhz.<br />
THE NtJR,SERY--LIST 411<br />
unless worked low and<br />
Rhodotypos. f~w~wi~~~.<br />
Propagated 1,)~ SWIS, by greenwood cuttings under glass i.n early<br />
summer, C 2nd by hardwood cuttings.<br />
Rhubarb :<br />
l-ihvrr III.<br />
E&us (Sumac). :I Irtrrw rt/lcr.c’rrr.<br />
Propnpat~~l 1,~ sculls sown in fall or stratified, layers, suckers,<br />
root-cuttings anal (*uttings of green or ripe wood. Suckers are<br />
gcnerall y usta( 1.<br />
Rhynchospermum : 7’~rri,h,11n,sl)c~~~~~,rb,,,..<br />
Ribes (I:urnrnt . . Src,r
412 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Rochea. Crassulaccc.<br />
Increased by cuttings taken in March,<br />
a night temperature of about. +50°.<br />
Rodgersia.<br />
Multiplied<br />
placed in sandy peat in<br />
Saaij’ragnceoe.<br />
by division of t.he plant; also by seeds when obtainable,<br />
Rodriguezia. Owh i~!awcr.<br />
Increased by dividing the plant. See Orchi&, page 372.<br />
Rohdea. Lilintlct~.<br />
Propagated by division, and by seeds if they can be had.<br />
Romneya. Paparcractv.<br />
Propagated by suckers ; also by seeds, but a long time is required.<br />
Rondeletia. l?ubimv.<br />
Propagated by cuttings of the young points of the shoots, placed<br />
in sand in a warm house ; cuttings of half-ripened wood do well.<br />
Rosa (Hose). Rosncfp.<br />
Xew varieties, and sometimes stocks, are grown from seeds,<br />
which are sown a~ soon as ripe, or kept in the hips until spring.<br />
The hard)- kinds XC usuall>- sown iii well-prepared beds outdoors.<br />
Roses are sometimes grown from layers, and often from root.-<br />
cuttings, after the manner of blackberries.<br />
The common way of propagating roses, however, is by means of<br />
short cuttings of firm or nearly mature wood, handled under glass,<br />
with a mild bottom heat (EC or 70” j. They are commonly made in<br />
February or March from forced plants. The cuttings are made in<br />
various fashions, some persons allowing most of the leaves to remain,<br />
and some preferring to cut most of them off, as in Fig. 123.<br />
They are commonly cut to one-bud lengths, like Fig. 125. Long<br />
cuttings of ripened wood, handled in a cool greenhouse or in frames,<br />
may also be emplo~~ed for the various perpetual and climbing roses.<br />
For forcing under glass, cuttings of growing wood (either of the<br />
“ blind” wood or of the harder flower stems) are taken in late winter<br />
or very earl>- spring, struck in sand on benches, transferred to pots,<br />
later planted on the benches and grown continuously in summer<br />
and fall for the winter bloom.<br />
Most growers feel that the best plants are obtained from cuttings,<br />
but most varieties do well when budded on congenial and strong<br />
stocks. Budding by the common shield method is considerably<br />
employed, and veneer-grafting is sometimes used (Fig. 128). The
THE NURSERY-LIST 413<br />
stocks are grown either from seeds or cuttings. A common stock is<br />
the manetti, which is a strong and hardy type, and the resulting<br />
budded plant may 1~ used for regular garden work or for forcing<br />
under glass. The eyes should be cut out of the manetti stock below<br />
the bud, to avoid sprouting. Because the manetti suckers badly,<br />
various wild briars art’ much used in Europe. The bud is often inserted<br />
:! to 4 feet high, making “ standard ” roses (Fig. 127). These<br />
are practically unknown in this country, except as sparingly imported.<br />
The multiflora rose is also a good st,ock, especially for early<br />
results. Tl lese rlwwt t i und multiflora stocks (and some others) are<br />
imported from Europe as yearling cut.t.ings, For outdoor propagat.-<br />
ing, they art’ ” drc5sed ” much like apple stocks (Fig. 132), and are<br />
budded the year in which they art‘ planted in the nursery row. The<br />
g;lrd(lntbr rlln~- grow his own stocks of these (particularly of multitlora)<br />
from hard\vooti cuttings made in spring, and these cuttings<br />
should 1~ fit for working in the following fall and winter. Homegrown<br />
seedlings shoultl be two years old (unless very strong) before<br />
they tire burl&d. H;\;l~irl perpetual roses make excellent pot plants<br />
in w, short time when winter grafted, with dormant. wood, upon<br />
multiflora stocks. -4 stock somewhat used for some of the hybrid<br />
perpetual.-;, with esccllent results, is K~SU HTaf.somBmzat a Japanese<br />
species. Tl lis is a slender stock, and is graft,ed, not budded.<br />
“ ?Yorked ” roses are in greater favor in Europe than in this country,<br />
and our various native roses ha\‘e, therefore, received little attention<br />
as sto&s. The cmlmo~~ sweet. briar of t!le roadi;ides (wlrich is an<br />
introduced species j is sometimes used for stocks. H. Wichuraiana is<br />
easily propagated by :ong cuttings of year-old wood the open air.<br />
Rosmarinus ( Rosemary). Lclbi~~tc.<br />
Increased by seeds and division.<br />
Roystonea : Oreodma.<br />
Rubiaceae. Rubiads.<br />
Propagation of most of the genera is by cuttings of the partially<br />
ripened J-oung wood in good bottom heat ; also by seed and a few b)<br />
root-cuttings. The herbaceous kinds are increased by division and<br />
seeds. As well as ornamental garden subjects, many of the rubiads<br />
are most important economic plants.<br />
Rubus (Bramble). ROS~UW.<br />
Increased by seeds: which should be stratified or sown as soon as<br />
ripe. Divisions of the clump, natural stolons, root-cuttings and
414 THE NTJRSERY-MANUAL<br />
sucl;ers arc n-lo5tly e1nploy?d. The seeds of R. drliciosm and probahl~-<br />
others rcq~lirc two years for gernGnution. See BInclcbcrry,<br />
L)cJ~N~~~IJ, I~u,sp7wrr~~, Il’ir~dwrry.<br />
RuObeckia (Gne-IYower). C0mPOsifCP.<br />
Hantll~vl 1)s st~ls, division or cuttings.<br />
Rudlia. *-I rurrf11rrrwK<br />
Propagattvl 1)~. cuttings, in li&t rich soil under glass, whenever<br />
t hrb shoots are firnl enough.<br />
.<br />
Ruscus. Lilic/rwJ.<br />
I nc*reasecl 1)~. root 5uckers ; also 1)~ seetls, when obtairiable.<br />
Russelia. rc;u?)plllluriurr’w.<br />
Grt~t~n cuttings ulAlr glass is the cornnlon rnethod of propagation ;<br />
st~vls nl:ty 1~ ustvl, if to Ix: obtained.<br />
*<br />
Propagated readily by stbvds ; also handltd by division and cuttings.<br />
For ~nearlow rlltb, see Thnlictrzlw.<br />
Sabal (Pahnetto). ~‘u~~~~wYv.<br />
Handled IIS stwls ; also i,jr suckers, which should be taken when<br />
22; z I .‘&i<br />
j(jut (j j;e 1 cjr> 1 *(jilt?<br />
~. If S:ii'liC'i':i ha\‘:: ii(i rOtitS, they must bi; carefully<br />
handled. Set> J’II~II)S, p3;qy :
THE NURSERY-LIST 415<br />
Sagittaria (;2rrowhcad). ,,l lisr~lcccc~@.<br />
Propagatccl 11y (livisirm, anal somet,iin3 11y studs. Some of the<br />
specks product untkqround t,ubcrs that, may bc used for propagation.<br />
Saintpaulia. (:t~.s~?~~I’i~lf~c’f~~.<br />
Grown c2isily froltr reds. Al:?o from leaf. cut,tings taken the end<br />
of 3Iarch and ins&(*(1 in sand 1~1, covering only small part of<br />
lttaf-blade. Sand sholild not. IJc kept too wet. Handled like<br />
si nningin (~l(3Si~liil.) r*sccpt that it is not tuber-bearing. ,533 G’cslzeriwfu~:<br />
pagSc :< 1 s.<br />
Saiix (‘\iIiow . ii&r). Snil’c~z~c~.<br />
;\I1 thcb \villo\vs grow rcaclily from cuttings of ripe wood of almost<br />
a:l,Y i$i’(‘. (‘uttings are usually taken in autumn ; they may be put<br />
in tlltb ground at once or cellarctl until spring. The low and weeping<br />
varieties are top-worked *on any common upright, stocks. Kilmar-<br />
1mck (wecpin g form of Snli.2 CU.; WO), Itosnrarinifo,lia (8. iucunn),<br />
:ind othtlr named varieties are worked on cutting-grown stocks of<br />
S. I”UJHWI. 5~ds planted as Foon as the capsule opens may also be<br />
employed ; if sc,wn on moss in pans or boxes and not covered, they<br />
gf:rniinnte readily and soon make good plants.<br />
SaIpichPoa. SO12 It ilr”i’ff.<br />
Tncrta;;~d l,;\. i.iittings 0 f hAi-ript>ned shoots in sand, under bellglass<br />
; also by scctls when obtainablc~.<br />
Salpiglossis. Soln~if~cr.<br />
Propagated by srcds in open air, or in the North they should be<br />
started under glass in spring.<br />
Sakify (ITegetable O>-ster), l’rqo~~ogon. porrifolius. Composifce.<br />
Raiucd from seeds, sown in spring where the plants are to remain ;<br />
hardy ; plants may remain in ground all winter. See also Scolymus,<br />
SC0 I’XOH r7 ru .<br />
Salvia. I4bifl.f~<br />
Increased by. seeds usually started indoors ; also by soft cuttings<br />
under glass. The common scarlet sage (S. spbmcifws) although<br />
perennial is treated as annual ; seeds started under glass or in a<br />
window in apAng .--_<br />
-reduce p fine subjects for ‘late summer and fall.<br />
Some of the salviits are annuals. For 8:. ~~fici~~ll:s, see Sage.
416 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Sambucus (El&r). C’apifo&ma?.<br />
Increased by seeds, handled iike those of raspberries and blackberries.<br />
Kamcd kinds are grown from cu.ttings of mature wood,<br />
greenwood or root-cuttings, and by layers or suckers.<br />
Samphire (CU?/I~M 1irr1 mnritiw wl). iJdx3!liferd’.<br />
Propagated bq’ .~d sown as soon as ripe, and by root-division.<br />
Sanchezia. Acurl’thurrfE.<br />
cuttings of green wood.<br />
Sanguisorba (Burn&). RosacecE.<br />
Increased by seeds and division+<br />
Sansevieria. Iilinctw.<br />
Propagated by division ,* also by leaf-cuttings about 3 inches long,<br />
and by suckers.<br />
Sapindus (Soapberry). Sapi~ndace~.<br />
Multiplied by seeds, and by hardwood cuttings in early spring.<br />
Sapium. Euphorbince~.<br />
Propagated by seeds or cuttings ; the various varieties may be<br />
top-grafted on seedling stocks.<br />
Sapodilla (Ah rues Sapofn.). Sapotaceoe.<br />
Propagated by seeds planted in shallow flats of light sandy soil,<br />
covering to a depth of one-half inch. Shield-budding is also practiced,<br />
to perpetuate the best varieties on common seedling stocks,<br />
May being the best time for the work in Florida.<br />
Saponaria (Bouncing Bet. Soapwort). Caryophyllace~.<br />
Propagated b>- seeds and by division. The hardy annual and<br />
biennial kinds may be sown in the open where the plants are to<br />
bloom.<br />
Sarracenia (Pitcher-Plant. Side-Saddle Flower). Sarraceniacece.<br />
Multiplied by dividing the crowns ; also by seeds, sown with<br />
chopped sphagnum on moist sandy muck.<br />
Sassafras. Lauracm.<br />
Handled by seeds sown as soon as ripe, by the abundant suckers<br />
and by root-cuttings.<br />
Satureia (Savory). Labiat@.<br />
Propagated by seeds, sown where the plants are to remain ; ai20<br />
by division and cuttings of the young growths.
