INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY N9

A STIJDY OF'PERSONALITY VARIABLES OF 

INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY 

CoNTROLLED STUDENTS, PROI'ESSORS, 

EXECUTIVES AND POLITICIANS 

EY 

JAWAID FAIYAZ MIJHAMMAD KIIAN 

DEPARTMENT OI PSYCHOIOGY, 

IJNIYERSITY OF KARACEI, KANACEI 

N9

A STUDY OF PERSONALITY VARIABLES OF 

INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY 

CONTROLLED STUDENTS, PROF'ESSORS. 

EXECUTIVES AND POLITICIANS 

BY 

JAWAID FAIYAZ MUHAMMAD KIIAN 

Unde rL...!Fino! or 

Di Nun Kldiqr. 

Pnt (R) D.Frrd6r of h4!olos, 

UtrlwBitt ot l(|nchi 

srbd.!.d ro BAstt urimfty ot Krn.ni 

br th. n|l6lmrr ot rn. N.rd ot ph.D, D.gE 

DEPARTMEM OF PSYCHOI.OGY, 

I'NIVERSITY OT KARACHI, KARACIII 

2009

cEtnnclTr 

'nh i. to qlit O.r Ur. JMid rriys Muh.DDad Khar hs {or&.d 

rdd.b.ily &r il. .lquidb Fiod of dt@ '!d.. o, .lldririE Ttb i. 

ftrthe c.dilied thr tiis dert lio! @bodie, hi! om *o!k. To llc b6t of 

ry l@yt!ds. dd b.li.f I bv. tu'ld Mr. Jrnid F.t .Ktubt rditt q 

"ir.r! lld b&rhorliDg Frior Bto Fl.3u.d bi. objcctiE of.dEldn8 df 

td d!..| *i6 hffirt !d .tj!!t6 .rit b csiddld 6i .rd ! !tr!?d 

Fso &( tlE as/rd ofP[.D d.s!e 

Ah--W9 

Or.ltur Fxl.lb!.| 

D.?dMi d Btltolop, 

(i)

DEDICATED TOMY PARENTS 

Oi,IAY IIIEIR SOULS RBST IN PEACB) 

(u)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 

Fnst ol oll, I bos ny head b.foE Allah AlniShrt for Hi! Merc, &d Kindn ss lnrr has always 

ber eith D.. In th. rqr n!9., I wt! to .xp6 Dy gi'ritudc ro rref.s {RctiEd) D,. 

Na+Khdiqu, Depritrot of Psycholos/, Udv6i9 of ({ehi for his volu.d gdd&.e 

rsd @nrinuous d@uasmal wi0r r critic.l.y. in conpl€tior ofdis Sieddc la!k. rr spit 

of hn sictr6 ,.d @ndnu€d &0.riorarire hald, h€ h.d dmF b.cn .vaihbL for his citicd 

aalysi3of ihewrkdone&dDrovid.dtin qsdwb6IBtE, 

I m also rholiul ro all th. f4dry !|6bd of lb€ D.plridat of pttholosy, Unive6iry of 

Kdcbi fd llen qpBion of a!!onl, onr.nt e@uasmdr ard !clD. H.r., I woutd 

rauh be dish@.sl if don\ nm€ Aecificatty piofesr Dr. AnjM Aru Jahmgir, profGsor Dr. 

R.tlsbrnd. Talat Heb, PDf.g Dr_ AniL Anbq Mdit ad D.. Ard Z.h6 FaDui s 

d:.y w@ alwrs a 5o!e of i6Disrion for @, 

Tlb rcrk rcdd not hav. b.cn posibt witholr rh. $pport of alt rloe wno D.ni.ipaled in 

dir lwh. And a sb, I ow ! d.br of gElirurt io tm a vEl. I als !p!Ei!& rh. 

@pe6lion ofot stud.nr ofM.A., M,S.. pwios dd Final b.tch€s of2OO3, 2OO4 ed 2O0j 

who 

'm.ely helFd od emp.nicd oe i! cofl€lion of rh! d.ra for tni3 !!s@h. 

I ore ! lor lo my belov.d p.Mts od p€Err! j! las who @ no moE wirl 6. bur alwy3 

dEml of s.eing lhcir edson in law a! a ph,D doctor My brcoleB md sisten ed frid

Undoubt dly, rn cEdit for ny ilr.rst h lenirg ro this inpoidt ti.td which is sliu 

@tid.d g6 ro my mrlr la.lF d lh. gtldut ald post€ndulL l4ls tm.ly 

Prot V,B. Choh.tr Lat Pot O,P. Upldhyay, rbt Dr. Chtudc pdtash Shma 

Lr. Pret Dr. s.M. Haf@ zsidi Prei Dr. F@tn Z Aln 4 pDt Dr. Afzrt rod, 

Di Mwi.z Uddi! F@qui, Dr. sud.! Jalil lDd rref Dr. EE Hrle 

At $js noD@1, I wish to .ppeciaL Ue p.li.nce, loL@cc ed ihoughtfttn€$ of my wif. 

MB, F.Izu Paaq fdhving sFtd @ b @dptd. rbi. Fojer or tr@b6 of @si@ d 

pade4d.fcrEd.nddarcgs&dalebsofhdcl)miredt,adobtisalid. 

At last I silh to th&k l&. Zlbid Huin fo. hb suplon to r.solvc rtc iijnisticst bbce€.s, 

Mr. Abdul Majid Modi r.d Mr N.e. Muldtr d of R€eh r&ilit C6r!, F&rrry of 

Arls, Univ.siry of Kr@hi, l'1r. Kaio HBin dd Nt . Saln6 Bdt$ for havins tFed, 

i.lyp€d ald d€sis!.d the sipr aad Foof@d for rtte p.lp.rdion oflntu lhcai* 

(iv)

TABLE OF CONTENT 

fabl.! ol R.latio^ h4x.,.,.,.,.,. tot-122 

t4-tza 

C{APTERN 

leB olCodFot dnd P@dliry Th@ri6. ........,.,.,.,,.,.. 

O FrExple 06ofconepl.. 

E fetiv. Us. ofAnribrtion 

Arfiblniotr &d Olhcr P.6Bion Tacd6 

ttrru of Codaol 0d D.pBioD 

CIIAPTE.R.2 

RRid olMdrB otltrrm.lily.d E!..mrtiry fl _E).,.,.,,,..,.,.,.,.,., 

uev.lophenr of Meduesof Cmemt Lsc otConht....,.,,.,.,,....,.,. 

t cE of CoDuol M6@ Dfttop€d for ChJdr.D &d adote*n1r....., 

L(aof ConEol M6c DcwloFd torHeat$,.,,............,.,.,,....,,, 

wort Relared Locu ofcoruol M 

bcu of Coltbl Mqb D.vclop€d for Sp6ific pupos............... 

Misc.ll'Ms Us of rcu of C;hol M.ascs..._._.,................... 

CqAPIER-3 

Objetiv- ot.[. Study.....,... 

Als.ssMi of PcMDrlity TEils 

I 

3 

9 

l0 

t0 

l0 

ll 

t2 

t2 

I4 

l9 

23 

?7 

28 

l0 

30 

32 

38 

65 

68 

68 

69 

72

CtIAPTER4 

D6qlDdor of M.uuE Ukd in rhe RqerBh.,--.... . .................... 

Itolt r's I aDality-Exrcr&liry S€l 

ArjM Khrliqu. tyF A Scal.. 

Achi.vme^ MoriErion..,,..., 

Exi..6ior.N.mti.i!D......,. 

Work Va1G...,.,.....,.,.,.,.,... 

OBe@rrotul Co@ibqr.,., 

ratLchip Srylc,.,........-..,... 

Snrddts. PDf.s$, Exedircs polidchs......---.....-____._--,. 

AdEiri r*io!olSclls 

CIIAPTER.S 

CIIATIER{ 

Dilcus|o...,.....,..........,.,.,., 

l .nalit 4.medu. of LocworConilot.-.---,_._----.--___ 

Ex|dlitr a ! m6@ of ta6 of Conlot .,.,....... . .............,.,.,.,.. 

(vi) 

15 

16 

8l 

83 

85 

89 

94 

99 

r29 

l3l 

D4 

t31 

t39 

t4t 

148 

r53 

t57 

160 

162 

165 

r66

ABST& CT 

Lds of @!uol h6 ben E@gDiad s a feror lxptairing inpond dibsbB of 

b.luvior. Ii tG de b@ poslulabd io Efl4r tn mout ofils innucoe on @bu 

FMnalig udb (Ablmowien 969, Ardersort 9?7, Bd- 1966 Bioadct 971, !u,nld. 

1993, tifcoun-l982, Rona-1966, Spc.toFt988). t_os ofcoftol k on€ of!@y $cisl 

Dsrrbological cclrEi' It @ b. dclia.d s lh. qcnr lo s.hicn oc beties lhal his or 

ho b.hlvid ts a direcr impd on tlc mu.q*n4 of lbar belEvior lldividu.ti wjih 

s Intfral Locu of Co rol believe thar if they wort h.rd ihey will h. srcc6snt. 

lmvidcd they iaw *nowl.dgc, skills, lbilirics d othd p€Eonality chect€rtuiG. p6ple 

who brv. E\t dDl tec of CoftDl &.d ro $jsk lh.l ptal hippcos ro tbee is a nuction 

of faL d luct or orhd Folle i.e. foe b.yoDd lhen @ar.ol, 

Tn p!!st sfud, rc @ndw@d io 16r rle hDorh6.s tblr thc Conr&l of oul@86 @ 

be pq@ived $ localed in o.es peMirlity ch@&risdel b.haviobt skius, or €xi.inal 

.nviomat l fadoB (outsidc the *lf). nis wc trE sll](ly of rclariouhips moog rh€ 

prtrhologi.al rairs of borh withi! ed h.r$rcn tb€ @!t6 of i,cm.Iy md €xLbalty 

oiiqred st)ddr, pDfaters, d@uriv* dd potiricis of Dais ard f.@rj6, livilg in 

Xjruhi. b r&istd th. mjo.ity @dFi$ of Mulibs wno Davc a ltrcrg beli.f in 

poMrful olhd (cod) sd far (Muqsde or NNeeb). rr lpiie of $e fer mentioned, 

tujofty of6e sd..xhibir.d hdd5 rowlrds i!&nal l@6 of contrl, Si,e rh@ 

he er beei ey pdor sludie i! p.tisr& it'r @utt ctNiry d dr'@rd@ lhe Mlio&t 

cdh4 a b.i!g h&nEl or qi.trsl, ihe cu@r srudy my susgsl. dtrElion for othe. 

(vji)

Meh€6 to carryout tunhq inra{ultud or cos3-cultur.l s$dis wirh locu ofconrll 

the lindinge of rhis nudy irdi.ar $ai @jority of lhe cohbined ffiple i,e. 102 

(67.561/r') oo\ of 447 qbibii.d ren& bwads jntdulity agaiid t45 (i...32,44yr) 

dtmals. Ir tuuld b. rcnh be ioncd tnat ..t cu of Contol rclatiotuhips which rcE 

obcai*d ir Din6 [-J indi.{re inrmahy, wtc@, rtos ir p6niv€ indi@i. .xtcmatity,,. 

On dE @mbind @ple . signf@t bur *Et dd r.SariE Etatiorship 

ws foud b.rwh inrtul ras of ConEot {d tyF .A, Fe!.tit, 

(n=447,I - -0-081, p < O,O5). Ac[iwdol aotiwtion ald i €mtity P@ toud 

sierifiody riated G = -0.137, p < 0.Ol), Inlematity dd prcB 

found elal.d and siSnilicdt G = -0.l2t, p < O,Ol ). CatiDlic wo* vatues w& ds toud 

sisnifi@tly r.lated wilh iftehsury G - -0.97, p < O.Ot, Org&iatioml @mnnent viz 

a viz qte@l lec ofconrnl w.e foad rlll.d (. = 0. t 32, p < O,O1). 

On lhc coDbiDed sple of srudcoIl inie&liry, &hi€vm.nr hotivation, ed pe&lLlnr 

wo* vsru$ w@ fobd rcla1ed (r = -0.198, p < o.o5) and (r = -0.236, p < o.ol). h tute 

srud€n$ ryp. .A, dd &hiev@ot motjv.tion weE found rclated wirh inhaliry 

G - {.209, p < 0.0t od (r = -0.168, p < o.oj). Anong r.maj. sM.nrs i .natfty md 

&bidmqt moriwrion ud inrco.tity ed kmdds re foud rlar.d 

(r = .0.213, p < 0.05) and (r = {.219 p

wirh etholic port valu.s G = -0.31, p < 0.05). F@le prefd$s display.d qlcrnality 

el.t d lo fiE din raddshjp sryr. G - 0.29, p < o_05). 

E\aculiv6 or th. coDbined tupl. showd inl€dEliry ssiar.d wi$ orgojanionl 

comilnol (. = -0.18, p < 0,0t. M{. exeni*s distby.d ilrmaliry cld.d lo high 

lchicvdcnt notivalior G = 4.219, p < 0O5) and prnicip.live tddEbhip siyl. 

(r - -0.183, p < 0.05). !.Dsle ilcnEl .x@tivd indicared Etativ.ty a w.d( Etarionship 

10 Pol€sla wlk values G = -0,064, p < 0.0t, 

Polilicia @ th. cdbincd wpte with inttui orioi.rion dislhyed Elariomhjp wiri 

lype A 6nd authditdi& lad.bhip style (r = _0.221, p < 0,05) and G = -0,217, p

orgdiudional @Imn|Mr ar 0,01 ld€l aod orholic qqk r€lu .r 0.05 tcvcl, Or $€ 

stb{Dup of qecutiy.s &d politicim lh. diff@n@ M foud on ..hidement 

motivalioq otholic wd( vdc &d dgdjzldoMt @milnent .t 0.05 ltrl.

't'i.-",Jv*4J Vt tLocus ot convot) J, at,;!Gt),! - tuii . 

.Ilq- ),ltfi -tt L' rF\ ot'U, -.8 L c/ -tt L 6,Vt,i/.1+ cl t/ 

y'-(n rt r - fi d t t r - )y, n rr-,t'/.t,B,r- ( t' 

o ), u /.t 

- )i t, n t - gi a t z z -,:;t, ,t 

+6 v d.z-', z,rc! /',! 6, p h ;r'- + c) lf r e"V q &.,nw L ce 6v 6,p b; 

J ; 0'- th !.Lb L' t.& * L,,n t-ttbLt, L'&& (t t qtJ-,/,.F.4J 

-!-" r qtL 

-v 

q,t +*, ca.,iJq t, ctr J! Jb L a? D 6!u -+ r/ 

tt,J v L 6, tj; | ; ftJ.,r r Ji,,,-f" L,t' -,t J 

" r, L - v etz ! -,V, t.48,, -b- 7 

f &8 fu fi L/ 

"A !?(t,,j ?a \,,rL ot.'tu (.{, ? S vL cttj4 + y+ r'ur r 

_- r r -, rp r L st z ?,j,-f4 J t 

fi] t&-,r,{, rw - z-, 

" s, t tJ, t?,, i.t J+,1 rr- / I + L J4! z,r 

"uv 

- 

* j-qJ-,/+u{at'Vtilxt-,v,!ou-rl{-}-,J',LvJyt'-' 

qt,rJ vL e?l ttJ,t? b;t6, tt,t 

6, q b ;:r'Jb it. -46: | lt 160 L b L n t',, 

- 7 O/.w t,lZ -r." 11r.t,g t L(i t j, D ti,a v,,r,f,, i vr,t y. Lh +, &. 

filuG- rt,! L Ate,f - r-,.":4,,{q,jr t.4, t,t e,2+.. I 6 

tL t *,a t)d, 

'f t-t,1 \)q. 7,,1'z t f," 4,J E d.t i- v' A ctvrl-f- t\cttt., tt ),t U 6J, v t,) 

"t',-,i {, t4 1Ap t,} AJ.,E q J b L 6, a, }r'&, Lt, +,,J od! f, {,t 

,r':1.:6 r)vrt " - Lq L A,A'j:tJ(-,tJt*, +t" o,!,ft-r, i_i, a i * 

,"- ,l tN -nn ) Ll Ffu? t lOt6,iV ,! -t,tt J1t E tt 

- Lf tv z l- i /Eq6)o/- Lt?L :.\ti t 14 

a t- l'-l,.ft.i V ( A p t';A!t,, ( i" r h ( /, 6 18 h i/&c I 

16 J v ( i 1 

z, 6t) 

)V| tvbi6. /E y'cw ( 4-6?t r,,Vr; v,!1y,y:t t,; $,y' k',rretation).:.-!!j 

( | o4"/ i,1. 4EA L 6,F b it|b.,' t J.v. L 60 Lh L n,f t" 

^',+ 

- L l{-.- 

4 {\} 6'? b}A!b"J/Q,.L lt' ( tn-4a7. F-o.oa1, p

.-V 4 6 dV,' L 6, p b i A! b 

"t 

g 4 ep. r lF -o. I 37, p('1, tV' *v 

t r. 4 d?, L 6, t? t, )..f 

'!1,'t 6A Vi ut/. L./ t lr-o.121, p.o.o t 1 -(91,f 

4' 

-l z-r, >".r, - -7" g fi1,pt,ityr,taf (Fo.e7, p

Ltt4 6. -VLWLtAr6jr"L,t vbr,f d$,L f( 6.4,i'Dt 

-{*64t9"t5 @.cf'\,))ft 4,uL./Jto.@r 4'5,4t,tt4/AUaV" 

L ot ?r"b|-ttt U pVL UL lr|t(o.ooq A) f L r 4,A L,F"r,r! 

,t, I u - 

p.6, -(/L PL |)VWV" 

" d tl f \l' 1 tg L @.@1NA V, 

"t 

n gA €',tt4,ep's& LtiL"t't/l 4 t'n +t'.tft ;tt'il'tfuz f 

,)*L lvt to.ottJ i d' C o t eVa f& -'l&p.slQt- t-vL nf' 

aa,fr,U'fuAaO.6fi )c4-{U6e(E 

('iD

Uld€nr.ldhg tl. Co4ept 

CIIAPTER - I 

INTRODUCTION 

Frcb ihe time ilmmoria.l, il hs bq sn $ar pspt€ tzke cedn for $ei! llcccses {d 

atEibut€ Lilus ro extemd (avinil@ral) fa.to6. comor obsryaiioor h2vc shoM 

rblI ! eile is norc lit ly ro drributc his sU6 to bis pc&Ml qlatiri* i.e, 

howLd8., 3lill, .frorr, erc std4 . tos i! tuF titety ro bl@ his failw lo 0l[6 

i.c., t .chq, cxeiM, morhs\ ilnqs, lek, .rc. This ij oF as!6r of hll@ mrrc, 

A f* €xmpld @ given below sibply to iUulr e lhe above view poinlsl 

L A f@tb8lld wv6 his nedr in th. cir thc mohdt he sB a 8o.t, 

2. A 6ick.r pl.y.r mis hir b6r on @ephrion of bn enuy. 

3- A lmtu platd wv6 [k/hq hd& h rhc air, thc n{)Mr hdlhc sB a mrb 

4. A restld displays hn hads in rlE air, lhe nonot efeEc d4td€s hin a 

Arothd as?.d ofnur@ trlrw is higfnight d bcloq 

l. A f@tb.ll playa q@ls wiLrt th. Ef.@ th. nomdl rhe Ef.ec ddld$ a huh 

2. A studdl blm.s his &@n€r when h. is noi etisfied wiIh his .xsimtio. esulii. 

3. A cdir platd qrrhf y loot at hjs Eckel wh@ he lI)6 hi, em.

4. A resd6 bld* lh. cf@ tor rhe los in th. bour 

Tr!@ e s few ct)motr obsrdioB of IncrEl/Excnrl .rEibulios. Alt rlc .bove 

illutr.tions @ nol ruc lo all md d.l ehd. !o, Esos, ail mcn &d womr e nol 

disposilionally dd sirutionalty alik . A sl&ing .xdple is fomcr pali.ldi Cricket 

Captain Ja"ed MisDd.d who mt@d inlo tle ndl al a very diffi@I1 mooedr ofhjs ced 

it St{j.h Wo d Cnp. The sirualion dMd.d of hio to sc@ 3 lu on rh. Isr b.I of 

lnc sma, No soona the ball hl hiSh ed higter in rhe an dd fin lly laded jn tne 

crowd. He boqed nis hcad to drc Almi8niy cod, €njoyed his hislorical su.!s s hc nad 

scoEd a six on thar b.ll. ort6 atso lootcd ioE:ds rh€ eky i! joy of Midd4rt 

Frfol'@e. Meilg r[@by rbat 0B p@ple ate cr.dircd bjs s|e6s ro Almighry 

God i.e,, th€y ldehcd this $es 10 arerDt agercy_ Oth6 atEibuted rhis s!@s 10 

Miedad's perfoMc. ed skitt. 

Son of th6e obseFslios d. .xreh.Uy one,red eSdr.Iqs of rhejr lE@nal vdiabl*. 

P@plet dkruvinl€mal oricflationr ditrq in iem of 0En l'lits (i... consilr€nt 

b.hayionl chafurri5rict, EtG (i.c, prEfGfrd .nnu{k rosards r Fen, di4, idq 

c!c.) &d olhd peMnd der.midlg hcloE (i.c,, eeldcr, ag., cduati@l sl.rs, 

pbtassiotu,poliricatoricnr*ion,er.), 

Th. individud oriot rion ond rctcftd to s p.E iv.d ..t@s of mrrct'is cmtly 

thc dosl siudied vdiabl. in psycnobSy dd rhe oths social s,e@s, Th4c orienlarioro 

dc defircd a g.ndalized qpet ncy for irt @t a, oppo&d to €xtehal oonlol of 

E doe.n6a (I.f@un, 19?6), A@djrg (o Zidbsrdo (l9Sj) a tcN of anrol 

or'cDrltion is ! b.tief abolt wn ths d!. @r@b6 of ou erio6 @ @rtilgcnt on whal

we do (i ehnl ori@ra$on) or on evors ouisid€ oe Ftsonal co rol (qteml 

oriat tiotr). It d$ @phaizt rhc deCE {o $hich FeN €xp@r 1hat a Einfoeneil 

or ouicone of $en h.bavior b conlingdt on th.ir om behsrior or pdsoml 

cb@Grislie vcts th. degE !o $di.h . p6on dpec d'it d. Ei.foM€nr or 

outcon€ is a funcdon of che@, luck, is undcr Oe control of powotul olhes or is simply 

upr.dictauc. Su.h qlEllEi6 My b. 8a.nli4d along a gdisr b&ed o. $. 

dese of s@tic sinil&iti6 of thc sirDliotrd cn4 (Rotber. 1966). The pF$nt 0Bis 

att{pls lo 4wr ilc qlc'lioN a rh.r rlirs e assi.led with intehdty oriot.d 

r€aoN ofboth 8.nd6 ed vhar traik @ deciated w I en€n tty orienicd peMns of 

Eilro.t orl4or ofcolrtut Co.ap. 

''I havc no siat lifc, '@npt.ined a lo sncthing sinetc sh b studor 

th€Eltt Terry ?h@. Ar Ph@st ugins, ll)e pati.nt w.nr ro a dme, 

qhft $\aBl ema daed vftn him, ..t w jusr lrckn" lte hI.r 

Eportcd, "it would n va hapFn agair" wlrei phms Gported thjs lo 

his nciror, .tulie Rolr.r, n crtstauizd s ida hc had b€a f@in!. t 

tutr€ls .xpqinors and ii hj! clinicrl Pl!cti@, 3ome lcoplc fficd io 

p€Eillcndy "fel thar qhd hrpp€B to rhm is 8ov€n.d by €xlml 

foB of $he lind or eo0E, while 0lh6 fet rhat wh.r hlpFB io 

them is 8ov€tted ldg.ly by dr.n oM efroit! &d shlls.' (Iiul, 1993 

,.llt)

This @tl lte bcgiditrs of the La6 of Conuol a a @lcepr Hiio.ical, Ror!.. 

(1954) @ the fi6l tlqchd b have pubrkh€d his vievloint (intenal-ern l 

odenlalio!) in his "S@irl Lchin8'neory" a book rhe 6eld ofp@oality e

allhal lime b FEud\ lsychomalysis (10061953), whi€h focwd on peoples. deeF. 

sdt d iNlircturl morjvs 4 dcteminors of b€lEvior. hdjviduals wd scd s b€ing 

@*e ro oEn lMNioB irpul56, and M$qenrty iMhflr Eqnied tong_t d 

oalysis of childh@d .xFiiencc- Evcn l@ing ,p!o&hs sl ihal iinc w€e domieied 

by M@yt (1938) thcory, which h.ld ihai lEople e. motivared by pnysiologic.Iy 

basd inpuls tbar prBs rh. hdieidurt !o sdsry lb.m. Ia dcEtopiq .S@i.t t@irg 

'ftery' Rottcr deparred tom instircr.based psychooatysis dd dri!€,bq.d 

b.h.vionsn. He beli.ved th.r a pstrhologicat thcory shoutd hav. a Fsycholo8ical 

nodvldonal piitrcipt. Gorb, Chde ed phci 1972). Ttjc ra@.y hctp.d bddgc rh. 

gap bctree! tladiriotrd !6ycloto6r, tuic ctinical prud@ ed t@ing 6eory. Ii is a 

th@ry lhat explsis b.havior s a.joint plodwl or borh riiforcmot ed qpedancies. 

Poplc ch@F to b.have in lii. qy dry do h.csu. rh. b€havior chosd is qp€cled lo 

le.d 1o a go.l or orcmc of $mc v.t@, 

Tn min fanB ofRondt th.ory h his oM vords e giva b.los: 

2, 

L 

{h. uir of irlBrigarion for tE sfidy of lEeDliry is lle intericdon 

b.t@n 6e individual lrd hjthq dvircment' (RotcFl gs} p_5). 

''P6onalily cotutrucis @ iot d.pddcnl for dplMtion 6 cons@r 

i, ey orn€r fi€ld" (!, 6)_ That is, Fas.,liry conslrwr is s@o on 

th€n oM withoft bcirg speifi.

N.va{F16, RotEr €urio6 agaiDn sNh durl speificdioa b.€r n 

@ lcod io fruirl.ss snemtr. al rdrcin8 consr.ucts to th. loBi 

@mon daoni@lor (for ffiplc, .veft .r rhe @M.clio. b.tsen 

4. 'Not dll b€hsviors of & orguisn may be uFnnly d6oibe.l wirh 

F6on liy corsrrucrs_.. Tlis posolarc sihply rccogdA lhal ea.h 

@Nlruclro! 3tskr ha a plnicdd tu8. of onvenie@,, (!.7). Roftq 

.onunH, not all w.Dis @ b€ uefully dBcribed i! perjuHtry l€ms. 

Jusr a $n .@k e @r ea.bL lo descnpdon in chdjc.l r*s, 

s to do eh..@tl Bill phrsiotoejcd i lrpFt lion" (!. 7). Sinple 

ellex.s e exmll4 6 th€y e b€tler d*dib.d h physiological te@. 

It 6ay b€ noriccd thlr 0E tdguage us.d n@ is mr ofRotter.s oM but 

toft*ld Aom oE ofhis olesu.s, Oagc Kclly (Altca t94). 

5, "A pe6on's e&di.n@ or a ldenis int nction wiih his or h.f 

@in86il .nvircMe inlt*t@ .!ch o1nq. In oth.r tur4s, 

FMn lity ha uity'' O. 8). Ron r b.lidcd ihtg eith EiF.,cne n 

individul's !.Mmlity b.gins to dddop wirh Elalive srabiiiryr thdc is 

sn Sencdlizxion ofh€bavid afu sirualiors, 

6, 'Blhavior s dewiH by pcM.atiry dsl,ucls h4 a direrioD.l 

ap.ct" (p.8). h uy h. said io be goal didLd. He€ Ron6,s position 

oircidcs sm.&lDl wirh lblr of Matow, (t9j4) bur h. is Gtariv.ty 

@E b€bryiodstic, ad dowi's $ne !8,€4ot with Skim, ( I rD. 

''Th. p@.ding pdnciple is ba&d or th. mpirical Lw of efect,, (!. S),

Th*, Soals @ achicved by behavios that have b*n Ewardcd 

(FirfoEd) ir ihe p6t for leding !o sool aiaimot. Ttre circuldity 

iDheEal in ilis &cobt is woided by as5minS wirh good I!eo, rh.l 

soals M be spe.ific b.for. behavioi hN beo rcwdden by 8od 

7. Finally, '"rhc @curnc.r of a b€h8ior of . F son @ d.Lmin d not 

oDly by lhc nat@ or importaM ol gods or r.infoMmetrt, bd ajso bt 

tlc FFn s dticiporioa or sxp€-t.rcy |hrr ih* goats sil ()@. Swh 

4petltioD e d.nmin d by pEvious €xpcri4cc uo 6 Dc 

qudift d'G.10). A@rdiig 1o pon !, Fople d nor d.Ely pNh.d by 

p6.l e'&rs: lhcy e pulLd by thc ddcipatjon of nre go.l 

Tn. .rdurrio! of srch a 'Ssid leing Tlory' did ar tan re drings for th. 

developndt of behavior rh.6py, FiBt ii prcdsed a nMb* of cliiicim! (md 

infl@c€d oIhcF) do wF @dr to a@pr ftw beh.viool t@hriqu.s od we 

.q!ipp.d *idl a tlr€oretical poifl of view rhlr could faciljlal. rhc ftodificaljo of dose 

t .hniq@ alorS boE @enitiv. liles, S@ond, de lhary, being bolh @ginve od 

nolivalional, B qFble of bl.rdirg rbe otdo lFychodyMicdly daired ihcEpeulic 

Poc.dws wiih Lir n.m b.havionl e

6. 

l. Psychothmpy is io b. @sidered a lehins sirEiion, ed lhe rote 

2. 

L 

4. 

5. 

tE llcGpisl is ro embl. the clat ro acN.vc plm.d c[ds6 

obsdable behavior ad lhinkin& 

A probld - elving t!D*o* is a ustul way of viewing $. 

difrcddB ofnosr ofth. clidts. 

Mosl olid th€ rol€ of th. theEpiri is lo suid€ th. ledi,s pr@ss so 

thai not only imd.quaL b€h.vio .d .nituds @ vqto6 or norc 

sd!ryins ed .onsErctiv. b€havioB e leu.d, 

Ii is on.n nec.sry 1o ctug. uoF.ltric exleI.mist jn e doing on. 

nd E lk hov rt lB thar cenai. b.haviou and qpfrr.ncis @s. 

ad how pno! *pqiae rc oispplied or oE-g@edliz.d by thc 

In Ihqrrrr lh. clicir mun l@ b b. 6n.d.d wirh rhc 

exFctanoN, notiEs ed ncds of oihcn. 

Ncw .rpdios of difctur .li61s/p@ple in dt life 6 

nuch moc ef€clive rh{ ihos rhat oca only duine fie 

7, In gen 6l. rhwpy isakindof$ciat i eraciion. 

Rous (1954) choe thc .Enpirical Law ofElfdf o hk Dodv.rins fdor, The lav 

of ef@i sl!l6 ilEt .p@plc re Doriv.icd to sk o posirive stimdadon or 

Einforc.men! dd to avoid uplcast srinulation,. Rotl6 @mbjned behavio.isd dd 

tt sludy of peemlity, wiihon relrug on lhysiotogicnl Euncts or driB a a

PeBoD.litt & Ir.!. of Collnl 

Tbc nah id.a in Julie Rond,r (1954) .Social LrdjrS ft@ry, is thar p6ron tiry 

EpE&nb e intedcdon of the individuat wirn his or her qvituM€nl. olie ceot 

sFst of a FMMtity, iftdsl to $e individud ihar b ind€FDdnr of ihe 

avtrohenl, ncrher, c4 on€ focu on b.havior 6 b.ine e aubmatic response to d 

objetiv. sel of oviFMdlal stinuli. Ratd, ro ud61dd bchavior, orc nusl ralc 

bor\ the individud i-e. thoe slimuli th.t ih. peen is al,@ of dd Espoodirg io ioro 

amowt, Roft.. (l960) dsciibes pcrsoDrtity s .a rclarively sr.ble sel ofporenliats for 

spordins b rit@tios ir a porticule wy.. 

Rottlr (1960) sq pe6o!.rliry, &d Ib*foF betavio,, s atwys ch,ngabi€. Chdg. 

lhe w6y p@! llints, or chmg6lhe enviom€Dr rhe pdson is Bponding to, ed 

rhs b.havid will ct&g.. Ee did mr beti.rc rhat rh@ is a criricd peiod aft6 snicn 

peBotulity is *t. Bui, $e nor life qDqi@* one ha buitding up ceiain s.is of 

beli.fs, the noE etrons dd ifiw€ndo$ d. rlquiEd for chage to @cu. 

Rond (1960) @n@ivcd p@pte in d oprinistic wy. He sw t@ s being dnh 

fosed by fi.ir goals, !*kjn8 io minize rh€ir reinfocmdt, Erhq tlb jlst

CoEDoldi' otsod.l Labn|gThdy 

Rotllr 0954) hai tou h.in cdpo@$ ro his eci.l l.uing ih6ry nodel 

F.dicliig b.iai@. -rte e 

l. Bchavior Polatid 

2. Exp€t.lcy 

I R.irfo@t V.tE &d 

4. Prychologic.l Shudd 

L B.hwlor Potqtirl Ttrc likelihood of o8rging b a paniculs h€h,vio, 

2. 

in . rpeific silualid ir qll€d B.bviold pot 6tirl. Ir al.c i!. 

prot bility rhrr a palon wil ex]ibir . Ftiottd t hwio. i! cqtain 

situltion, In dy giva 3ituatiot! rh€E .rt mulripl. b.hiv'6 olc M 

.!s.gc i[ ror @h posrible b.brvioi r[6 is s beb|viq rolediiat. 

Wlich.E hcblvid ha l[. nighen poc.ri.l wilt h. .$ibircd tt th. 

Etpeb!.y. Tlc $ljaniE lob6bili9 tu kioM s qpel.Dcy i_c. a 

giv6 b.hlvid wiU lad ro r lsrti.ull @ime or EisfoE6. Wlat i! 

thc lik lihood thlr . particuts bebwio. will lead to a sp.linc ouicoDe? 

Htung "bigh" or ttlng" qFr@ic! nr@ th. iadividultr' t*t ot 

6.fd.m., lhlt a b.h!vio. witl Eu[ in e o!tcoh.. On rh€ @nruy 

havin8 lo! qlecIlocia n@ dEt tn indivi.tuat hq . beti€f it is 

l0

L 

unlikdy that his or hq b.hrvio. will result in reinfon m€ni. rf $c 

outcda @ cqully d€i6bt. w wil €ngrgc in th€ b€tavid rbar t5 

lhe 8raaien lkelihood of payinS on (i,e. h6 th. heh6t cxps@cy/ 

@nf&nt d\c b.lavior wilt Bull in the o!tco@, Hsvi4 toe 

expqlrej* dE fom€d, based on plsl expdioce. The moe offen a 

b.bwior ha led io Eidoremor in rie prn rhc sfolgd itrc Fetrt 

*Fclarcy thlr th. b€havior vil achi4e thrr oui6m€ @w, 

It b importait to nole that exp€crancy is not objeclive but subj@tivc 

ptubalility, b@e of porlDlog e irrarioEl 

qpeidcies Thqe nay be no rcl.rionshjp whai e d.r berNcn 

Fe.'s $bj€.tiE .s@nc of how lit ly a Ei.follddr wj[ he 

&d ilE aclu,l objecdve pmbabitiry of th€ Ejnfoer oeuning, ?apl. 

m d0h oq oi urder 6dnate l[i, lik.tih@d .d borh disrodios 6 

poi.ltidly b. pDbt@ric. 

Relnforc.n.nt Vrhe ReinfoMoeni is dother nMe lor ihe ourcome 

or ou b.hlvioi ReinfoMdt v.te Efes ro $c {tesjhbiliry of lrr 

ou1c.hc. fting! k @r lo h.ppa, have a hjgh reinfo@Dqt vatu.. 

TIiles w don\ wor io h.pp€!, lti.ls re vieh ro Mid, havc a tow 

rdnfolrmfri vdu., r thc likelih@d of @bieving rcbfo@mer B sc 

sq E will .xhibit d. b.hlvior with d. 8@rcst Einfo@hdt vatuc 

(i.e., tnc ore .lircci.d tow.d. rt o!r@h. w. pefcr dost). 

]I

As eith.x!6tarcy, reinfoicendt v.he i! $bj.ciire, nerine thar rh. 

se.vot of .xFri@ 6 v4riy difd jr dcliFbility d.padjne on 

fie indjvidual's lifc dp€.idce. puishhenl nod a pent wodd bc 

negadv.ly einforing ro nod cbildE. &d em.diDg ro bc ahid.d. 

