it e-bt..o ftrnrO. of T'g

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ledt.abL.rry!!r&.!trll<br />

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I

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't ble II<br />

cnd EvrlutioD <strong>of</strong>T.S. Eliot's Cr<strong>it</strong>icrl Concept! <strong>it</strong>r<br />

JrxtaDos<strong>it</strong>ioD w<strong>it</strong>h hi! Poelic Prtctice<br />

CHAPTER ONE<br />

INTRODUCTION<br />

1.2 ltro@ SG{ru Elior A Bnefc@ Skelch<br />

l,l FomEir hnuee on T S Elior<br />

| .4 C,nepl M*in8 QuorarioN tom T S Eli<strong>of</strong>s Cndcal \yoris<br />

1.4.2 Disociador/Aseciarion<strong>of</strong> sBibil<strong>it</strong>y<br />

I 4.3 Inp€rsnalily olPoery<br />

1.4.4 obj*tiveCoE€lalive<br />

1.5 Working DelinidoG ol0E Tem<br />

1.5.1 corcpts (C!nic.l)<br />

1.5.t ImpeMnahy <strong>of</strong> Poerry<br />

1.5.? Obje.tive C<strong>of</strong>t ldlive<br />

1.5.9 R@]is ard @mplq<strong>it</strong>y<br />

1.5.10 SeBibil<strong>it</strong>i.r Unifietion /Disiarion <strong>of</strong><br />

l.t.l1 Thd<strong>it</strong>id (h.dry)<br />

| ,6 Remging Elioas Cndcal Conepts<br />

l.? Preblem Sllten€nl<br />

I 8 Purpo* <strong>of</strong>th. Sludy<br />

vl<br />

56<br />

51<br />

170<br />

2<br />

5<br />

'I<br />

7<br />

8<br />

9<br />

t0<br />

l0<br />

l0<br />

ii<br />

ii<br />

ll<br />

\)<br />

t2<br />

t2<br />

t3<br />

ll<br />

ll<br />

t5<br />

l5

---

Lll S.letion <strong>of</strong> M.r.ii.!<br />

2.1Bsics<br />

2.2 Qlrlillliv€ Ddign<br />

3.2 St Philip Sidney<br />

1.3 Joh Drrdcn<br />

1.4 $duel Johren (1709-E4)<br />

3.6 S. T, Coldidec<br />

3.7 Pdy Byshc Shcll.y<br />

CHAPIER TWO<br />

MIiTHODOLOGY<br />

CEASIEBIHBEE<br />

LITERAIURE REVIEW<br />

3.9 20th Cduy Po..trt &d lh. Pb.c <strong>of</strong> T S Elior-<br />

3.9.1 Ple $d Pdfomdc! <strong>of</strong> T S Elior<br />

3.10 20lh Ccnnty Cr<strong>it</strong>icisn ed thc ?l@ <strong>of</strong> T S Eliot<br />

3.lO.l Fodalis, Str*tualblr lld N.e Cr<strong>it</strong>ici$<br />

L 10.3 Pl*c ud Pafomecc ol T s Eliot:<br />

4,2<br />

4,3<br />

4_5<br />

4,6<br />

4.E<br />

cEAEE&lsU8<br />

|MPENSONALITY<br />

Tbc mc.fl <strong>of</strong> Imp.Mn iny <strong>of</strong> Pelry: An Expoe<br />

Thc Rolc ed Inpotune ol In.gcs sd Stnbols us.d<br />

InFmnrliry .rd Th. \vtn. Lsd<br />

ImDcF l<strong>it</strong>y dd tbw Quaflds<br />

lmieenalny .nd Th. Love sons <strong>of</strong>J AlfEd Pruli@k<br />

ldp.Fna|ny ed Ash wcdn6d.Y<br />

lmpcr$n l<strong>it</strong>y .nd Th. Hollow Mcn<br />

ImD.rsond<strong>it</strong>y .nd Thc Jolmy <strong>of</strong> lh. M|8i<br />

l5<br />

l6<br />

t6<br />

t6<br />

17<br />

IE<br />

l9<br />

2l<br />

22<br />

22<br />

23<br />

24<br />

21<br />

28<br />

29<br />

t0<br />

l4<br />

t5<br />

x6<br />

31<br />

38<br />

42<br />

1l<br />

8l<br />

E9<br />

9l<br />

ll

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tdpeFo.rliry ord PortB<strong>it</strong> <strong>of</strong> a Lrdy<br />

C!se4!re<br />

Llt nry Tndirion<br />

5.1 Euopem Lnerary Tndir,onrA Bdcfsw.v<br />

5.2 T S Elior ald the Conccpt <strong>of</strong>Ttadilion: An ExPos<br />

5.1 The Role ed Impodao@ <strong>of</strong>Alt$ions U*d in Eliol\ Poetv<br />

J.4 Tndiuon dd'fte Love SoIg otJ Alfi.d Pruftocr<br />

5,5 TEdii@ ed The Va51e Led<br />

5.6 Tndilior ed Fou Qu.rrcls<br />

5.? Tradnion @d Ibe Hollow Mo<br />

5.8 Todlrio. dd Ash W€dlddsY<br />

5.9 Tradiliotr &d G@nrid<br />

5.10 Tndiud ed Po.hir <strong>of</strong> I Lrdy<br />

5-ll Thdiii@.d The Joumey <strong>of</strong>lhe Mlgi<br />

6.1<br />

6,2<br />

6.3<br />

6A<br />

ChrDLr Six<br />

Co!clotion<br />

T. s. Eliot ed de corc.fl <strong>of</strong> Inpc'sodny <strong>of</strong> Pcrv<br />

1. s. Elior .nd rhe concF <strong>of</strong> Lidary Tndilon<br />

Conrribdid <strong>of</strong>the Th*is<br />

100<br />

110<br />

lt8<br />

t20<br />

123<br />

136<br />

139<br />

141<br />

145<br />

t49<br />

t50<br />

l5l<br />

t53<br />

155<br />

TI

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CIIITIFICATE<br />

ft ir c..t'rfcd ltt Mt Molrdo.tl fh S&gl td sqr"t llda ot t4dviid for<br />

|b d.ge <strong>of</strong> tnD i! Ersjilh' oo 6.6.t<strong>it</strong> fibd' At artu- td m'tbr d<br />

T.s$or't Crld..r Cor..tb h Jldt"ftros tt.! ht Po'fh Prcf!6 I l'!<br />

..ddd b $y i}d r,ft. Sqi t ceti.d cr ..iddl !! 'dt[ {d* dd |<strong>bt</strong> b b<br />

d cophd a i?rodr.d !ryo<strong>it</strong>t Fbli&.l t'ftG'<br />

?Error Sytd Q.rrdt sbr L.Erfr'

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This theis ow6 nuch ro srudqt <strong>of</strong> L<strong>it</strong>ecry Crilicisn <strong>of</strong> M A English 2003 barch wno<br />

helDed he *.$ rhe hrial (ollecnon ol basic narer'4. esFcrall) ro gathef data eardinc<br />

dr'diricrl onc.pl3 <strong>of</strong>T s thol Bedcs. I fel imheN Pleaur tht ine mt<br />

'n<br />

I @uld b!<br />

lcmed sup€ ho; Prfes$t Qalmder Shah Lald@ uder who$ Sudee<br />

ible 10 finish sd snbiil oy tn$is.<br />

I sould also l<strong>it</strong>e lo lhtnk l'anly my lery good liieDds likc M! Nuur Soodtu. Dr \l<br />

Younl J.lm. Dr. RfiqE Memo! ad n'L Abdul Fdtah Smlm who, on m) dlusr'<br />

cmddl\ ,e me .ome otrhe Equird natnal fom En8lmd,nd America qherc rhe)<br />

kre d;iN $en om PbD3. Ibe<strong>it</strong>.lcto8 dd Hard @pv maknal helped mc d lor<br />

udenianJn.ihodology dd aralysis <strong>of</strong>Eli<strong>of</strong>s po€ns l m also inde<strong>bt</strong>ed ro Dt QGin<br />

Bushio - Dem Faculti <strong>of</strong> Ans. iniveKiiy <strong>of</strong>sindh ror his technical help i! widng $e<br />

Alrholg! ir lh. 3r4d, I feed rhe prcbld <strong>of</strong> sdcilv <strong>of</strong> the Eldor reading motcrial, br<br />

wnh lh; i!tuducton o<strong>it</strong>he dis<strong>it</strong>,ilibru): o. lhe clmpus, uncounEblc doo6 opencd up t)<br />

@6s a vdr v&iery ol anicies, ioMals and b@ks shich riutv easld ihe sa) o $c<br />

;;;usioi <strong>of</strong> the d;dy. Hsc, I ; eallv gdelul to te au$ondes ol lhe unn esnt <strong>of</strong><br />

iiaar' ror sucl eiea:<strong>it</strong>ic moa"m l&ilnv oa disilal liudv l hop€ other rescdhes sill<br />

"<br />

ds b€rc<strong>it</strong> a br Aom rhis .leronic hsp <strong>of</strong> ttuwl€dsc.

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Th<strong>it</strong> tDesi b .l.dictrcd to nv l'tc D'dts - Mr' 'nd<br />

MB. Kbln Mlh.nnd Sans<strong>it</strong> dnd mt l'tc *ift llrs<br />

Frd.!. sngi

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AASTRACT<br />

Ar Anrrysis.nd Ev.lulrior <strong>of</strong>T.S' Eliot's Cr<strong>it</strong>iol Concept! <strong>it</strong>r<br />

Jn rposilioD w<strong>it</strong>h hb Poetic P.tctice<br />

T.S.Eliot belons! to the tist <strong>of</strong> an .Eeptimt etesort <strong>of</strong> t<strong>it</strong>qdv fuu6<br />

that too' to the<br />

dua! tas* oI\n.rury nilicin A fleI 6 cteatio" He n considerell one ol the most<br />

in/tuehial e les in E glih L<strong>it</strong>etatur. H. qot imm.^e achtowllIlEenent ih thc lield aJ<br />

Po.tty, t ana dnd Ctilicisn.lue b his ihgeh iou! .onribution 4h Angto-Aneticuh poet<br />

crri., dnnatkt, an l edilor, Ihotu vetu Etiot rd o naju i"novto in Nentiah<br />

century nod{n E Alkh Poetry, lano6 abov all lor his rewlut ion ! Poen lha 'raste<br />

Iand (1922)vhich Nevnan (1t) c41k the Bi<strong>bt</strong>e <strong>of</strong>the tost seni4tion<br />

chdptqs one ard No otttu thesis et the innodwtion otd bac*srnuhd <strong>of</strong>the st ttt Thi<br />

klcoch !tr., hu! tied to inrltt<strong>it</strong>ctle the inglni ^ l<strong>it</strong>erarf &hno <strong>of</strong>TS Eliot ahd<br />

th*eb, to malte atul evalnte his Poebr ihjtxtup.s<strong>it</strong>iot e<strong>it</strong>h h6 .,<strong>it</strong>ical .oncertt T S<br />

Eliot, vho is nghly soid b hwe b9n the LMns liihg po.t <strong>of</strong> the English lPaiing<br />

worl.l <strong>of</strong> 20th cdt ry (t!uis@:295} x equlb 4 seal q<strong>it</strong>i. too Eliot hus beenthe<br />

mott g$ed ahd rcn inJlE,ltisl l1t r$ry oric in En4lish in the 2Ah C.nt tt - |et! lik lt<br />

rhe b5t sine col.ridge lNewan:191q. Elnn he Net-ct<strong>it</strong>c hd not onl! conhibuted<br />

b he Faivndh! etk ol Figlish Poeny but dlso nade ti.ohh udtl<strong>it</strong>ia ol i"Eeniow<br />

ctilicot co"cept! in the tvenli.lh centuq l<strong>it</strong>eratt. For lhe 44de^ olto.1at <strong>it</strong> isu natkr<br />

<strong>of</strong> i,neretlihs conlem to hplic<strong>it</strong>l, lnn tu lrrctton<br />

oJ Etio^ ct<strong>it</strong> irut conuptr ih his oen<br />

'Ihi: Esedrch lutl, hat anehPtttl ta analrlc atul er\lrdtt liliot\ leminal c.,ical<br />

.onup^ liie int^onal<strong>it</strong>t o1 ltbett and l<strong>it</strong>etlr, tad<strong>it</strong>ioh <strong>bt</strong> nea6 oJ Prkticatl,<br />

mtrzins som <strong>of</strong> Ih. MFt poens <strong>of</strong> .,Jiot PoeN l<strong>it</strong>e The Lo|e sary <strong>of</strong> J Aned<br />

Pt"fto.k (r909-tt ) Potto<strong>it</strong> ola 146, (19t5) Sveene! akons the NiFhtinsales'<br />

(19ts). Giontion (1920) Th. v6te Lanl (1922) rhe Holhe Men (t925) kh<br />

tYedresday (19t0) Fot QwkB (1943),lsw been sel.eted lor qwt<strong>it</strong>d<strong>it</strong>t amtN^<br />

vll

---

Bt 6i,A tugm.dative n.thod oJ d.dtdi|c i1lnerce the rctut'her ho! corcluled hh<br />

ttudt. The isst! \kd efrcacy o! the choe, rekfuch mthod h6 been dislussd 4t te"sth<br />

i" tlE th<strong>it</strong>d chalq o<strong>it</strong>e th4<strong>it</strong><br />

ln the htth chopter ddysis <strong>of</strong> th. alotedehlionett Po'N ho bee' catrkd o't lu the<br />

corcept o.l inpe*onal<strong>it</strong>! ol poen rnptsoBt<strong>it</strong>r is deihed 4t the 'v ai such vuds<br />

inages an t ttmb.ls 6 to forcYor,td the nesvg.tmedi"S <strong>of</strong>a Poen<br />

to 4 reader *<strong>it</strong>hod<br />

the doect jntetuention af the poer B! uentiarirS the tolc dl inPortMe <strong>of</strong>roiour<br />

i@ges drl twboh, the select.d Poe6 haw beu dalrsed dt bv on' LiNs [t6 the<br />

poew haee bezn q@t.4 to illnttae the us. <strong>of</strong>inPerso@l<strong>it</strong>t ehich is h'arilr supPone'l<br />

br the ievt \td .tutuents <strong>of</strong>a nunb$ olct<strong>it</strong>ict <strong>of</strong>reptte<br />

The chdpter amtyer aru! evalrlt^ Eiot\ econd ddior concePt <strong>of</strong> l'qart oahion<br />

L<strong>it</strong>*ur tradiim is.Lire.! 6 cteolin| w s oM l<strong>it</strong>uot wol$ <strong>bt</strong>Junt$ing thenflth<br />

cwrtetuble rcletenus 4n t attisio6 Ilou th. hest iorl6 oI the past ztniations 6 1o<br />

ente^ hav<br />

rer<strong>it</strong>dise the Ntt Ghi.e@t ts To Eliot. hx c@tenporary an'l th' Jdue<br />

to k ep in nind the nchnst <strong>of</strong>the whole Eftopuh lneqr! past q'l thereb, hare to qjw<br />

iIs inpession in their otn Ao.lt d<strong>it</strong>.c t ot ih.lirectlt. B.fore doM'q lhe poen tuo<br />

inpoldt sections on th. sisn0ca".. ol the use <strong>of</strong> du"sio^ and a hriel !'mer oh<br />

Evopn l<strong>it</strong>etary Ea

---

An An.lysb .nd Evaluation <strong>of</strong>T S' Eliot'6 Cr<strong>it</strong>lcal Concopts in<br />

Juxtapdltion wlth hi3 Pootlc Practice<br />

CIIAPIERONf,<br />

TNTIODUCTION<br />

T S Eliol <strong>it</strong> sid 10 be onc <strong>of</strong> th' oosr rcprcsenlalive l<strong>it</strong>'mry figurcs {nh<br />

u^,*, *1.,."0 t *-''"h eduq Ensli+ I kBrur r Daniruh'<br />

;;:*;;,.,"<br />

and o''he<br />

genear Ar Lhe 'ime lmc he e\cerred 'n Pdrr) DEm' ind<br />

il ;; ";;"; "'*' -' *." *"":<br />

"::-':":".:X" lffilfr<br />

sinc.$.nem.rgence rnD'nicur"t"':''ll":ll:.:,""nd6r!nd hisvirss<br />

for csea(he6 sd < hottF <strong>of</strong> IncdMc The lrnic' ht!' heo<br />

;';.;, ;;;;;*..--*--':T :l:i[i"":"#tj:<br />

.n!'nr, and lhe b6i cnk <strong>of</strong> gatdeni4 6 t gadcn'r' no<br />

'c<br />

::1";; ; ;; *J-- " "'i "'T:l: l:;::::ffi:"<br />

r.r rhar fld.r. s@ll iame! 6 nor undemining "*;<br />

the n'tore ''<br />

:H;;,;:;;;;,* ",,,"'^"1 **:t:: :::::l;:,:"::::::ill<br />

str.n 5@m.n,s''rha n e m"'*:''":".:::::."",-.f<br />

cn bmddc.dd<br />

t<br />

i*T: T:;" rhc pb b.!r\. {ha,<br />

ruj trh.F tr..hourd erpe(t,hm'<br />

"<br />

*r,ur I nim, ur aoine The, htvc bcd ablc ro kr us n<br />

,'.i"';".'; ""':" r e@mpr'\hins <strong>it</strong> rhq c\Dri iri purpo*<br />

'nn 'r$<br />

;#*., ;;.,'-. .'" ".." *"''*ll:'::.::J;;T]il;lTI<br />

\.rdicr upon d. inner r'\r <strong>of</strong>pc' l:': l':1:::,r. ,,., "r rhn .repron''<br />

ars ot.vid.ne {rm6 r75' ^ r|'l"i T::1".:,.,.,,,, .,i., m ,. scr .<br />

.'"".r <strong>of</strong> I'EdJ} ll8lEs $or bol rc $e dual l'sr or rl<br />

::::: ;:lffi il;:":;, * *,: r"tT't1 :n ::":;:1.::::i:<br />

so, mmen, ,.rno*r(ogemenL 1''. ..'1 '1*Il .ijl'* .. * -o -"*"<br />

.r..o- t"ntb*t" An obvrcd !h$hN a\ k }s,,*0,<br />

,.-mrntt p*sur rn rrre m"r'i'g <strong>of</strong> lncdE h' ale mruu<br />

r "" U*,.,.'*'."'

---

lDbnngrng" e in coMp6 $hrch qded b 'h'p€ mocmpors\ licra'urc on ne'<br />

'#""',-"*<br />

.*" *""* ban di{u$cd a Id rrcm dindnr dsl* or<br />

:::;;; ;;;; ;"'" "v'<br />

""*' *t::.::T'::#'j::',:::;<br />

cdtisl conep$ in jlxltposnion wnh hn poeti! prElcc<br />

'<br />

:;,;;;;;*;'<br />

''' ' "jor*o*5 inc.ic*m dd po^ hore bc'n

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(1917'19).ln London hs had fiequol ncdings w<strong>it</strong>h hiscounqmtn €zF Pound $ho<br />

n.b€d Elior ompos his pcms in ' rc{ (nhldilnnal jJ lc I l' cdncd The (in'r'n'<br />

lm 192010 1919..nd wo*ed 6 e cdib *i$ F ber nd Ctrct in 1925 rhe se<br />

fim w6 larer anecd s Fab.r sd Fabd unde' hb directdhip H' convened to rh'<br />

church or Engtand in 192? Eliot rceived the Brnhh ('dq or Meril io ltl8 ed In<br />

the sme ]@ he ss lko.wedcd Nobcl Prie He w6 award'd the Amflim Mtdal<br />

oaFr€.dom <strong>it</strong> 1964 r|c died in rindo on Jo 4' 1965<br />

French synbolisl pduv i.stiFd him s Io( he found sp"iald'rivation in (he i6nical'<br />

self-qiliol p@tty <strong>of</strong> Jutes Laforguc' Md'phvsical pdrv or th' lTth_ceniurv $6<br />

uoths source <strong>of</strong> inspiration. He found n flexible' @lloqujal fining in tie blanr vc6e<br />

od ]@het dm.thc *F :l$ gdr coe <strong>of</strong> his rvpical svle The pems or hr<br />

..rly phe 'el 6l th.s inllm6 b ! Bood ddl - Thc Lov' Sons <strong>of</strong> J- Alt'd<br />

Prurtrk'(1909_ll) and P<strong>of</strong>r<strong>it</strong> <strong>of</strong>a l'ad) (1915) echo thh stvl' apPentlv<br />

Reading Dante, Shakespeare liledture <strong>of</strong> oncicnl p€iods philosophl and Eancm<br />

myslicism als had pr<strong>of</strong>oud inpet on his mind uhich can cosilv be seen in p@ms<br />

lik! *lrtr. Aponins" (1916) "Srd'v anons d' Ni8htingtle' (1918) lnd<br />

'{icontio' (l9O), a P@n in *hich on' tu 6il} pcdid lhc s(vL tnd powq <strong>of</strong><br />

-Th. wd. b.d" Powl @tri{tocd ed 6F Gn EId 6 t s"u<strong>it</strong>c nodcm p'€t<br />

who 16 dbL lo d!v.lop, rrcm the verv dnv oge. 5n 'xuen'lv innovstiv€ md orisiol<br />

.xDesion Rhich @uld aoalsmalc tad<strong>it</strong>ion w<strong>it</strong>h the nodem'dlv cnd @nvendbnal<br />

leming. Thc4 h slrong rcen wh! |jliol tumed out ro bc onc ol rhc mos eruonc<br />

l<strong>it</strong>ffy fisuE As hc *dl in lot fou. orcc6 ic edibr' dBmlris ln'tut criric sd<br />

philos.phi@l p..! his tnouslt od 4pEsion http€n'd lo b' comDlq md<br />

nuhif{e|ed lik ..}thins "His ui&ryr'dure !@s {erc 'lil.d} and<br />

conrenlional His fid impondt publicolion and $e fid masclpieceoi dodenisF'<br />

inEnslish,was'Th.Lovesongoil Alt'!Prui6r'(D<strong>it</strong>enica:2001)<br />

Eliot did not wiL podv or oln( vo*r in abundde ho$'ts h<strong>it</strong> $all slc<br />

Foduction almodt iDr.niotelv f,hi'v'n revcE t<strong>it</strong>l @ncenhrio' fmn $e kcn<br />

Fades or nod.m p..iry <strong>of</strong> his limc' S@n and th' world war his sid6D6ad i*ling<br />

<strong>of</strong> unhappine$ dd hopelesnds 3ol iomense spaoe in his poems *hich 16 Lll bv his<br />

rade6 nr m6siv. sl. The w6te LMd ( 1922) w6 mskcd wilh 3!ch uncoodon<br />

felinss tht €usd bodi ill Epure ud lctutl lppdiation tot rh' Dod !trd hk *orx rl

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mcd bad @. for n Gmed quh. oh-uc i@nclGtic a.d <strong>bt</strong>ttlrns. n appercd io<br />

be orci.g a signal <strong>of</strong>chanse and rcb.lliousne$ rorad lhc.onrempomn hdnn,nal<br />

liEray ilee and nodelsi the &mbi.otion <strong>of</strong> onltsling incompaible inagcsi Lts<br />

superimpos<strong>it</strong>ion <strong>of</strong>psr ond pE$nt, oldm rime mihs b€inc r.ft.d in a noden<br />

uibar $ting, wse somc <strong>of</strong> the unus@l Dd surpthing ldures ol the p.en Elior<br />

quor.d o. alludcd b n *ide 68. <strong>of</strong> IncBry e!rc6, ircotpdding $em inlo th.<br />

rextuE <strong>of</strong>the poem by a mmkd IJeMnal )1hm CoodDan (|965:62) in hn lirebrv<br />

csey "Roodrichm ed clNicism , notions rh. pem b!v,r3 mad. a gd mpd<br />

on lhc poi-wd Scne6tion sd calls <strong>it</strong> onc <strong>of</strong>rhe impona documentr<strong>of</strong><strong>it</strong>s,Se<br />

Elior s fi6i collcalion oi oirical essts on or<strong>it</strong>ioism and poellyi fte sacred tvood, v6<br />

publish.d i. 1920. His lmo6 cr<strong>it</strong>iql Nr. Tndnion dd the l.dividual Tllcnl,<br />

Dd if.sred dd dev elop.d h is *m inrl cili€l concepls w h ich he lhooulhlt adveai.d<br />

thmugh o|n hh liebr.! ctEr. Tl|c aierifrctncc<strong>of</strong>l<strong>it</strong>e.aN hi\hr\ tnd kdnion. and rh.<br />

conviction thar all C@d pdrry h poduc.d not os an unconlrollcd erpE$ion or<br />

emotion bul in d MF lrcm emorion serc aledhcqssd in fiis epah mlkins c$a'.<br />

ln Hmld dd gis Poblmi , hc srve a rr, surp.isins commfll on Shrtcsp.{et<br />

plat tazlsr elline n .n rnistiq r.illc b€€us oalhe lack <strong>of</strong>o c$ ial anistic<br />

clmd fiar h. called,rr'..rE oRr,rE, which since rben h5 b..om. t 8@r isue<br />

olcr<strong>it</strong>i€l dhmuEe. sinilftly r$rrs o. Dryder Donne. Milton elc produced iErh<br />

int Gst in G€vrlualion ltour lhe w<strong>it</strong>cu.<br />

-nsh wd..sd.y ( l9r0) dd -to!r Q!|(.ri' ( 1943) di$us his rclidous 6p..rs od<br />

beliel3 per$nall) dd philosophicallyat lergh.lr thes Frdi gen.r.ll, the.nphdis<br />

is on the m.g8. <strong>of</strong> @ntul €flod ad p€uislene b*ed 4li.vins lhc finnl<br />

inpr.$ion r.d conlidcnce in aailh,<br />

Elior aho ticd ro bMlh. ne$ life into l)rical dnna qhich he pruriced in his fi61<br />

pl^t, Munter in the Q t'tn|\t915) o saharn o, rhsrcr. lilurgy. and vedc. I/r<br />

Fanil, Revion (tgJs), Tle c@ttail Pat, (ts!9), Itu co,l.hdial cL* lt95l), tnd<br />

Ttp Elder nd.snd {1959) e prcsnilly onnoi drm$ wnh worldly them.s and<br />

inte6rs, Elior hs trll.d in d.t il lbout dr.m 6 a s.nE in'Rhctotic dd DFnaric<br />

Pcry (1919) and Diolocue on Dmmdic Pocty (1923). o/,/ ?.suh\ t,oI uJ<br />

Prdrial abrr (1939) is his hek <strong>of</strong> v.m prinrrily mcdt lor childEn bur Bd

---

lliimalely.d.ptcd for the nusictl thclter' P@ wo*s likc "The lds <strong>of</strong> a Chnn<strong>it</strong>'<br />

seicly" (l9ro) dd Not6 Toetld a Dcfinnion <strong>of</strong> cullurc" (1948) tle &ve<br />

in&6tirg and ltlubl. @ding esDcciallv bFNs <strong>of</strong> $'ir tvTi€l Elioris sttlt<br />

Though Eliol <strong>it</strong> g.n@llv cosidsd 6 a pod ol SFal calibq nd in the stm' stt<br />

gr4r $ilic r@, $me <strong>of</strong> hk rcad.G have bcen held oret <strong>bt</strong> hi! Gcclic choracrer and<br />

p.sonalily. How.v.r' somc olhis bca solks in pocds dd cdtictl cets hav' 0n<br />

extrerdidy cnadcrerislict !o Encw them*lves dd di$los<strong>it</strong>g ! m'n si$ t srong<br />

inasinativ. sptbil<strong>it</strong>y dd ! l@d obsver tnd dtlvsl orculNnl v'lues *ho uushr<br />

hisEaddto re4aluL v&ious sp€cts <strong>of</strong>l<strong>it</strong>'€turc sietv dd culturc in sctcnl'<br />

l.l<br />

Fo.drtiv. ltrnucrc. otr T S Eliol<br />

Every !s. oifc6 usuallv more rh.n one stonS infl!'nces on the mskin3 or a poet or q<br />

*rib b.longing b dv spcific liLtuv sciE T s Elioi s l<strong>it</strong>Ery @r Llk us llEr h'<br />

hsd be.. und.r Ydous s@h infludcas ihar lintllv sh'Ped hh l<strong>it</strong>eiarv pcnodl<strong>it</strong>v Ez!<br />

Pound cs be nm.d s fic li6t s*h simllus Elid wG moi iNpird b'- Abos lh'<br />

f.mous.dili'g <strong>of</strong>"The WBle Llnd Eliorhiosllstvs 6 quoted <strong>bt</strong> Johnnon (20!5)<br />

"<br />

''t should l<strong>it</strong>e ro ihi.k har thc ndusry'! {nh rhe iuDtresscd p6sges, had<br />

disrppedcd irevooablt vcl. on rhc !lh$ hdtu! I shouLd nish r|I bluo penrillilgro b!<br />

ptew.d 6 ifttuuble *i{tde <strong>of</strong> Pomd! cilidl geniui rohMn idds lhil Eliolt<br />

hsr..y in lhe 05. or ttPi€l nodcnisl ioasery i3 mosll' indeh'd ro Poutul sho<br />

inhlducat n io English havine bomwed ftoB Jatd'$ Haiku'<br />

Cddd(27)hdr.cedod.tiiol0loostllrheinnont i'fiuflc6onTsElior'rl'<br />

*rn6. Consiously t.d *illinslr' he (Eliol) has nourhhe! hh insPiBtion w<strong>it</strong>h $'<br />

3pir<strong>it</strong>ual rich6 ol@iqt ud nodn liots <strong>of</strong>cou'ri6 fat tnd ned Halins f@us'd<br />

;c inlucne ot B.udehn! thc lisl m'nlions Biblc' Dste the Eliab'lhan! Caurier'<br />

Co.6i.G lnd lrloryle. ollsd s)5 thot n is nor meEly $e bomrins <strong>of</strong> lircs rh't<br />

.!n detemined on.t influ.nce on a paniculo w<strong>it</strong>'r' b <strong>it</strong> h espeiallt' "in the<br />

r@enr <strong>of</strong> idcntical thehs d'l i' rh' 3imihrnv o' po'tictl m'thods {2?) rhd I<br />

p@r's inluence s be dc|eEd' H' tunher evs' "Bu| Eliol did n't onlv deive hon<br />

;aud€taiF eftsin tin6, sFbols or rh'd6 His ueprior ot Fxt) is al$ 'lo*l)<br />

nod.l.d on that or soud.bne" (29) Corpsing hh p*ms beloa sd aes his

---

con!.sion to catolic church ol Englmd'<br />

oi hllf a centurv, we can now se Eliors<br />

poi in bo$ hi3 sn dd lifc.'<br />

Eliol showed lis imnene indehedncs lo o'c other gE r Fdch srilo Jrlcs<br />

'^t".*. -",,", *t* t |'or' lh' lll{rdrd'h me ho* to spcdl ro rech m'<br />

i. poo* p",'ur<strong>it</strong>*' *r o$n id'od or spdh soldo conpan'8 rhe rranon<br />

"r<br />

$tt th' pclic send' Eliot choe for hinslt !6<br />

,.',.i*-E,a, -o ,"""*, -*<br />

;:;;, ;;. * ; r Emh modcr'hd bushr I or' d b lre<br />

"^'''\ 'ior'ot<br />

;"" ," .;..t0 -''<br />

'^. *" I're \ner rcod'ns I aroBus ) poct) llior hbben<br />

Bur I hav. lre foud se'|im" 9".: ''a:'.f:"il1J\ffi'l':"lil<br />

mm;rx"ur';:1"'t'il"1;tr*I".#;;LI:.T5,<br />

drfternr iioo anlhing in English<br />

dndler tehrh4l undeAbod lsordo p r{rl<br />

Tn a4sgc q@tcd !bov'' dsnbd Eli<strong>of</strong>s diffcuB rilh LaForsue s slvl"nd<br />

-"-|" O* "n,.*'t t* impr$ion lha bIo4e 6r ot Eliots mmd b<br />

'**<br />

lJ-* *nn u' i.l(n*' n rroo h* Elior nort'd cnplovi's tt?i€l imtsdv<br />

's<br />

""l oto.o t n" *t"_ n'* *t sm' pa<strong>it</strong>cm <strong>of</strong>di<strong>it</strong>collt wts mdinldrned lot ahich<br />

Flliois poer.v is snsid'rcd io be esotetir'<br />

Fdnk (l I D di$ss th' odeiml o@ ol Eliots compr <strong>of</strong> Objdcri\e c<strong>of</strong>trar\ c<br />

* o'n""" 'nn' t rt'ir stldid have rri'd r' he dt rh' dei' 'r<br />

"Jl"r" :;."i.;;,.;, '. '" ''""".ovs '.' rmprv $ish D.$ssd $a' rhe moi rircr)<br />

mmcOi"re pur. ' <strong>of</strong> trioi "ouon a inth' phiro{ph} orI ll Bdle\' Hes)srhdr<br />

;;;;*: .t t'"""" <strong>of</strong> 6c b6'|c rierds or th' two wntd' o 3ri,hr<br />

""<br />

airfcn* I rrtc rpriorio tr rrtc rf, obierive @ftl''ivc @ b' Ll! *hich tl<br />

;;;;;;;;"' *"'*Ene or@nrdr' As ror 6 rh' co- ida is co@cd'<br />

f," t," ;t"rr*rro, r*t "ur" ntant rcfc$ to e csev on lined Knowkns' 6nd<br />

;;BieNe in lhe Philosph) oif H Bddlev which Elid has ols rcrerer b n nrs<br />

d4.d Doddl $csh on aadftv

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Dantc, ln. lllli$ cldsical wi|q, nd FdtPs b€s $' m6r imprc$<strong>it</strong>e liretrv liguc<br />

ror T S Eliol. Bolh in crativ. Dd crilictl wolts, Elior gns ttl pEise ror his s@r<br />

D6l.r frcd the middle tg€s. Al ! grer m.nv pl&.s in Eli<strong>of</strong>s voi|3 phBses thcnes<br />

od ch.M t@m D{c s work5 @ b€ d sodcdms Elior quotet D&rc tlurc<br />

di@ctly and $mdim.s hc imbib.s Ddk! rlvle and lh?mes, dd p<br />

Cl@ph.s (3lO) hs quoled Elio( praisins Dmk rd his Ddtcry ovei poelic dn "EliuL<br />

ll]*s this.lim&tic poin: D€dF s is fi. nd @ipEhcnsiv' fd rfie nct ordcEd<br />

pFenr.tion oholions lh h.t evq becn 6ode."<br />

suEz (?4?) hc apoken <strong>of</strong> th. innEnc. <strong>of</strong> lh. lwriclh cdturv lchnolocv on rh'<br />

wirings<strong>of</strong>TS Eliordd orher *rile6<strong>of</strong>thc age ln his t icle f S Eli<strong>of</strong>s lltr Yaae<br />

IA".l, th. Gtubphore. anl ttp i4otunia Djtcoutt NetuorL. he hd sp*icllv<br />

dp.Ed T S Eliol md Andy w'rtDl w<strong>it</strong>h t8ltd ro tle ihpEsion, ue lnd<br />

Minolost <strong>of</strong> modem lechnology in then lircm.v *rhings _But ror a briernom'n!<br />

Eliol! wilinS, lik Woholt multimedia pDjecls. sas oneBilv cn[ngled m ladg€t<br />

circuiB, medir n.so*s, od Ennobgirs <strong>of</strong> (gMl ptiductio. .rd Eplodlctid'-<br />

Suarc/ hd sp.ken <strong>of</strong>rhh u* 4l.n3$ indicdringrhe.c*ncss as rclls rhe mprc$No<br />

<strong>of</strong>rnilicilhy c@ted by !h* orh*i$ unpo€tic d.vics<br />

KDll, givi.g a oomtdiso. <strong>of</strong>the libm.y cees <strong>of</strong>Eliot md Marv Buns' wr<strong>it</strong>ca.bout<br />

rh. simila inilwcs on rhl two c.ntqnFo6.t slte6:<br />

Eliot and Buns.ko shdE a large number <strong>of</strong>schohnv inlorens and ser cle v<br />

irlluenc€d by ede ol' rhe sc aorloE. esDccilllr_ in lh. w inS ol ften<br />

nDdehin Snil texc, A$b s jouhrh od n moiE @.al rhal she pose.s.d {<br />

irtimat fdiliery wnh sn Jd3 F@d s Th. Gold.n touqh nd J.ssie<br />

w.lan s Ftuh R<strong>it</strong>ual to Fontuc. Idbout grlil sbris cooposcd belNccn 1130<br />

dd l2lo CE (!6€nthcEs mine)1, works c<strong>it</strong>ed by EliDl 6 hh chier inllu.nces in<br />

lhe end mr6 ro'Th. wGrc lrd (|60).<br />

1.4 ConFpi M.klns Quo|.rbN rrom T S Ell<strong>of</strong>s C.<strong>it</strong>ic.l worLr<br />

Wc @ only $y .hal <strong>it</strong>.ppe likcly tltat pets in our civiliz.rion d <strong>it</strong> ci<strong>it</strong>t d<br />

pr*m, nus be /,.lfr,,r' Our civ<strong>it</strong>iarid compEh€nds 3@t vei'rv lnd

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co,pre<strong>it</strong>r and $is variclt and conplerily. plaving up'n a cfincd sensibililv<br />

musl psdu* vaious ud complex trsul$. lhe pcl 'nui becom' morc and norc<br />

conpEhqsive, noF .llulivc, more indtuq in ordcr to loruc b JnluE 'l<br />

n*ssry,ld8urse inio hh meuing (Elio! 1976:289)<br />

l,{2 Di*l.rlo./Asndororrdblutt<br />

'l he concep. malingphra "Di$didiotr ol sensibilirv isusedbv<br />

T.S.Elior in his mowned est Ir. LltdaPhwnal Po?tt \lgzll-'th. rcl'vut ad sl.-<br />

Iony$n.nd Bmsntng d peN dd rh.) rhmt: but fiev do mr f€l<br />

den ftouEhr s immcdt&l) s lh. odou ol d 'e A rhoughr ro Donne *a! tn<br />

crFrier!., ir modrfied hi5 !/a,r'ltrr. When tpd: mrnd n p.rfectlJ.qripped ror<br />

rrr tro . ir b ru1.,anr,J Jms.eamlinL Jr.pndc c\frtrnr( rh{ 'dind1 man\<br />

.xperid€ is ch@lic. irc8ul*. Glghdurv The lanet talls r tove. or E 'rs<br />

SDinoa od d* No .x!.iq6 h!v? norhing to do wilh ach othqr' or *ilh lh.<br />

iois <strong>of</strong> th. ty'.Ei!.r or tlt @ll oa c@tin8j in rhe mind oa $e pd tlcse<br />

.xDeriqc.s .F .lwoys fomins ner *holcs.<br />

W. moy qpt$ th. dff€rcrc. by th. follo*ing th6ry: Th. Po€ls <strong>of</strong>thc<br />

svotdnth c.nrury, th. succesou <strong>of</strong> th. dBm isG or the sixlenlh, p6esd .<br />

mechaniso or sensibilily which rould devou and kind ol expcrieice Thet aE<br />

sinplr, dificial, difrco[ or fdNiq 6 their predfcss6 ]crcr no ls nor morc<br />

thd Ddn cuido Cav.lcet, Cuini..lli, or Cino ln rhc slcnt*nrh clnrur) r<br />

dissiation ol sensibilily el in, fsn which qe htve nerer rcoovcredi ald thh<br />

di5sidion, s is narudl. D6 agAr.t.ted by rhc inltu€ne <strong>of</strong> the t*o noe<br />

poser6l pds <strong>of</strong> tlE ccnur): Milbn lnd orldcn [&h <strong>of</strong>rh* mcn Frlodcd<br />

cerbin poeric tunction! so maediffcein, *ell ft41 the dagnnud. <strong>of</strong> tne .fidd<br />

@nc€.j.d th. .bsne <strong>of</strong> otire6. Th. lsguagl *.m on dd in $me respc.ls<br />

imprcv.di lh. bd v.N <strong>of</strong>coltinc Gny. JohMn .nd dm Coldsm<strong>it</strong>h $thfi6<br />

en. <strong>of</strong>our fastidioN d.mands bens $.n lhal <strong>of</strong> Donn€ or Ma.ll or King But<br />

*hil. Ihc lhguge t.s. moE Efin.d. lhe f*ling b@n€ moF crud. The

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f€lme. rhe ssibiliy, exlesd<br />

in $c coldr, Ch,'c,r,r'l (lo e) nolhins ot<br />

Te..yson dd Brc*ning) cflder di.n ddr in $c CoJ Nlr5turs<br />

's<br />

Eliot conknded lh.t nodcm potls l<strong>it</strong>e corbieE sd LaforsG had<br />

aroided the disiolion <strong>of</strong> scnsibil<strong>it</strong>t' Ccncinlv fiev hcd a consideBble innutnce<br />

o. Dlioq dd d. codbin d effer <strong>of</strong>th' influcnce <strong>of</strong> Hopkini Y€als Pound d0<br />

Eliot hd beeo po€nt (ElioL l976:287'88)<br />

1.a.3 Irp.MnrIrY ot Po.lry<br />

whal hapFns h a @nrinusl surcndct ol himslf!s he h at rhe mdmen o<br />

soodhin& which is noE v.lu'bl' thc pmsrc$ <strong>of</strong> an ankl is 0 coniinul sell:<br />

srifi€ ,a otti.u.l cxtinclio <strong>of</strong> Pt&nalilt 'P@rtv<br />

is nor t tu'nin! loose or<br />

.6otid, bu1.n sF 6on cmorioii ir b nol the cxpEsion <strong>of</strong> p€Mmln' bur $<br />

*p.6on pcMdnv. (Eliol 1976:I7 2|]<br />

1.a.4 Objcriv.Co[.briv.<br />

Th€ @ly way <strong>of</strong>dpa$inS.norio in ti. fon<br />

@lative": in otld vqd. . st oa o<strong>bt</strong>tli a<br />

shall b€ fi. aomula <strong>of</strong> rhar /rrLr,ar .notio:<br />

shich nus t diMr. in ensv exp.n.nc. e<br />

evok d. (Elio! I960r100)<br />

<strong>of</strong>an isby fi.dingf _obidive<br />

siru.rion. t chain <strong>of</strong> evenb trhich<br />

ilch lhar when rh. extem.l r!ds.<br />

g<strong>it</strong>d, tie .molion is imoenielY<br />

T.ad<strong>it</strong>io. is ! mdtcr olmuch *id.r signific.nce ll cdnnot be <strong>it</strong>htrned and<br />

iflou wanl i. you nusr o<strong>bt</strong>.in <strong>it</strong> bv greol Itbour' ll involv's in fie u6r<br />

p|ee, $e hislorical *ns which wc m.v cdll nearlv indispensble to<br />

anyone who would contilu.lo bc a po.t bcvond his twentv'nfih veai md<br />

the hisloical scns invoNes ! p.Mplion' noi onlv <strong>of</strong> fie pednes <strong>of</strong> lhe<br />

p€s! but <strong>of</strong> <strong>it</strong>s preenc.i th. hislorictl ene dmp'k a dd ro wire not<br />

meEl! s<strong>it</strong>h hh own le..mrioi h his bonei bul *ilh a feelins rhd rhe<br />

rnob <strong>of</strong>lhc l<strong>it</strong>lmlut <strong>of</strong> EuoP. fM Homd 'nd sirhin <strong>it</strong> rhe rYhole <strong>of</strong> the

---

heBtue othi! oln .ounrt has d simulunodus c\ilrlnce dnd nnposos '<br />

sirolhneous order' This hislorical snse *hich is a ss€ <strong>of</strong>the lim'lcss<br />

6 sll 6 <strong>of</strong>thc lenPodl sd <strong>of</strong>$e ti6el6s sd oirhc tcmlonl rogdhd<br />

is d mt6 . wir.r lmdirioMl And ir is ar rhc ffc rin' $h'r mak$ a<br />

w .nosl&uLlycoisiousoihispl@einrime olhisconl'mpoEetrv<br />

No poer no anisr <strong>of</strong> iD ln. hrs hn comllelc meanine alon' His<br />

sisn<strong>it</strong>im@. his eptei.rion is lhe lt9ccidtim or his Ehlion b ihe d'rd<br />

pG$ md !ftists. You snnot Ele hio al<strong>of</strong>tl vou nun set him for conrEt<br />

od @npdison, dong dre ded lmeurhis iso prinoipleo<strong>it</strong>{hcnc' nor<br />

n€elt histodqL cnricism (Elio! 1960:49)<br />

15 Workl.g De,ldlioN ol ibe ltmrt (so!rce: oxrdrd ralkina Didionart cD)<br />

inro hs vsrioussimple<br />

An.lysis istho rcsolulion ot brdkingup<strong>of</strong>sodelhingcomplex<br />

a.m""r.; rr'" decniiad; <strong>of</strong> $' elemcnb or cooponco$ or smdn'ns<br />

"uo ln rhr lield ul I'tr'ruc<br />

@D16, hcnc a 'rltflsr o{ th'lsllol:(h tnop'rtr'on<br />

ir mN cririLd eMin rM <strong>of</strong> t lrrdrv @mpos<strong>it</strong>ron In orcer b b'ins oLl<br />

clenots or s1tldure .lo nighlidtiry the conelalion <strong>of</strong> the coopoiens'<br />

'!f,nrll<br />

Lon

---

!o e<strong>it</strong>i.im. skilall ar or .nea8d in ctnic<strong>it</strong>n. 6p <strong>of</strong> lihIuE or di<br />

E{ual (iricGm. Involvi.s caatul judgmenl or obseBaiionr nie. 'rad'<br />

Make d appdiel <strong>of</strong> the *onh <strong>of</strong> $dethin$<br />

bolh advdbgcs tnd lidiEtions Emphaizc rhc !ic{s olrurhornid llong }i$ onct<br />

p.uon0l opinion. Evoluaion is a calculaion or salon.nl <strong>of</strong> imponec. on the basis ol<br />

l<strong>it</strong>ssy .nr!sir. h lins al t llinB rhe lil€dl wonhor v.lucola give, l<strong>it</strong>dey piece.<br />

1.5.5 lapsrFnrl<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong> Poelry<br />

1-o inpeenaliz. . rhins is b bas n on .xrcml or objeriYe dliri.s i e d bascd on<br />

th. id6 prcvailins only in one s nind: h.nce impe@idl<strong>it</strong>l <strong>of</strong> Podrv n o B te<br />

app@ial€ ud judse p.lry nol meked <strong>bt</strong> lery much teMnal ide.s ild i*lings,<br />

nth.r. $n is b b. sd in lhc fish <strong>of</strong>tll. siwn ouaid. circumsbcs<br />

Tn..ction <strong>of</strong> pulring d $udrins lwo or noF rhinss sidc by side in odq to.onpaE<br />

.!rl d.lud€ lncm q<strong>it</strong>icdly.<br />

|,5,7 Objdliv. co.rel.liv.<br />

in the light ol iB nud, orltiliry, includin!<br />

Tn lgn cd b. defined s s obicr. *c.t, etion, rhoql , d adlin8 Ftuinins<br />

to or<br />

considqed in rcldion lo ils ori Eal<strong>it</strong>tiobjeliv€ cor.llrivc Fnains ro an obj.d or<br />

od $ a @e <strong>of</strong>lolioi. Objdiv. corclalile Fotidcs bdm€ b€twc.n the o!$ ed<br />

.llet or M etion o evcn. ln Elid's Nn *ords: Tfi. onlt stv oatspEsing €morio.<br />

in thc fod or rn is by lindin! u 'objerive C<strong>of</strong>tlaive" i i. olhd words, a sct or<br />

obj@Ls, a s<strong>it</strong>u.tion, a chdin <strong>of</strong>qdts vhioh shall be the fomub oa lhlt pdniculcr<br />

1l

---

.oorion; snch lh.r $hcn r!. cxtedal facls *nich mud l€dinale in r3t! c\IEn'ne<br />

@ givd, die .dotion is ibnedi.ielv cvolci ll is in f4r an rnistic rchnique <strong>of</strong><br />

EpKndng or .vokin8 a Daniculd enorioo bv meds <strong>of</strong> slntols which becdmc<br />

indicative <strong>of</strong>$atemolion dd tre 6s@i!led wilh n<br />

Poctic 6ds oa or p€tui.ing to pocls o' pclDi h ins charccr'ri$ics ol or<br />

lpproprirte 10 pocl! or Doetrvi eleval?d or su blime in expE$ion ll i3 ! pin ol li1eftiv<br />

oilicish rhal d.als *irh poorryilhe b6oh ol knosledae lhd desls wnh the tchntquEs<br />

r.5J Rali.i rld orDblry<br />

Rdlkn idplies lh. desqiplion or things condilio's and lhoughts 's il h: and<br />

complexiry is rhc dc$ription <strong>of</strong> rhe dimctrhic\ rnd intirxllct ol I \o'ho rnr<br />

civilianion. Eliol in his pcrrv iseidb harc nied to dcpict ahe sd calisric p'crurc<br />

<strong>of</strong> ihe pobl.m <strong>of</strong> his .e. lnhCsyd Ihc Me|aph,sist Pods h' *rnes: lcb r<br />

"fincd<br />

sensibil<strong>it</strong>y. musl ptsdue vsious md ondcx resuhs The po'l m!$ be'ome more<br />

ou. cavilildion mos hG dimcufi. or civilision s @6plq<strong>it</strong>t plating upd a<br />

compdhensive, moF allusive, more indnsr in o'!er to rorce (o<br />

cuhivat alllhe Po$ibil<strong>it</strong>ies <strong>of</strong>rords in otdor to cxpress'nriElv ncw cond<strong>it</strong>ionj'<br />

t.s.ro Sodbll!16l Utrifioriotr /Dlsocl.llon ot<br />

The phre 'unific.tion or snsibiliries mcane ro mabaDate $iur or id'6 in oder<br />

ro bnns lhed bgerhd inio a single i c3dcd or hmoniqs whol' or Stoup<br />

on rhe<br />

comrary I'r di*irE lhincs o. idas <strong>it</strong> ro *poar€ th'd fon on' mod& in ones<br />

mind I. w <strong>of</strong> Eliott perry dd c<strong>it</strong>icisd' such unifiolio' md dhsiaiion ot<br />

ensibilidcs i,e..molions and resns drc lo be obsned cn'cary<br />

12

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,5,1 I Tr.dilion (lir.r.ry)<br />

Thc word rhd<strong>it</strong>ion is uscd by Eliot in <strong>it</strong>s dymmic sense To h'n <strong>it</strong> dds not me0n<br />

n.Ely ro follo* th€ past id.s lnd rnuab 6lhet e, but to cary oh th. ben nulland<br />

i&.s <strong>of</strong> D.tl f6t by Sciing .bstt d into tfio tnd rhcn mPovina upon lh.m<br />

aeoldingblhen.eds<strong>of</strong>one\olnas€.InEliolsornNords: iTrad<strong>it</strong>ionhihanq<strong>of</strong><br />

much Nider sisrifi€ncc.lr cdoor bc jihcriLd, and<br />

'a!o!<br />

sd n you musl obbi. n b)<br />

Crear labour. Ir i.volves, in rhe lid placc fi. hiiorisl sen$- *hich wc mat call<br />

n@ly indist€.eble ro eyon. who would donlinue to b€ a poet bctodd hh $enly-<br />

nnh y.ar ; o.d thc hisloical *ns involles 6 Dec.pdon. nor o.ly <strong>of</strong> the paslles ol lhe<br />

Fsl, bur oliB prcsnc€ irhe hinorical *n* conrp.ls, mrn ro \rirc not m!rcll \ilh<br />

his o*n gcneratioi in his boies, bu snh ! iiclinS thal the shole <strong>of</strong>$e lilenlurc or<br />

E(ope r@6 Homer and wi$in ir lh. whol. <strong>of</strong> rhe l<strong>it</strong>eBroc oa his own mnq has a<br />

siBull-'tEesqista€od o simulb@us odcr. rhis histori€l*ne. which k a$.s<br />

<strong>of</strong> the rin.le$ 6 s.ll 6 <strong>of</strong>rhe &mporil ud <strong>of</strong>$e rimeless and <strong>of</strong>thc cnpoml<br />

ogaher. is whar nakes a w<strong>it</strong>cr radirional. And ir is ar rhe eme rime wh{ makes a<br />

qilcr mosl euEly m$ious <strong>of</strong> his phE ii line, <strong>of</strong>his oq @nlenpoaeily.'<br />

r.6 Rdmneing Eliol'r Cndc.l Corepr!<br />

AlthouSh rhe cririoal con€prs rak.D r'r<strong>of</strong>r EtioLs dil!ren! urnicat prcse wo*s arc<br />

various in theirrodinS, r clo* l6t. thct sem tosun.mergc into rtro bmd ecneEl<br />

@€gon6. Objedre <strong>of</strong>tLtive dd Disssiatiortu,inolion ol sensibiliried N<br />

etually pcds <strong>of</strong>den te.e6lcaregory i e, lmpeMn6l<strong>it</strong>y." Wh.E s conplerily, in<br />

ns very dluE, is pan <strong>of</strong>fi. otlEr gcncdlcdegoD i.e. -Lir.mrJ T.adirion . Hen(crhe<br />

tnesis is divid.d i.ro t*r main .de8o es ol Eu<strong>of</strong>s c rical &ncets nmetJ-.<br />

'lmpenon.lily and *L<strong>it</strong>erary Trad<strong>it</strong>ion . Under the main hcddins <strong>of</strong>e0.h <strong>of</strong> these<br />

corEFs, rll <strong>of</strong>iq clcvrnt sub$nc.p6 nsve b€.n sdi.d ard drlts€d tor $.n oM<br />

sl{. md for lbe sle <strong>of</strong> binging up rhe rslhs ol rhet mrin cal.gory.<br />

This rescarch study rcnds ro invesigare rhc ingenious Inenry cainons <strong>of</strong>T.S.<br />

Eliol and lhereby b analls rnd cvlluate his pcFy i. juxirros<strong>it</strong>ion wifi hn c i€l<br />

13

---

@nerts. T.S. Eliot, who is icblly said to h.!e ben $e lcoding l<strong>it</strong>ins pet or the<br />

EnSlish st alins wld <strong>of</strong> 20rh Cdtury (Hud$n:295) is cq@llv r BBl crir'c lm<br />

"Elior h6 b.en the mo$ gin d Md no$ innucnliallile6rv criiic in English in fie 20lh<br />

Century - tcry l<strong>it</strong>.ly th. b.n sincc coLrids.'(Ncmtn ls48). Elid fi' FEr{t<strong>it</strong>ic<br />

h6 nol dnly conributed ro rhe pmiswonh! stck <strong>of</strong> En8lhh poctv but 5ho mtde<br />

siz.blc addnio. ol ingeniou! criric.l concpti ;n lhc twe.d.tn cfllurv lh'm@ For<br />

thc ede <strong>of</strong> tod.y <strong>it</strong> is. Mns <strong>of</strong> inldstiDs onc.d io cxplio<strong>it</strong>lv frnd t liots (<strong>it</strong>ic'l<br />

conc.ps in his oqn pdry' This !ial)'lic.l 'tsech dv will be olimncns h.lp b<br />

dctcmin. wherh€r T.s Eliol hd irult nainhined his individual cr<strong>it</strong>isl corccpt in hh<br />

oqn poetly, md il ycs, lo shdt eircnt od how.<br />

1.6 Purpose orth. Stldy:<br />

T.S Eliot bolh os o poel and s a qnic. holds powertul pos<strong>it</strong>ion in diilercnl<br />

gen6 oa English l<strong>it</strong>eduE. Thr bllt ol criricisn on his criricism and pclry is an<br />

elidene <strong>of</strong> $e fet thar h. infludced thc nend <strong>of</strong> cr<strong>it</strong>icism dd lhal <strong>of</strong> poctry <strong>of</strong> hk<br />

comsnpod) aae dd on\dd. _Undcr rhc s\ar oa r s l:lior's ltrrhorb ,oca 3n\<br />

lihid <strong>of</strong>po.lry marted b] verba I richDes ,nd buoyrncy<strong>of</strong>ipirir...(Hudson 295). And<br />

6 Tilal (p.) trrn.s -H. .chi*rd didincrion rnd rielded onside.abl. inluencc in<br />

@h <strong>of</strong>lh. ,i.lds he *dk d. S6h a gqt pcl.qhic rho* wo , 6lh. hisrorirns<br />

mainrain, impFscd qgcs and gen.ntions in rhe ficld ol hcmturc. otreE in his o"n<br />

riglrE . sious sldt <strong>of</strong> his own so i i.c. p@ry dd onidm i. order ro $r rhe<br />

application <strong>of</strong>hh in8cnious c.nicalconc.prs i. his poetry. Asa c.<strong>it</strong>ic he uulcd pocty<br />

ro b. evclu.red i. rhe lighl <strong>of</strong> panicula Incray cenons which hc hihsll .nunciac!<br />

i,e. edenc ebmentienph6is on $e inponance ol Inemrv kad<strong>it</strong>ion: imperonalny <strong>of</strong><br />

pocby; objc[v.- c<strong>of</strong>tlatjrq @li.n $d cmplq<strong>it</strong>tj rh. shapin8 sFnn <strong>of</strong>im4indion<br />

dd cldsicbm (Elior:1920, 1957), Such a criri@l study will enabl. us to Aceft.in thc<br />

l<strong>it</strong>cnry F&li€lil<strong>it</strong>y od v!fidny ol Eliol s nryly fod.d djta€l @efli Ar his<br />

pockt is called.soreric, whichhehim*lfclaimcd iriobe so. h not esy fora layman<br />

ard.r to lind dr if Elior h6 in r tnE es. pui inio parice hh ffin3ly dilticolr<br />

lnd denandin8 poeiic concepls. Henc. a lomaL $rious reseaah work <strong>of</strong> a ccndin<br />

fusninl(b is Fquicd ro e.t ro rhc mclusion vdiryins th. pFcri.al *onh <strong>of</strong>tlioas<br />

c<strong>it</strong>iGl{uo-poeric @nept!. fius l@king ar rhe sisrilicane <strong>of</strong> the prcbl.m, I hlve

---

$l.ded fo, nysclf lo e$iblish T s.Eli<strong>of</strong>3 plscc lhDusrh d e!l'$is cvlldion ed<br />

juxr.pos hion <strong>of</strong> his cridql @nccpls *<strong>it</strong>h h i3<br />

A3 r Polilic sd incisile wn&r, Eliol h6 to his c'edila r4u'd bodvorlilcory<br />

Botk: ctirisl d w.ll s FErical As a 'rnir' hr Propounds<br />

nme oven :e dl<br />

depts. This 'lMnh nddv etins s@8th lon lk ssumption $ar Eliol sm3lo<br />

hlvc dollen ! @ven oMmE bcr*d his cnli@l @iolios ad pcti€l<br />

@c.ti!. Th<strong>it</strong> sdprio ri.dns to prcpcl fiis rcsaEh s s b wm<strong>it</strong>' a @ whll<br />

.xL Elior hN scceed.d in €volving t dppon b'tren his 'nical coldrioB tnd<br />

T. S, Eliol is oo doubl a mdxidiodlionll lil.dry fisuE' He isequallv dnked hiSh in<br />

d. thd diff*nl CpnEs ol likooE i e Feq dd! and crnichm He h rdoos to<br />

hlvc giv.n nd Ends in tll rh. l|lc .fotrmnlion€d lihrv loms Althoulh rc<br />

r.ow &d.vlluatc Elior's lih.v rchi.v.m.nr s a whole one ne€ds o $udv ctiriclllt<br />

all rh. fir romi h. s6os.d his dFni* in llov*er' ror I PhD lcv'l Esen<br />

srud,, <strong>it</strong> is dificui ro include all thst Eliol pm'ri€d in his life Th'Eforc' rh'<br />

rcsarcha d.ens ir benning b lim<strong>it</strong> hids.li onlv ro lhe compamlive st[dv ol his<br />

oiical nolions a.d hh poetrv Sincc the bsic modc <strong>of</strong>ihe $udv is qualhativ'' thc<br />

rigorous criical ealysis olrle two $leclcd lbms. in juxEposnion lould b€ adcquare<br />

ro g.t lo an ac.ePbble objcclire oncllsion Fsltdins lhe specifio 'eseh que$ion s'l<br />

|,l I S.&crio! or Mddi.l<br />

Sin*lhcstudy, in hsd, isaqualilaliv. rcaarch rvo*, icorous dcductivc inabrk is ro<br />

bc don. orth. selecrcd pGms <strong>of</strong>T S Eliot ordei ro tnow ud undqeand thc Sivcn<br />

'n<br />

cilical conc.prs, .ll the c<strong>it</strong>ical wo s <strong>of</strong> Eliot have been includcd in lh' sudt'<br />

Ho**.r, $e nain rocus has ben on lh? casavs likc tadl" hdivtd@l fal'rt<br />

'nA<br />

Th. Melophrsicrl Poes sd Honlet anll Hi! l'tublds n ehicll the ncilon ol ftc<br />

15

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@in cdicrl cotc.pG b f@trd A li3l <strong>of</strong> $e tmi' *otks undq lrudv It grv'n<br />

.re S@.d t4ood llF.2j).ltfi6: rtb'r dd Faba r 'ld<br />

A14 StMg! cods (r9t4), lnidon: Faber dd !!bcr Lrd'<br />

On P@,ry an ! Poel! (r951)'land6: Flbd tnd Faber trd<br />

n, Ibv so's olJ .ttrcd Pn{r@* ( 19091 I )<br />

Se.wy tuns tle Nistui"Eals (t913)<br />

C1IAPIIR TWO<br />

METHODOI]OGY<br />

Si@ rnc 3n dy in h4d is c.n@flEd s<strong>it</strong>h lilctrt htrqi'l' F'd<strong>it</strong>g ol trhr'n od'r'rl<br />

* *** *r* " U*"t **rt dd flido€ As dl rh' cdlivc dd cndcil<br />

$*r <strong>of</strong> th. sira in que5rioc <strong>it</strong> TsDlio! @ eotd'd in b@15 'nn $ is thc<br />

criricis d his torl$. il @ suibbl' to oddts lh! prcbl'n dcacn/iv'ly Th' pwnr<br />

16

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srudy is codfined b ddys adt d.lu . Eliol 3 .pplicltion <strong>of</strong>his cndd enccDrs on<br />

his wn tctty. Th.efoF, ilr. Etuhd sugnt b lpprMh fi' I'dks ol bolh thc<br />

wict ud thos. <strong>of</strong>oths d<strong>it</strong>ios csrsilllv lhost 'no htv' opin€d on thc pE icdbilhv<br />

olEliol s individualidc6 This {tetundcd rh. i.vsslisdorlo vh<strong>it</strong> li<strong>bt</strong>dies in s'nch for<br />

rclcvdt b@ks, rese.rch pap€6, magdines. joumtls and thcsis re,ons e|. havrng<br />

mltqial oi rhc rclev.nl lopic Thh. fon.llt spcakins mtd' fie pr'senl wo*<br />

_Des6iprive Rcse!rch {hich 'nd<strong>it</strong>rl\ cdl: tur lihrJq *ar!h J J!sl' $!l<br />

'D.siDtiw Rcsch mav b€ in Lds oas@.rs dd c'iliql sallsis <strong>of</strong> lvailablc dlrr<br />

in pri .d affi (whinEv:1950: l7E) Whnn'r' 'xplainins the r}! <strong>of</strong> d'$tiplilc<br />

Es4h. sys th.l this ncltDd is fs1 lindins .lds *irh suilt<strong>bt</strong>e insFcralion or rh'<br />

e.iv.d d.ta. lt al$ inrcN.n Hicotiql R.eNh" in lh' pms <strong>of</strong> gcn<strong>it</strong>S to tn<br />

r@pr.ble conclosion. soth dcscriptivc .nd h<strong>bt</strong>oical rr!€s <strong>of</strong> @eh riq!'nrlv<br />

apply lhc t chnique or loolorDstlcilre Inf.r'lca io inlead od explai! tht lilcrorv<br />

d6la Hence, lhavetlkd asxeardeal<strong>of</strong> hcLplionfiededudivers$n'ngrolormuiac<br />

ed suppon my poinl <strong>of</strong>tifl since ihe elcvail dah collad to mnducr the sludv 3rc<br />

all qullibliv., rhe ralyiol lools uscd !o i.fer fie rcsulll N aho qulilaiv' l*'<br />

.xplhni@s ud im.rpdtrims Thc d.tl *cc not oha<strong>it</strong>ed dlv film the<br />

'vlillblc<br />

prinrd tui.rill bui. in addnio. b th<strong>it</strong> $t cl.vrnl nar€dal tdcalv avaibblc on<br />

tnledd 0lso hclp

---

and rcprced conc.ptslhtt na! t l. on gEal{ oi les$r valucs' Qual<strong>it</strong>4ire dtb cxrs<br />

in rne fod <strong>of</strong> *or&, md 6ic!t consist ol d'bil€d dcaription <strong>of</strong> siludiots' *"rs<br />

Fople, i.l.@tio.s. dd ob3.d€d b.hcviouci di@l quor'aions lrcm p€opl' $out lhetr<br />

.xp€rio€s, anludci b.li.6, dd lhowl s; dd exerpl! or oliF p$eges rM<br />

deunents, rerds, and ce hisrorics " Rtfiqle and Mir<strong>bt</strong>h {41) alco quore Rlns<br />

(2mo)on rhe tunclion<strong>of</strong> qulirolir.Es@h in rhesimilar qa! fh'v sov {)ualirarive<br />

dsmh is eid b deal w<strong>it</strong>h $e m.'ning_mking dd inleQ*taridn <strong>of</strong> dtla ll mainlr<br />

dph$i6 tte n..d lor muliple rding socNE dd holistic dltsh '<br />

ln Q@l<strong>it</strong>lt<strong>it</strong>e ds@h- *. do nor dm al ollsrins a g@r '6ou'r <strong>of</strong> dtb bul lhe<br />

ihtensiry oimalysis is fsirlv nore $sn don' on fie qudiEtive dau 'rhe lisour <strong>of</strong><br />

ual}liol ptcs ntr6 d. difcMce bdwc{ $e Eshs <strong>of</strong> the t*o lpprcehs ot<br />

dab @ll@iion. "Quali€ile 'tgrch sks deDth mther rht' bFadrh ln$dd or<br />

d6*ins lmm . l&g. cp|wnl.tirc sple <strong>of</strong> d cnlne pop arid <strong>of</strong> int'dr'<br />

qualilativc Psarcbes st to scqui@ in_deFh ud inlinak in'orn'lion abour a<br />

sman* goup oi p€r$ns (Anb€n 't al s!()) ln lhis studx lhougL l htv' slsr'd '<br />

f.w po.ms <strong>of</strong> Eliot, rhey tE the lonecsl dd oo$ fmous <strong>of</strong> his ton! nunb€r <strong>of</strong> pcds<br />

