3. 29th April
Before anything else, preparation is the key to success.
Alexander Graham Bell
Anatomy
Describe how the blood travels through the heart in the following stages of the
cardiac cycle 1) Diastole, 2) Atrial Systole 3) Ventricular Systole (Marks3)
Skill
The classification of skills can help us to understand and learn new
movement skills. Using a practical example for each, describe what is
meant by a simple skill and a complex skill. (4 marks)
Socio Cultural
Outline the origins of Australian Rules football
and factors that have helped to develop the game in Australia.
(5 marks)
4. 30th April
Our greatest weakness lies in giving up. The most
certain way to succeed is always to try just one
more time.
Thomas A. Edison
Anatomy
Give two effects of carbon monoxide on the transport of oxygen in the blood.
• Skill
What are the characteristics of abilities? And using practical examples, what is
A gross motor ability and psychomotor ability? (4 Marks)
• Socio Cultural
Modern technological products are a key feature of contemporary sport.
Outline the advantages and disadvantages on
performance in sport of using modern technology.
Use examples of specific technology to support each of your points.
(4 marks)
5. 1st May
What you do today can improve all your
tomorrows.
Ralph Marston
• Anatomy
Describe atherosclerosis (3marks)
• Skill
Explain two factors which influence the selection of most appropriate and effective practice methods to
improve
the performance of movement skills (2marks)
• Socio Cultural
Describe the traditional amateur approach to sport in the UK.
Suggest reasons why this traditional amateur approach is being replaced by a more
professional approach in contemporary sport (5marks)
6. 2nd May
Achievement seems to be connected with action. Successful
men and women keep moving. They make mistakes, but they
don't quit. Conrad Hilton
• Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
Describe the mechanisms of venous return that ensure
enough blood is returned to the heart during the
training run 4 MARKS
The long term memory is almost limitless in its capacity and
information can be retained in there for many years.
Describe four strategies that could help a performer retain
information in the long term memory. 4 MARKS
How can both funding and the media help to
develop sporting excellence in the UK?
6 MARKS
7. 3rd May
“The winners in life think constantly in terms of I can, I will,
and I am”
Waitely. D
• Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
Identify two ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the
blood during aerobic performance
Marks 2
Identify and explain three factors that can influence a
performer's reaction time
Marks 3
What are the characteristics of physical recreation
Marks 3
8. 4th May
The difference between the impossible and the
possible lies in a person’s determination” Lasorda, T
• Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
During sub maximal exercise (aerobic) the predominant muscle
fibre type would be slow oxidative (type I). Give one structural
and one functional characteristic of this fibre type
Marks 2
Explain why selective attention is important to the short
term memory
Marks 2
Name each stage of the performance pyramid
Marks 4
9. 5th May
For every finish-line tape a runner there are the hours of hard
and often lonely work that rarely gets talked about.
Grete Waitz
Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
How will a cool down aid the vascular system
Marks 2
Give three characteristics of the short term memory
Marks 3
What are the positive effects of fair play on sport or
a sporting situation
Marks 4
10. 6th May
My main focus is on my game.
Woods. T
• Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
A cool down has a number of effects on the vascular system
which aid the performer. One effect is the prevention of blood
pooling. Identify two other effects.
Marks 2
Why is variability of practice important to schema theory?
Marks 1
What is meant by the terms physical prowess and
physical endeavour
Marks 2
11. 7th May
Most of us who aspire to be tops in our fields don't really
consider the amount of work required to stay tops.
Althea Gibson
Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
Identify the name and blood pressure value for an adult at rest
in both phases of the cardiac cycle.
Marks 4
Identify the three different types of reinforcement used in
acquiring movement skills.
Marks 3
Describe the nature of sport in the USA.
Marks 5
12. 8th May
For every pass I caught in a game, I caught a thousand
in practice. Don Hutson
Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
Why do the changes in pressure at altitude reduce performance
Marks 4
Drive reduction is one method that can be used to
motivate a performer in Physical Education and Sport. Use a
practical example to explain Drive Reduction Theory.
Marks 4
How do National Governing Bodies support
performers at the top of the performance pyramid?
Marks 5
13. 9th May
"Think little goals and expect little achievements. Think
big goals and win big success."
David Joseph Schwartz
Socio Cultural
Identify 4 roles of a National Governing Body
Marks 4
Anatomy
Explain how oxygen is transported in the blood to the working muscle
tissues
Marks 2
Skill
Use the example of a gymnast performing a handstand to explain
closed loop control
Marks 4
14. 10th May
"By working hard, you get to play hard guilt-free"
Rohn, J.
Socio Cultural
Explain how education, physical recreation and sport can all exist
within a school PE programme
Marks 3
Anatomy
Explain the conduction system of the heart
Marks 3
Skill
Use an example from Physical Education or sport to explain recall and
recognition schema
Marks 4
15. 11th May
“Hard work brings prosperity, playing around brings poverty”
The Bible
Socio Cultural
What can young people gain as a result of a positive Outdoor
Education experience
Marks 4
Anatomy
Identify two mechanisms that aid venous return during exercise
Marks 2
Skill
Use a practical example to explain the stages of the psychological
refractory period
Marks 5
16. 12th May
Guidance
You need to be able to.........
