-

STATISTICAL' TABLES.
,
.
 .By_llze Smititr Author
. . .
STATISTICAL METHODS FOR R,l:SEARCH WORKERS. .. 1925-1941. Oliver and Boyd·Ltd,,
·· · Edinburgh~ . , . .
THEGENETICAL THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION. 1930. Oxford University Press.
THE DESJ GN OF ·ExPERJM:iNTS.· 1 9~5: 1942. . Oliver' and Boyd ·Ltd.; Edinburgh.
 . .

STATIST-ICAL· TA.BLES ,I

..
FOR BIOLOGICAL, AGRICULTURAL ·
AND MEDICAL RESEARCH

BY

RONALD A. FISHER, Sc.D., F.R.S.

GALTON PROFESS_DR,. UNIVERSITY OF .LONDON

AND

~FRANK YATES, .Sc.D.

HEAD OF STATISTICAL DEPARTMENT, ROTHAMSTED
EXPERIMENTAL STATION . ··

SECOND EDITION
REVISED AND ENLARGED
'

OLIVER }{ND BOYD ·LTD.

-LONDON 9 s GREAT RUSSELL STREET, .w.c~
-
EDINBURGH - TWEEDDALE COURT
..
 I'JtJNTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BT
OLJVBJt AND BOYD LTD., EDINBt1JIGR
 ·PREFACE
THE problems with which an active statistical department rhay have
to deal require, if their solutions. are to be made. widely accessible,
a great variety of special tables. A number_ of those in the presen~< .
book are familiar to statisticians, and are already widely u~ed. ··In
presenting them in a convenient form, the opportunity has . been'.
'taken to supplement them with a s.election of o~hers,~ chosen as likely .
also to be' of value, and not accessible elsewhere. The volume. is_
completed with a number of tables of standard functions of general
utility. The experience of the authors of the problems arising in
practical research, is the basis of the seiection, from among tho~e tables .
which from time to time have been computed for special purposes.
To perform their compilation, the main work has been to complete·
the tables in a form suitable for the general user, and, what is. by no
means easy, to ensure their entire :accuracy. In addition we have .
been principally concerned with' the design of pi-in~iilg. and arrange-
ment, which shall be suitable both ·for ·constant and ·for occasional
users. Comments from . both classes ot reader . will ' ther~fore
.
be
especially valued. · , ,
We are indebted to all workers at the Galton Laboratory,
and at the Statistical Laborat.or.y, Rothamsted, and · especially
toW. L. Stevens, for assistance in the completion of our task. ., ·'
' R. A. F.
F. Y.
August 1938

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION

THE second edition contains as new material Tables vI and v2 for.
the test of significance of the differences between two means obtained.
by different methods; f(~ble VII II, which supplies solutions of the
type of problem illustrated in Examples I, 2 and 4, more direct than
. those previously available; and Table VI I ~2, which gives densi~ies
of organisms estimated by the dilution method. •
The combinatorial solutions of Table XVII have been considerably
extei,lded and simplified in presentation by the ~ore e~tensive use
of solutions of the cyclic ·type. . The . corresponding section of the
introduction now gives ~n account of Youden's Squares, and of the
. v
 PREF;ACE
method of .utilising inforynation,· forpterly discarded, fr~m comparisons
between ' blocks. . .
. For the convenience of owners of the first edition~ a list of errata
bas been included showi~g 3;11 the errors of any importance the1;t have
·been\ discovered in the first edition. Our thanks are due to those
-who have dra~n our attention· to tlie~e ~rrors. "'
~-.' ' '
'·. R. A. F.
' ... F. Y..
. ... '
' .;

]a~uary
. .
1943 ·
·,; ,4 ,.

vt
 CONTENTS
. \
Introduction I
•. . I
PAGB

I. The Normal Distribution .• .. ·' 29

II. Ordinates of the Normal Distribution 29
III. Distribution oft 30'
IV. Distribution of x2 ')I
V. Distribution of z and the Variance Ratio \ ' . . '"..-

32
VI. Significance
!
of Difference betwee~
.
Two Means
~.
·40
V 2. Significance of Difference between Two Means- .. One
Component of Error distributed normally, the 'bther
.
in Student's Distribution .• · · .. 41'
.
'
!~
VI. The Correlation Coefficient-Values for Different
. Levels
..
C?f Signi~cance
VII. The Correlation Coefficient-·Transforrpation of r to z
· (Interclass) .. 42·.
VIII. Tests of Significance for 2 X.2 Contingency Tables 43
VIIIL Binomial and Poisson Distributions: ·Limits of the
Expectation .• 44
-
VIII2. Densities of Organisms estimated by the Dilution
Method· 4S
IX. Probits-Transforma.tion of .the Sigmoid Dosage Mor-
tality Cu~e to a Straight ~ine . 46
X. Probits-Simple Quantiles of the Normal Distribution 48
XI.
-
Probits-Weighting Coefficients and Probit. Values to
be used in Adjustments of Special Accuracy 49
. .
. XII. The Angular. Transformation-Transformation· of Per-
<;:entages to Degrees . so
XIII. The Angul~r ·Transformation-·Transformation . of
Proper Fractions to Degrees so
XIV. The Angular . T~bsformation-Angular Values for
· Adjustments ~f Special Accuracy. SI,
XV. Latin Squares
XVI. Complete Sets of Orthogonal Latin Squares •
XVII. Balanced Incomplete :f?locks-Combif!atorial Solutions 56
'
XVIII. Balanced ·Incomplete· Blocks-Index by .Number . of
Replications •· .· S7
Vll
 CONTENTS
PAG:S
XIX. Balanced Incomplete Blocks-Index by Number of
Units in a Block . • ' 57
XX. Scores for Ordinal (or Ranked) Data .
•
ss
· , · (CXL Scores for Ordinal" Data-Sums of Squares of Mean
· 1\ Deviations Tabulated ·•
.
. .. •
\
·ss
XXII, Initial Differences' of Powers of Natural.Numbers · 6o
XXIII. Orthogonal Polynomials. . ···; · ' · 62
XXIV•. Calculation of Integrals from equally spaced Ordinates 6g

.
xxv; Logaritluits .. • .• · • ·
., 70
XXVI. NatUral Logarithms.· 72
' ·, . . .
. · XXVII. Squ~es .. .. 76
XXVpi. Square Roots .•
. , .' ~ . 78
XXIX•. Re~iprocals.. ·
•· i !

82
XXX. Factorials 84
' XXXI. Natural'Sines . 86
XXXIJ. Natura_! Tangents •. .. 88
xxxin. 'Rand~m Numbers· go
X~XlV. ·Con~iants, Weights and Measures, etc:· .. . ~ . g6
··I

\ . . ~ ,_

. ERRATA ·To THE FIRST EDITION

.'
'

(The page numbers are those ~I the first edition i. all these errors have been
corrected in the second edition.)
. I · . I I 2
p .. 8. For BPQ = 2 (I-R2) read ~PQ =I-Ra·
. p. 27. · n=3, P=·oi. For II"34I read II"34S· .
\ p. 28~ · In the formula, for I·28I6 read. o·84I6, and for o·6o7I read 0"45I4 •
. p.4I. 6:9~ For.I5"340read-I5"240.· ·
1" I. For 1" 5os6 read 7" 5062.
-. 8·7. Ftir 2I47 read 2354.
p. 42 . .P = 72%. For s8•7 read 58· I.
p. 55·· n = 24.. A: C?f'f'1 ~ For I read 2. .
p~ 51· .....n = 39, sum of s9.uares of f'1 . For 496,388 read 4,496,388. ·
p. 88. Middle c of piano. For S22 read 26I.
p. 90. For I sack = 3 bushels read I sack =;: 4 bushels •

Vlll
...
 · . INTRODUCTION
TABLES I TO VII. TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE BASED ON THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
, ' .
.Tables I to· VII constitute a gro~p of tables, based on the normal distribution, and now Widely used. :
in making tests of significance. The common uses of these tables are fully illustrated with numerical examples "
in Fisher's Statistical .Afethot!s for Research WorRers, where they were first published. ·Further statistical
problems soluble by the same tables are, however, constantly being discovered., · . . .
If X is the deviation from the mean of a normal distribution having unit variance, the ordinate z given·
in Table II, is obtained from the algebraic expression
. .
·· ' '.
.
z = I e-l~ •.
v 27T • . ,
· ......

The integral of this function gives the area of the curve, or the frequency of ob~ervations/between the
limits of int~gn1tion. The fraction of the frequency falling outside the· limits ±x is, therefore, · . . . ~
00
P= 2 { idx.
•X

Table I gives the values of x corresponding with various values of this fraction. .- .
The distribution of I, due originally to " Student," is used to test the significance of a deviation when its
standard error is estimated from the data ; I is the deviation divided by its estimated standard error. The
algebraic expression for the ordinate of the distribution is. .
n-I
-·-!
2 I

n-2
-l.v,;n
. (I+-
'2) i(.. +Jf
2 . n
Table III gives ;the values oft corresponding with various values of the probability of a random value
falling outside the limits ±I., The integer n is the number of degrees of freedom available for the estimation
of error.
The quantity x2 , used to test goodness of fit, homoge?eity, and· for a variety. of other purposes, may be
regarded as the- sum of the squares of n variables, which vary normally' and independently about' zero with
unit variance. It is a useful single measure of the aggregate of a set of deviations from expectation. The,
.
element of frequ~ncy may be expressed as

.'
\Vhen' 1z is even the probability of exceeding any given value x2 is reducible to the partial sum of a Poisson·
senes:
/

'
The mean of the whole Poisson ser~es is lx 2, the sum of the whole series is unity, and. the. number ~f terms .
in the partial sum is Jn. In consequence the table of x2 (Table IV), which ~ives the values of x2 for various
values _of P, can be used to :find'1:he mean of a Poisson series of which the first !n terms constitute a given
fraction of the whole.' \ \ ·

Example I

Four serious floods have occurred in a given region during a century's experience; supposing the numbers
of floods experienced in d1fferent centuries are distributed in a·Poisson series, find t.lle mean number for which
only one century in 20 would have four serious floods or less, and the mean number for which only one century
in 20 would have 4 floods or more. . ·
In the first case we need the first five terms ofthe Poisson series, son = Io ; the .table shows the 5 per cent..
value of x 2 is I 8· 307 ; the expectation would be 9· I 54 floods per century. If, on the contr~ry, only one century
in 20 experienced 4 floods or z:nore, the first four terms of the series. would constitute 95 per cent. of the whole;
,•
l A
Cor n=8, the 95 per cent. r.is 2~733, corresponding with a frequency of I· 366 serious floods per century.
Unless our experience has fallen in the upper, or the lower 5 per cent. range of the distribution, the expectation
lie~ between I•366 and 9" I54 floods per century. More or less stringent- probabilities might, of course,. have
been chosen. Table VIIh has been constructed to make this test dire'?tly at the' Io per cent., 2! per cent.
and i per cent. limits.·. Entering the table with a= 4 and N = oo, for instance; the 2! per cent. limits of the
expectation are found to be I"09 and Io· 24. • ·
' . .
\ . .
In testing goodness of fit r is simply calculated from the numbers observed and expected in each
distinguishable Class. If m is the frequency·expected and a that obserVed, then
. . r = S (a-m)• .S (-~)· _:_S(a) .
. m ·. m
where. the· sUinmation is tak:en over all classes.,,\ The n~ber of degrees. of freedom is the number of ~lasses,
the frequencies of wpich can be.varied·independently without violating any totals, sub-totals, etc-., which may
have been used in calculating the expectations. It is inadvisable to use classes with expectations less than 5,
so that these will u_sually be grouped in larger classes in applying the test. (See, however, Table VIII.) .
The quantity z inay be defined as the difference of one-half the natural-logarithms of two different estimates
of variance, one based on n1 and the other on n8 degrees 'of freedom. Table V gives values of z for different
values of the three variables n1 , n 8 and P. The corresponding values of the variance ratio, e21s, are given on the
opposite pages. We may usua)ly consider~ z test as a test whether one estimate of a variance based on n1
degrees of freedom significantly exceeds a second estimate based on n 2 degrees of freedom. We are.indebted
to C. G. Colcord and L. S. Deming (9) for the· extension of the z table toP= ·ooi, and to H. \V. Norton,
and Iowa State Col~e~e, for P = · ~- ·. . - .1
The 'distribut,ions of 't and of .} are equivalent to special cases of the distribution of z. Thus when
n1 = ~, I = e• and t2 for n2 .degrees of freedom is the variance r~tio. Equally,, when n 2 = I, the variance
ratio is the value of I/t2 corresponding with the probability I-P. . . ·
. when na :..._ ex:>, the variance ratio is r/nl" for- nl degrees of freedom ; and when nl = ex:> it is the value
of n 2/r fo"r' n 2 degree.S ofi"reedom; corresponding with the probability I-P. _ · ·
- From the value 6 onwards the values of n1 tabulated are in harmonic ·progression ; i.e. they are the
numbers for·which 24/n1 takes the values 4, 3, 2, 'I and o. As the corresponding values of z run smoothly
other values of.n1 maybe used by interpolating for the values of 24/n1 • Similarly, the largest n 2 tabulated
are those for which ·12o/n2 takes the values_ 4, 3, 2: I and o. The z values for ahy pair of numbers n1 and n 2
can thus be found from the !able.. With lower hccuracy the v_:ariance ratio may be s~milarly interpolated. For
high values 'of nl and na. a useful apprmcimation is given below the table for each value of p tabulated."
·· In the tab~e. of..z, like that o£. x2, tP,e probability given, and most frequently wanted, is that of a single tail
·of the distribution beyond the tabulated value. For _the tables of x and t it is the sum of two ~quivalent tails.
In addition to its general use in the anal~is of variance, t;he z table is related to the partial sum of a binomial
series in the same way as is that of r to the Poisson series. The _ratio of the sums of squares is n1/n 2 times the
variance ratio, or nle2Zfna . . Ifp: q is the ratio ofthe_sum~ of squares, Pis the sum of the first !nt terms of the
expansion of (q+p)Hn1+tas-2>.., and 1 ....:.pis the sUn: of the remaining !1.12 te~s. . -·

Example 2
An ;vent has occurred 3 ~imes . out' of -·14 triais. ·. The probabi)1ty of its occurring 3 times ~r less, is
represented by the sum of the first four terms out of IS, hence n1 = 8, n 2 = 22. If P = I per cent., the
fable gi"1es a variance ratio 3"45; hence the ratio of the sums of squares is 3"4S X8/22 = 1· 2SS = pfq. Thus
p = I·2sS/2·255 =:551· On the other hand, for the probability of its occurring 3 times or more, we neeq
nl = 24, na. 6, when th~ variance ratio is 7"3I, and qfp = 29"24, p = I/30"24 = "0331. Unless our
experience has fallen in the upper or the lower I per cent. range of the di~tribution, .the probability ef
ocCur-rence lies between ·o33I and· 5S1· . • _
'I'Jlls type of problem also may be examined at other levels of significance by the use of T~ble VIlli.
Entering the table with a = 3, .p = 3/I4. = o· 2_I4, we find that the li_mits .of expectation, at the probability
level p = ! per cent., are o· J60 and 8· 26, giving the corresponding limits of the prob~bility of occurrence as
·o257 and· 590. If P == 2\ per cent. the limits are ·o466 and ·soB. · -
If the event had not occurred at all in I4 trials, it is still possible to assign an upper limit to the probability.
Entering Table VIlli With a = o, and 1/N = ·o7I4, we :find that the limits of expectation are 3· 25 and
4"42 for P = 2} per c~nt. and P =!per cent. respectively, giving corresponding limits of ·232 and· 3I6 for
the probability. • · ·
 Table VI gives the exact test of significance for inter-class. correlation coefficients. This is ·equivalent
to the t test of_ the regression, which reduces to · ·
r --
1= --=-vn'-z·
VI-1'2 .
-............_ ' • 'I

for n'- 2 degrees of freedom, where n' is the number of pairs on which the correlation is based. 1The results
often differ materially from the comparison of r with its standard error estimated from. the formula, : · ·· ·

a,.= .
!If
. .:;
vn'-'-I
.. .
.
' • '

Other comparisons involving correl~tio~ c?efficients are best carried .out by the s. transformation provided
by Table VII. · ·. . ' · · .. 1 · . ·, .. · · . · · .

TABLEs v 1 ANn v2. SIGNIFicANcE oF DiFFERENcE n~TwEEN Two ME.ANs --

Tables V 1 and V 2 give th~ test of significan~e, due .originally to Behrens, for the differen~e of two means
for which the errors are due. to different causes, so that estimates of variance cannot properly.:be pooled. In
general we need the percentile points of a distribution compounded of two Student distributions with· n 1 and
n 2 degrees of freedom. The ratio of the scale-factors s1 and s2 is given by· ""' · •. , · •
s1 /s2 =tan 8~
---
and the difference is judged to be significant if it exceeds dv s12+s•l· .
For each level of significance the value of dis required given the. 3 known values n 1, n~ 8.!1-d ·o:; Table '¥,I
by P. V. Sukhatme gives the.s per cent. and I per cent. points for I 5° intervals of 8, and for the lattice of values.
6, 8, I2, 24 and oo for n 1 and n 2• Four-point interpol~ion is sufficient for full accuracy.' ~- . : ·~~ ·. . ·. . .
Table V2 deals more fully with the marginal case n1 = oo, where the distribution/is compounded of a.·
normal component of known variance and a component of Student's type. This occurs when we compare
estimates of a physical constant, one of which is based' on a large quantity of data of low precision, while the
· other rests on few, but rather precise, observations. When the errors from these. two estimates are .of. com-··
parable magnitude, both can be ta:ken into account by finding the angle, de~ed by ·
tan 8 -:- a/s, · '
while the significant val;uc for the observed difference' is
---
dvs2+a2.
..
Thus for high angles the distribution tends to normality and for low angles it tends to Studen.t's form. ... 1"
Sukhatme's values have been confirmed by the asymptotic approach used in const~cting .Table V,z.,
but appearto have a very small positive bias, about ·ooi in d.
' .
Example:- . _
Let us suppose that a physical constant evaluated by a new method gives a mean ,of twelve determinations-; .
... .X= 4"77383, . . ,· .
and that the sum of the squares of the deviations of these values from their mean i.s

so that from I I degrees of

.
S(x-x) 2 = ·ons8o,
freedom the variance of the mean is estimated td be
I
s 2 = ·oooo8773, •'" 1

and the estimated standard deviation of the mean is

, .; I
• •

. s = "009366. \
. '
For I I degrees of freedom Student's tis 2~ 7I8 at the .2 per cent. point, ~0 that at this level of sigJ1ificarice
we should regard our observed mean as differing significantly from any valu~ outside the limits .
.X±t.s: '
\1 = 4".77383±"02546 .
' .... '· . 4:74837, 4" 79929.
If, now, numerous previous determinations, using a different method, have given the value,
. \
.. fl.= 4"744, ..
. outside these limits, it would appear that there must be a real discrepancy betweemthe results from th~ 'two
methods used. . · .
The comparison, however, is not complete, if we r~alise that p. also is not a perfectly precise determination,
for it might be that though the value adopted is incompatible with the new observations; yetthat both methods
might be simultaneously compatible. with. some 'intermediate value of the constant.
Behren~' test enables this question to be answered, when the precision of p. is known, by 'averaging the

3
 .~probability of obtaining so high a deviation, when I' is assigned a frequency distribution instead of_a fixed
value. If, for. examplr, the val~ of p adopted, has a standard error, a, based on a large number of degrees
of freedom, w1th ·
a= "00382, ...
.we should find,
t

and .\
d = x-1' _ ·02983
2"949
. v~'+a2 "010115

.~ble V2 shows that at the 2 per cent. .level of significance dis ~illy 2· 704. at 2o0 and 2·637 at 30°, for
10 d.egrees of freedom:.. For II degrees of freedom lower ':alues still would be significant. • The discrepancy
· observed is therefore a ~ignificant one, even when the errors to whi$ I' is liable are fully taken into account.

' t. ~ .. - ' , '

·-~' TABLE VIII.· TESTS O:Jt". SIGNIFICANCE FOR 2X2 CONTINGENCY TABLES
Contingency~ table.s _are normally tested for 'significant departures from independence by means of the
r test. Pro~ded that more than .one degree of freedom is involved this test is satisfactory, even when the
__ e~e~ation in each class is quite small ; but with only a single degree of freedom (as in 2 X 2 contingency tables)
i, !he 11:umber of possible sets of. values satisfying the given marginal totals is small, so that the di~continuity,
~ _· of the res~tant distribution. is marked, whereas the 'x!-. distribution, which is an approximation to it, is
~ontinuous. The effect. of this discontinuity can be overcome by applying Yates's 'correction for continuity
r
when cal~ating ~ This- is done by reducing by ! the values which are greater. than expectation and
· increasing by .1 those which are less than expectation~ · ..
. The correction for continuity, •which ·should be applied when-·the smallest exp.ectation is less than soo,.
. considerably ~creases the effective range of the ordinary X" tes~ for a single degree of freedom ; but when the
. smallest exJ1ectation is less than 100, the possible asymmetry of the actual distribution associated with given
marginal t9tals becomes o( importance. Such asymmetry implies that deviations of a given magnitude in
one direction are less probabl~ than those in the other. ' . .
' Table VIII allows thi~ asynimetry (~d other slight deviations from the ordinary r
distribution) .to be
taken into acc9unt. · It gives what are in effect the z· 5 per cent. and,o· 5 per cent. points of Xc (the square root
· of 'r corrected for continuity) for each tail separately. Since there are three independent marginal totals
fn ·a: 2 X 2 contingency· table all possible· contingency tables could only be completely covered by a three-
dimensional table of Xc for each level of significance.· In general, however, the distribution of xc is not very
different for sets of marginal totals which. give the same smallest expectation, and for which the observed
value·in any one cell can. assume the same number of values' (i.e. tables in which the smallest marginal total
is ~he same, this being one less than the ·poss~ble_number of values). ·
This property is utilised in Table VIII, where values of Xe are shown for chosen values· of the smallest
. expectation m, and of p, the smallest expectation divided by the smallest marginal total. (For a detailed
account of. the method of construction of this table see Yates {14).)
In the contmgency table :-· ·
x y a'
z u 1/
a !J n

where a~!J, a' ~!J' and a~a', S.O that a is the smalle~t marginal total, and X is the number in the cell with
smallest expectation, we have m = aa' fn, and p = mfa = a' fn. It will be I).Oted tliat as n increases with ~ed
m and p, a remains fixed and a' : !J' : n is constant: When n is very large the distribution of x tends to that ·
of the binomial distribution (p+q)tJ. \Vhen_ n takes on its smallest. possible value, which is that which gives
the smallest integral value of tl-;;:;a, the "limiting contingency <;listribution" of xis attained. The values of .
Xe for these two· extreme distributions are. shown in Table VIII, the former in ordinary type and the latter in
black type. In general t~e intermediate contingency distributions give intermediate values of Xe·
Furthermore, asp tends to zero with fixed m, the expectations in all cells except that containing x become
large, and the Poisson~ distribution is approached, whatever the ratio of a to a'. Thus for p = o there is only
one set of values in Table VIII, representing the virtual 2· 5 and o- 5 per cent. points of the Poisson distributions.
Thus· the table. can be used to test the significance of departureS' from binomial distributions with known P
and Poisson distributions with known m, as well as for contingency tal;>les.
4
 Example 3
' '
The number of summers (April-September) with periods of over 20 days without rainfall at Roth~sted
during this century and the last half of last century, are given in Table 1. . · . . '

TABLE I. SUMMERS WITH AND WITHOUT. DROUGHT AT ROTHAMSTED

,
1352-Igoo. 1901•1937· Total.

- - 13
Experiencing drought . . 4 . ~
9 ~-
\Vithout drought . ' . 45 28 d-.

.
.• c. 73
..
Total · . . 49" 37 86
'

Are the summers of the present century significantly more subject to drou{;h~s
' those of the last ?
than
H x_'J. (9X45-4X28) 2 X86 ·
ere = 49X37~I3X73 = 4 - 291 ' .• ' ' '

which would indicate significance, the 5 per cent. point for one degree of .freedom (Table IV) behg 3·841: I
Applying the correction for continuity, however, we obtain ·
Xc2 = (8tX44t-4tX28}) X86
1
= 3. 124 .
49X37X13X73
Reference to Table IV indicates that significance is not a.tt~ed. This may be ctm:firmed by refe.rencc to .
Table VIII. \Ve have ·
. . . 13X37 m 37- ·'
Xc = J• 77J the smallest expectatiOn m = - - = s· 59, p = - = - . o· 43·
~6 ' 13 . 86 . '
The observed set lies on the longer tail of the distribution since the mimber 9 ·with smallest expectation is
greater than expectation. AJ,l the values ·of Table VIII (P · ·o25) which bracket 'the r~quired value lie
between 1·91 and 2·o6, so that significance is n,ot attained. ,Notice, however, that had p been nearly zero,
'\\ith the same expect~tion in the s111-allest cl~s but with observed set on the shorter tail, the observed value of
Xc would have indicated significance. ·
Linear interpolation in two dimensions in Table VIII gives the value of x· 96 for both binomial and l~~ting
r
contingency distributions, indicating that at this particular point the ordinary table (or a table of the normal
probability integral, e.g. the table of probits, Table IX) gives a good estimate of the actual probability after
thecorrection for continuity has been applied. The probit'correspondihg to 1•77 is 6·77, which gives a per-
centage of 96· 16 on inverse interpolation in Table IX, cor.responding to a probability of ·o384 compared with
the true value of ·o389 calculated by the procedure given in Statistical Methods, Section 21.02., A method of
assessing the actual probability when the values of Xc differ from those of x for the same probability levels is
illustrated in Example 5·

.Example 4
In the course of soo spins of a roulette wheel, zero appears 24 times. What evidence is there that the
wheel is biased in favour of the bank ?
. If the wheel is unbiased, the chance of zero occurring in any one spin is. !. , ~d zero ~ay be expected
. . 37 . .
. · . ·. . . · . xo·486 2 xo·4862
13· 514 trmes on the average m soo ·tna1!?. The discrepancy. IS therefore J:.,o·486, 'X!' = - -
... . 13"514 '4 86"486
+
= 8· 36;, and x = 2·892. (Note that the class of non-occurrences as well as the class of occurrences must be
included when calculating x_'J.) Inverse interpolation in Table IX gives a percentage of _99·8o9, which '
indicates that the probability of obtaining 24 or more zeros was orily ·oo191. Correcting for continuity, the
discrepancy becomes 9" 986, and Xc 2 = 7" 584, Xc = 2· 754, giving a probability ~f · 00294. Referring to ,
Table VIII, however, for m = 13" 5 and p = "027 (values in ordinary type) we see that the o· 5 per cent. point
of Xc is about 2· 8o, compared with the value of 2· 576 given by normal theory. Thus the. true probability is
somewhat greater than ·oo5. (True value obtained by summing the binomial distribution= ·oo559.) The·
omission of the correction for continuity introduces· large errors, and even the use of tha. ordinary x2 table
gives a probability of one half the true value.
A2
 . The problem'maY. also be solved directly by the use of Table Vllh. Since ll i~ greater than 14 we must
use the approximation given for a= 15 and over~ ·P ~ 24/soo = ·o48 and therefore the conventional standard
error. y{a(I-p)} = 4"79· Multiplying this by the normal deviate for P = l per cent. (single tail) gives
4" 79 X 2· 576 = u· 34· The limits of expectation calculated {rom the conventional standard error are therefore
u·66 and·36·34· The _corrections given by Table VI_Ih for these limits are +1·7I and +2·84, giving the
adjusted .limits of 13· 37 and 39; 18, corresponding to probability limits ·o267 and :o784. Since 2. = ·o27o
. .. ~ .· 37
the probability o~ obtaining as many as 24 zeros in 500 spins is just over ·oo5, agreeing with our previous
solution. . -· ;. ' ' -

Example 5· ~

Locate the upper and lower 2· S and o· 5 per cent. points of a Poisson distribution 'with an expectation of 25.
·If :c _is the_ observed value and this is greater than -expectation (i.e. lies_ on the longer tail) we have
Xe = (x_;_25-!)/y25. Form= 25,p = o, Xe = 2-05 for the 2· 5 per cent. point, so that x = 35·8. Hence a
value of 36 or over has a smaller probability than ·o25. For the o· 5 per cent. point, Xe = 2· 76, so that x =
39· 3, giving a value of 40 oi over. Siinilarly, the lower 2• 5 and o· 5 per cent. values of x will be found to be
15·2 and u·6,~ giving integral values of ts·and 12 ·respectively. Normal theory would give :c's about ! a
unit in error for the 2• 5 per cent. points and about a unit in error for' the o· 5 per cent. points.
If the actuiU value of the proba~?ility of obtaipilig a .value of say t4 or less is required, we may proceed
as follows. At the lower 2· 5 per cent. point Xe is I' 86 and x (normal theory) is I· 96, and at the lower o· 5 per cent.
point Xe is 2· 37 and x is 2·~58. A value of I4 gives a Xe of 2·1o. Hence by linear interpolation, using Xc as
argument, the corresponding value of X is -' .
.
·' .
X= 1'96+
2'IO-I•86
•
-
(2' S8-I·96) = 2"25. .I
' 2' 37-1•86

. . IX gives the. corresponding probability as ·o122- (True value =:o124.)

Reference to Table
. ..
' .• •
'TABLE VIlli. .
LIMITS FOR THE PROBABILITY OF AN EVENt'
~ " ~ • ~ j

'If an_e~ent is observed to occur a times out of N, a lower limit ?T~ can be assigned to the probability of.
this event suCh that if the probabilitY were actually .,.1 the~ an observed number of occurrences as great or ,
. greater than a 9ut of N trials would only occur by chance with a frequency of P.- Similarly an upper limit
- .,.2 can be assigned such that if the probability were actually .,.2 an observed number. of occurrences as small
a
. or smaller than would occur with a frequency P. Corresponding to these probabilities .,.1 and .,.2 there are
limits of exped:atioii of the number of otcurrences in N trials, namely .,.1N and These limits of expecta-·.,.zn.
tion are tabulated in Table Vllh for P = o·I, o·o25 and o·oos against values of a from o to 15 (with exten-
sion to. higher values) and of N from 2t1 to oo. The values for N = oo gives the limits of expectation of
the Poisson distribution.· -When a>!N, the table may be entered with a' .:.._ N -a. Examples of the use
of the table have alre3;dy been given (Examples ·1, 2 and 4). · ·

. .
•· TABLE VIII2. DENSITIES OF ORGANISMS ESTIMATED BY THE DILUTION METHOD
One of tlie niethods available for estimating the number of organisms of a given type present in a medium
--
is the dilution method. This method can· be employed in cases in whic4 the presence or absence ·of the org~sm
-can be determined, but in which counts cannot be made. '
In the d.J.lution method a series of suspensions of the organism, s levels in all, is prepared, each of which
is a times as dilute as the preceding one.,. Each suspension is used_ to inoculate n tubes with a known volume·
of the suspension, and the presence or absence of the organism is determined by suitable test after ·a period
of incubation. The most accurate estimate of the number of orgamsms per tube at any given level is obtained
by solving the equation of maximum likelihood, but it has been shown (Fisher, 30) that 87· 7 per cent. of the
inforination is contained in the totai number X of fertile or Y of sterile plates, counted without regard to
is
level. If .l the n~ber of organisms per tube at the highest concentration, the value of l for which the
eXpected average number of steiile plates is equal to the observed number is given by the equation ·
• Y = n(e-l+e-lfa+e-lfa1+, .· •. +e-lfa•-1)
Table Vllh enables the solution of this equation to be obtained expeditiously for two-fold, four-fold
or ten-fold dilution series of any length. All that is necessary is to calculate what may be called the mean fertile
level, :c = Xfn, and the mean sterile level,y . s-x, and find the tabular value K corresponding to the observed
z or y for the appropriate number, s, of levels. The estimate of lis then given by
log l =:clog a-K.
6
 x
In an extended series of dilutions the value of K becomes constant for all values of andy ~ufficiently distant-
from the ends of the distribution, except for a periodic component, which, however, is only. of iniporta.ri.ce
for the ten-fold series. This periodic component necessitates the speci~ form of tabulation-adopted for ibis'
senes. ,
- . 1 ' . - ' • .
The average value of the varianc~ of the number of fertile levels is ~ og except at the ~nds o{ the series
2

. j n log a · '
-
where the value increases. The average- value of the variance of log 1 is ~ log 2 • log a and this ·may 00 used
, . n - ' . . /
in the two and four-fold series in the range where the tabul~ entries are substantially constant. · The varlanre
of the number of fertile levels is, however, more stable than the variance of •og l.. Closer approximation.. to
. I lim" th fi b. r • d .b . t log 2 . .
t h e fid ucra 1ts can ere ore e 10un y usmg the average value - - - of this variance, increasing and
n loga
decreasing the observed number of fertile levels by the appropriate multiple of the correspon~g stand~d
error. The table can then be re-entered to determine_ limiting values of log l, and thence, if required, of X.
This approximation is satisfactory except at the extreme ends of the range. For the same reason the number
of fertile levels should be used in preference to log 1 when performing tests of significance, etc., on comparisons
between different media. Standard errors should not be attached to 1. · .·
The inclusion of tables for the four-fold and ten-fold series should not be taken to imply -th~ use ofthat
these series_ is ordinarily advisable. If an adeqUa.te number of tubes is available the two-fold· dilution series ·
should be used, with corresp6ndingly fewer plates at each level, in preference to a four-fold or ten-fold ·series·
covering the same range. As is shown by the form ala given above, the average variance of log 1 in the c~tre
of the range is the same for a given total number of plates, whatever the dilution factor• but the periodicity
becomes appreciable for the more coarsely spaced series. " ,
. The number of dilution levels required depends primarily on
the range of populations-it is d~ired to cover:
For any given population density the majority of the ¥ormation is given~ by the leve~ at which the average
number of organisms per tube is near I. Thus in a two-fold dilution series in which one dilution level has an: -
average of exactly one organism per tube the contnoution of the various levels of an infinite series to the total
amount of information are as follows : ·

Average number of organisms per tube ·

·Sand 1 .,l,. and
- ' • .. ill more 4 2 . I l lr less
Percentage of information : • 0"9 ?"3 ;4•9 5"2
..
For any given population density, therefore, most of the information is contrib;uted by :five levels of the series.
A series of 12 dilutions will therefore amply cover a range_ of IOO fold, and a series of IS dilutions a range of
1000 fold. If more than one organism which can be detected in the same set of tubes is under investigation,
then longer series may be required, the exact length depending on the relative numbers of the different types
of organism. . . · ' · . • · · . _ · .
\Vhen a large number of tests involving series of the same length and with the same number of tubes at .
each level have to be made, the experimenter may :find it convenient to prepare a special table giving log 1.
and 1 directly for each possible value of the total number of fertile tubes. Such a table may be easilJ prepared .
from Table Vllh. ·
In practical work greater precision is often required in one part of the range than in the others~' Thus r

the tests may have as their primary object the determination of whether the population· densities are less than
a given standard density~ but at the same time a rough estimate of the actual population densities of samples
differing widely from the l!tandard may be of interest. In such a case the number of tubes should be increased
at the levels for which the population per tube would be in the neighbourhood of I at the Standard density,
e.g. we might increase the number of tube;; at levels having 4, 2, I, !_and 1 organisms per tube at the standard
density. · · · ·
For the estimation of the population densities of dilution series of~ type a special table will have to be
prepared. If there are n 1 tubes at each of s levels and an additional n 3 tubes at each of the_ levels from r+ 1
to r', the average total number of sterile tdPes is given by . . ·. · ·.
Y = nJ)'1 + n'l)'z = n1 (r1+e-1/2+ . . . +e-1/2•-l)+n3(e-1/2r + . . . +e-1/2~'- ) • ·
1

The table can be prepared directly by calculating the values of Y for a seri~s of values of log 1, thence deter- ·
mining by inverse interpolation the values of Jog 1 corresponding to integral values ~f Y. Alternatively Table
VIII 2 may be used to determine the values of y 1 and y 3 separately for a series of values of log l, thence per-
forming the inverse interpolation as before. Values of y 3 corresponding to values of log 1 falling outside
the- range of the table will in any case have to be <!omputed directly, but this can be done rapidly, using the
expansion of y 3 in powers of 1 for small values of 1. 1

The standard errors of estimates derived from a' modified dilution series of this type naturally vary in
different parts of the range. At the standard density, however, the standard errors will be those corresponding

7
 fo an infinite series of n 1+n1 tubes at each level, except for a -slight increase due to the shortness of the
subsidiary series. . ·• . ,
· Example 5. I

. Tests ~ith potato flour containing rope spores (B. mesentericus) gave the following qbservations, using
5 tubes, each of I c.c., ~f dilutions containing 4, 2, I, •... , _Ij128 g. per Ioo c.c. (E. C. Barton-Wright's data).

' . ~- per .100 c.c:•. Number fertile. g. per 100 c.c. Number fertile. ·

4 ' 5· ..I/8 3
2 . 5
I
' I/16 2
I
I/2
5
.5 .. . I/32
I/64
2
0
I/4 - 4- 1/128 0
. ,

. The total ~:unnber ~f fertile plates)~ 31, and the mean fertile level (x) is therefore 6· 2. Hence y is 3·8. The
table gives K -:--. · 383. Hence · · ..
log A_:::::;: 6•2 log 2-:-.. 383 = r483
A= Jd'4.
The number 'Of orgaillsms per gr.:;..~ is thus estimated to be 760. .-
-- • The average standard error of the number of fertile tubes is yo·2. The fiducial limits· of the number
of~ubes at significance level P-:- •o25 are tli~rdore 6·2±I·976Xvo·2 = 5·323 and 7•o77. Re-entering the
table with ~h~s.e values,we obtain limits of 1•2u and 1·761 for log A,-or 407 and 14tP for the actual number
."•of organisms per gram. The average standard error,oflog A is y·o181 = "IJ5, giving limits oft·483±•264 =
·~- 1·219 and ~"747 for log A, or 415 and 1400 for theactual number, which may be compared with the more
.: exact limits given by the' first method~ . ' . . . '

1: ·TABLES IX TO XIV. THE PROBIT AND ANGULAR TRANSFORMATIONS

- ' ;
;t\:fany important classes of data may be interpFeted ·on the supposition that a normal deviate is linearly
dependent· on some observable concomitant measurement, and that an observable ffequency is ·that with
which this deviate is exceeded in a normal distribution. For example, the frequency with which a weight
is' judged to be heavier thari a standard iricreases with the :actual weight used ; · the frequency with which a
high jumper clears a rod decreases with the height at which it is placed ; the frequency with which insects
survive fumigation decreases with. the concentration_ of the fumigant: In many such cases the. relation between
the frequency and measurement ,concerned is excellently represented by considering the normal deviate
corresponding to. the frequency to be a linear function, of the measurement, or~ more frequently in toxicology,
of its logarithm; the measurement beir;g- ~he ·concentration of the toxin. .
· Table IX gives the deviate corresponding with each thousandth of the total frequency, which is exceeded
by any given frequency ; by means of the difference column it is simply used to ten-thousandths. To facilitate
standard methods of calculation by making all values positive, 5 has been added to the deviate. The result-
ing v~lues are known as" probits." It is obvious that the p:robits corresponding to complementary percentages,
such~ as 40 per cent. and 6o per cent., m~st add to make 10. Beyond 95 per cent. the a~tual differences are
inserted, ~n4 beyo~d. 98, per cent. the tabulation is by ten-thousandths. By subtracting from 1o, these
. advantages may be made available also at the beginning of the table~
· Table X, simple. quantiles of the normal distribution, gives the deviates corresponding with proper
fractions. . The. proper fractions, up to }, having denominators up to 30, are here arranged in order of
.magnitude. When small numbers are involved this table enables the probi~ to be found more expeditiously
than does Table IX.

Example 6
. -
What deviate is exceeded by 4/17 of a normal curve? The deviate given is o·7215, so that if 4 .animals
survive out df '17 the probit is ·5.7215. The same value may be obtained by expressing 13/17 as a ,decimal,
•7647, and referring to T~ble IX. '
I . '
~

· }Vhen tests have been- made on several concentrations it is usual to fit a straight line expressing the probit
in terms of the logarithmic concentration. The weight assigned to each point will be the numbe~ of animals
·used in determining it multiplied by the weighting coefficient given in Table XI. It is best to draw a provi-
sional' l~e graphic;ally, and obtain the weighting coefficients from the probits read from the graph. Some
I
s.
 workers prefer to draw a provisional line by calculation,- using weighting coefficients' based on the pro bits
empirically observed. This leads to some ambiguity when at any concentration all die (or all survive), for
. such obserVations nominally give an infinite probit with zero weight. .. :
' However the provisional line be obtained, it should for refined purposes, such as tests of significance, be '
replaced by one based on working probits obtainable from Table XI. The cases in which all animals die are~
assigned the maximal working probit, given in the 2nd eolumn ; other cases are assigned yalues lower by
the product of the fraction observed to slU'vive :J;P.ultiplied by the range, given in the 3rd column.. The -
working probit so obtained is given a weight found by multiplying the total number of animals on which it
is based, by the weighting coefficient shown in the 4tli column of the table. Any tolerably good provisional
line will give. a satisfactqry result when this p'rocess is applied. An excellent account ·of the treatment of
toxicological data has been given by C. I. Bliss (4-7). The case is -also discussed, from the point of view of
.
amount of information, in The .Design of Experiments (2). -

Example 7 .•

The following survival f;actions were obt~ned on testing .sets of ~ight brine-shrimps, Arte~ia ;ali"na,
from a single brood, in arsenical solutions having concentrations in geometric progression~ •
Solution •. , . C .D E F. G H .I
Total tested . 8 8 / 8 . 8 8 ·8 8
Survived 8 . 8 6 5 5 I· o. ; .. .

Since, using strengths C, .D and I, all or none have survived, the tests with solutions i/ to Hare avrul~ble
for plotting probit values, in order to obtain a provisional line. A: sufficientiy good line may usually be dra'Yil
graphically. A second serviceable method is to fit a straight line, without weighting, to the p:robits a~ailable.
Thus, using Table X, we have .. ·
Empirical
Solution Probit.
E 4'33
F 4·68 .
G 4·68 ~'
H 6,"15

Total
·Mean
The slope from four equally spaced points is • •
3(H-E)+(G-F) ~ • 6"
• >
z-
u - 2+ 2 .,-- 54 .
. 3 I '

It is worth while giving some attention. to obtaining a satisfattory preliminary fit, ·since otherwise tP,e .
fitting process may have to be repeated. It is also desirable to avoid interpolation by choosing simple values.
The inclusion of C, .D and 1 will certainly tend to increase the slope, and may lower the average probit. · For ·
b, therefore, we take the value ·6, and take the probit midway between F and G to be 4'9· The provisional
expected probits are those shown iri the 3rd column of Table 2.

','

TABLE 2.
>
' . -~·
.
;.
I

independen~ Variate Provisional Probit Working Probit Weight · .,

Solution. Y. y.
x. w. 'U:J'.' ·:.·.
-
..
..
. I

c 3 \
2'8. ·. 2'4081 . "7343
\

.51'7683 ..
.D
E
4
-
ij'4
4·o
- 4'2·9o6o
3775
I"9002
3" 5<>9o
-5220
IS· 3606 ..
5
F 6 4'6 -. 4·6826 ·, - 4'8042 22'4961 -.
G 7 5'2 4'677'6 5'0193 23'4783
H 8 s·8 6•0998 4'0208 24' 5261
I 9 6·4· 6·9394 2'4159 • I
16•7649
'
'
----
22'4037
. 109'9163
... '
' . I

The remainder of Table 2 is then filled by using Table XL

9
 ''Vhen all die, as for solution I, the ~orking probit has, its maximal v'ruue, given in the 2nd column
of Table XI. This is 6·9394, or· 5394 above expectation. (In the calculations for fitting, w~ may use either .
the working 'probits th~mselves to obt~ the actual constants of the fitted line, or their deviations from pro~ •
visional expectations to obt;Un adjustments of the constants provisionally adopted. Table 2 is arranged to
show the first method.) ·
. 'Vhen the provisional piobit is below 5, we.may subtract it from 10, and finally subtract the working probit'
obtained from Io,.interchanging the ~umbers of dead and living. Thus for C we find 2·4o81; and, for .D,

• 9o~.ore" gene~lly, we s~bt;act from the~ maximal. probit a fraction of the range (3r~ column of T~ble XI)
2

equal to the proportion of survivors ; so G gives··

.• Maximal working probit . ·. 6·2759 Range 2· 5573
RangeX5/8 • , • ' . 1• 5983
, . • !