TlE d.tul sd tigorous ealvsis snd 'valuttion thal I have ntd' o<br />

wi$ U. purPosc ol me$odisll, dd €Efullt exani* dv {olk bv d individul<br />

srir.r. lh. oririnal solk is relid''l dooulhlv alon! w<strong>it</strong>h ! v! etv ol $nid works<br />

*dttcn on rhc ongin.l *od Exsining @'rmpotrv dd lds crni€l aD06isls<br />

helps cv.luale fi. gcneol qualiries ed lirib or rhu podiouldr lirera') *ork irr rh!<br />

tutlns ol linc Th@fd, a tult Mge o' biosEplio! @@s lnd h<strong>it</strong>roridl<br />

b&kground lbo dc siv.n aulhor and fi' r'spdive period mav be covered b 6tke<br />

sut filt rhe d.lvsis is @mpter. Hde ! hlvc thooughlv iudi'n $e *le'r€d rd*s<br />

olT s Elior a1on3{nha varielv <strong>of</strong>$irictl$orks prcdu€d fiom time lo rine ldusinB<br />

sDeially rhc sLded cdliv. *ort bv Eliol'<br />

Sid thc E*Nh qo d hdd is psnlt Hisc'iol al' l hav' us{ rhe rqorrd<br />

rohniques and .lenen$ <strong>of</strong>hGtoticil me$ods 1o efr' lo d @plabl' conclusio! <strong>of</strong><br />

$e rhcsis. Histdidl mcrhod is ued to codud lntEry FeNh bv 33rhsin3 ind<br />

1a

---

ealrzing hisbncal cvidene on lhc given isue TIEE d four ItF <strong>of</strong> hislo'isr<br />

.videne: primd, sources. sndary sources. nnning rccords and acoll6tion'3' I<br />

hrw elied nodly on piDary 5u'6 wlich aE :l$ slled @hival d& be!u* me)<br />

ar kept in musems, orchives, libmiet or privaE 6ll{ions in the rom <strong>of</strong>b@ks'<br />

joumals.lh.$s,rcsc4hpapers.pmphlcls dtutspupts'N1or0iupJil!tr!!ir3trrl<br />

ro rhe sod in bltck lnd *hn., thougn modem \als <strong>of</strong>hisro.i'8mph) ctn deagc '<br />

u ety <strong>of</strong> medium lo look inb rh. de h olrhe dara ola given wo . For d lhorcugh<br />

c.iriel stud, s@nd!ry $s6 @ al$ u5.d rhich s rhe c<strong>it</strong>iol rotts <strong>of</strong> 6rh'r<br />

w sr/hhtorids. In ce <strong>of</strong>lhh studx rh. p.imar! suEe <strong>of</strong>lh. &ra is tlc oriSinal<br />

wo&swtucnbyT. S. Eliot binslr. dd fic @nddv source is ftec<strong>it</strong>icism made on<br />

his *orks by a counlls nunbq ol c<strong>it</strong>ics orq fic ime Runnin3 Notds a<br />

d@umenrarie! nainrain.d by privale or nonpronr orsanianions Rsdllections aE<br />

autobioSraphiq n ooid or oral hislo.i.t w<strong>it</strong>h lhc h€lp <strong>of</strong> visorcus Dtllsis or<br />

d<strong>it</strong>r Fm pans, I havc ried lo infer rh. prsence ot <strong>of</strong>i€vie <strong>of</strong> a siven coMpl ii<br />

To aMlyz. cndcally the colleted data, $. de$iptive icch.ique or Deductrvc<br />

lnfsen€ w6 choscn lo g.r 10 r *llndln.d conllusion. Dcducrive rewh moves<br />

l'm gcn.ml idatddi.s lo +.cifc c r{nicolf snu.tions: tnc p.nicuhr is deluc.d<br />

arcm fie sene6l, e.g. brcad thcories.In *e <strong>of</strong>rhissudn the gcnemlrhsics e I s<br />

Eli<strong>of</strong>s @nepls <strong>of</strong>'lmp€snal<strong>it</strong>y md'Licrdy Trudilim ,6&ned oul.atlis, and<br />

rh.) dc lo be nudiei/omllsed in pMicular s<strong>it</strong>uarions {hich ar.liliott selectcd pens<br />

ln-depth .nd risotuus .nallsh <strong>of</strong> the sl€led poems. lor thc given conccl* h rhc<br />

r.in o.c.m <strong>of</strong>this sludy. "Wh mat6 thoy vlluablc to s is th. qotlily ed d.p$<br />

<strong>of</strong>ns .n.lysis, dd thc conmnme ro which lhll tolrsis may lcod @ a soodary<br />

For example, lner obsrvinS a considcrublc numbq or a poors toenN Oanicllaf<br />

tirodionr) for a givc. thfle o @nepl, *. mry infcmtiall' dcludc dal lhe *hdl.<br />

poeEy or r mljor ponion ol th. poedy ot lhe per, undd study. frav be o.d.d wnh<br />

the gi!.n rhme or mnepl or o$flise, This typc <strong>of</strong> medod cs be applicd on ey<br />

19

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l<strong>it</strong> dry lorn tnd bv Fl@ing d acccpnbl' e|nPlc (i' a pide or n€m $'t snows rhc<br />

qualil) or condkion <strong>of</strong>lhe Nhol. fom \hich i1i' r 'n)'fplxlr'lntn\'fr\'l\'r<br />

.ssys.rc .nd b) co.ductina cetul and risoous deducrive anabs<strong>it</strong> *' cd sFlt or<br />

rh. ovd all impressio. l€ohnique, philoephv or on, olher l<strong>it</strong>d'rv tendencv 'n lh'<br />

rolk oia gilcn l<strong>it</strong>edry aaisl In th.sc cos's qc infer' or reach a con'lusion bas'd oi<br />

ob$dations. Tnc obsedations or suopti<strong>of</strong>t oi {hich qe bae the infffic+rhc<br />

pcencc <strong>of</strong> . Biro tnen or @ncefl in c pcm. _ @nst<strong>it</strong>ut $e pMrs (scotn6<br />

IDF which enclEion is dE*n) or ssMp$ons<br />

Major Panis:Allnen @ monll<br />

Minor Prcmire: s@rates is a man<br />

Dcdlctiv. Conclusion: Th*fore s<br />

E{opL Rcd.!..d (PMiculo h @ <strong>of</strong> fi. undcnal?n sd) r:<br />

lmpcrbnal<strong>it</strong>y is dei.ed 6 the appltcdtrodu* or<br />

obj{rive way such thal lhe ocdrnS o! m.sase<br />

wirhoul th. peMnal @nmentlrv on dc pln <strong>of</strong> tnc<br />

wo.ds, rmrg.s and rymbR cn<br />

ola given poem aPPeats on bood<br />

T S Eli<strong>of</strong>s prm arz ,t'dle zdl is maltcd r i$ fic u$ ol $o'ds imager sd s''nbols<br />

in rn obj*tivc *!y such $d rhc n@ins or mesae or a sild pcm tpp{E on<br />

bor.d w<strong>it</strong>lour dE rs$ml @nndbrv on th. ptn <strong>of</strong>fi' Fd<br />

fh. p.c6 nL W6k Lod et'i.res Eli<strong>of</strong>s co.ctpt <strong>of</strong> lnp€Fo'olrlv<br />

In lhis logical ne$od <strong>of</strong>deduclivc inleenc.. lhe prcmies helF galher cvid'ncc ot<br />

sugDod ro @ch m a@eptabl. mnclusionr howsv'r' this rlpc <strong>of</strong> suppo( €n hav'<br />

2A

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diiIeEnr srEngh and vatuc or {.igtuose. Th. scnBlh d ldh <strong>of</strong>an 'lsum'nr<br />

dcpends<br />

on |he po$ibil<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong> $. @clusion rh.rh6 ii is toe or nor' Msiderins all ol rh'<br />

pEniss ro b€ .ll lrle lf deming $c pEmiss o be ttue m'k6 il bjshly prcbat're<br />

thdt rhe conclusio. aho woul{t be tue, lhe aisudenl is deducrivelv strone lllhoN'vcr'<br />

rhc supposirion that tllrh. p€mircs K !fle onl) 3ligndv incEss the prcbabilily rh'r<br />

the c<strong>of</strong>tlusion will bG do th. 6suor is d'ductivcl! *'*<br />

iohdsi (2()OO) h6 Eivci t sili€l revier ol Dork DonoglDel book on Elior'<br />

,'/,fttr,r/,8. ln th€ .nl otlhe EvicN, hc klks obout fi' method oonoshuq u$s<br />

ddrs dd d.lur. Eliots po.try' H' *<strong>it</strong>cs rhal Donodue'3 chosn mahodolosv B<br />

nalc each chaPler bAted on one olthe major wo&s <strong>of</strong> Elior' such as Prurruck or Ash'<br />

Wcdncsd.y clc, dd lhd lh. chosqn pod n $kcn s lh' stnibg Doinl lo onsidd ud<br />

cvalui. dt poa s srrle and rlpuCli Ho{cvo Donoshw\ a!o@h is d lim<strong>it</strong>ed<br />

only 10 lilemry ctnicism h. als speoks on Elio'scuhu6land social viess fos verv<br />

broad and Sencfal Point<strong>of</strong>!is<br />

CHAPTf,R TIIREE<br />

LITERATURE RT!'IDW<br />

Thc @ntibulio <strong>of</strong> thc cEatiw w 'E who htv' applied th'n c<strong>it</strong>iol felhies h6<br />

O-" '.,y ""r"*r" ro. -v r t"'"t*e Tnen wo&s bolh celi ve 'nd cr<strong>it</strong>icll has helped<br />

*. """".*.,nt *U t" -t"a 8cn'r'1ions ap9@idtc eflicrcY <strong>of</strong> ih' tpplictrion <strong>of</strong><br />

,n",, a'*" *-n- o*ti""d t *'n o*n c€ive Nolt The s<strong>it</strong>icr <strong>of</strong> $' diltcFnr<br />

2l

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es. thouth lm€nenldily in most cass. hdlc lllk'd lbout rh' rdth oide u*l<strong>it</strong>rncss<br />

<strong>of</strong>suchconqePls Thc crilics, qhile evlludiin! sdch worrs oldud o'cctn soncrimcsr<br />

grorly vary i. lhck judgmenb. Ho*cvd. I gseEl srudv ol $ch lib&y iEu6 rill<br />

deinialy h.lp in fomins ! sddal opinion obod the inpondce <strong>of</strong> such 6ks Thct<br />

h q lo.g lisl or such p.ct$un_cntics in EnElish lir'Eturc in pdnicular c g' sir Philip<br />

Sidn y, Johtr Drydcn, w illi4 wo.&wonh, s T colerids' P B Shellet and Mnhe\<br />

Tdcd hinoriqlly Sn Phil<strong>it</strong> Sidncv lops $' lin <strong>of</strong> th' pod{r<strong>it</strong>ics oi 'nlblish'd<br />

apurldon- During $e mid Re.ais$ce hdine reod Plalo s viers sbout the Ars'<br />

once a8ril lher. *d a biner cririckm ag0insl the prcphds <strong>of</strong> insDirltio' Sir Philrp<br />

Sidnc!. du.ing rh!t timc. did nor onl) p6'ticc \riring hir F*tJ bd did hh bcn to *o<br />

on s@d altinst th. e ctlLd opposirion 'gainsl Doerv "l Del'se oJ<br />

l\595)l<br />

'oelie<br />

tnoM in a slighrly dif.rcnt !.$ioa as 4n Apalostt for PNne t { qts a DFsc esat<br />

ttat 'de$rib.d the ndua ol perv 4d dcfend'rt ir {8aiNl Punb' objctions ro<br />

imalinativ. lnedture (En.ons 2OO4) ln this hi{oric rreolise hc iuslil'res thc<br />

imponncc <strong>of</strong>podrv and b.ienv demi'es lhe kids <strong>of</strong>po€Ev 'nd lllc EsF sibihics<br />

or Frts. tlc also dstibB..Min pinciplqs to iollo! in *r<strong>it</strong>ins Doeq ll$ce rhe<br />

du;l sodibulioi in oder to esbblhh requncd lnedv rr'nds' l his rvp3 <strong>of</strong> dual rolk<br />

h6 nevo <strong>bt</strong>q d 4d in <strong>it</strong>scll Thc nexr Ming lil@4 fisu6 haY' rcq rdiouslt<br />

l@ked upon rhe cft4v ol lh. onccpts dd Drincipld "unci't'd bv a p

---

thcr @ding ro h<strong>it</strong> crilical vicv vcF ni$ing in the {odr ol 'slicr pirs csF <strong>it</strong>llt<br />

in rh. exo<strong>it</strong> d and i.voluniaril) huhileeled mehphoricll lnd nsurarirc u$ <strong>of</strong> s<strong>it</strong> ol<br />

rhc oldi ncr.phtsiel eh@l sdic is lhc m.in f'duE <strong>of</strong> his Fpuldtv od

---

.quilib uo b! condirioninS or undoing s iniriai Plopos<strong>it</strong>ion througb a *ies <strong>of</strong><br />

dcpcndentclausesoraclev.ru$<strong>of</strong>paollclisn.Manrnhesis<br />

l'hn{ontwort<strong>of</strong> ?te<br />

livdi d/d€ P48 sel srandtrd <strong>of</strong> int4reradon for $e luture orilical an'mpls The w'v<br />

h. h6 dcfinen 6e creaiivc Dowo i. Oenius" Bhilc speaLng about Pop'k ideq ts a<br />

dcnniio. which could very popcny bc lpplicd to Joh@n\ ost idios)ncBric g'niuj<br />

(S. tcs, 2004:ll7)- Hu{tson (1961: 139) ha aho spoken <strong>of</strong> D' lohnsn s ole 3s a<br />

pdt ct<strong>it</strong>ic. He s's that Johnsn shid.d src.tncs borh 6 a ci<strong>it</strong>ic <strong>of</strong> lire lnd 6 |<br />

.riric <strong>of</strong> lir.mruE Sinc. Dr John$n tr6 . conlc^ ira lir'mo *irer' hir crnn:]<br />

tuons e al$ tad<strong>it</strong>iodllv sricl t d rulG lbiding follwinS Awuni<br />

'spciallt<br />

pr&ri* i. cr.alire &d cnfcd ,ppreh.r. dd h. onlv upheld <strong>it</strong>s claim bv diKr<br />

'or<br />

idr@tcy <strong>of</strong> ns ceons, bul ale onsi$.nnt oDDo$d cvery ext€rinenl in wh ich bdlad<br />

dival. he derecled signs <strong>of</strong>Eloh,8ainsl ir"(lludson l96lr16r) f s Eldhimelrhas'<br />

ar lengrh, evalu.ted Johnen s Eeniusds a pNi'corc<br />

1.5 Willi.o Word3{onh<br />

Similely willid w@dswonh's dlal @ntibulion hs 'ls b'd ciicis'd in<br />

ju$posnion A .lnber or l.m.i q<strong>it</strong>ics lik' STcoldidse FBds wEn3an'<br />

Fdcis JelfEy, willim Halnr sd orh.6 hNe verj minutlv @mpsed hi ptilic<br />

pmricc wirh his c.<strong>it</strong>isl @ons 6 pbpolndcd in Tlc Prelm to the Lvnal Ealtods<br />

ColEtidlt's Slogaphia L<strong>it</strong>eruria fl96ul<br />

in lhis respsr' rhows sielincd lidtt ro<br />

undcslmd dd *lluate wodsronht Fork Ahhousi the crealion oi the ramous<br />

Lrflel EoIa& (af t7s8) w,s rh. outcone ol lhe collaboEtdd efons <strong>of</strong> the two<br />

friends words*onh and Coleridse. laler on Coleridge\ vie*s wenl undq a hervv<br />

chdgc, h. sare up to conrom lo or rndoM Wordswonh s crnical onceDls lnd so<br />

crnicized rh.m esp€cjally in Crzp! er )fltl dnd XVM ot rne Lntatia Bjoqraphio'<br />

Ar Eseds rh. iaran nt obou th. choie <strong>of</strong> rusric chardts ud liic'<br />

Cohndg(t9o) poinc oul tld nol lll wods*oin! chmccr s chag lom lo* or<br />

runic tii.. Cha@tcu in pcms lik Rtth Michel The gtuth'4 ffiaorlowMdtusrtc<br />

in de !s!.1 e@pde <strong>of</strong>rhcs No'ds Scsndlv th'h ldalage md snlinetrs do nor<br />

n.ccsdly lie 6om lhen ode or Mulslion Th' adriFble qualilies {c note $<br />

rhc longuage and snrimens oa Wordswonh's chtt&td result rmm rie ccuss or<br />

indepcddenl induslrious lilc and a $lid rcligious'ducation aid nor hom lhenrutal Lrti<br />

24

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and ecupolion, or lh€ir coniemplarion <strong>of</strong>naiure' Resarding 6e sond sulmcnr or<br />

\tordsNonh, Coldidge obj€rs b $. viev lhal dc b'n pan <strong>of</strong> luguas' is &ived<br />

fiom $e obj4ts wilh which rhc Dsic hourlv comnunic es(197) Fisr' rerbal codad<br />

silhapc6on or an object involves aid ind icltes €necrion on il and $€ dvndic and<br />

vibra new diclion qill al$ emorse oul<strong>of</strong>rhiskind ordeprenedion'<br />

Bur irse rook<br />

ar $e oFl li|' od ondirions, rh'v do nor n@s<strong>it</strong>t d'mud sv such Efl4tYe<br />

i! quolilv and varietv The<br />

lhoughl, sd $at is rhv w. rnd rn€ nslics varbulorv<br />

ruslic p@ple cs @nrev onlv thc baEst facls <strong>of</strong> nltuF' &d nor ih' id@ and thoughs<br />

- oliveel la*! _ vhich rcsull fiom Efl*lion on slch facB Se@ndlv th€ bci p'n ora<br />

mst lssualF {rF not 6uh mdlv from comnunictrion silh mM' b$ fi<strong>of</strong>r<br />

cducarion, tiod $e nindt drellin8 o! nobh thoughb ud iJels ol the m'$r dLnd$<br />

ol hunmiry. \vhal.v& noble and pctic phoses words ind tdnsdd <strong>of</strong> wods aE<br />

nor dsivcd iioo nrlutE bul &om Fp'!t'd lislqins ro 7-d S',ble dd b tht smons <strong>of</strong><br />

noble dd iGpned pl*h.6. Coleddg€ (203) fi'n crilicizes wotdswonh\ vrc*s o!<br />

poetic diction Wordsroah 6sens rnlr fie languagc <strong>of</strong>podr] h i t sltclion <strong>of</strong>lhc Eal<br />

hneuagc <strong>of</strong> meo or fi. vcry lsguage ol men: a'd $d thcrc $s no 'si'l di|I'Mcc<br />

*t*-" ,t " ,-"'*. .f o.* ""d fial <strong>of</strong> po'lry - colctidsc retons 6't 'very od3<br />

lsgrl.ge vdics a@ding io lhe extent or hh knowledge' $c activnv <strong>of</strong> his tucullres'<br />

ana lhe Oept or quic*nes or ttis f*lines This applies 6 Buch lo tlt ldsurge ot<br />

flni6 s b lh.l <strong>of</strong> toqsmd; in bolh @3 $e Itnsuasc v!n6 frm p€Mn ro Dc6on<br />

cls to clN plec to plee To wordsw'nh\ contenion <strong>of</strong> "no csse'tial direrscc<br />

***n,r'" r""g*g."lpotttvtd$ar<strong>of</strong>prse Coleridge(213)Fplisrhalrhcrch_<br />

*.- O *O O'n -* *- t tnose pars ol wor&*onh *hich aE onsidecd moi<br />

wod$onhie fl.ne. col$idge quic *holdlv h6 ried ro cr<strong>it</strong>icrze vords*oni s<br />

poed) in fie lisirl ol wordwonhio slsd{ds<br />

'oot<br />

R*End Fr@is wd8@ (02) svs $ar wod'3ronh hd jusin'd hinslf in<br />

.xDc$ina lo\ so rusrrc I'lt in his po'rrJ - dd he ponmJ: ir' nor under ns<br />

;:":;;;.-.<br />

*rra* *" n*n. tt"*-' {nn clem'ndt ud dudblc sratc <strong>of</strong> momd<br />

"t 'n<br />

I'u*,4t.o. ,nt r<strong>of</strong>rs or nat@ " wEng@ inhtrevieworrh'<br />

-ro. -o<br />

"^*r<br />

O<br />

"On n * ,n" *'^ &knotlcdses Wordsworth s pnhe for haling dulv<br />

;;;;,;-', in poero lrcnch rcrrq r0{) rhough r bn neBlnve<br />

'dmn(<br />

l;';J, ;. ; ; ;'' ;''"'p'|ca o'| .^' *'|ccuon or n:rc 'ubi'd d'@ H' tr or<br />

bu, i'iruarion' onord'ng a\ nc rh'dr' ft'beq \oirrorrht$nncr

---

ftc viry lhat nosr <strong>of</strong> wdd$onh s @posnids e ndkcn *nh his o*n cnoie or<br />

diuml chdcr€F dd s<strong>it</strong>uations Willid llaltu {12 ) lhebic l! admi6<br />

Wordswonh! pdry <strong>bt</strong> svins th.r hc prc*ns bcs <strong>of</strong> the cfiafur€E $m5 and<br />

.v* td rhc ough dd wild Mturci h. shoss h<strong>it</strong> 8'nius <strong>bt</strong> cxlmc<br />

non ft. dad md died mou ainsi fi. aDpd'trllt m@ d lo* !E eldded 10 ihe<br />

heisiu <strong>of</strong> inagin.iion; his own E@llcrioi sh!06 ihc ugll into g6d and splddid<br />

objars; he 'l@s his utn6t todjovd.n c invisiblc bcauties or'oNE Torheqd<strong>of</strong><br />

his rnicle Htlin concludes thar ro lhc ru or <strong>of</strong> l'vricol Btllads n0lurc b'htves<br />

friendly dd nicl! 6 an)lhin8, fic whol. univc6e spPeris lo bea pc<br />

the pod. Every $und dd ev.ry imcgc in $e 0!ive!s inviie him to hke mspmnon<br />

nom md thercby to convtrt then into p.mancft lorm ol b€aulvi e pocliv loh' srud<br />

Mill ( 1 5) olF shares sme l.cliigs .bour Wodswodh\ p6lrv "His Doetrv tnerei<strong>of</strong>'<br />

oay be defined lo be his thoushra colourcd bv sd impresing lhemselvdbv means 0t<br />

emorions. Su.h pcrry. wordssonh h.s ecupied a lon! life in producing' And *ell<br />

.nd si*ly hd hs don $ Matlhe Amold (20) allo paises wods*odh's<br />

lnnhtulns b tne el@rion dd d.picrion ol lhc .l.mc.t <strong>of</strong> nauE in nL pcrrv He<br />

eys lhil basi@lly n G simplic<strong>it</strong>y ol naluE which in a timple *a) hos ben<br />

inco+onred in his pdry. *hich. in fact. has msde his pcu) $ Srdr ll' llnner e)s<br />

$4 word$torh hf ben mlv dd jovlollv <strong>it</strong>spircd bv rhc chtms <strong>of</strong> druE od d'e<br />

se inspidrion dd hy hG, in erum. hs tidl rc sn!re w<strong>it</strong>h a cmmon E der' Anolher<br />

ninelsth sNry crnic Willid Minlo (21) dcch<strong>it</strong>cl! spdks <strong>of</strong>$€ appli@tion or<br />

Word$ortn s mri@l @nepb rt srt5 tlt wordsuod h6 alw!'s elaluded his owd<br />

po€lry by sv€rely .pplyins his oln principlcs which h' icqudil, applied on lhe<br />

Doeq ol hh @nr€mDodies Puting up @ncluding renldrs fie aurhor <strong>of</strong> rhe<br />

Mntusol Encara Encrdopedio scts fial !s Wordsqonh\ work wa qu<strong>it</strong>e dilterenr<br />

fron rhe then tend, in fie bcsinnirrs il Nuld Srin linle +precialhn<br />

bn Nords*onh<br />

ver! well haidLiNd his prcorice ol hh own inScnious principlcs ond dl$ justified<br />

lhen i. his r'pl'... Fd lrcm onciliaring th. g<strong>it</strong>ics. lhc PEl4rd sryed onlv to<br />

incFe ih.ir hoslilhy Wordswodh, ho*.v.r, *s nol disoudged conli'uin€ ro *flre<br />

poetry rhal gEphicauy iuushtcd hie principl.s.<br />

Obeding die u*otdicdon, Fdncis.lcffEv (05) is <strong>of</strong> rh' viee rhd lhe dicrion<br />

found in ine wo*s <strong>of</strong> wotdssonh snd his tricnds i! qune s|erive and n@ins'ul 6<br />

ror 6 lhe subi{d mtd <strong>of</strong> O.n po.lrv is cd@rncd lt is nd jusl bv chlne rhai $cv<br />

26

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haee adoptd such diction butlhen choi€ 6€ms posilivelv &complbhing lhcir task or<br />

ponBying th.n pcculirr oh@cteE sd evcntr'<br />

Sp..riig<strong>of</strong>hn@nept dd u* olthlrhm Salvldor D' M!dai'8t (27) is vert<br />

much 6ii@l abor wods$onh s us .nd .v.o k os l'dse ol lhIhn Alardins b<br />

hin, Wordswonh is rhe poots in lh'lhm <strong>of</strong> tll gd'r Engli+ p'€ts _ lt' <strong>it</strong> or $c<br />

vies lhal wodswonh's poet) is dcvoid <strong>of</strong> the eldcnl <strong>of</strong> thldn tle e's<br />

Wordsworth, at . numbct <strong>of</strong>plees speoks <strong>of</strong> vn. and merre. but *hcn hc qomes lo<br />

mploy ir pdctic.lly, he falls short Blt i<strong>it</strong> r.srin8lv enough fie aulhor <strong>of</strong> Mtcmrolr<br />

Ercnta Enctrlopeta 2$t prcno$€s wotdssonhs pcrrv h'vins c'sv los <strong>of</strong><br />

conv.dtionll bl.nk veB dd having rN l)ticll Powd dd gm'<br />

A vcry cm y plblkhed solt i.. tfor&vork and Coleri'lst by Jonn Bbnes<br />

(2004) sp.ak in dclril, in juxbDosnion, aboul de so fold copabilni's ot th' teo<br />

nm.d Doer - crilics. Mr' Blades, srtnins cha er oagh! savs. ln addirion to lh'ir dep<br />

{d $idin8 commirme.tro rhe praclice oi vc6e. Wordswonh dd coletilgc rere b'rh<br />

p@cupicd ei$ dev.loping p.€tic lh@rv Mt. Bladet mojn co<br />

bot ir ro &altzc thc r.xr <strong>of</strong>th.joi vcnuE ot { ordstronn ard Co tidg' \e Lt't'tt<br />

,arlrdr Thc l.n.d urild hs rncd io @liniz.6 !o whd exlcnl fi' t*o pcG havc<br />

p ficn thedi@l id6 inlo lh.ir v.F H.ne Mr. Blades ha cho*n som' @nepl<br />

makins phrles from lne criri€l rhsy s sfienin:Jl|e<br />

Peloce to Lvicul Ballads like<br />

naluE, supcrnatural, childhood. imoSinllion. social issues etc ond lhen lhc *l<strong>it</strong>er has<br />

nied to nnd $c th.me <strong>of</strong> the s.leckn con@ s in fie poeos <strong>of</strong> tle L)'<strong>it</strong>ul Ealta.lt As<br />

he n nrions ' fn fiis chrpr€r (firn) | *dt to begin our discussion ol LrricA halans hv<br />

@@ntdring on dc <strong>of</strong> th. m.jor ihm6 ol Wotdswnh s pdrv. thd <strong>of</strong> childhoo4<br />

od to laus in p.nicuhr on his spc<strong>it</strong>l int6r in de ddelopn'nr <strong>of</strong> $c mind <strong>of</strong> rhe<br />

ch<strong>it</strong>d," Mr. Bltdci thG $tolarlv work *ill d.tin<strong>it</strong>tv help N t lo1 sinildlv to dolls<br />

T. s. Eli<strong>of</strong>s po.lic wor*s inju$pos<strong>it</strong>ion *ilh his ctiri€l@nc'Dls<br />

Andhd grcar lxf,r_$iric <strong>of</strong> English, S l Coldidg' h6 3r$ bsn g'vcn se<br />

teone olc.iricisn raktgnis poctrt edqiricilm injubFxnion His cltbo6t E<br />

<strong>of</strong> sup.n.tonlism ud ihtr <strong>of</strong> cdtiv. in.Sinaliot haw hdn mtdcd sious<br />

21

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lnnior b fi.d rhenjunilisdo in his petr! As a gmcEl iopcsio|! rh' clco' <strong>of</strong><br />

ftvoh lgsinst the n64lsisl hd<strong>it</strong>ion hd dlb ben ldund i' his p@q _Col'id8e<br />

conributed rhe famous rRime <strong>of</strong>rhe Ancionr Mlriner' Replosnlin! a rcvoll4ainrl<br />

rhc difioial clsicisd <strong>of</strong> mnlenponry EnElish vee " Colcridse wa 6lccm'c bv<br />

smc <strong>of</strong> his @nrenporuict .nd is sc*nllv @snized bdrv 6 a llrical pat tnd<br />

lil.ory cilic 6r ih€ firs dk His pocric thocs @ge fom fic sup€h'oml lo thc<br />

don stic L IlE Ltticat Batlads ColeridSct maio onribuiion "Thc Rimc or rhe<br />

Anci.nr Mdiner" naslerfully crsres d illusi!n<strong>of</strong>rcalirt in rclarinc slmg'' cxollc or<br />

obriously unsl flos This dircion checlcriz6 6osl or rh' loler eot* or<br />

cokdd8.. Alu R Jocs &l W<strong>it</strong>lid TvdcmN ( l O *tnc in $' lnirodrctim <strong>of</strong> thcn<br />

joinr wnttg coleridst: Ik Arcid Markt dnd oler lo' tJi'ai colendset moi<br />

fdmous poems m mpll oalked w<strong>it</strong>h lh. dol.imed elemt ol ronlnticism Their<br />

apF*i.tins comn s aa in the lishl <strong>of</strong>. numbs <strong>of</strong> ecosnied crirics tbrh victonln<br />

dd $. modcm. Th. vid!, ar plG .E n€garive too -.modrn crilics holcvci<br />

follding J. LivinS$on Lo*6 sludv ol Kubl. Khd Maud 8'dlin\ nudv <strong>of</strong> l he<br />

Ancicnt Mdinef, sd l. A Riohard\ analvtk <strong>of</strong> Colerids' ! iheo'] ol imasrn{ron'<br />

h6t. rcsrded thcd s cenntllv impon.d in the siudv <strong>of</strong> lhe E glish Rontnlrc<br />

movcmdt'(Jon s, 16). Th.v re ast cd uFn the fer lh'l tie spirir oI lirc and a<br />

m tbl. oppliorion oacoldids€ s corivc inlaiMlion @n n't'r be deni'd in lrfs<br />

pcms John G ricthan (77). speakins ol $e me<strong>it</strong>s <strong>of</strong> ?r'" "incietu tttattrcr $<br />

!ma4d at lhe extrem.ly cxcnins naturc <strong>of</strong>lhc poem dd evs that o'l! a sctl8cnius<br />

cd ptodD@ a *ond.ndd like the seni.e <strong>of</strong>fie joud'v <strong>of</strong>lh' mdi'er' Accordi'g t'<br />

hifr rhc Dcl hs hly pndiccd dt thdrv oauodt'r &d imtgiMrio in dring lh'<br />

ffics lnd ci@ceu <strong>of</strong> "Ihe Rim. <strong>of</strong> $e Ancienr Msinci Tllroutd (J8) junlt<br />

admi$ Coieridse\ poerrv bv 6*nin! lhal hh claim orbringins in the elemcnts ol<br />

slp.rta|ualism, so.de6 and fie lue use <strong>of</strong> cMtilc imalinalioo h al ils p'ak In<br />

nosr <strong>of</strong> his p.eEr' He cals n 4r, /os<strong>it</strong>l which is fill <strong>of</strong> h'rl_tolchjns dd ttpllliig<br />

otskies. He al$ tp.als <strong>of</strong>rh..nchduna$ ed homu *hich give hn podry u<br />

3.7 P.r.y Bysh. Stsll.,<br />

Percy Blsshc Sh.llcv.lhouS! liv.d ! sr'od life, hcs cxp€ssd his Scnius in borh<br />

poely lnd {irichm His r.la. o/ Potrry (p0b<br />

1840) dctutibes his oncePts or drd<br />

2A

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an<strong>it</strong>ude wilh w<strong>it</strong>ing poesy on oie hdd, od on de olner nis f.mour pems e e "Ih.<br />

Skyldk . -.Thc cloud , {hc sensirivc Pldr- . -A Ldda _(x. ro the west wind<br />

.id PoTIEB Uhbomd e^ihir his $maric .nd Ehnial hmdling <strong>of</strong> his Frq: s<br />

Sbcllcy h6 ad!@icd lFicism 4d Bolurion!+ id6, hk p*t, is tplele shh his<br />

propou.ded |n€mry th@ies (Hud$n: 203).<br />

Mrnh.q Amold h .l$ onc <strong>of</strong>thoe pct+r<strong>it</strong>ics who htvr ben o<strong>it</strong>iallv obs€fled for<br />

their prcpounded lhcory ond ns pmclice in rhen own podrv siic. Anold believed i.<br />

fie clNioal shsl oa thoughl, he wls lNols inclined to lhe conccpls <strong>of</strong> coniml and<br />

.xtmal &thoi<strong>it</strong>y ro prciu@ l<strong>it</strong>tuy *orks. Hc, lor the fi6l im. in a fomal stv grve<br />

th. ihary <strong>of</strong> b*hno. ndhod- b .valuat the paty <strong>of</strong> modcm dd dcie pcts<br />

by neds or emp.rison. l2b m h<strong>it</strong> o{n *o* sG criliciz.d in the lishl <strong>of</strong> his om<br />

!i!c. crileria. Huden (2ll) is <strong>of</strong> rh. opinjon thal Anold sttonglv believed in lhc<br />

obj{ive type <strong>of</strong> p@rrt, @nsquently hi, poelry lluly sbors thc si$s olhis sheished<br />

cuh. Hudsn tunhs $,3 thar hjs m.in poeds like Srrfa, ,rr' lrrtm frhlrM anl<br />

lreult, td Eryxdocles on Ew u ver, mmh in eorddc. snh his i.otv Lrrtutuli<br />

E@b ELtliopeaia eo0r) dela6 Anold 6 lhe tpcsttivc <strong>of</strong> viclo.id<br />

int U.dual corccns ed O. romGr li@ty qnic <strong>of</strong> bis asc Since Amold himsela<br />

wsone<strong>of</strong>lhe foundcs <strong>of</strong>victorisn inlelleualconcehs, hk bcins reprcscdarivc oi<br />

lhe aCe oeds he upholds, in his so i te $andatds lhot he llong wilh olher lneBrv<br />

ligur.s, founded durin8 rhe vidori.n c6. Scon imes (1923:261,266) is ale or rhc<br />

Ainion rhd *hil. $ili.g [dry, Msdts Amold nev6 o*FsighLd his giriol<br />

@neps. Mosdy n wF in lhe lighl <strong>of</strong>fiis cnicism thal be p'lduccd fth !@tv Funh.r<br />

nissaidrh,lhisc icalselfinnufl@d hh pelic ptelice so nlch $.t ia6acrilic he<br />

see dissstisffcd w<strong>it</strong>h hh pcric wo ! h. would wasle no time ro exclude such wo*<br />

fton hnner collccrions. SconJd6 hs8iven the.xmplc <strong>of</strong>hb ttPl&.,€t which<br />

loed ro him l.$ tcgic bur moE plinful. beaus <strong>of</strong> which h. ddided.or io inclu&<br />

All lhe above discu$ed ermpl.s show lhal frcm time lo lime Ine liremrv<br />

m.sbs Mve done a ercor job to inlrdu.. d esablish ne* and ingenious l<strong>it</strong>erarv<br />

concepB Then den prcclie or olnesis. lB h.lp€d kno* sd .valude rhc crrcac) uf<br />

29

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h€ir intlduc.d aneps. one thing is sud, ihe nctr conepts wft ool i.naed<br />

noisriously: lhey poss*d fullsiSlirimce on rh. pan <strong>of</strong>$e wrner' lt *asonlv l.rer<br />

on, $rcugn fi. silicis on ech a@pli wc h.Y. comc o tno* rh. ral Bdh lnd<br />

ple. <strong>of</strong> lhs co*pts in crsliv. licr.ry wor(s <strong>of</strong> lh. st M<strong>it</strong>c. in panicul4 or fq<br />

!.9 20th C..tury Parrt.d lh. Plrc. <strong>of</strong> T s f,lioi.<br />

Mod.n, i€. N.nridh mlury po.rry, in 8aedl, ha dE Eplbrion <strong>of</strong> beins eot.ric<br />

dd obsuE (N46d. 0l). Most <strong>of</strong> the p.ets <strong>of</strong> t*€niiem mlurt hovc expEss&<br />

temselves in such a style lhat ha3 @opellcd lh.tcrilics lo call thcir poetv compLex<br />

and .obi8lous. Bsically rh.R seE cenlin a&loN ehich condibut d to shap. rhe<br />

modcm pct' 6 such. Th€ m6l @mmon <strong>of</strong>lh.m *e@ lhe Fltholosidl diet.rics<br />

social cha@tetislics <strong>of</strong> aixic(y Dd inseclrnv and radiQl polilical uphcavlls<br />

Edclining thc val@s <strong>of</strong> hume f@dom dd dig tv Mdk 'nd FEUdi& rhdics<br />

sfi.lrcrd rhe .iilling $t <strong>of</strong> sill ed p<strong>of</strong>tiql noms .nd b€liefs Th. sthFpologisl<br />

approlch to human lile in gen.ral als suggcned thd manv a cherkhed innnulion or<br />

bcli.f tatd ns sisril'tuc. dd & solcly frcD lh. clhunl iid.rork in rhich <strong>it</strong><br />

@uu. a.d ha olcide thal fsm*oll, nc<strong>it</strong>hs mdinB nor obj4liv' validftv All<br />

fie* factors @mbined b hakc o n.w replesenbrirc cipEsion in lhe t<strong>of</strong>ts <strong>of</strong> lh'<br />

Thc po.ls <strong>of</strong> thc pqiod did thcn besr $ rcpsenr ihen thesPiril in lheir wo*s 'rhc<br />

slrprBing dtbuut ot poeq during fi. Fn$ world war wrs also intelligibl' tod<br />

:rr&rive o rh. comoon Ead.t {ward. 1964:03) Acrulllv rhe aa.r.lT6ls <strong>of</strong>rh' hvo<br />

vond wrs richly na the rwc.ti.lh ccnluft poetry' All lhe prcmincnl poets h've<br />

srotly<br />

given voic. b the uFhoB <strong>of</strong>lh. two wes in ti. sietv in d'n poetv Th'v<br />

sFt <strong>of</strong> lh. osive nunx lng.dics, Itwlcs*$' mdinelsd tlt'dirics<br />

cimcs, conspiraoi.s. d is inl.gml ion <strong>of</strong> clilions and elldpe <strong>of</strong> valucs <strong>of</strong> life Tr ircd i<br />

(679) is <strong>of</strong>rbe opinion lnar |h. grc.r acliv<strong>it</strong>y ot poducins pBisonhy l<strong>it</strong>daM' <strong>bt</strong> thd<br />

gut figurs tilc ShtN. Galswflhy. Ydta Comd dd orhc6 6 hichlv int'mFcd<br />

<strong>bt</strong> rhc Fnx wond War. Hencc we find th. Nenrion olthe scvere rep'rcusions ol rhe<br />

W{ in rhe @n|cmp.6ry pGtry, and i! ind..d makes on' <strong>of</strong> th' no{ dsntial thcoes<br />

<strong>of</strong> rs idh 6rury pcrry. Dcvid Dtichcs in his "l C <strong>it</strong>dl lt<strong>it</strong>u1 <strong>of</strong> E'Etih<br />

30

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€rodre (19 ) me.tions thc n.w lEnds <strong>of</strong>N.nlidh ceotury pelrv evins lhai <strong>it</strong><br />

*6 the *dury <strong>of</strong> poclic Evolutioi mrinl' madcd bv the Fcnch sFbolisl<br />

normenr Daiches lle tpears oa $e imponanc. oi lhe <strong>it</strong>ugiss <strong>of</strong> this p€riod like<br />

Eliot Poud T. E. Hulme ond olh.u who rot lor th. h.rdns ed clu<strong>it</strong>v <strong>of</strong> i6tg6<br />

b .mbodt diffeot lt'em6 in $€n pdry.<br />

Two <strong>of</strong> $e mon Emartrble F*|s <strong>of</strong> rh. modem Fiod, w.B Yab tnd T s Eliol<br />

combiDed tradiiion &d exp.rim.nl in lft.t rolt (En€rra 2004) The Dish wdcr<br />

Wiuiam Buller Y€als 6 $e morc hdiliotrll Yss sd lrhh, md kish<br />

in,luenes wee ale *o&ins on him - dre lrish nalional Dovenenr in Dublin a.d<br />

popular lrish lolkloF fld folk sp€h hc lound in Sligo where he used to go to vhn hh<br />

srodpacnrs (Daiches: I126). ln his rondntic poetry qr en b.fore lhe tum <strong>of</strong> the<br />

c..tux he exploiled anoient lli3h tod<strong>it</strong>ion! and tho g'3dually developed a po@trully<br />

hones! p<strong>of</strong>ound tud dch poeric idiom, ar <strong>it</strong>s n.rutily in Ir. Io-€r lt92q ad The<br />

&.t (1933). As a youns man h.cnriched hi, pGds wnh concd. imlges,<br />

'/i,z?i,g<br />

but ftese bdme les& s rhc impul$ ro dd\ upon p.&nal obeddion <strong>of</strong> NduE<br />

gr.$ fainrcc- (wad,l49) Y.arjs ntrhology. frcn *hich eis thc distill.d<br />

symbolif, <strong>of</strong> his gEar p..iod, is nol !lw!y3 ay io undMd. nor did Yats idend ns<br />

frll m@irs ro b. inmediatcl, rppNnt b tioe dfdil<strong>it</strong> wirh his lhoush od $e<br />

ftdido in vhicr, he *q*.d (Br<strong>it</strong>dni4 2001). F!dh.r, fic aulhor or ariMiq tl$<br />

pdjs r loi his use <strong>of</strong> vivid ed dFeic in!8.s lo snv.y s@nic tnd thdatic bsuty<br />

Ahos wnh Yeats, doths m..tion wonhy ihpact o! the Poels <strong>of</strong> de modm rine was<br />

thar <strong>of</strong>ceord M.nley Hopkins, a viclo<strong>it</strong>n poel who wos nol known the wond unril<br />

1918. Hopkins *as b*r known for his u$ oincw p.eric leohniques, including rhvne<br />

in&drl ro a si.sle lihe <strong>of</strong> podr), tll<strong>it</strong>.Etion. conpound melophor, and Lylhm<br />

rccmbling firt <strong>of</strong>ev.rtda) spcc.h Hk {rp.rimcnrs in Echniquc weE 3n anempl ro<br />

captur. rhe beuly and uniqueoess <strong>of</strong>n.tunl obje$ The mnilicls benren hh Rme<br />

Catulidn and nis se <strong>of</strong> thc b.ruty <strong>of</strong> this *orld, ed his @mpliored exFrimenls<br />

in meri6 dd tdbutrry havc .nEc&d nwh .lt nlion "To Hopkins, @h esuoos<br />

imD|6iq hrd ib ovn elusiv. slh6 r 4h *nc *s io him a-sNct speill<br />

snc (Brira.nica 2o0l). Hud$ (1961:292) sp.!b or his indet{.dn6 ro rhc<br />

M craphysi@ l po.q 6p.c<strong>it</strong> lly to ,oht Donnc for hlving b6N$.d sd in nov:red ln.n<br />

31

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$ylc md $emcs Hud$n turther sts ihlt b.ing a ldd<strong>it</strong>ionilis! he ws one <strong>of</strong> $e sor<br />

i.I uentirl pct on tfie nd Sdcdtion <strong>of</strong>rh. co|ury'<br />

_Of<br />

ltlc Nny t€5 siimuhlcd lo indiSMl t.E bv world wd I Si'gftied sMt\<br />

wiltu owen. dd Rob€d cmvcs dk 4oog rhe Nos lsringlt inpotuf (Endn4<br />

2004). GE!6 .biliry to produc puc and clsic.llv p.rfci poedv kcpt his Epudion<br />

srong long after wond Ws ll. His hi$oncll novels such 6 r'l"dils nd ctdtdiw<br />

rre Cod (both l9l4), lle hclpcd io mainuin his poPuh<strong>it</strong>v He *mained a<br />

radnionalisl rdher lhan ! 6odemkt, how.ver. in hk emphsh on nds and clear<br />

medinS in his re^e Cravcs' sd lo!. p.em s 6E rcg.rded s $e finest poduced i n rhe<br />

English lmClase during the 2olh cent!ry. aloig w<strong>it</strong>h lhos. ol W B Y"ls ' (Blildnica<br />

2003).<br />

Th. poetrt wind by Dd. Ed<strong>it</strong>h S<strong>it</strong>w.ll talk3 ol hs @ empt <strong>of</strong> ordinary and<br />

d.rydoy p@pridy rhll sie oi3d6 in t,lc .risreoiic individutlhm ol hs rine Hcr<br />

Fxs vcE firn poblisl'cd duing u. <strong>bt</strong>at olr ol wond we l Hd q!€'imdhlis<br />

was linle rim.d ar sial p.ohlds oa h.r agc D6ich6 {l142) sF k or rhc orisintl<br />

individuh' <strong>of</strong> SiNell eyi.g tnar doudr shc \$ a dtopoErt ol Mun dd bno!<br />

she prcduc€d perry oa modeniry rcr' diffcEnl lim u!ft<strong>it</strong>g *rift' b! h'r<br />

@nt mpdd6. "Exhvagattlly ifiagindiv. mdlpho6 ohs thc mdns <strong>of</strong> thc<br />

oepiri@l p6, dd @i$ious disionion <strong>of</strong> es irpt'sions, smtwhal 6 in<br />

nodm Dajntine, NeF anoE her po.tc d.vieJ (En@na. 2001). 718 cdicle dtte<br />

Slr ( 1949) and lti€ O,r.d,r ( | 962) hold hcr norc compo$iondl. poetrv<br />

The pcls <strong>of</strong>lhe posr *s eh made abund.nt use or such privare and esdre c images<br />

od syntols *hich sse away non $. .6v und.uraodins <strong>of</strong> laFen To nde a lew<br />

liLe w. H. Aude., slethen Sp.nd.r, sd C Day L.wis pacted their etulier veF *rb<br />

ises Glsi.g ro Polilics a

---

h@ds <strong>of</strong> $e wai Sq too, Day L.*is nat.d fion ftv MasNtu |totun (t9J5) to<br />

a moE p.enal Itricisn in t/orll Abo9. 111 \l94tl uis Poetic Imse (1947) *as r<br />

proeexposhion ollhenoden poelic idsl. Tho posilion<strong>of</strong>poet lauere, hcld bv Dav<br />

Lcwis lrcm 1968 io 1972, sub*quenny pasd to SirJohn B.li.nM, Dopul( lor his<br />

Pdic cxperinenhlim susEinol in the cxube@dy mtuphoicd poerr' *ts ga.rlt<br />

pEctic.d by lhc welsh wjtd Dyh. Th@6. whoe almd myni€l loYe oa lif. tnd<br />

un&dtarding ol ddh ** .xpEsd <strong>it</strong>r $oc ol the mo! b€tut<strong>it</strong>ul kN ol rh.<br />

riddlc<strong>of</strong>thece.Err.Thomd i5 moE ind.hrdlohis wehh bact3rcund lo pEenl in<br />

hk work, olenly eootiontl inptct, <strong>it</strong>3 insiskne on th. inponlnce <strong>of</strong> rund tnd<br />

thrdn, <strong>it</strong>s prinilivism, sd $e ndousrc$ bctw€n <strong>it</strong>s bibliol revetbemtion &d ils<br />

srielaled idageryi rhd to the erisring flavo! in Engush lileFrure for eloony sci{l<br />

obervarions. Ther.i! lay ils originsl<strong>it</strong>y (Slilsbica 2003), Dliches (ll4l) 3ko<br />

cnlmcrarcs mony <strong>of</strong>hG pclic ahnscleristica lnd quot6 * holt nm'.9 an Am.ncan<br />

cr<strong>it</strong>ic, "Thood di$overEd pety on hh hrnd like blood, lnd scEmed .loud ' An t<br />

Thoma$danh in (1953), dE mosl pmminc pocls w.re D. J. Ennsh! Philip L!r{i..<br />

John w.i.. Thm Gw, rnd T.i Hud.s. All <strong>of</strong> th.n hod qun€ d<strong>it</strong>rerenl app@h6<br />

od slyl4 HuClr6 &picr.d ewgE y <strong>of</strong> lil. in h<strong>it</strong> pcut in Entrkobly sMl nener<br />

which@liked<strong>bt</strong>lne@deualor,h.w6dDDoin|cd6$epellauslein 1984<br />

''Do Not Co Ge"tle Into T1d cd, xrgrf *s winen by D-wlan ThonA on rhc<br />

oesion oa the death <strong>of</strong> his father. Ahhough Thom6 orn life p.mlleled lhe en.rsy<br />

.nd hunor <strong>of</strong>his wotu, hn l.s( teaN w.t. ovetuonc wilh despon. When lhe poet dicd<br />

<strong>of</strong>aloholism in l953,theworld reg.rdcd hh death s o synb.l <strong>of</strong>lhe hgic lile<strong>of</strong>the<br />

oodc6 !nid. A 20lh @ntury wekh *iro, Thom6 s Pasi6.L<br />

pctrv Esounds *irh<br />

innovative vebal ima8ery and surerl b..utt S..mus Heaney. b€longing to Nonhcm<br />

lrchnd cxelled in the @nr€frpo6rt podic on lnd son tie Nobel P'ize in l<strong>it</strong>.dlE in<br />

I99J. Alrh@gh his po.ry m.inoins noishtloNatd diciion tnd intlhm. in<br />

mposirio ir is loadcd wilh h@vy od iidiBl Ef.Gn6 which $melircs nal. ir

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3.9.1 P1... rld P.rforo.nc. ol T S Elior<br />

T S Elior anlincd moF inshl connddation, s a pc! wnn $e publiotim oi 'Ihe<br />

wane l-!nd" (|922).lhc fr6t fmous pod <strong>of</strong> th. @lv pln <strong>of</strong>the mlurv (E.ono'<br />

2004). Wnh o number <strong>of</strong>v.rious slmbolic elolions w<strong>it</strong>h well_known dnd hhloncal<br />

ohmctds ond eve.6, Eliot has expre$ed hh hopelesees and bkarness rcsardrng the<br />

botMne dd ssil<strong>it</strong>y olthc s@lLd nono Nav ol lifc Bk 6siaiion od <strong>it</strong>|.6l<br />

in Flisior friih *6 €xhibiLd tully h hh pcm Four Quftts (1941). His<br />

anonnhin! rmalSmalioi <strong>of</strong> anv.naliondl and Incrarv languase, his hl.nding or<br />

adnheic.l and opDosins obj.cls. snuaions snd mods. ind hh elPrGin8. conplq-<br />

fis!6riv. lnd n.upno.icrl colldion rel.L l'im b thc senhrh €nlury Endhh<br />

Mebphysicll poet Jahn Dontre. Eli<strong>of</strong>s {a} <strong>of</strong> *rni4 was closcl, and immedsel}<br />

inluenoed capeciolly by such French pocts ts Jules Lafo4u. "d sainlJohn Pene'<br />

C@mber ( 1977:258) is <strong>of</strong>lh! view. 'Much <strong>of</strong> lh. poetr, up to l9r0 w6 louid shnling<br />

ad dincllt ad did.nctul wirh his ddiol deponuc 6on rhc ch3elqijic<br />

ninetenth@tury dd C@rgio nodes .' X is thk newn.$ ud $n! orhd fa.toN<br />

that havc ponicul'ly atlmcted lhe crnics to.nalyse and *aluale his poenv tbr bcner<br />

wdercbdin!. Tie$ 1108) commens on thc conribution <strong>of</strong> Elior.'Trc po.i sho<br />

hoghr us The wste lrd"ad The Lovc Song <strong>of</strong>r. Alfred P<strong>of</strong>tGl bldded<br />

im.*cry ed language in m4oBbl€, <strong>of</strong>ten srartling ways as he found a volc. tbr lhe<br />

m.dm world dd ils di3tulb.d inhabilonls,<br />

He had ! rcl eclile dd philosophic.! sn* <strong>of</strong> his lin. and 6 he had ahlars b.en<br />

classicsl in his rnirudc ro life. his main Prcoccdparion<br />

htd bcen in prc_$iemific<br />

leaning. H. believed in cetqic .ppi@h in lndarure' Utb.n lile had b4t his main<br />

m@m,6p..<strong>it</strong>lly rh€ lile in big c<strong>it</strong>i6 which e de hub oa|he dod.m industial<br />

divniet. H.qlh l,ndon Thc unMt cny , bcels in rDnc <strong>of</strong> <strong>it</strong>s indu$r<strong>it</strong>l prcsre$<br />

and physicdl conrods, ns suroundinss dre sordid Md horible. T s Pcaru MEs 'n<br />

rhis conndion: fhis qullily i3 tlE 60st st.iling nd lh. on. rhd m'*s Eliol otf<br />

immediar.ly arcm mott tctious wnb6 in Enslkh His pdD h or shb a.d hou*s<br />

dd peoplc,.nd nol <strong>of</strong>w@ds dd fields lnd notrcu." M.ldct(148)giv.s. baloed<br />

appmiscl <strong>of</strong> Elior\ mnlribution, 'As the rep$en<strong>bt</strong>ive pocr{<strong>it</strong>ic <strong>of</strong> his !ge, Eliot<br />

flphdiz.d impers.tliry and !6lh€lic romalism ar th. .xpen* <strong>of</strong> subjedivirv 3nd

---

Hh sisificant chamcte6 likc Prutock. S*ceny and Ccrd.tion orc grcslv seLr-<br />

cent.cd od scnsull in fi.n.ppl@h. Thc) dc ci{} pmPlc dd arc rcDEsntativc <strong>of</strong><br />

@mfl. orten and monc!-sdbbing mat irlislic civiliarion Ewn thc 10!.6 0s in<br />

''The Wste Land', re disillusioned wherc love de€en.rales inlo lusl ju$ tn dimal<br />

tdsion. "Hb.xFinqts in dicrioc nyl., dd vcBificarion siralird E4lish po.l.!<br />

md in ! si6 <strong>of</strong> cdiiol .g)5 he sh<strong>of</strong>l.rcd old orltodoxies dd cclcd n€e oncs.'<br />

(B <strong>it</strong>ann ia: 2ool ), H enoe he c.. muly bc c0l lcd rhe rcpresenurile <strong>of</strong> th. modem m ind.<br />

tcnly e <strong>of</strong> hb sumlndinss ad <strong>it</strong>5 ptoblcms dd <strong>of</strong> fi. ned or co €mpoBrv<br />

Docrrr. !!.re.orc hs a nw s.y <strong>of</strong>dpGsion dd t na spccll blking Ebukios.nd<br />

innuencirg the na$es <strong>of</strong> thc time. coonbes (253) spealing ol Ihc urual complex<br />

ndnrc <strong>of</strong> Eliol's v@ sFk hish ol his ottr all appolch dd cxprcssion cen<strong>bt</strong>s<br />

cspe<strong>it</strong>ll! piies lhe FM Q@rt.h eying lhtr thc pdt hs src.llv pMr€d his<br />

bcli<strong>of</strong>s dd reelings pEvailii! in $e s@iety. Newman (25), sunming up his po3irion<br />

sr<strong>it</strong>cs _Hc is th. nosr lhoouehli rcptosrtalnd Fd ol rh. agc dnd em€rhin3 or o<br />

Drcthcl. Johrslon (2005) wiks lhor Eliol as rhe EpE$nhrive pcl <strong>of</strong>rhc nodchisl<br />

T. S. Eliot! dlt p..ro prcvidd .*dy whd Pound s0* a rh. 6sri'l i4r.dims<br />

otrhe nodon style Eliot rcsolv.d i\e prcb lems <strong>of</strong> I n I nenr ioi.d ebov' 8nd in<br />

'nae<strong>it</strong><br />

his eely pcl!], pdi.ula t in "Thc wa$c lad .sbblishtd a tinddmarion oI<br />

nodm pcty rh.r v..y much..d.fin l ho* p..s uir. Eliot! po@ Pouid<br />

ptuclaim.d, v6 'Lhe jdinodion <strong>of</strong>ou novaenr! ol or mo&h .tpd<strong>it</strong>rnr '<br />

ln hi po.ty, Elior v.h.marlt et ,bour ft. baFffi <strong>of</strong> nodn lif., rh. d@dtuLK ud<br />

dissun <strong>of</strong> r &ilins .iviliatio. lpir<strong>it</strong>ual daih all in , nomdb6 {tv w<strong>it</strong>h qu<strong>it</strong>' fElh<br />

l,l0 20rb C@n|ry criltcim .nd lh. Plrs ol T s Eliot.<br />

Thc *i!1, cuhunl, dd rc.hnolosi..l d.velopinc s <strong>of</strong> ih. 20rh centurv hav'<br />

rantt cxpaodcd $c Weslcft cri.isl imd<strong>it</strong>ion lndeed, moden tile@v crilicis hG o<br />

b.*ildciry varicrt There arc a number <strong>of</strong> sp{ial sp..s dd tends lhal msrk lhe<br />

tad<strong>it</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> modch crnicism Modem ct<strong>it</strong>ici3m h6 b..n ver, much innwnc'd bv<br />

35

---

nd di$!6i6 ed lts@h6 in the fi.ld <strong>of</strong> $iqe. siolo8v, psvcholoSt'<br />

philcoDhy dd linBuisi6 (AEda ;289). Tahniellt sp€atins. n.w rtFs oa l<strong>it</strong> c''<br />

o<strong>it</strong>icism cm. to be known 6 Fmalis, StrucluBlis. md New Cthichm Apan<br />

asn thce lechnicol feaos, sm. oths sch@h oafiought tle mad. thctr way ro<br />

givins th. as.. t}?ical shape, Psychologicol sohool oacdticism<br />

and horc on humatr psych., .$lorin8 $c hiddcn frol ves dd urses behind a oork <strong>of</strong><br />

an, S@iolosical school. influ.ned by Carl M.n, Eca.ded liledure as a socicl<br />

insr<strong>it</strong>uion l<strong>it</strong>ing My lo p@ly polnicll consid.nrions lo dalu e lncmrv Bo*s<br />

Onbglncric cnticilm, rou.d€d by sn H.rb.d R€d, calls for a srrth6k bcs'm<br />

psFhologiol cr<strong>it</strong>icis ed siologicll .rnicis. H. Mbines huod tlouBh' .nd<br />

@nonic nmtlE <strong>of</strong> a siety 16.wlutc lhsmtuE <strong>of</strong> th. rin lnPdsi@isric $hdl<br />

<strong>of</strong>.iricism enphdiz.n rhe dsription otthc imp&r mlde inthenind<strong>of</strong>rhec ic by<br />

the sork<strong>of</strong>an. Lu€s iseidrohavc b..n one <strong>of</strong>lhe sdonBbeli*€6<strong>of</strong>this.ppetch<br />

Bcsidca, anumber<strong>of</strong>newcrilics made then g.n!ine conlribulions to cstablish, cxpltin<br />

dd reh $e above sid sub.gedcs oi modeh c<strong>it</strong>icim. The iouowing skctch ol<br />

v.rious 2othsrury apprcoches me ions lw outslandiDg (iltrs.<br />

1.10, I Fornrllrd, Sttuctorrllro, .!d Nd Crld.rtD<br />

"A lcxt-ba*d crilical nethod *.osn 6 formllirm *d devclopcd b' Viclo.<br />

Shtlovsky, Vladimir Propp, and olh.r Russia. srili.s eny in thc 20lh ccnruD '<br />

(Enonr:2004). lr involv.d derailed inqunt into plot nrucrurc, nanarive pctspcctive,<br />

symbolic inagsy. dd orher l<strong>it</strong>ed, rc.hniques. The aulhor <strong>of</strong> lhe €ncyclop€d a<br />

Ariunnic. (2001) wiB lhal de Ru$ia lilcmry srcups nad€ us. or rh. linElkric<br />

lehniqG ol Fddi.fld d€ Sesue ir th.n |nda, Dorks. Allhougl lh.} bs.d $en<br />

autflions lds.ly on Synbolisl nolio.s cocmins rhe <strong>of</strong>th t€xt.nd th€<br />

'ubmmy<br />

di*onlinu<strong>it</strong>y beNm h.mry dd dhd u$ <strong>of</strong> lanelase lhe Fodalistt eughl to<br />

tule th.n cidcal discouN morc obj..rivc and scienr<strong>it</strong>ic thd $ot ol Symbolisl<br />

oirichm. Bul aller rhe mid-lglos, leadcn olthe Union <strong>of</strong> Solier S@ialist Rcpublks<br />

ond irs subseque.r elell<strong>it</strong>es in bastern Eurcpe demanded rh.t licElure ond onichm<br />

diBdy ene ft.t polilisl objeiv.s (HudsoD. 290). PoliriQl l.odcts in lhoe<br />

coutri.s slpprlgl aomdig ctaticism, @lling <strong>it</strong> @iion.rt. Ev.n such<br />

inr.dlionolly innrcndal opp,rht oa d@m€ fomalism d tnc Rustio Milhdl

---

Bathdn sd the Hunsrri.n Gor8. LuMcs sould <strong>of</strong>ien und rhemselYes uds anaul<br />

l:rer, !.Bely rhDuelr ih. wott ol.hc sructuolist linguir Romd Jatobs.n. ir h€@e<br />

intuc.ri.l inrhe wcn, not blt in anglo-Amcrican Net c<strong>it</strong>icism. shich is $rcrimes<br />

Tne cEoetarhiol {ntq <strong>of</strong> lomtlie oria|irio en d to shin wcnftrd r<br />

1926 Nho *hols ol l&guale ud lircmtuE noe ol fim cdh. found.d rh.<br />

PmSuc Linguislic Cirglc,4doPing and rclining $m€ dfrho mclhods <strong>of</strong> fomol lnalvss<br />

develop.d by rhen Ru$<strong>it</strong>! colletgus. S.ginnins in the lat 1940s ailhropolossr<br />

Cltud. Lavi-Sliaus, f<strong>it</strong>ic Rollnd Bsrlhci od othq nid{mturv thinld 4d shohr<br />

inni.r.d Fdch .tn rlnlhd by applti.g lingoisrially inspiGd lbmal m.thods ro<br />

Iile6tlE.nd Elated ph.nomcn!. {ELc,741)Thc crilics <strong>of</strong>this sch6toathoulhl hold<br />

that o ldguee is a self&nt<strong>it</strong>ed relalionll stucture, lhe.l'menL\ <strong>of</strong>lhich d'rive<br />

rheir erisrmc. lnd (hcir value l6m thcir distiblrion and opposnions in lcrt or<br />

disuM. Srrcrmlhm sMpled to inv6riSlE lhc stuctlE oan cohuE 6 o wholc<br />

by dccoding," or inleQrcti.s, <strong>it</strong>s ide@rive syslcms oasisns shich includes reguage,<br />

rh,rhn, im.gery, mebphor, ligu.s ol sp€cch, lh.me and plol etc (ELc- 737) These<br />

sysrcDs includ.d ln.Ery Lxts dd genEs s *ell a oih€r cul|ural fomdiMs. su.h d<br />

advdising fshion, md 6boos on qllin loms <strong>of</strong>b€havior'<br />

Pos-Wo d w' I $hel oa AnglcAn@d l<strong>it</strong>ed'v c.ii€l lhorv rhd insi*d on th.<br />

inrinsic valu.<strong>of</strong>iwork <strong>of</strong>anand f@*d ltlcnrion on th. individual work aloi. .\ an<br />

independent un<strong>it</strong> or meaning. ll w6 opposd !o the cr<strong>it</strong>icll pradik <strong>of</strong> bingin8<br />

hisroical o, bio8ophisl da|! !o b@ on $. inaQdtlion <strong>of</strong> a *.lk The t rt

---

(1964:213) CivinShisroryt d purpoe <strong>of</strong> NN Crilicisd @ndemns thc end <strong>of</strong> this ttpe<br />

<strong>of</strong>appbsh to i.Ltpret l<strong>it</strong> Ey ldls. He rle quolcs L c Kni$8. ooe <strong>of</strong>thc mtin<br />