Describe the different types of guidance
Evaluate critically the types of guidance
4 types.......................Draw a picture to help remember
V_________________
V_________________
M________________
M_________________
They are all best suited for the different phases of learning.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is the first phase. Performances are often _ _ _ _ _ and uncoordinated. They need to have _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ feedback as they are beginners. They rely heavily on _ _ _ _ _ _ guidance, for example a
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ which must be accurate so it can be copied. It also provides the learner with a
_ _ _ _ _ _ image of the skill. This is often backed up and reinforced with -_ _ _ _ _ _ guidance. This cannot be
too much or it will -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the performer.
VERBAL JERKY OVERLOAD VISUAL COGNITIVE
CORRECT DEMONSTRATION
’pain is temporary. quitting lasts
forever’’
Lance Armstrong........
Nb – 2013 – maybe
Drugs helped????
17. 13th May
“Follow your dreams and enjoy the ride!”
Father of Davis Love III
Socio Cultural
Define sports sponsorship and identify possible negative effects of
sponsorship to sports performers
Marks 4
Anatomy
Why would endurance performance decrease when performing at
altitude
Marks 2
Skill
Explain the term motor programme
Marks 3
18. 14th May
“Defeat is not the worst of failures. Not to have tried is the true failure.”
George Edward Woodberry
Socio Cultural
Identify two roles of the media
Marks 2
Anatomy
How would a warm up benefit the strength of muscle contractions
when performing the strengthening exercise
Marks 3
Skill
Explain proactive and retroactive transfer and give an example of
each
Marks 4
19. 15th May
Success is how high you bounce when you hit bottom.
George S. Patton
Socio Cultural
Discuss both the positive and negative effects of the media on sport
Marks 4
Anatomy
Identify two ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood
during aerobic performance
Marks 2
Skill
Use an example from Physical Education or sport to explain how a
performer learns by operant conditioning
Marks 4
20. 16th May
"I've never known anybody to achieve anything without
overcoming adversity."
---Lou Holtz
Socio Cultural
Describe public, private and voluntary funding of sport
Marks 3
Anatomy
Identify 2 structures of the hip joint and describe their role during
physical performance
Marks 4
Skill
What strategies are used to ensure that information can be stored
and easily retrieved from the long term memory
Marks 3
21. 17th May
Success isn't something that just happens - success is learned, success
is practiced and then it is shared.
-- Sparky Anderson
Socio Cultural
What is meant by the term American Dream?
Marks 1
Anatomy
Describe how cardiac output is increased during endurance activities
Marks 4
Skill
Use a practical example to illustrate Thorndike's Laws of Learning and
how each law can be applied to Physical Education or sport. 1) Law
of Effect 2) Law of exercise 3) Law of readiness
Marks 6
22. 18th May
The Six W's: Work will win when wishing won't.
-- Todd Blackledge
Socio Cultural
Why might performer take drugs in sport
Marks 5
Anatomy
Explain how gas exchange is increased at the lungs to ensure that a
greater amount of oxygen is diffused into the blood during exercise
Marks 4
Skill
Negative transfer can adversely affect the learning of movement skills.
Give three ways in which negative transfer a can be avoided
Marks 3
23. 19th May
The difference between failure and success is doing a thing nearly right and
doing it exactly right.
-- Edward C. Simmons
Socio Cultural
What are some of the possible causes of crowd violence at sporting
events
Marks 3
Anatomy
During the training run blood needs to be diverted away from non-
essential organs to the working muscles. Explain how the vasomotor
centre controls this distribution.
Marks 3
Skill
Explain what is meant by an open skill and a closed skill
Marks 4
24. 20th May
“Striving for success without hard work is like
trying to harvest where you haven’t planted.”
~ David Bly
Describe the characteristics of coronary heart disease.
Explain how the lifelong involvement in an
active healthy lifestyle can help prevent
coronary heart disease. [10]
25. 21st May
“You may never know what results come of
your action, but if you do nothing there will
be no result.” ~ Mahatma Gandhi
Violence by spectators and players is a
contemporary sporting issue.
Discuss violence in sport with reference to both
causes and solutions.
10 marks in total
26. 22nd May
All the quotes, all the work, all the effort – its
done now; stay cool, think straight and the
best of luck! Matt Watson
• Using practical examples, explain the process
of observational learning when it is used for
acquiring movement skills and
• learning to follow an active and healthy
lifestyle. Refer to Bandura’s model in your
answer.
• 10 marks
27. 29th April – Johnny Wilkinson
Anatomy
Diastole
1. The atria/ventricles/heart is relaxed
2. Semi Lunar valves are closed
3. Blood flows into right and left atrium
4. Via pulmonary vein and vena cava
5. Pressure rises and forces blood into ventricles
Atrial systole
6. The atria contract forcing the blood into the ventricles
7. Through AV valves/bicuspid/tricuspid
Ventricular systole
8. The ventricles contract
9. Bicuspid and tricuspid valves prevent backflow of blood
10. Blood is forced through pulmonary artery and Aorta
11. Semi-lunar valves forced open
Skill
(simple skill)
One or few stimuli to process / limited information to
process/one or few decisions to make / skill with few
subroutines / limited decision making
(e.g. simple)
Swimming / running / sprinting / sprint start /
(complex skill)
Many stimuli to process / lots of information to process / many
decisions to make / more feedback / skill with more or many
subroutines
(e.g. complex)
Batting or bowling in cricket / basketball dribble / tennis serve /
hitting a ball /
gymnastics routine / somersault / high jump / triple jump / golf
swing
Socio Cultural
1850s / ‘150’ years ago / in Melbourne / in Victoria
Set up or organised or invented by Tom Wills...