#.
·/ W ~rking probit • • •
whiie for H we haye,_ similariy, 6·0998. · . . · . . _
For E, if all had lived, we should have 3· 3443, but as one-quarter have died we ddd one-quarter of
4"1327, giving 4·3775, while for Fwe find, similarly, 4·6826.
In all c~ses the weight assigned to the .evidence of ~ach solution is the weighting coefficient, corresponding
.. with the provisional probit, multiplied by the number .of individuals tested. . . ·
.1\-om the sum of the weights, and the weighted sums of x and j, we obtain the values of x and j accord-
. ing to the fo:rmulre. · · ·

It is convenient to calculate
_ , S(wx)
x = S(w)'
__ s(wy)
)'_= S(w) •

S(wx2)
at the sanie time as S(wx)·; for calculating these any suitable origin .
' .
such as F (x - '6) may be used. \ The reduced siun of squares of the independent variate is then
0; ' ' ~~ . I _ _ .•• ,.. • ...

' . •
. :
•
.. .,
I•.
. A = Sw(~-x) = S(wx'l)~xS(wx).
1
· .
. •
. With most type~ of machine; the v~lues of wy will be written d~wn ~d ·summed as in Table 2 ; from
these it is easy to obtain the-reduced sum of products, · · ; ·
. \ B = Swy(x-x) = S(wxy) - xS(wy).
. '
· These quap.tities are all that are needed for adjusting the regression line. For testing goodness .of fit
we also calculate · ·
C.= Sw(y-y)z. = S(wy'l)-jS(wy). . ·
: Turning to the numerical values of Table 2, we may note that· the three ~olutions first omitted contribute
nearly 1one quarter of the total weight, and a still higher proportion to A, or to the amount of informatipn
supplied as· to the slope ·of the. line. For the others the working probits differ not greatly, but appreciably,
from the empirical probits· first used. · ,
Numeric3:1Iy, .Table 2 gives .
,S(wx) 10"7963 S(wxZ) S(wxy) 91"1157
. "481898 A B 38·1473
4"9061~7, b ·68906
The recalculated slope, b = B/A, is ·68906. This is considerably higher than the provisional value, ·6.
Accepting this solution, the so per cent. death point is found when Y = 5, that is ·093833 above j. \V'e
have, therefore,
·093833
. .
6·481898
- I •6890
6 = 6·618 .r
+
as the estimated so per cent. d,eath point. :
For goodness of fit we find
S(wyZ) 568·6512
29"3835 c
x:-· C-Bb .. J"0977 n = 5
• •
Since two constants have been fitted there are five degrees of freedom,• so that .there is no indication of
departure from the form of the theoretical expectation. In these circumstances the variarice of the estimated
so per cent. death point may be taken to be
z_~{-I (x-x)z} _
s - !JZ S(w) + A
10
 N umeri"call y,

bs

The standard sampling error of the estimate is therefore · 30~( .

Had ,C. been excessive, indicating causes of disturbance other. than random' sampling, the • estimated .
variance would be multiplied by x_2/n; unless, of course, the theory that the probits arelinear functions of X
has to be abandoned. : · . (
The exa~ple has bee~ chosen to illustrate the expedi~io-qs use of the tables .. No interpolat\ori has bee~
employed, as It would be If the process were repeated, uSing the results of the first fit as a new provisional
line. It is, therefore, of interest, as an indication of the precision to be expectedl,that a much more precise
fit gives 6·6o9±· 317 for the so per cent. point, showing that this value ·and its precision have been very satis-
factorily estimated. The slope, estimated at ·6891±· 1344, is not so good, since the more exact value is
•7126±·1574· Here the error exceeds a tenth of the standard error of random sampling, so that, if the slope
were ·of importance, a second fitting would have been jU.stified. Finally, from the more exact fit we find
r = 3"773 in place of 3'098, confirming the agreement with expectation, but showing also that had this-
been doubtful a more exact fitting might have resolved the doubt. ·
'

The normal transformation may be looked upon as one of a series of methods of transforming percentages
into more suitable variables. Of these the transformation <>( a probability varying from o to 1 ·into. an angle
varying from o0 to 90°, according to the relationship · ·
p = sin2 ,p ,
I
. . 1
is remarkable in that the amount of information concerning ,P .is constant. In consequence,' in large samples; ·
the sampling variation tends to normality with a variance which depends only on the· number of obseryations
on which the percentage is based. 'The weighting coefficient for this transformation is.'constant. ·~In other-
respects Tables XII to XIV afford the same facilities for handling percentages transformed in this· way as
do Tables IX to XI for the normal transformation. This transformation is equivalent to replacing the·
normal curve by one of which the ordinate is sin 2rp. . ~ .
A third transformation of some interest whi<jt is readily available fr?m these tables, is given by ·
/

z = J(log~p-log.q)
or p= e2_;/(I+e2z).

If r = 2p-1, the values of z are given iri Table VII. With this transformation we may use
I I.
Maximal working z . Z+-=Z+--
. 2P I +R ,. ; '.

.I 2
Range· 2PQ :- I-R2
I
Weighting coefficient 4PQ--: I.:.._R2

where Z is the expected value of z given by any proVisional fitting,. and the value of R is taken from that of
Z, using Table VII. This transfomiation· is equivalent to replacing the normal curve by one of which the
ordinate is ! sech2z. . . · . . .
In addition ~ their toxicological and ~lar applications, transformations are of us~ in the analysis of
material which has a very skew distribution, for the purpose of equalising the variance of quantities of widely
different magnitudes which it is desired to include in the same analysis, and for the purpose of reducing the
observations to a scale on whic4 the effects of associated vaJ;iables are more nearly constant. Thus when it
is required· to perform an analysis of variance on a set of percentages, e.g. of the deaV1s of seedlings obtained
from plots of a replicated experiment, it is frequently advantageous to transform these percentages by means
of the angular transformation. As we have seen, this has the .effect, in large samples, of equalising the
component of variance due to sampling, when each percentage is based on the same number of observations.
The square root transformation
y=vx I

II
_.,has the same property when the observations on each plot are distributed according to a Poisson distribution.
· This tr~sformation is equivalent to the angular transformation at each end of the percentage scale. (In ~his
connection see W. G. Cochran (8).)
· The logarithmic transformation
y=logx

is liseful when dealing with mate'riar on whiclt the effects of ~ther variables may be expected to be proportional
· to the numbers involved. The influence of a given increase in temperature· on the number of insects caught in
a light trap, for ~xample, is likely to be proportional to the number of active insects, in which case the increment
in the logarithm of the catch will be the same whate~er -the number of insects, unless some of the numbers
, are very small. In this connection it may be noted that .the transformation y =log (x+I) is sometimes
COnvenient, being substant}ally equivalent toy= Jy'x wben ·x is less than 10 and toy= log X for larger
numbers. · ' -
-A further use of transformations is for the purpose of facilitating interpolatior;t by obtaining a trans-
formed function which is much more nearly linear. One example of this, the use of the reciprocals of n1 ~
and n 9 in' interpolation in the table of z (Table V), has already been mentioned. The logarithmic trans..
formation and t~e transformation of .Table VII have frequently proved of use wheri dealing with functions •
whose argument is a probability.

f
TABLES-XV AND XVI. LATIN ~QUARES
Latin squares of size 7X7 and ~mailer have been enumerated (n), (22). For 4X4 and 5X5 squares
. all the standard squares (i.e. squares with first row and first column in the standard order) are shown in
Table XV, except that only· one o{ each pair o( conjugate 5 X 5 squares is given (two· stand~d squares arc
conjugate if the rows of one are the columns of the other). From each 4 X4 standard square 4 I 3 I -1 non-
. st~dard l)quares, all different, may be generated by permuting all the rows except the first, and all columns.
Thus each 4 X4 stan~ard square represents a set of 144 square~. There are consequently 4 X 144 or 576·
4 X4 Latin squares. Similarly, there. are 56 X 288o or 161,28o 5 X 5· Latin squares. There is one 2 X 2
standard 'square and one 3 X 3 standard square:, giving two 2 X 2 squares and twelve 3 X 3 squares in all.
· · ·. For 6X6 squares one square ofeacli transformationset (i.e. set generated from one of its members by
·permutation of rows, _columns, and letters), or Qf each pair of conjugate transformation set~, is shown. Such
permutation of rows, columns and lette~s will generate (6 1) 3 or 373,248,ooo squares, of which 6X61 or 4320
are standard squares. These squares are, however, nqt necessarily all different, the largest number actually.
obtained In any one 6 X 6 set being one-quarter of the possible number, i.e. 1080 standard squares, and the
~mallest number one 216th, i.e. 20 standard squares. The actual numbers in each transformation Set are
shown in the table.· There are in all9408 standard 6x6 squares, giving 812,851,2oo 6x6 squares in all.
By permuting with each other the three categories, rows, columns, and letters, six sets are formed, not
necessarily all different. These sets are said to be adjugate. In the case of the 6 X 6 squares eac4 pair of
conjugate sets· and the set immediately following them in the table form an adjugate trio of sets. The remain-
. ing sets are 'Self-adjugate. · · · · ·
Norton (1939) has enumerated 562 sets of 7 X 7 squares, of 146 species, containing 16,927,968 standard
squares. Four examples .are shown in the table. . Squa~e (a) is a member of a transformation set in which
the squares generated by the permutation of rows, columns and letters are all different. It thus cont~ins (7 1) 3
or 128,o24,o64,ooo squares, of which 7 X 7 ! or 35,280 are standard squares. The sets generated by the adjugate
permutations are also all different. The example thus stands for an aggregate of 211,68o standard squares.
No Graeco-Latin squares can be formed with any of these.
Square (b) differs from square (a) only by the interchange of two pairs of letters; ·.n and C in the 5th and
6th· columns. It belongs to a set 'of only n,76o standard squares, which is one of an adjugate trio of sets,
giving 35,280 standard squares in all. One-seventh (168o) of the standard squares of one of these sets arff
self-conjugate.· Again no Graeco-Latin square can be formed. ·
·The third illustration is a Graeco-Latin square, with the fourth category (Greek letters) represented by
·m~ineral suffices. No fifth category can be added. The suffices are standardised by assigning them in their
natural order to the first row. The Latin square involved is one of a set of only 210 standard Latin squares,
but the same_ transformation ~f the Graeco-Latin square yields a set of 168o standard Graeco-Latin squares,
con~aining eight differe~t standard arrangements of the suffices in each Latin square. These eight solutions .
• are in fact all that exist, so that this set of Latin squares belongs to only one Graeco-Latin set.. Permutation
of the three categorieS', rows, colurims, and letters, yields the same set, but if suffices are interchanged with
rows, columns, or letters, three more sets of 168o standard Graeco:Latin squares are formed (6720 in all).
The three new sets all invo\ve the cyclic Latin square shown as the fourth ~xample. There are only
120 standard Latin squares in this set, so th~t en.ch has 14 solutions in each of the Graeco-Latin sets, or 42 in
12
 all. Under orthogonal squares are given six 7 (< 7 squares, of which the first is the above Latin square, while"' '
the rest are five more Graeco solutions which belong to a second set and are mutually orthogonal. ·
Little is known about squares larger than 7 X 7, other than the orthogonal properties of the special sets
shown in Table XVI. In Table XV a single example of each size from 8 X 8 to I 2 X 12 is given. These
examples will suffice (after permutation of rows, columns, and letters at random)· for experimental arrange- ·
ments requiring Latin squares of these sizes. . . · . •
T<;> select a square at random f~om ail possible squares of a given size up to 6X6 proceed as follows:"· •

(I) Select one of the given squares by using the key numbers ptinted below each square, selecting a
number at random from all possible key numbers. If the key number falls in· the second of two ,
groups use the conjugate square.
(2) In the case of 3 X 3, 4 X4, and 5 X 5 squares permute all rows except the fir~t of the selected square,
and all columns. Alternatively permute all rows except the first and assign the letters to the
treatments at random. For 6 X 6 squares permute all rows and all colurims at random~ ~d then
assign the letters to the treatments at random. · ' ·
\ .
Table XVI gives complete sets of orthogonal Latin 'squares of sides 3, :4, 5, 7, 8, and '9· Two Latin
squares are orthogonal to each other if, when they are superimposed, every letter of one square oc~urs once
and once only with every letter of the other. Such a pair of squares (one- square being writt~n with Greek .
and the other With Latin letters) form a Grreco-Latin square. •
If a COmplet~ set of p-I orthogonal squares of side p exists, the p 2 -I degrees of freedom COrresponding
to the contrasts of the p 2 cells of the square split up into P+I sets of p-I degrees of freedom, corresponding
to the contrasts between the rows, between the columns, and between the letters of each of the p-I squares.
·A set of less than p-I orthogonal squares gives a similar but incomplete partition. .
Complete sets of orthogonal squares are known to exist for all prime numbers and for .F= 4,· 8 an.d 9·
(See The Design of Experiments.) The rule of formation for all prime numbers will be apparent from the
inspection of the sets for p = 5 and p = 7, each row being formed by moving the .previous row I,. 2, 3 ·..· .
places to the left. · ' .
The rows of the 8 X 8 squares may be taken to represent the 8 combinatiop.s of three two:.. level factors.
A, B, and c, in the order (I), a, b, ab, c, ac,. be, abc, and the columns may be taken to represent the similar
combinations of a further three factors ,D, E, and F. The 6~ cells of each square will then represent- the 64_
combinations of the 6 factors. The numbers of each square will divide these combinations into 8 groups of
8, the contrasts among which will represent a set of 7 degrees of freedom orthogonal to A, B and C and ,_·
their interactions, and to D, E, and F and their interactions, and also to the six other sets of seven degrees of
freedom given by the other six squares. In the squar~s shown these degrees of freedom correspopd to
specific interactions between the six factors. The interactions corresponding to 3 degrees of freedom ·
from each set are shown in the table, the remainder being gwen by the "generalised'' interactions of these ·
three. Note the law of formation of each set from the preceding one, corresponding to the cyclic interchange
of all the rows of the square except the first.
The set of 9 X 9 squares possesses similar properties. The actual degrees of freedom confo~ded, when
the cells of the squares represent the 8I combinations of four factors at three levels, are given in terms of the
notation developed by Yates (3). . • . ,
Besides their use in or~ary factorial design, complete sets of orthogonal squares serve as the. basis .of
quasi-factorial and quasi-Latin square designs (balanced lattices and lattic6 squares) and also s~rve to generate
other designs in balanced incomplete. blocks. (See (I4), (I5), (I6), (I7), and Tables XVII-XIX.) Pairs
and larger incomplete sets of orthogonal squares (Grreco- and hyper-Grreco-Latin squares) also provide designs
for varietal trials superseding the so..:called
1
semi-Latin squares (3). · , _. ',
_An orthogonal pair of squares exists for all odd numbers, being formed of, two " diagonal " squares
(squares of the type of the 5 X 5 squares I and IV). Such a pair also· exists for all numbers .which are multiples
of 4· The process of generation, which depends on the existence of orthogonal pairs of squares for factors of
th8 number, may be illustrated for a pair of \,.2 X I2 squares. Let a and a' represent the 4 X4 squares I and II,
f1 and {1', and y and y', the same squares with I, 2, 3, 4 replaced by 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, Io, n, I2 respectively.
Then ·
,
a f1 )' \
a' fJ' )'
f1 y --a and y' a' {1'
, ,.
)' a f1 fJ' )' a

'
for111 an orthogonal pair of I 2 X I 2 squares. The process will generate larger orthogonal sets if such sets
exist for both factors of the number. Thus there will be a-set of tJ?.ree squares of side 20.
13
 .
It has been shown that no orthogonal pair .of 6 X 6 squares exists, but larger even numbers not divisible
.by 4 have not bf.:en investigated.

.. • ··:rABLEs XVII To· XIX. BALANCED INCOMPLETE BLocKs

i'
. If v yarieties (or treatments) are to be compared in randomized blocks of k ..experimental units (k being
~ess than v), bloc~ differences can be"simply eliminated if the arrangement is such that every two varieties
occur together the same number (A) of blocks. If r is the number of replicates, and b the number of blocks,'
the numb~r of experimental units is rv(= !Jk), and A'= r(k-1)'/(v-1). Examples of ex-perimental material
and pr~esses in which this type of arrangement, called balanced incomplete .blocks, is likely to be of use are :
litters_ of animals, monozygotic twins and. other paired material, laboratory and technicological processes in
which the nature of the process or . the apparatus available imposes. a definite limit on the number of
treatments in a group, agricultural eXperiments on commercial farms when .each farm is only prepared
to undertake a small number of treatments~ and varietal !rials involving a large number of varieties. (See
· also Yates (16).) ·. : , . . .
Arrangements satisfying the required conditions are clearly provided by taking all possible combinations
of the v varietie~,. k at a time; but if v "is _at all large,' the number of replicates required will be very large. ,
Arrangements involving fewer replicates are therefore of importance. • Tables XVIII and X! X give indexes,'
by number of.replications (r), and by number oflmits in a block (k) respectively, of the arrangements requiring
ten or _less replications. which are· known to 'exist; and of all arithmetically possible arrangements, the
· existence of which has not peen disprove_d. In one or two cases such existence is definitely improbable.
. The combinatorial .solutions which are referred to by numbers are shown in Table XVII .... Those involving
all combinations are indicated by u (W?-reduc_ed), and the two series derivable from sets of orthogonal squares
(described below) by o.s. Cases not. yet solved are indicated by a dash(-). Wheq k>iv arrangements can
be obtained from arrangements for the same ~umber of varieties in blocks of v-k units, by replacing each
· block by its complement, i.e. by a block containing all the varieties missing from the original block.
Some of the combinatorial solutions are derivable very simply by cyclic substitutions. In such' cases one
block only for each family is given in Table I7. In solution number 2, for example,- the block aefgi is given.
The contents of the other Io "block~ are obtained progressively by replacing each letter by the next in order,
with the· convention that the last letter k is followed by a. Thus the blocks are aefgi, bfghj, cghik, dhija, etc.
For the dicyclic solutions a similar proc;edure holds. In solution num_ber ,5, for example, the 16 varieties'
are represented by 4 letters in ·combination with 4 suffices.· The i6 blocks are generated by performing the
cyclic substitution on the letters (thus ob~aining 4 blqcks) and then performing the cyclic substitution on the
sUffices of.each of these 4 blocks. _ . '
One of the cyclic solutions, No. 29, and one of dicyclic solutions~ No~ 12, consists of two families, each
familY, being generated by a cyclic or dicyclic ·substitution of the above type.
Two series of arrangements and their complements are derivable from complete sets of orthogonal Latin
squares (Table XVI). ·In the first, for p 2 varieties inp(p+l) blocks of p plots (r = P+I, A= 1),. each of the
pz cells of the set of ~quljl.res is taken to represent a variety,. the· blocks being determined by the- rows, the
columns and the numbers of the p-I squares. In the second, for p 2 +P+I varieties in p 2 +P+I blocks of
P+I plots (r = P+I, ;\,= I),.p2 of the varieties are divided as in the first arrangement, each of the P+I
·additional vaneties being allot~ed to one of the p+1 sets of blocks so formed, while the last block consists
entirely of these additional varieties. Thus the set of 4 X4 squares gives the following arrangements for I 6
· and 21 v~rieties (the latter including the bracketed varieties): ·

abc d (q) a e i m (r) af kp (s) ag In (I) ahjo (u) (q r stu)

efgh (q) !Jfjn (r) be I o (s) b h k m (I) b g ip (u)
ij k l (q} c g k o (r) chin (s) cejp (t) cf l m (u)
mnop(q) d hlp (~) dgjm (s) dfi o <tr · de k n (u}

The· second of these series, at least up to 1o replications, rnay also be generated by the cyclic substitutions
sbown in Table 2. I. For convenience the varieties are here represented by numbers instead o( letters .. The
first s~ries may then be obtained from the second by deleting any set of varieties occurring in the same block.

14
 .. TABLE 2. I. CYCLIC SoLUTIONS FOR BALANCED INCOMPLETE BLOCKS
Problem. Modulus (v). Selected numbers.
/
'o. s. 2 7 ~'
2, 4
o. s. 3 l,) I, 2, 4, IO
z II I1 5, b, 7, 9' '
.
0. s. 4
0. s. 5
2I
3I I.
I,
I, 4, 5, IO, I/Z
2, 4, II, IS, 27 •
9 IS I, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, II
0. s. 7 57 I, 4, 6, I4, IS, 2I, 33, 37 ·..
!9 .19 I, 3, 5r·6, 7, 8, II, I4, IS
23 37 I, 2, 4, 8, I8, 25, 26, 30, 36
0. s. 8 73 ~ 2,4, 8, I~ 32, 37, 55,64
o. s. 9 9I I, 2, 7, II, 24, 27,, 35, 42, 54, 56
See also the dicyclic solutions in one family (No. 5), in two families (No. 13), and the cyclic solution in twoJamilies (No: 29) of
Table XVII. . · . . . ··' ,
'. '

Y ouden' s Squares ...

. 1

. It has beeri shown (Youden, 2 I) that when b = v it. is possible, at least in the cases of practical-importance,
so to aqange the order of the varieties in the blocks that each variety occurs once in each position in the block, " 1
and it is thus possible to eliminate experimental differences· between these positions, each of which comprises .
a complete replicativn. · ·· .• . '
For example, experimental material consisting of I3 ·plants end~ with 4 corresponding leaves· may be
assigned to I 3 treatments s9 that each . treatment occurs once ~n ·each type of leaf. At the same- time
the I3 plants constituterandomized blocks of 4 treatments.each, in which each treatment'occurs on the same
plant once with every other treatment. Similarly a varietal trial of I3 varieties ·in_bloc~s bf 4' may be ·arranged
on the ground in a 4 X I 3 rectangle of plots so that both row and column differences are eliminated from the
varietal comparisons. · · · . . .
In drawing up an actual experimental arrangement pf this type the blocks should be assigned to the
plants (or arranged on the ~round) at random, and the experimental treatments (or varieties)' should be similarly
assigned to the letters. .. . • . . . .
A cyclic or dicyclic substitution which gives an incomplete block sq_lution will.also give the corresponding
Youden square, provided that e,ach block is written in the order in which it is. generated. The complementary ·
Youden square solution may be obtained by performing the same cyclic substitution on the block which is · .
complementary to the given block. · . ' •
Cyclic solutions in two families provide an extension ·of Youden squares. In these the p.ifferences. corre-. ·
sponding to the positions in the blocks of each family may be eliminated, e.g. 9. degrees of freedom in s~lution ·.
No. 29 for Io replicates of 4I varieties. •·
Besides balanced incomplete blocks and Youden squares a number of different .types of non-balanced
arrangement are also available, namely quasi-factorial arrangements, descriqed in ~25) and (26), lattice squares
(27), and partially balanced arrangements (28). The various types of arrangement are. rev_iewed in (3) and
(29). The experimenter should acquaint himself with their advantages and disadvantages before deciding~
which is most appropriate for his own needs. ·

Analyst's of Balanced Incomplete Block Experz'ments

In the analysis of i~complete block experiments the block differences may -be eliminated entirely from
the vari~tal comparisons (Yates, ~I6), or, as has been shown later (Yates, 23), the information contributed by
these comparisons may be combined with that provided by the intra-block compa;isons, with weights depending
on the relative accuracy of the two sets of com~arisons (as estimated from the experimental results). . · ·
If the choice of blocks has been successful in substantially reducing the variability of the material, then ·
the amount of information contributed by the inter-block comparisons will be small, but in the limiting case
when the inter-block and intra-block comparisons are of equal accuracy, the fraction of the total information
· d'm the mter-
contame · blockcompansons
. · · given
Is · -by t h e effi'
Ciency f actor E.· = I---'-I/k
/ =•v.;\ h'h h
~~ w IC approac es
· I-IV ~ - ·
the value ! when k = 2 and v is large.
In general, therefore, it. is worth recovering the inter-block information, except in small experiments with
less .than Io degrees of freedom for blocks, in which the relative weights cannot be determined with suffiCient
accuracy. If the method described below is followed the amount of additional computation is not great ..
15
 Sometimes the b!ocks may be arranged in groups so as to minimise the inter-block variance. Each such
group must contain an equal number of replicates of each variety. In general it is not possible so to arrange
things that each group of blocks· contains only a single replication. Such groups as are possible in the designs
of Table XVII are indicated in the' table itself. 'Vithin each group tpe arrangement of the blocks should be
at random.· · · · · . . • ·
. If Y. be, the sum of all the yields of variety s, T. the of all the block totals of blocks containing variety sum
s, T'. the sum of ~1 the remaining block totals, and G the total yield of all plots, the estimates of the varietal
7
differences der\ved from the intra-block comparisons are obtamed from the quantities .·
. \ . ,
. • . Q, == Y,-T./k,
J;' or: as is-more <:_onvenient' ~hen k>}v, ',
~~ ·, • .. Q'. = v.+_T'./k. ,
... .
. .
.
. . ~

, The actual. di:«:ererices in miits of tl}e total yield of t..'le ,.:replicates are given by tlJ.e differences of
:.;, ••. ;I' ... "'f

" "'"" \~ t ' •

li.,. • •

• .. • .fJ • J
QJE or.Q',/E, ..
'the sum of the first set being zero, and the second set rGf>..v. • · ·. •. .· .
·. t The error variance of these latter sets of quantities is ·,.fEw, where t/w is the intra-block error variance.
.. .,. The estimates of the varietal ,differences derived from t~e inter-bloc:K comparis'ons are similarly given by
the differences of. · · · · '' .·
rT,/(r,-'A) or rT' 8 /(r->.), . ·· .
. .

" • \ • • .. • ~ ./. ...• ' ' - /. .. ' • .• • t..., '+

_lh unitS'of.the total yield of r r~plicates._ 'I}te error variance of these sets of quantities is kr~f(r--X)w', where
i/w' is the error variance of the inter-block comparisons, in unit~ of a single plot.: .
The -most.efficient
- .. estimates of the varietal differences are given by the quantities

•
'where 1V~ = (v-k) V,-(v-I)T1t.(k-I)G, ·
· w-w' t.
and
.
. The error variance of the Y's is
kr(v-1)
/
· 'wv(k'-i)+w'(v-k)"
. . \
•.. Th~ analysis of 'variance follows the lines shown in the accompanying table, in which dev 2 indicates the
'suni of s9uares of the deviations, y the individual yields and .B the block totals. If recovery of inter-block ·
information is not required then only the part (a) of the analysis of variance is required. There is 'also no
need to subdivide the sum of squares for blocks, ignoring varieties. The comparison of the mean square· (a)
for varieties with intra-block error. gives an exact .test of significance
. .
for
.
the intra-block estimates.-· .

. . .
. . Method (a). ' .
·.
-
D.F. : s.s~ (a)•. , s.s.
.
(b). Method {b). ~

• ... -
Blocks (ignoring varieties): Blocks (eliminati~g varieties) :
dev 2 T / dev 2 W
Varietal component . . V-I
k(r-A) rv(v--;-ll) (/l-1)
Varietal compon,~nt

Remainder--:.; . . . . b-v :t t Remainder

. J

dev2 B*
-+
.
. Total _.,, ... .. . . !J-1 ·
k
t • Total
.• . -· dev 2 kQ dev V 2 ..
Varieties (eliminating blocks) . V-I
ll2 rE
- -
r
Varieties (ignorillg blocks)
Intra-block error : ·. ~·
. . r~-v-b+I t +--+ t Intra-block error .-

.. . '
-

Total
'
. ,
. . . rv-1 dev 2 y* +--+ dev 2 y*-
. Total
. ___
• _ _J

.; Requires checking. t Calculated by addition or subtraction.

l6
 ~ '
If the ·mean square for intra-block error is M and the mean square (b) for the b-I degrees of freedom
for blocks, e~imin:ating varieties, isM", wand w' are estimated from the equations · ...

I , v(r-I)
w = M··_' w = k(b-I)M"-(v-k)M
.
If M~ is less than M, w' may ordinarily be taken as equal tow. . ~ . - .·
If the structure of the design is such that the blocks fall into r groups, each containirig single ~~plication . a
of all the varieties (as in solutions Nos. 6, 7. and 25), and each of these groups of blocks is itself ~ri:'anged in,
a large block, the? the sum of squares. corresponding to the 'r- I d_:grees of freedom ~or complete,:repli~atio:ns.
must b.e eliminated from the sums of squares
, I or blocks. The formula for w' ·will then bec?me. ·· · ·

, r-I
w = rM"-M
,. • _.. . - ,. . 't>'..,~ ·, _-... ·.,.,Iii •• ·;·...

. In the more gen~ral case in which there arcr & such groups of blocks, each containing rfi~replic'ations, ·
we have •· · ~ ·· .. 1 ·
, v(r:....::I)_:_R,(c-'I)' ..
w = . .
- ' ,..
·
..
k(b-c)M" -(v~k)M
)
- ~
~ . .... . :·" '.
.( .: '•,

· ·In the case of a Youden square the'sum· of squares· corresponding to the k-I degrees of freedom fdr the
k series .(repres:nting leaf position, etc.) must be eliminated from the intra-Qlockerrot.
... ,_ -~ '

Example 8
'Table 3 shows the scores of IS litters .pf 4 rats in a discriminati~~ test, th~· val~es' sh~wn. beirlg_.-~;
square roots of the number of trials prior to 12 consecutive successful trials (the data are a random selection
from scores published by F. A. E. Crew (Io)).. A dummy trial of 9 treatments (e.g. metary treatmel_lts) in"
blocks of 4, corresponding. to litters, is superimposed on these scores. ,(Design I I of Table XVII, .,. --:- s,
v = 9, R = 4, b = IS,. A = 3·) . .
' .
' ..
• . TABLE 3· ScoRES oF xs LITTERS oF RATs
1 2·6 I 5·9 a 7·o
\
i 2"4 i 5"0 d IO"I . b 3"9 - "4"0 ·o 2·S "'.•
d. 9"7 g 2·6. f 4"6 d 4"0 h 7"4 a 9"7 d 4"1 . I 6·r .f 2:6 '

& 5"4 i 5"9 i 4"9 g 3"0 e 10"3 I 5"7 e 6·4 K4"4 e 2·S
~ 6·9 b 6·3 & 3"3 ·. '2"4 & 9"4 h 7"5 i. 6·3 & 3"3 h 3".f ' -
,
: 24·6 20"7 n·S 32" I 33"0 . 20'7 I7•S, . 11"5
.,·.

b 5"7 b 4'7 a 3·0 ·,:- .& 1'5 &_3'1 . i 3'0 d 4'5 g 2'Q b 1'3
h9"3 g 6·6 h I'4 g 2"2 a 5·2 g 2·6· b 6·o e 4'9 . e 5".4
& 5"4 a 5"5 i4•2, e 2·6 d ~-4 a 4'1 g4·6 d6·o f 5"7 I

i 6·I h 5'3 d2·8 a 4'4 b 2'4. e 2'4 & 3'3 .h 4'6 a 4'4
\

26· 5 11'4 I3'7 . I2'7.

,I

Grand 'fotal: 354'4· Mean: 4·92.

~ .
'
Table 4 shQWS the values' of. v, T, 4Q and. w for' the. run~ treatments a-i~· The analysis of variance is
shown in Table 5· · · ·

17
 '· 'TABLE 4· CALCULATION OF.ADJUSTED SCORES IN DISCRIMINATION TEST
. w.
. I.
y
v. T. 4Q
== 4V-T. QJE+JG. = sV-8T+3G. =V+~W. ·
.,,

a . 43"9
'
152"2 .
.. +;3·4 . ·• 46· 3. :f-65· 1 45"7
.'fll ..... "
.
·)"
39"1 .156·4 .0 .39"4 +7"5 39"3
41:3 169·6 . ........4"4 ' . 38· J -87•J 38"9
43"6 151"7 '+22"7 \ 46•J i
+67·.6 45'4 I

·e ,
41"7 159"2 +7·6. 4J•6 . -1"9 41"6
f 35·6 162•0 -19'6 33·6. -51·8 34"1
g 28·6 138·3 . -23:9 ' 32"3 +99"8 31"3
I

".
i
42·8
37•8
172" 5
"· 1.55" 7
.
-1"3
-4"5
39"0
·38·o
.
-1o2·8
+6·6.
-
40'0
38·o.

. .. 354"4 14J7•6.
2
0 354"4 0. 354"3
Divisor
. . i.
. ·. 8 4"5 4 ·8·27/32 8·9'5"3
=20 , ' = io8· = Jo8o
. . .• t
TABLE 5· ANALYSIS OF' VARIANCE, DISCRIMINATION TEST
.. ..
. . D.F~·
·'.
S.S. (a). . s.s. (b). M.S .
' --
Blocks: ·
Varietal comp~nent
.... 8 41"4684 . 37"0634
••
4'6329 (b)
Remainder . . . - '
9 I38"20JJ 138'2011 IS" 3557
I

..
• '
. ,. -
' Total . . 17 179•6695 .. 175"2645 Jo• 3097 (b)
.. .
Varieties . . . .8 ~
19'6044 24"0094 . 2·}J5o6 (a)
. .
Error .. •' ~
. 46 It9"4So6 II9'45o6 2' 5968
,
Totcl . . . . 71 318•7245 318•7245 -
. .
From the
.
results· of the analysis of variance we·
,
obtain
I 63 1
w = = o·3851, ·= o·o916 w' =
2· 5968 68x 1o· 3097-5 x 2· 5968
. o·J85I-o·o916 o·2935·· .
~ = 27 Xo· 3851+5'XO·o916 . 10"8557 . o·o 2704 •··. '
The final adjusted scores in terms of the total scores of eight rat~· are given in the last column of Table 4· The-
standard error of these scores is . ·;
' · ; 56 =
: V 1o·8557 ·
· ' · ·.
. · .·
.v~i--~8: · ~4·86

rABLES_ XX. ANJJ XXI. 0RPINAL (OR RANKED) DATA

It is often necessary to draw statistical conclusions from data giving the order _of a number of magnitudes
without knowledge of their quantitative values. ThuS in tests of psychological preference subjects can often
express preferences, without being able to assign numerical values to the force with which the. preference is
felt. Not infrequently, also.. an experimenter who possesses quantitative values may suspect that: the metric
IS
used is unsuitable to the comparisons he wishes to make,· and prefer to draw conclusions only from the order
of the magnitudes observed. . . . ~- . . .... · ·
The analysis of such data is greatly facilitated by Table XX, which gives the average deviate of the rth
la~gest of samples of n observations draWn from a normal distribution ha~g unit variance. Symbolically
this comes to · oo .. •
nl_
p.,
·

=
.

f \..
. p"-"qr-lxz. dx,
-0()'.
..

(r.:..-t)!(n-r)t :
-

,... . ... ~

where z is the ordinate of the normal curve, and p and-q are the. probabilitie~ ·respectively of falling short of
and exceeding x. .. . •. · · · . , .· _· ·
From the order in which any subject places a series of objects scores may now be assigned. · ·With a nillnber .
of different subjects, the experimenter is then in a P?Sition to test, ·for example, whether the scores assigned.·
to any one object significantly exce~d those assigned to another ; or, more gez:terally, to apply an analysis· of.
variance to determine whether the variance in score arriong objects exceeds the remainder due to differences.·
in the order chosen by different subjects. More elaborate analyses afford tests of differentiation in preference
between classes of subjects of different sex or age. The labour of summing the squares of individual scores
is saved by using the sums of squares given in Table XXI. ,
. The scoring of ties causes little difficulty. If, for example, the fifth and sixth objects out of t3 are judged
to be equal, instead of scoring one · 39 and the other · 19, each is given the same score • 29. · In such cases the
sum of squares needs adjustment. When only two objects are judged to be equal it is easy to see that the ·
reduction is !(· 39-· 19) 2 = ·o2, so that the sum of squares is 1o· 7904 in place of 1o·8i:o4 shown _by t~e table.
TABLE XXII. THE LEADING DIFFERENCES OF POWERS OF NATURAL NUMBERS
The table gives values ~f LJ'o'frl, where LJ'o' denotes th~ leading rth difference of the ~th powers of the
natural numbers cm_nmencing at zero. Its application to combi~atorial problems arises from the identity. ·· ·
LJ'o' sl
-- =1:----~-------­
rl - .rf,. (Pt1) 17ur11(p21) 17a1T21
where (p117' p217
• • .) is a partition of the numbers into r parts, i.e.
'i
l:1rp_ = s,'
, • # '
l:1r = r.
. '
.
• .
I . :4

The partitional function on the· right represents the number of ways of dividing s persons into the.r parties
specified by the partition. The summation proceeds over all partitions of s into ,. parts. . • .• ·
Hence LJ'o'frl is the number of ways of dividing s persons into,. parties of all possible size_s. For example,
with s = 4, ,. = 2, the table gives 7 ways, which are in fact, , . ..
' (ab)(cd), (ac)(bd), (ad)(bc), (abc)(d), (abd)(c), (acd)(b), (bcd)(a).
If s objects are equally likely to fall into any of n classes, the probability that. they 'will fal~ futo exactly
,. of the possible n classes can be shown to be · ·
I nl. LJ'o'
• ,., n' (n-r)l --;:1·
Hence the distribution of ; can be derived :fr~zri·. the table. Thus the· table, is useful for testing whether
objects fall together jn classes too often or too. rarely. . For practical applications ·see Stevens (12), (I3). ~
•.' •. ·, ·. f~ .. "•
): ..'· . -!' y

,. . .. Example 9 .
In the expression for 1T' it may be noticed that in the first 20 decimal places all digits save zero occur at
least once. Zero is the only digit absent. It is not obvious how frequently· o, I, 2, • • • absent digits would
be found in a series chosen at random. · '
Putting s = 20, n · Io, ,. = 9 in the· expression shown we find '
or
I
_. X I201'13XIo10
lio20
= 3'6288 X• I20II3 = '4359_.
Hence in 43' 59 per ~ent. of trials 'we should expect exactly one absent digit ; similarly we should expect
no digit absent in 2 I' 4 7 per cent. of such trials ; consequently two or more digits wilt_be absent ill the remain-
ing J4 · 94 ·per cent. The absence of one digit out of I o is the' commone~t event in such trials.' ·

The table may be extended by using the recurrence relation

LJr-f 10s+l · LJr+l 011 LJ'o'
--- = (r+I) +-.
(r+I)I (r+I)I rl

19
 .
1
.. This equation may be writt~n
rl
- ' .
showing that the entries.derived from powers of natural nu~bers commencing at unity, may be read fro~ this
same table, with r and s both increased by one. ·• ·

TABLE XXIII-:. . ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS ..

If a polynokual regres~ion line . .
. \

. Y = a+bx+cx2+dr+ •••
is to be fitted .to a series of n' observations at equal intervals of x, 'Ye ~ay conveniently fit instead the
equivalent' line · . · · .
'Y=A+Bt
. r 1 +Ct:a+Dta+ ...
~

where fb f 2, £3, • • • are orthogonal polynomials of degree 1, 2, 3 •. ~ (A :.._ i. and t 1 = x-x): A method
of determining the coefficients by successive addition, al,ld also of calculating the polynomial values by. the
· same process, is given in Statistical Methods. If the numerical values of the fs (or multiples t'- = ~ t of them}
.. are known for each value of x an alternative procedure (set out below) is available. Table XXIII shows these
·numerical values for all t'~from E' 1 . to f'6 , and all n' from 3 to 52.· In each case the smallest value .of ~is
chosen which gives integral :values to E'~ Thi~ v~lue is shown at the foot of the corresponding column, and is
the coefficient of the highest power of x in t'. The sum of,squares of each set of f''s is also shown. Above
.n' = 8 only the values for positive x-x are given. · · .
·- .· 'Ipe coefficient of each' t' in the regression equation is found by calculating the. sum of the products of the
observed values y and the_ corresponding values of f', and dividing by the- sum ()f squares of E'. Thus 'the
coefficient ot E' 2 is ~. ~ · ' ·' ·
C' = S(yt'J
. S(E' ,.2)"
. . . . .I ' . .
The corresponding sunr of squares in the analysis of variance is . ..
.. C'.S(yE' J
... .
= {S(yt' z>ra_ •
S(E'a2)
..
and the estimated standard erro~ of'C'·is sfvS(E' 2 2) •
., . • . . . I • . , . . " .·

. If any or.all of the values of Y corresponding to then' observatio~s are required they may be calculated
.
.c... · •· ·
/ ', '. '-.

.~- . .•
. .
· directly from the values .of' the coefficients and the E"s, using the equation
•• •
. ...

'
. '

Y =. t.' +C' E' 2 +D' E'8 +

A+B' 51 . ." .
.,Thl~ ~-~o~ed~re is parti~l~rly useful.when only a few values are requi~ed. . . ..
.·.If the regression equation is required in terms of powers of X the formulre for the e's in terms of powers
of x given in Statistical Methods, or the recurr~nce forinula . · ,
· ,.z(n'2-,.2) ,
tr+l = ft f,- ( 2 ) fr-1 ·
.. . · 4 41' -I

(f0 = .1) may be used, together with E' = lE • .Altemaiiv~ly the coefficients of the powers of x in each f
may be deduced from the tabulated values of the fs, as illustrated in the_examplebelow (remembering that
the even i''s _contain only even powers of x, a.D.a the odd E''s odd powers of x).
The relative advantages of the above method and the alternative process of successive addition. depend
on the computing facilities available, but with a good multiplying machine, and no printing adding machine,
"the use or' the E"s will be found to be decidedly more expeditious, especially when n' is small. If polynomials
of the fourth or fifth degree are to be fitted the sums and differences of. the pairs of observations (commencing
from the centre) should be tabulated, thereby halvllig the number of multiplications. At the same time the
.values may freq1:1ently be reduced in magnitude by the deduction of a con~tant amount, and if necessary by
rounding off. If polynomials have to be fitted to a number of sets of observations with the same n' it is worth
. tabulating E' 1 +f'3 +E'6 ~d .f'2+E'4, and using the checks Sy(e' 1 +E'a+~'5) = Syf 1 +Syt'3 +Sye'5 and
Sy( t' 2 + E'J = Sy E' a+Sy E'4 •
• Example 10

• Table 6 shows th~ yields (bushels per acre) of.plots 9 and 7 of Broadbalk wheat 'field for the 30 years
I855-I884: The only difference in manurial treatment was that plot 9 received nitrate of soda and 7 an
equivalent quantity of nitrogen as sulphate of ammonia. Inv:estigate the slow changes in the difference-
betweeh the two plots by fitting a polynomial of the fifth degree. (This example is disc~ssed 'in Statistical
Methods, Sections 26• and 28· I. The values there given have been rounded off to one decimal place.)
20
 TABLE 6 '·
..
I Harvest
Year. 9· 7· 9-7·
Harvest
Year. 9· 7- 9- :r. .. Harvest
Year,
I 9· ' 7·
...
<
9-'1·
.
.

•
'
1855 29"6 33"0 -3"4 186s. .44"1 40'2 +3'9 1875 JO"S. 26·6 +3"9
1856 32"4 36"9 -4·s· 1866 32's . 29'9 +2·6 1876 33'3 25' 5 +7·8
1857 43"8 44"8 -1"0 1867 29"~ :~22'2 +6·9 1877 40'I. l9'I -f2I"O
1858 37•6 38"9 -1'3 1868 47"8 39'2 +8·6 1878 . . ~37"2 32'2 . +s·o
. 1:·
1859 30"0 34"7 -4'7 18691 39"0 28'2 +1o·8 1879 . 21"Q 17'2 _.;.' +4'.7
'

'
186o J2'6 27"7 +4'9 1870 45'5 41"4 +4"1 I88o 34'1. 34'3. -'2
1861 33"8 34"9 -1"1 1871. 34'4 22' 3 +12'1 188I 35'4 '26;1. +9'3
1862 43"4 35'9 +7'5 I872 40'7 29' I +n·6 1882 31'8 34'8. -3'0
1863 55·6 . 53"7 +r9 1873 . 35'8 22·8 +I3'0 · ;~883 :43",4 . -a6· 3 . +7'I
1864 51"1 45"8 +s·3 1874 38'2 39"6 -I'4 1884 40"4 . 37'8 +2·6
.. -
-
The computations are given in Table 7. The first step is to form the su~s and differences of :pairs of .·
values, working outwards from the centre pair. ; ·., "'~
-Thus +14'9 = +4·I+Io•8 and -~'7 = +4'I-Io·8 .
.' .
' '

The totals of the sums and the differences check against the sum and d.ifference of the totals the iir~t :fifte¢n · of
and last fifteen of the original values. The total sum Qf squares of the"',rleviations from the ~eaii, tor6·99,
can be calculated from the sums and differences, and, as a check, from \he original 'vatues, at the same time . ·
as these totals are obtained. · :• ·
. '
TABLE 7
. . '

I ~-~~
,.A
.·..,
Sums of Products •. -
. . ..
Years. Sum. Difference~ . :.
,
Term.

---
Sfy.
.
"'
Regression
Coefficient. ..Sum of Squares..·:,_
...,. .. ..
.
...
'··,
_.

