Italian states to 1861 P-V

17th cent. - 10 Feb 1798; 3 Jul 1800 - c.1803	c.1803 - 17 May 1809;  14 Mar 1814 - 17 Sep 1825	15 Feb 1798 - 24 Feb1798 Roman Republic
24 Feb 1798 - 27 Nov 1798; 12 Dec 1798 - 29 Sep 1799 Roman Republic	17 Sep 1825 - 20 Sep 1870	12 Feb 1849 - 6 May 1849 Roman Republic
6 May 1849 - 4 Jul 1849 Roman Republic

14 Apr 754                 Donation of Pepin creates a temporal Papal State for the Popes
                             of the Roman Catholic Church (also called the Papal States 
                             or the States of the Church; in Latin Status Pontificius, in
                             Italian Stato della Chiesa)(confirmed 756 and 774, codified in
                             781).
28 Aug 846                 Arab raid against Rome.
883 - Jun 915              Arabs establish a colony next to the ancient city of Minturnae, near
                             the Garigliano River.
13 Feb 962                 Privilegium Ottonianum, signed by Emperor Otto I and Pope John XII,
                             confirming the Donation of Pepin
16 Jul 1054                The "Great Schism" divides the church into Eastern (Orthodox) and 
                             Western (Roman Catholic) churches.
28 May 1084 - Jun 1084     Normans sack Rome.
24 Jul 1177                By the Treaty of Venice Emperor Frederick I recognized the temporal
                             rights of the Pope over the city of Rome.
1198                       Duchy of Spoleto annexed (briefly under imperial rule 1222-1228).
 9 Mar 1309 - 17 Jan 1377  Popes rule from Avignon in modern day France, this era has been 
                             referred to as the "Babylonian captivity of the Church" by 
                             some historians.
20 May 1347 - 15 Dec 1347  Cola di Rienzo (b. c.1313 - d. 1354) becomes tribune and attempts
                             to restore the Roman Republic.
20 Jun 1357 - 22 Oct 1378  Cesena annexed.
20 Sep 1378 - 12 Mar 1403  During the "Great Schism" rival (anti-)Popes rule from Avignon.
29 May 1434 - 25 Oct 1434  Roman Republic declared in rebellion under the Banderesi and the
                             seven governors.
25 Sep 1463                Fano Lordship annexed (confirmed 3 Feb 1520).
20 Nov 1465                Cesena re-annexed.
31 Dec 1494 - 28 Jan 1495  French occupation of Rome.
1504                       Pentapoli marittima re-annexed (Imola on 26 Dec 1504; Forlì on
                             7 Apr 1504; Ravenna on 21 May 1509; and Faenza in May 1509).
 3 Feb 1520                Fermo Lordship annexed.
 6 May 1527                Imperial forces sack Rome.
17 Jun 1528                Rimini re-incorporated.
1554                       Perugia re-incorporated.
22 Jun 1692                Nepotism is outlawed in Papal Bull Romanum decet Pontificem.
10 Feb 1798 - 27 Nov 1798  Rome occupied by France.
15 Feb 1798 - 30 Sep 1799  In rebellion: Roman Republic (Repubblica Romana/République Romaine).
27 Nov 1798 - 12 Dec 1798  Rome occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
11 Jul 1799 - 28 Sep 1799  Rome occupied France.
30 Sep 1799 -  3 Jul 1800  Rome occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
22 Jun 1800                The government of Rome and provinces is transferred from the
                             commander-in-chief of the army of the "Sicily" (Naples) to the
                             legates appointed by Pius VII, proclamations of the commander-in
                             -chief and of the legates of 22 Jun 1800.
 3 Jul 1800                Papal State (restored).
Nov 1807                   France occupies provinces of Urbino, Macerata, Fermo and Spoleto;
                             on 11 May 1808 annexed to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.
 2 Feb 1809 - 17 May 1809  French occupation of Rome, Latium and Umbria.
17 May 1809                Papal State (Rome and Latium) "re-united" with France in accordance
                             with an imperial decree issued by the Emperor of the French on
                             17 May 1809 in Vienna. Divided into départements of Tibre (from
                             1810, Rome) and Trasimène.
10 Jun 1809                Incorporation of the Papal States into the French Empire is declared
                             by a proclamation of the Consulta straordinaria issued in Rome
                             on 10 Jun 1809.
17 Feb 1810                Rome is declared to be the second capital of the French Empire.
20 Mar 1811                Title "King of Rome" given to Napoléon I's infant son.
19 Jan 1814 - 11 May 1814  Rome occupied by Naples (under Murat).
14 Mar 1814                Papal State (restored).
11 May 1814                The government of Rome and provinces is transferred from the
                             representative of the King of the Two Sicilies to the apostolic
                             delegate, public ceremony, Rome.
22 Mar 1815                Rome occupied by Naples (under Murat).
22 May 1815 -  7 Jun 1815  Austrian occupation.
 7 Jun 1815                Papal State (restored).
18 Jul 1815                The Legations are remitted to the Pope.
26 Feb 1831 - 26 Apr 1831  In rebellion: United Italian Provinces.
1831 - 1838                Romagna occupied by Austria and France.
14 Mar 1848                Fundamental Statute for the Temporal Government of the States of
                             Holy Church (Statuto Fondamentale pel Governo Temporale degli Stati
                             di Santa Chiesa) is issued by the Pope.
 9 Feb 1849 -  4 Jul 1849  In rebellion: Roman Republic (Repubblica Romana).
 4 Jul 1849 -  3 Aug 1849  Rome occupied by France.
 4 Jul 1849 -  7 Aug 1870  French troops garrison Rome.
 1 Aug 1849                The government of the Papal States is transferred from the commander
                             -in-chief of the army of France to a commission appointed by
                             Pius IX, order of the commander-in-chief of 1 Aug 1849.
1849 - 1859                Austrian troops garrison the Legations of Romagna and the Marches.
18 Mar 1860                Sardinia annexes Romagna (Bologna, Ferrara, Ravenna).
17 Dec 1860                Sardinia annexes Umbria, the Marches, Benevento (on 25 Oct 1860),
                             and Pontecorvo (on 26 Dec 1860).
20 Sep 1870                Act of capitulation is signed by the commanders-in-chief of the
                             troops of the Papal States and of the troops of the King of Italy
                             in Villa Albani on 20 Sep 1870.
 9 Oct 1870                Rome and Roman provinces (Provincie Romane) are incorporated into
                             the Kingdom of Italy.
 7 Jun 1929                State of Vatican City, independent from Italy.