Hoev€r, chn&cn vho g.t lifl. positiv€ lnention fton p@nls have a 

hich einfol@r lElE lh& Bct€L 

4. Prycnobdsl Sit!.tioN Atrlbugh rhc p6yctoto8i.d sinl lio, dc ml 

fig@ dirctly inio Ron€ls fomula for predicring behavior, Ron , 

belicve$ ir h alhyr imporr.at ro IGp ir nind td diffffii p@pk 

inte'lel $e sme linudon difeEnlly. Aeain, it is p@pt.!s subjalivc 

interprchrion of th. @virenlml ntha lbar & obj*rirc @y of 

rtnuli rhli is htujlgful 10 rhd srd thlt dernies hov oEy b€bavc. 

Prodictiv. Fomuh: B.havior potendat (Bp), Exp€darcy (E) ard Reiiforcmenr 

valrc (RD @ b. @nbired inb . pr.dictiv! fomuta ofb€Euor 

BP_'(E & R9 

This fomula 6 b€ Eld os BeluvioEl ?or.nrial is a tunclion of Exp.{tasy atrd 

R.irfo@dl Valu., or i! otha hrdr, th. lik€lihood of a Fen *hjbiring a 

r€niculd bcb.vior is a turction ofo. pobabitily Ih .X' bebavior win kld ro a giv.i 

out@me dd desi6bility of rhal ourcome. If .xr6rlncy ed einfoEdcnr v.tue @ 

borh hi3h rho be!,vior por.nrial wil be hjgh, if .ilh.r aFclarcy o. einfot@ol 

value is low thcn b.havior poten(at will be tow.r. 

\2

'nE fomula siv.n by Ron€r, h on $e sde pan€m which wa giv.n by Kun Llwin 

(1916) while de$ibing $e tdm sidtjfic inquiry, rh.r h€ o6id.6 bolh dE bdic 

lbeoEtical tmwLdg€ ed id.nrifies soluriotu !o significdt sociat poblens. 

ftc inl.bdio.nD fomul. polDs.d by Kln tryjn, js: 

B -r{P & E) 

whee.eh peson's behavior is (B). lhe nedion is bed on hjr,hr psMl qulities 

i.e. (P) ed (E) Ef.F ro rle wiat qvi.omr! rhis is wbar tb€ int Erior of th* 

pmnd q!.lities with hctoB prcert i! siat sftir8. Rord re hiehly i.nucned by 

Lewin a he nld bcd his studdr al ihe gndule lqet. 

Edly wo* on ihc bpic of .lxpeciafions aboul Co lol of Rcinfo&menf, w6 

perfodFd by Ju6 0954 !d ph.6 095D wno }uk d for then darEl 

disna$on at Ohio Srar€ UnivsiE, which w suFejsed by Rotter. Ilt@ in 

an€npll hav€ be, mrdc to re rh€ oigin ofde @!@ lo ll. wort ofdtu Adter 

(197), Llis happen.d bMe Roner sms ro be quir. iriuenced by $e philosophy 

and @o*pG of AlfiEd Adld 4 he os€d ro atrcnd his tanB a.l A.quertly ltldrt€d 

th€ tsychologic.l m.elinss h.ld ar Adl.ts eidd€e. How€v.r, itl iMadiare 

b&Lg6ud ha bec. fom€d in th. wt of RorEr studqq such s Wilie H. Jds 

0957) who sludicd rm $rs ofqpdsrcy shins: 

. Typical qp@recy snitr b.liedry thd a sJ..s or fan@ would b€ fouo*d 

rl

. Atypical expectdcy snitu believing rh.t a succc$ or failw @uld be followcd 

by a disinild outcom€. 

r.c!s of Cotrrol ud P.Eordty Tb@ri6 

Orc ofthe out3tanding hlpt@ilgs oftn 20s e.rry in rhe fi.ld ofpsychotogy wd thc 

study of 'P€6on iity lh.ory' Iim 1h. vdios dimid.d Ep@h.s (Bb.hof 1964). Ir 

ha b@ a rich sd vuied htrory in p6ychoto$,, wiu e obwdle of ihaeticlt 

uadnioB. Sorc psydologisls harc r.kq a hidly sidlific apprcactl wh.M olii.B 

hav. fcued ihcn atlenrion o. rh@ry derclopmenr Th* is at& ! suh,l! irl mlhaj! 

on th. appli.d fiel.l ofpsycboloSical tcsring, Crc eh (1956) l.bcl.d psychologisr, s 

.ith*'Splinc6'- rbo$ who sk b es&. fe delisiotu uong psrchotogic.l @nept 

by splining thd into €onstitMt .t.hcnrs, or.LMpers' - rhose who lek io a8gEgaie 

@nepts by onbiniog t|@w 6@pts jnro bmd oB. Ar inreeradon of rhce 

appo&h* vi* individuat ditr@nes hiemlnqly in the abiliri.s md tr p.@haliiy 

lildr@. P@naliry p.ycholos/ lE ban @ deption io rhe sEuggte of bNd vess 

speific felos. Re*mhe in p€sonality psy.holog/ h.ve invesied ilm.e eforrs in 

sking lo id.ntify rhous&rt ofsFcific rzir, (Attpon a Odb.!r-|966). & Wsljor.nd 

Cldk (1984) @@red: 

"...distinct ed *Ee8nl.d lii.otu&s hav€ devcloped @wd a nmbe 

of Frnality r.jL thar daAite di$initd le6 et nh.ts iold 

co@lale 5o higNy lnat ulcy ost be 66idaed h6@s of th€ we 

el'r.wts." C'_465)

In 2001 s@h of Psy'NFO dldab.sc (188?-200t) B.dr lnat in spjte of nmy of $e 

prest days' pGychologists' ltw.tio6 Ron r ie @tlowledged s a peeortiry rheo,hl 

(allan-l99?). How €vq, BiscIoI (1964) is of rh. opinion lltar Rortd My b. @nsidcEd 

6 ! l.ming lh.orisr or . 0!@!isr d @, bc ! rh@nsl who shos hn cs14 srggrhs 

on lhe individual lwjoS raller $d ddelopm€nl. Coltine€r (1996) b€lid€s tlw ine 

puuiqrion of RotEr's (1954) .S@i.t Ltrin8 and clinic.l !sychoto$,,is nor jun a 

social leming $eory but a *ri6 of enroU.n srudies dEl p,ovid.d d dpidql 

fouldatio! for th! lh@ry. R*cdchd o! rh. thdry impli€rjons for als.$dl ed 

th@py bav€ b.o wid€ly .!hDwl.dg.d. Ihe w* Fovided a $lid foudalior b€r*@n 

h.blvionl outcome ard self

followins bcll FpFeois Rog.r's poi ofvi.w thar in sy scienrific endeavo! whelh€r 

'pw or applicd si.ne', rh@ is . Fior Fmnal $bjfd€ chojc of pupos or th. 

vahe which that science wrb h peqiv.d 6 sid8. Each chaag€ of s@ in a 

$i.ntific t!s.eh, *h inrrpFr.lio of rh. mmbg of 0E scidlific fildinB ad qch 

d@kion s b now rI). tndinS shrll bc oppti.d e$s upon a p*so4l, slbjecdv. choice, 

K.lly(1963)inhisbook'"ThepsycholosyofPcsoralCon.acll"dglesthisconepts 

"I bcinS a psychotogisl .nd th€Etorc ! eidtisl m pofodira thii 

qFrim.d in ordd ro ibprore lhc !ftdidioN of conrtol of csnain 

hu@ phtumoon; bul ny rubjet, bcing necty a hul@ org&is, ir 

obvioNly p@cupi€d by inc@ble d.siEs d*cllins up withiD hin o, 

ncr is i. gluttomE DlNir of susrci&e .nd 3tetldr (pp.25-26). 

'ftu th€ rcrk dore cxuiB th. wietica ud d.vi.tiore exp.ncnced by vdiety of 

$bj6ti leopl. grcw in dilI€Ent dvircm. s dd .&h ha hivhq oq style of 

lbeibing €v.nt! ed hapFnirss ths psc.iving rhe difl.q6 belw6 lhe@lvs od 

olh6. The pr€ot re*&h ft.er on ildivid@ts' p€rc.Fion of.otrtrol, wherher lhay 

@ 'r olrol ofden oM fare within lioir or @pe th. clEll6g6 ouiside li).n. wc s 

individuals @ noE inr.ct d in ou om !.Mmliri6, my F

novins bMds Fople rcflecls ncwric Eds for a pann6 dd for afr4rion; ir de 

idolv* @dlllsive nDdsty. wlr.Rar noving lgriEt p@ptc, js .lsiaicd to Ef4r 

compulsive cx.gge.ar€d covings for powr od presriSc s welt 6 pesonol @bitions. 

Movirg aEy toD Flplc E0ea r p@n,s @nffi witl $lf,sariqing-necd fo. 

adnir.tion &d perf@donisn, AUpon (193?) in nis psychologic.l i erpr.urioo shr.! 

Ihal "rh@ is m pmbl@ in r6:,rtDtosi moE diffiotr lo hmdt th.n rh. !ebl@ of 

norivation. MoliBtion dr@ry q.n inoludin8 Allpod's tn6ry b in@mpl.re, Allporr 

0%0) in'P@nality and Sciat EMur€r" ds6 th.r "Alt lh.ori6 of tulivation f.jl 

lo polidc a tul $lurion". Atlport (196t) in ..pah€ns &d crc,lrl in r@!atiy. tunho 

esEd 1hat 'tE tebl.m of nodvarjon t enrat to th. ,sychotogic.t study of 

FMMliq/'. lic nfihd .mplaizqt l€milg s e inport&r f&1o. i! rhc dewl@tunt 

ofpc&naliq/ th.t is hi8)rly inyolv.d s a Eod. ofnodElion and coenirion, 

Cog.irioir h€nr.l er dd F@plio *eb lo fi1 inro dajor rhdc of lmitrg. Ilu 

Fenality q be iared s & ildividu.t,! siqe wy of p€Mivj,a nb dviD@c 

To d.si6. this impondr conept Bun (l9jD @iFd r[e l@ C@tor pccption 

Ddeidcy (CCPD). H. b.lid6 rhal we att @ cgrors ofou d$tiry: lb.t $m€ lhine 

w @nhol, bul oilEs e b€yo ou @nlrol ed tb,1ioo duy Fopte aE defci€nt in 

fi.i. pcE?tio!. i... too tuy Fopl. beli* dEt rhcy e ompt.rcly in @ntiol or ih.r 

my signitoml conhot is b.yond lh.if Each. 

Pdin dd Joh (2001) @ ofthc opinio! thlr p€somlity Epmsnts tnse cDeackn$ics 

of th. individud rhar eour for @sjl&!t panqn of thinkjn& fetilg, ad adon, 

t7

He$doae, Finchme dd Fond e005) edphEiz mm on individu.l dif@nq in 

unddbrdirg pceialily, 

de-, Cham (l%8) ls thc Ahriburionat I€ms "On8i!,'ed "paM" in a 3inil& way 10 

Rou.r's (1966), 'Anribuional T€@s. inienal &d €xrehal. de. Ch.ms (1968) disu$q 

li'e l.m digi! rd paM and b lin 

''An origin is a peMn who peE€ived his bebvior s dctctuined by 

his oM choosing, a pah is a p6on Btro !.rceiB his b.havior a 

detdircd by acd.l Io@ beyond his @nlrol". 

Rolt r 0975) caltion€d thar jnt quliry ud exlemliy rcprc*rls rwo cod. of ! 

@nrinum nor e eithd/or gFloSy. lnlc,Dls t nd to a&ibule ourcofts of.ve s b 

thcir om @ntrol, Bbce s cxtemats auribut€ oui@mes of even6 b €xrenEt 

W.iNr, €r al (1979) likwi* pcoc a srstchrtic ehid€nmr modwtion rh6ry, which 

4sm6 rhAl suces or failw moy be lnibuied to intcm6t or ext mal eu*. Ito* vho 

altribue thcir succ€*s to irledal eNd iave a &realer deg@ of acnievemenl 

Doliv.tion th4 thos who atEibui. thcn ,!.(ts io *t drl eBB. Tn@ who 

atEiblle iheir failu€s to qterml aes n$.r rhd inrcmat .aus* hov. sireng€! s.lf- 

6tM d

Other Expllmllotr! of Cotrcept 

Hlll@ bchavio!, says rlato (389 BC). rows fton rh@ maid eu€s; d6ire, €motion 

srd tFwlcdgq Dsie, app.tiL, iDputs., innjld - tne @ olc Emdo4 spin! 

dbilion, co6ag. - ihae @ o&. Krowt.dg., thought, ilrellai, eer - tn@ e oE 

Th€* pol6 dd qualitiB m i! all n@ but in diEr dcgF, Sone mo e bul 

.nbodin€Dt of deire, 16{* &d acqunidv€ e!ts, sio nl! rheir gai6 dwys 6 

Mught conpared with th€n ev€re@ding eoats, 

"w€ ca@i diecrly willio bc difldeni ftom what k dE'(de Anim ii) 

$jd tuistotlc. W€ Doritt os chect.u by ou om choiG of Ai.ads, 

b@ks5 oeupatiotu &d auheoc. Thc chjef @ndirion of h,ppircs h 

$e life or !!en - A€ci6c glory ed powe! of md in Vin@ dth€r rha 

Howvd, tetG (19?7) ness€d th.i oll id6 @tu tom .xp€rioe. Ar binl fie 

individul s mind h like a cttu slEt .! r.bula rs,. (Dec*et. For Locke rhe njnd is 

pairc, n @dd @iE.xF.i€ne frm dc outsi& @.ld ed @dd Eflel lpon elf 

(S4ing & Tlinlins). H€ B $e onc who et€ about Gwistion of id4. He Efiim€d 

thal M& is hon blind e.l $ddenly hadc lo !*-. Hc tu b. n tcd to haE irjtjared d 

dpincd i..dition. No rDft.r lle @N9 orc h6 sfong ne€.t lo ud6l&d dd qplsj! 

what is goin8 i4 his im.r world, be€use people nul €xplain, il opetu up sone 

i ding innuae posibitiris ed obvioElt one hs to rhinl lhour ir, my b. cm 

for a niturc. lf one k ude'sled dd dptah what i, going on one njgnt b. abl. to 

t9

afr€cr ad inJllEc olha. Bur fi61, ld,s urddsknd rhe b6ic prjftiple of how Foptc 

qpldr tlingr, Then we wiu l@k ai it5 applicariom. 

Th@ b a theory about hor peopl. qpllin rhines. It is qled,.Adfibudon Tneory': 

1'. lh@ry is Edly quil. sirplc dc$ir. ic nrfid srr&8. suding Ime. (wtd on 

$B ih. rem, "alhibution", one should thiDk of th€ lfr..exptmtior,,a a synonym). 

the th.ory rc*s lile tbjs: 

$th.n w ofrd.xpl@tio6 alod $by 6i.g3 h.pFr4 w @ giE on oft*! typd. 

On , vc cd dEke e acrul atidbldor Two, w @ Date d itrt m6l adribudon. Ar 

dl€lEl ! tibution Ger tudy for rlis) sigc eEality to e oulside agenr or forc. Or 

s rid tuuld sly' tle d.vil ord. De do n". Ar exiftt !flributior chiDs that sone 

oubid. thi.s norivared lh. d€dt, By @rtr4l e ini€mal athibution 6si8B causatiry io 

fa.toE sillin th. p6o4 Or 6 rhc d]lE rcdd ey, "l my$tf is a d.vit, I m guitry, 

gml me forgiv.nss". An intehsl .tribution claims thal r\c p€Mn w6 di@ y 

Espon3iblc for rl| €rcnr. 

}|ida (1958) immducd rfiribulion rt@.y !s batt e inft@@ @ tD.u of Co rot 

theory. Blt is is impor&rt lo apprcciare $e diffe@c belwd ihc hislory of $e$ rwo 

thorajcal hod.ls in psychology. 

H€itu (1958) su8s6rcd r,h'r o individuat n.€d5 ro foraan ou@m6 sln lhus hs ! 

conhl on his cnlioMenl. In d dh*is qe rhe importdt o1h6 h thc.nvioM.nr 

motiEr. hin ro .ngrgc in eusal d.jtsjs n uldnately tqds hin lo adcipar. 6 ro sh.r 

wiU h.!,p.n lo oDdetf qd to otncB is ule ourone of o @riv. b.hlvioi !isk. ed 

20

Taylor (l9l) E

sG obta;led by uiDg o& or the ode6 chifttm\ tec of Contml $.le d pE rjes 

ofpaMb i.e, tie child rcding prdices dd scor€s upon neaues ofchitdM\ lncus of 

&rkovsk, ctudrll ard Cood (t967) i!.longibdinar sludy of hu& daetophmr 

condwlcd by F.l's R6e@h tnstiruta fobd fou Ei.bl€s aff€ding ihe chi0\ reus of 

Conlrol orienidtion. I!6. fou fadoE e afelio4 drtuee, domima 4

Ef.ctive Ut. of Anriburlo! 

'fte $rongest l€son li,on 'Afliburion Ibeory. sms ro be itr sihpficny. One mighr 

hav. b€n stuct br rhc flcl lhal e oe @& .bout lh. dFrin6n, To &hi.rc obvios 

dd appMtly ddui.g .fr€cis! all ttE sw6 hsd b do @ br} a fd wl-timed dd 

atpopria& slard@t . Thft B tro sEl d..cptjo oi.klo€rion m€chrdica. 

Ih.E @ two lcy sicps to cfedv. B of ".nribrnior.,. Ii61 n must b. rpplied in. 

srlualion whce pspl. e€ dinling about wny 6in$ re hapFnirg, S*ond, $e 

.xplarbrion hrn be d i .Dal .rtibuli@. IargiE a k!.n6 sying l[N rhirgs. .,Boys, 

lhr homework dsigMenr *€F very well done. I wondq *hy ,..lherc nusr be a lor 

orgood snrdolr in rhis cls$ I elB". 

''.t.wi4 I don\ bow ify@ Edia it, bul you,vc bc6 sittjr8 hcE quidly srtins 

alonc on you pbjar, You nst h. very hdd-wortjng pctsor, . 

If you tlinl aboul it, 'AMbution Thtry' eircs cEd.n e to th. hdim, ..lcs is norc',, 

Th.16 yot do, od ttlc DoE you Lr rh. @iv€r rnink,0E dlc moE cbrnge you * 

get, You jur hay. b oake sw thar $. tinlc $inss you do lead ro inremal aftibutioE. 

E@ e eme @mon d@pl€s giveo by Sr.v. Booth-Bfi€rfi€ld ( l 92, Vhit€ r.hng 

a clN one gels his test rcsults He i.ls ! p.ll @d fi!& out 6J%, H€ 6ink! aboLl this 

disaptoirtiog q'nt for . ninur. &d reatids whal ! lousy tcehd he,s 8ot &d how 

badl, witt ! txl bml is &d tow ufan &c t6r I ed ... orc tuIa a tot of ai.nul 

stiribudoN. \4,ha cou.d the 65%? 'Ev€nb ouiside hjm, Exitudt lhings,, 

23

Now, on the n xt test orc scor.s 9t%, \vcll, what h. says then? .Excit d, oh t made if', 

Or.l* @. pcople @ h@ eqt, \r,b.rc's rhe sus.lity? IBide him, nghf Herc onc 

dsigns cqualily io fe1ots wilhin hin ed dus mak* e iDtdnal ati.ibltion. 

Il i5 @lly sinpL. wlq oln6 sk, \rhf" rc.ithd Fovide m inrehat or e deml 

atlribnton qun obvioqly, Ho*v.r, q&dy wbar hs rhjs gor lo do virh influe@ on 

ou p.somlily? Cocider below rhis chain ofaenrs, 

L We my 6k owlvct or p@pl. a5l "why?" 

2. Wc povid. m anriblrion. 

3, Frem lho oD. ou beh.vior depend. on $e lyF of atribution wc 

Clcely, if ore cm @rlrol lhe onribution t ur one hsjcs, thcn w€ d in,lhe his 

tule b.hlvior, ndr? tlt G chek olr 6js t*oning wirh a @upl. of €tup16. 

B@i[ButErfidd, (1990, l9t, 1992) ba pmvided th.* two iltErr:iioB iom ltc 

clas@m, Bolh ddplcs d. pubtished Etuh ,ludis tn$ were condkted wirh 

ekn nr.ry sh@l clildr.n i! rhen classNN wnh rh.ii tach6. ll!u, ttEe mpt.s 

@ oor raboFrory sludi.r of itrf]u.@ raltEr @ E t-wortd ev.nls. This hak s orcii 

oul4om6 uctul md id.esdlg for 6. Tn fiRt nudy corc@ Scning LiG to cltu up 

thc clMo. Tbe s@nd inrclva improving rolh pdfol@e {d stfstam. 

Lid.rlng: A c.el.ss efiort with yohser childid i5 ro g.t tn m lo 

d@ up sn r lhmclG_ EEr Doe $, in rh. class@m *h@ ttcE

@ tvoly or thjrty ki&, nah6s Gally mat6 a diff€lt@. How @ 

rh. teeh6 ge1 kidr io be nd ald ridt, 

Thc 6d €xmpl€ nade ldds nater wilh .Atniburion IFry,. Th.y er 

$. kjd5 up srch lt l thc Id& Frfonn d . desired tFhavid rhr is how 

th.y ke provoked to rhink about why they dhibited $al h.havioi Of 

@w, thc situltioD q$ s€r up s! rh.r d. cnitdrcn muld mrte d 

irt.nal .tLibutior ('On did n beae h€t th.r kjnd o{ kid'), H@,5 

qhat h4p@.d? Fibl ihc @@na ehblish€d a b@li@ for liIlrjr8. 

ft.y visilcd lh. 5t godc clssjsl b.foF Ees rd harded out lillte 

cedis eraffrd in llaslic. AAd $e tids ml ro rhe playSou4 ih. 

Es@h€s@bt dthe ohb€of cddy mpp@ lhar w on rh€ ftoor 

ilE u€sle cd. Therc we Dmy norc mpFE on tbe 1l@r thm in 

'n 

Now tt sludyt siDpli.ity is goile to supd$ yo!. O*r lD. rcxr M 

Ek! p@pl. visited iltis ctsson For e@plc, rh. pdncipdl sbpFd 

i! for ! Iirlc ch$ ed on h6 wy out shc sirl thi! is a @r cralst@. 

You msr b. v.ry n€ar srudcnts sto @ rboul how rh.ir @h tookl_ 

On. fine nohing rlE d6 sircd io fld a rc1c otr fie blacldoud noo 

Lh. pdrcipal which eid, "lhi6 is the nsrest cls in scnoot 1 ou nus o. 

vdy Fr .!d cl@ sndd!l". Finalt, rn rmtla huld n& sinitd 

kind of@menls n@ugholl rhe rm wek reiril! period (.n6r rcon, 

n d rids"). Ir s ail rh€ l!fuha! did. 

25

'ftd lhey cdc bek for a ssnd visit again jlsl b€foF rc6s ed 

agah lhey hdd.d onl lide *Dppcd 6di*. Thie ti6c s,ts lhcy 

oulcd whedcr lne wapp.6 w€ot on lhe noor o. in 0!e w6tc carl. dtcy 

Ioud a lot noE m!'pd wh@ th€y b€long.dr in the gdbag.. Tt@ 

B a wry tegc ch.ng. in th. liiGiine ed cloing u! betravio, ofkjde 

L€1'6 idi€w rhis sinple $udy ed oake sw w und.dand whdl 

brppdcd. li6r, lhey w @ndy wpFE b€forc ed and s d 

objccriy. o*e of tincing. Seond, rhey nsd a vdiety of eue 

obedins th. dasfub ard ofdiog dpl&arjoE ("nan ImE, lqr 

tidi). 

Also realize the rhings rh.t wr€ iot going on. Nore of rhe suM 

hod.l.d tbe @ct bebavior, s lhc tids 9ft nor @pyiog ! em wiol 

obscNationol lffiilg. None of rhc soh6 povided coD.qudces of 

Einfolt.|M! .or 'w Esrds d puistmr givcn for sleitic &rs of 

b€h.vioi Nonc of lhe euMs provided .egumenb" lbout why kids 

should b. cl6 &d nor lirler, All ihe $uG did B o pruve 

'Itc rcleehm ale Eied soths rE.rn€ aton8 wjth lh. allribllion 

lEiniry. Tney cdled ii the ..pe6@ion Tearndfi. wirh a diifeEnr 

cbs@m, all rhe vriou3 sues esenlialty Save lh. typical adulr 

l@tus aloni cta,lines &d o@trs. Th.y ejd al th. dings eood 

26

iteha ey about linerirg. Ir h.d !o.tT.cr on thc @dy wr4'Fs tcst. 

Ki&, huh?Baclbtn daio poirt. 

Ih. &dysis th. t!s.dh.E nDde js dis. Wt n rhe Lid! hord -6t 

roon, rcai kids", tlry had !o rhint olo wnai had hoppm.d. In €sene, 

drcy had ro aJtsr r[. qu6do4 -dplsitr why r]E l!@ is nclr.p.rxl 

th€t sqe was simtle, ."Ihe boto i5 neat b@aue w€ .lon'r litter, We 

e dE tind ottEoplc *tF tict up at6 o@tv6'. 

In otha wrds ilr. clildq Dad. incd,l .tIliburior and if you beticv. 

urt you @ tlr. kind of p.eo who is neal md dcs not liner whar 

halFN wbd you havc r qady mpp€r? Ilur is nghq you rbrcw il 

awly 0 ihe wasr. .d'. 

Altiih ion .nd Orn.r P.Bu$iotr Trcriq 

'IlE p€Ewion and @nDli&e rulc bF.dr .Comnb@/C6iskrcy.. s€o4 

"Scque ial Rcq6rs", particddly ttr. foor in rhe d@r snategy, the reivcr is in m 

rdEtae@a pqirio! wirh both ofrh* r@h. Fi6r, h. Frfod $ne.dio4 &d thm 

k sked to do snething el* Elat d ro lhe tst etior. .Aftribulion ft@ry. h often us.d 

lo .xllain why CdMi!trqt/Co6ilt rcy dd F@t iD lh. d@ e.k 

Acadire io th. th@ry, E@iv6 obsepe iheir edo6 ar step orc ed mun aptain why 

th.y did *hat th€y did, If th.y rDk d ilrenol arFibudo! C.t 3iped drnt Frftjon 

b.e$ h l[€ lid of p6o!') lna thcy will prob.bly pdlon the $@nd ,clsted 

21

Erpet rcid: I! y cd lad 10 Fadlolog/ wh.r they d€ imtioDdly low. Ifpeopl. bave 

Iow qp..t ncis they do mt b.liee thei b

' Inteml atlibutioB abour th@dv6 who d'ey succ4d (i,.. i did n nyscu) 

. Inr€rEl olt ibutiod abour oih6 whd thcy fait (i.€_ ir w$ dFn fant 

. Exrrm.l anibutioa ,tout rhffilB rb€r lhey fail (i... $a€thing .t* 

mode m. f.il) 

r Exlalal attributioN aboul olhd slFn tltet succeed (j,.. ih.y e tucty) 

rhc ourcomc b lbe dp.ctarcy situari@ @y h. d.I.dind by ttue veiabls. 

. Tnerc @ b€ spaific *pecrorcio for i.he suc6s of a dva belEvior bdsed 

on psio6 dpdide h ln. sc sirudi6. 

t Thft d g.n Bliued q!*t nci.s for srll:.N bs.d otr exFric@ 

Sa.ralied fon elaled sit!.tioD. 

. Th* ft rh@6 prcbld elving gcreElz€d .xFcrarcies of wnich I-E 

bu one qmpL. 

All lh@ vdiabl€s inte@t to detemirc oB exp€cllrcy for th. su.@s oflhe b.havior 

h qrcsiior OE of thc IBl a@ing f€!tue! of huD bei!8s is this tr.y @ exphii 

&ythila". May be n @ms tw l[. f.cr lh.t w e pamk sd ou chit&.n t@p 

aking E, \irt4" a a old.r slpdior b.ings! w jusl @tuElly hare th. ptopc, 

expleition to ou ldd's equcst. ( \rhy did I drop lhal sfa on hy foor? t did ir io show 

you shrl r ece bruis loob lilc, lbd.s why,") 

No m.tid the ca@, w. h!v. a shons n4d !o undcBtand {d €spl.jn *,tEt is 8oin8 on in 

ou world. B{re peoplc musi explai4 ii op.ns up sone inteBtine infl!€G 

29

posibilitiB, Thjnl abo ir for ldruc.Ifyou m afer how p@plc !rd6i,.d dd 

qtlain whar is going oD. you mighr b. rble r,o inllueDe rhh r@. 

l3tcno!.tholog $d Tft o..r: 

Rotler (19?5) is Eadily asdnlt 0E hedical nodel @n@prion oftsychologic.l dierdea 

a t ing dises or illu*s. R.thcr, n @n@iv€s tn€ prcblm rtrse nslw is 

p.ychologic.l 6 one oftn matad.ptiv. bcnlvio. brelg|rr atout or @!s.d by iudcqod. 

or fallty leaing *pqienc6, A@rdins ro hjD, the symplo$ of patholoc)/ dc lmcd 

like all odr€r b.h.vior, As s@h, lr€arndr sno,rld be @nsid*d M1n r.f@nc lo 

l.uhg situ.rid wh@ adrpti* b.h.vio6 &d @g'itioB @ talghr d.l rh. thmpin 

clie rclationship i! viw€d s beinS sinite 6 a icehd taught rela{i@ship. Much of 

ou pr€qt ognitirc beh.vioftt trEaltnhls have dr.i, rcors i. Rotels social L.ening 

Thory, alrhough lh4 go Don ofrh.linc ue.howl.dg€

Cana, Rapropoulos, ki6r &d Sadher (1980) sugg.n ilEl pcopt. with qt nal t cu 

of Conrrol @y ale b. pmE to resEond srB eirh delEiotr Mn h rb. @1ex1 of a 

rciliv. lif. chr S.ylor .i rl (1984) foEd @@bdos berf,@ dcDr*sion ad $lf 

bl@. for th. icglriv. dents, 

DepF$ion k Ue m6t como! p3 lholoeiql di$rd.r. h fsc! it hd b@ *timated rhal 

alDosl h.rof all hMd b.irg dFricc such !rebtm !r !o@ riD. duirg dFn liv6 

(Blq, 1994). Attholgh uny 6.roE phy . olc i! der.$sioa, oc tb!. h.e @iv.d 

r@'rg atianion i! rtEt hight bc t@ed s ! sladdating pdt m of alrriburios, Ir 

@nursr to mosr p€opl., who show tn sctf*ening bid d*cnbcd abov., d€lElsd 

individuals cnd b adoF e opposiG p.tid ttEy atribdc eg.tiE our6B b l4nin& 

iften l clllg such s nci! oM drits or b.t of .bilily bqt dEibu& I6iriE oulco@ 

lo Gnpo8ry cxr€m6l caus! seh a good lucl or sp.cial fEvoB fiom cod, As a r$ult, 

3eh individu.k Fcive rhr! rlFy h!rc lftl. d no @ rot oq {h.r haDD.N to rhd. 

rIEy e m@ cliF i! rbe *i!ds oflrFldicr.ht 6itl! 

ll

CIIAPTER - 2 

REVIE* OT MEASURES OF INTERNALTTY & EXTERNALITT O.E) 

Ihe l@u of @nirol s a rI.as@ of gerc.dtiz.d pc@n litt ch@r.ristc has ba 

widely ued t'ircugn m I-E ssl.. Over thc ycd vdiou dtenpls hav€ ben nade to 

dwie &d derdop locB of@ntol $al* Tllc 9@16r iEpctu for isci€r i. locs of 

contd dcdrcd fon tc @adon of d Gssnenr dcvie 6 is don€ in p€rsonaliry 

I!wh. Ph.6 (1957) used a shorl Lilcn tt?€ of s.lc vitb l3-jr.G a h6E ol 

I@u of control. I! rh. sde yd, JdB dd pha6 (t95?) d.v.loped a tegcr srte 

tnoM a Je*Phles s.ale ed @ntain d 2Girm. FiMlly llle w.ll kroM !E scate 

wa introded by Rott.r in th€ ycs 1966. Th@ ftE fw od6 who msde .fons ed 

@llabonled wiri Rol&r. 11t* w Shepard UvcMr, Melvin S€naa DouSlas 

CrcMc ad .willi@ lm*. Ih. scate coBins of 29 for!.d choicc ir.@ ircluding 6 

fillq ilans to h.lp disgujs tb. purpo* of Ihe rsr Rotrd's (1966) iniriat fudines 

snowd $.r the sql. b oE dio*io.al. Howv€r, sine the intoducrion of dr. rile, 

@tuideEble 4iden@ hs appsrd ro prov. tbe nulidim*ioorliry of ihc sl€ 

(And@r\ L.v@n, Blrtd, &d Kiewr4 1999; Cllmil! t9E8; Kms.t, lq9; 

Kobe ed Pwceii, 1983; tlf@ut et at, tq9; Ma s!!d MadjID, 1999; Mqso od 

PiggE 199?; Pl|@, 1978; Rubi!, l9?4 Siricutud l9?E). Rotrer's sale 6 odSi.atty 

devisd io 6ss @nircl €xF.r&ci6 in difld€nl d.s (Achiev€m4l DoDinee, 

AtrIarioq crc), but f&tor dalysis Erel.d or y ore sE t r facro. Cotueq*nrty, wirl 

EF.t d itcd maly$s, ttE $al€ *E evdrr.lly redu.ed !o 2!-iteos rh.t w@ vie*ed 6 

b.ing faidy nomogoou (Lef6un - 1982). Ron r,s IE s.l€ w6t rhrugh foe rcRioro 

32

ef@ th. ni.l 5th v6ion B slbjaled lo scRl ealidnioB Fior to its publiorior 

The 'Rotler's l-E eale' hs bc.D iranstale4 ihortoed, fa.tor anatrzed bnr is siilt rhe 

'crud F!rh6 {i' pcdsps .cod !arhd,) of .l l!. leB or @nrol n6B. lrs 

corcEot, @atucl ed prediciive validiry @ {ell knoM ed pbvidetl r}E $alc 

@bilily .rd genedliry. I[e sdc h6 bc! ! $ue of lDtirztior for orhe6 !o d€v.lop 

rhe $ale of sinild naiue (Funrhd ed sr*h, 1993). 