>.).
..~;r'
'7o, '69 +14'9 -6·7 I +n9r6 / +o·1325473 157'9434 ~·
~
~
~,.'
~

'71, '68 '+20'7 +3'5 2. -8990'0 -0'02976190 267• 5595

'72, '67 +18·5 +4'7 3~ -&772'2 ...:...o·o34100789 3'6026
'7 3, '66 +15·6· +10'4 4 +I48509'0 .+~· o4404481 i 6·oo69
'74, '6s +2'5 . -5·3 s +72400~4 +o·o'3374157 2'4429 .

'75, '84 +9'2 -1'4 .

'76, '63 . +9'7 +5'9· '
I

'n, '62 +28·s +13'5

-
'78, '61 +6·1 .
+3'9
I Analysis of Variance. <

'79, '6o +9·6 -0'2 . . ,Degrees of I

-
.
- _, Mean Square.
'So, '59 Sum of Squares.
-4"9 +4"5' Freedom..
'81, '58 +B·o +1o·6 . ' . -
'8z,
's 3;
'84,
'57
's6
'55
-4'0
+z·6
-o·8
-2'0
. +n·()
+6·o
I
I
~Polynomial terms
'Remainder
•

..
.
.
5',
24·
' '
437' ss.
579'44
.
87'5I
. 24' I4 ;

+134•0
"' I
+6i•2 Total . . 29 1016•99 '
.. ..
4'46 . -~ ... - ~

The sums of products with the g' values ~re next c~lculated, arid at the same time the regression
'coefficients and the sum of squares acco~ted for by each term. The s1;1ms of products may be checked by
direct recalculation or by the method described above. Finally the analysis of variance can be co~pleted,
giving the residual mean square of 24· 14. It will be seen the first two terms account for a substantial part
' .
21 B2
."(>f the vanation~ but the mean squares of the remaining three terms are all below- the residual mean square.
Thus a parabola adequately describes the slow changes.
The equation of the parabola is
Y = 4·4667+o· 13255 t' 1 -o·o29762 l' (I) *
which can }>e -~converted into an equation in x, if this. is .required, by substitution for t\ and t' 2•
If x is m~~sured from the centre point of the series t' 1 = 2x and .t' a = ~ x 1 + C, the coefficients 2 and ~ of
the. highest pow~rs
of x being given b Table XXIII~ - Fu~her, since ;, a= ..!112 when x =+!,we h:ve' ,
imhtediately C = - u 2' 3 75. .
Alternatively the recurrence fo~ula· ~ives ', ...

;
~, · _ 3
"2--sa--
3 I!, _·_ ['·I! · .I! ,1899 . ·~·]
"1· 111-
•
3 1
•
=-x 2 -11::!'375·
.
This gives the equation
. • 2 2, . 4·3
· ·
. 2
'
Yo;:: 7•8u2+o·265IOX-o•o44643X 2 / .
The'value of .Yfor any given year canbe calculated from (x). Thus for the year I8SS
• :. • ·. 1 , · • Y . 4'·,4667.+o·I3255 (-29) -t:>·o29762 .(+~o3) = :-5'4189.

· Similarly for the year '1884.the value is +2·2690. Equatio~ (2) will, of course, give the same values.
The parabola has a ;r:naiimum at x = +2·96g, i.e. at the date I872·469, 'Ythen having the value+8·2o48.
The improvement of plot 9·relative to plot 7 therefore appears to have reached a climax at about this date,
. there being· some evidence of a reduction in the difference subsequently. . ,
· As a further exercise polynomjals may be fitted to the yields c;>f the two plots separately. The difference of
. these two polynomials clearly gives the polynomial already determined. · ·
., •• ., ... -4, •

·TABLE, XXIV. CALCULATION pF INTEGRAL~ FROM EQUALLY s::Ac:En ORDINATES

.· The table ~upplies data· useful {or the mechanical integration of functions calculated at not verj closely
spaced ordinates. Its usemay·be illustr_ated by ,the series of reciprocals of numbers from IS to 19. In this
case the integral is known to be log, 19/15, or ·~23638,8778o,66; the average ordinate over the four units in
· the· panel is, therefore, ·o5909,7I945,16. Ari accurate. calculation •can be obtained from the series of
reciprocals and their even differences. Takffig enough to use the eighth difference, these are as follows to ten
·· places of decimals ·;- · · _: : · ·
. ..
,.
.
. .
.. Differences •
·-

Number. Reciprocal. .
.. . 2nd. ~. 4th. 6th. 8th.
.
<l·

13 '07692,30769 - . '·
'
14.
I
IS
'07142,85714
·o6666,66667 ...
73:26oo8
59,52380 3,23209
' . •
'
i6 · o62 so,ooooo 49,01961 . ,- 2,33426 . .28353 •'

'17 ·o5882,35294 40,~4968 1,71996 18438 \ 3745

18 ·o5555,55556 34,39971 1,29004 12268
19 . ·os2_63,15789
~
29,23978 98280 \

20. .. . ·o5ooo,ooooo 25,06265

2i "04761,90476 - . ..
. I
... I

Using the coefficient~ for 4 sub~panels in the:table for ce!ltral'Ordinate and even differences, the successive
.approximations obtained are as follows:- ~,_,,
-
Value. Error.
. Correction.

. ..
•
No difference
•

•05882,35294,00 -27,36651,I6
2nd ." ·' +h,23312,00 . 05909,s86o6,oo -13339,16
4tl\ .. " . . +!3377,47 '05909,71983,47 . +38,31
6th -39,02 '05909,71944,45 --71
. 8th " +86 ·os9o9, 71945,31 +15.
"
--
22
 To show the adequacy of the adjustments two additional figures have beenretaincd. The evaluation is
satisfactory using only 6th differences, although the 8th difference ls a four-figure number. · · ·.
The formulce using integral multipliers in the first part of the table (4 sub-panels) give exactly equivalent ·
values to the use of 4th and 6th differ~nces. · . ·

TABLEs XXV To XXXII AND XXXIV. . l-OGARITHMs, TRIGONOMETRICAL FuNcno~;, Eu;~

These tables· comprise the standard functions that are likely to be required by the statistician. Five-
figure accuracy ~ been ado~ted in most of ~e tables, siiice four-figure tables are already sufficiently plentifui, .
and five figures bndge the gap between the slide-rule (ro~ghly three-figure accuracy) and seven-figure standArd
tables. ·
In addition to the ordinary table of logarithms to base Io of numbers I·oo to 9"99 (Table XXV) four
pages of natural logarithms (loge roo-loge 99·9) are included (Table XXVI). This table will prove useful
to those who find it convenient to work with natural logari~. · Exact squares of all three-figure nulnbers
(Table XXVII} will enable an occasional analysis of variance to be performed without a machine.· Square
.roots (Table XXVIII) are so tabulated that the square roots of each three-figure num~r and of ten times
that number appear together. This facilitates reference to the table, and serves as a reminder of the necessity
of considering the position of the decimal point before taking o~t a square root. Redprocals (Table XXIX) _
is
are given to six figures, since interpolation is not likely to be required .in this table wheri a machiD.e avail-
able, and the additional figure is useful when division is being performed ori a mach.lll:e by ~eans of reciprocals.
Table XXX gives the factorials of the numbers I-Joo to six significant figures, and their logarithms to
seven decimal places. Of the trigonometrical functions only natural sines· (Ta~le XXXI) and. tangents
(Table XXXII) have been included. By tabulating (90° -8) tan 8 instead of tan 8 for values of.8 greater than
6o0 five-figure accuracy of interpolated values is assured, even for high angles. · · . . . , ·.
In Table XXXIV will be found a ci>llection of constants, conversion factors, etc... Only the English,·
American ·and metric systems of weights and measures have been jncluded, 'the more uncommon measures
of these systems being given in their most easily rell}embered forms. ,
The tabulation of the above tables to 5 and 6 figure· accuracy does not preclude their use to four-figure
accuracy only when the circumstances ·warrant it.. For this purpose they will be found little slower than the
ordinary four-figure tables, since the amount of page 'turni.D.g is the same. When using logarithms to four-
figure accutacy it will frequently be ~ound most expeditious, as well as slightly more accurate, to retain 5 figures
in the logarithmic_ calculations, without making any attempt .to interpolate to more than four-figure accuracy•.
General irutruction5 for interpolation are given in the hist section of the Introduction. · .
.
•., '
. -.

TABLE XXXIII. RANDOM ;NUMBERS

This tabie contains 7so two-fiiure random numbers arranged on six pages. ' The method of construction
of the table, and the tests made on it, are described in the first edition. MethodS of using the table may best
be made clear by a couple of examples. - ·• ' ·
- - . ) .
Example II. Required to select a series of numbers at random from the n~bers I-I6.
The simplest way of doing this is to ~elect a row, column or di~gonal of two-fi~e numbers (such selection
being made without. previous inspection of the numbers themselves), and piCf OUt all numbers between I and
I6 as they occur. \Vith a number like I6, however, such a procedure ,is tedious ~d wasteful of numbers.
As an alternative we may divide each two-figure number by I6 and take the remainder (o count~g as I6}. ·
It is clear that to give all numbers an equal chance of selection the numbers 97, 98, 99 and oo must be rejected.
A modification of this process, which somewhat lightens the arithmetic, is to use the divisor 20 instead of ~6~
rejecting any number which gives od, I7, IS or I9.. Thus 73 would be read as IJ. ·
,• ~ .
Example I2. Required to arrange I6 treatmerits, n~bered I-I6; in :random order. -
\Ve may s~art by selecting a series of munbers between';.:_ and I6 by one of the methods of the last. example,
rejecting any,number if it occurs a second'lime. Mter half the numbers have been selected, however; the
process becomes tedious, since the rejections become more numerous, on the average,· than the selections,
This difficulty may be overcome by choosing the first number by making a.selection between .I and I6, the
second by making a selection between I and IS, the third by m~g a selection between I and I4, and so on,
the actual number selected at each stage being taken to indicate (by 5;ounting from on~ end of th,e series) which
of the numbers still remaining is to be chosen. This operation can easily. be performed by writing down all
the numbers (or other symbols) in order and striking out each as it is selected. Thus, taking thefourteenth
column of tw?-figure numbers on page IV, which reads .•
82, os, JO, S8, 55 , 66, SJ, I6, 89, 56, I6, 70, 70, 07; 37,
. 23
--we obtain on dividing successively by 16, IS, I4, IJ ••• the following series of remainders

. .
2 S, 2 6, 7, II, J, 7, 1 7, 4, S, 2 I, I.
1 1
, 1 1

. .
We therefore select the second, fifth, second, etc., numbers of.all numbers still unselected.
. This gives
2,· 6, J, 9, u, 16, s, IJ, I, IS, 10, I4, 7, 4, 8, 12 .
•
Various combinations· of the above methods can also be used. An excellent way of proceeding in
Example 12 is t'\) select the first 7 treatments by selecting a number between 1 and 16 by dividing by 20, as
suggested in Exainple 1I, rejecting any number which ~curs a second time, afterwards completing the selection
by division of the .subsequent two-figure .numbers by' decreasing divisors according to the method just given.
Using this process on the numbers printed above we obtain as the first 7 treatments
' .
· 2; s, _Io, 18 (rejected), IS, ·6, IJ, 16. ·
Division of the ·subsequent numbers by 9, 8, 7, etc., gives the series 8, 8, 2, etc., so that the .corresponding
treatmt:nts are the eighth, eighth, second, etc., of those remaining, i.e. u, 14, 3," etc. ·

INTERPOLATION
:· Many of the tables 'are provided with special aids to rapid int~rpolation, such as proportional parts, mean
differences, and tabular differences printed in the tables. In other cases linear interpolation is generally
sufficient. Thus.if the table gives values fqr Uz arld Uz+t, and-the value is required for Uz+8, we may take
' -
l
u' = Du:r+t +~u:.,
---where ~stands for I-9. This form is convenient for machine work; mentally it is often quieker to use the
differences between the tabular values
.
and calCulate
. ' .
u' = u:~+D(u:r+t-uz).
••
Modem work, especially that of Jordan (2o) and Aitken (18), (19), has much facilitated the use of iri.terpola-
tion, without .the aid of differences, in cases for whicillinear interpolation is thought not to be sufficiently
accurate.' A very useful improvement on the linear interpolate, based on four instead of two adjacent tabular
values, is obtained by supplementing the linear interpolate from the two nearest entries by that from the next
1
two which enclose them. This latter is· · · ·

u" = l{(I+D)u:r+ 2 +(I+~)u- 1}. ,

Curvature of the entries is shown by" u' diff~ring from u", the error of the former being generally ·of the
same sign as that of the latter, though smille:.:. To complete the adjustment calculate the product 8~, and u_se
u = !{(2+D~)u' -8~u }
11

which is the cOITect 4-pomt interpolate, obtained without the use of diffelences. ·
. -in. the tables in which mean. proportional parts are given for each line of the table, only the proportional
parts .for 1 to s units are included, instead of, as is customary in tables of this type, for 1 to 9 un_its, it being
· intended that subtraction from the next higher tabular value should be used when interpolating for fractions
above o· s. The exact procedure will be clear from the examples below.' The advantages of this innovation
are two'"'fold: firstly tJ::te differences which have to be dealt With are smaller, thus facilitating the arithmetic
(which should be 4one mentally), and secondly the errors -arising from the use of mean proportional parts for
the whole of each line are reduced. .
The actual tables in which this type..of arrangement has been adopted, for the whole or the greater part
of the table, comprise: II (ordinates of the normal distribution), IX (probits), XXV and XXVI Qogarithms),
XXVIII (square roots), XXXI (sines), and XXXII (tangents). In tables XXV and XXV_I Qogarithms) the
common practice is followed of ):abulating the values for the numbers 10-19 on 2o.lines instead of 10, so that
five values instead of ten occur on each line, thus reducing the range covered by each set of mean proportional
parts (which are here changing rather rapidly) to five units of the interval of tabulation.
In Table XXIX (reciprocals) mean differences of co~ecutive tabular values, instead of mean proportiona~
parts, are given for each line of the table (thus allowing space for the tabulation of SiX' figures instead Of five).
These mean differences correspond to ten time~ the mean proportional parts for 1 unit given in the other
tables. . This COl,.lrse has also been followed for Table VII (transformation of r to z).
In those parts of Table XI (probits) and Table XXIX (reciprocals) where the first differences are changing
. so rapidly that the meaJ proportional parts or mean differences are too inaccurate to be of value, the actual
first differences between each tabular value and the next are given.
In Table XXVIi (squares) no differences are given. Squares of four-figure numbers may be easily derived _
by the use of the expansion of (a+b) 2, as indicated~ the note below the table. . · , ·
. In all the abOve tables, except the last twd lines of the table of probits and the first 20 lines ( r o-2· 9) of.the
table of reciprocals, linear .interpolation will give results accurate to one unit in the last tabulated place. The
.
use of me~ proportional parts or mean differences will, of course, give errors greater than this in those p~ ,!

of the tables where th'e differences are changing rapidly. The actual magnitude of the error may be assessed
by seeing how rapidly the proportional parts are changing from line to line, as illtistrated in example IJ below.
The mean proportional parts should therefore be used with discretion when full tabular accuracy is required.

Example· IJ
Find the natural logarithm of n·o6. We have log. n· I = 2·4o6g5. The proportional part for 4 is
357· Thus log. n·o6 = 2·40338. The true value= 2"40333,5, the discrepancy being due to the use of the·
mean proportional part instead of the C<?rrect proporti<>nal part, which is o·4 (2·4o6g5--:2· 3g7go), i.e. 362. · As·
will be seen by inspection the proportional parts are here ·changing ·rather rapidly. A closer approxiffiation
would have been obtained by taking this change into account, interpolating roughly in the required column
of proportional parts, i.e. between 357 and 374·

Example. I4 - .-

Find the square root of 2g·426. The square root of 2g·4 is_ 5·4222, and since ~-6 ',3-0·4 the requ.¥-ed
..
proportional part is 28-3·7 or 24, giving the value 5·4246. (True value= 5'42457·) ·

Example IS ··. ..; ..

Find the angle whose tangent is o· 7gi34· The nearest tabular value, o· 7g25g,.is that fort 38° '2'4;.· •·.· The
dijference is -125. To the nearest minute, therefore, the angle is 38° 21', a closer approximation being .
38° 21" 4'. (True value = 38° 2 i· 36'.) ·

Example I6
. ' '
. Find the angle whose tangent is 2·82. Ordinary inverse interpolation is here impossible, siD.ce (go0 ~8}
tan. 8 is tabulated, but any approximation may be rapidly improved by dividing the _tabular. value by .the
given tangent, and subtracting from go0 • First find a rough approximation by interpolation in the auxiliary
marginal table of tangents. ·This gives .a value between 7_0'4° and 70'5°, i.e. between 70° 24' ap,d 7oO. 30'.,
~
\Ve then obtain
.,
Tabular Value
I
., Plus Original
Angle. :r/2·82. Angle.·
(:r).
.

70'4 55'043 Ig·si88 8g·gi?8

7o·s ss·o66 Ig· 5270. go·0270

The second colu,mn gives the tabular values from the table, ..the third is the resUlt of dividing these by the given
tangent 2·82. Subtracting either of these from go0 gives a better approximation. For full accuracy we use
the fourth column, which is the sum of these quotients and the original angles. - Inverse linear interpolation
between the last two values for the value go will now give the required angle, namely 70"4750, i.e. 70° 28.so'.
(True value= 70° 28·4gg'.) · ·

ADDENDUM
TABLE VIlli. \

The values tabulated for "IS and;. over" are correct for 15; they differ appreciably frol;Il the_
limiting value for a-"'oo, ·i.e. p + l (r+2) (I-2p), for "a ~r fewer", and its complement,
I - p -l (r+2) (I-2p), for " a or more". Here x is the normal deviate appropriate to the level
of significance chosen; for example x=I·g6 at P o·o25. The values tabulated, ·however, are
adequate for large samples when full accuracy in the expectation is not req~ired~
 REFERENCES
,, Books and ll.fo11ograplzs
I. R. A. FISHER (1941) Statistical methods f~r research workers {8th edition). Oliver ·and B;yd,.
,, Edinburgh.
2. R. A. FISHER (1942) · The design of experiments (3rd edition). Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.
3· F. YATES (1937) The design and analysis of factorial experiments. Imperial Bureau of Soil
Science,· Harpenden.
\

.
4· C. I. BLISS (1935)
Papers
The calculation of the dosage-mortality curve., Annals of Applied Biology,
xxii, 134-167. /
5· C. I. Buss (1935) The comparison of dosage-mortality data, Annals of Applied BioJogy,
xxii, 307-333.
6. C. I. Buss (1935) Estimat~?' the ~osage-mortality curve. Journal .of Economic Entomology,
XXVlll. . . . . , .
7. C. I. Buss (1937) The calculati"n of the time mortali~ curve .. · Annals 'of Applied Biology, .
xxiv, 815-852.
8. W. G. CocH.RAN (1938) Some difficulties in the statistical analysis of replicated experiments.· ·Empire
Jou:i:nal of Experimental Agriculture, vi, 157-175; ·
9· C. G. COLCORD and L. S. DEMING The one-tenth per cent. l~vel.of " z." · Sankhya, ii, 423-424. ·
I
(1935) •
10. F. A. E. CREW (1932) . Inheritance of educability. Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress
of Genetics, i, 121-134· , ~ ' ..._
11. R. A. FISHER and F. YATES (1934) The six by six Latin squares. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical
Society, xxx, 49~- 507. . · · · ' · ...
12. W. L. STEVENS (1937) Signific;ance of grouping. Annals of Eugenics, viii, 57-69.
13.· W. L. STEVENS (1937) A test for uniovular twins in mice. Annals of Eugenics, viir, 7o-73. ·
14. F. YATES (1934) Contingency table5 involving small numbers and the x1 test. J oumal of the
Royal Statistical Society, Supplement; i, 217-235. . . _·
15. F. YATES (1936) A new method of arranging variety trials involving a large number of varieties.
Journal of Agricultural Science, xxvi, 424-455 ..
16. F. YATES (1936) Incomplete randomised blocks. -Annals of Eugenics, vii, 121-140. •
17. F. YATES (1937) A further note on the .arrangement of variety trials : Qiiasi' Latizl sq~ares.
Annals of Eugenics, vii, 319-33i. . •
18. A. c. AITKEN (1932) . On interpolation by iteration of proportional parts, without th~ use of •
differences. Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical· Society.
Series 2, iii, 56-76.- ·
19. A. C. AITKEN, G. J. LIDSTONE, Interpolation without printed differences : Jordan's and Aitken's formul~.
and J. WISHART (1932) Mathematical Gazette, xvi, 14-25. .
20. C. JORDAN (1932) Sur une formule d'interpolation. Atti del Congresso lntemazionale dei ,
· Matematici. Bologna, vi: 157-177. · . . .
21. W. J. YOUDEN (1937) . Use of incomplete block replications .in estimating' Tobacco-mosaic virus.:'"
- Contributions from Boyce Thompson Institute, ix, 4J-48. · •·
22. H. W. NORTON (1939) The 7 X 7 squares. Amials of Eugenics, ix, 269-307. • .· ·· ..
23. F. YATES (1940) The recovery of inter:..block information in balanced incomplete block designs.
Annals of Eugenics, x, 317-325. .
24. W. L. STEVENS (1942) ' Accuracy of Mutation Rates. Journal of Genetics, xliii, 301-307.
25. F. YATES (1939) The Recovery of Inter-block Information in Variety Trials arranged in Three.
·Dimensional Lattices. Annals of EJgenics, ix; 136-56.
26. G. M. Cox, R. C. ECKHARDT and The analysis of lattice and triple lattice experiments in com varietal tes~. .
W. G. COCHRA].'{ (1940) Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station R~earch Bulletin, 281. ' ·.·
2'7. F. YATES (1940) Lattic~ Squares. Journal of Agricultural Science, xxx, 672-687.
28. R. C. BOSE and K. R. NAIR (1939) Partially Balanced Block Designs. Sankhya, iv, 337-372. ·
29. F. YATES (1940) Mqdem Exp~rimental Design and its Function in• Plant Sel~tion. Empire
J oumal of Experimental Agriculture,. viii, 223-230..
30. R. •A. FISHER (1921) • On the mathematical foundations of theoretica, statistics. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London, ccxxii, 309-368.
 TABLE I. THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

p •oo •ex •o2 •oJ "04 ·o5 •oG "07 · •o8 •og
'.

·o :::0 2" 575829 2' 326J48 2"170~90 2"053749 1"959964 1·880794 I•8119II I·75o686 1'695398
-"I 1"644854 I" 598193 I' 554774 I• 514102 1"475791 1"439521 1'405072 I• 372204 ·I' 340755 I• 310579
.• 2 I' 281552 1·253565 I" 226528 1"200359 1'174987 I· ISOJ49 I' 126391 I" 10306j I·o8oJI9 1'058122
"3 1"036433 1"015222 '9944~8 '974114 , '9S4I65 ·934589" ·9153t5 ·896473 •877896 ·,859617 ":
"'4 •841621 ·823894 ·8o6421 •7$9192 "772193 '755415 •7J8847 '722479 •706303 ·690309 .•.
"5 •674490 ·658838 ·643345. •628oo6 •612813 '597760 ·582841 •568o5I '553385 ·538836
·6 "524401 '510073 ·49585o '481727 '467699 '453762 '439913 '426148 '412463 ·398855
'7 ·385320 '371856 •358459 . '345125 '331853 "318639 '365481 '29'2375 '279319 •2663"II>
·8 '253347 '240426 '227545 ·2H702 '201893 • 189118 • IJ6374 _• x63658 '150969 . '138394 .
~

'9 '125661 • 113039 • 100434 ·o87845 '075270 . ·o627o7 '050154 ·037608 '025069 '0~2533

p '001 ·ooo,I ·ooo,oi · •ooo,ooi . ·ooo,ooo,I ·ooo,ooo,qi •poo,ooo,oo I

X 3'29053 3'89059 4'41717 . 4'89164' 5" 32672 5"73073 6· ~0941
• • -.. . t

. The value of P for each entry is found by adding the column heading to the value in the left-ha'nd margin. Th~ t:or~esponding value
of z is the deviation such that the probability of an observation falling outside the range from ..:.z to +z is P. For example, P ':= ·03.
for z = 2·170090; so that 3 per cent. of normally distributed vatues will have positive or·negative deviations exc~eding the standard.
deviation in the ratio 2·170090 at least. • ·., ' , · .
The table of probits (Table IX) provides a more extensive (P, z} table. The probit table refers to a single tail of the distribution.
and the P's derived from that table m~t therefore be multiplied by 2 to bring them into line with the P's ofTable I. . • , .. ·
" . i . ,·..
. TABLE II. ORDINATES OF THE NoRMAL DISTRIBUTION

I ·oo "01 '02 '03 '04 ·o5 ·o6 '07 ·o8. "0'9. I 2 3 '4 5
.. ..
o·o '3989 '3989 '3989 '3988 '3986- '3984 ~3982. '3980 '3917 '3973 . 0 0 -I -I -I
0'1 '3970 '3965 '3961 '3956 '3951 '3945 '3939 '3932 '3925 ~3918 . -I -I -2 ' •'....:.2. .-3
0"2 '3910 '3902 '3894 •3885 :3876 '3867 •3'857 ~3847 '3836 ~3825 :-I -2 -3_ -4 -5
0'3 •3814 '3802 '3790 '3778 '3765 '3752 '3739 •3725 .• 3712 •3697 -I -3 -4 :-5 -6
0'4 '368J •3668_ '3653. '3637 ·3621 •3605 · '3589 '3572 ''3555 •3538, -2 -3 -5 ,.;_6 -8 '
.
0"5 '3521 '3503 .• 3485 '3467 . '3448 '3429 '3410 '3391 •3372. '3352 -2. -4 -6 -8 -9
o·6 '3332 '3312 '3292 '3271 '3251 '3230 '3209 ·-3!87 •3!66_ 'J144 ..,:.i:·~-4 -6 -8 -I 0
0'7 '3123 '3101 '3°79 '3056 '3034 '301~ '298.9 '2966 'E!943 '2920 -2 -5 -7 -9 - I I
"· I

o·8 •2897 •2874 •2850 •2827 •2803" '2780 '2756 '2732 '270.9 \ •2685 -2 ~5 7"7" '-9 t-~ 2
0'9 '2661 , • 2637 ~26I3 '2589 '2565 '254~ '2516 '2492 '2468 ''2444 -.a~-~5 -7 -:-10.~12
1'0 '2420 '2396 '2371 '2347 '2323 "'
. '2299 "2275 • 2251" • 222_7 '2203 ' -2 -s; -7 -10. -12
I' I '2179 '2155 • 2IJI '2107
• 1942 '1919 ·t89.5 •J872
'2083
•I849
. '2059
.·1826
'2036 '2012
• 1804 . •178i
'1989 "1965
."175.8 "1736·
-2. -5· -7
-2· -s -:-7
-10 -I 2
-9 - I I
I' 3 '1714 .• 1691 ·t669 •1647 •1626 •J604 _:1582 ·x561 '1539' 'ISIS -2 -4. -7 -9· -:-II
1'4 "1497. '1476 '1456 '1435 '1415 '1394 '1374 '1354 \ '1334 '1315 . -2 -4 ··-6 -8 -I 0
I

I' 5 "1295 '1276 '1257 • 1238'. '1219 '1200 ·1182 •1163 '1145 .• ii27 -2 "-4 :-6' ~7 -9
"
1'6 '1109 '1092 • 1074 'IOS7 '1040 '1023 ·;roc;>6 '0989 '09lJ '0957 ' -2 "-3 .:..5, -7. - 8
1'7 . '0940 '0925 '0909 . ·o893 ·o878 ·o863 ·o848 · •o833 ·o8t8 •oSo4 -2·· ·-3 -5· -G - 8
1'8 '0790 ·o775 . "0761 '0748 •0734 ·o72i: '070f ·o694 ·o68I ·o669 -I .-3 "-4 -s - 7
1'9 ·o6s6 ·o644 ·o632 ·o62o ·o6o8 "0596 ·o584 '0573
,
·os62 '0551 -I -2. -:-4 -5 - 6 .
2'0 '0540 '0529 '0519 ·osoS• '049~ '0488 ·.0478 '0468 '0459 '0449 -I -2 -3 ..,.4 ·-5 <·
2' I '0440 '0431 '0422 '0413 "0404 '0396 '0387 '0379 •o371 ~0363 -I -2 -'-:3 -3' :~4.t.
2'2 '0355 '0347 "033_9 '0332 "'0325 '0317 '0310 '0303 ~0297 '0290 -I -I ; ··2 -3 - 4• < I

2'3 ·o~83 '0277 '0270 '0264 '025~ '0252 . '0246 '0241 '0235 '0229 -I -I -2 -2 - ~ : ...
2'4 '0224 '0219 '02I3 '0208 ·o2o:f "OI98 . '0194 ·o189 ~oi84 ·~ ·oiSo o. -;I . -I -:;-2 . - z.,. ~

2'5 'OI75 ·oi7I · •o167 ·or63 . '0158 "OI54 'OI51 '0147 '0143 '0139 0 -I -1 --,2 - 2 .
2·6 •0136 '0132 "0129 '0126 '0122 '0119 ·o116 '0113 'OliO '0107 0. -I ,_..;.I' -I
0 /-1 -I -I - T
-
2'7
2'8
"0104 "0101 '0099 '0096 '0093
··oo71 ,
"0091 ·oo88 ·oo86
•oo69 ··oo67 ·oo65
·oo84
•oo63
·oo~.I
·oo6t
. 0 0 ~I -I - .l
'0079 ·oo77 '0075 '0073
_2'9 ·oo6o ·oo58 ·oos6 ·oo55 ·oo53 ~0051 ·oo5o ,'0048 '0047' ·oo46 0 0 0 -I - I
' ·8
·o •I '2 "3 '4 ·s ·6. "7 "9
3'0 '0044 '0033 '0024 '0017 '0012 '0009 ·ooo6· . ·.0004 "0003 '0002
29
 '-•
'' TABLE ,Ill.
. DISTRIBUTION OF t
·\.,
' ,. :.:h--
... J?robability.
\

.. n . ·8 .. "7
•
\·os
- .I "9 ·6 •5. "4 .· "3 ~ ~ ~- "I" "02 "01 "001
'.
,;;·_.I ~158
- '
."3 25 .'510.t727 1"000 1'376 ·I·963 3:078 . 6· 314 I2'706 31•821 63..657 636·619
. '2. ·~42 ~289 .. 445 ··617. :8•6' · I•o6I I'386 1·886 2'920 4"303 6·965 · 9·925 31' 598
f" -4'-3'·, 'I37 "277 "424 ·s84 '•765 "978 I'250 I•638 2'353 3'I82 4'541 5'84• U'941
·4. "134 ·,271. "414 ·s69 "741 _..94I I'l90 I• 533 '2'I32 2'776 3"747 4'6~4-- 8·610
' 5 "132.~267 '408 "559' "727. "920 I'IS6 I'476 ~2'01$ 2' 571 3'365 4'032 6·859
J

;· 6 •.• t'li f• j .~

·265 ·'4o4 ._• 553

.

'7~8 , ·9o6 1'134 1'440 1'943 2'447 3'143 3'707 5'959.

7 'IJO •263 'l·4o2.
' ' .
'S49 "711' ·896 I'l19 1'415 1'895 2'365 2'998 3'192 5'405
1
8 '130 ·262 "399 '546 ·7o6 · ·889 I·Io8 l:'397 J•86o 2' 306 2·8g6 3' 355' 5'041

ul·
9 ·129
Ai29·.
·261-·398 ··543
·260 ".397 -~542" .
"703 "883 I'IOO ... 38£ J• 833 2'262 2'821 .. -J:.25o 4'781
'700 •879 1'093 1'372 1•812 . 2'228 . 2'764 . .3' 169 4'587
: II · ·i2g. •z6o "396: "540 •697 •876. 1•o88 1~363 r196 2'201 2'718 .3' 106 4'437
12 ·uS .'259 'J95 "539.' ·695 •873 . 1•083 ~I· .356 1'782 2'179 2·681 3'05? 4'318
- IJ. ·128 ·259 .. ~.394 .·538 ·694. •87o. 1'079 1'350 1'771 2·160 2·65o 3'012 4'221
.I4 ·.1.28 ·:258 -~393 "537 ·(;)92 . ·868 1'076 1'345 I•761 2'I45 2'624. 2'977 4'140
15 •128 ·.258 ".393 ·536. ·691 '-'866 I'~74. I: 341 1'753 2'131 2·6o2 2'947 4'073
-
•J28 :258 :•392
16 '535 ·690 ·865 I'07I 1'337 l:• 746 2'120 2'583 2'921 4'015
17 • I28. "257 • 392 . ~ 534 -~ _·_·689 ,
·863 1·069 I'333 1'740 #
2'110 2' 567 2·898 3'965
I8 '127 ~257 "392 "534 ·.··688 .·862 I·067 I'.J30 1'734 2' IOI 2' 552 2·878 3'922
.I9 ._~I27 '257 ~ 39I ·., 533, · • 688 ·861 1·o66 1'328 1'729 2'093· 2'539 2·86I s883
20 • 127 ~· 257 "391 '533 .· ·687 ·86o 1'064 1'3.25. 1'725 2·o86 2' 528 2'845 3'850
.,
21 'I27 "257 "39I "532 ·686 ·859 1·o63 1'323 1'721 2·o8o 2'518 2•831 3'819
22 .. 127 ·256 "390 "532 ·686 ~8 5 8 I·o6I I' 321 1'717 2'074 2· soB . 2•819 -· 3'792
23 ~-127 ·256 '390 '532 ·68,5 · ~&s8 I·o6o I' 319 1"714 2·069 2·soo 2·8o7 3'767
24 ·127 ··256 •.390 '53I ·685 ·8s7 I'059 1.:318 1'7II 2•064 2'492 2'797 3'745
·25 '127 -"256 '390 '531 ·684 ·8s6 1'058 1:'316 1'708. 2·o6o 2'485 2'787 .3'725
26 ''I27 ·256 '390 ·.53I -~84. ·8s6 1:os8 I' 315 I'706 ~·os6 2'_479 2''779 3'.707
.• 27 ·I27 ·256 '389 '531 -~84. ·Ss5 1'057 ..1_'314 I'70J. 2'052 2"473 2'771 3·690
28 '127 ·256 ~389 .530 -~683 ·855 I·os6 l;' 313 1·7or 2'048 2'467 2'763 3'674
29 '127 ·256 '389-· •53cf ·683 ·854. 1·o55 1'3Il 1'699 2'045 2'462 2'756 3'659
30 '127 ·256 '389 '53° ·683' ·854 1'055 1' J10 I'697 2'042 '2'457 2'750 3'646
40. 'I26 ·255 '•388 '529 •681 ·85I 1·o5o 1'303 I·684 2·ou: 2:423 2'704 ·3. 551
6o ·d6 '254 '387 '527 •679 - ·848 1'.046 1'296 1•671 2·ooo 2'390 2·66o 3'460.
120 "I26 '254 •J86 ·526 •677 ·845 1'04I 1•289 1·6s8 ,. I· 9 so 2'358 2•617 3'373
OCr . '126 '253 '385 '524. •674 . ·842 I'036 1'282 1'645 - I·96o 2'326 .
2'576 .3'291

30
 TABLE IV. DISTRIBUTION, OF X2' .

·Probability. . \
I ·So ·so
" ..... i " .•

I
'99

·o3 IS7 ·o3 628 ·oo393 ·oxs8 ·,o642 ·148

'20
..
·zo. ·oz .... ·ooz ..
"'
'455 ro74 1·642. ·· 2·7o6 ··3·84I · "5'412" 6;635' .to•.827
,,. '
·os · ·.·o2
..
2
~
'020I "0404 'I03 '211 '44~-- :JI3 1•386 2'408 J'2l9 4·605 .:r.22I. :1..·824 9''210. JJ•8I5
3 '115 •185 . '352 ·s84 z·oo5- 1·424 2~66 3•665 4·642 6·2sr.t ~7·?zs. 9·.8_3 7. 11· 34s }~·268
4" "297 '429 "7II 1'064 1'649 2;I95 3' 3S7. 4•878 5;989'... 7'779 9•488 ·II,-668.•: 13; 27) 18·465.
s
6
'SS4 ''7S2 1'I45
·~72 l' I34 1'635
z·6xo
2'204
2· 343 3·ooo
3·o7o
4'351 6·_o64. 7·289 . 9' 236 zr·o7o x.f 388• IS·o86·-2o· 517
s828 , S348 7'231 8·558
.
zo•645
·. ~ ... ' '

'z2·592 .. zs·o33 . z6·812 .22~457

.'
,\•' .. :. ).,, :~.. . ; . . .
7 I'239 I• S64 2' 167 2'833 3:822 4•671 ' 6· .346 . 8· 383 ·9·8oj I2'0I7 14~o6~ 16·622 · z8·475' 24·_322
8 1'646 2'032 2'733 3'490 4'594 5'527 - 7'344 9'524 II'OJO l3'362 15'507 .z8·r.68 20'090 2·6·125·
9 2·o88 2'532 3'32S 4'168 5' 380 6• 393 8· 343 10·656 12'.242 14·684 "'16•919 !9'679 21·666. 21•87l
10 2' S58 3'0S9 3'940 4·865 6;179 7•267 9'342 11•781 13'442 15•987 18•307 21"161 23... 20cj 29•588
\...----.,..~ .. -~. . •' I •

II 3'0S3 3'609 4'S7S 5'578 6·989 8· 148 zo· 341 12·899. 14'631 17•275 19·675 22·6z8· H'725 3i~2'64:
12 3' S7I 4'178 S'226 6·304 7•8o7 9'034 11'340 14·oii 15·8I2. 18•549 21'026 .24'054 26·217 32~909.
13 4'107 4·765 s·B92 7'042 8· 634 9' 926 I 2' 340 15' 119 16• 985 ' 19' 812 2'2• 36~~ 25' 4 72 27_~ 688 34' 528
I4 4·66o 5-36s 6· 57 I 7'790 • 9·467 Io·821 13'339 16•222 z8·151 21·o64 23·685 26·873 29'141 36·123\
IS S'229 s·985 7'261 . 8·547 1o·.3o7 _1.1·.7~1 14·339 17·322 19'·311 .22'307_·24·<)96 28·259 3o·s78 3 7•697
16 s·8I2 6·6I4 7'962 9' 3I2 11'152 12•624 15•338 18•418 20•465 : 23~542'-26·296 29'6JJ .32'000 J9'252
17 6·408 7'2S5 8·672 zo·o85 12'002 IJ'53I 16•338 19'511 21'615 24•769 27~$87_ 30'995 33'409 40'790
IS 7'01S 7'906 9· 390 zo· 86 5 12·857 14·440 17· 338 2o·6o1 22·76o 25·989 28·869 32· 346 34·8o5 42·312
19 7'633 s·s67 IO' 117, II'65I 'IJ'716 15'352 18•338 21•689 2J'900 ""27'204 30'144 33•687 J6•191 43'820
20 8·260 9'237 10·8si 12·443 14' 578 16• 266 19' 337 22' 775 25•038 28:412 31~410' 35'020 3 7• S66 45' 315
21 8·897 9'9I5 II' 59I 13'240 15·445 • ,2o· 337
17·182 23·858 26·171 29·615 J2'671~.. 36; 343 38•932 46• 797
22 9' S42 zo·6oo 12· 338 I4'04I 16•314 18•101 21"337 24'939 27'301 30' 813 33' 924 J(' 659 40·.289 48• 268
23 IO'I96 11'293 13'09I 14'848 17•187 19'021 ·.22;337 26·o18 28•429. 32'007 35'172 38·968 41·638 49'728
24 Io•856 11'992 I3·848 15'659 18·o62 19'943 23· 337 27·096 29· 553 33' 1'96 36• 415 40' 270 42' 980 51' I 79
2S I I ' 524 I2•697 .14'611 I6·473 18· 94o 2o·867 24· 33 7 28· 172 30·675 34' 382 37·652 4~· 566 44· 314 52_·62o

26 I2' 198 I3'409 15' 379 .17' 292 19'820-21' 792 25' 336 29' 246 31'(95 3s· 563· 38·885 42·856 45·642 · 5·4·052
27 12•879 14• I25 16· I5I ·i8• 114 20'70J 22'719 26·336 30'319 32'912 36''741 40'113 44'140 46·963 55'476
28 13' S65 14•847 16•928 18·939 21· s8823·647 27· 3 36 31· 391 34·027 37·916 41"337'4S"419 48·278 s6·893
29 14'2S6 I5'S74 17'708 19'768 22'475 24'577 28'336 32'461,3S'139 -39·087 42; 557 46·693 49· 588 ·58· 302
30 14·953 I6· 3o6 z8·493 2o· 599 23~364 2S' so8 29' 336 33' 530 36· 250 40'256 43-773 47'962 so·892 59'703

For larger values of n, the expression y2x1-y;;;::::;_ may be used as a normal deviate with unit variance, remembering that
the probability for x' corresponds V~--ith that of a single tail of the normal_curve.'

31
 TABLE V. DISTRIBUTION OF Z

.... ·. ~20 Per Cent. Poipts (H. W. Norton)

,~r
\
\
I :z ' 3 4 5 . ..... · .6
.,~
8 I2 24 co

I 1"1242 1"2425 1"2849 ~· 3097 , I• 3198 ' 1"3286 I"3400 i:· 3508 . ~· 3619 1"3730·
2 ·6343 •693I "7125 .• 7219 "72~5 "7313 "7360 "74o6 "7452 "7500
3 . "4963. "5 299 :.s385 . "5418 "5435 • 5444' "5453 •5461. "5465 "5467
4 "4274 ."452~ "4551 '"4547 ·"4531 "4528 "4512 "4491 "4464 "4431
5 . "3892.
~
"4075 :4062 "40J.2 "4004
. '
.
"3982 "3947 ·~905 ·3853 "3791
. . "3350
.6 .. ·3645 . =~780 ;3740 /•J6g2 ~3651 - •3618 "3569 "3510 "3438
7
8
; 347.1 . "3573 ·35u • •345o ' .•3399
"3342 "3419 . "3342 . "J269 ~3211
.. "3358
"3163
"3298
"3093.
"3224
"3008
"3135
"2904
"3025
"2774
9 "J 243 "3300: . "3211. •3130 .,: "3064 ..
1 ."301i "29J3 •2838 ,' -~721 "2573
10 •3164
"
. :'
··3~06 "3107. •J.Oi8 . ·• 2946 .. •2889 ·28o5 ."2701 ;2572 "2407
.II •310~ '~· 3129_. "3021 ·2926 ' • 2850 . "2790 ' •2699 "2588 . 1•2449 "2268
" 12 ~3047. . ·3o65 ..•2951 .•:l85o "2770. "2706 •2611 "2493' "2345 "2149
'13•
.. . t
.'• 3002 •3011. •.2_891 ~,786 ·~270J "26j6 ·-'"2536 "2412 "2255 "2046
.I4 "2964. "2965 . •2840 . '2732 t•2644 ·.~515 .•' "2471 "2342 . "2178 "1956
I.) '·~2931. . •2926. "2795 . •2684· . "2594 7 "2522 "2415 "2281 "2110 •J876
'
..
I~. "2903 . "2891 "2757 "2642 "2~50 ·~476 "2366 . "2228 "2050 •18o5
. 17 •2877 . ·286o~ "2723 :2605 "2511 "2436 . "2322 "2180 "1997 "1741
. 18- •2855 . "2833 . "2692 "2572 "2476 . "2399 "2283' •2138 "1949 •1682
19
20.
21'
22
.
• 2835 ~ • 2809 •2()65-:
·2817 •2787. •2641 .
.
·2Soo "2767 .•2619 "2493. "2392
"2786' "2750 "2599 "2471 . "2369
I·
"2543
.. 2517
"2JII • "2189 "2034 '•1829
"22&7 1 2163 "2006 "1798
i
"2445
"2418
"2367 •2249 "2100. "1905
"2338 . ··2217 "2066 •1866
•1629
"1581
"1536
"1495
23 "'277'2 "2733 "2581 "2152 "2348' "2265 "2139 •1980 ~1767 "1457
·24 "276~ "2719 "2564 ··2433 "2329 ~2245 "2II7 "1956 "1740 "1421
25 . "2749 "2705 "2549 ·"2417 "2311 "2226 -"2097 "1933 "1715 • 1388 .
2() :-2738 . ·26g2 "2534. "2401 "2295 "2209 "2079 "1913 •1691 "1357
27 ~2729 .•2681 "2521 "2387 • "2280 "2193 "2062 . •1894 :-t669 "1328
28 "2720 . ·2670 • 2509 . "2374 . ·~266 • "2178 "2046 . ·1876 . • 1648 •1300
29 "27II ·266o ·2498 "2362 "2253 "2165 "2031 ·~86o •1629 "1274
30 "2703 •2650 "2487 "2350 "2241 '"2152 '"2017 •1844 •16II "1250
40 "2647 "2582 ' "24II '"2267 "2152 ·~o58 "1915 "1731 "1477 ·1o62
6o "2592 ' "2514 ~2334· "2184 "2063 --1 965 •1813 •1616 "1338 ·o848
'J:20 "2536 . "2446_ "2258 "2]01 . "1974 •1870 "1710, "1499 "Il93 ·o582
co '"2481- "2379 •2183 "2018 ·1885 "1776 •16o6 "(379 "1041 . o·

. , 0•8416 ( I I ) - •
For high values of n1 and n 2 ,
·
• (20 per cent.) =
_
V h-o·6 - 0·4514 ;; -;;
1 a
approXllllately,
·
. ~ . .
+ !.. ·
"

, where ! = .!. In other parts' of the table interpolation is approximately linear if reciprocals of

:nl and na
" are t\ken.
~ ~
'
.
\.
.