THE NURSERY-LIST 417<br />
Satyrium. Orch. ida,cm.<br />
Division of the plants or roots as new growth begins. See Orchids.<br />
sauromatum. Aracea?.<br />
Increa.sed by offsets. See Aracece, page 239.<br />
Saxifraga (Saxifrage. Rockfoil). Sa,xifragacece.<br />
Propagated by seeds, division and in some species (as S. sarmentom,<br />
the “ strawberry geranium”) by runners. Certain species<br />
make bulblets, which propagate the plant.<br />
Scabiosa (Mourning Bride. Pin-Cushion Flower). Dipsacacm.<br />
Annuals and perennials increased by seeds, usually sown in the<br />
open, and sometimes by division. The common annual flowergarden<br />
scabious (S. afropurpurru) is sometimes started indoors<br />
although good results are had by sowing out-of-doors.<br />
Schaueria. dcanthaceoe.<br />
Propagated by cuttings, a.s for jacobinia.<br />
Schinus !California Pepper-Tree). A 11 ncard~iace~<br />
Grown from seeds, which are freely produced. In greenhouses,<br />
cuttings of firm wood may be used.<br />
Schismatoglottis. .~IWCEE.<br />
Increased by division. see Araceae, page 239.<br />
Schizandra. Magrrol imw.<br />
Propagation is by layers ; by ripened cuttings, which should be<br />
inserted in sand under glass ; by root-cuttings and suckers ; also by<br />
seeds when procurable.<br />
Schizanthus. Solar CLCECP.<br />
Annuals, increased bx seeds sown indoors in spring. For winter<br />
and spring flowering under glass, seed may be sown in fall and<br />
plants kept in a light house,<br />
Schizophragma. Sa.rifmgacfw.<br />
Propagated by seeds, greenwood cuttings under glass, and layers.<br />
Schizostylis.<br />
Multiplied<br />
IridacecP.<br />
by seeds and by division.<br />
Schlumbergera. Cnctacea.<br />
Propagation as for zygocactus, which see.<br />
2E
418 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Schomburgkia. Orrhidacec.<br />
Propagated by parting or dividing the stems. See Orchids,<br />
page 372.<br />
Sciadopitys (Umbrella Pine). P&nceoe.<br />
Propagated by seeds and layers. Cuttings of the half-ripened<br />
shoots, taken in summer and inserted in sand, in heat, root readily.<br />
Seeds, if obtainable, give best results.<br />
Scilla (Squill). Lil,iacea?.<br />
Slowly increased by seeds, but usually by bulbels or offsets,<br />
taken after the foliage has matured. See Liliactxe, page 349.<br />
Scirpus. Cypcracrce.<br />
Increased by seeds, suckers and divisions.<br />
Scolymus (Spanish Salsify). Con2posiflP.<br />
Raised from seed sown in spring where plants are to stand.<br />
Scorzonera (Black Salsify). Co~mpositoe.<br />
Grown from seeds, sown where the plants are to stand.<br />
Scutellaria (Skullcap) S Labiatce.<br />
The herbaceous species are increased by seeds and division,<br />
and the shrubbx kinds by cuttings of half-ripened shoots in spring.<br />
Seaforthia elegans : ,4 rchontophm i.r.<br />
Sea-Kale (Cramho nlarifima). Crm+mP.<br />
Raised from ;;eetls (globular pods) sown without being shelled,<br />
usually in a seed-bed. When the young plants have made three or<br />
four leaves, they should be removed to permanent quarters. Seedlings<br />
should furnish crops in three years. Increased also by rootcuttings,<br />
4 or 5 inches long, taken from well-established plants.<br />
These should give plants strong enough for cutting in two years.<br />
Sechium (Chayotc). Cucur?&xfw.<br />
The entire fruit is planted in early spring ; it contains one large<br />
seed.<br />
Sedum (Orpine. Stonecrop). Crassdacece.<br />
Handled by seeds, by division of the tufts, by cuttings of stems<br />
or leaves in spring. Pieces of the plant usually grow readily, as<br />
cuttings. Some of the kinds produce nffse-ts.<br />
Selaginella. Sdaginellacea3.<br />
Propagated by spores, as for ferns (which see) and by short<br />
cuttings, inserted in early spring, in riots or pans. The cuttings of
THE NURSERY-LIST 419<br />
S. Emnzelia??n (one of the best kinds) should be scattered thinly<br />
over the surface of the soil, covered with glass and kept in kemperature<br />
of 70” ; they will soon form roots and little plants at almost<br />
every joint.<br />
Sefenicereus. Cactacm.<br />
For propagation, see Cacfi, page 261.<br />
Selenipedium : Pil~ag,nopedilu.rn; see Orchids, page 372.<br />
Sempervivum (Houseleek). Crassulac~~.<br />
Readily increased hi’ seeds, and by the young plants (offsets)<br />
that cluster around the base.<br />
Senecio (Groundsel. Ragweed). ComI~ositQ.<br />
21 multifarious group of annual and perennial herbs and subshrubs.<br />
Seeds usually are freely produced and grow readily. The<br />
perennials may be divided. Stem-cuttings and root-cuttings may<br />
be used. German ivy (Smccio -milia/lioides) is easily multiplied by<br />
cuttings of the running shoots.<br />
Sequoia, U’ellingtonia (Redwood). P,i?xzcee.<br />
Propagated by seeds handled in a frame or half-shady place or by<br />
laJ.ers, and cuttings treated like those of retinospora and yew. The<br />
redwood (S. wmperrirms) reproduces itself in nature by stumpsprouts<br />
as well as by seeds ; the big tree (23, gigaufpa) only by seeds.<br />
Serissa. Krrbitrctw.<br />
Handled by cuttings, under glass ; by seeds, when procurable.<br />
Sesamum (Bene) . Pedal itzc~.<br />
Grown from seeds, 5iiWfi under glass, or in the South in the open<br />
border.<br />
Sesbania. Lcyu 70 iuosa~.<br />
The annuals increased by seeds ; the shrubby kinds by firm<br />
cuttings under glass.<br />
Shallot (~111 iu m ascalorr iCUiX). Lil~incrw.<br />
Grown from *‘ cloves,” formed by the breaking up of the main<br />
bulb.<br />
Shepherdia. Elaxr~~ttac’~.a?.<br />
Propagated ‘oy sec& sown in the fall or stratified until spring.<br />
See Bz@‘alo-lwrrg.
420 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Shortia. Dia.ptwsiacece.<br />
Propagated by seeds when they can be collected, by division<br />
and runners.<br />
Sibinea. Rosace~~<br />
As for spirzea, with which it is frequently united: seeds and<br />
layers.<br />
Sicana. Cucurbifuce~e.<br />
Annual frost-tender vines, grown from seeds.<br />
Silene (Campion. Cat&fly). Caryoph$acece.<br />
Propagated by seeds, division and cuttings. seeds are sometimes<br />
sown in autumn, of the annual kinds, to insure early bloom.<br />
Silphium (Rosin Plant. Compass Plant). Compo&ce.<br />
Multiplied readily by seeds and by division.<br />
Sinningia. Gtmeriucrae.<br />
The only well-known member of the group is the gloxinia of<br />
horticulturists, which see.<br />
Sisyrinchium (Blue-Eyed Grass). Iriducm.<br />
Increased in spring by seeds and by division.<br />
SEmmia, t2 u fuct~~<br />
Increased by seeds, sown in fall or stratified, in a frame ; also by<br />
layers, and by firm cuttings in heat.<br />
Skirret (Siu tl~ S iswum). lim.bell~ifrrce.<br />
Increased by seeds, sown in spring or fall, offsets, or division of<br />
the plants.<br />
Smilax (Green-Briar j. Liliucece.<br />
Young plants are obtained by seeds, by la.yers, and by division.<br />
For “ smilas” or Boston-vine of florists, see Aspurug~us, page 244.<br />
Snapdragon :<br />
Ayt fir~hi~u~m.<br />
Sobralia. U&l i&~lp.<br />
Grown by division of strong plants when repotting.<br />
See Orchids.<br />
Solandra. ~olwnucm.<br />
Multiplied by seeds sown in spring ; by cuttings of firm young<br />
shoots taken with a heel and placed in slight bottom heat.
THE NURSERY-LIST 421<br />
Solanum. SoharrcP.<br />
The annuals, id most of the other specks, arc raised from seeds<br />
sotvn where p1ant.s arc to stand, or the foliage kinds started indoors.<br />
The Jerusalem cherry (S. Pwzdo-cqwiczm) is grown readily from<br />
seeds ; also from cut,tings. The tuberous kinds may be increased by<br />
tubers, or division of them. The greenhouse shrubby plants may be<br />
propagated by softwood cut.tings*in a frame. See Potato, Eggpht.<br />
Soldanella. Prim.dacetr?.<br />
Propagated by seed and division.<br />
Solidago (Goldenrod). Com,posif~.<br />
Readily grown from seed, blooming the second year.<br />
plants may be diT.-fded in fall or spring.<br />
Mature<br />
Sollya. Pittosporaccce.<br />
Propagated freely by seeds, and by cuttings in sand under glass.<br />
Sonerila. Melastomucece.<br />
Multiplied by seeds ; also by cuttings in a frame in a house. Also<br />
increased by leaves, giving the same treatment as for bertolonia.<br />
Sophora. Lcgtmiuoscc.<br />
Increased by seeds, layers and cuttings of either ripened or green<br />
wood. The named varieties are grafted on common stocks.<br />
Sophronitis. Orchidacccc.<br />
Propagated by division, just. as growth begins. See Orchids,<br />
page 372.<br />
Sorbaria. )losceceE.<br />
Propagated by hardwood cuttings, root-cuttings, suckers and<br />
seeds, as for spirEa,, with which the group is sometimes united.<br />
Sorbus. Rosucecp.<br />
Propagated by seeds sown in fall or stratified, and by layers.<br />
Varieties are budded or grafted on allied species, usually S. Aucupuriu,<br />
8. a,mericuna,, and even on hawthorn. Sorbus is a polymorphous<br />
group, including the mountain ashes and service trees.<br />
Sorghum :<br />
Holcus.<br />
Sorrel (Rumex, several species). Po2ygonucea9.<br />
RIultiplied by seeds and division. The cultivated kinds are grown<br />
as pot-herbs.
L.pJtJ THE h’CJRSERY-MANCJAL<br />
Soybean (Gl,~/ri~v S~.jrr). LvgIr IT! inoscr.<br />
Grcwn from W~Y]S sown whcrt: tlw plants arv t.o stand ; frostt~ndcr.<br />
TWO to t hrc~c~ ptlcks of seed arr required for an acre in drills,<br />
and a 1~~~1~~~1 or niorc’ broa,dcast.<br />
Sparaxis. Irirlwrw.<br />
Propagation is usually by offsets ; also by seeds.<br />
Sparmannia. Tilirrcfw.<br />
HandM 1)~ c-11 t t ings of half-ripened wood, a.s t.ips of young<br />
shoot.s, in spring.<br />
Spartium. I,fgu 111 inosn.<br />
Propagated 1)~ seeds and by greenwood cuttings under glass.<br />
Spathiphyllum. ..l ~WIW.<br />
Prop:~gi~ted mostl>v by division of t,he root,stocks ; also by seeds<br />
when procurable. See ~~lrncfcr, page 239.<br />
Specularia (Venus’ Looking-Glass). Cum pan u~lucrcp.<br />
The common annual specular& are easily grown from seeds<br />
sown where the plants arcs to bloom, or they may be started indoors.<br />
Sphaeralcea (Glolw ~fullow). 3Inlw~v.<br />
I’ropaga’ted by- scbf‘( 1s ; by greenwood cuttings.<br />
Sphaerogyne : 7’rwrwcr.<br />
Spinach. (Spinacia olmm~a). Chelropodiacccr.<br />
Raised from seeds, sown usually where the crop is to stand, either<br />
in fall or spring. Sometimes started in hotbeds for early crop,<br />
and transplanted to field or allowed to mature in the frame. The<br />
plant iu hardy, and in the intermediate climates will stand in field<br />
over winter if sis to nine weeks old when freezing weather sets in.<br />
Spiraea. Rosncf cr.<br />
Propagated by seeds, sown as soon as ripe or stratified till spring.<br />
Commonly increased by cuttings, either of mature or green wood.<br />
Green cuttings usually make the best plants. These are made in<br />
summer and handled in frames. Some sorts are grown from layers in<br />
spring. The herbaceous kinds are often increased by division, but<br />
these kinds are now referred to other genera, as Filipendula and<br />
Aruncus. Plants forced in winter give excellent cutting-wood, which<br />
shoulcl be taken when the growth is completed. Genera formerly<br />
included in SpirEa are ChamEbatiaria, Holodiscus, Physocarpus,<br />
SibirEa, Sorbaria, and others.
.<br />
=:<br />
w
THE NURSERY-LIST 423<br />
Spandias (Hog-Plum. Otaheite-*%pple or -Plum). fhacardiacc~.<br />
Propagated by seeds sown in flats of light soil, covering to a depth<br />
of 1 inch ; by cuttings of growing wood.<br />
Sprekelia. A mary ll~idacu~.<br />
By offsets from the bulbs ; atlso by seeds when obtainable, as for<br />
amaryllis, which see.<br />
Spurry (Spryulu saticu). Ca.r~~c)~hylluctrff.<br />
2-t c hds, sown where plants are to grow ,. for broadcast field cultivation,<br />
G to 8 quarts are sown to the acre ; annual, tending to become<br />
a weed.<br />
Squash (Cucurbita, three species). Cwurbifacm.<br />
Propagated by set&, when the weather becomes warm.<br />
Stachys, Betonica (Hedge Nettle. ‘IYoundwort). LahiafcE).<br />
Multiplied by seeds, divisions or cuttings ; some species (as the<br />
crobnes, chorogi, AS. Sidmldii j increased by subterranean tubers.<br />
Stanhopea. Orch idacfw.<br />
Increased by division of the old roots. See also Orchic!a, page 372.<br />
Stapelia (Carrion Flower). ilsclf~yicLdacocu.<br />
Propagated by seeds when procurable ; commonly by cuttings in<br />
heat.<br />
Staphylea (Bladder-Nut). Sfcl~)lzMl~~Qcr’ce.<br />
Increased by seeds, sown as soon as ripe or stratified until spring ;<br />
by suckers, layers, and cuttings of root.s and of mature wood ; also<br />
by greenwood cuttings from pot-grown plants.<br />
Statice (Sea-La\-ender. k-Pink). Plu trrbagi~lacc~.<br />
The limoniums arc now included in Staticca. The genus comprises<br />
annual, biennial anal perennial herbs. All are grown from<br />
seeds, and t.he perennials also by division of the clumps. Certain<br />
showy species a.re sometimes grown under glass, and these may be<br />
increased by cuttings. Recent writ.ers define St at ice as comprising<br />
Armeria, while the statices of gardens (with open inflorescence) become<br />
Limoniums ; propagation similar for all.<br />
Staurostigma (.\steriostigma j. .-I~~~cucu.<br />
Raised from seeds in heat ; also by division of tubers. See Arace@.
