DIN 1942 - Acceptance Testing of Steam Generators - 1996

‘2 UDC 621.18:003.62:389.16 DEUTSCHE NORM. February 19 —_ —— ~ aa Acceptance testing of steam generators DIN 7 {VDI Code of practice) = : Z | | scnanmeversucne an Dampferzeugern (VOl-Damplerzeugerregeln) Superseces June 1979 eciton. os 3 S| | the Engisn version of ts standard has been prepared withthe assistance of he Fachveroand Oamptkesse, Behalter- 5 | | una Ronmeiungsoa 35 83 {In keeping with current practice in standards published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), @ BB | | commanas been used trovghout asthe decimal marker i fe BI Contents 5.4.3.2 “Flow measurement with velocity probes 1. Scope and fieid of application .. 3 3 5.4.4 Measurement of flue dust flow .... 3 3 1.1. Field of application .. |_ 1.2 scope : 5.45 Determination of density 1.2. General information «... 5.5 Caloric value. : 2. Symbols, quantities, units 5.5.1. Calonific values of fuel and coefficients... -..s. 5.5.2 Samoling of fuels. prer 22:3, Symbols “and uAne "6.8.3" Net calorific vaive and sampling of refuse: 2.4.1 Latin letters. 5.6 Chemical composition . 2.1.2 Greck letters 67 Fuels < 2.1.3. Subscript 58.2. Flue dust and-ash 22° Coeticients - 5.63_,Flue oes, 3 Guaranteed parameters,....-: 18 57) Eleewie power ~ 3.1 Basis for determining guaranteed parameters seer aaerae a "2. Parameters subject to guarantee : 3.3. Additional measurements . Seer erence a 3.4 Supply of steam generator components ft Sana oor an eaue by several manufacturers: . 5 6.1.2. Normal envelope .... . apes a caaions ts © § 64.9. Other envelopes. 5 4.1 Methods of determining efficiency .. 5 6.1.3.1 General . 82" Genital conditions 3 6132 Envelope without steam air heater. > rang” Preliminary test nue,“ 5 por 4202:Cénditi SF sidam generator’ . 5 "458 Steady-state editions =. 6 7 G57" aiabing steadyetate costing § Gi:338” Ervelone'with mil vapour sebaration ..22-:-10- Pesta huisaiisan Ge Gana oars conan € 6.1.2.6 Envelope for integral fue gas desulfurization 4.5.3. Adjustment of fring system 6 4;6 “Performance of test. 6 4.8.1 Test duration -.--.00s-+ 6 ce tret basing an ana ties spas ng ~B-a-rHeat input, neat output and losses. er 4.6.3 Frequency of readings : ee ee 4.8.4 Permissible fluctuations a ee ease 4.7 Other information . eee ee 4 pe ian a gantana eee 6.3.22" Heat inpit Brepoitional to fuel bummed =... 14 7 of meesurement. |g 63.2.3 Heat credits “4 ~ 5.4 General... 1g 63.24_Total heat input 18 5.2 Pressure measurements : |g 633 Losses . 5.3 Temperature measurements... 8 63.3.1 General : see | 5.4 Mass and mass flow | a 633.2 Fle gas losses vice 15 5.4.1 Weighing ...--..+ | 633.3 Loss due to unburned combustibles ......+ 15 5.4.2 Volumetric measurements . 8 63.3.4 Losses due to enthalpy and unburned 5.4.8 Flow measurements a Combustibies in slag and flue cust ats | $43.1. Flow measurement with olices 6.3.3.5 Other, ime-related losses ese. eeseseeeee Wt and nozzles | 8 633.6 Losses due to radiation and convection ....16 + } Continued on pages 210.47. | po [an Varad GnBv, Baan hs eave THOT! GH TARTN TON ROT Din Ta42 Engl Price group 18Page2 DIN 1942 Pave Pace 6.2.3.7 Total losses : 16 7.4.3.1 Weighing ...- foros 2 £32” cueutaton of combustion seve gas 7432 Volumetric measurement : 27 carestantgel mass ratios and specific heat .... 16 7.4.3.3. Flow measurement 2 6.3.4.1. Combustion air/lue gas mass ASA Other uncertainties... .2.cceeeeesr eee BB to fuel mass ratios : 744 Uncertainty for net calorific value «..-.-.+.++ 28 6.3.4.2. Ultimate analysis -. 7.4.4.4 Sampling a 6.3.4.2.1 Solid fuels and fuel it wea? Net eaoriie valie ea 6.3.4.2.2 Fuel gases TA? uncenanves for combustion aitve gas mass 6.3.4.3. Statistical analysis to fuel mass ratios and for specific heat ...... 28 6.3.4.3.1 Solid fuels « 74.5.1. Uncertainty for CO,, 0, and CO 63.432 Fuel ol contents of dry five gas -.-- cee 28 6.3.43.3 Natural gas + 745.2. Uncorainty for mpuvoss calculations... 28 Baad Integral speci het of fue a 745.3 Uncertainty for integral specitic heat and combustion air. 19 of dry air and of fue gas 29 “5.315” Dest desulturzation Jo 74.6 Uncertainty for losses due to enthalpy arene ana unburned combustbes 6 the 8189 and flue dust . =. 30 ev g.382-~Lime ratio and desulucization efficiency aT ntemrainy Tor oar qoanction anata 6.35.3 Uttimate analysis “2174.8 Negligible uncentintes vieeeeeees BO 6.3.5.4_ Heat and mass balances mai Sone B:8.S:Sechossestdue to éathalpy - on and unburned combustibles im | ">" 1.6.3.6 - Heat input-and losses for muti-fuel firing systems ...-- 6355 ;93. General oe 6.8.6.2-Heat input » pe ieee 715: unperann {01 measured. ate sistie:122 8. Corrections to.guarantee conditions: Se ec scaauas MS Siti 5 {gas mass to fuel mass ratios, reve» BB, Covet for fuctatns of aren 232 6.4 Thermal efficiency « +22 4.2.1 Influence on output... - wee 82 eae “122 $3 uence of fluctuations on output... .-+++- 32 122 Determination of efleney 8.22 Influonce of fluctuations on reheater by input-output method pressure drop -.---- a2 6.4.2.1 Measured quantities .- 8.3. conection of efficiency By | ino ‘output metnod ‘of eficioncy --to guarantee condi 33 4 comecton of eiecy By heat le tarnoa gg baa vse Gearantes contlions via Neat Balance... = gut GoTrecton for fluctuations H#:NCV= ot 100 (ry, ash-free) 42 Correcton for uctualons In asn content 84.3 Correction for fluctuations content ~'Gi4.3.2 ~Caleulation f officienty ...- 7 Averaging and uncertainty of measurement 7.1 General : Faseveraging ad corectons 7.2.1 “Averaging trom measures valves “7 222""Correction of averaged measured valdes > _Fr2ke—nities” Coiteoten ter fluctuations 7.3. Fundamentals of calculating uncertainty 24 in combustion air temperature u 7.3.1 Errors of measurement 24 8.4.6 Correction for fluctuations 2 Standard, deviations, confidence “iit in moisture content of combustion a u . ; 185° Correctior of efficiency by heat joss macrod nei aintios for tremoayramie parameters tp guarantee conditions wiih change reer 25) in fue gas temperature 8.5.1 -Correction for fluctuations in food water temperature 85.2. Correction for fluctuations. in combustion air temperature 8.6 Efficiency unger guarantee condone 86.1. Input-output method 8.6.2 Heat loss method . 8.6.3 Comparision of efficiencies “Fa3" Unc " _ and coefficients - 73.4 Limited error distribution 7.3.5 Uncertainty of a calculated result... 73:6 Muttiple measurement of a moasurand ..- 7.4 Guide values for measurement uncertainties « 741 General... 7.4.2 Uncertainty for 742.1 Pressure. 7.42.2 Temperature F423 tnmatpy,anthalpy afference and © Exomples specific volume of steam .....+00+ 26 Standards and other ‘documents referred to 7.4.3 Uncertainties for mass flows 27 Other relevant standards and documents fessure and temperature. pageseee FEDIN 1942 Page 4. Scope and field of application = additional measurements: 4.4. Field of application vest conditions, such as degree of cleaniiness. time to Fesen stoady-state condition and test curation: ‘This stanaard covers direc-fired steam and hot-water gen eae aiemauig test conditions cree sneluding the auxibanes. For the purposes of this y 9 test aed ceeisia steam and hot-water generators are vessels and = lowdown and sootbiowing: pipework systems im which «ge of instrumentation other than spectied in clause = steam at a pressure higher than atmospneric pres- 5 santa generated for use external tothe syster, » steam table and tables for other thermodynamic , = water is heated to a temperature higher than the satu- properties to be used: Tae (cinperature at atmospheric pressure for use egny special correction methods: external to the system. = location and, position of measuring points. ‘steam generator normally consists ofthe flue gas-heatec A steam gemine cuperneater, the reheater, the tencwater 2 symbols, quantities, units and coefficients caer aOF gr neater, te fuel heater, if ary, and the fuel a bomning equipment. 2.1 Symbols and units DU et! relied to equipment by muans of The symbols, stesso conform as far as possible ee ‘Tang § and DIN 1345 rich tne retgnaible neat. Such equipment may iAvoVe convened 10 seni og combustion or burner systems... 2.4.1. Latin efit ‘The aulanes include the fuel feeders, the pulverize, the the 1D (induced draught) fan, the symbol Quantity Unit “ “faviiities for removal of the refuse, (combustion. residues), 2 igen for romana in arene, te oleate Ec | A eontent of fuel = any. and the dust collector-" ee Ao 7 [inttice’ tactor = - --++ This»standard does not cover: i r © ‘Specific heat capacity") kartkg K) nits fied with special fuels (€9. refs $= |integra specific neat capacity) | Kika X) > srecsutaed sear generators (0.9. pressuraea tude > f° AOE (ransient fraction of Pion « ftegsbed combustion (PFBC) (boilers. teat outbut) oan steam. generators ih combined cycle systems. NS Limit of (permissible) error - Fae aera appesbyanaicgytorre acceptance | Hy | Gross Sabre ee (eon karkg testing of q H, {Net calorific value (NCW) karkg, jindirect-fired units (e.g. waste heat boilers) h ‘Specific enthalpy katkg units operated using other heat carriers (e9. gase i Number of samples - ‘thermal ol, sodium). 