HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
Confucianism legalism-taoism to lecture
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4. * 551 – 479 B.C.E.
* Born in the feudal
state of Liu.
* Became a teacher
and editor of books.
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7. 1. Li: Rite, rules, ritual decorum, principle of gain, benefit,
order, propriety, concrete guide to human action (binding
force of an enduring stable society)
2. Jen/ Ren (wren): human heartedness, goodness,
humaneness, benevolence, humanity
3. Shu: Reciprocity, empathy. Do not do unto others what
you would not want others to do unto you.
4. Yi: Righteousness, the ability to recognize/ feel what is
right and good under the circumstances what is the right
thing to do.
5. Xiao/ Hsiao (showe) : Filial Piety (Respect your parents
and elders!)
14. To harmonize society, Confucius said “build
proper attitude/ Yi in people relationship”.
Ruler is expected to be kind to subject, the
subject is to be loyal.
Parents are expected to be kind to children, the
children is to be obedient & dutiful
Husband is expected to be good to wife, the
wife is to be loyal & obedient
Elder brother/sister/ friend expected to be
considerate to younger one, the younger is to
be respectful to the elder
Families harmonize, the society & government
would function properly.
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26. * The single most important Confucian
work.
* In Chinese, it means “conversation.”
* Focus on practicalities of interpersonal
relationships and the relationship of
the role of rulers and ministers to the
conduct of government.
27. * Knowing what he knows and knowing what he
doesn’t know, is characteristics of the person
who knows.
* Making a mistake and not correcting it, is
making another mistake.
* The superior man blames himself; the
inferior man blames others.
* To go too far is as wrong as to fall short.
28. * 372 - 289 B.C.E.
* Disciple of Confucius.
* Starts off with the assumption that “people
are basically good.”
* If someone does something bad, education,
not punishment, is the answer.
Good people will mend their ways in
accordance to their inherent goodness.
29. * The emperor is the example of
proper behavior --> “big daddy”
* Social relationships are based on
“rites” or “rituals.”
* Even religious rituals are
important for SOCIAL, not
religious reasons, acc. to Confucius.
30.
31. * 280? - 233 B.C.E.
* Han Fe Zi.
* Lived during the
late Warring States
period.
* Legalism became
the political
philosophy of the
Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty.
32. 1. Fa (Law)
2. Shi (Legitimacy)
3. Shu (Arts of the Ruler)
33. Legalist CriticismsLegalist Criticisms
Rulers made laws when they came to power.
Purpose was to allow rulers to be “benevolent”
Really this meant laws could be enacted arbitrarily
and lead to corruption.
SolutionSolution
Legalism sought to make a public, written legal
code.
This system would run the state, not the ruler.
Laws were enforced by strict rewards/
punishments.
34. Legalism puts emphasis on power of the ruler
not the person ruling.
Had a negative view of humanity.
Since there were few good people to rule, a
system needed to ensure that average men
could maintain order.
Position held power not the person.
35. Morality and human nature are irrelevant.
Benevolence is replaced by firm, strict rule.
Disregard for the past unlike Taoism and
Confucianism--needed a system that would
work in the present.
36. 1. Human nature is naturally selfish.
2. Intellectualism and literacy is
discouraged.
3. Law is the supreme authority and
replaces morality.
4. The ruler must rule with a strong,
punishing hand.
5. War is the means of strengthening
a ruler’s power.
37. One who favors the principle that
individuals should obey a powerful
authority rather than exercise
individual freedom.
The ruler, therefore, “cracks his
whip” on the backs of his subjects!
38.
39. Taoism is a traditional Chinese native
religion Laozi (also called: Lao Dan, Li Er,
Laotzu, and Laotse) is the founder of this
religion. The Doctrine of Morality is regarded
as their holy Bible.
"Tao" means “the way” or “the path
40. * Not sure when he
died.
[604 B.C.E. - ?]
* His name means
“Old Master”
* Was he Confucius’
teacher?
41. Tao is both the ultimate source and principle of order
in the universe.
Tao has two components, yin and yang.
Taoism regards moral values as relative and avoids
absolute moral judgments.
Taoism literature says nothing about the afterlife and
depicts death as one of nature’s transformations from
one state to another.
Humans are part of the grand harmony of nature and
to live in accord with the Tao is the only way to thrive.
42. 1. Dao [Tao] is the first-cause of the
universe. It is a force that flows through
all life.
2. A believer’s goal is to become one with
Dao; one with nature. [“The butterfly or
the man?” story.]
3. Wu wei --> “Let nature take its course.”
--> “The art of doing nothing.”
--> “Go with the flow!”
4. Man is unhappy because he lives acc. to
man-made laws, customs, & traditions that
are contrary to the ways of nature.
43. 1. Rejecting formal knowledge and
learning.
2. Relying on the senses and instincts.
3. Discovering the nature and
“rhythm” of the universe.
4. Ignoring political and social laws.
To escape the “social, political, & cultural
traps” of life, one must escape by:
45. The two complimentary forces that exist in
nature.
Yang represents everything masculine and
active.
Yin represents everything feminine and
passive
Too much of either is bad, a balance needs to
46. Universal harmony and unity between
complimentary opposites. Yin = darkdark,
passive, negative. Yang = light,
active, positive.
47. How is a man to live in a world
dominated by chaos, suffering, and
absurdity??
Confucianism --> Moral order in society.
Legalism --> Rule by harsh law & order.
Daoism --> Freedom for individuals and
less govt. to avoid
uniformity and conformity.
48. Wu-wei = primary virtue and means “non-
action/ doing nothing = following the nature.”
To practice wu-wei is to be so perfectly in
harmony with nature that its energy infuses
and empowers the individual.
Humility and noncompetition
Naturalness and naturalism
Nonaggression and passive rule