Popes (as Sovereigns of the Papal State)¹
- in Rome -
14 Apr 754 -  7 Jul 1304   see Popes of the Roman Catholic Church
- in Avignon - 
 5 Jun 1305 - 20 Apr 1314  Clemens V (= Clement V)               (b. 1264 - d. 1314)
                             (Bertrand de Got)
                             (in Avignon from Mar 1309)
20 Apr 1314 -  7 Aug 1316  interregnum
 7 Aug 1316 -  4 Dec 1334  Ioannes XXII (= John XXII)            (b. 1249 - d. 1334)
                             (Jacques-Arnaud d'Euse)(in Avignon)
12 May 1328 - 25 Aug 1330  Nicolaus V (= Nicholas V)             (b. c.1260 - d. 1333)
                             (Pietro Rainalducci) (anti-pope)
                             (in Rome, then Viterbo)
30 Dec 1335 - 25 Apr 1342  Benedictus XII (= Benedict XII)       (b. 1285 - d. 1342)
                             (Jacques Fournier)
 7 May 1342 -  6 Dec 1352  Clemens VI (= Clement VI)             (b. 1291 - d. 1352)
                             (Pierre Roger)
18 Dec 1352 - 12 Sep 1362  Innocentius VI (= Innocent VI)        (b. 1282 - d. 1362)
                             (Étienne Aubert)
28 Sep 1362 - 19 Dec 1370  Urbanus V (= Urban V)                 (b. 1310 - d. 1370)
                             (Guillaume de Grimoard)
30 Dec 1370 - 17 Jan 1377  Gregorius XI (= Gregory XI)           (b. 1329 - d. 1378)
                             (Pierre Roger de Beaufort)
                             (in Avignon to 13 Sep 1376, then Rome from 17 Jan 1377)
20 Sep 1378 - 16 Sep 1394  Clemens VII (= Clement VII)           (b. 1342 - d. 1394)
                             (Robert de Genève)
16 Sep 1394 - 28 Sep 1394  Pietro Cardinale Corsini              (b. c.1335 - d. 1405)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
28 Sep 1394 -  4 Jul 1415  Benedictus XIII  (= Benedict XIII)    (b. c.1328 - d. 1423)
                             (Pedro Martínez de Luna)
                             (anti-Pope from 5 Jun 1409)
- in Rome -
17 Jan 1377 - 27 Mar 1378  Gregorius XI                          (s.a.)
27 Mar 1378 -  8 Apr 1378  Pietro Cardinale Corsini              (b. c.1335 - d. 1405)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
 8 Apr 1378 - 15 Oct 1389  Urbanus VI (= Urban VI)               (b. c.1318 - d. 1389)
                             (Bartolomeo Prignano)  
15 Oct 1389 -  2 Nov 1389  Francesco Moricotti Prignani          (b. 131. - d. 1394)
                             Cardinale Butillo
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
 2 Nov 1389 -  1 Oct 1404  Bonifacius IX (= Boniface IX)         (b. c.1359 - d. 1404)
                             (Pietro Tomacelli)  
 1 Oct 1404 - 17 Oct 1404  Angelo Cardinale Acciajuoli           (b. 1340 - d. 1408)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (1st time)
17 Oct 1404 -  6 Nov 1406  Innocentius VII (= Innocent VII)      (b. 1336 - d. 1406)
                             (Cosimo de' Migliorati) 
 6 Nov 1406 - 30 Nov 1406  Angelo Cardinale Acciajuoli           (s.a.)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (2nd time)
30 Nov 1406 -  4 Jul 1415  Gregorius XII (= Gregory XII)         (b. c.1327 - d. 1417)
                            (Angelo Correr)
                            (anti-Pope from 5 Jun 1409)
- in Pisa -
 5 Jun 1409 - 26 Jun 1409  Enrico Cardinale Minutoli             (b. 133. - d. 1412)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (1st time)
26 Jun 1409 -  3 May 1410  Alexander V                           (b. c.1339 - d. 1410)
                             (Pietro Philargi) 
 3 May 1410 - 17 May 1410  Enrico Cardinale Minutoli             (s.a.)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (2nd time)
17 May 1410 - 29 May 1415  Ioannes XXIII (= John XXIII)          (b. c.1370 - d. 1419)
                             (Baldassarre Cossa) (anti-Pope)
- in Rome -
 4 Jul 1415 - 11 Nov 1417  Jean Cardinal Allarmet de Brogny      (b. 1342 - d. 1426)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
11 Nov 1417 - 20 Feb 1431  Martinus V (= Martin V)               (b. 1368 - d. 1431)
                             (Oddone Colonna)   
20 Feb 1431 -  3 Mar 1431  Antonio Cardinale Correr              (b. 1359 - d. 1445)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
 3 Mar 1431 - 23 Feb 1447  Eugenius IV (= Eugene IV)             (b. 1383? - d. 1447)
                            (Gabriele Condulmer)
 5 Nov 1439 -  7 Apr 1449  Felix V  (anti-Pope) (in Basel)       (b. 1383 - d. 1451)
                             (Amadeo VIII, duca di Savoia)
23 Feb 1447 -  6 Mar 1447  Giovanni Cardinale Berardi            (b. c.1380 - d. 1449)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
 6 Mar 1447 - 24 Mar 1455  Nicolaus V (= Nicholas V)             (b. 1397 - d. 1455)
                             (Tommaso Parentucelli)
24 Mar 1455 -  8 Apr 1455  Giorgio Cardinale Fieschi (1st time)  (b. 140. - d. 1461)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
 8 Apr 1455 -  6 Aug 1458  Calixtus III                          (b. 1378 - d. 1458)
                             (Alfonso Borja)
 6 Aug 1458 - 19 Aug 1458  Giorgio Cardinale Fieschi (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
19 Aug 1458 - 14 Aug 1464  Pius II                               (b. 1405 - d. 1464)
                            (Enea Silvio Piccolomini) 
14 Aug 1464 - 30 Aug 1464  Guillaume Cardinal d'Estouteville     (b. 1403 - d. 1483)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (1st time)
30 Aug 1464 - 26 Jul 1471  Paulus II (= Paul II)                 (b. 1417 - d. 1471)
                             (Pietro Barbo)   
26 Jul 1471 -  9 Aug 1471  Guillaume Cardinal d'Estouteville     (s.a.)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (2nd time)
 9 Aug 1471 - 12 Aug 1484  Xystus IV (= Sixtus IV)               (b. 1414 - d. 1484)
                             (Francesco della Rovere)
12 Aug 1484 - 29 Aug 1484  Rodrigo Lanzol Cardinale de Borja     (b. 1431 - d. 1503)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (1st time)
29 Aug 1484 - 25 Jul 1492  Innocentius VIII (= Innocent VIII)    (b. 1432 - d. 1492)
                             (Giovanni Battista Cybo)
25 Jul 1492 - 11 Aug 1492  Rodrigo Lanzol Cardinale de Borja     (s.a.)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (2nd time)
11 Aug 1492 - 18 Aug 1503  Alexander VI                          (s.a.)
                             (= de Borja)  
18 Aug 1503 - 22 Sep 1503  Giuliano Cardinale della Rovere       (b. 1443 - d. 1513)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (1st time)
22 Sep 1503 - 18 Oct 1503  Pius III                              (b. 1439 - d. 1503)
                             (Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini)  
18 Oct 1503 -  1 Nov 1503  Giuliano Cardinale della Rovere       (s.a.)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (2nd time)
 1 Nov 1503 - 21 Feb 1513  Iulius II (= Julius II)               (s.a.)
                             (= della Rovere)   
21 Feb 1513 -  9 Mar 1513  Raffaele Sansoni Cardinale Riario     (b. 1461 - d. 1521)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
 9 Mar 1513 -  1 Dec 1521  Leo X                                 (b. 1475 - d. 1521)
                             (Giovanni de' Medici)
 1 Dec 1521 - 25 Aug 1522  Bernardino Cardenal López de Carvajal (b. 1455 - d. 1523)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (1st time)
 9 Jan 1522 - 14 Sep 1523  Adrianus VI (= Hadrian V)             (b. 1459 - d. 1523)
                             (Adriaan Floriszoon Boeyens) 
14 Sep 1523 - 19 Nov 1523  Bernardino Cardenal López de Carvajal (s.a.)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (2nd time)
19 Nov 1523 - 25 Sep 1534  Clemens VII (= Clement VII)           (b. 1478 - d. 1534)
                             (Giulio de' Medici)
25 Sep 1534 - 13 Oct 1534  Alessandro Cardinale Farnese          (b. 1468 - d. 1549)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
13 Oct 1534 - 10 Nov 1549  Paulus III (= Paul III)               (s.a.)
                             (= Farnese)  
10 Nov 1549 -  7 Feb 1550  Giovanni Domenico Cardinale De Cupis  (b. 1493 - d. 1553) 
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
 7 Feb 1550 - 23 Mar 1555  Iulius III (= Julius III)             (b. 1487 - d. 1555)
                             (Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte) 
23 Mar 1555 -  9 Apr 1555  Giovanni Pietro Cardinale Caraffa     (b. 1476 - d. 1559)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (1st time)
 9 Apr 1555 - 30 Apr 1555  Marcellus II                          (b. 1501 - d. 1555)
                             (Marcello Cervini)  
30 Apr 1555 - 23 May 1555  Giovanni Pietro Cardinale Caraffa     (s.a.)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (2nd time)
23 May 1555 - 18 Aug 1559  Paulus IV (= Paul IV)                 (s.a.)
                             (= Caraffa)
18 Aug 1559 - 25 Dec 1559  Jean Cardinal du Bellay               (b. 1492 - d. 1560)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
25 Dec 1559 -  9 Dec 1565  Pius IV                               (b. 1499 - d. 1565)
                             (Giovan Angelo de' Medici)
 9 Dec 1565 -  7 Jan 1566  Francesco Cardinale Pisani            (b. 1494 - d. 1570)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
 7 Jan 1566 -  1 May 1572  Pius V                                (b. 1504 - d. 1572)
                             (Antonio Michele Ghislieri)      
 1 May 1572 - 13 May 1572  Giovanni Girolamo Cardinale Morone    (b. 1509 - d. 1580)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
13 May 1572 - 10 Apr 1585  Gregorius XIII (= Gregor XIII)        (b. 1502 - d. 1585)
                             (Ugo Boncompagni)
10 Apr 1585 - 24 Apr 1585  Alessandro Cardinale Farnese          (b. 1520 - d. 1589)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
24 Apr 1585 - 27 Aug 1590  Xystus V (= Sixtus V)                 (b. 1521 - d. 1590)
                             (Felice Peretti de Montalto)    
27 Aug 1590 - 15 Sep 1590  Giovanni Battista Cardinale Serbelloni(b. 1519 - d. 1591)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (1st time)