as winter training game for cricketers
(probably) the combination of aboriginal (leaping)
game and Rugby (union)
(some argue) the combination of Gaelic football and
Rugby (union)
Socio Cultural
A (successful) media product / good for TV / media interest / media exposure impact
of commercialism or sponsorship /links with ‘golden triangle’
Taught or played in schools / interschool games
There are (effective) pathway programmes to elite level
Game appeals to all / game can be played by men and women /
game can be played by all body types
Australia keen to have ‘own’ game / (display of) bush culture or manliness /
Some players have changed from other games or codes
Opportunities for players to gain financial rewards or celebrity status
Availability of space / access to cricket pitches in winter / young population or nation
favourable climate / sporting obsession / government funding for sport
28. 30th April – Katherine Grainger
Anatomy
Less efficient gas exchange or diffusion / decreased
(oxygen) diffusion or concentration gradient
Haemoglobin or Hb has a higher affinity for carbon
monoxide (than O2..) /
...less oxygen combines with haemoglobin /
haemoglobin not fully saturated with oxygen /less
oxyhaemoglobin
The partial pressure of oxygen (PPO2) in the blood
decreases
Less oxygen is carried or transported (in the blood) /
less O2 delivered to muscles
Skill
1 innate / genetic / natural / born with them
2 enduring / stable / underlying / a potential (for
different types of movement)
3 specific / can underpin skills or skill learning / the
foundations or building blocks or basis of skill(s)
Practical example of gross motor abilities
4 speed / power / flexibility / endurance /
strength / stamina / flexibility /
Practical example of psychomotor abilities
5 decision making / reaction time /
hand-eye co-ordination / spatial awareness /
co-ordination /aiming / perception / control / precision/
response orientation / rate control / (manual or finger)
dexterity / arm-hand steadiness /
wrist or finger or arm speed
Socio Cultural
advantages
Fairer outcome / fewer disputes / clarification of goals or tries or whether ball in or
out e.g. video playback / third or TV umpire / Hawk –Eye
entertainment or interest for crowds e.g. waiting for result from TMO / Hawk –Eye
Safety e.g. gum shields / cricket head gear / landing mats
Comfort e.g. clothing / equipment design such as footwear
More skilful / improved or more efficient or more effective performance /
e.g. body suits (athletics / swimming) / graphite or titanium equipment / modern
footballs allow better swing or curve
Better understanding of rules e.g. refs or umpires being ‘miked up’ for all to hear
Analysis e.g. use of video or other playback equipment
To enhance training e.g. tyre towing / elastic cord / diet / supplements
To aid recovery / recover from injury e.g. medical products such as artificial
ligament and/or joint replacement
Inclusion or participation e.g. carbon fibre blades/artificial legs/wheelchairs /
surfaces that allow play throughout the year
Purity of sport enhanced e.g. use of drug testing equipment or methods
Disadvantages
Cheating e.g. drugs in sport
Disruption to ‘game’ e.g. time taken for video playback
Injury e.g. from bladed boots
Unfair advantage / expensive / dependent on sponsor e.g. F1 technology
Technology not equally available / not everyone has the item e.g. high tech bikes to
more wealthy v less wealthy countries
Loss of traditional ethic or nature of sport / win at all costs rather than participation
for enjoyment
e.g. use of high tech equipment at junior or local level
29. 1st May – David BeckhamAnatomy
cholesterol or fatty deposits or fat or lipids build up on the
arterial walls
(fatty) plaque forms in the arterial walls (of the heart) /
atheroma forms
narrowing of (the lumen in) the (coronary) arteries / restricted
flow of blood or oxygen to heart muscle
increased likelihood of blood clots
Leading to high blood pressure / hypertension / heart attack /
myocardial infarction / angina / arteriosclerosis
Skill
classification or type of skill /
the nature of the task
the ability or skill level or level of performance or maturation
or age or fitness of performer /
stage or phase of learning (cognitive, associative,
autonomous)
(level of) motivation of performer
availability of resources
the situation or context in which skill performed /
Socio Cultural
taking part for pleasure or enjoyment or intrinsic
rewards / not paid to play ‘for the love of the game’/
taking part more important than winning.
limited or no training or coaching
organisation or administration (often) unreliable or
inconsistent /
sport or NGBs organised or administered by part time or
inexperienced enthusiasts
(C19th) public schools / (C19th) middle or upper class /
‘gentlemen’ (amateurs)
linked to how life should be lived (as well as how sport
should be played)
Reasons replaced by more professional approach
because a more reliable or effective or serious or
consistent system needed
increased seriousness or win ethic or Lombardian ethic /
sport has become more competitive
to do well in international competitions or gain medals
or increase excellence
to be a realistic contender on world stage / to keep up
with other nations
impact or influence of sponsors or media or golden
triangle /
sport now ‘big business’ or an industry
participation/to increase participation /
to increase BAHLs
30. 2nd May – Amy Williams
Anatomy
1. Skeletal muscle pump - muscles contract to squeeze
blood back to the heart
2. Valves prevent backflow
3. Respiratory pump - changes in pressure around
abdominal cavity squeezes blood back to the heart
4. Blood above the heart will return due to gravity
5. Venoconstriction of veins returning blood back to the
heart
Skill
1. Practice/Overlearning/Repetition
2. Link information to that already
stored/relate to past experiences
3. Make information meaningful/relevant
4. Experience is enjoyable/novel/interesting
5. Use of visual imagery/mental rehearsal
6. Reward and reinforce success
7. Chunk/group information together
8. Intensify the stimulus
9. Make information unique/unusualSocio Cultural
1. performers can: concentrate on sport / train full time / become professional
2. performers can compete more equally with those from better funded countries
3. provision of or money for high level or specialist facilities or equipment or clothing
4. provision of or money for high level training or coaching
5. fund: UK Sport / UKSI (EIS) / NGBs / H.C. councils / YST / Sports Colleges 6.