@nribuios to scf!rt,, who has c<strong>it</strong>icis.d crilicism on shalesPcarean plavs satrns<br />

tid rh. c'iri6 h.vc only lalk d .boul lh. hc@s' hmincs. plots ud phil@phics <strong>of</strong><br />

sMk6p.a@ plats, (hey hlvc alnosr $rlly isnoud rh. wotd on lh. p.sc But W.rd<br />

eys thal since Shake+em did not wr<strong>it</strong>e oilt rdiocadsdicians and unile6ir) sud.ns,<br />

dd si.€ i! ws inrpirld by ind n p..stycd humd lile, Ercf<strong>of</strong>t. rh€ Poplq<br />

sirlations, dd id.s sec inponet b $e dDmatist himslrandro hiscftics<br />

Vdds Nc$ Crnics glve imponanc. to rhe !s ol meuphor. <strong>it</strong>uA.ry. dd<br />

othe d.vies <strong>of</strong> lirchry lmguaS. w<strong>it</strong>h rh. .xccprion <strong>of</strong> both the hisbiical surcu.di.gs<br />

ud oy in depth p.end infomrtion on a givs librdy worl thal mighl help know<br />

smdnins noE lboul de aulhd <strong>of</strong>! sivcn liledry pise. How.v.r. th* w.E smc<br />

oth.r N.w crilics *ho w.rc noc intcGcd in hisbrical or philosophnd sp€cts<br />

chrcd to a |nedy work. Thc cmo-bom |nedry hisroie E ich Auqb.ch and<br />

An.rican philo$phg susnc K. tr8er suppod.d rhc $holdb us and pftrice oa<br />

theth@ries<strong>of</strong>Ncw Crniois. lhey wanrd to study dn individualwork inlo <strong>it</strong>s @ntext<br />

or htbncal and other speuldive pdp..tives. Aucrt.ch s nr' ,.rb (1946) .rplains<br />

rh. impotunc or rhc over .ll hisond dev.lopme in likd) field rieh lrun I lomer<br />

ioiwentieth oerluryEnslish Lile<strong>bt</strong>re.on rhe other h.nd Lrngefhorthe opinion riar<br />

lhc mcdinatully mondiour cmdions iltustrt d o. srir€d up by liEmrur arc<br />

comoon univeAalhumd aclirss$hich re poduc.d sierined bye solkollnd{uP<br />

6thcr thd individualfeelings iid $nlimens aniculoted by a prnicularwnter.<br />

3.10.'l Phe $d P.rronrtrs olT S Ellort<br />

Eliol is eid lo bc lh. piond <strong>of</strong>{h.t <strong>it</strong> call€d Nrw Crnicim. 'nris ne* rheO <strong>of</strong><br />

clilicism rcpleed th. old concept! <strong>of</strong> l<strong>it</strong>dry $iricism. lt *a th. tifte to put oti-<br />

ronanlicism in dn which s6 $rensrhen.d b! lrliois pracr ce.l r{t! ad ctilicnn.<br />

Wrd {2ll) is <strong>of</strong>rh. €w rhrt qepr T S Elioi ..d Si. Hdbcn R..d m n. iM<br />

wonh] criic n found during the middl. <strong>of</strong>th. senrie$ cdtury. Smc en olvieq h<br />

shg.d by Newm.n (22) rho ets. _ Eliot h6 be.n the mo$ ailted and mos inlllemidl<br />

ln.nry criiic in [nBlish i. thc rsenlieth cdtury - vdt ljlclr rh€ bcn si'e Col.ridBe .<br />

3a

---

'lhough Eliots lileFry views orc mostly kmed comPlet and au$e€ his indigenous<br />

philoephical and pBclical @nribution cd nerer be ovedmked<br />

Cateto, ( | 922-19), undlr his .dildthip, FYcd lhc w.v lor th' cst'blishnor or<br />

new dr@des Apd 6om his comm.n@i6 in lhis pe.iodial rh'he{<strong>of</strong>hisc i'ism<br />

is found in se/zd.d r$arr (1912), rcvi*d (1951)dd in lre Us <strong>of</strong> Poeo, od th'<br />

,!e ,/c'l,.rr' ( r 933). His sill c<strong>it</strong>icis is conbined in ,{/kr S,rnaz Go'I\ (t9 !4)<br />

,Ieo <strong>of</strong> Chrie<strong>it</strong>u Socie,y (1919), hd Notct 1owt.b the Defn<strong>it</strong>io" <strong>of</strong>crkw (1943)<br />

H. very mu.h b.lieved in ketpin8 uP <strong>of</strong> English. dlh.r, DuFpd lnemry radirions'<br />

"Eli<strong>of</strong>s @nd wiih lBdilion, his s* <strong>of</strong> thc p6t a $nelhing ihtt vilalizes the<br />

presenr is rhc key-nole <strong>of</strong>rllhh triring (Tivcdi.1976). Hncrnicisn isakommked<br />

wirh lhe same kind ol idea, which gives il cnduring r.osnilion' Ht rcvolualed d<br />

nunber <strong>of</strong> lirerdy fisures ot p.sl lils lllizrbelhan dBmalhls. scvcnlenth cenrurv<br />

Melaphrsi€l pcls, Dryden, Mihon, FEnch SrEbolists, Ddle eic. He binerlv<br />

cfticized the wo*s md lpprc*h <strong>of</strong>fi. nin.r*nth c.nrurv Rodanric pGls and call'd<br />

rh.n D@ty jlsr whimsi@l rnd c.pncids To hiB lnc Mdph'sical scbol or po€trv<br />

es rhc main sidd&d <strong>of</strong>all Docttt. Sinc. in lhcmtuE h. b.lie!€d in ih..xLmal<br />

authd<strong>it</strong>x h. always El@ncd lo msuc po.ov d clcsi@l srttdatds AdvdtinS<br />

$c dsid mdeB. h. ncvs iSmd his o*n &)* which nourisben $e id6 <strong>of</strong><br />

"Modmism - Jaff (09), sF*in! <strong>of</strong> Eli<strong>of</strong>s k*pi.s 3bls uirh th' ontmpontv<br />

,orld, wiles, Balach.ndn Psjd e.plly dsrib€s Eli<strong>of</strong>s cfticin 'db'ddcd in<br />

dd nounshen by tne l<strong>it</strong>etuy snuaion I cndsvots lo move l<strong>of</strong>lord. *Lng lo<br />

rsnsider rhe co.on in oder b alisn <strong>it</strong> w<strong>it</strong>h conlcmpoBrv <strong>it</strong>uedls '<br />

"Lirerary crilioisn i. the twenlieth cenlury has loken two directions nainlv re_<br />

Nsmenl ol the grednss <strong>of</strong> lhc p.s wrne$ and cr.0rion <strong>of</strong> new cr<strong>it</strong>ical idedJ'<br />

(Faiel:305). In fie liot orMt. Faiel! n.t ment iawe lmk ar Eliors 6tcem. {e<br />

mosdy,ild niD engaged w<strong>it</strong>h s$c$in8 thc psr Siants ln fial he smi pladicrng<br />

his own crniml id@ <strong>of</strong> co.ndins pEs.r sirh $e p6t ttndirids Anothct idc4 which<br />

hr dablished. is th. @dpr ol thc dilsiotion ol sibil<strong>it</strong>v vnich tl$ bds'<br />

impo@t in th. Nfllie$ e urt cr<strong>it</strong>icin h wts wnh his rfrds rhd tht p'€rrv <strong>of</strong><br />

metaphysical pe6 sor b bc *onhwhilc in ler agcs h wa( dm h him rhar intEn<br />

b€go lo b. EIq in rh. Jmtsn dmrdsa. llis appdrh b Drvd€t! Pop' an'l rhc<br />

Au8usbs boueht aboul . F-insdm.ni <strong>of</strong> lhcs. pcrs in ihc living En3rish rncnry<br />

39

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crdnion. By dalulins lh* pcts, Eliol w6, in a *.y, succdtul in cdEcring rhc<br />

6rc <strong>of</strong> ihc poDle aholt th. F6 <strong>of</strong>lhc {ris tin.s. smdcts (177) &tnoul.dgcs the<br />

Drccric.l erleniF <strong>of</strong> lilior 'a.sides lh. icure ene ol lilcdry inhe l!nc.. rhcrc F<br />

Eli<strong>of</strong>s voice <strong>of</strong> autho<strong>it</strong>y, th. effect <strong>of</strong> which hd ben siv.n leslidonials aough !o<br />

havc b.me a .nriql omnopl@." Cdtica e. <strong>of</strong> th. vic* th.l Eli<strong>of</strong> s 4hiev'mol<br />

s ! qiric sr<strong>it</strong>u v.lid<strong>it</strong>y in th.liSii <strong>of</strong>$c ld tnar t !r4l &d <strong>of</strong> pdic oclivi<strong>it</strong><br />

follo*.d hh criricil s*nions. Henan sullivln (p 64) menlions the rcle dd posiltun<br />

<strong>of</strong>EliotinlheestlblBhm. <strong>of</strong> his con&mpo Brv ,ttc o a th. I <strong>it</strong>.niv cr<strong>it</strong>icisn I<br />

nr kr tilc in rh. @nvarimt B,n<strong>it</strong>onon <strong>of</strong> mod.nkn lnd ftc\* cnricnm tr<br />

I sEiiol,nd rlx rilbilia <strong>of</strong> thi, Nimihnon b. tuncuon ol thc @npl'\ <strong>of</strong> tu16<br />

B$cid.d wirh hih: 0t pd Ellor himelf vkh.d ro 6sune, ihc El6 lis<br />

onrmponnos 6.i3n.d him, rd lh. bls in which he h6 b.h sr bv subs'qu'nr<br />

AlonB *<strong>it</strong>h th. $ninll coMprs <strong>of</strong> bldnion dd dissi.tio <strong>of</strong> snsibiliri.s Eliol<br />

sp.kc <strong>of</strong> lhc impcMalily oato.by. which lo ! sFt dcll 8ol popubnv dong ln'<br />

6ntcmpotary cr<strong>it</strong>ics, This idea, in facl bings our the mdif.do drEli<strong>of</strong>r rundamcn$r<br />

@nc.pt oa poetry. His th@ry <strong>of</strong> s<strong>it</strong>icbn is clos.lv cl cd lo his th€rv <strong>of</strong> pclrv _<br />

imFemrfiy is lhc bBic Mr<strong>it</strong>l in both This lhorv<br />

chrlloging $e qi{i.g .oms <strong>of</strong> pcty ..d criiickm ond inde.i <strong>it</strong> grvc a fEsh<br />

dnerioi ro fioughl Oic aBEs w<strong>it</strong>h Join lhqed rhen hc savs.'M,trhc$ Amold<br />

wls such a cr<strong>it</strong>ic d wcr. Cole.idce dd lohnson and Dryden bcloEhimi aid such in<br />

olr orn day, isEliothiBscll chrir.nd dislsins th. vicrorio in0uence or Eli6r<br />

rnd rh. inponnne.nd diginal<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong>Elid s @nc.fr <strong>of</strong> impdemlirt <strong>of</strong>po.trt 8i6a<br />

vcry inrdeins Emel. "Lik. sy smd po!i, Eliol wbre a cl<strong>it</strong>iciln rhtr pEplr.d his<br />

audiencc io appr€ciate th. kind <strong>of</strong> poeq fial he wanten lo *tii' But thtr cfilicism<br />

coNrels a creative mis@ding <strong>of</strong>th. ptst lhat obsu6 his .onncclions to <strong>it</strong> in order<br />

ro 6sn ih€ oriaiMtily <strong>of</strong> his own srL onficolh.rhod.s Elior hiDslfcalls his<br />

wo crilicisD 6 the by-pDducl <strong>of</strong>his pdicrl *olkstDp' hB Scncmlidions d phcex<br />

fall shon oleund impt.$ion ThG feloi obviouslv limils his o<strong>it</strong>icaldge nd il i!<br />

$b limiutio4 *bich bddly m&ks Eli<strong>of</strong>s !$essd about lhc Rommrics and lh'<br />

victnid. M€md sums up Eliott l<strong>it</strong>cs tnd disl<strong>it</strong>es a:<br />

In rbmase b John Dryde4 Eliol mo/e clains ror ar altn'ariv. ro 6c 'h.k$b'<br />

tsdltlotr compn

---

Sldbolist pet!, sd .t lh. s. tin. .nrck.d iin.renrh_enrdry *riEE bv invidio6<br />

*irh $rcnlcnlh-entud erir.R lnd rhmugh !n antck on nin'cdrh'<br />

";."*i-;<br />

€iiry .tilioils s.i.Elly (fFn ..lret .4<br />

ttowd.r, Elidrs liLdry q<strong>it</strong>ichm, c lholc, i5 histoicallv Es.tdcd a an.sbblisbed<br />

prd <strong>of</strong>lh. developn.nl <strong>of</strong>Enllhh l<strong>it</strong>.Ery ct<strong>it</strong>icish H. pl.)cd a si8nificdt patr<br />

pdicrl&lr, in lh E6ssmd <strong>of</strong> fi. pe$ wiGB to su<strong>it</strong> p@ teelrn$ dd<br />

!*enc$. His mphsb lpon e oul3id..!$dilv ' .n sri'omutic norion ' p.v.d<br />

rlt. rsy to*.r& a fGh tnnud. to EnSlii! oilichh, Hc cnsEsen a nubn or<br />

inflwB ftm thc Dd dd n ld $m o w.ll lh.t th.v b.@. pan <strong>of</strong> hb own $lf<br />

od wo . TncEin li6his gE ncs Nnol4S4) rums !p Elior\ p.Mnal<strong>it</strong>, dd uknr!<br />

T. s. Eliot @ oa tn tuh6 <strong>of</strong> N.* ctidal mib i'y vnh i6 bi6 b*!'dt &'<br />

obi.diva th. un$rimni.l, th. duassbntG. rdiod th. kh.i6l linik' iib<br />

d;ood sftlDr db t Rmtt, olroi.nl 'nto<strong>it</strong>idij athdic . h'ning ud<br />

. Mpiins *iich wrc b nutu $c c ti6r dovdts fo. irR sMDEtions<br />

Tnus. Eliot tlk @ B.'5 lor nd surpr<strong>it</strong>inS nclhods ..d ido3 in l<strong>it</strong>cErv cndcisn<br />

in rw i.rh e.rury. Alos wilh lchniql spctt, h. sle lddcd srictlv m@l fdc<br />

in th. rrrEiel oa lircnry srti. Hir n.w crhiol oMFs au.lcd th. cont Fpo6ry<br />

lirdry @! lo ils h.ig<strong>it</strong>s ed q6.d tlF do wic6 to lhink n.inlv d his giwn

---

cBASlEE.tqla<br />

IMPIRSONALITY<br />

a.r Tb. cda0t <strong>of</strong> rrFm.ltt oatb.l.y: At ElCc<br />

Elior'3 c.iiical 6epr! *hich c .ltsdy slrcd bd.nv in d alEr salio p.ted rh.<br />

wry for lor <strong>of</strong> vri.d di$@id dunng h<strong>it</strong> lif. .nd .i.Ruds, C@PlqiIi6 ed<br />

ir[i@'6 ro udc<strong>bt</strong>od <strong>it</strong>d 6eDts G such 1hal lo.5 ol bots dd dticlB tuve<br />

bm qjtlen io.hbomtc llon thm. A nMha <strong>of</strong> l@.d criiis h.ve oPined on rh'<br />

n@ing dld philospiy <strong>of</strong>lhcsc <strong>it</strong>Ls llting h.lp <strong>of</strong>Eli<strong>of</strong>s oriSin.llv @ined Dr6.s<br />

T.S. Elio! in his epoch haling 6*!. rtud<strong>it</strong>ioa ah.l th? Indir<strong>it</strong>ltal Tal^t /t919)<br />

declees his co.ceptollhc ihp€snal<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong> Poexy in the aollowingvods:<br />

whar hsDMs ls a co lnlalturcndd<strong>of</strong>hims.laas he is allhe none.t<br />

to somcthing, which h doc !.lubl. Th. prc8m <strong>of</strong>d l<strong>it</strong>hi ir a continual<br />

clI-sriffe a 6nlinu.l qlinctiol <strong>of</strong> F*on.lirv Pelrt 6 nor a tumtog<br />

low <strong>of</strong> dotion. but d .soDc lFn do on; <strong>it</strong> h @t lh. dpKion ol<br />

Desal<strong>it</strong>, bltmst ton !.'$a|ny (|?,2l)<br />

12

---

To EliDl a poem h nol rhc ors,lou <strong>of</strong> reelinssi il is not thc l6e cxpEsion <strong>of</strong><br />

.norionsi R.ub€. {PAL 2004) cohno6 m tli<strong>of</strong>s concept ol lh. na|uc ort pcm.<br />

"Hc@isivsapoem 6.n objsl, m orsanic thing in ilelf. dcmdding I fusion and<br />

conenr.lio. <strong>of</strong>inlcll6! aeling, od erpcdence. Ol.ey (03). denni4 Eli<strong>of</strong>s onepl<br />

<strong>of</strong>poetic impcuonal<strong>it</strong>y. s.ys: ldonoln.!n, nor !o!ld enher Ycat or Ellot mean. thal<br />

ih. pssonal .lmcnt .r.r ws to b. inpotut. On the @Dmrr. n h $. lsry imp.rus<br />

rhlt bringt rhe FelJ, atout ed i is th.a $ ftxl6 or i dsiry in llle ,inished pcml<br />

bor h musr not i.noin nei.ly pelsnalor I will nor have enlered into $e p*m arrll.<br />

Y.4 js iko <strong>of</strong>rhe ric*, a quocd <strong>bt</strong> Olne), rha! iar pd \riles oD lhc lon lo\c. il<br />

musr havc been. jn th. fisr plaoe, the p(6onal $pf e.cc <strong>of</strong>rhe pocr hinself. Blr<br />

eh.n h. @ms io sr<strong>it</strong>c a p€r on <strong>it</strong>, ii b.comes tlc thene o<strong>it</strong>h. poen *hich spcils<br />

nol to th. p.ct doe blt b s .ll. This is how ! Fend<br />

exp€ri.nce h4 to be conreFd<br />

in o objelive or imp€soml w.y- *ilh o impe{onll ihpBsion, T S, Eliol h6 u$d<br />

th. tm objectiv€ coEldive 6 o mtus ro !,!dN. imp€Mnaliq in po€u_v. Elior<br />

dcnnes objstile cotrelative asl<br />

The onlt ray <strong>of</strong>cxp€sing emorion in $e fo6 <strong>of</strong> an is by fi.ding d<br />

''obj{liv. c<strong>of</strong>tlslile i in oder $ods,, $r <strong>of</strong>obj4ts. a snuadon, achain <strong>of</strong><br />

.vcrts which shall b€ rh. lomula ol rhd paniculr. .morion: luch $ar $tun lhc<br />

err.mll liEB, *hich nus iminar€ in snsory *p.ience, e given. rh.<br />

emotion h idncdialely.voked. ( t00)<br />

Aaornin8 to Chales Ch.dwicl (295) rhc rcd objclivc <strong>of</strong>thrir is julr an<br />

oths qod for ty6b.l *hioh came inro erecl lor such idper$nal ue by the<br />

.indenrh enrury Frcnch F.tl. Ille* French pds' to Ch.dwicL .wE mc<br />

coneiously concemd tha. thcir pftdecesou had b..i virh c\pressing andconv.r-ing<br />

& oolionrl s<strong>bt</strong> ntler lhs wnh dee,ibing dd liefininc il (295). chld*ict has.<br />

hcE, exprc$.d his vi.*s.bout rhc origin rnd Elioa5 inspidlion <strong>of</strong>rhe ltpicd tn(.D<br />

usc <strong>of</strong> slmboh. H. sdys: Stphtue Malhfte hsd eid much lhe sam. ding lhiny<br />

Far beforc flior in 1391.'<br />

Eliol explains, rt ldgth, his @n€fl oa imp€Mrllirr while dc$rihiD! th.<br />

ani*ic FacK, *hich eco.dinS b hin is a psc.s oa

---

is o coninul sltuocr<strong>it</strong>ice. a continlal .xlincton ol pcEontl<strong>it</strong>v Brcsmon (69?),<br />

comp.ring lh. worlc ind idcas <strong>of</strong> Eliol dd Andrc Cid., a Fftnch ! ter, s!)5, tiach<br />

saw lhc tulfillnont <strong>of</strong>lhc.nin d. giving up <strong>of</strong>the ell Cide s rc<strong>it</strong>crated a$edion rhat<br />

in ad he who loss hi, lif.shall lind n h5s d parullcl in Lli<strong>of</strong>! dicrum- Dliot aLso<br />

poinls our the &lation olthe poen to i$ auihoi lhe poem accodins ro him, has no<br />

rclation to fi. poei. The dilt r.nq. bclr.en lhc mind <strong>of</strong> a dat!& poct and lhlt oran<br />

inn.lure one h that thc nindoianalucpoct is'anorc frnelv pcrf{led hediun in<br />

shich sp*iol, or very vancd, f@lin8s e al libcfty ro enlq inlo new combinqlion 'To<br />

Eliol il is onlt . nst!ts minded pet qho c.n skillfully prccc$ his p.toonalfeelinss<br />

sd expdienks ib order b lel lo thc rcquncd lcv.l ol fihlic expre$i.n slepher<br />

Spende (l953iobscres Eliotl podry 6:<br />

For Eliol on dc @nmry. th. tlsk oalifc, G his p@lrv, js ro cnler<br />

mlon sifi d al@dy dinins p.rh. shich ha nolhing lo do wnh 'nlo sn:<br />

You h.v. to ao by lh. *.y <strong>of</strong> dispossion (shich mtri lbove aU.<br />

dh@ssin oa$c elt an oild b niv. at rh. de whcE ldi shncd lhd is<br />

!o er, ar ih. poid in lh. pltlcm, *hich .xisrcd bcf@ vou rcE bod.<br />

For h€ner o&.slodin& Elid.xphi.s fi. Dc6 ord.FNMliation and ib<br />

Eldid ro rh. hdirion b, @nptin8 <strong>it</strong> ro a ch.mical pnc$ ' lh. action, *hich et6<br />

Dlee whd r bft ol lin.ly folia|Gd plarinm, is inlFdo@d <strong>it</strong>to ! chdb€i onbining<br />

ortgs dd sulaur dioxidc. Th. .n.logy is tnat <strong>of</strong> the cotalvn ll. ers:-!hd tne ts.<br />

s6 pBiosly nc io.d (Oxt!.n &d Sultut Dioxid.) e mixed in lh. p@m. or<br />

a fihned oa pl.ri.un. th.y lom sulphuds acid This @mbinaiion llk6 pl&e onl] il<br />

$c Dl.ti.m is DEs.nr, nevenh.ls, thc n.!ly fom.d &id conkins no tue ol<br />

plarinum. dd tie plati.um hs.lf is appaently una|I(led. and Emoins inen .cuhl<br />

r.d unchdged. Thcn hc cohDes skillfully thc mind <strong>of</strong>rhe pct wilh the ch.mical<br />

eld.nr which onlv acc.knt6 th. pro.d <strong>of</strong>n.s lom.tion Th.nind<strong>of</strong>th.poelis<br />

!h. shEd <strong>of</strong> plainln. ! nry plnly or ciclNively op.rtt upon lhe expensne <strong>of</strong>fie<br />

mm hios.lf bul, rh. Foc p€rlFi lbc .nist the norc conplet lv sepomtc in him *ill be<br />

lhe m.n who sulTed and rh. mind which caarcs. thc noE Pcdectlv \vill rhe mind<br />

disest md raBmure $e pa*ions *hich .E ils dlleriel '<br />

Emotionsdd fcelings.rc $..lcncnls, which, enl.rii! the presence <strong>of</strong>$e pcrs mrd<br />

&t 6 d atsly*, go to lh. n.kin8<strong>of</strong>. wolk <strong>of</strong>tn Thc fiialeltel prcduced bv a wo<br />

dd

---

<strong>of</strong>an my b. found oul <strong>of</strong> sdl.norio.s inlo onc n na! b. fomcd oul oa! singlc<br />

morion or o[ <strong>of</strong>th. lelins e{okcd in rhc po.r b) \tious \ods t.d im.g6 Ir isnho<br />

posible thal <strong>it</strong> mdy b. conFsd <strong>of</strong>fcelings alone w<strong>it</strong>hoot using anv notion rhus, the<br />

pocl! niid is <strong>of</strong> recepL$le fo. scizing ud sbri.8 up nunbcrlcs feelings. phiei<br />

iniges" rhioh M.ined dEe unlil sll lh. paniclcs vhich con uiire ro rom a new<br />

compound <strong>of</strong>pEsc toseths. Eliab.lh Dc*( ) obserd sinil& aunction d rhe pd<br />

<strong>of</strong>a Fet. shc Eg.rds paFy d $. b6t u, oa hrn& @m(udorion lhich h6 rhe<br />

c.prciry olilluminaling dd ftnsfi slatine human lire ihmush thc po$doi$o(t sh'<br />

e!s: This cannot b. rMmplished b, lh. Po.l w<strong>it</strong>ho a dhciplioc F€nllcl b dtr<br />

prlcliced i.$.dcdicarion to lne liaeolrclisiousdevorion.lt is onlt bvihc Lo$<strong>of</strong>scll<br />

in his.rt lh th. pocfs @n$iou*$ is dircctd. o er€d, focuscd inr€nsined a<br />

$N nade ev.r noa powertul in lnc difutid <strong>of</strong> <strong>it</strong>s €ne4t bctond ib€li<br />

Didf ond l,lorens (0t), in lh.n adicle on $. lscs <strong>of</strong> ioag6 in Eliol 3 po.rry' rlM oul<br />

rhe hisrory olpocric ima8er) sidc. the Crcck period Thet quote lloaog liom hi5 bot(<br />

As *idr pict@, $n. poeds lh. cl@ ya irnd<br />

Ac om pl.6ins. but $n. noE Molc sholld he $d.cdi<br />

Oft appa6 b.st in shldws, and oc in cl.a lighr<br />

UnlfEid <strong>of</strong> a cilic s diseding insidt;<br />

Add some please us once- some an ind.finhcrimc. (16r.165)<br />

They frrlherexplsin th6l rhougl we havc lhe mention <strong>of</strong>poetic idaBery in th. mcicnt<br />

l eErw, 6 qroEd .bote. the fmal slud, <strong>of</strong> in.gsy heee in en.i@€. dd <strong>it</strong> is<br />

thmen de u* ol difi@nl tlF <strong>of</strong> eNry imlge: Eliol hG ui€d b ptldc<br />

inFmruliry in ht pctr (06)- whil. di$u$ins ih. Dl. ol objccl<strong>it</strong>e sftldive,<br />

Didlc and Llorcns quole Rene wellek who dcnn6 the icm a thc slmbolic aond<br />

shich he fioushr <strong>of</strong> s oonrinuous wnh $c ttelings <strong>of</strong> fie poel, objectirvi4 and<br />

Daneming rh.n" (192)ificy @Dlinue etplainingfid &cordinB ro wcllcl I definnion<br />

<strong>of</strong>objeliv€ @frltliv., the FEI will Mlurully htvc ro mole ue <strong>of</strong>lypi.cl imasery rn<br />

ordq ro p<strong>it</strong>Mt .b6ua.l i{tas in ! t r8ibl. wly rvoidi4 lh. diEl sd tuEhi<br />

rtpedce oa his oM felinCs md .motions (07) Joh.son 1200t). hlhin8 about thc<br />

Blion,l. olrh. lmasists in rh€.tdt tw.nri.th cdtury. wilet lh6t th. pionee6 <strong>of</strong>rhe<br />

lmagi Mdvemenr lilc Pound {c were <strong>of</strong> rhs viev lhar:<br />

15

---

Po.ts should nol bc ralling B ho* rhey fel_rhev should b. prc*nriry us vi$<br />

irD6or, <strong>it</strong>use. qhth lspm rh. 41n& $ ftd h. d Nrdcr' tm tad b 'te<br />

im;. tr'$od $. m.ddk$m( rE f.Rne or rhe p.d'Bl peMn,liD rrh. l)<br />

P;tr. in oih.r wdds, rhould mr b. intdpdiDg $..rp.dqc. for 6: rhcv should<br />

DFvide rh. objeliv. mob! by *hich we d ou*1v6, a t d6, disYd {hd<br />

That is *hy Dliot also believ.s in the chddcskric usc <strong>of</strong> lan$ale Nhrh Epresnls<br />

the tu lelinss <strong>of</strong> a poel ro b. @nv.r.d to lnc @det Ha!! (51) obscs, 'Eliol<br />

po*& av obsuins<br />

Fdups h.lps rhc Frd.r lay hihslfopcn tothepoem\ Fculi&<br />

what lhe lsguage indioacs. Eliol oay help pul the rsder in rouch wnh what lhe<br />

ldsulgc mdies. Eliot d.meds a cdliye sns <strong>of</strong> sppdialion ftoo has @dcB<br />

fo! $e full und.Nhnding olhis pM' He is nor only sugge$iv. in his.pprceh but,<br />

rt sEar mony linc. h. is also invirinE ro involve thc E der to n|le most <strong>of</strong> a lilemry<br />

@.t. PrcGs Cla<strong>it</strong> Cor.b@l, ii nis kir@ o\ Mo.t dtfi ard '9J /., Matrs on<br />

lhe nature <strong>of</strong> impeMnal<strong>it</strong>y in pootry:<br />

Th.r cm b. no pdeiil yi:ion, only rhe slrh.riis <strong>of</strong> yoic6 :nd r sni. .f a v.i.<br />

NE arion or syndr$is rhar.dnor b. cenr.d on ant single individual. Alcmrliv.ly,<br />

no peen! is sdoptd 4d pods arc {plicirly fn8nmtd md ddntd, prodriDg<br />

l.ndep6 <strong>of</strong>dismbodid voiq usins quo<strong>bt</strong>ion, rnd laryu3E 6 diNgi <strong>it</strong> *ft t<br />

f@nd objct. h is $. fom o. @ndion, dh( rho lh. mnc , which be@m6 ri.<br />

Elid illsht.s his rh@ry by a few dopl6. HG beli.v.s thar lhc gEd6s <strong>of</strong>a<br />

poen d*s not dcpend on lhc g@rnc$ <strong>of</strong>$e inrcns<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong>the cnorjons, but o. thd<br />

inreDsily oa$e disti. prcss, rhe pe$ur und.r which lJ)d ttion bL! pl@ The<br />

anisic .notion .vokcd by Ddt i, his trcllmsd <strong>of</strong>rh. episod. ol P.ulo r.d F@c66<br />

is dilfcrcnt fron lhe etual cmolion and fie s<strong>it</strong>uotion. The anislic emotion 6ay<br />

appuin.ic to rhc rct!.j moiio 6 h aeM@ or othallo. ln Agocmnon rhe<br />

lrtinic.molion apprcximarcs to rh. eoorion oaln &tuil sp.cr.tor: in olh.llo lo rhe<br />

edotion <strong>of</strong>fie potlsonist himelt "But the difference benveen an sd $c evd h<br />

als4s.bslut. Ko!'\ 'Odc lo a Nighrinsale conbins a numb.r <strong>of</strong>lelinrs which<br />

have norhing particllar to do wirh rh. .ighringalc. bur *hich rhe ni8liingrl.. panly<br />

pe.iaps <strong>of</strong> <strong>it</strong>s atrEctiv€ nm. dd pdlt be.u$ <strong>of</strong> ib €puarion. sv.n to brin8<br />

tqeth.f. Hflcq h. nmnely p,srts his ris rh3t lhc chief co.ced <strong>of</strong> rh. po€t is nd<br />

the exFe$jon <strong>of</strong> p.6o@lny, tu1 o e*spe rron peNonal<strong>it</strong>, erpf$inl hinscli

---

fiougllh. raiuml medim oidind which p.culiarlv @nbines pcrsonal mpc$rons<br />

and exp.dences aoi which he savs. lmprc$ions md cxpenoG which or impontnr<br />

ior rne msn ma) lare no pla@ in thc po.rv, md thosc which become inpotunr In thc<br />

po.iry nay play qun€ a negligible pan in fic md' lhe po$ibililv " Eliol lhus rdlcd<br />

ro diven $. inleGs ftom $e po.l to $e poctrv, fbn fi€ Individudl pdsnal<strong>it</strong>v to lh'<br />

wolk <strong>of</strong> sn ielf d'a! h. thints hs tn i cgrhv sd 'xisren" or irs own ln rh'<br />

inrodlcrion !o $e Secd w@d he tvr thlt a Notl{ otM should b€ vi$sl 6 h'Yinl<br />

! liL <strong>of</strong> <strong>it</strong>s o*n. orehed b rhd <strong>of</strong> ils cEllor: _We m olv sv dd a pcn in somt<br />

e@, hs iB own life; lhd <strong>it</strong>s pan fom eme$i'8 qun€ dilI€6( non a bodv or<br />

n tlly ordcEd bios.aphicsl {klli lnlr lh. l@ling, or edoiion' or lision Bulling in rhc<br />

fom <strong>of</strong>! ptrtn whi.h is som.thins diiLrcnr rem tle leling 'r €<br />

Explainine funber lhe co.*pl <strong>of</strong>hk rhcorv <strong>of</strong>iop€r$ialnvoipoerv! bwlds $e cnd<br />

6 his 6s.y tuaa<strong>it</strong>ion a.d !h. lndivil,al la?e,t/ Eliot savs: {he 'notion <strong>of</strong> 3d is<br />

inFmnd And dt po.l m mr t@h lhk iop'enal<strong>it</strong>y rilhour sun'nd'ins himsull<br />

whout b the *ork <strong>of</strong> an to b. don..nd n' is nd likelr ro tnow whal is to h' donc<br />

unless he l<strong>it</strong>6 in rhd is nd n@lv tl. pt*n! bur rhc pe* nomd <strong>of</strong> rhe p!e;<br />

!nl6h. h mn$ious <strong>of</strong>nor oa*htr is d.rd bul <strong>of</strong> shtt is dMdv livins -Esrv (4r)'<br />

sp.iLing <strong>of</strong> Elioi's prelic <strong>of</strong> inFFnll<strong>it</strong>v. links the pefs Eldion *irh lhc cunut<br />

a.d *i.1y. He ttys: fte ptth 10 imp.6on.lnv ed univsal<strong>it</strong>y is ouled rhoush rh'<br />

po.ls rclalionship to a cutuH distincr sio_hislotical fomalion+s opD'sed to lh'<br />

high modemist aspiration ro univerctlirt brsed on fie shon cncu<strong>it</strong> from Dsvche {oic<br />

rcpBsnlalivc subjst to nlth (allsubjcct. dlculluE lo E$vimp'Mndlirv isthc<br />

orhq eord lor univdsoliv. *hich in pstD eselgd our <strong>of</strong>! po<br />

anphBc silh his oM poplc ed th. liLr&v *od$ poduced 6p€ciillv pior to hi3<br />

ow. ag.. Nor only rh. si.tv but sle d cqul ptJl is plav€d bv rhe verv li" <strong>of</strong> th'<br />

pod hin*tfto Ptovid. him m cnll fttr his DGtrv vidu lalking ab6r lh' obs'urnv<br />

<strong>of</strong> Elior\ po.mi @mqt! "Thcv (th. p@mt e e'cumb€r€d wil| m cmDtinest<br />

lhich n not one or the pcrt $ul bur mlhd <strong>of</strong> hh abih! b rum into podr'v *har his<br />

cmolionol life prcvided him Nirh Cdvcn (200 1 ) iighllv ffarks: _His own lhorv <strong>of</strong><br />

pocq happcned lo fir his own poctry fiolgh <strong>it</strong> ole f<strong>it</strong>cd a lot <strong>of</strong> Inde] iislory'"

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Cdd, qtl.ininB Eliol\ lhdy, quot6 a line ion ///'ldr t.lls us or rh. Eratioi<br />

bcls€n Eliors thory ind shtk.spd€t pr.cnce:<br />

Eliol sFle olan ab$Iul. $p@rior bcr*en fic nr *ho sufTe6 and rh' disl<br />

sho c;aB. He b.lieved fi; Doeltv come fo6 someNhcre deper in the slf<br />

ln.n rhe elfcould be con$aous ot The eholostic rigour<strong>of</strong>EliotJrniculation<br />

<strong>of</strong> rhis Rmlic vaew <strong>of</strong> crHriv<strong>it</strong>v t lc us b€.t to ln. Q@n in t 4/er: rhe<br />

laddic doth pDt sr loo duch nethi.ks The pd h6 be@m. his oq Olheli!<br />

''The impcNonal lbeory orprlic production . implied in this srilmenl lnd crplicillv<br />

sFUed out in the e$at lbm lhich il n bken, is not. in facr' incompaliblc w<strong>it</strong>h lhe<br />

crpNioisric view <strong>of</strong> lhc Hmtd esi (Fdt. lll) H. lle olls il \pln<br />

p.Mnal<strong>it</strong>t' lheory for de p.et hcs lo p€dom doubl. role i e an <strong>of</strong>tisl sho feek lhc<br />

inpotuc. ole obi*r M €motion tr e cvcrq ed $. chmctcr sho Flod ii For<br />

c h€ner undeBloding <strong>of</strong>his vic*s. espeiall! or tnc $E k'v wo'ds i' felins'<br />

e6otion. and ensibilny, ii is v.ry imponanr ro Eke h.lp ftom his $ilics Ble*nut<br />

ers'felins h rhe arndme.i.l rcm-l il h oncr.lc. scnsort nwl4 $n'ho* in<br />

cxpdieno.i whelher actual or imagined, bur alsavs paniculd' Emotions or fte other<br />

h$4 4 felins5 or8lDize4 {d built into I fom You d hun a md s fclins bul<br />

you @not hun his ralei blr you o rcusc hk dg. bv hunine his lelings An <strong>it</strong> full<br />

ol paniculd cEotions. thar is, rhe dbsLdcL thsielical fom; fi' tmotion is g@d onlv<br />

in tid imme. EdorioD in td lik life. h mad. $m.rimes out <strong>of</strong> f@lings alonq<br />

somerimes out <strong>of</strong>i*lings fl{t cmotions modirying csh <strong>of</strong>ier, and enerimes oul <strong>of</strong><br />

one edorion roding on dothd lom <strong>of</strong>dolio. sDnsibilirJ "co'dina b Bl&kmur'<br />

''is rhc discipli.e <strong>of</strong> lh. undi$iptined squlds <strong>of</strong> cmolion", as spoken <strong>of</strong> bv Elior in<br />

,ar,Co.i./.sensibil<strong>it</strong>yhlhe"pccision<strong>of</strong>i.elinsSensibiliivforthepoethhislldk<br />

oa fclinsis Md p€rccDrions i. {rios s1!g6 <strong>of</strong> o.geisalion. dd. lh6, n EPtrsts hE<br />

rcsidualskillloEspond *nsiblv . To Elior the applicalion olsensibil<strong>it</strong>v isd msns <strong>of</strong><br />

*hievins inFmMl dlrs'on 'n FxtY<br />

Eliot is o<strong>it</strong>ir. opinion ih.r <strong>it</strong> G not ou feelings, bur rhc pltLm shich we make<br />

<strong>of</strong> d! felings (wfii.h) is l|lc @d <strong>of</strong> v.lrc" He motions iis while sp€ting ol<br />

anoder w.l | rcnoqned phts Objeclive Coreldive which is also closclv a$Nialed<br />

*i$ his id€! <strong>of</strong>rh. inp.enaln) <strong>of</strong>p..kv l. is usd in rhe cser "Hdtut ma ll<strong>it</strong><br />

48

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PDrIe" b qpllin how morio m b. bd qPased in pclrt. Elior' like the<br />

Frcnch stinbolisls, b.licvcs thar .motions o.i onlv bc .voked, bul can nor b. .xprcssd<br />

dirtly. Th. corcepl oa ihe objerivc corclarile is vcv ouch i. accod {ath rhc<br />

m€hoicd pm*s to which Elior Edu€s tlie c@rivc an wh.n h. @mpaB n to .<br />

chebicalchoee inth. pre$.ce<strong>of</strong>aBrll)sros h$ ben mentioncd eelier' C S Fra*r<br />

i nis 6$l Thz Mo&m wti@ and // n-,rd h6 .l@id@d th. phla objdiYe<br />

corehdle i. $e lolloqing oeno: "No pho$ <strong>of</strong> Mr. Eliot has b€sn oorc dieus$d<br />

by crili6, bur <strong>it</strong> fay hclp a linlc b qp.d n inio simpld EnSrish; tho objerivc<br />

corelotiv. , 4dnins ro whi.h .n odion {ould, i. such plainer so.ds. bc $mcdins<br />

&!@lU rh.E corespondine to smethiis which our leelinss wcre leeling !b'ut: n<br />

sould be smdhins thor would @E simild aelin8s in m6r nomallv @ni<strong>it</strong>ord<br />

pmple. fhu, shar Mr. Eliol n.t htve had in mind wts thor thc 'morion <strong>of</strong> pctv<br />

sl'ould b. prcvided *<strong>it</strong>h morivcs (notjun l f.el ed" bur 'l feel ed b€caus ) ot lhal<br />

fic 6?ons <strong>of</strong>lh. po.t should b. Espones <strong>of</strong>adeli..d sindion Eliotmlvhtvc<br />

had in nind aho lhc wsionil possibiliry in po€rv <strong>of</strong> eliciling emolion s<strong>it</strong>noul<br />

{ti@rly exPBsing <strong>it</strong> by cvoldng se tirodion *hich <strong>bt</strong> ilelf rmues ddion -'<br />

Eli<strong>of</strong>s conrention thd lhc Fxt should cxtinguish hh peendlnv in fie '1ild ol<br />

thc p@m dG nol htu $d h. should tbddon his Erpo'sibilnv As Winsn dd<br />

Ercoks h{. poinl€d out, Eli<strong>of</strong>s m.ltphor aboul lhe poen s'lif.' and his su$e$ron<br />

dEr l||e poci! pnnlry &s* h to fosld 4d nuftlc fi.1 liL &c not inoFisiblv<br />

irationsl. l1 is possible !o argu. rhal $e pcm, like a sowi'e PlMr ndlmlly grows<br />

rowods $c lishr !id, urle$ iircrrcred Nilh. rc.ds to Sros nrdilhr" Th€ rad is thal<br />

Eliol fidly bcli.v.s i. rhe imD.@tlirt otpdry ud !h' co'c'fl <strong>of</strong> the objetiv'<br />

c<strong>of</strong>tlativ€" punjngfi. emphasis upon lhe wo* <strong>of</strong>an asr nrucruc Aslh' pocl ctnnor<br />

di6{y dp6 his .moti@ to lhe @de he obi*tifies il in "a s <strong>of</strong> objd* o<br />

snuion. ud t choin <strong>of</strong> cvdls " Cnvd (2OO | ) dplicatcs Eliol\ rcchniqu' or wnring<br />

a pem and lhcrcby lo armd BrdeE aheniion ro $c meaning ol rhe pGfr He savi<br />

_Elior sugBes.d thtt msins *at $e t G the p@t rhw b rhc dog or thc @decs<br />

cxper.tions which allowed $c pocm lo do ns "ork likc a burgld Eliot bclieves in<br />

rh. rctivc p.tiicipstio on th. pan <strong>of</strong>o G.der to tullv tpPisid€ rh' cont'ns ol!<br />

p@n. Btuks (314) quo16 r fd €tcat liLdv fiC!6 lo slDpon thc vid <strong>of</strong> Mds'<br />

drnmio involvemdt ro go lhough a l<strong>it</strong>etdry wotk Hc wrires:

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Thn tmos.lirGr (M.llm?).!Bu.d rh.r Eadiry ' pem Equ'c d nen<br />

p.pmtron dd d i phn. !! $rir'ng dt rm$ loJe bsumd rhd $' n''ler or<br />

i l'*- -d ri^*di w"t. "."i .nd $o-lo ,p.nd ).e, orepe'ry \im'el !<br />

;otr a DuK-in th. (ulid'on <strong>of</strong> thc' 6ifii(d' no{L 1 s tlior otr'<br />

Emd.d tnd. FsFr'v. €da oronc o' hB po.tu 'hould b' *'lhlg ro pd <strong>it</strong>r d<br />

l.ur s nuch Drcliminary nudv c a bnkr.r pur in b'forc arsuiu a e$ s oun'<br />

Hde d on. hdd a s&i s.ndirion is r'qui'!d dd on rh' odcr b'lidins<br />

rmls <strong>of</strong> pelic an |o convey $e messs. prop€n, ltlhe poei sueeeds iD findin8<br />

apprcr.<strong>it</strong>k objecl5 ior his cnorio.s, he d$ succc'Jr i' ronsmiring his cdotions to<br />

lhe Fd.r. In lhis *sy Elior ilsili6<br />

lhe ida lh{ molions anot bG<br />

'xpEs'd: lh'v<br />

Thc facr is $al 6e Meo fd the po.n 6 an objeriv' thing is lhc<br />

dhtinsuishing icaluc olEliots cla$icisd. He sironglv b'li'ves thai il is onlv rhrculh<br />

gctruin. imp.renalirJ lhd r. c ehiurr rc Nrl cn'l ol P'd.J-<br />

$hich ir 'h purc<br />

co.Gnpl.lion ioh shich all lhc &cidenls <strong>of</strong>peNonal cmolion are rcmov'd ' (TsE<br />

fk Ped4tCr<strong>it</strong>i4.lheefrs.n @i@ts tlos who us an lor ultsior motivd lik'<br />

inkrprting lir. lor us or to @n$lc us Thc pe@nol vid rcnds ro tfie cxPBion <strong>of</strong><br />

pe&nal .molion in ar bul enotion, lo b. 6ade ft for poetr) must be objdlifisd bv<br />

the stibilig in thc tom ol cxpqi.ncct or felings €xprc$'d rhmueh rhc edt<br />

obj*rive codelative Kell) (Modcmiso explains Elidfs mksion and rehniquc' Elior<br />

s@kr di$ipline dd st{ctuE: h. dislik6 ! p@ric Fdhion *hich pomd$ emotion<br />

od sponEe<strong>it</strong>yi b.licv<strong>it</strong>g instad in. f@ultic $r <strong>of</strong>objdts cvenc d snuions<br />

which .vokcs a panicular enotio6: lhis prccess h€ 6lh nndi4 3n objective<br />

'Mo6lv<br />

corelarirc Thus w. s dEt lh. t.tu. <strong>of</strong> Eri<strong>of</strong>r vicr is 3@i H' d<br />

pdsonal lilc is 10 b. depeenalized. bur thal <strong>it</strong> should bc sivcn a lnircB'l forcc<br />

Eliols viees @ p@lictllt *o abl., as he shoNs in his o*' p{ams ponicularlv in<br />

_The W!$c rind , _Ash wcnnesdq', _lne rour Quanes od rhe tivo SonT ol J<br />

AlfEd Prufrcck , shich m undou<strong>bt</strong>edlv slpeib ochievemens ii lhc neld or poelrt<br />

Thrcudr hat imFend lnorv ot po€ltv .nd h<strong>it</strong> own pr&lici Eliot s@edqi in<br />

cubing thc cdle$, aonlc$ gBh <strong>of</strong>pon_Fmdtc p@fv<br />

In Milon (luly) on lgth dd 20rh Mov<br />

Paodihs T s. Eiots fai<strong>it</strong>ion od tle<br />

200.1. an inr.rdi$iplinarv @nlcrence, ,{e'<br />

Indfiidtul Ta!.d es 643niz.d bv tunt<br />

50

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CioveniCieci. Aiia Mdh Aieihs qoncd $e prcceed in$ <strong>of</strong> !h€ oonfeEnce t.<br />

rhc coDf*nc., . nlmb.r <strong>of</strong> $hol6 prnicipated md Prcsc.Ld then viws sd<br />

disv..i6 on Elioa3 @Np$ <strong>of</strong> "lir€mty idnion-- and imFMal<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong> petrv<br />

l.wel Sp@s Brdkq (Frk d collcs., sr' fclc*bura, Frorida) prc$nkd his anicl':<br />

w<strong>it</strong>ins th. s?U rrud<strong>it</strong>uh t"t Inpefr,",/trr ,, t S ,h,r in qhich he cxDlorci th.<br />

philosophi€l gmundin! <strong>of</strong>Eliot3 conqepl oiimpeMnal<strong>it</strong>v. diguins lhil hh p.sirioi<br />

horh bcgins ed a& in $e p€snali fi. d4lh olfie slf _ rhich involv6 F6onal<br />

.xFicR ils clttivianio ad lhc o.lg.ne oa t moE Scnuinclv p€mdl<br />

.xpdi..e in an -. is nol an dd in iell bul ! mtrs lo tfie 8alrcr<br />

cnd <strong>of</strong> dlizina rh.<br />

sclfin wilins. sincc lhe hislory<strong>of</strong>th.publicalion <strong>of</strong>Eliors vdrious pcns sho*s rhlr<br />

lhey wer publishsd not !s sbole blr fioehentarilv, the c<strong>it</strong>ics hrve spoko aboul lhc<br />

logic b.iind this pdcticc. Fnedich dd Llercnce (430) dis.usr "ir <strong>bt</strong>ellknosn fiol<br />

Eliol cmiws ol$. mind <strong>of</strong> lhc poct s @ntnually foming n w wnohs oul <strong>of</strong><br />

di$ete tagmdrs <strong>of</strong>.xpcdda. Thi Nhcr a pcm is Dlblishcd d*d@l @h<br />

nc* vcuion EpBs.nB t ncw arulsmdion ol cxpsie.ce dd thc addilio. nd chrnscs<br />

drc $e b.n slues lo lhe .urhols intentions Thev are poinlliS oul to t]re p@ns lik€<br />

-ftc Hollow Men','Ash wednerda)", lom Quaneh ek, rhkh ser. publishcd in<br />

scrioB { diff.rent tim6. This ptutie bingi our rb. pd s int.llcctual devclopm.[r<br />

which bk6 tim. to bc dposd poFrly.<br />

4,2 The Role rnd Inporiance <strong>of</strong>rnrgdlbd Symbol. o!.d h Eliott Po.iry<br />

lohnsto (2005) siv.s us the origii <strong>of</strong> th. influ.nce on Eliot rrSordins de qlic.l<br />

a*usd irDg.ry in his pdtry.'Th. modcm movcment in pctry. the lrdsloddion ol<br />

th.hdrron inlo som.rhing shhnSly n.$. otdde'fliot smelh,t 4commonand<br />

convenidl date ie l9lo, wha a smqll grolp <strong>of</strong> p@ricinS D.cls o.t j. London und.r<br />

$e nade <strong>of</strong>then .ew moven<strong>of</strong>rlmsism." lt wos tom fis mov<br />

b' E?a Pou.d, Eliot $.nej using porcrtullt meoninstul dd sLnling idtgcs in his<br />

pems. Elio! unlik. Word$oniie pEnidablc uudl imager, t .4c kroq for his<br />

unprsiicbblc, and .t plms nor 6il, @mprehensible im4cry' Kellv {Modeo<strong>it</strong>r).<br />

w<strong>it</strong>h rcfe@ce ro Pound, spetks <strong>of</strong>lhe tuiclion <strong>of</strong> imlserv, _Thc poinr <strong>of</strong>imashm is<br />

th.l il do6 nol osc im.gcs d omanenrs r'he inaee <strong>it</strong>seli is th. sPech The intS' a<br />

$c word be)ond fomul.tcd lmgug. fo PouId, ecodinS ro (ellv images do nor<br />

51

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hatc ey 6r.d valu. or n@in& tlcy 6 lnd sholld bc us€d vaidn, b, lhe pel 6<br />

is the need otlhe silualion.<br />

Thr wholc nodernist p..rry is heked *<strong>it</strong>h rhis $ylc <strong>of</strong> using imagery quir.<br />

ind.p..ddrlt plrcing Elior on dc top <strong>of</strong>lh. lisi. for rhc $ke oa@mp.ri$n, Johned<br />

silcs a pem-.t a Maai. by Waher dc Lr Mar. and rhcn lalts abour <strong>it</strong>s ioalery <strong>of</strong><br />

wordsrorhian i)1. and comments, -aut ( oilea no rc!.larion. no

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d.@in d by . kiod <strong>of</strong> p€ic di.Ldic *hich sG the mct distirctiv. pi<strong>of</strong>fiinl<br />

Didr ed LloEns in rhek dicle , Tk ,l@l!sn <strong>of</strong> Poaic tnasav ha* @nsid€Fd all<br />

posible functo.s oa inas6 &d slmbok in poetry. Th.v Fniculdlv qde Eliot!<br />

skill <strong>of</strong> bnnsing in chelcErislic imtgcty in his pftms:<br />

Th. exp6sion or absturion in on.de ens is whar l<strong>it</strong>mry ihconns .all figudioi<br />

For.rmpl.. T.s. Elior u*i $. inuc orrhe *ct.land ch in sn!$l .vodiont<br />

(di,<strong>it</strong>y. doughr- 6.4nn.$. nd)- ro EpEsr abi6d norion aboufli wld ehc<br />

h. liv.d, a hop€lssres* nftnalsn. shock tbllo*ins a *t rhd had $Drss€d ill<br />

rviouswd ii i6 ddrudive Fw.r (p. 0i)<br />

slmbolhm could bc defined 6 the use oi indnaf .xFe$ionr a s<strong>it</strong>u&on shere thc<br />

Rjdd cm6 rD Eogniz€ th.r rh.t th. wrir€r is prc*nting dd dsribin! is nol all<br />

whll I'e is chi€fl) concened wirh, but fiar fi.re is a hidden or deFr mdn ing *hich is<br />

inl€.dcd actualty. Used inr.nsivcl) od eticctiv.ly, rhc slmbols reinlbrce rhe impacr <strong>of</strong><br />

th. lirccry *od. h l<strong>it</strong>sat@, 6p€cially ir pcFy, th. fi€que us <strong>of</strong> symhols asB<br />

thequalilydd force <strong>of</strong>d inrcnded idea ln Eliors p@ry vrrious srylistic devices dR<br />

usn ro gF t e,I4t, mons lnd symbolis is quile pEvalcnl. "Elior's idm fq synbol<br />

is obj*tiv. <strong>of</strong>tlativ.. md in de rm r. 6n see his @lr arcnpr to makc on- !r<br />

le6t in hh c ticisn apprcach thc mndilion <strong>of</strong> scicnc by ebievin! a<br />

depeMtliz.lion or a epdtion ftom pc@tulir) (CMs 16l). To dcpid vaiour<br />

siluations, L.lin$ and doriois. Eliot has used r numbn orsymboh fid. cr<strong>it</strong>icallJ<br />

sDeotiD& he slls obje'iv. @rchtive. which bd al@dy b.ei defined. llush Kenncr.<br />

as q@tcn by F6ell ( I96), lavoub rh. n6l and snh.ric necd<strong>it</strong>y oa podi. slmbol5<br />

which is fudhs cxplained by FusFll, 'The sorld <strong>of</strong> no!61 srltes mus rhus bc<br />

p'end <strong>it</strong>diEcdy t {t ar. @nd Enove: stmbolism o suggcsl moml cond<strong>it</strong>ios<br />

which lhcmselves .lude d.sription and evdluarion, lussellhas poinred our thal alons<br />

Nilh mdy other orcr.re synbols, Eliol h6 tcqucnlt usd $e srdbol<strong>of</strong> bL\jilt<br />

8€soE" to g<strong>it</strong> nqnine 10 his subjdiv. or psychic ond<strong>it</strong>ioN. He eys rhis is ale t<br />

paft <strong>of</strong> hb 6eory <strong>of</strong> Obj{tiv. c<strong>of</strong>tlariv." which is .pplied to cxhibil ab$mcr id.a.<br />

whh thc h.lp <strong>of</strong> b.lininB id.g.s, tlnbolt adir adions or B$rurs. Frsell ob*ncs<br />

lhat EUot h6 conodd ovs rh. odequrc use <strong>of</strong>lh. novemcnt3 <strong>of</strong>hedr.nd finge6<br />

and oa$cn power <strong>of</strong>dielosins to the obsner-a siven psychic cond<strong>it</strong>ior" 1l9a). He<br />

53

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giv6 @si{rcmblc .xepls <strong>of</strong> Elior's difercfl ch@lc6 physical g6luB lhal<br />

coEl e w<strong>it</strong>h . deli.<strong>it</strong>c .bstBu oi me!61 idcc. Lines li*e t &rr.r' 6y lonE fuqca in<br />

Ptultuck:tlg l^tfnge4 <strong>of</strong>ledf/ cld.h atu! sink into ip \|etbankin e w6te Lmd<br />

ad a h!e[L] <strong>of</strong> rt^t, nn Mtk jnserMiL <strong>of</strong> dntr ha i,6d * d, dc quol.d to<br />

sho} Elid s us <strong>of</strong>hrndt srhbolisfr. Elior *s gEdly inspircd by ed idch.d lo th.<br />

FE.ch sldtolins. vidu (2002) quo|B Eliot, 'A1 on ti6. h. eid $al hc o*.d !<br />

8@l<br />

deol to Anhur S)mons b.ok on Frcnch sybbolists, b.cause il helpcd him<br />

disevq .,!les L<strong>of</strong>orgu.. He added $al krot8ue had laolht him lh. PNric<br />

'To$ibilnis ol hh oM idiom- At eorhcr re he reD€akn $al had he .or kno$n<br />

L.forlue\ pffrr). h. mighr nevd hav. bmm. rh. pd h. tr!s-<br />

Sandq(377) defines. ii Eliot\ Fn|qt. dc a <strong>of</strong>symbolism, .n 0n in which oie <strong>of</strong><br />

$. norc Mnsrtrblc l.nsio.s nst sie frcm $e po€fs rcccptiv.ne$ ro rhe subllest<br />

i.neions <strong>of</strong> sp€eh $ot rhouch wilh r difidme in thc u$ <strong>of</strong> hir Nn voic.. rn<br />

dif.rent poms <strong>of</strong>eliot.l. iind such chancl.risrics oaide$ and laneuaee that nake<br />

an <strong>of</strong>slhbolism a poqeriul rml <strong>of</strong>ankic expB$ion. Bcllin (2003) speal$ <strong>of</strong>the<br />

pr@ric6l sisnificdce <strong>of</strong> de imleery esltciatty 6t Fou. Qtfuttr,<br />

And $c fomil<br />

unily <strong>of</strong>d. Olrr.rJ im.g.ry rnd snucturc. ficn very rppGnl @t suggpns an<br />

e.losu un<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong> @.t nt." H.rgmvc, jn nis b@1. Landsape at S>nnol i" the P@try<br />

,/LS. ,/0(1973), .pp@iat.s Elior's rqrcle.rarive symbolism. The blulb fmm fte<br />

dusrcoler Fads, "Throughour his poetr], ElioteDplols bolh u60n rnd Mallan4odpe<br />

b slDbolize the divcN ndrl otrd cnoriMcl skts <strong>of</strong> fie hurln soul 6 n nov$ liom<br />

. n@insl6 exiskncc b onc *hich is spirnually rig.ificor. And a quor.tion fM<br />

th. b@E lmdsclpc c.n b. sdn a thc nijor symb.lic expEsion <strong>of</strong> Eli<strong>of</strong>s tolal<br />

p..ric $bjsl dd fiecloE ds6 rc@r.irion.. . d a brilli6nr md hiShly @mplex<br />

rchi.v.m.nl which li.s .t fi. vtr, cenler <strong>of</strong> his poelry."<br />

Ev..y g6i aurhor losss rh. rbil<strong>it</strong>t to c@r. rhen ltumr.v wolt d6ply wov.n <strong>it</strong><br />

synbolis .nd subliminal n6s!Be. llnd.m.a$ the l<strong>it</strong>edljoumel ocou crcd in<br />

los.ph Co"nd s F.art <strong>of</strong> Derhrerr lics a tlle erumEd r<strong>it</strong>h sublle, yet, sigiincanl<br />

im.g.., thal brinss aonh $c iM m{i.3 <strong>of</strong> his worl( Througholt /Latr ,/ &t*e$-<br />

ConEd us ! pldhoa <strong>of</strong> simpl. olou. obj6ls' dd Plt .s ro convey nuh<strong>it</strong>&.rcd<br />

inigB ud idea. His nrc mo(idn <strong>of</strong> lh. roh <strong>of</strong>lhe English ldguaBe alloss him ro<br />

quickly lure the ftadc! rb&d rhe Nellie sd not El6e him unlil the horor is ov.r.