32
 TABLE V. VARI..t\NCE .RA:TIO.
~

20 Per Cent. Points of e2z (H. W~ Norton).

2 3 4 s. 8- I~ 00

I 9'4'Z I2'00 13·o6 I3'73 I4'0I -I4' 26 14' 59 14' 90 15'24. 15'58 I

2 3· 56 4·oo 4'16 4'24 4'28 4'32. '4'36 4'40 4,"44 4'4~.

3 z·68 z·89 2'94 2'96 2'97' . 2'97 ' 2'98 .2·_98 2'98 .. 2",98
4 2' 35 ' 2',47 . 2'48 2'48 \ 2'48 2'47 . 2'47' 2·46 2'44 . 2"43
5 2' 18 . 2' 26 z·zs · z·z4 z·z3._, 2'22 2'20, 2'18 2• 16 ~· 13,
6 2•67 2' 13 2'II 2'09 z·o8 z·o6 • z·o4 2'02. 1'99· I'95''
7 2'00 2'04 2·o2
•..... 1"99 I'97 1·96 r9J 1'91 . r·87 I·Sj ·
8· 1'95 . 1'98 1'95 1'92 1'90 ;t·S8 1•86 • I ' 83 'I• 79 I ' 74'
9 1'91 I'94 1'90 1•87 1'85 !183 1·8o. 1'76. 1'72 I·6i
IO 1'88 I' 90 1•86 1'83 I·8o 1·'t8 I'7S. I' 7'/. ' 1'67 ,·1·62
"" 1'80 . I:68 1~63 .
I ~

i·'sf
~

II 1'86 1'87 1'83 ~· 77 • I' 75 . ~· 7~

I2 I'84 • t·8s 1·8o r·'n 1'74 1'72 , 1~69 1·65 · "I·6o'. I' 54
I3 1•82 1'83 . x·· 78 1'75 1•72 1·69 ·,.z·66 1'62 ;I" 57 . 'I"SI
14 1'81 1'81 I ' 76 1'73 I' 70 I; 67 • 1'64 J;:6o' ~I'SS . £•48 ·
'· . . .
1·66 1'62 . ·I~ ss .. 1· 53. z. 46 ·
,_ :'
15 . x·8o I' 79 1'75 1'71 I' 68
16 1'79 ' 1'.78 1'74 1'70
·'•
1•67 . 1'64. I' 61 :-. I',S6
"'

I'
. . .•

1'43 .
:, >

.51. ~ ,..

I7 1'78 I ' 77 1'72 1'68 1'6S 1'63 I' 59 'I' 55,

'1'49. I'42
I8
I9
I' 77· 1'76
1'76 1'75
. 'I'7I
1'70
I•6J
J•66
1'64
1'63
·1·62
'1'61
I' S8. I ' 53
I' 57·: I' 52
:1'48 1'4P.
1'46.' I ' 39
·, 20 1'76 I'75 I''70 I:65 1'62 1'60 . ~· s6 '1·.si . ·1'45 1'37 ,.
2I 1'75 1~74 1'69 1'65 1'61 I ' 59 , I' 55 . I' 50 '1'44 1.'"36
~

•• •

22 I'75 1'73 1'68 I'64 1'61 r: 58 I ' 54 1'49 · I'43 .1'

.
35· .
23 1'74 1'73 1'68 1'63 1:6o I ' 57 • I" 53 I'49 1'34.,
24 1'74 . I ' 72 1'67 . 1'63 I· 59 . I',57 I' 53 1'48 I ' J3.
25 I ' 73 1'72 1•66 1'62 I ' 59 ' · I· 56 I' 52 1'47 1'41 .· I'J2
I
., '
26 1'73 ·I' 71 1'66 1~62 1· 58 1'56 I' 52 • I'47 1'40 I'3I.
27 1'73 I' 71 1'66 £·61 1' 58 I'S5. I'SI' 1'46 • I'40 ·1'30'
28 l'-7~ I' 71 1'65 ,1'61 1'·57 I' 55 . I' 51 I' 46 I' 39 ; l'JO
29 1'72 I'JO .I·6s r·6o-. I' 57 I' 54 I' 50 I'45· . I' 39 . I' 29
\30 1'7_2 1'70 1'64
. .i·6o · 'p 57 I' 54 I' 50 I'45 I' 38 I' 28
40' 1'70 1'68 !'62 I ' 57 I ' 54 1~51 I'47 1'41 I' J4 . I' 24
, Go 1'68 I' ~5 1'.59 . r-ss I ' 51 1'48 I'44 1'38 I'JI I'I8
I20 1·66 1'63 I' 57 . r:sz I·48, • 1'45 . 1'41 I' 35 1'27 . 1'12
'
'00 1'64 1'61 l' 55 I' 50 1'46 I'.43 I' 38 I" 32 I' 2J . 1'00
•
. ~ . . ~
Lower 20 per cent. points ar~found by interchange of n 1 and .n2 , i.e. n 1 must.
' always correspond with 'the greater mean square. · ·
. I .

33
 TABLJ;: V. DISTRIBUTION OF (i~o~linued
S Per Cent. Points

\\1~ , 6 .·
": '\
I
•
. 2
' .. 3 4 -·. '5 8 12 24 oc

. I 2"5421 2•6479
.
2·6870 2"7071 2"7194
- .,
' .
2"7276 2"7380 2"7484 2"7588 2"7693
2 1"4592 1"4722 1"4765 1"4787 1·48oo 1"4808 r4819' 1·4830 1"4840 1"4851
3 1" 1577 1•1284 I"II37 1"1051 1"0994 1"0953 1·o899 1~0842 1"0781 1"0716

r . 4 1"0212 ·:96qo "9429 "9272 •'9168 "9093 ··8993 ·8885 •8767 ·8639.
.5 '9441 •8777 . ·8441 ·'8~36 ·8o97 "7997 •7862 ·n.H "7550 "7368
6 ·8188 "7274 "7II2 ·6931 •6729 ·6499
7 • :8948
·8~o6 "7777
"7798
"7347
"7558
"7080
"7394
•6896 •6761 ·6576 ·6369 •6134 •5862
•
8 ·8355 "7475' "7014 ~6725 •6525 ·6378 •6175 · •5g45 ·5682 "5371
- ·9 ·81,63 . "7242 . •6757 •64~0·- ·6238
I
·6o8o ·5862 -561 3 "5324 "4979
10
. •8o12 "7058
•
·6553 ·6232 •6oo9 ·5843 ·• 5611 "5346
·•
·5035 ··4657
II,.. . "7889 . ·6909 ~·6387 ·6o55 - 5822 ·5648 "5406 "5126 "4795 "4387
12 :n8~ . ·6786 . ·6250 "5907 •5666 "5487 ·.• 5234' "4941 "4592 "4156
IJ "77°3 ·6682 · ·6:i:34 "5783 "5535 "5350 "5089 "478.), "4419 "3957
14 • 7630 .- •6594 ~6036 ·5671 "5423 "5 233 . "4964 "4649 "4269 "3782
IS "7568 •6518 . •5950 ·5585 "5326 "5131 "4855 "4532 "4138 •J628
. i6 "7514 ·6451 ·5876 .• 5505 "5241 ·5o4z "4760 "4428. "4022 ~3490
17 •7466 ·6393 .. 581 I. "5434 ·5166 "4964 . ·4676 "4337 ~3919 "3366
18 "7424 ·6341. •5753 ··5371 "5099 "4894 .!"4602 "42.55 .... ·3827 . "3 253
19 ··7J86 ·6295 "5701 "5315 ".5040 ~ ~4832 "4535 "4182 ."3743 "3151
'20 "7352 ·6~54 ·5654 •5265· "4986 ' "4776 "44H '4ll6 "3668 "3057
21 "7322 •62J6' ·5612· "5219 "4938 "4725 "4420 "4055 "3599 "2971
22 ~7294/ .·6182 "5574 . "5178 "4894 ~4679 ."4370 . "4001 '3536 •2892
23 :7269. ·61.;'1 "5540 '".5140 "4854 "4636 "4325 "3950 "3478 •2818
24 "7246 ·6123 . •5508 "5106 ,"481,7 ·4598 , ·4283 "3904 ·' "3425 "2749
25 "7225 ·6o97 ~5478 "5074' "4783 "4562 "4244 "3862 "3376 ·2685
26 - • 7205 ·6073 "5451 :5045 ."4529
~4752 "4:109 "3823 "3330 ·2625
27 . "7187 ·6o51 •542_7 "5017 ."4723 "4499 "4176 "3786 "3287 "2569
28 "7171 •6030 "5403' "4.992 "4696 "4471 "4146 "3752 "3248 "2516
~9
30
. •'7155.
"7141
· 6on . •5382
•5994 •• :S36.2 .
.. · 4969 ·
"49.47
"4671 . "4444
"4648 "4420
"4II7
"4090
"J720
•3691
"32ll '•2466
"3176 "2419
·•
40 . "7°3.7 ·s866 :.5.217: "4789 "4479 "4242 "3897 ~3475 "2920 ·2o57
6o ·6933 "5738 ·s~73 "4632 "43II "4064 "3702 "3255 "2654 "1644
120 , ·6830 ·S(iu "4930 "4475 ."4143 ·3885 "3506 • "3032. "2376 "Il31
oc ·6729 "5486 "4787 "4319 "J974 "3706 "3309 ·2804 "2085 0

, . I ·6449 ( I I ) .
For high values of· n 1 and n2, z (5 per cent.)= "'-' - 0·7843 - - - approxunate1y,
. h-I ~ ~ ·
where
.
~ = ·nl
~ +!....
na.
In other parts of the table W:t~rpolation is approximately linear if
•
recipr~cals of
n 1 and n 1 'are takell. '
\

34
 TABLE V. VARIANCE RATio--continued
5 Per Cent. Points of e~ ·

·~ .I I
I
• 2
. 3. 4
' '
5 6 8 .12 24 cc

I61"4 I99"5 215"7 224"6 2J0'2 234'0 2J8:9 '243"9 249'0 254'3
I

2
.
18• 51 19'00 19'16 l9" 25 . 19'.30 ' 19' 33; I9' 37 I9:4I I9"45 . I9" so
3 10' IJ 9"55 9'28 9"I2 9"01 8·94 "8·84 . 8•74. 8·64 8·sJ
'4 7"71 6·94 6·59 6•J9 6·26 6·16. 6·o4 s·91 s·n s·63
5 6·6I 5"79 5"41 5'I9 s·os. ' 4"95 4"82: 4·68 4'53 4'3~.
6 5"99 S"I4 4'7.6 i 4"53 4"39 . ·4·28 . 4~I5 fA-'00. 3"84 , 3"67·.
7 s· 59 4'74 4'JS 4"12 3'97 - J•87 3'73 3" 57 3"41 ! 3"23
8 s· JZ 4;46 4'07 3"84- 3"69. 3"58 3"44 .)28 '3"12 .2"93
.9 s·'I2 4'26 J•86 3"63 3"481 3'37 J"2J . 3"07 2"9.0 . 2'71.
10 4'96 4"10 3"71 3"48 3"33 3'22 3'07 2'91 2'74 2"54
2'6I . 2'40 •
.
II 4'84 3'98 3'59 3"36 "3"20 '3'09 2'95 . 2"79
I2 4'75 3·88 3"49 3"26 j·n 3"00 . 2"85. _2'69 2"50 .2'3?
IJ 4'67 3·8o 3'4I J•I8 J'02 2'92 2'77 2'60 2•'42 2"2I
I4 4'60 3"74' 3'34 J'II 2'96 2·8s 2'70 . 2'53. 2'35. 2"I3
IS 4'54 3·68 3'29 3:P6 2'90 2'79 2'64 2'48 2'29- 2'0'1-
16 4'49 •. 3'63 '3'24 3'01
•
2·8s 2'74 2'.59 2'42 2'24 2'0I
.17 4'45 3' ~9~ 3'20 2'96
\
2'81. 2"70. 2'55 . 2:38 2'19 1"96 .
I8
I9
4'4I 3' 55' 3'I6
4'38 3' 52 3"13
. 2'93
2'90
2'77 ''
2'74
2·66
2:~3
2'51 2'34
2'48 2'3I ,
~·IS
2" I I
I'92
- 1•88 •
~'45. 2•28 . 2'08 I'84-~
20 4'35 •3'49 .3'IO 2·87, 2"7I 2'60

2I 4"32' 3'47 3'07 2•84 2•68 2" 57 2"42 2"25 2'05 I•8I ' ..
22 4'30 3'44 3'05- 2'82 2·66 2"55 2'40 2"23 2'03 1•78
23 :4' 28 3'42 3"03 2·8o 2'64 2'53 2'3~ 2'20 2'00 I•76 ·
24 ' 4'26 3'40 3'01 2'78 2'.62 .. ~-51 2'36. 2"I8 I·98 .. I'73
25 4'24 . 3'38 2'99 2"76 2·6o · 2"49" 2'34 2' 16 1'96 '.1'71

26 . 4'22 3' 37 2'98 2'74 I 2'59

.2'47 2'32 2'I5 1'95 1'69
27 4'21 3'35.~> 2'96 . 2"73 . 2' 57 2'46 2'30 2'I3 1'93. 1•67 •
28 4'20 ·. 3'34 2'95 2'7I 2· 56 2'44 2'29 2'I2 1',91 i·6s .,~
29 4'I8 3'33 2'93 2'70 2·54 2'43 ""2•28 a·ro 1'90 'r64.}
JO 4'I7 3' J2 2'92. 2'69 2' 53 2'42 . 2'27 2'09 1'89 1~62

40
6o
I 4'03
'4'00
J'2J
3' IS
2~84. 2'6I. 2'45
2'76 . 2'
,
52
.
\

2'37
2'34
2"25
2•18 2'00
2'10 1'92
1'79
1'70.
I' SI
H"J9 .
2•68 2'45 ~'29 2'17 2"02 '·r·8.J -1·61 1"25
~:I
3"92 J'07
3·8J 2'99 2•6o· 2'37 2"2I
.. '
2'0~ 1'94 1"75 ' l• 52 1'00
. '

Lowe~ s per ce~t. points are f<t,und hf interchange of nl and na,4.e. ~·must al~ys
· correspoiJcl \\ith the greater mean squw.:_e. · . · _
 TABLE' V. :DisTRIBUTION OF z-contz"nz'ted
·,.

.- I Per. Cent. Points

. .t. / . - .2,
. . . ,.r .

.• _. ' .
.6 8
,
1 4"IS3{..4"2585~ 4·2974 "4·3175• 4·3297 4"3379 4• 3482 4" 3585 4' 3689 4" 3794
2 . 2··2950 .2-2976 ..:~· 2984 2· 2988 tt• 2991 · %' 2992 2•2994 2" 2997 2" 2999 2" 3001
• 3 ·. i•7649 ~i~'JJ40 4 I"69I5 · 1•6786 ~~~70J 1•6645 1•6569 1·6489 1•6404 1•6314
4 1;5270. 1"4452·'1"4075 l:3856 1•3711 I• 3609 ·t• 3473 J• 3327 J• 3170 1• 3000
5. 1"3943 .i•29Z9 .. P2449 1•2164 1·1974 1•1838. 1•1656 1~1457 1•1239 · 1'0997
i(~.
...
- .
..-
' "'
- '
''6 . 1·31~3 t:~··I955" ~·1401
x·,to68 x·o843 , t·_o68o 1"0460 1"0218 . 9948 . 9643 .
'" • · 7· ·.. 1·2526 J•u8I )•o672 i:".oJqo ·x·oo48 . "9864 •9614 "9335 ' ·9o2o ·8658 ·
~ •. 8. : I·2to6- 't•o7~7 t·o135 "9734 "9459 ~·9259 ·8983 ·8673 •8319 "7904
-~ g' · 1· !786 1:041{ •9724 "929~ · ·9oo6 • •8791 •8494 ·81~7 ·1769 ·73o5
,··.~9399~ "':8954
.. ·84~9
,10 I" I5JS I" Oil.}
~ ' . .
•8646 ·8104 "7744 ·7324 ·6816
II r;33J. ·g874 :."9136 ~8674 •8354 · ·8n6 ·nBs ·74os, ·6958 ·64o8
12 .1·n66·. ·9677· ·8919 -~8443· ·8n1 •7864 "7520 •7122 ·6649 ·6o61
If, IJ 1·~027 · "95II. •8737 •8248 "7907 •7652 "7295 '·688z · ·6386 •5761
14 I·o9o9: ·937o· ·8581 · ·8o82 •7732 · "7471 •7103 ·6675~ ·6159 ·55oo
15 x·o807 "9249 ·8448 . "7939·
.. "7582 "7314 . ·6937 ·6496 ·5961 ·5269
f(} 1"0719 "9144 •8331 •7814 '"7450 "7171 . ;6791 ·6339 ·5786 ·5o64
17 x·o641. .~'9o5r·· '·8229 ·nos "1335 "7057 ·6663 ·6199 ·5630 "4~79
·:t8
19
1•0572 •8970 .' •8138 "'7607 • 7232· ·6950. ·6549
1·o5I_1 · ·8897 · ~8o57 ·75~1 :·7140 .. ·6854 ·6447
. ·6075
"5964
"5491 "4712
"5366_ "4560
20 1_"0457 . •8831 •7985 . "7443 .•7058 •6768 .. 6355 . ·5864 ·5253 ·4421
21 1"0408 .. •8772 '"7920 "7372 ·6984- •6690 ·6272 "5773 "5150 "4294
. 22. I"036J. •8719 ~7860 "7309 •691;6. •6620 , •6196 •5691 "5056 "4176
23 ·· 1·o3 2z-· ·867o • .-78o6. ·7251 , ·6855 ·655 5 ·6127-. •56'15 ~969 "4068
24 I·o285· ·8626 "7757· ·7197. ·6799 ·6496 ·6o64 ·· "5545 "4890 "3967
25 . 1·o2 5 1 ·8585 ·7712 ·7148 .·6747 ~6442 ·6oo6 ·5481 "4816 "3872 -
'26 'I·o2zo ·8'548 •7670 "7103 ~6699 ·6392 "5952 "5422 "4748 "3784
27 1"0191 ~851~ •7631. ·7o62 ·6655 ·6346 "5902 "5367 "4685 "3701
28 1"0164 ··8481 "7595 "702J'• ~6614 ·63o3 ·5856 •5316 "4626 "3624
29 1"0139 ·8451 ·7s62. -~987 :.6576 ·6z63 ·5813 ·5269 "4570 "3550
JO 1"0116 ·8423 "7531 ·6954 ·6540 ·6226 ~5773 "5224 "4519 "3481
'. 40 "9949 ·,8223 ;7307 •6712 •6283 ·5956 •."5481 "4901 . "4138 ·2952
6o · •9784 ·8o25 · ·7o86 •6472 ·6o28 ·5687 "5189 "4574 "3746 "2352
120• . '·g622 •7829 ·6867 ·6234 "5774 "5419 "4897 "4243 "3339 •1612
ex: ' ·9462 . .'·7636 . ·6651 ."5999 '. 5522 ;5152 "4604 "3908 "2~13 0
. '.
\ . . ..
. . · · 2•3i63 · ( I I )
. For high values of nl ancf _n,.,.. B. _(I per cent.) ==- ~I L .-1·235 ;; -;; approximately,
· • , · . . . . · . y n-1"4 1 a

where ~ _ !.
, h - n1
+
_!::. In (>ther' parts of the table interpolation i3 approximately linear if reciprocals of
n.;
1tJ and na are.taken.
.'''·., ~
 . TABLE V. . VARIANCE 'RATIQ-:-continued
' .
i Pe~ Cent.. Points- of e~ ' .. '• ·' ~,
' . . .. ; ••
I 2 J 4 5 6 8 . ' .12 .• 24 ' '00
.
I :to52 4999 '54-0J 5625 5764 ·• s8s~ .... S98I 6Io6 ()234 ' 6366 .
2 98· 49 99" 00 99" I 7 99" 25 ·99· JO it 99•33 99:36 99" 42, 9g-46. 9c}• 50
J '34"12 30"8i ~9·46 28•71 28"24 27"91"27"49 1 27"'05 26•6o'.26·'\2'
4 ::n·2o 18·oo '16·69 15·98 15·si IS"2I~l4·8o 14·37 •Ij"9J. I3·46
... 5 16·26 IJ"27 u·o6 11"39 10"97 Io·6i.,Io•27 -9·89 · .9"47. 9•02 . ~ ~

•
6 IJ"74 10 93 8
9"78 9·15 · 8·75 8·47·. 8·1o ;·72 7"JI:. 6·88
7 u· 25 9'55 8·45 7·8s i·46 - 7·19 6·84 · .6·47 - 6·,o1 . 5·65.
8 IJ•26 8·6s 7"59 7'01 6·63 • 6·37 6·o3- s·67' . 5·28 · ·4·.86
9 . 1o·s6 8·o2 6·99. 6·42 6·o6 s·8o 5'47 5"11 4'73 4'JI
IO 10"04 1·s6 6·55 5"99 s-64 s·J9 • s!o6 ··4·71. 4"JJ J".9I
1·2o
.
6·22 5·67 . 5·32 s·o7 ·. 4"74 · "'-'40.
...
--4·o2 '3'6o
II 9·65
12 9"33 6·93 , 5'95 5'4I 5·06-. -··4·82 4'50' 4·16 3•78 J•J6
IJ I 9"07 6·7o 5'74 • 5~2o 4·86 ·4·62- 4'JO ·3-.96. 3'59 J•I6
14 ' . 8·86 6·51 • 5·56 5·03 4·69 4·46 4'14 . 3·8o 3;4.3 3"00
IS 8·68 6•J6 5"42 4'89 4'56 1"32" 4'00 3"67 3'29 2'87
16 8·5'3 6•2J 5"29 4"77 4'44 ' 4'20 3'89 3' 55 J•tS. .,2"75.
- I7 8·40 6·11 : 5·18 4•67 4'34 4"IO 3'79 .I 3"45 ;ro8 2·65
18 8·28 6·oi 5"09 4" s8 4'25 • 4-'01' J'7I J'37 3'00 2' 57
19 8·18 5"93 s·oi 4'50. .4" Il • 3"94 J!6J , 3'JO 2'92 . 2'49
20 8·10 s·8s 4·94 4"43 4·Io _- J•87 3" s6 3'2J 2·86 2'42
2I 8·o2 5·78 4·87 4·37 4'04 J•8J 3' 51 3•17 2•8o 2•J6
22 7"94 s· 72 4·82 4· 3 1 3'99 3' 76 3'45 J'l2 2"75 2"JI -
2J 7•88 s·66 4·76 ~ 4·26 3"94 ' 3'71 . 3'41 J'07 2"70 2·26
24 • 7•82 s·61 4· 72 4· 22 3'90 J•67 3" J6 J'OJ , 2•66 2"2I
25 7:77 s· s1 4·68 4·18 J•86 . j•63 3' J2 2"99 2'62 2"17
26 1· 72 5· 53 4·64 4"14' J•8i 3'59 -.3.29 2·96 2'58 :. 2"13
27
28
7·68
7'64'
5'49
5"45
4'60
4' 57
4'11' 3"78
4'07. 3"75·
ss6· 3·26 • 2·93. 2·ss
3" 53. 3"23 2"90 2" 52
. 2·1o
2'06
29. 7·6o 5'42 4" 54 4'Q4 3"13 3" so 3" 20 '2"87 . 2"49 . 2"~3
JO. 7•56 5'39 ·f51 4'02 J:70 3'47 3"17 2"84 2"47. 2"01.'
40 7' JI 5•18 4' 31 J•8J 3"51 3·29 2•99. 2·6~ ~·29 1·8o
6o 7•o8 4'98' 4'13 J·6s 3"34 3· ~ 2•82 · 2· 5? 2·12 r6o·
120 6:85 4'79 3·9s 3"48 J"I7 2• 96 2• 66 2' J4 I• 95 i.'Jg
oc: 6·6.4 - 4''60 3" 78 3"~2 3"02 . 2·8o 2·51 2·18 I"79 roo

Lower 1 pe~. cent. pointS are 'tund by interchange of "~ and "aa. i.•. ." 1 must always
correspond with the greater mean· square. ·

37'
 . .
• TABLE V. . DISTRIBUTION OF· p-continued .
O•I Per Cent. Points (Colcord and Deming)
·~·
111. I· ;z 6 8 cc:
3 4 5 I2 24
"• ' ' .
•
I 6·4562 6· 5612 6·$966 6· 6201 6·632J 6·64os- 6:65o'8 6·6611 6·6715. 6·6819
2 3"453I 3" 4534 3" 4535 3"4535 3"4535 3"4535 3" 4536 3" 4536 3" 4536 3"4536
3 2~5604 2"5003 2"4748 2"4603 2"4511 2:4446 2"4361 2"4272 2"4179 2"4081
4 2"1529 2"0574 2"0I43 1•9892 ~·9728 r9612 ·· 1"9459 I"9294 I·9n8 1"8927
5 1·9255 ·x·8~2 I"75I3 1·7I84 ·r6964 r68o8 1·659 6 I·6370 J•6J23 I• 5845
·,
I ' '
6 1"784.9 }"6479 1·5828 1"5433 1." 5177 . 1"4986' ~~4730 1"4449 1"4134 I" 3783
7 t·6874 1"5384 1"4662 1"4221 1"3927 I" 37ii , I\1417.
.
1"3090 1"2721 I"2296
8 1•6177 1"4587 1·3809 I• 33~::1 . I" 3008. '"1"2170. 1"2443 I"2077 1•1662 1·n69
9 1•5646 1"3982 I" 3160 I• 2653 _ I• 2304 1"2047 I"1694 1"1293 1~o83o I"0279
IO .. :J" 5232 1"3509 . 1·265o t·zn?. I•1748 I"I475 x·1o98 I·o668 , I·o165 "9557
,. '·-
• 12 II I"49oo l"3I28 l" 2238 'I"_I683-
I·4627 1:2814 I·I9oo 1"1326
l"-1297
1"0926
I"IOI2 1•0614 1"0157 "9619
ro628 1"0213 "9733'1"9162
·8957
·8450
'
13 1"4400 1"2553 1"1616 I"I026 I·o614 1"0306 ·9875 "9374 •8774 ·8014
14 • 1:4208-: i• 2332 . I• 1376 1"0172 1"0348 l"003I "9586 •9o66 ·8439 •7635
15 1"4043 1"2141 1•II69 1"0553 I"Oll9 "9795 ' "9336 ·88oo , ·8147 "7301
'
16 J• 39<:'0 _1"1976 1·0989 I"OJ62 ·"9920 ·9588 "9ll9 ·8567 /7891 "7005
-
~7 , I~ 3775 I•1832 t•o832 1"0195 "9745- "940f. ·.8927 •8361 ·7664 ·6740
18 ·x- 3 66 5 1"1704 I·o693 1"0047 "9590 "9246 •8757 ·8178 "7462 ·65o2
19 1"3567 1"1591 i·o569 "9915 "9442' "9103 ·86o5 ·. ·8o14 "7277 ·6285
20 ·_ 1"3480 1"14~9 1"045~ . "9798. "9329 ·8974 ·8469 "' •7867 "7115· ·6o86
21 1"3401 I" 1398. 1•0358 "9691 "9217 . ·8858 •8J46 "7735 ·6964 "5904
22 ·,1"3329 i•1315 1"0268 "9595 ·gn6 •8753 ·8234 •7612 ·6828 "5738
,J• 3264 1"0186 • ·8657 '•8132 "7501 •6704 · ·5583
23 1"1240 "9507 "9024
24 I".J20S 1"1171 J•OIII "9427 ·8939 .·8569 ·8o38 "7400 ~6589 "5440
25 1"3151 1"1108 1"0041 "9354 ·8862 ~·8489 "7953 "7306 ·6483 "5307
1"1050 ' "9978
'
26 1" 3101 ·9286 . ".8791 ·8415 •7873 "7220 ·6385 ·5183
27 I• 30_55 1"0997 "9920 "9223 . •8725 . ·8346 :7800 "7140 ·6294 ·5o66
z8, 1"3013 1..0947 "9866. "9165 ·8664 ·8282 "7732 "7066 . ·6209 "4957
29 . 1"2973 1"0903 ·9815 "9112 ·86o'] ·8223 •7679 ·6997 ·6129 "4853
30 r2936 'ro~59 "97-68 ·9o6i ·8554 ·8168 ·7610
. ' I
·6932 ~6o56 "4756
"40
6o
1'2674
1:2413
. .
1·0552 "9435
1"0248 . "9100
•8701
•8345
·8174
"7798
"7771
"7377
"7184"
•6760
·6463 "5513
"5992 . "4955
"4016
"3198
. ....
120 1"2158 "9952 •8713 "7994 "7426 ·6986 ·6338 "5519 "4380 "2199
oc 1' 1910 '-·9663 ·8453 •7648 "7059 ·6599 "5917 "5044 "3786 0

· . . . 3'0902 ( I I )
!o~ hi~h values of n 1 and n1, z (o·I percent.) = v' n-z·I - 1·925 ;;_ - ~ approximately,

h
were-=-+-·
2 I L in-other parts of the table interpolation is approxima~ely linear if reciprocals of
. n 111 113•
.n~ and n1 are taken•
•
 .
TABLE V. VARIANCE RATIO-continued
....
o·x Per Cent. Points of e23
•
~a
.
I 2 3 4 s 6 ,8 I2 24' . 0(), .,

I
I 405284 500000 540379
2 998·5 999'0 999'2
562500 576405 58S937 598I44 61o667 . 623497
.
6366I9 ...·.
999'2 999'3 999'3 999'4 99W4 999'5 999.'5 '
'3 · I67• 5 ~ '148• 5 I41' I 137'1 I34'6. I32~8 · 130•6. 128·3 . 125'9 UJ"S
4 74'14 61"25 56·18 53'44 51"71 . so· 53 49'00 47'41 ·. .,45'77 44'05 .
5 47'04 36·61 33'20 . 31'09 29'75 '28·84 27'64 ~6:42 25'I4- 23"78.
6 35'51 27'00 2J"70 21"90 2o·81 20'03 19'03 I7'99 16•89 1 5'75
'7 29'22 21'69 18•77 17'19 16•21 15'52 I4'63 IJ"7I 12'73 n·69
8 25'42 18'49 15'83 14'39 13'49 12•86 12'04 II"19 'io·3o . 9'34 ' . ·•·
9 22•86 16'39 IJ"90 I2'56 11'71 II'I3 'Io· 37 . . .9' 57
.
8•72
~·

7•8I .
10 21"04 14'91 12' 55 '11'28 10'48 9'92- 9'20 .,. 8·45 7'64 ... 6· 76 •
• • 'i,

t· •
II I9'69 1,r81' n·s6 1o·j5 9'58 9'05 8·35 7•6J 6'85 6·oo
12 18·64 12'97 1o·8o 9'63 8·89 8·38 7'71 • 7'00 6~25 '•5'42 '
I3 1j·8I 12' JI 10'21 9'07 8·J5 7•86 . 7'2I - 6·s2- 5'78I 4'97
I4 1 ' 17' 14 11'78 9'73 8·62 7'92- 7'43 6·8o 6•13 - ·s·4r 4"60
IS x6·s9 11"34 9'34 8·25 7'57 7'09 6•47 s·81 5'10. 4'31
16 16•12 10'97 9'00 7'94. '
~7'27 6•81 6·19 . 5·ss 4'85 • 4'06
I7
18
15'72
I5•J8
xo·66
10'39
8•7J
8·49
7~68
7'46
7'02
6·8I
6·56
6·35
.
. 5'96' .. 5'32
5·76 · 5:I3.
4·63 · · 3·85
4'45. 3'67
19 15'08 Io·I6 8·28 7'26 6·6I 6·18 5'59 . ·f97 4'29 3'52
20 14'82 9'95 8·1o 7' 10 6~46 6·o2 5'44 ~ 4'82 4'15 3~38'

21
. 6;95 6·32 s·88
"'
5· JI .· 4'70
'
4'03 ,J'26
14'59 9'77 7'94
22 14'38 9'61 7·8o 6·81 6·19 5'7() 5'19 ·, 4:58 3'9 2 ,3'15
23 14'19 9'47 7'~7 6·69. 6·o8 5·65 5'09 4'48 3·82 3'05'
24 14'03 9'34 7' 55 . 6.· 59 5'98 5·55 4'99 -. 4'39 3'74 ·- 2'97
25 Ij<88 9'22 7'45 , 6·49 s·88 · 5'46 4'91 4'31 s66 2'89
26 13'74 9'12 7'36 6•41 5·8o 5·38 4'83 4'24 .3' 5~ 2'82
27. IJ•61 9'02 -. 7~ 27 6•J3 5'73 31. s· 4'76 4'I7 '3'5 2 2'75'
28 13'50 8·93 ' 7'19 6·25 . 5·66. . 5'24 4'69 4'Il. 3'46 2'70
29 13'39 8·85 7'12 6·19 5'59 ' 5'18 4'64 4.'05 3'4I 2'64.
JO 13'29 8•77 7'05 '6·12 5'53 5'12 4'58 . 4'_00 3'36 2'59
12•61 8·25 6·6o 5'70 ' '5'13
. 3'01 •2'23 -
40 4'73 -4'2] .· 3'64
6o 11'97 7'76 6•17 5' 31 4'76 4'37 3·8,7 .·3'31' '2'69 . 1'90.
120 •II' J8· 7'31 5'79 . 4'9~ 4'42 4'04 .3' 55 3'02 2'40 i·56
00 1o·83 6·91 5'42 4'62 4'10 3'74 3'2,7 . 2'74 2'13 1'00

Lower o·I ·per cent. points ~found by inter~ange of n 1 and n1, i.e. n 1 nitist al~ays
correspond with the greater mean square. · ..
I

39
 TABLE VI. SIGNIFICANCE Oi DIFF-ERENCE BETWEEN TWO MEANS
(P. V. Sukhatme)
. •
,I 00 ISO 300 45° 6oo 75° goo

5 per cent. points

t • , ' ••

- 6 2"447 2"440 2"'136 2"435

~

2"436 '
2"440 2"447
.- 8 2"447 2"431 2"39& 2"364 2"332 2" 310 2" 306.
~li= \ 12
' 2"447 . - 2"424 2"368 2"301 2"239 2"193 2"179
. - 00.
24 2~447
2"447
2"419
'2" 414
\
2"343
2"322
2"247
2"201
2"157
2"084
2·.o88. 2"064

, - .. . 1"994 1"960
' 6 2"306 2"310 2":332 2"364 2"398 2"431 2"447
·8 2"306 2"301 2"294 2"292
. n1 =8 .. 12 2" 306. 2"293 2·263 2"229 .
2"294'
2"202
2"301 .
2"184
2"306
2" 179
' ' 24 . 2~306 '2·287 2"237 2"176 · 2·n8 2"079 2·064
' ,, - . ' . 00 2"306 2"283 2"216 ' . 2· 129 . 2"045 1"984 1"960
-- 6 . 2"179 2"193 2"2.f9 • 2" 301 2"368 2"424 2"447
8· 2"179 2"184 2"202 2"229 2•263
. ) . 2"293 2"306
n2 = 12
. 12 : ~-179 · 2"I7S..... 2•169 2•167 2"170 2"176 ~2"179
I
24 2"179 . 2",69 2"143 2"112 2·o86 2"070 2•064
~

. ., 00 2"179 2~165 .. 2"121 · · 2·o65 . 2"012 1"974 1;960

' •
,
. 6 2·064 2·688 2"157 2"247 2"343 ' -2"419 2"447
8 2·o64 . _2"079 2"118 2"176 2"237 2•287 2"306
na=24 .. 12. 2·064 ' 2"070 2·o86 2"112 2"143 2"169 2"179
.
I.
24 2·o64 2·o62 2·o58 2·o56 2"059 2·063 2·064
. ·.· 00 · 2·064 2"057 2"036 2"009 1"984 1..966 1"960
•
6 1~960 .• 1:994 2"084 2"201 2· 322
•
'

' . 8 1'960 1"984 2"045 .. 2"129_ 2·2i6

2"414
2·283
2"447
2'306
n2 _::oo. 12 1"960 ~'974
'
2"012 2·o65 2"121 2·165 2"179
h 24 1"960 J"966 ' 1"984 2~009 ;
2"036 2"057 2·064
•• ,
~ I
00 1"960
-
1"96o 1"960 1"960
'
1"960 1•960
. 1"960

-
-·
.. .
.
I. per c7nt. points 6' S707 3·655 3"558 3" 515 3"558 3"655 3"707
' •8 3"707 3"645' 3"496 3"363. 3"308 . 3"327 . 3" 355
n2 --:' 6 12 S707 3"638 3"455 3"247 3"105 3"055 3'055
' 24· ..3' 707. 3'633 3"425 3"159 2"940 2·823 2"79,
' ...
,00. ,3"707 3"628 2·8o3 2·628
'·
3"403 3"093 - 2' 576
- 6 3"355 3" 327 3"308 3"363 3"496 3"645 3"707
·8 3"355 3" 315 · 3"241 3"205 3"241 3"315 3"355
·n 2 ~8· 12
. 24
S355
3"355
3"306
3"300
3"192
. 3" 159
3"084
2"989
S033
2·863
. J"041
2·8o7
3"055
2"797
' 00 ' ' 3".295 2·6n
• ' 3"355
. 3" 132. 2"917 2"725 2" 576

:
.. '6 3·oss 3"055 3"105 3"247 3"455 . 3"638 3"707
8 3"055 3"041 3~084
n2 =I:!
,.
12
. 3"033 3"192 3"306 3"355
3'055 3"030 2"980 2"955 2"986 3"030 3"055
24 3"055 ·3"023 2"940 2·854 2·8os 2"795 2"797
00 • 3"055 3"016 2"910 z·n6 2·662 2"597 2" 576
. "
. 86 2"797
.2"797
2·823
2·8o7
2"940
2·863
3"159
2"989
3"425
3"159
3'633
3"300
3'707
3"355
na = 24. 12
•24
. 2"797 2"795
2·786
.'2·8o5
2·761
. 2·854 2"940
2·761
3"023 3"055
. 2"797 2"749 2'786 2"797
' . . .00 2"797 2"779 2_"727 2·665 2'615 2· 586 2"576
. ·6 2"576 2~628
-
, 2·8o3 3'093 3"403 3·628 3'707
8 2" 576 2·6n 2"725 2"917 3'132
n2 = oo . 12 2·662
3"295 3' 355
2" 576 2"597 2"776 2'910 3"016 3'055
24 2"576 2"586 2·615 2·665 2"727 2"779 : 2"191
..•
00
.
2"576 2" 576 2" 576
·-
2'576
I
2" 576 2"576 2· 576
 TABLE V2. Two MEANS
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
r

One component of error distributed normally, the other in' Student's distribution

p 0°(t) 10° 20° 300 400

'.
soo 6oo 700.
' '
nz 80° 90°(.:t):

IO., 1"812 I·8o8 1"794 i I'774 1"749 I'721 1"693 I·668 . r65I 1"645
I2 I" 782 I'778 1"767 I"75I I'730 . 1"707 I·684 I·664 r6so .1'645 -
- ' '

.. IS I'753 1"750 I'74I 1"728 I" 711 I'693 1"675 1'659 I·649 I'64S
IO per cent. 20 1"725 I'722 I" 7I6 1"706 1·68o 1·667 r6s6 1"648 1"645 ~
'
30 i·697 i·696 . I'692· r68s
I'694
1"677 . I·668 r'6s9 I·6s2 1"647 I'645
·6o I'67I. r67o r668 I·66 5 I·66I I·6s6 1"652 r648 1"646 I·64S
CX) !'·645 1"645 1'645 1"645 1"645 i·645 I'645 . 1"645 1'645 .. I.·64S
.
IO 2'228 2'2I9 2"'I94 2' 1.57 2' II2 2'066 2'024_ 1·989. r 967 . I~ g6o
12 2'I79 2' I7I 2• i5I 2'I20 2'083 2'046 2'011 I'984 1"966 . 1·960
IS 2'I3I 2"126 2'109 2·o8s ::2·os6 2'026 . I'999' 1"978 1"965 'I-960
. 5 per cent. 20 2'086 2'082 2'069' 2'0SI 2'.030 2'008 1"989 I'973 1"963 I·960
30 2'042 2'039 2'03\ 2'019 2'00S
-
I'99I I'978 I'968. 1'962 i·g6o
6o 2'000 1"999 I'995 1"989 1"982 ·x'· 97 5 - i; 969 1'964 1'96I 1"960 .
00 I'960 1"960 1"960 • I'960 .I'96o 1'960 i-.1'9~0 I~9?0 ,I•960. 1'960
\
., ...
IO 2'764 2'748 2'704 2'637 2'~59 2'48I 2'414 2'364 2'335' 2·326
I:! 2·68I 2•668 2'63I . 2'576 2' 5I3 2'4SO 2' 396 2'356 2'334,. 2" 326 '
IS 2'602 2' S92 2'563 2'S20 2'470 2'42I 2'379 .. 2'349 2'332 . 2'326.
2'394 2'364 .2'343 2'330 .2'326.
\
2 per cent. 20 2'S28 2'S20 . 2'498 2'466 2'430
30 2'457 2'452 2'438 2'4I7 2'393 2'37Q 2'3SI •2'337 2' 329 2'326. '
'
6o 2'390 2·~88 2·j8o 2'370 2'3S8 2'347 2' 338. 2'33I 2'328 2'32'6
-
00 2'326 2'326• '2'326 2'326 2'J26 ' 2:326 2'326 2'326 . 2•326 ;z· 326 ~-
-
. IO J'I69 3'I48 3'086 2'993 2·883 2'775 2·684 2'620 2·s86 2..S76
I2 3'055 3'037. 2'985 . ~'909 2;820 2'733 2·66I 2·6u 2'S84 2'576
IS' 2'947 2'932 2'892 2'83I 2'762 . 2'695 2'640 2'6CJ, 2'S82 2'576
I per cent.· 20' 2'845 2'835• 2'804 2'760 . 2''709 2•66I 2"622 2'595 2·sBo 2' 576
30 2'750 2'743 2'723· 2'693 2•66I 2·630 2;6os 2'588 2: 5'79 2' S76
6o· 2'632 2'6I6. - 2•60I 2'582 2'576
00.
2·66o
2' 576
2'657 '2'647
2' 576 . 2' S76 2'576 2' S76 2'576
2'590
2'S76 2'576
2' S'/.7
2'S76 2'S76 .
'
IO 3'S&1 3' 553. 3'473 3'350 3'.203 3'058 2'939 2'859 2'818 2'807
12 • 3'429 3'405. 3'338 . 3'237 3rH9 3'003 2'91? 2'848 2'8I6 2'807
IS. 3'286 3'267. 3'214 . 3'134 3'042 2'954 2·-884 2'838 2'8I4 2'807
o· 5 per cent. 20 3'153 3'139 3'099 3'040 2'974 2'911 2·86I 2'829 2'812 ·2'807
30 3'030 3'020 2'994 2'955 ~'912 2'872 2'841 2'821 2'810 2'807
6o· 2'9iS- 2'910 2'897 2'878 2·8s7 2'•838 2'823 . 2; 8I4. 2'809 2'807
I
2·8~1 2'801 2·8o7 2'807 2"807 •
.
00 2•867 2',807 2'807 2'807 2'f!07
. .
IO 4'144 4' Io6 . 3'999 . 3'832 3'630I 3'425 "3'259 3' I 52. ·'3~ 103 3'090
12 3'930 3·898J 3·8o9 -3·67I 3'508 3'347 3'219 3'1;38 .3' 100 . 3' 090
IS· 3'733 " -
3' 708 3' 636 . 3' S28 3'40I 3'280 3'I85 3'126• 3'098. 3"090
o· 2 per cent. 20 3' 5S2 3'533 3'479 . 3' 399 3' 308 3' 222' 3'IS6 3'116 3:096 .. .3'0,90
30 3' 386- 3' 372 3'336 3' 284 ·. j-226 '3'I72 3' I3I 3'I06 3'094· 3'090'
6o 3'232 3'225 3'207 J'I8I 3'I53 3'128. 3'110 3'098 3'092 3'090
'
00 3'090 3'090 . 3'090 ' 3'090 3'090 3'090 ·3'090 3'09t? 3'090 3'~9°
,.
 THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT •
TABLE VI. Values of the Correlation Coefficient- for Different Levels of Significance
.
11 •I ·o5. ·oz "01 ·oo1 1 n ·1 ·os ·oz ·o1 •oo1
1
-----l-------------------------~---------------1-----l-----------------------------
..
•98769
·99692 "999507 "999877 "9999988 16 ·4ooo ·4683 ·5425 ·5897 "7084
...
2 ~9oooo
·95000 •986oo ··. •99oooo ·99900 17 "3887 "4555 "5285 "5751 ·.6932
\3 '·So54 ·8783 "93433 •95873. "99II6 18 ;3783 ·4438 ·5155 ·5614 •6787
: . ,_4 . ""7293 •8114 ·88z~ ."91720 "97406 19 "3687 "4329 "5034 "5487 ·6652
tS -~6694 "7545 ·8329 ' •.874? "95074 20 "3598 "4227 "4921 "5368 ·6524
~62~ •. "7067 •7887 ' •8343 •92493 25 "3233 ·3809· '4451 •4869 "5974
"'/' ·s822 ·6664_ "7498 -. 7977 •8982 ·30 •2960 "3494: •4093 ·4487 "5541
• •'-8. • 54.94 ·6319- "7155 "7646 •8"721 9 35. •274~ ·3246 •381o ·4182 "5189
9 5214• •6o21
_
9
·68 51· ·7348 :; - ·8471 ~- - . 40 ".2573 "3044 "3578 "3932 "4896
·Io '4973 "5760
...
·658I
.
"7079 ·8233 1 45 "2428 "2875 ""338~ "3721 "4648·
'4762. "5529 ·6339 ·6B35 ·8oto · so "2306 ."273% "3218 "3541 "4433
'4575 "5324: ·6120. ·6614 •78oo 6o "2108 "2500 "2948 "3248 "4078
.04409 . •5139 "5923 ·6411 ;760J 70 "1954 "2319. ,"2737 "3017 "3799
"4259 "4973 "5742 -~6226 "7420 8o ·1829 ·2172 ·2565 •2830 "3568
• •'4124' . "482_I ·s5n ·6955 "7246 go •r726 ·2o5o •2422 ·267~ "3375
IOO' •1638' •1946 "2301 •2540 • 32ll .
. .
, f I ·' • •