6. attracts or provides world class events or competitions
7. scholarships / World Class (Performance) Programme / TASS / gifted and talented
8. raises profile or awareness of sport/s / promotes sport/s
9. positive role models / raises profile or awareness of performers
10. sponsorship / money to sport/s or performer/s
11. influence on : rules or timings or seasons or format or structure of sport
12. use of dvds or videos or websites
13. Increases participation / mass participation / build base of performance pyramid / shatter stereotypes / money / to clubs
31. 3rd May – Steven Redgrave
Anatomy
1. Dissolves in the plasma
2. Combines with
haemoglobin
3. Forms
carbaminohaemoglobin
4. Dissolves in water
Skill
1. RT deteriorates with age
2. Males have faster RT then females
3. Experience of a skill speeds up RT
4. Anticipation of the stimulus,
5. Warning signals - information given prior to the
stimulus
6. The strength/clarity of the stimulus
7. Expecting a particular response to a stimulus
8. Expecting a stimulus to be presented,
9. PRP - presentation of a second stimulus before a first
is cleared
10. The colder the body the slower the reactions
11. Arms react quicker than legs - length of neural
pathway
12. Extroverts tend to react quicker than introverts
13. levels of motivation/alertness affect RT,
14. Drugs/Alcohol can affect RT
15. Number of choices affect RT - Hicks Law
Socio Cultural
1. Limited skill/fitness
2. Limited organisation/no officials
3. Flexible rules
4. Limited competition
5. Enjoyable/Non serious
6. Basic equipment
7. Time decided by participants
8. Amateur/Hobby/Choice
9. Space decided by participants
32. 4th May Answers - AP McCoy
Anatomy
• Structural - 1. Size - Small
• 2. Colour - Red
• 3. Capillaries - Many
• Function 4. Slow to fatigue
• 5. Slow contractile speed
• 7. Low force output
• 8. High aerobic capacity
Skill
• 1. Limited capacity/5-9 items/Up to
30 seconds
• 2. Only allows relevant information
through/filters irrelevant information
• 3. Brain operates as a single channel
organ/bottleneck occurs when more
than one item tries to pass through
• 4. STM initiates movement therefore
the quicker the relevant detail enters
the STM the quicker the response
Socio Cultural
•1. Excellence/elite
•2. Performance
•3. Participation
•4. Foundation
33. 5th May – Mo Farrah
1. Flushes
out lactic
acid/waste
products
2. Keeps
capillaries
dilated/maint
ains blood
flow to
muscles
3. Maintains
skeletal
pump/muscu
lar pump
4. Prevents
blood
pooling
5. Maintains
venous
return
6. Maintains
stroke
volume/cardi
ac output
7. Maintains
blood
pressure
8. Gradually
decreases
heart rate
1. Limited capacity/5-9 items, 2.
Up to 30 seconds
3. Initiates movement/working
memory/two way process between
STSS/STM/LTM
4. Chunking information can
extend capacity, 5. Information is
encoded/passed onto LTM
1. helps officials
2. helps the flow
of the
game/improves
spirit of the game
3. increases
enjoyment/goodw
ill amongst
players
4. increases
enjoyment
amongst
crowd/prevents
hooliganism
5. raises status
of the
sport/positive
image
6. produces
positive role
models/reinforce
s positive
behaviour
34. 6th May – Ronnie O Sullivan
Anatomy
1. Maintain stroke volume/cardiac output
2. Gradual decrease in temperature
3. Maintain blood pressure
4. Removal of waste products/carbon
dioxide/lactic acid
5. Keeps capillaries dilated/maintains blood
flow/oxygen to muscles/reduces oxygen
debt
6. Maintains skeletal pump/respiratory pump
7. Maintains venous return
Skill
Different experiences in
practice situations will
build up/extend the
schema/schema will be
able to be used in many
situations/greater
transfer of skills
Socio Cultural
Physical Prowess - Physical skill/expertise/proficiency/fitness
Physical Endeavour - Effort/commitment/determination
35. 7th May – Andy Murray
Anatomy
• Contraction Phase
• 1. Systolic 100-130 mmHg
• Relaxation Phase
• 2. Diastolic 70 – 90 mmHg
Skill
1. Positive (reinforcement)
2. Negative (reinforcement)
3. Punishment.
Socio Cultural
1. (American Dream)Sport a vehicle for achieving the American Dream or going from rags to riches or achieving upward social
mobility
2. (win ethic) (Driven by) ‘win ethic’ or Lombardian ethic / win at all costs / very competitive / no draws
3. (commercialism) Commercialism / sport is (big) business /
sport or performers make money / used to promote or advertise products / performers or sports or teams heavily sponsored or
endorsed / performer as commodity or billboards
4. Media media (& advertising) fund pro. sport or influence it e.g. influence rules or timings or dictate commercial breaks
5. (golden triangle) Golden triangle / relationship between sport, sponsorship and media / sport linked with sponsorship
6. (entertainment) Sport is entertainment or part of entertainment industry /
e.g. marching band or ‘pom pom’ girls or cheerleading squads or other suitable example
7. (capitalist) Reflects capitalism or free enterprise or private enterprise
8. (dominates) ‘Big 4’ or professional sport dominates / little mass participation / limited or no system of local sports clubs
9. (school / uni sport) High status of high school or uni sport / high school players local stars / scholarships to universities /
university sport feeds professional sport /large crowds at high school or uni ‘games’
10. (draft) (Importance of the) draft system / (top) college athletes drafted into professional sport.