1 {entnalpy of flue gas or ‘wore tis standards to serve asthe basis for the accept> combustion air Kang Where wring ofrneat‘vanster systems. an agreement shall | caged “ ce si Qo renenee by ine time th convact has been conciud ; : ‘ies regaa to'any special features which may nave an infiow length ™ soupy at “oyget Grethe Mibasuremients and interpretation of test results. a Ratio of-unbumed combustibles estmme Ta ee ae Ire supplied fil massows - \ ARsSsone : - 7 Mom: [Molar mass : E Meds S500 ccondad atte asi forthe wail per, | | ETO I seas ans l= This standard uray tasting of dect-‘red steam and | ot | Mass flow (ae) formance (accaptaees en rats are cosiged to demo. | nA factor at boll outet hax watt gener tees win respect eticaey ard ae ee ‘Sutpul of other parameters have been met eels eee ‘This-standard includes (among other things): is coon recommendations for'the performance ‘of acceptance P ee tests (see clause AY, Q [Hest tow ‘a definition of the envelope boundary of the steam gen- 7 Latent heat (heat of vaporzaton) | XI*9 = Sting unt and of te efiioncy (see clause 6) | Thermodynamic temperenre = reRrais on thesuncertainty of measurement (see clause | f Temperature Celsus -- 48 _t - u [Unburned comoustibies content - cxamples-of acceptance tests carried out on diferent (by mass) ong units (see clause 9) a JUncertainty of'méasurement | Vv [Combustion air and fue gee | 1,3" General information volume (per unit masa of vet mig 1 tenon provides information on agreemants rating | 7 [Volume fw (ate) ~m re erat and scope of acceptance tests. Such agree ments shall be made prior to testing or at ‘the time when the = Specific volume mong ‘steam or hot-water generator is order sd. wo Velocity ms ‘The agreements may refer to the following: w Moisture content of fue im eee spatanveope bounaary. reference tem |* LES ‘gas/combustion a marsha Five Soronts content by masa | KO/*O aemethed of determining thermal efficiency (mput-out- TV apeeitie hast or shor. fput metnod or heat loss method);Page4 OIN 1942 ‘Symbol Quantity Unit Subsenpt Used to denote Zz | Combustion a content by mass ™ Pulverizer (Ory basis) kgikg m Average y [Content by volume mm? min [Minimum yer | Combustion air content by ims N Usetui, effective volume (dry basis) mim’ N Nitrogen z Time n a ‘Standard condition") ° atorc 24.2 Greek letters 5 Stoichiometric Symbol ‘Quantity Unit ° panes ; Oxygen @ [Heat wanster coefficient tek) es sampling 5 | Partial citterentia Constant pressure = Ls ~ |Ditterence = =~ Slag | Relative uncertainy of $ sutur measurement | | | sp. |Fecawater - e Emissivity ine st Radiation and convection 1 | Thermal efficiency — Ory toasis) ” Ash collection efficiency = Circulating PUMP or-recirculating ie ~~") gfigurmied matter ===" - Fel content (oy mass) a ae = ¥ {Volatile mater content of ash. fkakgsno do. | ye > | ware - “ reve (value) ate peeesd Combustion sive gas mass wiley - to fuel mass ratio a —— 7 zp. | Atomizing steam oF 24:3 “Subscripts 1 Upstream, inlet mae 2 Downstream, outlet 1,1 | Reheater stages a Maximum Numexicalvalie: =and unit | Carbon monoxide 2442.5 ware co, —_| Carbon dioxide 7 7 integral specific heat of water between : 2 Final value 125 and 150°C Zou 4.21 kaka ©) eto integral specific heat of Volatile matter air botween 25 and 150 *C| -| or kame 1]. Sensor - integra specific heat of Leakage (infitrated) air Jash and flue dust between] Flue gas (combustion gas) }25 and 200°C Zaede | .0,06 kastkg Guaranteed imegral specific heat of Measured stag: Total Ory-battom furnace |Z 1,0 kakg K) Hydrogen Slag-tap fumace as 1.26 kurtka 10 Water Integral specific heat K 8 of additives fo oe betwoen 25 and 200°C | Caco, s K Lime (when used as additive) Sco emnsccuesn Ka Steam air heater cao 0.84 kankg K) Ka Cooling water L Combustion air *)1,01325 bar at 0°C.Numerical valve Designation symbol | ee eet Integral specific neat of lunburnea combustibles between 25 and 150°C | Zavy 1.03 (1 + Yaa) kaka) INCV of carbon monoxide | Hycon | 12.699 Mul? NCV of unburned matter: Hard coal Hee 33.0 Muka Brown coal i 27.2 Malkg 3 Guaranteed parameters 3.1 Basis for determining guaranteed parameters “The following factors shall be considered when establish “-ing-the-guaranteed parameters: = fuel properties (composition, NCV, grindabilty, ash {usibily) and fuel group, if relevant; nd spray water characteristics-jpressure- pressure, temperature and mass aiite, eit ngmidty, air pressure, nega fe condiionaf Baler out == Parameters and thermodynamic propertes-rel ~° “envelope boundary (see subciause 6.1) only. 3.2 Parameters subject to guarantee ‘An acceptance test of a steam generator is carried out to verity compliance with the guarantees. ‘The main parameters which ara to be guaranteed are: = the mi ie’ pressure ‘ai temperature of the generated live “ the efficiency or losses for given fuels and partial toads; = the-steam, condition for given fuels and. partial 10 canvese-theepressure ;drop. across boiler HP.system-and,(8-.. a. # eatery = the pressure loss in the combustion avr and flue gas flows at agreed points; = the air factor (ratio of actual to storchuometne combustion air masses) at agreed pomts: = the maximum throughput of reheater spray wate = the unburned combustibles content ot fue dust. Unless otherwise agreed, guarantees retate to steady- state conditions. 3.3 Additional measurements ‘The following parameters may also be taken into consid eration when evaluating the steam generating unt: = pressure and tomperature of water and steam at oif- ferent points; = combustion air pressure, temperature and velocity at ifferent points along the ducting system; = tive gas composition, pressure, temperature and ve~ Tocity at different points along the ducting system. DIN 1942 Page S 3.4 Supply of steam generator components by several manufacturers Mt steam generator components are supplied by several manufacturers, additional measurements: may be neces~ Sary inorder to provide proof that the guarantees have been complied with: + 4 Basic test conditions 4.1, Methods of determining efficiency ‘The thermal efficiency of steam generators can be usually determined using she following two methods. Input-output method Here, the efficiency is determined as the ratio of neat bsorbed by the working fluids (water and steam) to the ‘heat input (chemical heat plus neat credits added to the steam generator). Heat loss method “The heat loss method requires the determination of all accountable heat losses, heat credits and the heat in {the fuel, The efficiency is then equal to 100 minus the ratio of the sum of all heat losses to the sum of heat in ‘he fuel plus heat credits... itis recommended that the major ne determines when using this method. -Tne'two methods are equally acceptable. Which method is -~ to be given preferance depends on the technical resource ‘Where solid fuels are used, for'example, it is not possible Srextremely difficult to accurately measure large mass flows. Here, the only viablé chGice is the heat loss method, which should also be adopted when the fuel properties are Nject to large fluctuations. However, itis normally possi bie to take accurate measurements of fuel flow in gas or fuel Oil firing installations. In this case, the input-output method Phay be the better choice, especially for small steam gen- Gravors, owing to the uncertainty involved in the measure: ment of radiation and convection losses. The two methods have different levels of uncertainty. The method with the highest accuracy should always be em ploye losses also be 4.2. General conditions =. °°. ~ “The pftieters listed-in°Subctause 3.1” should-be-deter~" mined before carrying out acceptance tests. If the operating conditions do not allow this, the tests may, subject to por agreement, be performed under different conditions. Plowever, deviations should be Kopt toa minimum. It wil non be necessary to correct the efficiency fo the.guaran {Yo0d conditions. See clause & for details 4.3. Preliminary test runs Prior to the regular acceptance test the supplier shall be Given the opportunity to conduct preliminary test runs Uinich serve to check the accuracy of test equipment and ‘methods and to train test personnel. If a preliminary test yiolds satistactory results, it may be declared an acceptance test, subject to agreement of all parties involved. 4.4 Condition of steam generator It may be assumed that a steam generator is so designed that the guaranteed values can be attained even if the gen- Grator ts not thoroughly clean. Therefore, the ducting sys~ fom need not be absolutely tree of flue dust or soot deposits for the acceptance test, As a rule, he test should be con- Gucted as soon as possible following the tral run. Where the steam generator has been supplied with cleaning Sauipment (2.9, sootblowers of a shot cleaning plant), suchPages OIN 1942 equipment should be employed for cleaning before the ‘acceptance test. where, for operational reasons, the acceptance test can ‘only be conducted at a later date, the supplier shall be ‘ivan the opportunity to check the cleantiness of the heat tng surfaces. The scope and method of cleaning opera tions, if any, shall then be established by agreement between supplier and piant operator. 4.8 Steady-state conditions 4.5.1 Attaining steady-state conditions As the guaranteed values refer to steady-state conditions, ‘only, it'shall be ensured that the steam generator hes ‘eached equilibrium. The time required to attain equilibrium will vary widely with te boiler design. Normally, tné steam generator shall nave Deen in continuous operation for several days prior to the test. Zquiliorium must nave been reached before the test starts, which shall be established by all parties to the test. For certain firing systems (¢.9. slag-tap furnaces, fluidized ... Bed combustion systems) it may take an extremely long fume to reach-steady-state-conditions.: =~" .4.5.2--Monitoring the steady-state condition — ~ During the test, particularly characteristic and significant ‘neasured values sfall’be"continually monitored to verily ” at steady-state conditions nave been maintained. interim ‘valuation of results is recommended when determining atficiency by the input-output method. 453 Adjustment of firing system “he test fuel shall be made available well in advance so that tne supplier has sufficient time to adjust the fuel-bumning aquipment and to ensure that steady-state conditions with ‘espect to the fuel are reached. “Eeor the input-outpat:methods-the. duration of testing d= Dends on the type of boiler and firing system as well as on ne level of measurement accuracy desired. The test may thus take from two to six hours. « sForthe heatioss method, the duration of testing is usually governed by the extent of traverse measurements (trav- “=3rses', for short) of flue gas losses or, in the case of fuid "" zed-bed combustion systems, the time it takes to deter- rine losses due to enthalpy and unburned combustibles. “his test may also take anywhere from over one to six rours. 