'TABLE VII. Transformati6n of r to z (I~terclass}

z •oo "01 ·oz ,- •o3 .. ·os ·o6 : •o7, , ·o8 ""9 \ ~~;'
-. .-.-o---.o-o_o_o----.-o'Io-o-.-.-.~--o-o~--.-~-3~-o-.---.0~4~o-o--~~o-5_o_o_____o_59_9_____o-6~9-9----,-o-79_8_____o_8_9_8__ 1 Ioo
~I •o997 •1o96 •n94 •1293 }'IJ9I
"I489 · "IS86 •I684 ·I78I· ·I877 98
"2 "I974 ,2070 /. "2I65 "2260 . "2355
·2449 "2543 •2636 "2729 •2821 94
"3 •."2913 "3004 "3095J -·"3I~5 .3275
"3364 :3452 "3540 ··3627 "3714 89
· ·4 __ '•38oo -·3885 •3969 ·4053 "4I36
.-·4219 ·4joi '43~~. · "44~~- ·4542 . .82
- _, I •

•5 "4621 "4699 ".47.7i . "4854 "4930 ·soos ·5o8o ·5154 "·5227 "5299 ~s.
•6 . •5370 · • 544I • 55 I I ' • 5580 • 5649 ' ·5717 . "57~4 ·58so • 5915, ·598o 68
"7 . •6044 . · •6I07 •6169 ~6231 ' ·6~9I •635I ,' •64II •6469 I •6527 ·6584 · 6o
·8 ·664o ·6696 ·675I ·68os ·6858 ·6911 ·6963 "7014 "7064 "7II4 . 53
. "9 •7i63 '72II "725CJ ·. · •7306 "7352- .• 7398 • 7443 . 7487 "7531 "7574 46
1 I"O •761ti .~7658 •7699 "7739 : '7179 •7818 •7857 •7895 "7932 "7969 '39
'·
l"I :Sod,) ~·· 8041 ··8o76 ·Suo ·8144 •8I78 •8210 •8243 ·8275 ·8306 33
1"2 ·'8j31 •8367 ·8397 ·8426 ·8455 ~8483 •851I ·853~ ·8565 .·8591 28
1• 3. ·86I7 ·8643' ·8668 •8692 •87I7 •874i •8764 •8787 •8810 ·8832 24
'1"4 •8854 ·8875 . ·8896 ~89I7 ·8937 ·8951 ·8977 ·8996 "9015 "9033 20
1"5 "9051,.... ·go(?9" •go87 "9104 "912I. "9138 "9154 . "9170 ·gi86 "920~ : It.
1•6 '·"9217· "9232 . "9246 ·926I "9275 "9289 "9302 "9316 "9329 "934I I4·
I"7 "9354 "9366. "9379 "9391 "9402 ' ~9414 "9425 "9436 "9447 "9458 12
r8 ·94681 "94783 "94884 "94983 ·95o8o· "95I75 ·95268. "95359 "95449 "95537 95
I"9 "95624 "95709 "95792 "95873 "95953 ·g6o32 ·96109 · ·96~85 ·g6259 •96331 79
2"0 "96403 ·96473 •g654I ~96609 "96675 ·g6739 •968o3 •9686s ·_96926 ·g6986 6s
2"I. "97045 "97103. "97159 "97215 "97269 "97323 "97375 "97426 "97477 "97526 53
2"2 "·97574 "97622 "97668 "977I4 ~97759 "978~3 1 "97846 "97888. "979 29 "97970 44
2"3 ·98o1o ·g8o49 ·g8o87 ·98124. "98161 •g8197 ·g82JJ ·g8267 "98301 ·e833S- 36
2"4 "98367 •98399 •98431 "98462 "98492 • - 98522 ·98551 ·98579 ·g86o7 ·g86JS 30
. 2" 5 . ·98661 ·98688 •g87I4 "98739 "98764 ·98788 ·g8812 ·g8835 ·98858 ·g8881 24
2·6 • 98903 • •98924. "9~945 "98966 "98987 "99007 "99026 "99045 ·99064 ·ggo83 20 I

2"7 · •99101 "99II8 , "99IJ6 "99153 "9917<? ·ggi86 "99202 "99218 "99233 "99248 16
2·8 "99263 "99278 "99292 "99306 ~99320 "99333 "99346 "99359 "99372 ;99384 IJ
2"9 "99396 "99408 "99420 - "99431 "99443 "99454 "99464 "99475 "99485 "99495 II

•0 •I •2 • 3' , "4 "5 ·6 "7 . ·8 ·g

3 .•99505 ·9·9595 ·99668 ·99728 "99777 "99818 "9985I ·gg878 "99900 "99918·
4 .99933 "99945 "99955 "99963 "99970 "99975 ·ggg8o ·99983 •99986 ·99989
For ~otes see foot of opposite page.
42
 TABLE VIII. TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE FOR 2 X 2 CONTINGENCY TABLES

xc, the square root of x!' corrected for continuity (Fisher, Statistical Methods, 21.o1) .. Determine
Calculate

·
· . · · ·
m = the smallest expectatiOn of any class, and p =
·
the smallest expectation · ·
. ·.
the smallest margmal totat
.
.
· ,.
_
..
The table gives the 2· 5 and o· 5 per cent. points of Xc f~r each tail sepa,rately, these being different for the
two tails except when p = o· 5· The observed set of values will lie on the longer tail if the observed nurn.be'r
in the cell with smallest expectation is greater than expectation. . • ' · ·..• .. ' ·.
Since three of the four marginal totals are independent their values are not completely ·determined •by
m and P.· For a given m and p there is a whole set of contingency distributions, and a corresponding se~ of
values of Xc for 'each level of significance. The variation of these Xc is, however, small. · The table gives the
greatest and least values, i.e. those for the binomial distribution (Roman type), and the limiting contingency f'
distribution (black type). When p = o there is oply one value, this being derived from the Poisson distribution.
The table should always be used in place of the ordinary x!' table when m is less thari IQ. ·Even with._
values of m as great as xoo the gain in precision is appreciable when p i~ small and the interest centres' in the ·•
probability of a single tail (i.e. deviations in one~ direction only). The correction forcontinuit}r should be
used when m is less than 500. . · ·' · • .. ·
In regions of the table where no values are 'given, and to determine the e.xact probability fu. doubtfui cases,.
the exact solution (on which this table is based) must be used (Fisher, Statistical Methods, 21.02). · · .· .· :·· • · ::-:.
The table can be used for testing the deviation of a sample of a binomial distribution with knO\vn p~- ·
Remember to include the contribu_tions to x!' from both classes ~hen calculating Xe· , ' ' ·
- - _,.
•
~ '
I 2 .3. 4 5 6 • _,. i
8 12 24 48 . 96
J
' #
P =·o25 . 0 ... ... ... I"6S 1'_71 1'74 1'77 1·81 x·86- I\89·. 1'91
; , .. I ;

-t',l

Shorter tail . . 0'25 ... ... 1"73 1'77 x·8o 1'82 !'84 r"87 1"90- 1"91 1'93
' ... ... 1"83 ~-s5 . 1·86. 1"87
..1"89 1"90 1'92. . 1"94 1'94 .·
'
0'5 ... ... 1·88 1'90 1"91 1"92
;
1'93 '•1"94 1'95 -'1•96 1'96•.
... 1'91 1"93 1"94 1"94 1"94 1'95 '1"95 1'95 1"96 l•g6

Longer tail . . 0"25

. 2' 10 2•o8 2'07 2·o6 . 2•o6 ··2·os. ,. 2".04 2"02 2"01 2'00 1*99 .
2"04 2'03 2·02 2·02 2·oi 2•01 2·~o 1"99 1:99 1'98 ll'97.
.
0 2'32 2'24 2'19 2·x6· 2'14 . 2' 13 2'11 2·o8 2"05 2'01
. ' . .-~·OJ
P .. = ·oo5 . . . 0 ... ' .. . ... ... 2•o6 2'13 2'19 2"27 2'37 2'43 ' 2'48 ~
- .
Shorter tail . . o·25 ... ... .. . 2·18 2'23 2"27 2' 32 ·2·38 2'45 '"2'49 ,2 ..52.
. ... ... .. . 2'32 2•36 z·3s 2'42 2·46 · z·5o z·5z 2"54
'
0'5 ... ... ... 2'41' 2'44 2'47 2·5o 2'52 2'55 2.-56 .2'57
. ... .. . 2·48 2·5o 2·5z · 2·53 2"54 2"55 ;a· 56 z:57 2"57

Longer tail . . 0"25 ;2'79 2'79 2'78 . 2'76 2"75 ._2'73 2'72
.
2'70 '2•67 2'64 2'63
z·67 2·67 z·67 z·67 2·66 2·66 2'65 z·64 z•63 2·62 z·6o
>

' 2•88 . 2'83 2"76 2"70 2"67

0 3"33 3"13 3"0.5 2"97 2"95 2"92 I
!
I
'...
Notes on Tables VI and VII.,
For a total correlatio~, n is 2 less than the number of pairs in the· sa~ple; for a partial t:orr~lation, the ·number
of eliminated variates also should be subtracted. The probability given at the head of each column of Table VI represents the
chance that r will be greater than the values given or less than minus the~e values. .
Table VII gives the transformation r = (e2-"-I)/(e2 -"+r) or s ~ l {log.- (r+r)-log. (1-r)}. With n defined as above sis
distributed approximately normally with variance xf(n-I). For exact work correct for bias jn s by subtracting r/2(n+x) from s .
. The table is also sometimes useful for transforming the probability scale. being equivalent to s = l {logp-log (1-p)} where
r= 2p-1. (See Introduction). ·

43
 TABLE VIlli. BrnOMIAL AND POISSON DISTRIBUTIONS: LIMITS OF THE EXPECTATION
(\V. L. Stevens)
p= Probability Po{ 11 or more Pr!>hability P of 11 or fewer p= Probability Pof 11ormore Probability Pof 11or fewer
11 N 11/N ·oos ·o25 ·• ·• ·o25 • ·oos II afN . ·oos '025 .•• •J '025 ·oos
0 5 (·2) Fora=ointerpolate I•84 2·61 3'27 8 ·s J"04 3'94 5'09 10'91 J2•o6 12'96
(·Is} with reference to t/N. ~"95 2·83 J•66 "4 2'92 3"82 4'98 II' 35 I 2" 79 I4'02
IO (• I) For N ~5 use the for- 2·o6 · 3"09 4"11 "3 2'82J'72 4'89 11"77 13' 52 IS' 10
20 (·os) mula Nlog (1-expec- _2· I7 3" 37 4"65 \ "2 2'73 3'62 4'80 I2" I~ 14'26 I6·22
00 0 tation) = log P. • 2~ 30 3· 69 5'30 2·6 53"53 . 4'73 12" 59 15'01 17" 37
2" 573"45 4·66 12'99. 15·76 18· ss
I 2 ·ooso ~0252 • IOJ ~ I·897 · 1·9748 I"9950
3 ·oo5o ·o252 ·Io4 . 2·4I3 2"7I7I 2"8758 9 ·s 3·68 4·68 5'92 12'08 13' 32 14' 32
4 ·6o5o ·o252' • Ia4 2· 7I8 3·_224 3"556 "4 I
3' 55 4'S4 · s·Bo 12'52 I4'07 I5'40
"3 3'43 4'42 5'70 12"96 14·82 t6·so
5 "2 •oo5o ·o253 "104 2'92 . 3"58. . 4"07 "2 3' 32 4' 31 s·6o I3" 38 I5'57 I7'63
·cio5o - ·o253 "I05 J"I4 3'99 4"69 ·I J"22 4'21 5· 51 I3"79 I6· 32 18·8o
IO "I •oo5o ·o253 "I05 .3"37 ·4"45 ' 5"44 0 J"l3 4''12 5'43 I4'2I I7·o8 2o·oo
20 ·os •ooso · ~0253 "I05 3"62 4"97 6·34.
10 ·s 4'35 5'44 6·76 IJ"24 I4·s6 I5·6s
00 0 ,0050 ~0253 •JaS 3·89. 5· 57 "· 7"43 I 1
\
~ .~.
"4 4'20 5'28 6·63 I3·69 Is· 33 I6· 76
2 4 ·n8 •270 "570 ·3"430 3"730 ;3·882 "3 4'06 . 5'I4 6· 51 I4'I3 t6·Io. I7·88
5 •II4. •264, ·56 I 3·77 4"267 4"586 •2 3'93 5'02' 6·41 I4'56 I6·86 I9"02
6 "II2 · •260 • 556 4·oo. 4•67 5"I38 ·I 3'82 4'90 6· 31 I4'99 I7"62 20"20
7 "III :"257 - ·552- 4·17 4"97 5"54 0 3'72 4'80 6·22 I5'4I I8· 39 21"40
II •5 . 5"04 6~21 7'62 I4"38 I5"79 I6·96
8 "25 "IIO "255 , ·s49 4"31 5"21 5"94
IO •2 ·Io8 "252 . 545 4"50 s·s6 6·48 "4 4'87 '6·o3' 7'47 .I4·.8s · 16· 58 I8·o9
~, • I5 ·I07 "249 • 542 4"69 5"94 7'09 "3 4'71 s·ss 7'34 IS' 30 I7" 36 I9'24
20 · I :1o6 "247 "538 4".90 6•J4 7"74 ~2 4" 57 5'74 7"23 15'74 I8"I3 .20" 39
4? ·o5 ·I05. ~245 • 535 5"-II . 6•77 . , 8·44 -~ 4'44 s·61 .:j"l2 J6•I7 18·91 21' 57
00 . 0 •IOJ "242 • 532. 5"32 7'22 9"27 0 4"32 5".49 7"02 16·6o 19·68 22"78
,
3 6. "398 ."709 1"21 4"79 5"291 5"602
12 .s 5'15 6·99 . 8·48. IS' 52 I7·o1 I8·25
5· ss
~
·4 6·8o 8·3~ I6·oo I7'82, I9"41
7 •387 • 69J ~·19 5·-os . 5· 71 6·181.
6·63 8·18 I6·46 I8·61 20'57
8 .•J8a •682 -,I"17 5·24 ··6·o4- 6·642 ·J 5· 37
·"J74 •674 I"I7 "$"39 6•31 7'03
•2 5-22 6•47 8·o5 16"91 I9"40 2~'75
9, •I 5:07 6·33 7"94 I7" 35 20·I8 22"93
I~ "J ·370 _ ·667 1"16. ·. 5·52. 6•52 7"35
I5 "2 · 358 ·6so I"I4 '5·89. 7·2I. 8·41 . 0 4"94. 6·2o 7"83 17•78 20'96 24"14
JO "I , "'348. ···634 I"l2 . 6·28 7"96 9"6I I3 ·5 6·47 7"78 9"34 1I6·66 I8"22 I9" 53
00 0 ·:33 s ··619 . I·lo. 6·68 8·77 10"98 ·4 6·25 7" 57 9'17 I7" IS I9'04 20'7I
- ' ·3 6·o6 7' 38 -9:02 I7'62 I9·8s 2I·89
4 8 ·s . "799 I·26 1"92 6·o8 · 6•74 7"201 ·2 s·B8 7"22 8·89 I8·o7 2o·65 23.-o8
10 •4 •768. I"22 1•88 _6·46 7•38 8·091 'I 5"72 7'06 8.•76 J8• 52 2I"44 24'28
"3 "74I I'IB" 1"84 6·83 '8·o4 9'06 o 5·58 6·92 8·6s I8·96 22"23 25"50
. 20 ··2 • 7I6 I" I5 .1·8o · 7'2I . 8·7J 10"13
I4 .5 1' 20 s- 5s 1o-21 I7'79 .19'42 2o·8o
40 •J ·694 I" I2 I'77 7'60 9"47 Il"31
'4 6·96 8· 36 10'03 I8'29 20'26 22'00
00 0 '•f>72 1"09 I"74 7'99 10'24 I2' 59
21"08 2J"20
·3 6·7s .8'15' 9'87 I8•77
5 ;tO • 5 I·28 1"87 2"67 7"33 _8•JJ 8•72 •2 6· 56 7'97 9'73 I9'23 2J•89 24.40'
"4 l"23 I·8I 2•61 7'72 8•79 9·66 • I. 6· 39 7'81 9' 59 19·68 22"69 25'61
"3 r I9 'r76 . 2'56 8· 10 9'47 J0•67 0 6·23 7'65 9'47 20"13 23'49 26·84
25 "2 . J• I 5 • I" 7I • 2'52 8·49 \10' 18 Il'75
so "I I: II r66 2'47 8·88 10'91 12'90 15 ·5 +o· oo -o· 24 -o· 40 +o· 40 +o· 24 +o· oo
00 0 ro8 r62 2'43 9'27·. u·67 14' 15 and ·4 +o·41 +o·o7 -o·26 +o·58 +o·s9 +o·s6
' oVer ·3 +o·8o +o·34 -o·12 +o·76 +o-95 +ri5
6 12 . 5. I•8J 2" 53 3"46 8· 54 9'47 IO"I7 '2' +I·17 .+o· 58 +o·o1 +o·94 +I· 33 +~"79
15 "4 1'75 2'45 3'38 8· 95 1o· 16 n·I6 ·I +r 53 +o·8o +o· I4 +r I3 +r7J +2·47
20 "3 J•69 2" 38 3"32 9' 35 to·86 I2' I9
o +r87 +o·99 +o·26 +I'33 +2·15 +3"I9
JO "2 r63 2· 31 3"26' 9"74 I I ' 57 13•28
6o · I I'S~ 2:26, 3' 20 · 10' 14 12' 30 I4'44 To obtain the limits of the probability of an event (observed
00 0 I" 54 2'20 3' 1·5 10' 53 13•06 I5·66 to ·occur a times out of N) co~esponding to a given probability
level P, divide the tabulated values by N, first interpolating if
7 I4 • 5 2'41 ·J'23 4'26 9'74 10"77 I I ' 59
necessary by linear interpolation with reference top= afN.
. "4 2"32 3'12 ... 4' I7 I o· I 5 I I ' 48 i 2' 6 I
The limits of the expectation of Poisson distributions are given
"3 2"24 3'03 4"09 Io· 56 I.2~2o----13·67 directly, taking p = o. For a>!N enter the table with
35 "2 2'16 2'95 4'02 10'97. 12"93 14'77 a'= N-a. For 15 and over add the ta~ulated corrections to
70 ·I 2' 10 2·88 3'96. I I ' 37 13•67 I5'92 the limits of the expectation calculated from the standard
00 0 .2'04 2·8I 3·89 11'77 14"42 17'13 error y{a(I-p)}.

44
 TABLE VIII2. . EsTIMATED BY THE DILUTION METHOD
DENSITIES OF ORGANISMS
.
(\V. L. Stevens) -'
Two-fold Four-fold
Numbet of LevelS (s). I I or Number of Levels
.
X 4 s 6 7 8 9 10 more 6 or
% 4 5 . more
0'4 "757 "773 •781 •785 •787 •788 •789 "789
o·6 ·622 ·640 ·,649 ·653 ·655 · ·6s6 ·657 ··657 . 0"4 '704 '706 '707
o·8 "537 ~556 ·566 "571 '573 "574 "575 '575 o·6 ·615 ·617 •6I8
1'0 "479 •500, •5II .• 516 ·518. ·520 '520 "521 o·8 '573 '576 '577
1'2 '437 '46I "472 "478 '480 "482 '482 "483
1"4 "406 "432 "444 '450 '453 "455 "456 '456 1"0 "555 ·558 "559
1·6 "381 "41I "424 "431 "435 "436 "437 "438 I• 5 '545 'SSI '553
1•8 •361 "394 "410 "417 "42I "423 2'0 '537 "548 '551
"424 "425
2"5 .. "545 •552 .
2"0 "344 "382 "399 '408 "412 "414 '415 ~416 '

2'5 '358 '382 '394 '399 "402 "403 '405 ..

"552*
3'0
3'5
"370 '386
"379
'394
'390
'398
'396
'400
'399
'402
'40I
J'..
3'5 ·550
.
4'0 '386 '394 '397 '40I 3'0 "548
'40I.
4'5
5'0 .. '390 '396
'394 '40'1
2"5·
•2·o
"545 ... 545
"537 ".537' . '537
1"5 '522 ·'522 •522.
'40I* 1"0 "488 '488 '48~
J'
7'0 '399 o·8
6·o :464 :464 '464
'397 o·6 '43I '43I . '43I
5'0 '394 '394' 0"4 '375 ~375 '375
4'5 '390 '390 '390
•
4'0 '386 "386 '386 '386 . /

3'5 "379 '379 "379 .• 379 '379 Calculate- the mean fertile level,
3'0 '370 "370 "370 '370 ·'370 "370 x · number of fertile plates/number of
2"5 '358 '356 '356 ·• 356 '356 "356. '356 cultures at each level (n), and the mean
2'0 '344 "334 '334 '334 '334 '334 •334 . '334 sterile level, y = number of levels-x.
Enter the table with x or y, as indicated,
I•8 ''327 '323 '3 23 "323 "323 "323 "323 '323 and determine the corresponding value of
I·6 •3II "309 "309 "309 '309 "309 "309 '309 .Jhe tabular entry K. When x a.Iid y fall
I"4 "293 "292 "292 '292 '292 '292 '292 '292 •outside the tabulated range use the value
I'2 '27I '27I "27I "27I '27I '27I '27I '27I
1'0 '245 "245 '245 '245 --
'245 '245 '245 '245
marked with an asterisk (*). The esti-
mate of the number, A, of organisms-in
o·8 • 212 '212 "212 "212 '212 '212 '212 '212 the quantity of the medium used for one
o·6 •167 ·I67 '167 '161 _. 167 '167 •I67 •I6i culture at the highest concentration is
0'4 'IOI 'IOI '101 'IOI '101 'IOI 'IOI 'IOI then given by log,\= x log ti-K, where
1
a is the dilution factor. The average
value of the variance of the mean fertile ·
Ten-fold (Three or more levels) • I log 2

z<I ·z>t,y>2
. 'y<;2 level1s - - - , and the average value of
n 1oga •
. L
the .variance of log .\ is -n log 2 log a

-- I
% K % K y 'K y K y
-- -- -- {see. Introduction). Thus:
·o. •763
-·o '•76I 2"0 '744' I'O Two-fold
·I •768 '9 •766. 1"9 '744 0"9 log ,\ = o· 30103 x-K ,
'2 •768 ·8 •764 I·8 '734 o·8
'3 •760 "7 "755 . I· 7 "7I2. 0"7
VW = 1/n
0"4 •76I '4 .· "747 ~6 '74I p·6 ·684 o·6 V(log .\) = o·o91/n
1tr

0"5 '740 '5 '736 "5 '729 I' 5 .·658 0"5 Four-fold.
o·6 '733 ·6 "733 '4 "724 I"4 ·638 0"4 log .\ = o· 6o2o6 x- K
0"7 "736 "7 "736 '3 '726 1"3
o·8 ·8 "2 '732 1"2 V(X)- = 1/2n
"744 '744
0'9 "753 '9 '753 ~I '739 I' I V(log .\) =. o· 201/n.

l·o •763 ·o •763 ·o '744 1"0 Ten-fold. ··

log .\ = x- K. '"'
When z>I andy>2 entet the table with the decimal pact of z
ot y only.
V(x)· = o· 30I/n

45
 . TABLE IX. . PROBITS
•
Transformation .of the· Sigmoid Dosage Mortality Curve to a Straight' Line. (C. I. Bliss.) ·
~ • I , ' -.,

o· o ' o• I !)" 2 o· 3 o·4 ·O· 5 o· 6 o· 7 o· 8 o· 9 ·1 I 2 3 4 5

o
I
..... 1•9098
2·6737 2·7o96
2·t218
2·742 9
2·2522
2·77 38
2"3479
2·8o27
2.'4242
2·82 99
2·4879
2·8 55 6
2·5427
2·87 99
.
2:5911
2"9031
. .2"6344
2"9251
2 - 2·9463 2·9665 2•9859 3·oo46 3·0226 3·0400 3·o569 3·o7 3 2 3" _o890. 3" I 043 For more detail see
• values for 95-100.
,3 J"ll92 3"1337 3".1478 3•1616 3"1750 3"1881 3"2009 3"2134 3"2256 3'2376
4· 3"2493 s¥os 3·2721 3·2831 3·2940 3·3o46 3"315I 3"3253 3" 3354 3.' 3454
\

5 3" 3551 3" 3648 ·3. 3742 3" 3836 3" 3928 3"4018_ 3"4107 3"4195 3"4282 3"4368 9 I8 27 36 .45
6 3"4452 3"4536 3"4618 3"4699 3"478o' 3"4859 '3"4937 3"5015 J• 509:U. 3" 5167 8 -16 24 32 40
7 s 5242 3· 5316 3· 53$9. 3· 5462 3· 5534 ~ 3·_5605 3· 5675 3· 5745 3· 5813 3· 5882 7 14· 2I 28 36
·g 3" 5949 3·6ox6 3-.6083 3·6i48 ·-3·62:tj_ 3"6278 3"6342 3"6405 .3·6468 3"6531 .6 I3 19 26 32
9
IO
3·6592 3·6654
3•7184~ .3·7,241. 3•7298
3·6715 3·6175 3·6835
3"7354 3"7409
s6894 3·6953
3"7464 3"7519
s7o12
3"7574
3·7o7o s7127
3"7628
.3"7681 6 12
6' • I I
18 24 30
17 22 28
II 3"7735 ...1"7788 3·7~40 3"7..893 3"7945 3·7996 3•8048 3·8099 3·8150 3·8200 'S' . 10 I6 2i 26
l2 · 3·~250 3·,8300 3"8350 3"8J99 3"8448 3·8497 3"854.5 3·8593 3•8fl41' 3"8fi&9 ,5 Ip 15 20. 24 .
'13 3·S736 3·8783 3·8830 3·8877 J"89.~J · 3"8969 3"9015 3• 9o61 3·g107 3· 9 152 5 9 14. 18, 23
14 '3"9197 ,.3"924~ 3"9286 3-'933l '3"9375 , 3"9419 3"9463 3"9506 3"9550 3"9593. 4 9 13 18 22
~ ' ~ ' :' . . '. ... /

15 3·9636. .3·9678 3"9721. -3·9763 3·9806 3:9848 · .3·9'890 3"9931 3"9973 4"0014. 4. 8 13 17 21
16 4"0055 4"0096 4"0137• 4"0178.·4:02!8. • 4"0259 4"0299 ~4·0339 4"0379 4"0419 ~ 4 ' 8 12 16 "20
'H 4·0458 -4·0498 4"0537 4"0576 '4·o615 . 4·0654 4•0693 4"0731 4"0710 4·0808 .4 -8 12 1.6 19
18 .4"0~46' 4"0884 4"0922 '4"~9~0 4"0998 "4"1035 4~1073 '4"1110 4"I147 4"!'184 4 8 .II l5 19
19 4~1Z~I.4"I258 4"129S.. 4"133I.4"I3"67 .'4·1404 4·1#o 4·1476 4"ISI2·4·1548 4 7 II I5 18
. : . . - ' . • ·. • " • f. . ')1,

20 4"IS84 ·4·16i9 4·1{>55. f·169o 4·1726 4,•176i 4"1796 4:1831 4• 1866 4" 1901 4 7 14 18
II
'21 . '4"193b 4"1970 4"2005 4;2039·
. .
22 · _4•2278·4·2~U- 4~1!3~5 ·4"2379
. 4"2074 ·4;2108. 4"2142
.
.4"24~2- 4•2446 .4·2479
""'· 4"2176
.
"4·2512
4"2210
4:2546
4"2244
4" 2579
3
3
7 10 14 17
~ 10 13 17
.23 ·-4·2612.4·2()44 ·4·2677 4·n1o 4·2743 4·2775 4·28o8 4·284o 4:2872 4" 2905 3 7 10 13 -~4
r
24 4".2937 4·.2969 4· 3~001 "4~ 30:33 4· 3065 ; 4· 3097 4"'3129 4· 3160 4" 3192 4" 3224 3 6 10 13 I6
. -.. .: . •· I . . ~
25 4" 3255- 4" 3287, 4" 3318. 4" 3349 4"3380 4",3412 '4" 3443 4" 3474 4" 355'5 4" 3536 3 6 9 12 16
26 4"35-67 4"359l 4"3628 4~3659 4;3689 4"3720, 4"3750 4"J781 -4·381! 4·3842 3 6 9 };2 :IS
27. 4"3872~4"3902_4."3932 4"3962 4"39,92 4"4022 4"4<?52 4"4082 4"4li2 4"4142 3 6 9. L2 15
28' · 4·4172 4·42o1 · 4~4231 4·4260 4·42'9o. 4"4319 4-'4349 4"4378 4·44o8 4"4437 ~ 6' 9 12 • IS
29 4"4466 '4"4495 4·452~ 4"4554 4"45~3 4"4612 4"4641 4·4670 4"4698 4"4727 3_ 6. 9 12 _14
I

JO / _4"4756 4·4785 4•481,3 ,4•4842 4·4871 4·4899 4"4928 4"4956 4"4985 4" 5013 .3 6. · 9 II 14
31/ A" 5041 4" 5070- 4,· 5098 4" 5126 4" 51~5 4" 5183 4" 5211 4" 5239 4" 5267 4" 5295 j' 6 8 II 14
34 4"5323 4"5351 4"·5379 4"5407 4"5435 4"5462'4"5490 4"5518 4"5546 4"5573' 3 6 8 II 14
33 4· 56ox 4· 5628' 4"S656 4· 5684 -4"5711 4· 5739 4:5766 4· 579'3 4" 5821 4" 5848 3 5. 8 II. 14
34 · 4· 5875 4· 5903 4· 5930 · 4"5957 4· 5984 4·6o11 4·6o39 4·6o~6 4·6o93 4·6120 I 3 5 8 II 14
35 4"6147 4"6174 4"6201 4·6~28 4"6255 . 4"6281. 4"6308 4"6335 4"6362 4"638'9 3 5 8 • I I 13
36. 4·6415 4·6441 -4·6469 4·6495 4·9522 4·6549 4·6575 4·66o2 4·6628 _4·6655 3 s 8 I I I3
37 4·668I 4·67oS' 4·6734 4·6761 4·6787. 4·6814 4·6846 4·6866. 4·6893 4·6919 ·3 5 8 I I 13
38 4;6945 4·6911 4·69~8 4"702:J 4"7050' 4"7076" 4"7102_ 4"7IZ9 4"7155 4"7I8I 3. 5 8 10 13
39 4".7207 '4·7.;33 4"7:59. 4"7285 4".7311 . 4"7337 4"7363 4"7389 4"74~5 4"144I 3 5 8 10 I3
40 4"7467 4"7492. 4"(S.I8 4"7544' 4·7.570 4 .. 7596''4·7622 4"7647 4"7673 4"7699 3 5 8 10 13
• 41 4"7725. 4"77.50 4"7776 4"7802 4"7827 4"7853. 4~7879 4"7904 4"7930 4"7955- 3 5 8 IO
~
13
42 4·798I 4·8oo7 4·8o32 4·~o!;S 4·8o83 4·8109 4·8134 4·81~0 4·8185 4·8211 3 •. 5 8 IO IJ
43 4"8236 4"8262 4"8287 4"8313 4"8338 4"8363 4"8389 4"8414 4"8440 4"8465. 3 5 8 IQ' 13
44 4·84 9o 4·8516 4·8541 4·8566 4·8592 4·~617 . 4·8642
. 4·8668 4·8693.... 4·8718- . 3 5 8 .10 I3

45 4·8743 4·87.69 4·8794 4·8819 4·8844 4·8870 4·8895 4·8920_ 4·8945 4·8970 3 5. 8 10 13
46 . 4"8996 4"9021' 4"9046 4'.9071 4"9096 .4"9122 4"9147 4"9172 4"9197 4"9222 3 5 8 IO 13
47 4"9247 4"9272 4"9298. 4"9323 4"9J.4;8 4"9:J73' 4'9398 4'9423 4"9448 4"9473. 3-- 5 13
48 4"9498 4"9524. 4"9549 4"9574 4"9599 4"9624 4"9649 4:9674 4"9699 4"9724 3 5 -& • I<?. 13
49 • 4"9749 4"9714 4~9799 4"9825 4"9850 4"9875 ·4.9900 4"9925 4"9950 4"9975 3 5 8 ~0 13

The probit corresponding to a given percentage is the normal deviate (increased by 5 to ayoid negative values)
exceeded by this percentage of the population (see Table I).
 TABLE IX. '
PROBITS-contz'nued
_I o•o' o·r. 0'2 0'3 0'4 o·5 o·6 o·7 • o·8 0'9 • I ... 2
3 .. 4 54<·
so s·oooo 5'0025, s·ooso 5'0075 s·oroo s·o12S s·oiso 5'.0175 5'0201 5'0226 J ... 5 ".;8 10 ·. I3 •
51 5'0251 5'0276 5'0301 5'0326 5'035I 5'0J76 5'0401 s·o426 s·o45I 5~0476. 3 ·· 5 8 /r'9_., IJ
52 5'0502 5'0527 s·os52 s·os77 s·o6o2 s-o627 s·o652 s·o677 5'0702, 5'0728 J . 5 g 1~• 1j
·, ' ' I
53 5'0753 s·on8 s·o8oJ s·o828 s·o853. s·o878 s·d904 5'0929.· 5'0954 5'0979 J 5 ' 8' 10 H
54 s
· roo4 s· loJo s·ross 5' I08o 5' II05 5' 1130 5' II 56 5'IISI 5'I206 5'I2JI · 3 5 ·g 10 1J~
.•
• • •
ss s· ~~57 s· I282 s· 1307 s· 1332 s· I 35 s s· I383 s· I4o8 5· I43'4 5· 1459 · 5~ 1484 3 . 5 8 IO IJ
56• S'I$10 5'1535 5'1$60 5'1586 5'I~II $'I6J7 s·I.Q.t!:2 $'I687: 5·17~3 5'1738. 3 5 8 IO I3
57 5·1764 5'1789 s·r815 s·r84o 5·1866 5' 1,891 5' I917 5' 1942 s· I968 s· I993 3 5 8 Io. 13
s8 s·2o19 s·2o45 s·2o7o s·2o96 s·212I s·2i47. s·2173_ 5•2198 .s·2224 5·2250 J . . 5. . 8 io .. 13
59 5'227~ 5'2JOI 5'2,p7 5'2353
•· "' L II
·5'2378 s· 2404 5' 2430 5' 2456 s· 2482 • s· 2508 3 . 5 8 . IO 13,.
6o
6r
s·2slJ s·2559 s·2585 s:26n s·2637
s· 2793 s· 2819 s· 2845 s· 2~71 s· 2898 .
s·2663 s·2689 s·27I5 s·27 4 I s·2767
s· 2924 s· 2950 s· 2976 ·5· 3oo2 3o2 9 . s
J 5. 8 H) ~:13
'3 · 5 ·~. 8 . IO 13
62 s· J055/"5~ 3o8r s· 3107 5· 3134 s· 3169. s· 3186 s· 32.13 s· 32 3 9 s· 3 266 s· 3 29 2 j. .• .S . · 8 I I , IJ: . '
63
64
65
s· 3319 s· 3345 s· 3372, s· 3398 5· 3425
5· 3585 5· 36n 5· 3638 5· 3665 5· 3692
s· 3853· s· 388o s· 3901 s· 3934
5· 3451 s· 3478 · 5· 3505 5· 353i s· 3558
s· 3719 5· 374S,. s· 3'772. . s· 3799· s· 3826
s· 396I · s· 3989 ·5·4o~6 5·4043 · s·4o7o s··4o97
~· 5 ~ . It• ''z. 3
~
j ..• S .8 . • I I l3 t • ·
' . .. .
. J 5"' .. 8 II t4· ...
'
•
~ . ~.:

• 66 . ..5_'412.5 5'4152 5'4179 5·420{ 5'4234 . 5'42,6I· -s:4~~9' 5'4JI6 5'4344 5'4372 .. .3 s·
:8. ~ II'· 14
67' s·4399 5·4427 5'4454 ~·4482 s·4sro 5'4538 5·4·565 5'4593 5·462.1 s·4~49 3· • 6· 8. II : I4 ·
68 s·4677 s·47os ·5'4733 s·4761 s·47s9 '5·4817 s·4845 s·4874 s·4902 s·49Jo i 3:·:· '.
6 .. 8_' I~ . l4 t ,
69 5'4959 s·4987 5·sor5 s·so44 s·s972 5·sror s·sri9 s·.si$8 s·st87.
. . .. '
s·~215
.. '
3 !i
9 ·r I : I4 .
7o 5·5244 5'5273 s·s3o2 s·533o 5'5359 5·5388 5'5417 5'5446 &5476, S·s·sos 3' 6 ·. ': ii ;:u. 14
71 s· 5534 .. s· 5563 s· 5592 s· 5622 s· 5651 s· 5681 s.-5710 · s· 5740 '5· 5769 · s; s1iJ9> ·~ ~ . 6. ·:·ri. I.~.;._ rs.
72 5·5828 s·5858 s·s888 5'5918 5'5948 s·597S s·6oo8 s·6o38. s·6oQ8 ·5'6o98 ~. . 3 ~ .· !t . q 1"5 .
73 5·6r28 s·6158 · s·6189 s·6219. s·6~o s·62~o· s·63~~ s·634~ s·6372 s·64o3: 3 6 9 u is .
74 s·6433 s·6464. s·6495 5·6526 5·6557 s6588.' s·662o s·66si s·~682 s6F3 .~ • 6 9 12,. ·r6
75 .
76.
s·6745
s·7o63
s·6776
s·7095
5·68?8·
5'7128
s·684o
5'7L6o·
5·687I .5·6903• s·6935 5·6967 5:6999 s:70J\
5'7192 5'7~~5 5"7257 5'729o,s·tJ2J 5·7356' ·3
.J.. .67. '19 IJ
I? · 13 I6
I6

11 s·7388 s·7421 5'74S4 s·748s 5·752I · s·7554 5,.:.1588 5·'762} ·s·16s5· s··7688 • 3 .. 7 .10 IJ • I 7
78 5·7722 s·77s6 5·7790 s·7824. s·7858 s·7892 5·7926 5·7961 s7995 s·8o3o j · .7 ·ro'.I4- I7
79
So
5·8o64
s·8416
,s-8o 99
s·8452
s·8134
5·8488
5·8169
s·8524
s·82o4 s·8239 5·8274 s·831o 5·83.45 s·8J8i,
....
5·856o 5·S596 5··863.3 s·8669
.
s·87o5
"

s·8742
... '. 4 •· 7 : I~ · ~4 .. I8.
4.: 7 II I4' · I8
81 s·8779 s·8816 s·885 3 s·889o s·s 9 27 5·8965 5·9ooz s·.9o4o s·9o78 s·Qn6 4 ·~· 7' II . 1.5 . I9
82 5'9154 5'9192 5'9230 5· 9269 5· 9307 5· 9l.46 s· 9385 s·9424 5· 94p3 s· 9502 ~ . 4.: 8 I2 IS,. • I9
83 5'9542 5'9581 5'9621 5'966I 5'9701. 5'9741 5'9.782 5'9822 5'9863 .$'9904 4. 8 I-2' 16 20 ..
s· 9986 6· oo2 7 IJ I/ ~I
4

84 6·oo,?9 6·ono. 6·o152 6;.oi94 6·0237 6·o279 6·o3;2 4 8

5'9945
- .
85 6·o364 6·o407 6·0450 6·o494 6·o537 6·o581 6·o62'5 6·o669 6·o714 <i·o758 4 . 9 13. 18 22
86 6·o8o3 6·o848 6·o893 6·o93g 6·o985 6·IOJI. 6·Io77 · 6~IJ;2J. 6,:I~zq 6·I2I7'' •5 . 9 I4 18 . 23
87 6·t264 6· I3II 6· I359 6· I407 6· I455 6· I50J 6· \S52 6· I6oi 6· I65.o 6· I7oo ·5 Iq !5 19 24
88 6· 1750 6·I8oo 6·I8so 6· I90~ 6· I952 6·2oo4 6·2oss 6·219j 6·2r6o. ()·22I2 . 5 10 IS 21 26
89 . 6·2265 6·2319 6· 2J72 6· 2426 6· 248I 6· 2536. 6· 259I 6·.2646. 6· 2702 6·'2759 ~ II 16 22· 27
. . - ,, '

90 6· 28I6 6· 2873 6· 2930 6· 2988 ()· 3R4,7 6·3Io6 6·JI65 6·3225 .6·3285 6·334'6 6· 12 18 ~24 '29·
91 6· 3408. 6· 3469 6· 3532 6· 3595 6· 3658 6• 37~2 · 6· 3787 · 6· JS52. 6· 39I 7 . 6· 3984 • 6. IJ- 19 26 ·3_2•
92 6·4o51 6·4nS 6•4I87 6·42.55 6·4325'. 6·4395 6·4466 6·4538 6·46n 6·4684 , 7 I4 21 28' 35
93 6•4758 6·4833 6·4909' 6·4985 6· sq63 6· 5l4I 6· 52:io 6· 530I 6· 5'3~.2 6· 5404', ~ I6 24 ·3I: 39
. 94 6· 5548 6· 5632 6· 57I8 6· 5So.S 6· ssru 6· 59?2 6~6072 6·6I64 · 6·62~8 6·6352 9 !~ 27 3~. 45
95 6·6449 6·6546 6·6646 6·6747 6·684~ 6·695.4, 6::7o6q 6·7I?9 6·7279 6:7392..
9i IOO IOI I02 105 IOtJ~ ~ •· Iog IIO, I I3 115 \ ..

96 6· 7507 6· 7624 6· 77 44 6· 7866, 6· 7991 6·8II9 -6·8250 6·838416·8522 6·8663

II7 I20 I22 I25 128' IJI 134 138· 14i • 'I45
97 6~8808 6·8957, 6•9II0 6·9268. 6·9431 6·g6oo 6·9774 6·9954 7'0I4I,, 7'033S.
149 153 ISS I6j· 169 I74 ISO 187. . 194 202

. Continued on ilext page.