11. (hero worship) Sport stars as heroes
36. 8th May – Toby Flood
Anatomy
1. Less oxygen available,
2. Partial pressure of oxygen is reduced
3. Increased rate of
breathing/hyperventilation,
4. A reduction in the diffusion gradient occurs
5. Haemoglobin saturation depends on the
partial pressure of oxygen
6. Haemoglobin is not fully saturated,
7. Less oxygen is carried in the blood
8. Less oxygen available for the muscles,
9. Fatigue sets in quicker
Skill
1. Drive to learn a new task
2. Action is taken to satisfy the drive/skill is
practiced
3. Skill is successful/skill is learned/S-R bond
is strengthened
4. Drive is reduced
5. Too much practice/Overlearning leads to
inhibition (lack of drive)
6. New tasks/goals need to be set to re-
motivated
Socio Cultural
1. select or manage national team / talent ID / select for World Class Programme
2. provide funding
3. provide sports science information
4. high level coaching or training / performance directors / national coach / train high performance coaches or officials / academies
5. seek sponsorship or develop commercial links / obtain media coverage / negotiate with media
6. give access to high level facilities or equipment.
7. Work with UK SPORT or UKSI or HCSCs eg Sp England or sports colleges or high level clubs
8. organise or provide or inform about competitions
9. provide anti-doping education
10. encourage or support academic education / provide lifestyle or career advice
37. 9th Answers – Jessica Ennis
Anatomy
• 1. attached to haemoglobin
• 2. forms oxyhaemoglobin
• 3. dissolved in plasma
Skill
• 1. Kinaesthetic/Proprioceptive/Internal
feedback informs performer about position
of the body
• 2. Information goes to central control
mechanism
• 3. Comparison is made between actual
movement and memory trace
• 4. Changes that may be required are initiated
by effector mechanism
• 5. Muscular system adjusts the body
• 6. Kinaesthetic/Proprioceptive/Internal
feedback occurs again
• 7. Level 2 involves sub-conscious control
• 8. Level 3 involves conscious control
Socio Cultural
1. Encourage participation/develop grassroots, 2. Select national team, 3.
Talent identification/select performers for world class programme
4. Trains coaches/officials, 5. Controls the finance of their sport/seeks
sponsorship, 6. Maintains rules/oversees rule changes
7. Deal with discipline issues, 8. work with other organisations, 9. Organises
leagues/cups/competitions
10. Obtains media coverage, 11. Gives information/supports clubs, 12.
Improves facilities for participation
38. 10th Answers – Andrew Flintoff
Anatomy
• 1. attached to haemoglobin
• 2. forms oxyhaemoglobin
• 3. dissolved in plasma
Skill
• 1. Information about the
environment - eg, stance needed
when serving in tennis
• 2. How hard the pass needs to be
- what direction
• 3. Sensory information during or
after the movement - eg,
overbalancing during a headstand
• 4. Knowledge of results - eg ball
landed on the green in golf
Socio Cultural
1. Education - theory/things learnt/exams/NC
2. Physical recreation - PE run clubs for all/school trips/free time in lessons
3. Sport - inter school fixtures/competitive part of PE
39. 11th Answers – Paul Gascoigne
Anatomy
• 1. Valves
• 2. Respiratory Pump
• 3. Skeletal Muscle Pump
• 4. Gravity forces blood from above the heart
Skill
• 1. S1 - First stimulus is identified/detected
(GK sees free kick struck)
• 2. R1 - response to first stimulus is initiated
(Keeper moves to his left)
• 3. S2 - second stimulus received (Ball strikes
the wall and is deflected)
• 4. R2 - Second response is initiated (Keeper
tries to move back right towards the ball)
• 5. X - Delay is second response caused by the
bottleneck in the brain/First response is not
cleared before second stimulus is received
Socio Cultural
1. Health/Fitness, 2. Outdoor Education specific skills, 3. Leadership
4. Personal well being/increased self esteem/confidence, 5. Decision
making/problem solving
6. Team work/co-operation/communication, 7. Preparation for active
leisure/career in outdoor education
8. Appreciation of the natural environment
40. 12th – Lance Armstrong
4 types.......................Draw a picture to help remember
V__ISUAL
V__ERBAL
M_ANUAL
M_ECHANICAL
They are all best suited for the different phases of learning.
COGNITIVE is the first phase. Performances are often JERKY and uncoordinated. They need
to have EXTRINSIC feedback as they are beginners. They rely heavily on VISUAL guidance,
for example a DEMONSTRATION which must be accurate so it can be copied. It also
provides the learner with a CORRECT image of the skill. This is often backed up and
reinforced with VERBAL guidance. This cannot be too much or it will OVERLOAD the
performer.