---

Alrhoush fie int lprerarion <strong>of</strong> srmbols i lho /tu,// (/ Ii.?*,s$ is elabodtc. duc b<br />

their sinplicny lhey e ohen ovellooked<br />

An oveniding $ics <strong>of</strong> synbols il Eeart <strong>of</strong> Da*tus is rh. oqoine @nl!41 <strong>of</strong> Dhilc<br />

ud blacL do.k od light, Md sF.tivcly holding reprenlalions ol Sood ed cvil<br />

Amonssl mosl libaiud wh<strong>it</strong>/lishl rclabs lo , .ivilidd comdmnv sd bleudalt<br />

d.noB eva8ery. Howd. conEd oicn dcpicls ntn! rhincs us@llv Mi.icd wilh<br />

lish b tc d'a in oincidenE wnh ftc ghuing lish' sh.d on dtrk imases<br />

N{uElly wh€n . pci d6 !o rely monly on his still <strong>of</strong> givine mde im.ges dd<br />

synbols to corcy his i{tc$ not all hb imag.s ft the d.finnion <strong>of</strong> inpcdool At<br />

plrces, <strong>it</strong>untionally or di colioMlly th. po.l ses F6onal<br />

especiallv Nh.n the<br />

emorional 6per is re dominot ovd $e intellcctual. Sm€ h rhe cs silh Eliol<br />

Abru.. (65) menlions lhe r.cr <strong>of</strong>occ.siomL pcBondl rouch in Elior\ pcric p@lice.<br />

"hTtp Us? <strong>of</strong> Po|r|' and the ue o/(iirirt tlior claidcd that such ina8.s have a<br />

pcMnal erumlion value (147) lhe po.l Hornids in himslf dd uscs a s)mboh<br />

wirhout rlly kno*ing why. Hc quotcs a f.* .rmPlcs <strong>of</strong>such in.8.s likc lhe sng<br />

<strong>of</strong>on. bi.d. fi€ lsp <strong>of</strong>one fish, ud th. snl <strong>of</strong> one flo*r' ln"ges lile lh* do h.vc<br />

ndins bur- whm ob6cB.d d a panicular phe ond time, n is diftcuh b deEminc<br />

whclh.r rhcy d un<strong>it</strong>.Ml or pqe.l. Hc els thal sch iDages mlv h0v. svnbolic<br />

inpli6rions blt rhey @ @ dep fo, . conmon Nader ro full) comprehend

---

Trbrc r: V.rlour t.q6 ud b E[ot'! Paltt<br />

D<br />

56

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Tr<strong>bt</strong>c 2: V.riod StDboh u!.d <strong>it</strong>r Eliol'r Patry<br />

.J<br />

lnDcM!.li|}.td "Tn€ w.'lc bld '<br />

''Ih. Wrsr. L!nd" (1922) is @nsideed on. or<br />

6liot's pocms in lwenticlh @ntury. ll has b.cn decleed<br />

the hosr ousta.ding <strong>of</strong> T S<br />

6 "Eliol's masleeise - the<br />

57

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supcme triumph <strong>of</strong>the p6tic an in moden tides - rhe sylc which is bouSnl to<br />

p$ilcrio. in Thc wate Lt.d (SBd:1964). Yel onc oirics h.vc raiEn a8ainsr ir as<br />

rn.bsr@t. db<strong>it</strong>uous ald hignly ov.Brinokn p@m. ,13 said b) Kimball(2005). $a'<br />

lll thc strsibl€ od rishl mirded Fpl. did not like fic pcm The war.lad $<br />

much. and to hin lhc pcm bousht . scv.R ill aame lo fie po€1. This conrovdy does<br />

nol hoNevcr, dijhcr !h. pcm aDn lhe orcEllocrils<strong>of</strong>$e ps dd lh. imprcsjo.<br />

ot 8reatne$ rhd nillsurcunds <strong>it</strong> Bya lorolcrirics and turhoB. we hcar vdricd tlpe<br />

<strong>of</strong>pmis i. favour <strong>of</strong>dris lypical pcn. Thk is ! lirm produed in lhe epic plr.m <strong>of</strong><br />

such ehelypal sd characteristic so* as Divin. Comedy by rhe gEai lh ia master<br />

D.nre in panicula. fie fid pan i... Hell/ Inamo h6 bsn EcNr jn tne $ aqe L.nd.<br />

Eliol s Docm, thoulh, hls a ft'asn.rb! quahy about <strong>it</strong> (Mo.key! .otes, 200t1. this<br />

is slnbolic <strong>of</strong>the arid<strong>it</strong>y and dec.ddce <strong>of</strong>sodcm lesreh civ<strong>it</strong>izarion as *elt.s rhe<br />

pert oM irner depai ar lhe de<strong>bt</strong>are posp€d <strong>of</strong> lh€ Doslwortd \t/& I cr4 i6 chaos<br />

and frustarion. Accordins to weidner ( 2oor), b.ctusc tike mdny inrlt.du,te <strong>of</strong>his<br />

tim.. Eliot douSh rhr Wden culruE $as r disnnsrd lnd $6tp, m6<br />

@nverlj.g the wholc socjal set up inlo a disordercd chaos. rhe pocn isat$shapc{i inlo<br />

lh. c@ponding iyle. lt h dqlty .his siat/cuhuEl n6 rb.r hd b..n m.nsty<br />

dcpioted in rh. pcn by dividing thc F*n<br />

in apparently ilogicat ftusmens.<br />

Thc poem is pre*dcd b! a brin and crcck €pigraph trcm The Salyri@n <strong>of</strong>petonius.<br />

ln Finglish, il rsds: I ew sirh myowncyesrhe Sibllar Cume hd8ing tn her cage,<br />

dd $hen rhe bolr eid. "Sibyl. qh.r do !!u sanr? Sh€ repli.i_ -1 amr ro dic.,,<br />

Pelrc.ius 6l lhe question tud answer tn Gick, Accordina ro lhe ontide Ljlcrary<br />

EncrcloFdi. (2001), in l<strong>it</strong>.druE, d ep<strong>it</strong>nph is o,tuohraon ttd is ptac.d d rhc sM<br />

<strong>of</strong>. work or sectioi thal .xpre$es in some succinct way sn aspecr or fieme <strong>of</strong> whar is<br />

ro aollow. Sat}'ico., qlhc P€rmniiA.birri Saruricon, is. book ottud! ed $riric,t<br />

N€roic laler <strong>bt</strong>Petonius Arbirer.<strong>of</strong>rhon Indd is InowD. Foltotrin8 rhe cpi8r.lh isa<br />

dedic.rion (added in a I9?5 rcpu<strong>bt</strong>ic ion) rhar rcads For E/,a pound: ir nistior<br />

ftbbe" (ic th. b.r..r cBtund). While sibyt\ tonsing in fie 6rc k asted. shercpljes<br />

thal shc wa sto di., which suggdrs nol onty!disconle.r fom rh. wond dd deanh <strong>of</strong><br />

Edemiry d.lighl. bur lle call upo. rh. 6um tundme .t lndmdetathric o.<br />

spn<strong>it</strong>ual philosoph' <strong>of</strong> nnvand. in *hich on. acc<strong>of</strong>rptkhes an sbsolurc stf-<br />

'leremi"rior<br />

ivccui.k: 2003). to rhe tcuned inrcarrs fte pcBomlirr. \c norice.<br />

is in rrcr locked up by <strong>it</strong>s own very existence. and to Ber rid <strong>of</strong> fiis undcsnabG<br />

58

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impisnnenl rhe s.lflies to lhiottely desrNt oreselron onc \ o{n {ill Thu! ro<br />

b.gin w<strong>it</strong>n, d inpcEonol ione hd bM sr up ro diEl dc @dss lo b. pftpoEd for<br />

$€ ludiq such d.v.lopm.nr thtughout fic poem<br />

The secrions <strong>of</strong> fhe wdr. Lrnd" @l<br />

Th. n61 rour di6 oadie Atn ore+ond to lhe CGr clsiol elm.nb <strong>of</strong> Eanh<br />

(bqrial), Air lvoic.s--lhc dBfi t<strong>it</strong>L for fiis stion wG "ln $. Cry."! d inage ol<br />

hsnsing i. air), Fnc (pu$ion), Md Wale! (he dde. <strong>of</strong>thc Ncm hdd addnional sd(r<br />

inrg€ry in ! fishin8 voy.se.) Mdy anoicnl thilosophies us. o sa <strong>of</strong> trchdvpar<br />

6snlial €len s lo .xphin panems in Mtuc. ... Esrth. tn, firc &d Nlter d' the tour<br />

clNicnl €tmcnls i. rncidr Gre€* phil@phv ud $ie.ce Tn. Gi <strong>of</strong> the p@m 6<br />

follo{.d by sv.dl p6!6 <strong>of</strong> nots Mi.lrd }<strong>it</strong>h individu.l lincs or stions <strong>of</strong> lh.<br />

rert puponing to cxPlo in h is nerapho$, rc lirenc.s, and al lu si<strong>of</strong>f some o r these nor! s<br />

aE helptul i6 in!.Dfting $e pcn. bul somc are agutblv cvcn more p@ling, and<br />

mu) oarhe mo{ opaqu. pssg.s tc leli unrenarked<br />

This $.nlinB po.n pff<strong>it</strong>s a v4ibblc lablri h oimcdings ond me$tges lor<br />

th. conteoporary ohoolic lines. Eliol's use <strong>of</strong> comDlq svmboh and inricale imagerv<br />

adds richns ud vlriery ro the Erurc o! lhe pdm h is rcpleE wnh Uuri'nr<br />

allosios to n)rh, ntu!| Eligion, hisrory ' boltr psl od ptenl Tfiis ntk6 thc pem<br />

<strong>it</strong>elf a vinul tro$c land or qugni.c rhtuugh \bi.h d) bpiring Eader mui<br />

suiouny s.dc if !'nc *ishes ro lberb th. .seoe <strong>of</strong> <strong>it</strong>s ncMin3 or sienildnc'<br />

Elior us a novcl poetic technique in this complex pocm H. DEssts a qurcl(<br />

slccession olbdlliel images in alnon cinoalic or kaleidospic rashion Sp€akid8<br />

abour lh€ poeiic dcviccs in lie'Tfie Wdc l.'nd Helen Card.ncr (19e7)smm'nls<br />

rhd rhc poen {hc Wok Lod" sqts .nd keps Soing<br />

ahcld on a 9od'd dd lnst)<br />

5S

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ol "rnerodcal dis inu<strong>it</strong>y" ihlr (hGs fic disjoincd exp€riflcc .id a.cidcnts orue<br />

206{erory *nsibil<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong>rh€ SEa! modcn ciri6 ollhe WBt lhce divem tlsh6<br />

ed6M fon both past $d p*ni lilc Thcy includeawide 68c <strong>of</strong> ecio_cohuml.<br />

Fligious dd sculr erpeticnc6 connon to bod an individudl lili a.d thecollecrivc<br />

lil: <strong>of</strong> wcscrn soci.ty lom dci.nr iincs ighr dow. to |})e pKnl. llese thilling<br />

inag6 du lc noljun thc ddeaselc bultls his/hsnind<br />

This h such a codprch.Nile pem lhlr il cin be tuu) anallscd for 0ll lhc indisenous<br />

rhmes, lehniqucs sd the orilical @n.epts pBpounded <strong>bt</strong> T S Eliot in his rjme<br />

Besides, s mey oth4 rclevtul lhings and id€as, the @nepl oa /n&fro,,l;t con ahd<br />

be Fac€d ud srl)s.d. i. full. in rhis mon tpsstlile Fxn Crav.i (2001).Elkinc<br />

lbourthepo€rr sd qiricism oaElior i.lh. contexl or_Thc wdt L.nd" etr tntiro<br />

r SFar sr€nr Elioas o*n fis!- ot FEll) li$ his oln Daty<br />

tnd <strong>it</strong>'le fi ted a lor ol<br />

l<strong>it</strong>eidy history, -lne vdy $ructuE <strong>of</strong> thc poem. rbough hi8hl, conplided. is<br />

notioobly sugg.srivc <strong>of</strong> bringin8 aboul thc @re .lemfll ol impeBonalilv rmm the<br />

hesinninS to lh. .nd. "The€ n objelivhy. impeNonshv' .. r but not lhe debchmenl<br />

orihe sdiris *ho st rds lpd fDm de c!..rs he des$ibcs(Stead:lra) FRLeavis<br />

{1t54), on the qulili6 <strong>of</strong>rh. pcm, h <strong>of</strong>$. oPinio.lhal Eliot lmks al ils lEighi in<br />

rcplying<br />

his inp.Nnrlir) coon iD'Th. wbr. l,ud i he els lhat the dcvclopnot<br />

<strong>of</strong>ibpmonaliry thal 'Ihe wdrc Llnd shows h conptmble eifi rh,t <strong>of</strong>"Gmnrion<br />

r.d Prufock ,.nd n k in The WGte L0nd shere the concepl lere<br />

lin<strong>it</strong>.lt sould b. dimcDl lo ssume d cxellenoe orihe individualsellor a prcjeclion<br />

<strong>of</strong> oMiosn $ in a pdic piM hlvin! cv.ry t@essy or notmol pln or onponenr<br />

or n p b.xploin irs purpos tnd ndins. Horder. woods (2005) lmks altne pcm<br />

fmm a di,Tecn an8le. Hc finds a nunbs <strong>of</strong> Pcuonal tudimen$ i. rh€ pdm. which ro<br />

him aredonin.nt ov.r fic 3ete6l inpEsion ollhepoem. He savs thst howdd Elior<br />

rdte{j o b. considcred as one <strong>of</strong>d. most inpeenal <strong>of</strong>posts, comiis ooro$ at lhe<br />

worB wnh. disconnccled &d objctivr cye, a lot <strong>of</strong> p€snal .l.m.nB in lhe pocm<br />

Nghr io b€ rld w<strong>it</strong>h th. pcls life qpc.ict@ md Fr.ml<strong>it</strong>v<br />

in dind<br />

Prct Dr. Jo*r RMb (2OOa). i. hk Inrcmet nores sP{al3 .bour th. cleme or<br />

inp€ronal<strong>it</strong>y in rhe very sd <strong>of</strong> the pen eying thar ihe belinning olrhe poed 's<br />

oplly c.llei The Burirl <strong>of</strong>the Deid," Uc is <strong>of</strong>lhe !i.w lhal thrcugh lhe neardj<br />

60

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nind, silh the help or$e vivid irolery, rc hdve Slinpses oia bond.nd ired world<br />

*hich a.es dea|[ but is tl$ armid <strong>of</strong> life, plcfefting ft€ half-l<strong>it</strong>c or wi.ler b Oc<br />

viole.t rcbinn inspinng. Dr. Rsb is mentidirg h.E lhe impotuce ol nol onll shlr<br />

dE pcr ers dd a$tu bur lne $!y rhe FXis d$riprion inP6*s rh. @der's<br />

mind: a.dcctuinlyihe be$ l6hniqs lo trin8 lonh this kind Df imFMtl impE$ion<br />

is <strong>bt</strong> m.ans <strong>of</strong> vivid od lwid kind <strong>of</strong> ida8cry' Reslrdine Eliott opinion <strong>of</strong><br />

impeNo!.lily, Dr, Rab holds his @i€pl <strong>of</strong>$c objeclile corelttiv.' $kes up ils<br />

tull usog. ed significme in his poems, lt k eventully tltrougi obj.cliv. lbm rhat<br />

mm is abl. <strong>of</strong> rccoshising sd appdci.ting the nedine md pulpo* <strong>of</strong> his osn<br />

.xGcncc. Dr. Reb tunh.r sys rh{ sch tbm illo*s tn. ftadet ro HxP4.i.nce .or<br />

dly the disr's individual felinSs bur ro Fnalc in whal h @nn.n r. B,ll hd.us<br />

n h6 aound.xpe$ion in objelifi.d aod. ln o$cr sords <strong>it</strong> is ihDush fic'objetive<br />

cml.rir.," lhoueh the objd lhrl is @gniz.d $ mnElondjng to . thoughl, idc&<br />

or edorion rh.r thc indi!idual !chi€ves univ.R!l(t,<br />

tn the fid sknza <strong>of</strong>rhe pcm. Elior uscr Lildcs color to sFbolie d.alh 6d th.<br />

im.ge 't!bcr' (nos.r bul<strong>bt</strong> ro indid. th. eorld climale -t sb8. oa infcdq which is<br />

lls d.pict d by rhc w April. Thc s|!.ting staM or rhe pcn inclodd ! fcw<br />

illu$r.rios ol id..listic, onddc ad Sorsd6 nM8.rv, d th. h.lp or m.uphou<br />

sd sinili6, lbm lh€ past- $hich *<strong>it</strong>l nor lor a r@nd rime Nur in rh. Hl or the<br />

pom. This pa$ ahon p6ioEl imcg.ry srvs as a sbdP onl6l !o thc hon<strong>it</strong>vins<br />

images depicrcd rh@ushod the rest <strong>of</strong>lhc pocNdeeeneratins, de$ructive, decavrg<br />

add devastadng, which in resuh cBst 3, t.ry dielurbin8 pisture <strong>of</strong>$e vas.randlh.<br />

FM lin .iShrh onNad- Elio{ h6 lsd thc dtthiol checrer <strong>of</strong> TiEsia ro<br />

sd. 6 a r@l aor tie uDifidid <strong>of</strong> rh. whole pcm li6i6 h al$ u3.d 6 tnc<br />

spokesm.n <strong>of</strong> lhc p@r rhmusho rhe pod I\ inhduci.e such a chdaclet. Eliol hs<br />

nied lo k*p hioelf away ftom inlcfl.ning i.lo lh. depiclio. <strong>of</strong>ihc fcclings and<br />

fiourhr! <strong>of</strong> thc diferenl ohaadets dd phc.omena i! rhe developm.nl <strong>of</strong> rhc poem.<br />

Soch a t .hoic.l att npl is ale helptul id bringinB oul 6e elenenl <strong>of</strong> inpersnalilv in<br />

61

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Ti6i6 b.longs b thc pdt ind dE pcant H. hs ben lsd lo c@t a<br />

connsliotr bdq€n Ki.g o€{tipur wlsre land and rhar ol the modem line' According<br />

lo rhl my1h. he posss.d dual lifc undmhding i e me ed womd 'A n@ crpltins<br />

tld Ti6iis, b.ing a D.ren <strong>of</strong> doubL eg utnes in ede eat all rhe o$e' peMns ir<br />

ihe pen "(Lucs:36) ln the cnd <strong>of</strong>hh life, he *ts bliidcd phvsictllv but<br />

'ndored<br />

silh ihc poserful v<strong>it</strong>ion oaprcPh*i6 l le h6 bcn mad' b onm€<br />

wde ldd w<strong>it</strong>h !n enlightened kno*lcdg! Elior. uootaring lioc numbet 218 in his<br />

Noles aboul the pocm. wn&si<br />

fresior' dlrhousn t m* lpecuro' dnd no' inderd a chrdJer" n )e rlt<br />

-* r--iii *io"i". i.,r'. pan, unirins dr th' reg run 6 th' on'

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!o liiry lhc po.n, ii a ens, d onl@ker. lnd th. wt*c r:nd' d Mr' Eugined6 or<br />

HFcinrh, or any other section/chamcrcr, is a lirint ed brul o" not<br />

'xd<br />

Ya cleslh<br />

Brcoks (p.144) lllking aboul lhe chancter ollnesias talks nol o'lv 6bour ils technical<br />

inponuc. o f un illc.l ion but l6m thciltic o Point i r iew. ro lhc ch{raclq lrts b*n<br />

otpdi.r.i. 8@kt eys dsr TiEsi&s is . hi$orical -exp€n on fi' rel{i@ b'lw4n lhe<br />

ex6: od $ hc on compEhen4 distinauish ud inrdpd dE felinBs <strong>of</strong> rhc t*o sxg<br />

sinulb@uslr. Hugr Kenner (pl8?) llo sFars ol nore lhd ju$ slruco6r<br />

impondcc <strong>of</strong>Tircsi6. He s.vs rhar $ou8h Tncsils hai b€€' depicred nol tFin8 moved<br />

<strong>bt</strong> lhe fclings ol pjtt ond teror, ht existence is spuriouslv @rclaled wilh<br />

@mpa$ion, which b 6eElvlhe |wenridh c.nlurv's specialnr'ri'n <strong>of</strong>ind<strong>it</strong>tcrcnce<br />

c. K. Srqd (p,22G21) con6 up rilh ! v.rv conclusiYe rcn'rk on the tundion <strong>of</strong><br />

TiGi6 in tnc pan. Hc s)5: 'The p.d! nind is ih mind <strong>of</strong> TiEsi6 thc inclusivc<br />

on*iousn6t lhar hd roEsufe'€i tll Henc., lhe po€l h6 ti'd in a quir'<br />

impefional and obj*livc wav lo bing 6nh thc $ene dd ne$asc ol his peNoml<br />

relin8s and thoulhts ro impE$ de mind ol his rodes bv usin! $' chddcrer or<br />

Ti€si6, By n.ss <strong>of</strong>c€&linssuch a Sisonlic charact r, Eliot@uld pul himselldide<br />

to |et ln. ch(icls conndr on lhc veiols s<strong>it</strong>uiliots eco'dinalv'<br />

Eliot hd actuarly u*d thc chomct roaTircsib 6 d objcriv' cmlorive- in<br />

lhe pcm. This objelive orcldiv. *fles !o p.^rav ihe peticllar cmotion <strong>of</strong> the pel<br />

The poeh produccs s sdes or norions sd f*lings which 'rhe in fi' mind <strong>of</strong>lhe<br />

poet ts be ob$s.s lh. humm lifc dutins his contnpomtv sd in rh' <strong>bt</strong>_gonelim4<br />

TlE inktul naradon, on $e pd olTne<strong>it</strong>s. obj4rivelv *orks lo convinc' rhe @der<br />

to fdl od b.li4. sho€ve eB on in rhe l'ocm Thus ih' vhol' rss'um orthe lloem<br />

6ougl sisintlly fch by rhc p€l himela <strong>it</strong> deDicltd in such t ch'ictl wat $!r<br />

c<strong>of</strong>tlab Pnh $. LelinCr or rh€ rcldc. a.d rhe objer s<strong>it</strong>uar<br />

illuslraled in ftc pocm Thotus Wilhtd, <strong>it</strong> his lerure, dnms $'r though Eliol hd<br />

used difi.rent 3ynbols and cheacleK, lh.v embodt $c feelings <strong>of</strong> d sin8le peNon but<br />

they rE pre$nr.d in such an objectiv. eav rhat esh looks shndins lor irs owd<br />

cxistence. Oct lo *nol !d. <strong>of</strong> thes .hdclcu or voi*s including Mari' in s'c'd<br />

l. Lil in wlio 2, ud TiGi6 in *tion I considd ro *htr de $tv@p6tuora<br />

single. ftngmdLd chadd: lhc p&r- sp"kinA s a rcpc*nbuve n@em<br />

ms."(willenr 2O0l) Bcniun (199J) tlF 3p€ats or lhe p@nc' <strong>of</strong> m obiedive<br />

co@lclive i! 'Thc w6te Lud But hh objccr is nol Tnesidi he stvs lhll wilh lh€<br />

63

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disjoint d @nv.Baiion and imtant neous toiccs ol 'rhe wostc lAd" Eliot di$ovs<br />

thc obj.davc @rcLr e for d. mdinglAsrc$ hollo*n4s <strong>of</strong> dodm li'i $}b tnat<br />

hdd cluded h in in -Csomio." Cdven s (200 | ) obsenarion lbour lhc pr?$ ne or rhc<br />

objariveconelarive in _Thc Wdste Ldd is! bir diri'rcd rle coEcsuP *<strong>it</strong>harcther<br />

.motiMl d.*riprim in Fying b frnd..h@r.r' u obi{l or r ddt which @!ld<br />

sll(t s o @Gponding .l.mnt lo pdmv rhe Doctt nind w h all <strong>it</strong>s origiml<br />

f4lings. He s.ts dat Eliot was ' 8hl pc&nallt to explain Shatespesrt! Aa'Lr 6<br />

ooghly cen.inly d anislic |'iluE' b..au* n hckcd 4 objecrivc conlarive <strong>of</strong><br />

acrions od imale! ro di*haee ats morion and f€lings 'rh' wrc tind- *od{s<br />

a@umtly likerhsr h is.svmbolin land$dpe full <strong>of</strong>oveNhelmidg sn6 dd etenrs<br />

<strong>of</strong> aeeling lhlt cd by clsifiqtion wd b. complelel) 'xPts'd becalsc there is to<br />

cdml d egid fiElF ro mp'thod dd sli& thc D6i' ud olher retlings-<br />

when re l@l th. plesencc olrhe chdlcrd olTi6ias, M @me to retli4 fial derc<br />

ir ! $mebod) who is. rhoush nvlhiBllv phlscallv ptenl *eD*<br />

*orld <strong>of</strong> lhc *dcland And rhcrb) ro lccl ud exprcs his rhoughrs onguishes ond<br />

*otries nost prcbably equallo lbose in the mindorrhe pocr'<br />

n6iss dual e pctuMlnv is den n'E 'llcdive dd @nljrcina lo<br />

symboUr lhe i*linss <strong>of</strong>n.n ed womcn concurentlt ContEilv' tliots objection<br />

ove shokcsp.are s Hanl.t is rd!J'.t highlJ_ deMoble resadins th' Osce or<br />

orhNie <strong>of</strong> th. objdiv. omlarv.<br />

T0lking abolt the o<strong>bt</strong>iow techniql aeatuid <strong>of</strong> th' Doed Kd (2001) stvs<br />

fin Eli<strong>of</strong>s us <strong>of</strong>tfic *o.ds "A hdp <strong>of</strong>bok n intg6" e tgtlv ttpli'd !o oNlod<br />

$c plm o. *.dinslv brclr.t tin6 ud fi.cbv to co'vcv lh' exrdr ol th' dslaion<br />

and barcnne$ <strong>of</strong>his swoundings Hence thc $ords, $rucluE ddlhe 6e0ning<strong>of</strong>the<br />

pem @*spo t lo om anolh{ sllonglr' K&'n furthet nc ions i1s rcinfo@'nl <strong>bt</strong><br />

thc enomousl, sppopriat f<strong>it</strong>. ot th. pen "Ttt W6k Land "'lo (en tlE thinins<br />

<strong>of</strong> mood and lhc prenc. ol Faniaold voiccs in rh' poen-treate an acure snse or<br />

disl@rion fot fie 'add" ludhd @Pound'n b) fie usc <strong>of</strong> nuneous tbrcign<br />

luspacF rhd 5M lo d.libcELlv alioe ftaicB Bond (1995) 'l$ feh<br />

qtrlched.es &d emptin $ <strong>of</strong> lhe pefi! colt'nDorav age tnd ltnd 6 deribcn<br />

64

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snn the s. afoFoid synbol. It his opinion Eliol potua)s lhe nodcm hcnlalilt and<br />

modcm cny lif. 6 mad. <strong>of</strong> vaste md sreckage fom lhc pdr' a heap o'brcken<br />

imrg6," which sives oon lo 3@t md obessivc apprchensions od res Tilkins<br />

about th. idnic.l de$riplio. <strong>of</strong> !n. 6rn p.n, vie! (2002) b or rh. vis thar 'dulr<br />

rdot, cnelesl nonlh. liae oul <strong>of</strong>de 'dead'.<br />

Holgorten and Mariet voice e there<br />

ro rcpcsenr $c brck n and shan.t n @ndnion <strong>of</strong> thc cierv He opin.s $d a nunb'r<br />

ol shocking oagd ss u$d by Elio! in t[o pdm, ro rhe subde end olunifvins rhe<br />

pem by mlkins dt cads Mdb.r tu snftd Epear.d inrsd ed b plt them<br />

bsethcr. viaiu runler ers thal the *ods dd imoses used bv th€ poet in rhe pocm<br />

bujld a ki.d ol oec <strong>of</strong> asidions which .Mrc a outictl sns. in lh. t@m<br />

hishlishrinS sulpcns and continuily. Hc speaks <strong>of</strong>lhe reurcnce <strong>of</strong> these ioales al<br />

ev@l plc ol the p€n siling n a Minuirr_ dd oheE.e 'talking abour the pan<br />

memories <strong>of</strong>the hem, Vianu obs d thc poe$ lcchnical s[ill oausins idagcs dd<br />

voic b bnns lbour ihDeeFl<strong>it</strong>y in lhc posn. I lc eys dial cbildh$d ha saclt<br />

b.e. point d oul' wh.n lbis imp.e..l Biblical voice prcnicts nor thc tutut <strong>of</strong>o.e<br />

md llon , bur lhe Blolc <strong>of</strong> hurMily hd bcen forcrold lbr thcn late al lqgei<br />

I rill show you somerhins difiere lrcm e<strong>it</strong>hcr/Your shadow at moning stidjng<br />

behind your'O. your shrdow al.vniDs .isins to n.a youi/l {ill shor you lw in !<br />

hddfi]l <strong>of</strong>dust, Gne wasre hnd)<br />

Whcn lll the Mderx while soirg rhsuSh a pcm. @nc lo almost similr kind <strong>of</strong><br />

deaninE<strong>of</strong>thcpoed. ilseenslharfie pNt, sirh his p€aon.linvolveftent, ho Eerno<br />

Mm ror th. @d6 lo @tuIldc vorianlly. On rhc orher hdd, & impssnal toeh<br />

given lo lhe composnion <strong>of</strong>a po.n. orcs ths readcrs wnh muhilaious inreQrctarions.<br />

Silhol (2004) h6 ole obsdd di5 p..die chmcreriiic in 'Thc ware bnd . He<br />

eys that Thc Wde Land" fully.xlrjbiB rhe poinr <strong>of</strong>inrcaErine lhe poem nor in a<br />

singl. lnq6tioEblc My bur ir <strong>of</strong>f6 ercs <strong>of</strong> memjnBs and id<br />

eceptable conclusion. The nelninB, i. .a$ <strong>of</strong>fiis poem, ma) ra4 fom (ader b<br />

rud.r, hd@ the pd is suce$ful to invohe rhe r.rder ro moke ro rhe inal $nse ol<br />

th. p@m. Thus, the disconoeded surfoce olte Frm smc our ro b. rell undcdood<br />

by individual readels b] moN <strong>of</strong> fien o*n iirolvene leiilting rh. poefs<br />

debchnenr tom fie fi.rl inte.pr<strong>bt</strong>ion olnis <strong>of</strong>,. pen.<br />

65

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H.lunher cxplains lh.r lhe less lh. di4tive linls ro l.!d rhe d.de' $c 16 fi' mind<br />

ol the rcnd.r !o infer dE n@ing ed n.sese loF 6 given poe6 Silhol oeons th't<br />

Elid hls .voidcd ry kind <strong>of</strong> dido.sl p lo <strong>bt</strong>ing th. €dd clos lo h<strong>it</strong> sss6t'd<br />

nenin& b the poel hls Bih.r l.n dertdling open to the redder io concllde in hh or<br />

ner M s!y. This b *hd Eliol tsns lo n.inl,in not ol) <strong>it</strong> his ow. peuv hul tls<br />

i! all good poetry. He funhq eys lhar fi. prcPncc and ecuhulalion <strong>of</strong>thc fragncns<br />

<strong>of</strong> pan licn.y {olls is al$ a pmr <strong>of</strong> lh. objetile dtoE oa lhe po

---

life. Funnemor€, Karen tp€aks aboul $. sq Eliot h6 n6r€dv d.picrcd nk'!<br />

sp€.iauy tie alimlds oa World W.r I. in 'fhc Wste LcId-!.d prondnes 6'<br />

po€as &nical tron lnp(tunalil) ruccc$lulb pu( ioro Prerice H' els rhd b'<br />

aeining !@ndirim ol imp€mnalir, ..d implnillnv io h<strong>it</strong> sot( n isa kind <strong>of</strong>sign in<br />

rhich Eliot ems b bc dcfcndinS hin*lf and b) .xpMsioD. sict), l@m a<br />

Mppe'm@ <strong>of</strong> frnhef disosr4nc s ud @nllicls<br />

Anemolis (2002) obseryes the continrny oirh.mc lnd tchnique $rcush tne 5@n'1<br />

er.z. ollhe poeh i.c. os rhe lype ol tb. ph.noncnon so $e imaeerv H' sovs that u'e<br />

sonlenl<strong>of</strong>rhes4ondslaizdpr.scnlsastrrc&i{i(.ddiantasv!ikcqualilvth'rsmsto<br />

be based panly li<strong>of</strong>r the chaBcleristics <strong>of</strong>$c sc.ond pdn olfie pftvious nanza The<br />

ndne! in Rhichlhe emmenttut or d.velopment h held lhruugh line ll9 and ev'n rhe<br />

prosBsion <strong>of</strong> the .vcnins s!g!.38 that t couple is havins a othtr uninrerening'<br />

boins, rourine ercninsime in $hichlh.re is a rommunrcaton g.p.<br />

In lhe im.diately next lincs, An hotis Enarts thd tl. voices chdS' expos<strong>it</strong>g<br />

singly mhr.d mnrdtion .t in thc folb*tng lin.s:<br />

H.s b..n in the my fou yclrs h. wo.ts a 8o{'d nmc.<br />

And ifFo donr sive <strong>it</strong> hin, th@ s olh.6 !ill. I sid<br />

Oh is lh.G sle eid. Sohahing o tu( I eid<br />

Thd I U *now *ho to $sk sh. eid, .nd siv. n. ! stt ighr lek<br />

t43-l5l<br />

Th€s dialq!5 dd co.v.Ndons e quilc cxp6sile ol Elio6 'xplor'tioD or<br />

delantion <strong>of</strong> TlF wdre Isd E !h.ll<strong>of</strong>od oaodq afflid sd Eldio'ships This<br />

sbows lhal to Andolis thc p@t is suce$fullv devclopins hk thouehl i' iht p&m<br />

v.ry nuch in ecordo.e *nh his giv.n rh@Elical canons. M!'.in (2006). ih€ wnter <strong>of</strong><br />

lhe Spdk Noles. obses lhe shin <strong>of</strong> sryl. in lhi! lan sion <strong>of</strong>lhe p@m He adds ihar<br />

lomally and rhenalisll, rhe .ndins folloss a ptttcm <strong>of</strong> obsdsion dd rcsisnalio! '<br />

and thus, ils design shows $e spctkels .llcmPl al the conolusion lo fil vor' to<br />

E.ovale experien€ snd l*lings inro poetry (Manin 2006)<br />

h s*rio. lll t& ,,p s4uo,, th. th.mc hs bce. lbreSsuoded rift Lo'd Budhat<br />

adyie on seli-consol. A numbs <strong>of</strong> s.x orgi.s haYc b€en n@6d to show the<br />

oodempomry ld etiv<strong>it</strong>ies dd busircs vulsdietion He@ lgtin. th' poers feeli4s<br />

ehieve the erp.rience 5u8. Mccui* (2OOl) obscdB fi'ddic cum r*hnisl<br />

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d.v.toomat <strong>of</strong> d<strong>it</strong> pln ot th. Pem dd sts: 'ln th' h)si'th ST dcn' clid<br />

cxFi.|e lh. vcry felinr-hc be<strong>of</strong>ts tlE .xpc.idcc Mccl<strong>it</strong>r ie <strong>of</strong> tn' vi4 od<br />

rhc per hs lri.d b ttt |h. dd.6 .los $ilh hin$lf lo sur') f€l md +p€ri'd<br />

$c !i*n ddB which *ill tutom.lidlt, bring $' flcrs ahoui tlE wasa Ld inb rh'<br />

Th. dr D.n <strong>of</strong> th. Dai ,ytd ,/f lrort / .t d in . sEight lin"pFlh b EEh<br />

Dtilo$pn , moc dinimd*lv flindui.m. Tfi. wod "tn'/ r'F 'd tnE lid6 (rl<br />

122-2t) smr to su88.n th.r en.tti.8 hG h.t ddm' P'ihtF Yhtl ha jusl<br />

psd, . dclth by wtrd whd follN is moE ddh (ll 127-ll0) Wc @ld in|dlrli<br />

$is c ! ndEr ddiql Benaon tul Th. W6t lel L no longd t derildor <strong>of</strong><br />

&..ying, bul Elh.., n is t l<strong>of</strong>f.vll ol. civili4tion 'lddv &'d l'd"d thc &6iG<br />

ld w.rd sd th. uncdLi.rv ollh. poi'dann s.!' @n's ! cr<strong>it</strong>ial cl'ou r<strong>it</strong>'<br />

366 - hlll*intrion, illusjo. d.dg.d P.eplio o16 d6 tnd widr lh' tilldin8 "@<br />

@..." non fi. @nop c& ill$ion tnd hdlwinltion dtf€n ths pem<br />

a hn th@ is tiic sh.n 6in 8rh6 (ll J96'400). {d thcc k *<strong>it</strong>'{ dticiFrion<br />

fhc rhundc- troi* <strong>of</strong> th. din' A..b: DA. DA DA Ttu svll'blc fminb B or<br />

loc us <strong>of</strong> Attq a D.ddv b dedb. h<strong>it</strong> indnn' Ehri@snip silh ! F rhd Ood<br />

au rhc E6ld inrapcrario is thFfotd {Mccuirk200l)- tlv'loping inlo lhG<br />

rcl.rcd conepls i-.. Dltt!' Datldhvm dd Dortd& m"nin& Gslel<strong>it</strong>'lv "givc"<br />

.b. como.siodtc". "*ltanrml". To vi.di..r fic i.tue.ndt-Elior ttt6 $ b*k<br />

lo ln. shl i. $. hy*iD$ stld.n sisniftins lhar dlv bv lhis Sivc !p do * cxi3l Th'<br />

unhrpgt .wcn6 h.E <strong>it</strong> lnll comiv.blt $ch M 'xposuE hs @n' roo ltrc for lhc<br />

+a*.r, fid E .dvcB.xpcn@ in th' ht'cinth g'd'n wG tn hdd6n6 dd<br />

f.iluc ro otr r lov., to gik up a.'s stf lo &o$d diElv Tiut d!@ ri6 si ro<br />

s!8861lov. b bc tlE P|oF h.es.d motiv' <strong>of</strong>givin! To m'intlin th' sod<br />

edN@ .Dlvsthvm'Elior @nG|. lnc M'xinGE ol@peio to tlE dildn'<br />

oleliosisd sd $lfsnLEdn$}idch i. his Fie' / finkins <strong>of</strong>th' k""- A8!in ft<br />

ld llE 3ure6l<strong>it</strong>d6 <strong>of</strong> . trbff<strong>it</strong>s sbmisid dd hd m€toe tnd pnd'<br />

obmet dtib{ton in lovc !d pGdtrF l.td !o our <strong>of</strong>d@ Bdg' ln th' rhnd<br />

plFD.nrt||}rc c isisr.d d lo Ntg' sd d'Et owlvd lilc lilling I b'{<br />

6a

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Nnh p€opl. upon t p.accful @.d *nh lhc h.lp oi lhc Bi.d 6 rhe hed appeac ro<br />

rc4l hoppily ro contrclline heds<br />

Eliol perhaps leads Nlo ensider lhtl our pc&nal experiences and leelings arc<br />

&lu!ll! onl! ou! o*., bu! in r.ms and cxpE$ions <strong>of</strong> lh€ idm <strong>of</strong> $e E6lcd<br />

philospht which he elokes such s FrFplion<br />

is only truc b€€ue w€ live in ! world<br />

<strong>of</strong> ssa. lhe o.l! e$3t€ aDr Nhich is "ntvda B( lh€ prc$riPtions 4<br />

mbiSuous, ud dei€din d by ine !4n_p@ 56c <strong>of</strong> th€ mod€m we l4l Nh'E<br />

p.opl. do nor '@snize.uch Ed.mptive @ins Sur sFsting Nt m@ ndiqllv<br />

iow, il e. nsi.6in d abec. <strong>of</strong> $lvdion, q. have lo RliE whar re d suv<br />

eyins, Md be Esponsible aor lbe con*qu..es <strong>of</strong>oui wordepmposins no stlvttion<br />

.$c.ti.lly condemnsall tuture\ to d.blarion<br />

ln fi. final section, we ncel d. l:sher Kins lglin. tnd a crumblins so'lctv<br />

Th.re is d irdividual desis ro orde! onct osn hid Ar line 427' we N amindld or<br />

pur$ory s rcfining nMe supponcd by DA", wheE slrsnLol, @6p6sion 'nd<br />

givinS up one t sell (sll in love) .8 h4llh) foms oa passion. tcnsring dcsirc: rclin'd<br />

bunins, This Efirmflt ov@mcs th. $iil. lvoid!@ <strong>of</strong> lhe siE <strong>of</strong> pFpncrt (l l<br />

- ?r l9 2O), rhe impFp.r d6ic ot edorionlc$ eulig (ll 2l3 - 2a8) dd<br />

.motionally detlched exisl€M in gcnd.l lll l||- 138) Th. swallow ELmE (428)<br />

b mini$enl ol Philomela, dd <strong>of</strong> sdn $, but r<strong>it</strong>h the hope or Fncwtl, tnd<br />

inimafons <strong>of</strong> sprine agair. w. ser thal "Thc Wsie L.nd" hts bet a press or<br />

l)eenll mointendcc- These fragnens I hdle shorcd a8ainsr mv oin" The poc'$<br />

hs also bce. one or wdnins. lhlt th. rcicrcnces ro lhe pas1 e .ot tn anempr ro<br />

qsc4P.. nor mee romstic ndn.lEia lhislc{vcsusone.h.ice<br />

ro irim 3nd embncc rhc<br />

fu|ue. Th. fiundd spaks agrii tnd tc .nd in a p.@ whicb lics oulstd'<br />

undc6|indin& a nidm!-lik€ st{e <strong>of</strong> pdnive n<strong>of</strong>iingn.$. and a e* olenplcrion-<br />

Sl'adih sh@tih sfudin- 'l,],\is is lhc oly *!v b @F lhe prisn <strong>of</strong> d€ $l[ ed<br />

aw ou felingq ro f.cquini rhcm wilh diNr expsiflce lo .xp'dde 'rhdtih '<br />

! Fe. b.yond und.tuding (Mccuirt:2001)<br />

Where a numbet ol crilics ha!. spokcn <strong>of</strong> Eli<strong>of</strong>s mcterv over $e us' ol<br />

bcfinin! symbols dd inases, Bj.n H.lm, q'eaks <strong>of</strong> rhe absene olcenali svmboh'<br />

69

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trhich accordins 10 bimshould hav. bscn $erc in the poem Hh dep obsewilbn 'nd<br />

as$c <strong>of</strong> lhe p@m cxpoes rh. Fxo snh edsin shononinCi l@ Helmt<br />

&tuuy quores fon Nanct Cish st {* Ii<strong>it</strong>o in t}v P@ttt <strong>of</strong>T S Eliol: A 9ad' i"<br />

Siuaw untt Then. Qnarinsaish, Helms lriles: "Cish norcs \irh sulprhc thar ir is<br />

'int rcning to noE how 6ev mjor sldbols ed nolifs ftil to appe'r at all Ldnc'!<br />

dp, sword an

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edre or subjectiv. rly The prcs..tation <strong>of</strong> d<strong>it</strong>Teredt $cnes sd conceFs nlkes c<br />

cadq feh oo ht osn. lhc iheme d atmosph.E beine convet.d bv |he A1€t such<br />

'<br />

slylc tuL6 rh. pct 3G6stut in brinsi.g ot $e Sivcn @neF otthc impcmmlilv<br />

ol FElry qune inprcssiv.ly in his qodd ftmous ud thc motl rcpreerldive p*m<br />

Inp€dor.llty .nd "Fo!r Qnr.i.lr"<br />

Eliol @nsideEn _for ques" his n.n€Aie (Johnslon: 2005) 6 n dEN uDon hG<br />

knowhngc <strong>of</strong> nyslicism ud philo$phv <strong>of</strong> lif. l! consists <strong>of</strong> folr lo'g pMs, 'r''<br />

Nottot, Eai colet lhe Dr! Saivse\ ^nl L<strong>it</strong>tle Ada's, each in file srions or<br />

novemenls. The firc scclions ec sid lo b. sFbolicallv rcpasotinS panicll{<br />

.lcmenrs li an, onn, w.r.r dd fiFi trd dt.v.ls sgg.s Chri$id holv dats _<br />

asnsio Day, Good Fridry, th. An.unc<strong>it</strong>tion ud Pdros rcspdivelv (S'{on<br />

279). Ahnough lhcy Fsili 6y chamtrision thev hare mcnv lhings in @nnon:<br />

each b.sins wilh r refl@lion on rhe ssgraphidl<br />

locatioi <strong>of</strong> <strong>it</strong>s ftle, t'd €ch<br />

medihrcs on fie nsiurc olrime in wm. ifrNnanr rcsped thslosical historic'l'<br />

phtsiql, .d on ns chrion !o the humd condnio Ttlkins lhou the subjdt mM <strong>of</strong><br />

thc p@m, R6 (6.1) rcmtts Od ti. .s ial fdus or uniryinS ide!, or dE F'!r<br />

0&rr.6<br />

h destibins cl.mol @l<strong>it</strong>y Nfiich rhc per nies lo *dh lhrcugh morl'l rime<br />

Hc ers dul Elior h6 rlied ro givc a kind <strong>of</strong> philoephic cum anhlic summarv <strong>of</strong>hG<br />

various $cial conccpts t.d beliefs in th.* qutnds A €fl.ctiv. c.rlv rcadDg suSSesls<br />

.n ine@r syslenatic .pprmh tmoig ficn; rhev atp@h lh. sc ided i' vorying<br />

but ov.dapping *.ys. .M.udr rh.v do .or rdsrilv exhtu$ thcl qe$io's _Elior<br />

pmldns th,t thc Fo!. O@re,r @ *dignifo$ard. rold in th' sioples lansug'<br />

po$ible" (Deuini 2OOl). However, Bcllin crsue! whelher lhe po'fs claim <strong>of</strong>simplicilv<br />

ic. a@cFable or not. He quot$ a feu olhd $nics who asree on lhe poinr that b€calse<br />

rhc $bisl mtuer ii rhc Qu<strong>of</strong>tels is not 0n ordinary thins $ th' lsngutg' u*d ro<br />

&scribe such idcs mo$ly avoidr simplicny Dalls (l9l) giv's hd opinioG *nh<br />

sp.lial EfeMe to Fou. Qun€ts-, abour Elioas onsisienc) *nh his pdric sLndards<br />

in fie pradice <strong>of</strong> his own poclry' shl wr<strong>it</strong> s thal T s Eliols in his pros fld plavs or<br />

poclry h6 n.int in.d an incE6inglv dcvcloPed lnde6Fiding tnd usue <strong>of</strong> lhe<br />

docdines tlEr d indivisiblc .smidion is found therc bet**n fom &d subnan" m<br />

hir lort <strong>of</strong> d. shc hts sgeianv wr<strong>it</strong>un .bo! lh' Miation b'lwe'n Elio's crnictl<br />

7l

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lhoudB dd peric phcri€. She compms fic conc lnd (rucluc oadafi@r pcms<br />

espeirlly<strong>of</strong>the QulrteB od finds u apprcpri eortlalioninl])en 'Thelom<strong>of</strong><br />

a pem d.v.lops dd bk s irs shalc l4m fic ods which b inheE.( <strong>it</strong> lh. ma|entl, d<br />

subst ne<strong>of</strong>lhe po.h"(Dalla 194).<br />

Fmn raidus lnglcs lhis log Do€o <strong>of</strong> aor *ctions h6 bccn @mmenlcd upon<br />

bl cr<strong>it</strong>ics. Man) lriics hove lound thc iiliol s pro.llincd chaructshrics <strong>of</strong><br />

imp€MDaliry in rh. po€m. Th. rclriion.hip ol mals !.d lom oa u' Do€m <strong>it</strong><br />

conridercd vcry sisnificant to show disric cvenis objccrivelJ.. Iussel (212) finds a<br />

coclalio b.tv*n fie @nLnl and ft. fom <strong>of</strong> thk lons peh. He eF that lh.<br />

nruclure or "Four Qudcr3 d comparcd to nr subjecr hsno is borh ! inDare a.d<br />

exp€red cons.qu.noe ol r.cbniques and conepb lomeny ued by Elior and, or rhe<br />

em. rin., *ceplional nol ooly in Elioar orn p@rl bur al$ in lJlc.nriE English<br />

li|emryridilion. Howeverfussl isal$oltheopiniondarin$. Qanaj,that*e<br />

4 oltu lo vi.w is nor whar ercry individuol *n p€€eive on his own bul n is ftther<br />

'the ct€s <strong>of</strong> r si.gle prNonalily t]jar shows us eha! re F, Even lhcn th. crnic<br />

concluds rhlt such is $e skillio d.vctop rh€ rhcme rhd a €der fets himstts lhc<br />

pan <strong>of</strong>de cxperience Hk F*tic r<strong>of</strong>ks arc a kind <strong>of</strong>e{.rnali2.rion ol aeslhelic and<br />

eholional ima86 mircd rogdhfl n<strong>it</strong> e\trlanrrn'n and rnnobrion <strong>bt</strong> rb. inr.pding<br />

un'Jcatodins. a conbination <strong>of</strong> p€enrl cdmemthrion and opcr public djltosu€<br />

(Fusl. 2ll), He funher s.ts ih thc nrucNs or Forr lrels,r is ourcom. <strong>of</strong> rhe<br />

p..rt 4pcricne, which is anisic,try doelop.n by inle *rmt a..tt,is dd $e<br />

depjction oiemotional siar..<br />

Fus*lalslclks abour Eli<strong>of</strong>sco.ccpr<strong>of</strong> unilicarion <strong>of</strong>sqnsih<strong>it</strong>iliei but sfh 0 mix.d<br />

comncns <strong>of</strong> lchi.ving ir, H. els: -In rh. .Qurnets . rh. opposncs <strong>of</strong> inr 4t od<br />

$Dsibihx thoushl md le.li,g, do achievc u.ion. bd th. sulrh deepened Nhile rh.<br />

brjdg. is under mnsncrior" (2 r 4). He mcds ro s.t rhar in conplrier to Eli<strong>of</strong>s dtt<br />

wo&s. ihc p€m Fou Quders" shoss a dela, ffilution <strong>of</strong> $e uifying devicei<br />

rhich rhe poet des on pu.pose. Hc sys rh.l Elior k.ows rhe limirariohs<strong>of</strong>rhe noden<br />

oan ro u.dc6hd rhe univ.Nl rellirid nor e earilr-. rhcrefoto, fi6r <strong>of</strong>.lt_ he lrd ro<br />

lale lo dned dsdption <strong>of</strong>hh religions lhouglts dnd. rhcn, b) d.soribing rhe mnccpr<br />

or inmrio., Eliot ehi.vcs lhe unio orde opposirer io de'Qudets_. Dan6 (6, 7)<br />

wn s in dcrii l El iot's use or oppc he ioages ro descibc rbe oppos<strong>it</strong>e un iv.6!t forces<br />

12

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d wdk. She quoFs lines fon th€ difiere ecrions ollhe -Qutncla. shich<br />

3imuh.ntuBl, nen(ion lirc rnd dcilh, oold and hed, hue and lighl dead,6nd living<br />

rnd th. bcginning .nd rhe dd All lhG i! lo depict inpcuon.lly ihe dual .lls <strong>of</strong> thc<br />

$<strong>bt</strong>l€ uniresl laws. The p.€! here, requn s fie intllilence and concennation <strong>of</strong>thc<br />

otder to aeel and undc<strong>bt</strong>ald the undenonc <strong>of</strong>the mesesc <strong>of</strong> thc poeh,<br />

Winen bcF_€. 1935 md 1942, tlict rorllhe cnd <strong>of</strong> Eli<strong>of</strong>s dajo.poetic achielemcnt.<br />

As a p$r, Elior w.s by no mean$ prclific. So much grsr! his mer<strong>it</strong> <strong>of</strong> cRing, in<br />

quhe a f.* grc.l pcns, an inaAinary $rrld rhich h^ haunred p@rry cver siE. tf hc<br />

h6 nol 8or whole sh.lves <strong>of</strong> books to bosi oll he n, in erqhange. e &ondi$cd<br />

n{ster oa conenlrarion rnd mbiguiry. _We hale sc.n him d .n innovalor. is a<br />

dimcuh pc! a nrSiciu <strong>of</strong> dc und.Gdcmot "Tne Four Quturs. e hh t4r rcr <strong>of</strong><br />

nrsic" (Vieu). Thecfiect h my$ifying. .soodins h rhe tiur adibure rh.l oomcsro<br />

mind in.onnccrjor wnh Elior's -.Four Quancd (Vidu). tt dnhiog. th.n, fi.e<br />

slhi.8 ?zdga m fiN ed foEmoe Fpns <strong>of</strong> rhc hind. Emo.ion @l.Ed tore<br />

rcconridcr€d, s.nsibil<strong>it</strong>y disseccd by seEnc .houghr. .The euanes,, have ndy !am.s<br />

for th.n myniol g@l <strong>of</strong> kno*td8. oursidr trngug. srilt pinr. pir.m. tovq<br />

con$iouss (Bellini 2001). Ttu nrnedy usc <strong>of</strong> langurgc ptays very tmldnd ftne<br />

in biingiig foRh lbe desired fternins in 6 shualion spsialy d.sqibins an ,bn,&r<br />

phcnomcnon ccording ro Betiin. Etiol hd al.quar.t) ua{ moj otrhc tasu|sc<br />

lools. which has mldc n posslble lbr hin ro promuncc his menllt f.elings agfeabLy<br />

ohhough, tie per ha been denyi.g his m6ra' ord rhc ld€quare ue <strong>of</strong> *ords. A. in<br />

tun!6 e'r thd such a p@ddical us <strong>of</strong> tdg@g. tu *€ b. s. in a4, ibrtu ,<br />

the red.nptivd powcr <strong>of</strong> lan8ur8. and tne distasle ror t.nguagel<br />

Wods moYe. nusic mov.s<br />

o.l! i.lime; bur th.r which i5 onlt lirins<br />

(anonl) die. $o.d\. aRersp.sh. reach<br />

lntolhc silencc. Onl, by rh. fom. the pa(.m,<br />

CBck ind $metimes break, unddlhe burdsn,<br />

tjnderlhcrensim. rli!. did.. !€rish.<br />

Decat uirh impftcision, r<strong>it</strong>t nor st'y in ptae,<br />

willnor sLyirill. (li. t49-t53)<br />

73

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Belljn (2003) quot6 ay who mnmmti O.. ffnic pBpos5 ih8l th. poem uses I<br />

.strem{f.@n$iousnc$ nethod...though lhosc consciousnc$ is t cdcial qu.sion^<br />

(x.yi l6l)i lnd h. swinly pMhims lhal in d'e pocrry prcduc.d d eme ldq ntg.. rh.<br />

perFion dd 6n*io"sne$ e cl*lt Eliorl osn (Har 16l). h @ <strong>of</strong> rh.<br />

"Quaneb,lhe pnefs oon$iousne$ md lhe quolily <strong>of</strong>the pkrl.rr' inpeEonalilJ_<br />

mm. undcr qudion. B.llin, fio! qlotes l hmp$, *ho suggds linding oul a aein<br />

fomlla 6 to Erd the 'Qurncts" ihp6oMlly 6 d6iEd by rhc pocr.<br />

Mclqey (l5l) apprcciald Eliot\ m6r.rr ovcr rhc use or b€finins laneuasc ii<br />

'Quanels", Wnh p8rticular rcfere.cc to lhe Qu.nea , he says lhat Elior usually cnjoys<br />

odoprin8 . iIl. <strong>of</strong>eip($io. thar friln.h him ro pur lbNard ans@t and th@eri.al<br />

p@boatons 6 crysbl clsr ed indispurlblc lruths. Thc illusrmdon <strong>of</strong> lhc in.<br />

poadox6 in rhh poe6 is so srrcns tbar il @nsrirures ! kind <strong>of</strong> poctics lor thc toung<br />

Dcls.sp@ially rcgalding th. e <strong>of</strong>lhc apprcpiare losua8e. Bod (12), by quodng<br />

R n Ass6. e,5 rh.r Eliol wsr.d ro wriF -)o.lry e lmnsp'ml rhat wc shoutd nd<br />

see lh. pocry, but thar which we @ not ro € lhbuch rhe pefr.. and rhis is<br />

posibJe onb rhntr3h rhe u$ and sppticsrion <strong>of</strong> a t.nsu.ge rhrr sholtd b. moj<br />

b€fiuina 1o cdrct tie p..r ro rrr rod€6 mr ontt au6tt' bu visulty r@.<br />

Speoki.g oboul rhc sa orrlc poem, Brown (2003) srts lhrr fie imagcryorrhe rcsc<br />

Sardcn bkes rh. E!de6 alonS wirh rh. pon. Hc ays rhar .h. sond cEalcd by $. Fxr<br />

bsom6 rh. imasind sodd otrh. rcldd n is a beau*. ...th. p@iry cror6 lh.<br />

cond[]ons ro fullill i$ own inrerpcMnrt invilltion. . fhis i! rhe rulatiotr b.twcen rhc<br />

pom sd th€ GadeB, not b.rwen rhe pod od ft. edeu. flre p..r h6 to b. e<br />

obs6 s b.roc dc ompGnion <strong>of</strong> his !6m o h. hs lo Em,jn aiq irs<br />

composilion. This is *hrt is skilln)ltydonc by Etiot in his.,eu.neLs,..<br />

To come back b rh. lat summs <strong>of</strong> aldr,{o.r,4 th. pcm 806 on wirh mfloriB <strong>of</strong><br />

)oulh sil.nccd b' rhe lulta<strong>bt</strong><strong>of</strong>eldcrttrhooghb.TheE is a-\ri ing snc i, the b|@n,,,<br />

and rhis bl!.d siill sin8s below -invcrcBre rcs5.. tsur tl,< u,u rah,rc rong<br />

loreon n", o., in Eliol! words ".pF6.d . A -sl<strong>it</strong>l. poinr is mentioned. tt Eninds rhi<br />

F.d.r <strong>of</strong>dc pBr. io rlr silcnt si{cr ir .Ash wdn sd.l l<br />

.Te&h us to ce. .nd not ro c!re

---

Hc Fikdes, time md !84i4 "tll b a&.)5 no* ed n bks diifEull him ro<br />

'or<br />

forget wbil h. w$ts lo rorgcl i.e the loud l.ment <strong>of</strong>$e di*onelale iantasv"' Th'v<br />

e lll lhw in a p@o which,lhouri is dclemin d lo forscl en4. dinss dd cvenls<br />

(old ideal <strong>of</strong> Ash-wednesday), hts not yd p€rfdd.d this t6k <strong>of</strong> forSening things<br />

obniMr t@llctions <strong>of</strong> old h!bl6 sd qcn.m.nlt flliven tti<br />

Quicl now, h.E, now,dlaays -<br />

Ridiculous {r we en ime<br />

srrctching bcforc ed lner...<br />

lr h .or dly n.mo.i.s rhd hun rhc poel tlt:le his sfl8clc w<strong>it</strong>h $. *trdr shich<br />

should express rbem. In 3!rrr irrro,, sercne as lhe tone 'ndt be, ptuoe ol mLnd F<br />

wishfll thinling dd rhe p.cfs @rds Evdl . 6116s mind lrying i6 hand ar<br />

Crack and som.limes brerlq undq fie buden,<br />

Under fi. i.nsion, slip. nidc, pcish.<br />

D..rt wirh inprecision. s ill nor sby in place.<br />

,6, c,tzri|94o), rnb <strong>of</strong>de ond qu.n.L is$c nmeoi. som*r shiE vill.se.<br />

T.S. Eli6r dcsned thdl. ar the limc <strong>of</strong> his death, his body should b€.cmated. and the<br />

rsh6 hn.d ar Ed Cot.r. which nis sdd wif. dut<strong>it</strong>ully enplish.d. This ptae<br />

was visned and inhab<strong>it</strong>ed by Elior\ dcestos ale. Thar k why we ilnd rhe snn and<br />

the main rh.m. orihc p@n a. ln ny b.8inni.g is hy dd , rcv.Red lder i o 'ln ny<br />

cnd h mybeSinning". The sp&ifially liErary rwist heE is thar lhe simpl.rev.lry or<br />

rhc inagin.d tosic mcn od wmo is l.r8.l! rcndepd j. rh. *ords lnd sp.llin! <strong>of</strong>a<br />

pobable ecestor <strong>of</strong>1h. p.d - Sir Thomas El}!t (Bbq: 2003).<br />

h d tun sing, si8ni tins mardnon i.<br />

A digrined atul conoodious *Bmcnl. (178)<br />

75

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Ttis obs.nadoo shows $tt Eliot h6 ti€d to pl.sr a bylond rime or p€ens in $et<br />

osn r)?ical suroundincs.'l his msteny d(ill <strong>of</strong> Elior h6 bcen a gt.rt n@s ot succe$<br />

b ehide thc impe&nll tone in hb p@try thoushoul lhcs. fmgme ed pcms.<br />

Th. msin spoce <strong>of</strong>Bud Nonon is. noqcver, th. "still point oathe luming wotld .<br />

IDaain ry or mt *ho sB? Fot is $d d€ep b.lo\'. .l d. bonom <strong>of</strong>de pocm.<br />

sillnes and E$lc$nes @erhr, The poet has describ.d here hh pas! hh life<br />

philmphy. his rhi.vendls, his wishes lnd dieppointo.nt 4 d)nmac viw or lir.<br />

hls been o..tion.d in petic stlle, A numb€r ol univeMl @ntasting idqs hrvc becn<br />

pul togelhr in fa istic ol<strong>it</strong>hdiols@m{6. virnu, speokins <strong>of</strong>such opFsnc 6cG<br />

says,'Ihcyscdly80hr.dinhmd.N<strong>it</strong>hEliotinenl'waiching :<br />

''words mo!e, music 6o!rt<br />

onl) inrimqburrhar*hich is onb Iivine<br />

A t.n{,ency or dd&hnent ad alo<strong>of</strong>ts, en@np!$es certain s*lions in rh. Fou.<br />

Qulnets": in 'Edr cok r" wlca Eliol purs th. mtuphor oa Chnn, fi. *ounded<br />

su!3roh, in i'The Dry Salva8s , wheE he ncls ousury, in.Linb ciddins', wh.rc h.<br />

rmslonr c.md diye.bonbeE into rh. P€ casrat dddr <strong>of</strong> rh. ltoty Spnn.<br />

aotum 0995) conrims rhisrav. orderach'nenr in rhe quanetsdd srys lhal rhh tacr<br />

<strong>of</strong> involvemc s.r.s <strong>of</strong>ras a lin.l poinr in tilior's desnc b ud nis knorledg. and<br />

exp€risce into masphodel srmbots. Th. d&cloDne <strong>of</strong> lh. pertomee oa n<br />

anh! Eliot kole wh.n hc ws youngg. is.a conrinual exinstion orper$naliry. ro<br />

bin lhe pd is nor qp.ri€n ing his cxp.rie.*s hcm: hd is onb {.ndine $tr<br />

oonscously ourside experience in order rd rarch him$l exp{riehce ln rhe -tiour<br />

Qqn ts rhc slf- conscious pcr shds oulside his rmponl .xp.ien*s in ordcr ro<br />

find ih theh a ndaphor ror the lempoml rbcs he hs nor expcdlned, lhe<br />

nro&mfltl *pdicn€ in 'Ih. four Quders. - thd qp€riene ro which all orhd<br />

d[sto€ e€ ord.red s helaphNEliol alsays dsribe in rhe condirionat or rhe<br />

subjunctive or tne a!tue ' (Bottum: t995).<br />

All mflner <strong>of</strong>rhin8s shlllb. wcll<br />

Wh.n t 'e ro3Es oa nme G in-fold€d<br />

lnlo lhe clowned knor oa fire

---

And the frF dd ih. rce e @e<br />

Blt here the vie*s dlst ve.s (2004) are dilhllydineEnl Hc avs, lhoush- rn pdmr<br />

lik. P<strong>of</strong>or .nd _Thc wlee Ldd'. Eliol is consideablv succcssful in applvinl hie<br />

@ry <strong>of</strong> imFMNlir', _bd i. is e@inly Lli<strong>of</strong> s o*n voE thxr *€ hsr in<br />

'he<br />

p@t y such d !'For Qutnds,., Stev.ns i5 oa the opinid $!l lhc V4 in Qw14s'<br />

hls beone sbjectivc .td spaks FMndly<br />

l{er<br />

<strong>of</strong> his oM lif. cxP.rietces He des nol<br />

find rhe clooe.t or d€r&hnent bur dhet a nsng pr*ncc <strong>of</strong> lhc po.l's p€&nal<strong>it</strong>v in<br />

rh. "Quands . Finally, $evens e)s thtt "Four Quondt b€ins a cligio6<br />

amdriid. giv6 Nlt to 6tuin disEiv. Dd .xpo ory elm.nls lh! w. do nol find<br />

Any how lsdins lo muy oth€r scll rcputd ornica, Elior ha in lhe "Qu.ndr"<br />

o*d rhe lind 6fims.s ond lynbols, tld lilc -Thc wa51e La.d md "P'nftr* . bring<br />

fonh $. poet\ inn.r rhogh$ in d obj4 ve o{n€. Eliol hs d'ou gdr skill ol<br />

usidS chardcteristic imlges lo crpose vert !b$n r conccpls in $e _Quancs Rocs<br />

(65) is <strong>of</strong> the view lhst <strong>it</strong> is de use ol imorcs rhar Ms helpod ljlior elare dd<br />

'olc<br />

toSdncr ttl. otpGnc thcns in rh. qu.ncs He *ri&c Drv sale!36 provid. r<br />

*ellcnt illl|Mim oaho* Eliot Dwnl! his eo El.t€d bur @ulrcd lhm6 i. rh€<br />

fm <strong>of</strong> doDinmt in.g6 Hc Doin|s @r b dc imag€s <strong>of</strong> l<strong>it</strong>cl a'd 'e which<br />

rcprcs{t lhe corcetts <strong>of</strong>lhe tempoBl nuhbililt and elem<strong>it</strong>t rcspecxvel!<br />

Eny (200r) is <strong>of</strong> tli. opinion rhar Eliol s stririnS afts objerivc ivle is a succcsrul<br />

.r.nDr ro brins fonh ftc indded ihp6kn <strong>of</strong> th€ pGm inp.|wallv' He $F f<strong>it</strong>t<br />

thc pod\ €fon b malc ioncr loice suii.tdcr ro our'r lurho r) palcs \r) r(n rlt<br />

,nistio impe&nal<strong>it</strong>y in his pcn For Estt thc p*lic Bhniqucs ol Eliot m I pBclrctl<br />

shoa <strong>of</strong> his cr<strong>it</strong>icol c$ons.<br />

Dcnnis BoM (2ool), Elking abo dc prtchorosical olls$ ol tu q/"kr'<br />

erp4icnc6, "My own aeeliog h fial lh. non p.s.lnrl pis$ses tE rhos which<br />

cngogc rle sder in 6n cpiphmio exp.dene which csres a hnsjtiomt dec lle<br />

spok ab.ut lhe rqd.rs involvem.nt in fclins $e pcr's lhoughls dd evs lhal rh'<br />

musi€l nd the lh.dp.dic cfeb snik d. dc$.iprid ollid6 hold grips <strong>of</strong>rh'<br />

rldd dd .4s3.s lh.ir mind b be orc {i$ c Dd Bm*n @lls thh Elio's B'nius

---

Moris weilz (1952) opihes on lhc ue <strong>of</strong> sev.Bl sFbols in Elioas poeil Hc<br />

.sp..i!lly rakes thc slmbol<strong>of</strong>msc lard.n.nd stys thd Eliol has u*n lhe s)mbol ol<br />

os saden ar sev€nl plses in his po.rr lo dcpict the rcmpoBl erpdienc.s rhich<br />

cxhibn$e immanol chadclq<strong>of</strong>ihc uhimaLlt rcil.<br />

F@tfrlk €no in d'e ddory<br />

Down lhc D6sgc whicn w€ did nc,{ r'lc<br />

T@.!ds tl. dor w Bd oter.d<br />

I.to thc tFg.!dd- My wods dho<br />

Wcirz is <strong>of</strong> the opinion rhat thoueh lh. cthics have defincd lbe slnbol <strong>of</strong> rcs gardc.<br />

wnh difiere.t connotslions, the e$e!ti.lmeaning hls rhe double inPad ruse g.rdcn<br />

rs u lctual pl&e md fie slmbolical us <strong>of</strong>$c poefs *oddlv qp€rienes md their<br />

po$ibl. rclatiod w<strong>it</strong>h lne Abolule, ".,,.1h. os. sarden<br />

srmboliz6 rhose momenh lhll<br />

show. moF lhan dy orh.u.lhe n4lingoirh. Etmaland Ihe rempolal" (we<strong>it</strong>:1952)<br />

ftc* "Quans aE lemed s a dc.th dd lifc clTon s h th€ wodt dd thcn<br />

meoinss. The'pct)' in lhm dG nol *m ro mon r !l li6i sishl lt d€ mtns !<br />

lor..rlh deDq lael <strong>of</strong>rh. pds nood sd 3pirir <strong>of</strong> innolation' (vidu) Hcrcili3<br />

3r.Gd th{ Eliol is nor glring pGLmc. to ho} lo 5y d( rhc rhings bur he js more<br />

conceoed wnh wnar lo ey. lt b &tullly *tdinr oullh. morion 6om $e pcfs<br />

mird in i$ eniirety in rhe shape <strong>of</strong>Bod'ln doings,lboueh, the poel lries his t€sl to<br />

put forward evcrlahing in de b$t po$ibl. r!y, the occdional lek <strong>of</strong> bentring rolds<br />

nust noi inpedc.he nueqpre$ior<strong>of</strong>lhc id.ascsp..ially i. an impeNonll*.y<br />

"Tn.i w6 a say <strong>of</strong>puning il - nol vdy sdtisfacbry:<br />

A t riphEnic iudy ir a wm{ul patiql fahion,<br />

taring me srill w<strong>it</strong>h de i olc€U. wEstlc<br />

wifi wods a.d d6ings. TIE poc!ry dG nor m.n i<br />

'Th. imny lalls bek d th. €d.r who s ndhin3 bur Pdry i. $c Do€F'<br />

(CBvenr2OO4). In rhe abov. quoLd la6 ol $e ped, Eliol sMs io b. tltins<br />

n.d6ll) <strong>of</strong> his oM eenius. His cfiics at <strong>of</strong> the d 6ar the 'Qua.tls do rcl<br />

.riib<strong>it</strong> only th€ sublihily oihis po.tic thoughls bul his tdhnical sper h.l$ ar <strong>it</strong>s<br />

h.ishts in rhe QuartclJ'. Crdven funhq s4ys thdl rhe rede6 are smperled to wo.k<br />

1a

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hsu8h rhc hd<strong>it</strong>io.tl susp.nsion oidisb€lief $hilc Soing $ou8n fiis pcn lhis<br />

dgain t lls us Eliott skill <strong>of</strong> involving lhe rcadeE lo reel. unde6l0nd Md intipd hB<br />

Do€Fy i. & obj.clive way- How.vcr, Mdins !o Roger BelliD (2001), Karl Shtpi@<br />

ud c6lg. orwelt hold @ntFry viss Bellin rcpo6 thal Shapid -ecus thc<br />

''Qunets'<strong>of</strong> thc @nplete abandonmenl <strong>of</strong> p{Erry' (24?), and Ofrell insks similanvl<br />

'Pshaps $hd $e n(d is pd)!i obsdtnci dc.. bul tou do nor makc a line <strong>of</strong>poet)<br />

b) {rinSifgrhose words rogdhq Aellin llso quorcs Thomp$i\ oPinioi eyin3 thar<br />

a @ful rddi.g <strong>of</strong> rhe Qusders'rcvclk lh€ p.cm p€Mnalizins lhcpoda\d<br />

Eobgonist' i. ..dc,, in Ridi.g, ro prnicipll. iD ht ,to88l. (Tfionp$i 8l).<br />

TalkinB .bo!r rh. !e <strong>of</strong>ld.qrd. inag6 in "Four Qll*t , Vi&u rcfeu lo _Ash<br />

W€d.esday dd says: 'Ash-wcdnesd.y is nor tu b{hind..,, we lccl sc ae drir{in8<br />

rogerho wirh thc pem on fic Mv.s ol! trhiosidl sea. Our lifc.like anrbodlt. rr d<br />