4.6.2. Conditions at beginning and end of test tthe beginning and end ofthe test, values for the following should neatly agieé!” ‘ater level and steam pressure; ateam and feed water flows, and combustion conditions if possible; pressure drop across fluidized bed as a measure of the tent of inert material. of stoker fring, and particularly when using the input-out- ‘ut method, the quantity of fuel on the grate shall be tne tame at the begioning and end of the test. For mechanical rates, the average grate speed and the depth of {uel bed, itleast during the period of one pass of the ful on the rate, shall be the same at the boginning and end of the test. ~# gehaihge-in the. average water température in the-bot The time for which measurements are taken should be longer than the actual duration of the test. It is recommended tat the above-mentioned values be monitored belore commencement and atter completion of the test in order to reliably establish that steady-state conditions, have been attained. All readings shall be taken as often as necessary to mini- mize the integration error (see subclause 4.1.2.2 of VDI- Richtlinie (VDI Code of practice) 2048. This can be achieved by using automatic data recording ‘equipment. When data are recorded manual, the following frequency of readings is to be observed: flow. measurements 3 min; flue gas analyses 5 min; pressure and temperature measurements 10min; sampling 45 min. “Throughout the test at least 30 reacings shall be taken for ach quantity. This requirement does not apply to traverses. : 4.6:4- Permissibie fluctuations, Steam generators COperationaiy induced fuctuations of steam mass flow {throughput shall not exceed 3 to 10% of the average test, results (they shall, however, be not greater than the maximum continuous rating) (for details refer to figure 1). See figure 2 for the maximum permissible pressure fluctuations. It the limit values specified in figures 1 and 2 are exceeded, the test may be rejected. Hot water generators During tne acceptance test on a hot water boiler a situation may arise where the useful boiler output is greater or less than the energy supplied to the heating system. This is accompanied by a gradual increase or o¢ average hot-water temiperature-ant; cotseGushtly.als6 by. ‘Therefore, a ransient fraction of the useful heat, which-can. bbe computed from the water content and the boiler mass, is to be taken into account. As this calculation method involves errors, the hourly temperature change rate, At,/2, where Vtg the volume flow of water measured during the ac-_ Soptance test n mee Vg _ is the content of water in hot water boiler, in 1," is the average dollr Inlat temperature during the test (205 Gye fa)h in °C: zis the average outlet temperature during the test (l= 05 (ae * fa) 9 Cs 2 te the test duration, in h: fy isthe change in average hot-water temperature during the test period te tae fqn = 05 (hin + fg) ~ (tn + fans i °. Subscript A denotes start of test and’ subscript’ E, end of test ‘The acceptance test may be rejected where tnere is a greater increase in tomporatureDIN 1942 Page7 Maximum mass tlow fluctuations ———>— ; t— - — ae 1 2 48 ew 20 ao 60 gc — —- 200 kg/s 80 Steam mass flow, tp ———=— fluctuations in stoam mass flow Maximum pressure fluctuation: oo 2 ‘40 60 00100 bar 200 Pressure, p ————-> Figure 2: Maximum permissible fluctuations In steam pressureecsics: sra}sinstruments for whieh a-verification certificate (cal Pages DIN 1942 4.7. Other information are shall be taken to avoid any leakages in hnes and shutoff devices on the water/steam side, or any bypass flows which may cause errors in the mass flow measurement. Disused lines shall, tnerefore, be fitted with blind flanges; where this is not practicable, provisions shall be made for continuous observation. No blowdown should take place during the test. Where this cannot be avoided, the volumetnc quantity of discharged boiler water shall be determined. Unless otherwise agreed, the quantity of heat absorbed in the boiler from the dis charged water shall be added to the useful output of the steam generator. Whenever possibie, sootblowers should ot be activated during the test. 5 Instrumentation and methods - of measurement 5.1. General Only such measuring instruments and/or transducers shall be used whose indicated and/or output values are verii- ‘able and whose limits of error are known. Included ar ‘bration certificate Issued'by an authority) is'Submi “b) verifiable instruments which have been calibrated = those existing during the test, and cong instruments_as per item a) above; ¢) standard instruments with known limits of error; 4) other approved instruments with known limits of e tor, the use of which has been agreed upon by the par- 4tieS to the test. ‘The measuring equipment shall not be subject to any ap- preciable permanent changes during the test. ‘Analog or digital readings may be taken, and the data recorded manually or automatically. The test report shall etal the instruments used and their limits of error. "5.2" Préisure measurements Pressure measurements shall be made using sultable pres- Sure gauges or transducers. As far as possible, ditferential lured by means of suftabie~= or ferential pressure “transducers). Mercury, water of other liquids of suitable density shall be used as sealing fluid. For measurement assembly details, refer to VDIVOE 2512 Part 3, ‘The pressure measuring instruments shall be calibrated, 2 th the realding Both risiig and faling, before afd after the ~_ “Yast, Further recomrieAdations Yor pressure measurements for air or other gases are outined in VDI 2045 Part 1 (at present at the state of atatt) arid VO! 2044. 5.3. Temperature measurements Moasuromente of temperature shall be taken using instruments in accordance with subciause 5.1, items a) and b) (eg. mercury-in-glass thermometers, thermocouples and resistance thermometers, the latter in conjunction with appropriate measuring circults or transducers). Rolovant recommendations can be found in VDIVDE 3511 and VOIVDE 3512 Pat 2. ‘Where measurements taken in tubes of large diameter yield varying values at different points of the same cross section if the data.are recorded by automatic equipment; random atthe same time, a check shall be made as to whether such temperature differences are acceptable. Otherwise, the average temperature value shall be determined by a traverse. To this end, the cross section is to be divided into equal subareas, making sure that there is no cross flow or backflow in te measured section, For details, refer to VDI 2044, VDI 2086 Part 1 and VOUVDE 2640 Parts 3 and 4. Normally, the arithmetic average of the measured valves shall be taken as the average temperature. By special agreement, the velocity or differential pressure may be ‘measured and the weighted average then employed. Since ‘the influence of variations in density and specific heat is minimal, it may be neglected. 5.4. Mass and mass flow S:4.1 “Weighing - ‘The weighing machines used shall be checked prior to testing for compliance with the relevant regulations on weights and measures. According to the Appendix to the Eichordnung (German Act fon Weights and Measures): Eichfenlergrenzen von Waagen Werfcation limits ofe0r-for scales), the following calibra~ ™"3) Decimal scales: 0,59 for ich kg of load, but not vsrdbefore and ater the test with the readings both ising" less than one-fifth ofthe efror limit at maximum load. ‘The in-service limit of error is double the calibration = -timitsoferor. Ss panto “~"§),Track seales: 3 to 44g for each kg of foad. The in- ‘service limit of error is 1,5 times the calibration limit of- = ¢} Rape-traction weighers, weighing the full and empty Container: 1 10 2 for each kg of load, but not less than half the error limit at maximum load. The in-service limit of error is 1,5 times the calibration limit of error. ‘The use of bucket-elevator, belt, tipping and spring-scalé weighers is permitted, provided they are checked before and after he test by weighing the transported quantities at approximately equal capacity. ‘shall be calibrated prior to and, where possibe, after the test. Only genuine volumetric meters (2. 3) are permitted downstream of recip rocating pumps. It is important to.maigtain a uniform spe “Bie volume ox density throughout me test “U-tube “manofisters 7h ~"~~The volume may also-be determined by means of tanks that have been-filed from verified tanks or containers and checked by metering or calibrated with weighed incre- ments of water. In the use of volumetric tanks, density corrections shall be ‘made for differences in water temperature during testing.~ and calibration. Corrections shall also be made for the ther= ‘mal expansion of the tank metal. (The volume of a stee! tank, _for example, increases by roughly 0,4% when heated by 100K) 5.4.3 Flow measurement 5.4.3.1 Flow measurement with orifices and nozzles DIN 1952 shall apply in the case of flow measurements with orifices and nozzles. Where the application limits specified in DIN 1952 are exceeded in large-capacity steam- generators, VOV/ VOE 2040 Part 1 (at present at stage of draft) and VOW/ VDE 2040 Part shall be applied. For further information, ‘efer to VOUVDE 2040 Parts 2 to 4, VDIVDE 2041 and VOW/ VDE 3512 Part 1.For flow measurements with weld-in onfices, the folowing is to be observed. ‘Since dimensions cannot be checked and measurements taken peor fo the acceptance test, this is to be carned out before the welding operations, and the results recorded. Inconsistencies of inflow are dealt with in DIN 1982. ‘Where flow rate transducers are used, the working charac teristics under test conditions shall be determined before the test or a calibration graph plotted. 5.4.3.2 Flow measurement with velocity probes Flow measurements using velocity probes (pitot tubes or ‘Snemometers) shall be made in accordance with VOI 2045 Part 1 or VOI 2064. 5.4.4 Measurement of flue dust flow ‘A suitable method’ shall be agreed for measuring the flue ‘Gust flow through a particular cross section. See VDI 2066 Parts 1 to 6 for details. 5.4.5 Determination of density For the determination of mass flow, the density shall be taken from the appropriate tables, employing the variables, ‘ke. pressure ang temperature, and the composition. “FOr gaies of unknown composition, the density shall be _. determined. using a gas.densimeter (e.g, in accordance ith. BubgeneSchiling) as Specified in DINS1870-~ 8.5.1 Calorific values of fuel ‘The gross ealonfic value, Hy, and net calorific vale, Hy of ‘solid and liquid fuéls shall be-determined on the basis of Bin's1900 Parts 1 and 2 of Part, Using DIN 51850, the GiCV and NGV can be determined from an analysis of gases Strenown and fixed composition. For contain gaseous fuels {Ratural'and rofnery gazes), the determination of te NCV {Poms gas analysis may involve erors e.g. n cases where Sinai factions ol heavy hyGrocarbons are excluded from _the gas anaiyis), In such cases, the GCV and NCV shal be continually getefmined manually by means of a ealorim ters Automatic calormetars nat are capabié of beng ver igo may uno be usag in order 10 detamioete:GCU= 5.5.2 Sampling of fuel Solid fuel samples shall be taken and prepared in compliance with DIN 51701 Parts 2 to 4, The sampling of liquid Gnd gaseous fuels shall be carried .outy respectively, _srus in “abeordanes "with® DIN S#750 Parts tand"2-and-with ~ DIN 51 653: Thé’samples takeft shall adequately represont = 4he" grade, composition aié Guality of the fuel fired during {the fest. This applies particularly to fuels of fluctuating ‘composition. The composition of the samples shail be simi- Tar to that at the envelope boundary. 