424 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Stenotaphrum (St. Augustine Grass). Grarrukece.<br />
Propagation is mostly by cuttings or parts of the creeping<br />
rhizomes.<br />
Stephanotis. Asclepiadaceaz.<br />
Multiplied by seed:; when obtainable ; also by cuttings of halfripe<br />
wood in spring or at other times under a frame in the<br />
greenhouse.<br />
Sterculia, Sferculiacec??.<br />
Increased by- seeds and by ripened cuttings. The commonest<br />
species, S. platanifolicl but preferably to be called Firmiana simplex,<br />
seeds freely in the southern states ; it is the Japanese varnish tree.<br />
Stembergia. A mar!/llidacee.<br />
Increased by offsets ; also by seeds when they can be obtained.<br />
Stewartia (t;;tuartia) . Terwstr~miacetz.<br />
Grown by seeds sown soon after maturity ; also by layers, and<br />
by cuttings of various degrees of maturity under cover in summer.<br />
Stigmaphyllon. Malpighiucea?.<br />
Propagates well 1,~: means of firm cuttings in autumn ; seeds may<br />
be employed, if obtainable.<br />
Stillingia. Eu~horbiaccce.<br />
Easily handled by imported seeds or by cuttings placed in sand<br />
in heat.<br />
Stipa. Gram inece.<br />
Propagated by seeds, or by division of established plants.<br />
Stizolobium : b’elz~f Bean.<br />
Stocks :<br />
Ma.tth iola.<br />
Stokesia. Contyosifce.<br />
Grown from seeds and by division ; blooms second year from seed.<br />
Strawberry (Fraga,ria). Hosacece.<br />
New kinds are produced from seeds, which are usually sown as<br />
soon as the berries are dead ripe. The berries are crushed and the<br />
seeds separated by rubbing the pulp in dry sand, which is then sown<br />
with the seeds.<br />
Varieties are commonly increased by offsets, or plants formed at<br />
the joints of runners. These runners appear after the fruit is off<br />
(Fig. 55). The ground should be soft and somewhat moist, to enable
THE NURSERY-LIST 425<br />
the young plants to obtain a foothold. Plants strong enough for sett,ing<br />
are obt,ained in Augllst and Septernljer of the same year in which<br />
they start. Ordinarily, the runners will t,ake root without artificial<br />
aid ; but in hard soils, or with new or scarce varieties, the joints are<br />
sometimes held down with a pebble or bit. of earth, or are bedded in<br />
the tips inserted into the ground - with a trowel. The runners<br />
r rom x bed that has borne fruit are not, likely to be as vigorous and<br />
desirable as rumlers from maiden p1ant.s _ those that have not yet<br />
fruited. Nrsw \-ariet.ies are often propaga.ted throughout the season<br />
from plants that are highly cultivated, and which are not allowed.<br />
to fruit,. In commercial propagation, the ratio of increase of diflerent<br />
varieties is from fifteen to forty strong runners from one plant<br />
set in the-l spring. I’ery strong plants are obtained by growing them<br />
in pots. :I S-inch pot is sunk below the runner, prefera,bly one from<br />
a maiden plant, and the joint is held upon it by a stone or clod.<br />
The runner is then pinched OR, to prevent further growth, and to<br />
throw all its energy into the ow plant. The pot should be filled with<br />
soft rich earth. Shouldered pots are best, because they can be<br />
raised more easily than others, by catching the spade or trowel<br />
under the shoulder. The plants will fill the pots in three or four<br />
weeks, if the weather is favorable. Old tin fruit-cans, which have<br />
been heated to remove the bottoms, old berry boxes and small<br />
squares of in\-erted sod ca.n a,lso be used.<br />
(‘uttings of the tips of runners are sometimes made and handled<br />
in R franit‘, as an ;kdditional means of rapidly- increasing new kinds.<br />
These cuttings rn:iy by the cast-away tips left from the heading-in<br />
or checking of the runners.<br />
Propagation by. clivitiion of the old crown is practiced only to<br />
save the stock of a rare variety that is threatened with extinction<br />
and with varieties that make few or no runners, as the bush Alpines<br />
and Pan-American.<br />
For forcing strawberries under glass, the first strong runners of<br />
the sea,son are rooted in 2- inch or 3-inc;+ pots plunged under them,<br />
being sure that the pots contain soil of prime quality. As soon as<br />
the pots are filled with roots they are lifted, and the plants are<br />
transferrccl to the G-inch pots in lvhich they are to fruit. These<br />
fruiting pots ar’c then plunged to the rim in coal ashes or other<br />
material t-hat will maintain uniform condit.ions in the pot and yet<br />
not all(i\V tlW l)lant. L; to root through the bot,tom. The plants<br />
shoultl btb ~11 rootor ill that pots, and with strong crowns, whqn<br />
ripened in fail, preparatory to the winter forcing. -
426 THE Nr!RSER~-n-l.aIvrJAL<br />
Strelitzia (Bird-of-Paradise Flower), Mzcsncr~~.<br />
Grown by seeds, wlGc*h USlli~ll~ are produced only When flowers<br />
are artificially pollinatrcl ; more ~tn~nonl~ l)y suckers, and sometimes<br />
by division of thtb plant.<br />
Streptocarpus (( ‘ape Primrose). (if3)I far ifwfw.<br />
Readily propaqttd by srleds ;tn(l 1)~ clivision ; also by leafcuttings.<br />
Seeds should not 1~ clovcBrr>d too (leep, and put in open<br />
sunn;’ place in intermedititt~ ternper ture. SW Cr~sI~~rincle~, page 31~8.<br />
Stredtosolen. Soiurrcrcf~fr.<br />
Propagated b?- riittings, much its for geraniums.<br />
Strobilanthes, including (;oItlfllhL:i;t. 4~icaz~~thacc~.<br />
Increased by s&s and (nuttings, the latter taken of green wood<br />
a1lcl StiIrttd under g\aSS.<br />
Styrax (Storas). Sfyrtrruwff.<br />
Raised from seeds, which must be stratified, or else sown as soon<br />
as ripe. They usually- lie dormant the first. year. Also increased by<br />
layers and SOIW species I)y cnt tings of green wood. They can be<br />
grafted on other storaxes, or on IInlesiw mrolha.<br />
Sugar-Cane (Sasrhrrru rtt cdfisirrtr f*:! m ). Circxm item.<br />
Increased by cuttings of the stems. The cuttings should have a<br />
node or joint which bears on0 or mortl good buds. These cuttings<br />
are planted directl>- in the fkld, iLtltl th pliLntS Kill reach maturity<br />
in two or three months. Propagation k)y seeds was once supposed<br />
to be impossible, but it is now so raised in Cuba, and in the British<br />
FYest Indies, where the plant produces seed.<br />
Sunflower (Helianthus sp.). Cov~positcr.<br />
The common garden and fit>ic-I sunflower is raised from seeds<br />
planted where the plant is to grow. Perennials are also grown from<br />
seeds as well as b>* division. Some species increase naturally by<br />
rhizomes a nd tubers. See Ndicrr2th~c.s; also ,4 rfirizokc (Jcrwalem).<br />
Swainsona. Lymt iuosff.<br />
Propagated by cuttings ; those taken in late winter bloom in summer<br />
; for winter I)loom cuttings rna,y be made in spring and summer.<br />
Sweet Pea (Lrrfhgrrrs rdorrrfus). hgtrm i~osn.<br />
Raised from seed, .c;own either in fall or spring where the plants<br />
are to be grown, or rardy in pots and transpianted to the open for<br />
early bloom or special varieties. For winter blooming under glass a
THE XURSERY--LIST 427<br />
special strain or rz/~:c‘ has been developed ; seeds startctl in September<br />
give 1)looming plants hefore C’hrist,mas if the growing conditions<br />
are right. SetI Lath,t/rrrs.<br />
Sweet Potato (, I~IOMYZ Bdd~~s). Corr.aold~~~.<br />
Swcltlt potato plants do not seed ; they are grown in hotbed. Cnr;~~ophyllacr~cp.<br />
Raised from seeds, soivn indoors or in the border, and by division<br />
of the plants. Best rcsrllts are obtained by st,arting new seedlings<br />
every other year.<br />
Symphoricarpos C.‘;nowhcrr>-. Indian (‘urrant). Capr(foliaccce.<br />
Prop:igxtt~ci t)>- sthcds, handled tikc those of blackberries ; also by<br />
suckt~, cli visions ;~ntl t jot 11 l~;trclwootl :I nrl grctbnwood cuttings.<br />
Symphytum (C‘c,mfrt~>~). Born~i~nc~.<br />
) Incrc3st~rl !r~- se~tl5 wnrl i)y division ; also ra.sily by root-cuttings.<br />
Symplocos. sy Ill ploI’~lI’m-.<br />
Propagattbcl 1 t;; st~P(l~, rvlt tings of green wood under glass, and<br />
1 nycr5. Set& usuall~~ gt77nina ttl the second J-ear.<br />
SjTinga (Lilac). Oic~~cr.<br />
Xcw \*ar.ieties and stocks arc grown from seeds, which are usually<br />
stratified until spring ; and the main specific types are sometimes<br />
grown in qu;*ntit>* this \VilJ-. Green cuttings, handled in frames<br />
in spring ant1 sunimc’r, i\r(’ target?- used. Cuttings of mature wood<br />
will grow ; iilso mlftir1j.y of the roots. T,a\rers and suckers RW often<br />
~~~p,~g,*(:(~ . i-;lricltiw ilr(* ostensively grafted or budded on privet<br />
(I&u&urn) and (*ornmon lilacs. Flute-budding is occasionally
425 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
employed. Lilacs will grow for a time when wofked on the ash.<br />
Grafting SW zeeds t~ht~n performed in the open air. Grafting (veneer<br />
mt~thotl) is usually :.L >$pring operat,ion and budding a summer operation.<br />
The “ syrings ” of common speech is Philadelphus.<br />
Tabemaemontana. A pocy~~ecp.<br />
Propagated by greenwood cuttings.<br />
Tag&es (IIa rigold). Composifcc.<br />
Grown from seeds, sown either indoors or out ; hardy annuals<br />
as known in iiower-gardens. The pot marigoid is Calendula.<br />
TamarIndus (Tamarind). Lcgum inoscp.<br />
(‘6 .!I’,!lonl>. grown from seeds. Varieties may be ‘layered by the<br />
so-c;~l~~:~t (~‘hines: or gootee method (air-layering), and probably<br />
by shield-budding on common seedling stocks.<br />
Tamarix (Tamarisk). Tamaricacca?.<br />
Generally increased by ripe cuttings in the open or by greenwood<br />
cuttings under glass ; also by seeds, which should be only<br />
slightly covered.<br />
Tangelo. I?&ww.<br />
Hybrids of tangerine and pummello, propagated as for citrus.<br />
Tansy (Tanacetuml. Composif~.<br />
Propagated readily by dividing the old clumps.<br />
Tare : Colocusia.<br />
Tarragon (-4 rtcmisir? Draczwxlus). Corn posh.<br />
LIn aromatic perennial herb, multiplied chiefly by division or<br />
cuttings of old and green wood. Seeds may be used, but are not<br />
often produced.<br />
Taxodium (Bald Cypress). Pi~nace~.<br />
Seeds sown in spring are usually employed. Layers and cuttings<br />
of young wood in wet sand, or even water, under cover, are also used.<br />
The varieties may be veneer-grafted in spring on T. d&&hum.<br />
Taxus (Yew).<br />
3-k -- .-.._.. c . ..I<br />
1 iup,i;l~:al~-~I<br />
T~.IYK~YE.<br />
‘ij;- 5Eeds - ^W.._ 1,<br />
3ww 11 Wl re ii<br />
.-UC. +2---J Off &@ &r&&d<br />
gjQIbILL1C.U<br />
(germinating seiond yeirj ; also by layers and cuttings of green<br />
wood under glass in summer, or of mature wood, as recommended
THE NURSERY-LIST 429<br />
for retinospora (chamzecyparis). The named varieties are veneergrafted<br />
in winter under glass or sometimes in spring or early fall<br />
on the upright kinds. (1:uttings usually produce shrubby rather<br />
than arboreous forms. Fig. 96.<br />
Tea :<br />
Thea.<br />
Tecotia. B igr2cGticece.<br />
Propagated by seeds and greenwood cuttings under glass. See<br />
Cn~+s, to whrch the trumpet-creeper is now referred by many<br />
authors.<br />
Tecomaria. Biglzowiawca.<br />
Propagated by seeds and cuttings under glass in spring or midsummer,<br />
as for bignonia and campsis.<br />
Telanthera : .4ltc~rrrardhcra.<br />
Terminalia (Tropical Almond). CombretaceE.<br />
Propagated by the large seeds.<br />
Ternstroxnia. T~~rnstramiacc~.<br />
Grown from seeds, and from partially ripe cuttings.<br />
Testudinaria (Elephant’s Foot). Dioscorenccce.<br />
Grown from imported root,s or seeds. A long time is required<br />
to grow plants of any size from seeds.<br />
Tetragonia (New Zealand Spinach). Aixoaccce.<br />
Grown from seed ; for outdoor planting started in January or<br />
February indoors ; for a forcing-house crop sown in July. Sometimes<br />
sows itself in the South.<br />
Tetrapanax. A raliacrce.<br />
The plant usually known as Fat~Yn pa.py$era is better called<br />
Tctrayan,ax yapyrifwu~nr : propagated by seeds when these can be<br />
obtained, and b>r green-wood cuttings under glass.<br />
Teucrium (Germander). Labiata?.<br />
Grown from seed as are other herbaceous perennials ; also by<br />
division of the plants or of slender rhizomes.<br />
Thalictrum (Meadow Rue). Ranuncdacv~.<br />
Propagated by seeds, and more commonly division of the roots<br />
in early spring.