Frcn thc Frud ofrh. tes! n is.viddt lh.t th. subj.cb de$nb. rh.n oM vi.}TDinl 

by choosirg b€tEd all€oativ6 rhlt rcflsi ! fdalisriq *l€D,l @!iiol, vie*?oinr &d 

dbs virh e intemal conrol indi@t a b.licf in lhen oM lbiliry io lFet qd @nhol 

Mccimies, Nordholrn, ward ed BhantmEvin, (19?4) hav. &poried Roftcts scale 

ms 5 culiG (Aur.li4 Japs4 Na Z.!td4 Sqed.n and lhe Uai.d St 16) 

Fenolq w.re food !o be moE qtemd the nala, . finding lhsl nay renct the 

Fcivc{t oppornDid6 of llc sx6. scoslty, dE rhc mi.i€ 6osl simitd in 

ldsuaSe, cubns ed vatB (Aurratia, New Zeated, ed nr US) p.odeed lbe mon 

inctul leq of @ftol ffi, wh.@ S*!d6 ard Jate @ @Biddld to be ihe 

morc pai.malinic @tios wn@ fiftinSei! io lhen famili6l dvireMenl is viewed s 

doE intDrlllr tb4 elomdy, prcduccd rhc n@ dl.d,l t@B of mrol s6. 

fiofsled. (1980, l98l) ceied out d exrensivc sen6 ofsludies ove, sme B yes inlo 

0E snbjat of cult4. H. d.tc rt cdnr s barat p.ogming s the bosis ihal n 

preditlos.s inditdu.k !o particut{ qrs ofdintin& rErceiyilg dd behaviDS, Th3r is 

tut to sy ilrat cvEyon. i! ! Danicd& qliw js idalicjl jn rhe wy $.y behave. tt do6

imply, hoqtw, dBr th@ L a rcnd.Dcy ro podw sinila pa .tu of belEvior By 

adopling ihi6 qplo&h Eo6t d. omib a bor. detail @Eid@lion of how cdtu6 fom, 

ch6s. ard e @inlAin.d. (FMfid & Gu&r, t993). Hofsredc (1980) in bis l!s@h 

put foqdd the ida thai ilre rheoriq of motivdion s@tly r€fled a laniculd Ft of 

cdrrlFl nom, As s@h tn.y @uld bc mst .ff.crie snudos EfletinC rbar ponicule 

clhnnl oriaiation. Trctupel@s (1993) oflqs sv@ difIdent dimcnsioN of national 

cultw, which ould imp..r rh. individurh b€tavior inctudirs noriva{on. For 

eMple, some $ciciica Ely on achieydoi N a b6e of su*es! wn@ s oth6 

ravo eiptior (qt n l l6s or@nrrol) or hvor otr as., .xFi.@ crc As such they 

hav€ ban foud io podu@ higha &o&s indicaling exremai l@N of @nL.ol. A5 a 

subsipr Bq 0976) ue.d data fom d. Mccidi6, ct d (1974) 3tudy ad roud |har 

rhe l@us of @ntrol s@rcs ch@reriaiion q.s ssdaLd qiih rhe ruicid. rares of$e 

c@Ey- Thw, Swd6 .nd .l.pu *w foud ro prcd@ ln. no.l q0crot @B @ 

locu ofcontol scal., ed had rhc highal su'cide 6tes, 

Furlher mor. . l&ee vri.ty of addilional sl6 haw b.d d\*eloped ro n@G tn 

aaific al@ ofl-E b.liefi, lAchidtelc ad Llwlis (1990), B6dlcy, BEwir, caffu 

&d Mo$s (1984), C.r.nis. Mc Dmott ed wood 0 984), Chws and DiD& (2002), De 

Vcllis (1985), Donov& ed O't ary (1978), Dovatiby, McKe ard Md., (1983), 

Duke ard cohaa (19?5), F.!re, prie, D6no(i ud Rotqts 0987), Funhm 

( 1986), vdd.letL vmickak aad Pohas (1987), c€su lrd Badley ( 198?), col8iou 

srd Bndl.y (199), Guin el at, (t969), 6uin, cuin, tjo. and B..r c (1969), Hjll ad 

B.le (1981), fiuter (2002), K!pl6 & Majd€s ( I976), Kaufhm, W.lrh dd Bqlwdin 

(195), KonsemFng, Pan@a ard GIe (2003), L! m

wunal€ (1986), Monras dd codey (1987), Mrrcn, (2005), Nic6$ €! sl 098t, 

o codel &d Pd@ (1985), r@l ard M.rq (19?8), P.rrrids. &d Joben (1989), 

Pnyn et al (1988), Rob.n ed Ho, (1996), SalEer(1982). skevingron (1990), stotldd 

ad zm60990), wallsron and w.I$d ald D. v.lti5 (1978), walstotr &d wallsloa, 

waier €t al (1990), vhitlle, D.6nod sd priE (1987), wood md Ld.t (i982), 

Woftll and Timnity 0981r. Apan nlo rh. goeFl l@u of @rr.ot ttBG, otld 

locq of @lirol m4B, neduine lte vdiou domim havc also beh ddeloped 

ovd tiEe. Bricf d&iptiw ro vdiou l@N of @nEol *al6 &v.toFd ovq ! Fiod 

ortine in rhd fi.ld of h.lttb cbildM srd adolsdrs, mrk, sphcE sp4inc e giv€n in 

$. slbs.qqt D{6gaphl. 

Da.lopd.tri ofMaod of c.n.rtl tau of Cortrcl: 

B.fo& tbe !@s ol sulfuizilg &d l@tilg itr thc F$ fd dt scq@E of ltsdh 

dk@v€ri6, rh. aurhor hs aleady diss.d abour thc Rohers (1966) rir€n tiry. 

E"\coalitr S&lG $ticl is @siddrd ro b. rh. pio@ in ite 6eld of c4d t@u of 

Contol. Howevd rh@ e othd n6@ at5o qhch may b. crled lhe m6ree of 

G.o.El trru of conrrcl. 

L8.ns (19?4) dev.lop.d a 24ii6 !!r..s of res or dtllt s6L, knoM a 

'Inlefroli1, Powertul Othe @d Chece Scal* (tpc),, which @si5!s of lltree 

indeFnddl scd4 ot th. @rrd @.ntur Bed in p.ofitir8 €Lsal h.ticIs. ,ftc 

Intcn lity (l) Sc.les ne&@s thc .xtenr to wnjcn peeN beljcv. they havc pqenal 

contol ovq dEn !v6. Th. Powatul 0$6 (p) sat. a.st*s tn€ b.li.f that odr.r 

p.opl. @nlrol .hts in onc,s lif._ 'I'lE Ct&@ (C) S.de ma@s b€liefs that tEt o, 

l5

falc cfl€cts expe.idc6 G.t!Mn, t98r). Esch sqr. .oNi$s of 8,ir€hs, panicipa.b 

aspond by 6irg a ? poilr Lilcn Scd. with €poN .hoies tu8irg ftom ,3 (Stronely 

di6a$e) ro +3 (Sronsly ogrce). To arcid negadve valu$ 24 poinls m added to sco,es 

or @h *rL. lacro. aElysis of rlE s.de $ppon.d d. i!d.Frd.nc. of $c rhE 

subscalB. The Eli.biliiies (Ku.ler.Ricbdt on) for th. tp&C eds w.,e @poned $ 

0,64, 0,77 &d 0.?8, T6r, rdcst elialiliry ovd a sp4 of 7 wek rmgcd ton 0.66 to 

0.?3. 

v.lehn & OsEon 0 14) dcklopcd s Ahbqialed M.!sW of brern t_Exteut lru 

of @ntlol. nD dlhos havc lropccd a shon vcsior ot Ron r\ (1966) I.E Scate. Tne 

ll-ilds loeed choie $al. t Gron d b have simitd Fycnoncric pop.nid b 

Rona's 29 ltcc *.lc which 6 publish€d ir l9?4 & Eviscd in 2003. 

To d.r@irc 1t c6@y of rhe @lcept of .xieorl l@u of @nEot in 0E sial 

system diheroion ed intcmal locB wjlh rcgard to self.ontrol ed faiatism wd 

d.veloFd bt Reid sd \v@ C94). Thcy idarified a rhird dincBion of stf conl,ll by 

whicn rhy nenl p@pl6 b.liew rh.t rh.y @uld @,rrol thcir inpuls d6i.e dd 

emoiio.al b.navior, Il is a 45-n€m! forc.d choice sql.. TX€ f.tllim &d social 3yslem 

@nrol dihdioB e n*!rd *ith l2-iGhs €ach sdel@ rhcc @ 8 itcDs which 

n6rc lh. elf @ntrcl diDsior RcMining B 'i6 d us.d d buf6. Resltr 

indjcate du.c distincr factod postulat d by Lcid sd we 0974). prichard, Boh md 

Kdly (1986) narc confdcd rbc 6@ &cror er.!cnE, IE alrho6.le confm.d rhat 

OB scale q be wd in c@q @wling wirh ad 1s, 

t6

fcourt 0980 devclop.d the Mutidibmios|t - Mdiiai[iburion l @usaliry sil6, or 

MMCS,Ihc sle conpries ofiwo felo6, orc corcehing &hi.vddt dd rhe oth€r 

afifiatior Th@ e ioi'l 24-ii.6 to bc hled or Litcrr,s Scd*. !a.h e€l€ is 

conposd of l2-iierE thal focNed on sue$ .xFri€nces.nd mining 12 oncem.d 

wilh l.ilE.xFrias. Tle 2+itu e nrihcr $Mivided inlo 4 prs ofaitibulion: 

Slable Inlehal Atlribution (Abili1i6 dd Skilb); UNrabl. Ilremal AtEibulim (Etron 

dd Moijvali@); Stablc Extdr.l An ibuio! (Conrextud Ch,@r.risriq) for Mplc 

t 5k dificuliyi sd Ustable Emehal Anribution (fonuilos €vqts). 1vitn dEs vsios 

subsslB wbB n66 6 b. d.nwd. Thc l..gst srq ror.l a&m,liry, @sisrs 

of agltflenls with *tctul arlribuiioN ed th. deniol of inrdFl atribnrioN, Howvq 

th. r3L ha rct arF&Ld l@y e*eha io w* on rhc *ale. 

D vend (1984) devcloped a locE of @nlrol $aL which is a n4@ of i €ml 

contol, h ha iso f&roB wh€.s sm. of the eg.h6 lik. Met6 dd .Wo@ 

(1988) suggBt dEt it ha tbr f..tob. M.y6 ed wom @Dparcd Dltrv.ila's *€lc 

with Rottels ( 1966) $al. &d fou'd b€fid coftlanons &d ge&r intdnat cosisren y 

aal homogddg. h Ih. @e yd BEwh dd Sb4no 098a) dwised a tw faclor 

$.1. neduing p@ivcd EsFBibilily for posiriv. r!!d ncsative oulcomcs, lt is a 12- 

'lanr 5 poili lgr - dbagE *sl. having dplE Fliability of O.?2 &d has @trstruct 

&d @ocun v.lidiry, Ihe Rottqt sqlc hd b.d foud to @rclar. vith 

sposibility for pcitiE, bln not neg.riv. ourcon6. rh. Spnc of Contrel ..Scale 

w$ developed by Paulhus ed Ctuisri€ (1981). rhis imumdr h$ ben usd to 6es 

dE l@s ofonrol- It b ! 30-ir.D Sph.E ofconEol Sc.l. *tich b divid€d irio rhr 

scPele sphees of b.hsvior; P@nal, Efiiciency, IdierpeMnat Conrol md Socio 

11

Political Contol (1o-it D tq Ah@). ne epondenrs @ r€quiEd t, raG lh. item or 

a ? poift Uk n scrle (l = Stongly DisagE., 7 - Slrcngly Asee). Th. Ey€N scoring is 

done for qtcdaly rcrdcd irm. thu lhe highq $oE rcpEq& nft jntcmol md 

loffi s@G, noE .xr.nal l6us of conrol, ?authu (1981) h6 rcFrr.d rlpha 

rliabilidq for lhe subsid @gjrg noo 0,75 io O,8O_ P&kis (1988) found low 

Eliability valu6 (0.50, 0.71 & 0.67) for ihe sub$.I.s i.e., p.enal Emciency, 

lotcrDeMnal Conill & Sciopoliticd Cod.ot cp€dvely. 

Thc lrt m6l Contol lndex (ICI) dcv€lop€d by Dldweilci. (1984) focu* on 6Fcrj of 

pcnonal choic.! auro@my, Gist nc. ro an mpls to inn@ae, d.lay of gari|cario4 

ud sclf{onfide€. Thc ICI @NisB of 28-ile6 wilh 6posc .ltemarivcs faljiog 

dong a Lik n-tlF sc.lc tugin8 nle I (tuty) to 5 (uully) Irs, dE Duin@ 

atlrinable @nposile eor is 140, indietirg. d€cidedly more inlehd respo@ panen. 

Th. niniMl att inabl. @mpGitc s@E is 28, indicadns a d€cid.lly l*s inh,l 

Locu of Conlml Merurer Deelop.d for ChildM lnd AdolBccnt!: 

On of lh. fi6t m6u.s in the @a of 166 of conaol for tosg chjldEn ws of Biale, 

( l96l). lt wa stecificdly coMn.d wiih $e @neptualizdod ofswgs s,rd taitw in 

ncorally r€Iard.d dd nomal childrEn. lr b . 23-irem l.st to n..5@ 1hc children,s 

lss of conr,Dl. ftc aubjar b ro espond with a .y6, or ,no, to @ch iten. Th. irm 

e ndked a 'f and 'p'. I€trcr .f indiclr.s thal a .yesi spo.$ b sEd a inrmal 

@nE!I. IlE l.1tq !' si8nifi6 ihd & @vd of.no' ed is s@rcd s ilrehd contlol. 

Th. scale is eorEd iD t.m of loLrl nwb6 of 6pons6 in d. dnecdon of inremal 

l8

conllol. Th. scale @ be eid lo meale on siiele din6ion. Bialar foud $at 

defm! gati8€iioo M ssia€d wiih intcnd tsu of ConEot. 

Banle md Rous {1963) dqdoped e incenious canoon I@s of conrol lesq tc aubj6t 

is to Espord 'hq lookins.r Ei@ .Lif.ti&c' arroon sindjd 0itc M@y's CAr) 

sd de to iovolve theh in atlribution oI rcsposibility. Tha child is 4ked to $ai. whal 

hdshc wuld sly lrd Ih@ le9ons c Erc

A 40-ikm $ilc B developcd by Nowicki & Stricklod (l973). ft is atcd on a'yesno' 

patl.n. T!. scalc w6 constnct d for, dd valid.kd oi. childr€n nom eight lo 16 yeds, 

Th. t6t !a. b6n shoM to barc a s.risfa.lory Eliability: Tcn @6 *@ sho$ not lo 

bc &laled to socisl d.siEbility or int llig@c. bur l,4 Glated to &hi*dat. A! 

pedicLd, sF3 be@e hoF inte@l yith .g€. Tbr s.el. hs en impBsivc 

6n3lrud validig rnd [d hq shou 10 elatc ro srch div6. phaom@ s mnjor.d 

Dopuleity, ability ro delay giatificado! ed pFj!di@. Iniemlity s@6, parricul{ly fot 

malc! [ave ben sisifi@0t Ela&d ro e.rlenic @nfid.rce, wir] nDluiry, 

ind.p.nderce, shiving ed elf-horilated b.haviou. Nowicki & Shickrdd's m6w h 

pcd.ps the mGt widely ed (ud ad.aplcd) ld6 of onrrol s.le fo. chjl.lrd p€nly 

h€lw it is @c of 0r firs1 ro .pr@, ard lppmpriaL for s wid€ @gc of as€s of 

A p@h@l inr.h.l qr.hd $.1. % doclopcd at SiarJord by Mish.l ed ziss 

(19?4). It is a *t of 14 qwstioN ed forc.d-binary choice! .lesis!€d apeciatty foi 

childm bet9E lhc {g* oflhE.nd sir y@!. fte rslidiry cdrr l@ pDnisins ar{t 

coftlatio8 b.tqdn tie sql.'s slb-se ed FBist hc. for positive hd ncsaliv. 

ouicods w€E si@ili.dr, It ha bq fobd. 6 pEdicrd, 6a1*ta o acrivity B 

poldjally etul in averrine a @g,riv. ou!@m., individu.t ditr tw6 in .xp6r.n i.s 

for @ rol ol rcgdiive €vob lr@ posilivcly Elated to p@ti* on rhar acivity. Wno 

p6c1i@.clivity a wls bc.@ thc ourcohe *s b.yord dE chitd s @n&ol tn@ 

B a reeadve Elstionsnjp be$cer inlmalily md lreiicc oo the rcdvny.

Gruen, Kotu & Bau 0974), d.relop.d a smup da4@ of locs of conr,sl 

appropljac for e wittr childq of difr€dr8 scio@nomic dd.lhic nd!s. The lest 

@Nisls of 38 nict-fig@ drlwin$ of *oB md chitdra e fo@d ro eccpl d 

inFmdl or qt.mal 6lribuiion for tu desib.d behaviou. fte r.sl showd both 

@nclldt .rd diqihindl validiry. This rcn @nsisr of 38 picnE3 wi$ Kud.r, 

Rjchadson Elirbiliryof0.o8 b 0.79 ed corcuenr !€tidny. 

A locu of Coohol S.d. for Minority Ctroups wss dev.topcd by Louden (19?8). Ir b a 

l2-iteF $tlc IDl€d YEs-No. TIF itds for rh. *aL \r@ nle!, bur adaprcd tom lhe 

Nowicki & Stickladd (1973) ncafu. Th. $ale @ piloted fo' irs uenrh.$ rirh 

British adoLm|l- Th. s.ale had a {,lir-hdf Etialiti9 of 0.61 &d disinietcd 

bet*en imigml gtuups i! a pEdicl€d di@rion. 

Dan&ubl & Olitrg.r (1981) dcv.to!.d a Ldu of Conlrol S.d. fd Chjtd,€n's 

Peeption of Social ldterdo$, This is. 48"iiem e.L nls YES-NO dd seful for 

.,hitlrer !8.d ? b 12 y6. The ireru qd denr€d tw a nwbcr of e@s and 

ieducetl from a ioral of I 19. Th€ eale had irrmal @Nislcocy co€fi€icnis betecn 0.75 

&d 0.81. A sial d..inbility slbsd. is includ.d. Conrrgcnr r€tidjty ot dte st. m 

low bn1 significmr @rclatiom werc foud wnn odd loc$ of @nrrel nes@. Funhcr 

sc @fthred signifiddy wih *imct i. popularig dc€ffi ed pEdicLd Fa 

statu ben r 1h4 0ih4 loas of @nhol n€@H. 

Corell (1935) dcElopd Mulddimdionnl Mezs@ of CbildrEn s p.cpljon or 

Cont&I. Th€ b4w raps lhr.. 6p€cll of pceepiioo of @ rot (inhal, Fwrfnl 

oth€6 ed unk)oM) in ll@ domjF (@snnjrc, sjal ed 

''hyri@t). 

p@ption of

contol ov.r suces oulcono rnd failu€ oucons @ se$cd scpdalely. The scale 

slDs 6B!.llv inpcaivc Fychomerric vrlilarid @npaed ro ndy lcaE ir &is 

@.. Il t al$ uique in having 'ukmM conrol' subeal€s, all of wbi.h Eeive

mecurEd acro$ nultipl. item with Liten-Typ€ of slca rdeing fton l-5 with ni8n.r 

$E indi@dng gre.&r cnd@cni 

Nowbli & Dulc 0 989) ddeloped a LocB of Connol s@le of Einforc@t, It h6 13- 

iteD InGmal-Extcmal IacB of Conrol Scal. for pl!*hool od priosy 3nldcds Ghon 

fbo) to D6u€ lo@ o{@Dtrol oiaiation. Th. l3-it @ on rbc ahon fom w l,\os 

lhal poss6ed th. b€sl ncn-tot l, And item"disciibinarion indiee oftle ?6-iids on th. 

PE$h@l &d PriD,ry N@icrj-SEiclLnd Ini.nil,ExcEd Sr.t. CpNS-tq Nowicki 

& Duke, 1974), I]re PtNS-lE hs ben d@onsftted io hav€ cosi.uct validity for eety 

cl@r.ry st@l-as.d childd! b$.d @ ir! rctiabiliry ond Actor sElcnN ond irt 

Flation to acad.nic ehi€vebol ed odra m$@s of locus of conhol 0{owicki, 

I99D. Ri.haud d€ Mi@i 091) d.vis.d a rcw mulridim.Bional t(M of@nFol st. 

Ior ArSdtii6 shool childH agcd 6 ro 12 yoffi. Tncrc @ 42.ircms for childer dscd 

12 ycars, 32-iLm for childra agcd 8 )€s sd ]6i1cm for €hildFn aged 6 ,%. I!. 

subjals e Equired to ewq the itcm in .Ys, or .No' fod Though thc validiry dara 

l€min ro be oll*t d, howw€r th. qEsdoMiEt sptit half aliabiliry 6s6 fron 

0.412 io 0.74.rd t61E-r.$ Elialifiy nod 0.42 ro 0_29. Thee @ fiv. fado6; the 

iht ml (iffrrmaral. afl*rive, mix.d) ed iwo eiemdl (pow.rtul oth6 od iatatisn). 

L&u ol Coa!reI M{!B D€v.toD.d fo. g.rtn: 

An idportad th6red..l ed ftrhodologjcd appto&h sug86rs a gcneElizd 

qperrn y for bntrcl bcliefs will! rcsqd to physical firns. SoEbo4 and Wolkc! 

097, stlldi.! altirudc low.rdr phrsicrl UirFs in eralion ro t@s of @drcl ed fobd 

$at ilt @ls had nor flbhble altirud. 1ow8n5 physicat eiivity, Intemds hlr bdn

foud obt i Ig b.tL. itrs s6 rba th..xr@,ls,!d cneaged noE in volu1!ry 

physicd ex@ise $e did th€ €xlemals (cdliseF6l. 199D. cM (19?3), Mlon & 

Mlon 097t, Nadiich 097t, Pryd ed Dincfeo (t977) foud lha individu,ls oak. 

.tdpl to olt@tu hallh d.Bagirg b.h.vioB showd m@ intmatity in th.n 

behavior 6 @np*d to exiedElr. fteF d. a g@d nMber of *d6 svailable with 

Grrld to rGuirg the pnysi.d fhN @!trol o. halrh I6N of @ftbI. Son of dF 

$al€s @ diicE!.d bclow: 

Du*.&dCotd (1975) dw.loFd.Dc .l H.dlnl&E of CrnEot, Duk. ed Cohd 

nrd. ihis scale in e audpt to pn

oncurot validity. I is cotuid.Ed ro b€ thc non wid.ly sed slc for he.irb beti€f 

m

ihvoliv. and lotdtially EvardinS Iine of invdtigslion to dislinSuish l@s of conrot 

non |@B ofongh i. the sludy ofhallh-Gld.d @itioB. 

L3 & w@ 098D pbduc€d E4toFsp€.ific Lro of contrcl beli.fs. Qu$tioMdE 

rni.h corraiE 2?-it ms, it 6 d.v.loped a1 rh. sme rih. srd with simitd aim s de 

MErc (Walbion ct a/., 1978). 14 & Wd (1981) rcponed a fou.fetor srrrcrue 

suggddng asli1ioE @ncding hslrh our@B e suid.d by b.liefs ir choa, 

prcvids (posqtul oth€s), $lf dd theal (Fea). Intemal consisr€nci€s fd Ae fou 

$al6 vw low (0,39 - 0.49) but t6t-ei61 Eliabiliti6 w* noe ihpeiw (0,65 - 

0,7?) dd tn. $al. h6 ben applicd in vaioN lcltings. 

WoE[ & Tinility (198D deElop.d rhe At@no[c ResloEibitiry Sot.. ft E a ]2- 

ilen qucstiomaiE (larer rdrced to 2+neD, whicn ses*d subj€cls, beli€fs 6 io 

vn ind $. lru of GpoNibi|ny for lrobtd drirtjrg 6id€s yith rh. s.lf or 0$6. 

High corclatio$ (0.55) wilh th. Rond l-E scal. 6 d i.d.x ot @ncuftnt validiq ee 

epod.d lhough n is !rEei,j! ro whlr qi.nt th. sjt€ is wid.ty u*d 

Salt2d (1982) da.lop.d tn Weidl l&u of Coftot. Ine WLOC sale is a 4.i!ch 

s€re ass'ng i.cnElity vaG dlltudnt win cDct ro ob6iq. SdEa eDon d 

Eenable l€st{41 rcliability (0.67), Blh€! poor rld @npMdv€ly moderre int mal 

@tuistcncy (alpha 0.58) but frn @mu@l v.tidiry wirh olher l@B of @ftll sl6 

&d prcdictive validily in rem of corelotions wjm $ces jn a wcight-l€ss prc8rm- 

irr.m.ls, parriculdy dre *60 hisHy valud h€dth ! phtsic.l app.m@, le 

mr Uk.ly 1o &hi.v. th.ir Eighlos goats. Irts rclk of Sat r u

A M@rd Hcdth Li.G orcodrol sete E .tevelopcd by W@d & L€tak 09E2). Il 

wa a 6-n m q@$iomiE wilh fou,poi (impoia!!-uinronat) d ils 6po@ scite. 

While @ Fliabilite lft EFttc4 rhee s!3Eh6 rorcd rhar psychoric padeds ree 

disli4lishcd frcb @nituls by rhct hidd crtdnal lc$ of.onirol s@rcs_ Clwty, the 

tunE of l@u of @ rol bdi.A @ of coral intce$s to hey morat hcdth 

Dowaliby, McK.e & Mahd 0983) dewloFd a shotr l6s of control jnvotory for 

pon] sedlry h€ing,ibpdr.d st!(t€n$. It ir a 23-icm qu6-tioMiF wiih 5 poinl 

age-dis8r€e s.lc. ft h4 a signidcdr clirbiliry (0.62 _ 0.71). DesliL sone 

indicarioF of @ncenr ad @nt Di vatidity, *idqG of $. @vcrg€ or @Nh@t 

validity ofthc sale ie l.cting, BEdlet, BEwin, Gamu & M*s (1984) dryeto!.d tn 

Peeivcd Conhol of DiEb.ra! M.llifis. Bndtcy dd @Udg@ harc b.d very &tive itr 

dqisi!8 l@a of control m6@ b l@k or the @u.l atFibuliod of

claled lo *x. It's a I l -it m 7 lEint age-disge *.le wnn abha Elilbiliry of 0.?4 - 

0.83 &d iesr,rcl61 Eliabiliry of 0.?7 donS wirh ib @ncwnt ulidjty, 

De Vsllis (1985) dd @llqgw d.signed a nesu€ specifically to look al chitdren's 

l@very from iIGs. Ii's a 2+i.n 6 poilr .gE.disgF s,le wnh dpha Eli.bility d 

0.58 - 0.83 witn @rcuftrt ed pr€dictive validiry. It hs iv. &cioisj pbfesional, 

diviE, inilwnce, lEmt+hild ed chae 

Ni6sio d 6l (1985) dwised & Atlrilt Hdpl€ws Index. Ii m developed to 

mdE patients' peE.ptjo of loss of @nhol eirh ar{uirh.'ftey found rhe ctadv€ly 

sinple uidimioBl scale (eorcd in rhe di@tion of g€ara helpl.snst @fttaEd 

wilh SMtGr age, leg €dEarion, low elfqtan, low i nEl tos of @nrol 

(neautd by th€ Wdlslon & Wallslon HLCS), hjgher diety ed depe$ioi, MoB 

inpBiv.ly ldnaps, ovd on€ yd. ctn86 in helples.lB @retaLd wilh chdge i! 

dimcdty in perfomihg &iivities in d.ily living, 

O'Coedl a Pri@ (1985) pEp@d a Hcln Dis4c t cB of conlror_ pric. ed 

collsgua devised lhk Elarively bnet hean dis@ locu of conrol eale.Il i!.20- 

it 14 six-poirt asEcniegE qq{io@iE. ll hs ttE fer6 (idehal, cbmc. od 

,owdtul odrd). Ii hs stisf&iory inlemal t liabiliry (0,76 - 0.83) bu nol ad.qule 

Scbro.dq (1985) devked a scale to m%w ihe lahou in childbinh. Ir is a 2o,it n 6

agF . dissre scde *ilh o@l[Mt validity, It h6 thE felo6: intcdul, chae dd 

pou.rful olneB. Ils Elibiliry dph! is 0.?6- 

t,b6 A Wutale 0986) pEp.r.d. Fcral Eeilrh Lcu ofconrol s.rlc. Tn. FHrc scal. 

ained lo atply Latuont (1974) thFef&lor model, to ihc ap€cifc domains of h.liefs 

onccning Glal h.dth, Inldrl @Binen ics fd 0!e drce suhscales of irtcnality, 

clhe ard powrtul oth6 sE 8md 

(0-76 - 0.88); salsf&lory @rcG.t validny 

wilh hc MHLC wa eported; social desiralilily M contolled fo4 ed lie pEdictiv. 

validily in cm of fndirys. Fu qlnplq ttFLCl (inrm.l) ffi lEdicted @tila 

sltE md the intotion lo panicipar. in childbin! cl6ss, 

F.lre, Pri@, Demond & Rob.dr (1987) dd.lop€d a Diabcb res of Conrol $dq 

Ir t also a bdef health locu! of conLrl s@le wilh the f.dos (inreml, .hd@ ad 

powftl oth6). Il b ! 25-iteD 6 !Di!r asd{isgr qu.srio@ic- Tb. rrlidity of lh. 

scole b not @rfim.d. How.., it6 inr€ml diability is 0.?2 - 0.83. 

Gajm & BFdlcy (l9E?) .lcviscd ll. satr ed pati@rt ?@cilcd conrot of Di'bct6 

Scale, It is o salc with 7 poior rstings in.@h of 6 ht?orhericat evenl'. Ercn of th. 

.@B ha ditrdan dIirAs on . ? poi qFr sL. TIE 6 iiE s..L otr 7 poinr 

ra1io8! €onbinF lhe f&to6 into twor pasnat @otlol &d n€dical ontrol. Ils 

rclilbility is alpha 0.51 - 0.73 old 5.de bls hjgh cosEuct vclidity. 

A 'Hyt rlesion t @s of Conlrcl Scale 6 daeloped by Stanton (198?), Th€ $ale is 

a fou itd h}!qt Eion l@u of @rtrol s..lc 10 d.tedirc rhe adhcEne 10 bedicd 

EsiD.s by hr!.rt nsive pslienls. His str@luFl nodelins snowcd tlut sEal.t

expectdcy for iniemal control ovq heal$ and hypcnension, gratd knowledg€ of lhc 

tr..r!n nt rcgDs md srrone.r soci.l slppon *.rc signifi@r detmimrs of 

adh.tne. This shon s..le apF&€d io prcdue a [slrty rcbl* prEdicror ol nedica] 

Wli[n&, D$ond & rne 0987) ddis.d rhc Dcpcsion Id6 ofconEol Scsle 

'ntb b aothd heallh{Flific $al. io incoDoBrc tavoen's (1974) tbr€efdor 

nodcl. whitnE er al. Epoded re6oebl. inlcm.l consisrencies (0.63 - 0.7?) for rhis 

4-ilcn $ale aesing thal pow€rtul othcs, chdce or inr€bal IetoB onlroltnc onsct 

snd @Ne of depesion. High $or!s on thc chm@ scale distineuished {p < 0.05) 

adol66ts who n€quady, olhd ihd @ly, expdi.c d.ptsior Tle Essch.r! 

stully $ge€sted th.,t depBsiotr{p.cific le6 of @nirol $al6 @uld help nent t 

h.dlh pre&.sionnls ro fomdale inkd.orio. ir!r.gi6 to fr ihe prniq{e individual. 

Pruyn,.t al. (1988) ed watsoA €r al. (190) dry.lop.d tE c.l@ L@c ofconrol. Ir 

is a 22-it m scale $,lt6. eliability and vdidity w iny.sligal€d by Watson, Ged, 

Ptu i A vm der Bode (1990). This laner grcup of 6.Nnes tesled lhe Pruyn, cr al. 

m.6E @irly on 68 b@l @er pstioE. A thrcafetor solution wiih hiel intenal 

coEislnci.s (0.77 - 0.80) wd foud @vdirg b.licfs concmins ihe cow of iUDe$, 

ow ofdiw &d eligioE @ltrcl (W!r!on d .l- 1990). 

Paruidgc & Jo[Nn (1989) Foduced rhc Co rol of R@Err Aom Physical Disbiliry 

sel.. Ihir ir a srre to d.asw rh. p.e.ird @nlrol of I@very 6ob physical 

disbifty. They ddon5tan€d dD validity ofth. s..1. by rhoeing that glater htematny 

50

s6 w@ eciar.d with fard @orery from srrokd ed teiu$. Th.y note: ....n 

may b€ etul lo fcicr Fti€ni5' b.ti€fs i! itcir oM @nr.ot, rhis is in 6nt$r ro mosl 

hos?ilrl ce, qcludirg ph,riorhcepy, whcc rhc dphsk is o qr.d,l @nrbl: lhe 

prof.$ioBi p@! h nuif€srly in cofiol lrd thft .you g.r b€rcit" G58). 

AchtdbdS dd Laqltu (1990) dey.loped rh€ Halln Afuiborion T€sl (HAT), Thh test is 

! 22- iI.n qu6lioMiF design.d io n@w a Fen's b.t.& alout the sus ed 

c@s of illn€s. I!. tcsl osisls of lhee scal*: An inlcmt scate dqiened to h.uue 

lhc degE b *hic[ p6ple bclid. rh.y @ rot lhen oM he.trh; . po*rtut Orh6 

Scal, which is d*igncd b m6re th€ dcge to lnjch pcopl€ b€li.ve tnar maintaini,g 

lb€n h.dth is the eEoEibility of hallh.le DDf6sioMll; ad a clEe sstc which is 

designed 1o moe rhe degEe io which p€opl. b.liev. rhd uonrolable fmro6 such 

4 fat, luclq or chae rll*t their he.llh. The EAT Us\ cuid€ (1990) 04) 

d@ua6 tlE ten's Fliability ard !€tidig, &d pEsts dideM rhal it is e.fa€ciw 

i6Lul@t to lliliz! in tEdicrile hcalth-Ftarcd outcoDe. Tbe e!.eh citcd in the 

.ruual" includ* r nmbd of longitudirEt st!di6. Fo. c,mpte DE]. (15) foad &, 

tlAT eorcs obtaircd from 50 pcople, lrjor b ordilg a drug md alalDl t@thenl 

pog@, cliably pcdi.l€d s@s ad f.jtE in th. pogm. Ats, H@n, Tmo, 

md weind, (16) admini$d€d ihar EAT io 9l spiMt paio pdtiats bcfoE h€arn nt od 

llctcd lhcir pmg6 for a yd. Thcy fobd rhn pstial! who bad ihptorrd by lh. end 

of the ye& hnd quirc difieenr HAT poflcs th6 paii.ol9 wno snostd rctolircly littte 

iDFor@dt. Itr UAT sho*rd rh4 b.foE !r,h€n! s@*frn pdj.al, felt norc in 

@nltol of their healo! h6ted docroF horc, md did rct beli€v. luc* afect d $en 

haltL HAT is cdF6.

SqL), &d @h $.lc ha 3 prelilc.od6 (Low, Archgc &d HigL), lhere e 3 @bcd 

G.eir - 27) or 27 posible tlAT prolile coddr 'nFs 2? pbfil€ @d4 e sru€tw.l itrlo 

6 clut s. ftey s. s follows: 

L Ddivatioro in Int€mal scal.s Sc6 (rcf.r.d b 6 'High l', 'SuF Hicl l', dd 

2. Ehvated rowitul Othd! Scd. se (.P'pofi'6) 

l. Eloded Chare scsL as (C'pbite$) 

4. El.vdr€d on two or 6oF scd6 ('lPc' pbfile) 

5. AU 5co6 fallins inro rhe avq.g. 6ee ('J@ Avmg€' prcfl*) 

6. All 5.oB frlling ifto th. low tuge OuI, plofl6) 

BEdl.y, d rl. (1990) develop.d th€ s.ale lor 'Pweiv.d Corrol of Tablet-TEa|.d 

DiabcriG'. nE !.d. hE I fa.r6 ibat ir p.@n l, ncdical ed situarion @nrol. tr is a 

titd hr?othdicsl cventr $ale wilh ?- point htines on ach iten vhich rc dif.rcnt 

for *h of de s6 iress Thc *sle h4 @nsliEl ad @ni.nr validiq !!d ils rtph! 

Eli.bility m8d fron 0,70 , 0.91 . 

Skwington 0990) deis.d rtr BGli.fin tdr Qu6tiomoiE d..]ing wilh I focros rh.t it 

ioLmlity, po*.rtuI doctoa ed che@. Rc@ch sho*ld tlat b€li.fs about t in 

@rdDl w 4 inlbr&nt ro @ roliog pain ed @nrol pa e. R.sulB indicated rh4 

h.lid3 aboqt @ftbning pai! @n6!onL! cloFly wirh noe geodst b.li.fs about

conr,euing heafth. This ssle cosistr of l5.iteh 6 point lge-disagec qu.slioMirc 

{i6 diddt @rcurcnt ard disinitut vdidity ed *ilh dpha Eliabilirt of 0.86 ard 

split-half reliability of 0,64. 

Stotlad & zmll (190) d4lop.d th. Di.rins B.iie8 Sc.le. tr is a noE @.nr 

exdinaiion of lcus of @.hol belids d they roy atrec1 *idl!]o$ goals / 

ebidcnal Stodard & ZumfFponcd o irLtrEl o$istacy @fici.fi for lhe to|3t 

16 item of 0.69, t4t.r€t€st reliab'lity (ov.r si* reks) !s 0.81 4d a the$feior 

ehrions, otr irt E l 6d ts cxt dls howd, iLft e ! nubcr of ices which 

load on moe thd onc fscld Daking ifl€ryet ion oflhe f&!or structu. a anpliet d 

aaner. It is lilely rhat the BDS $rle my b.ncfir tom rh. ilciuioD of moe itctu, 

desiSn d to Efl€cl th€ auiho/s multidineuion.l @@pt ofdieiine bcli€fs. co4iou & 

BEdl.y ( 1992) pap.rcd the Smotirg SFEific Locu of@nlrol scrle, 'Ihcy dflelop.d a 

rew sFcilic n€w of lm3 of conrol for @ting @sri@ @hpeirg it wirh 

Wslslon .t al,t (19?E) m6w in pEdiding c€rlai! soKns-elated b.haviots ed 

beliefs. nrc mking bcasw which s lbr $bsil6 &mo6tra1ed $p.rior @Brrucl 

vslidity aong a grcup ofsmoka, The $al. ss ulsul in havins a siSnili@r orhetu, 

sobsal. which nG6 to the mlc of ftiods, fdily dd si.ry s a w!ol. i! helpirg tic 

soker stop or pr€vcnting rhen ftoD doing so, 

Rob€n dd Ho 0996) deElopcd Halrh Licu of Conrot Scale for $c Aurtitid 

Aids H.iith k s of Contr.l Scslc G d€Elop.d by Mtrcn in lle t@ 2005. Th. $alc 

n6G rhe self cftca.y for s.tu $ruat p6cri6 dd tutue 1im. oriqlalio. oD 

5l

pcdiclios of condom E. Th. study qdined lhe ElalioNhip h.tren sU eponed 

Itquenoy of @ndom ue (by s.lfor pdhcr duirs rhe pat six months ed li& dne). 