5.5.3. Net calorific value and sampling of refuse ‘The NCV of refuse required for calculating the loss due to Unburned combustibles shall be determined in accordance with DIN 51900 Part 1 or Part 3. ‘The parties to the test may agree upon a simplified method ining the NCV from the carbon content of loss on ignition. It determination of the NCV has not been agreed Upon, the values specified in subclause 2.2 shall be employed as the NCV of unburned combustibles. Refuse is defined as the combustion residues that are obtained in the form of flue dust or in the molten andor ag- {glomerated solid state (slag). including the fuel contained in tem. Refuse sampling shall be carried out as described in BIN'S1 701 Parts 2 to 4 as for solid fuel. When refuse is = DIN 1942, Pages weighed in the wet condition, it shall be ensured that tne moisture carried by the sample corresponds to the average moisture content of fhe refuse. If the refuse quantity meas Crements serve to determine the efficiency by the heat loss method, it is recommended that the recordes amounts be checked against an ash balance. 5.6 Chemical composition 5.6.1 Fuels It required, the ultimate analysis of slid and liqui fuels can be made in accordance with DINS1700, DINS1718 to DIN'S1721 and OIN 51724 Parts 1.and 2, and of gaseous fuels by means of a gas analysis. 5.6.2 Flue dust and ash When determining the efficiency by the neat loss method, the flue dust and slag are to be analysed for the! ‘combustibles content, the method of determination being the subject of agreement. This applies particularly to Unburned combustibles in the ash from fluidized-bed com- ustion systems. Here, the test temperature level is a major factor, Relevant information is provided in DIN 51721 5.63 Flue “Tha comission of flue Sax Hy be determined by means ~ Of analyzing equipment which operates on chemical, Physicochemical or purely physical principles either inter: prxenty or continuously. The instruments shall be de- Signed go thatthe scatter of measured values, with &.con- fiaence level of 95, conforms to the folowing: ‘carbon dioxide: =0.2 percentage points: oxygen: 0,15 percentage points; carbon monoxide content by volume: + 19% of the fut Scale value of the measurement range, but not less than £0.01 percentage points. Were automatically operating gas analysers are used, the vero and eensitivity adjustments made prior tothe test shall Be checked (e.g, by the admission of test gases) during the test. ‘Wen making CO, measurements with chemical analysers, ‘isto be taken iio account that the CO, ang SO, contents, ‘will be measured in rl a ‘The ambient temperature (ocatto the sensor should be kept. Constant, For traverses, subciause 5.3 shall apply accord ingy. 5.7. Electric power oe -Thé power cofisumed: by eléctric drives shall be deter~* mined using verified meters or by power input measurements employing the 3-wattmeter or 2-wattmetor method For the determination of power output, the supplier shall make available the motor characteristics. 6 Heat balance and thermal efficiency 6.1 Heat balance and envelope boundary 6.1.4 @enerel The main prerequis identiteation of the envelope boundary covered by the h balance of the steam generator. ‘The boundary of the envelope relevant fo the heat account is to coincide with the boundary of the steam generator ‘as Supplied’ and It shall be possible for the heat input, output Sno losses essential for determining the efficioncy to be established with certainty. Wnere it s not possible to take SStistactory measurements at the boundary ‘as supplied’. itmay be redefined as necessary, subject to agreement. In ‘certain cases, this may require the correction of measured Values to the conditions at the boundary ‘as supplied’ {or calculating the efficiency is the tPage 10 DIN 1942 : Figure 9 shows a diagram of a steam generator, complete ‘with the envelope boundary and all associated mass flows, input and losses, as determined based on the quantities measured during the test. 6.1.2 Normal envelope ‘The normal envelope encompasses the entire steam-water system with circulating pumps, the firing system coms with the pulvenzer (for coal-fired systems), the recicu- lating flue gas fan, the flue dust return system and the steam air heater. This envelope does not include oil or gas heating installations, the dust collector, and FD and 10 fans ang normally forms the basis for acceptance testing in most cases. If a retum of flue dust across the boundary of this particular envelope occurs, it would then become neces- Sary, in accordance with the definition of ‘input’ and ‘out- => put, to-consider the enthalpy of flue dust upstream of the ‘Gust collector as heat loss and that of the retumed ash as input. This approach, although being formally correct, would be somewhat impractical. As the temperature of the returned ash deviates only slightly from that of the fue gas temperature, it is recommended that the recirculated five dust always be assumed to be separated upstream of the ist collector (ve. still inside the envelope boundary), and ‘Hat recireulation always fakes place inside the boundary: IY this assumption cannot be made, the dust collector shia "7 be intagFated into the unit (see subciause 6.1.3.4), ~ 6.1.3.1 General ~ For practical reasons, it may be necessary to define @ ‘boundary which is different from that described above for establishing the heat balance. I this alternative approach is, ‘adopted, itis to be established in each case which heat input and losses, in addition to. those deatt with in subclause 6.3, have to be taken into account. ‘Some of possible alternative envelope boundaries are pre- ‘sented below. =5 * 6:1:9.2° Envelope without steam air heater 215. Hetetriadiéam aicheater islocated outside the envelope.” 7 55 So-yhich-corresponds to’the savelope specified inthe ASME. sorte test COdE [St6 Tighe 4 = Where the steam air heater is heated with auxiliary steam, the output is allowed for in the heat balance oniy indiocty Since the output of the steam air heater 's added to the enthalpy of combustion air-M, by contrast, the air heater is ~ 25) ap) where = is the NCV at 25°C; Hig is the NCV at the selected reference temperature, f. Since the reference temperatures lie in a fairly narrow range, the following values may be used for the integral ‘specific heat, in ki/lkg K), at 25 °C: water: ee 2 419; vapour: po = 1.8 dry air: pur = 1,005; ry flue gas: eyor= 1.0 ard coal: Cue = (140.95: yng) 0.877: brown coal: gue = 1.7) type S fuel oll: cy = 1,7: methane cp = 2.2.LL. Loss due to radiation and convection (Qs ! ‘AH steam inlet I (tz, aw) ~eireulating Amn FT| ° RH steam inlet I (rz1, Az) Blowdown (vty. Aaa) ater (rtsp Hs) 2 DIN 1942 Page 11 : Normal envelope boundary Spray water RH steam I (Vitex, Hexi) ee External cooling (Qa) TTT Atomizing ll, gas (ty, Hotty ‘Other electric power (P) Either or or Leakage air (tus, un) Coal Jeyreulating gas fan (Pcl Citgo, Han a) Recirculating gas fan (Puc) Internal steam puveniee'and Loss ave to cabon aie monoxae (mc. Hcl 10 tan (PD recirculation FD tan (Pi) steam (‘head ‘Condensate (Hya2) | ym generator diagram with input, losses and met : Figure 3: StPage 12 DIN 1942 Other electnc power (P) or or Secondary =| Pulverizer hot air Air neater Leakage air (7, hun) | aa pewms Recirculating gas fan (Puc) Loss due to carbonmonxide (rig, he) Pulverizer tempering air | ——-y Five dust return ee : Envelope | boundary | Steam ar | _ neater Le 7 (Pr) ‘As the boiler efficiency (as defined in subciause 6.4) is a function of the reference temperature selecte racturer*of the-st submitted, . It should be noted that since the zero level is based on the "generator before the guarantee ¢ reference temperature, this level will be a random figuee, which bears no relation to the ambient tamperature. 6.3 Heat input, heat output and losses 6.3.1. Useful heat output ‘The useful heat output, Qu, isthe total heat which a trans- tran te stam generar tothe water andor sau. enthalpy of blowdown water being added to the useful he output, Unless otherwise agreed upon. This is expresseo by equations (2) and (3) 1» * Qz1* Q2u* Qav Qu * tp (ip ~ hse) * ten (Hsp ~ ep) tats (haya ~ hays) * Mezs Hara ~ Meza) + ran (ait ~ hz) + riezu (hua ~ Hezu) + ray (ay ~ Msp) @ 2 ~ T Jpust cotector (Gea, Pea) Injection air for rus § a 10 fan (Pg) g 3 Steam (iva, Fa Js the spray water flow by mass for RH steam attemperator I oF I fy is the blowdown water mass flow, averaged over the test period: sy is the enthalpy of feed water: hy is the enthalpy of lve steam: feo is the enthalpy of spray water upstream of ‘main steam attemperator, is the enthalpy of Blowdown water; ter or If out- {is the enthalpy of steam at reheater of Il niet: is the enthalpy of spray water for RH steam attemperator I or II. {eam air heater is supplied with steam from a source internal to tne unit, this 16 to be allowed for in the neat account for the water/steam circuit.