15 Sep 1590 - 27 Sep 1590  Urbanus VII (= Urban VII)             (b. 1521 - d. 1590)
                             (Giovanni Battista Castagni)   
27 Sep 1590 -  5 Dec 1590  Giovanni Battista Cardinale Serbelloni(s.a.)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (2nd time)
 5 Dec 1590 - 16 Oct 1591  Gregorius XIV (= Gregory XIV)         (b. 1535 - d. 1591)
                             (Niccolò Sfondrati)
16 Oct 1591 - 29 Oct 1591  Alfonso Cardinale Gesualdo di Conza   (b. 1540 - d. 1603)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (1st time)
29 Oct 1591 - 30 Dec 1591  Innocentius IX (= Innocent IX)        (b. 1519 - d. 1591)
                             (Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti)
30 Dec 1591 - 30 Jan 1592  Alfonso Cardinale Gesualdo di Conza   (s.a.)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (2nd time)
30 Jan 1592 -  3 Mar 1605  Clemens VIII (= Clement VIII)         (b. 1536 - d. 1605)
                             (Ippolito Aldobrandini) 
 3 Mar 1605 -  1 Apr 1605  Tolomeo Cardinale Gallio (1st time)   (b. 1526 - d. 1607)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
 1 Apr 1605 - 27 Apr 1605  Leo XI                                (b. 1535 - d. 1605)
                             (Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici)
27 Apr 1605 - 16 May 1605  Tolomeo Cardinale Gallio (2nd time)   (s.a.)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
16 May 1605 - 28 Jan 1621  Paulus V (= Paul V)                   (b. 1552 - d. 1621)
                             (Camillo Borghese)
28 Jan 1621 -  9 Feb 1621  Antonio Maria Cardinale Sauli         (b. 1541 - d. 1623)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (1st time)
 9 Feb 1621 -  8 Jul 1623  Gregorius XV (= Gregory XV)           (b. 1554 - d. 1623)
                             (Alessandro Ludovisi)
 8 Jul 1623 -  6 Aug 1623  Antonio Maria Cardinale Sauli         (s.a.)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (2nd time)
 6 Aug 1623 - 29 Jul 1644  Urbanus VIII (= Urban VIII)           (b. 1568 - d. 1644)
                             (Maffeo Barberini)
29 Jul 1644 - 15 Sep 1644  Marcello Cardinale Lante              (b. 1561 - d. 1652)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
15 Sep 1644 -  7 Jan 1655  Innocentius X (= Innocent X)          (b. 1574 - d. 1655)
                             (Giovanni Battista Pamphilj)
 7 Jan 1655 -  7 Apr 1655  Carlo Cardinale de' Medici            (b. 1595 - d. 1666)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
 7 Apr 1655 - 22 May 1667  Alexander VII                         (b. 1599 - d. 1667)
                             (Fabio Chigi)
22 May 1667 - 20 Jun 1667  Francesco Cardinale Barberini         (b. 1597 - d. 1679)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (1st time)
20 Jun 1667 -  9 Dec 1669  Clemens IX (= Clement IX)             (b. 1600 - d. 1669)
                             (Giulio Rospigliosi) 
 9 Dec 1669 - 29 Apr 1670  Francesco Cardinale Barberini         (s.a.)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (2nd time)
29 Apr 1670 - 22 Jul 1676  Clemens X (= Clement X)               (b. 1590 - d. 1676)
                             (Emilio Bonaventura Altieri)   
22 Jul 1676 - 21 Sep 1676  Francesco Cardinale Barberini         (s.a.)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (3rd time)
21 Sep 1676 - 12 Aug 1689  Innocentius XI (= Innocent XI)        (b. 1611 - d. 1689)
                             (Benedetto Odescalchi)   
12 Aug 1689 -  6 Oct 1689  Alderano Cardinale Cybo Malaspina     (b. 1613 - d. 1700)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (1st time)
 6 Oct 1689 -  1 Feb 1691  Alexander VIII                        (b. 1610 - d. 1691)
                             (Pietro Vito Ottoboni)   
 1 Feb 1691 - 12 Jul 1691  Alderano Cardinale Cybo Malaspina     (s.a.)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (2nd time)
12 Jul 1691 - 27 Sep 1700  Innocentius XII (= Innocent XII)      (b. 1615 - d. 1700)
                            (Antonio Pignatelli)
27 Sep 1700 - 23 Nov 1700  Emmanuel-Théodose Cardinal de La Tour (b. 1643 - d. 1715)
                             d'Auvergne                 
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
23 Nov 1700 - 19 Mar 1721  Clemens XI (= Clement XI)             (b. 1649 - d. 1721)
                             (Giovanni Francesco Albani)
19 Mar 1721 -  8 May 1721  Sebastiano Antonio Cardinale Tanara   (b. 1650 - d. 1724)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (1st time)
 8 May 1721 -  7 Mar 1724  Innocentius XIII (= Innocent XIII)    (b. 1655 - d. 1724)
                             (Michelangelo dei Conti)
 7 Mar 1724 -  5 May 1724  Sebastiano Antonio Cardinale Tanara   (s.a.)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (2nd time)
 5 May 1724 - 29 May 1724  Pier Francesco Cardinale Orsini       (b. 1649 - d. 1730)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
29 May 1724 - 21 Feb 1730  Benedictus XIII (= Benedict XIII)     (s.a.)
                             (= Orsini)
21 Feb 1730 - 12 Jul 1730  Francesco Cardinale Barberini         (b. 1662 - d. 1738)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
12 Jul 1730 -  6 Feb 1740  Clemens XII (= Clement XII)           (b. 1652 - d. 1740)
                             (Lorenzo Corsini dei Sismano)
 6 Feb 1740 - 25 Feb 1740  Pietro Cardinale Ottoboni             (b. 1667 - d. 1740)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
25 Feb 1740 - 17 Aug 1740  Tommaso Cardianle Ruffo               (b. 1663 - d. 1753)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
17 Aug 1740 -  3 May 1758  Benedictus XIV (= Benedict XIV)       (b. 1675 - d. 1758)
                             (Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini)
 3 May 1758 -  6 Jul 1758  Rainiero Cardinale d'Elci             (b. 1670 - d. 1761)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
 6 Jul 1758 -  2 Feb 1769  Clemens XIII (= Clement XIII)         (b. 1693 - d. 1769)
                             (Carlo Rezzonico)
 2 Feb 1769 - 19 May 1769  Carlo Alberto Guidobono Cardinale     (b. 1683 - d. 1774)
                             Cavalchini
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
19 May 1769 - 22 Sep 1774  Clemens XIV (= Clement XIV)           (b. 1705 - d. 1774)
                             (Giovanni Ganganelli)
22 Sep 1774 - 15 Feb 1775  Fabrizio Cardinale Serbelloni         (b. 1695 - d. 1775)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
15 Feb 1775 - 15 Feb 1798  Pius VI                               (b. 1717 - d. 1799)
                           (Giovanni Angelo Braschi)
                           (from 20 Feb 1798, prisoner in Valence, France)
15 Feb 1798 -  3 Jul 1800  the Roman Republic
22 Jun 1800 -  3 Jul 1800  Papal Legates (Legati a Latere)
                           - Giovanni Francesco Cardinale Albani (b. 1720 - d. 1803)
                           - Aurelio Cardinale Roverella         (b. 1748 - d. 1812)
                           - Giulio Maria Cardinale della        (b. 1744 - d. 1830)
                               Somaglia
 3 Jul 1800 - 10 Jun 1809  Pius VII (1st time)                   (b. 1742 - d. 1823)
                             (Giorgio Barnaba Luigi Chiaramonti)
                             (French prisoner 6 Jul 1809 - 25 Mar 1812; in Savona
                             to 19 Jun 1812 and 16-19 Mar 1814; at Fontainebleau
                             19 Jun 1812 - 23 Jan 1814; returned to Rome 24 May 1814)
17 May 1809 - 14 Mar 1814  annexed to France
11 May 1814 - 24 May 1814  Agostino Cardinale Rivarola           (s.a.)
                             (apostolic delegate)
24 May 1814 - 20 Aug 1823  Pius VII (2nd time)                   (s.a.)
20 Aug 1823 - 28 Sep 1823  Giulio Maria Cardinale della Somaglia (b. 1744 - d. 1830)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (1st time)
28 Sep 1823 - 10 Feb 1829  Leo XII                               (b. 1760 - d. 1829)
                             (Annibale della Genga)
10 Feb 1829 - 31 Mar 1829  Giulio Maria Cardinale della Somaglia (s.a.)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
                           (2nd time)
31 Mar 1829 - 30 Nov 1830  Pius VIII                             (b. 1761 - d. 1830)
                             (Francesco Saverio Castiglioni)
30 Nov 1830 -  2 Feb 1831  Bartolomeo Cardinale Pacca            (b. 1756 - d. 1844)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
 2 Feb 1831 -  1 Jun 1846  Gregorius XVI (= Gregory XVI)         (b. 1765 - d. 1846)
                             (Bartolomeo Alberto Capellari)
 1 Jun 1846 - 16 Jun 1846  Ludovico Cardinale Micara             (b. 1775 - d. 1847)
                           (dean of the College of Cardinals)
16 Jun 1846 -  9 Feb 1849  Pius IX (1st time)                    (b. 1792 - d. 1878)
                             (Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti)
                             (in Kingdom of Naples exile 24 Nov 1848 - 12 May 1850)
 9 Feb 1849 -  4 Jul 1849  the Roman Republic
20 Dec 1848 - 29 Dec 1848  Supreme State Junta
                           - Tommaso, principe Corsini
                           - Francesco Camerata
                           - Giuseppe Galletti                   (b. 1798 - d. 1873)
 4 Jul 1849 - 12 Apr 1850  State Government Commission
                           - Gabriele Cardinale della Genga      (b. 1801 - d. 1861)
                               Sermattei  
                           - Lodovico Cardinale Altieri          (b. 1805 - d. 1867)
                           - Luigi Cardinale Vannicelli Casoni   (b. 1801 - d. 1877)
12 May 1850 -  9 Oct 1870  Pius IX (2nd time)                    (s.a.)
Italian Military Commander
20 Sep 1870 -  9 Oct 1870  Raffaele Alessandro Cadorna           (b. 1815 - d. 1897)
Lieutenant General of the King for Rome and the Roman Provinces
 9 Oct 1870 - 25 Jan 1871  Alfonso Ferrero Della Marmora         (b. 1804 - d. 1878)