_drining boat *nh r now brtasc. Hd rl. lff.d criric unddods lhe rclinEs <strong>of</strong><br />

rhc poet who is lrying ro snvey his tlDuShs. lle speaks <strong>of</strong> homs io a blanl voicc.<br />

we do h.a about wrilings, wnh.dng, *ekage. unparrble pays, flilin8 porcu.<br />

wdage, primilive t m6, ed \udden lury olE tiin& bowev.r, is chelcd, dd lhis<br />

cbme. n.(es aU $. dilTeMce. Eliolisno longerryinerorcrifr. Heshunsawayhis<br />

on3$ ond Evolt. He ln6 to Imk Bign.d (via.u). Sexton (280) he pointed oul<br />

tilior's orkine olcos in rhe_Quaneh \he lor qulnea r.stectiv.ly concern rhc<br />

*at up. thc \.ay t6ct - dre *aJ nrNlrd md lh. \ral doNn as spoken <strong>of</strong> tt Elior in<br />

''Dry Sslvates IIL Wc linr scc th.* fourdicctions in "Burnr Nono.ll". Wirh rhd.<br />

di@tions or morem.nls in mind Sextoo ,inds th. ln6 <strong>of</strong> the ma&in8 ol chisti.n<br />

Crcs in $. poeo, This sho*s a subllc way df lonayin8 clisious inres in an<br />

objslive way upholdinsfie Frric sncept <strong>of</strong>impeBonalily.<br />

Elio! fi. lileFD criric, rcp.aredly pur 6ide fiom him thc "llights <strong>of</strong> absttus<br />

rening . Or cou$. ln.nry f<strong>it</strong>ics $ill go on disslins lhe philosophy <strong>of</strong> th.<br />

"Quandd. Eliots wish ws thar po.Ey should b. fch b€foE ir wa undcrsrood. This is<br />

one <strong>of</strong>$e l€@ns *hy lh€s. quands should be handl.d calerully. we mut leam !.<br />

pmE.lhe flEli.g fFlinAs lh.y d.liorcly oullinc. Philoephy mly have l<strong>it</strong>d a ptn in<br />

rhese po.ns, bur only as a di$ipline <strong>of</strong>mind. The m.in $ins is thd 'hNc Quancra'<br />

Evsl em.lhins unique ii Uliols peny, a sarm directnc$. rhn clideNe ol<br />

!f,&hm..t ro md and lile in Uliols cEl|ion cr. hardlr be qcsd cnough. R.ldint<br />

79

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ihe$ line! *e rcalizc why Eliot hated thoe dilics wbo called him lemed md cold'<br />

Thc 6oE $e poel s .s aboul indilIeqE, p..@ <strong>of</strong> mind. 'd.lochme.t dd so on,<br />

lh. moe tuhed he lccls ro cvcrllhiry. His roms ties to fi. so.ld *4 srumbliig'<br />

H.lcrt feli.8 hun ad ho*led ou. Ihis nei .@hne.r is spn.b$: i 's gcneDus<br />

.nd wm. The|mthoa! poel sho hid.s in hnpdr,.. hean for lllsasons ln h$<br />

Th.r ir is not h.dd .r .ll, bul you d thc m$ic<br />

Deby (?9,80). evalu.ring lhe ove! all inpad .nd leeling or$. "Qu0net' savs lhal<br />

hcF thc poet naks th. @dq oovc .long w<strong>it</strong>h hin for the lull qstkfdction <strong>of</strong>lhe thrcc<br />

dim€Niodl expcri.ne wfiile @ding lh. Pen. H. mss lo sv lhll Eliot s poet, is<br />

e ocomtsing $ar ir loB nolhi.g go !nfe[ ln spic <strong>of</strong> svcdl dim.uhi6 ln pd<br />

is 3lccNtul in luni.8 . whole e.nd.tion<br />

oa E d.u' ro cip.ri.ne dE lelinSs<br />

Danby funher says: fhe) (Quandg ae them$lves both poems dd ctirichm <strong>of</strong><br />

podry" (30). Ddnb), h staline here lhe coir.spon d ing !c cord b.rlccn Elioas crilicisn<br />

.nd his Doerry "Thct.l$ potie wh d.t pr*h (p.30) lb$ards lhe c.d ol his<br />

lnicln f,lady spcalt tbour Elior's l6cry <strong>of</strong> imAcry. H. ers rhlr rh€ pd rs rtuds<br />

caplble <strong>of</strong>findin8 dd using such mpEhasiv. idar6 rhar cxhib<strong>it</strong> rhe comphnt6<br />

<strong>of</strong> lhe Doet's oood. 'Ihey arc used as objcctivc corel.tiv., !o fe.li.gs or dolghls<br />

Allhoush tunt crnics havc found the Qud€rj in kcpi.e Inh th. p{Ert oNpt or<br />

inp.en rig, M.hncy ( 148), like St vcn5, pds his Mt sirh th. tn orlhe crirics r l.<br />

wfires. Hn (Eli<strong>of</strong>o cbnonization ts a lilefti! icon has l'l<br />

v.nted hh @deE fsm<br />

consid.rinB his toctry .s i r@rd <strong>of</strong> pedontl chdse." Hc eys lhcl the subjecl nett r<br />

<strong>of</strong> lh. "Qud.t is nor qholly in a@.dtne wilh his $iric.l cmons. Hd wc li.d a<br />

gd ddl <strong>of</strong> hh erobiogrtphic, &counr th.t ruts rrr p..n ! p€MDd liL skdch<br />

'lhe ac€u or subj

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iDpeMn.l by +linins up thc s<strong>it</strong>rgL psotul<strong>it</strong>) iiLo ontBsling noods ed b! Siving<br />

lh. spealer ! public $ weU !s p vile rcice. Tbus, apun iom the lb&rvution\ ol ,<br />

Lw cr<strong>it</strong>ics, most <strong>of</strong> ft€ pco sms in confomny $irh Eliols conapr ol<br />

imp€Mn.lir.. The irrcnded absrEct ids <strong>of</strong> iDe hd ben preeh|gl in sucb ,n<br />

obj@r<strong>it</strong>icd manner th.r rhe aader ltels oi! R<strong>it</strong>h the tarlings <strong>of</strong>rhe per Bhil. Solng<br />

4,3 lnp.Boral<strong>it</strong>y rd -Th. Ldc Song ol J Alfr.d Prufrc.l,'<br />

''The Love soi8 <strong>of</strong> J. AllEd Prui@k is one <strong>of</strong>rhe Sleing erdples <strong>of</strong>lhe<br />

e$rblishm.nr or inp.Eooaliry (Objedvi c<strong>of</strong>tlaiive) in Elioas pcrry The n.in<br />

chmcd <strong>of</strong>rhc po€n, i.e. Pruarel, h thc pru||gorist ot the dmaric lh.ne <strong>of</strong>de<br />

poem. lt js an exminrtion <strong>of</strong>the lonur.n psychc <strong>of</strong>$e prorory?ic.l modcm man..<br />

ov.Educatd, .loq@nl, neumtic, od edolionalty stilr.d'- isplrtror6 2005). A v.ry<br />

inrersting facr abour rhe origin olthe noe -Prufrock h$ b@. gilen br Srephctr<br />

Srepdehev. He says rhal lhis nmr 16 suggencd bya lunnureconpany i! Sr. Loua,<br />

flioas binhplace {.400). H. ers $d ollleei* rhe nflc is $ m rhrt rhc reteDhon.<br />

direcroriesolfi Rce. 6djorAmedcanc<strong>it</strong>ies rl<strong>it</strong>ed to sjle ande iike. pnarock,..<br />

'|llDugh lbe d.telop'ncnl <strong>of</strong>rhe iod€isivc thoughr <strong>of</strong> ptonock in thc pcb. *e<br />

come lo know fte absoc. <strong>of</strong>lhe p@fs peBonatir] in thc depiclion oirh. said<br />

ch@ctcr. Pdtdk has bc.n shosn in roht snrd{ snn rhe nmrnric r@d ot<br />

chaBclcr depiction vhcre lh. roeLs soutd Ndte ro a tarse exrcnr 6r rh.n orn rboughrs<br />

andpeBonalrclingg Bur nliorn!*sa break wirh rh. mna.lis lmdnioi 6pccia|! <strong>of</strong><br />

thc nincic n entury. spe.Lng lbdr rhc p@lt.t b€N*n rh. fom ud @nb. <strong>of</strong> rh.<br />

poem, Dall6 (l9l) wr<strong>it</strong>es, For exahple, The Love son! orj. A|i€d Prufimk reflccls<br />

a clos. omladon bct*en th. nea fffi od lhe fnSmdtcd, *.ndsin8 fioq <strong>of</strong><br />

Pruftcl\ though6. palicuhl! inco.n.dion trirhrbc unequat number o ines in rlr<br />

dilld.nt stanas sd fie vfiiable sp€h !hns. - I his skjt] is, ot @ur*, one ol rhe<br />

6sntial EquiEmnrJ <strong>of</strong>pnisi.S lhe imD€eDal efid in ! pen. HlE lhc pd hs<br />

ried. in 6 ssl dsl, |o show his Eade6 *hat h going on in lh€ mind ot rhe mlin<br />

.haBdsrolrhc p<strong>of</strong>r, The po.t dcs rot dp6 rhe emorions direrty: he evo*es lh.b<br />

by mans <strong>of</strong> lppFpriare inages md objs, *hich is Bhd hc ols obj4rive<br />

81

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This pen foms c substartial pan at $c gne6: PruJtuck ud othtl<br />

Ori?Da,iod (1917), Pruf@ok is an cmbodimeni <strong>of</strong>dividcd, ind*nivc fld confusd<br />

FM.dh) spft in his hcad .nd hd. The Dcn is nor a loc sng in rhe rndirion.l<br />

s.nse oi rh. woid. l. has nor d sponhneous oulbu6t <strong>of</strong> reelirys <strong>of</strong>lhe lover for $c<br />

b.loved, Ether ir is.n oallsn oa th. mind <strong>of</strong> $e loy& *ho is unabl. ro bkr deision<br />

$our maki.8 rhe proposl ro the lady he lores lhe Frr hrs lpplicd lhc r4hniquc <strong>of</strong><br />

dBmalic monologle to creatc rhc impenonal etler ol poctry. Eliot lirs achieves th.<br />

.xrinction <strong>of</strong> his p.Mnrlny by s.ning Pdfrak in th. pciic rom oa a dmaic<br />

monolo8ue" (Cl6sjc Noci 2006). The bnuous inagcry, the broken sentsnces, the<br />

queslions, rh. paEnlh.ss dd the hpid jumps fom snuation to s<strong>it</strong>uarion all show<br />

thd ih. nind <strong>of</strong> PrutEl is in a s6r. <strong>of</strong> dilcoD! rnd rensioD. I hc'L.vc Sons' is lhc<br />

slory <strong>of</strong>a weAk, indccislve and rimid lovg *ho only keeps rhinking ollaking some<br />

&rton bur is icruau' i,rcapablc <strong>of</strong>doinSe,lli5:och h.lplcsi0s has b!.tr ubjrlrnut)<br />

dspjcrd by rhc poet firouehout rhc pem. willim Amcs Eivcs his undebhdins ot<br />

rhe p€.ric a.. orEliol by poinlinB our his ab<strong>it</strong>iry otobjecr<strong>it</strong>ing o chaEcrc! cmotions<br />

ln "Th. Lovc So.C olJ. Allred PrufiNk-, T. S. Iilior Ev€ls fic $oughc ald<br />

lccliigs <strong>of</strong>rho poen \ \trbjcd. pruln,ck. i'r a trd\ rar prulrocl cou]d nol havc<br />

rnicularcn himell since ir is rhc tdni objc(nc r, <strong>it</strong>hArrre pnriGt r<br />

insecurny. Bt not comncnti.g direcdy and .tto*ing the reader ro dhw<br />

@nclusions lilo clu6 sivq in dmadc ronologue tttior alds nanins snd<br />

wafds the rldcr.<br />

R D Tiv.di (1976), givins rh. synopsis <strong>of</strong>Etiors pftml says rhar this..Lov. Song..is<br />

a dmaric noiologuc i. which Mr Pflfrc* (nor thd ,Gr) unlcds his mind ro hh<br />

oNn {ppre$ed sclf thc yotr- <strong>of</strong> $e po.nr (l?? So rr.,}/!,,r/ ar -fhk k rtv)<br />

luppodcd b $ illimen * ho e) 5, . Ihc Dain inrerci ul rhu pdm lic5 in \td sors<br />

on wi6in tbc hind, dh.r $d in rie exbrior ev.n6 *hich p.ovoke $c mcnbl ,crivir)<br />

ind play <strong>of</strong>$ough and f.rling, ' Hoc. to ponn, lhis !.ry inDd Ftf<strong>of</strong>rh. prctagonisl<br />

in a obj..live mnn.r, rhe pc! insread or d.$ribina or nmtinS rhc r<strong>it</strong>udions<br />

dnelll. cftatcs a kind orinpFsion. which hetps tbe reader appFoiak rhe whotc rhinS<br />

\irhin rh. p.en <strong>it</strong>scll Smnh (705) sp.al! orrhc v€ry lrmm.r <strong>of</strong>fi€ speak.r iD lh.<br />

pcn.lle srircs. _PrulDck sp€ok notlo rhc reader bur ro rbe rqo etcme.6oahi'nsolt<br />

rhe surfe objective-prssiv.-nihu.t@r Nho docs not d.re ro €r . peach and tnc<br />

82

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ins..d subjarive-mliv.-cgo eho *ould dm ifhe could get our. He di$us the ue<br />

<strong>of</strong>d.pcs.alpmdoun"I'inthev.ryfidline<strong>of</strong>thepoon.lnhhresponstoMelvin<br />

Lurhyt objdion ovs $e u$ <strong>of</strong> l , h. sars filt elu.llr ir is the s! p.Mmlnies <strong>of</strong><br />

rh. piobSdhr thar 4 ralkina ro ech orl.r, ih.rcfore.lhc appmpriate pBnoun ro be<br />

uscd rhcre h whal has b€en u*d ind <strong>it</strong> should not b. _me as prolxrcd by L,0ih)<br />

leobs (05) als suppotu fi. smc ri* a dsnH by smirh. Ja@bs d&u$es rhc<br />

plos ard ons <strong>of</strong> th. rishr ad *Dng sdmadcal use <strong>of</strong>'I , and ihcn concludes. ls<br />

not that sens <strong>of</strong>wonsnes precielyih. not ehich Eliot would wnh b $nte in his<br />

p.cn abolr J. Alfred? H. ey5 rh.t ir is &Nally lhe $rcnenG <strong>of</strong> tlrc sid]. Bhich<br />

has been ponrated. in a semin8ly wDng use oirbe word _l in rh. nlst line ol the<br />

!@m. 11. @nli.uous fl.ws in rb. rorld h.v. mad. the sorld m unc6y phc. ro be ari<br />

fte is c fcli,g d rhe vcrr- s&d <strong>of</strong>$c poem. The po€t rlnr hh rcadeK fee lhc<br />

unedinc$ <strong>of</strong> thc sumundings. 'By indirections, Eliot always exemplifies, sr find<br />

di@tions oua (r&ob3, 06). ln usi.g sh ! befilrins smmari{l .tcmoq rhc pcr h6<br />

ried ro depicr the sirdlioi all objativety. johnsron (2005) omm.nls oi rhe<br />

pueoeful use or rh. logucsc, .,ln tems <strong>of</strong> rhe langu4. disussd alrccdy, $e<br />

sFakins p€Mn.liry opcd6 6 d obidiv. <strong>of</strong>,ctdive, sm.rhins .p.n ed d<strong>it</strong>rere.r<br />

fom lbc poet ior Prufrock is clellty nor Etiot He orphins rh crcarilg su.h a<br />

chMdd, th. omnipEsfl@ <strong>of</strong> rh. pcas FMntny is nicett .votdcd md ,<br />

oidi[linc co$b!$e$ is bujh up lhd hotd alt thc @deu cto* io d. tetinss<br />

ln ldd<strong>it</strong>ion. to b.sin r<strong>it</strong>h, Eliol @ms up ro dpoe lhe chaacrd ih . lery su<strong>bt</strong>te and<br />

cohDlicat.d sryl. ud imasd. Hk Pruftock is $. rne <strong>of</strong> man sho rou td tik. ro lvoid<br />

th. tu8ui$ orhis lovr cv.n by m6t <strong>of</strong>da$€si..<br />

,Yhen tlt ephing k tptraA ot aS'ki the sty<br />

l.ik a plie,x aherized upt" a lahk:<br />

Tlt doin8 Ffis d. nctul sr.rc <strong>of</strong> lhe pMgdisr. pruft{k s i.dcision, his $ta<br />

pny dd slfdhgust e depicted rhough a numbd ot irnages shich obvjousty ndid<br />

lbr the e called n€nral sr4us <strong>of</strong> rh. chekrer, .nd the* imagcs very nuch appeal ro<br />

lh. imasindion oa thc Eadcu. chrisl (160), @mp€ring ihe imasism <strong>of</strong> lcnn,$n s<br />

Mariana dnd Eli<strong>of</strong>s Prufock, *r<strong>it</strong>es lhal dc dcu<strong>it</strong>ed elemen|s <strong>of</strong>rhe desoiprioi <strong>of</strong><br />

83

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ldd$aF aom a v.r' rivid aomub cE ring d objctiv. conelariv aat MeiM nd<br />

simildly, "ln.ss rncrio in m@fi thc s. *tt in 'The Llte song ol J Alted<br />

Pruliek-. H€ sys rhar lh. intges th<strong>it</strong>.E uet to reveal $c i.ftr d.d oukr ro d ol<br />

Pruft@k hly depicl lh. s<strong>it</strong>luions 6 dcsirclj <strong>bt</strong> de pdr' rhruugh rhc* images $€<br />

€de6 @ r:d rhc ssibil<strong>it</strong>! <strong>of</strong> li. po.f s mind Th. innq sotld <strong>of</strong> a chdcre. cm<br />

b€ objEtirely nad.d by lhc steh ed mov.s olfic chd&ter hinslt Prufock<br />

kegs talking to him*lf md epcatldly qu.stions himself abour the co<strong>of</strong>lict hauntins<br />

To lead tau ta d or!flh(lnt<strong>it</strong>\t qturon<br />

oh,lotn 6k whut ^ lt'<br />

These No lin6 iDnodu* rhe vdy quation in thc ni.d <strong>of</strong> the chsacler the<br />

signifi@ce <strong>of</strong> and mu. EsDon* !o ehich ha nadc the mrn s hes'knt ud<br />

ind6isiv.. This queslion k &ru.lly the ialing oi m.nhgc poposal, hr h never<br />

out*zrdly Evsl.d lhmugnod the pem. Thc Gr <strong>of</strong> thc po.m is ! kiod <strong>of</strong> naiLbning<br />

debrte over $h€n and hos ro m*€ this pdp.sl dL ln so doin& Ue incnol nenll<br />

siodion md the shd sumndinss <strong>of</strong> th. ch@lel hav. bcn d.picted wilh the<br />

help <strong>of</strong> such in.scs ed .@b whi.h +Fd<br />

lo .nd h.lp Ue irogindion <strong>of</strong> the €deN<br />

b udelfud PNist's @ndhio .long Bilh rhc d.v.lopoo. oa $e p6td Joh{snin<br />

his did on Dcnnis DonoShuc! b@1. ,/dt ,'llo4 bll6 abo[ rhe aDth<strong>of</strong>s vis<br />

a.d appreialion <strong>of</strong> Elioas pdfis. ,ohd*n (2000) quoGs Donoghue 'Eliot uses<br />

wods ro crctrc ima8es and impresions rhlch d. nor atreh dem$lfes lo anl<br />

paniculd p.6ons, plaas or thinls, In Prufiel, savs DonoShue. lhese dpptrentlv<br />

objedile rere€nc€s 10 thinss lik 6nsi pools, md dnins qable us b imasine a<br />

scen , but tney don l eslrblish il !s ind.p.ndenl <strong>of</strong> Prufrdk. Acoding lo Donqhue<br />

wods catcb hold ol thc @de6 nind whilc going drcugh Eli<strong>of</strong>s pmms Words<br />

chmge into imases md 3tmboh, shich provid. objel<strong>it</strong>c corelarives tbr lhe r€dss ro<br />

fel rhe ellect <strong>of</strong> , Sivcn siluarion. tle observcs rhrl Elidr seldom exposes hF o$n<br />

p€rfmlny in his po.t,. -Rar.ly d@s llDr a! uppo$d o Pound or yc'r\ ndulg€ 'n<br />

lne conc<strong>it</strong> or expEsing hb orn opiniotu ot f*lings rhmugh ihe voice ora poe'ic<br />

pe@.r" (Jonos 20oo). t|aba (tl, 54) indictrd lhat lhh p.€m is idlv Ep|*nting<br />

the G.linss thal rh€ p.d wsns lid lhc si.rv <strong>of</strong> rhc rin. <strong>of</strong>f6 ro shos He s'5rhnr<br />

cvfl ihe d6ioMl d<strong>it</strong>ncrhy. in undenoding lh. pcn is verv nuch pln ol tne<br />

u

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dm. Eliot hs h.d dcDict.d th. chtEdcnni..li ltion <strong>of</strong>lh. r$. icth ccntuo in<br />

fic chdelq ol Prufdt *irh .rd d.uil or d individuar-s nisndcAondil8 lhe<br />

siay $d irs qtuting.fiel o ll* Prd4onisl. _Eliot m.v help !s b s thrt lhc<br />

|liorrid qhich ir . hdln.rt <strong>of</strong> dF twdti.lh 6ory <strong>it</strong> Fn!P6 onlv .<br />

misd.r$di.g. niw.d pcMFid, <strong>of</strong>o@lt6.rd ou. dpdi.M- (p 54) H!b.<br />

hs 6td rhc Doint ol th. .you' in dE tid lin. <strong>of</strong> $c Pctr, H. evs dd lhollt Mv<br />

criri* h.v! rri.d lo .xpLan $ to *no is n@r bv thb "vou'. tnc m5t b.linins ed<br />

commuiclrin& lo H.b\ is ti. E d6 otth. PGn llcsvs iflhatiss.fi4sF.t.ror<br />

E .@ ntl6 !s Mli4 h<strong>it</strong> cxii.E! *<strong>it</strong>h lhc ffigli olhis ld.. _rve tr b bc<br />

t[@ ud n t tlEG wid ftlnldq iNolt.d xd iot involvcd' aghr .xqlisirlv<br />

p.intullx lo{llly bdvd rrc Mlds: lh. wodd <strong>of</strong> b.li.f !n dF world <strong>of</strong>ddbl or<br />

dirt li.r (p, 5t). Ttis is nolhing b{l d obvious lu@s <strong>of</strong> lhc po.r in i.voltin! th'<br />

r!t6 to *p.rn@ . s. fclinSs s ltos olrhc chsFts <strong>of</strong> lhc p@m a *ll 6<br />

Ocby (l99t), sF.rinS oltlE lehniql rd $cnnic *ilb or Elor in th. Par, els<br />

t|in 0E rhyrlmic q!.fty ol lh. linB is Gry much sg&.riw <strong>of</strong>dP6atrg tn.lhmc <strong>of</strong><br />

thc peh in . pidu'squc sY. H. wiB:<br />

'In tk @d lb vM" @ a,d Ett 1idling oI MiclElaSclo fi. 6lnf, ot<br />

lnc No liNs &d $cn s@nd !oo..@e lalcr !iv. thd a rclEinlikc rulc'<br />

H@d.r, d.y aly tpp.i Mie, p.inting . picluc <strong>of</strong> thc hctic bll shdlo\<br />

lifc *tich L dE 6!ia dFi.G <strong>of</strong> rrE +alc, Th.v rE $t shds *nh rc<br />

Crnicizing d. sm. lirs. L&i B.B! hB.roth.t quik incMl ob*ntdo orrh'<br />

t su@ndin$ hc rt3: s |h. lid sign <strong>of</strong> Pruf@kt h.i4 o.tus'd ud<br />

Dr.r.Eoii<br />

{h!t b n6. il n.to tt. qdd dtu d, 16 Thc vision <strong>of</strong> . dicmin d nu Ld6<br />

s.y. o|r ding is suE P.ltsk 8or i o a hiShlv.,ht@dric comp'nv insidc a<br />

B.ry., quiL shlrply, Points dl $c .fer <strong>of</strong> Elior! n.n rv <strong>of</strong> $G d'Piclid <strong>of</strong> rh'<br />

ch.Fc1.r .nd hb b*kdFp Th. ch.fud t dpG$ion . th. dda t ihF sion<br />

h.s b€' shM in ! dl 3tfhont rid ' Pruncl is cotus.d in m<strong>it</strong>in! out his<br />

a5

---

poposl ed s is d. cada ro undcdlnd th. cht@rs in trhole Dsibing Eliot r<br />

c.bique <strong>of</strong> telline fic ins@E fcli.g! <strong>of</strong> lhc ch@lcr willirm AN 'gain evs:<br />

Elior is not @ntd snh simply ponnliig. man who js inwur., i'e€d. he<br />

u*s the chr&lcls o*n @ll@tids.nd melecholv to depen his mqning.<br />

"Ft I h@e tost thzn dl alcadv, lo@k tbn oll / ltN to@n 1lr<br />

e ye n i nsl' m mi nst, <strong>of</strong>. tuN. (<br />

Prufmk\ inrense selr-codsciousnc$ is s!8scslcd bv his lepaing aleetoneetth'<br />

Jrces thd N! wet dndby nis fieqn rrr, sled qwstion Do Idm? "Do Iduel"<br />

He is eagdry ohxious s to rhal pcoplc will sav olhim (fltl *,-l sar: Ed ho* his<br />

m ead bss arc thi"! )' His kdium vir.e is expres.d in $. l\^e I huv nt^utetl<br />

out nrr ttft ||<strong>it</strong>h colla !PM. Hcrc Prufsck adm<strong>it</strong>s lhgt hn liG is full <strong>of</strong> onr)<br />

nivilliries. H. hos wascd . sood dsl <strong>of</strong>rim. in jNr insisnificanr ads like taling<br />

c<strong>of</strong>e etc Hcrc rhe Pcnii.s ol modcm chv lile ir ciricallv di{los'd Vftlen<br />

civilizdion includes a sue.$ion ol 16 p.nies .n

---

ol f.il@ b .ct snd dcs nol *dt himsllio be @dp!r.d *nh $e Prie Hdlel (thc<br />

s4l meiaphor <strong>of</strong> pre6ddlioni), but ibni@lly spBki.3. he i@s nolhing but a<br />

Esemblancc w<strong>it</strong>h Haml.rs lailure. Anisricllly spe*ins aglin tnc noiion orPtince<br />

Hamld. gncn r)nboli.dl)..dds r lor ro *poe rhe.ond<strong>it</strong>ion ol PrulnEk\ divided<br />

mind. bci Bdv{ in liis dicle lmp€Moclilt in T. S. Eliori Thc L.ve Song <strong>of</strong>j.<br />

t S, Eliot d@s nol.xp6s deDding plainly. He appli.s pssibly lh. mosr<br />

conplicat.n. $phiei..red odapnou, and b.sidcs rhis he d(s nor cxpound anr<br />

fioughl lhoroughly in oder b ire rhc rcals think ovq rner cver] scction<br />

wh.r PrurNk is medibrin8 d. And ir is quire in&Ening thar we do nor .v.n<br />

thint or*hal llLn{ \!n( ro {J k, 'J<br />

I. thc dd lhe pmtlgorisl ha b€en shown plmning lo fighl aslinsl his lmning old<br />

I grce ald I grcw otd<br />

I rhal rtur th. bonons al mt,1tur$^ rulled.<br />

slk'll 1 Fa n, tnir behint) Db I tlut. eut . p

---

is on'.g b Ealia 60€ ed moE cl@1, $ar Pruant <strong>it</strong> ind..d a ftubl.d mon who<br />

mlc d awkNard qlla@ an thc bl..t doa lims which bqin tlie pim (5r)<br />

Obviocl, lhis @lizalio. hs b.6m. p6sibl. bv using appDpriale ina36 dd<br />

synbols b foEcroMd rhc t}?ical D.Mtl<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong>ft. pobSotis <strong>of</strong>the pcm<br />

Thus all rhe s€nes oa hcgi6rio.. li.i pEtdsion dd helplesn.s have b.a d.picl€d<br />

*irh sell-dplaining diologu.s, iFagB. objsB and ers $idoul the i.ttrLEnce otrhe<br />

po.tt peMdl tho!3hts 4d Lclin$. Th. a hot <strong>of</strong>fte Spaik Notet lou'd on<br />

Inl.me! speakin8 <strong>of</strong> l5e difieBncc <strong>of</strong> ttli<strong>of</strong>s impeienal $vle add fiar <strong>of</strong> rr.nch<br />

synbolisls, says, "How.v.r, whcds lh. Symbolisls lould have been more likelv to<br />

mate th.ir speaker hinsell a poet or anisr Eliol cbooses to make Prufrock an<br />

unrcbo edged pml. a son<strong>of</strong>anist for te cohmon man" ln orher wod: ro Eliot 0<br />

chmcrer is not the mouthpi* ol th. pod. bul pott h rhe mouthpi* <strong>of</strong>his chadder<br />

As T S Eliot himelfpft n f<strong>of</strong>rad, "Wc cD only sar tirrt rhe to€n.<br />

id some sen*.<br />

h6 ils {M lif.. Thc feling or cmotiot rc$lting lion thc p@m is $nelhine difiet r<br />

liln ft. felins d.mdiid in lhc mind <strong>of</strong>$. pel"(TB IT) r nds ln,l$e pen\<br />

nding @ b. dtrived only tbh th. tocm ielf dd nor tom t suppos€d int ntion<br />

which ple.ded n. Li.i is 3!ain olfi. oPinio:<br />

w. cd deduc. tu po.r's int ntion onlt lmm lh. pem nslf which €liz.s $e<br />

inEmion. This k tlE b.s !xn!|. <strong>of</strong> sh.t T s Eliot *mrei lo cde in his<br />

podrj H. thousl hir ust s i tocr is not to b. fi. obid ora pcm bu' 'o b€<br />

dE subKr <strong>of</strong>ir,ru{s h. wd. in TEd[on ond the l.drvidurl Tal.nr'<br />

It cM be concludcd thal de li.lings dnd cnorions <strong>of</strong>lhe pdt hre been vcry werl<br />

objetified by sk lchins rne chltsct4 ol PrufFct The lhouehts *ordsi nov.s sd<br />

&tions or tlE prclagonisi make the Pem<br />

a rhins in irsclf lo rel unde6hnd a<br />

panidlar snuation in the mind <strong>of</strong>th. p*r Aner'Th. w6t€ L.nd Pruiock can be<br />

said to b. fic best eMplc oiEliott confomnv sid rh. ids <strong>of</strong> inF€uonll<strong>it</strong>v wes<br />

consideFble conshlebcy in Eli<strong>of</strong>s lpprc&h 1o nareialize his orn absldcr tieli'gs in<br />

88

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,1,6 Inp.non.liry !trd "A!h Wsdtr.ld.y"<br />

Ash wcdndday is th. fi6t {by <strong>of</strong> L.nl, which lans 40 dcys endins silh Eder. Th.<br />

Friod is +c't by d.dier.d Chnsd@ in lsing lnd apcnlanc in ommenomtion <strong>of</strong><br />

chftfs 40 dcys in lne rildemess. Ash W.nnesd.y is so calkn because <strong>of</strong> the ashe,<br />

sp nkLd by rh. pid on rhc pcnicnas icrJ 6 a siln <strong>of</strong>nodcsty. sl€s si8r<strong>it</strong><br />

Pen<strong>it</strong>ence and Death. Ash wedncsday rukes ii, nme lrom thc ancicnr culbn <strong>of</strong><br />

silning rhc Cmss w<strong>it</strong>h sh6 o. rh. foahcld. rbis d. fiRt dar.' <strong>of</strong> Lsf{ Kno,lcd Th.<br />

pri6l then siys: Dust lhou !4 lo dusi icrunsl. thus ehindint ftd <strong>of</strong> the i@siene<br />

<strong>of</strong>rhe wodd dd <strong>of</strong>his.€d to on toGod,th€onlyMl<strong>it</strong>y.<br />

In ns sinpl.$ Ems rh. &gumdr <strong>of</strong> the p@ 'tuh W.dnesd.f' h rhrt ntr<br />

*dls 10 ruh lo Ood but hc lmks rh. nwy $En3lh <strong>of</strong> will. Fnslr.lions <strong>of</strong> li& fill<br />

him wnh despaii and he *anls to die. He diseovero rh. caue <strong>of</strong> thisi <strong>it</strong> is stfab$rDrid,lt<br />

is his c3o, his linl€*lf *<strong>it</strong>h i$ es@ntic rl6id rhat is rhc oeorall<br />

ht nisries. sincc thc poen is tull ot rclisious spirir and rcfcrences, a numb* ol<br />

iha86 ard tllBionr hav. b€n us.d ro Fnmy seh L.lings dd erFi.nas, -lhis<br />

new Flisious inn!.re in Eli<strong>of</strong>s pmLy h fidt ss in "Ash Wednesda/, a pftm<br />

which is lh. culBinarior ory$6 <strong>of</strong>cligioB nope od dcspsn-ed one in which<br />

enMies Eliol s @liso.ion or the Christio lision-- (Nausle). Bcins rhus illuniir.J.<br />

hc tes hinsll lron hb .go. Ths e8o conqueEd, hc js rel.ed rron rll frunEtions<br />

t d equids lh€ n@ry sdqgh <strong>of</strong> will lo lun lo Ood 6 *cll 6 lo thc podd. H.<br />

nnds bis p.ace inHiswill. utilc de fall.n world md dcserr <strong>of</strong> fhe Wd. Lond_ has<br />

b€omc in Ash w.dn6d!y, a p€n ol d. joun.t b rh. Abetut, ... (t eFr: t3.t).<br />

This Epacily lor <strong>bt</strong>ll surrcnder to Cod comes to md only anft $e de$ruction dr<br />

ddh <strong>of</strong>hb sla The dddr <strong>of</strong>rhc slfnons rhe cnd <strong>of</strong> lh. nmw egaonric d.si6<br />

and thus oisll sorcws. lr is only alier lhis purgarion $ar man is rebom, u ir w.E, on<br />

$c hi8ncr pldc oa his c.l *li hisdivin..ture. ?sh Wcdnesdly--is in$iEd <strong>bt</strong> d.<br />

crotng cotos or Ddt \ "Putgdtorio" Eliot cmphsizes othq Dcntean in{Ces,<br />

tehniquen dd d.vic6 when eddns his own wckd (Wo.d). Cnvd (200, ) frnds rh.<br />

di6 oi no

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Tnc p@m pEnc the jowy oa rh. Pcfs ell nDm . hop€16 ud ndi.gl.ss<br />

*dld b thc all emb@ing d<strong>it</strong>irc wld. S@h u .bsF.cr md mvsriol flignr narunuv<br />

h6 lo bc . complex one. Thh comphny is nol only in ihc mind orrh. pod bul hc h6<br />

rie! hh b.sl ro pon€y lhe eme inlrisL f..lings inlhed.velopmenl <strong>of</strong>rh.po.m As<br />

Bold ro.nd upon luch a sEd nysr.ry, Elior p6.ncs ii bv Etusins chnnolqJ b)<br />

'n\oliis rhc elui\.'lrd) 'o' lrd6! bJ using d.rb.nFlv 'nd*mind! <strong>it</strong>rs?r)<br />

b! '<strong>it</strong>riiq 5nBrld mFn'RnB, ud b) ' mniig ar rc'c (!'d thcfoE or tin6 '<br />

in rerions. md .ven in FG <strong>of</strong> 6rid3 soiig rhe a point6 b nv*'v Erhd<br />

rho a crux6 b t ellad 1..& orc closo b lne hd or the pen $ur3<br />

pilEi C. is Ber ftiehiro rd ( l9r)<br />

Such r.diindi4 @tniq@ bdngs foruld rh.ormo <strong>of</strong> . pen qu<strong>it</strong> objdiElt. Th'<br />

@d.! ii mdc b fel ald co rhmush rhc am. ki <strong>of</strong>dificullies md labrrinths th. po.l rcx<br />

Tery (1994), conpdins Eliol i.'&h wcdnesda) *irh DanL ii P.Edi$<br />

eyr tl.r rh. No hay€ s(c6fuut r(mplcd to us Eening ro brin! lonh th.<br />

Fniculs stdd <strong>of</strong> rcUngs in th.n 'qF.liv. eoks len-a df6 b the l)tnrc .s!<br />

poinrins !o l|rc rdcq@. !s <strong>of</strong> in.sca in "Ash Wcdn6day H. er5 th.r Eliot dG<br />

nol ue inaS$ jusl lor then own s*c bur thcy !rc lcrv m@instuU! us€d to h*c lhc<br />

rbstr&t sd spir<strong>it</strong>oal visible. He ey3: "Thc p@irv <strong>it</strong>sell in rh. 6. <strong>of</strong> Ash<br />

Wedncad.y, kryes to poi.r us b.lond lh. p..trv the Fdrv nself i! ptn or$e<br />

proccss <strong>of</strong> rcasoning $al $kcs plec bcfoF the rc.chinB <strong>of</strong>eled<strong>it</strong>t'(p 116), Terry<br />

6ho sp..ls oa Eli<strong>of</strong>s obsession s<strong>it</strong>h th. inp.M..l to.e i. hh poms H. e)s "As<br />

llsa'3 wiln Eliot, whdhe. in pme d pocq, on. ees the disdst <strong>of</strong>th. p.Eodl ed<br />

lh. d6id for th€ robl oblivio ' b *htt lh. pei sks. ed tnis oblivio .d olv b.<br />

folnd in thc r.gi@ or rh. *ml'(ll?). Elio! n.r pEst nis $ou8hts ed Lcls in<br />

lasndls but his ilrgd Emains ro b. rh. lo|!l or lhc lbelot Abelut is em.thing<br />

Nhich wh.n fclt or p.eiv.d by individuals, b€coo.s s€ for all; hene il bsm.s !'<br />

imleMnal obscivalion for all.<br />

B6wn (2001) spclking abod lh. imP.Gontl .fect <strong>of</strong>the pct's techniqu. in "Ash<br />

w.drcsdry" saF lhal tnis pod ".nrcrs rht kind <strong>of</strong> hmtn intet'relarionship on rh'<br />

90

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plM€ <strong>of</strong> EaderMner dFMict(p.01). Bosn is etually trins ro &picr rhe<br />

psrlhologiol c|Iet! <strong>of</strong>de p@n o fie @dd. He sys $d the effei lhtr rhc pcr<br />

himelfhas cxperienced hs b.cn fully hnsfered 10 lh. Ead.ft iar rhcir own feelinss<br />

ud expericncc. Ile ctlh il r rom <strong>of</strong> beeawmdctherap) aor $,ic, $d 4ade.<br />

alik. (p.or).'Elioas lin€s rot only expps his orn primrl erp€rieic. but als ldilre<br />

rhe re.dcr's i6. In rhis licr thc po$ibil<strong>it</strong>! ol rcdchprion som.wh.R berr€n<br />

pstchoib.4pdric d

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@mpos<strong>it</strong>ion <strong>of</strong>eeh individull pan, $en maryins them to fom one, colld b< lhe<br />

.\pllmrioilb.rhcp€nslekoriddtiiablcnardiresq!.nce- (sc<strong>of</strong>i.ld. ll7)<br />

Th. pci shrts *<strong>it</strong>h d cpigr,ph d.l Eads A P.nny for the Old Cuy" cadinB ro rh.<br />

Nov.mbcr 5th @lcbr.iion <strong>of</strong>cuy F.wk s Doy. Thc day @mbenoBles lhe foili4 oi a<br />

na$ Asa$ination plot rglinst the kin! dd his mini3tc6 A soup <strong>of</strong> .xGmir<br />

C!$olics pldned lo usuD the tins by blowin8 up the Houses <strong>of</strong> Panin.nl on<br />

Novenbs 5. 1605. rhe Srore Opcnins ol Parliam.nr. llul dn. ol ft. rdonis<br />

inrdverLndy erp6.d lhe plot by smiDs hi5 broih.rin-lc$. a menber <strong>of</strong> PeliMo!<br />

lo avoid th. sLL oF inB. On the .ighr <strong>of</strong> Norflbs 4lh, Cuy &wkes R6<br />

agDrdmd€d ir ih. @lls h€loN lhe Hous? <strong>of</strong> Lods tudins guad over n@ly ttro<br />

rons <strong>of</strong> gunpowdcf. Aner being lodured for dals, he ras subscqrcnrly er.cured.-l1r<br />

ctibph chs&i.r wo s to d.picl rh. F€t<br />

s thoush! in rn objotivc mmer i<strong>of</strong> il sdds<br />

aor some$ins neaninsful. Ii set, !p a iarural mnm{ to fte holloMe$ <strong>of</strong> Modem<br />

oa. . sho tundnc ally b.li€v.s in no$ins ud ii theEfore. dpt) al lhc coE ol his<br />

b.in8, likr o Guy Fawl@ dunny.'(Bmthc6judd 1993)<br />

Thc ssnd .piBDph. "MLLh Klrr He dead,, EfeN b lhe enismarjc chda.ln <strong>of</strong><br />

Conrad s Hcan <strong>of</strong> D&trcs. This is rhe sroryolth. Edslish emln Marto*_ sho s6<br />

*nl inro dccpe{ Airi€ b find rhc onc. admired. no* Ieared rcnegrd. ivory r{der<br />

Kunz. As Mdrlow trveh dosn rhcCongo h€ bcSin5 ro Nognizc simih isbcNccn<br />

(unz od hin$lr. whcn hc finaut eMu.tcE (utu d his hdinB ndion, he tirds a<br />

''hollo* shim" oi r man (conrad 109). Sict Rilh mataria dd versing on ineniry.<br />

Kutu nrk- Mdlo* lh. kepq <strong>of</strong> his mcmory. Kuna Bing idatisd ro Elionrtize<br />

muds and othe! such h€ioous crimcs, is lhe prutotlisl hollo* matr<br />

''Thc Hollo* M.n" hold! rh. em. rhm..s rhd <strong>of</strong>-Th. Waee land-. h .o,ains rhe<br />

pocCs ftnelion o Ih. tlbj*r <strong>of</strong> hMo Mture in this *ortd. dd rhe elarionship <strong>of</strong><br />

this world to another, the world <strong>of</strong> ddh aid ereniry.' ln fiis p.n lhe humd bcinss<br />

hnvc ben shown d.roid <strong>of</strong> thc qual<strong>it</strong>i.s <strong>of</strong> fairh. noEl srrcn3lh, <strong>of</strong> p€e..lirt<br />

dereminlrion and rhar <strong>of</strong> humaniryi rhet .rc like enpry bodi.s. lacking a humd<br />

vinues Eliaheih Do. in rhis onnerim. reoels $ar lran psFholoBical poi <strong>of</strong><br />

92

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viq, {rc felings md dpqicK i. 'Tl. Hollow Mcn" is.v.n morc d.spsnins lhd<br />

th€ me in'The Wde Led . ftis pcn o,Lu .o t€d.mption thalgq- pa*minB<br />

the unmnigftd homu ol modcm lia., Docr' J (2002). in his views d rne pcn.<br />

poi.ts o!( lhe imp€@nal quali.y ol th. pocD, ll. says: Th. ima8.ry depicted in I S<br />

Elior's pem 'The Hollow Men cvokca a $.sc <strong>of</strong> dsl.tc hopel.ss.ess md lends b<br />

Eliors gdeElly oynictl vi.* olcivilizltioi during fiis peri.d in hisbr' No ra) ol<br />

hope, unlik€ 'The W.st knd" or "The Ash W.dn6d<strong>it</strong> , h.s bei showd in the<br />

Hollo{ Men si.ce,lhe spir<strong>it</strong>ual dea} ollhc conrcmp.tarv lse is rhe theme <strong>of</strong>$e<br />

pom, adequac images and symbols have ben cmtloyed ro rcpresert lhe s<strong>it</strong>uation<br />

propsly. Docl. J, is <strong>of</strong> the vier thal lh. pd has succe$fullv applied here rhe<br />

teh.ique <strong>of</strong>fiNt peen ndBlion *hich includcs ill$e @des slong $e devclopment<br />

<strong>of</strong>lhe p@n. "This e$ablishes Eli<strong>of</strong>s atd thc ddca rclalionship io the imases dd<br />

id6 pr€smled" (Docr.J.). By doins thh th. po.t hos in ftcr nadc fie rcade6 rel rhe<br />

nolosrs in tne indiriduals ed th. @i.ly which is thc lheme <strong>of</strong> the p@t Bv dner<br />

dd irdiEl similcs and t.ilpho , rh. pd hs ricd lo dcpi.i t s<strong>it</strong>ulion which nor<br />

only tie ch@rss in the Fxo !rc a&iig bur thc &!ds als iae lhe smc feelinEs<br />

vhile Gadins lhe par. Na@l (200t), Ellins tboot the lh.de or rh. pcm. sF od<br />

the fNus <strong>of</strong> tnc pcm is on (hc iMlifty <strong>of</strong> D. doloLd Deople s ineBdion *iIh onc<br />

d dh€r, md th.n h. *rir6, -Th. aom dd r&e. ol @hniq6 .dploled bv the Ftr<br />

fNg@nd rhis pedicme .nd hi8nliSh iB b@d tpPlicabil<strong>it</strong>v He qplaiN lnd rlt<br />

*ind <strong>of</strong>rh)De td ftyrhm usd in fic p..o @ notnins bu b show d'e di@ninu'tv<br />

od dehhmed olhunan comnunic ion. _Plnialrhyncs lik !lrs. ts eBs<br />

el6J win\ rspi.g, core sunds givc the rcads a ensdion olthe Plighr <strong>of</strong>rhe<br />

hollo* nq (Nicol, 20Ot).<br />

Howevq, a number olor<strong>it</strong>ca halc cillcd thc Hollow Men a personalp€m F_orr<br />

pres.nh lhc poefs vic*s on lhe oonr.mpohry lii. lt h dcry <strong>of</strong>despair untrlicved bv<br />

hope. Thepeculiorilyollhcpoed h th ii h an innerdmmawilh the uhostsnodv<br />

<strong>of</strong>words. The inaseeccholhc dcadnes <strong>of</strong>*nribil<strong>it</strong>v dd $e enpline$ orbollow mer<br />

{ho, Iike th. efffgiB, 6rc lil o.l, lor brrnin! The imases and svmbols @ns<strong>it</strong>ute lhe<br />

saon8 point <strong>of</strong> rl. po.m. The Do.d i3 . lind <strong>of</strong> c1.9, on ene or the chaacren<br />

mentioned in Eli<strong>of</strong>s@ly po.ms likc"Prufock . Ocrc.tion and-s**nr' shoaft<br />

re9Nntllire <strong>of</strong> modcn civilialion b!! lack in moml vllu.s ed 'll Ihar *hich malrs<br />

[fe ronh*hile. This rigic chlm $ms up lh. vi.ss <strong>of</strong> Eliol on rhe bmnnes dd<br />

93

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daad..ce oamodern socicly. The wr<strong>it</strong>r <strong>of</strong>Btolhetludd noies els that he is e much<br />

inpcs.d by the po*rill ina8.s <strong>of</strong> thc poem About $e tudibD image <strong>of</strong> rhe mr<br />

sounds, h. w<strong>it</strong>s, Th. enptien olrhc $u.d <strong>of</strong>moden voi@s b Bf5 f@r over<br />

boken gl6s'apny dbmiss all<strong>of</strong>the pstcho babble tnd faux spir<strong>it</strong>ualiry <strong>of</strong> the age.<br />

all or nonflny't flilc efron !o repl4e fic beliert thd haY. b€n disrdcd lr<br />

@nveys lh6l rhis in.8e does nol cll us only <strong>of</strong> the po.l s felin3, bul <strong>it</strong>s imp&t is 6l<br />

on the our.r world slso. fi. pocr h6 spdy u*d the imase b objetifv his.motion<br />

''The porcrtul @mpsis bcnct! rh. *onhlsrd ol d fer over bokcn<br />

g16s..." (lin. 9) lo lhcir "dty voiE ' (in 5) iuustnEs hos ncaningles thcv (lhe<br />

Houow M.n) truly a" (Lmk iNidc)<br />

'fhis is a pow€rfll po€n thrt watds Ep€atei ddin8s eYealin3 dif'r€nr<br />

inle.gEbrions od im.g.s widr 4h su@stive Elun_ (BrcrheB ludd) L<strong>it</strong>' _The<br />

wan. Land rcain rhe slyle, in The Hollor Med, allhougn complicaled lo derccr<br />

cx&dy whsr is goin8 on in th. pcm, lh. E der 6ilv P.Ge<strong>it</strong>d<br />

lh. hop.ld6s, dasptn and mi*ry io ju'l fic op.n<strong>it</strong>s lin6:<br />

tt-2)<br />

lh' ovmll fdli'g or<br />

Th* lin6 efetiv.ly cftat r bldl dd dism'l sen$tion <strong>of</strong> b!renre$ 'mPdne$<br />

ln6c6liLThis is th. d.ad ldnd /fhh is.eM land Un'let thz Ni'kl' olufudins<br />

r,,r set up a depiesing. dry, d.sn ldd sumundings compdi'g rh€ u$ oi l<strong>it</strong>erd'<br />

dlBions in - l1le wdre I od- a.d i. _lne Hollo$ M.n . willa'd (2000) n <strong>of</strong> $e Yier<br />

filt lhe.llusions in 'Thc hotlo{ Men", though le$ r<strong>it</strong>ll but th'! do s'll lo dcpid rhe<br />

fi€me <strong>of</strong>fi€ pGn He, tbour th. allusioB, slol€sr "lhev dd'* ih€ rc'dd wnh a<br />

d..a.r und.Mding ol Mr' Elior\ vision but in rh' 'nd, thc pGn tu'ls tt <strong>it</strong>$lr' a<br />

sork <strong>of</strong> ic o*t," Thcse lllsions oid lo lhe unded'ndin8 <strong>of</strong> rhc mesing In d<br />

i l€p.nddt od obj.ctive m4rci fiev .nhdce a rcld'fs dptbil<strong>it</strong>t <strong>of</strong>a9pB<strong>it</strong>nn8<br />

rhe po€m i. a qoy undinoncd bv rhc pc6onal nolions and anbirions <strong>of</strong> rhc pGr<br />

Darid Spud nnds conpolibilirv b@€n lhe rhcmc dd th' rchnique <strong>of</strong> rh'<br />

d.v.lopn.n ol e pcm He svs: 'rhe'P6alvsd force sedut w<strong>it</strong>houl noron'

---

applies notonly b the men $cmselles bd also to the pcm d a wholc, which exhibils<br />

linl. tl@tive pmgresion in thc convenlionll senss ed e{hetrs vcds o' dirc't<br />

dion." Spur's obsdorion htt6 <strong>it</strong> cld lhol &. po€fs mind h6 b*n Dolealtd ir<br />

th. paD wilh ulhsl mdfom<strong>it</strong>y lo <strong>it</strong>s lholghts. Tle abntd wond ol ihe mind and<br />

the concret rnd visible shap. <strong>of</strong> the pem de s identical that lhcv truly ,.d<br />

objcriv€ly Ep'wnl @h othci This kind <strong>of</strong> od.dv 3kill helF o dd.t mddsb.d<br />

lh. Dco in <strong>it</strong>s.lf- @nsidqinS, <strong>it</strong> Eliot s *ords, lhc pan a ihins in i$clr wilhoul.<br />

again od again, looking inlo lhc mind <strong>of</strong>the pei Spuii lunher sovsr _As the hollos<br />

mc.8rep€ rogdhc.. fom pmyc6 @ hot.n srorc, dd *hi+e. mdingle$ltl $ th'<br />

pem irself stop.s low!.d t conclusion only io end i. hollow aba6clis bdk'n<br />

pnyer, od lhe m.oingles circule<strong>it</strong>t <strong>of</strong>! childs ftvne.'Same is rh' obsdalion ol<br />

Ni@l (2005), fhe imC6 ol this lodslp. conshcr tie hollo\ md 6 b€rs<br />

csi8ncd 10 a ntk ol susp.nsion, p@lysd bv rh€ir o*n in.bil<strong>it</strong>, to om ancepd'n<br />

inro clqrion, emolion inro rcsponleisPnirual redenplion et onlv hope' The rll'<br />

$. $.mc ad lh. ch.tuLa l@k €inforcin! orc anothcr to d*elop fie impeNonal<br />

impEsion <strong>of</strong> ih. P&n.<br />

Th<strong>it</strong> inPli6ltrt tlF ch!tuls oa The Hollow M'n" drh'<br />

groMh <strong>of</strong>''Ihe Hollo* Men" om on lhe sanc idcli dd parco. Thcv so like blucpnnl<br />

for ach orhtr. As b arny $id by vimu (2002): 'The cal sEee <strong>of</strong> rhc pocn b€con's<br />

maBcd wirh {h. po.lk mind €liot! po€ns Eplta @l<strong>it</strong>v bv a moral llndFp€ -<br />

vis! nnher brings in a nunbd <strong>of</strong> s)mbols usl i. th. po.m 10 explictte the $ene or<br />

{hc Hono* Mcn" h e o<strong>bt</strong>uive mdci He e}s: wirhin the hollor md rhcrc i!<br />

fi. d&kn€$, th. horcr, the ringdom <strong>of</strong>deth, lhc brcken Lo'd\ Pmv'r' Eliol tne pod<br />

srires in ed aboul d&bess. 3nd lch that .n evo stsatt dlrknes sunounds hrs vcrv<br />

ob$uE wrtd.- 1 o vidu lh. !* ollhe imrgcs tnd svmboh is indicttivc <strong>of</strong> the Fr's<br />

obselvalion <strong>of</strong>lhe oukr *orld atrd rhcrebv {s obiscri!' rcpresenlsrion rn his Btm<br />

Vidu is <strong>of</strong> lh. opiDion lh.t rhe dalk md horible ii.8cs <strong>of</strong> Elior give a sse <strong>of</strong><br />

uBlir.s od d.pEsion *hrch lrulv illuidtc the condnio or the ch@t6 m lh'<br />

po.m, "w. shoG his confjsion {d tlE dark $s <strong>of</strong>his imlginclim is w'lomins o,rcc<br />

wc have rouos.d hi6 i o lhc pGn dd lcdoed how to fi ll i' thc blriks, ve pcntle<br />

<strong>of</strong>thc nw sLlus<strong>of</strong>the Ead.r' (visu:2002) H. svs rhal Eliot tales his reads 'long<br />

wirh himslfin such a *ay !s ifh. *dN thcm nol onlv ro undsr$d ihc po€m *irn<br />

lh. hclp <strong>of</strong>then own leaninS(erudnion) bui he rcquie rhem r' srire rh' same kind <strong>of</strong><br />

pen slongside w h hin. This i5 lhoush ! grd d.mud on rh€ pln ol rhe pocli h'<br />

95

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wts his c.dc6 not only to b. sr<strong>it</strong>@l but crealiv.l@ sFating tbour rh. mort o,<br />

'dartt6 thlt Eliol hd innerir.d. 'Mdin3 @ vid!. fFn B@ning s Dat* To*'*<br />

connd't Heat o! DatuEs, Vi$u sdys thal b Eliol darkne$ h no' just a motif<br />

^nd<br />

b n hd beons thc p@n il-*lf Fri.drich dd lawan q428) di*lsin8 the<br />

mca.ingtuln.ss <strong>of</strong> Elioas slnbols in th. l6t salion <strong>of</strong>rhe poem. slnq "Elior. il<br />

sc.ms n6 .pproFi.t d a s}fbol nw thc 'c&tus ldd ed h6 dM il w<br />

signifise in$e d.l.ct!bl. dsn <strong>of</strong>lfiis frntl wlion The]. e] !h.r thc s)mb.h<br />

ued in lhe pcm sryc th. po.l's purpos. ro show th. chaeteF rcling and moviq ii<br />

Sp..ti.g .boul Eli<strong>of</strong>s skill <strong>of</strong> foegio!.ding rhe $coaric 6F.l Bnh tn' help ol<br />

b.fdins imtg.s ed phds.sr Jdi$@tidBc (2OOt) w<strong>it</strong>6: Eliot juxtlpo$s nong<br />

jdcls toseth.r, ..8. p@lyed ford' in such a wlv thd thev app'd !o cmkl ach oth'r<br />

ouq ldvine u flpdns " iN<strong>it</strong> h blking in rhe @nl.xt <strong>of</strong> dE follo*ing l'6:<br />

llcadp'se fill.d trnh <strong>it</strong>nr. al6l<br />

ShrF wilholt fom, shade unhoul @lour<br />

Pe;lled ioG. genuE srhout norioi 14 ll & 12)<br />

l$vis spesks <strong>of</strong>tne 6nti$elicalcouocdior ol phBsca which quiie uncoiventiondllv<br />

.Mre 4 .tmclh@ oa ovetiI3 fic Geg. <strong>of</strong> mdinal'se<br />

Thh haclualltrhe lifc and condilionorlhchollos ncn, qhich lh' xvle<strong>of</strong>lhepoem is<br />

. st ons w<strong>it</strong>nds uton '"nuouslour $. fiv. sections <strong>of</strong> the pocd Eliol ues nanv<br />

wods md .xpdios $at Ei.foEe d .hGPheE <strong>of</strong> emflin6s sd dcav: cacru*<br />

llone ina8B, fidinS star, brok n stote, dving $tu hollow vall'v' brckcn lor' lo3t<br />

tingdom . .lc (Jav<strong>it</strong>). C.hill (44) dsibing lhe dto' dd rhe hnniquc <strong>of</strong> lhe pcm<br />

saysr 'Thc holloNne$ <strong>of</strong>lhe hollow h.n is explored in evosl <strong>of</strong>lh' @udins<br />

srmbols shich alped in |he P*m - Pd lv conkiN the l:milid imag6 ol 'ves slnrr<br />

lid kinsdoms. w<strong>it</strong>hin $is slio @ thc dskest non d'$lalc incgcs <strong>of</strong> th' dting<br />

Thce includc"valLyoi

---

logical developn. <strong>of</strong> the poe6. Ttey do have on inponanl ef.ct on exposin8 thc<br />

podt nind ro hh Gad6. crnill quor6 lin6 a@m Ih. pen:<br />

Eyes I d&c nor meet in dr si<br />

Thoe *ho iave cosd<br />

Wirh disr eyes. ro ded(h s olher ki'rgdo'n<br />

At tnc dmr oldedht othe. kirydom<br />

T.rry ( I lr) !p.,ts <strong>of</strong>rhc n@in8tulns <strong>of</strong>rh. imagcs osed ro dcpicr rhc absrlacl ide6<br />

n in8 the po€t, He wdB, ft. Hollow M.n cners rhe d6p.nin8 voyrse oi<br />

vetilietion. Imtgcs, anblizing or ciiifyi.g, remain eohoB md tiagmcnB Ln<br />

hokindtabodiv. etron b mrkc ense ol. hh|orr <strong>of</strong>sisdm dd spnilualiry:<br />

Be.enrhedesne<br />

Ad*M rh. polcncy<br />

Betw.en thc essne<br />

I en' s)s rhat h.E rhe pod nay hale hod r,t thoughrs pcrsonrlt) bul when h€ fecls<br />

the tciual<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong>bi, felt $ou8lrs, !h. exp.sion auromdicaly &hs into an objcclive<br />

tul<strong>it</strong>y. Ahnougn, k find rac6 <strong>of</strong> bcing DeBomt in ron. .nd {ytc, rhe us dd choice<br />

<strong>of</strong> inlg6 aSain tuk6 the p@n Sivc imp.Ronal &.ting. tn ce ot €tio! th. &h<br />

thoughl h nevs confinsd b thc poer himsctl il is mthsrhaihonized wirh the un venll<br />

lrutns, rhich give Elioas poell) a olid imp.rsnal iopEssio.. Ho*ev.r in .Ho o*<br />

Men the sp.ct oa p€mnd |l@gm€m cdnor b€ msil) negtcckd. H@ <strong>it</strong>e Frr<br />

sems !o be .6otDnal more de usql *h<strong>it</strong>. @nmunic{ing hh tetin8s ro his rcldsn.<br />

Y.l wh.n r. look at lhc imag6 in rh. p6n, lhe descriplion do$ take in impeKonal<br />

tone meerint oul lh. pod s eckimcd idea.<br />

4,3 lDp.norrlltr rnd.Th.JourneJ <strong>of</strong>rbe M,glr<br />

<strong>of</strong> th. M.gi is a lllmion .bour rhe rhc r i$ ncn *ho<br />

dd io D.y Bp..t lo th. ne*ly bom Chrisl. ln thc poem. oN<br />

ftr dimcuhies they flc€d during rbe pilerimoge ro rhcir<br />

97

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desiMtioi Thc pcn is said to.mbod] rho sJmbolicjoumcr b rhe spirilualque( and<br />

rh. bidh inro o ner foirh. Accodins to Elizbelh Drc*. $e mernin8 <strong>of</strong>lhe ns birth is<br />

qu<strong>it</strong> dbisxous, tull <strong>of</strong> lesalio6 ud porlaying printul timcs <strong>of</strong> lh. jouncl<br />

Smifi ( 1956) speaks oarhe obj.olilicdion <strong>of</strong> M.gus in rhc rod or. symbolic serilicc,<br />

''hc hin$lfht! b@me lhc ecrificq he has Eached 6s idly- 6n t s)mholic lev€l<br />

rrue to his enorional Gtate). Elior hd cheacroisricallr composed the pocm abou!<br />

such finh dd trud e.ke6 on the b6is olthe description siven by St. Jonn <strong>of</strong>co$ in<br />

u }Md <strong>of</strong> Modt C@el. Moody (1994) is mazcd at the bcwildeins usc <strong>of</strong><br />

srmtols lid irig€s in $e pcn. H. wrilcs 6boul ihe nultifrccred im3g6 *hich otEr<br />

vtrious hdtngs in rh. peh. H. m.rls, -flE prind) ens) .s$ci.rions giyc<br />

Day b u ide.. md we 6nd wc e iDrolred in a D@ing b.yord rhe Mcais &rual<br />

Ir 'The UF olPoelry.nd rh.lrse <strong>of</strong> criricis , Etior him$tfcxptains conptdiry <strong>of</strong><br />

rhc ina&s in lh. pch. Thoud th.y ar. tull <strong>of</strong> meni.g d sigiificancc rhen &al<br />

aptlimtion lis in thc Eli8ious ati.ctunenr. Th. rhe ch@..u in lh. pdm ltlve ben<br />

podraycd w<strong>it</strong>h brokcn uneranG and ide dd {sain inreftupring edch othcr. Thir is<br />

uscd simply rs a nylinic d.lice ro suc86r rhe inner tcctines otrhc sp€at.u in rhe<br />

p.an. s@tho (l 19) is rl$ oI rh. opinion lh{ fi. inager 6ed in rc po.m are<br />

charsed wi$ pcend nening bur rhey scem to be givinB such deprh to rhc ov.r atl<br />

*ns <strong>of</strong> tlr pem rhar stad aor th.ir o*n D@ing. Tt. expdsivcnG ot th. imas6<br />

ntks imp.enaliry sine rh.y do noi n .d de pefs inrd.nri@ <strong>of</strong> rhe F.l ro nate<br />

ou|deirmedinS dd puaosc<br />

'l]le po.n is mfflcd w<strong>it</strong>h grccr powcr ud disnD <strong>of</strong>mesning od slylc. Th.journc, or<br />

thc p@e$ ol conleEiod ro new faift is desgib.d in rhe imrscs dd symbots <strong>of</strong>rhc<br />

Mtgi jouhcy. Th. A@ud <strong>of</strong> rhc p€n EpEs.ts rh. po.r\ p@mt falingj oi<br />

quiltin8 rhe prcvious beliefand coning ro lhe new one The pem aho hos a so id<br />

impE$io. <strong>of</strong> peMn.l convicrid. lic wn6 ed synbots caled in rhe pcn serc<br />

ro lbESrcdd lh. ncmirS or r po€m Th€ objers t@t bcnning to po@). fie<br />

ndning Md mess.gcs <strong>of</strong>tic pod\ mi or ror rhar morcr rhose ortk $bjcd mdkr<br />

98

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4,e lbFmtrdiq !.dPotu "/a r,adJ<br />

The Enllll thfle <strong>of</strong> Podmil <strong>of</strong> a !ad) is lnc lrunmtion md fi l!rc in th.<br />

shioship<strong>of</strong>nmdd wde in ihe nod.m madillistic trorld The lxtr h tull <strong>of</strong><br />

sdic bedry ud a lot <strong>of</strong>ftc&inetul symboh alons w<strong>it</strong>h no*ery inages. rhe im4es<br />

ol Juliet's tont rob&@ trece, Achiues h..lond orhcn are qu<strong>it</strong>€ apt dd mesrnglul<br />

The dd images lik thc smok md fog <strong>of</strong> Denb.r allm@. ihc Aptil sunsta<br />

rhe Augoe .n.msn, $c O.tobo nigh( th. aftcdon sny a.d mokt cv.nins )€llor<br />

and ro* c€arc a vivid qenic ahospheB o build up the rhrmaticlstnr ollhcpcm'<br />