\ t4— external cooing (Gx) F ‘atomiaing steam (Ftzo, Azo) ey tee Pulverizer and fan power (Ps) Tgavelope boundary Loss due to slag (Qs) 1 i igure 5: Envelope with vapour separation i igtsiganan®neaer i Yocated insist Me - Woumeary tens igar 3) we fave! envelope Gra = rina (H= Pras) a or me eficioney determination, Ge, #10 08486002 & (ooo unciause 6323). ater, soca 4), we have putside, the envelope Gi = a ns © For the efficiency determination, Qh is to de aaded to the Ceetut neat output. ve tbam air ators supplied wih staan wne step ne unt, equation (16) swal SPP tn equations (4) and (5) Trae i te steam air neater mass flow: meee te anhalpy at son a eater ee 1 the entalpy of the discharged ‘congensate: fate entaty ac HP of RH system Soot co i ant ral source to seam orBWn OT: Frakes for heating steam trom ihe HF system: re Ae for heating steam from the 2D! SYST fhe hema {oF heating steam (fom te ZOIl system. “tow fig, ismeasured instead Of om. tise fatter shall be detormined fom a source yd water mass it no. spray water mass, foe anes taxen off downstream ¢ “the, orice {08 Msn taken off upstream for Msp = iow measurements taken in accordance WANE Flow, meas ld UnACeD Lee 5.4.3.1 ute gr rnass flows, as 0 Os Oe oar toe Soy wad for the conaions Of Te ay, cat oe aoa, man may be Sear Ae n 1a Aces LO te an aaa ae and pressure UPS orn of semperaifgratr ao measured and the evap ot me ae. tho. measuring POM CTT soray wate AP complatoa (ot equations (6) an () fine = ton thos ~ ho2)/(hoe ~ he) Jag = Mor (hos ~ hosdi(tos he) where Thay isthe enthalpy of stoam upstrae of attomper the enthalpy of steam downstream of arte tor, tao: is the stoam mast flow uPstrea” of attemper roy. isthe steam mass low downstrear of attempe if one AH steam flow is.not measured ‘accordanc 1 ie eg saat, k may, accordance Wty DIN 19 subelag trom the SH steam mass flow OY ‘deduct! hoa+ combustion aif 02 sage 14 IN 1942 measured of calculated OS steam mass flows for tO EE j,wse grimaloy of meseaters as well 5 Seated. measures Oe fe meem te =) food Hagan steam mass (OVE tae ne HP turbine StBOe gfe the combustion mass to fuel mast (30; arpot water overs: we Mave tne ar temper nt envelope DOUneaY: Gun = riths qa remy axomizing steam of a PE eg of fuel wnere hz 3g steam: halt) r fg steam as per stean wei tne not water mass Tee 9 srperature (see t20l® jt temperature, Ht or steam supplied fom a vernal source, we nave (32) ws the entralby a NOG int fs tne enthalpy 3 average outlet tempr sing steam as per steam hs ma Nenange © aver236 Wa perature Aa nag test of at Wate ea Pera tnatavowance center ace, apa iror Ie enue getuneatow, —Fao.eor ig the entnalpy af #107 assome arent action wm SS oF aes. Shc = Onan f= Goan or exwam supied £003 Og source, .@. when the Fo ee ear ee ore gieam generat! any te el set iy resction and $2187 ‘sremperation Vv tent a? to the desi ig state, we Nave: were ap Mo, wor held) (3p) jane eenay-stae ust ek Ot “eran aowing for wansens te entraipy feed wate por steam tables. a remperature, fu yer than ter0~ jer symbols ee ine 4, atwhich air fo the boiler (tne injection ait ire gtiwing shall 2PPY PY persue dst return SYSte veakage ng it the Weakag cosinor. ms off) te eto be avowed 11, Serermining aos anesction factor fOF Tux 2 _. where wre wna mass flo of Raat CAT . ene onthay a et gos vent oo3ts ihy_is the enthalpy & outlet. 3.2.8 Heat cree Sr reats, 1.9. amounts OTe cxner tnan enerical Neat ea. 372) nee gp power, fe po se the Puaung pues ane 40) or 3 Paling a fe ame steam a utp inside the OPN: sors to pe ma weg with is SUPP a Sans cf equation (5 2 OF *eiier ct. equation 15 BD sizing Stearn 's tO peagded starnizin Feasured-dvecty. + ‘between the petwor rust burned 3° a eptance tests 27° condi wae Pot tusls BeOS tf fi $) ot ual palepcause 6.2.6 sna UP oo Po Qn tito 2 Heat input proportions “The heat input propor fuel burned | + iaoltan oe jn tual (enemical neat), neat in ‘atomizin« oaee i tC bustion ais s OP Gon = tral (He ths A a iatlee (10) pis he pow winere - Fo ve ie atomaing mass a flows vig. is the fuel mass (OW, hap i fhe entnaley of atomizing steam (0° supclause Fs tre NCW of fuel a 6322) sre rovovant powet V0 otormined {rom HE vat consumed: KO termaseration tM tdaroney of any gear unt Fe no ently of 10 1M a> fs ine ratio of unbu ied slectric (eit ans SM olesror efficiency and °°Since the power of any auxiliary motors is usually very Smal, it ean often be neglected, or roughly estimated from the motor performance dat ‘The neat input from steam ai heaters supplied with steam from an external Source, Qua» iS: ea = ft rat + as) os ang that for steam air heaters supplied with steam from an internal source, Qz, 5 Qi = ring t+ has) whe Jigay i$ the enthalpy of heating steam; his the enthalpy (as in subciause 6.3.1 ‘gag is the enthalpy of condensate discharges. 6.3.2.4 Total heat input ‘The total heat input, Gm is composed of Qza and Qari Qaim = Gan + Qe = isHan + Oz “, ‘The steam generator efficiency is related to this quantity 6.3.3 Losses 26.3.3. Goner ‘When determining the efficiency by -the input-output method, losses need not be calculated, except for those ‘which require a guarantee (cf. subciause 3.2). When using the input-output method, a similar distinction shall be ma “Between losses which are proportionar to the Tul flow those which are not and are measured directly. 6.3.3.2 Flue gas losses “The fide gas losses shall be calculated using the following equation: Qe = talc ~ Jon) = ttatta Fpalte ~ te) (3) or, if the flue gas mass flow, ttc, is measured directly: Qo = tint po (te ~ ts) (19) _ where fs the fuel mass flow: "the erithaipy BIUus Gas at Nue gas temperate; iS the enthalpy of fub gas at fetereree temperature, Tew He is the flue gas mass to fuel mass ratio: Zyo_ is the integral specific heat between fc and ctitg,. is the flue gas mass flow: fo 18 the flue gas tempefatire. 6.3.3.9 Loss due to unburned combustibles “The loss due to unburned combustibles, Qco , is to be calculated from: Qco = ttsVerycor Hucoe 0) where tity is the fuel mass flow; Vor is the dry flue gas volume is the CO content by volume of dry flue gas: is the NCV por m? of carbon monoxide, related to standard conditions. Yeor con 6.3.3.4 Losses due to enthalpy and unburned combustibles in slag and flue dust Case 1: Where siag and flue dust mass flows are measured, the losses, Qs and Qe, will be: Qs > tis ( B5 (ts ~ fe) * ts Haul ™ Ms ts ey Ope tits [ Eells fo) * Me Huu) Me he (22) DIN 1942 Page 15 and tne ratio of unburned combustibles to supplied fuel mass flows. {,. will De watt») fis Us tg Ue 3) T= a> YHao M5 (1~ Ws) + MR (T= Hed Case 2: Where only the flue dust mass flow is measured and the slag mass flow determined from the ash balance, the loss, Qsp. will De: Ose mis JS + OF (ea) wit * YAO -¥) 2A), 5 B (1-4) = us) s a ana i 1 up QE rte} he Shs (28) us and ya(t=¥) [ tite | A 8 Yo ug ug) tanto Te SOS Fac mati) O For the input-output method, we have: ee raga as the measured tue ow and for the neat loss method, ~ Qu me= Qe Hages (1 = 4) an iterative method of calculation having to be employed. SE fimust be known for the calculation of ay. The fue dust mass flow s composed ofthe dust separated Sut nine dust collector and tnat arising downstream of i, fhe later quantity normally being negligible. Bearing in mind that the two quantities J and Q; (ct. eaua Bane thay and 26) are interelated, they shal raf be treated Separately in the calculation of errors. Accordingly, sub SIRRe7 Le speciios uncertainty values for J which also over the uncertainty for Qt ‘tg e7aye Case 3:,Where-only the siag mass flow is measured-and the-flue-dust mass {fw detormined frori the asti.balanet ‘the 1os5; Qe, will be: ae Ose Q5+ rn Je ‘ee with 1 and 2. YA(h=¥) 0) Fear iy un a and yati=¥) 1 tip +(ug~ ue) ———— | 1) [ “s nw T-%- Tigo tr Refer 1 ca80 2 fr calculating Fag: For the ealelation of errors, observa the information ro: vided for case 2. Hence, subciause 7.4.6 only specifies uncertainty values for Jp Case 4: Where the siag and flue dust mass flows are determined from the ash balance and the estimated ash collec tion efficiency, ng (see caze 4.1), or from the flue dust reten- tion efficiency, Mm (see case 4.2), on tne basis of the dust burden, the 1055, Qgp il BePage 16 DIN 1942 Qsp* Qs* Qe = ma Isr (32) with Yal-¥) [_ns ne . s+ 2a pee [meth] oe ane yattov) [_us | a ctnse te me | 8) 17% walt ug 8" T= up In case 4.1, my is estimated and nents (1-1) =e) In case 42. np* seg and 24 net tHe ay ) ast te gis defined as the ratio of collected furnace bottom-ash lass to the mass of ash in fuel minus its volatile fraction. rg (1 = Us) Mgg Yat ~ ¥) =i daiiations fay%0 5), ig the Stag fnass flow: is the fue dust mass fo is-the integral spect heat of sia: 3 she integral specie heat of flue cust: <= tg. 1s the Slag temperature; fis the fue gas temperature: is the reference temperature: iy is the unburned combustibles content of siag: ty isthe unburned combustibies content of flue dust; Hay is the NCV of unbumed combustibles: ta the ash content of fuel ‘go. isthe moisture content of fu a isthe fue gas mass to fuel mass rat r__ is the dust content by mass of fue 92s; 3° Sy'F Tis the volatle-matter content ofash. 2 “".3"" Rg Qpposed to the determination of ash in accordance with DIN 51 719 (carried oat at temperatures of about 815 °C): 7 ha Deen introduced here in order to allow for the fac that 4 Yurter amount of ash is known tobe volatilized at higher umace temperatures. As ye, thas not been determined to al degree 2.5 a function of coal grade and type of fring Systema. For acceptance testing it is suggested that @-value- of 53% for purer and stoker fring systems and of 0% for ‘fluidized-bed combustion systems be assumed. Where resuits from special measurements are av then such information should Be known atthe time of con tract award and sat forth in the conditions of guaran es) 6.3.3.5 Other, time-related losses - Included are the losses due to external cooling systems, Qa (6.9. cooling of burners, circulating pumps. air hoator and recirculating gas fan). These losses shall be determined individually by measuring the cooling water flow and the difference in inlet/outlet temperature. They also inciuge the vapour losses in steam generators with mill vapour ‘separation. Cooling circuits connected to the boiler HP system are not considered to be extemal cooling systems. 6.3.3.6 Losses dus to radiation and convection Since, normally, itis not possibie to measure heat tosses due to radiation and convection ("radiation and convection losses’, for short), empirical values are to be used. Figure 6 shows the radiation and convection heat loss. Qs, jin MW, for the most common steam generator designs as a function of the maximum useful heat output. For steam generators with mutti-fuel firing systems, the boiler type used for the calculation is to be selected on the basis of the fuel for which the steam generator ist designed {eg for a combined hard coai/ivel oil boiler. the Qs value Shall be calculated with respect to the coal-fired unit) ‘The diagram in figure 6 is based on the following equation: Qs = CQ” 68) where C =0,0113 for fuel cit and natural gas boilers, 0,0220 or hard coal boilers and 0,0315 for brown coal and fu: igized-bed combustion boilers; Oy. is the maximum useful heat output, in MW. 6.2.37 Total losses When using the heat loss method, the tosses shall be summed up in accordance with subclause 6.3.3.1. The group the indlvidual losses are to be assigned depends on the magntude of losses measured in any single case. The losses can be classified into thres groups. 