The sle is d*lop.d or Ati@ Ami@ @lleg. slud.nts who v@ qully &lir 

durinl the pasl y.&. Tne mpL includ.d both me 6rd womd; rhe mcd ase of lhe 

sMple v8 2l.l y6, Mulddim@io.al B.rlh t cu of ConEol icd wnicn wa! 

cosid.rcd sjlablc for lhe w w.F (h€ p6n ofrhe Aid Ecalth Los ofconlrol. 

work r.l.t.d Lcu of Co rut M*u6: 

Thc WLOC @ r!.ci6cally adlpr€d by Ouih, €t al. (1969) d! eale m6us 

'PceD"l Coftol, i... F@ivcd feliDg oJ Fsn l @d.ol ovr wh.t happos in life 

(Guin, cuin, Lao, & Baii., 1969)'; cuin, snd Modison (1978), ard ra€Mn 

0 98 D for thh rcsgch to qploe f€elirg! about onlrol ov.r *ort life, s $e abihy lo 

l.m &d adapt to dif.Enl situ.rioE is f.lt 10 be aflccld by l@E of @nnot. Thc 

WLOC contaiu 7l qustios orSejzd otr a fiv€ lDirr Likdt scal€. Thc ii.ns ref€r lo 

i$6 of ortrol a ihey Gbr.d ro fat, eftlcnts luclq posqftl oilB, dd gad.r 

disriniedon. Coftnr v.lidity ofth. itms wq .slaSlish.d by sd Cui! ct d, (1969 & 

1978) and LacMn (1981). 'nr. WLOC is divided inlo rwo *pmL eales, intetul- 

.xl.ml (I'E *d.) .d g.!dq distuiMrios. The 3r -i!o! tom rhc ilrcdlt€d.h'l 

dim€nsior E r.knt lh. @rccphbl gnupings of posatul oth6, pcreMt conlrol, 

toliticd @ftol, ed @ntrol id@losf, qpl.ining 39.3% of thc total vdi.@ ed baving 

o Conbacbt alphi cocffici.nr of .8?. The I s.nd€r di$inidtior sel. corobr. of 19- 

il.m! lhrl fa.iof into hili&rcy or .olldtivc action, systch btme, individurl bl@c,

iadividual etioa &d disinirrrio! nodifiabilit, erplainins 5l% ofth€ ro&l vdime 

dd baving Corben\ alph! c@lfcidr of -66. 

Monlog tud CoMey (1987) dd€lop€d ric'Drivd Id.nrlig ed Drivei Exlftaliry 

Scals both of whic! show cl@ ed pr.dicLd eFlatios Mth a@idenb. Thc drivcr 

inlena.lity qks has l6-iicffi wl@s the dt halig eal€s hd 14 it€ns, Th. GspoN 

pltlen b 6 poi scde Aon 'a8r.e' to diegG'. fte oddplc @elatioB be$6 rte 

tw driving s..16 snd thc dichotonoB dilldd ofirrcld.nr vtu mr involvmor 

in falal driving @idents is 0.38. 

,06 aad Vu.lta, on the bsis of ibe lt*dh vnicb shovld th,t h&@lig 6 

poninenr ir tn. saf.ty coscioB D@pL in indulrial mployncnr s such JoB dd 

Welbker (1985) dev€lop€d. l7-i&ns 'Safety Locu of Contol Scale'. Out of the 17- 

itds |}d @ l0 DNilg 6c c{lqnlity ad ? vnich E€G lhe ifimdirt. IlE 

scale h8d bc@ daiened to pndict @ploy@s who likely ro sulld wilh aai&nk dd 

injui6, The 6po@ pqtrcm is 6 poirr s.le st.1i!g &om ae@' to .di!.8rce', 

Eliability oflhc t6t is 0.85. 11 hs a eiqiotr Elar.d vdidiry ed md@ only ! sirgte 

factor that is how fd th. chd.B of d individud e io involvc in the ursafe ars. Jon s 

!d w@bkd 0986) tro&d thlt sdcty oscioq itrdividuds *.rc nore ilicnEl in d€n 

bclieG- nE NOos.l$ us.d tlE (sr cponing) ce hisiory dc6o

patren of 7 point $ale $ding ftom .agE, to diee@'. The scate d€ak a fou f&rot 

salcnre (Inr.6.t, Choe, Erllmrl &d ?ow.' ro orbeE). 'It. eal. h6 a sdsferory 

EliaSility i.., ripi! 0-78, i..l .et6r 0-86 and is Mlid in @ocml ald crircrio! sp€l' 

n'e denognphic oftlalcs ofth.l@u ofco rol beli€f! w.re particll&ly inter6ting 

for a nmhd of !!ec ald n w$ rhc checc @ronic t@B of @nEol b.licf (hr m( 

cltuly diff@fiiar€d betw, Oe wious d.mogalhic gmups (Aee, Scx, Edusrion 

.ic.), Validalion otth€ *d. hs bd previdcd by vandd.4 Vmjct.rk &d poltas 

(1987). r&.va O90) fouod rtst i'rqnsk on rlis $d. shoved rough dindedlB 

wh@6 atedsls supron d tctrda nindcd oplions. 

A'wo* L#q of CrD[ol S.tlc'rc dd.loped by Spetor (t988), Il j! I lcirem 

mea@, which uq . 6 point UkEd salc r48ir8 fon .Dis.gE v€ry much' lo .Ag@ 

vciy Muh'. Ar .xdpl€ of ilm is: 

"A job is wnar you make of i1" 

High $6 e irdic.tiE of hirh lc!€ls of .tnt mal les of Coairot'. Th. @fficien( 

dpha w4 0,?7. The sale hai bcd validal.d on sudorrs ioh 6 buines Edninisralioo 

and i(lustrial psychology pre8rus. HovcE th@ i6 linte €vido@ so far for 

p[rdidiE q @atur vdidi9 .of rlc $d!. TncE HaiE atd Eltior 09E9) d*lo!.d 

Cui6 LeB of Conhol S.ale wi$ l&irchs 4d having a r€spo$e oode of t@ md 

f.l$'. Itr KudcFtuc.beho! rlialniq ofrh. &sr is 0.84 -0,89. rlc t6r hs ! @6fucl 

&d prdictivc validily, Ioijob srch h.haviou doog @[.g. snioB dd lh. setecdoi 

of a 'Major 4d 6i* $pie ue modg @lrcs€ juioB. wlcs (speror, 1988) is . 

lcicm iBElent Ir is a do@i! s!@ific lsu of Co.trol *ole.dt h8. @@tarion 

56

fon 0.502-0,55 with gen ral L@u ofconi.ol, The fo@r is 6 poirl s6t. mging frod 

bghly disasE. to ase very Duch. IlE saL sos in thc sm ofatl it @ @y tuge 

ftoh 16 ro 96, The sc..l€ @Fs in rhe Damr rilr qtcdEls obtai!.d hish *or.r. Ib 

irrsrd @qis!.ncy is 0.80 ro 0,85. T6t Gliabiliq/ rpon d by Bond ard Bll@ (200t) 

is 0.57, wh@6, by Mayole (1995) it ta h€n rcported s 0,60. 

Fhnan! Sadk rnd Blwb (1991) d*top.d e .Oeularional Afi,ibulion l Styl€ 

Qu6liomiE' (OASQ) tha! ws dqisncd to s6s ho* d p!,son M.s causd 

aiLibutios for @dpadoml o!!coG. 11!. OASQ is cxc.plio.at ihli n deib.s 

hpolhetica.l qenG s,trich s. specificdly etaied to work eni!$. Itrc OASe h 

o6uirS 9 dinctuio$ of b.ti.fs $oM b tlE ir&nal rctial,iliry_ ArEiburioE foi 

politiv. evenB, nrhq thd n gariv€ *nr had b@ found ro be sigitiddy corcldr.d 

with d.nosEphic vdiabts sch s @up.tional slaru &d $lary, at$ job etisfaction 

anl @liBliod, OASQ rcFeetrls a nov. to@

havc with thm; the level of FAotuibiliry th.y hare in rhe orgeiafion, dd $ fo h. 

Subjall @ io 6te 0E 28-ircms on . 5-point self,report srt. jn Likerr fom! wirh 

hjgh.r $oB itrdicaljrS i @l LOG. 

Locur of Coltrol M€aruB Dweloped for Specifrc pulposer 

1!@ h.ve b@ vdios l@6 of @rd et6 dcElop.d for a speific pu4D$ or 

l!ffh Fojere (Funhus dd sr.lc, 199r. ne* r.lca e ofta .on .ofis, 

dcvelopd ro tesr a sp€cific hy?orlHis, adcquarcty bLt ml lrloNughly psycnometri@lty 

Lslld 4d 6&iy us.d ag.in. 

I'lE Dclt Quenio@ic (Dml, l98o) @nlists of 24 .rtu-f?nF" ilms of $nd.h 14 

costituG ile Locs of Cootrol (LOG) s.t. nd tGirm (rhe Lie contot sql.) for 

latirg siol ddinbiliq. TIF nqinM tobl sF on tn LOc s.lc is 14 pojn6: 0E 

Li. scal. is 10. A tigh sac @ the LOG e.l. indi@ra o.tdtst to@ of @ftd ar

trenty il@ lo b. rcsponded oo. fiv€ poinr Liken $ale @ging ftom silongty disagee 

to slenely r9!.. The ag. uiERl $d. hrs b€n Fpoa.d 6 atph. cliabiliry 

@emcient s hjgh d thoe in inirbsic dd extrisic subscate a.lph6 of0.6? &d 0,7], 

ard n hlt rle iolDnant adv&r.gc ofbciry suilsbte fd hid *[6t .8. studql' 

Millcr, Lefoun & we (1983)lel ou1to dewlop ed to rcsl the Mitla MdiLt t cs of 

Con[ol Scale wbich E ddigned spaiticdty ro eidjne pac?iio$ of $a6 .nd 

failw in ndiirl El.rioBhip, Tn be6w is rclat€d to mdiial satisflclior ard the 

prebld elvils Gxpaio6 of@pl6 (Seoto & Spicscl, 1987). 

Tde (1985) d.vcloped d Acadenic tsB of Conlrot Sc.te for se wirh @Ucge 

stu'.'re se arclcd dEt rh. widc ae€ of rtc @ ddi*d by ctudal e1 al ( r 965) 

io mcd@ school chndra s lE@plios of th€n conlrol in a.hievemenl ed ead€nic 

siudoa rcdd sugsd ir eieh b. sdtsnik b dw€lop a !t@w for @ltcsc 

stud.nB, IIF 28-iLn rtu€,fals. que$iomaiE ws validared on tlo 8iolps md eme 

{dbcn s€b .vidcne rc previdcd fo. ic @ncrent &d predjcriw vdidiry. R@ ed 

Medwy (1981) dcveloFd. $d. to nc6@ tqch.c' betiefs in th. coflrol ovd 

stud. ourcoG. Th€n n@w wbicn boc &rt sfikirg lito6r to tlE origin t ltoft.r 

(1966) $aie shovld 0E1 rhi5 *.te &tudty pEdicrd ftsh@,b.hayio6 in rhe 

clasoi! including lh€n wifinSn ss ro addpt rs ustru.rwd techniqu€s following 

ii-$ryi@ tnining, Cdpb, LtE& & pr. i@,Lu@ (19S6).lcv.toFd a F5t. to 

n€4@ .o .ol beliefs conedine tlE paEnrirg ofelcme ary school chndro whioh 

had imt[Bivc Eli.bilaty or fv. factoB: !.@bt etF@y. p.rcd.r Gp@,ibitiy, chitd 

@nt!l, fare or che4, ed petrtrj onrrot, 

59

A 2Gith qu6rioMiE 8 daiscd by kBtlssu ald BLctlod in t9E. 'IlE 16r 

.ncr the nde of rhe dereloF6 ha b€en ided 6 L\e L..ford t$lof reMl locu of 

@neol, it *a pilol tesled ro n6r !e@r tocE of @dret. The it€6 wc inspiEt by 

Rond'3 tE Scdc ard rh. hoBirg lirdanlc, tntcrn l @sii.ncy ard fa y hiSh 

Eliability hd be{ dmonstat d ovs tinc. A princip.l @Dlbnenl f&!or a!.lysis of 

Leford td of r.mr l@u of 6neot it arif.d Ue fado6 rhar ,@ulcd for 46 % of 

th. vdiets; syst n @ntol, pow€rtul oth4 md p€EoBtly control. Th! L.aford test 

w foud 10 b. Dositirely rclaEd wii! Ron r's rE SeL (p < o.ot) with rhc hosing 

s isr&tion ind* ud riLt aU lpe'fc h$ing stisf&rion sc.les (! < 0.0Dj $e 

Elationshjp w rcgdtiE with .M@gmdr Strictn*' ed .Fed of Eviciior'. Eouing 

etisfa.tior s..16 9w EgtB€d or ro th. leford 16r &d on ro tn. hoBirg 

sdlisf&lion indox. b both 6es reiehboB, hMgener .npalhy, &d mmgenent 

irictn6s erg.d 3 vdiabl6. 

Rouds & Edall (1988) ser out to dcvelop a ilee"factor Nuclk Lrcu of Conlbl 

Scd. @Ninetcd ro .l:c6 b.li.fs lbout nuclc& 9E ed nrcl@ poticy delsioB G or 

cd bc inflMc.d by one$lf Gysrem conlroll poserrll orhm or cbecc frclois. Th. 

l4.itcm qudoMic m v.lidated o! Fsly 5OO str]dcnl' with goo

Ole ol dtc fd attempb io inE duce th. @rccpt i!1o cnvirommt t psychology m 

Evald i! k Bllsru, Elftklod & wtieltt (1988) atlmpl lo d*lop ! Tmr 

los ofconbol Scale, lni5 20-i!tu r. w6 brs.d on Rotrdt saL ed vatidsled on 

9l sin8l."pd fdole tcmll. Tn &si {nich m sho$ ro h.ve fou qujie .16 

fa.io6 hld 8ood coffil .rd tulrEt v.lidiry_ The aldDB nor.d thd l.Ml l{)s 

of@olrol cd b. both dd erc.ddt ed e outconc of hoNing salijf.ction ed tnu 

sdd be both indeFndoi and dep€nddt h*w in Es.eh, 

Spon5 psychologirt3 havc als b.en .ag.r to d.v.lop spork sFcilic m6ws. 

Toebqm, F6t & WdnSan n (1984) d*toped e drEiburional siyle i$tnmenr to 

n.as@ &hjcMdt ir spois. McaMdy & tn g (1985) d.ldopcd ! t!@ 

dimeuional l8-il€D Ex.6i* Objeciiv* looN of Corhol Scal€, whilc Mirehe{d & 

Colbin (1988) d.veloped ile dngle Fi6sl l@N of@nttul *sle. Bolh have atlracled 

a qrln dowt oI andrion i! $al sp@ialbr @ (Dogsis 'me@nljs & Bagiarir 

199D. 

Pdrel & Co6dd 0990) h.v. @nrty d€v.to!.d a Dddriotr ta of Cjnrol s3l. 

for ue in studyins Sou$ Ati6 polirical pdsons ThG Epeob a fairly nov€l dd 

inagin riv. lpplication of rh. los of @nhot concpl ro $ciopolidcd phdomm. 

FurfiM (l9l) dd.lo!.d r PNrrrl L@G of Codrol Scrl. vhich B d.v.lop€d ro 

asss tne extdl !o which p@nrs of childen (of att agd) bclieved Ury lbmslves, 

powerfd oltr6 {e.9 reac,h.F, medis paemtiriB, potiticiu), or chde / luct hdo6 

to bare @ot l os fieir chil.lr€n! C@Et d*l@ddr Vdbu doognphic f&!ois, 

such a 3a and 08., w@ foud to have 4wi.iion wirb locw of @nL!l belief!. 

6I

A Leu of Contlol Scdle ro m6w Th. EnrepEne@hip TEits in rhc R6sid 

R.plblic m dcvelop€d by X.uolml w.hh 6d Buhmin (195). By all a@uts or 

@h!"1, polilicsl, wial, a.d @loDic trolt th! RNi& R.plblic Fpen|s a @urry 

in tsnion. ihk 0992) h6 de$ribed $is !r"e of oviom.nl s onc whec rhe* is 

@Bideduc defolmrio!.I c!69€, *tt@ lh. D,gritud. of chage erl!$ti a bal 

dbedomer of rdditional b.bavitr, dFclrtiotu, arxl rhcorid in favor of @plercly 

w atenEtivs or itrovaiioN. P@lirioGr wo* in ibis d€s hs b€.r popddized 

mdd th€ slog& of lrEdism shitu" (Ba*c, 199). Mwh .ttetrtior ha bcn siq i. 

the topuld pEs! ro sucn dmati€ ch&96 od chdleng.s f&iry th€ ns oirepeneus 

If $€y e lo sueeed, e FpHes ftur be uderslood, enomg.4 and nu!tuEd. 

Inde4 Ibe suc6 of dr @utrt\ snoBic Eslrucluiog cfiorts da.n& b@vily on 

lhc $Gs ed nunuing of bu

MoG @d, silutior spainc ad mulddiddsionat SLCS contaiB f€w iros dd ns 

validiry is l6s ldenuled by social dsinbiliry, The uefuli6s of lhis scate hs bee. 

hiShly app@i.tcd by rhc bEilB smuiry ard @.!dilc sto6. 

Flidrl Srfety Rclatcd Locus of Control Scde w6 develop.d by nucr (2002). As. 

dtl€r orfad & qjnirs 1@B ofonnol $tL ha becn nodiE€d to plc thc itebs in 

avia$on 6nlqi Intmality &d .xr€m.lity sub€cals wG cealed dd aNrrlcr vatidiry 

wa s6s€d by @rclatins th. rub$al€s wilh me3sws of Bisnarior &d involrenent 

in h.adow lvhjon d€nls which $prDrr.d rhc @nstu t v.tidiry of srl.. I1E s.at. 

nidi be employ.d 6 a eU aw4e6s q.eie for piloB or ! @vdiai. in &eaoh 

inBog.lilg il& cf.d of olhd faar6 @ cid.d inwtm.r 

In the se @otcxt, Jceph and Cm.sh (2005) developed o avialion ssfcty locu! of 

6ntol 1o speificdly ad&s rbc msrrer of inretut dd aiaEl t@s of @n!!l 

oons pilols. Ar.xtenal locur of conrol ba b@ asciatcd with Bignation dd d 

ili.nul l@s of @irol si$ l.€r involvcdor in !,adoB aviatior .v6|' Sepetc 

i .rn l, q&nEl .rd @nbid.d s6 ]la gc|:dld nle rhc ird 6poNs and *c 

idrtically ealyz.d ad ther. wd a sisnificdlly hieher inr.ndl LOC .vidot rld lhe 

Kongsonpon& Pariemn & GF4 (2003) dcvdoped a LocB of conrrol io h€6w rbc 

Seial innene in fie Bnyirg Deinoa Thb 6Eu.r ba bcn p6btar.d ro efl6r lhc 

doml of s@ial io0ua€e th.t co6ulr@ qr.nen@ in th. buyine d.cision pme$, 

The sudy rcpsdts a fo@.| ddiEiion of ihis Gsenion ir a crcsr mrion l *tiin8, 

Th. 6$lll show rh.r @I)SMG for E st Alie @ erivisl @ut i€ .xhibit DoE

cxt.hal locu of conhol teoddci€s dm @nsm6 lor typical individudisr coulries. 

The latrer smup dnibit {t . grsrer d.8E of inldrl IeE of 6d.ot in buyirs 

sil@lions, lunhd, n hd bs found thar coshen in @lldtiyisr @uLiq e noe 

Fspo6ive 10 sial innrcn@ in a br?odaical buying silulio!. Mmsqid 

impliqtios ofde otrrcoo6 ofGrtts nav. .l$ ber di$us!.d in the sludy. 

IhoI6, Kathy dd vacs (2006) dev.loFd rhe Al@hol Relskd Cod t cs of 

conEol s..k (AGLoc). conaol b.lica ald ainoality agpca to be ihporr.nt fi.!o6 

in lwre.y fiom alcoholbm. ltoywer, th. intcgFtion of lh6e two co!.rrucb h6 

@iv.d lito. attqtion, ed thc elarioMhip of spintualy Fla&d @ftot b.liefs 10 

'arcry 

maia lrcld. Cllhdy m n6@ din to spdificdly lsw d* 

beliefs, To addr.ls this Ned, rh. Aconol-R€lated Cod LrcN of Conrol sek (ACLOC) 

wa derclop.d. This l2-il€m elf-eFn nldw ass pc.prjm of Cod4tidd 

PM's rc|. in !@v.ry fiod d@holis, Tbe ACLOC vs adnili.r.Ed ro 144 

rccokring .l@holics arkndinS Al@ho[G Anonynous @rings, 

ExploEtory ta.tor aldysis yi.ld.d a tFfeto. $lutioa wirh ore fa.br Etd.d ro 

4lributions of Cod ornrcl ov€r inirial csetion of drinkiog (Cdsarion) .nd rlrc oth€r 

facld Elaicd to liidbudoE of cod 6rrrol ov.r oe's @Drinue

with i enal drinking-€lat d sG md v@ no1 a@'.t d with spiiihd ihporta.cc 

or fEqumcy of spiribal practice. Firdings suppod ihe uiiliry of lhis inslluehr for $e 

lss.$ol of d@bol-Elated Go

oI th.ir .ontol in scbicv.ment dd acstlmic airuatioru, As su.h it m wonhwhile !o 

derclop a b6@ fo. @lLge shdmls. Th. 2&itqn iru..fdF qu6lio@ic ws 

vdidal.d on two gbups &d th.c e e@.vi&n6 &. ir! @ncilmr ond ptldhiE 

qlidily. 

Rodd & Medway (1981) dcveloped a *.L lo n4w reachc6' beti€fi in tn.f co rol 

oq s.tud.lt outone 'Tehd tec of Conr$t S€ate,. Tb.ir mclsw stich b moE 

a driking likercs 10 thc orisinnl Rottq (1966) sale sho*ld that $n sal..ctually 

pEdi.i.d &!.h6' b€h.viots in th€ closoh, includilg rlcjr witlingn€s ro !d!pt ns 

unstEtu d rdhriqud follo*iDg in wie EddIs. 

Row& &d Erdrhl (1988) er out to ddcloD a rbe-factor .Nucl.e L@s of Conl,ol 

Sc5l.'. Thc s.les is @ut ucted b @s b.licfs about whedu r@ld w ed Drcl@ 

polic, deisioN @ or 6 be innuefted by on*lfcysl@ @l6t), po*dnn orhcB u 

che. f.do6. nrc l5-il''m qu61io@ie ws vatidated on n dly 5OO sllrdcD$ with 

good @nclllMr &d co$lrucr ralidiry. Oe iftFnidg featw b di$ ws of l]]e 

atp..tue of c.d&dr of tlr $3L tr!.

ti Btlsu. Bl&ldod & wliel's (1988) Tcfut L&c of Cortml Scd., . 2Gitsr 

lesl b bas.d on th€ Rotier $.le dd validlte.l on 9l sinSle-pMt f€nale tcMr!. The 

las! which is shoM to h.v. foE quire d6 faclos, bad eood orcumr &d @sElcr 

validity. nr luthos noLd thal tcmt l@B ofconrDl @ b. boll a st cldd dd d 

oulconc of housing etbfetion &d $us @uld b€ borh d indep€ndol dd / or 

d€ted.nr B6w in B@h. 

Mcc@dy a tds (1985) Exdie Obje.tiws L(s of cotuol ws d.vclopcd in the 

6eld of spons dd thyeicd ex@iF. Spois psychologins have also b@n ogd to 

derclop slorrs-sp.ci6c e..slB. Itrii s.!t. h a rhG-diDasiotr,l l8-icm E @ie 

OUjecijv$ lo.N ol contol $d€ which aracr€d cstlin uout of arcotion in tnat 

chug, Yd Y,, ud Chco! G, Dirg e002) dacloped a mutlidim.sio.rt | 2-ir.d SaLs 

Locu or CoD[ol scale (SLCS) for e ir Flling @niexl and @hretr and vcrified thcir 

fndirss wilh 86aal l@B of orrol (Loc) $,16. Itrc tbE flctoE fo. rh. SLCS @ 

irled.l coitrol, chdcc ard innwn€ of po*rfrn orhc6. A drephe d\*lopmot 

pmc*s w6 u$d, drawing epondeors frcm 10. Taiwede i6ue@ @mpdi€s 

involving a ioirl of 265 sd€.p€de R.lialilig and v.lidily of Ihc n w $dc @ 

alfimed. Findiags .lso su88dt rh€ di.non v.tidiri* oflhc SLCS e Socnlty b.tkr 

lbm lhe gcrcraliz.d LOC lcals in etuining sd.s Fople. 

67

Ct|pt F! 

OBJRCITVES OA TtrE STI'Di 

Tnc t!s.h itr qBlid s deigncd b &cmiE tt ELli@hip of pdddiry Esits 

of i .h.lly ed dt m.ll, @nrrelLd Palkrdi snrdors p6f.sors, d4uiv€s and 

polilicisr of both eddd, Th. followinS p.'lomliry v&iau.r wF n6uedl 

l. Adi.ttdd Moriv.lid 

4. Exlrav€ision v/s NcNticis 

6, Or86iatioml ComidMt 

It w . sbdy of Fychological laits.!d lhcn Fr.tios$iF rnoDg th€ psychotogical 

wiau6 bolh witbi! &d b.**q ri. !opl6 of inr.nrtty ald dten ly ori6t d 

snrdot!, profse6, q6utiv€s &d polilici@ ofbod rhe g€Irdes, 

68

To pd inlo details, folloeing hyporhcs \@ mad.: 

l) Majodty ofthe Mpl. is ULly ro hll in th. c.t 8ory ofinrdEls. 

2) 'Il€rc will b€ a sienift dt clatiorohip between'LeN ofcortrol'dd trle 

A' in m.les ald fdd6 ot diffeEni grcups (i.e. sM€nrs, pmle$o6, 

decutiva dd poliiicitu). 

3) Irrft wiu be a dgDifi@t r.laiioship bctwc.n L@6 of Control ed 

'Achjameni Motivation mons hal6 ald fmala of djtr@t srcups (i.e. 

stulents, pmf€sE, q@tiv6 md politicis). 

4) Th@ wiU bc a signj66t GLrtioEhip b.t*@ tru of Cortrot ard 

'Extrw4io!' dols nal6 .rd f.tule of difcMt sro'4s Gs studc.rs, 

pofe$s, d@riv6 .rd politicies). 

5) IrE qin b. . siilist El.tioBhip b.tvq LeB of Conriol' and 

'N.Wt cis' @ons malcs &d fd.l6 of difred srcuF G... stude s, 

pnf6sc, dsutis &d pohicid), 

6) nr@ {ill b. a signift dl ELrtioship b.tw€.n 'Laus oI Conlrol' 6d 

'Pot€s&nt Vork Vslq' Mone m6i.6 ed f.nales of difffit grups (i€. 

SiuddL, prcf€son, qecutives dd politicisd). 

7) Tlee wiU b€ a significmi rchtioahip bcMeen 'L@B of Co rol ed 

'Catholic Work V.lq' dong mal4 sd f.ml.s of ditfeml eoups (i.e. 

Stud€nls, plofcs6, dccutiv.s &d toliticia).

8) 'nr wiu b. a sisnifi@t EhrioBhip bcr$€q .teB of Coittll. od 

'Orseizlioel Comith€nl. mons tu16 ed f€nalca of ditrqcnr srouDs 

(i,a pref6$s, deurivA ed loljticis). 

9) TheE will b€ a signifihl r.l.riooship b.twen .Lrcu of Connol, od 

'Aulhorii.tiv€ L€deEhip Srytc' @o.g majd .rd fqnatB of dif@ 

grclps (i.s. pofes$B, cxcutiv.s rnd politicjs). 

l0) IrEE will be a sigrifiMt Fbrioship b.r*@ .Les of Conl,of dd 

'Panicipativ. Leadqship Stte' mong oal$ dd femal.s ofditreent gbups 

(i,., pDf.$rs, emtB ed potiijcim} 

I l) TheE vill b€ a significant €lslionship b€tween .L@s of controt' dd .F@ 

R.b LcaLFhip Styla' dorS orle @d f@.1$ of djf.E!!r gbups (i.c. 

prcf6soB,cxeculiv*ddpolitici6s). 

12) Ir@ eill be a siglifar s.ndo diffddc.s on Les of Contrel moog 

diffde sroups (i.e. studdts, pDfesos, qautiv6 ad potiticiN) 

13) nr@ will be a signift@r scldd diff€lllB on .Tr!. A, sr.t. Mong 

vdiou grcups (i.e. studcnrs, prcIesof, d€cutives &d poljlicitur. 

14) ntft will b. a sig'ifiod god.r difem6 on .Exrav6ior' Scrlc mons 

vaioN Soups (i.€. srudenq pofesss, execuriv.s ed poljlicia6). 

t5)TLw will b. ! siilidt ed.Lr dilT€&@ on .Ne@ddh, Scal. mole 

v&ios grolps (i.e. sl!d.m, Fo&se6, €xsuiiv6 dd poliricies). 

l6)Ir'.rc will b. a sisnincaDr e.nd{ ditreEn@s otr .AurtFribriv. t &t ship 

Siyle' uone veiou goups (i.€. profqe6, execurives &d poliii.i@).

l?)fts€ will be a significei gdder difre!€n€s oo .Parlicipariv. Lead€Bhip 

Styl. bory v&io6 srouF (i... piofess, *ecuriv.r and polithim). 

18)ft@ riu be a sisoifi@t s@dr difl@nq on .IE plin lqdnship 

Styl.' Mong veiou grcup6 (i,e, F of.sss, ex.cutives ed politicis), 

l9)Ih@ wiU be . si8'i66t diffme 6 d cless of Fpulatioi m tec of 

Contol mong v&ioN gups of poputarion (i,e. stld€nb, pofeso6, 

.x@utiv.s &d politi.im). 

20)ft.c sill be ! siifi@t dif.@e d a clN of popltarion on .TtF A 

mong vEious grcups ofpopdation (i... studaB, prcfes$d, lxdunG eo 

21) IrFF eil be . signi6@r difrcne s . clas of populati@ on 

'Achi.vm€nl Motivarion' mons vsiou sreups of populatior (i.c. studenrs, 

pof.ss, ex@utivB md politici6). 

22) ThcE will be a si8dn@r ditr.Me 6 a cl.s5 of populaiion on protAtdt 

work vrlB mong vrbs 8rcups ofpoluladon (i.e. sru.!en6, Fofes6, 

qdutvd dd loliricitu). 

23)ThcE *ill be a si8nifi@i difiden@ s a dN of populaiioi otr Catolic 

Worl VolG amng veiou greups of poputation (i.c. slud€nr, pefessq 

ex@uti!6 dd Dolitici4). 

24)ThcF qill b€ a signifi@t diif@ne s a ctss of population o, 

'Audo rlirc L..d.ahip Slyt..dons wioB grcuF G,., prefsos, 

executives ed polilicis). 

1l

25)T1FE will be r sisnifi@t dif.Me N , cls of popularion o! 

'P.nicipadv. L.ad.snip Sryl.'mong vdioue lroups (i.e. pot son, 

cxecutivo ed polirici4). 

26) Tlt@ *iU b. a si8rin@r diff.M@ s a cla$ of populatior or .Fe Rcin 

L..dqship Style' oong wiour !rcups (i,.. pofeso6, €x@tiv6 ed 

Alsdn@t of P6or.lirt Tnftr 

we s thc hllfu b€in8s h.ve ! le @y of cvaluating $e peMnrtrty of a pqson; w 

e intaa.ting wirh.rd ou cl.is of h.vitrg uddcGiood thlr Fu 

iDvotv6 n kilg 

som tild oI pEdictior about him. W. h.vc no eidtific or syslemtic bsis for ou 

dalBlioN bul w @ntinu. lo do so virholr conplerc asd.ncs ed makinS infcrenes 

abori rh.ir Ftunsliris D.cl, otr lle bsb of ou ob*ddioL Tn@ haE ba @y 

psrrholo8bG who hwc di$Ned rh. @ncept of doeloling F@n.lity 

conslrucrtth.ori4 aboul @lny $ilich dEy led to nalc oe out of *nal happec to 

lhh in orda 1o ud€ctlad endc" D.F!.lity. (Allpon t937, Kctty l9j5) K.Iy 

b€liev.! rhlt n is res.ry to uddlard $cir individual phonally @nsftct syn€m, 

Ae{]w ihe innua€ &d corclBio6 in gen Et w n kc abour othe lEopte are 

Iovm, t@ly leientifc ohsddiG ed lare m fo@.t t sis ro inr.rpcr or 

snaltz ihis info@tion. On th. snrrry, pcy.hologists &v.lop fomDl dd sysr.malic 

wys, fouow vdiou stcts, c.rry out ttu p@6! ftr a sufficiat lolg iioe dd go 

tmugh. gig&tic lal of dc!.loping d objetiE eli&t. ad valid tesr lo get lbe 

72

The l€m "A$*senr'8f.6 to t6-t or f@us to Ee?M. rhc chamcr.ristie of a p€opl. 

ed to msw is specific qucstioB abod $h. Assm.nt is m aid b makins decnion 

b.hiad Ihjr .ppDlch C rb€ @napt io dclqniE rh€, 'Intividu:l DiftlltB' an4' T6il 

Psychology', which Nmc lh.t on ofde b.F1my is !o ddcribe the differctus mong 

individuals and lo n*w th.L srrengdis ard e.ahrtss wilh 6pet to veioE !.6irs 

oi psychologic.l .r\'dbutcs swh c irclligqe, self{nae, dEdv€Eion, depBion, 

social diely, loving sryle, nNisiM, ag@.blen€s,.tc. StiU othe. nqu.s foos on 

diaglGing pslthological dierd.F or t ltins p6pL d.cidc otr pcsibl. cam &d 

s@ing applicdts tur dif.mt jobs. Ths d. cl{$t appr@h io ih. sludy of 

Flenaliiy iovolv.s to cqi. i61 or 1o vdi.laL th. *islirg !.si5, Oui of thc whole lol of 

prtrhologi$ n i5 dour 9l% of all lh. peticing psycholosist (€a.hing, lEgrcll 

ouMling, Suidece, psydDthcary, Fletio4 llmittncni, plMenl or my orh.r 

pdtie) & 6s.a.d in {l!$ot /n.ffidt of pceDlity of p6pl. (w.rlitu - 

1991, Va&ia ct al- 1995). 

Thc disarfttion ir F0e.&d ir difi.@r ryP6 of Fychom.tric r6t5 whicn tlE ben 

ddilcd Aom p@nality Lr6ri.s. Illft d. rm rr?es ne.ly "Ih. Notulive T.sl,, 

ud lpstiv. Tcsis". "I! Nor@riye T6r" N ih6e which @ b€ us€d to @mpa€ on 

individual wilh olnd r@pl.. Th* gF oflBrs sive Esullg @ slrldad *at6 wnich 

N th€o @mpd.d with labl6 ofpopulaiioB noms povid.d in the lst mdult to give 

thc tcsEr e idq of how typiclt th@ pdpLt Esults e. Or rhe ofid hdd ..bsatirc 

T6L d€ thos vhi€h @ u.d to p@id. d€tailed infomadon abod emotu's om 

individ!.1 pdsondity sttute. ftey do this by looking wnicn chd!.teristis dc 

1J

$Mgen or esk6I ia a tE@n brn @r in a My rhar rllow @mpoii$n widr othd 

llowev.., prior to u. rh. tcat, rhe inv.stgalor snolkl uddsrard the th@rclicrl 

ondbtion of tnc Ests / lr&licil @sidcariotu, the appoprilreas ed the 

sladardiatior wpl., tlE ad.qwy of irs Eliabiliy ud vaudity. Th. hehfin 

dscripliotr and Bi.s rbal cl.tc ro lL4 is6 @ bc found jn .T.srs in prin! (for 

caah caLndd yd or in lne p@cdins y@), T61 C.itiqG, (Kcr.* aDd Sq!.rted, 

1985), 'A @nFlhcaive RefdcM for AssMt in psycholoSy, Edqrion ad 

B6ir6c (sw.crlaad ard K.ys, l99l) or .Jouo.t of p@n liry,, .roumd of 

PNn lity Assndf or 'JoudDl of P@Elity ,nd S@iaI psycholo$,', cic, 

!o Ois ceb dG E$@!d ed lLe qalira{E rcchliqE b.cae {EG @ em. 

advmlagcs, For exMple, q@dtltive iNrm6t! such 6 s5l€i bcilg us.d in lhis 

re@h or in dy olh.r sndy ttt.leg dh. to adoi.ir.r. In ldditiol! n is lh. bql 

wy to 6.b1. o!. to @mplct thc study i! the gih lim.. Bailcy (196) ed Ssi (2OOO 

& 2002) EFlt d llEr rhis is rh. bd atF@b rnd dE |€€e[q hs libir.d rift &d 

[nid fimcial esources. A qq{rative opp&acn al$ allows thc Es.arclEr lo Ech a 

la4e trubq of subjets s !@m.nded in c@tsd 09O dd cewn 0994). 