47
 TABLE IX. PROBITS-ton#nued
o·oo 0"01 0"02 0"03 0"04. o·os o·o6 0"07 o·o8 o·o9 I 2 3 4 _.,5
98·o 7"0537 7"0558 . 7"0579 7•o6oo 7"0621 7"<?642 1·o663 7"068-t 7"0706 7"0727 2 4 6 8 II
. 98•J 7"0749 7"0770 7"0792 7•0814 7"0836 7·o858 7•o88o.. 7"0902, 7•0924 7"0947 2 4 7 9 II
98·~
•
7"0969, 7~0992 7"1015 7•1038 7"1061 7"1084 7•JJ07 7"ll30. 7"1154 7"1177 2 5 7 9 12
98"3
98"4 . 7"1444
. I
r
7"1201 7"1224 7"1248 7"1272 7~1297
146~ 7·1494 7" 1520 7"1545
...
7"1321
7~ 1571
7"1345
7"1596
7"1370
7"1622
7"1394
7•1648
7"1419
7" 1675
2.
3 ..
5
5
7. 10 : 12
s. 10 13
. 98·5 ..7"1701 7"1727 7"1754 7~1781 7•1808 7"1835 7•t862 7·1890 7"1917 7"1945 3 5 8 II 14
·. 98·6...
98•7
7"1973 7"2001'
. . .
7" 2029 .7"2058 7•2o86 ,. 7"2II5 7"2144
7"2262 7.' 2292 . 7" 2322 7" 2353 7" 2383 7" 2414 7~2445
•
7"2J73 7"2203
7·2476, 7•2,So8
7"2232.
7"2539
3
3
6·
6
9 12
9 12
14
IS
g8·8 7" 257J. 7·26o3" 7•2636 ·7·2668 7"2701 7" 2734 i· 2768 7· 28o1 . 7· 2835 7"2869 3 7 .
10 13
.
17
--.98"9. 7"~904 7· 2938 ·7· 297 3 'r 3~9 7· 3044 ·7·3o8o · 7•3u6 7" 3152 7" 3189 7" 322~ 4 7 II J4 18
: '99"0 . 7"3263 •r 33ot 7"3339 7" 3378' 7" 3416 7" 3455. 7" 3495. 7" 3535 7" 3575 7"3615 4 8 12 16 20
. 99"1 7"365~ 7" 3698. 7" 3739 7" 3781 7"3824 7•3867 7"39II, 7"395.4 7" 3999 7"4044 4 9 13 17 22
99"2 '1·4089 7"4135 7"4181 . 7".4228 . 7"4276 7"4324 7"4372 7"4422 7".4471 7"4522 5 10 14 19 24
,.
99"3 7"4573 7:4624 7" 4677 7"4730 7"4783 7"4838 7" 4893 7" 4949 7" soo6 7" 5063 5 II. lb. 22 27
99"4 7" 5I2:r 7"5181 7" 5241 '1: 5302. '1" 5364 7" 5427 7" 5491 7"5556 1· 5622 7"5690- 6 13 '19 25 32
,, f

' 99' 5- 1· 57str 7· 5828 7: 5899~ 1· 5972 7"6045 f•612I 7"6197 7"6276 7:6356 7"6437
99"~ 7"6521 7·64o6 1·6693 · 7•6783 7~6874 7"6968 7" 7C?65 7"7164" 7"'7266 'f7370
-
99"7 7"747& 7"7589 '7"7703 7:7822 7"7944 7•8070 7~8202 7" 8338 7" 8480 7" 862 7
99~8 7•8?22 ,7"8943 7"911,2 7"9290 7"9478· 7·9677 7·9889 8·on5 8·o357 8·o618
99"9 8·o902 8·1214 8·1559 8·l947 8·2389 ·8·2905 ~_-3!;28 8·4316 8·5401 8•7190
. ' ..
TABLE x. SIMPLE .QUANTILES OF. THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
. . ...... ~

Proper Fractions, with Denominators up to 30, and the corresponding N orm3.1 Deviates·.
,, .
1~3.39
'
. 1"2816 ci· 5952 I *II/30
*1/30; *1/10 5/27 o·8958 8/29 0"3407 9/2o 0"1257
.• t/29.
.I/28.
1·8187
x·8o28
3/29
2/19
1•2621
1"2521
.
. 3/16
4/21
o·8871
.
o·8761'
S/18 o· 5895
1/25 o· 5828
7/19 0"3360
to/27 0"3309
5/II
II/24
0"Il42
0"1046
. t/27 ~~7861 3/28 1"2419 5/26 o·8694 2/7 o· 5661 3/8 o· 3186 6/13 o·o966
• 1/26 1"(688 I/9 1"2263 · *x/s· . o·8416 7/24 ' o· 5485 II/29 . 0"3073 13/28 . o·o896
. .,
t/25 . l"7597 I 3/26. 1"1984 6/29' o·8172 5/17 0"5414 . 8/21 o• 3030 *7/tS o·o836
t/24 1"7317' 2/,17 J•t868 5/24 o·8u2· 8/27 o· 5351 5/IJ . 0"2934 8/17 0"0738
.. t/23 J•7JI7 3/25 I"IJ50 -4/19 o·8o46 *3/10 0"5244 7/18 o·2822 9/19 o·o66o
.,
. · 1/22 1;69o6 t/8 . 1"1503 3/14 0"7916 . 7/23 . 0"5II9 9/23 0"2759 10/21 .0"0597
t/~I J•6684
1/20 · 1·6449 .* 2/15 "'I;II08
3/23 1"1244
'
. 5/i3
2/9
o·781o
o·7647
4/13 0"5024
9/29 0"4949
n/28 0"2719
*2/5. 0" 2533
'
II/2J
12/25
0"0545
0·0502
t/19 J"619cj ~~­ J/22 .1·og68 5/22. 0"7479 sfx6 . 0"4888 II/27 .0"2342 13/2i 0"0464
. . t/iS. J• 5932 I
4/29 . t·o897 3/13 0"7363 . 6/19 0"4795 9/22 o· 2299 14/29 0"0432
. 1/17~·· i· 56481·· t/7 1·o676 *7/3o 0~'7279 7/22 0"4728, 1/11 0"2230 *1/2 0
- 0"2178
:· t/t6 1"5341 4/27 1"0444 '4/17 0"7215 .8/2s 0"4<i77 : 12/29
·- .
I
..
-' :
*t/t5' J· son 3/2o 1•0364 s/21 0"7124 9/28 o·4637 5/12 o·zto4
:z/29 1·4835 1 2/13 1"0201 6/25 ~7063 *1/3 0"4307 8/19 0~19921
t/14. r4652 1 3/19 1"0031 7/29 o· 7019 ·1o/29 o· 3993 n/26 o·1940 I .

2/27 x·4461 1 4/25 0"9945 t/4 o·6745 9/26 o· 3951 3/7 o·18oo 1,
il
I/13 t/6 · o·9674. . 7/27 o·6456 8/23 0"3912 *13/30. . o_·16791
1"4261 1.* .
· 2 /25 1"4051 ~ 5/29 0"94471 6/23 o·6467 7/20 o· 3853 10/23 o· 1642 i
I
t/12 t· 3829 I ' 4/23 0"9388 5/19 o·6336 6/17 0·3774 1 (/16 o· 15731 i

2/23 J• 3597 ,; . 3/17 o·9289 *4/15 o·6229 5/14 o· 3661 II/25 o· 1510
t/II ~'
1" 3352 - s/28 o·9208 7/26 I o·6151 9/25 o· 3585 4/9 o· 139711
I'
2/21
•
I" J092Iti
t
2/II o·9o85
.I
I· 3/II
I
o·6o46 4/II
I
0"3488. 13/29
I
o· 1300
I I '

Many fractions with· higher denominators may be quickly obtained by simple interpolation between adjacent values,
·e.g. fr~m 5/13 and "//18 because 5+ 7 = 12 , .the d;viate for 12/31 is judged to be 0·2822 + 13 (·0112) = o·2868,97•.
' 13+18 31 31
True value 0·2868,94· Each thirti~th is marked by an asterisk. . . ·
To convert to pro bit values subtract from 5, and for fractions A greater than l add the value. for I -A to 5·
 , . TABLE. XI. ..'PRO BITS
I • .. ' . , • • . • .

Weighting Coefficients and Probit Values to .be used in Adjustments··of Special Accuracy ·· ··
· ·' ' (Adapted from Bliss, I9JS) ·"' ,.- ' . ' ;. · ' .'·. ·' ..• ; ·• -·~
. . .. Iii'~ ' t
....
.) '\.;

.. Maximum Maximum
' .. I;

.
.
·' .,..
\,"

Expected
Pro bit ,.
working·
pro bit Range
. Weighting
Coefficient
Expected
Probit
.'working
pro bit Range'
. · Weighting :
; Coefficient .
Y. Y+QJZ. I/Z.· ZZJPQ. Y. Y-f:QJZ. .
.. .
'I/Z., /.
' .... . ~f~Q•
·.
'I ~~-
'.,
......,. . r . ... , . .-•.
'
2' 5066. ·63662 • . 1·4214 . '"·
5'0 6·2533 7'0 ' . 18• 522 . "13II2
5'1 6·2593 2'5192 •63431 7" I . 7"5062 " '122'736 ..,. '11()26
5'2 6•2759 2' 5573 ·62742 7"2 7' 5919. . 28·1~·9,' . '
'09179
5'3 6· 3018 2·6220 ·61609
·6oo52 . I 7'3 7'6786
. 7~·766o
35'302. . "07563:
5'4 6· 3357 2'7154 7'4
. - '
' I 44',6i4 .·.'
... '
,,
,; •.o6169:
•, .
.....

5'5 6· 3764 2'8404 ·58099 7'5 7•8543 ' ... s1·os .. 04979
·5·6 6·4230. ' 3'0010 '55788 • •· 7.3'62 t
7•6 .. 7'9432 • '03917'
6·4749 3'2025 • 53159. 8·?327 ' . . ' '03143 .
5'7
·5o26o
7'7
7•8
.. q5·96
8•1;228 • 126'34
5·8 6· 5313 3'4SI9 • .. '02459 •.
5'9 . 6· 5917 3'7582 '47_144 7=9
'
8·2134·
! '
. .
168·oo. . .·.. .
!01903
...

.
".r.
''
6·o 6·6557 4'1327 '43863 •· 8·o 8:3046 ' 225'.6 "01457
'
6·1 6•7227 4'5903 '40474 8•1 8· 3962 306·1. '_$-
'OII04
6·2
6·J.
6•7926
6;8649
5'1497
. 5·8354
'37031
~33589
8·2
-g. 3 ,· .. r,
8·4882
8:58o6 .
419'4
·sso·s. .'
· •oo828.·
•oo614.,
. '
~-4 -~ 6·9394 6·6788 '30199 8·4 8·6734 " 8u· 5 ,.. . '00451
, .... -'If:

6·5
... 7'0158 7'721 ·26907 8·5 .. . 8·86oo'•
8•7665 1146 . '00327 '
6·6 7'0940 9'015 '23753 8·6 I6J4 '9°~35
6•7 7'1739 1o·633 '20774 ~-7 8·9538, 2354 ,;00167
6·8 7'2551 . . 12·666 :17994 8·8 9'C!I478 ' ;3425'
I ' ;
•oou8 \

6·9 15'240 • 15436 8·9 9' 1421 5034 ,, .. ·ooo82

7' 3376
.
"
. •:

In toxicology the probit values used are found. by adding 5• to a norri,J.al. deviate. The weighting coefficif'nt for any
test, ZZJPQ, is derived from the probit, Y, given by some provisional formula. The appropriate score for tests in which
all animals die is Y QJZ.. + · . . . · ·
For refined adjustments, even if an empirical probit is available, ·the test may be accurately scored as y, = Y+QJZ-q/Z
where q is the obserVed proportion surviving. · • · ·.· · ·
Thus, if Y = 5·3, in a test in which three survive out of 12, we. may take for the adjusted score

• J , '6~JOI8- 132 52·6220) = 5•646 3

:in place of the empirical probit s·6745 derived from~e fraction; l. surviving. ' .
I

49
 ANGULAR TRANSFORMATION
TABLE XII. Transformation of Percentages to Degrees
P% ·o 3. .4 I 5 7 9 6 8
' 0 ~
----T--------------------------------------------------------
5"7 8•1
0 10"0 II• 5 12'9 · 14'2 IS' 3 16'4 17" 5
u·o 22·8· 25'I . 25·8
28·o . 28•7
IO 18:4 19"4 20"3 21" I 23"6 24'4
20 26·6 27~3
29"3 30"0 30'7 31'9 32'6 . 3~"3.
30' 33"2 33'8 34"4 35" I_. 35" 7' . .. ~ 36· 3 36'9 37'5 38·1 .38·b
40 39"2 . 39'8 40"4 ' 41"0 41•6 - 42"1 42"7 43'3 4l"9 44'4
-
"SO 45'0_. 45"6 46•I · 46:1 47".3 47'9 . -48'4 49'0 49'6 50'2
6o so·8 51'4 5I'9 - -52" 5 53" I 53"7_ 54'3 54'9 -55·6 56·2
. 70 56·8 57"4 •· 58· I •' 58··7 59"3 . 6o·o ·6o·7 61· 3 62·o 62•7
8o 63'4 64"2 .. ' 64"9' 65·6 "66·4 ·- ' 67•2. ,68·o 68·9 69•'7 7o·6
90 71"6 72'5. 7J•6 : 74'7 • .'· 75•8 · . ' . 77" I 78• 5 8o·o 81·9 84'3
. . ... ~:
I
.'• ""',. . . .. ~

~
..
. .,.

. . In co~~ction Wl~.-:·~ observed fraction. p, it "i$ oft~n advisable to ust! the angular _value tf>, such that p ==sin' ,p•
. ~ rises to C)0° at Ioo ·per
cent. The amount of UU:ormation supplied by n observations about tf>, in circular measure.
~
~s 411, or
.
u~
d ' 4 .,., .- .,., . c tl . 1 1 .h. . f .1. • d
egrees, I8oa = 8100• onsequen y~m: arge san.!p es, t e vanance o 'Y• as estimate fro~ a sample. is •
8100 820·7. d - d tl th. : a1 'f.l. ·r·· ")
- 1- = - - m epen en y of e true v ueo 'Y· •
w .n n . , ... . .. ' .' -• :I
- For small angleluse 57'JVP in ~r~fere~ce to interpolation.
. "'
;_ . .....
TABLE XIIL"~ Transformati~n of Propet _Fractions .to' Degrees

l/3cf' ., ~~- 5.
.
·*1/to · 18~4 :
... : .s/n _ . 25' 5 8/29 31"7 I*n/30 37" 3
i
9/20 42'1
. ' •
. 18·8 '3/16. 25"7 5/18 31.'8
'. 1/29 -10"7
I/28 10'9
3/29
.2/19 :.;8·9 4/21 25'9 7/25 ·31"9
7/19
10/27
37'4
37'5 I 5/II 42:4
II/24 . 42'6
I/27' -II" I 3/28. '19"1 5/26. 26·o .2!7 -· 32'3 • 3/8 37•8 6/13 . 42'8 .
1/26 11"3 1/9 19" 5 *I/5 26·6 7/24. 32"7 .
II/29-· 38·o I.J/28 43'0_
I/25 . II'S . '3/26 19'9 _6/29 27'1 .. 5/17 32'8 8/21 38:1 *7/15 43'1
J/24 il'8 2/17 20'1. . 5/24 27'2 8/27 - 33'0 5/13 38·3 ·8/17_ 43'3
1[23
1/22
I2·o.
12' 3
1/21\ · 1i•6
J/25'
1/8
' 3/23,
• 20' 3
20'7
. 21"2
4/19
3/J.4
5/23
27'3
. 27•6
27•8
."t3/1o
7/23
4/13
33"2.
33"5
33'7
7/18
. 9/23
II/28
38·6
38'7
38·8
I. 9/19
I0/21
II/23
43" 5-
43"6
43'8
1/20 . 12"9 *2/15 21"4 2/9 . 28·i '9/29 .33'9 *2/5 39"2 . 12/25 43"9
1/19 IJ"J .3/22 21"7 5/22 28·5 5/16 34'0 II/27 39'7 13/27 43'9
1/18 13·6 . 4/29 21"8 '3/IJ . 28'7 -. 6/19 34"2 9/22 39'8 14/29 44'0
1/17 14'0 1/7 22'2 _*7/3o ·28·9 7/22 34"3 7/17 39'9 *1/2 A5'0
22'6 12/29 40"0 I
I
I/16 14"5 4/27 4/17 29~0 8j25. 34'4
1/15 . 15'0 . .J/20 22·8 5/21 29'2 9/28 34'5 • II 5/1~ 40'2
2/29 15'2 2/13 23"l 6/25 29'3 *1/3 35"3 8/19. 40'5
1/14 15' 5 311 9 23"4 7/29 29'4 10/29_ 36·o II/26 40'6
, 2/27 . IS·8
- 4/25: 2J"6 . I/4 30'0 9/26 36·o 3/7 40'9
1/13 16•1 *1/6 ->"' 24'1 7/27 30·6 8/23 ' 36· I *13/30 41"2

2/25 . 16'4 5!29 24"5 6/23 3~'7 '7/20 36'3 10/23 . 41'3
1/12- 16•8 4/23 24'6 s/19 30'9 6/17 36'4 I 7/16 41'4
2/23 17'2 J/17 I' 24·8 *4/15 31'1 I 5/14 36'7
I
ll/25 41'6
I}II 17" 5 5/28 25'0 7/26 31"3 9/25 36'9 4/9 41'8
2/21 18·o
.. 2/II
For 'fractions exceeding !, subtract the fraction from
25'2 3/11. 31' 5
I
I,
4/11
and the angle from
37'1
II 13/29
I
C)0°. • Each
42'0
thirtieth is marked by an
asterisk; for interpolation see Table X.

so
 TABLE XIV. ANGI!LAR TRANSFORMATION.·.

Angular Values for Adjustments of ~pedal Accuracy ..

...
.
J ,, .' ..

'
Expected Mlfximal Expe'cted· Maximal Expected Maximal' .
angular working Range angular· ,. •working Range angular working;'',. 'Range
angle ··· '·
value
cf>.
• angle
cf> -J- i cotcf>. ·cosec 2cf>. I value
cf>. .p + .f cot cf>. eosee 2 cf>.
value
+~
. angle.·.
t/>':}=:l~~otcf>~i .":c~s~czcfo •. . ;·
,--~--··--------~--
. ,:,.J ..
,. , .. . I. ~. , e: '\ ;
.. ' ~ -,

45 73'6 57'3 60 76• 5 • 66·2·, 75 82:7· ·, .114'6

. _.,.,

. 46 73'7 57~ 3 61 I' 76;9 . 67•6 '76 83:1( • 122'0.~'·

.,(•': .·.
47 73"7 57'4 62 77·2 .. 69'1 . ' 77- 8J•6 · · · !3o;7·
48 - 7J•8 5'r6 63 77·6 . 7o·& 78'· 84'l' . ., >I40'9 ~~.
,. .... ~ :'. '

49 73'9 57"9 64 78·o ,.. 72· 7 . 79 '< 81~·6. · }S2'9·'

'
so 74'0 58·3 78'4 ·H·8 . ~o" · _85··r .. .i67~5.
51 74'2 58·6 78•8 .,. 71'1 .81 ~5·J" . r8s·4\
52 74'4 59'0. ~.79'2 79'7 " 82 8(:i·o . 2ci7:9.
82• 5.: '· 8J, 86·s. . 236·8 .•
53 74'6 59'6 79'6 t

6o·2 .86·6 8 5:6 84~ 87•0 •. .275",6,

54 74'8 ··"

55 75"1 61"0 70 8o·4 ..;' 85. 87•5 '

33ci~o·'
' . ;· '
..
s6 75"3 61"8 71 . 8o·9 93'1 86. 88·o · · 411'7..
57/ 75•6 62•7 72 81• 3 '97"5 87 8B·s .. 548·1,
58 75'9 63"7 73 81~8 102' 5 88' 8g·o ... 821·4
59 76•2 64'9 74 82•2 1o8·r 89 89~5.' t64r_f
. .. i.

''
• • •• .. < ' ' " •

This table supplies for the angular transformation th~ sam~ facilities. as does Table XI for probits. The weighting
coefficient, I/820·7, is constant for all angular values, and is, only needed in testing homogeneity. The' a'djusted score _.
for expected angular value rf>, is .c/>c = cf>+l cot tfl-q cosec 2cf> where q is the observed proportion surviving.' .· . ., , 'I
. For values less than 45° ·subtract from ·90°; the range is then as tabled; • its lower extremity is at 90° less the
value in the table. . .

51
 TABLE XV. LATIN SQUARES

· The 4 X 4 l.atin Squares

First Transformation Set : Second Transformation Set: .
'
3 Self-Conjugate Standard Squares 1 Self-Conjugate Standard Square
A B C D A B C D· . A B C D ABCD
B A ~ C B C D A. B D. A C BADC
C D Ir A C DAB · C A D n·
' DCBA ' CDAB
DCAB'
DABC DCBA
I 2 ......... -3. 4
\
.
- The SX 5 Latin Squares
-First Transformation Set: . 25 Standard Squares and their Conjugates
A B C DE ' · A~B C D E A B C D E -~· · A B C D E · A B CDE
BAE-CD Ji;ADE:C BAECD B_ADEC BCDEA
C~AEB CEBAD CEDAB CDEAB CEBAD
DE B A C ' n·c ..E B A . DC B E A DE B C A DAE B C
.E CD B A· ED A C B .,ED ABC. E CAB D ED A CD

A lJ C
I1 2

n· E
3, 4

A B C D E
/
. 5, 6

A.B CD E
' . ABC DE
7, 8

A
9,

B.C DE
10

BCD . E~A .. B_.CE·AD B C E A·D BCDEA, BCAED

CEAB·D CDBEA CADEB CAEBD CEDAB
· D A E C l3 ..•. . : D E •A C B DEBCA · DEACB DAEBC
EDBAC EADBC EDABC ED B A'C EDBCA
.11 1 12'" IJ, ~4 • IS, I6 17, 18 . 19, 20
. ·;
" ' '- .. ·1'- ~

. , A B. c· D E. •· A B C D E A.B CD E ;ABC DE· ABC DE

, B, C A E D . ~ ·n D E ·c A B D A_E C B D'E C A BDAEC
c D E B A. ' ' c :.A. .B E D ·CEDnA CADEB CEDBA
D E, B .A C ·I?. E· A B, ·.c DCEAB· DE ABC DAE.CB
EADCB E·CDA--B E'A BCD ECBAD ECBAD
• 21, 22 , . :25, 26 27, 28 29, 30

''A B.CD' E ABC DE. ABC DE ABC DE. ABC DE

.BD:f4AC B.DAEG· _BDEAC BEDAC ·BED A C
C E·D B A C E'B A·D CEABD CAB ED CAEBD
DC A'E B . DAECB• DCBEA DCEBA D·C A E B
EABCD EC.DBA EADCB E D·A C B EDBCA
'
- Jl, 32 ( 33, 34 ~5,.3~. 37,38 39,40

C.D E
A B .ABC D-E ABC DE ABC DE ABC DE
BEACD BE DCA BE DCA -BEACD BEDAC
CDEBA CAEBD CDE'AB CD BE A. CDAEB
DAB E ·c, DCA~B DABEC DCEAB DCEBA
ECDAB EDBAC ECABD E'"ADBC •EABCD
41,42 43,44 45,46 47,48 49, so

Second Transformation Set : 6 Self-Conjugate Stanciard Squares

.ABC DE
BCEAD
AB C DE
·:BCDEA
AB C DE
BDECA
AB C DE
BDAEC
.A B C 1D E
BEDAC
ABCDE
BEACD
CEDBA CD~AB CEBAD CAEBD CDaEA CADEB
DABEC DEABC DCAEB DEBCA DAECB DCEBA
E ·D A C B .E A B C D E ADB C E C DAB E CAB D EDBAC
51 . s~ 53 . 54 55 s6
When constructing squares for use in experimental arrangements use the randomization procedure described in the
Introduction. ·
' -
 . TABLE XV. LATIN SQUARES-continued .
The 6 _X 6 Latin Squares
Five conjugate pairs of transformation sets, and twelve sets containing conjugates. The numbers above the squares
indicate the number in each set, s standing for self-conjugate and & for conjugate. Each pair of conjugate sets can l;>e
turned into the following transformation set by interchanging rows or columns with letters~ - · ·
I •

I II 'III IV v
1o8o, 1o8o 18os+450+450& 540+540& 540+540& 54o,··54o
ABCDEF ABCDEF ABCDEF ABCDEF A' BCD E F
BCFADE BCFEAD B A F'E CD BAEFCD B A·E C F D
CFBEAD CFB·ADE .CFBADE CFBADE CFB_ADE
DE A B F C- DEABFC DC~ BFA' DE A B. F. C DEFBCA·
EADFCB EADFCB EDAFBC ED ·F C B A E D A F B.C
FDECBA FDECBA· FEDCAB FCDEAB F C DE A·.B ·
OOOI-I080 2161-3240 3241-4320 ·4321-5400. ,. . 54o1-5940 ·
1081-2160 \
\ .. 5941-6480..
I - '.

VI VII' VIII Ix·~··"c X

90s+225+225c 270-f270& 36o,.... 360 18o+18oc 6os+6o+6oc
ABCD"EF ABCDEF ABCDEF ABC DE F. 'A B CD E· F
BAFECD BCDEFA BAEFCD BAEFCD B C FADE·,
CFBADE C E. A F~ B D· CFAEDB .CFABDE C F B.E~A D
DEABFC D F B A C E• - DCBAFE ' DEBAFC D A E B F _C.
ECDFBA EDFBAC EDFCBA ED F C B A· E D,A F C B.
FDECAB FAECDB FEDBAC FCDEAB~ F E;, DC B A
6481-7020 7021-7560 7561-7920 828!-8640 8641-~~20 ..
7921-8280
~-
,
.
XI XII XIII XIV
..
• >f.
·.xv
120, 120 · 6os+3o+3oc 6os 20+20& ,;.... .
..
' 36, J6 .·
~ t'· ..• •

ABCDEF ABC DE F. ABCDEF . ABCDEF A·BCDEF~

BCAFDE .BCAEFD B C A.F DE B.C A E"F D .B_AFEDC
CABEFD CABFDE CABE_FD CABFDE CD A B FE··
DFEBAC DEFBAC DFEBAC DFEB.AC D F E A C B'
EDFCBA EFDA.CB EDFACB EDFCBA. ECBFAD
FEDACB F DE C·B'A FE n·c B A FEDACB FE DC -B A~
8821-8940 9061-9180 . . 9181-9240 9241-9280 9281-9316 •
8941-9060 ~317-9352, .

XVI XVII.
6s+15+15i 1o+1oc ' •.
ABCDEF ABCDEF
BAECFD BC"A_F.DE-
CEAFD.B CABEFD
DC£ ABE·- DEFABC
EFDBAC E.F.D CAB
FDBECA. FDEBCA
. 9353-9388 9389-9408 .

Examples of 7 X 7 Latin Squares

. -
ABCDEFG A B C D E ~ G . . A1 B2 C3 ·D 4 Es F s G7 A1 B2 'C3 D 4 Es F 6 G 7
BEAGFDC B K A G F D C B3 F 7 E 6 G1 C4 A 2 Ds · Ba C7 D& E1 F t G2 As
CFGBDAE C F G B D' A E ~ D 1 As E 2 B 6 G 4 F 3 C6 D5 E 2 F_3 G1 A 7 B 4
DGEFCBA D .G E F B C A D6 C5 G2 A3 F 1 E 7 B4 D 2 E 4 F7 G6 A 3 -Bs C1
EDBCAGF · E D 13 C · A G F E 4 G6 B1 Fs A 7 D 3 C2 E 7 F 1 Gs A 2 B 6 C4 D 3 .
FC.DAGEB F C D -A G E B F 2 A4 D7 C6 G 3 Bs E1 . Fs .Ga A4 R7 ~a Dt E&
GAFEBCD G A F E C B D ' -· Gs E 3 F4 B7 D 2 C1 A6 G4 A6 B1 C5 D7 E3 F 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
\Vhen constructing squares for use in experimental arrangements use.: the randomization procedure described in the .
II}troduction. · · '
53 D2
 TABLE XV. LATIN SQUARES-contlnued
'it.
. "'
Examples of Squares from 8 X 8 to 12 X I 2

ABC.DEFGH A B C ·n E F G HI ABCDEFGHI J
BCAEFDHG BCEGDI FAH BGAE~CFI J D
C·A D G HE F B CDFAHGI.EB ·CHJ GFBEADI
DFGCAHBE D H A. B F E C I G D ~ G I J E·. C B F H
E H B"F q CAD ·E G B I C H D F A E F· H J I G 'A D B C
01'

F D HA n·G E C- · F I HE B\ D A G C FEBCDIJGHA
GEF·HCBDA· GFI CABHDE G I F B AD H J C.E
H G E B D A C 'F' HEG FI A"B·c D H C I F G J DE-A B
8X8 ' IADHGCEBF IJDACHBFEG
9X9: J DEHBAI CGF
IoXIo

_A B C D E F .G H I J K . 'AB'CDEFGHI J KL
B'AJlDCFKHGE BLGCPJKEHAFI-
' C. K H A. B I J F _D E G-.. CKABFLI DGHJ E- '1

D C G J .l K E B :F A .H DFIALECGJBHK
E J B G ~K. H D· C A I F I E D F G J K A L C I B .H
F · E -I C G A I( J- B H D FllKEGCDBALI J
GFDBHJ·AIEKC G I D F K H J A /L C E B
H I K ·F .A ·_n -B E G c J H E L J' C A B I K D G F •·
I D E H- J -B ,C .G K_F A I J BLHGFK.DEAC'
J· G A K F E H D C B t J C ·E K A I H 't B G L D
.. KHrEcG·I-AJDB KGJ H.l BLCEFDA
L .A H I B D E J-"F K C G-
I I XII
• i
I2XI2 •
..
, .I • f'lo\.
f

~ ·, ' I
\
I TABLE XVL COMPLETE SETS OF ORTHOGONAL LATIN SQUARES
I

3X3 4X4.
I II· I II- III
I 2 3 I 2 3 I 2 3 4 I 2 3 4 I 2 3 4
.....
2 3 I 3 I 2 . 2 I 4 3 3 4 I 2 4 .3 2 I
3 I 2
-
2 I 2 I 4 .3
3 ·I 2 2 'I 3 4 4 3
4 3. 2 I 2 4 3 I 3 4 I 2
· AC, B.D ' · AC.D, BC AD, BC.D

5X5 7X7 -
I II I II III
I 2 I 2 3 4 5 I 2 3 4 5 6 1 ·' I 2 3 4 .5 6 7 I 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 4 5 I

2 3 4 5 I 3.4 5 I ·2 2 3 4 5 6 7 i 3 4 5 6 7 I 2 4 5 6 .7 I 2 3
3 4 ,5 I 2 ·5 I 2 3 4 3 4 5 6 7 I 2 5 6 7 I 2 3 4 7 I 2 3 4 5 6
4 5 I 2 3 2 3 4 5 I 4 5 6 7 I 2 3 .· 7 • I 2 3 4. 5 6 3 4 s
6 7 I 2

5 'I 2 3 4 4 5 .I 2 3 5 6 7 I 2 ·3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 I €? 7 I 2 3 4 5
6 7 I 2 3 4 5 4 5 6 7 I 2 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 'I

I-
III • IV 7 I 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 I 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 I 2 3 4
I 2 3 4 5 I 2 3 4 5
4 5 3I 2 5 I 2. 3 4 IV V. Vl
2 3 4 5 I 4 5 I 2 3 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 I 3 4 52 6 7 I 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 4 5 I 2 5. 6 7 I 3 4 2 6 7 I 2 3 ·4 5 7 I 2 3 4 5 _6
5 I 2 3 4 . \
'
3 4 5 I 2 2 3 4 5. I - 2 3 4 5 6- 7 I 4 5 6 7 I 2 3 6 7 I 2 3 4 5
6 7 I 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 6 7 I 5 6 .7 I 2•3 4
3 4 5 6 7 I 2 7 I 2 3 4 5 6 4 5 6 · 7 .I 2 J
7 I 2 3 4 5· 6 5 6 7 I 2 3 4 3 4 5 6 7 I 2

4 5 6 7 I 2 3
...
' 3 4 5 6 7 I 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 I

54
 TABLE XVI. COMPLETE SETS OF ORTHOGONAL LATIN SQUARES-con#nued
...
,

8X8
I II i III ; IV
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 ' I ,2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I 2 3 4-5 6 7'81
2 I 4 3 6 5 8 ·7 5 6 7 8 I 2 3 4 . 7 8 5·' .6 3 4 I 2 ' 8 . 7 6 5' 4 3 2, 'I
3 4 I 2 .7 8 5 6 24 j·6 5 8. 7.
I ·5 ~ 7 8 I 2 3 4 7 8 .. 5 6. 3 · 4 I .2
4 3 2 I 8. 7. 6 5 .6 5 8 7 2 I 4 3 3 4 I 2 7 8 5 6 2 I. 4 3 · '6 5 8 · 7
5678I234 7 8 5 6 -3 4 I 2 87654j2I 4 .3•' 2 I 8 7 .6 5.
6 5 8.7 2 I 4 3 3 4 I 2 7 8 5 6 2I436587 S 6 7 8 ,I 2 3 4
7 8 5 6 3 4 I 2 8 7 6' 5 4 3 2 I ·4 3 2 I 8 7 6 5 6 S 8 7: 2 I 4 3 ·
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I 4 3 2 i 8 7 6 5 6 5 8 7 2 I 4 .3 34I.27856·
AD, BE, CF AEF,BD, CE ADE, BEF, CD AliEF, J]DE, CEF
v VI VII
I2345()78 I2345678 I 2'3 4 5 -6 7•8 .<
4,3 2 I 8 7 6 5 6 5 ·8 1 2 I 4 3 '3 4 I 2 7 8 5 6
8 7 ·6 5 4 3 2 I 432I8765 65872.I43
56.78I234 785634I2 8 7 6 5 4 3. 2. I
6s872I43 34I27856 2 I 4 '3 6 S 8 7.
785634I2 87.65432I 4 3 .2 I 8 '7 6 5. . I
34I27856 2 I 4 3 .6 5 8 7 5 6 7 8 I 2 .3 4
2I436587 5 6 7 8 I 2 34 7 8 5 6.3· .4 I 2 <• I

. ADF, BDEF; CDE AF, BDF, CDEF AE; BF, CD'F ..

; I- .'

· .. . .
.I II III IV
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
.... I t 2 3 4 5 6 7•8 9 I2345-6789 I ._2 3 4 5 6 7 8. 9
2 3 I 5 6 4 8 9 7 7 8 9 I 2 3'4 56 9 7 8 3 I 2 6 4.5 8 9 1 2 3 I . s<6: _4.
3 I 2 6 4. 5 9 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 I 2 3 5 6 4 8 9 7 2 3 I 6 .4 5 9 7 8 c3 I •2 '
4 5 6 7 8 9 I 2 3 2 ~ I 5 6 4 8 ~ 7 ~6 4 5 9 7. 8 ,i .I 2 9 7 '8 3 I 2 6 4 5·
56489723I 8 9 7 2 3 I 5 6 4 2 3 I ~ 6 4 8 9 7 4 56 7 8 9 I 2 j'·
6 4 5 9 7 8 3 I 2 5 6 4 ·8 9 7 3 I 2 7 8 9 I 2 3 4·5 6 2 3 I 5 6 ~.8 9 7
7 8 9 .I 2 3 4 5 6 3 I 2 6 4 5 9 7 8· 8972JI564- • 5 6'4 8 9 7 2 3 I
8 9 7 2 3 I 5 6 4 9 7 8 3 I 2 6 4 5 4 5 6 J 8 9 I 2 3 3 I 2 6 4 ·5 9 7 8·
9783I2645 6459783-I•2 3 I 2 ~ 4 5 9 7 8 7 8 9 ~ 23 4 5 6
AC(j), BD(j), BC(]), AD(I), ABC(Y), ABD(W), ABC(X), ABD(Y),
AC(j) xBDU). BCU)XAD(I). BCD(Y); ACD(Z). ACD(X), BCD(Z).

v VI VII. ·VIII
I 3 4 5· 6 1 8 9
2 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I 3 4 5 6 7 8 · 9.
2 I 2 3 ·4 · 5 6 7 8 9
3 I 2 6 4 5 9 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 I 2 3 ·5 6 4. 8 9 7 2 3 I 6 4 5 9 7 8 3 I 2-
2 3 I 5 6 4. 8 9 7. 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 . 9 7 8 3 I 2 6 4 5 8 9 7 2 3 I 5 6 4
7 8 9 i 2 3 4 5 6 3 I 2 6 4 5 9 7 8 8 9 7 ~ 3 I 5 6. 4 564897231
9 7 8 3 I 2 6 4 5 . 6459'783I2 3 I 2 6 4 5 9 7 8 7 8 9 I ~ 3 4 5 6.
8 9 7 2 3 I 5 6 4 9 7 8·3 I 2.6 4 5 4 5 6 7 8 9 I 2 3 3 I 2 6 4 5 9 7 8
4 5- 6 7 8 9 . I 2 .. 3 . 2 3 I 5 6 4l8 9 7 6 4 5 9 7 8·j I 2 9 7 8 3 ~ .2 6 4 5
6 4 5 9 7 8 3 I 2 5 6 4 8 9 7 2 3 ,I 7 8 9 I 2 3 4 5 6 2 3 1.5 6-4 8 9 7
5 6 4 8 9 7 2 3 I g 9 7 2 3 I· 5 6 4 2 3 I 5 6 4 8 9 7 4 5 6 7 8 · 9 I ,2 3
AC(I), BD(I), BC(I), AD(j), ABC(Z), ABD(X), ABC(W), ABD(Z),
AC(I)xBD(I). BC(I) X A.D(j). BCD(X), ACD(W). · A CD( Y), BCD('fV). •

55,
 BALANCED INCOMPLETE BLOCKS
TABLE XVII.' Combinatorial Solutions

I ,. 5 A 3 Use 2, deleting any set of five varieties 2 r k 5 . Cyclic solution

v·6 /) IO occurrin-g in the same block v!J n ·· aefgi
A 2 l 2
- I
3
,. 6 A 7 Use · 5, ~ele~g any set of six . varieties I 4
,. 6 a!Jc .!Jdi cej dill lzjm
v to '/)'IS \occurnng m the same block I V I3 a de !Jem efl eflz ij/
A 2 \
ll· 3 afg !Jfll cgi eg/
!J 26 ani IJg j tAm eill
5 ,. A ·6 Dicyclic solution ' A I ajll · !Jhl dfj fim
.v lJ , I 6 · a1 a~a_!Za IJ1 e, t/1 aim edlz dgm glzA
A 2- I
. '

' ,.
7* ,.
' 6* 7 a !Jet! alJglz acflz adfg
7 alJe a de afg ani ajA aim 'lJ 8 efglz cdef ~deg !J celz
..' vIS ..
dlzl /) lzj !Jill . IJmo IJ/n IJeg
'
A 4 -- -- --
~-
A 3
/) 35
eJO •
film
emn e/o edg
fio.' djn 'elln
eef
dim
eij
dA·o . .. . !J I4
A 3
a!Jef aeeg adelz
rdglz IJdf" IJefg
. '
l I gl'n gAl· elzm·ffl glzo flzn "

~-

-
-- -- -- -- ' .. .~
. 9 ,.A 7 Cyclic solution
a no IJdf elzll
.. ei/. gjm ' I vlJ 15 alJeefill
A
0

3
II 8 /l. 4 Use· I9, taking the first four-varieties of
,. .
· v 9 lJ I 8 each block except the first ; • ' r I3 ,. 8 A 4 Dicyclic solution in two fam'ilies
A .3, . . v 25 !J so a1a,.!Jte6
A I · t · a 1a 8c1 d,.
IS ,. 9 a !J e. agi !Jei eef dfi
, VIO a.!JJ a lzj !Jfg ·egj dglz · I6 9
,. A 5 Use I 9, deleting any set ·or nine
R 3 ace- aij !Jgi chi. efj • v IO !J I8 varieties occurring in the same block
1

'!J 30 · adf !Jcf !Jizj cij . eglz A· ·4

• A .2 aeg ~!Jdj 1dg dei fgj.
~ - af lz !Jelz cdlz. dej, flzi ' I9 ,. 9 J a !Jed efg.lz i !Jeefllmpqr
v 19 - a!Jdejmnqs !Jelzijlqrs
I8t r. 9 a!Js ,_!J&q &.en dlzj fij Jzpq Aos A 9 a !J g lz R I n.P q !J d fh j no p,. ~.
' 'v I9 acf !Jdp cgl -diq_ fmo ims Imp !J I9 a!Jfi lm op s !Jegillnof"s
k 3· ad.r IJeo clzk dmfz fps ·inr ./no A 4 aedflllnf"s cdeilnopq
!J 57 .aep ,!Jfn cjm; efk fqr. j/s aegijmnp,. efglzmnoqs·
. A I agn !Jgm' cip 'egj gio_ jnq acelzjllop s deglzlmpr.s
_,talzm·!J/zl crs- elzi gpr jop • adlzillmoqr dfgijllpqs
i ail. !Jill des elq gqs Air aefgjloq,. 'efhijlllmn
ajll !Jjr dfl emr.' lzns R.mq !Jcdgjlllmo
. aoq &do djll fg/z· lzor· Anp
Also cyclic solution
2I r 9 a !Jed !JgvB cj x'.A elzllr giux llquw acefglzllno
28 aefg !Jizln·
. 'lJ

A 4 a lzij !Jiwz
cllsB
cnuy
einB gjmq loyA
ejvy gAol lrvx 22 ,. -'>

9 A 7 Use 23, deleting any set of nine

'lJ 28 !J 36 varieties occurring ~ the same block·
!J 63 'qll/m !Jjsu demx elpu_ gryz · mpwB
A I anop !JmrA tifuA esw4 kmuz msty A 2 ..
aqrs !Jptx dgns flztw lzt~sx nqtA
. -f--
atuv' cetz d lzy.:B fils illvA oruB 25* r IO a!Je def ghi jill mno pq,. stu
v 2I ado !Jell eip· fqt gls lzmr jnu
awxycfpr dirt, fjoz ipqy psvz
azABcglw . djllp fmnv jltB . .. A 3 aeq !Jdn egA fjs hpt i 0,. lmu
!Jeoq clzqv - d lq z fqxBjnrw !J 1~ afi !Jgp chu. dqs ejm ROt In r
!Jflly cimo dovw glzpA kn_xz A I agu!Jmq ejr dlzll eps flo int
' - alzj !Jrs eoq dip eiu 'fAn gmt
allr !Jjt eel dim fpu gnq lz 0 s
23 r A 9 Cyclic solution •' all !Jf lz ens df"u ego ijq Amp
v!J 37 ,a!JdlzryzDJ. ams!Jil edt e lz n fgr jop RfJU
A 2 anp !Jou ·efm dgj ert lzlq iks

29 ,. IO R 5 Cyclic solution in two families

'lJ 4I !J 82 ajprK ··
A I asEFI

• Divisible into groups, each containing a complete replication, No. 25 by rows, Nos. 6 and 7 as indicated.
t Due to R. C. Bose.
 TABLE XVIII. Index by Nu111ber of Replications ,·

I . .
Replica-
tions (r).
Varieties
(r>).
Blocks I
Units per Re£ '
(6).- block (k). erence.
Replica- Varieties
tions (r). (v).
Blocks
(6). Unitsperl
~ R~erence. I ;

Replica- Varieties
tions (r) (v).
Blocks
(6).
f
Units per
block(k). ReferenCe.
-.-:----
I I '

3 4 6 . 2 u 7 8 28 2 u 9 19. 57 3 ·xs
4 4 3 u 8 14 4 6 19· . 19 ·9 19
7 7 3 o.s. 8. 8 1 u 25 ,25 ' 9 -
IS 35 .3 7 28 63 4 21
4 5
5
IO ·
5
2
4
u
u
IS
IS
21
IS
s
7
-9 28
37 .
36. 7
. 37 . . 9
22
23
'

o.s. 22 22 7 - .46 >

69· 6 -
7 7 4
9 12 3 - o.s. • -u 64 72 8 '
o.s.
13 13 4 o.s. 8 9 36 2 73 73 9 o.s•.
.
9 18 4 II .. ' .
5 6 IS 2 u 9 12 6 o.s. IO 6 :15 4 u
6 IO 3 I 9 .. ' 9 8 ·U 9 18 5 I I
6 6 5 u IS 15 8 9 II ss 2 u ''
II II 5 2 21 28 6 - - II II' ··xo u
x6 20 4 o.s. 25 so •4 13 16 16 IO 5 ... ;
,.
21 21 5 o.s, 29" 29 8
' - 19 19· IO • -·I9
. - 49 . s6 7 o.s. 21 70 "3 25
6 5 IO 3· .u 57 57 8 o.s. 21 30 'l -
I 7 21 2. u 31 31 10 -
7 7 6 u 9 10 45 2. u 36 45- g ... -··
10 IS 4 3 IO 30 3 IS 41 '82.- 5 29
II II 6 2 IO I8 s 16 46 46 IO ' -· ·,,
I3 26 3 4' IO IS 6 3 51 s5 6' ·-·
I6 x6 6 :5 IO IO 9 u 81 90 '9 o.s.
25 30 s . o.s. 13 13 9 o.s. 91 91 ~ 10. o.s •.
3I 31 6 o.s. x6 24 6 - •'
;

l I

TABLE XIX. Index by Number of Units in a Block

.
I Units r;}.
block k).
Blocks
.(6).
Varieties Replica- Reference. Units per
(v) • tions (r). block(k).
I I
Blocks
(6).
I
Varieties Replica-
(v). · tions (r).
Refierence. IUnits (k).
~lock
per Blocks
(6). v.n""'l •.,.,..(rt
(r>). tions
Reference.