 
Chamberlains (Camerlengo [Camerarius])
- in Avignon -
24 Dec 1383 - 30 Oct 1414  François Cardinal de Conzié           (b. 1356 - d. 1432)
30 Oct 1414 -  4 Jul 1415  Pierre Cardinal de Foix, le vieux     (b. 1386 - d. 1464)
- in Rome -
24 Apr 1396 -  1 Dec 1406  Corrado Caraccioli                    (b. 135. - d. 1411) 
                             (from 12 Jun 1405, Corrado Cardinale Caraccioli)
                             (acting to May 1396) 
 1 Dec 1406 - 17 Jun 1412  Enrico Cardinale Minutoli             (s.a.)
17 Jun 1412 - Jul 1412     .... (acting)
Jul 1412 -  4 Jul 1415     Antonio Cardinale Correr              (s.a.)
 4 Jul 1415 - 21 Nov 1417  Amedeo Cardinale di Saluzzo (acting)  (b. c.1361 - d. 1419)
21 Nov 1417 - Mar 1431     François Cardinal de Conzié           (s.a.)
Jan 1428 - Mar 1431        Louis Cardinal Aleman (in Rome)       (b. c.1390 - d. 1450)
                             (acting for de Conzié)
Mar 1431 - 24 Jan 1432     Niccolò Cardinale Albergati           (b. 1375 - d. 1443)
24 Jan 1432 - Jul 1440     Francesco Cardinale Condulmer         (b. c.1410 - d. 1453)
Jul 1440 - 22 Mar 1465     Ludovico Cardinale Trevisano          (b. 1401 - d. 1465)
22 Mar 1465 - 12 Aug 1471  Vianesio Albergati (acting)           (d. 1475)
12 Aug 1471 - 11 Aug 1477  Latino Cardinale Orsini               (b. c.1410 - d. 1477)
12 Aug 1477 - 22 Jan 1483  Guillaume Cardinal d'Estouteville     (s.a.)
24 Jan 1483 -  9 Jul 1521  Raffaele Sansoni Cardinale Riario     (s.a.)
14 Jul 1521 - 13 Sep 1521  Innocenzo Cardinal Cybo (Cibo)(acting)(b. 1491 - d. 1550)
13 Sep 1521 - Oct 1527     Francesco Armellini (Pantalassi)      (b. 1470 - d. 1527)
                             Cardinal de' Medici
Oct 1527 -  8 Jun 1528     .... (acting)
 8 Jun 1528 - 18 Oct 1537  Agostino Cardinale Spinola            (b. c.1482 - d. 1537) Superintendent of the Ecclesiastical State (= Cardinalis-Nepos [Cardinal Nephew])
18 Dec 1534 - 10 Nov 1549  Alessandro Cardinale Farnese          (s.a.)
10 Nov 1549 - 30 May 1550  Guido Ascanio Cardinale Sforza di     (b. 1518 - d. 1564)
                             Santa Fiora (1st time) (acting)
30 May 1550 - 23 Mar 1555  Innocenzo Ciocchi del Monte           (b. 1532 - d. 1577)  
                             (from 2 Jun 1550, Innocenzo Cardinale Ciocchi del Monte)
23 Mar 1555 - 30 Aug 1555  Guido Ascanio Cardinale Sforza di     (s.a.)
                             Santa Fiora (2nd time)(acting)
30 Aug 1555 - 18 Aug 1559  Carlo Cardinale Caraffa               (b. 1517 - d. 1561)
18 Aug 1559 - 31 Jan 1560  Guido Ascanio Cardinale Sforza di     (s.a.)
                             Santa Fiora (3rdd time)(acting)
31 Jan 1560 -  9 Dec 1565  Carlo Borromeo                        (b. 1538 - d. 1584)
                             (from 14 Feb 1560, Carlo Cardinale Borromeo)
 9 Dec 1565 - 19 Nov 1568  Vitellozzo Cardinale Vitelli (acting) (b. 1531 - d. 1568)
19 Nov 1568 -  3 Dec 1568  Vacant 
 3 Dec 1568 -  1 May 1572  Michele Cardinale Bonelli             (b. 1541 - d. 1598)
                             (acting to 19 Jun 1571)
 1 May 1572 -  2 Jun 1572  Luigi Cardinale Cornaro della Regina  (b. 1517 - d. 1584)
                             (acting) 
 2 Jun 1572 - 10 Apr 1585  Filippo Boncompagni                   (b. 1548 - d. 1586)
                             (from 16 Jun 1572, Filippo Cardinale Boncompagni)
10 Apr 1585 - 13 May 1585  Filippo Cardinale Guastavillani       (b. 1541 - d. 1587) 
                             (acting)
13 May 1585 - 27 Aug 1590  Alessandro Damasceni Peretti          (b. 1571 - d. 1623)
                             (from 14 Jun 1585, Alessandro Damasceni Cardinale Peretti)
27 Aug 1590 - 19 Dec 1590  Enrico Cardinale Caetani (1st time)   (b. 1550 - d. 1599)
                             (acting) 
19 Dec 1590 - 15 Oct 1591  Paolo Emilio Sfondrati                (b. 1560 - d. 1618)
                             (from 1 Jan 1591, Paolo Emilio Cardianle Sfondrati) 
16 Oct 1591 - 18 Dec 1591  Enrico Cardinale Caetani (2nd time)   (s.a.)
                             (acting)
18 Dec 1591 - 30 Dec 1591  Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti de Nuce  (b. 1575 - d. 1606)   
30 Dec 1591 - 17 Sep 1593  Enrico Cardinale Caetani (3rd time)   (s.a.)
                             (acting)
17 Sep 1593 -  3 Mar 1605  Cinzio Passeri Aldobrandini           (b. 1551 - d. 1610)
                             (from 11 Oct 1593, Cinzio Passeri Cardinale Aldobrandini)
                           + Pietro Aldobrandini (1st time)      (b. 1571 - d. 1621) 
                             (from 3 Nov 1593, Pietro Cardinale Aldobrandini)
 3 Mar 1605 - 18 Jul 1605  Pietro Cardinale Aldobrandini         (s.a.)   
                             (acting to 1 Apr 1605 and from 27 Apr 1605)
                             (2nd time)
18 Jul 1605 - 28 Jan 1621  Scipione Caffarelli Borghese          (b. 1576 - d. 1633)  
                             (from 17 Aug 1605, Scipione Caffarelli Cardinale Borghese)
28 Jan 1621 - 10 Feb 1621  Pietro Cardinale Aldobrandini         (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)(acting)
10 Feb 1621 - 15 Feb 1621  Vacant
15 Feb 1621 -  8 Jul 1623  Ludovico Ludovisi                     (b. 1595 - d. 1632)  
                             (from 17 Mar 1621, Ludovico Cardinale Ludovisi)
 8 Jul 1623 -  2 Oct 1623  Ippolito Cardinale Aldobrandini       (b. 1591 - d. 1638)
                             (acting)
 2 Oct 1623 - 29 Jul 1644  Francisco Barberini, seniore          (s.a.)
                             (from 20 Nov 1623, Francisco Cardinale Barberini)
29 Jul 1644 - 15 Sep 1644  Antonio Cardinale Barberini (1st time)(b. 1607 - d. 1671)
                             (acting)
15 Sep 1644 - 14 Nov 1644  Giovanni Giacomo Panciroli (1st time) (b. 1587 - d. 1651)
                             (acting)
14 Nov 1644 - 21 Jan 1647  Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphilj      (b. 1622 - d. 1666)
                             (from 12 Dec 1644, Camillo Francesco Maria Cardinale Pamphilj) 
21 Jan 1647 - 19 Sep 1650  Giovanni Giacomo Cardinale Panciroli  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting)
19 Sep 1650 -  7 Jan 1655  Camillo Cardinale Astalli Pamphilj    (b. 1618 - d. 1663)
 7 Jan 1655 - Apr 1655     Antonio Cardinale Barberini (2nd time)(b. 1607 - d. 1671)
                             (acting)
Secretary of State 
Apr 1655 - 22 May 1667     Giulio Rospigliosi                    (s.a.)
                             (from 23 Apr 1657, Giulio Cardinale Rospigliosi)   
                             (from 20 Jun 1667, Pope Clemens IX)
Superintendents general of the Affairs of the Apostolic See
16 Apr 1657 - 22 May 1667  Flavio Chigi, seniore                 (b. 1631 - d. 1693)
                             (from 23 Apr 1657, Flavio Cardinale Chigi)
22 May 1667 - 25 Jun 1667  Antonio Cardinale Barberini (3rd time)(s.a.)
                             (acting)
Secretary of State
25 Jun 1667 -  9 Dec 1669  Decio Cardinale Azzolini, iuniore     (b. 1623 - d. 1689)  
Superintendents general of the Affairs of the Apostolic See
16 Dec 1667 -  9 Dec 1669  Giacomo Rospigliosi                   (b. 1628 - d. 1684)
                             (from 30 Jan 1698, Giacomo Cardinale Rospigliosi)      
 9 Dec 1669 - 29 Apr 1670  Antonio Cardinale Barberini (4th time)(s.a.)
                             (acting)
Superintendent of the Ecclesiastical State (= Cardinalis-Nepos [Cardinal Nephew])
29 Apr 1670 - 23 Sep 1676  Paluzzo Cardinale Paluzzi Altieri     (b. 1623 - d. 1698)
                             (acting from 22 Jul 1676)
Secretaries of State
23 Sep 1676 - 12 Aug 1689  Alderano Cardinale Cybo Malaspina     (s.a.)
12 Aug 1689 -  7 Nov 1689  Paluzzo Cardinale Paluzzi Altieri     (s.a.)
                             (acting)
Superintendent general of the Affairs of the Apostolic See
 8 Nov 1689 -  1 Feb 1691  Pietro Ottoboni                       (b. 1667 - d. 1740)                                   (from 14 Nov 1689, Pietro Cardinale Ottoboni)
 1 Feb 1691 - 14 Jul 1691  Paluzzo Cardinale Paluzzi Altieri     (s.a.)
                             (acting)
Secretaries of State
14 Jul 1691 - 27 Sep 1700  Fabrizio Cardinale Spada              (b. 1643 - d. 1717)
27 Sep 1700 -  3 Dec 1700  Giovanni Battista Cardinale Spinola   (b. 1646 - d. 1719)
                             (acting)
 3 Dec 1700 - 19 Mar 1721  Fabrizio Cardinale Paolucci (1st time)(b. 1651 - d. 1726)
19 Mar 1721 - 10 May 1721  Annibale Cardinale Albani (1st time)  (b. 1682 - d. 1751)
                             (acting)
10 May 1721 -  7 Mar 1724  Giorgio Cardinale Spinola             (b. 1667 - d. 1739)
 7 Mar 1724 -  6 Jun 1724  Annibale Cardinale Albani (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                             (acting)
 6 Jun 1724 - 12 Jun 1726  Fabrizio Cardinale Paolucci (2nd time)(s.a.)
12 Jun 1726 - 14 Jun 1726  Annibale Cardinale Albani (3rd time)  (s.a.)
                             (acting)
14 Jun 1726 - 21 Feb 1730  Niccolò Maria Lercari                 (b. 1675 - d. 1757)
                             (from 16 Dec 1726, Niccolò Maria Cardinale Lercari)
21 Feb 1730 - 15 Jul 1730  Annibale Cardinale Albani (4th time)  (s.a.)
                             (acting)
15 Jul 1730 - 16 Sep 1733  Antonio Cardinale Banchieri           (b. 1667 - d. 1733)
16 Sep 1733 -  4 Oct 1733  Annibale Cardinale Albani (5th time)  (s.a.)
                             (acting)
 4 Oct 1733 -  6 Feb 1740  Giuseppe Cardinale Firrao             (b. 1670 - d. 1744)
 6 Feb 1740 - 20 Aug 1740  Annibale Cardinale Albani (6th time)  (s.a.)
                             (acting)
20 Aug 1740 - 28 Aug 1756  Silvio Cardinale Valenti Gonzaga      (b. 1690 - d. 1756)
10 Sep 1756 -  3 May 1758  Alberico Cardinale Archinto (1st time)(b. 1698 - d. 1758)
 3 May 1758 -  6 Jul 1758  Girolamo Cardinale Colonna di Sciarra (b. 1708 - d. 1763)
                             (1st time)(acting)
 6 Jul 1758 - 30 Sep 1758  Alberico Cardinale Archinto (2nd time)(s.a.)
30 Sep 1758 -  8 Oct 1758  Girolamo Cardinale Colonna di Sciarra (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting)
 8 Oct 1758 -  2 Feb 1769  Luigi Maria Cardinale Torriggiani     (b. 1697 - d. 1777)
 2 Feb 1769 - 19 May 1769  Carlo Cardinale Rezzonico (1st time)  (b. 1724 - d. 1799)
                             (acting)
19 May 1769 - 21 Sep 1774  Lazzaro Opizio Cardinale Pallavicini  (b. 1719 - d. 1785)
                             (1st time)
21 Sep 1774 - 15 Feb 1775  Carlo Cardinale Rezzonico (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                             (acting)
15 Feb 1775 - 23 Feb 1785  Lazzaro Opizio Cardinale Pallavicini  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
23 Feb 1785 - 29 Jun 1775  Carlo Cardinale Rezzonico (3rd time)  (s.a.)
                             (acting)
29 Jun 1785 - 14 Oct 1789  Ignazio Gaetano Cardinale Boncompagni (b. 1743 - d. 1790)
                             Ludovisi
14 Oct 1789 -  9 Aug 1796  Francesco Saverio Cardinale de Zelada (b. 1717 - d. 1801)
                             y Rodríguez
 9 Aug 1796 - 18 Mar 1797  Ignazio Cardinale Busca               (b. 1731 - d. 1803)
18 Mar 1797 - 15 Feb 1798  Giuseppe Cardinale Pamphilj Landi     (b. 1751 - d. 1816)
                             (1st time)
 3 Jul 1800 - 21 Jun 1806  Ercole Consalvi (1st time)            (b. 1757 - d. 1824)
                             (from 20 Oct 1800, Ercole Cardinale Consalvi)
                             (acting to 11 Aug 1800)
 6 Jun 1801 - 31 Jul 1801  Giuseppe Cardinale Doria Pamphilj     (s.a.)
                             (acting for Consalvi)
21 Jun 1806 -  2 Feb 1808  Filippo Cardinale Casoni (acting)     (b. 1733 - d. 1811) 
 2 Feb 1808 - 26 Mar 1808  Giuseppe Cardinale Doria Pamphilj     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting) 
26 Mar 1808 - 16 Jun 1808  Giulio Cardinale Gabrielli (acting)   (b. 1748 - d. 1822)
18 Jun 1808 -  6 Jul 1809  Bartolomeo Cardinale Pacca (1st time) (b. 1756 - d. 1844)
                             (acting)
24 May 1814 - 20 Aug 1823  Ercole Cardinale Consalvi (2nd time)  (s.a.)
24 May 1814 -  5 Jul 1815  Bartolomeo Cardinale Pacca            (s.a.)
                             (acting for Consalvi)
20 Aug 1823 - 28 Sep 1823  Bartolomeo Cardinale Pacca (2nd time) (s.a.)
                             (acting)
28 Sep 1823 - 17 Jun 1828  Giulio Maria Cardinale della Somaglia (s.a.)
17 Jun 1828 - 10 Feb 1829  Tommaso Cardinale Bernetti (1st time) (b. 1779 - d. 1852)
10 Feb 1879 - 31 Mar 1829  Pier Francesco Cardinale Galeffi      (b. 1770 - d. 1837)
                             (1st time)(acting)
31 Mar 1829 - 30 Nov 1830  Giuseppe Cardinale Albani             (b. 1750 - d. 1834)
30 Nov 1830 - 21 Feb 1831  Pier Francesco Cardinale Galeffi      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting)
21 Feb 1831 - 12 Jan 1836  Tommaso Cardinale Bernetti (2nd time) (s.a.)
                             (acting to 10 Aug 1831)
12 Jan 1836 -  1 Jun 1846  Luigi Cardinale Lambruschini          (b. 1776 - d. 1854)
 1 Jun 1846 - 16 Jun 1846  Pietro Tommaso Cardinale Riario       (b. 1782 - d. 1857)
                             Sforza (acting)   
16 Jun 1846 -  1 Aug 1846  Vacant    
 1 Aug 1846 - 14 Jun 1847  Tommaso Pasquale Cardinale Gizzi      (b. 1787 - d. 1849)
Secretaries of State and Presidents of the Council of Ministers
14 Jun 1847 - 14 Jul 1847  Tommaso Pasquale Cardinale Gizzi      (s.a.)
17 Jul 1847 -  1 Feb 1848  Gabriele Cardinale Ferretti           (b. 1795 - d. 1860)
 1 Feb 1848 - 11 Mar 1848  Giuseppe Cardinale Bofondi            (b. 1795 - d. 1867)
11 Mar 1848 -  4 May 1848  Giacomo Cardinale Antonelli (1st time)(b. 1806 - d. 1876)
                            (president of Supreme Council of External Affairs with the States)
 4 May 1848 -  2 Jun 1848  Antonio Francesco Cardinale Orioli    (b. 1778 - d. 1852)
 4 May 1848 -  2 Jun 1848  Terenzio, conte Mamiani della Rovere  (b. 1799 - d. 1885)  Lib
                             (acting for Orioli)
 2 Jun 1848 - 29 Nov 1848  Giovanni Cardinale Soglia Ceroni      (b. 1779 - d. 1856)
 2 Jun 1848 -  2 Aug 1848  Terenzio, conte Mamiani della Rovere  (s.a.)               Lib
                             (acting for Soglia Ceroni)
 2 Aug 1848 - 16 Sep 1848  Edoardo, conte Fabbri                 (b. 1778 - d. 1853)  Lib
                             (acting for Soglia Ceroni)
16 Sep 1848 - 15 Nov 1848  Pellegrino Luigi Edoardo, conte Rossi (b. 1787 - d. 1848)  Lib
                             (acting for Soglia Ceroni)
16 Nov 1848 - 29 Nov 1848  Carlo Emanuele, conte Muzzarelli      (b. 1797 - d. 1856)
                             (acting for Soglia Ceroni)
President of the Council of Ministers (prime minister)
29 Nov 1848 -  9 Feb 1849  Carlo Emanuele, conte Muzzarelli      (s.a.)              Non-party
President of the Governing Commission
27 Nov 1848 - 11 Feb 1849  Castruccio Cardinale Castracane degli (b. 1779 - d. 1852)
                             Antelminelli
Secretary of State and President of the council of ministers
12 Apr 1850 - 19 Oct 1870  Giacomo Cardinale Antonelli (2nd time)(s.a.) 
Secretaries of State
19 Oct 1870 -  6 Nov 1876  Giacomo Cardinale Antonelli           (s.a.) 
18 Dec 1876 -  7 Feb 1878  Giovanni Cardinale Simeoni            (b. 1816 - d. 1892)
 7 Feb 1878 -  5 Mar 1878  Gioacchino Cardinale Pecci (acting)   (b. 1810 - d. 1903)
 5 Mar 1878 - 31 Jul 1878  Alessandro Cardinale Franchi          (b. 1819 - d. 1878)
 9 Aug 1878 - 16 Dec 1880  Lorenzo Cardinale Nina                (b. 1812 - d. 1885)
16 Dec 1880 - 28 Feb 1887  Lodovico Cardinale Jacobini           (b. 1832 - d. 1887)
28 Feb 1887 -  2 Jun 1887  Mario Mocenni (acting)                (b. 1823 - d. 1904)
 2 Jun 1887 - 20 Jul 1903  Mariano Cardinale Rampolla del Tindaro(b. 1843 - d. 1913)
20 Jul 1903 -  4 Aug 1903  Luigi Cardinale Oreglia di Santo      (b. 1828 - d. 1913)
                             Stefano (acting)
 4 Aug 1903 - 20 Aug 1914  Rafael Merry Cardinal del Val y       (b. 1865 - d. 1930)
                             Zulueta (acting to 12 Nov 1903)
20 Aug 1914 -  3 Sep 1914  Francesco Cardinale Salesio Della     (b. 1844 - d. 1916)
                             Volpe (acting)
 4 Sep 1914 - 10 Oct 1914  Domenico Cardinale Ferrata            (b. 1847 - d. 1914)
10 Oct 1914 - 13 Oct 1914  Federico Tedeschini (acting)          (b. 1873 - d. 1959)
13 Oct 1914 - 10 Feb 1930  Pietro Cardinale Gasparri             (b. 1852 - d. 1934)
                             (acting 22 Jan - 6 Feb 1922)