3) Losses proportional t8 fue flow, Qua: Gyn = titan : en this group includes the flue gas loss (see subsiause 6.9.9.2), the loss due, o.unbumed.combus- tiles (see subclause 6.3.3.3) and the losses due to enthalpies of slag and flue dust, Jy, Jr 0 Ise (S80 SUD clause 6.3.3.4). ») Losses independent of tue flow, Gv ‘This group normally includes the losses due to enthalpy gna ynbumed combustibles in slag and flue dust Qr and Q,, oF Qs, of Qr (S8e sudclause 6.3.3.4) and other, time-related tosses (see subclause 6.3.3.5), ©) Radiation and convection losses, Qsr See subsause 6.3.3.6. Hence, the total loss amounts t €Qv Qe” 6.3.4 Calculation of combustion air/flue gas mass to fuel mass ratios and specific heat 6.3.4.1 Combustion air/fiue gas mass to fuel mass ratios ‘The combustion air/fiue gas mass to fuel mass ratios (‘com ‘bustion air content” and “iue gas content’, for shor) Hay be calculated either on the basis of the ultimate analysis (see fubclause 6.3.4.2) or by statistical methods (see subclause 6.3.4), Given the uncertainty in the measurement it is necessary, frst of all, to determine the following stoichiometric parameters: Jisr combustion air content (ary basis), in kg/kg Heer flue gas content (dry basis), in kg/kg Veer flue gas volume (STP condition) (dry basis), in mag cone earb0n dioxide content, in ko/kg Ingos water vapour content, in ko/kg ‘The following must also be known: tgp atomizing steam content, in kg/kg synour Moisture content of flue gas, in kg/kg This results to: Veose * Hcoz0/ Oncoz a Sicogt ~ Veoz0! Voor (40)pIN 1942 Page 17 | | so 400 | 200 a 0.80 ZA 080 convection losses, Qs. 040 8 Racigion and 8 g g Figure 6: Radiation and convection losses Seogt Yeon seu * Ont Vout ooo coat ~ YeoatT Yost # prot * Grit Voor Gayo a Your ~ Yoat eogr ~ Yost oe Yeour ~ ¥eoutT yg OTL YOOREE «Vga * 0; Vigor SO SORE « Voor * Vet ered Yeost ~ Yoalt Youur ~ Yoo + Veen OB 42) Youur ~ Your Foogr~ eos cog" Hoorn * Ontt Voor yee TCOET ae Yeort = Heol Yost + scope * @ntr Voor OH — seoatt 8) Your ~ Yoo Byigo * Huzon * Hux *Hz0tT * #20 (aay Tigo eo 800 | 200-400 (600: yo jaximum useful néat output, eo as a function of maximum useful Rest output ja mar (t+ A007) + ac Bot Bett ya(t = 9% HzD “ 02" Heo2! He « xyg0 * Hugo! Hc p07 f (2x20: X02") in accordance with DIN 1871, we have: Yeoux eafbon dioxide content of ry ai ( 0,00033 mm?) yoy oxygen content of dry ai (= 0.20808 osm?) tray standard density of carbon dione (9770 kg/m) eux standard density of ry a (= 1.2950 kg/m?) Sooner carbon dioxide content of Ory a (© 0,000505 ka/ka)Page 18 DIN 1942 6.3.4.2 Ultimate analysis 6.3.4.2.1. Solid fuels and fue! oil ‘The composition of solid and liquid fuels is to be expressed in terms of the following contents, in kg/kg Ye carbon content yw hydrogen content Y% sulfur content Yo oxygen content Ys sltrogen content ‘Yugo water content Ya. ash content The sum of the constituents must be equal to unity Ent (60) Normally, only the sum of yo and yx = Yoy is indicated for {uel ol For the calculations based on ultimate analysis, we may write: Yo = 0.86 Yon and yx = 0.14 Yox en Wt You is given also for a solid fuel, the calculation is to be made USING Yy, war 1.59%. Hence, we have: Yn 7 0015 (1 ~ Ya Yugo! Yo * Yon ~ Yn Ge) ‘The folowing parameters are to be calculated: “dug * S322 yo * 342974 Jy 6 2 43129 ¥5 = 43212'%9 : Moor * 125122 Ye + 26.604 yy a) + 5.3129 75 ~ 33212 ¥o* 10 Yu Voor" 88990 ye + 209724 ¥y 6) 4+ 33190 95 ~ 26424 Yo + 07997 yx cope * 38699 Yc * 0.0173 Yy, 68) + 00022 75 ~ 00022 Yo puiz08 * 89870 744+ 10 Yo + 8.8.4.2.2 "Fuel gases he composition of fuel gases.» iv mms, based on t "standard density (ct. DIN 1871) 13s follows: Yeo earbén monoxide content: 1,2505; Yep hydrogen content: 0.08988; Yona methane content: sop Yoana sthane. content: ‘ Yeoie ethane content: 1,350; Yeyug Propane content: 2,010: Yeung Butane content: 2,7083: Yang Propene content: 13,9128; Yuys Hydrogen sulfide content: 1,5355; Ysq_Aitrogen content: 1.2504; Yeor carbon dioxide content: 1,970; Yo, oxygen content: 1.4280. ‘The sum of the constituents must be equal to unity, 1: ryat 8) “The standard density of fuel gas, in kg/m, is expressed by: = EK O6 (63) ‘The mass fractions are to be calculated by: H1= W@nles (60 Conversion of NCV to GCV: Hy= Hal On ) = Huzo0Ts (62) y= 2442.5 kilkg ie Hy= Hea! Os 6) HM = H gf KWH/E 3.6 64) whee. awit q, His te NCY, in kuvkg or Mug: Ha is the GCV, in ki/m? or Mu/m?: is the GOV, in ki/kg or Mi/kgi ty__ is the specific latent heat, in ki/kg, at 25°C. is the NOV, in kd/m? or M/m3: If CoH, is the sum of higher hydrocarbons for a particular fuel gas, the values for propene, CH, shall be used in the calculation. Moor * Léon A (5) Most * Eat Assen Yeap Even coz go8" E ng00 4 (68) = Ecozsi * (69) Values for these.parameters are listec-ir-table 2 ‘Table 2: Combustion ait and flue gas contents, flue gas volume, CO, and water vapour contents of a fuel gas Hun Hor Voor coro rigon: g/kg kg/kg mirkg Kg/ kg kg7kg 2.46825, 3.46825 2.30404 1.57244 = 3429736 2636036 | © 2087240 0.01731 8.93700 1720826 ©; «1899234 «| =—(11,92859 2.75201 2.2ass2 147e66a j= 1450234 1062890 3.14501 1.28434 1609464 1529728 1132231 293534 179736 1567859 15,04842 1110174 300203, 1163417 1846934 1491960 1098763 303654 1.84975 1478668 1450234 toezec0 | = 3.14501 1.28434 6.08668 655801 4.96332 ooos07 =| ~— osee68 - 432120 = 332120 - 264236 «| - 000218 - = 1,00000 0.79972 - - 1.00000 0.50562 190000 | -“6.3.4.4 Integral specific heat of flue gas and combus- 6.3.4.3 Statstical analysis 6.3.4.2.1 Solid fuels For the following equations, the ash ang water contents of the fuel must be known. wath Yet 1" YA" azo ro and Hg Hy = 24825 yrngo in MUNK em we nave dur 77 0.26119 7p + 034210 He ay cat * = 001293 Yp + 035217 Hy ro) Voor *~ 006018 yn * 025437 He a Heoge * 0.17061 Ye + 0.08852 Hy 75) iygon O77174 74 091007 Hy Yao (8) 6.3.4.3.2 Fuel oll S myaks,* 1949973 + 032428 Hy mm eng = aasod «028681 Hy 7 Veg 2176405 +020060H, OO) = Hcoxs* 250314 + 001810 Hy eo) Hyon ~ 2.00428 + 0.07384 Hy en with H, (NOV) in Meg. 6.3.4.3.3 Natural gas 006303 + 0.34516 Hy 2) 1.01490 + 029979 Hy @ * opaa?a'* 0.82553 Hy pygow* ~ 0.07793 + 0.04537 Hy, (88) with #1 (NOM) in Mig, tion aie Eyco * Eptto * Pim *H20 * Pam X02 en Epo * Epuro * Pim HHO @) wher Zpce isthe integral specific heat between 0 °C and *C, in Zpure_ is the integral specific he fang £0, in kik K); t of dry air between O°C ‘Tobie 3: Polynomial coefficients for determining integral specific heat valu DIN 1942 Page 19 Zpte is the integral specific heat of moist air between 0 °C and ¢°C, in kallkg KI; wou is the water content of moist air, im kg/kg nour! (1 + Xyz0.7 9) 0) @ See table 3 for polynomial coefficients, ‘The integral specific heat between temperatures f, and f, 18 given by Gpolth) #1 = pol ta) fa (ry hot 6.3.5 Direct desulfurization 6.3.5.1 General Lime in the form of calcium carbonate (limestone, fime ‘spar), CaCO,, calcium oxide, CaO,-or-calcium hydrate CalOH}, is added to the coal in the direct desulfurization procesé, in which calcium oxide, introduced into or pro- Guced inside the furace, reacts with the sulfur dioxide from the combustion of sulfur in coal to form calcium sufaie, CaSO,. ~~ - The following parameters shall be quantified in order to make the necessary corrections to the efficiency calcul tion and heat and mass balances: 4. Lime ratio actual quantity of ime added “oichiometric quantity of ime 2. The desulfurization efficiency sulfated sulfur otal sulfur “The following reactions cause changes to the combustion ‘ait and.flue gas, composition: _ "a), When calcium.carbonate is used as an adcitive, the GO, dissociates, which results in an increased CO, content of the flue gas. bb) Water dissociates when calcium hydrate is used as an additive so that the vapour content of the flue gas wil! increase. - 7 eB «e) The sulfur dioxide content of the flue gas decreases by the chemically bound fraction. ¢) Sulfation necessitates the use of oxygen. ie. ait This additional air contains carbon dioxide, argon anc nitrogen, which in tum increases the carbon dioxide Content. Furthermore, the flue gas contents by volume are affected. Extra data to be used for the mass balance are the mast flow of additive, rx, and-the mass of ash extracted fror {he boiler increased by that of the unbound calcium oxide land the calcium sulfate that has formed. ns @ 01008173 E+ 01 ay 08554535, aq ~ 0.102311 & 0,1919210 € - 04 b, 02036005 E - 03 by 07661864 E - 03 € 05883483 € - 06 cy 04583082 E - 08 cy ~ 09259622 E - 06 d - 07011184 E - 09 d, ~ 02798080 E - 09 d, 05293496 E - 09 @ 0:3309525 € - 12 e; 05634413 £13, e2 ~ 01099573 € - 12 [05673876 € - 16Page 20 DIN 1942 “4 3 a gz ow 23 0 «0 wo BO 80080400 Temperature, £, —————== Figure 7: Integral specific heat of flue gas and combustion sir as 8 function of temperature bilstion air from the él ‘Te equations shown in subclauses 6.3.8.2 to 6. be formulated in a standard manner for all additives when the quantities specified in table 4 are introduced. Bix i! tb 9) re Table 4: Constants tor-additives 5 5 pos fea Gprapaae =e) a Aaditv co, | cao | calor tive | C003 | -C20_| Care ange LOE wy ~ Yoru 80a a 2 = Mo,/2 Mz | 049904 | 049904 | 0.49906 S” Vane Ys 068172 2+ Vono,/2Mg | 034922 | 034s22 | 0.34922 wwnere = Mco,/M; | 137272 | 0 ° Fog is the fuel mass flow, in Ka/S: by" Vanco! Ms | 069435 | 0 0 rig Je is the sulfur content of fuel, in ko/H@, © ~ Muzo/ Ms ° 0 | asew2 Vom isthe flue gas volume (dry basa). «9. e* Vantico! Ms | 0 | asset Yann is the measured SO, content of Pu gaa, 0 mi/m? ha tleg | ose | 0 | ~386 It tne 90, content of the flue gas 1s exoreeaed masa, hesson Kilkg | 15652 | 15652 | 15652 oe sort Ysoar 49° = ogar2 28025 4 3.8.2. Lime ratio and desulfurization eficioncy mermaid © sal For calculating the lime ratio, the mass of flow of the ad for ealcuatig theme usibeknown Tho former stobe The calcuatod desulfurization eficency * saws Tt {determined via the batching equipment. n the input-output rormuining the combustion parameters 9 direct Gesultur- detarminge vis sreses Tow is