I
- -
3 4 4 3 u s x8 9 IO II 8 9 . 9 8. u
7 7 3 o.s. x8 IO 9 16 IS . IS . 8 9
I IO 5 6 u 21 I5 7 - . 29 29 8 -
IO 6 S· I '21 21 s o.s. 45 3~ IO -
12 o.s. '30 25 6 o.s. 57 57 I 8 o.s. \

-
26
30
9
13
IO
4
6
9
4
IS
.
82 41 IO 29 I·
I
72 64 9 o.s. -

6 6 9 10 IO 9 u
35
57
IS
19
7
9
,7
18
7
II II
7
6
•U
2 I 13
'
13 9 o.s.
.
70 . .21 IO 25 12
I5
9
19
8
9
. o.s.
3
19
2S
19
2S·
9
9
19
......._
'
4 s s 4 U. x6 .. x6· '6 s 37 37 . 9' 23
o.s.
7 7 4 o.s. 24 IQ 9 - 73 73 9
13 13 •4 o.s. 28. 21 8 - 90 81 IO o.s.
l4 8 7 6 3I 31; 6 o.s.
IS 6 IO u l69 46 9 - IO II II IO• u
IS IO 6 3 ss 51 ro · - ' x6 I(i 10 s
x8 9 8 II - I9 19 IO 1.9
20 16 -
o.s: 7 8 8 7 u 31. 31 .·IO -
5 -
so 25 8 13 IS IS 1 9 46 46 IO -
63 28 9 21 22 22 7 - 91 91 IO o.s.
30 21 IO .. -
5 6 6 5' u 36 28 9 22
. II II s 2 I
s6 49 8 o.s.
'
51
 '' ' .. '. TABLE XX.
,
SCORES FOR ORDINAL (OR RANKED) DATA
.
The.mean deviation~ of the xst, :nd, 3rd ••• largest members of samples of different sizes;
· · :. zoro and negative values omitted.
-~· .

o'rdinal Size of Sample

number. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO .
.
I ·Ss I"03 I•J6 1"35 1"42 1"49 1"54
2 ."30 ' ·so "76 ·ss "93 1·oo
3 "20 "35 "47 "57 •66
4. ·xs "27 "38
5 "12
II I3 14 I6 J8 19
s~-----r-------~--~----------~------------------------~----------------------------------
I I"5~ I 1•67 1"70 1"74 1•76 }:• 79 1'82 1'84 1"87
'2 t·o6· 1•16 1"21 1"25 1"28 1"32 I• 35 I•JS 1"41
3 "73.' "79 . ·ss ·go "95 "99 1"03' 1'07 1"10 1"13
4 .. "46 "54 ·6o ·66 "71 •76 •81 ·Ss •Sg "92
5 "22 "31 "39 -'46·, "52 "51 ·62 •67 "71 "75
6. "10 ' . ·~g ·so
"27 .34 . "39 .·ss "59
7 "09 "I7. "23 "35 "40 "45
8 ·o8 "21 ;26 "31
9 't " 0 7 -~3 "19
IO ·o6
'
21 22 23 JO

I 1·89 .· ~·91 . 1"93 1"95 I"97 1·98 2"00 2"0I 2"03 2'04
2 ·I"43 \ . 1"46 1'48 so
. i· I" 52 1"54 t I" 56 I· 58 I·6o.. I•62
1•16 1~I9 1"2I 1•24 1•26 1"29 1"31 . 1"33 1"35 1"36
."95 ' :g8 1"01 1'04 1"07 1"09 1"II I"I4 1•I6 I· IS
•78 ·82 ·ss •88 "9I "93 ·g6 ·g8 1"00 I"OJ
I
·63 •67 "73 •j6 "79 ·82 ·8s •87 ·8g
"49 "53 •6o •64 •67 "70 "73 "15 •78
j
•J6 "4I "48 "52 ·ss · ·s8 •6I ·64 •67
'9' "24 "29 "37 "4I "44 "48 "5I "54 "57
Io "12 "17 •26 · • JO "34 ~38 . "41 "44 "47
II ·o6 •I6 "20 "24 . "28 "32 "35 "38 .
I2 ·os •1o. "I4 "I9 "22 •26 "29'
1J . ·os ·og "IJ "I7 · "2I
.I4· "04 ·og "I2
IS "04

·Tests of psychological preference and some .other experimental data suffice to place a '\eries of magnitudes in order
of preference, without supplying metrical values. -Analyses of variance, correlations, etc., can be carried out on such
data by using the normal scores, appropriate to each position in order, in a sample of the size observed. .Ties may be
scored with the means of the ordinal values involved, but in such cases the sums of squares given in Table. XXI will
.
require correction.
.. .
·TABLE
,, XXI.. SUMS OF SQUARES OF MEAN DEVIATIONS TABULATED.
n I 2'' 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO n

I o·6272 I•4450 2" JOI8 3" I912 4" I250 5"0452 s·g646 6· 96s6 7"9320 Io
II 8•8892 g·8662 Io·8I04 JI•7846 u·8232 IJ·66oo I4"7258 IS" 7454 I6·6864 I7"7I44 20
2I I8·6242 Ig•6862 20•6I76 2J•6040 22"6352 23" 5470 24" 599 2 25· 58o8 26·s8o6 27" 5454 JO
JI• 28•5730 29"5960 .J0"5562 JI" 5I52 32" S6I8 33" 5I66 34"5346 35"4840 36•44I4 '37"4288 40
4I 1 38•4660 39"4654 40'4366 4I" 5788 42" 5I94 43" 4922 44"4548 45"3626 46·sno 47"3830 so
ss
 TABLE XX~ 5CORES-jOR ORDINAL (OR RANKED)
. "" DATA-cont·inuetf.
il"
Size of Sample ,..
.... :-1
Ordinal'
number. .'JI J2 33 34 35 36 37

I 2·o6 2"07 2·o8' 2"09 2"11 2"12 2"13 2"14 . 2'I~ 2·I6 ·
2 J•6J z·6s x-66 x-6S 1•69 I"70 I"72 • ·I"73 1'74 1".75 .
3 ' ,J•JS 1"40 1"42 1"43 ~"45 I·46 .• I" 4S ." '. I• 49 I" 50·.. .:1" 52
4
s·
1"20
z·os
·I" 22
1"07
1"2J
1"09
1"25
I" II
1'27
I" 12
.
I•2S
1"14:
. I".JO
I•I6
I• J2 ..
I"I7
~- 33
I'I9
·'· 1"34,
1"20.
6 "92 "94 ·g6 ·gS roo x·o2 . , · 1'03 1"05 · x•o7 : l/oS.
7 •So ·S2 ·Ss •S7 ·Sg- ... ·"91 ' "92. "94 . ·g6 . ~ \.. ·9S-
8 ·6g "72 "74 •76. • 79 •SI •SJ ·Ss ·~s6: ·SS
9 ··6o ·6a ·6s •67 ·6g "72 "73 ."15 "77 •79
10 ·so "53 ·s6 ·ss •6o •63 , ·6s •67 .. ·6g:. •_71
II • "41 "44 "47 ·so "52 "54 "51 "59
. I
·6:t .. ;·6J
12 "33 •J6 "39 "41 - "44 "47 . "49 •51 . ·54 · · s6
IJ "24 ·2S "31 "34 ·~36 "39 "42 "44 ..• 46 :'· . : . • 49
14 •16 "20 "23 •26 "29 "32 •34 .. 37 "39 ."42
IS •oS. "12 "15 •IS •22 "24 ; "27 " ~JO . "33_ ·.- . ~35
16 •oS .·II "17
.
"20 -~3 · ·26 · ·zS
17 "04 ~-:to i "14 ·i6 . ~ 19 : ~.22
IS "OJ "07 ·xo . ~13 '"16
19 "OJ ·. •o6 · •og
\ •
20 ·'"OJ
. 41 ' 43 ·44 45 47 49 so

I 2·17 2·IS ' 2· I9 2"20 2"21 2"22 2"22 2"23 2"24 2·25
2 1•76 1•7S 1'79 rSo. r81 I·8z I•SJ· J:•S4 1·Ss · · .I•8S.
3 1• 53 I• 54 1"55 I" 57. I· sS I• 59. i·6o I•6I x·62 · r63 ·. ·
4 I" 36 l" 3.7 I" JS 1;."40 1"41 1"42 1"43 '1."44: . I'.45 1"46
5 I"22 1"23 I"25 I·26 I"27 I:2S · I"JO. I" J~
-·
I"J2 . 1"33.
16 1"10 I" II I"IJ . 1"14 I" I6' I• 17 I• IS l" 19 1"21 1"22
7 "99 I"OI 1"02 I"04 1"05 I"07 I" OS 1"·09 x· u ~ I" I2'
s ·go "91 "93 "95 ·g6 ·gS "99 ...
1"00 1"02 I" OJ.
9 •81 •SJ ·84 ·S6 ·SS •Sg "91 "92 "94 '"95
IO "73 "75 •76 •78 •So ~81 •SJ •S4. ·S6 •S7
II ·6s •67 ·6g "7I ."72 •76 • 77 . . "79 ·So ·
12 ' ·ss ·6o ·62 -~4 ·6s ·6g . "70 ·.72 "74
IJ "51 "53 ·ss~ "51, "59 ·62 ·64 ·66 •67
14 "44 "46 "4S ·so ·sz ·s6 t • ss . "59 •61
15 •37 "40 . "42 "44 ··46 ·so "52 "53 ~55

16 "JI •J6' •.3S - "40 "42 .44 '; ';46 "4S "49
17 "25 "29 "32 "34 •J6 •J8 ~- "40 "42 . "44
18 ·IS "21 "23 ·26 •2S "JO "32 . "34 •J6 :38
. 19 "12 ·:rs o/I7 "20 "22 ".25 "27 . "29 • JI "33
20 ·o6 "09 "12 ."14. "I9 "21 "24 •26 · ·2S.·
~
2I "OJ ·o6 ~9 ·n "I4 ·I8 •21. "23 ·~
22 "OJ ·o6 •o8 "IJ ,.. • I8,
23 "OJ ·os •oS ·Io "IJ
24 "03 ·. . ·o~ .:
25 "03

'
 .-
TABLE XXII. ~NITIAL DIFFERENCES OF POWERS OF NATURAL NUMBERS

These values, the so-called " differences of zero," enter into many combinatorial fonnulre, as in. Whitworth's Cnoic•
1111tlClltme•. They afford exact solutions of some important sampling problems (Stevens, (12), (13}, 1937). In particular if
1 objects are distributed among " classes, the probabilities of any one object falling into each class· being equal, the
distribution _of r, the number of occupied classes, is · ·
I 11 I ~r 01
,., (11-r) I ,.1
.·Th~ values tab~t~, ~~o' /rf, are the rth ~diff~rences of powers of natural n~mbers, advancing from o1 , divided by·rr,
_for ~alues of .r fram 2 to 25. ' .' . • . . \ . ' ~

?'-<. 2 3 4 -. '-. 5 6 7 8

~ I ·3 . 7 IS '3I· 63 127
3 I 6 2S go 30I 966
4. I 19 6s 350 1701
/
5 I IS I40 - 1050
·- ·; ·\
~· ..
-~ I 2I 266
7 \ I 28
8 ' .I

..
., '
- '

~
.
. II I
..IO I3 •

.
. 12
J• ) . . 9

,
. 2 2$S. 5II I02l 2047 409S
'3 ~ ·. , '
. 302S. 9330 28SOI 86526 2 6162S
'4 7170 34105: I 4S7SO. 6 li50I 2S 32530
·s ·. 69SI 42S2S ,2 46730 I3 79400· . 7S o85oi
.. 6· ,2646 22827 I 79487 I3 23652 93 21312
. 7 ·. 462 ·s88o 63987 6 27396 57 IS424
.8 36 7SO n88o I 59027 18 99612
9 I. 4S II5S 2227S 3 59502
IO I ss. I 70S 39.J2S
' II I 66. 2431
12 I 78
13 I

~ IS 17 1.8
------------~--------------------------~---------------
2 8191 16383' 32767 6553S I 31071
' ..71 4i686
3' 7 88970~· .23 7510~ . 214 57825 644 39010
4' IOJ 9174S '423 55950 1717 989?1 6943 37290 . 2,7988 0698S

5 400 7503S 2107.66920 x·o961 90550 56527 516sx 2 8958o 9554S

6 634 36373 4206 93273 27349.26558 I 75057 49898 II o6872 51039
7 493 29280 4087 41333 32818 82604 2 57081 04786 19 74624 83400
8 209 12320 21<?6 27840 21417 64053 2 04159 9S028 18 90J60 65010
• 9 51 35130 '671 28490 8207 84250, 95288 22303 10 61753 9575S
IO 7 527S2 126 62650 1937 54990 27583 34150 3 71121 63803
II 66o66· 14 79478 289·36968 5120 66g78 83910 04908
12 J367. I o6470 27 57118 620 22324 12563 28866
• 1258 54638
I3 91 4550 I 65620 49 10178
14 I IoS 6020 2 49900 84 o8n8

IS I I20 7820 3 67200

I6 I IJ6 9996
I7 I 153
x8 I
.J. ,.

6o
 ~ .

TABLE, XXII. INITIAL DIFFERENCES OF POWERS.OF NATURAL NUMBERS-contz"nued:

~I I9 20
--~------~--------~------------------------------------~--
2I • 22

2 2 62I43. 5 24287 IO 4S575 20 g7ISI

3 'I934 48IOI 5806 06446 I7423 43625 52280 79450
'4 I. 12596 66950 4 5232I I590I I8_ I5090 70050 72 77786 23825
'
',..
5 I4 75892 847IO 74 92o6o 905oo . 379 I2625 6840I I9I3 78219 12055
6 , 69 308I6 OI779 430 6o788 95384 .265~ 56794 62804 'I6330 53393 452'25
7 I49 29246 34839 III4 35540 45652 823I 09572 I4948 60276 23799 67440
8 ' I70 975IO 0348o I5I7 09326 62679 I325I IOI53 47084 I I4239 90799 9I62o
9 II4 46146 268o5 I20I I2826 44725 I2327 24764
- - . 65204 I 24I9.6 33035 33920
IO 47 72970 33785 59I 75849 64655 7II8 7I322 9I275. 835I4 37993 71954
II I2 94I32 I 719I I90 08424 29486 2682 685I6 8900I 36628 25008 70286
I2 2 34669 5I330 4I £oi66 3339I 683' 30420 3I~78 Io882 33560 6I937 .
I3 28924 39I6o 6 !o686 6o38o · . I20 49092 I833I 2249 686I8 6~48I
I4 2435 77530 63~25 24580 I4 93040 0_4500 329 5I652 8I33I
IS I39 I6778 4523 29200 I 30874 ~2580 34 56I5cj 43200 ..
I6 5 27I36 223 50954 8099 44464 2 60465 74<?04.
I7 12597 7'4I285 349 52799 I404I 4204 7·
IS I7I I5675 IO 23435 533 74629
I9 I I90 I9285 ·I3 8985o
"'
20 I 2z'o 23485
I
2I I -2~I
22 I,

~ 23 24
--------------------------------~----------------------~-----
25 ..

' ~3 8S6o7. , .· I67 772I5

2 4'1 94303
3 I 56863 3550I ·4 70632 oo8o6 I4 II979 9I025
4 29I 63425 74750 II68 I0566: 3450I 4677' I2897 388Io
5 '964I 6888I S4IOO 48$oo 07834 95250 2 43668
. '
4974I
I
I075I
6 99896 98579 83405 6 09023 6o36o 84530 37 0264I 70000 0~430
7 4 38264 I999I I7305 3I 67746 385I8 04540· 227 S3248 29987 I6jio
s 9 74I95 50I99 00400 S2 3i828 2I583 20505 • 69o 22372 III83 6858o
9 I2 32006 88II7 96900 I2o 62257 4326o 725oo II67 92I45 I0929 73005 ~ .
IO 9 59340 I2973 I3460 IoS 25408 17849 3I5oo 1203 I6339 21753 875oo
II
I2
4 86425 I3089 5IIOO.
I 672I6 27736 I3530
63
24
IOOI6
93020
56957
45923
75560
I3460
.
So2
392
35590
26262
44384
.
o8o35
6266o
3.7o8o
I3 40I28 25603 52I90 6 88883 6o58I 92ooo . ·I I4 4S507 33488 09460
I4 6862 9I758 07IIi I 36209 I02I6 5I8oo 25 958II 036I3 I7200
IS 847 94044 29J3I 19582 02422 47080 4 ~9939 46553 58oo~
I6 76 236II 27264 2o67 7I824 65555 52665 5I6I6 95960
I7 '4 99I69 88803 I6I 09499 369I5 4806 333I3 93IIO
. IS 23648 85369 9 24849 25445' 327 56785 94925.
I9 797 8I779 38807 39I70 I6 62I89 6g67S
20 I8 59550 II69 72779 6220I 94750
2I 2833<i 24 54606 I685 . 19505.
22 253 33902 32 00450 -
23 I 276 40250
24 I 300
25 I

61
 XXIII. ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS
TA-BLE
(Values from n:::::; 32 to n =51 are due to V. Satakopan).
3 4 5 61 7 ' ' 8 '
f't £'. f't f's ·f'• f't- ''•. f'a f',· f't f s f a 1
e~.· 1 1
f & e1 f a f a
1 1
r. f'a fit· fa ,1, ~~.
~ "·-
' .
• .. . . -s
. '
+s -s +r -:I
-3 +s -I +3 -I
-7
-s
-1;7 -7 +7
+I +s -IJ
-7
+23
' •,
J'
-2 '+2 -I +I -2 0 +I -7 +4
-.3 .+I -I -3 -1 +7 -3 +s -3 -J +7 -3 -I7
:-1 +I -I I .-I +2 -4 -r :-3 +I +I -s
.0 -2 -J +3'
0
l: -2 o·+6
-I -4 +4 +2 -IO
0 -4 0 +6 0
-I -s +3 +9 -IS
+I +~
+I ..,-3
+I -I -i. -4 .
+I -4 \4' +2 +Io
.;..I -7 -J ,-s +I -3 -I +I,+S
+I -s -3 +9 +IS
+3 +I +I +2 +3 'i',
+J'-J -7 -3 +I7
•. ... +~ +I +I +2 - 0 r i -7 -4
. +s +s +s. ,+I- +I +s +I -s -IJ -23
-
• . "
t3 +s +I +3 +I
~- +7 +7 +7.+7 +7
.. •
2-' 6 20 I 4 20 lO ./, 14 10 7f? 70 84" J8o •28 :252 is 84 6. 154 84 168 168 264 616 2184
I 2 ¥ ·I tt 2 f. ! 1'. i! - l ·l'f 2 1
i ·T"f.·
•. 3
I I I YT I I "!715 I
.,,
111) ·,
J
IO ·,
9 II 12
el,
'f,.

f't' f'a'. f'a.;.·f"' f'a f't . fI ' f'. a·. f', f a 1

ell' fa 1
f
1
f't f'"a f~ . f.
"· &
. "·
+I
+::r
0 -20
-{7
+IS
-9 +9 . +9
·-8 •-I3 -:-II +4
0 0
.
-t·J:;/-4" -I2
'
+.3 -,.3 · -JI
+5. -I -3S
·+I8 +6
+3· +n
··-I7 +I·
; . +I
+2
0 -Io
;-9
-6
-I4
-23
0 +6
+4
-I
+4
•+4
+I -Js
0
. -7
+3 -29 -19
+s -I7 -2S
.
+28
+u
-IJ
+2o
+44
+29
I •.
+3 ·+7 -7 :-:21 - I I M-7 . +2 . ::....14 . -22 . -14 +3 i-1 ·-22 -6 --I +7 +I -2I -33 -2I
+4 +28 +14
. -
+i4· +4: .. +9 +6 ..
t4'2 +JS.' ;t-6
... +4- +6 -6 -6 -6 +9 +2s_· -,J -27 -57
•
},
. 1' ·•.
. ;• +s +IS ::t-Jo'
..
+6 +3· +II +ss +33 +33 +33

·60 ' ' 990 ' -· 468 330 8,58o· 78o . !10 '4,290 156
'•

572 5,148 15,912

"' .'. 2,772 ' 2,002 2,86o s58 286 12,012 8,oo8 .
n -
~ .: 132
'"'I . 3.~ . _ i
"'•.
~ - Tcrll'

[: ... \it . "

2 } !. -h
.'
I I.'
.•.

i' -n -nr 2 3 i iT Ia
. ,
, ,,. ,. , ,. , , '
'I
t I I I I I I I
a..~ 1 """ - 2
;
1
--
8 5
..
I l!
.
5 1 3
' .,
I

. .
·'

0 -14' I
0 '+84 0·. +I -8 -24 +.1o8 +6o 0 -s6 0 +7s6 · 0
•'

.
. I
+I -4 -.IJ +64 +2o• · -· +3' '-7 -67- +63 +I4S +I -53 -27 +621 +67S
'

+2 r7 -10 +II . +26.' -. +s. . -s -9S . :-IJ .+139 +2 -44 -49 +25t +Iooo
··+3 . ·;-s: -8 -54 +n· +7 -2 -98 -92 +28 +3 -29 -6I -249 +75I
+4. .+2 -~
'· . -96 ;-I8'
'
+9 +2 -66 -I32 -IJ2 +4'' -8
, -s8 · -704 -44
.
·~ 1 - )-

+s ·+n. 0 . ~
-66
.
<-JJ
+22
.. +II
',.-tiJ
+7 +u; -77
-I87 +s
+6
+I9 -35 -869, -979
-429 -II44
+6. +22 +II +99 +IJ ~143 +I4,3 +I43 "
+52 +I3
'· ; +7 +9I +9I +IOOI +IOOI
.
. .182
·~
572 6,188 910 97,240 235,144 .280 39.780 to,581,48o
2,002 68;o68· 728 136,136 37,128 6,466,460
II !15 21
I • I. { }• rr
'I T
ncr 2 T
1 5
a rr
T
-:k I '3 tr rr 20

16' I7 IS
. l
,
t'l fa· 'f's g~,
f's ,,1 f'a fa g~,· , fs f1 I e I
3
I

' 5
.. I •

.+ss.0 .
•
+I -2I. .-63' +I89 +45 -24
0 0 +,36 +I -40 -8 +44 +220
+3 -I9 ·, -:._I79 +I29' +us +I -:23 -7 t3I +3 -37 -23 +33 +sSJ
+s -IS- -265 +23 +IJI +2. -20 -I3 +I7 +88 +s -JI -JS . +IJ +733
+7 -9 -JOI -IOI +77 +3 -IS -17 -3 +83 +~ -22 -42 -I2 +s88
-10 -42 -36 +I 56
+9
.
-I -267 -201
.-I43.
-33 +4 -8 -I8 -24
.,
+36
. +9
+ii -22I +s +I -IS -39 -39 +II ..+s -33 -SI -,429
+I3
+9
+21 • -I43
+9I -9I -I43 +6 +12 -7 -39 -I04 +I3 +23 -13 -47 -871
+IS +35 +4SS +273 +I43 +7 +2'5 . +7 -IJ ""'9 I +IS +44 +20 -12 -676
. • +8 +40 +28 +sz +I04 +I7 +68 +68 +68 +884
-
1,36o I,007,76o 201,552 408' 3,876 .100,776 1,938 23,256. 6,953.544
_.s,712 470,288 . 7.752 .. 16,796 23,256 28,424
2
. I 1 T 1 I I . ...\- J 2 % 1 1 ll

•·
 TABLE XXIII. ORTHOGONAL PoLYNOMIALS-con#nued

, ,
fa
I9 .. f, fs fl fs fa
20
f, fs fl fs
2I
·fa f;.
1 2
.. ~·.
0 -30 0 +396 ·' 0 +I ·-33 -99 ,+II88 +396 0 -IIO 0 +594 . 0
+I -29 -44 +352 +44 +3 -3I -287 +948. 7"Io76 +I· -I07 -51 +540 +I404
+2. -26 -8J +227 +74 +s -27 -445 :1-503 +I44I +2 -98 -I03 +385 +2444
+3 -2I -II2 +42 +79 +7 -2I -ss3 .:.77 +I35I +3 -83 -I42 -?I so· .:2819
+4 -I4 -I26 ~I68 +54 +9 -59 I -687 +77I. -62 -x66'
. "-I3 +4
'
-I30 +2354
I

+s -s -I20 -354 ·+3 +II -3' -539 -II87 -187 +s -35 -_I70,: -496 +Io63
+6 +6 -89 -453 -:58 +I3 +9 -;377 -I402 -I222 +6 -2 '~I49 -6I5 -788
+7 • +I9 -28 -388 ...;98 +IS +23 -8s , -II22 -I802 +.7 +37· -98 '-68o -26I8
+8 +34 +68 -68 -68 +I7 +39. +357 -I02 -II22 +8 +82 -I2 -sio · -3468
+9 +SI +204 +612 +Io2 +I9 +57 +969 +I9,l8 .+I938 +9, +I33 +n4· . 0 -I9J8
.
..., ' ? .+Io . +I90 +285 +969' .+3876

570
.,
213,180
-
. 89,148 2,66o 4,903,140
..
31,20I,8oo 12 I ,687...
I3,566 2,288,132
. 17,556 22,88I,J20 .. . 'J70 20{1894 432,630s,720,330, '
,o~o
'

#
I . I
!;
6
7
H ta 2 I J.O
a
3Ji
::!'-i
7
• '!!"0', I 3.
t,i
& .if ..:· H
22 23 '24
f1 ('a fa f, fs· fl ~·a fa ('
.e·, ~'s ! e·~. fa i"
e·a e·, ~·, ·•

+I -20 -I2 +702 +390 0 -44 0 +8.58 ·,o +I -I43 '· -I43. +I43 .+7I5
+3 -19 -35 +s8s +I079 +I -43 -I3 ""793 +65 +3 -I37 -;-419'. +123 .+2oos.
+s -17 -s5 +365 +IS09 +2 -40 -25 +6os. +II6 +.5 . : ,..:125 ..
-;665 .. +8s .+2893
+7 -I4 -70 +70 +I554 +3 -35 -35 +315 +I4I +7 :.I07 -861'" +33 +3I7I
-IO • -78 -258 +ns8 -28 -42 -42 +I32 "t9 .-83 . -987
+9 +4
'..
--:27
•
+272I
.
+II -5 -77 -s63 +363 +5 -I9 -451 -4I7 +87 +n -53 -I023'. -87 +.ISS!.
+I3 +I -6s -77s -663 +6 ·-8 -43 -747 +I2 +i3 -;,I7 -949 -IJ7 • -I69 '

+IS +8 -40' -8ro -I'S98 +7 +5 -35 . -9SS -77 +IS 7"2S -745 -I6·s -207I'
+I7 +I6 0 -s7o -I938 +8 +2o -20 -9s~ -IS2 +I7 +73 ,..,.39I -I 57 ;'-;3SS3
+I9 +2S +57 · +s7 -969 +9 +37 +3"'' .;...627 -I7I +I9 +I27 . :.-+I33 -97 -3743
+2I
.
-76 +21 +I87· +847 +33 -I463
+3S +133 +II97 +226I +ro +s6 +3S +I33
"
+II +77 · +77 +I463 +209 +23 +2S3 +I77I +253: +4807
I
i
3.542 96,1-io 40,562,340 11,~12 . 32,89o 340,86o 4,6oo I7,';6o,6oo 'I 'J7 ,928,920
7,084 8,748,740 . . 35.420 131 1231 110 394.680 394,68o'.
2 1
:r ! ~·· :{0 I . I 1
'll" ~ ...;0 2 3
10
·T· h . ·l-a'·
2S 26 27
e·~ e·2 e·a f, ~'s I fl ~·a fa e·, fsl fl ~·~. fa ~·, ~ fr.
0 .-52 0 +Sss 0 +I -.28 -84 .+I386 +330 ·o -182 0 +I638 0 ..
+I -sl -77 +8o3 +27S +3 -27 -'247 +I221 +935 +I -179 -I8 +IS48 +3960
+2 -48 -149 . +643 +soo +s. -25 -39S +9os +I3S1 +2 -I70 -3s· +12Ss +7304
+3 -43 -2II +393 +631 +7 -22 -s18 +466 +I582 +3 -ISS -so +8zo +9479
+4 -36 -258 +78 +636 +9 -I8 -6o6 -54 +I482 +4 -:-I34 -62 +3.38 +Ioo58
+s -27 -28S -267 +s +soi +II ..,.I3 ~649 -S99 +1o67 -I07 -::70 -262 · +8803 I

+6 -16 -287 -597 +6 +236 +I3 -7 -637 -I099 I+377 -74 -73 -867 +5728
+7 -3 -259 -857 \ +7 -II9 +IS 0 · -s6o -1470 -482· -3S I -70 -1400 +II62
+8 +12 -196 -982 +8 -488 +17 +l -408 -1614· -1326 · +1o .
-6o -1170 .-4188
+9 +29 -93 -897. +9 -753 +I9 +17 -I7I -1419. -1881 +61 -42 -1872 -9174.
+1o +48 +ss -517 -748 +21 +27 +161 -759 -I77I +1o +n8 -IS -1587 -I2144
+II +69 +253 +253 -253 +23 +38 +s98 +so6 -so6 +II +181 +22 -782 :..10879
+12 +92 +so6 +15I8 +10121 +2S +so +IIEO +2S30. +2530 +12 +2SO +70 . +690 -2530
+13 +32S +130 +2990 +l6445

11 JOO 1,48o,o5o 7,80J,900 5.85o 7,80J,900 48,384,J:8o 1,638 • 101,790 210J2,1JS, 56o
53,820 141307,150 16,380 '.. 4o,o6o,o2o 712,530 56,448,210 .
I ' I ! !;
'I:r
1
'211' 2 ! ! - . 12 7
..nr I 3 /
1
'll" --& H
6J
 TABLE XXII I. ORTHOGONAL PoLYNOMIALS-continued
. 29 JO
f'a f'a
' ~ '
..
+I -65. -39 +936 +I56o -70 ·'0 +21S4 0 Tl -II2 -112. +12376 . +I76S
.+3 -63 -us +84o. +4456 -69 ~I04 +2oSo +176S +j -!09. -331 +11271 +5083
+s -s9· :-1Ss +655 · +670I -66 -20J +1775 -+J29S +s. -IOJ -535 +9131 +7753
·+7 .. --53 ~245 +395 +7931 ·_-6I't·'' -292 +1290 +4J7j +7 -94. -:.714 +6o96 +94oS
+9 -45 -29I +SI- +788.7 ~s4· ..:.366 +66o +4SIS '.+9 -82 , -85~ · +2376. +946~
'
·+n -35 ...3I9 -259 ~t64S7 +s -45' -420,-. -66 +4521 +II -67 -957. -1749 . +8679
-+~3 -23 -325 -590 •. +371S. +6. ~34 -449. .:..g25. +3454 +iJ I -49 -lOCI -5929 • ':f-6149
4-IS '-g . _:305 . -870 -22 +7 -21 -44S ;..:.'I 540 .. +I 694 +IS. -'2S · -9So -9744 · +2384
~

• +i7 +7 -255 -I050. -41S2 +S _-6 - 4 u -2I2o _ - 55 6 +I7 -4 -8i4 -I2764 -2176
+I9 +25 . ,-171 -Id74 . _-7S66 +9 +II -336 ·-246o . -2946 +I9 ~23 /""703 . -14249 . -6821
,
+21- '+45 - -49 ·-S79 . -g82t', +io +30 -215 -2441 ...495s +21 +sJ -..427· -r3749 -I0535
.+23 +61 +JlS -395 .:...s395 +II +51 -44 '":1930 -5S85 +23 +S6 ·-46 -IOS04 -II960
• +25 +91 +325 +455 ~I49.5' +.12 +74 +IS2 -780 -4810 :f-25 +122 +450 . -3744 -9360
-+27 • :f"~I7 +sSs +1755 +13455· +I3 ·+99 +46S +II70, -585 +.27 +I6I . +I07.I +7J 7I -sss
+14• +125 +819~ t4095' +8190 +29 +~oJ . +IS27 "!"23751 +16965

1
12,0~0 113,2744,2oi,3201o7,987,88o
· 7,3o8. (' ..•:Q.
2,1oj,66d · .;,354,757,0-:nf • 500,671,o80 8,990 21,300,240 2,145.733,200
· :.. : p5,004 . . 19,63~,1:0 T 302,064 3,671,587,920 •
. 2 1 32 . 2T I I ~ .. .i-s i"a 2 -i I .. H- ·i'Tj
.
• 33
·fa
>! •
. .0
+o -So 0 +4oS
+I -79 -II9 +391 . .f221
0
. +I · ·-Bs . ---:-51
+3. :-83 -IS I.. '
+459 +255 + 0 .-272
+423 +737 +I. -269 -27 ·~
+3672
+3537
0
+z56s
I.
+2 ·-76 -233 +341 -. +416 +s ' -79 --245. +353 +n.p .· +2 -260 .-n
-53 +3~3~ • +4864
+3. -7I' . -337. +261 +561 .+7' . "-73 .-3 29 +253 +I407 +3 -245. +2499 +6649
'. -426 +4 ·-224
+4 . --li4
/'
+I 56 -+636
- . '
- +627 '
+n
+g -6s -399
-451 ..
7I29 +IS09
- "
-98
-us
+1652 +nos
+5 "'""55 ' . -:-4.95 '+33 "-55 +I4I9 +5 -197
-II. +647 +7883
+6 -44 '753.9 -99 . +s2S +I3 -43 . -481. -157 +II3I +6 -164 -I~7 -453 +7o8S
•
+7 -31 ' ..-553 _....:..229 +343 tiS ·-29 -48S ' -291' .+661 +7 ' -I2S -I33 -IS7I +5327
ItS ....:.16 -S32 -344 +~S +I7 -13 . -459. .:41 7" +SI +S -So -1·32 -2616 +2712
+9 •..+I. '7"4 7_1 •429 -207 +19 +s -399 -sot -627 '"+9 -29 -123 -3483 -SI9
• . ·..
.

10 . +20 ~365 .. ·-467 _:496 ....531 · ';_1267 +to· +28. -IOS

' .
+21 /"-f-25 -301 -40S3 '-3984
'.
• . ...:.161 -I72S +n . +91 -77 -4193' ·-7139
+q_ ·+4I .· -209 -439 r-715 +23' +47 -487
.
.I2 ·. +64 •. +2: -324 -780. +25 +71
- +25_ -347
+261
-ISIS +12 +t6o -38
+13
. -:37S6
-2S8I
-9260
. 13 +S9 +213 -'-99 -sB5 +27 . +97 - -87 -1305 +13 +235
;i-I4 +316
-9425
-6496
14 +n6 +6o9 +261 o. +29 +us +SSI +319 +87 +77 .-493
~
. . '
. Q
•
+ IS +I4S :f"IOI5 +7S3 +IIJI +31 +ISS +S99 +899 +2697 +IS +403 +ISS +2697. +899
~' .
+16 +49~ '+z48 +7192 +I43S4
~

~480 6,724,520 9.536,592 10,912 ·5.379,616 54,285,216 2,992 417,384 I ,547,128,656

.I 158,224 . 4,034,712 • • .. . 185,504 5.379,616 1,947.792 348,330,136

I .
f • ·. n:1 1
01r 2 I 2
'S
1
. . 1~ .;Tj I 3 l . 1
1~
3
21J
~

•
 '
TABLE XXIII. ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALs-·contz'nued
34. 35 I
.fl "2 ~·6 fl f2 . ~;a f, f6 fl ... f2 fa .
I -48
3 -47
-I44
-427
fa
+4I04
+3819
"' +6840
+I98ss
.0I
-I02
-IOI
.
0 +23256 0
-I 52 +22496 +38oo
I -323
3 -3If
-323
-959
~~

+2584 +12920
+2424 '+37640
f6

+3263 .· +30917 2 -98 • - 299' +2025I +7250, '

5 -45 -695 5•· -305 -IS65 .f-211I +59063
7 -42 .
-938 +2464 +38864 3 -93
...:.86
-436 +I6626 +I002I
-ss8 +11796 +II826
. 7 -287 -2I2I +I659 ~ +752oi
+I0~9 ~·· +84381
9 -38 -II46 +I464 +42744 4 9 -26J -2607'
'·
...
II -33 . -I309 +3I9 +4I899 5 -77 -66o +6oo6 +I24_4I II. -:-233 .,_3003 +429 +8537;
13 -n -I4I7 -9oi +36049 6 -66 -737 _-429 +II726 I3 :..lg7 ·-3289 -286 +77~o6
I
IS -20 -I460 -2112 +25376 '1 -53 -784 -7I24 +9646 IS -iss -3445 -IOI4 . +Qo8:t4
I7 -I2 -I428 -32I6 +Io6o8 8 -38 '-796 -I3624 +6292 I7 .-I07 .....345I -I706 +36142
19 -3 -I3II -4IOI '-6897
. 9 ,-2I' -768 -I9404 . +I902
.
I9 . -s3 -;3287 ·-2306
.
.+5282
.
.2I +7 -I099 -464I -25067 IO ..-2 -695 -23869'' -3II8 2I +7 -'2933 -275I -28903
2J ·+I8 .:.782· -4696 -4I032 I~ +I9 I
-572 ;-26354 -8I73 '23 +73 -2369 -297I . ~6-2353
25 +30 -350 -4II2 -5I040 .12 +42 -394 -26I24 -I2458 25, +I45 , -I575 -288g . . -8g685
.27 +43 +207
29 +57 +899
-272I -50373
-33263
I3
I4
."-
+67.
+94
-IS6
+I4'J..
-22374
-I4229
-I4937
-I4322
27 +223
29 +307 +783
-53 I -242I -Iq4o6j
.._;I-4;76 --97.092
•
-34~
'! -' ..
J I' +72 +I736 +3224 +7I92 IS +I23 +520 -744 -9052 31 +397. 'i-2387 4~4 -sB652
J 3 .+88 +2728 . +8184 +79II2 I6 +I 54 +g68 +I9096 +2728. 33 +493 +4301 +.2244- . '+.23I8S
. " +I62JI.6
. . I7 +I87, +I496 +46376 +23I88 35. +595, +6545 +5236
. -

...
. 37 39
. '
.fa fa
0 -II4 0 +s8I4 0 I "'"60 -36 +9I8 +I_S30 0 -380. o ·+Io26 o
I -II3 -34 +5644 +68o 3 -59· -107 +867 +447I I ::-377 TI89 +999 -f S049
2 -IIO -67 +5I4I +I304 's -s7 -I7S +767 +706I '2~ -368 -37_3, +9I9 +9724 ot
3 -105 -98 +4326 +I8I9 1 ·-s4 ·-;-238 +622 +9o86 3.. -3S3 -S4Z · +7~9- .+I3669.'
4 -98 -I26 +3234 +2I'78 ·9 -so. -294 . +438 +!0362 4 --332 -:-7o6 ·, -+:6I4 + i6s.64

5 -89 -xso +I9I4 +2343 II -4S -34I +223 +I07'47 S -305 -;-845· +4oi . +I8I4J
6 -78 -169 +429 +2288 I3 -39 . -377 -I3 +IOIS3 6 -272. -959> '+IS9. J'\t8~I2
7 -6s ·-I82' +2002 IS -'3~' ·-400 .,...258/ +8ss8 7. -233 t ~I043 -IOI . -f::I.666]
8 -so -188 +I492 I7 '-24 -408 ...:498 +6oi8 . 8 . -I88 -I092r.' -i66 +IJ5I2
g -33 .-I86 +786 I9 -IS -399 · ~7I7 +2679 .9 ;...I37 -:ilot. •. -6.2I •·· ·.4-8877
10 -I4 -17S -S4II ....64 2I · -s -:-37I -8_97 .. -I2II Io . -8o ~Io65 '"'"849 +jo36
II +7 -IS4 -6286 -979 23 +6 -322 -IOI8 , -S290 II -I7 .-979 -I03I. -J57S
12 +30 -122 -66S4 -18So 25· · +I8 -2SO ·.:..IOS~ .:..9o.io I2, +52 -838 -I I46 -I0340 ...
IJ +ss· -78 -63S4 -2S3S 27 +3I -IS3 -993 ', -II92S I3 +127' -637 -IIli -I644S
14 +82 -2I -5211 -28S6 29 +45 -29 . -797 -I3079 14 +208 :-37I ·· -;-Io8I -2o86o
IS +III +so -3036. -2S96 3I +6o +l24 -442 -IIS94 ·.IS . -I;29S . -3S • -849 .-2232I
•
!6 +142 +136 +374 -1496 33 '+76 +3o8 ·-... +Io2 ;_6358 16 .+388 +376 -446 I -I93I2
J7 +I7S +2J8 +5236 +748 3S -.1- 9-l +S2S +86.7 +3927 I 7 +487 ... +867 +IS9 -:I0047'
18 +210 +3S7 +II78I· +4:488 37 +ni'-
..
+777 +I887 +207S7 I8 +S92 +IIJ.43 +999..
I9 +703 +2109 +~I09
+7S48
+3S8S3

E
 TABLE XX III. ORTHOGONAL PoLYNOMIALS-continzud

l:'a 1:'
.. 5 . 5'

I -IJJ -399 + 3950I +627 0 -140- 0 +8778 0 I -220 -44 +9614 +48070
3 -IJI -II87 +J752I +I8J7 I -139 .,. -209 +8s69 +4807 3 -2I7 -I3I +9177 +I4II5I
5 -127 -I945 +33631 +29I7 2 -IJ6 -4IJ +7949 +9292 5 -2li -2I5 +8317 +.225181
7 -I21 ....:2653 +2797~ +3787 .3 -131 -607 +6939 +I3147 7 -202 -294 +7o62- 'i-294546
9 -IIJ -:""J29I +.20751 +4377 4 -124 -786 +5574 +16092 9 -190 -366 + 5454 + 344262
II\ ,. -IOJ , _'~83~, +.1225I +463I s -us -945 +.3903 +.I7889 II -Ij5 -429 . +3549 +370227
IJ . -9J -4277 . -l-2821 +4511 6 -104 -I079 +.I989 +I8356 IJ -I57 -481 +1417 +369473
15 " ... 77 . -4585 -7119 +400I '7 -9I -1183 '," . --:--91 +.I7J8I 15 -1,36 -520 , -858 +340418
I7 -6I. -4743 -17079. +Jill 8 -76 -I252 -2246 +14936 17 -II2 -544' :_3178 +283II8
19 -43 -4731 .!.26499 +.I88I 9 -59 -1281 . -4J7I +.II09I I9 -ss -.551 .-5431 +199519
·-23 -45a9 -34749 +385 Ib -40 -1265 . -6J47' +6o28 2I -5s -539 -749I +93709
-I -4IIi ~4II29 --I265 ..JI -Ig· -1199 -8041 +55 23 -22 -5o6' ·-9218 -27830
+23 -3475 ~4486g --29I5 12 +4 -IOj8 -9306 -6,380 25 ' +14 -450 :-10458 -I55970
+49 -2583 ~45I29 . ....;_4365 1.3 . +29 -897 -9981 -I2675 27 +53 -369 -11043 -278685
+n -I42J --40999 --5365 14 +56 -651 • -989I · -18o6o 29 +9S' -26I -I079I _-j80799
'
JI +.I07 +3I· -JI499 -.s6I i 15. +ss,-3.35 . -884 7 -2I58J JI +I40 -I2~ -9506 ,-443734
JJ +IJ9 +I79.3 -15579 --474I 16 +II6 +56 · -6646 -22096 .33 +I88 +44 -6978 -445258
35 +I7J +3885 +788I --2.331 17 +149 +527 -307i -I8241 35 +239 +245 -2983. -359233
37 +.209 +.6327 +40071 +2I09 18 +I84 +1o8.3 +21og -84J6 .37 +293 +481 +_2717 -I55363
39-·+247 +9IJ9 +8225I +9IJ9 19 . +.221 +I 729 -f:91J9 +9IJ9 39 +350 +754 +10374 +2oto58
.. t
'\ +4IO +1o66. +20254 . +749398