 ¹Papal title (in Latin): Episcopus Romanus, Summus Pontifex Ecclesiae Universalis; (in Italian) Vescovo di Roma, Sommo Pontefice della Chiesa Cattolica ("Bishop of Rome, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church");
  Note: In several cases (1798-1799, 1800-1814, 1848-1849 and 1870-1929) Popes continued as heads of the Roman Catholic Church while in exile or in captivity, but without exercising temporal sovereignty over the Papal State.

French Governors of Rome
 9 Nov 1798 - 11 Jan 1799  Etienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre      (b. 1765 - d. 1840)
                             MacDonald
1808 - 1809                Sextius Alexandre François de Miollis (b. 1759 - d. 1828)
                             (from 16 Sep 1808) comte de Miollis
                             (1st time)
1809 - Feb 1811            Jean Léonard François, comte          (b. 1776 - d. 1836)  
                             Le Marois (Lemarrois)
19 Feb 1811 - 30 Feb 1814  Sextius Alexandre François, comte     (s.a.)
                             de Miollis (2nd time)
                            (from 19 Jan 1814, in Castel Sant'Angelo resisting Murat)

Rome (Roma)

15 Jul 1809                French département Tibre (Tiber).
17 Feb 1810                Renamed département Rome (Roma).
19 Jan 1814                End of French rule.
19 Jan 1814 - Mar 1814     Occupied by Naples under Murat.

Prefect
 6 Sep 1809 - 19 Jan 1814  Camille Casimir Philippe Marcellin,   (b. 1778 - d. 1833) 
                             comte de Tournon-Simiane 

Trasimène

15 Jul 1809                French département Trasimène (prefecture Spoleto).
1814                       End of French rule.

Prefect
 6 Sep 1809 - 24 Feb 1814  Antoine Marie, baron Roederer        (b. 1782 - d. 1865)

15 Feb 1798 - 23 Jun 1800  Roman Republic (Repubblica Romana/République Romaine).
27 Nov 1798 - 12 Dec 1798  Occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
11 Jul 1799 - 28 Sep 1799  Occupied by France.
30 Sep 1799 -  3 Jul 1800  Occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
 9 Feb 1849 -  4 Jul 1849  Roman Republic (Repubblica Romana).
 4 Jul 1849 -  3 Aug 1849  Occupied by France.

Consuls
15 Feb 1798 - 20 Mar 1798  Provisional Consuls
                           - Francesco Riganti
                           - Carlo Luigi Costantini           (b. 1739 - d. 1799)
                           - Pio Camillo, duca Bonelli-       (b. 1757 - d. 1837)
                               Crescenzi
                           - Gioacchino Pessuti               (b. 1743 - d. 1814)
                           - Antonio Bassi
                           - Domenico Maggi
                           - Angelo Stampa
                           - Liborio Angelucci                (b. 1746 - d. 1811)
20 Mar 1798 - Sep 1798     Consuls
                           - Liborio Angelucci                (s.a.) 
                           - Giacomo De Mattheis
                           - Pietro Panazzi
                           - Pietro Reppi
                           - Ennio Quirino Visconti           (b. 1751 - d. 1818)
Sep 1798 - 27 Nov 1798     Consuls
                           - Brigi (1st time)
                           - Calisti (1st time)
                           - Francesco Pierelli (1st time)
                           - Giuseppe Rey (1st time)
                           - Federico Maria Domenico Michele  (b. 1760 - d. 18..)
                              Zaccaleoni (1st time) 
29 Nov 1798 - 12 Dec 1798  Provisional Government
                           - Giambattista, principe Borghese
                           - Paolo-Maria Borghese, principe 
                               Aldobrandini
                           - Principe Gibrielli
                           - Marchese Camillo Massimo         (b. 1730 - d. 1801)
                           - Giovanni Ricci
12 Dec 1798 - 24 Jul 1799  Consuls
                           - Brigi (2nd time)
                           - Calisti (2nd time)
                           - Francesco Pierelli (2nd time)
                           - Giuseppe Rey (2nd time)
                           - Federico Maria Domenico Michele  (s.a.)
                              Zaccaleoni (2nd time) 
President of the Provisional Committee
24 Jul 1799 - 30 Sep 1799  Jean Périllier
10 Oct 1799 - 23 Jun 1800  Supreme Government Junta
                           - Alessandro, conte Bonaccorsi     (b. 1740 - d. 1817)
                           - marchese Angelo Massimo
                           - principe Girolamo Colonna
                           - marchese Clemente Muti           (b. 1777 - d. 1821)
                           - Antonio Maria Lippi
Naples Governors of Rome
27 Sep 1799 – Oct 1799     Emanuel Burckhardt                 (b. 1744 - d. 1820)
                             (Emanuel de Bourcard)
Oct 1799 -  3 Jul 1800     Diego Naselli                      (b. 1754 - d. 1832)
                             (commander-in-chief of Rome)
President of the Constituent Assembly
 9 Feb 1849 - 10 Feb 1849  Giuseppe Galletti                  (b. 1798 - d. 1873)  Lib
10 Feb 1849 - 29 Mar 1849  Executive Committee
                           - Carlo Armellini                  (b. 1777 - d. 1863)  Lib
                           - Aurelio Saliceti                 (b. 1804 - d. 1862)  Lib
                           - Mattia Montecchi                 (b. 1816 - d. 1871)  Lib
29 Mar 1849 -  1 Jul 1849  Triumvirate
                           - Carlo Armellini                  (s.a.)               Lib
                           - Giuseppe Mazzini                 (b. 1805 - d. 1872)  Lib
                           - Aurelio Saffi                    (b. 1819 - d. 1890)  Lib
 1 Jul 1849 -  4 Jul 1849  Triumvirate
                           - Aurelio Saliceti                 (s.a.)               Lib
                           - Alessandro Calandrelli           (b. 1805 - d. 1888)  Mil
                           - Livio Mariani                    (b. 1793 - d. 1855)  Lib
General-in-chief of the Corps Expéditionnaire Français 
 4 Jul 1849 -  3 Aug 1849  Charles Nicolas Victor Oudinot,    (b. 1791 - d. 1863)  Mil
                             duc de Reggio 

 4 Feb 1798                Republicans take control of Perugia and proclaim it the

Consul
 4 Feb 1798 -  7 Mar 1798  Angelo Cocchi                      (b. 1753 - d. 1826)

26 Feb 1831 - 26 Apr 1831  In rebellion: United Italian Provinces (Province Unite Italiane)
                             declared at Bologna.