VERBAL JERKY OVERLOAD VISUAL COGNITIVE
CORRECT DEMONSTRATION
41. 13th Answers – Lewis Hamilton
Anatomy
• 1. The partial pressure of oxygen is reduced
• 2. Less oxygen available at high altitude
• 3. Hyperventilation/ performer breathes faster
• 4. A reduction in the diffusion gradient occurs
• 5. Haemoglobin saturation depends on the partial
pressure of oxygen
• 6. Haemoglobin is not fully saturated
• 7. Less oxygen is carried in the blood
• 8. Less oxygen is available for muscles/aerobic
respiration
• 9. Fatigue sets in quicker
Skill
• 1. Generalised series of movmements/Plan of a skill
• 2. Stored in LTM
• 3. Made up of sub routines
• 4. Hierachy of importance
• 5. Initaited by one decision
• 6. Programme created through practice
• 7. Put into action by effector mechanism
• 8. Operate under open/closed loop control
• 9. Modified after each attempt
Socio Cultural
Description - The money/other support to individuals/teams/events to gain
publicity
Negative affects, 1. Money can be withdrawn/limited time, 2. Some
sponsorship can give poor image (alcohol, tobacco)
3. Sponsors can control/manipulate performer, 4. Performers may be/feel
exploited
5. Not always available/not available to all, 6. Performers may become reliant
on a particular sponsor, 7. Pressure to win/cheating
42. 14th Answers – Shane Warne
Anatomy
• 1. Increase in muscle temperature
• 2. Allows greater stretch/elasticity
• 3. Decreases risk of injury/increase in blood
flow/oxygen
• 4. Nerve impulse conduction is quicker
• 5. Improves co-ordination/increases strength
of contraction
• 6. Less resistance within muscle
• 7. Increased enzyme activity
• 8. More energy available for muscles
Skill
• 1. Proactive - a skill currently being learnt has
an effect on a skill in the future
• 2. Retroactive - a skill currently being learned
has an effect on a skill already learned
Socio Cultural
1. Inform
2. Educate
3. Advertise/promote/publicise
4. Entertain
43. 15th Answers – Tom Daley
Anatomy
• 1. Dissolves in the plasma
• 2. Combines with haemoglobin
• 3. Forms carbaminohaemoglobin
• 4. Dissolves in water
Skill
• 1. Trial and error
• 2. Behaviour is modified/environment
manipulated
• 3. Reinforcement/Praise helps learning
• 4. Behaviour is shaped
• 5. Responses not reinforced will disappear
• 6. Partial reinforcement given occasionally
ensures learning more thorough but takes
longer
• 7. Complete reinforcement after every
attempt increases speed of learning
Socio Cultural
Positive
1. Role modes produced, 2. Stereotypes can be shattered
3. Can increase participation, 4. Can highlight minority sports/groups
5. Sport is now part of the entertainment industry, 6. Money to the sport/money to the clubs
7. Rule changes which have been positive for the sport
Negative
8. Focus on negative behaviour/poor role models, 9. Stereotypes can be reinforced
10. Reduces participation, 11. Usually focuses on few sports (football)/unequal coverage
12. Financial rewards for only those at the very top
44. 16th Answers – Tanni Grey Thompson
Anatomy
• Shape of bone/socket - wide range of
movement allowed
• Ligaments - hold bone in place/stability/join
bone to bone
• Cartilage - Prevents wear and
tear/friction/absorb compression
• Tendon - provides strength/support
• Synovial Fluid - lubricates joint
• Pads of fat - absorbs shock/protect from
wear and tear
• Synovial Membrane - secretes Synovial fluid
Skill
• 1. Practice/Overlearning/Repetition
• 2. Link information to that already
stored/relate to past experiences
• 3. Make information meaningful/relevant
• 4. Experience is enjoyable/novel/interesting
• 5. Use of visual imagery/mental rehearsal
• 6. Reward and reinforce success
• 7. Chunk/group information together
• 8. Intensify the stimulus
Socio Cultural
1. Public - money from government or local authority
2. Private - Money from sponsorship/businesses
3. Voluntary - Money or donations from individuals and charities/fundraising
45. 17th Answers – Graeme McDowell
Anatomy
• 1. Increase Heart Rate, 2. Increase in stroke
volume, 3. Adrenaline is released
• 4. Increase in venous return, 5. Stretches wall
of right atrium which increases firing of SA
node
• 6. Starlings Law, 7. Information sent by
proprioceptors/baroreceptors/chemorecepto
rs to Cardiac Control Centre
• 8. Increase in sympathetic control, 9.
Increase in temperature which speeds up
nerve impulses
Skill
• Effect
• 1. If response is followed by a satisfier then
the S-R bond is strengthened
• 2. eg - A rugby player is pleased to see a
successful conversion
• 3. If the response is followed by an annoyer
the S-R bond will be weakened
• 4. eg - The rugby conversion is not a success
• Exercise
• 5. The S-R bond will be strengthened by
practice
• 6. eg - A badminton player practices serving
• Readiness
• 7. The performer must be
physically/mentally capable of attempting
the skill
• 8. eg - A young footballer must be able top
grasp the principles of offside before he is
taught it/the high jump bar must be low
enough for the athlete to be able to clear it
Socio Cultural
1. Anyone can achieve success/wealth/status
2. Rags to Riches
3. Everyone has an equal chance of success,
4. happiness is achieved through wealth
5. Hard work will be rewarded
6. Land of opportunity
46. 18th Answers – Graham Swann
Anatomy
• 1. There is high partial pressure of oxygen in
the lungs/alveoli
• 2. There is a low partial pressure oxygen in
the blood
• 3. During exercise there is a greater diffusion
gradient
• 4. Faster diffusion will occur
• 5. Increased blood supply/temperature
• 6. Increased surface area of lungs/respiration
rate
• 7. Reduced resistance to diffusion
Skill
• 1. Ensure performer understands the task
requirements
• 2. Performers attention drawn to aspects
that may cause negative transfer
• 3. Ensure practice to match/skill to skill as
similar as possible
• 4. First skill thoroughly learned before
introducing a second skill
• 5. Focus on similar aspects
• 6. Avoid teaching conflicting skills close to
each other
Socio Cultural
1. builds muscles/lose or gain weight/increase energy
2. Reduce pain/recover from injury
3. steady nerves/increase aggression or motivation
4. pressure to win
5. to look good/aesthetic
6. rewards/money/win at all costs ethic
7. lack of education/unaware of dangers
8. Belief that everyone else is doing it/level playing field
9. Belief that they will get away with it
47. 19th Answers – Strictly come dancing!