Thc bending sd disbning <strong>of</strong> lihcs by tn. lqdy embodics the final failure <strong>of</strong> h'r<br />

inL$ltion Dd i dieppointins sign <strong>of</strong> hd Eltlio w<strong>it</strong>h lhc dd 6 eho.d in rh!<br />

w. nust Do$ l€v. <strong>it</strong> lo fats..<br />

I shall sn hc. sdins tc! to njods.<br />

Th€ effecr oi mellncholic f*lin8s, dislppoinrncnt a.d inabil<strong>it</strong>v is ponBvql bv<br />

cmring id.86 <strong>of</strong> natudl ses dd ahosDhere dd bv $nrns rvprcar uoo $enes<br />

g@ rls Elior shM lhe innlde ol FEnch synbolsl!<br />

viou fin& layere <strong>of</strong>mediings in the poem saying lhal !s h thece in Prufhck, rhis<br />

pdn lle ponoys rwo dilfffir worlda l$o mtrings o.c lctual ad ih. dhs unreal.<br />

unanicul .d. oly in.gin.d. Th. un rPtlsd. on@led lods.€9e is h6hlv iMic<br />

md snocking. He s'5 a kind <strong>of</strong> inexpBsiblc fclr betMen the relario. oia mo dd a<br />

wonan h4s b€o d.picr.d in the pcn, which li*e th. far <strong>of</strong> Prufrcck is too inlene lo<br />

b€ sL1ed dicrlt. Th€ inag. <strong>of</strong> dt*n.si haunts rhe Mfr <strong>of</strong> $e lad] ro potua, h€r<br />

f6 <strong>of</strong> ddth, Vieu compas lhe dllt mm wirh lulid s tonb Twising o no$"<br />

dead. buicd lile,jouinq sdd,lcrc$lhd8!ll alons Nirh ft.line ,!,,,/ bdai"r'gr<br />

Mwt tu's ott edl Atr lh. ph6er and imoges $ar brcground lh. 3loomv<br />

rh6ph.E <strong>of</strong>rhe pdm- Felinss <strong>of</strong>$lnudc od dslotion oashonn6s <strong>of</strong> rinc <strong>of</strong><br />

prcfound dolbrfulnN buln in upon him. Tl. un.xpds.d ioPlicarion ot the F€o is<br />

eslablishcd by fiis inlonse and prcfound fedr in thc chnradeE who !rc unable ro<br />

sucsfuuy .skblish $. d.snel Elalio.ship (viou). Altnough, rh€ male chcBorq<br />

rics b 8ive ! happy .ndiq ro his Fl{io- he aa<strong>it</strong>s ro mare hk intnd'd smil'

---

n@in8tuli <strong>it</strong> Frna hapFrs to<br />

Minds thc sd.r <strong>of</strong> M.rd'ew<br />

b. idni{f. ln finc 5l th. omtiol ol Bti.d t4.<br />

Amold! p..n i. which h€ hG dcerib€d rhc<br />

nyl.rious, imPllsive, Pa$iotat sid. <strong>of</strong> humrn Mluc rhar is nosdv dkagatd.d or<br />

supp.rcsed. ll sens lhar Eliol. dl drcu8h lhc<br />

lamiliar qilh Anold s this *6rk lo<br />

q5y, considen hk re.d.6 ro b{ wc I<br />

mok eft.<strong>of</strong>hislortu'?<br />

Thc ra. ir tn. @d lsl6 verv dt$lionll bsu$ <strong>of</strong> ihe s@ial ni$hi'vo6nc$<br />

th. d*<strong>it</strong>ti@ <strong>of</strong> wnich siv6 lhe Dad u objctir. clcmem lts sensus imo8crv<br />

illusntb fi. ( hmg6 mood. <strong>of</strong> th. ch!trt.r' \| illimln ( 70 I <strong>of</strong>tspond rhc ponrcir<br />

oathc lad) rnh rhd or PtulMk on lhc basis <strong>of</strong>de depicrion <strong>of</strong>unentinrJ dd rhe<br />

n.t oahsgins in t6lee b.Neen t4linEs ot andcrion md Epuleon<br />

5.1<br />

CbrtlLI!!<br />

L<strong>it</strong>enryTndllioD<br />

Eurcperl L<strong>it</strong>er.ry Tnd<strong>it</strong>ion: A Brief Sonev<br />

li rhis stion orrhc stud' t bicasuEq ol c hisrorv <strong>of</strong>thc 6ain c!rcnB dd *dk3<br />

<strong>of</strong> EurcF& l<strong>it</strong>d.tuE is Siven Tlis rcvi.r *ill hclp us ond€Bhd €li<strong>of</strong>s conc'Dl <strong>of</strong><br />

l<strong>it</strong> rary nadilion sine he believ.d not onlv in Enslbh lneEtu€ bul his oncepl nnled<br />

ovcr fi. whole Euope saninc fon Homo to his om age. d he hioselfputs il in<br />

'"TtBd<strong>it</strong>io dd $e lndividuol Talenf l<br />

100

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'rh. hisrorical *n$ involves I p.rceprion, nol onlv <strong>of</strong> the psrnd <strong>of</strong> rhc pdr, bur or<br />

is D'l@; rh. hiseodl rc onp.k r m o vic ior n'Elv {<strong>it</strong>h his o}n<br />

sci.ntid ir his bone, bd *irh a f..ling i\at $c wholc <strong>of</strong> th. lirdtuE <strong>of</strong> EDrcp'<br />

liom HoDd !d s<strong>it</strong>hin ir rha dol. <strong>of</strong> rh. lir.tu ot hi5 oM 6untv hs !<br />

sihulEndus existnc. od @mp6s t simulknlous o er.<br />

Ahhousi, n has b*n trj.n b cove rhc 60$ Fpesentltiv' aotts or Eurpdn<br />

li&EruE frco teious colntties, lh. leus hc ben on Enslish lirenrurc in this cv'c!<br />

At phes n h6 6150 b€ei p€niculslv dedioned ho* a cetui' wod( or nov'menl or<br />

wr<strong>it</strong>er inDr.sd T S Eliot in shlping op hh lil.ntv p.Mohtv<br />

E!rcFd Lnerc.y Tmd<strong>it</strong>ioi <strong>of</strong>fd a chdnological rcvie* <strong>of</strong>h' ere$rh 6d erpanlon<br />

oa EuroFs l<strong>it</strong>et tuft fton ils €rlv developmenr in lhe oml pdrv ol ancicnl GEk<br />

m.s16 io irs .ppddn* in thc tw.nli'th @tury 6 d idn.Nlv popuhr<br />

intmadonsl ntdnio. and hdjtlg! <strong>of</strong> a uti.lv oi lierdv foms' diollv d*elopod<br />

culb6 nd p6d6 A nlmtd ol m0in sl'set ce b' sploEd in lhc hbrorial<br />

dcveloomqn <strong>of</strong> rhis ftdnion -{t.k, Rons M'dieval, R@issce Augutu'<br />

Romdtic, vidoti.n anl Vod.n 5ufre)'ng de "o \ ol ft'r Im'\ 6n b' m'buRJ<br />

lcoordins lo rwo oiEiio in mindr l) _sorks that Mre influcnriol lhar larq wnteu<br />

ldniEn. imi<strong>bt</strong>ed ud E+@d€d to smcihes rcicl'd asEinsq dd 2) rdrs tut N<br />

Epl*nttrtre rhtt*econsdei ro beep{'alr) ln'cwdAor'hcir d'rho o'i u'l<br />

' '<br />

tr glnE {Encjd 2OO}L The }ob e not srics hF srd inn'ptne'Dv'and<br />

cvoluatior, but t.v se S.nenllv lalked <strong>of</strong>*ilh $eir ohanclclistics oldvnlsicuords<br />

livcly imrgd. viv&ious no.i6 ed tull <strong>of</strong> l<strong>it</strong>e id6 lhtl srin'd fie p'opre *ho<br />

conposd lnd cijoved rcadins lhcm, th{r 4ricuhed doir senuin€<br />

and depLe<br />

6ncs, f6 sd id4b which rh'v fodnd skiking tnd {rBdiv' or shdkins or<br />

polound od Fll.otive, rhich tuhished lh'h livca vnh manids The porB lo D'<br />

d€d e linkr dd tl.lio6 <strong>of</strong>orc .u6or b lh' ncx| 'nd $ on a'd findins 6mon<br />

g.nenc Piociples s'l ggrenents, lllNion!" vere fods' dd Dcaphoncol cum<br />

cmbld.ric Doeiic look s 6 ro G wherh'r thev me'sed fM lql Englhh or ftsi<br />

conti.enral sd clasicll @dnions in then vcrr- brcdde'didspora<br />

101

---

Englisb Lirei.luc hd <strong>it</strong>s @ts in W61co liLdtlE which beSe *nh rbme' The No<br />

lons hercic epi6. &,, and dtrser. (?5oBC1) atp€,Ed sudd'nlti w' cu kno* lildc<br />

about lhe petr rhich preceded lhcd. cnd composilion in prcs. had no! tct b4un<br />

They nerer lost lh.ir fascinaiion for l& ao.icnl Cr@ks $d fiev continucd lo tom lhe<br />

b6t <strong>of</strong> oEcl .ducalion, d.spik lh. pdionate opposnion oi Pltto Thc Ron1m in<br />

$m lcll unde. th.n speu. ed Homer wG thc nodel <strong>of</strong>rhe Roman Pod vngil (rrnes<br />

,4.err'10-,98c), *ho w6 b b. rhe 66tct dd qmplc oa Danrc d Milron: fie<br />

Honsic pcns gol lo b€ fi€ e@i eurcc <strong>of</strong> inspiElio. fot TdnFon dd K|etzlkis<br />

dd James Jorte. Cclz.. (2002), talking oboul Eliol s €ssv t/'ar i '/asiq ers rhll<br />

Eliotwdled lo *c and to believe in Eurcpc 5s one civilization righl lioo rhe trme ol<br />

Ronw Empir., dd lhal ils orieina{ryll clssic mun therclore bc lhq epic or Rone'<br />

The dliesr min. pdnem <strong>of</strong>Enslish l<strong>it</strong>atuE is the bloodv a(hciortepic B'owuA<br />

dating b&k ro Anllo_Saxon period, suppoedlv srintn betseen rhe &h and lhe lolh<br />

6tury. Following fie Norm.n conques (1066), FEnch happ€ned lo be the main<br />

ldgurg€ <strong>of</strong> thc dling dd privilcs.d cls. bur the rurive inhdbirtnt oi Brirons slill<br />

usd the rh.n EnSlish s thtu *id61c!d comnon lmgug€ ln thc Itr' l4rh centfv<br />

$. b6r EnSlisfi *rir& <strong>of</strong>the €nd <strong>of</strong> Middlc gc5 is std b bc GcolTNt chaucer' \ho<br />

composed a sigrnlic *o& Ire Cdt .bdt ldl6. This srning ol $is hiqotial qork<br />

exhibned nol only lh. viSourlnd livelii.$ oi$e English lo8u'gc bul ale i6hioned<br />

fie rutur. pot.d.l<strong>of</strong>lhe ldsu.sc for a lonstin.iocome lnlhe stme century halis<br />

Fq Danr. AliShicri wmte IrP Di riP comed] lr3o?'t) sett naslc4ie'e ol $orld<br />

^<br />

l<strong>it</strong>erdr@. In il DsE pas rhmgh hcll pu4nlo.v, dd have' lo undeaond rhe rcl'<br />

ol love dd @s in elvdion Th. $n <strong>of</strong> fou@rh qturv no t a vcry c@r dd<br />

Emskablc p.riod in thc binorv ol Euop€n lneraluR T S Elioi is enomousb<br />

reDonel lo hav. hld gdl in0uene fom lhc works <strong>of</strong> D'nt This innu'nce is<br />

dhcu$ed in d.t5il in the lexr serion <strong>of</strong>rhe studv. The Rendhsalce, a Peiod <strong>of</strong><br />

ousdding a.hicv.hos in Eump.an culrurc. be8e in halv in l5s Cenrurl'<br />

Ch@r.drcd by. trusfomed intcEn in thc hisloridt clssic'l reoming ra$inalion<br />

dd iftEn *nh !h. obsda!|. and bnsiblr $dl4 &d @nfid'nc' in rhc po*s ol<br />

indiriduds, n .riss ftom onomic ptuspcri! crposuR o dd oonbci lirh othcr<br />

cuhures and socidies, llourkhing cilics, dnd co'npsative polnid skadincs Alorher<br />

Sreat contributo! tiom lilll, rhc poet, P.ro(h (1304 _ 1374) !rut' hk sonnet! in<br />

r02

---

hich hc clevalcs hunan love to t spidNal dimension Pdmdh h eid to be onc <strong>of</strong>lhr<br />

li6r hundis <strong>of</strong> the Rentisscc lnd a higltlv innu.nli.l p@t in ElDp€tn ln'dut<br />

''lloli schold. poet, dd humeis! 0 maior i@ in lhc delelopmed <strong>of</strong> $e<br />

Rcnaisemc, famous ror hh poe lddrc!*d lo l,a,E an idc'liz'd bclov'd" (B and<br />

A sMl impovcncr in English liLm.v mAs l@r Phe in lh' niddle l6tli @nturv'<br />

E.glsd tho bcins rukd bv Qu@n Elizob.li l 'lhe subjcd ms et ot<br />

mrionalis/par.iolho. alt€lion t8gre$io.. dd $c lumoil Md chDs <strong>of</strong> humm<br />

.motions .nd sial @n

---

impovcm?n6. Th* con.dis eft tblndolly Pl.r.d .nd ajo}ld .l ihe $t€_<br />

suDponed tholcr called. 'ihc hore <strong>of</strong> Molic€ Picrc Moriraux, tnd P'em<br />

Bsmmh.b lhe lSrh{entury drmalisls rcrc prcloundly inspned bv ih. rorks ol<br />

Molidr. W. li.d the freqmnr us <strong>of</strong>$phtticared logut8c jn Meivdi ttld piding<br />

etiEs i. B4um@hais Thc *o*s <strong>of</strong>ntny <strong>of</strong>lhe hurcisa <strong>of</strong>ihe l9lh ccnlury w*<br />

6&led w<strong>it</strong>h lhese qual<strong>it</strong>ies. Intereninll) ctrdugh man' onocs In r*enlicrh senrur)<br />

hcv. idendncd Molia€ s imP6ion on d. Plopou.de6 <strong>of</strong> the deater oi fie absurd<br />

sd on orh.r dpdimntll frovcmeni5, (h Eliol od orh6 thc .lfes dd infl@es or<br />

F@ch n6lc6 !d quire visibl..ln cs<strong>of</strong> Elior, a numbd <strong>of</strong> FEnch Nril.s hsvc h.€i<br />

a sBr sourc. <strong>of</strong> inspndion both r4hnically 6d rhcmoticlllv Goled (29) $vs, _Bur<br />

Eliot did mr only deriv. lM Baudcl.irc c.nain l<strong>it</strong>.i 3'mbols or $.m6 His<br />

@nc.prid <strong>of</strong> p@tf h rl$ cl@ly m.delcd on that oa aoudcll<strong>it</strong>-<br />

_He<br />

As a poel and c<strong>it</strong>ic, aoibu had Sred aurho.<strong>it</strong>) ed impcct on Frcnch lncddre'<br />

<strong>of</strong> FEnch cl&$ic.l |ncEoE dd *6 called lh. lrwgivs or<br />

6nblish.d fi. Fimipl.s<br />

P@sus" (Coludbia Encyclopcdia). Boil..ut $orh ompi*s 12 sarires w.<strong>it</strong>te' in<br />

fiymed coupl.ls, which exhlbhs dsindy$unting &nicish ol the w<strong>it</strong>cu espe<strong>it</strong>llv<br />

John Mihon ale @ntibutei lo $is cls$icol Poe $vle ln hh pose {odc, bv and<br />

la4e pmduc.d in panphleG, he epponsd rhc PuriEn ideolosv <strong>of</strong> tne slolt b) hving<br />

cmphais d sial dd Elieious fiwlom Milton\ b6r lnou prsic sorls- "Pandis<br />

161" (1667) od 'Pmdie Rec.ine! (16?l). in blonk vmq ell hh ovd all<br />

philosophy abour human beings, relision ond Cod Thisbhtrk vc$c poerrv ioeused on<br />

suc h rlis ious lhcmgs .s rhe lilll or Adam dd human rcdempt ion Hudson ( 84) spcars<br />

<strong>of</strong> Millon 3 s.s <strong>of</strong> b,<strong>it</strong><strong>it</strong>ion !le, -fi. I.6ing md fi. tn or Renai$ne reE not<br />

abedon n by hin (Millo); but ihe! *.E more sd dor. usd fo. rhe scnice or a<br />

Purilrn philosophy ot life", John Buydt '"The Pilg1im's Pogres rd called the<br />

popold *od in sryle Nhich .llcsorislly illlsdes chnsrie del<strong>it</strong>emce as ! joumer<br />

'Ih. svencoih cenlury clGsical wiring lirshiod susrained lotc lnd innuentialL)<br />

cnl.Ed th. sqki <strong>of</strong> th. l8lh @d!rv. *hich is bdter InoNn s th| A3e ol<br />

Enlichlenncnt. Tl& nov.l llso ddeed duing rhis ioe s t ncw md topult lbm ol

---

l<strong>it</strong>eBry cxprcsion in pose. Tne novelsavet ne" kDl ro rhe sbry tclling an covcrins<br />

humd lif. sd $en Ehrio io sicty in .$Me @listic dd im.giMtir. Mv'<br />

D.niel Defoe wrctc Foti$on cMe (1719) thich bcode one <strong>of</strong> rhc populd<br />

odvqt@ .ovcls <strong>of</strong> lh€ timc rondha. S*jn .u6or€d (nrl'i?r1 Im!/{ (l??6) a<br />

d.lishful dd b<strong>it</strong>ter s@i!l stiE pEscntd in .llegodcal fom r€n*ina cheap dd sild<br />

life srylc <strong>of</strong> lSlh'cdlury England Tom JoncJ (1749)bvllenr!Fieldin8k€llcdrhe<br />

Dosl Fpngllrivc nov.l <strong>of</strong> the ag. od tlc lom sm*l Jobn$n- Nrir'r od liremrv<br />

cr<strong>it</strong>ic, brcushl our fi6r ever "Dicrioruv olthe [nslish Lucuage aho in rhc sod<br />

A @tioney cspons ag.insl .ationalisd, ,tsn. dd nstrialiso dcvelop€d abour<br />

rhe edt <strong>of</strong>lh. ISth enturv This movedent dlled @anricism en@mpaired mont<br />

ieatures oi fte lben En8lish societv lt ononticized dd idealizd ntt!re in lredure<br />

.nd sd di$inpkhcd <strong>bt</strong> inmcnsett p€Mnll im'ginativc ud t'bj'cl<strong>it</strong>' srvl' Po€b<br />

likc Willin Wotdswonn, Sduel Tsrlor Coleridgt od will<strong>it</strong>m ahkt folnd rheir<br />

inspnllion in natorc, supsdunl Dd mvsticis' John K'ats' Lod Btrcn dd Pw)<br />

BlslE snelc, w1c hichlv idalized omdric perrJ sir wtxs sco( frcm<br />

Scolldd, along w<strong>it</strong>h 1w,ro, (1819). wblc morc than 20 novels- nost oi then<br />

hisrisut s.1 in $. MiddL Ag.s<br />

Women wrncd aho contibured ar ome poinr in lhc DN'ntic p'riod Marv<br />

wollnonmn Sh€ll.v rmt. fi€ fdous Gorhic novcl F a'r?'s!?'' (I3|3) 'xhibiring<br />

t.mr &d bloodv lclions. J.nc Ausl.n cde up wilb her snan mvlish noveh lik?<br />

&re ard sero,rrD ( I sl l) sd P'l& @? PBl'Aa (l8l l) H4 PBcri'ar<br />

ud @lcric<br />

frain ch@cre6 sdc t len d her sensibl' optosirion $ rhe e €lled es88daled<br />

cmotionalism found i. most oi rcmlntic srn'N<br />

ln Rusia Al.ksndr Pushkin wds on' <strong>of</strong> the firet signific'nt liEmrv wrte$ In<br />

Niner@thqtury' As a qils, hc lretic'd in ! nunbcr oluor*s likc tnon nod6<br />

po.lry, phls sd novcls. Pushkin p.ved lhc way ior €$blishing a $'ll'buih Rus\ian<br />

lncmry lBdilion, dd his *ol( inoucnc'd m'nv or rh' Ntir'd $ho follos'd hin<br />

F)onor D6roy.vskv ccleboted !5 o'e ol lhe mosr impond |n'mo' srilcu <strong>of</strong> all<br />

limes in sorld hhror'. *rolc pslshoLogicaLlv pa$idrale nolels \hich lookcd inl' rhc<br />

d.iving toc od mdl drio.liado for lhc cions <strong>of</strong> hi! chrcrd He 8a'Ellv<br />

r05

---

ud tEqlcndy @n@tzlcd on thcmcs likc de ligh lnd t€nsion bet*en gmd &d elil<br />

f.cing th. huo.n sul dd exisrence $d the coic.pr <strong>of</strong> slvrrion in the cou!$ <strong>of</strong><br />

*dldty sufi..inss. Hi5 lddmstt novet ItE 8dtu's Kaw@r l\a19-1340)<br />

inrerconftcls Eligious $arch and $e ac.ount <strong>of</strong> ! rhmily s agsressive difierence or<br />

otinion ov6 a *omon cnd a douhtul ond lndridcd inh.rnue Anorher pomme'r<br />

Rusion qr<strong>it</strong>er Anton chekhov come up *<strong>it</strong>h the skill <strong>of</strong>oiginal nanorive rdht4le in<br />

his srori6 od pl.ys,For him thd6 dd imlg.ry *d lh. prina'v @€n o' liicmrv<br />

an md plor derclopme.t s6 sord&v thins Sonia s chdNt'r fiod chckhov\<br />

189 plar. Lh./e ,/@)-. beine lmous lor her dialogues I l<strong>of</strong>,Ever' soni! s aPPenr<br />

tusEtioi is m.anr lo conv.ya *n$ orautile desp.<strong>it</strong>b lhe sldience (Encan42006)<br />

Another nobble 19$ enrory RusiM novcl<strong>bt</strong> wos Lo Tolslov shosc psvchologicallv<br />

ud hoElly dplcr nosls e Fgatd.d 6 m6lcoic6 ol @lislic trclid Tol$v<br />

b.lieved th cuhurc &d *ierv r.re dkSonistic ro tue happincss t''ar u'11<br />

'ttu<br />

lnd ,a,e {ap,tu. his tll lime mddpid6 depid e mmDl'x hisroricrl dd huntn<br />

Glrtions*hh sreat in_dcpth observarions and €maAable ndr'tire impresion<br />

Honor{ dc Bal,sc (l799r8to) ehieved sublime calism in hh novek lhrough his<br />

Eloll.s an nio o d.6il md ht <strong>it</strong>kn$tv ponra)€d ch'trt'E 'l-t Cm&ie<br />

H umoinc ' ipublth.d 1842_1848i T1'c Hunan Co6'dv) is a st <strong>of</strong>about 90 *orks rhir<br />

.xptoE lh. infl*@ <strong>of</strong> sictv o ihe cn.dFr <strong>of</strong> lh€ individul conrinccd lhat<br />

hlno behatior is a prcduci <strong>of</strong> rhe etrvirunmenr. h€ Oonravs ssielr_ in sla'klv ftlr'stlc<br />

tms. Atbc-s rd is pdhlF b.sr de$riben 6 hcirfuened rcalism in shich *l*red<br />

details @ emph$iz.d and smetimcs .eggeraled His gocl to depict French sNFr'<br />

objctiv.ly 16 .hccd by nis own udnic &n!€mmed and lision His r4lnm ed his<br />

co!*pl <strong>of</strong> the plnorm i. h isloric.l boYel in manv volumes hld qorm ous i n ll uence on<br />

swh urhoE s €File z.l! dd M@l Pous! bodr ot *hom al$ @oplersl l€ngh)<br />

ct.les oi novch. Anolhq FEnch nov'lhl Gunive Flh$en i( known fdr his<br />

paiosbling p!6ul ol In@rv p.rfcrion His novela wr<strong>it</strong>d in lhe lirc@ ivlc horn<br />

s Fslism dd ch@t rized bv keen obs'rvarion and denrion lo detlil arc<br />

@ulcddMccd bv onslic trs@g' od fon Fltubcn s non fmo$ noYel'<br />

"Madrm. Bova<strong>it</strong>' (1857), Ihich depics the ltsgiq adult@us lili ol an ordinar''<br />

unhaltt wond. is on. oa th. Dotl inponol srkr in FEnch tihlure' on' <strong>of</strong> ih'<br />

great poec <strong>of</strong> Frcnch l<strong>it</strong>$alure Baudelairt posssd a cl5$ical Fnsc <strong>of</strong> fom grBl<br />

r06

---

still ar chsing lhe lerr4dv apFopiale rotd. dd a tu€ sin for husiBl lusu'sei n'<br />

pr.du€d ene <strong>of</strong>the mosr monlol bul loltliest vcme in the Frcnch ldsugE His<br />

origiEl<strong>it</strong>y ets hin apd fm rh. doni@t lil@v ehmls <strong>of</strong> hG tin' His poerv hs<br />

bccD veiously res.ded 6 lhe 16l billidi tunnalion <strong>of</strong> rometioism tne prcusor or<br />

stmbotnn, Md lhc f<strong>it</strong>i dpBion ol mod.n l4hnhu6 H' viNtd d individMl 6 a<br />

dividcd bling, drown equallyroward God and saraii his p€ns d'rlw<strong>it</strong>h rh' tiEele$<br />

con0icr b.rlen lhc idal ed rhe *nsul. Th$ J'piqall hu an<br />

nosl sublimeto rh. mostsordid(Fowlie)<br />

'\l!ricn'$<br />

11!m rhc<br />

ln lhe d y l8?Os, FMch wn&r 6mileZolo oea€d' n'w lvpe <strong>of</strong> 'ovei ii thich h'<br />

lndptd lo lpDly ncthods <strong>of</strong> $i. ific ob*narid b dsihe ci'l ills &d hmu<br />

p.thologicll beh.vior' Bereeen l8?l rd 189r Zola wde 20 noveh in this stvl''<br />

which hc 6llcd naumlis.<br />

Th. srnbolis sorcme.! in FmcE bc8d wnn "Romd@s ss p{ol6 (13?4:<br />

Ronmes w<strong>it</strong>hout wonls) bv P.ul ven'in' 8d L'pr'$nidi dun laune (1376i'thc<br />

An t]M <strong>of</strong>a F.u.) bv Sllphs. Mtlh! Thr svmbolists N'nrcd ro 'vo{e m|nq<br />

fian de$ribe. To do so the) u$d fluid dd nusical veEirication mp€sro's'<br />

intlidons, ud e*lions A sFbol *6 not mdt ro sttnbolirc o spdifc id'a' thin&<br />

p.Mni or plre, but 6ther ro pFloke dd evokc dillennr 's'riurnrft h dinrrgtrr<br />

r!d.u. P.rnaF $c gElr.n s)4tbolisl p"l *s Atthur RiE<strong>bt</strong>ud rho uolr mor ol<br />

h[ Dems beror. he N.s 19 ]q6 old "L' bars'u ivF (1371 -lhc Ddnkcn BoaD'<br />

wi[.n *h.n h. qs 16. sugg€is the chmlic sbl. <strong>of</strong>d' hudan spirn in tms or !<br />

sromrosed boal ar'sdorcd on $e hish sd Ridbaud\ u$ drbi2N im.8erv 6nd<br />

his bold cxp.nmcnldion{hh ldgulce lrcfoundlv inl udc'd n'nv latr FMch I'ds'<br />

.speially fi. suft.li* <strong>of</strong> ih. I92Os dd lglos Olh& sloholist slile6 weft Jul's<br />

Laforsuc, Hori d. Ragni.r, Jd Mo*s, Trisla' co i'E 'nd J'm M! c Marhr6<br />

Philippe A!8u*c villi*

---

Th. Belgid Fpts EmiL verh&En ud M,urie Meblinck *erc also rmpotunl<br />

synbolisls as {eE rqo Am6ic& ex$ri es livins in Fd.c., F@cb Vi€E4rimn<br />

ed stuan M.rill. whcres lgth+.turr French l<strong>it</strong>e.arurc ohroniclcd thc count)\<br />

3ru8Al. ro me lo t ms w<strong>it</strong>h thc Frcnch Rdolution. 2o$.ccntorv FEnch In duE<br />

h.d lo conlend wilh the imp@t <strong>of</strong> nvo casclysms: world war l(1914-1918)dd world<br />

Wor ll (1919'194i). 11. d.vdtiion orrh.$ $oE ed $e u.tpeakabl. homu $ar<br />

acuomponled rhem havc iesled humsir) s belicl in rhe eristcnce ol0 cod dnd rhe<br />

nlicf in lh. soodDcs <strong>of</strong> huoo natuE Conrnnrd silh 'hcF cald<strong>it</strong>ous r'6, the<br />

Cold We th.t follwcd thd, ud wn ol i.d.p.nddce foughl in Fc.ch sloni.r<br />

FEnch inLlleluals *.re focd lo &knowledge th.t prcvioudy held bclicrs had lailc!<br />

ro cl* a mop hm.n sorld. Anong the beliels rhar cdc inro qu.iion *e( rl'.<br />

fahh in hums naluF inheriled lmm rhe Rc.aksnce. the fa<strong>it</strong>h in nacriaL progNs<br />

bcqudrhed b' rhe €nlighrenocnr- a4 espcciall_\, rle \ o6hip ol tehnoloBt p6sd on<br />

by the lndustrial Revolurion. r_rcnch wrir?u livins in a ns world <strong>of</strong> nucles energy,<br />

mpuledarion, lnd hcas.d oedia innuene $ughr to ftd.nn lhen oh in siery<br />

dnd lhen con€pls <strong>of</strong> lneGtu.. The Frrnch srheB are sid ro have conribuled a lor in<br />

spRadin3 rhe elment and ue<strong>of</strong>symbolhm in the *dnd lircftruE M.NamaBll59)is<br />

oalhcyi* that n *as. in thc fi6( plac.. S)mons $ho s.n.mlly is et.osledg.d as t<br />

primar! source in inrrcducin8 Symbolism inlo Ery nh liremry_ *oid.<br />

Durin8lh. ld Norhi!& 6r th. l9tn century, $e vicroriai ck psduced an amazing<br />

nunba orpoplar nor.linl dd Dcts. Tl'is tinc pcriod ea rhc ris <strong>of</strong> & in@insly<br />

ulbsized. middl€1.s, Md .ducded leier! rhat included r much l.€d iclding<br />

audienc. Mony lulnots *dte aboul chuetss ind s<strong>it</strong>urilns *.ll-tuD*n or slL,<br />

conpEhensible ro lh.i audicn* and *ume u.nc.ell) popula. aid in buch "irn<br />

lheir vsr @ddship lo a dcgr@ rol matehed in rhc 20th €nrury Pcdaps rhc nosr<br />

ldar author <strong>of</strong> lhis inc ws Chel6 Dick ni rho ponmtd the h.rdshils <strong>of</strong>$c<br />

working cl8 while c<strong>it</strong>icizing diddl€las life, Wrire6 poninenr duriis the hefi <strong>of</strong><br />

dc vidorim period i.clude ceorle Elior. sho. defire bdn! a rnic oiclri$iarnt-<br />

was knorn loi her intens.. noral novehr William Makepeacc Thackerav. who sm(e<br />

humobu! ponalrk <strong>of</strong> diddlc md upp.Fclds lifq th. arcntc sisr.rc-{harlo@.<br />

Emily, dd AmrwhG nov.k rdd.d ro bc autobiosmphical; Arlhoy l Bllop.- a<br />

l..n obervq <strong>of</strong> pol<strong>it</strong>iB dd upDer Vicrorid sierti and Rob€n Louh Stevenson.<br />

10s

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,dv.n|ut non.i lnd pclrv Tnc mcl popule or rhe<br />

lho mie ch<strong>it</strong>dEn! b.o*n<br />

mdy Vidont. PeB wa Altud, Lotd TcnnlM olh.r farous pds include<br />

Mrnhw Amold. ChrinD! Rosni, .nd Robcn sowoins and his *if' Eliztbdh<br />

As rh. lat€ vicroid eia g!v. sav io csly mod.rn ines al $e tum <strong>of</strong> rhe 20rh centlrv'<br />

rhe f@Ds shifie

---

Th6 wc frnd a reieiy <strong>of</strong>@nmon hd<strong>it</strong>ional ch4nlcristics in lhe *hole developnenr<br />

<strong>of</strong> EDropd md speci.U, EnElbh In Errc. lh* poinb cd<br />

Religio6 ad ntrholoaicll mhts<br />

Mdrio. <strong>of</strong> sill vllucs tnd F6blms<br />

Rmatnic eLme.ts {idals): humdih, liledom ol imagi.dion ond €xpEsion.<br />

Sopniniated thms dd srl.s (f:xhtddclism. Sldn or consciousn$s eic)<br />

bes& <strong>of</strong> lhe emergence ol b.[cr rc.ding public dd cetuin scicnlific<br />

Con il ict betw*n ft<strong>it</strong>h ad sc i..l ific conccps<br />

Advehges ed disodvdldgcs <strong>of</strong> indwlrializdtion and urbmizalion<br />

Material pDgt$ ad disillusionm.nt<br />

5.i TS Ehor.hd.[. ColFpr <strong>of</strong>Tndlrlo.: Ar nrpos<br />

The snd mos inport t <strong>of</strong> T s Elioas l<strong>it</strong>aary @nepts is $e @ncefl <strong>of</strong> _Licot)<br />

Tradidon", which nc hs.lalorst d at logih in his fmous egt I'alt,o, a/ !/.<br />

Inlivftfud lalefl.Hel*&ins rlr. .sst \ ilh lhc d($tiplion <strong>of</strong> rhe pevailing 'reanin! .f<br />

ihc word tmd<strong>it</strong>ion'- ed tho erplli.s th. dcsircd m.onmg- funclion and impotuceoi<br />

$e se. ln the ssrt, h. exDlains {hy il is impomol to include the cdon or pas<br />

works when wr<strong>it</strong>ing Poety:<br />

h Enslkh {dring w. loldom sr!!t <strong>of</strong>hdjtion,rhough w.o(alionallvrpplv Bi,m.<br />

in deplorins <strong>it</strong> ah6de, w...nd nf+ b rh. ind<strong>it</strong>ion orb ahdirion;atmoi,<br />

*eedploy rhe sdjeriy. in slyids thdr.he pell) <strong>of</strong>sd-Ntrd_$ s aldnioiJ or.rcn<br />

'1oo rEdilion.l S.ldom. p.lhlF ds ihc *oil epee excepr in . phdi <strong>of</strong> e6ui!<br />

If orhflie, ir is vasu.ly apF.brtiv.. *irh r. inplicarion. as b rht solk 4pmv.d.<br />

or$m. plGing .rch@lo8icd Eo6hd'on<br />

such a onerr <strong>of</strong>radnion is siSrifisr for th. cilic d *ell 6 for lh€ craniw *rne.<br />

TEdnion dc mt mo a sne <strong>of</strong> inhd<strong>it</strong> ne nqn s. pd dlno6 or neElv a<br />

110

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s.'e <strong>of</strong> bdodnsic$ to rh. p6t lEd<strong>it</strong>ion is ! d)n'hic rbE lr dG nd hd"<br />

3!.nding sill. Tdrliion is ttF h<strong>it</strong>uicrl e@ !d nol $' h{ding dowr d follosinS<br />

rh. MF <strong>of</strong> ln. @i.d blindlv. ll c.mr bG i.ntriLd lt d onlt b' &hidcd wi$<br />

rrar d*id3 .tro|r3 Eliot silc.;<br />

Tndirion 8. '||e<strong>of</strong> nch eir. tr3/ifi@ tr{Nr b' iih'dbd 'nd irvd *d<br />

n yd msr obuin ir bv Fd lrt ur' h inwlc. in tlt rid plx' d* hi$qidl se<br />

thi.h *. mv crll ndlv i'dilp.ne<strong>bt</strong>a b <strong>bt</strong>oF sho *drd @ntii* b b' ! to<<br />

t vod h<strong>it</strong> Mv.lift va 6d rh. hhdjer *tre inYolv6 r D'cFa<br />

mt onlv <strong>of</strong><br />

th. shs <strong>of</strong> rh. F4 b{r ol ht<br />

rhc h<strong>it</strong>umj !.M 6mFB r ff b *rir<br />

d *idt hk M rlldid 'reci<br />

'@lv in his ton6 blr v<strong>it</strong>h r fdli!3 thd th' vnok 6r<br />

6. lihiuE ol E!6F frcm Hm .nd *irhin h th' *hol' or rhc lir'dturc or hn own<br />

ounrry hG r s<strong>it</strong>ultrEB.xnEc Dd cotoos lihulboG otdt<br />

'<br />

ft involvB. his.ricd ne. *hich.tubl6. Po.r |o p@iw no{ 6lv th' PBrG ol<br />

$. p.s hll d$ nt !|*ntlK 'Elior c nor *d8 b ev lhtt liGlr@ *a '<br />

tincl* ordd ttrr w rodifiGd b, d6t {b6.qw' so <strong>of</strong> liq'nG" (Crvc'l'<br />

2@r ). Elior (2 r ) in his st, Ii'. SFhl Iwtid d P@try' 'rc],iN dc <strong>bt</strong>n'fia <strong>of</strong><br />

hivatrg x utdftd l<strong>it</strong>c..ry t dilid Oft poi is<strong>of</strong>@6c lhar il s' h'w e livi'8<br />

l<strong>it</strong>ciluE trc shlll bsoru moN dd oorc rlic.*d fftnn ftc lircBlu' dfrhc llsrr<br />

uhs hG kap uO @ntinuirt. @r l&6tuR ol fi. F5 will b'con' t|m Md mG<br />

6oa t!fr us unil i1 is s 3ds. lo s 6 tl* liLroE <strong>of</strong>. fdiln poPlc "<br />

Thus Elior Er!& r.dnid s dE nislo.idl en$ {hich is ' ss or th'<br />

rim.!6 s s.ll s ot th. r.nF.rl !o8dh., ft b $is es thd tuk6 r *nl'r<br />

r.ldirioul TnG wi6 d th. .nisr thctoE hs to bclonS holh to tlE p'n od thc<br />

Disd ed c@r. ! *o* <strong>of</strong> tn l||lr b6m6 inmonrl in fi' li'urc' "llE h<strong>it</strong>di4l<br />

cr, shic[ is . $G <strong>of</strong> dE lih.le s *ll $ d. tcmFEl 6rl ol fic dNks '!n ot<br />

|n. cmDonl iogatd, ie ln'| m.rd ! w<strong>it</strong> r utdnio l' {d n is d rlE s@ linc whlt<br />

tuk6 | wicr m@l @Mi@i olhL tlE ir timn oahh wn 6mdF &c<strong>it</strong>v'(Eliol)'<br />

Bci.s E dnioNl. lo Elio! is d mdSDrim ol l4in8 ldl kmslcd!' fim lh' pct<br />

wi6 md wodc .rd thc in@rDornion otdc 3 co.r.nF6v lildrv ft ls tlog<br />

*nh Flsd r.l€nrs M.nin (2006). in a tut tronlt 'brinus fli<strong>of</strong>! p'dti* uf<br />

lndnid ind ol hb @n irdivid(l hhd H. -v5:<br />

111

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Elior atiribuici a srcar deal <strong>of</strong> his early nylc ro rhc French Synbolisls-<br />

Rinbald. ArudelrjE, Mdlmq and blblgue-*hom he tidr en€umcred r<br />

colleg., i. a book by Anhur Symo.s callcJ ItE Srtribolist t4,twwfl in<br />

lrrlrar. lt is 6t to undcNtand wh) a ,oung aspmng p{tl sould *arr ro<br />

imiLt lhe dmoMs h.h.miu fisuE but dcir uli<strong>it</strong>uG ellilr o. his Fdr)<br />

is pshaps les prolouDd thd he chimed.<br />

Thh histo cal se.se implics the prcsncc <strong>of</strong>a collective ni.d'. which h rh.<br />

.oneiousness <strong>of</strong> fie whol. <strong>of</strong> Europ.. And ihh collcctiv€ mind isamind shich<br />

chotes,odrh8llhischascisadelelopftcnrtrhichabandotrrnothing.nrou'c.-lhir<br />

h a i.ct r po.t hust b. asaE <strong>of</strong> u. mst aho leam rhar tln mind is nuch more<br />

impondr ths his own Fiv.le mind. A cBdive dis, fiougl hc liv$ in a padiculrr<br />

nilieu, d*s work n.rcly wilh his ow. generarion in vicw. Reuben (PAI,2005), in rhc<br />

conrcxt <strong>of</strong> lircdry i6d<strong>it</strong>io.. dplains Eli<strong>of</strong>s concpr. -H. (Elior) susg.ns diar, rhrough<br />

cuttural menory, r po€t un@nsioudy onri.ues fie trad<strong>it</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> his culture. His poety<br />

pic*tu dimcuties <strong>of</strong> nuncroB allEions. us <strong>of</strong> forign lang!a8.. (s. <strong>of</strong><br />

n4physidl one<strong>it</strong> od d rb*ne<strong>of</strong>obvios Mmriv. sduclure. H.desnor<strong>bt</strong>c<br />

his owr age, or $e lireBtuE<strong>of</strong>lhalperiodo.llrs a sepmr idcnrny, bur ar \nh d.<br />

@nvicri@ rh in Cdwl the whol. liicntuE ol EurcF lrcm rhe clasic.t as. <strong>of</strong> fic<br />

Oekr onqads and in pdnicule the liroatuF <strong>of</strong> his osn @unrrx G lo h. bko as a<br />

htmonills whole. Crav.n (20{l) quo6 rrre:'1,rye s.id Elior w6 o b. pLapd nor i.<br />

th. indnion hc .hoe bur in lh. hdiio. rh chor hin. Al is gmdesr rhe radirion h.<br />

chos ws rh. t8d<strong>it</strong>ion ol catholic Chistendom sd oi irs grearesl pdl Ddtc.,<br />

Cldphrs (331)h.s 3pokn <strong>of</strong> Dantc\ tivid rddilionat innuencc on lhc \ro<strong>it</strong>s orFtior<br />

J. Alard Pdf@k apgbrnDir.ihe rdmmer on rhe ourer rin <strong>of</strong>rhc !t /,,: C.z,rr,'<br />

k th. old man <strong>of</strong>hll.n human natuE *ho is conplely subm.rgd <strong>it</strong>r rh. h.tt<strong>of</strong>ih<br />

vl@j The war tsd is rLsp.d /,/'rm hishtishrinc tu{ fmm rh. fi6r .ircte 4d<br />

avdc. nom $. ciry <strong>of</strong> dir. ' Tft Holloy Md aollo*s s a pB.rbrion <strong>of</strong> fie l.EftpenGnr<br />

in Antlurgdonoi ind Arh w.dnesday is r noden conceprion <strong>of</strong> rhc<br />

Eli<strong>of</strong>s M crative .lfotu e nor $!n lm his rim.l* EuDper tiredry tEdirion<br />

but a pan <strong>of</strong> <strong>it</strong>. According lo P.rer Actsyd (qd by lombado). Elior had ! sens. or<br />

112

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hdnioD dd d inslincl ror ordd Nnhin himslt A sr<strong>it</strong>er rhus l.ms ro valuc<br />

td<strong>it</strong>ion by eqlirinB(h€ hisloriosl *.sc, which entblcs him ro tielvividly dic times<br />

hc bclongs io. and. ar $e emc rim€. nor to lo$ sj8h( ol d rimele\rm\\ lhar b'k{rgs<br />

io the sEalive 0n 6 a whol.. !l is lhe ssq ol lhe tim.lc$ 6 {cll is or the reopoml<br />

and oabod to8.thq This unny<strong>of</strong>lime h.$t$ed bv €liot in t'M N"" ako:<br />

'Time ptlgr dd inc p.i<br />

Arc both pshcps prcscnt in fime tu$rc<br />

And in. tulore conLin.d inline Dln.'<br />

In Dry Sarvass! lrliot d.fincs $. en* <strong>of</strong>tdd<strong>it</strong>io in $? followins ninns:<br />

''Ih. pon cxFriqe cvived i. lhe n@ins<br />

ls .ot lh. .xFricn€ oloc lif. only<br />

Bd to oany Ededtiom,<br />

Time th. dcsroyer h tine the prcserver."<br />

Elior sF lhal no pel a anii ol uy kind h5 his full odning tnd siSnifictnc. .rone<br />

His impondce, his rpprecidion is ft. appreiation ol his kinship trnh $e poels and<br />

3riht5 <strong>of</strong>de pls| seneraions. One mnot vllue a poer alone. Every po.t or dkr is b<br />

b. jlds€d and crirically *dded r€aici th. poets anJ disr <strong>of</strong> lh( snc lom oarhc<br />

p6t. To Elior rhis is a stardord <strong>of</strong>!.ghclic!, which cd b. opplied on ony an o! his<br />

wo . for c<strong>it</strong>ic.l comp€risn. ed il should nor b€ &len as m€Ely e id@ <strong>of</strong>hisloicql<br />

cr<strong>it</strong>icis. An disr's D€snd tldr nli aolLow 3 iong bsk3Dund lcminB <strong>of</strong> his<br />

cuhurc sd lhcEture. Wh.n . poet pdsnls a nc$ .rcdtion rhar ir .har&rerisrirdl])<br />

lllusile io his p6t so.b. $e *hoh |nedure orhis couotr) or ndion G posiriveLt<br />

t|Id.d by <strong>it</strong>. Ttis kind <strong>of</strong> cEdiv. @.fomny ol .n individul s uk lo his pd<br />

l<strong>it</strong>cmry works h whll n ndnr by Eli<strong>of</strong>s @nc.Dt <strong>of</strong> lirmry tmdirion.<br />

I1'e p@t wfio unLtfuds the penrnd ol the p,51 al$ utrdssLrdi h<strong>it</strong><br />

rcsponsibil<strong>it</strong>ies and difiicuhi.s as m anGr. such an anist sill tull) rcolize dat h. mon<br />

indi|lbly bejudged bylhe dandrds ol the pa$.ln sarins dat an anisl is finally lo be<br />

judgcd by thc st ndards <strong>of</strong>rhc p!sl, Eliot dc not idply rh,t he is pbnd.'rd b.llo o.<br />

ww lho $c pcrs or tur lh. tudards prlsnbed b' de pEvjoB crirics a io be<br />

appliod injudlinB tnen wolts, This re.lly inplies rhal a oonrenporqy ro& is to be<br />

mmpored uilh thc 3@l<br />

worls <strong>of</strong> rh. prq, ud sch is n6uad by rhe orher.'Io<br />

113

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conlom meEly*ould be lorth.n.$$o tor rcall\ roconhm aral! Th'ir$ouldb'<br />

nothing nq in<strong>it</strong>od <strong>it</strong> would norbc|*orkol all,r rll ifano sork<strong>of</strong>deoerCds<br />

6 sultr*tut wh€n @op€rcd wilh ed n6uEd bv rhc old ndtcrpkes lt is<br />

' cled<br />

indicarion <strong>of</strong> <strong>it</strong>s vllue s a rqt <strong>of</strong>.n A *ott nav be idividual td alpee io<br />

confod. d a work, *hich ss lo bc individul. nlv conrom lt siu b€ a fall&, ro<br />

clsiry $e *orks ol d inro rhc c&sori6 <strong>of</strong> individ!.|- od andnionar' so b Elior<br />

hdnion h dyroici n 6nnol be inh.rn.d: il on b. ohain.n o.lv bv gE libour The<br />

lnin cd n€ilher tde rhc past d a lunp, nor c.n h€ lom himslf shollv upon one<br />

pEfercd Friod<br />

cutur <strong>of</strong> lrt dd poetry .he eys.<br />

.To b. radi onal h Eliot! scns. n€ns to bc conscious <strong>of</strong> ihe m'rn<br />

The per mlsr b€ vcry con$ious <strong>of</strong> $e main cu*nt which des not ar ill l or<br />

inldiably lhrcugh rbe most disringqhhed rcplrarions .lle hust be quhe a*4 <strong>of</strong> the<br />

obvioN f&l thai tn never inpmvqs. bd tnd $c nater<strong>it</strong>l <strong>of</strong>an is naer quft the safrc<br />

e mue be fld thal de nind <strong>of</strong> Eump. - rhe mind <strong>of</strong>hn osn countv a m'nd<br />

which ne l..m in rinc b b. much moE ihpotui lhd hh oM prival€ mind is a<br />

nind snich chdse: a.d thtr $is chogc b s d.v.lopmd snich abddons nothins en<br />

mut , *hich ddt nd suFnduat .lh.r ShdGPa& or Hm.r o' dE dl dmwins<br />

<strong>of</strong>rh. Msedald Ildghioe This d.v?lopmenl cnneddt Ftfiapa omplicdion<br />

@nainlx is nor non rh. poinl <strong>of</strong>vi.w oathc pttchologis d nor to th"xrc which<br />

*. imasjn.i Flhaps o.ly in $e .nd b3ed upon a cohpli@tion i' eonodics and<br />

nrchinery. But lhe difi.mce betwcn th. De md the pt{ is ihar rhe @n$io!s<br />

prese h u a*en6s <strong>of</strong> tle p.st i. a way dd to e .xt€nl *hich the pa$ s awm's<br />

orirslf cannor sho$ . Elioassuch fondnc$ol ! p$tmLl th.cdlicr lir'd) nan{s<br />

helped hin have mdre rh& enough ntt ridLforhis o*n creative wo*' And il las also<br />

panly for thh re6o. hc devcloped his ficory ol inpeenal<strong>it</strong>] ol poetrv Thus'<br />

occordi.C lo Dondghue, Eli<strong>of</strong>s inten$e naorc ol lnolling morc and morchn lirs'o<br />

Ddr paved the way tot his @nccpt <strong>of</strong> imF6onalhv ot pdr] Paieman (Tradiion<br />

dd CMriviiy) ale shtlsthe w. poi <strong>of</strong>vi.ri lnT S Elio(sfanous l9l9 c$!r<br />

-T6d<strong>it</strong>ion a.d rh€ Individul Tdcna. okto*l.dsne.t <strong>of</strong> lh€ hdisFNbilir! or<br />

r.dnion is link€d 10 a (clssi@l) sttss on tl. tlluc <strong>of</strong>4hievi,g inp'reMfiq/ in d<br />

Ttis is ora5rdl wili ! Rodtic st6 d *,f _ .xpcsion--

---

Kanlis, in his pzrEr. Mlhical MelMs ol ttdlan<strong>it</strong>t Cr<strong>it</strong>iekn: Notet u T S Eliot !<br />

tir<strong>of</strong>r.r/ Sc,rr, pi.senred in 'Iradirion and Modcrn Wotkshop , on 2310 May 2003,<br />

spoke on tjli<strong>of</strong>s hisrorical s.nse, paniculrrl) feusrng on "1. s. hliols @Bhisbrical<br />

vics, pldicuhdy a .xemplinen in lhc mepb oi hiltorial sDs ed mlthiol<br />

octhod', and inlenigated th. crucial rcle these norions, disn8rg.d fron thcnoriginal<br />

tnmewo* and ued mrhs a uniwMl dions plored in lheshaping<strong>of</strong>cdk li'drlv<br />

culruF dudrg rhe smond lFlf<strong>of</strong> tlr Oeilierh century. Bctdes expliorlng Eli<strong>of</strong>s<br />

vicwson the id.o<strong>of</strong>trud<strong>it</strong>ion, Kay.lis als speks. in his pap.r, oahol lhe ltld clnics<br />

und.Elood tnd !3d rhe phds. oahnbical €ne ro cr<strong>it</strong>ici,e th. snl.mp.RF r.rls<br />

H. sives *dple <strong>of</strong> Ccorsc scfc|is Nho cdici$d rhc wo&s Mariiylnnis and Cavafy<br />

csDdially i. th. li8ht <strong>of</strong>this coneF <strong>of</strong>iEd<strong>it</strong>ion ir l9los.<br />

Thus radirion rcquires noi only the knowtddgc ol rhc p.i bu{ atso a silt b<br />

asimilde rh. b.s olthc prn ed a d6iG ro chre ro rlE pdsnr.cs. l B ircs a<br />

ridiculous ano u.t ol .tud<strong>it</strong>ioi ad cfiod.llc els rhd $ere is dr disrinclion benven<br />

kno*ledge rnd ped.ntry. Somc co ab{d k.ort.dgei the rardiq mls ss€l tor ir.<br />

Shak6lae &quiEd noc .stirl hislory ion Plurrrch lhd nosr mn coutd aron<br />

$e shoh arnish nuseum, Whal b b b. inshted upon is lhal poer mun d.vetop or<br />

prccue thc con$ious.e$ <strong>of</strong>thc pln.id rhlr he should conrinm ro dcvetop lhis<br />

onsiousnss rhDugh o!. hh 6cr. Eti<strong>of</strong>s cifm lo be fulty a*e <strong>of</strong> ide6 and<br />

rcchniques <strong>of</strong> his pr.dece$o6 aho helped hh develop hh oqn conefls nytc<br />

Johansn (2000). Bvicwing Donoenuc\ t/,,.. commens "Friol E.d wid.tr in<br />

'/,r.i<br />

poety oiother losurges: Darte dd vteil ro nme a suDle. tic did lh<strong>it</strong> d Donocnu.<br />

sayr in qds to ec* a Mgc or fclinss b.yond hn own. '<br />

Crnics.re <strong>of</strong>the opinion that Elior ro a mnsideR<strong>bt</strong>e exrcm mainr.ined his cltbns b<br />

uphold tle tld<strong>it</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> hk difeEnr pEdece$oh. -Flid nln.red fie imnic u$ <strong>of</strong><br />

maninsful anci. (od Shdtespdrio) epnhe$ to indicr m6ind6s modm squ6lor'<br />

Clim A. BEnd {2003) sivins his rvi.* oi Kii. s bok Ir. (ltututiv l,ti*l<br />

opin6on Kir|! obserario. | 'Ki.t sw in Elior ! virllink ro rh€ pa,l ud I pomising<br />

liikto tie tulure ' Hnnt anachmenr siii lh.sorks.nd rdhniqusotDo .h.s b..i<br />

115

---

obsn.d e much lhtr BEnd (2003) f@b fG lo ev: 'lt is t commonple rhar lhe<br />

*qcne <strong>of</strong> Eliol! rojor p*ns sd lh. p!frd or his lile 5rt 3 ki'd or Dcntm<br />

pilSrihaae fBm thc infeoo <strong>of</strong>th.6odeh soul rhbueh lhc PBarorial<br />

fircs <strong>of</strong>3elf_<br />

abrcsnlion b a lorcbne ol F.adiel commuoion Herc rhe *hole <strong>of</strong> Eliors life<br />

peconal !s well 0s prcic$ion.l h6 bcen rclatcd wirh $e Dln|ean {ork on a<br />

cocpoDdins gound. BEnd isoafi.ooinio thar rhnush rhk 9pc<br />

orpilSrinasc [lior<br />

h6 bee. rtingro rjnd outall the common ,suaerolhis Europ.an |i|edry li.dirion<br />

dd th.r€by hc has srepFd loo!.d b fic sld ol madenir'. fon hD $cdn luln<br />

u* the h.b<strong>it</strong>orr6laiding rbdnioi, ndr simply as e inlcllectualtdivny or Pro8rcm<br />

bui s a kind oaongoins spt<strong>it</strong>ual di$iplin.- (Bdnd.200l). whilc ozick h6 b<strong>it</strong>erly<br />

cr<strong>it</strong>icized €li<strong>of</strong>s claims <strong>of</strong> mintaining an! tddnionll lorprint in his *orl$.<br />

ecordinc to her ir q6 mcr.ly p€Mnal advene exp€riflcc, which led Eliot ro conpose<br />

his p.dr a rhcy e found d peet. H@evd, Amnd, rcfu.inA Ozick s distDDvcl,<br />

w<strong>it</strong>esi '<strong>it</strong>hat he tdnsnulcd his p.&nal sutlerinp i.to sone$iog grcatei thdt he<br />

rppbrch.d rhbugh d lhc Eal<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong>r gtM bcyond $c l@h <strong>of</strong> atr thar he did s<br />

rh@ugh $c enlarginsDe6pecrive<strong>of</strong>tnd<strong>it</strong>ion Bortum (27)also iinds thc @e licl d<br />

lhd <strong>of</strong> AEnd Egadin8 Elioas leabine ireo rh. p.n llc trrires_-1n dc bnuEd and<br />

sinisrer polilics <strong>of</strong>pon Elizabelhan EnSland. in rhc ronurcd and siniis srhx o<strong>it</strong>od<br />

Eliabed& plalnrishs, tlid *ls { objdilc corehri!€ lor bnurod md siniier<br />

EuoF an r wodd wd 1." This k a frd de inport6.@ orwhich Eliot himsclahG<br />

menriond d diffee plecs in his Fery<br />

Th. pasr cxperiencc rcvived i. rhe heuing<br />

ls not fie cxpcience <strong>of</strong>onc life only<br />

Bur or mml sdcr.rions<br />

lnd prosl<br />

(Thc Do salraee ll. e7,9s)<br />

A<strong>bt</strong>ud (65) 6nds EIid tuhd wnh nis pDpounded hdnio. bur .r ad s his<br />

iopeNoml nolion h onsideEd Abruna sees diferarlv. , Ahhough Eliol rie*cd hn<br />

choice ol mtrh !s guid.d by a lEdnion rhlr hld ood.d patrll.lq his @l disric<br />

chorces Ncrc olt€n more poenrllhm his b€liel ln the poels-carcLlst qould admir.'<br />

lhe difermce lies in vie*ing on.s conceph in pans. if rhe rhin,es aB eraluard 6<br />

*hole, rhe Esulb dhlally Noukl b. noa rdjusinr. €lor *dtcd to sec fie rhings i.e.<br />

l<strong>it</strong>cBrua in <strong>it</strong>s enrirely, but ar rhe sme tine he never rcjeord the panicutor timircrions<br />

<strong>of</strong>his own f@riDg &d gq.di4 jn rinc Dd plae. thd h. qlls individull &te.a. .nd<br />

in his prniculelychoen rodjtion thar amposed hh selr:undesrlndinB. _Eriots lcute<br />

I16

---

ed cuhivil.d conscio6n6s <strong>of</strong> tradiiion @nsl<strong>it</strong>ulcd, 6 mucb o! mo|t $e p.sonal<br />

.xFride, $c tery rcne <strong>of</strong> his @livc !d crilical lacrlii6 (B@d) Elior is. lo a<br />

erer cxt , innuoced by dE Fdch synbolisls. This tucr <strong>it</strong> ohwen and qud.d b t<br />

sft <strong>of</strong> Etior'3 cnti6. Sullivd {p.68) quotinr K.ndh Asl'e. evs: th. sp.cific<br />

trlmceork <strong>of</strong> idc6 thar nsdiz.d Eliors inLll.ctul dd ani$ic carer luns ol !o b.<br />

prinaril!.n a$ocialion berM.n Fliol and lh. Frcich rcactioi.ry tmd<strong>it</strong>idn. cidingsiih<br />

C.dmon (2003) h6 tied b d* a p.ssible doubl about rhc ncsllivc asp..t or<br />

rhc co@fl <strong>of</strong> hnnion. He e,s. "La us b. cld. <strong>it</strong> (t?d<strong>it</strong>ion) i. nor ! csll for a r.lun<br />

to thc F51. lo M. suppo6.d goldcn distt .g.. or lhe @ntarv, ftdnio at tiftls<br />

d <strong>it</strong> is n<strong>of</strong>iins .t all. To deGnd lhis, h. ha siv.n lhe viws <strong>of</strong> thc n.in hmry<br />

c ics .long s<strong>it</strong>h T s Elio! rh. oth4 tso bcing Ph<strong>it</strong>ip shedrd md Marco Palln<br />

cados quotcs Eli<strong>of</strong>s views, liom 'Ind<strong>it</strong>ion ud $e l.d<strong>it</strong>idual T.lcnf' on lhe<br />

inplication <strong>of</strong> usd<strong>it</strong>ion $d, ths. he quor.s the ElevMt pNges fiom fis olhd nvo<br />

crilics on thc n4niog and tunclion <strong>of</strong>lladilion. shcFard remdks:<br />

h p6Dpros d rh. @ h.lld r b.dt <strong>of</strong> sEd kFwledgc e iM.nod.l<br />

vidon - and on nE oder h.nd . b.n! <strong>of</strong> $'Ed nG sd prxriB rhbud thc<br />

lp(rarion Dr \hiLh arpn<strong>it</strong>ual inducn!. i) u{sDnttr dd JoD. d1i.' irP$i[ir tu'<br />

ui ro brinc 'bor in ouelv., rh@ inns imroMio6 in ou.ffii6i6s. tt<br />

ind..d ii ;u *hole beine, rh.r pur u5 <strong>it</strong>.lT.dive pGssion <strong>of</strong>rhs Trurh rh.* n0ms<br />

in . m.n. .odnent vnh dl. rcvolarion ro *hich <strong>it</strong> al is to b.r tirn* dd<br />

lnpl.menl in such a My rhd rhis Evel6rion is { eve. prcsst @lirv It each<br />

su.c..dins scnedion. (03. 05)<br />

And, th.n, hc *r<strong>it</strong>es ' p6sog€ fFB M!@ P.llis:<br />

!vh.6 th. t?dirionrl Nrl@t acb a h.bn <strong>of</strong>.l*vs lmtiry b tue<br />

zrlE tho ro rhc .ffd in all ords., rh. dri_hdniomi diNdc 4ouEs.s pdr$rv<br />

rh. onlw r.nddcy, m.b dE prtins <strong>of</strong> mm .ndrion b .pPhr.don ths ro<br />

rinciDl6, b .lT* tht ro qu*' b rFproms dh. rhd b di*e I o rh'<br />

ibrmi. or op.i "Jnm nbd thm ro fi. rh'ns! that m,r. ro' p.(. rhn m'nEl<br />

h6bir. rhkh nallthe mrc das.tuus in rhar ir ir leg.lv unron*Lour. L*rr rh. (Dr<br />

Cadma. (Oi) concludcs rhd all rhcr. cririos.nphsisc to c'rv on rh' inr'll4rull' lpir<strong>it</strong>url,<br />

hib ol dd riul nm wid, all our dne tv md Fn{io8 eltotu bv mriching rhm *ilh<br />

ou o*n pcniv. mtibutun.