430 THE NURSERKikiANUAL<br />
Thea (Tea). Tenzstrramiacece or Theace@.<br />
Propagation as for camellia, which see. As grown in the southern<br />
1Tnited States, the tea plant of commerce is raised from seeds<br />
sown in late winter or early spring in nursery rows, the plants being<br />
transferred to the plantation when a foot, or more high.<br />
Thelesperma. co 111 yositce.<br />
One flower-garden annual is commonly grown, as Cosmi&um<br />
Burridgcawm, supposed to be a hybrid of T. trlfidum and a coreopsis<br />
: readily raised from seeds sown directly in the open or indoors<br />
and transplanted.<br />
Theobroma (Chocolate-Tree) . Stercusl~iaceaz.<br />
Chiefly important as including T. Cacao, the source of cocoa and<br />
c~hc~ol;~te ; propagated by seeds sown before being dried.<br />
Thespesia. Mahace~.<br />
Grown from the seeds.<br />
Thevetia. A porynaceiz?.<br />
Propagated by seed, or in the greenhouse by cuttings.<br />
foliu is the “ yellow oleander” of Florida.<br />
Thrinax. Pal 111 acrLp.<br />
Propagation by seeds in heat. See Palms, page 377.<br />
2’. nerei-<br />
Thuja, including Biota (Arbor-Vits. White Cedar, erroneously).<br />
Pi’nacecP.<br />
Propagated by seeds, which should be gathered as soon as ripe (in<br />
the fall) and stratified or sown at once ; shade the seedlings the first<br />
year. Also increased by layers, cuttings of green shoots in summer<br />
in a cool frame and cuttings of ripe wood, as recommended for .<br />
retinospora. The named varieties are often grafted on potted common<br />
stocks in winter or early fall.<br />
Thujopsis. Pha.ctw.<br />
Propagated by seeds, cuttings and grafting, as for thuja.<br />
Thunbergia. Acunthacm.<br />
The flower-garden plant usually treated as an annual (T.<br />
alata)<br />
~~~zz-;’ -r..?. J!l-- _ . . . P . r. _-. .:-t -l.-.cI A.1 T+ ;R .1 1 . c .c .?r-.?Z7C : : Ts #-!a7 c!ncc cz P-V* -zx+her<br />
E’V w J LLwAII,v 1 I “I“ ,>LLUO. AC, IL2 UILL,” 6LV.I XL ULIUb. ~.WULI, Cal0 UiLb v&4<br />
species, from seeds and by cuttings taken from shoots after the<br />
plant has been cut back in winter, as for allamanda.
7’IiE N IJRSERY-LIST 431<br />
Thunia. !h!l i:i::tm.<br />
As the form of the p~urlol~~ll~ suggests, this genus is easily<br />
propagated 1)s cuttings. These are made about 6 inches long and<br />
inserted in pots of sand. After standing in an ordinary propagatingframe<br />
or moist grtlenhousc for a short time, young growths will<br />
~w.a$~<br />
.<br />
$ie;ief\e;orJpti,<br />
.<br />
F’ len large etiough, they are taken up and<br />
I . r L . Two years, at least, are needed for<br />
them to attain ;o’ flowering size, hut this is the best method when<br />
a large number of plants are wanted. See also Orchids, page 372.<br />
Thymus (Thyme). Labiatcr.<br />
I nrreased ?:y seeds I& division.<br />
Thyrsacanthus (properly Odontoncnla). A canthacea?.<br />
I ncrcased by seeds ; also by greenwood cuttings under a frame.<br />
Tibouchina. ilIPlOSfOTt~~LCCil?.<br />
Handled h y cuttings of the growing wood under glass.<br />
Tigridia (Tiger Flower). Iritlac~~~.<br />
Tnrreastd 13~ seeds, hut. generally by offsets from the corms.<br />
Tilia (Basswood. Linden). Tiliacece.<br />
Grown from seeds planted as soon as ripe or stratified and sown<br />
in spring ; if kept dry over winter they will remain dormant till the<br />
second year. Layers may he made, and puttings employed, but the<br />
named sorts are usually grafted in spring or budded in summer<br />
on common stocks. Mound-layering is sometimes practiced.<br />
Tillandsia. Bro we1 icwm.<br />
Propagated mostly by suckers (offsets) ; sometimes by seeds. T.<br />
usncoides is the “ Spanish moss ” of the South ; rarely propagated,<br />
but may be grown from seeds or division of the moss.<br />
Tobacco. Solar13acm.<br />
Grown from seeds started in beds; page 366.<br />
Tococa (usually known as Sphaerogyne). Melastomace~.<br />
Propagation by single-eye cuttings in January is a good method.<br />
Split the stems, make single-eye cuttings ; shorten back the leaves to<br />
within about 2 inches of the leaf-stalk ; leave about 24 inches of<br />
woody stem ; place firmly in sand of propaga:ting-bed and cover<br />
l ,1 ,!&-.<br />
iiv’iTl”r g;la,t3J ;<br />
Al..-t<br />
pot in ~ilUllllJ’p~ts aid keep &se for 8 hne. Xay<br />
also be propagated by taking the base of the shoot with a piece of<br />
the stem attached, rooting in a high moist temperature with shade.
432 THE NURSER1’-MANUAL<br />
Tomato ( Lgcopcwim m esdcntum). Solanacca?.<br />
R,aiscd from seeds, usual.ly started under glass. Cuttings of growing<br />
shoots, rooted under glass, like fuchsias, may be employed for<br />
special purposes.<br />
Torenia. Svroph dariacecr.<br />
Grown from seeds, sown indoors or in t.he open, and from cuttings<br />
in a frame.<br />
Torreya. Tm~~rw.<br />
Increased by seeds, cuttings and by graft.ing on cephalotaxus ;<br />
cuttings root readily, so that there is little necessity for grafting.<br />
Trachelium (Throatwort). Ca~7npan~uZacm.<br />
Propagated by seeds sown in spring and by cuttings.<br />
Trachelospermum, Rhynchospermum. APoc?~7.Luce&.<br />
Propagation by seeds, and usually by cuttings of half-ripened<br />
wood taken with a heel in spring.<br />
Trachycarpus. Palm ace@.<br />
Propagated by seeds and suckers. See Pchr2s, page 3770<br />
Tradescantia. Conznrelirmce~.<br />
Increased usually by cuttings of the growing shoots ; also by seeds<br />
and division. See Zcbrka.<br />
Tragopogon :<br />
Sabify.<br />
Trapa (Water Caltrops). Trapacece or Onagracettz?.<br />
Increased by seeds which must be kept moist to retain their<br />
vitality.<br />
Trichopilia. Orchidacea~<br />
Increased byv division of the plants. See also Orchids, page 372.<br />
Trichosanthes (Snake Gourd). Cucurbitaceae.<br />
Propagated by seeds, either indoors or out, sown in March ;<br />
frost-tender.<br />
Trichosporum, Eschynanthes. Gesnerictce@?.<br />
Handled by cuttings of the firm partiaily ripened shoots of the<br />
season, cut to two or three joints and with two leaves attached;<br />
place in close frame with temperature of about 70°.
THE NURSERY-LIST 433<br />
Tricyrtis. Liiiaceae.<br />
Seeds rarely ; increased mostly by offsets and division.<br />
plants may now be known as Compsoa.<br />
These<br />
Trif ohm. Legunhmm.<br />
The clovers are grown from seeds sown where the plants are<br />
to stand. See CZover.<br />
Trillium (Birthwort. Wake-Robin). L*il,iace,a).<br />
Seeds sown as soon as ripe should give flowering plants in two<br />
or three years. Usually multiplied by the natural increase of the<br />
rhizomes.<br />
Trit eleia : Brodicea.<br />
Tritoma : Abiphojin.<br />
Tritonia, including Montbretia. Iridacectl.<br />
Raised from seeds, but generally increased by division of-the<br />
plants.<br />
Trollius (Globe-Flower). RanuncuZace~.<br />
Propagated by fresh seed, which should give blooming p1ant.s the<br />
following year ; also by division of the clumps.<br />
Tropzolum (Nasturtium. Canary-bird Flower), Tropa?oZacea.<br />
Increased by seeds, started indoors or sown in the garden ; tuberiferous<br />
species by tubers or division of roots ; perennials sometimes<br />
by cuttings under glass.<br />
Tsuga (Hemlock). Y~~WXWE.<br />
Propagated by seeds sown in spring and by grafting on 7’.<br />
r*anadensis. Th e varieties and Japanese species may also be raised<br />
from cuttings.<br />
Tulipa (Tulip). Liliarm.<br />
Seeds may be sown in boxes of light sandy soil, in late winter,<br />
and placed in a coldframe. The next season the young bulbs should<br />
be planted in a prepared bed outside, and the following season<br />
bloom should be had although a longer period is required before<br />
maturity is reached and the full character of the flower develops.<br />
Bulbeis may be detached from established bulbs when they are<br />
lifted, and grown by themselves ; this is the usual method. Fig. 43.<br />
Tunica. Caryophyllacea-.<br />
Propagated by seeds and by division.<br />
2F
--<br />
434 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Turnip (Brassica. Rupa). C~r~c$er~.~.<br />
Raised from seeds, where t,he plants are to remain. For summer<br />
use, seeds may be sown very early in spring ; but for the main crop<br />
sowing is made in July in the northern states.<br />
Typha (Bulrush. Cat,-tail. Reed Mace). Typhace~.<br />
Propagated by division of the colonies. They may be grown from<br />
seeds in a pot or box of earth set in water.<br />
Udo (Arabia cordata). Araliacee.<br />
This Japanese vegetable, consisting of the blanched young shoots,<br />
is readily propagated by seeds start.ed in spring under glass, the<br />
plants bcin, 0 transferred to the open. when 3 or 4 inches high ; the<br />
following spring they should supply a cutting. Special strains are<br />
perpetua.ted by cuttings of the green shoots, cut to a joint.<br />
Ulex (Furze. Gorse. Whin). Leguminosa).<br />
Propagated bJ7 seeds sown in spring ; by greenwood cuttings<br />
under glass, and by cuttings of nearly mature wood in early summer<br />
in a coldframe under glass. Varieties are sometimes grafted in<br />
spring in the greenhouse on 77. europaw.<br />
Ulmus (Elm). I’1 mace@.<br />
Commonly propagated by seeds. The seeds of most elms germinate<br />
the year they mature (they ripen in spring), and they may be<br />
sown at once. The slippery elm ( U. fulca), however, generally<br />
germinates the following year, and the seeds should be stratified.<br />
Layers are sometimes put down in autumn in moist, rather light<br />
soil, and suckers may be taken. Some species may be raised<br />
from greenwood cuttings under glass. The varieties are grafted on<br />
common stocks; either by budding in summer or by whip- or splicegrafting<br />
in spring outdoors or 09 potted stock in the greenhouse.<br />
Ursinia. Corflposita?.<br />
A hardy flower-garden annual raised from seeds, started indoors<br />
or directly in the open.<br />
Utricularia (Bladderwort). Lentibulariacecle.<br />
The floating bladderworts, used in pools and aquaria, are multiplirtl<br />
by division of the plants and by utilizing the winter-buds that<br />
fall to the bottom in autumn. The terrestrial tropical kinds usuaiiy<br />
produce little tubers by which they may be propagated.