Anatomy
• 1. Vasodilation of arteries supplying the
working muscles/Vascular shunt
• 2. Opening/Vasodilation of the precapillary
sphincters supplying the working muscles
• 3. Vasoconstriction of arteries supplying non-
essential organs
• 4. Closing/Vasoconstriction of precapillary
sphincters supplying non-essential organs
• 5. Sympathetic stimulation/reduction
Skill
• Open skill
• 1. The environment is constantly
changing/affected by the environment
• 2. The performer needs to adapt the
changing conditions/performer is reactive
• 3. The skill is externally paced
• 4. The skill is mainly perceptual
• Closed Skill
• 5. The skill is self paced/internally paced
• 6. The environment does not affect the
skill/environment unchanged
• 7. The skill is habitual
• 8. Movements follow a set pattern/pre-
planned
Socio Cultural
1. Alcohol/Drugs
2. Frustration at the score or officials
3. Rivalry/local derbies/religion
4. Verbal abuse/provocation/racism
5. Pre-match hype/over excitement/importance of game
6. Large number of fans/poor policing or stewarding
7. Hooliganism at football
8. Mass culture/Tribal nature of event/peer group pressure
9. Violence or poor behaviour on the pitch copied by crowd
10. Lack of suitable punishment or deterrent.
48. 20th May – Answers Carl Froch
Description of characteristics of CHD:
(CHD is) the failure of the (coronary) arteries to supply enough oxygen to the myocardium or heart muscle
(CHD is) the deposit of fatty materials in the coronary arteries of the heart (vascular system)
CHD - Conditions
Angina
chest pain caused by the partial blockage of coronary artery
causes lack of oxygen to myocardium or heart tissue
Heart attack or myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest
sudden and severe restriction / complete blockage of oxygen supply to myocardium (heart tissue)
arteriosclerosis
a condition where the walls of the coronary arteries become thicker or hard or less elastic
atherosclerosis
most common cause of CHD
the accumulation of fatty deposits or cholesterol or plaque or atheroma on walls of coronary arteries
leads to narrowing or blocking of the lumen or blood vessels
leads to stroke or heart attack or myocardial infarction
CHD – Risk Factors
sedentary or inactive lifestyle
smoking
carbon monoxide increases HR or strain on heart
increased risk of blood clots or blockages
increased risk of damage to coronary arteries
hypertension or high blood pressure
systolic blood pressure equal or greater than 140mmHg / diastolic blood pressure equal or greater than 90mmHg
obesity
BMI > 30 (kg/m2)
high blood cholesterol or blood lipids / high fat or poor diet
Increased LDL cholesterol levels (compared to HDL cholesterol levels)
Blood cholesterol level greater than 6mmol/lite
high stress levels or heredity or age or diabetes
49. 20th May – Answers 2 Carl FrochExplanation of how an active, healthy lifestyle can prevent CHD CHD prevention
(frequency) individuals should be physically active on regular basis
adults - 30 mins 3 - 5 times per week
children and young people - 60 mins a day.
(intensity) should leave performer out of breath / aerobic exercise
raise heart rate into age related training zone / working at sub-maximal level or low or medium or moderate intensity or below OBLA
E.g. rowing / running / cycling / circuit training (or other suitable example)
15. (weight training) isometric training should be avoided
Raises blood pressure to dangerous levels
Causes increased strain on the heart / trigger heart attack or stroke
Activity factors (- moderate aerobic activity):
improves efficiency of coronary circulation
increases levels of High density lipoproteins / HDLs
increase in HDLs associated with reduced CHD
HDLs not harmful to vascular system HDLs break down or carry away LDLs
reduces levels of Low density lipoproteins / LDLs
build up on the walls of arteries
reduces stress levels
myocardial infarction or heart attack less likely
less risk of hypertension or high blood pressure / reduces blood pressure
Healthy resting systolic blood pressure 120mmHg / diastolic blood pressure 80mmHg
less risk of arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis / CHD
Increases ability of the body to regulate blood pressure
less risk of angina as coronary circulation improved
less body fat / maintain or manage healthy body weight
as more calories burned
Nutritional factors:
a balanced diet will help prevent CHD (50-70% carbohydrate / 20-30% protein / 10-20% fat)
low fat or low cholesterol diet will prevent arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis / CHD
low salt intake will help prevent CHD / High salt intake can lead to CHD
stop smoking
reduce alcohol intake
50. 21st May – Becky Adlington
Causes of violence: Players and Spectators
1 (frustration) frustration with match officials or other suitable example of frustration
2 (emotional intensity) emotional intensity or importance of result or pressure/pre-match hype or psyche-up/position in league or cup or
competition/monetary reward.