Mo@vq, the q@tillijle thr! .llos€d rh€ l€s4.hd b s wh.thd, $d m 

sbdicdt Miario!3 or rc1 tFtt@ jftt p.lrddt vriabl€s i.c., lcu of conEot 

(Roite. 1966), ed oihd p€@lality Eiablcs such 6 1yF .A, p6$nariq/ (Anjm ed

(hdiq 1992), &hidch6t @tivalion (Llu-1%9) qrn@ion dd tj€@ricis 

(EF6ckl95E), wo* valB (BI@dn969), orediztioDd comilJtr.nt (Modw, 

srE.F rnd Pon€r- l9?9) dd lodmtip sryte (MMins &d cunielgEr). Othq 

intleFnd.ni vsiru* \|@ tha gc.da &d lge of thc subjet! wnich .@ttris.d of 

studcnis, prcfe$orq €x@utiv€s, polidcim dd drug.ddids. Thi! h.!p€d dE es@hd 

io sins th. sttistical rccldqq s rh@ s roE tb,D o@ ind.F|ddl wilblc. 

Althoud lhe q@titativ. apprceh h6 a wid.r w eorg BcarclEs atl over dr. world 

in lh.$ gpe of issB, thef@, tne elEhq pefcEd to w this s he Pald b 

scndale qwtitEdve dlra witl which a$daliou dd rlalioiships qong vdiables 

could b. d.scrib.

RotLi', Int d.lily-Erleruliv SqL. 

ft. Intqnalily-Exidnality Sc.lc AB.nt d i! ApFrdn-A, ddelopcd by Roftc 0966) 

ws administ Ed !o n6w the i!l!E lity dd ex&dality. In Ot ee{d author 

@ntzc!.d *ill! lof6er Julid B- Rort r 10 obtain his p.@i$ion !o u& his $alc io 

ddmine thc ehdonsbip of this nea$ with othd Feidiry EiaU6. Rofld w 

kind cmugh to gier p€di$ion 10 w hb s.ale. Rothr's lctler is attachcd a App€ndix- 

H. Th. *al€ adoilistd.d b6 29 pai.d icor. !,l@in 6-ic6 N 61L6. So dE &iud 

ilds to be scord Ee 23. Thc aubj€.r sto scoE 12 oi nw on $e Intemahy- 

Exicm.lity Sc.lc e El€d a .xlcDr&- 

A cetul @ding of the ilehs nals it cl.a th.t th€ iiens de.l dclusiwly wirh th. 

subjell' b€lief cboul th. 4l@ of tn mrld. IlEt is rh.y e @lenEd *irh 1he 

subj*rs' dp€ratioB .!oul how EiDfot!.rMr k conrollcd, Cieqwdly tnc t.n i! 

cosid.Ed to ba ! m6w of a g.ndlied cxpecra&y. Such a gendaliz.d dpeLncy 

my c@L& wirh 0E v?rlue dE subj61 pLq on i d.l @ftol bur none of tn icDs 

is di@tly ad\CMFd to th. pFfeEnce for int€md or d!.n l contel, Sone of the 

crMplg of Rot&ls s..le d givo h.lowl 

a) Mmy oflh. ulnappy things ir p@ple's liv6 @ pa.dy dlc to b6d luck 

b) P@tlet nilfodu€s Eult fom the nislakca lley rrkc 

a) I hlE ofia foud &.r whlt is going 1o h.pp6 *in n pp.n. 

b) TtusliDs to faL ha evlr imed oul d weU for m€ q nakjnS . dccision ro &lc 

dccisiotr to nle . defriE @w ofa.rion 

76

a) who 8crs !o b. th. bos offcn deFnds on *ho w6 l@ky dough ro be in 0E dshr 

b) Gdtilg p@!le to do lle n8hr thing dcF.!& lpon abiliiy, luck hd linle or rolhing lo 

o) Mey tim6l &.1 l!!t I baw linl. ionuffi ov€r thc things tbal happ.n ro @. 

b) Ii is impo$ible for me to b.li.ve thal ch&e or luc,k plays e imporrani ble in hy 

lifc. 

Ile disimiEnr v.lidity ad rclilbiliiy ofth. Rott 6 S.rl. is ejvd b.tow: 

. Kodd Richatdson on a @nbincd popdadon of male ed f€nale rith one 

&ousd subjers 0.69 (Fmklitr 1963). 

. T6t etesl reliability wilh.onbined $bj€clJ 0,?2 wilh nalca 0.78 {lc$F1964) 

Sir@ thtu is . foMd cjhoic. itd salc il hd EMDUy nicb i!&nri comislacy for 

ii@ a$lysis &d f.atonBltsis, Tbe t st @Nlar€s etbflctorily vnh orns o.tho.ts of 

'ssale rhe irrqElity-qt tutiiy sh s quesriomiE, Ulcn S.at€, bcdew 

&ssndt dd R.ting tom $ory @bplotion resr. Th€ six fillq ir(s (No_ 1; 

8,14,1924, ad 27 6om Roir.r'i olieinal edc) i .nd.d 10 Datc th. 16l e@whar 

mbiSuous w* €xcluded for eoing pu.pos de givo b.los: 

(l-a) Child!6 elt i o t&u!|. bc.se rh.irp@re puish rhd roo bwn 

(l-b) Th. Roublc with mosl childEn noyadors b lhat their p@rs re t@ csy wirh 

(8-a) Hcr€dity pbys the @jor rol. in deieftinioc on ', F6oMlny 

(3-b) lt k ore\ dFi@ i! lifc *ttcb d.tqminc whir lhcy'E Ir.

(l1ld ntcF @ cstain pa!|. *no ejusr io so.d 

(l+b) Ih@ is $mc cood in evdrbody_ 

(19-a) Orc should 3lMy5 b. willil8 ro adnir bis disrake. 

(l9-b) t t ulrly b6t ro @E rp oft's nir.te. 

(24"a) A Sood L.tld €xp€c8 Fqlc 

i,o d@idc for th6*lG what th.y shodd do. 

(24-b) A s@d lc.dd bakc! n cltu ro ev.rybody *n4 U.njob. @. 

(2?4) 'It E is roo du.l6rh".n d.thlai6 i! [ig[ $bool. 

(27-b) Tm sr6rt! @ & qensr wt ro build chsetei 

'nrc t*b @nqBin& coB!!c! pFdictive, conve!86t ed dii.rioiMt vatidirio c 

wll hoM sim. the r.3l is wid.ty ed for @npebd for atnost .lt t6rs of 

[|qndny-s(codil'. ft. .lpha r.tilbiliry or a c@birc popJ.ti@ of d.le .nd f@1. 

lubjecis wirh 1000 popdlrion B foud i! be 0.69 - 0.76 &d th€ Lsr rcie$ etilbitity is 

0.60 - 0.88 (F@!sL 193). 

7a

A!j!E K!.lhre .y!. rA' SsL: 

Since tne !$le to neaw rrle 1A' behavior nad alrsdy b€en d.vcloped in Prtdsran by 

Anj@ Kl8liq@ (tgl) and h.d v.lidario! n.udi6 do& (A.ju Kn lqu., 1992) s 

sucn ln. availabl€ eale y4 s.d, Th€ sl. is d.velopcd on a for.ed choi@ panem for 

lhc nffimdI ot tlF 'A' b.bvior. Alju Khrliqrc typ. .A, *qtc, Siva i. 

Appendix-B, hs 12 itcms. One poinl ii siglcd lo rhe subjat for.ach €spond€d ile4 

&d lhu fi. hgl6t po$ible @e o. . toLl sc@ on 6. t6r b t2 tba. hdiote a higl 

iype 'A' on ihe sub',sale. Tn€ ab*cdte on rh€ bsis of rhe s@F srating frcE 9 io 12, 

@ 6ieh lrF 'A', dE !v@Cc ',4.' lyF sc tuee ton 5-8 &d rh. low ttF .A, (i_c, 

Iype 18) li'on l-4. sonc of th. ddpl$ of rhe Arj6 Klaliquc'6 Scate @ 6 undd: 

.. Talingdisppoidrndt.iiy 

b. UrSirg othss to huny up 

a, Arcidin8 lal erk 

b, Trying !o Cal al.ad of on6 @tup€riiol 

a. Cdin8 nuch about h€slth 

b. BelicvinS in Ltirg up a rlsk roday ed mw 

Type 'A' individuals hav. tn@ mir chdaci.risrics: Achiev€ncnt Srriving, lnpatiqce 

&d Tine U'a@y {d Aryd lad Eosrjlily. T}Tc .A' idividu.ls r@d 10 do l@y 

lh'ngs al onc tine, thlt is th€y .E bulti-Lskilg. ft.y @ f6t p4d Mividuals who 

lalk and walt far, tlth odd Fople\ sl.rc6 dd alwys sm !o be on rh. 80. nEy 

N achi€vdot o.icnt d, c@pclilive individuals who tad to tie€ w* before 

pl.dsc. TIs. chr$cLriitie b.co@ €xrgseEr.d vh@ rhc ryPe .A, p.Eonatity

spsi.nce! srr.$ (Hchtum.ck, Gesiq ed Kemd'l994). B.fore the 

dtrlopDdt of rhb m6w Bod@ (1969) dcretoped 8 poilt stc witn 7 it 6 $tEE 

ihe subj.cls w€ eqoired to circle ftoo Urc l.!sr p@felcd ro $e higbly pEferEd wen 

@dvili6 thar is Appoinlbeli, CoDFtitiot! Feli!8 Ruhcd. TatinS Things on. a1 a 

Tinc, Doing Thing Sloe. ErpEs in Feelings dd *ith nAy inlcEsrs. The pcenatiry 

tyFs \^@ giv@ iivc ditreE cci.gori* i.e, A+, A, A-, B+ od B. 

A tesl ro deremine t !e A b.havior B d.vcloped by cirddo, Ev.rly ed Duek i. 

190. h @rtained 14 i1e6 on a 04 poi.r Litcrl S.,L, mgirs 6on dtDost alwts Eue 

Nu.lly mq seltloh trE dd n€Er rrc. Th. slaleodrs w€e in 04 diratioG thar is 

Tim Urg.nc, In pFopnol. Agaisioa Polypbsic B.h.vior dd Coal Dirt

A.hidche Ori. dior 

IE Achj.voor Oridtatioa s.dc B dev.top.d by M.CLltdd i! 196l. ir is rh. mosr 

widely studi€d pnenomenor ?€ople with a higl .Ach wel lo accomplish c&mbly 

chrl@gi4 s@ls lheue! thcn oM .trons, Th y pEfd mrtilg .tone 6rhcr rh.D ir 

lems ud chooe iasks with a mo

.dst't rb tl $or! 5 G rtd - liil.dirc Or of tt tjb! b tir 

qrdmuiF q!.rid 1 3, ? rd t G siv.a I Dd ftr..d |f .t,qE!d .y..' tri.r!. 

tu qqi6 r, 4, 5 od 6 | olt rn'E ftr *.[ .r.b' Era. On tb .te Vditty' of 

&Erbrs8[!ldErn dbvc.e! t&! 6trH- Ib slc@En@b..ot 

lh! odn @Epocnr of Mcblod'!.!@.pb t$!r t, tcoBoio|E* of fi!.', ,Dtdit 

d V.*', rc@irr.d io wo*', .B6d...f rd 'Ad!ya.d. [rD! (lt6t) 

'A.|ht !E!ol ],loriErioc Qu..d@Di'r' ir Cr,€s i!.lpanix.c. A f.w.ne!L! c 

r Do Fu 6!d it cry io llh.dpt a.ltlrtayo&oohold.y? 

L lbrddidit r..ilstdE i,*d? 

G Do.. dld@tr!&F!-gy? 

a

ErtnveBio!.N.rmti.i!n: 

Eyshck a piooer fa.ror &alysl sp.r a pDf*iord lif€ tin. !o reduc. FMr.lity to 

o.ly. few dincEioc (Ali6l99?). Eysck d6c'ib.d Feoatitr in le@ ofiraits. rr 

i5 o!. ofthe dr@retical @nsiuct b€$d on ob*p.d intedcrions bet@o a nubq of 

dif&Ent labnud EAotuq (Ey$eI & Elsnct-t969). Eysnc* grcup d. trairs i! 

carcSota catlcd 'T}?!d, ihe se.ond- oldd ditl@ioB nade !p of s&risticatly int r- 

@ftlar.d pnnrry Fdirs. 'tEy 6 b. rhougln of $!s f!cro6, Eys@t i&ntified lhF 

swh facloB, "or oth4 MErkably sinile !o rhm,' have b.d foud in his srudi6. 

Thc* @ *E" .xr&@ion-tlrlorccion; .I,t" Ne@ricisB , slabitiy; .?" p3ychoticisn- 

Supcr c8o tulctioning. To illusFat drav.Ei@ .?., t[is is wi.bilit, inpubivcM, 

acivirt, livelircs ud qcitabitiry. PeMns qirh Ey*nct (1958) 3hort qudtimaiE for 

rhe m6u@dr of rN dincBios of peendiq if one sB hisld on cxrav.uion 

tend !o be sociable, popule, ralkltive, 6vin& .xciiing, &tine che@s, impuhiv€, 

pr&ric5l jolcR, ey eoine, oprinisric, on rh. Dorc, lhoit tcnF&4 lackins @not or 

feelings ed ueliablc. P6os wir! low s@res on .?, iend lo be djrin& fond of 

boob, dislalt eicept 10 cb$ ai€nds, i.trospecrjve, qnire, cautiou, h,impulsiv€, 

srioN, oAeia4 afle4 p*ihistic, e$icjl wi1h. e rot on feling! md eljabte. 

Hid 'N" i... n.Wticim s@N e enolionaly ovd 6rDnsiy., usiabre, uiousj 

sEisnq 6oody, eii*, toEhx oto @npldring of bo

Eysc (195E) dacloPcd a l2-it m shon queniom.i$ for th. mdumot of tw 

dibdi@ of Fenrdi9' ie plsd d A!p.odix-D', SoE of th. cMd6 @ gih 

E, Do you pd.r .ctio to pl.nnilg fd a.rid? 

N, AE you i!.li!.d io b. Doody? 

E. Do 

'@ 

!s@Iy t*c tb. iniliariE 

'! 

n!H!g n* Ai.od!? 

N. Ac you e-.G-* bulblir8 owr wilb aerF/ ed soe liE6 very sluggish? 

Elch qwstiotr s*!!crl 'Y€t ir scoFd ds one (+l) poirn for NemticiNm for thc 

qesi@ u cd an'o! Ext6Bi@ o!*.d "8" b rt tcy. Erch qstio sqed 

'No' i! s@d bjnw onc Gl) point fd N.uroticiM or Extravdion Esp@rively. No 

poilE @ 8im ft. alirs whic! @old nd be ctdly ct6if.d s .idh6 .y6' o. 

'No', 

'Ihc aEcLrion betvler 'Exlnwnid'lrd.N.mlicism'on rhe !cd. is -0.05, The 12- 

itdr $Btio@iE t 5 h€n 6Ed b lry. etil latf rclidtrni.s cmlsr.d .r O79 fd 

N.mlicism dd 0-71 for €xravqsion, 

u

Blood (1969) dcvolld hNlf io uldc6rald rhe @n@prs of pDrcdan lrd mn 

prel€slsnl work val@s fld dev.loped saLr for tn€ m.su€nenl of 1h€se vatrc6, wo|k 

value is om of rhc vdus a t@ holds. ft. Porqlalr rcrt ethic - 16 c{)|rmnty thc 

Puitan w* ethic - h ! Calviabt \€lu.nphsizing the neesity of @njdt lohor in 

oe's calling 6 a sien of polonl r.iirlion, Ptu!6i6ll @isrcd *itt Mrnjn Llrhq, 

bad ecorc@h'.liad wort d a dlty i! rhc turld for the bercfit of the individual &d 

sietr a . *trolc. Ir€ C{holic idc! of Sood wo*'w ldsfom.d inlo d obtisdior 

to w* dilisotly s ! sign of gace. 

fte l.m 'Plotcsrol wk etiii6' B nd oired by cedm s@iologisr Mu Web.. 

{1905) who sa i.!c "yoes6t" of rbe ccmm ttisbficd S.h@I. The por6L{r mlk 

clbic is oim deditcd witn h.birg ro def!. th. s@ieri6 of Nont n Empc dd otnd 

Polestalt @elries whft lrei.sbnlis w stong, luch d ir S@dimvia Norihem 

Ctuy, GFal Britain ud it U.S. In sh sied$ ir is Eg&rLd by ndy obwa 

4 o@ ofth€ @hclones of Drionrl pbs!61y. Il ha b..n ejd rlsl p€ople i! @mEi€s 

rirh l\or..1!!r @G rdd to b. me ns&d.ti3tic, pcrfftrionin, .rd rt r $Gy fcused 

moE on mrkj cooped to Fople of My otbr @utries, such 6 Spai! dd lroly, 

wh@ tlrc p.opl€ h.d r noE ELx.d aftirud. iomrd wrt. 

Th@ h.E bs nMbq of tlgrche 10 suppon rhd lhft is a dcfnir. !'ldicrabte 

rtiffden c in the apprca.h of Fo-pol6lar1 workes ed the i&Els of nor.polesla 

hrteE. It ha .l$ b*tr sppon d rhlr rh. hrt6 in thc ubs .@ @ $m.wh,r 

85

non-pDcsnn lnd€s in the ruai !@ w* valB e eoe edb.d ro rhc idqis of 

lhc pmleddt eilics (Lnski, 196l; Web€r, 1958; Tucr ard lrwncq 1965). Helld 

0933) ha oline

Or!.rt ti.ul CoEDitn.rtl 

Conniladr 6 bc d€6ncd a 0!. individud f*tilcs ofid.nrificition wilh a dedi€tjon 

lo 0'c orgdiz.rio or a d.8rc. b which d dploy.. idedin s with a p&ticdtr 

orgejaiion dd its goals dd *ish6 !o mintah nqbashi! io ihe or8en tion, 

Scvdl facroF lavc ben fourd whch led 10 @mitddl, (Sr.c6,l9t) hr5 sugg6r.d 

tlDt confrilecnt is ahtuc.d by pqsMl faclos such s 68. and ye6 of lmu€ i. m 

o€eizjlid @d a w[ by o4aizatior checr6i.ai6 tikc !h. d.g@ of Dqti€ipdion 

dlorc

poid 'clL 6nt!d ton 0) r!o!81, di!€gr.. io (7) rr.6glr .€r... Iolm No. 3, 7, 9, I l, 

12 orl l5 rw b tc rcd h. llvqglda A td.moer of fr. sL r! rhro 

r I id Ey rnb b!'.ht ro thi. csdirdo Gdqr stoaI 

b. Tlac i! mt ioo nuc! to b. Sdld !y d.ti!8 lrll $fr dldrdd id.6ddy 

c I o Flld to t.I .rh3 th I m . lot of{dr asded.i. (uul ndi.s). 

d.I6Iy .&.bod & tu ddtr cE drd6(@rltc6rcrl 

E8

L.ad.Ehip is a pow€rid .xplxio4 ca!6b1. of 6av.yjrs nrch morc 6d be @nbjn d 

wi$ in a concise d.finition ed epable of nminS Imy difl@nl ihinCs to diffeenr 

peopl. ed in ditr@t @dexr Bavelas 0%9) h6 d,aM a dbrirctior betm rn. id6 

of l@d.6hip. h [a a lEedl quality ed s . plg @ bc obsde

By of de*dbin8 leadeBhip n/. conceded rle Mrm of l.add,s inflqc. surocotic- 

dmocFijc, (Ba$- 1990, Nonl Hoe200l). 

Mmins ed CutiJs (1988), l8-ilem qEniomiE eiv.n at apFndix-c @ 

,dninislered io $e subj6ri. The qu6riomirc n@N ihree p$o!ali9 styl6 of 

lcldaship !!irs, Aurloritarie styte (iids lJ,7,lo,l3 ed lO, ranicipanrc 6t.@ 

2,5,8,11,14 ed l?) dd the F€eRein (ite@ 3,6,9,12,15 and l8). The subjeds e to 

spoad on'Mosdt Ys' or'MGdy No._ Th. sB on ea.h .y6 ircn jndjolc a 

p.rricule leadcEhip style. Il is rcry tikely d.t. f* subjdrs nay s@E .qu.ly on dr 

thc slyl.s which may be called a mixed lqdqship styte, 

A &w e'dpl.s e gib b.lowl 

a) Do you €njoy tirc authority lcdeBnip brinss? (Adno.ilaie) 

b) Do you find it fairly €y ro give rcgltiv. Frfotue enuuom b ercup 

menbeB? (Aut\oritdm) 

c) Do you Lc.! crD D@bq up io d!r. on dcvclopn@rs affed,g de @,k 

goM? (Patticiparive) 

d) Do you fcl $ar you should b. niendlt win tne 6nb€E of you worL go!p? 

€) Do you lDd ii in giving oui NigMors, you i€nd ro stzt€ rh€ eoals ed l*ve thc 

mcthods up 1o tou &u bdb.F? (FR - R!in) 

f) Do you lod to prcfq plmilg tunclioG of leadcFhip, e oppos.d ro mrking 

dn€cdy wi{r i@ m€&b.E? (Fe - R!i!) 

90

It wa on ofthe bdic objediv* oft'E siudy to nnd our the undcrlyins detemindc. 

6ai e @frn dd valid sys of dsiryin8 p6ple iI t.6 of how lhey an ibue lne 

vdiou p.eDlity fado6 *bich .tr@r $cn p.rc.ptio8 6 @itotted by in id.mal or 

qtcmal facb6. To b. hoE concise ad bricf nlis stldy was udcnakm lo dercmine 

wbelhar orientalion or 'P@nalig T}!e A or B', 'Achi.v€mdr Morivlrion., 

'ExulvcEion - Newdcism', wolt v.lq', 'Orydiarionrt Comihof, nd 

't ad.Rhip styl6 de rchLd !o .Intehatiry'(! beti€f in p.Mn t Eslouibitig oi ! 

disb.lief in pssonal rcspoBibilM i.e. 'Exrqmliq'. 

KepirS in viq i[.1 sbe Bpotrdor! @y d@d thc Udu v6im of thc 

qrcitioMiEs, n ws cEed prior to .ppliodon of rhe ten Uur fic subj6is ud.Bl{d 

the laguge prcpdly. Thcy kr pbvidcd full libqry ro ark ey quesioo oi b 

explMtion of ll)e ldgu.a. or lie wods u5.d in the r6a. Thc Udu t6io! of tn. 

qu.stioMi6 @uld hav. h6 d€Elop.d by d. lls.@bd &d mutd b!v. bcd 

slandddizd uine th€ cominee rplbch lo the lr@larion pr@ss (B€ck el.t,2003), 

This wa not done for dr. !!en that 6. iruaumc should Euly 8iE the psychologi€l 

mding in ic tusldio! s ddv@red by RobiBr (rq4). 

"Ifttument should ofcr Psycholoeicat Equivalace to r.spond€fis fld ml appdent 

objEliv. to €quiw.lo4 io ilc iny.sriSaior !o pose th€ sMc fom of qulior ro re 

p@d. sno @ difrffir @y r.quir Fsile rh.r qu.stiotr iI te diflGEnt fot$". 

As a naner of facl l&gu8c rpei.li$s r€oonDend cuionizinS r&slalions to the 

dial6l hosl @mody spoko *i$in dE swey a@ Ljnguists who favor this 

9l

pwlch .@ug. ir.BLtoF to siirc for @ft?n6l €quivai.na bcr*ta th. el@ 

ed targct ldgus. (H.ndriM er al, t9E9). 

In thc edly days of cos cdnfal e@h 0Fre w6 no t€st of validiry oI qusrio@iE 

which put the t.gch qult inlo doubttul F6perive Siolly @. s.y rtuslatid of 

Esrb iGtrlllmts @ th. pa.rie. t]oglq th. Fobld of ,n dprire.qniutde 

in the Esarch irsFM.nt' wa tur @licly linguisric one, (Sehres! F.y dd zaidi 

1912). 

thc B.ct-Tmlation" ptsdie start d i! lar. sixrie Trularion of ihc insrllmt B 

@nrid@d io he a vdy rougL dd stilt @Bid,ed a tuial tsk. B..t r&dation o.c 

on treslat6 iiom the lmguag€ in which rh. irotiumot hs oriSimlly h.€. plcpdcd 

inb te d6iFd laBug. &d thd eivs ir 10 th. otner d ro slM 

0tN onginal oB io EtrGlare n itrto lhc odgin l ldguagc rrd rhd is @Fparld to 

oriSiEl docDa.lt or vi@ @a 'Th€ ired tlur lrtu5lared c ar tin* quie dif@ll 

ed .va nmy", z.idi (lt5). As srch rl& philosophy of ba.t rtuslarid w6 oor 

folloqEd to avoid uduc criticin. 

92

t nicipa!$ in 1his ltudy l^@ incidatsl smpl6. They wer€ jOOO in tolal sd 

@nprisd ofstrdmis, prcf€sE, exsuiilcs and potiticiM of bolh g.nd.6. 

A stutled day bc dcfD.d c lh. ole $to is @ll.d fo. a @w of iosuucdm ir &y of 

il'e public / Fival. !6toi unireBity in a gaduate or post SEduarc cou& of sudi€s. 

this ercup ebprb.d of studats @ir y frcn K@hi Univ6ig, b.ding a f.w fom 

NED Uni6ity, Dw Mcdic€l Uni@ity ed priv!& stor uivGitics, 

A profeMr @y b. d.8ncd a o& who ir op.n lives a bener dd noble lif. ed hold. rhe 

belief ir sobe doctine of philosphy dd th@forc r.k6 re&hing ed h.tping peopte in 

a di$ipline a a profdion sd t@ha ihc highcst posibl€ gnde b th. ui!6ily. Ttis 

sDup mpd*d of rlr. 4s@i.r. !trof.96 .nd profe$B of publiclpti€re stor 

uivfti1i6 i... Uriv.Eity of K!ruhi, Dov M.dical Univ@ity, Kmchi od NED 

UniBiV of Engin erins md Tcchnology, Kdachi, Si. Syed Univesity. Kdebi, 

Hmdd.l Utrivc6ily, ed Ags (he Medicat Univ6iry, K@hj, 

Eedi6 wE n@ |hG tw slea@ i3 @rpo!l. stor deutiB whj.h irctude dE 

sdpl€ of p.opl. decttine or pdfomilg scnior leyel Il)mg€ndr |ask in tn€ mtri 

Mlional /naional @Aorations / orgoiariotu or in the pnvaie seror. Th. orhe6 wr€ 

go\tmfll deutrrcs @ncd.d lo !.rfom in rbe fi€ld of adDinttration or

mmsd€nl in th. govem€ seclor. Thet @ diudy or irdiEctly jnvolved in policy 

Datilg or in thc .xccutior of the law &d erlio@menl of ruls md rceularioN in lhe 

A hid nnkine mcdb.r of a @rF6te,8ovcmol or miliiary orgdiztion having d 

a{inilisftiiv. authority ed sposibitity, wd d a tull tine .nploy.e hlving good 

dlility lo pl.4 otr{irc, .o4n,ryr ard onhol odr6 mrki4 lrdd hi! dotuir. Slould 

ols h. adowd with 8oo

of th. c*@hd. Howffi a larg. nmb.r of pMicipdts no$ of vhon w& the 

pmf6sr$ q@tiB od poliricid pcfeGd ro kep lle quesioMir with tho dd 

Enncd ody $.hcd rhey 9@ appro&h.d ! nuh.r of 1in6. A 1a.8. nwbd of 

politicies w.E hi8hly el@ra to6lli!{t qu.stiomais and $e ofrh. opi on that 

il is somcuring vhich is meduing llt€n by.lly to ihe Oov€@.n1. Ar such iorc ths 

100 sell o{thc qrcslio@iEs wft ror Ftlmd by th€ tolitioim. Itolgh otdc w.& a 

sood ruba of fddc toliticiu bu lsy on ihd ddie

Tablel giv€n below itrdi@les th€ denognphic infomtior rhe Dmb.. in p@nlale of 

qlesdomaircs i$ucd to thc panicipdls ed Eeiv€d Ern lhen. This infomaiion is 

wtul i! ideniitiog th. trend olihe topulatioi, 

Nub.r r'l D.cnog. of qo6tio@iE ir!!.d ao O. p.nicipub .!d E.ived 

145 80 08 

t45 08 

183 

85 

85 

l2 0.) 

05 

85 

110 

85 

l,l0 

145 

95 

36 

14 

l8 

l0 

u 

06 

141 

84 

1000 241 204 495 

Ea.h 161 / qn6tioMid E M€d a 'Fofr' &d P6 ideDrificd with i! i!*ific @lor 

dd d alph.lericd rymbol i,e. A,B,C,D,E,F,O !o thd dey could b..sily h. idari6.d 

6t lhe tine of dala p@6sing, Lsfucliotrs to dswer the qBriomn s / resis see 

Fift.d ar rhc iop ofcach 'Io@' slarting toh .Fom-A, to .Fo@-G', 

lltc Roltert 0966) lnt mality,I*:rcmlily Sc.l. @nprising 29 it€ns E rit@. The 

co@tly rcsponded d6E re given I poinr s pq Ror.fs k y, 'nr subje.B s,!o 

s@rtl 12 or moc on thc Intdality-Exi.maliry Scale q* 6r€d * .Ex1enuls,. Th6 

dre fill6 0t m No. l, 8, 14, t9, 24, ed 27) wr *cluded for thc purpoF ofsnry. 

tujm t(t,liq'i TtT. 'A' Scale is d*iglqd to m@w ryF .A' !@pl€. Ir @rrains l2 

pajs of il@ md ilc $bj4B e rcquiEd ro chooe one ilan frcn €ach p.ir, It€n t-8,

2-8, 3-A, 48, 5-A, 6-15 7-8, 8-4 9-8, 10.8, I I -,\ rnd l2,A onslitute tt!. 'A' $.1e. 

Or[d 12 ii.a e oftF 'B'. Or. poi is sirlcd to 4n Bpondcd il.n of ryF .A' 

s.d€, aad lhu rh. torrl sF is obrain d for @h iubj4t. Ile !4idm sE on th. 

s..1. is 12, S@a @ divided in three er.gories, i.e. Low 1r?€ A'(l-4), Alcng.lype 

'A'(5-8) &d HiSh lrpe A' (9-t 2) 6 typc !A' pcople. 

A! 8 iieh ealc inrend.d to neas@ rhe dour of ag@6dr with Pret6t rl E1hi6 fd 

rcn Ptullslrl i..- C.0Dlic Erbi6 E adhinisr.ied. The Prer6t.nl Ethica 6 

onprisd of 4 it nr *,hic[ w irrddcd to b. in agFndr wirh th. ide.ls of 

lioi6irlt Eurics. For dcn irco, $bj€clr wE rcquircd to Espond wirh ! nmbcr nom 

l -6, whqc I = Disagrce €onplelely, 6 = Ag€ conplelely- Th6e items N.rc 2,4,5 &1 . 

'nE fou it @ with h6!a l@ding on rh. 2r' @mpon6r i.e, rcn Prctcsient fc non- 

ClrlDlic wE @rcd tlE se wy fioD l{. Th.$ irec w 1, 3, 5 & 8. 

Itr sbjels eft r.quiEd lo @E to Achjd.ndt Motiurion QudrioMir of L'n 

(1968) amptuins of 12 itu- T]F subjccrs kr. EquiEd 10 Dart thch dswcr on 

'YeJ or 'No' alsdy p.inted on lle fom. I ndk w eord for e6ch .Y.d esw to 

quado!,2,3,7 & 8; sd I bark @h for'No'tuw6 ro qBtioN 1,4, 5 & 6 

Glelivcly. Atyorc sdrg 6 ond b.loq \m nlcd 6 low ehia6 wh.6 all atov. 

06 9@ 6tcd a high !chid6. 

EIMCL (1958) Shod Qwslio@ii€ fo. rh. n6llm€nr of iwo diheEion of 

pmomlily thai is N.mricis dd Exrav.Eion ws administercd. E&h qu6rion 

,cqq€d tY.!r ws sad!+l'forlr.@tcin (tuked .N' i! the r€y) or cxrilc6ion 

(@led 'E ir O. ker). Eah qBton Nq.r€d .No, m sFd 'l !.jat for

n uolicis d di.$srioo Bp..rivcly $ i tic.trid i! tt tcy by rh..uthd. No poi t 

v@ giva fot !l]!rw which odd &t bc cldly cLsifi€d 6 €ithd 'Y*' or 'No', Thc 

tdribL @ee ofscog d s.h faator v@ llu'+6'poiD& b M'nu ,{'loinis 

Mrdi.s,!d C\!r! (1981) lad.Gbi! Sryt6 Qu.sioMic @t iliDs l8 qBrioq 

irdiolitrg rh@ dift@t nyks ofk .lc6hip B .dninis!.rd. Q1r6to! t,4,7,r0, lj 

lnd l6 ildicai. th. individual's !ef.r.n . for suthodrado OT. of larl63hip, E4re@ 

que.ti@ Ns. 2J,8,1 l,l4 .81 17 ildidt pnicip.tiE styL of LlrlcEbip, .od qesiotr 

3,G9,12,15 rrd lE ildica. t*ci! sryL of latLGtip. Tn! $bjc.r! ** E|lirtd ro 

E{r a enar 6c} hw. doe c vould & in lh. ritldion dsft.d wilb .M6rly Y6' or 

'M6tly No'. ftc aubj.ct dn thc hieh€rl !cor! *u Er.d b puticd{ typc. It€E wr€ 

lobe subj4ts wlD obtailed €qu.l nwb6 ir 6y teo of tLe styl$ *.F sked again I(l 

idiorc ltli. ood Fd.n d ctoi6 

98

CqAPTER - 5 

RI5ULTS 

For tn. plrpo* ofanalysis th. dara fd rhjs study (i.e- lle sG ofEspondeob) on sv.n 

m€6ws l eDalily"Exlchality, losonality One adon (Type 'A'), &hieveneor 

Moiiv.tion, Exua6ion - Neuoticisn, Wod< ValE, Org&izational CoImiEI€nl ed 

kaLBhjp Siyl6 of s.uddrs, pref.$B, *eltic ad poulici.s b @r6ed ifio 

SPSS ll for windos to d.lemine fr.q6ci.s, n6, SD,.orclarioB, t-resr and 

prcbBbility with a vi€w to s. the Elstionlhip md diffreEnc6 mong ed wilhin the 

veioB grcups. P@ioNIy all this i.tislica w* s done bt lhc lll€4ner hirelf with 

lhe hslp of vdiou b@lc like A.L E

Err.''ality o{ord 1966) with TrF'A' Ptu.ality (Arju &d Kh.tique l99l), 

Achievencnt Molivarion (Lym 1968), Exlr.vdion-Newiicism (Eysnck 1958), Wo* 

Vals (Bl@d 1969), Orgejation CoMitiot (Modwy, SreF & Pon r l9?9) ed 

r.ad.Ehip Sql6 (Mtuirs sd cutis 19EE). 

The n€thod of stadnical dalysis wd w6 Pcdson ()900) lroduct Momot Corelalion 

C@ficicnt to find our lh. €tatioEhiFs' and .t' ro # difr€En@r wirnin ihe6. For tnis 

purlbsc SPSS 13 for WiDdowr B appli.d ed red d ncnrioncd aboE. This my, 

howdcr, b. poioted our rhat the esllb obtlir.d wr. basld on rhe eponse pancms of 

lhe cpolddls 6 aivd 10 0E ldiou q6rioMi6. ftft is ! v.ry titetibood $!l 6e 

@poes my ml co!6pond ro lhen anul @do6. Th. drr howvd, show lhe 

vdiou blocialio$ / difie.nes 0D1 disr b.t@n lh6e vdiabt.s, 

IX. Endiags of rLe snrdy e p@ted b.low in rtE light of rh. vdios htDod.S 

dcvelop€d in lh. beeiuinS of rhe study, 

Thc 6rsl hypoth*is M th.t ile tuidiry of ih. spte topul jon tit ly io fatt h lhe 

€lesory of inr.nEls- As indiercd i! TabL l.A, l-B, l-c ed l-D rhe tujonly ot dE 

smpl€ hdd fallen in the ol€Sory ofiot€@ls.