THE NURSERY-LIST 435<br />
Vaccinium (Swamp Huckleberry. Whortleberry. Blueberry. Cranberry).<br />
Kl:ricucrR@.<br />
Propagated by seeds, layers, root-cuttings, and divisions of the<br />
old plants. Some species by hardwood cuttings, for which see<br />
cranberry. Huckleberry seeds are small and somewhat difficult<br />
to grow. r’ 11 le seeds should be washed from the fruits and stored in<br />
sand in a cool place until late in winter. They are then sown in pans<br />
or flats {In the surface of a soil made of equal parts sand and loam.<br />
Cc~vchr with fine sphagnum and keep in a cool house or frame, always<br />
keeping the seeds moist. Seeds treated in this way may be expected<br />
t.0 gwrninate in a month or two, 2Jthough they may lie dormant a<br />
year. TranspLtnt frequrbntly and keep shaded until large enough<br />
to sllift for themselves. Layers should be tongued. Cuttings, 2 or<br />
:5 inches long, of tht% best roots, made in fall and placed in mild<br />
bottom heat- in early spring, often give fair satisfaction. Native<br />
pl;Lnts can be obtained from the woods and fields which will give<br />
good satisfaction if small specimens are taken. Gaylussacias are<br />
handled in the same way as vacciniums. For the most recent<br />
mr~thods of handling this class of plants, see Blueberry.<br />
Valeriana (Valerian) . T’aZe&xnaceae.<br />
Increased by seeds and division.<br />
Valefianella : Corn.-Salad.<br />
Vallisneria (Eel-Grass). Hyd~ocharitacece.<br />
Propagated by the runners at the base of the leaf-tuft.<br />
Vallota (Scar4,orough Idly). A nmryllidaccce.<br />
Increased by bulbrls, which usually appear above the surface of<br />
the pot ; also by division of the bulbs.<br />
Vanda. Orch i&mw.<br />
Thtl larger number of vandas are propagated in the same way as<br />
described for zrides, but two species - V. teres and V. Hookeriana<br />
- both tall and quick growing, may be cut into lengths of a few<br />
incht5. The practice of the most successful cultivators is to start<br />
them every year as cuttings about a foot long. See also Orchids,<br />
page 3iz.<br />
Vanilla. Ort~h~idt~cct~.<br />
I’ropugation by division and cuttings. The vanilla of commerce<br />
(I,‘. ylrcrlllfoliu) is propagated from long cuttings (from 2 feet to 12
4X TIIE NlJRSERY-MANUAL<br />
ferht long) planted xt the base of trees, upon which the plant climbs.<br />
SCC’ illSO OrVllifleS, ])it~!ji’:3i2.<br />
Velvet Bean (specks of Szolobium). Lqu~rri,~os~.<br />
Frost-tender and rrquiring a long season, grown only far South ;<br />
rnkl from st~l sown where the crop is to grow ; often planted with<br />
IIIcliilH (‘orn. I~or~wrl~ inc~lrxded in tlits genus MumniL.<br />
Veni&um. 4’r,rupf)xitLt’.<br />
111c*1*cast?t1 by Wc’d~, the IIliLIItS usually being treated as annuals.<br />
Veratrum (F&c or \Yhi tth Hcllebore). Liliacetz?.<br />
Grown 1)~ st~ls ~(1 by clivision.<br />
Verbascum (3llullcbin). Sr~l~h IL~W~CWLP.<br />
(;rown rcb:ttfi\>r front SC& sown in the ordinary<br />
gr(bcnwood cuttings and division.<br />
way ; also by<br />
Verbena (Ycbrv;lin). I ~C~~~IJMWW.<br />
Pl)rOp;U$LtN1 ijy sc~l6 sown indoors or in the open ; also by cuttings<br />
of yigr)rc?u.; shoots ; son1t: speck 1,~ division. The common garden<br />
\*cbrt!~na is 11sr~l1y tl*c’iL.ttl(l as iln iLnnua1, although often carried<br />
ov(‘r winter I)>- cllttitigs. Outdoor plants rnrt~ 1~ cut back in early<br />
full ;ttd new growtltlls suita\)le for cuttings will arise ; in this way the<br />
palTielIliU Vi~IGti~~s lllil~ lW peq,et,uated.<br />
Vernonia (Tronw(*(~(l’j. C’o~~rposif~.<br />
l’laised from set:(ls, clivision and cuttings, mostly by division.<br />
Veronica (Sp~lwt~ll). Sfar~~h,uln~irrcc~.<br />
Propagatcrl 1)~. set& and division ; shrubby sorts often by cuttings<br />
in spring or swumcr.<br />
Verschtieltia. I’d mme.<br />
Growl1 front imported seeds.<br />
Vesicaria. C’ruciJvrw.<br />
:!nn31;11s pro1);Lgitted by seeds ; perennials by division.<br />
Vetch : 1 Tifaifl.<br />
Viburnum. (‘rl~,)‘~fr,lit!.Ct’LP.<br />
Tncr~~ctf 1)~ suds, which should be stratified or sown in fall.<br />
They usually rerna.in dormant the first year. Layers usually make<br />
excellc~nt plants (Fig. 61). GTeea cuttings made in summer and
THE iVURSERY-LIST 437<br />
handled in frames pi\-e excellent results. I’. famwfosum (Jr. pl,icatum.<br />
of nurseries) is propag:Lted by cuttings. Ripe cuttings arc somet<br />
inlt3 used for the Soft-wooded specks. The snowball or guelder-rose<br />
( I’. Opulus) is rapidly increased by layers, and it propagates well by<br />
mature cuttings in summer in a frame or propagating-house (Fig.<br />
124). It is also a good s to& for closely related species. Ji. kztana,<br />
J -. dtvtfatutrt and J *. 0~~1~s are good stocks on which varieties<br />
dificult to handle can be worked by the veneer-graft in winter.<br />
Vicia (Vetch). IAY~U 111 irlo,s~~.<br />
Propagatctl G> r ~~1s sown where plants are to grow. 1’. Faba is<br />
tile brand or 1Yintlsor bean, which is hardy and a cool-season plant,<br />
xn(1 the largtk seedy shoultl be planted early in the season. The<br />
forag~t* itn(l co\-er-crop \.thtches are sown at the rate of 40 to 100<br />
pounds ttnd ilkorr to tlw acre. As a cover-crop in orchards, 30 to<br />
50 pounds are usuall>* advised.<br />
Victoria (Royal \Yater-I,ily). N~jttt~h~ac~~~.<br />
Grown from se&. There are two species, one (v. rqia) requiring<br />
;t n-atrbr t(.~nlp~~raturt~ of S5” to 80” for germination, and the other<br />
(I”. Cruzirzucr or TriclirBri) a temperature of (5” to 70”. The seed is<br />
usuall>- sown in February or March ‘in p0t.s or seed-pans that are<br />
set in shallow water. Young seedlings are transferred to small pots,<br />
and kcplz growin, 0 continuousl>. until large enough and weather is<br />
warit t*nuugll for transt’cbr to the tanks for blooming. The victorias<br />
;mtl do not form tubers.<br />
are im~iu:~ls<br />
Vigna. L fgm inos@.<br />
Increased by seeds ; the cow-pea or black-pea ( h’igna .r,ilzeks) by<br />
seeds when danger of frost is past.<br />
Vinca (Periwinkle j. A~dpocy~2acfv.<br />
Increased chiefly 1,~ division and by cuttings, also by seeds. ‘v.<br />
/*ost’(l may be propagatrd annually by seeds.<br />
Viola (Violet. Heartsease. Pansy). J’,iolac~.<br />
The wild violets may be grown easily from seeds sown in autumn<br />
in protected boxes, germination taking place in the spring, the<br />
boxes having been esposed to freezing. Dividing the plants is a<br />
pnn7rnnn . .,--.rr.“.. rnothgC! 11.L lrl. of iI:crezsc. Some species propagate themselves<br />
by runners.<br />
The florist’s violet is readily propagated by offs&s or separable<br />
parts that form in late winter; these are retnoved and treated as
438 THE N7,rRSERY-nlA~UAL<br />
intlcpcnclcnt plant. c; , rrial;in,g blooinin4g stock for tlic following winter.<br />
Sonitbtimcs tllc oltl l)l;~nt is di\Glc~(l when plants art’ lifted in spring ;<br />
this nkq- protlu(m- tli\vi5ion am1 spores. Stv Ft~rws, pagth 312.<br />
Vriesia. U~‘vrr,r~litrf~r,c/l.<br />
I’rc)p:~qtitrn :IS t’or tillandsia (which see), mostly by offsets or<br />
st~paruble parts.<br />
Wahlenbergia. CII II! pm ztlmrcr.<br />
I’ropn~ation i1S for ~~~Ikll~illlUl~I (W hich see), the annuals ‘t)y seeds<br />
and the others iLlSO l,Jv division.<br />
Wallflower<br />
: C'ht~irntzfhus.<br />
Wallichia.<br />
I'cr/tttcrrtv.<br />
I* imported seeds and by suckers. See PCZ~~LV, page 377.<br />
Walnut.<br />
The \yalnuts :lrt’ sprvzies of ,Tuglnns, and the propagation is detailtvt<br />
untler th;lt t~ntr>.. The so-callecl English walnut is J2t,glQttS<br />
q;rt , 111u& grown in (‘alifornia. IIost of t,lie walnut orchards<br />
art’ of seedling trees, grown from selected seeds (or nuts). The<br />
introduction of illlpro\x~-. The l)liLCk walnut and butternut (,/. nigra<br />
tm.1 *I. <:~tS~l j MP pmw rl~ostl,v ss seedlings, but graftage may be<br />
t’1nplo)Yd. .Stv’ ,Ju~yhs.<br />
Wandering<br />
Jew : 11rtdt.wxutit~., %dmhn.<br />
Washingtonia. l ~‘~~~/II~CICIQT.<br />
L’ropagattxl rclaclily by seeds. See Yal~tus, page 377.
THE NURSE rEY-LIST 439<br />
Water-Cress (Rorilm, iY&ll~rti~~~~~r). Crm’frrc-.<br />
Propag:~tcvl I)>- cuttings of the youn, ‘r stems, which root in mud<br />
with great readiness, or sculls scatt.ercd in the water or mud.<br />
Watermelon (Citrullus ~rr.lgnG.s). Cu~czcrb~itncrw.<br />
Propagated by seeds, usuall~~ sown where the plants are to remain,<br />
after the weather is warm and settled.; frost-tender.<br />
Watsonia. I ridwm.<br />
Nultipliecl I)>* sells and I>y offsets<br />
Wigandia. II~~tJr~~~‘ll~~llflf~~~.<br />
Propaga t 0 1 II)- scc~ls started indoors in January,<br />
root-cllttings.<br />
and also by<br />
Wineberry ([ Rubus Idtr~,r idasius). Rosacc~.<br />
Tnwcase5 nbadily 11)~ “ tips,“’ the same as the black raspberry<br />
(sw hsplwrr~~) ; also 11>- root-cuttings.<br />
Wisteria (often spelle~l Vistaria). Lcq1~77 i~osct~<br />
Headily grown from seeds ; sometimes increased by division ; also<br />
cuttings of ripener1 wood, usually handled under glass. The common<br />
purple and white kinds are largely grown from root-cuttings an<br />
inch or two long, placed in bottom heat, when they will start in<br />
four or five weeks. Alany of the fancy kinds, especially when wood<br />
is scarce, are root- or crown-grafted on TV. s,Ax.sis. A good method<br />
of propagation is 1)~ layers, to which the plants are well adapted.<br />
Witloof (Cichoriu ))I. II1 fjjlI1i.s). Cow positce.<br />
A form of chicory, grown for the blanched young shoots. To<br />
produce roots for winter and spring forcing, the seed is sown in the<br />
open ground in spring as soon as the weather is warm. The roots<br />
are lifted before freezing weather in fall, the leaves trimmed to a<br />
crown 2 inches long, and stored till wan.ted.<br />
Wormwood (;I rh1 isirc -4 bsin thizm) . Conapositg?.<br />
Hardy perennia,l, grown from seeds sown as soon as ripe or the<br />
following spring ; old plants may be divided. See Artemisia,<br />
Turragok<br />
.<br />
Xanthoceras. Snpidacee<br />
Commonly multiplied. by seeds, stratified and sown in spring ;<br />
root-cuttings in moderate bottom heat are sometimes used.
440 THE NURSERY-MANUAL<br />
Xanthosoma. A racm.<br />
Handled by offsets and by dividing the root-stock. See Aracea~.<br />
Xeranthemum. Compositn.<br />
Annuals propagated by seeds, usually sown in the open.<br />
Yucca (Spanish Bayonet). Liliacm.<br />
Multiplied by seeds and offsets ; also by cuttings of stem and<br />
rhizome.<br />
Zaluzianskya (Nycterinia). Lc;croyh.uZar,iacea?.<br />
Grown from seeds sown indoors in spring or in autumn and<br />
plants wintered in a coldframe.<br />
Zamia. Cyradacfw.<br />
Increased by division of the crowns when possible; or by seeds<br />
and suckers (offsets). The plants are oftenest imported directly<br />
From the tropics. See Cj/cas.<br />
Zantedeschia (Calla of florists). 11 racm.<br />
Propagated lq- offsets, which should be removed and potted<br />
when plants are at rest; old crowns may be divided. This is the<br />
plant known 8s Cnlla ceth,iopica and Richardia africana. Some of the<br />
zantedeschias are grown from seed. See AracecE, page 239.<br />
Zanthoxylum (Prickly Ash). R,utacm.<br />
Multiplied by seeds, suckers, but more often by root-cuttings.<br />
Zea : :Un ix.<br />
Zebrina (Wandering Jew). Conz mclzhact?a~. *<br />
Very easily multiplied by single-joint cuttings of the trailing<br />
shoots. These shoots root at the joints if allowed to run on moist<br />
earth. This is the wandering jew wi.th reddish foliage and flowers ;<br />
the green-foliaged and white-flowered one is a tradescantia.<br />
Zenobia. Ericizcece.<br />
Propaga,ted by seeds and layers ; also by cuttings of half-ripened<br />
wood in July, placed in gentle heat, or by greenwood cuttings from<br />
forced plants.<br />
Zephyranthes (Zephyr Flower). Amaryllidacm.<br />
Multiplied by seeds and by the bulbels or offsets.