President of the Assembly 
26 Feb 1831 -  4 Mar 1831  Giovanni Vicini                    (b. 1771 - d. 1845)
President of the Provisional Government
 4 Mar 1831 - 26 Apr 1831  Giovanni Vicini                    (s.a.) 

774 - 1093                 Part of Papal State.
1093                       Part of March of Ancona (Marca di Ancona).
1137 - 1177                Part of Papal State.
23 Jul 1177                Ancona a free commune (Comunitas Anconae)(under Papal protection).
25 Jan 1183                Autonomy re-confirmed.
1348 - 1355                Occupied by Rimini under the Malatesta.
1355                       Ancona an independent republic (under Papal protection to 1433
                             and from 1443).
1433 - 1443                Vassal of Francesco Sforza of Milan.
 2 Sep 1443                Republic of Ancona (Respublica Anconitana).
20 Sep 1532                Annexed to the Papal State.
19 Nov 1797 -  7 Mar 1798  Anconine Republic (Repubblica Anconitana/République Ancônitaine).
 7 Mar 1798 - 14 Nov 1799  Incorporated into the Roman Republic.
14 Nov 1799 - 27 Jan 1801  Occupied by Austria.
27 Jan 1801 - 28 Jun 1802  Occupied by France.
28 Jun 1802 - 18 Oct 1805  Part of Papal State.
18 Oct 1805 - Jan 1814     Part of Italian Republic/Kingdom of Italy (see Lombardy).
Jan 1814 -  1 Jun 1815     Occupied by Kingdom of Naples.
 1 Jun 1815 - 25 Jul 1815  Occupied by Austria.
25 Jul 1815                Part of Papal State.

Podestà
1383 - 1433                ....
1433 - 1443                Francesco Sforza                   (b. 1401 - d. 1466)
                             (capitano del popolo)
1443 - 20 Sep 1532         ....
President of the Provisional Government
19 Nov 1797 -  7 Mar 1798? Pietro Reppi                       (b. 1748 - d. 18..)

Benevento

571                        Duchy of Benevento (Ducatus Beneventi).
774                        Principality of Benevento (Principatus Beneventi).
840                        Partitioned into Benevento, Capua, and Salerno.
891 - 895                  Under Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire rule.
1053 - 1078                Duchy of Benevento
1078                       Part of the Papal State.
1418 - 1458                Occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
 8 Jun 1497 - 14 Jun 1497  Pope Alexander VI names his son Giovanni Borgia, duca de Gandía
                             (b. 1474 - d. 1497), Duke of Benevento.
 4 Jun 1768 - 23 Mar 1774  Occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
19 Apr 1798 - 14 Jan 1799  Occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
14 Jan 1799 - 24 May 1799  Occupied by France.
 7 Apr 1799                Annexed to Neapolitan (Parthenopean) Republic.
 3 Jun 1799 -  9 Apr 1802  Occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
 5 Oct 1801                Re-assigned to the Papal State.
18 Feb 1806 - 31 Jan 1814  French occupation.
 5 Jun 1806                Principality of Benevento (Principato di Benevento/
                             Principauté de Bénévent)(French rule)(effected 2 Jul 1806).
31 Jan 1814 - 11 Jun 1815  Occupied by "Sicily" (Naples). 
11 Jun 1815 - 15 Jul 1815  Occupied by Austria.
15 Jul 1815                Restored to the Papal State (a part is merged with
                             the "Sicily" [Naples] Principato Ultra province).
 6 Jul 1820 - 23 Mar 1821  Rebellion against Papal rule, government created which later
                             requests annexation as Province of Benevento to "Sicily" Naples,
                             which Naples refuses.
23 Mar 1821 - 1821         Occupied by Austria.
 3 Sep 1860 - 21 Sep 1860  Provisional Government in name of the King of Sardinia.
25 Oct 1860                Incorporated into Sardinia-Piedmont.

757                        Part of Papal State.
28 Jul 1273                Bologna a free commune.
 5 Sep 1327 - 28 Mar 1334  Papal rule.
28 Oct 1350 - 15 Mar 1360  Sold to Milan.
15 Mar 1360 - 20 Mar 1376  Papal rule.
20 Mar 1376 - 1377         Autonomous Comune di Bologna (by revolt).
1377                       Papal rule restored.
24 Feb 1401                Autonomy restored.
30 Jun 1402 - 17 Sep 1403  Occupied by Milan.
 3 Sep 1403 - 12 May 1411  Papal rule.
20 Mar 1411                Autonomy restored.
14 Aug 1412 -  6 Jan 1416  Papal rule.
 6 Jan 1416                Autonomy restored.
21 Jul 1420 -  6 Aug 1428  Papal rule.
 6 Aug 1428                Autonomy restored.
25 Sep 1429 - 21 May 1438  Papal rule.
22 May 1438                Autonomy restored.
11 Nov 1506 - 23 May 1511  Papal rule.
13 Jun 1512                Annexed to Papal State.
Feb 1790 - Mar 1790        Attempted revolution led by Luigi Zamboni.
13 - 14 Nov 1794           Second revolution attempt led by Luigi Zamboni.
19 Jun 1796                Occupied by France; Senate receives all powers but delegates
                             them to the Gonfaloniere di Giustizia chosen for 2 months
                             from among the senators. Called the "Bologna Republic"
                             (Repubblica Bolognese/République Bolonaise).
16 Oct 1796                Part of Cispadane Republic (see Modena).
 9 Jul 1797                Part of Cisalpine Republic (see Lombardy).
12 Aug 1799 - 28 Jun 1800  Austrian occupation (Regia Cesarea Provvisoria Reggenza).
30 Dec 1813 -  2 Apr 1815  Austrian (from 26 Jan 1814) and (to 8 May 1814 "Sicily" [Naples])
                             occupation of Bologna.
13 Aug 1814                The Government Commission of the Three Legations (Commissione
                             governativa delle tre Legazioni) established by Austria.
 2 Apr 1815 - 15 Apr 1815  "Sicily" (Naples) occupation.
16 Apr 1815 - 18 Jul 1815  Austrian occupation.
18 Jul 1815                Legation of Bologna restored to the Papal State.
12 Jun 1859                Papal Legate expelled, provisional government takes over.
11 Jul 1859                Sardinian administration.
 8 Dec 1859 - 18 Mar 1860  Part of Emilian Provinces (Modena, Parma and Romagna)(see Modena).
18 Mar 1860                Sardinia-Piedmont annexes the Romagna (Bologna, Ferrara, Ravenna).