3 (abuse/provocation) provocation or abuse or ‘cheating’ or rule breaking by opponents or team mates or (where relevant) from crowd/violence
on pitch/racism
4 (punishment) lack of punishment or deterrent
5 (religion/tradition) religion/traditional rivalry/local derby/team loyalty
Causes of violence: Players
6 (weapons) (potential) ‘weapons’ e.g. sticks or clubs
7 (nature of game) nature of game/body checking or contract e.g. ice hockey or rugby
8 (kit) kit or equipment that ‘de-humanises’ or protects
Causes of violence: Spectators
9 (alcohol/drugs) alcohol/drugs
10 (numbers) overcrowding /poor spectator provision/poor policing or stewarding.
11 (hooligans) hooligans at football/organised violence
12 (mass culture) mass culture/peer pressure/tribal nature of event/loss of individual identify or diminished responsibility within
crowd/limited alternative outlets for energy
Possible solutions: Players:
13 (rule changes) Rule changes
14 (punishment) More severe punishments/accept suitable example
15 (education) Education/emphasis on fair play/position as role models emphasised
16 (officials) More officials/more authority for officials
17 (technology) Technology/video playbacks
Possible solutions: Spectators:
18 (Deterrents) Stricter deterrents or punishments (eg. remove season tickets)
19 (control of alcohol) Control of alcohol
20 (facilities) Improve spectator facilities/separation of fans/home and away fans to leave seperately
21 (CCTV) Use of CCTV or other security measures
22 (liaison) Liaison of police from different areas or countries
23 (family) Promotion as family entertainment/family sections within crowd
51. 22nd May – 4 leaf clover
1. Demonstration – watching demonstration/watching the model
(accurate development of demo. point)
2. Attention
3. performer cues in to or selectively attends to or focuses or concentrates (on aspects of display or demonstration)
role models or high status performers or significant others draw focus / role model educate or encourage or shows how to follow
an active and healthy lifestyle / degree of attention is influenced by attractiveness or status of model
key points highlighted / verbal guidance used to highlight key aspect of demo
e.g. (movement skill) focus on or watch the arm action of a successful performer’s tennis serve
e.g. (BAHL) watching or seeing a role model or significant other who does not smoke / or whose alcohol intake is moderate
e.g. (BAHL) watching a successful tennis player who follows a healthy lifestyle
e.g. (BAHL) regular participation in sport by popular people encourages observer to follow active lifestyle
4. Retention
5. observer needs to remember the demo or movements or behaviours watched
repetition of the demonstration or role model’s movements or behaviours will aid memory / demo or information should be
repeated
e.g. (movement skill) coach repeats or gets another athlete to repeat demo of triple jump or other skill
e.g. (BAHL) information about importance of not smoking / moderation in alcohol consumption is repeated so learner remembers key
information
use of mental rehearsal or imagery can help (observer retain demonstration)
e.g. (movement skill) imagining the movement of arm action in a tennis serve may help retention/performer mentally rehearses serve
symbolic coding by using key/catch phrases can help retention of demonstration
e.g. (movement skill) use of phrases such as ‘clean palm, dirty neck’ (Shot Putt)
e.g. (BAHL) catch phrases such as ‘change for life’ or ‘five a day’
6. Motor reproduction
7. observer must be capable of performing the skill / or information must be at a level relevant to performer / performer must be able to match
demonstration
observer must have physical capacity to perform skill or follow lifestyle choices
performer must have mental capacity to understand skill or lifestyle choices
e.g. (movement skill) a young child will not be able to perform a slam dunk (basketball) / must have leg strength to complete all three
phases of triple jump/ lower school performers must understand components of triple jump
e.g. (BAHL) learners must understand the benefits of not smoking / of a balanced diet
52. 22nd May 2 – 4 leaf clover
9. observer must have drive to or want to learn to copy model
use of praise or positive reinforcement (to encourage drive to copy model)
e.g. (movement skill) coach praises or positively reinforces successful copying of tennis serve / coach uses praise or
positive
reinforcement to encourage copying of demonstration
e.g. (BAHL) parents praise or support your healthy or lifestyle / role model praises learner for not smoking /
moderating alcohol
consumption / for exercising / badge given for eating healthily or exercising
e.g. (BAHL) learners must have mental willpower to stop smoking/moderate alcohol consumption
10. Matching performance – performer imitates demonstration
Further discussion might include:
11. copying more likely if behaviour is socially acceptable/follows social norms
e.g. (movement skill) if sportsmanship shown by tennis player / if tennis player always does thorough warm up
12. copying more likely if behaviour or skill is considered to be relevant (to needs)
Observer will try to copy model if they can see how copying (the behaviour or skill) will positively affect performance
or lifestyle
e.g. (movement skill) observer / player wants to play tennis or improve tennis serve or get fitter
e.g. (BAHL) observer / player wants to follow an active lifestyle to make friends
13. copying more likely if observer can identify with model or demonstrator
Same sex / age / race / ability model will encourage copying
e.g. (movement skill) female observer more likely to try to copy serve of female demonstrator
e.g. (BAHL) male observer more likely to want to copy active lifestyle of male demonstrator
14. reference to bobo dolls experiment