measured, or tis determined zation systems. This standard does not cower any Qvaran- se eyecaitcioney when employing the heat oss method, in tee of the desuifurization efficiency.Vern * Voarx 6.3.5.3 Ultimate analysis In the case of direct desulfurization, the parameters dealt with in subclause 6.3.4.1 shall be given the subscript K. If Yq'5 the sulfur content of the fuel, we obtain: Mork * Migr + ¥5 M5 2432120 (7) Mork" gr * Yelteg = ns(@ 382120 ~ 198808)] (96) Voor * Veor* Ys mca by +s (@y 377601 ~0,88172)] (9) Heozox * Heoze * Ys (Mica 8 * Ms 80.00218) (100) MygoBK * Hnzdk * Ys Mea & (101) From this, we derive: Veonox "cork! Oncor (102) Jcostx *Veoz0k! Voork (103) ore? ost ~ Yeo; Hare * Mase * Qntr Voor So SOR : Yeout ~ ¥coaut a et (104) Yoott ~ Your Seogmt ~Yeogt « ye. —2024T 105), Yeost cont Yoatr~ Your ~ Seogrx~ Yoosr Hcoak" Hone * @ntz Voor Foogtt ak oe cr ‘Yeost = Yeoptt~ = HcopoK* Ont earn 2st Xcogtr (108) Yogut ~ Yoot ae where _ Yeosr 5 the CO, content measured in dry fe gas; Yoor i8 the'Oy Content measured in dry fe 9 nee Sere Hi mire (0 1 Biek cagemer tae tise fy Wak 2 Meret ago)” - Tenisting orsign i Hox * Hug 1 Yan * Bx, ~ (109) 7 = Xcozk * Mconk! Hox. (19) 1 Fg0K,* HitgoK! Max: a The values 1or yeosir: Yooc Gaur AMS Xcogir CaN be taker trom Stgelause 6.5.4.1." Sone ‘The pargmeters without subscript K may be cal accordance with subclause 6.3.42.1 oF 6.3.6.3.1. lated in 6.3.5:4~ Heat and masé balances ‘The dissociation of calcium carbonate and/or calcium anhydride involves endothermic reactions, for which the input of energy is required. Conversely, CaSO, is formed by ‘exothermic reaction in which energy is gained. We have CaCO, = CaO + CO, - 178.98 ki/mot (1a) Ca(OH), ~ CaO + H,0 ~ 108,53 kJ/mol (193) 80, + Ca0 +05 0, ~ CaSO, + 50183 ki/mat (114) Relating these energies to 1kg of sulfur (with Ms= (0,0320602 g/mol), we obtain the enthalpies per kg of sulfur, ey and Aeyea. 88 ivan in table 4, . DIN 1942, Page 21 The NCV is to be corrected as follows: Hog Hy * ¥s (Ms Measing * Mea ica ~ © Fo) KITKG (115) The adaitives content of fuel, 1x, in kg/kg, is given by! = Ys Mea (1.74919 + b+ €) 16) The total ash content of fuel. Yax. iM kg/kg. is given by: Yak * Ya* Ys [("Ica~ Ns) 1.74919 + ms 4.24632] = Ya* Y5(tieg 174919 * ns 249713) a7) Here, the additional quantity of ash is composed of calcium ‘anhydride and calcium sulfate, ie.: Yacao * ¥5 (Pea ~ Ns) 1.74919 (118) Yacasoa™ ¥5Ms 424632 (19) ‘The following total net calorific value is obtained: Husocx * (Hy + ¥5 (Ms Acasa * Mea (Hea €19)) hay * yg) ba) (120) where ‘figs e-specitic enthalpy of the aacitive ~~ P= Gea lea ~ 9) : 2) and Jux_is the enthalpy of combustion ai BH Hace pt (te 4) 122) 6.3.5.5 Losses due to enthalpy and unburned combustibles For direct desulfurization in a burner firing system, calcula~ tion shall be based on subclause 6.9.3.4, case 1. During the acceptance testing of a fluicized-bed combustion (FBC) system itis unlikely that equiltorum Detween the ‘quantity of ash entering and being exiracted from the sys~ tem will be reached, because the FBC furnace holds sigri! ‘cant amounts of inert material. Therefore, tne calculation of losses due to the quantities of extracted ash (bed draw- _ -down) shall be based on the mass flow of ash entering the Wus:lgnoring any quanbues of asn extracted ac iy"Fo"that endi-agreement snait GarT#ached prior 10 {esting regarding toe amit of san ‘lua the residue.of inert Misayax in the bed ash and covlected ash. In {his ‘Context, the term ‘ash includes the total songs aiscrarge. the ash proper, the residue of inert material and the ‘bumed combustibles. We fave: BERET » a Qs = tits [Es (ts ~ fy) *. tsa wl 023) Ope rite [Ze (te te) * Urata 24) with tits * Fito Yak 025) 5° Bo Yak To a Ft Ya FH 026 eA where xs is the proportion of rtsayae ‘9 the Ded ash; xp is the proportion of rtgay« 19 the covlected ash; Ug, is the unburned combustibles content of bed ash re lated tom up, is the unburned combustibles content of collected ash related to me: ug is the unburned combustibies content of bed ash re lated t0 maayaxiPage 22 IN 1942 uy is the unburned combustibles content of collected 25h related 10 Myo YaK ‘Assuming a volatile matter content of ash. v, equal to zero ‘in FBC systems, we obtain: ws as Usa anal a t: | (127) Ya YHa0 pa ‘The unbumed combustibles Contents, Us 2°d ip. Here Teter tothe total quantity of exacted ash. for the sake of Compansen, the unburned combustibles content is related foniy to the actual mass of ash i coal then: Yaw T= Usa [t+ Zetrca uremia nezceri9 A (128 Ya = use ‘The same equation is used for us. 6. Heat input and losses for multi-tuel firing systems. 6.3.6.1. General. - = “Where acceptance tests are to be'carried But with a com- bination of fuels being fired in the steam generator, the ass flow of the second and all further fuels shall always De _ measured, irrespective of whether the efficiency Js de Hs208; ‘mined by the input-output method orth at loos ena Measurement of the mass flow of one fuel may be dis- pensed with when the heat loss method is employed. This fuel flow may be designated rg, (main fuel mass flow). ‘The specifications and equations given in subclauses 6.2.2 to 6.3.4 remain valid where all statements concerning the fuel mass flow in the heat loss method are related to the fue! mass flow that has not been measured, i.¢. tq is to Substituted for Mp: in the equations given in these subclauses. “The heat input provided by the second and any further fue! is independent of the main fuel mass flow and shail thus be ‘assumed:to:be included in quantity Qe (see subci The following equations apply to the heat input: Qze ~ ter Horror Cre Qe Q2 wwneco Ga isthe input from a second or further felons Spore eumnich would alsa include an auxiiary mil 9g plant. ii expressed by Qe = Let Hw (132) By analogy with subctause 6322. Hyun shall De determined foreach type o ul, withthe conibustion a content Grezen type of uel having tobe entered (see subclass 13.8.3) for the same (measured) O, contont by vowwne fhe ry tue ges. 03.6.3 Losses ‘The equations for losses as per subcause 6.3.3 alsoremain Thief ntgris substituted for my andthe paramaters a, sanrcoy zor as wells Voy are calculated in accovaance win S2bcladee 6.3. Since gy italy being unknown, ito be itroauced into the calculation of uy ee, cateulation of the aficincy by the nest loss method ean be made by eration only. a3 It one of the fuels is @ solid fuel, tne fuel mass flow will Usually not be measured. Otherwise, the loss due 10 slag land tbe dust, Qsr = Qs +Qr. can be measured directly only (see subciause 6.3.9.4, case 1). 6.3.6.4 Calculation of combustion ai/fiue gas mass tO fuel mass ratios nen calculating the combustion ai/flue gas mass to fuel mass ratios for mult-fuel tiring systems, its not necessary {fo know how the total combustion air mass flow is distrib- Uted in the calculation among the individual burners. The equations for the variables related to the main fuel mass flow wil obtain the most simple form i the same O, content of the dry flue gas is assumed for each type of fuel fired. Theretore, cog Hugoan Here Vers Hiigoi and Hoi are tO De determined inacoordance with subciause 6.3.4.1 for any fuel having the same yopr value (as measured value in the flue gas) Based on the above, we have: Ma Hun (1+ #2007) (139) wo 7 La aun (134) Me 7 Le Mut Mer{* *H2007) (935) TS AER hes = (136. wo, *E % Heosi (137 (138) Bago * © 4 M204 (139) Ver * Lai Von (140) Keon * He02! He oan X4g0.* Hi! Ho 142) Bo + fleH20- Fee 043) we fags is the main fuel mass flow: mis: represent the other fuel mass flows; 6.4.1 Definition ‘The efficiency of a steam generator is defined as the ratio of usoful heat output to heat input, ie. marten mon eR Case Furthermore, the heat account yields the following: Qa * Qn * Qvior (148) Using this relationship, the efficiency may aiso be determined by the following equation: . iM - (146) ™” Qa Quer” 1* vie! Qs Qvroe we ee (a7 Te Ort Equation (144) is used for the efficiency determination by th input-output method and equation (147) for the neat loss method. For an acceptance test, only such quantities are measured as are required for calculating the efficiency: [An aceeptance test is not intended to verify the measured values against a heat account.6.4.2 Determination of efficiency by input-output method 6.4.2.1 Measured quantities For the determination of efficiency by the input-output ethos, the folowing quantives shall be measured: 2) lve steam mass flow or feed water mass flow, spray ‘water mass flows into the SH steam attemperators, Diowaown water mass flow: ) bled steam mass flows and gland steam mass flows at the turbine for ealelating ne RH steam mass flows, Spray water mass flows into the AH steam attemperators; ) temperature and pressure of all steam and water fiows entering and leaving the steam generator: 3) fuel mass flow: {) NCY, ash and moisture content and, i required, the imate analysis of fel 1) temperature of fue! an combustion air; 49) moisture content of combustion air; 1) pressure, temperature and mass flow of atomizing meaium: “2 tue ga anafae (CO @°Q, and CO. contents). For information, some other quantities may also be meas ued i)_ambient ai temperature, temperature inside boller- Youse. and. baromelsc-pressure: 1) flue gas temperatu 1m) mass flow and composition of combustion residues. it the steam generator acceptance test is conducted after the turbine aczeptaace test, the RH steam mass flows may be derived rom the resuts of he attr test. 6.4.2.2 Calculation of efficiency Qu aso 1" (148) where tne folowing are to be calculated: Qu a5 per subclause 6.3.1; Fgh as per subctause 63.24, Where, for verification purposes, itis required also to déter= mine the fue gas loss (et, subclause 3.2), this parameter wil be obtained in accordance with subclause 6.3.3.2, 16:4.2: ‘Determination of efficiency by heat loss method, 6.4.3.1 Measured quantities For the determination of efficiency by the heat ioss method, the following quantities shall ganerally be measured: a) NV, ash and moisture contents and, if required, ultimate analysis of fuel; 'b) CO, and O, and CO contents of flue gas: ©) flue gas tomperatur 6) temperature of fuel and combustion air; €) moisture content of combustion air; 1) pressure, temperature and mass flow of atomizing medium; 49) power of pulverizers, recirculating gas fan, circulating pumps and any other electric drives: hh) temperature and mass flow of air used for the retum of flue dust: |) NCV, temperature and mass flow of fuel from a sec- fond or any further firing system or trom auxiliary ppulvorizer firing system; i) pressure, temperature and steam flow of steam air heate DIN 1942 Page 23 temperature and mass flow of slag oischarges, m) unburned combustibies or carbon content of siag oF NGV of siag: 1) unburned combustibles or carbon content of flue oust, (0) mass flow of flue dust leaving the stack ) inlet ang outlet temperature ang mass flow of cooling water; 4) live steam or feed water mass flows, spray water mass flows into SH steam attemiperators, blowdown water mass flows: spray water mass flows into RH steam attemperators: 5) temperature and pressure of all steam and water mass flows: 1) ambient air temperature, temperature inside boiler- house and barometric pressure Subclause 6.4.2.1 applies when the RH steam mass flows are determined. ‘The greater the losses Qer and Qy andthe heat input which is not proportional to the quantity of Yuet burned, the more important itis to determine the useful heat flow. Qx.