---

ln Mih (l|rlr) M l9t! ed 20th May 200a- m inlerdisciDlina] conltlene.,td'<br />

Readi,ts T, S. Eliotk fnl<strong>it</strong>ion a,tl tlr lna ihd falznt va dgDizc'l hv Ptor'<br />

Ciovmi Cisci. Anm M&ia Aiui h6 dponed thc pr(ledings orlhe conrcrene, In<br />

lh. onftEnE, ! numbcr <strong>of</strong> $hoL6 peliciFr.d dd Fenlcd $cn tis ud<br />

disveli.s on Eli<strong>of</strong>s cot etrs ol lileturt ttutl<strong>it</strong>ion tnd inp.6ovl<strong>it</strong>, oI Pdtlr'<br />

B.mrd Brugiarc (Univc6<strong>it</strong>, <strong>of</strong>d. Soibonnc Noulcll. _ P<strong>of</strong>t l) PBntd his aniclc:<br />

Fetuh lallwnces an t E Jbes ih 'r.d<strong>it</strong>io" dnd th. tn lirid@l TaLnt in wnich hc<br />

Emined the ides asociatd *ilh $e norion<strong>of</strong> rad<strong>it</strong>ion in the lighiolrhc Frcnoh<br />

*rir.u ad fi.n sminal srks liL- ]ulia Bqdt s Crnical T\tnio,, lul6 L5ldgu.!<br />

Po.try, Cn^n6 Mt\ns tndz. oI Etope\ Civjhi,S Ttul<strong>it</strong>ion th^ werc under eli<strong>of</strong>s<br />

srudy vhcn h. wG !p b lh. ompcnion <strong>of</strong> his cpch n.liq Nv. Maimo<br />

Eocisrlupo (Unir.6<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong> Crnoa. Trud<strong>it</strong>ia, in t920 Pound and Eliot) Prcslld nis<br />

vie*s on Poundt impel on Eliots @tco4 <strong>of</strong> tBd<strong>it</strong>ion. Hc comm.msl thar rhe<br />

.onc.pr ol hdnio had llEady bcen {ticiparol <strong>bt</strong> Pound &d Elior pur n in *dl<br />

oqanized form rs s l<strong>it</strong>eory lem. Mich.eL Hollin$on (Univesny <strong>of</strong>Toulous.,totr<br />

th H^toical co"kas lor frd<strong>it</strong>ia ad th. tndiri.lual Tald\ rri€d ro diw.r r*o<br />

lircEry cun historicil @mcxts <strong>of</strong> Eliot! .$ox th. one Ameridn a.d rI. oth.t<br />

E!reD€o $d lh€ way in Nhich Eliots .sy dhcs '5 @ljon againsl Anedsn<br />

cultr6, which h.s b..om€ llmi.isd rld mr$uld.n: a deMl could b. oblaincd by<br />

cmbncing lhe $rongs t.d<strong>it</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> Eurdp.an dn' (Aiuzi. 2004)<br />

!.3 Th. Rol€ lnd Imporrrtrc. <strong>of</strong> AllulioN U3.d In oliot'r P@try<br />

"Allusions m.y b€ n.dc to d, nBt, lirc.no6 or hisrory. Th.y m.y sug8d d dcnt<br />

a pcinting, arieoe <strong>of</strong>husic, a scttin3, a &frous hiioricalfigue, or a n)lh- in e$e.c.!<br />

o.y vellknown or prum lr l@8niable souM- (ScmelL! 2001) 'ro<br />

undeGtdd lh€ pB.rvarion .nd continudtion ol L-neoD lrldirion. paniculely 0s<br />

sueecsled by T s Elio( one ha io be .we <strong>of</strong> rh. us ud imp<strong>of</strong>ue <strong>of</strong> l<strong>it</strong>cdry<br />

illuions in & ethols wolt. Lircr.ry .llusions e. sEar n.ss to uphold @.rhing<br />

in a ournl wort what h6 ba soid y€m or oeoiuries beforc <strong>it</strong>. fie rqs allusion'<br />

dd Efcmcc oE us.d intrchsgably. ahich mm lne ue <strong>of</strong>' word. pl'6.. or<br />

slion h one aulho/s *olk thil is derived frcn ih. sords or tnolher author. wheth$<br />

diErlt. or indn cdy NiIh ene mod Fn.emenr o. deliact ]l'e wrils oa,l//<br />

.lk*nd:

---

lii.dy wort 10 o peson, Dlae, or thing i. history or .nolher wort <strong>of</strong> In@Nrc'<br />

Allusions e ond indiftr o. bd.f €f<strong>it</strong>@es ro *€ll-known ch<br />

zul (2006), tllkin! abdut allusivc.hdacterktics <strong>of</strong>the novel "lnvkiblc Man",3ho<br />

rtlLs rh€ rme poi orljs. l.visibl€ M!n--, *incn*nh ingmuny by Ralph wtldo<br />

Ellhon, isa man.rpi* by ilsell bn il al$ inrenwind inro every page one o! dore<br />

rllusions ro previously wr<strong>it</strong>hn6tceieces<br />

Allusiors aE ond used lo summdize biold, compl.x ideas or.motions in one quick.<br />

pos.rfal ina€e Scmclh (2001) sp€d{s <strong>of</strong> the pdnicul& l<strong>it</strong>dary re ol.llusions. He<br />

says. ln the sudy oalireErurc. an unde6tandinSorhoq lsnguaS. cFares mening is<br />

cs*nrial. One q!) thal \rrnc6 hci8hren or creare mcanins is fioush lhe u* <strong>of</strong>likta4<br />

allusions. lt is not neces$ry rhar rlllie l<strong>it</strong>c6ry wo&s hav. ro use illusion! but in cale<br />

orp@try. lh. !* <strong>of</strong> mdinsfil allusiors ued arflltrid.ly dc heidlens rhe ovc all<br />

impacl oi fie work. It h.lps d p.ot ro mnve] fi. complcx, sotnid or rll.gorical<br />

subjct httLr <strong>of</strong> his p@ms' wirh th. @nony oa wods, by sins suihble lllusio6.<br />

on the oihei hod. the lechnique <strong>of</strong>usins a number olaLlusions in a poem tes$ fte<br />

*nery od i.t llel@l l.vcls oaa Md.r ro conprhend $e livcn pm. Etiol is<br />

$p€cially lmous ior ch.llensing hk i*d.^ b rerd beN.ei rbe linesb appeiarc hh<br />

pdry in the p4ne <strong>of</strong> . bulkoldimr dd indired alhsions.<br />

As ld! as rhct ld8lh is.onc.md. dep€nding or rh.conrcrr dd n.rni.gfulne$ <strong>of</strong>rhe<br />

chosen prLr€. r cu b€ ! sin8le rord_ a ph.a$. a linc/snrene. a chmder or a<br />

lluarion. Tbey on b. direct quorationx rheoatic Efercn*i or srtkric imjt rions.<br />

who in lhc fom <strong>of</strong> a quotation, there is a di6ct corespondocc benl*n rhc lrods<br />

onc author uss to thos ol morbci, Allusiors pmvidc o great rcoh to thc rBders tbr<br />

vlrios po$ible intrprcr.riG <strong>of</strong> ! lirrcy pi* rutl <strong>of</strong> rltBionr. ftis is shai T S<br />

Eliot wonrs to achieve in his p.erry. LA, Richsds one dcscdbed ..The waste Land, 6<br />

'cquiv,lcnt in com€ bdepic. widour [rh. u$ or rllusioNl lwclvc books would<br />

have ben nesdcd.'Bythc use olallusionapoer Fn s, much more rhe is exprcssd<br />

in rh. tllBive wods th.melves" s4E 6n tins ro mind orh.r wo*s in p€n or e.rndy.<br />

Thh onm enablcs hiD or her ro lell .n epic or conlinuc on archer),pat imasc or<br />

nd+hor, wn<strong>it</strong> arlli.g his or hr oM int rpErlrion i.d c<strong>of</strong>tjburion b o atNld)<br />

pose ul lireFry rrcdnjon lvir,Lrin rhis nadirion, rh€ to4 imdin8 !adniotr <strong>of</strong>$.sorn<br />

l<strong>it</strong>craluE. nos <strong>of</strong> rhe th.m€s th{ hav. lo.g plzled ndkiid hav. ol@'ly ben<br />

119

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splorcd dl€nsively. ln some 6cs n nly bc enln lv po$ibl. tlat noihing ne* cd be<br />

sid o. r]l. subjel. dle$ d ulhor is Eldins rhar subjsr to the modcn .ondnion, fi€<br />

rulhor's oM ..a, S/he { rs allusion b .dd a nes mmi!8. la*c lool at de sork ol<br />

EUor, se lind him upholdi.S rhl t€dnion <strong>of</strong> wcr.nlEuropsn lilc€rurc b) moans ol<br />

inarporali.g . g@t nlnb.r olallusions ii his poms.<br />

H<strong>it</strong>heno allusion hd ben dll.d r lilerdy devis or s tdhniquelo luliillih d$igned<br />

nrndion, but Mased@ ( 160), l@ting 3r lhe tunctioMl rilnjfdce or allusio.s. h6<br />

gonc a siep slEad. Allusion h usDrlly consider.d a l<strong>it</strong>dary tchnique. bul tldivelt<br />

l<strong>it</strong>ile anedon h6 b€n plid lo the norion orrllusion 5 a |ncrur foo. H. pto*ns<br />

hi, vi* wirh 6pai.l refeMcc ro Elioas "Ihe Was& L.nd" He dcfines allusion 6<br />

lasorse shatod b.Nec. r$o loiis dd k€r od ns hnbD !s back 6 19605 $hich<br />

6els lhe ris. <strong>of</strong>Srruclumlism. Hc is olrhe vje* fiar allulions brint out a conn.dion<br />

b€Na d<strong>it</strong>rcEni wo.l(5 or l$eleses, rhur nrking 'o tusin8 bc$en old nd @<br />

texts." He tunhd sls lh.t r co.tineus pFctic oa such tusion csles a lotrscr lAtins<br />

liicdy rd<strong>it</strong>ion tha! is tunhcr Mi.d or in the se n]lc by rh. pdicipdiotr <strong>of</strong><br />

*rile6 belongin8 ro rh. sdesil orelse*iec.<br />

5.4<br />

A Par by PoeE A..l'sis<br />

Trtdirton ttn rh. b|. Sa,a <strong>of</strong> l. Afr.d PrtI.dl<br />

Mnn' oaElid: pcms, in the 16r dion *!re iound b h. conlooin3 b fie oneDl<br />

<strong>of</strong> idperDnal<strong>it</strong>y. 1hc Love Soig <strong>of</strong> J Alfred Prufrccl being onc <strong>of</strong> the glarine<br />

cMple <strong>of</strong> s@h @opliee. This pdm h6 ablndme <strong>of</strong> onsiicnct €8nlins thc<br />

so.d mnept i.e. lirclary lodirion. The conlenr, detelopmcnl od tehniqu. or rh.<br />

po.m siw mple evid.ne <strong>of</strong> onrirs a rBdnioal sp*r in irs nosl pos<strong>it</strong>iv. es.<br />

At many Pliccs onjca have found EFar sl.adincss N<strong>it</strong>h lhe sive. idea H.k.c (54)<br />

findt lhe re*mbloce b.Nen Po6@l md D.nle s ch&lcte . couched in t€<br />

Dantcan epietaph <strong>of</strong>rhc poen is a shadowy ourlinc <strong>of</strong> Poltck him&lt llc ii likc<br />

Guido de Mon&fellF in Calo XXVII ot rt€ Injatu. t fi8ure ol lirinS dsrh.'<br />

Hollthtn (91) 6ods a gdl dal oadalosy bctwen lhe ch!@t€r orPrunct dd lhc<br />

ont.nt <strong>of</strong> a c&lo <strong>of</strong> Dinte in D/yrru cdr.4,. Hc quoEs lines 3l -42 from camo ll rd<br />

shor the nalin8 oa Pdack on rh. lin6 <strong>of</strong> rhc gM cl6i@l mde. D..8. Hollalun<br />

124

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(91), io lhe cnd, sums up, 'li |ems <strong>of</strong>chdiacicie on. Plor. conflict and rhcne. rhe<br />

@gn<strong>it</strong>id <strong>of</strong> this plmll.l is inpotut tbr a roll undc6landi4 <strong>of</strong> Elioas Purpd in<br />

Prd.ct, paniculdl' in cspcct ro hb p@j.clion or P<strong>of</strong>rdk\ .xp€ienc. .Sainst rhe<br />

epic Ddt@ bok8rcund.' SdundeF (01) h6 @DP!.cd two pems 'Eli<strong>of</strong>t ?nrl/kL<br />

md Cwddol)|l Brco&at n &tadrt o/lt jFZ?8J Sni,, {1944) in shich h. spd*s<br />

<strong>of</strong> th. D.niemlrad<strong>it</strong>ion<strong>of</strong> ddd.pictiono<strong>it</strong>hehelllik .nvioon.nl HemmpaEs, ln<br />

th.h Mtins ol the Infmo, Uiol dd A@ts l@E h.ll on enh, in humu sial<br />

envi@nme.6 shR rhcir ficrivc chamcr.u arc pcmanc didcnlrr ir is Rrdc6 idhcr<br />

ths porasonius, who m llken on illuminaring guided tou6. saundeu 4lLs this<br />

pcm . sumtul onlinu<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong> liG"ry F dilion in lh.l wn.E Eliol hs nad. Dule hh<br />

moddl, Bmk d.p.nds on Eliot to ddw thc pull.l linc ol eioo ror hn Sm<strong>it</strong>h to<br />

gencDk compamble mnsequcn€s. "n h impoiltll b nore $d Eliols brand <strong>of</strong><br />

Mod.mie perry hughr b eviv. lh. licdo pan. 6 he a4!ed for in Tddiliot and<br />

the Individual Tdlqnr " His po.rD. includinB l'n'tu,!l. h peppercd Nnh rlltsionslo<br />

the CRks Sbak6Fs., lhc Melophlsiocls, and morc" (Cldsic Norei 2006).<br />

Pope finds in Eli<strong>of</strong>s Pnffelq lhe hc4 <strong>of</strong> Dosto.rski's R6kolnikov. Hc wdtes.<br />

''Eliot 16 mo.g thc Eadcu ollh. Ca6.t h.dalion oi C/irs a,?,/ Puilhwht d the<br />

vsy timc. dunns thar winkr <strong>of</strong> l9l+ 1915, whcn Ptu er wc oneivcd (p.214).<br />

He expldins thai in Prufr@k, !,iiors dep crion <strong>of</strong>pencrBrins psychology, talIiir lbour<br />

ih. dcpd or humn oL qiic<strong>it</strong>m <strong>of</strong> moacm cirilianion €rc wcr. bdught our on rhc<br />

lin s ol chlEtd sketch ol Rdkolnikor. Popc funher sys fid n is nor adl)<br />

Raskolnikov bu Pon6k has gor close asialio! w<strong>it</strong>h ShaLespee r Hdld loo. He<br />

syr nAll dE checE d @nspic@us in being J,t id owr p<strong>it</strong>h the pd. .@ ol<br />

t o!3r! . rll lb6 premstin.l., .nd aU thrc rdcinarc us eilb th.n cr<strong>it</strong>isl shrcsdncsi<br />

rhen imlginalion. ond $en slr-belarion_ (p. 215). This rypr <strong>of</strong> chlre|erietion<br />

maks hcnry *orts pos<strong>it</strong>ivcly urmri.nol. \'hich ullimnel' ef.g@d! dd l

---

orcs (?2) dplicltes the rmous line ollhc pcm: No I z, mt Prtee Haht't wr v6<br />

,o dd, ll. sayi B@k6 tnd Wtm.r en dat since $€E is tu f@l ll4nl't-<br />

'?d<br />

the elencc is lo the siek ngurc in Eli2lbdhe ldged} Ho*evei CN ma.ts<br />

rhat th.E is a a@l in n@/er call.d Yoick. and n is ihis f@l fislt rhat Pruldk<br />

ffiblcs nost which is .le suppon d b, Wa(ns trho els rhlr Prulrock crhibibd<br />

'? delinire.lcmot <strong>of</strong>choic in..., bcing Yorick dlhs lhm Hmler" Anvhos Elior<br />

h6 beft siv.n ! dclinile lllusion to . gr.ot drandic work or shakcp.drc. Ch.mcler<br />

wi$ ir nsy bc Prine Hmler or rn. iool Yotick, the toder mtkes il ! dircd ollusion<br />

dd th. latls m.tcs <strong>it</strong> !n indiEcl .llusion. and llior <strong>of</strong> coue eicels in .<strong>it</strong>h.r rvp' or<br />

sivins sucn l<strong>it</strong>dary dlsi6.s.<br />

McNms! (360) fiids Pztdr omposd on the F och lin6 LraorEc lhc po'r<br />

most commonly id.nlined s lhe poelic ftrhs <strong>of</strong>Pryt*t, rd orrclue to Eliot He<br />

ninhd ssys lhal Eliol hod laken frcn t. Fdch pGls the d ol self'pttodv thal he<br />

used ro d.pict thc rrpi€l cond<strong>it</strong>ions oi his chamcEn and armosphcrc arcund<br />

McNsmts tho quolet Kemq rho sp..ks <strong>of</strong> Eliois @ <strong>of</strong>rh. l)tic nod. in Puy'ot*<br />

i.. $c .lthdiz.d sdiri6 <strong>of</strong> tn. b.sr E.glish wB" (16l ) McNtm.E quo$\ nro<br />

similr p@ms by SynoN Pdd sd tlt<strong>it</strong>. ttelidmpa' enich E bv rclcniry cdis<br />

Flls,th. podry<strong>of</strong>mood tud.l$ 6sNiatc5 P/!l/@r *irh $e s' linc oipoctrj <strong>of</strong><br />

B.n da (961) id. ifi6 Prun@r wnh a nunb.r <strong>of</strong> l<strong>it</strong>edv lisures Dopultr in difieanr<br />

wol(s <strong>of</strong> Euop..n liledture. He wril.s, \rhrt we tellv sm ro en<br />

<strong>of</strong>oslogid b hL Odnak) idert<strong>it</strong> , 6dns fom si John or rh. slnbolists and th'<br />

dodcnrs ro Mddl s lovcr iiom Odr$us <strong>of</strong> Hond b Ulvs oa'ldnls x<br />

lMs Elior h6 picked llE eid liienry chectss b giv. slEDe 10 his na cha&tq 6<br />

w.ll 6 lo m.k the .hd.clen <strong>of</strong> thc p6t alivc thmugh the ivpical p.Fonll<strong>it</strong>v <strong>of</strong><br />

Walcun (72). in $..ndnote <strong>of</strong> his tfiicl.. mcnrions Cdvt' snilht dhcovery <strong>of</strong>a<br />

p.sibl. eufc aor rhe pcn H. $ys filt rh. dede ol Pol<strong>it</strong>l s<br />

botus.n fM Hdry J@ls srot! Crq'! Cotgti! 11904\ which is tbou' a niddlc<br />

122

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!g.d bach€lor <strong>of</strong> noslalsic tnpcmcnt who vis<strong>it</strong>s . ,oung M6. Wodl'iignN to<br />

prope nMiage brt oroidcE owing b th. dafl€rcM b.twd th€t sodds _<br />

5.5 Tddi.ior.nd "Ti. wsr. Lr.d"<br />

A bd.f irt'lduclio. lbour th. nltan8 .nd thcmc <strong>of</strong> "Ih. wde Lod' h6 al'sdv b€n<br />

given in tne @lier secdon <strong>of</strong>lhc nudy Si.cc thh pcm is sid to be rhe mosl<br />

Ep|*nlllive <strong>of</strong> Eliot! cnlir volk, considcdbl. .vidcn@s N fomd in rhe poem<br />

Ega.ding rhc tne prcctie <strong>of</strong> rhc poet\ 8iv.n c<strong>it</strong>ictl concepls Like lhe concepr ol<br />

impereo.alny,.he canon olt adilion is l.so w.llpmcticed in rhis po€n At ! nuober ol<br />

pla*s in rh€ poem, $e ead.r issrhlielltrcmindedolvarious sreat l<strong>it</strong>enrv.relisious<br />

and cultlral poi.ts esp.cirlly b.longing lo psl Ihe mcnlion <strong>of</strong>c<strong>bt</strong>mcteG, s<strong>it</strong>oations.<br />

id6 ad pbles lmm fie nolcwonhy @li.r lilcory works give lhe pem a definire<br />

tille<strong>of</strong>b€ingth.tmdilionolDo.mnomEli<strong>of</strong>spoinr<strong>of</strong>view.will.rd(2005)horrhe<br />

view lhd s Elid himelfN6 a nd oastong criliol tcndency ed had a much sticrer<br />

s.e ol lile@, mdnio. rhon lho$ <strong>of</strong> his m.sr orhq conldpotuies' he could<br />

skilfrlly appb his giv.n concprs in his pocq quirc scnsiblt The pcm _lhe \rdc<br />

l4d" @ b€ 6llsl a fine .mplc ol rhe u$ ol lircdt hdirion" ro dttc I<br />

mdcrely ncw M.rio s th. SNnd ole aci.d conid. T s Elior's vtryDoini. 6<br />

ndtioned in "Tndirio. md lnc Individuol Ttl.nf t{vcd<br />

rhe *ay to rhc cEarion or a<br />

'* pctic fom in "rhc wanc Lud". Liodt& in hs potq o. rh€ us <strong>of</strong>all6io6 jn<br />

'Th€ Wrsle L!nd" is ol the vid which .o be briefl' summ.d up 6, 'A p€l cehor<br />

b€ a pcr ar all ifhe is nor coiner.d ehh oll th. |.Aic tadilion belore hin This s<br />

T.s Eli<strong>of</strong>s diclum which h. sat d in lEd<strong>it</strong>ion and rhe lndividualTalenr and which he<br />

pracliced in his w<strong>of</strong>t The Wastc Lsd," Th. form is bdsed o. the work <strong>of</strong>orhs poet!<br />

as *cll6 a rcrction ro rhc f.il.d.ttcmpls oiedrlier st<strong>it</strong>ch lo roicc simildid6. Thc<br />

wrsre rind' exhib<strong>it</strong>, thc acncs ed fe.lligs <strong>of</strong> po$ Wond wd I life moE slillrullv<br />

the nuy otho poems ollhe sne pcriod beq4u* <strong>it</strong> tlkes $e rcade6 back ro eatlier<br />

wo swhich mal€ pln<strong>of</strong>lhcn.sgc <strong>of</strong>lhc poqn sd give a comprchens ive shaPe rd<br />

lhe P{En (Am6). Sine T s Elior bclicvcd ln rhc composile *hole <strong>of</strong> h-ump€,n<br />

hdnion dd not ool! in the frogmd <strong>of</strong> EnSlish t dilion, he lried ro pondv the<br />

Eu6p€s uorld <strong>of</strong>!.sl w *@io in th. pcm Tnc wsr Lqd" povnGs a d*pl,<br />

disilhsioned liw <strong>of</strong> ! osmopolilon ponqe Euopan (rdh.r lhu m*ly English)<br />

123

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eciert(Sunon. p.24). This alloNs nbbe much moe cdmpact lhu epi. p(Ms. td n<br />

is 6 riyid in .bsM img.ry a C6.gi.n md lrlnch pcrry<br />

Abolr th. EpiElpn <strong>of</strong> lhc pom. DNidson (l2l) evs lhat il wls el@ted <strong>of</strong>ter thc<br />

Docar wam dct6L *<strong>it</strong>h hi moi influqlid friend, FrE Poutd Thc cxiiling episrdph<br />

ss oul th. cl.nenr <strong>of</strong> Ead<strong>it</strong>iod cf.Mccs in tbe vcry n n <strong>of</strong> the pam. Davidbn<br />

sriles. The passge lmm rhc .Srryicd is apprcpriale lo rh. pom in <strong>it</strong>s rcfcrcnces $<br />

inprisnnent &d desiE for d.tth. fld <strong>it</strong> ns onnelid 10 $. Gdl and Rone<br />

bcgimi.es ot Eurp.d civiliztion- Dividen (122) rm.*s $.r th. ch4sc in lh.<br />

sc lelion o l $. .ppmpriald cD is.ph shoss El iot s t spcct for the lmd <strong>it</strong>ion bsaus lh.<br />

po€t n6 d.d b omd cach pd or thc Pocm w<strong>it</strong>h ils thoe md w<strong>it</strong>h lhc EurcF{<br />

libmry tidirion in ! Dopcr w.y. wo.ihinsro (14) .lso s a bcfininE c(nl0ria<br />

berween the cpiSrlph and thc 3.ncmlthcmc <strong>of</strong> Thewasl.t nd tlesavsodrhcaPt<br />

us <strong>of</strong> Eliol\ cpisraph cin clsily be undcbod The peoplc <strong>of</strong>de salvrimn and rh.<br />

chols oa fhe Wane Lrd'm simildly mar*.d hi tulCa aniud. sual lusl<br />

ind sGd<br />

fo. non y and d.rlhing else.<br />

TiEis, alE d, ncnliocd in InpeMnalhy sedion. is al$ iDpotu.t lo b€ dsib.d<br />

as a Gdnio.rl dlhologic.l .h.tu r used for rh. uniarcdion <strong>of</strong> thc p6n Ncw<br />

(p,455) is ol rhe opinion $at is all dre fentle eharacteE melt ido eoch orhcr,lftsi6<br />

m.ur inlo orhd lEd<strong>it</strong>i@l chatu1e6 likc Cms sibyl, Eakiel, lei.n cnd Madtn<br />

Soesris Nd oly th* p.n ciarutc6 htv. ben sl'8n link d w<strong>it</strong>h lhe po*dfur<br />

p.6ona <strong>of</strong> Tirsiax but th. cn@tN, EpEseoting lh. nodeh .gc! hdYe b@n<br />

secialsd und.r lhe vision <strong>of</strong> lhis gre.l m)ftological s.er. Gds6nb.rget (25) also<br />

poi.6 out tnar in ll'e pcn "Th. wsc L..d- lhe Fri h6 skilltully lri.i lo cdle .n<br />

indap€ble m)dic strucruE <strong>of</strong> nateiah $hich aulho6 or the nod.m imes feinS<br />

$en own diiillusions wiliony how hear rllhen bacl$limc after line lle is speciallv<br />

norio.ing th. modeh dulhoh indebrdjrss ro l@ nd botuN rhings frcm di,Icrnl<br />

*ots <strong>of</strong> Elior, As d Mpl. Gsr..bdBq de*ibcs rhe inflrcne <strong>of</strong> fie wanc<br />

Lrnd" on Hcmingwoyt ,.i F/8,.1/ ro ,rDr, This alb substrnties Eli<strong>of</strong>s claim about<br />

fi. inport nF ol lne hddins doM <strong>of</strong> th. radilion to the qr<strong>it</strong>cn <strong>of</strong> coming<br />

'124

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By corbinins the Ehniquts .nd $E.grh3 <strong>of</strong> various 8.nG such 4 thc .pic, lhc<br />

Golgion ed Rosdric po.q ii n* ways, The w6le Lmd! 8<strong>it</strong>es the rc.de! a.ew<br />

ddiene which dptuci in ! nc$ voi* shd .he orher wo*s @uld nor--1hc fe€linB<br />

6r disillBionment .ns fi. *e. Elid cEdes lh. fts tom <strong>bt</strong> lsing liccrt tllusio6<br />

whioh el@lly nake hi, foortobs psn <strong>of</strong> $e pem Th. aootnotes add sub$anlial<br />

o6insthroughrichcuhuBl.or<strong>it</strong>iolddimagnticcotnotionsElliol(2005:01)also<br />

sDeats <strong>of</strong>Elid s comnih. snh thchnnionaliJle olhis com€mporart IEt! lle<br />

e's lrral don <strong>of</strong> lhc sious work by T S Eliot is dr*d bv ! sm ol 16 Mfusid<br />

lnd lrustBtion which has.l$ b€€n shatd by mmv othcr wrilets <strong>of</strong>lhc 8...ia1ion<br />

Elliol tunhn says rhd nd, <strong>of</strong> €li<strong>of</strong>s fmous Doeds exhibil o sequ.ne or $ansed<br />

inasEs, our <strong>of</strong>d<strong>it</strong>uon8in.l @t.ras; qw ions lion t d Ef@nd t6 c4liq Fqni<br />

short dd lons pagg6 lbm foEiSr lhgurgcs, tllBions ro hisoncd .vols d'l<br />

Ine@y chdacr.E and Dis ldLen nom s number<strong>of</strong>popllar songs in an un@nnccled<br />

olhse. Talkins aboui thc t}Tiql syl€ <strong>of</strong>lhc pom. Donks en.ds 'ts 3rdcruE *nh<br />

rhe dci.nr cLsisl tr.d<strong>it</strong>on. He w<strong>it</strong>es:<br />

Elior evol6 ior only $. Aen.id\ mythic dsign. bu the pdrculir 6n.tFn.!oi or<br />

cv4B <strong>of</strong> ir 6Br six 6mks. H. Mlk vnsil\ liEdt shaci$, &d llk. him<br />

Efomulab rhc mnuM6 <strong>of</strong> ri. p6r b o'Mt upon oc p'EmL ts. po'nB b<br />

vfuil ovd rd ov.r .g!n siln ! vei.q <strong>of</strong> s6oB. ron. or rhm obvio6- 0rr.6<br />

Having mp€6b1. tlT. ol sisrifisrc in mind. in -Tnd<strong>it</strong>io a.d th. Individul<br />

Tdal Eliot splains why n is inpotu lo include $. .eo <strong>of</strong> p6t *o*s *hd<br />

Itr E Sliln<br />

wjrins * sldon sDel <strong>of</strong> hdnion. drugh *. @ionrllv rpplv <strong>it</strong>s nm.<br />

fdb the tidirion" o. b arnd<strong>it</strong>m:dmosl<br />

*r .nploy ln. adj.di!. in s.yinc rhlr rhe pct) <strong>of</strong> $.and-$ is lddilioi.l" o' cY..<br />

'tootadirion.l. Scld<strong>of</strong>r, oe tps do.c rh. word appc.r.rc.pr in a phruc <strong>of</strong>ce6uE.<br />

lf orhrNi*. ir is v.!u.ly apprcbari!., *irh the implicdion, a b rh. *o* apprvd,<br />

<strong>of</strong> $h. pl6ing @h@log@l Mnntoclior. You cm hardly m.lc d'e word<br />

|36tl. b En8lash au sidDu. thb omfotuble Er<strong>it</strong>ne ro rhc rGsuriis $ieM<br />

spanos (227), having quorcd a number <strong>of</strong> sell-repucd crnicE siros rhs dcrails or<br />

t€l'.ic.l 6p€rts <strong>of</strong>$e pen. Hc eys. !.lior's siarcgy is bEadlv ssunrcd ro involv.<br />

the E0exivc o. ioic jux6posnion <strong>of</strong> psl lnd F*n! mrdic t d o mpomrv, nDn<br />

125

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a Flologiol vdtag. poi in onlcr lo ftsare lcnpoal - od int Ged -<br />

hen ncuric.ncounts w<strong>it</strong>h lhc p<strong>of</strong>t in ftvoui olo log*nri€lly simllEn{us or<br />

sparirl - md objEdvc peeprion. Hc n tcrually describing Eli<strong>of</strong>t rh&bment<br />

sirh ih. rEd<strong>it</strong>ion.l (in Elioas ldguAe) *oirs <strong>of</strong> pasr. his oen lime Md n)rholoeictl<br />

conventions. McCunk (2001), stEskingolEliorsdedisotion ro Pound. r.l.les the hcts<br />

lo rhe EuFD€a Incnry tradiiion. Hc srtr: 'Ihe dedicarion ro Ea Pound tho ha t<br />

back ro rh. Toubadour pcls oi trclih-ccnlury Povchce, who "Eptwnr the origiis<br />

or gE r EuDp6b hdnions <strong>of</strong> hi8rr po.tic an. To Elior ihe @llotivc cflcd <strong>of</strong> lhc<br />

continenral lileEruc hod: vcr, sisnificet nle to p.ve rhe say lor a n.r l<strong>it</strong>e6tuG.<br />

Eliot shr.s "No poer has hn compl.le msnins alone, His signilictne, hh<br />

a4ei.rion, is rhe lppreidion oahis Ekrio 10 rh. d€ad pcll ed lnids (Ehor,<br />

2l?l), Elior *d <strong>of</strong>rhe opi.ioi lhal a lh con lation rnh the pa$ is salisliing to<br />

Elde6; h. @eriz.d the nced for. ncw 8.nE lo ddl silh lh. f.elingi oilhe p@plc<br />

who sutr Ed a lor i. rh€ poe-wr md4 Am.s, in his .sr dpl.ins Eliors i.rdrios<br />

aDd objectives <strong>of</strong>hh theory oircd<strong>it</strong>ion. He eys, iom Eliol's poinl <strong>of</strong>vi.w: 'Sidply<br />

reiiemting d c.ptine ol&. *orfis 6 nor doueh. inst !d. th. modch poct <strong>of</strong>ay rgc<br />

nustutilizebothfie'\rcdnion <strong>of</strong>rhoe who came b.lbrc and lhe individualr.lenf ol<br />

thos qho would add disii.ctiv.ns to th. hodeh wo|I Whl| Th. tule I'nl *rs<br />

publisled $E yed !ft6 'Irldirion .nd rhe Individuol Tslenr, n is $. s.<br />

philosoph] thar inspires boti works. .The Wsle L6nd utilizes rhe s.ntinoB <strong>of</strong><br />

''Iddnioi" in lha il is hishly allusiv., y.r. limutIarousl$ <strong>it</strong> is. .ew kind <strong>of</strong>Fxo.<br />

which jsclqrl, dillire 6om anlhing that cme b.forc. Clinlon (2001), r.lkin8 abour<br />

Kirk'swo on Eliot, hd sivcn r .umb* <strong>of</strong> facb rh.l re abour lllid s adh.Enc rd his<br />

l<strong>it</strong>€ry mntxrt he $ys: ..K<strong>it</strong>t ew in Elior ! vihl link b rh. p.n {d r ponising liDl<br />

to lhe iu re." ln his dicle, Clinron. quoin! Knk, h6s ricd io establish lill<strong>of</strong>s lnemry<br />

Fxnion by h@@ring him rirh sal lills &d lab.ls; hc spetJ <strong>of</strong>Eliol ii vcry ndy<br />

and blunr rnli.g, cauing hin \h. upnan Am6ic.n *ho took rhe Euopce l<strong>it</strong>edry<br />

esblhhncnl b! 3tom"i rhc iconel6lic pioner <strong>of</strong> Dctic<br />

ionovation .nd<br />

impFv.m.nr: $. omanric Eb.l Md crp.n ol $. *nhdics <strong>of</strong> ho!.1.$n6s: th.<br />

aiioCatrioiSinator0ndcmftsnan<strong>of</strong>ob{u<strong>it</strong>taDdinrignificancqrhem.nralltdi.eas.d<br />

FM.. rco-medievalisr .nd dclling AnSlican: lhc lileEl! aulhoikrian and sevcrc<br />

trodsen.r ond facililrtor<strong>of</strong>Drivil.g.d clile clss. Eihnd 0 ale spels ol Eliol s ech<br />

conl€xtuol ispirartoDs !o wi!. 'iThe w.d. l-d". "Thc w6l. knd (1922) is T s<br />

Elior's hallrcinarory visio. <strong>of</strong> rh€ nodcn mdFpolis, diacrly inspiEd by Cheler<br />

126

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B.udclaiEt enber dd vivid olletian,12! Pl.un lu nnt 11851) . dd ir as h.d<br />

6 the openin! $e dd s$r Mpted dd imous represenhrion sd inle@r.tation <strong>of</strong><br />

cny lifc syl. i. lyric poefy.<br />

Donker(l6a)h6 given aconrdison be$een'The wasle hnd and lirEil's Awid<br />

$h.E ie s)s. lr is gen mlly r...pi.d. lor exonple, tnar lhe No Fxns shaft a<br />

plnicul&nyhic confiCudion- ! pan€m oaques lhrt inlollesdc$enl inroand retum<br />

fiomanexperi.nceoamysrerysdecren[noelcdre, Donkeris<strong>of</strong>$evie{$atElior<br />

h6 daintained $e po€lic brd<strong>it</strong>ion oa desns inb hell . Hc lnnh.r $)s rh.r | *riss<br />

oasuch dcsnb was found.d fiNr by Virgil, rhcn b)' Danre and in mode Lincs b,<br />

Dior. Donker conclldei vngih posirion ir rhe mind <strong>of</strong> EuFpe. his p.dGivr<br />

innwne on W.stn l<strong>it</strong>eEluE. is rh. diriol ssumprion <strong>of</strong> 'Ihe Wal. Lmd . 'Som.<br />

Esard the poom\ distinctire reliane on allosion, panicularlr to Creek and Larin<br />

nyrftolosical lisuE md ns iftllsio <strong>of</strong> Oemo ud fEnch ph@s. s wdtres<br />

which dcludc the .!e.agc" sdcr. yet de pocm rem,ins one df ui<strong>of</strong>r monjead<br />

Acosta i2002) finds the poem a an exenplary pi$e <strong>of</strong> lildary worl fiar uphotds thc<br />

poet\ clain or kepins up lh. sisns <strong>of</strong> psl .nd pr*il. culruE ud Eligion dc. he<br />

*ln$. The pen nixes de$riprions <strong>of</strong>.onrenpoBry liae wifi t<strong>it</strong>eEry rltujionssd<br />

quoro.ions. reliEiou! symbolisn, .nd refercnces ro a.siom md medicvat cutrures.nd<br />

mltlDloSies, vegeolion dd ,'nilnt .n6, 6 rcll 6 ljiem retiBions md<br />

philosophies. ' Allusions not onl! aquir r r*ds ro rcco8nizc lhe psr ii ne* rars<br />

lh.t ldd meanins to th. pcsenl, bur ir idds lay.u or con@rations rhar colld .or b.<br />

pEentcd in o.y oihq nenq, .xcepr Fhaps rhe epic. Tfu epic hs nor had ri.<br />

suces w<strong>it</strong>h modern @dets thar ir had wilh rhe.ncienr cEksand Ronans. wirhlhe<br />

.xception ol L?r,s.r, by Jd6low., sd Panrhe tri, b, John Mihon. $. cpic i,<br />

English is a contradiction in rcd' while de sccle ol The wsre Lrnd is epic. ils<br />

voice k nor Other stylcs thar hrd lollo*ings in both popularand cr<strong>it</strong>icat cncles uG<br />

rhe fFc v* pcm3 <strong>of</strong> Wllt Whillnu, lh. world wc | !.nch pca, ad rh. rc<br />

romuric poerry oarhe c@rsiug chrkt (158) is <strong>of</strong>lhc opinio.lhsr ihsoush Eliol<br />

reruss ro hilc lollosed tlle Vicrorid p.rh or lircdr) rddnion. . !r.ar deal <strong>of</strong> his<br />

aork b€rals rhc sar5 <strong>of</strong> his imh.liar. pFdeeseB i.e. thc vicrorirns. H€ ers:<br />

''Eliot *fies r criricGn i! the madirion <strong>of</strong> Amold and . pdry in rhe tdd<strong>it</strong>ion <strong>of</strong><br />

'127

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T..nysn. Chrisl h6. lhen. ri.d ro prcv. lh.l Eli<strong>of</strong>s dielopme <strong>of</strong> all rhc tnictl<br />

lireioy csnons is all due lo rle viclorid l<strong>it</strong>erarute .ol inde<strong>bt</strong>d ro the ev'nreonth<br />

@t!ry Enslish lilcBnE 6 cloimed by Dliol hinelt Howfl'r' Mccuid(s (2001)<br />

oberarions d dift.6! *ho evi t{ Gaft o/c,P$ b.sins silh a ntle Enini$'nl<br />

ol Fvcnlefllh ond ciehee.th ocnlury ljlcmture.i At various Plaocs'<br />

lines li!6 mtnv<br />

diff.cnt prsl hdlcF have ten included lo suppon his o*n ideei dos matinS his<br />

oen id* stong.r thd 6 p*nred b.forci6 Vionu evr' The 16l l<strong>it</strong>ol Eounl<br />

,/ r/d Ddd, rakcn rrcn Baudcldne,<br />

Youlh}?ent l.ctcurl oo. s.mblablc - non naftl<br />

3upports rlr idca. "Th€ Wstc L.trd" 6, fi€refoc. bc Eld 6 d'c story ora ohcrcnl<br />

lif. rold fralr.enffilr (i. sood iMm{f.co.$iousnes5 hdiriol- spcaliDg <strong>of</strong> rhe<br />

olc or Madm Sosslris and her rel.lion r<strong>it</strong>h lhe drcBned Pheiicis sailor. Eliol<br />

qloB . linc fon Shak6p.s€\ T.nP!t: "l hos? tu ParL thtt we4 hn etPs All<br />

thG is don nd just for <strong>it</strong>s own sle but <strong>it</strong> is to sivc ** n@i,85 ro lnc cuMl id6<br />

w<strong>it</strong>h full suppon and $renglh, ln this lin he hs siven 4 new onnotation to deathi il<br />

dcpicts i! likc Shot6p€E a r sea{r@s. / Into tuwthinq nch Md arms. (vi.n!1.<br />

sD..(i.s obout th. imases <strong>of</strong>d. h, viuu tls poinrs our fial Eliot t d.{h imag6 .rc<br />

$ose otjohn Donnq Dhich ar. used ro.xlcnd the s.ns ol life. lalkinsaboul Lil\<br />

soq dd spei.ll, her maiii(l lif.. Shdespctrc s Ophcli! (/l,rtla, ha nol ben<br />

ignodd dd tnus rh. |nE, sood nighr lrdics. so.d ntir s*@r l.dj6,3dd ni8ln,<br />

.rohn Metr.!d, RuFn Brok od orkr Oorgid p@ts .rpB*d thcn yiws on die<br />

war ondnions whichaho impBed Eliottoa noriceableextor'Theydid ollerT s.<br />

Elior somerhin8 to ba$ hh qor* ag.in(. ind he did acnrally sha( ene oi th.ir<br />

rahniqu6 iAmcs). This 3hos that Elior r@k d aly lhe oci€nrt 6 his fod.E bol<br />

hc cqurlly resdded his anrcmpomry lalent to b€alhded in his poclry. The ctirhs m<br />

<strong>of</strong>rh. yicw thal Elioi h6 u*d aough <strong>of</strong>RuFn Bi@ke in 'Ihe W6tc Lod . shich<br />

n.y bc Fn ar r clos dabsis <strong>of</strong>lfie pocn, dd n is EGny dE *.nim. vm librc thd<br />

can be found common in rh. iwo pocls The othq I.nous wanimc poel sj.gfried<br />

sassn hs ale gained @m in Eli<strong>of</strong>s poery noh th. poinl ol vi.w <strong>of</strong> $)1. rd<br />

conEnr. Sas$n! w expoi.nc€ Md ns anmaft lceli4r cdr ebil) b. aeh ehoina<br />

124

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ii Th. Wanc !&d" tnh . t?icd tbst!.t imo8.ry. whlt Eliol dGs !o h*c his Mt*<br />

difr€rcn( h rhd he lses allusions and imdges $ar m iiml, grcundcd 'speciallv in<br />

Enslish lir€mture, s much so lhaL accodinslo Ames, rhere isa colleliYe memorv<br />

orihe iDages A collel<strong>it</strong> memoty is buill up{n the hisrorv. $e liEmlure dd rhe<br />

.xp€n@ <strong>of</strong> t civjlt rion and i6 cuh!tsn b@nes a pln <strong>of</strong> th' popl€ s<br />

@lldiv. ndory. The out <strong>of</strong>dd€ clich& ed lal6 iom the aibL tnd dnq *o*r<br />

lik oanl. s Inf.mo clc Fst mt onlt D ihsse in tne nind <strong>of</strong> th' Ft&r' hur ih'v<br />

orer a fceling t.d enslion ih.r has b..n ddiculaied tmd<strong>it</strong>ionrllv rhrcuo eveFl<br />

*r<strong>it</strong>ds ond crltics (An6} Chrin (157) al$ spelks or Eliol's us. <strong>of</strong> thc solks <strong>of</strong><br />

pFvious sriku. lle sys thar Eliol s perv cririchs peuistddv show i8rc'ment b<br />

4h olhci dd e difiemr danisll! lrcm lhe poctt <strong>of</strong>lhc ninckcn$ cenrurv Doec<br />

md he. in nis per'. Etuns ro t sr)lislic mDdcl $hi.h hc discolch bolh in rhc<br />

*vedd$ cdtury pers .d in ll'e *oi*s <strong>of</strong>enain mown d Fr.mh svmboli*<br />

Krcll(l6l) sp€ats <strong>of</strong>the li..s 70-75 <strong>of</strong>'Th. wostc Ldd"i<br />

You who *.r. *irh me in lhcshipsat Mylae!<br />

Thar @Ds ,ou pht.d ld tq in yolr 8rden.<br />

Hs ir b.gun !o s?rd? will n bldm this ,€P<br />

Or ha rh. sudd.n nls dicutb.d ia h€nlr<br />

O lc.p th. dos fd h.n€, lhds aridd to ma.<br />

Or w<strong>it</strong>h hisnailshe'll dig n up t8!in.<br />

In riese lines rhc rct!rence is nttle ra ! scction nl he Aouen lh4l, ic Adonis'<br />

wheE F@e! clucidats rhe olde. rirual ol.crcmoniallv pleing in lhc gound a slp*<br />

Col&r Bouth sd Fron Ftul to xoro& 4 rhc sro &n\s fi't Eliot ha nadc nos<br />

<strong>of</strong>ro @Icn cl lh. lh.me dd ch.Ectcr<strong>it</strong>iljo <strong>of</strong>hh rcd Ar a nunboorplacs rve<br />

lnd allusi@3 io $. onlents <strong>of</strong>ine b@ks <strong>of</strong>srci€nt mtihs.<br />

Eliol hd msdc mosl <strong>of</strong> lhe allusions by 0<strong>of</strong>rbinins lhe powor or imagerv an'l<br />

abrrDc.ion. l hc inte4extual us ol a nuobq ol cLdsics hs b.en madc so cnonousl,<br />

$4 al Ld, for .n cducated Md€r, rh. und.6r.nding <strong>of</strong> them hd b..n co extuallt<br />

dd imov iv.ly cltu '"The Waqc L.ad qD|!s relinss bv lsing El<strong>it</strong>€td ro<br />

wo*s dd h.v. m dt nsive do <strong>of</strong>cr<strong>it</strong>icnn r_or such E|Ercca lhe per dG not<br />

ne€d to givc d.tails 6 to rbd n rcpEht3 lnn ad <strong>of</strong> describing .n .xpcnence ora<br />

leelinB. he dm* on \he lBdirion'ro supplt bolh lhe imoge dnd th. leeling *hich<br />

129

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lavcs him fi.e lo qpBs hinslf by iddjn! ro $c im4cs. Eliol is .ble lo e! ad<br />

moE. md in a tu nore pBis node, filn syhing rhat h6 b€n don. during thc pre<br />

wor.bd wdimc pedod. Thc wane Lsd" h6 a scopo dd ftlEhirude <strong>of</strong>incareorion<br />

that is rivrled in Enslisll Fh.ri, ol, b, Mihon dd ShlkcsFrt. This h sb.t Ph.6<br />

'Tb. wdE Led b.Mo rhs epics ed the lr€nch p@c. Rh!*ible Mnony <strong>of</strong><br />

qords ond lNe d.plh <strong>of</strong> deanins emc rosether in on. poem. Lidi! Vi6iu h$<br />

cnumcdted qrnc a <strong>bt</strong> or dod6 wh@ in Eliol h6 mir|.incd ro up lin E<br />

Eurcpcs l<strong>it</strong>eruy rEdilion, A singlc liic quored r'rcn coldsmilhs lrr /,.ar,/<br />

,,/aLfrld acts upon the wholc incidot .s . devourin8 fir€, (ic //'en |otry vond<br />

noopJ ?,/orl, whicfi Educ6 ro a$6 *h.rcv.. is hume. vieu eF lhal Nhd Eliot<br />

w.nts $ dlludc ro . liremry rorl oi ch@r.r, he Dsually omtrds ir ro his oan nccd &d<br />

choiq hc ties lo fir the bomren rhings ln his o*n con&xt d ifthey serc oigioally<br />

cr.l.d ror his rork. _ft tEriol) delishr5 in r.v.uin8 thc mcein3 <strong>of</strong>$c oneinal<br />

concx! as ifhewerndking.l il(6 hc nocked ar th. veryrhlcs<strong>of</strong>hisoM prcvious<br />

pcms). Hc trsls lll sulhoN h. boNwe fom (except Shlkcsreec. mlybe) silh biner<br />

Ar.s h6, ar lenglh. given . mpari$. ol The wanc lrd ' ed Pandiv loi on<br />

the lin6 <strong>of</strong>rh. old epic atl.. He eF lhrr Milb. s.pic is rs lcnSlhy r wo* lo.a<br />

mod.m eader wher 5s Eli<strong>of</strong>s shon cpic givcs lo fic cotempodry Eader a 16[ into<br />

his oln lce s wcll 6 i o thc eadilio <strong>of</strong>cric nylc <strong>of</strong> lnetu, wfiing. Elior! os. oa<br />

all$ion &complishs mmy<strong>of</strong>the tarycrs ud aspidiions ord.!ic wnho Eqlii.sa<br />

burd.nsome speulation on $. pd olfic Eader (Amet, Eliot hds acluall) tried !o<br />

Ewrir€ or r.fom rh. epic nylc *ilh hG individul rrlor, Nhich for r)'e modem sder<br />

hos gor a timely app.al ed sisnif'cac., The succcsstul imp6sio. <strong>of</strong>-Tn. w6re<br />

knd" h besd upo. is.llusions dd cohprctncss. speaking <strong>of</strong> Eliot s skill <strong>of</strong><br />

bcrcfiliry tom th. ps wotu. An6 s)6: Thc walc knd" motes €xEnsiv. us <strong>of</strong><br />

.rrlm by Dtu|. Alighdi dd <strong>of</strong> the l@gd wo*s by Ovi4 Sho*.sD@ dd llt. BiblC<br />

Elior is i. r.cr so huoh iorrs*d by Dsnte! ,,qp cbx4y $at ws frnd . lot or<br />

di6r od indiEt rcf*n€s in 'Ih. wat r,nd- follwing Ddlc r lin <strong>of</strong>thme,<br />

style and ch@r.rielion CBvcn (2001) cle sams to be e much impEsd b,<br />

Eliot\ d olusing ide6l6h pln works. He sr<strong>it</strong>*, Hh own fmous "Enslishi4' <strong>of</strong><br />

D&r. in The wcE lid - L./ rct thousld tLdh had uahE n "tua! - pcftaos<br />

th. mosi cdonic.l momcnl oursid. <strong>of</strong>fie Bible wh.d a quohrion in one lrnsuase<br />

130

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.com6 r quotaio. in dothet. Eliot ha3' in his $orks dncdl) ond indicctlt alludcd<br />

ro rhh ndteDiece a nunber<strong>of</strong>rimes. Forcrdmplc lines 60_63 <strong>of</strong> The waste Led"<br />

Unda thc boM fos oar *inb d.wn,<br />

A .mwd l owcd ov.r Londo Bndg., e DeY<br />

I hld not rhou3ht d..lh h.d undom $ met<br />

Coii.spond b,r,teDo! following lines:<br />

E io, ch. rk!.rdi, vidi u.t nssm<br />

chs SiMdo @Gvc bro mll,<br />

ch. d ogrle pos ni ped i tc9a;<br />

. di.rF le venla sl lun8. Itatt!<br />

digcne, ch i no! dvcricrcduto<br />

che none bo n av.$e disfara. (u. 52-7)<br />

which rEndare !o ndn, (s quoiql <strong>bt</strong> Amet whq I lmk d agtin, I ea a aag<br />

running in circLs so apidly lhal il semed to som aU Daus ed and <strong>it</strong> dere m. o<br />

long ! rnin <strong>of</strong>p@plc, lhat t Nould ior halc believed dead h3d undonc $ ndv.<br />

(D!ri., J?) Thc lin. by Eliot Er.rs to . singlc scslet by Dst . sd tne n@ing or ir<br />

hs bcn rh. lopic olqnicism for hudr.ds <strong>of</strong> ,€s- Nol only h6 Elio( sivo the<br />

E.rlcracl@i6ag.otp.opLhv.6ingrhidg.b h.alesivcsth.@or.rions<br />

and !cri(icd hhlor' ol /r,&rro lo enrich uid enhmcefie imtge The peopleon lhc<br />

bridse in 'The wssrc l,rnd now secm lik.sho s de$e.dins inlo hell. Eliot@.llxlo<br />

th. .nlden €dq, lhc sN fim /,te, .lon3 qilh his o*n *ods b tdm a .cs<br />

@mbinrrion. Tl| "UnG.l cila is now a icfi imasc fiUd wi|n u.de<br />

n, not only wnh t"/.ft, bul w<strong>it</strong>h other elcEnces in lr" ,/6d l.d ro London<br />

In li.r 427 <strong>of</strong> Thc was. lid" Lsdon A dse brings rh. Brh lull circl.:<br />

Fhhins, w<strong>it</strong>h th. rid pl.ir b.hind mc<br />

Shrll I d le6l ser dy leds in odet<br />

London Bridge h $lling doM fallingdo*n lallinsdown<br />

Thc rh.ndic rhtmcs <strong>of</strong> TlE Wasl t nd lls add nor only lo e imag. <strong>of</strong> Yate<br />

id" or Vodicii c)rlcs, bur fiet add .8!in b rhe richnes <strong>of</strong> dE plff wnhoot<br />

131

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ening lo clichdd tchniqucs aod foms lik Tonvson At tet anolhq lwtl in $e<br />

poen, the f.@s ollhe deld.re @hmuling, much like Woh Whibds\conmutss in<br />

"cMsing Bmkl)n F.rry" lron L€v.s <strong>of</strong> Crds:<br />

cro*ds <strong>of</strong>men ud qom.n aniEn in the usual costuncs. how cunous vou .rc ro me!<br />

hlndEns !d hundtlds lhal coss ctuming homq @ mot<br />

And !o! lhor shall crc$ frco shore ro shorc yees hence .E more I<br />

ny ncdniioni thd )s mi8hl supp.s. (ll. 2-4)<br />

Futurc has been pos<strong>it</strong>iv.ly symbolized by de befifiing image.y ol !h. lil& lhe<br />

ecufting .firibul€ <strong>of</strong> lhc lihc tlNer .&h tsr siv€s dc nandor ldquilily, even in<br />

tie a&c <strong>of</strong> diftsin8 sutfe.ina. Elid inlentimuy @!lls lhis felin! tnd rh.n<br />

modifies il to become hls .sn. He uscs allusnms wnh all $cn potenti.l po*er tnd<br />

signiiclnca o.d in a wa, lhdt maks a n w presentsion <strong>of</strong>lhe ahetdy uscd marerial<br />

wriihrn ed Milton e <strong>of</strong>lhe lilem.y liguFs who sivc Eliol the<br />

! new stsuctuE on. but .ls sdin6 th.y olld him enctiing ro cpond .a0i.* 5<br />

tnat tne innovatio. is apprcci ed *<strong>it</strong>h <strong>it</strong>s novelty 6 individurl lalfll. Eliol hG m!d.<br />

use the nosr oppmpriale ways and bms Md lhe history <strong>of</strong> cn aulhols @licr Norks to<br />

d*l6p od b Plodue his own (t?i€l siylc ol Nririn!<br />

Mccord (270) b6 poinlcd oul to a very i<strong>it</strong>crcstin3 tiadnionql auusion in the poen. Hc<br />

srys lhd in rh. potr th. ro,ns jug ju8" (ll. l0r) Fr.r ro lhe nighrinssle s cry<br />

dsib.d $ s in Elizbahln rin.. Hc Eh.r*s rhlr rhc vsy mating ol rhc \ord<br />

-Jus-, alier English n udlizalion, sl&di ror rhe Crcck nme <strong>of</strong>sryne( shich<br />

's<br />

deived n<strong>of</strong>t <strong>it</strong>s cry, Mccord (271) adds rhtt in old folkloretnuah.lh. wrt.eck w6<br />

@mcrcd sirh rbe id4 <strong>of</strong> lole b..4s ol8 u* i. m.8tal app€als b @upere<br />

ur.<strong>it</strong>htul lovc6. H€ r,!c our <strong>it</strong>s us by th. edlr Cel nGh lik. Acshtus b<br />

synbouz. exul desiE, McCord, tunher, slts ihal6 elior ws, aor bis codnion. s.ll<br />

!*e olthc implic.lion <strong>of</strong>th. *ord "ius". hc applied il w<strong>it</strong>h all <strong>it</strong>s historiol*ning in<br />

lhe mind. Mccord (2? | ) funhe. rdds rh.r Elioi could vcry *cll e @hnial espels or<br />

ih€ hh dicrio. his tno*lcdgc <strong>of</strong>cel loc dc helped hid ue *oids lil.Jra w<strong>it</strong>h ib

---

pcric qulni6 fld rcdni<strong>of</strong>tier h.rc h! coold ahicvc o fin ptEllel that .dds .<br />

tid <strong>of</strong> no

---

It is nor cuMs h.aDcd or cach s6h€d he.d?<br />

Nor lcsN Their blind q€s * nol youtea$ flo\<br />

Nor hodour.ll is casy to be dead. (Sorcly,89)<br />

Mourhle idplics thd lhe d{d mot sp.ok vhich impli.s a 16, &d rh. paing <strong>of</strong><br />

someihi.s; ptdapstdd<strong>it</strong>ion, bul rhe ihag? isvague, sor.l! emphasizes $e inabilny ro<br />

rpcak by mrking ihem boln ded dd mourbl*s. inn@d or "sil.na or 'murc or<br />

''duob." Elior eolld rRogniz. rhc imag.- bur h. $ould have ricd ro lind ! ich.r<br />

mekphor in fte shlpe df4n historicrL!r lhcraD relcrcnce S<strong>of</strong>tly\ poem indicales<br />

thd, . - . you ll Memb.r. for you ndd .ot so. fhe *ay tne word amemb.i is<br />

pl&.d sidc by sid. wftn "n..n nd $" indicarcslh nbornDusinthisne$*o d,ro<br />

kccp the p0sl in mind, bui lhc usle$nes is nol a sensrio. $dl every ead.! can<br />

u.dcubd or imlsine in d abstiad ndGr. x dG indicate. ho*cveri r c'llic n{rure<br />

td cvcnts, bur Sorl€) frils b communic<strong>it</strong>c his point b.au$ sh.red .xp€ri.nce is<br />

nesc$ary r! lully undetsrr.d rhe peh. Eli<strong>of</strong>s lehnique in _Tne wane L!nd"<br />

ovcmm6 this obsl,.le. How.vcr, he d6 bondu a en* or lbsrerion lEm the<br />

Gssies !d cvcn rh. r..nch pels to pod!@ a nw in!8c thd h6 norc 6pdcny fq<br />

Mu$rillo (r?5) talts abour rhcori8in nodin8 My oaPhletd rh. Ph@icid silor in<br />

pad lv, D..d r, ,'/zrer. Hc says dat this characrer RlcN b an old C@k l<strong>it</strong>eEry wo<br />

Palati@ Anholop i^rtlks a6on rhc eilou csp*iallr the drc*tun ones<br />

Co8tder Phleb6, vhav^ ore hndsom md tdtl 6 tou,(Ine<br />

rlr''s.e Ltnd . 32t)<br />

Musurilla th.n, giv6 rh. &counr ol rho Carland ol M.le"!rr from fte a6ovc eid<br />

Anrholo&v, which he err h lh€ origii.l sou(. ol rho said charaols in fhe Wssle<br />

Lod . He srs thrt lhe eid Cet Dorl is d.dided ro lhe $nices ud life <strong>of</strong> thc den<br />

eilo6dd isalindolribd. tothd.<br />

Mccui* anets upon thc conlenl <strong>of</strong>dE sction. "wh.r rhe Thundd said".nd fi.ds<br />

.pFal lor the E!de6 in ft. fom <strong>of</strong>Easr.m philospht. more spccifialb, Hinduism<br />

It is because <strong>of</strong> the concepts <strong>of</strong> reincamation and Ggeneration cspecially or human<br />

b.iqs, Eliol wms to b€ impress€d by Hindu mltholo8y. Hindu htlhic folkloE and<br />

nori6 Fl.red to p€*e, junie, baury dd holircsr hrvc e\ceptional plffi in lilioas<br />

t34

---

oi.d $d rh@by in his F.fv. li tfie Mrdt <strong>of</strong>thc lindu Philoectv cm@ {21x)l)<br />

als obss simil& facls. He claims lh.t for Eliol the tupr.m. poc6 along wnh I/'.<br />

Dt s Cbh.dl *as fie long Hindu p@m shasaad c<strong>it</strong>a Cr'ven tuflher sovs th3l<br />

io . way the concepl <strong>of</strong>Tiiniisidisn, 6 depict d in Dotcs /,ruls, tinds @n In<br />

'Bhosvtd Gib' t6 Cnven b, h@, EfctrinB b lhe end <strong>of</strong> 'llE \| 6]€ Ldd * h'R<br />

Elid hs us.d s{skil eotds, uhich md siv.. svmpat'i* 'nd @ninl ln lhh $ctio<br />

Eli<strong>of</strong>s rclisious beliels.speci,llv lb <strong>of</strong>€binh or reg.ncdion have b*n givcn w'lh<br />

Su on (25), sp€ling oi th. id.6 lik ( hristian 'iruah v'Bddbn 'ir6 rnd thinh<br />

.xpsie.cc, eys lhal <strong>it</strong> frcilirlbd hii b bi.S rogelhe' socmi'g!, di$oon€Gn stutT<br />

non te disjointed socidy <strong>of</strong> lhc west od foo ihc Eatcm frane ormind or ns<br />

con@pls ed beliels ed !o iUustde rnem to b. ldguse <strong>of</strong>a conlinuous Equn'menr<br />

ror spni0tl Eviv!|. H.nG, wc find a numba ol foEisn ph@s rcj'Fing b dilldl<br />

Eligious or sondl, snudio.s, d dilf.Enl tlss in the pcm Foll'r al$ Poinls o!! ro<br />

$cuseolnumber<strong>of</strong> forcisnphdesardecnd<strong>of</strong>lhePem llcsovsthatahho!8h so<br />

mD, crilics hav. rancd qu6liots on lhc purpos. oathe concluding rasnents <strong>of</strong> the<br />

p&n. rh.ir mtring B implied in the r€d<strong>it</strong>i.nrluse <strong>of</strong>rh' iorciSi i' make r[e mrlic'l<br />

chds cf.dirc and shsd. He wrii6. Thc totencv <strong>of</strong> forci8r o' tug' wds n<br />

chms Nas co.sidcFd to bc gEat. Wibc$, lor exople, th' ue <strong>of</strong> riin *otds ed<br />

phnses in the old English chms" (235) Fowler concl es ihtl afts Eliol\<br />

conv.Bion lo Enslish c{bolicism. $ese loBign quourions *rve 6 a }ish ror 0r'<br />

b€rcmdt <strong>of</strong>ih€ *dlclud _ lh. nain fid. oafi€ Axr' llcnc€ rhe* ph€$r !r!<br />

Elalcd b the old {nirg' for o dcfin<strong>it</strong>c Pu.pos <strong>of</strong> an omcn Aosb (2002} tle<br />

posnivqlt shaEs his vids Nnh Fovler saving thal otcluding pM <strong>of</strong> rhe pom pus<br />

loN.rd a hope or salvarion bv msns <strong>of</strong> p€culiar coneprs .nd images srounded on lh'<br />

combin.tion <strong>of</strong> Chtisti.n ud Edm (Hi.du/Buddhisl) 3pn<strong>it</strong>ual beli'fs Hos'vd'<br />

chdd@sviwsmIbildi|j.Ent ll. $)s th4 the re otlhe Notdt (Shtlih'<br />

sndrih) non Hi.du SqiFure h nolhins bul ro intos<strong>it</strong> lh ibnv <strong>of</strong> l}'e pocn Hc<br />

ob* $ fial the pcas nonv in c<strong>of</strong>tsponding the word \ha'tih' rilh rhe mind<br />

shoin! pieces fld lh. ronsu. nving ad olcalling dosn i 'rnc rh't invoker '\ | <strong>it</strong><br />

hcrd kJ niss: the h' hca is not $ nuch sbhcd 6 vishcd fot (Chddtr 683)<br />

115

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Cclseib.rg( w<strong>it</strong>ca ! very inrcsrinB nol. on $e app€ndtd noh <strong>of</strong> 'Ihc N'n'<br />

L2nd '. H. Biss lot <strong>of</strong> qudions on the iom <strong>of</strong> rnc poen and $c sLniliodrlc ul trr<br />

unusual f@loor6. fh. pcn which i&la h6 bccon' a suppLm t lo th? ahole<br />

corpus <strong>of</strong> Euopeon l<strong>it</strong>crdtuP rhal il quoles. lnd wirhin $e dFm' <strong>of</strong> *hich il &ts <strong>it</strong>s<br />

plrf (460). He calls $e pcm a teplesnbriee piece <strong>of</strong> *o& to allude lo Lloped<br />

lictuy @dhion sl onc pl@. 6.stenb.r3d cho €us lhc p@n ! gldng 'spL <strong>of</strong><br />

lhe Deconsriucrion cE d invhich. nunb€r<strong>of</strong>hinotic charactcs h've ben ploced and<br />

displaccd tt lhe sme tnc<br />

Thelhol(<strong>of</strong>fie pocm is in f!.r a lonspiruous instlncc tho\in! lilior s maslcq or'r<br />

lhe n incnlnce orhis t)Picsl scn* oilire64 hdnioi v aious ol lusi6s- quobrionr<br />

thenes, and mdlior <strong>of</strong> chdacr?K lrulv s<strong>it</strong>c lhe poem u0d<strong>it</strong>ionll iopFsion *hich<br />

thouglol D.meor., .ll lhe stions <strong>of</strong>d' po'D Eliot hd rried hk besr ro slurlre i6<br />

work rcfcnjng to nrn€ous noic md nodcB lnedv hisro'icrl mvtholo'cal d'r<br />

Eli8ious solts Thc poet h6 u!"d a nunbs ol forcig! languagc quores ro sun antl<br />

dcpid lhc s<strong>it</strong>uotions in d'e d€siGd mmnd ftis tchnique d@s @t onl' el!i' hi5<br />

concept <strong>of</strong> hdnion bur llso $nes ro uphold rhc orhct inponot conepr re<br />

5,6 Trd<strong>it</strong>iotr snd qFour Qu.rr€rs"<br />

_For Qutneb- <strong>it</strong> moinlv rchcd *nh dploi'3 trtlning dd signilion" In he<br />

$moil<strong>of</strong>lhe *odd dpidlv losing values and ideals lhc poet ttics !o find p6ce aM<br />

joy in lh. instablc lnd continuous oou <strong>of</strong> ne lnd !h€ dise'rv <strong>of</strong> cod 'n<br />

pcmanoc.. el<strong>of</strong>s 6t6l lhcm. in drc fou erions olthe peh is lhe etron sk'n8<br />

lo adju$ the deliatc @laliot <strong>of</strong> the E&nal ro the trdnsiell wc n'd |ols oldnd and<br />

indirsl lulsions in rn Fsn cxplainins rh' FFrs idd in r objdlive mdrcr' Dall6<br />

(195) hds taced oul lhe hist cal link ol rh' nrnrrprs i'r rhc ()k'n^ {irh rh^! '1<br />

GEk pnibsph.r- rk *dts lh Eliol hG u*n $me or fie philNphical idcas<br />

snidlat d in fie cosnol4icaltssumprions ot Heruhrus6lhe lundmenolsubsn€<br />

in the mtkinc <strong>of</strong>rhc "four QGnerJ lhc {oncepts or'rinc' etcd<strong>it</strong>v' ohansc 0nd rhe<br />

opFsire uni@el forc6 d nonlv in &@'n!ne silh lhe Dhilo5ph' <strong>of</strong> g'al<strong>it</strong>us<br />

116

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Akosdisusssthe imporbnceol hisrorl,nd pdn Mdiriotrs as dessrib'd bv Eliol in the<br />

Quanc6. He e's that thc p@m four Qu.nets- is n<strong>of</strong>iing hl de pblonged<br />

do.unmLlion <strong>of</strong> { agine radnioMlisl's sollGdions ol a maenincent p6r or a \om<br />

oul ribur. to hislory olf.Ed by $e shoolmAtd <strong>of</strong> liL Hiiotv in a SeneBl 3cnse 6<br />

neilh.r v.ry masDinc.nl nq prcnominorlv nlighrdin! Hc quor's frcn rh' Qltnds:<br />

There '! d $.ms to us<br />

,{1 b.s! oly a lion.d value<br />

ln rh? bowlcds. d.riv.d tiom .xFnenF<br />

Tne knosledee idposes a pancm, and falsifi.:<br />

For rh. ptlcm is ne* an .v€ry mome<br />

And d.ry no.nr is . ns and shakins<br />

valualion <strong>of</strong>tu w. hovc b€' (lee)<br />

HeE ir is.ol onb ssial hnory b€ins pericallt Nord'd or di*us*d lhe sords likc<br />

knoNl.dg., €xFri.ne, pad.m, mment lnd laluation e ath'r hidlishr<strong>it</strong>g the<br />

l<strong>it</strong>ed, adilili.s lho!8loul ae.s Meldev (152), bv quotins Kenncr' e*ablishes lhe<br />

s. f&t 6 5ugs6t.d by Ars He eF th lhe poet, in -Fou Qur<br />

Soins inlo lilerary hisry in od.r lo maintain a medilslivc srvl' *hich k noF tul\<br />