7’HE S I:RSERI’-LIST 441<br />
Zingiber ((;ingrr). %irr!yilrrrrwr.<br />
Propagated 1,~ di\-ision of rhizoiiies in spring.<br />
Zinnia. co 111 psif cr.<br />
;kmu:ds, grown from seeds, sown rithcr<br />
wcathcr is settled.<br />
indoors or out when the<br />
Zizania (jVil(l or Indiarl Rice). Cm~irlm.<br />
Prop”ga t tYl 1,). SWls) wa-II . in wattlr with IL soft inud bottom.<br />
It is ~11~ to place steel irk CV~;L~SC~ cotton 1x1.g~ and sink them in water<br />
for twent>.-four hours l)vfore planting.<br />
Xizyphus (.Tujubc) o Rhnrrr nawn.<br />
Prop:tg:tted l,j- stwls, grt~enwood cuttings under glass, rootmttings<br />
and offsets (suc*k~~rs).<br />
Zygabenus. I,il itrcrv.<br />
Mwndled 11s t-li\-isioll of rhizomes, and<br />
also by seeds.<br />
Zygocactus (Epiphylluril of hort icult,urists). CtrcYncm.<br />
The mtb cnctns or (‘hristm~s cactlls (z. trrr,rcdus l)ut rnostiy<br />
kmnm as Epiphjlllrt 111 frlrllmf 101)) is readily ~;‘rown from cuttings.<br />
Picccs of the brmcllcs 4 to fi inches long i.m~ placml in sandy soil<br />
in gentle hraat and kibpt niodcratel~- dry. %~~goc;rct nws are<br />
oftm grafted on stroll, cr stocks of pcreskin ( I’rwd;icr nc?iImfa is<br />
comn~onl~ used, l)lit I’. fjvrr,rtl
INDEX<br />
Tht> rr~111:1r c,:ll,tic,rl-c~rltri~~~ in P:trt II (‘1’11~ Nursclry-List,) ;Lrc nnt, indexed<br />
lwrl~ . ;IS thry 3r-t’ :tll)h:it)c-t iv ; hut, all t iw wc~on(lnry and non-:~lphntwt,ic named<br />
iI1 111(> I,iGt 31x iiwlll(Icv1. ;ioni~~t~inws it, is an :Lclxxnt,;lge to the prop:kg:itor to<br />
I,(> ;ii)l(~ to lc)oli 111) :I11 thcl uwmlwrs of :1 nntural fillnily, t,o not,e how t,he.y ngrec<br />
:III(I (1ilTcbr it111011g t Il(~t~lJcI~(‘~ ; t hcrcfore ~11 the nanlrs of families in the Nursery-<br />
List :II’(’ lxc~uglit t owt hvr ii1 p:uxgr:q~hs in this indes.<br />
Arn:w:~nth:tcc3c, 227, 228, 372, 321,<br />
339<br />
Anl:ir:inth, Glohc. 321<br />
rl mtzra~~fhus rctrojlexus, 22<br />
.-~rri:~ryllicln~c~~, 22,. 3; 234, 327, 357,<br />
L’.‘,!). mi. “X4, 292, 294. 3CX?, 309,<br />
316, :k?o. 334, 337, 340. 34x, 353,<br />
;-5ti. ilfi5, XX, 378, 401. 423, 424,<br />
435, 440<br />
Amnzon Lily, 309<br />
Amcric~nn Vcntallry, 414<br />
An:w:ircli:iw:~ 9 --* “‘MI 1 290, 356, 397, 411 I<br />
417. 423<br />
A/1clrbc~I1c corr)narifz. ti3<br />
-1 trdhurn ~rar~f~r~i~~ns, 301<br />
Ann:& of Ilorticulturc, quoted, 3R<br />
hnnonarc:~, 23 1, 242. 243<br />
~~nnulnr-t)~itl(ling, l:Hi<br />
Anthr:~~nosc, 300, a07<br />
-4 tr.thrisclts Clvcn:foliunz., 278<br />
Aphids in nurseries, 200, 2 10<br />
:lphi.s pomi, 210 ; sorhi. L’lO<br />
.4pircnt pzr~folcrl::, 272<br />
:lpoc~yn:tcc3E:, 3134 ; 222, 225, 24S, 269,<br />
302. 35G, 3X, 401, 41’S, 430, 432, 437<br />
Aponoget~onaccae, 234<br />
Apple, CustJ:trd-, 231 ; leaf-hopper,<br />
213; Mnmmcc-, 356 ; Cklheitc-,<br />
423 ; powdery-mildew, 197 ; SCLIJ,<br />
1%; Star, 2X1 ; st,ocks for, 183<br />
Approac~li gruft~ing, 119. 166<br />
Aprifvk, St. Domingo, :
444 INDEX<br />
Aquifolince;p. 338. 365<br />
iir:tre:p, 239 ; 222. “24, 226, 229,<br />
233, 234. 242. 243. 265, 287, 301,<br />
303, 331. :Jw, SiA, 3$7, 392, 397,<br />
403, 417, 4”” --, 4‘Z3, 440<br />
Araliacw. 22 1, L’40, 303, 311, 319,<br />
330, ,375, 402, 429, 43-t<br />
Aralia cordaffl, 4:Gl ; qu irqwffoliunh,<br />
3 19<br />
Arbor-I-it*, 430 ; Japanese, 409<br />
Arbutus, Trtliling, 306<br />
Xri* t olochia wz, 242<br />
.Irrowhead, -I15<br />
.-1 rtcmisia =ihsi~rtiiium~. 43!) ; DracunfILlIts,<br />
42s<br />
Arthur, J. (‘.. quoted, L’7<br />
Artillery Plant. 39.I<br />
.~~(~lt~pi:td:~c’cn~. Z4:3. 27.1. $36, 357,<br />
;Pa, 4”:3, 424<br />
.Mi, 315 ; Pric*kly, 440<br />
:b;prn. 402<br />
.-Ispitfiotus prrniciosus, 2’1:d<br />
.Meriostigma. 4%<br />
.? trip1c.x h.ortfrr,sis. x7)<br />
Aust ris, seeds from, !I<br />
Autumn Crows, Z’S6<br />
Hacillus anlt~lowrus, I!):!<br />
13nctf-C L and disease * , 10” .I<br />
Bnctfrium ficmffncifr~s, 194<br />
IZailey, quoted, 4<br />
Ihld Cypress. 4%<br />
Balloon-Vine, 269<br />
BalsaminaceE, 247, 33X<br />
13nitct, quot.cd. 1 lis;<br />
13:trbados Goosebcr~, 389<br />
Rnrtwrry, 251<br />
13:wk-grafting, 160<br />
13nrnard’s tank. X3, 84<br />
Ilnrrcnwort, SO6<br />
l3JascllaceLE, 248 “58<br />
E&wood, 431 ’ -<br />
Bast.ard Cedar, 272<br />
Bayberry, 364<br />
Bead-Plant., 366<br />
Bcal, mentioned, 114<br />
Rcan. 391; Castor, 411; Water, 36<br />
Beard-Tongue. 387<br />
Hear’s Breech. 22 1<br />
Beech, 311 ; Blue, 270<br />
Beefwood. 271<br />
legoniaceze, 249<br />
~cinhart. E. G., quoted, 41<br />
Sell-flower, 267<br />
Sell-glass, 16, HI<br />
Mlwort, Giant,, :376<br />
knc, 419<br />
Sent-Grass, 224<br />
3erberidace~. 2ii1, 306, 347, 355,<br />
365<br />
3etonica. 42:3<br />
3etulacez. 226, 251, 270, 289, :376<br />
3ignoniacez. 251, 268, 271, 279, 285,<br />
304. 338, 340, 3i8, 391, 397, 405,<br />
429<br />
3ignortia zicmsta. 405<br />
bindweed, -88<br />
;;h$ a: ‘F<br />
3ird-of-Paradise Flower, 426<br />
Birthworl. 242. 433<br />
Rit,ter-sweet, 372<br />
Blackberry ant hracnosc, 207 ; 3.ily,<br />
250<br />
Black Nellrl)orc. X32 ; Falsify, 418 ;<br />
spot of row, 207<br />
Rlaclder-Nut, 423 ; Scnna, 287<br />
Bladclerwort , 4%<br />
Rlazing Sar, :34H<br />
Needing-Heart, 300<br />
Blight, 193<br />
Blood Flower, :3’29<br />
Blue Rewh. 270 ; -Eyed Grass, 420<br />
Boraginaccre, 2X), 242, 257, 274,<br />
288, 305, 331, 360, 364, 369, 427<br />
Boring seeds, 38<br />
Bottle-Brush, 360<br />
Bottle-grafting, 144, 164<br />
Bot.tom heat. 87<br />
Bouncing Bet, 416<br />
Box. 261; Elder, 222, 365<br />
391 ; Thorn, 353<br />
Boxberry, 317<br />
Bracken, 404<br />
Bragg tree-digger, 172<br />
Brake, 404 ; Cliff, 387<br />
Bramble, 413<br />
; Jasmine,<br />
Brassica alba, 23 ; oleracea, 261; oleracea<br />
var. acephala, 286, 343 ; oleracea<br />
var. hotrytis, 271 ; oleracea var.<br />
Caulo-Rapa, 344 ; oleracea var. gemmifcra,<br />
260 ; Rapa, 434
Brazilian Rubber-Tree, 332<br />
Bread-Fruit . 243<br />
I~ridgc-gr:l,ft’itifi. 160<br />
~~i(imc~i~irr~e~ 251;) .?‘)‘i .)A i .)‘.‘r .a,‘.’<br />
393, 304, 3”!). ‘:3:~~~“l~~5.“:~[;.’ is;:<br />
405, 431, 43s<br />
Brorrcus nzil::is, 2::<br />
Brown, B. S.. quot.ed, 135<br />
Brugrnansia, 299<br />
Brgjlobia pratrnsis. 2 11<br />
Buckeye, 224<br />
Buckt,horn, 409 ; Sea. 334<br />
Budding defined, 11.3 ; practice. 121<br />
13ud-grafting, I18 ; select.ion. lS6<br />
13u&ane, 281<br />
I~u&!. 224<br />
I~llllwl, 57<br />
I3r1ll,lct, 61<br />
t(lllt)s. described, 56<br />
I{ulrush, 3$2, 434<br />
I~ureau of Markets. 10<br />
Hurnet, 416<br />
Burying seeds. 35<br />
13utjomareaz, 260, 337, 350<br />
Buttercup, 40X<br />
Butterfly-Pea, Z’S4<br />
But,ternut, 341<br />
But terwort , 396<br />
13ut ton-BuA. 273 ; Snake-Root, MS<br />
But,tonwood. 39S<br />
Bus:tcea?. “61<br />
(~‘abbage Palm, 24 1<br />
C‘ncalia, 305<br />
C‘aFfaCCLe, 261. %3. 2T-l. 30-l. :m5, 307 9<br />
330, 337, 356. 3fii. 370, 3i5, 3X6<br />
389. 410, 417. 419, 441<br />
Cactus, Hatchet, 386<br />
(~‘alnmpelis, 304<br />
Calico Bush, 343<br />
California Pepper-Tree, 417 ; Poppy I<br />
309<br />
Calipers. 1 PO<br />
C’alliopsis, 288<br />
C‘ailus, 95<br />
Calycant#haceae. 267. 359<br />
C’ameron, Robt.., mentioned, 219<br />
Campanulacez. 267. 351, 376, 393<br />
398. 407. 422, 432, 438<br />
Canzpanula Rapunculus, 407<br />
Campion, 420<br />
1 4 ( ‘:~n:lry-bird Flower, 433<br />
( C ‘a udlcl)crry. 364<br />
I [ ‘:mdyt.uft,, :2:1s<br />
1 i ‘;IIN-, Vv’iiti, 24:;<br />
( C’anna.(xxe. 268<br />
( :ape Marigold,<br />
c ‘aper, 26W<br />
XU ; Primrose, 426<br />
( :apparidnre:e , 268, 263, 329<br />
c laprifoliaceat,<br />
427, 436<br />
219, 301, 352, 416,<br />
(:ardamom I 30.5<br />
( ~aroh, 273<br />
c ‘arolina Allspice. 267<br />
( ‘Iarrion-Flower, 423<br />
c .‘arrot.<br />
(<br />
i<br />
rrrord of, 26<br />
t<br />
‘arya, 333<br />
~‘:tryophyllace:p, 241. 369. 273, 300,<br />
329. 332, 353, 416, 420, 423, 427, 433<br />
( ‘ashew. 239<br />
(.‘astali:l,<br />
X7<br />
( Y.zst,or Bean, 411<br />
(-‘asunrinncra?. 37 1<br />
-3<br />
i ni,l*hfly, 4%)<br />
(‘at-tail, 434<br />
( 7~~yrnnr Pcppcr. 3,%7<br />
t .‘c~arc.ofh.u.s ntn(~ricnmws, 33<br />
( ‘cdar, \Vhitr, 430<br />
( ~‘eIastraCe3C, 272, 3 10<br />
(-‘clcry, record of. L’B<br />
(.‘vntaury, Amcricban. 414<br />
( ‘cratoptcridsc,c~~~, 273<br />
(‘.‘crcis jrzpo,, icn, 111<br />
(“II,~I~I’(J~)~~,~IIu<br />
m tdbnsrm, 378<br />
(Ihlrtochloa. 361<br />
C’hastc-Tree, 438<br />
C’hnyot.c, 418<br />
C’hcmicals for germination, 38<br />
C‘henopodinceE, 245, 248, 343, 370,<br />
422<br />
Cherries, stocks for, 183<br />
Cherry, Ground, 393 ; powdery-mil-<br />
dew, 199 ; Wint,er, 393 ; yellow-leaf,<br />
198<br />
Chestnut, Horse-, 224; stocks for, 183<br />
Chick-Pea. 2Sl<br />
Chickweed. Mouse-Ear, 273<br />
Chicory. mentioned, 23<br />
Chimonanthus, 359<br />
China Aster, fl~i ; -Berry, 359<br />
Chinese layering, 76. 76; Sacred Lily,<br />
365
446<br />
INDEX<br />
(‘hink:il)ill, IYatw, X5<br />
Chip-blitltling. 1 W<br />
(‘hor~l,l:lt~~-‘l’r1~c~. ,l;io<br />
(‘!g)l
INDEX 447<br />
I):~jTc~ciii; riri5<br />
D:Gsy, 1+~1kglisl~. “50 ; Mic*l~:druns,<br />
3-15 ; hris, X57 ; Sn3n ltiver, 25s<br />
D:rnlc’s i’il,ltbt, :Kk!<br />
D:L:licl* I,., ?:I~~:ll~~~lli~ti. 117<br />