Papal Legates
14 Nov 1768 -  9 Mar 1769  Lazaro Opizio Cardinale Pallavicini(b. 1719 - d. 1785)
 9 Mar 1769 - 26 Jun 1769  Ignazio Cardinale Boncompagni      (b. 1743 - d. 1790)
                             Ludovisi (1st time)(acting)
26 Jun 1769 - 14 Sep 1770  Antonio Cardinale Branciforte      (b. 1711 - d. 1786)
                             (1st time)
14 Sep 1770 - 13 Oct 1770  Ignazio Cardinale Boncompagni      (s.a.)
                             Ludovisi (2nd time)(acting)
13 Oct 1770 - 19 Oct 1770  Antonio Cardinale Branciforte      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
19 Oct 1770 - 17 Jan 1771  Ignazio Cardinale Boncompagni      (s.a.)
                             Ludovisi (3rd time)(acting)
17 Jan 1771 - 12 Apr 1771  Antonio Cardinale Branciforte      (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
12 Apr 1771 -  4 May 1771  Ignazio Cardinale Boncompagni      (s.a.)
                             Ludovisi (4th time)(acting)
 4 May 1771 -  6 May 1771  Antonio Cardinale Branciforte      (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
 6 May 1771 - 25 Jun 1771  Ignazio Cardinale Boncompagni      (s.a.)
                             Ludovisi (5th time)(acting)
25 Jun 1771 - 24 Sep 1771  Antonio Cardinale Branciforte      (s.a.)
                             (5th time)
24 Sep 1771 -  9 Nov 1771  Ignazio Cardinale Boncompagni      (s.a.)
                             Ludovisi (6th time)(acting)
 9 Nov 1771 - 25 Sep 1772  Antonio Cardinale Branciforte      (s.a.)
                             (6th time)
25 Sep 1772 -  5 Oct 1772  Ignazio Cardinale Boncompagni      (s.a.)
                             Ludovisi (7thtime)(acting)
 5 Oct 1772 - 12 Nov 1772  Antonio Cardinale Branciforte      (s.a.)
                             (7th time)
12 Nov 1772 - 24 Nov 1771  Ignazio Cardinale Boncompagni      (s.a.)
                             Ludovisi (8th time)(acting)
24 Nov 1771 -  8 Sep 1773  Antonio Cardinale Branciforte      (s.a.)
                             (8th time)
 8 Sep 1773 -  6 Nov 1773  Ignazio Cardinale Boncompagni      (s.a.)
                             Ludovisi (9th time)(acting)
 6 Nov 1773 - 30 Jun 1774  Antonio Cardinale Branciforte      (s.a.)
                             (9th time)
30 Jun 1774 - 30 Jul 1774  Ignazio Cardinale Boncompagni      (s.a.)
                             Ludovisi (10th time)(acting)
30 Jul 1774 - 11 Nov 1774  Antonio Cardinale Branciforte      (s.a.)
                             (10th time)
11 Nov 1774 - 13 Mar 1775  Ignazio Cardinale Boncompagni      (s.a.)
                             Ludovisi (11th time)(acting)
13 Mar 1775 -  1 Jul 1775  Antonio Cardinale Branciforte      (s.a.)
                             (11th time)
 1 Jul 1775 - 21 Jul 1775  Ignazio Cardinale Boncompagni      (s.a.)
                             Ludovisi (12th time)(acting)
21 Jul 1775 -  1 Apr 1776  Antonio Cardinale Branciforte      (s.a.)
                             (12th time)
 1 Apr 1776 -  6 Apr 1776  Ignazio Cardinale Boncompagni      (s.a.)
                             Ludovisi (13th time)(acting)
 6 Apr 1776 -  8 Oct 1776  Antonio Cardinale Branciforte      (s.a.)
                             (13th time)
 8 Oct 1776 - 21 Nov 1776  Mariano D'Aquino (acting)
21 Nov 1776 - 20 Dec 1776  Ignazio Cardinale Boncompagni      (s.a.)
                             Ludovisi (14th time)(acting)
20 Dec 1776 - 14 May 1777  Mariano D'Aquino (acting)
14 May 1777 - 13 Jun 1777  Ignazio Cardinale Boncompagni      (s.a.)
                             Ludovisi (15th time)(acting)
13 Jun 1777 - 17 Jul 1777  Mariano D'Aquino (acting)
17 Jul 1777 -  6 Aug 1777  Antonio Cardinale Branciforte      (s.a.)
                             (14th time)
 6 Aug 1777 - 15 Dec 1777  Mariano D'Aquino (acting)
15 Dec 1777 -  7 May 1783  Ignazio Cardinale Boncompagni      (s.a.)
                             Ludovisi (16th time)
 7 May 1783 -  5 Jun 1783  Mariano D'Aquino (acting)
 5 Jun 1783 - 22 Aug 1785  Ignazio Cardinale Boncompagni      (s.a.)
                             Ludovisi (17th time)
22 Aug 1785 -  3 Sep 1785  Giovanni Andrea Cardinale Archetti (b. 1731 - d. 1805)
                             (1st time)
 3 Sep 1785 - 21 Oct 1785  Giuseppe Morozzo (acting)  
21 Oct 1785 -  1 Jun 1795  Giovanni Andrea Cardinale Archetti (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
 1 Jun 1795 - 23 Jun 1795  Ippolito Cardinale Vincenti Mareri (b. 1738 - d. 1811)
                             (1st time)
23 Jun 1795 - 20 Sep 1795  Giovanni Andrea Cardinale Archetti (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
20 Sep 1795 -  6 Nov 1795  Giacinto Orsini (acting)
 6 Nov 1795 - 19 Jun 1796  Ippolito Cardinale Vincenti Mareri (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)   
Gonfalonieri di Giustizia (Standard-bearers of Justice)
19 Jun 1796 - 30 Jun 1796  Filippo Hercolani                  (b. 1736 - d. 1810)
 1 Jul 1796 - 31 Aug 1796  Vincenzo Grassi                    (b. 17.. - d. 1821)
 1 Sep 1796 - 31 Oct 1796  Giuseppe Carlo de Bianchi          (b. 17.. - d. 1811)
 1 Nov 1796 - 31 May 1797  Girolamo Legnani Ferri             (b. 1721 - d. 1805)
President of the Royal and Imperial Provisional Regency
(Regia Cesarea Provvisoria Reggenza) (in Bologna)
12 Aug 1799 - 24 Jun 1800  Francesco Pio, marchese Ghisilieri (b. 1741 - d. 1816)
Neapolitan Military Commander
30 Dec 1813 - 26 Jan 1814  Carlo Filangieri                   (b. 1784 - d. 1867)
Austrian Military Governors of the Legations of Bologna, Ferrara and Romagna (in Bologna)
26 Jan 1814 - 14 Nov 1814  Christoph Ludwig Freiherr von      (b. 1767 - d. 1843)
                             Eckhardt
14 Nov 1814 - 18 Jul 1815  Joseph Steffanini de Monte Airone  (b. 1774 - d. 1826)
Commissioner of the Government Commission of the Three Legations
13 Aug 1814 -  9 Jul 1815  Giulio Strasoldo di Sotto          (b. 1771 - d. 1830)
Provisional Government Junta
12 Jun 1859 - 11 Jul 1859  Gioacchino Napoleone, marchese     (b. 1825 - d. 1881)
                              Pepoli
                           + conte Giovanni Luigi Malvezzi    (b. 1819 - d. 1892)
                              de' Medici
                           + marchese Luigi Tanari            (b. 1820 - d. 1904)
                           + Antonio Montanari                (b. 1811 - d. 1898)
                           + Camillo Casarini                 (b. 1830 - d. 1874)
Sardinian Extraordinary Military Commissioner for the Romagna
11 Jul 1859 -  1 Aug 1859  Massimo Taparelli, marchese        (b. 1798 - d. 1866)  Lib
                             d'Azeglio
Governors-general of the Romagna
 2 Aug 1859 -  8 Nov 1859  Leonetto, conte Cipriani           (b. 1812 - d. 1888)
 8 Nov 1859 -  8 Dec 1859  Luigi Carlo Farini                 (b. 1812 - d. 1866)

Comacchio
       
972                        Comacchio part of the Papal State.
1254 - 1299                Occupied by Ravenna.
1299                       Part of Ferrara.
1303 - 1304                Occupied by Ravenna.
1309 - 1325                Occupied by Ravenna.
1482 - 1484                Occupied by Republic of Venice.
1508 - 1520                Occupied by Republic of Venice.
16 Jan 1598                Annexed, along with Ferrara, to the Papal State.
24 May 1708                Imperial (Austrian) siege begins.
15 Jan 1709                Pope grants Comacchio in pledge to the Holy Roman Emperor.
16 Sep 1724                Restored to the Papal State.
20 Feb 1725                Imperial (Austrian) forces withdrawn.

Imperial Delegates to the Government of the City of Comacchio
24 May 1708 - 1709         Claude Alexandre, comte de Bonneval (b. 1675 - d. 1747)
                             (= conte Claudio Alessandro di Bonneval)
                             (Imperial commander)
Jul 1711 - 1712?           Bartolomeo, conte Rozzoni (Rozzone) (b. 16.. - d. 1717)
1712? - 1713?              ....
1713? - 1717?              ....
1717? - 16 Sep 1724        ....

Ferrara: see under Italy states A-N

Pontecorvo

c.1165                     Parma a free commune.
27 Jan 1311 -  6 Dec 1311  Under Imperial rule.
May 1313 - Sep 1314        Occupied by Naples.
1315 - 1326                Part of Milan.
27 Sep 1326 -  5 Mar 1331  Parma under Papal State rule.
 5 Mar 1331 - 18 Oct 1333  Under Imperial rule.
18 Oct 1333                Autonomy restored.
21 Jun 1335 - 22 May 1341  Parma occupied by Verona.
22 May 1341                Parma independent (under Azzo da Correggio).
11 Nov 1344 -  6 Dec 1346  Parma acquired by Modena.
 6 Dec 1346 -  8 Mar 1404  Parma taken over by Milan.
 8 Mar 1404                Independence restored (under Ottobono de' Terzi).
27 Jun 1409 - 25 Sep 1420  Part of Modena.
25 Sep 1420 - 15 Aug 1447  Part of Milan.
15 Aug 1447                Independence recovered.
27 Feb 1449 -  9 Apr 1500  Part of Milan.
 9 Apr 1500 - 15 Jun 1512  French occupation (administered from Milan).
15 Jun 1512                Part of the Papal State (ratified by treaty 8 Oct 1512).
26 Oct 1515 - Nov 1521     French occupation (administered from Milan).
Nov 1521 - 16 Sep 1545     Part of the Papal State.
 5 Jun 1527                Imperial administration declared (not effected).
16 Sep 1545                Duchy of Parma created by by Papal bull (under Pier Luigi Farnese).
10 Sep 1547 - 25 Feb 1550  Parma is annexed by the Papal State, Piacenza by Milan.
25 Feb 1550                Duchies of Parma and Piacenza (Ducato di Parma e Piacenza/
                             Ducatus Parmae ​​et Placentiae)(independence restored).
25 Feb 1550 - 20 Jan 1731  Under the Farnese dynasty.
20 Jan 1731                Ruling family extinct.
25 Jan 1731 - 29 Dec 1731  Austrian occupation.
29 Dec 1731                Parma (and Piacenza) handed over to Borbone heir.
28 Apr 1736                Ceded to Austria (by Austria-France peace treaty of 3 Oct 1735).
28 Apr 1736 - 18 Oct 1748  Under Austrian Habsburg rule.
18 Oct 1748                Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla given to Borbone family by Austria-
                             Spain peace treaty.
 3 Feb 1749                Parma occupied by Spain (Piacenza on 5 Feb 1749); Duke arrives
                             in Parma on 9 Mar 1749.
 1 Nov 1802                Under French administration.
24 Apr 1808                Former Second Consul of France made nominal duke.
24 May 1808                Annexed by France as the département Taro.
14 Feb 1814 -  2 Mar 1814  Austrian occupation.
 2 Mar 1814 -  9 Mar 1814  French re-occupation (in Piacenza to 27 Apr 1814).
 9 Mar 1814 - 11 Apr 1814  Austrian occupation.
11 Apr 1814                Duchies of Parma and Piacenza (Ducato di Parma e Piacenza)
                             (restored); given to the ex-Empress of France by peace treaty
                             (effected 6 Jun 1814).
10 Feb 1831 -  8 Aug 1831  Rebellion in Parma, duchess relocates to Piacenza.
17 Dec 1847                Pontremoli annexed from Tuscany.
17 Dec 1847                Inherited by Borbone family on death of the duchess.
14 Feb 1848 - 20 Mar 1848  Austrian troops stationed in Parma.
11 Apr 1848                Separate provisional governments in Parma and in Piacenza.
18 Apr 1848                Duke goes into exile.
12 May 1848 - 12 Aug 1849  Pontremoli annexed by Tuscany.
30 Jun 1848 - 17 Aug 1848  Parma annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont.
17 Aug 1848 - Mar 1849     Austrian occupation.
Mar 1849 -  5 Apr 1849     Sardinian occupation.
25 Aug 1848                Duchies of Parma and Piacenza (restored).
17 Jun 1859 - 18 Aug 1859  Administered by Kingdom of Sardinia.
18 Aug 1859                Parma and Piacenza joined with Modena.
11 Sep 1859                Duke deposed by parliament.
12 Sep 1859                Annexed by Sardinia-Piedmont.
 8 Dec 1859                Part of the Emilian Provinces (see Modena).
18 Mar 1861                Part of the Kingdom of Italy. 