- from the measurements of the quantities listed under items 1), 8) and t) more accurately. Wnen a fuel gas is being fired, its ultimate analysis should always be known, In the case of solid fuels, fuel oil and natural Gas, Such analytical data are only required in so far 2s the combustion air and flue gas contents cannot be established statistically. When calculating [, and the slag and flue dust mass flows via the ash balance, it shall be taken into account that ash evaporates. The vaiues given in subclause 6.3.3.4 shoule be substituted for the evaporated fraction, 4.3.2 Calculation of efficiency Qos 4 fale + Ov + Qawe nest (149) = 1-Elp = wee (150) cay # Qy~ Qz Ela) Qu = + mes with Llyn loa * ‘cos * ‘sre (151) were lig isthe flue gas loss related to Qze (ct. subclause bs. yolte - bo) (152) to unbumed combustibles (cf. sudclause 6.3.3.3) related to Qzs is given by: Vor fe08 * Fier YeorHycos (153) and lege, the loss due to enthalpy and unburned combustibles if slag and flue dust (cf. subciause 6.9.3.4) related to Qua, by: (154) when deriving slag and flue dust mass flow from the ash balance and is, oF Wg (155)Page 24 OIN 1942 wen measuring the fue dust mass flow and 0 the slag mass fw ftom the ash Balance, oF Je Fam wwnen measuring the slag mass flow and determining tne fue dust mass How from the asn balance. “The folowing are then to be calculated Gq anim subciause 6.3.36, Q; asin sudclause 6.32.9 and Ge Sin suvctause 6.837, ane 13,72. Qz 270 Q5 as Siocause 6.3.3.4 GF of Q; would here be tudes in @y fats fellows trom equation (130) that in the heat loss trained Ge to be measured Quy + Qy ~QzZ ly does fot equal sero. As the numerical valu ofthis expression is Generaly small there is no need to impose any special Stguements with respect 10 the accuracy of MeAsure- tments in cetermining Ox. “Te losses related tothe fatal Meat input, Gane. a" ben (158) Flue gas loss: sn ” "> eon Se t188) Radiation and convection tis Qs tg ne (059 oe Losses due to enthalpy and unburned combustibles in the Slag and flue dust (depending on the method of loss meas- Urement employed (see subclause 6.3.3.4): Qs* Or caset: Isr (160) (162) ‘Any other losses (depending on how the losses due to fenthaipy and unburned combustibles in the slag and five ust were measured): Case 2: ty 5 Sng (165) Case 4: tue Sn (167) with et 17 I= eo bas” se Wy asa) gis re peels i z i any Le Qb yi peninecE3- Fundamentals-of calculating uncertainty. 7 Averaging and uncertainty of measurement 74 General ‘The test results required for comparison with the guaranteed values are to be calculated from the measured values, the uncertainty of measurement (‘uncertainty’, for short) being established in accordance with VD! 2048. The most essential information needed for applying VOI 2048 is provides in subclause 7.2 below. Prior to the acceptance tests ~-pasterably, before the con- tract has been concluded an agreement should be reached with respect to the acceptable level of uncertainty land to the accuracy classes or permissible limits of error of the measuring systems for the pertinent measured quantities. The extent of acceptance testing (which depends on the size of the steam generator) shall aso be establisned, taking all quantities of parameters relevant to the final results into consideration. 7.2. Averaging and corre 7.2.1 Averaging from measured values _ For'thé valuation of test results, the readings for each quantity taken during the test period shail be averaged. For Quantities having a more or less linear effect on the evalu Gtion, the arithmetic mean of the measured values shall be sstablished for each instrument. =~ For flow measurements made using throttles, the arithme- tie mean shall be derived from the roots of the measured values of the differential pressure. 7.2.2 Correction of averaged measured values When correcting the averaged measured values, allowance shall be made for = the constants of instruments used; = the corrections due to the calibration of instruments: \dditional effects on the measuring equipment and Teterence values of measurands.. ‘Tat Enéia oF measurement’) Every measured value and thus every measurement result for 2 specific measurand is influenced by the measuring Jnstruments and system, the measurement procedure and ‘the measuring object. ee {A distinction is made in DIN 1319 Part betw atic errors and random errors. Systematic errors will render any measurement incorrect, ‘and should be avoided by employing experienced test personnel, ee yn system 7.3.2. Standard deviations, confidence limit and uncertainty “Tho standard deviation is the mean square variability for the fandom errors. If a single measured value x, is obtained Using @ particular measuring systems, then, for a known standard deviation, 0, the true value, x, is within a range of 3220 around the measured value 3, witn a confidence level of 95%. ‘Therefore, the double standard deviation, 2 o, is defined as the confidence limit. : [All general information on errors in this standard shall be xd as confidence limits with a confidence level of 3) "Errors for short.Page 24 OIN 1942 wen measuring the fue dust mass flow and 0 the slag mass fw ftom the ash Balance, oF Je Fam wwnen measuring the slag mass flow and determining tne fue dust mass How from the asn balance. “The folowing are then to be calculated Gq anim subciause 6.3.36, Q; asin sudclause 6.32.9 and Ge Sin suvctause 6.837, ane 13,72. Qz 270 Q5 as Siocause 6.3.3.4 GF of Q; would here be tudes in @y fats fellows trom equation (130) that in the heat loss trained Ge to be measured Quy + Qy ~QzZ ly does fot equal sero. As the numerical valu ofthis expression is Generaly small there is no need to impose any special Stguements with respect 10 the accuracy of MeAsure- tments in cetermining Ox. “Te losses related tothe fatal Meat input, Gane. a" ben (158) Flue gas loss: sn ” "> eon Se t188) Radiation and convection tis Qs tg ne (059 oe Losses due to enthalpy and unburned combustibles in the Slag and flue dust (depending on the method of loss meas- Urement employed (see subclause 6.3.3.4): Qs* Or caset: Isr (160) (162) ‘Any other losses (depending on how the losses due to fenthaipy and unburned combustibles in the slag and five ust were measured): Case 2: ty 5 Sng (165) Case 4: tue Sn (167) with et 17 I= eo bas” se Wy asa) gis re peels i z i any Le Qb yi peninecE3- Fundamentals-of calculating uncertainty. 7 Averaging and uncertainty of measurement 74 General ‘The test results required for comparison with the guaranteed values are to be calculated from the measured values, the uncertainty of measurement (‘uncertainty’, for short) being established in accordance with VD! 2048. The most essential information needed for applying VOI 2048 is provides in subclause 7.2 below. Prior to the acceptance tests ~-pasterably, before the con- tract has been concluded an agreement should be reached with respect to the acceptable level of uncertainty land to the accuracy classes or permissible limits of error of the measuring systems for the pertinent measured quantities. The extent of acceptance testing (which depends on the size of the steam generator) shall aso be establisned, taking all quantities of parameters relevant to the final results into consideration. 7.2. Averaging and corre 7.2.1 Averaging from measured values _ For'thé valuation of test results, the readings for each quantity taken during the test period shail be averaged. For Quantities having a more or less linear effect on the evalu Gtion, the arithmetic mean of the measured values shall be sstablished for each instrument. =~ For flow measurements made using throttles, the arithme- tie mean shall be derived from the roots of the measured values of the differential pressure. 7.2.2 Correction of averaged measured values When correcting the averaged measured values, allowance shall be made for = the constants of instruments used; = the corrections due to the calibration of instruments: \dditional effects on the measuring equipment and Teterence values of measurands.. ‘Tat Enéia oF measurement’) Every measured value and thus every measurement result for 2 specific measurand is influenced by the measuring Jnstruments and system, the measurement procedure and ‘the measuring object. ee {A distinction is made in DIN 1319 Part betw atic errors and random errors. Systematic errors will render any measurement incorrect, ‘and should be avoided by employing experienced test personnel, ee yn system 7.3.2. Standard deviations, confidence limit and uncertainty “Tho standard deviation is the mean square variability for the fandom errors. If a single measured value x, is obtained Using @ particular measuring systems, then, for a known standard deviation, 0, the true value, x, is within a range of 3220 around the measured value 3, witn a confidence level of 95%. ‘Therefore, the double standard deviation, 2 o, is defined as the confidence limit. : [All general information on errors in this standard shall be xd as confidence limits with a confidence level of 3) "Errors for short.

DIN 1942 - Acceptance Testing of Steam Generators - 1996

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DIN 1942 - Acceptance Testing of Steam Generators - 1996

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