L):lt ist*flcx~x~. L’!)!k<br />
I~tzrrf~rrs I4rmd(L, 50<br />
l~):i\.is, 11. ;I., 111thn1 iolkd,<br />
I):q’ I,ily. XC?<br />
lkl:tytvl gcwliwtf icril. 21<br />
1 h~IlrllM-li, S;cYYl+. flY,lll. 10<br />
1 h5t*r1 ~\villo~v, X!)<br />
1:s:~<br />
I~iflrr~irrrs 1’f11.~/~~~/lf~/llll.s, L’G!)<br />
l~i::~~t~~~~i:~!~c~:!~, :ilti, .120<br />
1 JitblJ.1 r:t, XJO<br />
I)ig~t~r~, for t r(v5, 172<br />
l)ilh~~~iat~~m. Si. :ZOL’<br />
I)icworr:ic~c~:v, :-NZ, AL’!)<br />
I~II),~I~~~IYJ.s I
448 INDEX<br />
Forestry seed-sowing, 51<br />
Forget-me-not,, 3ti4<br />
Forsyt~ll’s ilot; ss<br />
Four-O’clock, Xl<br />
Foxglow?, 301<br />
lhncc, seeds from. 10<br />
l:raric:iscca, 259<br />
lCraxinelln, 3tJ 1<br />
l+‘rcnch Bean. ;NI ; XItal?,erry, 2%<br />
l’rcnela, 266<br />
,’ f riIi(r(s * ‘rreta, '9';:j<br />
\<br />
E’ruiY-grafting. 1 t.iti<br />
Fum:iriacc:e. L’S L’S!), 3OU<br />
E’ungi und clisra~e, 1%<br />
Fungicide:: for nursery stocek, 191<br />
Furzc. 434<br />
(i;tgt~ for frees. 1SO. IS1<br />
G:h, 8wvcPt, ;sl<br />
(;:irt)anzw. L’hl<br />
C;ardcn, ‘i‘ht~. quoted. 4s<br />
t ;:u%md Flower, 330<br />
C;nrry:lvc33, 317<br />
(.ic-n(9-:1 Station, 2i, 17t; ; tc%ter, ‘27<br />
C;cnip, 3.59<br />
(;t~ntiau:ivc:r. 1311, 317, XS, 41.4<br />
Gc~r:iniavc~u~. :f trees, 179<br />
( >raftagc, defined, 113<br />
( L;rafting, 1x ; by approach, 119,<br />
lfiti ; defined, 115; -waxes, 109<br />
f Araminez, 328 ; 224, 229, 243, 247<br />
2.w %Ci5, 279, 2M.3, 2,‘8Y, 307, 309<br />
334: 342, 344, 345 355, 361, 370:<br />
x57. 391) 424, 426. i41<br />
( +’ .~:~dpC, ., cuttings, 94. 95, 105 ; Hyacinth,<br />
3ti;3 ; -Seaside . 285; stocks, 183<br />
t I;rauu, Bent,-, 224 ; Blue-Eyed, 420 ;<br />
IM-, 435 ; Love-, 307 ; Pampas-,<br />
2x9 ; Plume-. 307 ; Quaking, 259 ;<br />
St. .\ugustine, 424 ; Whitlow-, 303<br />
( Sreen-Briar.<br />
( Srecnwood<br />
420<br />
vutbingy, 107<br />
( Zround Vherry, 393<br />
(:.;roundscl, 4 19 ; Tree, 247<br />
( Guernsey Liiy, 3GG<br />
I Gunl,<br />
( Gurlltm,<br />
1 Zumi,<br />
3W;<br />
368<br />
305<br />
Sweet, 350; -Tree, 309<br />
( tiuttifer:?, 31G, 356, 357<br />
( Iiyrrmonycli~s apir,Pndiculatus, 215<br />
I-lnl,rothaIunus, 274<br />
Haloragida.ceE, 329, 364<br />
IT:~n1:lrrielid:ice~, 289, 315, 330, 350,<br />
379<br />
Hand-gla,ss, 81<br />
Hardening-off, 17<br />
Hardwood cuttings, 104<br />
Hartford Fern, 354<br />
Ha,tchet Cactus, 386<br />
Ginkgoact*:r, :J i!)<br />
Gicic*heniavc%z ; L’!<br />
C ;o, 1 1 e 1 bn : lr : Atli ” ;;‘l ; -I~‘lower, 43.3 ,<br />
Aiallon-, 4:L’z ; i’histlc, :iO4<br />
Hatton, cited, 238<br />
C;lo!zulari:~r.t~ttl. : :infhr;lvno~v, 200 ; L&ir, JXeathcr, XX<br />
hZi&JS, 389 ; -S[Jc’t>, L’t)t) ; Il,ihj2.,v,-, z;‘Li: ! Hedge Nettle, 423
1RrDEX 449<br />
Heel cutting, 94<br />
Hecling-in, lS7<br />
flc!ikcs’ tree gage. IS0<br />
fff~(icirrttiiss atLt11CUs. 23 ; tllhCrOSUS, 243<br />
I-Icll~~lwrt~, False, 4X ; 1Yhite, 436<br />
Hemlock, 433<br />
Hc111p. 2c-i<br />
Herl,:ic’tlous-~:r’aft ing, 165<br />
Hrron’+12ill, YUK<br />
IIrsltar :Ind \I’hetzel, t)ook 1)~~ 190<br />
IIibisc1ls wzukt~tus, ~6s ; Trionw.~, 23<br />
Hi11Ia1nya Berry, 253<br />
Hippocnutnnace*, 2524<br />
Hw-Plum, 423<br />
IIo~,‘s grafting-knife, 148<br />
IIoitzia. 353<br />
tI{~lly, .Jsp:m, 376 ; hountain, 365<br />
~lw3ty, 35%<br />
357, 362, 365, 417, 420, 422, 431,<br />
433, 439<br />
Ironweed, 436<br />
Ivy, 330<br />
Jzrpan Cedar ,293 ; Holly, 376 ; Quince,<br />
274; seeds from, 10<br />
Japanese Arbor-Vita+, 409<br />
Jasmine Box, 391<br />
Jennings, J., mentioned, 219<br />
Jessamine, 34 1<br />
Job’s Tears, 286<br />
Jonquil, 365<br />
Judas Tree, 274<br />
Judd, W. H., mentioned, 219<br />
Juglandacea, 333, 341, 385, 404<br />
J’u&zns Ilfndsii, 164; nigra. I84<br />
Jujube, 441<br />
Juncace3e, 342<br />
Jute, 288<br />
1i1)p Horrilw:im. X76 ; Tree, 404 Kains, M. G., quoted, 178<br />
i If )rr!wund, :3. ‘,7<br />
Kaki, stock for, 184<br />
ll~,rr;i,~~:in~. ‘1’70: Hop. X76 Keeping seeds. 23<br />
Horned Poppy. 3 19 Kentucky Coffee Tree, 329<br />
HorwX‘hc~;t nut, E-1 Kidney Bean, 391 ; Vetch, 233<br />
Hort,cnsi:i. 337 Kicr’s layering-boxes, 77<br />
Houaeleek, 419 King and Pammel, quoted, 22<br />
fiuc~kle~wry, :SIT ; Swamp. 435 Knight, Thos Andrew, 13<br />
Humc, 11. II., qllotwl, :I-Ui, Z50, 370. Knives, for budding, 125; for grafting,<br />
390<br />
140. 148<br />
Husk Tomato, ;%):I<br />
Kohleria, 340<br />
Husmann. C;eo., cluotccl, 3?5<br />
tlylra npa pn 11 ic*ulu la, 111<br />
)ISdroch:lrita~c:, :&SO,-U:‘,<br />
Hydrophyilace:c, :!ti(i, X40, $39<br />
H3-nlenophSllac.t~~, ;(37<br />
Hyperic:we;e, X37<br />
II+c-Pl:tIlt<br />
( xi0<br />
iIll:~I~tu~,h!;lluI~l, 3-t<br />
inzpatif~r~~ Balsuu~~trn. 217<br />
Iriarc~hinn, 119, 166<br />
Indian C’urrnnt 4”i - . I Fig, 370; Rice,<br />
441; Turnip: 242<br />
Indigo, :
450 PNDEX<br />
Lfxdwort~, 4OG<br />
I,eaf-tdight. pear anti quince, 204 ;<br />
-curl ) w3 ; hopycr, 213<br />
Lea t her Leclf, L 27 5<br />
Lwves, cuttings uf, 101<br />
YL T nf.\rt'S L \I. .l,',Y . . -1-1 171<br />
Legumino~z, 220. 221, 225. 229,<br />
2;3:3, 245, 2-1-8, WI, 3.x, 268, 271.<br />
273, 274. %O, “Sl, X3, 284, 287,<br />
259, “91, 20:~. ‘-,!Itk 897, 303, :30x,<br />
312. 317, 320, 329, x30. 3:31, 3:m<br />
3x3. 344, :3-l:‘,, 3-47, 352, 353, :358,<br />
Xl, 379, :zso, :-x3, :290, 391, 401,<br />
404. 4o;i. 41 1, 421, 423, 426, 42x,<br />
4x3, 4:34, 43G, 437, 439<br />
hns cw~ulr~nfa. 34i<br />
Lcrltil)ul:Lri:~c’c:r, 39ci. 434<br />
LocqwYl’s ktne, 30:3<br />
Lcl)itiirim suIiPun2. t’HL’<br />
Li1:i.r , -1Y7<br />
Lili:lwzt, :1,49; E3, 225, 227, 233,<br />
2-44, 251. 254, 255, 259, 360, 267,<br />
279. 2S-k. L’S(‘,, 2SS, 29X, 303. ‘307,<br />
308. 315, 316, 317, SO, 330, 332,<br />
335, 343. 34-l. i3-15, :346. :3Gl. 3X3,<br />
367. 309. IIiO. Xifi, :379. 392, 405,<br />
411, 412, 41-I, 416, 41X. 419, 420,<br />
43;3, 436. 440. 441<br />
Lilium aruaium. 5X; cnrulidr~m. 5s;<br />
pardalir~um, 5s ; sprciosrmz, 5H<br />
JAY. Afrian, L’S ; Amazon, 309 ;<br />
Hlrtc~klw~y, L)50 ; (%inesr? Sawed,<br />
3% ; Day, :3:32; (iUCl’IksCy, :-3X ;<br />
Maripusa.. 2%‘; ; Pklntain. 335 ;<br />
Iioysl \l’:tttv-, 437 ; St. Bruno’s,<br />
379 ; Scarlwrough, 435 ; Water,<br />
367<br />
Lima Ikwn. 301<br />
Lime, Sp:k3h, :G!I<br />
Linlll~inthern~im, :3(i8<br />
LiIii~Cc:F. 35!), 4W<br />
Linden, 13 1<br />
Lion’q Fsot, 347<br />
Liquoriw. X0<br />
Lo:~~:lcwP, 35 1, :-So<br />
Li,lwli:ic*cw. :30X<br />
L!!!W!. 41 ! ; EI!!IW>‘. 320<br />
Log:~rii:ww, ZtiO. 3 17<br />
Loo~;1~~t rife, :35-L<br />
L(:c4!l:lt, :ius<br />
Aaptus, :w, 3ti7<br />
Lovnge, 348<br />
Love-Grusti. 307 ; -in-a-Mist, 367<br />
Luwrnc?, 358<br />
Lu21gwort. 3GO<br />
Lycwpodiuce~, 353<br />
Lyg;ist1m, 3.w<br />
Lyguu” pratcnsis, 2 12<br />
Lyt,hraccx:, 294, 344, 354<br />
Madrm~ja cm-data, L?5?<br />
Mu.d&:t Vine, 25X<br />
M:~.gnoliuce~, :13X, X4?. 351, 354, 360,<br />
417<br />
Mnidmhuir Fern, 22’:; ; Tree, 3 19<br />
M&c, n~entiond, 2:s<br />
Mallet rutting, 95<br />
Mallow. 355 ; Gl:)Ge. 422 ; MaA,<br />
2% ; Poppy-, 206<br />
M:~lpighiacc~, 355, 424<br />
M:~lvncez. 220, k!XS. XG, 290, 332,<br />
3:34 346 355 iSi6 l ‘IGX , :3X0, 4”‘)<br />
J-I.<br />
430 ’ ’ ’<br />
Mtmlmcc-Apple, 356<br />
Mandrnke, 356<br />
Man.gijwa irdica. 3%<br />
Mardot chick var. Ailk 270<br />
M:tplc. 221 ; Flowering. 220<br />
Marant~ace~, 265, 357<br />
&r:kttiace*, 331<br />
Marigold, 428 ; Cape. 3112 ; Fig-, 360;<br />
Mar&, 267 * Pot,. Zfi(i<br />
Mariposa Lily: 267<br />
M:wjoraxn. 375<br />
Marsh Mallow, 3% ; Marigold, 267<br />
Murt,yniacez2, 357<br />
Marvel of Peru. 361<br />
M,ztrimomy-Vine. 353<br />
Mexlow Rue, 4’% - * t -s\vt?et. :31-l<br />
Medick. 358<br />
Mcdlar, XXI<br />
Mcl:wtom:wc:e, 35M ; Z.51, L’7:2, XI?,<br />
SGO, 42 1, 4:31<br />
Meliawa, El’, 359<br />
McGunthnctzc. 35!)<br />
Mel ilo f us alO us, Z3<br />
hldissa o~/iritLalis, 247<br />
Merli~ipcrmncc~. 2S5, :1X<br />
Miehnelm:~s Daisy, Z-IT,<br />
iklildcw, goo&wrry, Zo‘? ; J.bCw:I). ‘N8 ;<br />
rose, %OK<br />
Milfoil, 222
INDEX 451<br />
.<br />
t<br />
Milk Vet&, 245<br />
Milkweed, 243<br />
Milkwvrt. 401<br />
Mint, 35!)<br />
Mock Or:mg;c, 3!)1 ; Privet, 391<br />
Modified whip-grufts. 143<br />
Mois%uw for taut tings, X0 ; for germin:ltion,<br />
12<br />
Monkey-Flower. 361<br />
Monk’s Hood. I ‘)*J” -mm<br />
Montana ISxperiment St,:ttion, 30<br />
Montbrct i:t, 4X3<br />
Moonflowc~r. S7, 339<br />
Rloonst?ed, 359<br />
hlorwcw, 24:s. 259, 2GX, 303, 313,<br />
3:; .-J, :kx, :3ti2<br />
hIc)rnirlg-(:lory. 3:39<br />
AZ~JI~ILS ulhc, 14 1 ; I.Uh/U, 14 1<br />
xl~w. ( ‘llll,-. :3;‘,3 ; Row. 402<br />
hlor,ic:, wlwt.ic)ned, 47<br />
~l(JuIlcl-l:r~cl.irlg, 71<br />
Mf)rirlt:lin 14:l)ctny. 24s ; E’rinr;t,; 223 :<br />
Holly, 3fi5 ; Laurel. 343 ; Rose,<br />
233<br />
Mourning ljri&. 417<br />
Mouse-I+w (‘hic~kwwd, 273<br />
Musvcrrts, 2-lZ<br />
M ulfwrry, S!) : Frcw~h, 266<br />
Mulfortl, rnent iombtf. S 1<br />
Mull&i, -tX<br />
Mummy st~tds;. 22<br />
hlus:w:c, 247, :
452 INDEX<br />
3 17, x31, x3;, :;:c. :341, ,345, 34s.<br />
;351, 375, :3!IL’, :-i!G, 403, 408, 409,<br />
414, 4:-U, -132, 43li, 437<br />
p:llIl-l. (-‘:ll,I,;l~t~, z-s-1 ; ( ‘IK~llito, 341<br />
P:dmcr, ;\I. .I,, lzlcnt icb11(*(1, L’l 1<br />