TABLE - IA 

2 9 2.0 2.0 2.0 

3 4 0,9 0.9 2_9 

t2 2,7 5.6 

5 t9 4.1 9.9 

6 22 4.9 l4.E 

7 J3 1.4 22.1 

t2.l 1.2.1 34,2 

ll,9 I1.9 46.1 

l0 45 t0,l l0.l 56,2 

ll 5t u.4 u.4 61_6 

t2 56 l2_5 t2.5 E0.l 

t3 23 5.1 5,1 E5.2 

24 5.4 5.4 90.6 

l5 20 4.5 4.5 95.1 

l6 9 2.0 2.0 97.l 

t7 9 2.0 2.Q 99,1 

IE 0.9 0.9 100.0 

100.0 l0o_0 

'nE Roitqt 0966) tor€nDlity-ExcE4liry Scal. w6 adnidslered to sludcnis. 

tbf$m,.x61lrires ed polilici&! whd ih. rot t Mba of Brondots w6 447. b 

dd.r b l@w lDo |@r of rb.m &ll i! tb. c.rcgdy of |rr.@lity o. E*i.tualiq, llE cul 

of Fint a pd Rotq! Scodrg Mode i.., 12 s rakq Mrh ! vi* ro obt in th. ces 

falling in the cat€gory of inr.@b or dicF.l& A3 indicattd jn T.bl€ lB lhc 6@Es 

mgcd fion 2 - 

a' anab.Dd 12 - 

18 @ Ron r'r s..te. I! !6!edcnrs'srirgfio62-tr}@l.brr.d 

l8 a cxrrMls EtlEriwly. 

l0l

N 

TAALE- IB 

M@ | S.D. lV&ie. 25Yol5V/.115'/" 

02 l8 9.91 l_142 IL168 3.0 r0.0 t2.0 

TABLE.IC 

RBpoDe B!.d lni.m.l!-Ei.m.L 

TABLE.TD 

Rapoe E ..d llnEd&Drr.n t 

t02161.6%l 

t45 (32.44%\ 

s2 (65%\ 28 (35%) 80 

60 6a.9yr\ 21(11.t%) 81 

112(61lyr) s5 o2.y/.) t61 

22(4.8%) 10(]1,2%) 32 

33 (71.3%\ t2 Q6.1%\ 45 

Tod 5s ot.4%) ,(2E.616) n 

10(13,7%\ 25 Q6.3./d) 95 

15 (44.1%\ r965 90) 34 

85 (65.9oA\ 44 (r4.1%\ 1,29 

u (69,'4) rr 110.6%) 36 

25 (61.8%\ t3 (J4.2y.\ 38 

50 (61 6yrl 24 (12.4%\ 

302 145 

Poritirc rlalionships 6 116 of Coltrol S@B wirh difcEnl p.Mn liry l' it5 

irdi€tcd cxledrlitt eh.M, r Eglrirc Ftrlionship b€tlr@ tec of Conrol SoB 

ard the difiemt p@i.lity rraiis h& bca indicated 6 inren.tity. Thae €tarionlhips 

wc dct€di&d on 0.01 or 0.05 ldels of robsbility. 

t02

TABIE - 2 

Tot.l Popuhtiolr! (St!d.!t!, Prcf.soD, Er€crtiva ud PotlttcLn, 

Loeur of Colrnl R.lrtio.rhiD rlt[ trD. 'A, DcMo.lltv 

N 

441 -.0E1. .04J 

CoElatiotr is sigrili$r witb tyF 'A r- 081+, p

TABLE - 4 

Tot l PoDlhaior" (Studatlt Pnl6en, Etertivd ud Pold.tra) 

Irs ol Cortnl f,.lrtioabtD ritt htr.vdioE 

N 

,0t8 .354 

Coclalio, b mt 3ignificaDr wirh ExF.v6id i = ,018, p > 5 

Ihe lounh hpothBis re lhdt tlw will b. . signincdt relaiionship baw..n Lo@s ot 

Conlrol .trd Extlve6iotr m6g eal6 dd f€nd* of ditr@l group3 i... sn|dents, 

prefM, Gxeorivd lrd pohicid Th. cdrs indiclte wk EhrioDshjp wbich is mr 

TABLE - 5 

Tol.l Poplhliort (Srudok, Prcfeo6, Executivs rd Polirlcl.lt 

Locu of Conbol R.l.tlotrrblp witb N.urcti.ilh 

N 

447 -,{x8 153 

Coftlati@ is lor signi6@r *ith N.Niids r = ,048, p > 5 

Th. 6nL hypolhdir w rh.r rh.E will b. . ligrif@l dan@.bip bctw6 tdE of 

CotrEol .rd N.Nticis eo.a dl6 &d fcDsl* of ditrddt greuF i.c. ildds' 

preIesE, cxautiv$ ed loliticitu, TIF r$uhr indicate ihal io 3i8nifi@r El.doosniD 

b.t@ Locus of Conrrol ed Ne@ticilm wd foud.

TABLE - 6 

Toi.l Po0dhrio.'. (Stod.!tr, Pdf4or!, Ec iv6 !.d Politid.a) 

L.ur of Colarcl R.Llioubi! wirn Prer6.u. Wort V.l!€ 

N 

121.. .005 

Coftlalion ir eigriicat witb Prcrc'l.nr rvor* Valc r =-.121.., p < ,01 

IE snih hypoth*is we to €slablish th. relaiooship betweo Locus of Conrrol ed 

Prot6r.r \vort Val&s do!8 o3l4 ed fcnd€s of di6@nt 8to!p6 i,c. studenls. 

pofsF, cxeuti*s dd politiciN, A poiti@ Elatio$lip bet@D iltqorl Leu of 

CrnFol dd ltsrdrlal \vo* val6 wq &u!rl which @ si@ifi@r ar 0,01 tcrct. 

.IABLE- 7 

Tot l PoDrl.don'3 Grudot , Pml6!oB, Ereutir6 ind Poltti.brr) 

lautof Co ml Rcl.tiolrbtD riil C|tnolc Wo.L Vrlu6 

N 

447 .020 

Coftlarion ir ei8lifi@t eirh Cadolic rvoit ValG r 4-9.., p < .05 

The evfl1h hwolhsis s6 to edtain thc Elariomhip betfto Locw of Conlrol dd 

Calholic Work Values mone mal6 4d f@les of dif&rcni grcups i.e. ltudentsj 

pDfss, d*ulivq @d politici$. A 6r.on8 and sienin6t elarioruhip B found 

witb int*rl L@s ofconuol *n€E r = 0.97 ed p < O.O5 tdel. 

105

ltE .ighd lr?oth6ir B lblr 1!@ sill b. a 3igfi@r EtadoEhip trr*@ teB of 

Contlol ed Orgeizador Cominndt mong mal.s md f@al6 of difr@nt 8rcups i,., 

slud.nts, ploGs$6, cx.cuti!6 &d potiticids, IrE dalioNhip ws sienifiwl at O.Ol 

lw.l, whft r - 0. t32 sd p < 0,01. 

IAILE - 8 

Leu oa CorFol R.Ldoubip ofsr!d.!t, Prcf.*srn Erdurivd ud Porlici.lr 

rilb Ol8uiatio!.| CoEDiaD.lt 

N 

.0112 0.001 

Cofthtion is signii@i widr Oremiarional Comilmdtr - .0132, D < .O I 

IABLE-9 

trcur ot Conu nertonrtlp minte-m, tiurii--ira rolillc 

sil! Auftonb.i.r L..d.6hiD Styl. 

N 

240 .015 .J99 

Cofrladon is nol rignificqt wjth Atthoriraris Lad€nhp Styt. r - .015, p > j5 

Tb. ninth hyFthesis w$ $ar th* will b. a ligtrifikl ElalioBhip betvH L@$ of 

Contll ed Authonbie t *lcship Siylc eorg Datec ed &nal* of difr@1 ercups 

i-e. pl!f.96, d@utic !trd poli{ici@. No rcldio.sbip E fould bctvm hs of 

Conlrol ed Authontarie Lcad€Bhip Sglc, on th. conbired seDlc las studals. 

r06

280 .060 t6 

Corelador is @l !igd8@t with Panicip.liE LdLEbip Styl. r = .060, p > ,05 

The tentL hr?oltr.3b B $a1 tb* will b. a siific.nl Elatiotrship b.r*@ tes o{ 

Control ad larlicip.live Ledeship Styl. mong mal.s ed febsld of diff.Mt Croups 

i.e. Plof€srs, .x.cutivs and politiciu. No Eloliosnip wd foud b.tw..n Los of 

CotrEol &d Pdlicipltivc radqshi! Styb @ lh. @Dbir€d spl. ls studal' 

R.mjri4 ialld fron i'blell ro lablc26 indi€re rela,tioGhips s4Ea&ly for rh€ 

@dbined ard individud godd-wise lmpld of snrd€ft, pmf€soB, d€uriv€s ed 

poliricitu. The tabl.s p€rtaining io lne @inir8 ht?otn€ss i... fDm I I to 25 @ being 

shoM Aon lablF27 !o ilblclz 6p@dvl.y, 

TABLE- IO 

Locur of Co.lrcl R.lrliolshlp of PtufolroB, Er€clriv.r dd Politicird 

aitt P&licip.riv. IAdmhip Styl€ 

N 

TA.BLE - I I 

Loc$ofco ml n rr.ioublp ol PFfdren, Ereuriv€r r.d Poutici.ls 

wirh FFRdn LodenhiD Sryb 

N 

280 .036 .211 

CoRldion k rct rignili@l with Fc-Rcin L..d6hi! Style r = ,016, p > .05 

t07

TABLE - 12 

Idr ol Co!(rcI R.Lrioutip ril! r$toB pdouuty ruirbL. 

@Ebir.d !.DDL ofltrdot 

N 

t67 

t67 

R 

-.095 

-.198.. 

lll 

.005 

t67 .051 .251 

.' Silnifdt ar 0.01 l€rcI, 

I Sisnifc€Dt at 0.05 l.v.l. 

t67 

161 

r67 

-_l59. 

-236.. 

-.lJ.l. 

.024 

.001 

.045 

Corlarid ir @t sigliic.nr virh rype. TIF .A' s r - -.095 drt p > ,05. 

Th@ ir!sied6@ Eh,lionsbi! hetwa l@B of @ftt !!d &[id@t botv.rion 

A riSnin@l FLlionsbip b.t*q ldu of conrrot md pordet mik vot8 @ t 

satrG= -.236 drd P

TABLE - 13 

Locu ol ColtDl ReLtiolrniD w t v.rior! D.M!.liw vrnblg ol r.le siudelrr 

N 

30 .,2@. _0J2 

80 -.16E .069 

80 .001 

30 ._t52 .088 

80 .044 .148 

80 -.079 .24J 

signi6c&t at 0.01 l.vel. 

r Sienin@t at 0,05 ldel- 

'ft@ is a siifqt Flrtio!$ip tetEn lea of @trEol &d t T. 'A' (. = -.M ad 

p < -05) 

Irse is m 5igttin6r cla,riorsbip b.twa l(s of miNl .Dd A.hie@dr 

Morivario! G= -.168 dd p > .05) 

'ftft is a significdt rel.tionshjp b.twdn l@B of conbol dd Proi.slet work rzlm 

(r=-.361dd! .05) 

'Itm is no signi!6r elatioahip h.ts6 l@u of @nEol .rd dltlvdio! 

Ih@ is a sigdfic'at Ebtiorship te$r.6 lo.u! of @dml &d tr.@licis (r = -.0?9 ard 

109

3re f{b) 

sE, o.e) 

.t fln-) 

sE. (.dd) 

sre.tkr.o 

3re t{rd) 

.,fu..r'furh@hll*' 

:ffi.ti.cddhdd hfi{r4. 

Ilt rCorEi.Iiouof M.LStud. t 

ll0

'Siifi@t 

TABLE 15 

LocN of Coltrol Rehrioublp wlth r.riols pcBotr.[ry v!.i.bl6 

of td.l. rtlddts 

N 

ar 0.05 ld.l. 

E7 .0ll .459 

-.2|]. .024 

a1 .063 2E0 

-_.219. .021 

81 -.tt4 .t26 

81 - r79 |7 

ft@ tu no siglifimi rclatioilhip b. €n locus of @Dtrol .ad tn .A'. (r =.01 I ed 

P.0t 

TheE n a di6@i rlatioNhip b.rketr ldu of o rol ed Achievehenl Molivrrion 

ft.c i5 e siglfidt Elalioship b.rva lfc of @.rrDt .rd PDa6idr \vo* VdG 

I1l@ is no signiti@t r€Ltioruhip betRtn l@6 of @n1bl &d Catholic Work Vd6 

G='129&dp>.05) 

Th.e is rc sknifi@r &larioNhip berwn t@u of €ortrcl sd Exrevesion (r = -.06j 

ft@ ir. sigd6@1 ELrioNnip b.t*e le6 of @nrbl and Nmdcim (! = -.219 

Ill

TrbL -16 

I d Co@hno6 of vaiou p.noi.liry vri.bl6 *ith Llcw of C.nlol for f.m.le 

$ud{a N - 87 

s!'(lr&) 

sre (dro 

eo 0{e) 

.b tr{.o 

' c.Ir&..btud r6.06k{trho 

'' ccnLbbdFhadnhod bsr0{kt 

l12

' Sig'ifidl al0.05ld€I. 

TAILE - I? 

Locu ofcolrol R.Ltlolrnip th v{iou. pcBon.tity nrirbls 

o! o&bitr.d {DDl. ol ProfsoE 

N 

n .80 .244 

71 ,M3 .154 

11 -000 ,499 

71 -.027 .409 

.064 _29n 

Oryeizatioml ComiEnent 

Allhodlli& L.!d.6hiD Styl. 

Panicipadve rad.6hip Styl. 

FR-Fir L6d6hip Styl. 

71 

71 

17 

11 

.068 

,070 

.093 

.032 

.2u9. 

.219 

_272, 

210 

.391 

.034 

A poritire si8nifi@1 rclalionrhjp betr6 €xlehrl t@G of @ rol dd Fe,Ejn 

tratGlip Sitlc a foud. (! = ,209 &d r < .05) 

No sigdt!@r cl.tio4hip b.tlNfu los of onrrol fld rypc .A, qd foud. G =,80 @d 

No signmc&t Elationship b.r\{d l(4 of @nrol dd Achjod.ni Motivalion, ws 

foud. (r=.041 ed p > .05 

No sigdfi@t Glatiomhip bcrlEr l@u of @ftd dd ?re16tafi Voli Vrlues s 

found. G =.06a and p>.0t 

No signmcdt Flationshjp b€is€en tocu of altlrol sd Catholic Wo* values ws 

found. (r = .068 &d p > .05) 

No sigDifical Elrionship betw l@s of @nEot ad Exrnvoion whe,e 

No significer rlsriosnip b.r*en tocu of 6nrol &d N€Wticism M foud, 

No signjficfl (latioNhi p berq?a I@6 or @ntrot md Orsdiz.rionrl Comjhenr w6 

fosd. {r = .070 {d D > .05) 

No siif@t Ebto.ship b.r}q l6N of@nrotad Aurhodrari& L.adlshiD Srvt. 

ws round. (r - .093 &d p > .05) 

No s'gnjncd Elationship b.twed l@B of conrol dd psrri.ipalive taaddship Slyh 

re foud. (r = .032 sd p > .0t 

l13

TABLE 18 

" SiSriliont al 0.01 Lv.l. 

Lcu of Collml Rellaionhip rio vrrioli p.Mr.lity v.ri.DIB 

of D.lc DrcfgsoB 

N 

32 

12 

.151 

.u4 

.196 

.405 

32 

l2 

-_259 

_011 

.076 

32 .501.' .002 

Orroiatiotr l Co@rEnent 

Authonbisn LaddshjD Siylc 

l.nicipltiv. t dcEhip St]le 

F@ein kaLBhjp SVle 

J2 

32 

It 

l) 

t2 

-.1t0. 

.048 

,0t7 

ll2 

.l3E 

.M2 

.196 

_461 

_270 

226 

1 Signilicdt at 0,05 lwel, 

A sig'ifdt ElarioFhip betw6 eittut teN of oftrot &rt prclansl ]vo.t VdB 

sa round. G =.501 {td p < .0D 

A sisnificdt Gladonship b.l@n qterel t6u of control md Ca$oljc Work Valu€s 

wa found. G=-.310 edp .05) 

No signifiml rclarionsnip b.re€n l@u of @!Eol od Exravcsion wa fobd. 

No 3ignjfi@t Elado.ship b.nrd bB of @nEol .nd Newricim % foud. 

No si8dficant rcbriosbir berw.cn l@s of conrrol dd OrAeiztional Colmilrnqt 6 

foud. G - .048 ald p >.05) 

No sigrin@t Elalionrhip b.(lrh lo6 of 6drol &d Althdin ie t4ateship Styte 

@ foud. (r = .017 ed p > .05) 

No signifi@t rclatioNhip bcr&en IGus of coftrol md panicipadvs L€ade$hip Slyl. 

B foud, G = -.1 12 &d p > .05) 

'ft@ i5 r sjgnifiqr rcladoship b€twen l@N of @nEol aDd FFEin Iad.uhi, 

StYb B foud.6=.138 edp < .05) 

l14

TABLE - 19 

LocutofCo rul Rel.ilorublp {irn v.riou peno!.lity v.rl.blct 

of fo.l. prcf6o6 

N 

45 .069 .326 

45 .024 .4J1 

u4 _224 

-.t47 .168 

45 -_107 .242 

45 .018 .451 

Or8mizational ColMibqt .l0l .254 

AutlDririo lr&L6hjp Styl. 45 .175 .t24 

Pailiciporiv. LarlcElip Stylc 45 .201 _091 

FFFin I€rLBhip Srylc 45 ,290. _021 

I Si8ni6@r at 0.05 l.v.l. 

'IrEG is a siifiMt rcl.liochip betsta l@N oI @nilol and le,Eir rrad.rship 

sgl. G=.290&dp < .05) 

'D!d is m sigrifidr dlarioBhjp b.ttra tocN of @drct ard ryp€ .A', 

Ir'src is no siSnificmt el.tioship bdwn locu of control ed Achiactunt 

Motivr'rio, (r -.024 .nd p > ,05) 

IrEE i5 @ siifiEr Eldio6lip h.twa tofu of @Eot .rd !rcrd$r \vo* VdB 

'IbeE is a sigaiicdt rlalioDhip berw locu oI @niel md Cathotic wo* values 

Tt c is no sigdfiqr ElaiioEhip bct9@ locN of @!rml ed Exlr.v*ion wh@ 

Tltd€ C m !i8nin@r El.rionship b.1scn l@u of @nrol ant N€uoricisn 

n'@ is no sieriij@r Elsrioship berwa lsN of @trrol ed ote&i2lljoMl 

Conniolsl(r-.l0l ddp>.05) 

IEE ir rc si8nifi@l Ebli@tip b€i*h l@N of @ntrol ed Aurhoribrid 

L.sdcshi! Style (r = ,157 ed p > ,05) 

Th@ h no signif'cdt rclatiouhip berwso locu of conirot ed pafliciparive Leade,lhip 

sglc (r - .201 4d D > .05) 

ll5

TABLE -20 

Lo.B of Corbol Rcl.itorbip wllh yriou! p.Folrlity v.rt bl6 

.orbhed nEDl. of d.cuth6 

N 

t29 .066 .724 

r29 ..1,10 ,057 

t29 .032 .359 

t29 .0.]5 _t49 

t29 ltl 

t19 .140 .056 

O'3eiu,rion l Comitrlenr 129 -.184r .019 

Auihoribrid lradcEhip Stl. t29 .086 .t66 

P.nicipqrir LadalhiD Srylc t29 -.t54 .040 

F@Ein Led.Rhio Stylc t29 .051 )42 

' Signifihl ar 0.05 lev€I. 

'n@ is m sisnifiqt ElrioNlip betwd' roc6 of @ rol dd rype .A', G =.066 ed 

p > .05) 

n'@ is no siSrif@r eLrioship h'r.cn l@u of cortol ed Achi*oor 

Molivation, (r = -.140 and p > ,05) 

Th.E is no signifi.tut Elolio6hip b€twd tocls of @ntrcl sd pmlcar&t Vork Votu.s 

Tt c is no ngni6{t rcladon$ip ben'gr lG of @.tol ed Carlrclic work VolB 

lllqe is no sisnificdt Elatio$hip betw€en I@u of conrol ed Exr.rcuion c = .032 

-ftcE is no siific&r Elariorship b€r@! toG of @nEot tud Ne@ricis (r = .035 

I1E is a signili@r FtalioNhip h.rEq t@s of controt dd Or@iztionat 

Comnrrne rr-- 184&dp>.01) 

ftcE is rc signi6@1 El.tor6Lip b.rwd l@s of ontrel md Aullorirdm 

Llddshi! Styl. (r = .086 &d p > .05) 

'n@ tu a sigrific! Elotio.5hip beren tos of @ftll .d prdici!61iv. tad.F$o 

Styl. tr - -.I54 &d p < 05) 

Ilrdc is a sienifEet elaioNhip betw€en locu of con(ol ed FE.{ein Lead€tship 

Styl.G=-051edp

TABLE - 2I 

Locur ol Cotrtrol RelrtioDbip aitlr vrriour peBodlily r.rirbl6 of Drle q.cutiv* 

N 

95 -_021 .419 

95 ._2t9. .016 

95 -.005 .481 

95 .021 4ll 

95 l .l4l 

95 -.lll .l0J 

Orsei4tiout ComiIE.nt 95 .093 .t85 

Aulhor .rie kal6hiD Stl. 95 . t94 

Pdicipadv. Lddeshjp Styl. 95 -.183' .038 

FRe.(in L.ld.BhiD Sryle 95 ,065 .261 

' SislifiNt 6t 0.05 level. 

Itr@ i5 no sisnif@t Eldiotrshi! b€t*En l(E of @ftol 6d rr?e A', (r -_029 u"d 

p > .0t 

TLc is . sig.fi@t Ehlonship hetf,€m l@s of@nlrol dd Achiw€mdl Motivrrior, 

ft@ i6 no significdt relaiionshit betw€m locu ofmniret dd Petesranr Work Vstues 

Th@ G m jgnindr elarioMdip b€1@n t@6 of @nrol ard Cadolic wort Vdu6 

Irr.E i5 no sis.ifi@t El.tioBhip h.twa locE of.ontrcl &d Exrrlvdion lvnm 

'Irr@ i6 no sisnjficflt Elationship b.rwed locus of conrol md Neuoticisn G - .023 

th@ is Do signifi@t Ebiidshi! b.t@D t@u of @nEot sd Or8diational 

Co'Milhml (. = .093 ard p > .0D 

thd is e sienindt rclalionship b.1wm tos of conrot dd Aulrlorinrid 

t aleBhip Style G =,090.rd p >.05) 

'IXee h a si8ni6@l elationsnjp b',een l&us of contr.l &d panioipaiive L.addship 

stylc G= ".183 dd p

TABLE.22 

Locur olCorrml Rcl.llonlti! *iL[ vrliour DemDllity v.nrbb off.o.l. deotir et 

N 

-.252 .075 

34 .t62 .t19 

34 .18? .t45 

14 .068 ,t26 

l4 ,036 

34 -.089 ..108 

Or3&naioDl Comim.nr .t01 _271 

AudDrinrid L.d6biD Stylc l4 ll7 

Paniciparjw Ladqxlip Stl. 34 .360 

F@ein LadmhiD Sryl. 34 082 .t22 

I Significdr at 0,05 ldd, 

-Itee 

is rc signi66l rclatioebip bet$en lo@ of @ntrol ed g?e .A,, (r = ..252 ed 

p > -05) 

'nrft n m sigdificet clslionship h.r@r l(s of @ Dl &d Achi€vdml 

Moivation, (r =.162 dd p > .01) 

TheE is a 3ignifi6t rclatiouhip be$en locu ofconlrol ed Pe€siant Work Valu4 

Ihw b no sistrifi@l rcl.tiorohip b€r*eD l@s of @alrol and Caholic Wort valG 

'D@ is no sienifidr rcl.rjon nip behrei ldE of cortrot &d Extra*Ejor (r = ,187 

Therc is no signi661 rclstioBhip berw@n loc6 of @otol ed Ne@lichm G = 068 

'It€e is .o siedfi@r El.rioDsbip b.rw@ l@6 of @rEol ed Org&tadond 

Colmidndl (r = -,107 lrd p > .01) 

'DBe is no si91i6@t Eldlio!$ip b.rwen l@u of @nEol and Aurhorituie 

Lead€Ebip Slyle (r =.1l? &d p > .05) 

ftse is a lignificet rclstiosbip beryen locu of @ntol ed panicipaiivc Leaddship 

stylc (r = .064 {d p > .05) 

IheE is no signifi@l rcl.tioslip b€r*@n l@s of @nirbl dd FErciD tadcshiD 

sttleG-.0E2ardp>.05) 

ll3

.E 

: 

i 

i 

!E 

- 

t 

It 

te 

!t! 

t:r ci: 

-l!l! 

i!' 

! 'l! i !t: el: cl: 

I 

ti 

tii 

!;, 

t 

;:: 

s?rlis: F g:t3 [ i 

il' 

i !:lE I r g;r !;: i!. 

tl 

lll 

l;. 

i 

l!'ii' 

r;.lt;. 

ll 

ijrl 

Hr 

hF: 

rl|li 

l 

I 

ili 

'li tl 

rI 

rlli 

'if "- 

I 

F-]l 

Ir li 

r! Ji 

'" 1i 

tlj 

I 

: 

t 

I

.IA,ILE - 24 

t .urofco rcl f,.l.tioubip witl nriour !.DoDlig v.rirbl6 

oEbired uDd. of Dolirici.!3 

N 

-.22t1 .029 

-.078 .254 

_052 -.]10 

.057 .115 

.056 .319 

.012 _4t6 

Oteebrional Comit'n.nt .072 .272 

Aulhoriarie Lral€EliD Stl. -.2t1r .032 

Panicipaijv. Ledeshjp Styl€ -.004 _447 

Fe.rei! Lad.EhiD Styl. -.lEl .059 

r Significdl al 0.05 l.vel. 

Th.e is . sigtrifimt rcbiioBhip b€trq l@s of@ltrol ard rrTe .4,, (r = -.221 dd 

Th@ is ao eigniftcdt clalionship h.tkd I@s of aniol ed Achi€vmenl 

Molivalion, G -.078 edp > ,05) 

'fteE is o signili@i Flationship b.r\{d locu oI @nlrol dd ?rot srari Wo* Vatu.s 

'ftcF t m sigr!6@r Fl.toi.hip bcn@i l@B of @.ttot dd Cadolic Wort vdB 

Tllse is no significnt Elationship b€rwc.n l@6 of conrrol and Ettravcdor G = ,0t6 

Th@ G m sigin@l rclatioEhip bdren t@u of @lrrct dnt Ne@tds G = .Ot2 

Irr@ is no sienificaDt Glarionship b.rq@ l@s of @nrol &d Oe@jztionat 

Co@itnot G =.072 {d D>,01) 

'nr@ is a significd rclaiionship b.ilr@ locus ofconrol ad Authoritarie lEad$hi! 

Slyl. G= -.217 ed p .05) 

Tn E is !o siSnifiql rclalioBhjp b.tl^@ locs of conrol fld lrc.-Ein tf,adenhip 

Slyle G=-.183 dd!>.05) 

120

TAELE - ]5 

Locu ol Colrrul &lrtionrtip w n v.now p.e!.lity vdirbto ol Drle Dolilicir!! 

N 

l6 ll4 .254 

.tlt6 _198 

-.166 .161 

36 .t44 .202 

36 -.040 .409 

l6 -.049 -.100 

O.3miatiotr t ColMihat 36 .082 .l l8 

Aurhodtari& L..dashiD Styl. l6 .006 .481 

Pdiciparive LodcshiD Srylc 36 .056 ..174 

FE.-Ein t .dqship Style 36 .028 .4.15 

't'G ir no signinmt elrliotulip b.rwo lo$ of conr$t dd rtF .A. G =.lt4 sd 

p>.0t 

Th!rc is no signifi@t clatioDship bct@n locs of co rot ed Achievffient 

Moiivltioa G -.146 ed p >.05) 

'nrcc is a sig li6r cladoship belEn tocB of @Ittol .nd prorcsLnr Wort Vatc 

G-.166ddp>.05) 

'Ih@ is no sipilicet Glatio$hit b€rwccn l@B ot control ed Calhotic Work Valws 

ThE is ao rignifitul Elationship b€r@. les of @trrtot and Exi6v6io! (r = -.040 

'DEE is no si8nin6l Elariomhip b.tsrd 166 of @drol md N.uroticiw G = -,049 

lllaF is no si8rili@t ElsrioNhip brrlh locN of @ftol dd o'gdi2djonal 

comitue c-.082adp>.01) 

ft@ b m signifi@r El.tioGlip b.t]en lou of orrot &d Aurhoritei& 

Lead.ahip Styl. G = .006 ed D> -0t 

Thdc is m siSnifi€t rclalioBhip b€tl,q locu ofconuol and paniciparive Lead.Bhip 

Styl.G=.056 ud p > .05) 

Th.E is @ sigdliol clation$ip bcrB l@B of @nrrot and F@-cin Ia!.BniD 

Sryl. (i -.028 &dp >.05) 

t2l

IASLE - 26 

Indr .r Conlml Rcl.liooliD wiin v.dos D.M.rlity v.ri.bld ol f.o.l. Doliaici.u 

N 

38 -.428'1 ,004 

l8 -.280. ,045 

.t8 .0t9 .456 

.t8 .021 

38 -.07E ,l2l 

.t8 .0?8 .)t 

OremizationNl Comitnenl l8 .087 )02 

Authodbj& t jddhjD Stylc l8 -.193.. .007 

PdiciDsti4 krd.6bip Sryl. ]E -_055 179 

FEe-Rin L.id.BhjD Styl. 38 ._302. .0ll 

rr siclifist !t 0.01 l€vcl, 

i Sisnid6t at 0.05 l4el, 

Th@ is ! signili@r @l.tioclip bet*En l@q of onirol .!d tt?e 'A , (r = ,.428 ed 

Th* is a significmt relatiotuhip betwa l@us of onlrol dd Achiet@cnr MoriBlion, 

G :.28 ed p < .05) 

Tn@ tu @ signi6@t Ebiio$hit betw.d locu of@.rol dd !rcteslort Work Valu.s 

ft@ i! @ signifi@t dldion5hi! bctqd ltu of Mriol .nd Catholic Wo* vdc 

'nr* h no siSnifiml rcLtioship betMen l@u ofonrrol sd Exrravcuion ( r = -.0?8 

Ih@ is no siSnifiml rcl.tioabip bd*leD locs of @nrlol ed Nemlidm G = .0?8 

aDd p > .05) 

'nre is no siSiificart lcl3tioosbip t tvm los of @nrol &d ClrBeiz,rio.d 

comih.nt ( =.087 ed p > .05) 

Th@ is a signifi@t relatioffhip behr@n locus ofcontrol 6d Authorila s ledship 

Siyl. G = -.193 ddp> -01) 

thd is rc signifi@t clatioEhip b€twen l@u of@ftll &d Phnicipatirc Led€Ghjp 

style (r = -.055 8nd p > .05) 

theE is no signif@l €latiorship bent@n locN of @drrol dd FrcFGin katdshig 

Strle G = -.302 edp

E 

E 

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is c 

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i 

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Fq 

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a.s 

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:.q E E 

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'46 

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. s:

CIIAPTER.6 

DTSCUSSION 

The pr.snr study wa caid olt ro eslablhh th€ @latioGhip betwn lrcs of Conftl 

,nd olhd p.eDnlity wilbl6 s@h 6 FMlalit{i@t tioA ehiev€l@t motivatio4 

e\rrav6ion-re@liciso, protcslant{a$oli. mrl eilics !tc. of nud@t, prcfcses, 

dcculivca dd polilicia living in Kmhi, Pdtisls. 

fte abov@doned fou gmuF @Dp!is.d of wplc which is a Mjo. clEa. of 

Patislar'3 popdaijon other the l,!e famc6. Sirce the $udy M 6i€tl our in one olth€ 

mjor citics of Pa&is&r i... K,ra.hi, s such s inponat msjor cluster of Palishn's 

popuralion i... 6rd6 lrw nol ircluded iD thii earch. This *eDmt ofpopdaion 

inEiably rcsidB in viUa8s, Kamchi is kroM to b€ a cosmopolira! ciry wh@ $e 

balihnb hlvc @n AoD thc ditreMt lsis ofthe @utry,lt ha s sporr which is oae 

of th. djor elB ol i!@N of a cl6 of popularj@ i.c, ble @Id @it6 s My 

foeign ed lftal v6sh dchor on Kdachi Pon. Usurlly p@ple have anaincd a cdiain 

lwcl of.dledon and @ .ither doing jobs of vuios MluE or invohed in smc ldnd of 

6Nin6.. Good od *noM Gdelri@lt innitudos of lhe @urry disr in lhis city. It is ! 

hub of hdy mrioml ed inlcm.tiolal conpani* wlich c op@lirg hee. People 

Cfn.ally show int6t in political od ecid &tivili$- Mod of lh. population, ey about 

9?% e MBliff (Popul.lion 5elrs198). Th. city ba il! oM adninta.don in rhe 

fom of ciiy md dislrict aucil. The Povincial tuenbly buildirg dd tbc covenols 

cidency e d$ lomld in Krtuhi. 

129

Thc atudy hee.ls the pole ial of both theordi€al imporun@ dd practical sienifituce 

b.€@ ir mdd not @orribuo. only io formrl knowl.dg. fo. lhc @@ of hul:m 

behavior but wuld ale serue the ed@tional, social, @rporare dd political 

avibm€at3, ed to optjmiz. the €p.biliri6 of lhe F.plc ir rbe fou dim6ioB. 

The rcsulh ofde srudy @ givcn tuD Tabl.n io Tabl.-12, Tables.lA, lB, lC &d lD 

indiqtc the 6q@cy disriburioq Ergq E€24 srmd&tl ddiatioa &d r@€nt * of 

scor* on Roncfs Intemality-Exlqnality L@s of Control Sql. obtained by de 

nud\tc, pmf.$R, qeudE &d politicis. 6 . rojor Eisblc &d ils Eladonsnip 

wilh olhq psnality v{iabl6 lik TyF .A P@oality Onoution, Achicv.nenl 

Motiv.tiotr, Exdav6io-NeNricisb, Wort Vdc for shrd€ s.rd.tso Orgdizdon l 

Comnnat.!d L@de6hip Sryl€s i.c. A hontadvq P{icipativc &d FE R.in of 

Fof6sl' ex@utiv.s dd loliticim Giding in Kdchj, Pakrrrn. 

This scction of disenaiion d.als wirh rhe discusion &d findin$ oo th. bais of ih€ 

6ults oblained for wiou n8@, Thc dddiprivc rraiijds shoh in T.bl. tB 

indicatca the 6poNe mod. ofth..ntie poputation includ€d in ihb study or o!. ofrhe 

mjor peMnalny mesG i,c. Rotler's Les ofconrrot S.ate. Siie Ihe Rono Sc€te is 

ui.din Biobal ed 6tur on a singL costinnM (Rond, t966), .s sEh poputador 

hs not beo sg.gat d in io tw categori.s for irder findjnes. How€vq, lhen dcbils 

Il is didd Aom the dlb rh* the rEld of the populatiotr @ moE rilt€d toweds 

i .odity6302i.c, 67,56F@nretlordolrfatli!thcd€soryof inremats. wlrc@, 

145 i... 32.,14 in rh. caegory ofcxtehab. fhc @ge ofthc $oEs b L berw..n z - 13 

ll0

on lhe Limdity-Exlhality Scrl€. \vhcin, mininu ws 2 ed ndidh m 18. 

Md c 9.91 &d SD E 3.342 EsFcrircly. 