6eci.tcdloasrsrialco.cem$!n<strong>it</strong>htoaBth€tjustmusicalformation<strong>of</strong>poetrv H'<br />

is <strong>of</strong> $. viry tn $e pdm hs a sund inprc$id <strong>of</strong> rhe svmbolis a'd n o|9<br />

edinds one oilhe grear li&mry figurcs li[c l)onne l]cr&n Crct Collint Mrllame<br />

dd Vcnaine. B.llin (2003) slso.ftims €li<strong>of</strong>s pdctice olhonolring his immediare<br />

dd Fnok p,edse6 ii dE Qodrelr- t|c opin6 lllt fie c@hr ot.. Four Qutn6incooorale<br />

pdnphms, n@_quolaions dd dirt cnalione fnm t number <strong>of</strong> diildt<br />

in6 dd cuh@s (llc@lnui KJ<strong>it</strong>hx'. st, Juhn ol lhc Cru$ 'r ceLhl All $ir ir Jung<br />

so mccfully tfiar lhcy siv. qlile ne$ ldk b $e @mposirion <strong>of</strong> the Quands au<br />

cohercnr and unined A nun<strong>bt</strong> ol crilics have co$nenled thtt the use <strong>of</strong> thess<br />

quornids <strong>it</strong> Y.ry huch inrcsr cd or sinih'd To B'llin fi'a' ElcEnd tE well<br />

pl&ed lo @rtibuL lo lhe m.uing <strong>of</strong> thc rclevml plse8es md aE 'or indi3lrtd or<br />

dinoR.d.s in Thc waE Ldd".<br />

Ru$ Abbol, i. her c$a), blks tadiculorlv .boul rhe vcsifislion <strong>of</strong> Four Quanec '<br />

She finds ihd lh. p&r G very much eoinS in tccoddce riih th' cstablished tad<strong>it</strong>ion<br />

<strong>of</strong> $c pacms ol pwul-. shc. quorinB B!tb@ Elctclr' *r<strong>it</strong>s: _Fou' A$nds '!<br />

BirlaB Ev.ren hd 3hown,26 is aNare olth's)nboli$ lddi'ion' Bur fi is aaatene$ h<br />

'117

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pla'aul ud ninalious, relenncins hdni.'l srmbols b dclib€drcl! cmo\c r<br />

securirt rhat their inlel|{ru.ll) srahblc ai$\.F \r'rld Sive Fliol s rclati'n wih<br />

Ddt is leh cv.rywhere. Mev oihis crirics dd EsdcB hlYe verified rhis s*nron'<br />

ThcodiBll, tehnicdv ed lingoisi@llv Eliot o be eid to hrve ben hBbl'<br />

inde<strong>bt</strong>ed to th.l$liln mosts Danle. Eliots.lsupandllusionbfi'bcginiinsaf7rk<br />

DDtr Cotedl io order to qu.slion is td!@v Haltuay thlousi' Infieniddl' he<br />

qulilics <strong>it</strong> not os a negdion <strong>of</strong> Det, bd in a s.dn for a ldBotge b ecurctel)<br />

denor.lhis pdiculd exp.ience (Rurh.2005) sinct Elio'has lot onlv follo*'d hh<br />

piei.cds6 or th. impre$ive conremporrrics. he hds 6l plre\ rlluded ro his oln<br />

worls l@. Rdn cllls lhis r'!. <strong>of</strong> @umn . 6 _Self_Pood) - whi'h b her- 6 t tr a' or<br />

endosins a past sli throushoul "Four Qulne6 In thc mane6 oi $lf_ptrodv' Rtrth<br />

onclud.s: 'Elior's shde h.rc msks til/. Giddirg lel like d et ol Eogn<strong>it</strong>ion tnd<br />

$bs.qued purg.lion <strong>of</strong>$al *la"<br />

srirBtrva (9?) has disused lhc.llusion\ ro Bhasrv'dcira in lhc D4 sr'A.lsdr<br />

.dio orih. p@ro,r' rk ct<strong>it</strong>iciEs lhe vias <strong>of</strong>H'lcn Cednd 'nd B Raja *ho ev<br />

that CiL\ rcfeFncs i! the Quanela teju$ misfr(inr s lslav! retules th' clain<br />

<strong>of</strong> lh.e crilics dd blis abod lhe impotunce <strong>of</strong> Eli<strong>of</strong>s undedandi'8 ol Fachings or<br />

Cin .nd irs rocuscd inclusio in his Qlan B Hc quott llior Nho 'alh Bhasavad-cib<br />

rs, the next er.at philo@phid pem !o lhe Drtil'e c<strong>bt</strong>'dl wnhin dt<br />

exD.ricnce '(9s). lo suppon hb ida <strong>of</strong> th. mdinsful'ess <strong>of</strong> fi' Gih ri@ices<br />

Sivdbva al$ quol6.rirics like Fo$l.i Prdon o'd Smid all ot whon hold lh'<br />

opinion $at ts lir as lhe sinila<strong>it</strong>ies<strong>of</strong>Chrislidtrv and lii'duisn aB concemed l:lror<br />

hokLs Gilt 6 th. mosr significanr wolk to Piv he€n b ln rhe n'cd ol Salvlrion Elior<br />

finds Ci6 a s1$n8 pidlLt ro rlc GosFl a.d s he alludes b ir shcEvs hc linds il<br />

Mdi. (20t)6) point oul Elior'sus<strong>of</strong>polslurnsa u$d $) Keasrodepicrthc iniSes<br />

<strong>of</strong>hh mind on. ceir.in lhenc He savsr"fhis (finh)Fclion clcarlv owes d dc<strong>bt</strong> lo<br />

K.ars! OL on . G@i.n Un " w<strong>it</strong>h {hich <strong>it</strong> siaE5 somc or iis rh'matic cdncems a'd<br />

<strong>it</strong>s in.gery.' Elior hd, hd., ponmj€d a Chine* jtt fill chaacrdizcs rhc Po$ er ol d<br />

to ri* above thc bou.dtrics olrhe momcn! in odcr to se rhc<br />

yicrorious drily l he jd hts h.en used to mate W tor rhe usual vtgu'ns <strong>of</strong> hund<br />

exprcsio b) mclns <strong>of</strong> il5 longer ldting pafto Bv cmph6izins fm ud pancG<br />

134

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Elior $$.sts dtt pcFy. which Lkcs advdl'tgc <strong>of</strong> lh' lins:ihtic v€6i6ns <strong>of</strong> rh's<br />

may ale bc cble to lchieve tdn$endene (Mtnin 2006 )<br />

Since Eliols pmctic. oabotrowinss is spftad allov" his pcrrv lhc cr<strong>it</strong>ic! have<br />

'omd<br />

loN oiseh rcfeEn.$ Elior'si eren in philo$ph). westem ond cst€d! can ieverbc<br />

igDoEd in his pcry. Astin, l@ fomal scruEs & bomw'd fM Eliaio6 dd<br />

philosophiol sourc.s,6 in lhc pdtct oisrion rour dnd fie xish" maErid in the<br />

$ird scrio" (M.nin.2006). Eli<strong>of</strong>s EliSiou3 t4hmflr tnd bomwings ars mrkc<br />

visible p.d <strong>of</strong>bis poatv 'Cctuin wriont ol"Linle CiddinS" {And all shtllbe \tll<br />

and / All m.nner <strong>of</strong> thine shall t* wcll') bo@s fiom l<strong>it</strong>urgisl lansuase ro rrsre lhe<br />

.tTct <strong>of</strong> rddine an i

---

thEar to liie, whioh is ultimrGlt conqucGd bv de dBmaric p'Nna w<strong>it</strong>h Contad<br />

drrn.s is the d.piclion <strong>of</strong> u*mwn sub@n$iouscss snh iis otiE dEdtuhes<br />

Sin@ Eliot int ids b pondy the mimble side <strong>of</strong> his r<strong>it</strong>u dd peopl', hc hd<br />

exFid.d this $ne or darkn.s N<strong>it</strong>h ib bleak asptcts lhich Flior pdonss bv<br />

quolin8 s. nono ro his -.Hollo* Md . Misr.h Kutu-hc dc{d . .nd qc EBedber<br />

lhal (um b.qu.athed lo de E.ds his uhimdelruth: the hotutlthe homrl'(vianu,<br />

2005), C<strong>of</strong>fsd &d Elioi. vidu poi s out, sh4 the lechnique <strong>of</strong> bliltlins a<br />

alario.ship betw@n wiEr aid @der thrcugh lh.n cha..cieE 'cc'uni<br />

Accoding !o smnh . ndbq <strong>of</strong> stmboh, cvents dd cha6ctc6 hlvc ben .dopled<br />

fmm lhe liardy $o*s od hhrory <strong>of</strong> Euop€ to make out lh€ demc <strong>of</strong>-'th' 'lollo*<br />

Men" The sccos symbolGninds us <strong>of</strong>Ye.as po.m, Sailing to Bvanrium in<br />

whi.h ht sFoks <strong>of</strong> tn i.d dr upon 1 $ic| rhich &s'ib's irctl4tiYen'ss and<br />

spirnual *eaLness. The c.lebration <strong>of</strong> rhc buming in <strong>of</strong> the emlt on fic finh <strong>of</strong><br />

Novcmbs ielr.choes the clsrom olfi. condemnins guih <strong>of</strong>lrying ro jeopardrs the<br />

mass.s. wn@ s o th. dn r hdd Guy f.qk6 D.v k @nncmoBrcd to pqv ribute<br />

to th. sinceE sedies <strong>of</strong> so qlled Cuy Farles wherc u allurdn workslnarlt. r rs<br />

in$n d s il is, but lhd somc Fn <strong>of</strong> d.ndmenr i3 Equied Eliot f s th' rllusion<br />

a@dingly. R.liFing to rhe .nd <strong>of</strong>thc tocm Sm<strong>it</strong>h t).. -l1le f6t four lin6 <strong>of</strong> Pd v<br />

pa64y lle M bqr,36h, srbsl nuring for the redil<strong>it</strong>v sFbol connoling love (as in<br />

thel.god<strong>of</strong> PFolsddTnisbe)sinascpur.lvphalli.'<br />

L<strong>it</strong>e e many olh.r crilics. Mil|g (p l5) has also depiccd Donle s influence on Elior'<br />

The cord<strong>it</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> lhc houor mcn. in tli. psn. is d.picl.d bv Millcr d: "Th'n fte<br />

hollo{ men-s) st.r. isdefincd $rharo<strong>it</strong>hc timnqs inrhelhndcmrool'h' /tFu'<br />

thoe sr.lched souls, srrhefd on rhis bach <strong>of</strong> th. ruFid d!r'. cillh er al (p 634)<br />

al$ poid at DtL\ iylc in appltinS th. ki.d <strong>of</strong> imaSsrv Elid h6 u*d i' nr<br />

Eoltoe M6.Th.y say, 'Fot ti'. scenc dd imagery <strong>of</strong>lne Hollotr Men is bdcd uPon<br />

the third coto <strong>of</strong> Drnle's lnfcoo, rhich dcsoib.s a d.$1.1. plain lvins bd*q<br />

H.l! s porral dd th. riv.r Ach.on o uhich . hotd. <strong>of</strong> euls p6@ t *hidin8 buncr<br />

Fus$ll (2tJ) h6 kaced our shalcspeari "r,.ir,' a.r ir ir rh' frrlirA rrr fL\ lir:!<br />

{d th.nc <strong>of</strong>ftr Hollov Men He srvs lh.l lhe paftem <strong>of</strong>a 'umbcr <strong>of</strong> l<strong>it</strong>res k ! srcnc<br />

140

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cninisnce <strong>of</strong>a sliloquy b, Brurussben hc is<br />

joining ihc con+i6ro6 or b pln wnh lh.m. He<br />

Bdween the acting orr dreadful thiig<br />

tud the ff61 molion, all lh. inr.rin h<br />

Lik r phdbsna or a hidous dtw.<br />

Tl. geniusrnd rhe mdn.li.sFunots<br />

AE then in council; and fic $ole <strong>of</strong> a man,<br />

Lik ro r linl. kirgdom, srlle6 thd<br />

'Il'c natuE ol an inerorion. ll. l. 6J - 69<br />

in u slate ol gear o.l$ion reg'ding<br />

quotcs the folldi,s lin6 non J!/i6<br />

H. onlsEs rn* Uns wiIh lh€ followiq lin6 fom rr€ tolov ,<strong>it</strong> ,:<br />

Bdqenrhemorion<br />

Thh clc&l) shols Eliol s i ere$ <strong>of</strong> k*ping rhe pEdece$ois worh dll alivc and<br />

dive for d. nodco od. His pEctie <strong>of</strong> walking on the foorstcF olhG f(mnncu<br />

h nol lim<strong>it</strong>ed only b fie well-reputed anisrs. bur tne wr<strong>it</strong>s not r<br />

also tllud.d d a numb€r <strong>of</strong> ploces. This say he h6 b€cn kepina up his idm or<br />

includin8 th. minor p.ets io tie over all $cam <strong>of</strong>fie EurcFan l<strong>it</strong>cr.turc. clcckns<br />

(26) sDsks <strong>of</strong>the vcry lnb <strong>of</strong>rhe pocm 6ken frcm ! lin. ol./,/rd cdr.r He quoE i<br />

'neE ee nolricks iD plain ed sinple railhi<br />

But hollos mcn,lilc hos hot &d hmd,<br />

Mare gaurnr sho* md prcmGe oirh.ir odrlc:<br />

Bur Rhfl lhq shouldendurcrhe bloodJ-spur<br />

Thct fall rhcir cre$s. and. liked(c<strong>it</strong>fullades.<br />

Glellns. fufther, soys thal by his rrlcnr oaenulction, tiliot h6 mthd mrdc $e<br />

botuwing <strong>of</strong> th. lnk ncher rhr found ir lhc orisiMl @nl.xt. Hc p.inls od fi.<br />

f€lin$ a.d condilioi <strong>of</strong> the chomcted in rre Hollov .r,tsa fhe sickening ind<br />

d@ying <strong>of</strong> lole in thh !.ssge. for cx'mple. h p€ninc.r ro rhc uibridled FUlf<br />

be$en lusluldesne.nd por.nct on rhc one hand.ndrhe m.aningtul compldcncs <strong>of</strong><br />

141

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c@rion and tfic lcriv. dislae <strong>of</strong> lorc on fi' othq pl*nttd in s@tion v or-'rh'<br />

Ficdrich dd !6wrence (426), in lhen.ni.l., have raken the ksue <strong>of</strong>fie inrenrettiion<br />

<strong>of</strong>rhe $od mptt usdinrh€lin ol ln Aatlos Mei Tltt hop2 o'lv I oJ enl'<br />

mr. They G ol thc vi.* rhd i' t nombq ol (nics *ol*s tlis lord ha ben t'Ien<br />

s slnon)n to hollos, shich a@nli.g lo thd is mt @<strong>it</strong>4l Th't inl4pd the<br />

word dtty posiliv.lv s en lhins fiill <strong>of</strong> hop' dd d6ie Thcv sP'!k <strong>of</strong> i16 d<br />

cssndal slasc in lhc qplinins 3pirilual joulncv -so ddeslood e priN$ is nor<br />

synonlmous l<strong>it</strong>h hollo*nes in the poen"(427) Tbe eu(e <strong>of</strong>this intopFulion' 'lrev<br />

have given. h v.ry idpotunl Ther htv. quoted a Spdish l<strong>it</strong>ertrv wott ro Dorc rhetr<br />

point olvis. Thq $rn : _A sr.ikins pRcljcm c'n b' lound in lhc $'niogs ol rhe<br />

spdish Cme|ne, Sr- rotn <strong>of</strong> $. CMs [dprt is one oi the k" ]oil5 in sr' s<br />

'ohn<br />

Dok Night <strong>of</strong>th. Sou! sd A:eto o/,r,o/d Clrml; in rh* w'rl6 rh' wod is u$d<br />

not ir the scns <strong>of</strong>'hollo* but <strong>of</strong> 1*Pliv. copable<strong>of</strong>beinsfill'd Thet funhs ev<br />

dn fie innuencc olthe Splnisb wotu, especi.llv <strong>of</strong>sr' John\ is verv much vkible in<br />

Elioas l!r.r $o s. lhis has also been poiifd out b)_ l eonrd Unlcr' ldlking <strong>of</strong>'ash<br />

Wed.esd0y aid f-our Qu@ts Thi3 r)pc <strong>of</strong> c'<strong>it</strong>isl int'rprctation sho*s lhe<br />

onnction <strong>of</strong> Eliot s *o*s wilh dt @ndndd Inc@e rhich is Phal hc udred io<br />

Ricks ill) finds s.llusion lo Sleven$n\ Ebb'Tide in The uollo* Moh He *rilcs'<br />

"Bur mo$ tllin8 to mv mind. is lhlt th. Ebbjfide h a world o' dmnalion like dd<br />

unlike rhrl <strong>of</strong>$. hollotr mq. unn.nned dcre in rbet limbo H' quol6lines and<br />

Fdss5 Fm ttu dlD_Ii& shich not onlt in lheme but in {rucrure dd the so'rl_<br />

.Iii.nrion t@ Esobl€ the on.s in "Th. Ho oN Men--. Th. ms{cd <strong>of</strong> elvdioq<br />

dmnodon dd th. humo evil N dF idd Ricks nnds codnon in rhd*d $o'b l le<br />

subsletiats his fiough bv rriling, "Pelhcps, roo Eliol s erippins word 'tlcadpiece'<br />

owes sm.thin! not onlv to si.vden! sucsding 'TailPid'' hlt to lh' host bu an'<br />

momBnr in rhis chqer <strong>of</strong> Thc Ebb Tid.. lh. sldden si-ehr <strong>of</strong> hcldpiecci<br />

(1 3) Ricks<br />

eys thd rhis lllution h6 ds t€€n n.nli@'d by Rotdi cEwro'd in his ldos esv<br />

Sawqe d.l c<strong>it</strong>y in th. *o*t <strong>of</strong>T S Eliot

---

Abod $e €nd <strong>of</strong> thc pGn. Vidu Emdti "lf BrcMine is a vidoi ifcondd is ndng<br />

s.oush ro lml dcath h rhe face. Eliot chooser rhc uhiDporaM males poctry oul <strong>of</strong><br />

wha. is kn rtur rhe aear <strong>of</strong>.Edirional pdr,.<br />

5.7 Tnd<strong>it</strong>io..!d 'A!l W.dr6dry'<br />

''Ash W.dnesday is a Elisious pen. l. ommunicdB *hor tnc pct fch in h's oqn<br />

pe6on. The prcsenorion illc h again inplhonal loaded silh i nunber <strong>of</strong><br />

unde6unda!1. allusions. quobrions dd Er4nc6. ft Epreens fi. *ruggl. ol an,<br />

devo6c or spt<strong>it</strong>u.l sks o. his rly io divin<strong>it</strong>r. ll is nor a panicular individul thlt<br />

dc$nbc d shows his cno{io.s bul <strong>it</strong> is thc po.lic deriprion o, rhe spnnurl steu<br />

in gd.t!|. Meyer (425) puts ,,lrh tl,edEs.toy in t\e |.nal i^d<strong>it</strong>ion ol confe$ion<br />

perry. H. sls rhr. Eli<strong>of</strong>s p6r{mr6id perry, li*. ,&, r.d*sdo, is linly<br />

onnecFd w<strong>it</strong>h rhe religious 6pea ol Flnglhh liremrurc. A nu6bs <strong>of</strong>allusions &c<br />

aound in the pcm rcfeding ro lh. enDer, <strong>of</strong>shlkcsFlE. Pd ona lin. four od liN<br />

lwenty one @ |'ten fiom sh8lcsFaM emets. For !trr idea or lhlins $ar Elior<br />

wdts lo be conve).d srongly b fte Radea. h. des nor pur otrl) in u$n rhough\<br />

before lhc sdch bur h. llk€s h.lp <strong>of</strong> rh. dlicr works to subsranrirc hh viess In<br />

lhe No lin6, rhe poet n€nrios thc dffii.arim ed power <strong>of</strong> tove Thcse !E rhe<br />

1No lelings lhe per hrd in Ih cou^e ollile olpeciallt d the limc oaconveFion lnd<br />

hG lill lo abrdon rh. woddly d.st s in puuuir oathc spinual Fbinn. The poct<br />

rcsorts lo qpass $ese v.rr p€enal qD.rioces *hh tE helt oiertier tirerur sorks<br />

oa Epunim. H.ne, hc slrisfd his own d6ire ol cxp|sion 6 $rtt s his schol. t<br />

job oaupholdin8 the Uredry pan in his oM wo.L<br />

tulrinA th\ nun \ ld u"d that nn ' ioTe<br />

The abov. n nlioned line is o vssio. oia lirc ircm shakespare,s sonnel *ix,.<br />

(souh.n, l98l: I30) aotro*in8 this lin. Elior bls nade ir corrs.icnr for himsdtl to<br />

cxpHs rhc Notrics<strong>of</strong>hhmind shich isc\pericn!insdil|dr l$li'rs\ trhilc c.alli'rs<br />

Simil.rlt, a very porc ul in4e <strong>of</strong>eael. is d.sribcd in lin€ 06, which. in irs gircn<br />

n@ing h klcn 6om Psrrn ciii,5 to thd thy toulh ]s rene*d like the eade\.<br />

143

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Accodins to old Ctuiiian mlt, etgle is believed 10 have abil<strong>it</strong>v to renew hinslf al<br />

thc old agc in the licht <strong>of</strong> sun dd lt€ flo*in8 warcr' The sd. ida hd b@n<br />

.ll.8si@lly B.d b rctuh to cod wih Ercwed spinr ed ch8furd sourhm lin(h<br />

stons elalion aid impession <strong>of</strong>Donne s nrlc and lhought in Eliol s ponrv south.n<br />

(1981:130) eys, Momvd. setion I <strong>of</strong> Ash wednesda!', tilh ilr slow md srudied<br />

*ord ro vod ndd.d, is a tutlhcr cmindcr ol th. sF.irl vd<strong>bt</strong>l dphtsis or<br />

Donnc\ Hrnnc." Besid.s, Southm finds mdy allBions in fie po.m frcm difiedt<br />

plns <strong>of</strong>Biblic{l lcxt. TheF e quo<strong>bt</strong>ions in lhe podn fisl rcnind us ola variclv ol<br />

idoq chtdcrcN and no.ic! <strong>of</strong> Biblc Lcop.rds. liarl rhe lision ol [zcli.l 0!u<br />

prophel lercmili $ on tu Lnh are the lllusions lound !l sereial plsccs <strong>it</strong>r tne pNm<br />

Although. rhcse refeEn€s lmk $anorcd, thcy undinously mnlribut€ lo Civc the<br />

pocn m orgeic lmt oidp'ssins Fligious bcliefs espdiallt orp.nm€<br />

L.<strong>it</strong>ch (38) frndsstrc.Cco.nclion<strong>of</strong>"Ash wcdnesday''Nhh ns Europecn modeh tle<br />

eri Eliols quesrer in Asi W.dn6d.y'@ncldd *irh . pE)€r lo lh. divin. Sin.i<br />

noth.i who i5 a conFrir. <strong>of</strong>rhe Vngin ond Da.te! B.al.ie. ln po$sv.uion<br />

poetr). Elior hss linked his ideas both wilh herary and religious lmdniods alonsside<br />

w. liftl @cElc allusionr in Eli<strong>of</strong>s po.ms 6on Ddret D,utt bwdr. l*lcn.<br />

arnha sys, ln andino, h. prmph@s Drnre s hous line, His will h out F.ce'.<br />

.boul phich €lior o.ce pcuon ly p4llimed, And the $atne <strong>of</strong> ornr. se63 to<br />

n lh*allr ttu.' (Lcnch! iblict. CloDhd (129) ,le sp€lks ol $e srrne<br />

indebredness ro Ddre or tlioas pln shilc di$ursi4 rhc cd.rPoiirion .r '.\\h<br />

Wednesdat'. lle siys, "Dantet is rh. mo$ comprchensiv€ dd rh. mosr,f./sz./<br />

pffint tion oi cmotions rh h6 evd ben modc. Eliol hG follo{ed, in Ash<br />

Wcdn*lay, th. trtuk <strong>of</strong>D$t. !o p@trt his osn emdiont in th. b.st indiriontl {at.<br />

MoFison (p,2?5) in his anicle,rsh wedh.tdar: A Pcljiout Hntory w<strong>it</strong> s tbour rh.<br />

us <strong>of</strong> ElioCs bomwin8s lffi oth& qrn6 6p€cially fDn Drnl. s AviN Cowdt.<br />

He speaks <strong>of</strong> the emcacy <strong>of</strong> this pdrice in rh. case <strong>of</strong> read.6 b.iq altcrdy<br />

.cquainled silh the borowcd nalerill, He says: No dou<strong>bt</strong> th. stan mdion.d by<br />

AEut D.ni.l ws p|!gl in Eliot s mind 6 he @dpos.d rhis pd <strong>of</strong> his pen. &d th.<br />

@lletion <strong>of</strong> fic pssas. by tie Ead.r *ill or cole ..tich $e pem {<strong>it</strong>h t r6in or<br />

lirebr] dd rcl igioos 6soci0tion. " E liot does not sry everyrhine on hk own. Healmost<br />

.lwals brings in a numb.r ol fs{lf lllusionr *irh which, if his ude.s @ llody

---

irhiliar. uhich he al*ays demands snd cxp{is. rhe 0ndedandlng or atpreciation .r<br />

lhe poen will b. by far edis for $. read.rj tud rhis is $hat h. calh lhc impcBonal<br />

5.8 Tndllion Nnd Cerorrior"<br />

'c.dnrion is on. <strong>of</strong> de impodot pocms pdlish.d in $e ollerim PMi1920-<br />

Elior h6 den !o depicr. in rhis po€m a @l *o d olu old m& belonsinl lo a low<br />

sicr, In ! plain and imiShrforword laiguatsc rhe inner Norld olthe probSon hos<br />

been illu$ded aDplying suil$lc p.dic.Lviccs. 1n l9l9lE publish.d Pdt\ $hrch<br />

onained rhe pord Cedntion, a mcdir'i\L i.rcior ir)nolque in blall rv\!l<br />

nothinslik lhis pem hqd apFared in E4lish (Brir.nnica, 2005). Anuhberord<strong>it</strong>ics<br />

h.vc spolc. abou rhc k@pine up <strong>of</strong> Eli<strong>of</strong>s acclriocd Inory cdons, 6p..i.lly <strong>of</strong><br />

'radilion in this pGm. sm<strong>it</strong>h spaki <strong>of</strong>d. @ntinuny <strong>of</strong>allNiv€ p€rfom!@ in the<br />

pcm, -Ihc pncrie <strong>of</strong>allusion. juslified in !!rra,{ b} rhe fted to chmct.ize thc<br />

rouris! pelfoms in "Gcrcntion- lhe lundion <strong>of</strong>conden$ins inro d(cnr compas a<br />

whole p&orma orrh. p65t. Bmn (26) obssves lne tBdnioal rllusios in lhc<br />

pocn Dalins an importad n@iigfll $ntiburion to rhe idca ol Lhc naer$r!<br />

juncrurc<strong>of</strong>pdiand pcsenr, He soys fiar ln the poem, Cemntion. however, the p*r<br />

has ried ro conn.d rhr .llusions rirh on. anothct in soch an anasic *.y rhal rhey have<br />

rhi.v€d 4othe, fresh life <strong>of</strong> lheir ow.. fo the pal fic p$Frny <strong>of</strong> lhc mi.d or by<br />

gone times is s impotu as rh. deorh..d deficienct oirhe preenr in v&ious u.lks<br />

<strong>of</strong> life. Thc pod b6 tonsiblc md ligiljcdt r.alizrion and consiousnes ol the !!$<br />

dd th@ @chtcs <strong>it</strong> e<strong>it</strong>h thc pMrsiluorion!oahis otr. rimes<br />

ARd dis Bonum (2?) oll. lh. pen a failuF lor [e does nor fiid rhe requiEd<br />

subsr.ntidl devclopmert <strong>of</strong> th. lhcftrtic idas in lne poem. He *riles thai the pem<br />

_G.m.rion js nor a su*$ becuse tlc pel seens to b. enbngld in hh r@ much<br />

all&bndt *nh fic pan, thc pd r<strong>it</strong>es in hG pd ed lrics lo iFpo* ir on his pd.r<br />

roeivchis pr€s..r a msnjng bln@r<strong>of</strong> hk rclarions $irh ps!.lle colh tr hhtorical<br />

145

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'ne pcn fomallt statu snh d allusirc cDiSE t\ *hich is et n liod Shtl6D€are't<br />

M^uft Ior stuBlre. A ft\le qic* oadi$ussiotr tdtran rhe Dule and Claudius is<br />

given h*. Claudius who hs b..n n.t d our d@lh et ne is rold lllat rhir lif. is<br />

*..lhl6 od inettctiv.. Th€ po.t Gms b b. convinc.d rhar lh. pob8lnin tnd his<br />

concmD@ri.s N living a ntuind6 lil. which cd or.r only disappoinh€ns,<br />

fighrs, indi$ipline dd degmddion <strong>of</strong> spnnurl vrlucs As smnh (59) pus n lbNard<br />

eyin8 that tne usele$ne$ ud o.ani.gl.$nc$ <strong>of</strong>thb sond wheE psple usullv<br />

kke {rcng steF time dd ogain r<strong>it</strong>bour leahing .ny l.ssn liln hhrory' All ihes<br />

m€n are Mongly led by then e cdlled prids ud slf.ifrpodane and are aduallv<br />

b€f@lcd by lhen o$ensibl. achicvcncns. Thet a unable to male choio beNveen<br />

glod $d bad bul foE d into.lt @tiv.s thcy crnnor prediclrhis h the ftrtilhv <strong>of</strong>a<br />

labyrinlh *i$our an end. Mojor(28)sD.ak\ oln trcllbui!l rclation <strong>of</strong>Fliol's Dcmr<br />

silh his far oiI English prcdses$B. Hc s!rs. "n h6 oien ben rcmrked that<br />

'Gedntion shows moE strongly tls .nt olhq <strong>of</strong>'I S Eliolt p@ms de 3haping<br />

influqe orrhs Eliub.thM ud i@bdn dFma. Major. tunh€r, expkins thal i1 is nd<br />

only in th€ metic.l a3p..rs ol $. pGn lh $c find rhc kepina up ol rhc<br />

pcd@s6' odnio but |h@ e ndy.llBids ro sD€cific pltts by sha*6p.!e<br />

John$n ed o1h6. He spea.lly ncntao.s lh. inllucnce or shal6p€E\ ,ri v,/ 1,I,<br />

1, on Eliot s G@niio. . H. e)s $^ . li* ln'Cerc.tion-. I tausrls ota &r blain in<br />

z dy e@, is qune reninieor ora bri.f pasgc in ,,tu vo! Zrlt 1rr<br />

in his broih,<br />

'lnd<br />

,t'|1i.h k s dr, 6 th. endid.r bi!.u<strong>it</strong><br />

Al1* a wtsry, h. hath iwee llMs tann t<br />

w<strong>it</strong>h obenalian. the \lhich lP w"^<br />

Mrjor *pounds $al lhe uF <strong>of</strong> th. symbol <strong>of</strong> 'dry <strong>bt</strong>ain',lhrugh rhc Elizabe$e<br />

time. cffii6 the noning olan old, mcldcholic, eke md. qhich hs ben used bv<br />

Eliol ale h the simihr frtuing, 'Frcn lh. standp.inl <strong>of</strong> the Elizb€thd<br />

ps)€hologisls, Eli<strong>of</strong>r GeMrion would sF to b. an .lmosl cldiic @s <strong>of</strong> lh€ Dd<br />

*<strong>it</strong>h a dry bBi._(29). M.jot mclld. his tnicl. styin& \hen Elior *s wiling<br />

Geo io. he *6 $ rhoDughly undt rh. sD.ll <strong>of</strong> sh3l6p€]w rd orh€r<br />

146

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Eliab.thd drmr tnd th. whol€ mdnd md loDe <strong>of</strong>rh. l<strong>it</strong>.alure found thct r.y i o<br />

Crc$ iids the dcpiction oa hisiorr ii _Ceronrjon-<br />

'lnl!mo ,llequoles llnes iiom ceronrior"l<br />

rilh dn .ll6ion u Ddre s<br />

'th. blck*ad derik aE thoe rho pry i.to hturory for cxc<strong>it</strong>coot or haliSn p.rs.<br />

Eliots .llusid <strong>it</strong> ro rh. lc8 dlry f.le ptopl'eis. tuthsycE sffi mDlics - <strong>of</strong><br />

Danr. s founh borsra U-,/ezo xx) $hos hclds have ben t*islol ro rhe M ed sho<br />

.rc tbus iorced to ulk hckward (299). Along t<strong>it</strong>h dlluJlng lo &o'cnl slrks rhe<br />

pcr hs givrn mm ro modem work !o & llluded to in thc P4o Gro$ findt n orher<br />

rllBiv. .h@terislics <strong>of</strong> G.@ndo", H. Ccconlion') 3DaIs w<strong>it</strong>h rh. eods <strong>of</strong><br />

Ens.d Fio8dld, ft. blind lr.nslotor <strong>of</strong> thc r,6a,Fr, r wilh the eroric or lh.<br />

Jacobcon rldgediand (299),closereadin8oisuch weidn works likeRubatnt ^ndtne<br />

Hindu Scriplur.s inc@sd Ll|ds inrercn in Ftscn mtnicism whose Bf.Pnces are<br />

Dpdot<br />

in may <strong>of</strong> his pams.<br />

t.9 T^tl<strong>it</strong>ioi tad Pott air oI o Lddt<br />

The ficft <strong>of</strong>the pem, Ponnn ols L!dr" h rhe m.n_rde clarionslip ud ic<br />

failur. Th. pd has ticd to c.irici$ th. wtr ol lh€ FoIl. oahis line.slF<strong>it</strong>rlv or<br />

lrbm siely. Eliol hts B.d 0mple phra*s lnd woids r'rcm his prede6$6 qorks.<br />

Thc v.ry tjtle oarhh p*m eches that olthe limour novol b] Hen.) Jamcs i. lle<br />

Pdren <strong>of</strong>a La, Tn s. *hq€ <strong>of</strong> phdslo6/. b.foE Elior, tN al$ ldopLd bv<br />

,M.s ,ote, dus mlinuny <strong>of</strong> l<strong>it</strong>le choi@. "...lhc po.m <strong>it</strong>i.lfis Enu*abl,,edid<br />

in ns ron6 and ircrics, tn. 3ubd4ies or ns obsaiion tud in tne nvle orrhe diqlogue '<br />

(sourham. 1981,44). cravsn (2001) finds Eliol on fie loouleps <strong>of</strong> lane, Jovce in<br />

Ponm<strong>it</strong> ol a L4df,ne$Jsrh $isisrhelx*qqnh knr*ul'rtu{ rhar 6nclar6<br />

wnh lh. Fsfomd ndvod <strong>of</strong>fed md &siEs He ets thol Portul '/a r/t is<br />

compos.d moE on rmcsis lrek nol only b.s$ <strong>of</strong> <strong>it</strong>s lirlc, bul aho ln. wodins;

---

devclopmenr <strong>of</strong>thouehl slyle ec, $d dyone.ould have iF6lined. poem could beil<br />

C6v.n quot6lin s fo6 rhc plm ro.lucidd. his claim.<br />

Ah, nt fridd, to! do nd km$, )o do not tios<br />

wllar lifc is, you wbo hold ii in tolr hdds ...<br />

You l.t il flow fBm you. rou lel <strong>it</strong> flo*,<br />

tud touth is c{.1, and h$ no mN MoE<br />

And sfriles ar sllualionslhich <strong>it</strong>c.inol se.<br />

It is &tully th. @ntinu@ It@i noc popll.rly olLd ih. fi@ flux ot thouglts {tE<br />

slEom <strong>of</strong> coi$ioBn4t, in fi. aforcm.<strong>it</strong>ioned lines lhat htve b.en bl.n inlo<br />

co.siddarion ro Llly lhc wo*s olthe t*o wr<strong>it</strong>ss, Th. p8ltholosidl rohent orlhc<br />

ch@cter is wh.t w5lh. ldhion <strong>of</strong> fte dm.. Eliol approvins <strong>of</strong>th. cumcv or the<br />

depiction <strong>of</strong> rh. inns dost dd m.nbl cri*s oaa chdet r. hG given @m ro rh. *<br />

sllci stla <strong>of</strong> @rsiousn $in$epM.<br />

Simildlt, the EPisFph <strong>of</strong>lhe pcn crs ro a d<strong>it</strong>lo8$ from Mal.qe s IIi ./.n '/<br />

Mar, Sourham conmenN, h isa sne oidouble deception (l93lr4a) Ihe double<br />

deprion qulny oay hlvc ltrdcled th. po€l for his r€ndcncv ol naling thhEs<br />

smplcx ed ch.llenging lo undercand B.sides, in line 6, themenrion <strong>of</strong>Juli'fs tomb<br />

l.res !s b shdcsp€@ s iam ,,drlid wh@ lif. <strong>of</strong>nE hdl in th. pam h$ ben<br />

comp.cd 8i$ lhat <strong>of</strong> Julict. Th. d.spc6tc pl8 d the lutuE life 8oes karicallv<br />

lMg &d dt $ining is nothin! hft ih. 16 <strong>of</strong> l<strong>it</strong>6 in eirhc N. In lirc 9 'Dr'lud6<br />

rcfc6 !o . group <strong>of</strong> piano pieces by the Polish conposer F_rederick ( hopin who was<br />

fimous fd his bd p.rtonaG lor a lim<strong>it</strong>.d audicnc. Thk dav tls indiBlc Elior's<br />

owd c$leic ntl.<strong>of</strong>pclrtwhidh isale dernr loraspecinc cl&ss and hot genqal<br />

'or<br />

public.Inlin J3.lhe poct brinss in the phN buricdlife"{hich,in.'avallud610<br />

'fh. Bui€d LilC (13s2) by Manhcw Amold _Throughour the Ponran Eliol $eds<br />

10 supps€ tne cld6t equinffc wi$ The Buried LiL o shi.h he prcvides a<br />

ktnd <strong>of</strong> 6odem commenl!ry. a rcwriling <strong>of</strong>Amold\ Fious dmmaric oonologuc 0s a<br />

.ffin^tion satatu -.; tsosh4m, l98l:45) Elior lsain n.k6 things inuiale bv<br />

nul ing on $e mrks <strong>of</strong> p.sr msds dd i.toduciq ibniol sd n!hi'!c€d<br />

phrag. Allthis r}!e <strong>of</strong> cnd{tour helps Eliol a $lid.mrd wnh hh liledv tdd<strong>it</strong>ion

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s.ro 'tt drrinn.nirr. buNroltt Mqi<br />

mdninStul Ph6!.s<br />

objecB dd<br />

'Thc JooBcy olthe Magi" iands ror s?nioal qu51lodmving rhe lh@ si* run <strong>of</strong><br />

the ed who *enr is scarch <strong>of</strong> christ 0nd $. rruth. The Ftn n'mles lhc dimculties<br />

f&ed <strong>bt</strong> thc pilgrims. x is said lhst rhc pocm aho rorc6 ro rhe pdrs Jotrhtv<br />

ontsion ro Romo Cllholic failh. Ahnoosh tle Masi htvc onplcred then jo@'v<br />

in th. fod <strong>of</strong>thcir n w binh, fiey @ not s{hficd *i|h $en uhimat' &hievem€nr'<br />

Thc hcdlin8 <strong>of</strong> n$ binn is not clear, <strong>it</strong> h tull <strong>of</strong> dou<strong>bt</strong>s. PonBling pain dd<br />

difficultid, n eods i. p.rplexion. Th. Mtgi fatl beM6 two e{ffini's _ $e d'ad<br />

erld dd lh. dhcr td lo tkc pl@ H.Nc , hdnional Elrgious maet or rhene hA<br />

b€en tEdcd FHical\ Gvisnins and rcnrmrir!cosp.h ior)<br />

Eliot h6s tied lo hddlc rh. slorv in a srmbolic wsv. The aeou't <strong>of</strong>fie pocm is b'$d<br />

on a *mon given <strong>bt</strong> Llnc.lor AndEB o s chrinnts day in 1622 Th? $rv shnrng<br />

linet - t @A .oni,,s.. &ad oI rd.. ELt b lhe eid eoo Sn<strong>it</strong>h (6!) sp'lkins<br />

rboul thc sources ollhe po.m, Tne loun.v oilhe Mari (1921wnsturiiis<br />

&tull! r lon! difiicuh nd deoddins cxpcdirion rtsins lh' rhdlld8es ond lroubles or<br />

utuE a.d rhe sragonisr a(nude <strong>of</strong>$. fcllos b'ings ro Ser cl's ro rhe an\ts oi a<br />

nld.ry {hich is oincdis. unslEbl. bv humu dp'i'n@ 'nd wisdon All lhh is<br />

''d*ribcd by Eliol in stonglv colloql<strong>it</strong>l thmss dd'pkd rmm one ol Lancelot<br />

AndEwB em<strong>of</strong>t <strong>of</strong> thc NdiY<strong>it</strong>v " H. ale quotes lhe Glcvut lin's ol {ndEws<br />

smon lhar blts abod $. hordship ol thc rin' *ho lh' jounev *6 und'ri'lo'<br />

'"ahe *!ys d*p.lhc {a$d shtp.lh. dlvs short lh' sun r"tlEd oll i' sA'lio<br />

,rr,ali, \he veq doad <strong>of</strong>winler'(Andrc*cr sedonl li addirion sm<strong>it</strong> nenlions a<br />

numb.r ol po$iblc sourccs. f:lioll@k h.lp ol io compo* rhis p'en Sr"Lohn r'ff s<br />

/er6a *hich Elior hntlar.d inlo EtrSlisl md Pblisttd <strong>it</strong> in l93q Kipling\ t,l.<br />

E plov sd Pdd's ExiL\ k'ter & lhc woi6 us'd in $c maldng ol Fli<strong>of</strong>s'Tne<br />

Jouhry ollhe M!gi" Likcin The Hollo* Men" and Ih'\lltsteL^ " lhe coaen<br />

,o,s, !g.in mal6 s Flcvanr otrt in $h Joun'v c6*rord (1987) Fe'rions<br />

149

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''vick4y ovGmph.sizcs v.set lion Eadnces by clarins th. rempmrc vrllev<br />

smerUrg <strong>of</strong>t.g.<strong>bt</strong>ion wilh ns ldnni.g *dn b a poniculat sceic in thc Gouen<br />

,o!sn " Elior seeo, io be 3trc.gly hrunicd dd so much inpre$cd by F@i.n cyclca<br />

ol f.nililr lhat whencv.r he finds chde. hc mtk.s b€3 u$ or \'<br />

Ch.pter Slx<br />

Ir rhe liShr <strong>of</strong> rhe indep|n nud' dd elysis <strong>of</strong> die sl4r.d sork5 <strong>of</strong> llior. E<br />

El@her h.s been able ro come ro rhe followins poinls le8rdding rhe Nhole sludy<br />

Tte conclldin8 Doinb a6our rhe No majo. concerts @ sivo scpdrcly.<br />

5.1 T. S. Elior $d rh. Colalt oa IoFMr.l<strong>it</strong>t <strong>of</strong> P*rry<br />

To Eliot lh. @nepl <strong>of</strong> inp.@@lily o9Dli6 on rh. way ol expdsine onc I lelinsa<br />

emotions and .xp.ri.nces in p.€lry.<br />

By imp.M.lnt Eliot n@s .he u$ <strong>of</strong> 3uch wo(ls, phm6 ih.s$, sFbot. objcrs<br />

lnd sirladons *hich musr bring our rle imend.d nedings dd lelinrs r*i.g binh in<br />

the mind <strong>of</strong>th. poet or anis| To Eliol imFmnaliry meaN rhah pem isnevd ever d<br />

acounr <strong>of</strong> n.e *lf-cxtEsion but <strong>it</strong>s . kind <strong>of</strong> toshlping ot exp€.i.nce Nhi.h c.n<br />

Ecearc ilsell in $e mind <strong>of</strong> a reader ale by ncans ol oblddlirc corretlrilD<br />

Obj4tivc @ftLtiv. is e es.irl ud b.frdiry motht ro brinA b lne lurfE de<br />

proposcd feelings and expcricnccs lor rhe close urdusranding oi lhe rcad.r for<br />

objctiv. coclative Ev.aG d. innd sorld <strong>of</strong>a In.rlry kir.' or anisl pilh fie h.lp oa<br />

sublle Md appropriaE phreoloSt ud s<strong>it</strong>ualioos to ob.jlr l! rhcdilfsieeftus.<br />

The p@r has suc$iulty ddh sirh a veisty <strong>of</strong> despeole ides Lik€ hoiior dosdlarion.<br />

m@h.nic"l s.y <strong>of</strong> sq, disinrsrlrion <strong>of</strong> a@ilt Elarions, rclisjon md ciry tif. by<br />

objariliinefich *ilh lhe hclp oradequarc diclion. obj.cts and scene in hirl.ems.<br />

tili<strong>of</strong>s major pocms like Tne wasre Lond . lour Quders', "Ash w.dnesd.y,.<br />

''Love Song ol J. Alfed Prufck , -.Hollor Me. crc prcduce a SEr dal <strong>of</strong><br />

imFr$nar .,I*t i. then suseoert od sbj4r 6ano.<br />

150

---

Imasca lil. slrets. yellow fo8, chinn.y{61, Mich*l Angelo, bunadx dcad led,<br />

dlll @G, hsp <strong>of</strong> brctfl in'36, shado*. lidl6s ct€i rvpis! .ed $lld f@s. shtt'<br />

widsul lm, sh.d. w<strong>it</strong>hout @lour, g6ruc *irhol oorion, violed $uk t d @v<br />

nc dir..tly !!Fd ro th. wios sB <strong>of</strong> s u&r b t one snh lnc pct ro rcl and<br />

undcu(and tn. Docts mind dd expcdcn€<br />

How.ver, lhde lre o lew occasions rhee fie po.l ffs b be mor' p€@ntl tan<br />

iopeMnal like in rhe pcm Hollo* Mcn" in Qhich lil1le objeclifislion hos ben<br />

oainLin.d, thc tone ffd impre$ion tE quilc pchonol<br />

As . m.Gr <strong>of</strong> fe! a eEl nunbq <strong>of</strong> cr<strong>it</strong>ics, diEcllv sd indiddt wil'6s Elior\<br />

Mplc o$ <strong>of</strong> sucfi {hvi6 in his po.fv to mtinbin $e slid inpc$ion <strong>of</strong><br />

anp.mnal<strong>it</strong>y. The criricis d Elior's { t, bv veio6 &<strong>it</strong>i6 <strong>of</strong> Gprt' md th'<br />

qdlir.liv. eelysis oahh pem! i. thk sudl @ncludes posnively a consid'mbl'<br />

.greemc in Eliors crilical conceF ie _impestal<strong>it</strong>, oi poetrv-5nd his FAi!<br />

6,2 T, s. Ellot dd rhe colcepl ot L<strong>it</strong> dryTndirio!<br />

Lldqy radnion is th. s@nd D@t imPodtt in8enious @n€pl pul foNird bv T S<br />

Eliot.<br />

By lil.ttty hdilion. Etid ma5, <strong>it</strong>r ! r}lical dvnmic se thc @ntinujtt or psl<br />

liledry eo s. id.6, Gch.iqus dd rctds add.d by mod€d thousn6 ud $bj*ts<br />

To Eliot rh. whole <strong>of</strong> Euopc, since fie Grc.k lihe. is fie loundarion lound to uphold<br />

rhc mncpt <strong>of</strong> lherary nld<strong>it</strong>ion. Eliot is ccn{id lbout the fact th,t th. g(d poer u<br />

alwats cl6.ly @nsirrenl lo his foMunn.m And gmduallv enerses in a hamoiious<br />

ndncr.W<strong>it</strong>d <strong>of</strong> dl nn€s musr @m. uid4 $. innuenc. <strong>of</strong> lhe w.vs dd id6 or<br />

tn.n os. tim6. The pl@ dd sidy *iU lle h!t. ihcn ined 'n d* wh'n rhis is<br />

whar 0.16 hdnion tud T S Eliot beli.v.s in $e BEa sisrifiae ol hdnion $h'ch<br />

hl hs .xhibn d in his cMrir. won (L*y: 07)<br />

Elior dG apprcciale Dodd individualtd.nr tul ne.serily hdb be <strong>it</strong>rrhc hncor<br />

and in touch wilh lhe roiks ud idd <strong>of</strong> pist l<strong>it</strong>erdv mane6<br />

sorh dnei lnd indiEcl allusionc quolalions dd rclerences hlve b*n us'd os tooh ro<br />

n.i.t!in th. proclaimed @nc.pr ot lilcdry hdnion Eliols ow' wo is n{kcd wirh<br />

idos ol tadilion and oodcdn) in rh. lnrnr or Inclincs dd int'llst$l dilllcult!<br />

151

---

e foud ii thc Mcbph'liol pdry or wolcnrh cflory<br />

FFns oNid.mbly d.ricr his Bivcn ido 6f ft.E y radilion, 'rlie<br />

on. <strong>of</strong> rhc moe rcpE$nlrtiv. tro*s !o p.ndt rhe 6.cepr <strong>of</strong><br />

'Th€ Wa5t€ Led is a Srat.smple <strong>of</strong>dcpictin8 l<strong>it</strong>erary lddiiion fiis Doem is o<br />

dalgmrlid <strong>of</strong> rtrious inag.s <strong>of</strong> hodcn lifc *<strong>it</strong>l l<strong>it</strong>.nry allusions and quo<strong>bt</strong>ion!<br />

rcliAious slmbolisd, tnd eiercncas ro vdy old and medieval si.lis. legendn<br />

rolklo* md m'lholosies. ve8etatioi and fcnil<strong>it</strong>y riles, I also includes Ffemces ro<br />

EslenEliglonsa.dphilosophicsilhepocnctphasi?eslhen$<strong>of</strong><strong>it</strong>riliqanddespan<br />

md e$os. siety on ils l.n le$, bd the ciding <strong>of</strong>fie poem suggs6 hope <strong>of</strong><br />

acovery dd r.dcmplion thouh conccpts.nd in4es gnund€d in tie lnrlgmarjod<br />

<strong>of</strong>chrisiandd Edr.m ie Hindu dd Buddhht thNlogJ.<br />

W<strong>it</strong>h dE help <strong>of</strong> explo<strong>it</strong>ing lh. wo s ol dift Ent rimes. dlids and logurge* Elior<br />

hrs trisn hard b comply *irh his givcn con..pl <strong>of</strong> lil.Fry hd<strong>it</strong>ion along eirh erposjn3<br />

his oB talflt od .xpsienc.. Cvg. (lo6?:24t) oncluding hir Ema*s on 'Four<br />

QuaftB eti 'lnded _For Qu.nds" n.y b. sid bod o or8qje his inh€nbce<br />

dd b uniry his erp€ri.nc. Eliot did nd ol) u* hjs predsed *d s to Bj\e<br />

nding ro his own wort bul *nh his wdk h. h.lp.d h<strong>it</strong> rouowd io sive d€siEd<br />

m@ing io lh.ir rc*' ThE h. sll.63full} rlnsl.t€d his giren q'<strong>it</strong>ical onc.Ds inro<br />

! p@ri@l $ap. ol l<strong>it</strong> <strong>it</strong>y lEdilio lo t 1.r8. slc. H R willim$ (60) sird<br />

dcludin3 mcrks ans cxlni.iig Elior! !h6ty <strong>of</strong> podry sying $a hoNever<br />

d<strong>it</strong>icult ffd vaeud his pocms mcy bc. fict o 3 3tc6r exrcnr, follo* his p.€ric theory ol<br />

imFMnaliry and tadiiion. crav.n (2001) llso conclusivelt cnttks rhal rhe theory<br />

put foNed by T S Eliot did nol fil only his own po.lry bul il aho enmmpGsd a lol <strong>of</strong><br />

TBd<strong>it</strong>ion is the accumulaLd qisdoh .nd .xp€ri.nc. <strong>of</strong> the ag€s. The hdnional<br />

elemenls in !nlre ho€ impo.tanr thon thc so oallcd individualisric and orisi.alPds<br />

<strong>of</strong>! work. Tmd<strong>it</strong>ion is a livins order, dnd ooml.ru rs I exi$s but bh nodi'ied b' lne<br />

addnion <strong>of</strong> a new work b ns od.u Th. pdt mu$ &cept rodirion as rhe outide<br />

authq<strong>it</strong>y. ThG *ould imDoe thc rcquiEd disilipnc ed order o. hn expeiences<br />

sun d c€Fdc. .loc cu polcd Englkh pocl.t ftom d.g@diin8 i o chms ud<br />

dkorde. lior in his o*n pclry !s strbols and m.talhoE which tE not pivac md<br />

152

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.yond rh. comp€hd3ion <strong>of</strong> th. oursidn bur \rhich have <strong>it</strong>s*<strong>it</strong>tion v<strong>it</strong>h lrtd<strong>it</strong>iontl<br />

|neduE dd pan das, Eliot rrics lo hisn<strong>it</strong> an objcc.ive vicw <strong>of</strong>soci.t' usins 6i<br />

imp€Mnil slmboltm in ord.r ro &complkh il. Not onl) dG rmdnion clariry lh.<br />

Ehtion U*en s'nbol od obje! b n is iL$llah.rcd by rhe rclalionship. n isfius<br />

shown lo be v<strong>it</strong>al fore. lt is the backsound qded by l<strong>it</strong>.Ery hdnion dat is lhc<br />

lrioary obj@rive cocl{iv. in Eliott poa.y- n is in th. ft.nry m]rhs <strong>of</strong> dE pd rhd<br />

arcusd as belground fo. his poelry.11. onic too has 10 lcquirc. en* ul tad<strong>it</strong>ion<br />

ifhe is lo p.rlom his duty in o medin3ful ad b€riuing msner,<br />

6.3 Conlrtbdlon<strong>of</strong>theTld<strong>it</strong><br />

Ahhoud r lot or things hav. llready bdn louchei uDon by 4 nunbs <strong>of</strong>c.ilics and<br />

scholG on $e cniicisn od p.clD <strong>of</strong>T s liliot thG tsctrch sudt ha5 arcmpli ro<br />

cooe to ! dcfinn @rclusion by oalhi4 sd evtlualins Eliols w<strong>of</strong>ts a well 6<br />

stnrhesizing lhe q<strong>it</strong>ict comme.Ls on . liven<br />

thcsis The EscaEher ha code to<br />

winding up thtt Eliot, ro a msid.EbL exrcnt hG ben tble b ilglt his mSeniols<br />

cr<strong>it</strong>ic.l conceDts, nanely imp.@talily <strong>of</strong> poedy ond |<strong>it</strong>€drt ladilion' lo his own<br />

F.rry. Tnis @nclusion pos<strong>it</strong>iv.ly adds |o the exining bull <strong>of</strong> k orled8l Es&dins<br />

criricism o. Elioas rc s in ptniculd dd gddlly ro lhe !6tn $ <strong>of</strong> lilddtut 6 .<br />

b@ch <strong>of</strong> ercative cu m cl<strong>it</strong>isl knowledge.<br />

The outcomc ol $ h nudy, havinS pmven thc tssun pl ion derem ines the !n swer to tftc<br />

qD.ry firr <strong>bt</strong> skilltully mploying ! number or im.$s, svnbols silualioneivdr\<br />

checler dd mdgpl[es, tn. Pd h6 pos<strong>it</strong>ivclv @nfoded b h<strong>it</strong> giv.n mred <strong>of</strong><br />

inpssnalily <strong>of</strong> po.rry. On lh. o$e! h.nd by utilizing the Dertin€tuIand impononl<br />

allusions ad EfeRnces <strong>of</strong>$c prc&c.sntrf soAs ftc Ftr .ould ndc rlte his<br />

unique @ncepl <strong>of</strong>l.adirion inlo his po€try As h opin.d bv H R willimen (10)rhd in<br />

lh€ middl. <strong>of</strong> the ieo(.<strong>it</strong>h c.nrury, Elioas innHc. on Enslish pelry is onc o' th.<br />

mo{ Em$tl<strong>bt</strong>e on6. hc n6 lhc @sl onl.ibutio. in chdging dd 6n!pin3 fic<br />

cow* <strong>of</strong>English poary. Thus, thc st!d, conl bues to $e exisrins da <strong>of</strong> rhe lileBrv<br />

3rudi€5 6s.ning $al T s Elior .fdirely corfoo. to his giv.n cftical con*p6 x<br />

aho pos<strong>it</strong>ivclt sub$a.!iar6lhe p@ricabilnl<strong>of</strong>fie siven ciiictl co.ceprs in the lield<br />

<strong>of</strong> po€lr), The rbesis is no{ $onh quenching de lhti <strong>of</strong> a read" tryiry lo p'rc'rv'<br />

153

---

nd esliD!& ElioCs s€rio!3 irvolvmot It mainllining <strong>it</strong>d shlPlng ut rnt liio{ry<br />

.srir<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong> hb os dft .n

---

A<strong>bt</strong>u.!, LdE Nic*n d. r?tsl! tul Stut*t* oI a M/h: 71e Een 's MotiI k T s<br />

Erd i' t/,rt sou$ Anelic Rdiew, vol.52. No 2 (Ma!. 1987) pp. 6t_34<br />

Acostl Fidel F6j6tdo. nf WasE Lmd.<br />

I 200l' 2@2 2544'?ln4<br />

Ak6, Fnk6. Pd tD t . PEst ond Ftw in the P6! : T s El'ot s Fov M'B<br />

A:ll Anniq: / (;losatr ol L<strong>it</strong>etur Tetut<br />

25_09_200?<br />

Amb€n. Anne_Marie P6tricii A Ad]!r.*tl Unde<strong>bt</strong>andnAand Etalu'ng<br />

(tali@nE R.slarch Jolilrt nt M$iag. lnd lne Fmilv, vol 5? No 4 (Nov<br />

19950)<br />

Are.Wiltim. frcd<strong>it</strong>ioi anA TtE wue Ltid<br />

20-8-2002<br />

Annd Mdia Aiuzi RrRcading Ts Elior's Tddhion dd the tndividual lalenf<br />

htu://uc6.mimi idsiderdtiu irs Dho 2M_20o6<br />

Axelrcd, Rise B Ttu St Matin! Cnide to ltirine NN Yo*: $ M'nin\<br />

155

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B*s. Ch nophet, Porphw\ Rov: Keau anl T S tliot s "rhe Metapbsiat loqs.<br />

rourol <strong>of</strong> Mod.m Lic6rG. v. 2?, N. u2. (Fall 2001).<br />

Serjq Ron D. K. Ir. Da,r.d, orenig: Thz Eptetuph b " Pn lN*<br />

87, No. 7, ConpardtiE L<strong>it</strong> r.i!F. (D.!. t972).<br />

MLN. vot<br />

B.lfh Rog.r. ?tp Jer'k b, ,/,+gune od th2 D.nso oI Padxb in th. FDW<br />

qlaret.

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C.dmn, Dnvid. Eliot, Sl.nod ohd<br />

l 2_06'2003<br />

Chrdsick. chlrles, 7t? FBtr tt6oli,,r, Encvclop€dh<br />

Ed, Mrdin Corl. d .1. t-ondon Rou{edge lsql.29J<br />

Pallh d Tnd<strong>it</strong>ior'<br />

Chsdrcn, K, Neayana srar'l, ln The vase Lonn Aneti@nL<strong>it</strong>edture' Vol 6l<br />

chris! cel T.. T s Eliot od tlg r/ic!o"m Modcs Philol4v vol T9 Noz<br />

lrw Song <strong>of</strong>J AlfEd Prudel. ch$ic Nda<br />

C]gDns,Siaq M,-,1th l4.d*e,,v: TtE Pwstutio<br />

L<strong>it</strong>erdorc. Vol lI,No 4 (Aulunn.1959)<br />

<strong>of</strong> Lil.rature od cdti.is6<br />

in a Lt Lm Lltod. c.nga,ni\.<br />

C@tz@ !. M. tuerpt !rcn'Sous.r t/lorr' Penguin B@ts USA Todav'<br />

Corddg!,,s.r' AiosoPhn L<strong>it</strong>.tdiL Lodd: J- M D€nr& Sd3 Ltd (1960)'<br />

CeBb.s, H frSlrt, L<strong>it</strong>.tde Mdde St'ri' London: Ho*trd i! Wvtrdhm<br />

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Co*ford. Rob.n, (,r Ytr .6!u'}) o/r& ,lrarf . Tn Srvqc .!n lh. C<strong>it</strong>y ii rlE M*<br />

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Cnaing'lh" l('i. ,tth tr..br&y atd L Utl b.tu .n Dttna a"d Btdh. Ttt Sottl<br />

Alldric Qulr.dt - vol. 103, No.l, 1vinr6 2004, p?. 193-21'l<br />

Dlll.i Eliah.lrr s. Ct]@ C@',raE ad rrr /co!' gr&tr,r. Comp.r.tivc L<strong>it</strong> ntuE.<br />

vol. l7. No. l. (Suhh.r. 1965).<br />

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Fwll, Plul Jr, ft. Crrn'srn olirroltStrnt ELH, vol- 22, No 3. (s4? l9J5)<br />

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4d world LiB.ruE, {1950)<br />

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1958), pt. 29t304.<br />

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Heydel, MaCda .htu:/,^rw,fi li.,i..dujl/ifdba.klad/oakl<br />

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loh.n*tr Roben lr. a,k td,t P.Baml R.htiushiP N<strong>it</strong>h IS El<strong>bt</strong>\ PMrr' ld.<br />

Vst t<strong>it</strong> 'rd.js- Wkical l,4.tlo.b <strong>of</strong>Mat rrnd (}<strong>it</strong>icbn: ot6 d f S Elid\<br />

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Linflm. vol. 61, No. 2 (2006), 160-179,<br />

Mtjq. lolnt M. Eliot t c.re"tion atul As fou L<strong>it</strong> x. M.,ldn l^gug. Nde: vol-<br />

Mdin coyl., Pcr€r G&sid. ct .f. (Edt), cticin, Ettr:lowtia <strong>of</strong> Lireuw ata.<br />

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Manin. Mclissa -tpar&vo,? ,, ,rrl i P@/4.<br />

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Adqich Ln dfurc- A Res.eb dd Rclircdcs Guide.<br />

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16E

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T,S, EUo. - A Bri.f Ch b.oroa/<br />

T S, Eli6t OlFm6 stm EhoU *6 bod on s.pFbo 2b 1888 H. $ould b€!m'<br />

a lmo6 nodmi$ qi&r. lnown ro. *orts likc The w.neldd'ed 'rhe kve Son!<br />

<strong>of</strong>J. Alned Prfi@k. Re.d on,<br />

1888On Stpr.mbd 26. Tllomas Srdns llliot las horn inSr' LouL Missouri lltr<br />

p.E s wd H.nr) We ed Chalorc Sr.lms Elior'<br />

1898 T.S. Elior .ndded Sdilh Acadmy in Sl Louc<br />

I9O5 T.S. Elior .n ftl€d Milton academy in Msshuens<br />

1906-10T.S. Eliol ane.d.d Hwrd. He c.d s)m@s s lhc SFbousl Moveodr In<br />

Lirentue" dd the poeFy <strong>of</strong> Lafoiele. He also slDdicd w<strong>it</strong>h ceorSe s.n$vana md<br />

lglGll H. sD.nt t yar d thc Sorbo.e in Peis lnrhcshmo<strong>of</strong>I9ll.I S Elior<br />

finbh.d ! r.r;ion <strong>of</strong>"Thc t vc sos <strong>of</strong>J. Altun Pdtel<br />

I9l l - 14 T.S. Elioi on@ aeain lttended Hsvlrd, studving philo$ph, 6 a 36d@1.<br />

nud.nl- H. bcgd his dcMl lh6is o F.H. Bmdley<br />

l9l4T.S, Eliot wrlo Enellid on a fetlo*hip. H. mct Ezn P@.d<br />

l9l5OnJun.26.hendicd Vivien Htigh-w{rd He hcAln puhlhhinl poms.<br />

l916 Eliot bclrn ro*ing6a@herat HaSnsllerunio Schml Hctle l*orcd<br />

l9l7 "Pdliock dd oih.r Obenalion" .pp.t€n. Eliol tml a posilion 6t Llolds B6nk<br />

in rh. colonill 6d FoFigir D.prfnol.<br />

19 | 9 ah vos Prec" Ms publishcd- 'Ihd<strong>it</strong>io dd the Individutl Ttlmr" .pFaBd in<br />

1920 The sacrd wdrd qBpublished.<br />

192 | Eliot tok s tav€ <strong>of</strong>.bsne fom Lloyds aad. Hc sEyen al Mtrglte dd<br />

Loussrc, During this rim., h. fnish.d dhfis or ''rhc Wane La.d.<br />

1922 Th. wds r{d" N$ published. Th. fi6r isuc <strong>of</strong> ct<strong>it</strong>erion lholpF ad<br />

1925 Pdds 19091925' *6 published. [lior joined thc Dublishjne ho@ <strong>of</strong> Fabq &<br />

1927 T.s. Eliol h€@md a n.nbe orrhc church ol EnSland T s. Eliot al$ b€conc .<br />

1928'ForLdncclorAndrewcd w6Dublbhcd.<br />

170

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l9l0 Ast-wednesdar' wa published,<br />

l9l2 "s.leled Estr l9l7-1912 tr6publish€d.<br />

1933 'Tbs Ue ol Poary md lh. Use <strong>of</strong> Criicism" w6 publthcd, H€ sprll€d fron<br />

1934 ARer Strang. Go&" *.s pubhhed, 'The R@k: A Pagcant Pla)' sqs Frlomcd<br />

|935'Mudgin$.Calhcdral'N$p.rfom€d.<br />

l916rcol|creiPeF: 1909-I9l5 $apublishcd<br />

l9l9 Th. Family R.uion" was perfomd The ld.aola Chlktion Sei.ty wa<br />

1940 Ealt Cok '! wG publishd.<br />

|9al Th. Dr, S.lv.g6" *a publi.h.d.<br />

1942 "Link Ciddin8" 86 publishcd.<br />

1943 T.S. Eliol won the Nob€l Pria aor Lirc.lrure. Notes To*dds lh. D.irnion or<br />

|9,19 Thc C@tr.il Plrty'ws !!rfomd.<br />

1953 "Tfie Conidcntial Clelt" rs pe.fomed.<br />

| 957 On Janudy 10. T.S. Eliot nlrried Valerie Flclcho. ^on Poerry &d Poets" w.s<br />

| 958 ''rh. Eld.r srr.sd" *B pqfod.d.<br />

l963 Collcded Pehs 1909-t962"appen d.<br />

1965 On ranurry 4, T.S, Eliotdicd,<br />

171