Dukes¹
16 Sep 1545 - 10 Sep 1547  Pier Luigi Farnese, marchese       (b. 1503 - d. 1547)
                             di Novara
10 Sep 1547 - Jan 1548     Ottavio Farnese (1st time)         (b. 1524 - d. 1586)
Jan 1548 - 25 Feb 1550     Camillo Orsini -Papal governor-gen.(b. 1492 - d. 1584)
25 Feb 1550 - 18 Sep 1586  Ottavio Farnese (2nd time)         (s.a.)
                             (duke of Parma only to 15 Sep 1556)
18 Sep 1586 -  3 Dec 1592  Alessandro Farnese                 (b. 1545 - d. 1592)
18 Sep 1586 -  3 Dec 1592  Ranuccio Farnese -Regent           (b. 1569 - d. 1622)
 3 Dec 1592 -  5 Mar 1622  Ranuccio I Farnese                 (s.a.)
 5 Mar 1622 - 11 Sep 1646  Odoardo Farnese                    (b. 1612 - d. 1646)
 5 Mar 1622 - 21 Feb 1626  Cardinale Odoardo Farnese -Regent  (b. 1573 - d. 1626)
21 Feb 1626 - Aug 1629     Margherita Aldobrandini (f)-Regent (b. 1588 - d. 1646)
11 Sep 1646 - 11 Dec 1694  Ranuccio II Farnese                (b. 1630 - d. 1694)
11 Sep 1646 - 1648         Margherita de' Medici (f) -Regent  (b. 1612 - d. 1679)
11 Sep 1646 - 12 Jul 1647  Cardinale Francesco Maria          (b. 1619 - d. 1647)
                             Giacinto Farnese -Regent
11 Dec 1694 - 26 Feb 1727  Francesco Farnese                  (b. 1678 - d. 1727)
26 Feb 1727 - 20 Jan 1731  Antonio Farnese                    (b. 1679 - d. 1731)
20 Jan 1731 - 29 Dec 1731  Regency
                           - Enrichetta Maria d'Este (f)      (b. 1702 - d. 1777)
                           - Camillo Marazzani, vescovo       (b. 1682 - d. 1760)
                               di Parma                    
                           - Odoardo, conte Anvidi (Anviti)
                           - Federico, conte Dal Verme        (b. 1681 - d. 1765)
                           - Jacopo Antonio Maria, conte      (b. 1699 - d. 1780)
                               Sanvitale 
                           - Artaserse conte Bajardi (Baiardi)(b. 1676 - d. 1767)
Austrian Commander  
25 Jan 1731 - 29 Dec 1731  Carlo Francesco, conte Stampa
Dukes¹
29 Dec 1731 - 28 Apr 1736  Carlo I (= Carlos de Borbón)       (b. 1716 - d. 1788)
29 Dec 1731 -  9 Oct 1732  Dorotea Sofia di Neuburg (f)-Regent(b. 1670 - d. 1748)
28 Apr 1736 -  3 Feb 1749  the dukes of Milan
 3 Feb 1749 - 18 Jul 1765  Filippo (Felipe de Borbón)         (b. 1720 - d. 1765)
18 Jul 1765 -  9 Oct 1802  Ferdinando                         (b. 1751 - d. 1802)
18 Jul 1765 -  7 Sep 1771  François-Guillaume Du Tillot,      (b. 1711 - d. 1774)
                             marquis de Felino -Regent
 9 Oct 1802 -  1 Nov 1802  Regency
                           - Maria Amalia, arciduchessa       (b. 1746 - d. 1804)
                               d'Austria (f) 
                           - Cesare Ventura, marchese di      (b. 1741 - d. 1826)
                               Gallinella
                           - Francesco, conte Schizzati
Administrator delegate-general of Parmesan States
 1 Nov 1802 - 19 Jan 1806  Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry    (b. 1750 - d. 1819)
Governors-general for Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla
19 Jan 1806 - Sep 1806     Jean-Andoche Junot                 (b. 1771 - d. 1813)
 1 Feb 1806 - 24 May 1808  Hugues Eugène Nardon               (b. 1768 - d. 1812)
                             (prefect of Parma [& Piacenza and Guastalla])
18 Sep 1806 - Aug 1808     Catherine Dominique, comte de      (b. 1754 - d. 1818)
                             Pérignon
(Nominal) Duke of Parma (title Duc de Parme)
24 Apr 1808 - Apr 1814     Jean-Jacques Régis de Cambacérès   (b. 1753 - d. 1824)
Prefects of Taro département
24 May 1808 -  7 Aug 1810  Hugues Eugène Nardon               (s.a.)
 2 Oct 1810 - Mar 1814     Henri Jean-Pierre Antoine,         (b. 1783 - d. 1854)
                             baron Dupont-Delporte
Governor of Parma and Piacenza
Jan 1814 - Apr 1814        Charles Nicolas, comte de          (b. 1773 - d. 1852)
                             d'Anthouard de Vraincourt
Duchess¹
 6 Apr 1814 - 18 Feb 1831  Maria Luigia (f) (1st time)        (b. 1791 - d. 1847)
                            (= Mary Louise, Empress of France 1809-1814)
                            (arrives in Parma 20 Apr 1816)
                            (in Piacenza exile 18 Feb - 8 Aug 1831)
 6 Apr 1814 -  4 Aug 1814  Dionigi Crescini Malaspina         (b. 1750 - d. 1845)
                            (president of the Provisional Government)
                            (acting)
 4 Aug 1814 - 20 Apr 1816  Filippo Francesco Magawly,         (b. 1787 - d. 1835)
                             conte Cerati
                            (= Philip Francis Magawly de Calry)
                            (president of the Council of State)
                            (acting for absent Maria Luigia)
President of Provisional Government (in rebellion)
15 Feb 1831 - 13 Mar 1831  Filippo, conte Linati              (b. 1757 - d. 1837)
Duchess¹
13 Mar 1831 - 17 Dec 1847  Maria Luigia (f) (2nd time)        (s.a.)
                             (in Piacenza exile to 8 Aug 1831)
Duke¹
17 Dec 1847 - 11 Apr 1848  Carlo II Lodovico                  (b. 1799 - d. 1883)
                             (abdicated 14 Mar 1849)   
20 Mar 1848 - 11 Apr 1848  Regency
                           - Luigi, conte Sanvitale di        (b. 1799 - d. 1876)
                               Fontanellato 
                           - Girolamo Cantelli, conte di      (b. 1815 - d. 1884)
                               Rubbiano
                           - Pietro Gioia (to 28 Mar 1848)    (b. 1795 - d. 1863)
                           - Pietro Agostino Ferdinando       (b. 1786 - d. 1860)
                               Maestri  
                           - Pietro Pellegrini                (b. 1809 - d. 1851)
President of the Provisional Government
11 Apr 1848 - 30 Jun 1848  Gregorio Ferdinando Di Castagnola  (b. 1786 - d. 1858)
Sardinian Royal Commissioners
30 Jun 1848 - 17 Aug 1848  Federico Colla                     (b. 1790 - d. 1879)
Austrian Commandant (of the 4th Army Corps)    
17 Aug 1848 - 18 Aug 1848  Georg Graf von Thurn zu Valsassina (b. 1788 - d. 1866)
Austrian Provisional Military Governor
18 Aug 1848 - 16 Mar 1849  August Franz Graf von Degenfeld-   (b. 1798 - d. 1876)
                             Schomburg 
Government Commission
16 Mar 1849 - 22 Mar 1849  Salvatore Riva                     (b. 1802 - d. 1875)
                           + Guido Maria Giuseppe, marchese   (b. 1821 - d. 1888)
                               Dalla Rosa Prati
                           + Alessandro Cavagnari             (b. 1801 - d. 1892)
                           + Alberto Benedini                 (b. 17.. - d. 1855)
                           + Orlando Garbarini     
Sardinian Royal Commissioner
22 Mar 1849 -  5 Apr 1849  Giacomo Plezza                     (b. 1806 - d. 1893) 
Austrian Commandant (of the 6th Army Corps)    
 5 Apr 1849 - 27 Apr 1849  Constantin Freiherr d'Aspre van    (b. 1789 - d. 1850)
                             Hoobreuck 
Government Junta of Parma
 5 Apr 1849 - 27 Apr 1849  Vincenzo Cornacchia                (b. 1793 - d. 1874)
                             (governor general)
                           + Antonio Lombardini               (b. 1794 - d. 1869)
                           + Giuseppe Guadagnini              (b. 1790 - d. 1867)
                           + Marc'Aurelio Onesti              (b. 1794 - d. 1872)
Austrian Civil and Military Governor      
27 Apr 1849 - 25 Aug 1849  Karl Freiherr von Stürmer          (b. 1792 - d. 1853)
Dukes¹
25 Aug 1849 - 26 Mar 1854  Carlo III                          (b. 1823 - d. 1854)
26 Mar 1854 -  1 May 1859  Roberto I (1st time)               (b. 1848 - d. 1907)
27 Mar 1854 -  1 May 1859  Luisa Maria di Berry (f) -Regent   (b. 1819 - d. 1864)
                             (1st time)
 1 May 1859 -  2 May 1859  Giuseppe Maria, marchese           (b. 1802 - d. 1884)
                             Pallavicino
                           + Giuseppe Cattani  
                           + Enrico Salati                    (b. 1788 - d. 1869)
                           + Antonio Lombardini               (s.a.)
                          (acting)
Presidents of the Provisional Government
 2 May 1859 -  3 May 1859  Salvatore Riva                     (b. 1802 - d. 1875)
 3 May 1859 -  4 May 1859  Giuseppe Maria, marchese           (s.a.)
                             Pallavicino
                           + Giuseppe Cattani  
                           + Enrico Salati                    (s.a.)
                           + Antonio Lombardini               (s.a.)
                          (acting)
Duke¹
 4 May 1859 -  9 Jun 1859  Roberto I (2nd time)               (s.a.)
 4 May 1859 -  9 Jun 1859  Luisa Maria di Berry (f) -Regent   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
Extraordinary Commissioner of Parma
 9 Jun 1859                Pier Luigi Draghi
President of the Provisional Government Commission
 9 Jun 1859 - 17 Jun 1859  Girolamo Cantelli, conte di        (s.a.)
                             Rubbiano    
Sardinian Royal Commissioners
17 Jun 1859 -  8 Aug 1859  Diodato, conte Pallieri            (b. 1813 - d. 1892)
 8 Aug 1859 - 18 Aug 1859  Giuseppe Manfrédi (acting)         (b. 1828 - d. 1918)
Dictator
18 Aug 1859 -  8 Dec 1859  Luigi Carlo Farini                 (b. 1812 - d. 1866)
18 Aug 1859 -  8 Dec 1859  Giuseppe Manfredi                  (s.a.)
                             (acting for Farini)