A5 jndj€red in Tabl. lD rhc firn hypoihdb h6 b€en povcd that 6?.56% of the lol,l 

smpl€ falls in the @legory of i e6rls 6 aglinst 32.,14% ir ext€@tj. Not only thar 

hale! in all 0E f@ ei.gdi6 i,e srrddl!, ptof.$B, .xcrri6 ard polilicirns e 

higher in nhber md p.@or!8c th6 rh.n coulerp€ns in qtemaliry. Even rhe f€Mle 

e highd h a@bd .!d Fe.i!8. of iltdditt qc.pr in d. .!.gory ody of 

*ecurire f@.16 sto e n@ on qt.dEtity i... 55.9% s coepdd ro int.nality 

ht m.lily s . nd!rc oa ldor of Col|nt: 

LocB of ConEol My be thoughl of s efi€.ting h.b!vio. a s tuncrio! ofcxFcr.rcy dd 

a E nfo@t within a ip@ific sinDdon (Ftutg t9l). Bl@ (1984) sugs*ted rhar 

Lrcus of Co rol is dsciatcd wilh the goc6l aftitud€ rhll on€ has rowlrds onslf, 

onct b€l.vior $d @e\ @peiq ro i lud. ftm wjth hider re6 of Cod.ol 

scos indicak .xtemliiy. Ttr.y lend to fecl nappid, nEr ed t6s sre$.d. Tney at$ 

djoy b€tter h4lth likely b.qe they dp.ricD@ ts d.mging etrers ih.r @ @nc 

rbn felings of F*des*$ s suc!, @ hoE sarisicd eih life in 8.NEl (MaiN, 

1987), IitenEls @ rcady to ietc action to coDfonr difrculties to ebploy moe efecrive 

@gritiv. rL.cgie &d @.blc b d.tay gitin@tiotr (Lf@u4 1972). Nadir€h Gargd 

&d Mich&l (1975) fould th!1 inr.@al iodividuts we 3ignifi6ily nG lik€ly ro 

Epon 1he6*lv* q @oierd.d individub wi6 the li& situtior '[rcy displa]ed Ls 

mood distub.,!6. 6npdric, Dubin ad Meorl€e, r94). pdr6 o9E4) tound that 

Bl

pottEns ofopi.S bt inledds w€E potenrially doE adaptiE. AnjM@ (1983) tuch4d 

(1981) found &.t intinsic EligioB odcntdtion cmlltcd posiriv.ly wilh inleoaliry, 

whqc6, extriuic Flieios od.ntatio! conelaFs neeativcty with inleo,l Locu of 

Anjlltl:m 0981), Mddin, Heis od ce (200D foud ir'Br nrls tcnded to b. eoF 

iolcdd tne fsn.is. Icy ffinq rlgg.sl drt bigh* $G oo ir&mal lsq of 

Conlrol e e.ncnlly sen s dqi6ble, To ih.D, lne t m .lnlenal res of Contot, @ 

ols b. afeftd to s SerAgdcy', '!@a.l CrnEot','S.lf D€rami!.tion' elc How[ 

ed Avolio (1991) foud that 6s p6plc gct old{, they r.nd to b€6m€ moF inteml dd 

poopl. bign up i! oigeiz.rion rtrrenre t nd to be m@ i cmal, ltal.nb€k et at ( t 989) 

foud $al inlmah on€n .ohnn b dsky, imovativs ed difij.ott rask, Inr.mats b€ti.ve 

in then ou qpabiliti6 lo p.rfon b.navioE nee$uy to conirol evdls od 

@Nqedy st th.iroM sorls (Philipr.d Gulty, 199r. 

Individu,ls wiil highd lniddl les of Conrol e boE betptul (Cldtq l99l), 

Feiv€ noE soci.l suplon ry€nderE.t d, 199?) @pe hetrer in srtlstul siturion 

(Bod, 1990). Sadowski (1993) foud rhlt individuals who perceivcd .verk in ihen 

civimDml a b.in8 @nlirgdr on dEn acfioG @ sjd to havc Inr.m,l te$ of 

Contlol orieniaion. Pilsuk, Monrsobery, p&ks and AcEdolo (1993) toud that rDlemal 

las of Co rcl buffcs th. dclctcn@.treis of synpbG oflhtsicd iUns o! $lf 

dted healb. Htu (2000) and Hanie, Mdsb, N.jl md Richads (1997) e ofthe opinion 

thl1 ouldoor ede$onal a.liviti.s o. edlcdjor.t inreNotion nnve b@ foud 10 pode 

172

loD8 rem slitu rovlrds inLm! toru of Conlml. Chubb, Fertme dd R6 099?) 

found a posnivc rclatiosnip of gcnda, tndc ed inlem,l L@c of Contrl. 

Th.E e G..rche^ th.,r harc linled o I aEl Locu of Conrol wnn high self€sl€en, 

job sctisfelion, high self eft.ey md high ed@rloml spinlioN (Marir, 2OO3). 

Suce$nn leds and otEpr.eG rypic.lly show a hid Inlemal Lss of Conrol 

(LE, 2001). Kcmis {1984) fosd rhar inicmls foud b.tl{ ihmetves on tn s. r.sk, 

lh.Ffore, they pcfd to @aiinuc rcrtin8 ai a &ik rhar thet hsre $cetd.d ar Inredd 

Lsa of Codrcl nls ber foud lo b. si8nific&rty &tared b aqpalion.l arbimen! 

houly @itgs, job latsfaciioo, mu,l ediols md Etadve fimcial progess. 

MoE spccifically th. crosstioMl d.la sueg.n rhal inremats rc in 

th€ bettq ud hiehe iau& o@upatiotu, em mo& money dd lend to 

be boE highly stisfid in |lten m* thd th. c@poEblc q&ml' 

The longiludin l d!t! funlM $gg.st lhal inlemds qperienc more 

favoEbl. .mploymcnt circrtr(sD@ 0r& deir arcEd oscrt&ts, 

nmdy gMla ming ed job sadsf&lion (An&isi dd Ne,t t 1976, 

p.160) 

O'B.id (1984) 8iv6 tlc.xpla.riom indiEtjsg why.dd howi em.ts Frfom b.nd 

iojobs a @npdcd to.xrmals. Fis[y, b.caue i €mals shov salerjob nobiliry a a 

ftlctiotr of th.i. c.cr plmjlg and ctoiei !@ndly, nbk. gEle. efion , @.$qnorly 

8.i b€fter job! md hsy€ wo.k modvalion, iheefoe, set prcmotion. Lsdy, dey choo* 

lask behavioB thal appmximaic m@ cloely the behovioB rcquied for @rihal job 

pqrolr:l.@. llutd (20@) d.Etop€.t e Aviltion SaJety L@B of Cotuot S.jt and 

l3l

found rhd pilot! exhibircd sqb€r. ially highr inteeality rha €xlmaliry. Ttqc @ 

elidenes 10 suSg.sl lhal ttro& with e Intchal Locus ofcontrol @ moG appoving of 

.xisti4 oditiN ed d. a@bFnyirg duli6 rba.d 6r.ilcd (cbjn, 199?). 

Schultz dd Schulrz (2005) poinred out thlt inr€nu.l Lrcu of C@rrcl wa foud having 

posirivc ElarioBhip *il[ iepFEd lhysicd lcalrL mdtal haldr ard quality lif. in 

p.ople uddgoin8 @ndilions s diw a HIV, migrain6, diab.r.s,lddncy dis4c dd 

ln the light of lhe discsion n is pDvcd that majority of popubrion in Pakntan 

i@lFciive of g.ndq fall itr th. Elegoy of int.nBls dd h likely ro be cndos€d with th. 

qualilie m.dion d in rhcir rladoDsnips wirh teu ofcon$ol. 

E(cm.l y .r . M*!E of ldur ol Colttul: 

LocG ol Conrrol is a co.ept thst h6 a sienificdt ef€cl on individud! daily life. Rotld 

0966) slaL! that teolle who e knoM 6 €xtemdls fal lhat Einforcddr. @ 

conrelled by for6 orrsid. of thcir @nEol. TlEy m thoe who bcli.vc lo b€ leg.ly 

poqe 6s in tlE fe oI at @l dents, @ Iikely to @ n@y erions s b€in8 

ag8Niv.. I!.y .is d udit ly ro * et tt@n ro hoF for idpovdor (Andenm 

dd Modgley, 199?)- Ext h.ls uudly slop wortirg on ruc6n, ta3ks dd mov. to a 

dir.mt re* (K.mis, 1984). 

Thce wiilt Ext.hal Loos of Conlrol bcli* lnal tn.ir oM &tions do mt innuo@ 

tute oulcona. Ex&mab sho* moE s g?icd .xp4t4.y shifts. Thcy fail ro wort ro 

ll4

each then tull DDtenijals du€ ro lacking in iheir @gnirive, morivdioel 4d emotional 

spF|@h As a hana of f.ct 

Co itru.d failw io spite of conlinud attenpts lcads to e exlml 

@nirol. (Bddq, 1995) 

B6E 1l ed sinda (1988) @nctud€d in onc of ihel rcsdch.s thor dcv.loping e 

Extml leu of Cdtrcl ruk* i 4ier to *ce loor pdfotM4 without hurdry lle 

individual ell T[ey fird s .gpe by aiributing rhe f.itc ro lEk, ch&@ or 

be{.@ of orh$s not attributing to pe$onal d.ficiency or lack ofabilily. 

E1r@ls @ .bidad of di6qr! siruaiotu esp.cidly tho* requirirg rh.i. adic 

involment. For exdple th.y pusE colmuicalio! str.r€si6 thal Fqui€ ltule 

@l€ry (B*rd6, 1937) a4d u:lik€ inredds, re udikely io n6rc. rte skilts n*si, 

ro 4@mplish tn n g@lr h s.re6t, q:tmak hdi* th.r llrcy lack th€ stilb n*sa,y 

to t .tr ciiv€ in solving poblens (Ldson, ?i6el, Im@ ed Allen, l99O), 

Con5.q6dy, O.t dlibil such eid&i b.h.vi6 s pbcEniEting (Jobsd .!d 

Carto4 1999) or withdr ing. Erraning or dcapins (ApinEU sd Taytor, t992: 

Ingledow. Hedy rnd Coop.!, 1997, Skimq, 196). Extehats d€ le$ noriwled by 

tuod of choie thd idrdds (Rulitr .d Rubin, 1989). 

Exleoals uually $f.r from seial Miety, one oI the escs of thjs wi.l diety in 

cncm.ls L lh!! thcr @ u"a!|. ro urLBlld orhcE betEvjoE .nd pld {!cir om etioa 

(Fisr. and Taylor, 1984). Exrcdls idd to inr.ract les wirh orh6 in a f* ro fee 

situli@ a do Ihe id.rnrls, be& inren.ts do n for th.ir pt*w ed.ntat ime 

ll5

(FlalEny d sl, 198). IE b.lief rhar cxl.ml fol6 @nEol *6ts (*tctlu povErtul 

ol,rus or fac) ud€minc, the frcl da1 p.opl€ cm win .flicrcy (zi@.me fld 

Rappapo4 1988) lheir .nvirchatal @t ry ed pqsd grc*llt (RyfI, 1989). Muy 

(2003) foud rhar qld)rl Leu of Co iol hB b6 ei.tcd with bighd Lvel of 

sres, fcque illn6s, psychologicd dist ss ed Elarionship dirstisfadion. Bclidd 

in pow..tul otllss, ftay *6 doe ihai oihc6 be in @nirol of thd (Bsg.r, 1989j 

StiEs,1988). 

tupi@ (1994) foud €xLmnlized l&6 of Conrol belisf Nociat d wi6 ned for 

suity id jobs. Smiq S.pp, Fftll &d ,oh@n {199E) f@d il.r sM.nG with e 

qtqn l Licu of CoDt ol oiotarior sw r.rcd low in...dcmi. achie@d &d *tf 

eslem. Dousltsry (1994) ford no signincdt difio€ncB betwn mole sienli6$ dd 

orher r'.lc pDf*sionak i! Ld6 of Collol 5.(E. 

In ihh rc*dch a md8i.auy highs FentaSc of fdalc spond€nls in lh€ c.lcgory of 

qecutivB hrw bm foud to be &.[ilg ir qr€n ls. Ilis my be a situliionat facloi 

N.€dld ro rrird thd an r 9-l I rhc job rut r in Prti{,n hs b@ne irtly ti8nr &d 

qcepl thoe with relativcly high poldtial @ going to swiv. in the wi@ *clor. This 

Ielilg / thitjng of be@ming jobl€s hs crared a d.p.ldocy Fniel{ly in the 

f.brl6 lad Bp€ially i! th@ $io @ siogt. Dorhd d thc bMd *iln6 for thcn 

fddili*. tu sh th€ii faUing jr rbis €i€gory i! not srupdsiry nrhdjusti6e!. 

D6

Typo'A' vr Inlen.lily-ErieErlity: 

TlbL-l i!di6t6 tbe sB on Rott .'s tdB or Coni&l s . mjd vrirbl. dd irs 

r.latiorship with odd vailbl€ T}!e 'A' Palonslily of slud.htq proG$ors, qecurives 

sd polilicis rsidins in l

'Ihe foUowing cha@t rbti.3 have gencdlly b.en hidlighi.d Ebout rhe T),!e A' 

a) rl.rc aboye dE av.6g. Dalal &d phtsi.d .qdcity 

b) HiS y wiUiq ro @mpeG in.ll siiuarions 

c) H.ving a strong d6iF for @snilion 

d) Mdidizilg th.ir ctrodr to -hi* !dv!j|cd6l 

e) Undcn kine nultidintuional r'sk5 ud.i a fimned dne coGtnin 

D Alw.ys k@ io nah dd firisn &dviiics 

d H.vc insadable d6iE ro Fhier thcn Soals 

Th.s.findinss haye suppon llon the €!.Kh cmied ont by N.elon ed Kem (1990) 

who foud rtd Tr?. 1A' behavior 6d LocE of CodDl boddl€d thc impel of 

iftBcd.ioh ddard! on pstdologic.l ndin, Tr?e A' .xFri6c.d 16 psychologjcd 

stnia ll1& de Tt?. B's', Sinil&Iy' &hford ad Bobko (1990) EFn d a posjrive 

Eldtionship betwca High Type 'A' chddiciislics &d High Pq*iv€d Cootrol, Mcy.s 

el al (2002) N ofih. vicw tbar p€opl. with & irtqnal L{ru of Conitol fcl rhd th.y 

h6rc choi@ in th.ir live sd @!t!ol {)w dEn ciEMrt aes. On lhe corFary, O@ 

having Bxteftal Leu of Contel feel Ad dd m in chsgc ro chmse th.ir oM 

ciewtreen wlich lqd thla to moe dF*.m@r. arc$ &d lvilsu O98!) foud 

@ c.larionsbip b.t*@ P@Eliry T)D. arld tec of C,trrrct. Ha*!,le ad Sch'rlrz 

(199t) sd Ryckne ed Malikosi (195) circd in schulrz dd s.hulE (2oot) sussesr 

that t cu of Conlol incr.es in hi€nutity up ulil nid.tle a8.. Medmon (2002) 

sndi.d Elaii@sbip of teE of Connol ir Typ€ .A, b.nwior p.nd b prEdicl dcgfe 

ll8

@mplcdon in a aoD i,ldilionrl D@lor ofcdwtior Pmsre. lt w6 orchd.d lhar Ttle 

'A'pesonalily and hLn l Locu oI Conrol w sisnifi@l vsiabls pEdicdns rhe 

Achiw.D.rt Ori.lt aio! v.Fcr hr.n.lity-Era.m.lity. 

Asindic .dinTaUe3 asisnilidr(ar0.01 lo€l)regativ.r.latioshi!(r=-0137)ws 

foEd b.t*En RotGr's 0966) IaE ot Conrrol of sc.l. dd the Lydt (1969) 

Achiw€m.nlMolivalio! Qu6rioMiE on lll tobl @plc (447) ompnsing ofslud.nts, 

prof.ss6, a€cuti$ &d polili.ia6, rhis indi@t6 lhal thcE is a d.6nit elarionship 

b.t@ i.Gnbli(y &d &hj.v@l mrivation, Achiamdr .rd @bp.L@ e $e 

te sidB of the se coir. tes of conrol h6 b€' foed s m ildi.aror oI 

individul'r iMte @t@itis for achievdcnt, An int€lligot &d a€hieving p.Mn will 

.lwtr lhint of hirerG & .fredrc .rd .tncial FMn. Hilha ldel of i etli8a@ 

ed $ccs. wee ilbught of comploddng @h orhq- How.r, in 1950 s Mc Ctl.ted 

md his @lleagus alteEd th. .oncepl by povidins dre impoiance of orhd vd'abl€s $m 

rh@ ass6s.d hy inr.lliSoe, Eiste6@t 0978) folod dr.t & h&ml t cs of 

Contol is p@idv€ly rcl.tcd ro rh. fe.lings of @mperme, 

cleM er d (1966) ilvitcd otE io! ro thc Pcsooatity ch@r.risti6 @otrs disables 

and lioithg then po&nd.l to &Li€mdr. Coldo4 Cupb.ll, Ijol6oa Moo4 

Weinfold ed York (1966) studi* Eport positive ElalionshiF be$tq inr.halily dd 

&hid.Dat bebvio. Cedau et dl (1962) rcported tbcir findinss or F.l lnsijnne 

6ndi,B . El.lio$hip in L@B of Cont ol dd !.lima1 noovrrion. Ctutd.lfs ( 1962) 

radings wcrc rcpliet d pi0r ditraing Bulis by Chae (1965). Lssine (t969) fosd s 

B9

@ftladon b.nen gE& point !v@g6 of .idrh ard clcM|n Shd. snrdoG qitn tnen 

sB orpcMml @nirel. M€ser C972) foud inlenal reu of control Miarcd uirb 

hblE Irad6 &hiaehdl l€sr. Lilrle ed K€ndalt (19?8) onctud€n tll Lros of 

'n 

Conaol is dha o iEppopriarl lt4E io p€dicr achicvmcnt to a div.Gified 

slqp€n &d Srdella dd H!'pi! (1980) foud lhar tau of C@trel be studi.d in deiail 

o! lna of Cootiol and t@ner'r @nEol. The ead.mic acnidmot behavior of atulc 

hd bea quite i eresling. Ot!.n (197?) fowd th.r intemals on Ron€ts LocB of Control 

did oblai! thcir !LD. in nre 

'% 

o dreppcd ou! s @mpard to .xicrEts. Or 

gndEte Nord, Com.Iy dd DaigEdr (1974) found d8t L.cs ofconlrot ed lpdtude 

neN6 w.re in a definilc pedicliv€ .lir.crion in elarion ro 86d€s. 

R lhi O98l) cotrclud.d lh.t Int nal lcs of Cdrol d.n d jgni6@l .fte|' upon 

.clri@endt horivarion. Korhri S@j 0993) foud that subj&b with rni.trEt t@s of 

Contol hd hida &hid.bdt notivlrio! ths rhe exreiut!. HsbuS (1996) mted llol 

bteoEl tsa of Codrel h6 be! shom 10 be e aa DoF signfi@r F!.licror of 

mhi.vdcnt lho inl.lligdc. or $cioaononic slatus. Rjpin€n (1994) fobd thal 

IrtenEl I-ocB of Contrcl bcliefs e ei.red wirb a hjgh lercl of ned for 

achiffinr. Sni{r S.!r, F@ll and JohM Ji (t98) found 6ar irr.ml @rt$t, 

aedeiic FIf dteeh @ polilivcly rlat d with eademic @,.vem.d. 

Findley &d C@F (1983) @p.!.d L@u of Conrol aid &lddic &hi.vchal aDd 

aourd UDt ir|mrs hav. siiftudy poririv. @@larioi wirh hiehd @ddic 

ehiev@cnt the extcmrls. B&,Tsl ed Bezbhor (19?7) .xMined the rclltionship 

140

ctwo Locu of conFol ed &adenic a.hjdendt amng chil.lren, adolcsenc. dd 

adolls ad foN.t r posiliv. @rehnon b.lwen two @i.bls Egardlcs of populaiion 

b.ing tuii.d. Th. sl(ly of tis of Cm!!l.rd a@dmic a.hi@ ar ellcgc / 

univeGit lewl indiqt s that inienals &hi4 hiehq dd b.n{ g6dcs ihe dt mds, 

(Hjelle, l9?0; Pbcinr &d B@r! 1974; StiFk dd Weisz, 1981; WlEhimq I9?2). 

Howvr, corclatioa @ nor a signjfot s lhey @ in childrEn .rd adol*de 

(Hjcu€, l9?0). Pocid( dd Brc6 (1975) foud rlt auc i'lehars, rhos wirh hictd 

sc @ inr.n$l *.16 prevcd ro he d. 6on ehicl@oi onoted. KaLz ( 1968) hund 

that intemals requiEd norc ihe befor swding diflcdt probleN. tindley dd 

C@F (1981) foud Dalq b. noF inteb.l the fdd6. Howd, ttis may be dE lo 

sial deriEbihy (SliFk drl \v.tuz, l98l). aased on Fa.litioDd god.r oles, fenale 

r.nd b beliwe tnat & irlcml pape.riv&ehievenent is irmNisrnr wilh fenrat. 

gad€r 016.t!4 dus, si.lly und6iEbl.. SLiclldd .nd Hatey O9E0) adniiis.ed 

Roner's (1966) Intdnality,E*r.maliry Scat. lo 200 matq sd 200 tenat*. Md ed 

vona bolh EE diEtcd lo Fspord 10 lhc $ale d eiihcr .tupd md6" (mbodying 

ext@. o.lc gcnd.r cha6.t6islic) o. "$Fi fdal6" (.hbodyile cxrrde f.bd. 

g.ndtr ch@idistict t@ dd vono qho @npl€t€rt th€ scsle @ordioS ro suF hale 

cdtaia ohLiEd high i .od sB Co!v@1, thoe who Eslondcd i! @rdee 

wi1h spd fcedc cnt ri4 obraiftd hieh d.mal s6' This Bpo@ bi6 represl! 

lh. Sods rcle cxp.clatios / ehievd@r for m.les e.t fehaio. 

Ph&6 09?O foud dat i eDalr h@ Eldily.cquiE irfomatiotr whj.h ir &le6l b 

dEn jobs. TlDs sp**s fo. $.n qill to achicvc boe in a lcs$r time. 

t4l

In the field of Prtdolo&/ the 6cePt of achiev@cni notivation or .e€d for 

&bi.rmt o b. trc.d hq.k to tle pcMn.lfty lndisl Mlmy (1938), who iftluded 

&hiemeat a one of hk 20 baic nads, Achi.vd@t notiBlion {3 thB delin d 6: 

Thc dBi€ ir .@bplish me rhing difficdt To n ste, lfuip'n& or 

orgdjr phrsical obj6ti, hl|tM b.in8s, or idea. To do this 6 spidly 

&d ind.p€ndsUy 6 posible. To q@l on€eu. To dv.l dd surpa$ 

oth.6" (Mutly 193E, p.2O 

Ih* n€e& e nonrlly *en 1o bs uarocioN lerddcica which e gd€El ed 

disposilioNl in Et@ &d a such e @t lp..ifiolly lilt.d to sinratiotu 6d rend lo b. 

srable oveninc. for quii. soh. rim. th€e hs ben a coosidcBble grcrrh of ifleb! !o 

ehievdent molivarion led by Atkituin (1946) &d Mccl€ll.nd (1961), 

Achidehdl thdtrs havc .Dphsiz.

Lcs of Conttol with lchid€lml notistion. Male q@div6 did slFs a rclationship 

of &hiqendt noiivadon with intemsliiy G - -0.219, p< 0,05), F*dc polilicitu also 

showd s rclariotuhip belw€a uhiel@qt Dolivolion md intctuliry G = -0.280, 

p< 0.05). Thjs my be.nibut d ro tn frcr rtlr @lid orly a limiLd nmbq of f.nals 

wF tb€ pan of Flitcrt d€cisios i! rhis @utty. HoaeH, n is only @ndy ey abod 

20 

'sE bet d'at th. rcncn have b€er dpowrd witl a politic.l rcspotribility od 

@nequendy they hav€ slarted sho}irg th.t will &d slEnglh to b. in the polilics at 

locd, disficl ptuvircid lrd €v@ @lioo.l lcvcl, 

EllnY.Bio! - N.ondci!6: 

The €onepr of €xtav.Bion wd odgjoally 8iv.n by Juns (1921), He dcfined th€ @hcepl 

bled @ his obccflalioa. He d*rib.d qilorq|5 6 thoe whoe cMgi6 @ prilMily 

oricnrcd outwrdly, rovods p{pl. &d ddr! in lle cxrenal coviom66. Jug s6 

.rtraBiotrdi ovdion d trc dillffit anifuds. He nulher

ditreM6 tht I ss fored lo doubt wh.tls I have ob6eRcd coffidy 

ir tb€ f6r pl@. lt t@l mc lsrly ra y6 of ob*flrlion ad 

@npdi$n lo cl.{ thh dolbt. (tug, l9ll1971, p.135) 

As a man$ oI fact ttr mnE ed dt trt of ditra€rcB belwan ext"velsion ed 

irtrov@ion tnnslall ilro pbfo@dly diffcEnr appDachs to otiorlri@ loEds lifc. 

The cxtlvesioo atiodc, tait or p€eMlny cnzractdislics h.v. bH lmif€sled in 

difiee weys, Tlc iturment 16 PF of CaneU (1946) MiUion Index of PeMnality 

sty'cq srd Mcc@ ed T Cosla NEO PI (198t) give vdiou o@in$ to exf.vcFion. 

For cxmpl., sN of ConfonintheE viom€ rbjch is shom in nM.m.d 

sell acceplance, Ell bcing. altonody, *lf @nfide.ce dd slability. Ilt€ other mseing 

Siven is Acdon or Envirmol i.€. domitue, ssenir€nes, $cial boldnN, qp@ity 

for tLls, ladasnip, chrngc, assKior .nd .xnibition. 

Eysnck (1947) believ.d thd thft e 2l p.$onqlity Fairs which @ co6isL!t wir! 

thrcc mjor dimesioos of p@nrlity. Exidvcsion is one of thc verr imporr..r qrdinal 

t"ib of thar list Eysml (19?5) defircd .xtraveEion d siabiliv, freIiffi or 

q.nlbility- To EF.nck, .xtr.ve6ion nesus 4tiyiry l€vcl, wiability, qpGsiv@ss, 

asenih€s, dbilion, doSDalisn dd aSgfrsivenes. He srysi 

Extov€rts e e0rc, opdnntic, inpulsiy., cbqgabL, dcir,ble,

Exlroveits lile excilencoi slimulation ed Lnd 10 be ch*!tuI in disposilions (Costa, 

McC@ tud Holldd, 1984)- H,rki6 ud CEn ( l9?5) foud d!1 dtmv.rrs fbd n hcrd 

10 h.inhin 6n6tErio. fo. loethy lqiod ofrim€. 

Merh.w*, David ed Lr6 (1990) foud L'rnr.xhverrs h&ve morc rclouEs av.ilabl. 

10 rh.n on c€rr.ir tilds ofrr.ls ad & @$d in rbd my feilillrc llen iDciioring 

EO. lha ch@gc thc ch&acI6 of lh.i! t !.lioD to l!*s. Gupu dd Ku (19?8) 

slrcw.d tha a stinulet dcxilomphelanins ihprcwd th€ eflici.rcy of .xlrov.ft bui 

inldfdd wilh lhe p.rfom.@ of intovctu, Vitff ard @lleges 0994) oifm.d 

lhc 8.n.rc und.+ieirg of .xtal6i@. Th.y foud Oar qi.avdiotr 6 $bsr.rdally 

ithdil€d dd tended to b. sr.ble &rcs gdd.r ud tiDe. Zek.mm dd his @lleaeu6 

(1993) support LtEt qiraveBion is prcnin.nr o! ny r€st of most inpoddi persorahy 

@ad!cr' M€Fafld (1994) found thlt dtsv.Ei@ E Gla!.d ro both po6iriv. &d 

esdjv. lsdrs (mood! o@g n@ric suljers). Anirrha (1995) ftud qravGion 

ro bc posnivdy Elal.d to slins sial support rnd optimism, Shins (2000) Shind, 

Malcn ed Rob€ns (2003) fourd thal dtiavdsion prEdicts posirilcs chang6 in socid 

@ht race a@$ li@. Asndorpf ed v&Ald (2003) hlvc @nclu

d6ws e negative ed tuy eyd poinl !o @iain typ€ ol patholo$,. E$ly sign of 

€xtlv.Fion d€ Elar€d 10 h.ighrened risk of cxte@lizinS symptom md .g8r.ssion. 

sbiH (2006) foud that qtowncd .hildra e nft litaly th& ht ovlrled .hil&.n !o 

devclop htiscial b.h.vior. Tney hav. slronger irDule3 .od mft on6 .!ga8c in 

mrisocial beh.vio! wilh ps. C€tola dd Piin*ey ( 1986) foud th6r hid volde (souid) 

mrls, but on ih€ qlrovcn tuvord @mdids b.ing shoM on a loudd volw thd 

rhc Flc.ding pmglu. FEnonq Mtu .rd M*o! (1970) fourd thlt illrowrc 3ho*!d 

less iol.tuce for bod sxe n ws a cobldd io extrov€rls. 

Sine th. tudings e th.t @ a 6nbi!. sdpte de p6plc hlve ml b@ cldrly 

clsifi.d a exlrovd!, do6 nor indiel. th.t cxt .vaid i3 @r ea in rhis eciety. 

On ltrc oDbired smplc of stoddts, preLs6, a€cutivs md politici@ & exte@ly 

var ard iNisnif@t Ellrio$nip (r = 0.048 ed D > 0.05) w fourd berM t cc of 

Co rol .nd ncuoticism. Wnc@, on. @6bincd splc of 3rlddts n m folDd rhar 

intemahy is Elale{t to ncwticisn sh@ I = .0,0159 dd t < 0.05. Eysnck (1947) 

.r8ucd ihar hto toaclh.r, rhe ts dincEioE of d!!r@ios 4d ne@ricin @uld 

!@ul fd mey pden |ny rnir- Th* dindioN e @npLt€lt ind.Fnd@r hd 

my b.lhouehl ofa @$ii8 e(h o1hd.t iidt adgls oo a gr.ph. Eysact disused 

ncNticirD s d. of th. najor dilr@ios of pden lity Bulting fron ihe greupjne of 

&sr otdd pssality t".iB inctudiq ui.ty, hctiliry and lyFchodn6is *nich c.w 

a se.plibility to nelous ailn nrs lik€ h.ldehcs or D€ni€ arhcte. Eye@k d.s(ib.d 

ihis dihension of p.aomlity d @@ticiffi*rabiliiy. Hc filrher dgu.s on rhe 

Dt@Iicis dd is of ilE opirim thai i!@ wirh Mdc rcn&ncid e noody, dioN,

n8id, $bd, Fsinistic, Ew.4 @ociablc sd qui.t. To Ey*nck (1969) p.Mn.lily 

@ b. deqibd in L@ ofrraiG Ep@lLd a slaljnic.l prirDry feto6 and dcfh.d 

IlF etical @nstncls basrd o! ob.ru€d int€F@relltion b€tser a 

nubd of diff@t habiMl Bpos6. (Ey*nck dd Eysmlql969, p.4l ) 

O! th. f.6ale iu&nls @Dle inrchd ondrldon s foud Fl|ted !o mNrici!6 

! = 4,219 dd p

dufut csine of d,ily living. Hc h$ no s.@ of tib., dFcially of 

1h. turE; he sen!.! only th€ h@ dd now, 

Below 09EE, l9D ha &fn d @ticitu G heirg rdiou or !pF!h.aiE. 

Nemticish in Japd is r.k4 s the @u. of cultuEl fr.ror. Kimayd o99l) h4 deled 

lhal $e pat!.m ol srnptoms lhat o@u in TAUNKYOFUSHO hav. cltuly bcd shaped 

b, ile cdfthl facto6. J.p.ne .hildrn e 6isd io be hidy d€Fndqr on rheir 

borh6.nd b bsw a fd ofout5ide w 4 6p..irly srre8d. 

CNL sd McC@ (1992) found dal eldaly individurb rod to be slishtty lowr o. 

ftwlicis. E rnck .!d Eytuck O96a) fou.d that 1[@ ruff*ing ton 'mtu sE 

higl on the !'.sw of N. Asndoryf 4d v.nAka (2003) Eisnberg, ?i

a Gmd siologist Md Webs (1905) *tto saw it 6 a panid .xpltudon for lhe 

origin of qpilalhm. Pcople who believe in pbiBtdt wolk ethi6 1od to he rchievenenl 

snd sc.s oridled. Tney srra tt !c.d for .ff@y dd p@tielity. Tlct tend 10 be 

&ti-leiw dd G @Nnstire ad cleios abour wsli.g tib€ od o.!Sr. 

Nod, Bdei AtGh &d Dohery (1988) 3hss.d ihc n*d on ihe wo* dhics 6 rhe pln of 

oveall work notivalion. valu€s iltrcnce judg.nenis ed &1io6 bcyond e imediaie 

or speific situa{on o. go.l by prcviding a st6tra.l tde of Efcmc for FEeiviDS 

dd oigdi2irg *pai.dq ad fo chcing moog c.ls of@tioB. Fldban 0990) 

whne dldinating or prei!"sidt rcrl val@s found th.t rbo* qho b€li.v. in prel61o 

wo* volus de highly coDDaitive ed insist on to have €quiiable Bther thd equl 

eqards, ftoe who b€lid€ iD prctdtatrt wo* eihiq hav. b€n g.naally foud 

naintrinine . b.lee in lhen qFnditw' Tn€y e found to be good pftdiclon of 

Lilw tim ad etim.nt activity. 

Though 0t€ &*dch on wort elhi* i! alivc a ce b€ witroed from ihe work of Miller, 

woebr ed lludlpcth (2002) vho devclop.d o new nlhd inprovcd nultidindio.,r 

@rt erhic polilc, MiFb &d G{r.n (1971) !l$ developed a ltl.ase for prcreshnr 

wrk e|iii6, Howv.r, mosl diliq in thc @ipoane dd sp€iflcally in rh. govmdr 

s€tor al irt n tion.l l.El h.re cone 10 b.li.rc thlr pror€$ant MrL alica is jn 0edinal 

decline. Sieqad ed White 0995) @ of thc opinion that rhc stdinS point for 

DdeFt iding cfti6 is e intehatio.al @ncpr ed is to be uddtood in lbe @ntdr of 

dE mjor Eligjoq &d lhiloephi@l r...hirgs. Elliot (r98) @@ludcd in om ofbis 

reend lha! &dc e bolh inr.n l dd .nd*l oerniz.tion forc.s th.t have d

inpei on the p6pl. ar the timc lhey le€d the .ihical dil.ma, which ulliMldly 

cfi€cted thc deision, lhey nad., 

Thc {. lmy qdplq of iidividuab .r th. CEO locl of thc orsuizjtioB who h.d 

ben i.volv.d in frauds, took bribB dd dilplayed wrupulous behdviors rclutlihg ih, io 

@ncludc rhit the global bBi!.g [arc rc e$i.s (Robbis & Coulte., 2008). Ba.hr. 

Jon6, dd Nqad (1993) Tsino md Yougbtood (1990) hav. fobd a relatiomhip of 

.thi@l b.hlvin wilhin individuals Loq of Cont ot. ltcy e of tbe opirior &at rhc 

qt m,ls de l6s lik ly io ial.c p.sonal Esposibility for thc cosequenes of $c 

bchavior &d e @F lil€ly ro Fly on lhci. ou inrcdal stdd.tdl of n8hr ed *DDg lo 

guid. th.h b€hlyioB. On the o$et had, enployes wirh m inrend Loos of Control d. 

lit ly to b. boe coEbrdr in rh.ir 6oat judgdor dd acrjotu the rhos wirh d 

*teb,l t cu ofconrrol. 

On de srudcnts fronr stldis snducred by Oc Cenler for Acodem'c Int€gljiy snowed lhar 

26% of collcse &d ui6iIi.s bNilB tujo6 adDiftd b -srioB chedtrc" on 

.x@s dd 54% on wifier eigme s, The *osr w.rc wiih 27% ad,aitring chaling 

w the jouEdi@ mjo6. I! . sw.y by .snlddts jr F@ Enr.rpds.' (SrrE) found 

thll I9l. ol srudoi! Fport d ih.ir ctssnars lhal lhey had chealed 

ihe *d!. 

's 

Tle work v.lu$ h6v. bm caicsorized by Blood (1959) in rwo ways $ar is (a) The 

Prct€nu! sd OJ) Non Prot6r.rr. Blood hs nm.d thc roD p&lcstanr wort,alB 6 

Cltholic Work valu€s. Tm€r &d Law.oc. (t%5) conclud€d rhal mrk.s frcn rud 

comu'r'6 v@ pndoBi@it, pecsron! st@, .tbicd id.ds in ub,! .@ EE 

Cadolic. A moE r.ccnr york valE b€rief q?sr€m in pl@ of Calnorc Elhics (CE) js 

150

eceivins inccdios .ttenrion is rhe c!!tud{ (cE) which is a rElu€ orienlarion stcssils 

brelrEeral henolx hiffihy, f@il, id.srity &d EEhip afiliatioA in addition to 

Esponsibility. Hui (1992) slgge$s $al p.opL farcrirS thce vrru.s ae chd&t riEd by 

s sllory .ni..p@uial 9idt, *.di!g io suce4 dd th.i a *t'olc eci€9 thlr adopts 

Mh vdu$ ba . hiSh grcwrh polmli.l, Oto Fsarch6 ae* lh.r CE vatrcs haE 

be! iBtrMenlal in lhe @.rgcre ud lums of rhc Asio ncwly indutri.tized 

@oonics of Iiorg K@g, Korc!. Tsiwl! ed Sirgaporc (Chicc Cltrw Co@{tio.! 