PillIllCt~O~ 4 1.4<br />
Pamnici ant1 King. c4ii0ttd, 22<br />
P:tnlp:I”-Grm. “s!)<br />
Parmr 1~~iit~~~~~:1;~lircIil, :il!)<br />
P:mtiuImYY~,<br />
:
Prirkly ,Isih, 441); Pear. 370<br />
Pride of India. 35!)<br />
Prim, 349<br />
3GS<br />
Prin~ularca? 229 2:<br />
:J35* :3,54. &);3. & 3u* “41iq “y51 :3u’37<br />
PriirLttla -4 rlriCltlt1. Z&i<br />
Priwt. 349; >IorBk. 1391<br />
Prong-tmdding, 1:{1<br />
Ring-budding,<br />
I’ro~,:lantin~-ltos. X!. SI ; -frame, X2,<br />
8G ; -house, Sli ; -0VCI1, 53<br />
Protc:~cY%?. 328, :k!!l. :bls, 354. 4c):3<br />
i’rutii(.s ariuttr, 1 s:3 ; cf’rus ijuu, 1 ti.1 ;<br />
Ilaritlra.rm, IS,:3 ; t~iJttlC’S~ icu ) IS4 ;<br />
Illfhdc 1). 1S3 ; .wlicillU, !?A<br />
Psctltm. 3SO<br />
1’s(wdo~n111), (iii<br />
I’sc~tlrlf~jwzizz ribis, 200<br />
I’sidium, 3%<br />
Psyll:L. 212 ; I)yricfda, 212<br />
I’l~~ro~~.u.s rih.yii, 2 1 .‘,<br />
Purliwc*e:t’, 402<br />
Purity, twtirl?: for, :jl<br />
1’urs1:1nc. -uJ”<br />
P~rolawr. -If 1;<br />
Pgrus cutrllrlu tt is, l?=L< ; Mcllru, 1X13 ;<br />
uroitica, Ihi< ; s~:rtrtitrcz, 1%<br />
Quaking<br />
(Ju:mKls,<br />
Grass. “:!I<br />
2Gi<br />
()uc~Ilhl:lnc~ Nut, :!.-,I<br />
(2 uinw. .I:~~:III. 271 ; lt?if-l)\ight, 2O.i ;<br />
stocks for, 154<br />
Hattte-hx.<br />
','ii:i<br />
Red-BUcd, 5-l ; ( ‘wl:tr, :&IL’ ; I’epper,<br />
_ 3s7; spider, 21 1<br />
bdwood, 4 I!)<br />
Keed. 243 ; hIaw, 4;$4<br />
Reed, C. A., quoted, 385<br />
Rrgermirl:1 t iou, 2 1<br />
Rcsd:i~Yx~, 3tjlj<br />
Rcvsurrection Plant, 230<br />
Rlwnnncea2, 251. 272, 336, 377, 409,<br />
4&I 1<br />
Rhodunthc, 33~<br />
Xhocle lslanc1 l~~xuperifnent Station, 29<br />
Rice, Indian, 4-11 ; Wild, 441<br />
1X<br />
Rober%s, quoted, 176<br />
Rock-Cress, 239<br />
Rocket, 332<br />
Rockfoil, 4 17<br />
Roc:k Kosc, 282, 331<br />
Rolfs, P. II., quoted, 394<br />
Itoot. cuttings of, 99<br />
Root-grafting 1 l!), 136. 138<br />
Root-grafts cs. buds, 141<br />
Rootstoclis, 67<br />
Ruripa ,4rnaoru~ia, 335 ; Xastwtium,<br />
439<br />
I~ouacr~, 225, 22s, 234, 23ti, 242, 253,<br />
274, 275, 2%Sl, 290, 300. 30s. 31 1,<br />
314, al& 319, 335, 342, 34:3. 353,<br />
i25.5, 3G0, 376, 340. :353, 392, i393,<br />
39x, 403, 405, 406, 40X. 411, 412,<br />
-1l:
454 INDEX<br />
s:lpl)r:lw:1’. 331, :;;‘,:;. -11ri<br />
$:~~r:lc,~~!!i:\!,~I~~~. L’!)S, 4 1G<br />
S:tvin, :342<br />
SlYClly. .114;<br />
S:t.uIfr:t~:lc*c~~p, L’-1.5, “.I$ “!b1, ‘,‘!W, :‘,oo,<br />
;-. I I<br />
Srl:icrirk~~ll:lc,c:t~, .$ lS<br />
Stznwiu (‘I tit+/d I tls, *2X!<br />
~mtis, lZI:tcldt~r, 257<br />
Scwitivc Ph~1, :Sti 1<br />
Sqxitxtion. 3;<br />
Scptciri:t I(*:tf-spot. 200. 2O(i<br />
ScrIwtltitre hy(~ring. 72<br />
S;Cr’Vice-brrry, 22S<br />
I(> f~:wi:L, 36 1<br />
hMl-lNlsll. 22x<br />
hddoc:k, 328<br />
iliunicl, tuentic)ncd, IfiG<br />
r’hphewi!ia urtp,rctca, 2tit.l<br />
rhield-budding, 122 ; -grafting, 159<br />
iltiu Leaf, 405<br />
ihooting-Star, 303<br />
iitwian Pea Tree, 2%<br />
Side-grafting, 118, 145, 15!)<br />
hle-Saddle Flower, 4 16<br />
Ukwced. 243<br />
iilvcr-Hell, 339 ; Tree, 348 ; Weed,<br />
241<br />
3nt:wul~;mw, 32-I<br />
4’ilcnitLgia spfriosa, :320<br />
Sicrm tiisartlnr, 420<br />
iliullv:lp, 41s<br />
~litt~crl:ttid :mc.t C’rosly, hook by, 190<br />
+lippcmvort, X5<br />
ilug on ye:tr, 214<br />
itnith, 14:. F., cited. 112, 190<br />
3nwkc-Trer, 2W ; Vifte, 223<br />
Snake Guurcl, 4:(2 ; -Root, Rutton,<br />
34M<br />
~tiowlwrry. 427<br />
455<br />
Spirlacia okracea. 423<br />
Fj,innc~h. New Ze:d:tnd. 439<br />
Spirwc~ blunrin, 111 ; ca~r.tonicm3is, 11 1 ;<br />
f1’wrwii, 111; rohrdij’diu, 11 1 ;<br />
tri1dKdu, 111<br />
Splice-grafting. 158<br />
Spore, definition. 11<br />
Sporcling, 12<br />
Spores, propngntion by. 11<br />
Spraying nursery stochk, 19 1<br />
S prucc, 39S<br />
Spurge, 310<br />
S(juill, 41s<br />
Scluirting Cucunlbcr, 304<br />
St :ifT-t,ree, 272<br />
St,:i?r’s-Horn Fern. 39s<br />
St,:tj,hylrac!e:t~. 4%<br />
Star-Aj)ple, 2X1 ; of Iktlllthw~, 376<br />
St:trk tree-digpx-, 173<br />
Starwort, 245<br />
Statistic-s of sce~-j)rodu(~tion, 5<br />
Stem, cuttings of, 10-I ; -grafting. 136<br />
Sterculiace~, Sl5, :JS. -E-I, 430<br />
St,erilizing soil, 40<br />
Stewart, Gee., quoted, 31 : V. IS.,<br />
quoted. 190<br />
Stock clcfind 113 : fl~xist’s, :{5S<br />
Stocks for trees, lS3<br />
St;Jh, 6’3<br />
Stonctrrop,<br />
Stools, 74<br />
4 1S<br />
St(JI’:lg(f for (Wtti!l#s, ‘32 ; for nUrsery<br />
st>oc4~, I si<br />
St,or:ix, 4X<br />
Storli’Y Bill. SC;<br />
Str:ltifcxtion, Z5<br />
Strxwberry Tomuto, 393 ; Tree, 240<br />
Striking of (nuttings. 93<br />
String I+Lin. :Wl ; w:txd, 171<br />
Stuartia, -124<br />
Stu:trt. \Villi:iII1, quoted. 40:{<br />
Styr:i(*a*e:f~, X9, -IO& -IS<br />
Sumac:, 4 11<br />
~UI~llllfY ~‘ylJrC’5i:‘. kid:{<br />
Sulltirup*<br />
Sl~Ilticw:<br />
3C~i.S<br />
Y!I-l<br />
Sunflower. 23, $4 1<br />
Sun Rose. :3:31<br />
Survivnl of the Vnlikr. quoted, 4<br />
tiwx;ij~ Huckldx~rry, -j:%><br />
Swur~ River Daisy, 25%<br />
Sweet C%xly, 364 ; clover, mentioned,<br />
23; Fern, 287; Gale, 3G4 ; Gum,<br />
350 ; -sccntd Shrub, 267<br />
Sycamore, 398<br />
syn1p10cnoelE, 427<br />
Tumnrack, 345<br />
T:mlaric:Lcex?, 428<br />
Tnnncotum, 428<br />
Taraxacum @iicinale, 397<br />
Tarnished plant-bug, 2 12<br />
Taxa~e~, 401, 428, 432<br />
Tea, Labrador, 246<br />
Teosint,c, :309<br />
Ternstra?tniace=, 424, 429, 430<br />
Tester, Geneva, 27<br />
Testing of seeds, 24<br />
Ttdrataychus bimacdatus, 2 11<br />
‘I? hcuccm, 32 1) 430<br />
Thistle, Globe, 304<br />
Thompson, C. H., quoted, 264<br />
Thorn, &>x-, 353 ; Christ’s, 377<br />
Thrift, 242<br />
Throatwort, 432<br />
Thyme. 43 1<br />
Thymel3eace:c, 297, 305, 394<br />
Tiger Flower, 431<br />
TiliaceE, 28X, 422, 431<br />
Tillotson, Cr. II., quoted, 51<br />
Tom:lt,o, Husk, 393 ; record of, 26;<br />
Strawberry, 39X ; trc:!, 296<br />
Top-Erafting, 136, 151<br />
Touniey, mcntionctl, 5!<br />
Toxylon, 354<br />
Tracy seed-j_rl:tnter. 47<br />
Trailing Arbut.us. 306<br />
Transport.:Ltitrn of seeds, 38<br />
Trnjx~trcz, 432<br />
Tree-diggers, 172 ; Fern, 227 ; of<br />
HeF?vC?n, “24 ; ‘!?::nl:Lt~o ZIG<br />
Tri,yorwlla F~rzUrn-~;rLFC1LIrL’, 312<br />
Trimming in nursery, lS6<br />
Triticum dgarc-, 23<br />
TrochoderldrrtceL, 274<br />
TropzolaceE, 433<br />
Tropical Almond, 429<br />
Trum~~et-(.Irce~er, 268<br />
Tuber, 63<br />
Tuberoue, 401<br />
Tubers, cuttings of, 9-)~<br />
Tuldar-budding, 1X
INDEX<br />
Tulip Tree, 351<br />
Tupelo, 368<br />
Turnip, Indian , 242 ; record of, 26<br />
Typhaccz 434<br />
Ulmace~, 273. 434<br />
Umbelliferse, 231, 240, 270. 272,<br />
',>7x, 28S. 301. 308, 312, 313, 332,<br />
337, 348. 364, 379, 3x0, 41G, 420;<br />
seeds of, 23<br />
Umbrella Pine, 41s ; Tree, 355<br />
Unicorn Flant , 357<br />
IJrt,icncep, 257, 394, 397<br />
IJtnh Esyeriment Station, 31, 32<br />
I~acc~iniiim corymbosum, 254 ; macriicuryon,<br />
291<br />
Valcrianacea?, 2i;J. L’S!), 435<br />
I’nkrl.undla utit~riu, %!I<br />
I’egetahlc Oyster, 4 15 ; Sponge, 353<br />
Vegetat.ion, definition, l:!<br />
Veneer-budding, 136 ; -graft, 144<br />
Veneering. 118<br />
I*duria incpqztalis, 196 ; pyri~uz, 19G<br />
Venus’ Looking-Glass, 422<br />
Verbennce*. 366, aio. 283, 304, 345,<br />
350, 390, 436, 43s<br />
Verbena, Sand, 320<br />
Vervnin. 3X6<br />
Vetch, Kidney, 233; Milk, 245<br />
Vet)chling, 345<br />
Vi:~!:i!lty of seedu, 2-2<br />
I’ihurnum plicafum, 97 ; tomcntasum I<br />
97<br />
I.‘ignu sirwnsid, 29 1<br />
Violacele, 378. 437<br />
I’iola tricolor, 37X<br />
Violet, Dame’s, 332 ; Dog’s-tooth, 30s 1<br />
Virgilia. 253<br />
Virgin’s Bower, 253<br />
Viscaria, 353<br />
Vitaceze ,"Z9,%2,3%2,380,438<br />
I’itis riparia. 183 ; L’iuijera, 183; vu1<br />
pin.a, l&1<br />
?vshlP~hPrgia, :sgc:<br />
\IS’akc-Robin. 433<br />
Xall-Cress, 239<br />
1<br />
flalnut,, stocks for, 184<br />
1 Eardian case, 40<br />
1<br />
Nater Bean, 365; Csltrops, 432 ;<br />
Chinkspin, 365; -Elm, 397 ; -Lily,<br />
367 ; -Lily, Royal, 437 ; Pennywort,<br />
337; -Poppy, 337<br />
1 wax for grafting, 169 ; Myrtle, 364;<br />
-Plant, 336<br />
7 Neigela, 301<br />
1 it’ellingtonia, 419<br />
1 Nheat. mentioned, 23<br />
1 LVhin, 434<br />
1<br />
bVhip-graft,<br />
143<br />
-double, 144; modified,<br />
1<br />
Whip-grafting,<br />
14Vhistle-budding, 119, 138<br />
136<br />
1<br />
White Alder,<br />
Hellebore,<br />
283 ;<br />
436;<br />
Cedar,<br />
-wood,<br />
275,<br />
351<br />
430<br />
1<br />
White, Elizabeth C., quoted, 291<br />
1<br />
Whitlavia. 390<br />
7<br />
Rhitlow-Grass, 303<br />
'I<br />
Whortleberry, 435<br />
7<br />
Wild Cane, 243 ; Olive, 305; Rice,<br />
441<br />
Willow. 415; Desert, 279<br />
Rindflower, 230<br />
Wine-Plant, 410<br />
WintIer Aconite, 307; Cherry, 393<br />
FVintergreen, 317, 40-i<br />
Witch-hazel, 330<br />
Wolf’s Bane, 222<br />
Woodbine, 332<br />
Woodruff 344<br />
Woolly al;his, 210<br />
Wormwood, 242<br />
Woundwort, 423<br />
Yam, 302<br />
Yarrow, 222<br />
Yellow-leaf. 198<br />
Yellow-wood, 283<br />
Yellows, raspberry, 206<br />
Yew,428<br />
Zea Mays, 23<br />
Zephyr Flower, 440<br />
Zingiberaceze, 227, 229, 290. 294, 305,<br />
330,441<br />
Printed<br />
in tho United States of Americtr.