1987; Hofsred€, l99l; Kr1u, 1979j RcddiDg & Wotrg, 1986), AldouSh micD.level 

.nalysir 6ing CE ie rarq Yeg &d Chog (1980 fourd tblr dptoys sirh suo.g€r 

Co.fucia values Eporred high{ lwels ofoBmizrionil colmilrn€nl, 6 wll s high€r 

wqt Frfo@, than tbo* sto did ml sub6qib. 10 C@iDia lttu6; towvd, ir 

should be dotd tbal Yeg &d Cheng did dol specificatty iesl CE, coeolly, CE is 

pFmd to b. pri@ily d Ari& di@t rion (w6teood 192) whi.h i. Egion ly 

distinct ftom PE, evcn though .npirical cvidcn€ $pponing lhis aswpiion is s.@e. 

Arihough a fa y exrsiv. body of stuh ha irr6[sar.d how ]E innM6 

bdividual wo* aditud6 (B@hhon, l9?4i Cheringtoi, l98oj Kidron t9?8), CE hd 

b@r urd prindily al rh. @riodl &d sicr'l I*l lo h6@ th. long-lm .s!eG of 

Contucid philosopht b se. the pedicrion level of subsequ.nr economic Eo*th 

(Cbir* CdrN Conetio4 198?; Hofrr.d., t9l; Hofsrcd. & Bo4 1988). 56l 

alteotior ns b.o f€Ned on how CE irflEnces individual wort altitudG lit 

satilfa.tiotr &d @mitu d (Fb!rb, 1989j Olis, 1990; putti, Arre., & T&, 1989)_ 

Fu.dr.r, litde rcd( ha b€m dorc b ddcfrine ths .xt.nt ro *hich CE, work erhi6 

enphaiG |te tlelihbrlirr od saflalihy of wo k ed .obmic sue s. 

I5l

^l 

dis'sd @lid lhal rojoiity of Patisld population 6npris.d of MuliN 4 $ch 

thw b€ing follosing Protsrrrt or C.rnolic / Coducid wort r€lues P4 sonerhing |o 

be l@kcd iab. Mslins iika othc6, @ lnoM s '1h. p6plc of booi' i... whee $c 

Elisio6, seial &d @oroni. lif. is a mix of all. Ai pd the book the wrk b.lonSd lo 

God dd pcople e govaned by th€ law! ofthe boot. As sn h bsins or erk re no 

*c@tiors. lndividualt €frolls ed will @ faEini.ally lirt€d witn rn€ ncrcr ofAllat, 

The buinss &d w* camt be *petd &oft rhc rctisios rdtD ft. qu6-tior of 

jnterest (Rjb.) or ils cMings e cosid*.d 6 prchibition ud in @nhdicdon of !h. 

b6ic tqEtl of tsl@. In othq Eligio6 *leiolly in the 161th. p.rfo@ appnisl 

@rcepB e Elaled lo speiiic dpe.ts ofr.rfomd.e blr in hlm d€e 6p.cls d€ d$ 

rlated with dE @neF ofettol. lt@ Cosullafor (Sh@) b. it bEins is a modc of 

life, The onalalion of lhe Mulim is baled on p6l, rh. prc{.slilation dd falalis wil 

udd @plrsiz€, rc81@1 or ud.mi* rhc philoephy of pl6ming. elfu the book of 

alhics a code ad law of lif€ iNrucis peopt. ro honor &d flrlfitl th€n obligarion. The 

Slobaliaiion of thc p@nt dly bsin* hs howrcr, leeely eflct d th. EonoLheisnc 

Ali { 1988) 6 IslMic psychologis h6 tri.

the hed wk md @mihenl to one'3 job. ComiLaat to work .l$ 

involw6 dcsir to improre omuity dd $cial w.lf@. S@idy Muld 

have f.w pmbl@ I @h p6oE 9w @mitt d to bis sort md 

avoid.d m edical mcthods of w..lth dcmul.tio!, Cr€alive wik md 

cmpeEtion e @i ody a sour of h|ppirs but e @Gid.Ed mble 

In a latd study of Saudi AEbim l@as6 Ali (1992) foud rhal thay w.E atl highty 

@tuitted to th. Isldic wrl clbis (nvE), nrc coetNion of rbn E$mn w: 

Coriraly to lhe nyt\ - abse of thc ILE, thc rcluiti we brv. fo@d a 

sno.8 comitned to brd w* &d to th. v.le of erting for th€ 

dllaliarion of ideals &d on juti@ md goercsiry in the work place s 

neclsry 6nditio4 for wi.ty's Elfre positioE. lslar 6 . l.ding 

aoe advo€les pbdEtiw brn hudinic apFo.ch.s ro orsaizd w(t. 

O.g. alio!.1coDEitEdt: 

Tl@ e a nmbd otjob &lai.d sMies rhce dre psycholosin have beh inrer.sled in 

findi.g t[. efels of o4&izationEl comirncnr otr Fdol]r@, job sa$factioa job 

involvm€nt dd wt mlivarior Job srisfaotion dd orgeialion l omitoml e 

iw ditreE a(it!(|6 with F Fcr io wrt, Hoev.r, Ocrc have b..n fo6d hiStrly 

corclaled (t n & M.yeq l9r. Telr ard M.y6 fourd dll @mitem beds out 

saiisfactior tud 6 3uch thos who e conmin€d navc 6 w[ been foud saisfi€d, 

Hldct (1989) foud that dD* wno inEiably otrend rc* ed hddty mdn aleni 

r5l

tend to bc @mitr.d b th. orS.rizalion, Kozlo$sty, Sagi., KE@ & Singd (199?) 

foEd lhal hie! la.l of prcduclivity is $u.Uy mainlaiD.d by @Mined.mploy@s, 

,udge, Irtor*r. Bono & PattoA (2001) found 6mitt.d dployG p..fm much 

beite.6 conpded to rh. no! @miftd ones. IumnaD (1990) foud th.r thos wi$ 

pol6irlr qo* elhi6 [ave stDM cdFrid!€j6, agd ro |!v. equihbt! rc*ads in 

cohparison oI €qu.l FwrG but @ committld $ they hav. bed found b snow 

s*lolic ,.dddci6 by @lptiDg t dios jobs. Being @@iri!d they ate ludr 

H.ah.@n (1996) suSsers rh.l orseiaton l @mimdt dcp.nd or i.dividual! 

wrk a

nultiplc fr.bF. Rdarchqs have Ep.!t dly shovld lrcu of Concol ro b€ e 

inporrel @Etlrrct fd €xplaining m*dc bchavio. (Speld, 1982), lndividu.ls wiin 

& ini.mrl Locu of ConEol g.narlly fel thai lhey cd control wenls md lh.ir livcs ed 

Feiv. FMril inidarivc to b. largely insEuor.l in .taini.g slrc.s ar wrk ed 

or8{ianio. coDhitn€ni. In @dr4! individ@k who gmqolly f..l rhat outsidc or 

dviomdtal fo@ d.t @in. qnat bappoE in rnei! erk ti6 @ sid to tuE o 

exl.n.l les of Cortrol, eribc litrle or rc valu. to iniriati@ be@ue lh.y vi.w thal 

wharcvd lh.y qrlibit in ELarior lojob involrcm€d orjob @miitndt or satisf!.iion is 

$mc cxlat w.l!t d ro rh€ir oM efrotu, A s $.h they lldjn non@Imtuat ro 

lhen orsdizrliotu &d d.njobs. 

Tn sutistical ealyds ha irdicaled in rh. esulls B .le don wirh a yi€w lo fi.d 

difIcMB b.tw€n $b-srouD6 of lne sde oo diff.E peMnatily vdiabl6 bcing 

etudicd, lt Fs lowd that sludcars vw Et.tircly njd on th€ L.cus of Contd tnlD 

pof.$os- ticN of Conbol in esp€t of studarr is a valid prcdiciof of acad.mic 

s'l..s (Lirc\ Huford & Col., 2002), *h@r for a.hiM.nr oorivs,rim Fof.$s 

r@ Fladv€ly hid rhe studat . \v€ind (19a) found a etariv.ty high ehiev.mat 

nodvltion i! lNfesoB 6 @bpo,Ed to $udcots. At rh. me iinc pllf€sG lr@ higlr 

o! catholic work wlu€s a @npen to snrdents. L.neki (1961), weber (195s) md 

Tl)@ ard kw@ (1965) rowd tbd dr@ who lirc in ube .tg uuary minrain 

r55

Belw strd.nrs .rd d@uriG, qeuliws vw foed hbher th.n srudoc on 

&hidemdt borivalion. Achi.vend notiwtion hls always becn d imponmr 

ch!rulcr lrail of prof.$ionrls (Crudall sd Kdlovsky, 1965). 

Politicids w@ found high rhm sludents on ehievenent holivalion ed carholic work 

vdB, ln Pari$e, tuush th. IDliricid in @jonry hlil liom ubm .l% bui have 

dways pr.fdcd io liE in ubu d@ d such rbey hivc been high on cltholic wok 

volu.s is nol $melhilg suuee. Achidmenr noiivdion indiqt s thc will ed 

o.rist€ey lo !!mjn i! lhs Flitic.l sdc, which is quit widcnr frco dE poliicat 

hislory ofPakist n tho inveiobly the nenbes olihe sme fonily have b€en inlqhins 

No si8nifi@t diff€rene *r€ een b€$eo th€ sub-gtuup oI prof€$os 6d exeuriv6. 

rn thc $b-goup of pof.$6 ad polfticnE pror.$B kF tuutrd Elaliv.ly high on 

plotcs|ml work vdc wheEd politicim w.rc foud hieh on carholio wrt vahes. 

Mai .i!in8 pretdraot ethiq indi@r6 pDl6tanl w* ditude and job 5albf&tion 

(FMhd 1990). Orgeizliomi @mirndr 6 qlne high in pmfesoF 6 @npEEd 

!o politici@. Idiry. col@ & coopq (1997) foud lhat prof€$jo.,ls gencBlty 

.xhibit a hiAh lcrcl of @Imiunot d @mped to mn-prfBioffts 

ln ihe sub-gtuup of exeuli!€s ard !6liticis, execulires wer retadv.ly high on 

&hjeenqr DodBrion ed quile his! on orgmiational @milrn€nq wh.casj 

politicis *E foud hieh oD catholic wolk lrlus. Beins high on orgmizaioml 

@mihar.rd ehiqel@t morii?ti@ for d€udvs is being sr,lDnsd by Fumh&tr 

( 1990) md lfling, Col@ & Coopa ( 199?1, All lh6e findings e als being suppo.r€d 

156

y Ma0ien ad Zaj& (1990). E a orbwis in tn ficld ofpsycholosy orgmialiood 

onuilrnal ed ehievel@r modvation bave almys b..n !fiibut d 4 a p€comliry 

irair ofex6uli!6. Orgeizalionnl @mibndt is ihe Elaiive sbength of e iDdiidurl's 

id.irifi@tior with thc job, I is gcrally a{ribil€d in rlF dttud. of pople .l srk. 

Rlthi (1981), Mdkh & Rippen 0994) have also suppon€d a signifi@r.trcct of 

dhidmenr norivalion oo iDdividu.l's F.fo!!@e. 

L..d.6hip h lh. modm @rpoEte @ntcxt hs b€con s n€6ity for grewing tuiue 

l.!d.u, Il reqdB dwelopilg e attitude ard lkills h th.m. Ii ,le ..quired thal pEert 

&y s@io qdtirG nay d$ be@iE lodotN's vision"ry l.!d.R. Mdy of $. 

inleractions icide or outiids th. orgmiutiotu de i! eilct Qlled negoiiatioN,. L..d.$ 

G '!quil.d lo bc aEong douSh in rhi. s}jll, Ir d.y be mt€d lh.r l4y of the @rpont€ 

LtinioS in thc pGdt day world @ on d*toping lqd.ship stills, having ellecrive 

ncgotiatios ed l.ming good @mui*lid stils. Th. b6ic u!tu lyjns sldlls for 

.f.cliE negotildom undouhcdty m bc l€ftrl Olcc trEsl€r€d it .nhdes *lf- 

@ofidace ord @lf.e$em, b.caue itutesd ol beirg doninst dd srubbom on &c one 

h.rd ed bei4 $bDisire d 0F othq, rhu dployc lGM to shrdup &r dhei. liehG 

whilo Gpating the nshs of othes. Inl.mrl Locus of Conrol ed !.tf-dpesio, ee 

two tt?icd F.ils *hich hav. ben &und Et.L.t lo this slEr 

Ttuer ed opemcss re cosid€rcd ibpodot pmnohy rraiis io presdl 

orymiutid &d Fliridl L!d.6hjp shcbc. Oa dd Bedu O99O) 

foud work uits in which Dmb€s Ie.l rru3r in @h o1h€r and in rh. 

t51

cihle nmb.6 felings ofself{eramiDtjo! ad @EFtency rbscby @nrdbutirg ro 

feeljnss of empol,mol. EDpoffi€nt is defined d 'p@ple's bdi€f (L@s of 

CondDl). I! lh.ir calabilitie to mobiliz dls of dctioa @sridv. luuG &d 

notiErioo n tdcd to qercise @nlrol orer eivd €hts. 

lsrdb@t 0978) and kleai (19?4) foud in |!s€@h drr parricipels in a ladcBhit 

rclc icn.led 10 bc hishd in int ml Locu of Conirol md had mc pEstigioa eoals, 

Tohrs@ (1994) foud rhnt th€ le.deB with d anirudc of uiveGclim had bclbf, 

id.a .rd ph.ris alich @uld be applicd dery$td withod bodifetioo 'D!* 

lade6 @ guided by sFicl ard fomal ru16 (at}?ical dthonbrid s9le or lerdetship). 

Hc 3l$ foud lblr p.rlicipatiE led.6hip slos c @U*liv. t ndcftt tosldr 

comitndt &d 8o.l 

rhar e sere u. b6:t iI lh. inlml of th€ gbup. B.in8 

tanicipativ€ i! ! ntional, goo

orgdizatioD. In addirioA dilrin t.uFsrr.Ms h.E.mdg€d in wlich inricately rlat d 

phenoDenon ae sludi€d Fpelely 10 ovc@n thb frlgmcniarion dd poleizaion. 

159

The pE$nl sludy wa urdenakn b d.blkn d€ Elatioship ed difi.lt1G on Lic6 

of Conlrol nedN (lnlemdny-Exienalny) with peeoality,o.ieolaion, &hievemeht 

noliwtio dlravGion-ncwricisd, wo.l valE, org&iznoDl @Imilnenl md 

lerdeship styles of studsLs, professB, .x€culives ed polilicim. The belicf in e 

individlil's p€eMl ontrol or rb. tul6 ourside hin / ne. my bc eiar.d with a 

fairly l&ge nmbtr of faclo6. Howwe!, th. faclos m.ntioled above sen ro play e 

inponul FL ed mat lilrelt b. ELt d with s individud's arpb&h tosarde lifc, 

fte pEsot sludy sudt to vedfy ihes shFions. All rhe iNtrumeots we !*d ir 

lheir origin l fooat od tum. 'ttte scal6 or q!61iomais w.F printed in djfleMl 

colous crch havirS th€ insFwlioE on rop ed dre mod€ of Bponse, l0OO foms were 

bidally disdburcd b incidor.lty elaad spte Thc Etum 6t (.ner h.vjng b€a 

rFcted soDe, {or having di$rpmcies of 6e or the ortr.. natur€) wss 44 ?%. Alt ilr 

Gponddls v@ MsliDs &d baE !n iEd tn minimM int.d.dia,tc lacl of 

eduation. On thc bsk of 6ndin$ it is @ncluded dat our ofnie tot t smple 67.6% w 

i .b.ls wh@, 32-4% 1r@ cxld,lt 

Int.mb snow€d a rclatiouhip Mth Fenalily orienrdtion ttle .A' sjstrfi@r ar O,O5 

level dd acnievmcDr modurio signifr@r at point 0.Ot tsl, Llematiry B atso 

foud relobd to ncrolicis bur n M w@k ed also noi significml. Studenrs with 

inlenal oriaraiion *@ foulld Miltaining prcteshnt ert valq ,r!d &hicvdan 

motivadon siiii@t al 0.01 lad. trcf6s6 on lhe @nbined tuple of nat6 ed 

fenal.s *ho hirl cxtdd one adoo vw als found mlinhining ! file rin l.!d.6hip 

160

$yle *tich q6 signifi@t ar 0.05 l*1, MaL lFf.sE .ls showd a signiftcmt 

Flalioorhip of rocB of C.d!!l wiih !@Ed.!. s* rdB (sigdfiqr .r 0.01 ldcl) 

ed s qdl a catholic *o* EIB Gigniiic&rt !l 0.05 lev€l). ExFuriE on @nbin.d 

splc diel.y.d irld.liry rEld.d to olg&ialioa.l co@ir!.fl (sienificiDt al O05 

lqcl). Mal. d@rtiv.i with iltcmd onqllfon shoqld a si8lificdt Elariotrihip with 

a.hi.t@6t noti$dotr .!d p.niciFriE L.daship rtytc Gisdf@r O05 td.l). 

F.nile q€culivd holdins jnteinal odoLtion l@ fohd milrliaing pbhtr.nt mrk 

vdB (signi66.l .t 0.05 l.v.l). Poliricirus on 6c @bbio.d sttc dislt.)cd 

ilLoality plll€d with t,pe 'A' di€nralion ed aurhditsie styte of ieldoship 

Gi8lifi@l .t 0.05 Lv.l). F@dc pohicid wilt e idoiul od. .rid 3howd $.n 

cLrioahip oirb typ. .A' and drhoda.ri& tadqstip lryte (siSri6tu1 d O.0l levct) .d 

a rcU a wiih tE rcia ldd$hip sryle Gignifcet sl 0.05 levqr, 

I6t

Ovadl this study athrmpt€d to .smire the Elalionship b€twn p€en ljiy vdiables 

i.e. tt?e 'A' p€sonahy oridarioq achi.vodr norihrion, exrovGion ncuodcnn, 

worl valu4, orgdi4tional 6@ihot ed lead€Ehip sryle of ilrchally ed .xt€n lly 

@nEoll.d studmts, prcfcss,.xautiB &d potiticis of Pakirrani topuladon living 

io Kdachi. Ihe supl. populatiotr ws foud to be morc rilEd rowlrds irtelstity 6?.6olq 

a 6bp.r.

1'. @nbir.d spl. of snlddts with @ i!r@l on d.ti@ shovrd & .ssialion with 

.chiqehdt motiution dd protcalant wik vaiu€s sieoilic&r ar 0.01 ldel. Ihe stud.nr 

.ls qhibii.d e Nciadon with catholic rcrt valB ed ne@ticisb signin@r al 

0.05 l€v.l. M.L int @1 ttsLnG sno*ld a Elatiooship wifi type 'A' signfiqnl at 0.0, 

levcl md prclestlrt wolk valu6 sisnifi@t at 0.01 l.v.l, wh.@, i erEl fcmle 

srudcnts sho*d elariolship qi[ acti.v@nt @tivltid aid tE@dds botn 

Pofcss on U. cmbire spl. shovld *cnalily elard yirh fie Ein ladGhip 

style, Msle pof6s shoqEd *t mality to be 4eciar€d ril,\ Foi€slml 

work valu6 

signifi@t ai 0,01 lcr€l sttqar intetD,liry Mi.lqd *irh €tlolic wrr vab6 

sjgniliet s10.05 lael. IemaL prcfesrs also €xbbired .xt maliry rclat€d lo ftee cin 

leld.shjp sryl. signifi@t sr 0.05 ldel. 

Ex.culiles at ldge, bolh nal6 md fcn les, displaycd inlenalily Flaled with 

orSqiz5iioirl @mihot which B siin@r at 0.05 ld.l. Malc qauriv. splc 

dirtl.trd inl€n.lity ro bc Elated wilh .chidemenr dolivatio. od panicjprted 

lctd.Ehi! slyL. Wleres, f.oale q€curive showed thc rclatiosbip of intfi)aliy wirh 

polcslalt e* vdE iiinan ar O05 ld.l. 

Inl.Brlly ondtcd polilicitu on the @nbin d smplc of nal6 &d fm,les showcd 

Ehtion$ip wirh tlT. A' l.Mrdiry and &rhodlari& Lad6nip yl.. No significair 

rcl.ljonship with dy of the other vdioblss w6 found for nole potiticians. Howcv.r, 

fd.L politicid snowed. El.rionjlip b.rva int d.tjrt dd ryp. .A peen tity. 

Aho th.y showd irrcmality ssiated $iI authonllio 3tyte of l€ad.,5nip significml 

I6l

at 0.01 ldel ed achiev€ment morivalion dd ft@ Ein haddship slyle a10.0t level of 

On indcpendot smpL resl dglit@r dillcEres in dpp!@h weE foud b.iws 

ttuddls ed prefes o! leN of CinEol, achidddr notiwlion ud prcl6l3nt wrt 

valB, which was significmi at 0.01 ldel. The only significot difrercn@ on 

indep.rdat supl. Gsr betrm studoc lrd qduriva *s foqd oi lchi.vdqr 

notivadon, Stulenk md polilicis display.d ditremce on mhi€v.m.nl norivaiion sd 

.tholic wrl valu6. Pre&so6 d{i dc'rtivd did rct dirplay ot mjd si8ninml 

difreence in lhcl appo&h Nh.@, rrof.$os od loliticids 

displ.yed diffqcnc€ on 

pmLst! ald qtholic turt v.l@ and oig&ialion l omitn nr Exeuriv* dd 

politici&s displ.y.d siglific&t dif€@cc berwed &hievedent mo$vatioq catholic 

mrk vdc ed oryuizalioml @mitrndi On th. 6mbim! sple, qccuriv€s 

display.d interrality Ela&d !o derrjz*ioirl olmilrn.nl Gignilicdr ar O.O5 t.vel). 

Ho{ev.r, m Elalions'hip of las of Coorol in $e ce of prcf.ls6 ald poliricim 

6 foud will o.gdizational co@ihlql,

R..onn.dttioN .!d Sugg.3tioN for luturc Rse(h: 

The study ol the rclatiosbips with vdio$ veiabl* with Locus of Cont ol definilely 

sde to elh&e lhe ulddl.dditrg of this ibpoi.nr wiable for this qitE and 

3ociery, As such it is EcoMmded that L@us of Conlrol scole be wd for studcnt' 

clssifi€tio! to thc laios d.p,rh@t , 

'Ite Los of Conlrol Day b€ studied by tu1e l!s.@h6 in Flation 10 th. follo*ingi 

. Reliciosity- modmlion ed exlrmisD 

. Eelln- phtlioloeical died6liL. c.rdi!. dis*s, @q ad diab.cl nclliG 

ed psychological dierders 

Sporls- sponscn Frfo'r:rc, viz a viz winirs or tsina the e@ 

EntEpGn 6hiF or8&iational sErctEs, o€eizrional ercsdr dd pc.fo@cc 

Dru8 addicl- fmilial silu.tus, joblc$ne$, vffious cutlml clies &d dlus 

. Inducrion of pilols h airlincs 

This is *onnwhil. lo noti6 t rc thal $mc of th. inpoianr vdiabld mtioncd 

ahove w rcr rowh.d in this es@n dE to rhe limnadon of its p!@er.6. Howev.r, 

th. value dd thc inremi h th6. vdiabt6 cmot b€ d.ni.d, The work dohe is ba!.d 

upon pevioBlt @nducred nhbf of stldi6 in lhe Bi€m world. Ho*€@, tE 

Feent sludy is pbhably onc ol dre fw codducl€d on rhis topic io ois couta, The 

findin8s oI !!is ee4h @y sugget thal ldsly devclop.d Lrcu of ContDI rest my 

bc ulilizd in cduqtionol s.nins ed s cll 6 in lhe dauriv€ smh ro crlrde thc 

probabilily of slcess in ihe giv.n a@. 

165

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difeMs, t, 6l l-643 

178

Partridse, C., & Iohnson, M., (1989). Pc@ived contol of Govery fron physical 

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Appendices

INSTRUCTIONS 

Ee.EA 

Tnis d a qu€stio^n.'G to rind our , ev.nls in of sd.ty 

tred dft€rcnr p6!i. Each [e6 co6'sls ot . pan or sl 

non appt,cabte lo you .nd ,ccor 

spaco provLded B.!!rero s€led lhe on. you doG 5lrcngry betiev. ro b. th. cage as f .s 

you,e conceh.d Try ro rcspond ro.!ch tom hdependen y *h.n m.king your choie. oo 

nol be 'nrruenced by your Fev ols cho ces 

lh'ngs n peple s lives aG pa.!y dle lo 

Peolle s mislonunes Gsult trom lhe mislakes lhev mato 

2 a one or lhe mator reasons why we have wa6 is because p;;tidon 

t rake enough tnteresl tn pot tics. 

b Ih€@ witL atw.ys be wa6, no maiter how had p6opte I]/ to 

r a F rne ong run peopL€ get the respect fey de*Ne ,n $ s @nd. 

b Unronunately. dn ind'vd!.ji @nh ofren pas*s unrecognEed no 

. mauerh@hard hernes 

4 a rce. ihar €ac\e6 rre unla,r ro sldenls m;;;GE;:b 

Most stldents donl rcati.e the €n€.t lo which thei grades are 

inf uenced bv accidentat hap!€ninos. 

J a wtiou h6 rghtbreatsone cannot be:n ettective eaoeT 

b Cap.ble peopte who tait to be@me teadeB hav€ nor bken 

_ 9ovanlaqeo heioppodunfie3 

6 a Noralc,howhdo FL r,y $;e peoe€,,sr 

o eeorc 6;i yu- 

rfo €nl gei others ro t,re lhem dont -nd€6land "; hs ro 

a rha@on6n roJnd rhai whai; gms hapfi;iiEppen 

'o 

o I iushg 1o tate hasnevs lJhed out as we,t tof me as mak,ng 

decEron lo lake a definite @!6e ot acti6n 

I a t.rhe case or re re[ preoa.edir_oEniGeEliZrery ,r 

rnrn0 6s an unta I lest. 

b I'ianyt6es exam q@stions l€nd to b€ so un.etaied to 

that studvino ts eattv !setess 

I a. Ae@ming a su@ss is a 

nolhing b do wirh l 

b Gefling a g6d iob depends 

no toe. 

had rcrk, llck has ti e or 

being in $e riqhl dae at the 

l0 a. rhe av6,.9e cttizen can r,avi in tiiii e in 

b Thrs wo.ld s run by rhetew peopte in p@er, and ther€ 

. the t lteouvcan doaboul it 

PLae turn ov.t th. page

a ln mrcasegeir'n! *hat twafn 

b Many times we milhl iusr as 

lamalmosl@na'n lhat t@n mate themwo,[ 

ro pran loo tar ahead be@use many rhings tum 

qood or bsd lo.lune anvhow 

has I x e or nolhhg to do w'lh ruA 

weldecide whar lo do by fi'ppng 

Who gels lo be $e boss oien oepends on who was llcky enough 

lo b€ in the ightptace,tGt 

Gelting peopt. (o do lhe rcht thing depends lpon abtdy. tuck has 

Itre ornorh'no todowtrh I 

ns tar as rcro arars aro concimio.iiiiiiG 

of us a@ the victihs ot for@s re €n neirher 

l.'J-r,:ffi:: ::gl*" ' 'r 

"o ca' and soc'ar ana 6 peopre can 

'he 

Mosl people donl eare rne extenr lo shch ther L'ves are 

conrro red by accdeniath.ppenrnqs 

!!Le,eary 'r no6uch lhnd as1u.r. 

( Ls hard to know whelher o. 

Hff many l ends you have 

a h lne tong.un thebad 

b Most misfodunes a@ 

a With enough efion @ @n 

b. I is diftcul tor peopte 

nor a pe6on reartyt€ks you 

depe^ds upon h@ n'e a pe6on you 

*ipe od pol iel@rtupr@^ 

lo nave much @nnd over lhe lhrnos 

asoner,r*re-ruaersar-o--iiirere-iiiiii-titii-iEiE 

b TheE 6 a dacl @Meclion o€tweea hos I stuoy a-d re grades I 

Many limes I teet thal I 

tuve mrre rnnuene over nri urnGlili 

ro beleve lhat chance or tlck p3ys an 

bec.ause they Oon t rq, ro Oe triinOry 

use m ryhgl0o had b ptease people ilthey ike 

convorover fie direcrEn 

23. a vosrd k rm€ | enG;;i;;;.^hv po-ri;;-;;fr;;ih€- 

'n lhe long 'un thE peopte are resoonsbte lor bad Covehnilnr 

natonaras wertas on a t@l l.vel 

-

BSIEU9IOIS 

Giwn bd@ is a lisl ot lv€lv€ seB ot !i5len6nls. Each el has two choices A 3nd 

L R€ad th€n carelully and circl€ lhe lBher A or I ol your choic€ 

1 A. T€nding ro b€ . q:i:rl p.en. 

B Ganing an!ry ...iV vilh oltrlE *h€n .ngrg6d in mlk. 

2. A. Taking disappoin|r*.I esy, 

B. U.ging oth.r. to huiyup. 

3. A. Becdhg hosiilo lomrds oth6rs. 

8. Doing lhitr$ ons by ons. 

4 A. Awiding h.d rc|t. 

L Trying lo g.t ahoad of on.'! cornpetitor. 

5. A. Seeklng chalLnEing aclivi063. 

s. Peterrjng io pos$oft toda/s @lt for tdorM 

6. A. Rdcring aggE*iv€t to u.Fnlrclhble srtr.non!. 

B. I€nding !o b€ an edy.loi.g p€Mn. 

7. A. Adopling a nonsedous appro.ch lo rcft in hand, 

a. G.iing inpalignl wilh peoplo who do $ing! 3lowly 

8. A. Ae|bvinO in doing or€'. irb Ftt, 

B. Getin! roady in a hau€ly way lq @lbg6 / iob. 

0 A, Ca,ing mud .born hdlnr, 

B, Ae[evlnC ln l.klno up . t .k lod.y ..d nd. 

i0. A. Trl*jng pau.ott lo psph @n wl€n soae.d In @d( 

B. T€nding io bo an .chlM.nkit.ted p€is. 

11. A. Gottinglritat€d wh€n oth€6 a€ late, 

S. Feeling s.lbli6d wit| tho prss.nl a.hievm6nl. 

12, A. Fi.ding it difiicul lo-Mil for one s trm. 

A. Giving way !o ono s @mp€litor.

INSTRUCT!ONS 

Prease c{cre eilher lhe Yes or'No aga'nsl each answer Please be sure to answer 

each quesr'on and dec'de o.e w3y or aoother even dilrs had to make a nec,sbn 

' Do ror {'_d r easy ro re,a' coapreren whe. )o- are oa 

2 Oo you leel annoyed when peopte ae nol punctuar to. 

3 Do you rke gahblin! on oieday cicker h.rches. Erites. e 

Oo you d,srLre see'ng rhLn!e wasred? 

5 Oo you I'ke gerl'n9 'nro,(aled, 

6 0oyou preler b,|ght @ds and y€ttds lo dul btuesand 

7 Do you fnd ir €asy to fo€et about your work ourside 

nornlarwod'ng hou6? 

3 Wouldyou peferbwo|kwilh a congenia bul 

ncofpelenr p.1ner 'arhe' lhan*rr^ adfic-[ b-l a'gh,y 

9 Ooyou lend lo be pessimistic a nd unenlident in dit cu[ 

stuatrons (e9 inletore$ toriobs, er. )? 

10 Does nendencynakeyou angry? 

1 1 Have you alwaF elked had in ode. to be among lhe 

besl in your sn line? 

12 Oo you rh'nk 3ucce.s in tife b lrrg€ty . matrer or iuck?

INSTRUCTIONS 

civei below an lew slat6henls des.rlb n9 your menlaLstate you are lo answer 

each queston eilher a3 Yes or'No, rick mslk the opton lhat suirs you besl 

A Oo you some|mes 

any apparenl eason? 

B 

'iet 

happy. somet nes d€pe*ed, wmout 

C 0o you have lrequ€nt up. and doMs in mood, ejthe. with or 

wrlhoul arparcnt..!.e? 

0 wnen gel rnvolled in.ome p.qecr lhat 6lLs 

E. 

ofien wander wh'le yo! arc tryrng 

G Do you usuatly rak6 the iniriarve in making new njends? 

hl. Ae you inclined to be qui.k and su.e in your .dions? 

Are yo! teqlenly tost in thoughl. 

l.k nA pad In a conv€ts.tion? 

would you 6te youFetf as . riwv indivijuat? 

blbbling over w heneroyand sometn€s 

L Would you be sry JnhEppy il you rc€ p,6v€nred l6n, msi,ng 

numeous sial6l,ads?

INSTRUCTIONS 

GN.n b€|fl ac l€w llalshonls staning rrcn @nptetet diBEg,ee to @mpterely 

ag.ee. You ae lo daft on 0E sere ,or 0E ch5Ectadstic tE! d.scnbs vo! b4t. 

1 When lhe rcrkday i3 

lnietied, a pB6on sholld 

to€et his job aod enjoy 

2 Ha^l rcft males . mn a 

3 Th. p n.ipalpu,p66 ol5 

man s job is lo provide him 

enpynq his ne€ tne, 

4 W.sri.g rire is.s b.d d 

5. When6ve. po€sible a 

Percon sholld relax and 

.c6p1 ri!€ d it i5 E$6. 

lh.n alsrays srrivino lor 

6. A good indi@rin ol. 

man s srtrt is hd su ho 

7. lfslloth€rthings 68 

sql]al. il is bettq to h.v€ a 

r€.Don6ibw thd on 

*ilh lilil. rEpon.ibity 

L P6opb 160 1do rhint. rh€ 

c..y w.y' a@ lh6 .md

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INSTRUCTIONS 

Eers-g 

Drcctions Ane@r rhe lottownq qu€srDn. keeprng in mnd wharyou h.vedone. or 

lhink you wo!ld do in the sit!al ons d6scibed 

3 oo tsu rend ro parer se pr.Mfq tu.cronr o' b,edt6 

you keep lcam mefrbaB up 6;;F;;;;;o-;;;;G;ad;; 

gvfs our ass'g^m.ilr you redd 

tr on6 !m. b dRde.rod a oh@t;d Yo!@M 

!e ma,on' b ha€ i m wd 

'.ra 

+610^ b a rcc 6b.r bm halc rh 

ro gva oesrNe ptrrorhaic6.!.rua' ri5 

l3{?"i1"l-'''"'",'"'"""d'vw{1'he 6o',ok 

afie' dsd.od. h. re d€Cd"e ri. m*e, b a b"h 

Y4'e690}&lno(i{(aghe'.y 

15 o" yo" e..r'.ly bd6 I tt b rhe d;;;E;;6i;;;, 

16 Do )!u h.r 0\3r eEryu. in ,q. wd( qet;h(rd h;;;;46; 

Do r!" r,"q ri. ed@ or cr"rCak 

'dcfu..d 

i;oal#i,@b:|il.GI3do'0i,gJo|e@ 

.l)n1tii@

U N E T Y o F 

CONNECTICUT 

I n 30.ry rhr I d lur ofrcpdns olrhc moi4nph od 'Gadlizd Elpcdeci6 

lorlnicEil v!. EK.n l Contbl ofR.intorc.ncia aPscholoeiol Moi:oemotu Vol.l!, 

No. t, 1966). Tnjs ho'ogcph ha bc.o r.p'incd in r book by Rodd, r. B. (1932) Ib 

En.n''l conrol s..lr, 'irh $rir3 k.y ii r!. bod, sd iGrrudioB nr dc apphdbq ir 

@nEin.d in tld d. It. &|j. ory bc ftpoduc.d b, qu.li6!d p6on^.1 for l.gitimnc 

/5. 4o//z-

THE 

I]\IVETISIT]' (F 

CINNE(')TICT]T 

rhr6, !9!!! l! c{rd _:9 P.r6 ry G.en! 

, re76)r r, x. L.rcqlrli !.!!! !! cmrror: 

clcri E!4! 5 !!!es4 r64Eh (r.(.K. Err6.q ^'3ocLtrr, Publrh.rr' 

fti Rsxkh gl! lle !e!!s 3! 

l!t.lr krxmn! xelhodr (^c Dar). ^ddrlrcur 

hibrto3r.lhhr rn rlfcrrd b 

b. nit" 

ANrl-t

INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY N9

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