43 . 44 45
i:' - .
~ 3 fa fa
o -I54 . o +Io626 o I -161 , , -483 +5796 +.1380 · o -5o6 0 +9108 0
I -153 -46 +.10396 .• +S740 ·3 -159 . :-1439 +55 56 +4o6o I -;-503 .-252 .+8928 . +4500
2 -'-150 -91./ +9713 :+16948 5 -ISS ..:..2365 +5o83 . +6503 2 -494 ..,..499 +8393 +8750
3 .· -'-I45 -I34 +8598 +24II3 1 -I49 -324I +4391 -!;8561 3 .f-479 -736 +7518 +12509
4 .£-138 . -I74 '+7.o86 +29766- 9 -I4I -4047 + 350I + 10101 4. -458 -958 +6328 +I5554
5 ~I29 -2IO -i-5226 +3350I I I ·-I3I -4763 +244I +uoii ·5 -431 -u6o +4858 +I7689
6 -II8 -24I +3o8I +34996 I3 -119. -5369 +1246 +.11206 6 -398 -1337 +3153 +18754
7 -I05 -266 . +728 +34034 . IS -I05 -5845 -42 +16634 7 -359 -1484 +I268 +18634
8' -go -284 -I742 + 3o-s24 I7 • ..:..3 9 -6I7I -I374 +9282 8 -314 ' -1596 -732 +17268
9 • :-73 .-294 -4224 +24522 I9 -7I -6327 . ~2694 +7I82 9 -263 '-I668 -2772 +14658
IO -6599 '+16252 2I -51 -6293 -3939 +4417 to -2o6 -1695 -4767 +xo878
II -8734 +6127 23 -29 -6049 -5039_ +.1127 II . -I43 -I672 -6622 +6o83
I2 -IO 7266 -Io482 -5230 25 -5 -5575 -5917 ..:_2485 I2 -74 -1594 -8232 +518
13 · +15 .:.:234 -,-11682 ...:.I6965 27 +21 -4851 ' -6489 -6I47 I3 +I -1456 -9482 -5473
I4 +42 -I89 -I2I59 -27972 29 +49 -3857. -6664 -9512 14 +82 "-.I253 -:-I0247 -11438
15 +71 -I30 -11724 -36872 31' +79 :-2573 -6344 -I2I52 ·15 +I69 -980 -I0392. -168o8
I6 4I02 -56 -IOI74 .-41992 33 +III -979 -5424 -13552 I6 +262 -632' -9772 -20888 .
17 +135, +34 -7292 -4I344 35 +145 +945 -3792 -13104. 17 +361 -204 -82J2 -22848
18 +.170 +.141' -2847 -32604_ 37 .+18I +32I9 • -1329 -IOIOI I8 +466 +309 -56o7 -21714
19 +2o7 +266 +3406 ~I3091 39 +.219 +s863 t2o9I -373I 19 +sn +912 -I722 -16359
20 +246 ·+4IO · +11726 +20254 14I +259 +8897 +66oi +6929 2o +694 +I61Q +3608 -5494
I
21 +.287 +574 +22386 +7o889 43 +30I +.12341 +I234I +229I9
. : .
21 +8I7 +2408 +1o578
22 +946 +3311 +I9393
+12341
i
t38786
 TABLE XXIII. ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS-·continued
47

·I -88 -264. +I980 +3300 0 -IB4 o +I5IBo o I -575 -us +I6445 +82225
3. -87 -787 +I90S +972S I -IB3 -ss +I4905 +3s1s 3 -569 -343 +ISB73 +24267I
5 ~8s -I295 +I757 +I563I 2 -IBo -I09 +I40B7 +696B 5 -ss7 -565 +I4743 +39I23I
7 -82 -I778 +I540 +20692 3 -I75 -I6I +I2747 +I0003 7 -S39 -777 ~I30B3 +52040I
9' -78 -2226 +I260 +24612 4 -I6B -2IO +I0920 +125I6 9 -SIS -97S +I0935 +,62J307
. \ ·. . ... ~

II -73 ~2629 +925 +27I37 s -IS9 -25s +8655 +I436I u -4Bs -uss . +835s +6939si.
13 -67 -2977 + S45 +28o67 6 -I4B -29s +6oi5 +I54I6 I3 ~449 -I3I3 ...+S4IJ +727493
IS -6o -3260 •. +I32 +27268 7 -I3S -329 +3077 +I55B9 . IS -40.7 -.I4~-5". +2I93. ·;+720443
I7 -52 -3468 -300 +24684 B -I20 -356 · -6B +I4B24 . I7 -359 -IS47 '~ -l2_r?7" +670973
19 --43 -359I -735 +20349 9 '-I03 -J7S -33I5 +I3I07 I9 -JOS -I6IS. -4675 . . +579I39
2I -33 -36I9 -II55 +I4399 IO -84
-. '
-3B5 -:-6545 +I0472 2I -245' -I645 -BoBs +447139
. ~-

...
23 -22 -3542 -I540 +7084 II -63 -38s . -9625 +7007 23 -I79 . -I633 -u29j +279565
25 -IO -3350 -I868 -I220 I2 -40 -374 -I2408 +2B6o 25 -107 ·-I515 -I4i57 +B365s
27 +3 -3033 -2IIS -9999 I3 -IS -JSI' -I4733 -I75S 27 -29 -1467 -I6497 , "l!"IJ0455
29 +I7 r-25B.I -2255 . -IB5B9 I4 +I2 -JIS -I642S -65S2 29 +5s -I3o5 -I8I35 :-349479'
.
3I -2260 -26I64 IS +4I -265 -I729S ~ -III67 3I +I4S -Io85 -IB875 ·. :..s56729
33 -I232 -2IOO -3I724 I6 +72 -200 -I7I40 -I5I52 33 +24I -803 -I8507 ·;_73I863
35 -JI5 -I743 -340BJ I7 +IoS . ~II9 -I5743 -I7969 3S +343 -455 -I68o7 :-850633
37, +777 -:IISS -3IB57 IB +I40 -2I -I2873 ~IB984 37 +45I ...;_37' -I3537 -8B463.J
39 +Io2. +2054 -300 -23452 I9 +I77 +95 -B2BS -I746I 39 +565 +455 -B445 ·..::.soi047
4I +I22 +3526 +B6o -7052 20 +2I6 +2JO ~I720 ;_I2556 4I -i-6B5 ·. +I025 -i265 -562397
'·
43 +I4J +5203 +2365 · +I9393 2I +257 +3B5 +7095 -3311 43 . +811 A·I677 +B2B3 . -:-I2629I
45 +I65 +7095 :J-4257 +SBI79 22 +.;o~ +S6I +IB447.- +113s2 45 +943 +24~5 +20493 +ss4B29
23 +34S +759 +32637. +32637' 47+IoBI '+3243 +35673 +I53J939

'··
• 49 , 49-continued
fl g'2 fa· g', f o II g'1 g'2 f!l - g', fs
- -
0 -200 0 +I7940 0 I5 +25 -I6B 5 -I993S. -2_40B3
I -199 -299 +I764I +9B67 I6 +56 -I3B4 -20524 -36336
2' -196 -593 +I67SI +I9272 I7 +B9 -I003 -I99I9 -4646I
3 -191 -Bn +I529I +27767 IB +I24 -537 -I7BB~ -S30I6
4 -1B4 -II46 +I3296 +34932 I9 +16i . +I9 -I4I89 -5432I
'
5 -I75 -,-I39S +~BI5 '+4o3B9 20 +200 +67? -B56o -4B444
6 -I64 -1619 + 911 +43B16 21 +24I +1421 -729· -331B7
7 -lSI -IBI3 ' +466I +44961 22 +2B4 +2277 +9591 -6072
8 -136 -1972 +us6 +43656 2.J +3 29 +3243 +2270I +35673
9 -II9 -209I -2499 +39831 24 +376 +4324 +3B916 . +9512B
IO· -100 -2I6S -61BS +JJ52B 9,8oo. I67,230;700 74,45I,I07,640
II -79 -2189 -9769 +2491S 1,566,o4o 12,408,517,940
I l ! 7
12 -56 -215B -I3104 +I4300 I 12 irr
; \

IJ -31 -2067 -I6o29 +2I45

- - - -
 TABLE XXIII. ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS-con#nued-
so 51
r~ f'a-. f'a f',. 1 fa f'l fa f'a ' fc · fa fl f'a 'fa f', ·• t!
... 5

I
.
-I04 ·-312 ·' +9687.6 +10764 ,0
. '

-6so 0 +21o6o 0 I -125 -135 +1620 +2700

'3 -I03 '-931 +93771 +31809 I- ~47 -324' ~207J6 +7452 3 -223 -403 +1572 +7988
5 ~101' -IS35 ·
. +87631 '+51419 2 -638 -643 +19771 +14582 5 -219 -665 +1477 +12943
7
9'' =:! '.
=:~}f '+66876
+78596 +68684
+82764
3
4
...:.623 -952
-6o2 --;:1246
+18186 +21071
+16ol6 +26642
7
9
-213 - -917
-2os -1155
+I337 +I7353
+1155 +21021
'
II -89 ,-3157- +5275I +92917. 5 -575 -IS20 +13310 +31009 II -19S -1375 +935 +23771
13 '-83 -J60l +3657I ' +98527 ~.'.-542 -I76~· '+10131 +33946 13 -183 . -1573 +682 +25454
IS -76 ,-3980 +18756 +99I32
. ·7 -503 -I988 +6s56 + 35 266 IS -169 -I74S +402 +2S9S4
I7 -68 '-4284' _-204 . +944S2 ·8 :-458 -2I72' f2676 +34836 I_7 -I 53 -1887 +1o2 +25194
I9 -59 -4503 -19749 +84417 9 -407 -2316 -I404 +32s86 19 -135 '-I995 -210 +23142
--
21 " -49 ...4627 -39249 +'69I95 IO ·-350 -2415 -5565- +28518 2I -us ·-2o6s -525 +.198I7
23 -38 -4646..: -58oo4 • +49220 u -287 ·_-2464 -9674 +227I_5 23 -93 -2093 -833 +IS 295
25 -26 -4SSO ;_. -75244' ' 4=25220 12 -2I8 .-2458 -13584 =t-15350 25 . -69 -2075 -1123 +9715
27 -13 ---43 2 9 "-90129 -1755 13 --143 -2392 -I7I34 +6695 27 -43 -2007 -I383 +3285
29 +I -3973 . -101749 -303Q5
1
I4 '··_-42 ....;2261 ·-20149 ..:2870 -IS -1885 -16oo -3712
.- . 2~

31 '+t6 -3472 -109124 -,58652 15 +2s ,-2o6o ..-22440 :...12848 31 +tS -1705 -1760 -10912
33 +32 _:-2816 -III204. • -84612 I6 .+n8 -1784 ' -23804 -22616 33 +47 -1463 -1848 -17864
JS_ +49 -1995 -106869 -I05567 I 17- +217 -I428 -24024 -31416 35 +81 -1155. -1848 -24024
* IS +322 -g87 -22869 ""'38346
37 +67' ""'999 -94929 ;_II8437 31 -tii7 -777 -1743 -28749
39 ,; +86'' +182.
.. -74124, -119652
41 +Io6 +t5ss. r43I24 -105124
. I9 +433 -456 -20094 -42351
20 +5so +I70 -15440 --42214
'
-
39 +ISS
41 +195
::..325 -1515 -31291
+2os -II45 _-30791
-' -
2I .. +673 +896 --8634 -36547·
43 -f:I27 .....J~9 . '-S29 -:70219 43 +.237. +8I7 -- -6I3 '-26273
45. +I49:..: +4935 +SSI3~ \-9729 '
'22 ·+8o2 +1727 +6n '-23782 45 +2SI· +ISIS +102 -16638
4.7 +.I72 -f.6956 +125396. -i-82156 23' +937 +2668 -i-'12596 -2162 47 +327 +2303 +I022 -6ss
•+30268
49. +I96 +9212 +21},876 ·+:zii876. 24 .f-I078 +3724 +27636 49 +375 +3185 +2170 +2JOJO
·"'""c•" '
.. I. . .. ' . 25 +I225 i-4900 · -t;-46o6o +75670 51 +425 +4165 +3510 +5593°
- ~·:.. "' ' - -
41 ,6so . 77o,7is,400 : - · · 37;,. ss.S3s,21" :oso: ... 221,37s,7oo . 47,861,426,340 46,852 162,342,1So 26,JS8A66,680
· 433,100 . •372,255,538,200 , 17,218,IIO. 17,80J,525,740 · 2,Io8,340 1o8,228,120
~ 2 ~. · . · · :r?. . \ 7 1 3 i .. "'3' 3 2 1 . . 1 · -n .;a
: .

68
 ·. . ~
.- ' -
TABLE XXIV. CALCULATION OF INTEGRALS FROM EQUALLY SPACED 0RDIN~T:ES

Each pa'nel ~ver which the integral is r;quired is divided by calc~lated ordinates into a number of sub-panels, usually
an even number, and often a power of 2. The formula may involve only internal and terminal ordinat~s, or ~lso adjacent
external ordinates. Ordinates equidistant from the centre have equal coefficients. The central coefficient is the last given. ·

Number of II
No external ordinates.
. . One external ordi~ate.
-
Divisor. · Divisor.
sub-panels. Coefficients. .
.
. .
Coefficients.
-'
' '•

. --
. ' .189:
2 .I' 4 6 -I, 34, 114 ....

32, -4, 171, 6i2; 332

90
.1890'
- j,
4 12 '
•
6
--
41, 216, 27,_ 272
I
840 . -9, 482, 1908,-774; 2090 8400.,
.
I • - ~

t
...
EquaUy we may use the _central ordinate and its even differences with the followin~ coefficients:

Num'oer of I. 80 ss s•
•- ' . ~lO
8' 8'
. . .
sub-panels.
\ .. i -

'
·

' '. ' '

. ,. .
2 I o·16 -·oo.r ·ooob6 1375. -·ooo1o 141 '00001 76
, . ~ ~.\. t·
- '00022 928 .•
4 I o·66 '077 -·oo2ii 64,o2 -·oooo3 31.
---
-6 .I I' SO ·sso ·o48So 9S2J -·oo1~7
''
143
-
.'00010 28

8 I 2·66 •486'17 2486 'OJ48&_ -·ooo6.3 28

1'9Ii . S36
A
I

10 I 4'1& 4·86i 2• 27843 91SJ '44S87 743 '0268j 41

I

When the number of sub-panels is large, Gregory's formula, in terms of terminal differences, is valuable:
- I • • •

r .
J f(x)dx-(lfo+fl+fz · • •. +fr-t+tfr) I •

0
·•
.·:··
• .f

-a1(.:1/r-1-.:1/o)-aa(.:1:fr-a+;'f:(o)-4a(.:1:Yr-a-.:1%)-a,(.:1fjr-,+.:11fo) • ~ •
where a~ is the coefficient of xr in the expansion of- Ijlog (1-x).

, I
Values of a 1 to a 16

I . .9'.
I
I ' I

I ·6~333 s '01426 .91799

•
·oo678 S85
. 13 '.00421 5
I.
6 'OII.\.6 73942. 10 'OOS92 406. 14 ·o~382.t
.2 '04166 . . '•

3 '02638 7 . '00935 6S37 • II 'OOS23 67 ' IS. '003SO .

~

.12
'
'16 '00321 ·'•
-
4 ·o1875 8 '00789 2SS4 '00467 75
II . ' .

E2·
'·
.•
 TABLE XXV. LOGARITHMS

---'r·___ 0 1 2
4_______
____________·_____J______ s~----6_____7_____._s______9 __.1 I 2 3 4 5
Io •ooooo 00432 oo86o 01284' 01703 43. 8s
128 170 213
02119 02531 02938 03342 03743 41 81 12~ 162 203
u •o4~39 04532 * 0492~ os3oS _o569o 39 78 II6 155 194

~2
- -
•o791~/ 0~79 ~8636 · 08991, 09342
o6o7o 06446 o6819 0718S 07555 37 74 Ill .148 186
•. ;· 36 71 107 142 ns
.- - 09691\ 10037 10380 10721 11059 34 68 IOJ 137 171
1J •11394 11727 12057 12385 12710 .- . . 33 66 99 132 164
. -· 13033
-
IJJ54~ 13672 13988
· - \
14301 J2 63 95
Jl 61 92
127
122
ISS
'
153
i~137 ,,643S 16732 i7o26 i7319 Jo 59 89 II8 :t4S
.
IS • 17609 , 1789S . 18184 18469 18752. '. - ·- 29 57 86_ 114 . 143
.
-. \

19590 19866 20140 . 28 55 83 III 13S

16 •20412...._ 20~83 . 20952 21219 . 21484 ...,... , . 27 54 So 107 134
. - '

-.
~ .· it
•.- 22011 2227~ 22531 \22789 26 52 • 78 ·104 IJO
·.23045 2JJoo 23553 2J8os 24055 25 5~ 76 101 126
25 49 74 98 123
IS -· '. 24 48 96 Il9
26717 26951 27184 27416 27646 23 46 70 , 93 116
..-
19 I 23 45 69 90 113
... I 29003 29226 29447 29667 29885 ~2 44 66 88 110
.I

20 ,.•JOIOJ 30320. JOS35· 30750 30963 31175 31387 31597 31806 J~Ol5 :n• ,42 64 · ss 106
.21 "32~22 32428 32634. 32838 . 33041 . 33244 . 33445 33646 33846 34044 20 40 , 61 . 81 101 .
22 ·"34242 34439 34635 34830 ,35025 ·35218 • 3541I 35603 35793 35984 19 39 58 77 97
· 23 . "36173 .J6J6I 36549 36736 36922 37107 37291 . 37475 3765S 37840 19 37 s6 74 93
24 /, •380~1 382oi 38382 38561 38739 . 3891~ 39094 392701 39445 39620 18 36 .53 71 8g.
...
25 •39794 . 39967. 40140 40312 .40483 40654 .40824 '40993 4II62 41330 17 34 51 68 8s
26 . '41497 . 416,64 . 41830 41996 . 42160 42325 4248S . 42651 4281j 42975 16 33 49 . 66 82
27 ··43136 4.3297 43457', .43616 437'75'. 43933 44091 44248 44404 '~456o 16 32 47 63 79
28 '44716 ·44871 45025 45179 45332 45484 45637 4578S 45939 46090 15 31 46 . 61 76
29 "46~40 46389 46SJS . 46687 46835 46982 47129 47276 47422 47567 15 29. 44 59 74
30 ·47712 47857 48oor ~8144 48287 48430 48572 48714 4~855" 48996 14 29 43 57 71
31 .. "49136 49276 49415 . 49554 49693 4983·1~ 49969 50106. 50243 59379 14 28 41 55 69.
_.32
33
"50515
•51851
50651
51983_
50786
521l4
50920 51055
52~44 52375
5n8S _51322, 51455
.. 52504 S26J4 . 5276i
51587 51720
52~92 53020
I 13
13
27
26
·40
39
54
52
67
6s
.14 . 5314S 5327 5 53403 53529 53656 . . 53782. 53908 54033 54158- 54283 · 13 25 38 so 63
.
35 "54407 54531 54654. 54777' 54900 55023 55145 ·55267 -55J8S 55509 12 24 37 61
36 .· 5s6Jo 55751_ 55 s71 55991 56110 56229. 56348 56467 56585 s67oJ 12 24 36 6o
31· ·5682o 56937 57054 57171 57287 57403 57519 57634 57749 57864 12 23 35 ss
38 I '57978 5?092 ·ss2o6 58320 · 58433 58546 58659 58771 58883 58995 II 23 34 s6
39 '59106i 59218 . 59.329 59439
.
59550· 5966o 59770 59879 59988 6oo97 II 22 .
II 21
33 55
40 ·6o2o6
. '
I 60314 60423 60531· 6o638 6o746 6o853 6~959 61o66 6II72 32 43 54
41 ·61278. 6t~84 61490 6"1595 61700 61805 61909 62014 62118 62221 10 21 Jl 42 52
6242S 62531 62634 :62737 62839 62941 63043 63144 63246 io 20 31 41 51
42 ·62325
43 . ·63347 63448 63548 63649 63749 6J849 .63949.64048 64147 64246 10 20 JO 40 so
64444 64542 64640 64738 64836 64933 65031 65128 65225 10. 20 29 39 49
.44 ·64J45
.
·65321 6541S· 65514 ~s6xo 65706 .6s8o1 65896 6599 2 66Q87. 66181 10 19 29 38 48
·66276 66370 66464.. 66sss 66652 '66745 66839 66932 67025 67n'J 9 19 28 37 . 47
•67210 67J02 67394 67486 .67578 67669 67761 67852• 67943 68034 9 18 . 27 37 46
·68'124 68215 68J05 68395. 68485 68574 68664 68753 68842 68931 9 18 27 '36 45
·69020 69io8 .69197 69i85 69373 69461 69548 69636 69723 69810 9 t8 26 35 44

. 70
 I •
TABLE XXV. LOGARITUMS-cont'inued.
....
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ' I ·2 _3 4 5'

50 •6g8g7 69984 70070 70157 70243 70329 70415' 7050I 70586 70672,. 9 17 . ·26 34' .. 43
1
51 '70757 70842 70927 71012 71096 7118I · 71265 71349 71433 7ISI7 8' I7 '25 34 42
. 52 • 71600 71684 7T.767 71850 71933 72016 -1~099 7218i 72263 72346 • 8 .. I7' _25,, 33 4:L
53 '72428 72509 7259I 72673 72754 72835 72916 72997 7307~ 73159 8 I6 . 24 32 41 ·~
54 '73239 73320 73400 13480 73560 73640 73719 73799 73878 73957 8 I6 24 32: 40
-..
55 '74036 74II5 74194 74273 7435I 74429 74507 . 74586 74663 74741 8 I6 2 3 3I 39
s6 · 74819 74896' 74974 75051 •75128' 75205 75282 75358 75435 755II 8 . IS_ 23. 31. ,38 .
57 '15587 75664 75740 75815 75891 75967 76042 76.118 76193 76268 8 IS 23 . 30' ·. 38r',.
s8 •76343 76418 76492 76567 76641 76716 76790. 76864 76938 77oi.2 7 'IS 22, ,_.JO.. J7
59 '77085 77I59 77232 .77305 77.379 77452 ·17525 77597 77670 . 77743 7 . IS 22 29 37 .
'
6o • 778I5 77887 77960 78032 7810~ 78I76. 78247 783I9 ·78390 ·78462 7 I4 22 2.9 ,16
61 •78533 78604 78675 78746 78817 78888 78958 7~029 79099 79169 7' I4 21 . 28 35
. 62 . 79239 79309 79379 .• 79449 79518 79588 79657 79727 79796 79865 7 I~ 2I 28 35
63 '79934 8o6o3 86072 8oi4o 80209 8o277 80346 8o4I4 8o482. · 8ossP 1· I4 ·2I '27 34.
64 ·8o6x8 8o686 80754 8o82I 8o889 80956 81023 81o9o 8II58. 8I224 ·7 I3 20. 27 34
65 . •8I2 9 I 8I358 81425 .81491 81558 , 81624 81690 817sr 8I823 8I889 · . _7 I3 20 27 33
66 •81954 82020 8~08Q 82I5I 822I7 82282 82347 ,824I3 82478 . 82543 .7 I3' 20 . 26· .33
. 67 ·82607 82672 82737 82802 82866 82930 82995 83059 83123 83187 6 I3 I9 26. 32.
68 ·8325I 83315 83378 83442 83506 8356 9 8363 2 83696 83759 83822 6 IJ Ig 2S '· 32
69 ·83885 83948 840II 84073 84I36 84198 _8,426I 84323 84386 84448.. 6 I3 I9 25 31
...
70 ·84510 84572 84634 84696 84757 848I9 8488o 84942 8soo3 8so6s 6 'i2 19 ·. 25 · 31 ·
7I •85126 85187 S5248 85309 85370 8S43I 8S49I 85552 856I2. 8567 3 · '6 I2 I8 24 30..
72 ·85733 85794 85854 85914 85974 86034 86094 86ISJ 862i3 86'273 6 I2 I8 · 24 30
73 ·86332 86392 864SI 86510 86570 86629 86688 86747 ~68o6·· 86864 (}. 1.2
.. I
I8 24- • 30 ·
74 ·86923 86982 B7040 87099 87157 8';2I6. 87274 87332' J
87390 .. 87448 (i. I2 I7 2J 29
'
75 \87506 87564 87622 87679 87737 87795 87852 879IO· 87967 ·88024•'' (; I2 17 23 29
76 ·88o8I 88138 88I95 88252 883q9 88366 88-423 88480 88s36 .·88593' 6 I I I7 23 .28
77 ·88649 88705 88762 8881& 88874 88930 ·88986 8go42 89098 89154 ·6. II '17 22 28
78 ·89209 89265 8932I 89376 89432 89487 89542 89597 89653 89708 6 n I7 22
79 ·89763 89818 898~3 89927 89982 9~037 '90146 90200 5 II 16 22
'\ . . I •·

8o ·90309 90363 90417 90472 90526 '- gos8o 90634 ·9o687 9074I .90795 5 16
II 22 27 .
81 ·90849 90902 90956 91009 gio62 9III6 9II69 9I222 . 9I275 9I328 5 II• I6 2I '27
82 '9138I 91434 9I487 91540 91593 91645 9I698_ 9175I _gi803 9I855 5 II 16 2I '26
83 ·91908 91960 920I2 92065 92117 92169 9222I 92273· ~2324 92376'~ 5 IO 16 2I ~6
84 '92428 92~80 92531 92583 92~34 92686 92737 9~7?8 92840' 92~9I'. 5 IO. IS 2I 26
I

8s ·92942 92993 93044 93095 93146 93I97 93247 9J298 93349. 93399 $ IO IS 20 25 f

86 '93450 93500 93551 93601 9365I 93702 93752 93802 93852 93902. ' 5 ' IO IS 20 25
87 '93952 94002 94052 94101 94ISI 9420I 94250 94300 94349 94399 s IO IS .20· 25
88 '94448 94498 94547 94596 94645 94694 94743 94792 9484I 94890 s Io _·IS 2o 25
89 '94939 94988 95036 95085 95134 95182. 9523I 95279 . 95328 9.5376 s IO IS 'I9 24.
. S IO
•, I

90 · 95424- 95472 95521 95569 95617 . 9s66s 957I3 9576I 958og 95856
9I ·95904 95952 · 95999 96047 g6o95 96142 g6I90 ·96237. 96284 96332 · 5 IO
92 ·96379 96426 96473 96520 g6s6l 966I4 9666I 967o8 96755 ·-96802 S· 9 I4 · I9.. 24.
93 ·96848 96895 96942 96988 9703S 9708I 97I28 97I74 97220 97267 5 9·. I4.. 19 23
94 '97313 97359 97405 97451. 97497 97543 97589 97635 9768I 9}727 5 9 I4 I8 23
f
'97772 97818 97864 9t909 97955 g8ooo 98046 9809I 98i37. 98I82 s .9 I
I4 18 23,
'98227 98272 98318 98363 98408 98453 98498 98543 98588 98632 4. 9 14 18 22
·98677 98722 98767 98811 98856 98900 98945 98989 99034 99078 4 9 13 18 22
'99123 99167' 9921~ 99255 99300 99344 99388 99432 99476 99520 4· 9 IJ • 18 22
·99564 99607 99651. 99695 99739 99782 99826 .99870 999I3 99957 ·4 9 IJ. I7 23

71
 TABLE XXVI.· NATURAL LOGARITHMS
..•.
,o I 3 - 4 s 6 7 8 . ;_·rj' r I .2 3 4 ·5
.
J•o o·ooooo,. 00995 01980- 02956 039~2 98 196 294 392 490
• •• 04879 05827 . o6766 07696 . o86x8 93 187 28o 374 . 467
" I• I 0"09531 , 10436·. IIJJJ .1222~ IJI03 .. ·- 89 I19 268 357 446
o• 18232
- ·-' - ·~
19~62: 19885. -• 207~~ 2I5JI
13976 14842 15700 16551 17395 85 171 256 34a 4 27
1"2 82 164 246 .328' 410
. . 223~4' 2JIII 23902 24686 .25464 79 158 236 315~ 394
1"3 o:26236 .27003 ,·27763 28518 29267 76 152 ~27 JOJ 379
..
· · i·4
.
o· 3364~
-I

34359 35066 35767 36464 ·

J0010 30748 . 31481 32208 32930 73
70
146 219 292 365
141 211 282 352
37156 37844 38526 39204 39878 68 136 204 272 340

- ..
1•6
....
0"470.00
- _...
0"4054'1 ... 41211 . 41871:,-42527 43178
.. .
476~3
~
.-
4824,3 48858
~' -
4947~
43825 44469 4~8 451'42 46373
' - . -
. 66 IJ2
64' 127.
62. 124
197
l9l
185
26J
255
247
329
318
309
) " ·. -··',; 50078 50682 51282 51879 52473 . 6o 120 18o 240 299
1~7 o· 53063 53649 .· 54232
.....__
54812 55389 -·· 58 116 174 2JJ 291
! - , • •
5S96~ 56531 57098 57661 58222 . 56 11 3 t69 .226 282
o•58779 59333 59884 , 60432 6o97i 55 liO ·165 zzo 275 .
---. '....__ .. .15tSI9 62o58 62594 63127 63658 53 _xo7 t6o 214 , 267·:
1"9
,/

o-64185 64710 '652JJ. 65752 66269 •/' :.-;77~~- - 52 104 156 2.08 260'
66783 . 672.94 _ 67803 68j~o 68~1i 51 102 152 203 254
I'
~- ...
,.,
.. 2:o o·69315 6g8IJ 70JIO· 70804 71295 71784 ' 72271. 72755 . 73237 737i6 49 98 147 196 244
2·1 o· 74194 74669 75142 75612. 7608J 76547 77011 77473 77932 78390 47 93 140 186 233
· 2" 2 .o· 78846 79299 . 797St 8ozoo. ~o648 81093 81536 81978 82418 82855 45 89 1J4 178 22J
2· 3 ·o·83291 83725 · 84157_ 84587 · 85015. 85442 85866 86289· 86710 87129 43 85 128 171 213
2"4' . 0~87547 87963 88377 88789 · 89200 89609' 90016 90422 1 90826 91228 41 .82 123 164 204
.. ' ,
2· 5 o-91629 92028 92426 -92822 93216 .93609 94001 94391 94779 95166 39 79 118 157 196
2"6_' 0'95551. 95935 96317
I 96698 97078 97456 ,97833 .982o8 9_8582 98954 38 76 IIJ 'ISI 189
2"7 0"99325 99695 00063 00430 00796 ,· on6o ·01523 ox885 02~45 02604 36 73 109 146 182
z·8 1"029,62 OJJ18 03674 040~8 04J8.o /' 04732 05082 ·, 05431 05779 o6126 35 JO, 105 141 176
2"9 1"06471 :o6815 .. 07158 07500 o784L · o8181 o8S19. o8856 09192 09527 34 68· IQ2 136 170
_J"O 1·o9861 . 10194 ' 10526 io856 11186 · •' II514' 11841 12168 ik12493 12817 33 66 99 IJI 164
3"~ . I" IJ140 13462 13783 14103 14422 ·.14740 15057 I5J7J " 15688 . 16002 J2 64 95 127 159
J"2 Jj16315' 16627 16938 .1~248 17557 17865 18173 . 18479 t8i84 19089 3~ 62 . 92 123 154
•
3"3 1"19392. 19695 19996-' 20297 _20597 20896 2II94 ' 21491 -21788 22083 JO 6o 90 120
(

ISO
3"4 i·22378·. 22671 22964 23256 23547 23837 24127 24415 24703 24990 29 58 • 87 II6 145
3"5 I" 25276 25562 25846 26130 26413 26695 26976 27257 27536 27815 28 56 85 113 .141
J•6 1" 28093 28371 28647 28923 29_198 29473 29746 30019- 30291. 30563 27 55 82 IIO IJ7
3'7 I" J083.J JIIOJ JIJ12' 31641 'JI909 32176 32442 J2708 32972 33237 27 53 IJ4
3"8 I" 33500 33763 34025 34286 ~34547 34807 35067 35325 35584 35841 26 52 104 130
3"9 r 36098 36354 _36609 36864 J7II8 37372 37624 . 37877 38!28 38379 25 . 51_ 101 127
•
4"0 1~3862938879 39128 39377 39624 39872 40II8 40364 40610 40854 74 99 124
4 .. 1 1·4~09941342 4I585- 41828 42070 42311 42552 42792 43031 . 43270 24 J2' 96 121
4"2 1"4J508 43746 43984 44220 44456 44692 44927 45161 45395 . 45629 24 71 94 II8
4"3 r 45862 46094 . 46326 46557 46787 47018 47247 47476 47705 47933 2J 69 92 II5
4"4 1"48160
, __48387 48614 48840 49065 49290 49515 49739 49962 50185 68 90 112
4"5 1•50408 50630 50851 ~1c72 51293 51513 51732 51951 52170 52388 22 44 66 88 IIO

4"6 1"52606 52823 53039 53256 53471 53687 53902 54116 54330 54543 22 43 65 86 108
4"7 1~54756 54969 55181 55393 55604 55814 56025 56235- 56444 56653 21 42 63 84 io5
4·8 1·56862 57070 57277 57485 57691 57898 S8Io4 58309 s8SI5 58719 21 41 62 8J 103
4"9 J• 58924 59127 .59331 .· 59534. 59737 59939 60141 60342 60543 60744 20 '40 61 81 101

log., Io = 2'30259, log,. 100 = 4·6osi7, log., 1000 = 6·90776

1~·
 TABLE XXVI. NATURAL LOGARITHMS-contz"rtued

0 I 2 3 4 5 6 'f ' 8 9. 'r ." 2 • ·. 3· 4 5

(d~

5'0 I' 60944 61144 61343 -61542 6174i 61939 62137 62JJ4 62531 62728 20 40 '59 79 99
5'1 1·62924 63120 63315 635II 63705 63900 64094 64287.·6448I, 64673. x9·. 39 ·58 78·.·97·.·~
5'2 x·64866 6so58 65250 65441 65632 65823 6'60IJ· 66203 66393 96582 . 19' 38 ~'57 76~ 9S.·.-·
.t
5'3 1·66771 66959 67147 67335 67710
"v ••"

67523 67896 68683 68269 68455 ,. · 19 37. 56 75" 94''. ·,

5'4 x·6864o 68825 69010 69194 69378 69562 69745 69928 jOJII 70293 1 8., 37 . 55 73 92,
5'5 x·7o475 70656 70838 71019 71199 71380 71560 71740 719i9· 72098 18 36 54 . 72 90 ~
5·6 I" 72277. 72455 72633 72811 72988 7JI66 73342 73519 73695 7J.87L . xs Js 53 .. n s9 . ,
5'7 1'74047 74222 74397 . 74572 74746 74920 75094 75267 75440 J56Ij I7 35 52 7o 87_ · .
5·8 1'75786 . 75958 76130 76302 76473 76644 768I5 76985 77156 . 77326. I7 ' 34 5 I 68 86 >
5'9 .1"77495 77665 77834 78002 78171 78339 7S5o7 78675 78842 79009 17 34. so . 67 84 .,~
I

6·o 1·79176 79342 79509 79675 79840. 8ooo6 8o171 80336' ·Bosoo 8o665 17 ,·33. so. 66 83 ~
6· I x·8o829 80993 8xt56 81319 81482 81645 8x8o8 81970 82I32 82294 I6 33 .49 65·~ 81 · /'
6·2 1•82455 82616 82777 82938 83098 83258 83418.: 83578 ·83737 83896 · x6 32 48 •"64. So ·'
6·3 1'84055 84214 84372 .84530 84688 84845 ·85oo3 Bsx6o ·:85317 85473· 16- 32 \47 63 79
6·4 1•8563o. 85786 85942 86097 . 86253 8640~ 86563 ..867I8 86872 ·. 8j026 . ', 1,6: Jl. 47 62 . 78'' ..
6·s r8718o 87334 87487 87641 87794 87947 88099 882sx 88403 ssss5 • · .. xs 3 x 46 6x ·. 76··: ·
6·6 1•88707 88858 89o1o 8916o 89311. 89462 8?612 89762 89912 90061 15 30 45 6o . 75
6•7 1'90211 90J6~ 90509 90658, 908o6 -90954 9_Ii.o'z: 9I25o 91398 1. '91545 IS 30 44 59 . 74 ·
6·8 1'91692 91839 91986 92132 92279 92425 9257i.
.
· 92716
/
9;862 93007 xs 29 44 · 58 73
6·9 1'93152 93297 93442 93586· 93730 93874 94018 94162 .. 94305 94448 14 ., 29 43 s8 7.2 ..
7'0 1'94591 94734 94876 95019 95161 95303 95445 . 95586 95727 95869 : 14 28_ 43 . 51 71
7'1 1'96009 96150 96291 96431 96571 96711 96851 96991· 97130 91269 . 14 · 28 '42 . 56 7o
7'2 1'97408 97547 97685. 97824 97962· 98100 98238 98376 985I3 986so 14 28 41 .55 69 ·
7'3. 1'98787 98924 99061 99198 99334 99470 99606 99742---- 99877. 00013. 14 . 27 ·. 41 51 68, .
7'4 2'00148 00283 00418 00553 oo687 oo821 . 00956 01089 01223 01357 IJ 27 40 54: 67 .
.. . '·

7'5 2'01490 01~24 01757 01890 02022 02155 02287 024I9 02551 02683 I"J 27 40 53' 66
7•6" 2•02815 02946 03078 03209 03340 03471 OJ60I .03732 03862. 03992. I3 26 39 52i: 6 5
. 7'7 2'04122 04252 04381. 04511 04640 04769 . 04898 05027 05156 05284 13 26 ·39 52 6$
7•8 2'05412 05540 osoo8 05796 05924 . o'605f o6179 o63o6 o64j3 o656o 13 25 38 51 ;64 ,
7'9, z·o6686 o6813 o6939 o7o65 o]I9I . 073I7 07443 07568 076_94 07819 IJ 25 38 50 .63
8·o 2·07944 o8o69 o8194 o8318 o8443 o8567 o8691. o88xs c8939 o9o63 12 I 25 37 56· .62
8·1 -2'09186 09310 09433 09556 09679 09802 099~4· 10047 10169 '10291 I2 .25 37 49 6r
8·2 2·Io413 Io535 xo657 10779 xo9qo 11021 II142 II263 IIJ84" IISOS . 12 . 24 36 49 6i
8·3
8·4
< 2'11626 11746 11866 11986 I2I06
2•12823 12942 IJ06I IJI8o . 13298 -
12226 12346 12465'
l34I7 13535 I3653
12585 I2704
1377i I388~
.
I2 24 36 48
I2 2.4' 36 47
6o
59.·.
8·s 2'14007 14124 14242 .14359 . 14476 1459J 14710 14827 14943 IS06o I2 23 ·35 47· ss
8·6 2'15176 15292 15409 15524. 15640 15756 t15871. 15987 .I6IQ2 I62I7 I2 · 23 35 46 58
8·7 2'16332 16447 16562 16677 16791 I6905 17020 17134 17248 I7J6I II / 23 34 46 57
8·8 2'1747~ 17589 ~7702 178I6 17929 x8o42 x8x5'5 18267 · x8,38o I8493 II 23 34 45 56'
I
8·9 2' 18605 18717 18830. I8942 19054• .i9165 19277 I9389 19500 I96II II· 22 34 '45. 56.
9'0 2'19722 19834 19944 20055 2oi66. 20276 20387 20497 2o6ot 207I7 II 22 33 44 55
9'1 . 2'20827 '20937 . 21047 2II57 21266 21375 ,2I~85. 21594 21703 2I812 II '22 J3 44 55......
9'2 . 2'21920 22029 22138 22246 22354 22462 22570 ~2678 22786 22894 · II 22 32 43 54
9'3 2'2JOOI 23109 23216 23324 234JI. . . ~3538 23645 ~375i 23858 23965, II 21 · 32 43 54
9'4 2'2407I 24177 24284 24390 24496 24601 24707 2481j . 249I8 25024 II 21 32 42. 53
9'5 .2'25129 25234 25339 25444 25549 25654 25759 25863 25968 26072 IO 2I 31 42 SZ
9'6 2'26I76 26280 26384 26488 26592 26696 26799 26903 27oo6 27Io9 IO 2I 3I .4I .52. ·
.9' 7
9'8
2' 27213 27JI6
2'28238 28J40
27419
28442
27521
28544
27624
28646
27727 27829
28747 . 28849
27932 28034 , 28136
"28950 2905I 29I52
IO 21
IO 20
JI
30
.4I .
41
5I
SI
9'9 2'29253 29354 29455. 29556 29657 29757 29858' 29958 3005~ JOIS8 IO .20 3~ 40 so .
--~--------------~----------------------------~--------------------------
log~ 10,000 = g·21034, lcg 6 100,900 = JI ·51293, log, 1,ooo;ooo = I,3·81551 •
73
 TABLE XXVI. NATURAL LOGARITHMS-contlnued

0 I 5 6 7 8 II
- f
3 4 9 I 2 3 4
'
. .
IO ,2"30259 31254 . 341SI
32239 33214 - ... - - . - - 9S 196 294 392 .490
II
- -
'
- -
,2"39790 40695 41591 424SO 43361
-· ' 3513S 36os5 37024 37955 3SS76
- - - - -
93
Sg
1S7
,179
2SO
26S
374 467
446
357
.. - - - -- -
12' . 2"4S491 . 49~21 50144 50960 51770
44235 45101 45959 46S1o 47654 s5 171 256 342 427
. -
..J.J I
- - - - S2 i64 . 246 32S 410
- - - 52573 ' 53370 '54160 54945 55723 79 158 236 315 394
13 2•56495. 57261 5S022 5s776 59525 - -"' - .-. - 76 152 227 '303 379
-
'14 2·63906 -. -' - . - .
6o269 6~007 ~ 61740 62467 • 631S9 73 146. ' 219 292 365
. 64617 65324 ·66o26 6672,3 - - - - - 70 •141 211 2S2 . 352
- - - -·. . ..- 674i5 6S102 6S7S5 69463 70136 68
.
136
.
204 272 340
' '
,
-. . - •
.-' - . -
IS 2"70Sos 71469 72130 727Ss" 73437 - - --- . - 66 132 197 263 329
- - .
.
74084 74727 75366 76o01 ~6632 64 127 191 255 '31S
16 2"77 259 nSSz. 7Sio1 .• 79t17 · 79728 - - - -
- - 62 124
-
IS5 247 309
- - - , S0336 S0940 S1541 ., S213S 82731 6o 120 ISO 240 299
17 2"83321 s.3908 S4491 85071 Ss647 - - - - - - s8 n6 174 233 291
·- - -. - -
18 2"89037 89591 90142 go6_9o 91235
8~220 .. 86790 87356 S7920 SS4SO
- - - - -
s6 113
55 110
169
165
226
220
. 2S2
275
- -· - - . - .91177 92316 gzSsz 933S6 93916 16o
- 53 107 214 267.
~

19 2"94444 94969 95491

....._
g6on. 96527 - - -
I
. - 52 104 156 20S 260
..
'
- -·. ·- .- 97041 97553 9So6z 9Ss68 990j'J 51 102 152 203 254
- •
20. ~"99573 ·000'72 00568 . 01062 01553 02042 02529 03013 03495 03975 49 gS 147 196 244
.2 I 3"04452; . 04927 '05400 05S71 . Ob339 o6Sos 07269 07131 oS191 oS649' 47 93 140 JS6 233
22 J"09I04 09558 10009 10459 10906 ll352 11795. 12237 12676 13114 45 8g 134 I7S 223
23 3"13549 139S3 14415 14~45 "15274 15700 16125 1654S
1
16969 173S8 43 ss , 12S 171 213
24 ·3·17Sos IS221' 1S635 .1904S, . 1945S 19S67 20275 2o6So 210S4 214S7 41 S2 123 164 204
;
-
25 j·21SSS 222S7 ·226S4 23oSo 2J475 23S6S 24259 24649 25037 25424 39 79 uS ~57 196
26 3"25S1o' 26i94 26576 z69S1 27J3.6 . 27714 zSogi 2S466 2SS4o 29.213- 3S. 76 II3 151 IS9
2 7' 3"295S4 29953 30322· 306Sg 31054 31419 317S2 32143. 32504--,. 32S63 36 73 109 146 IS2
28 3"33220 33577 ,33932 342S6 34639 34990 35341 35690 3603S 363S4 35 70 105 141 176.
29- ,3"36730 37074 .37417 37759 ' 3S099 3S439 3S777 39II5 .·. 39451 397S6 34 6S 102 136 170
; '
30 ..3"40120 40453 407S4 41II5 41444 41773 42100 42426 42751 43076 33 66 99 131 164
3I 3"43399. 43721- 44042 44362' 446SI' 44999 45316 45632 45947. 46261 32 64 95 127 159
32 3"46574 46SS6 47197 47507 47SI6· 4S124 4S431,. 4S73S "49043 49347 31 62 92 123 154
6o. •
"'3 3"49651 499S3 .S025S soss6 -soS5'6 suss· S14S3 51750 52046 52342 30 90 120 150
34 3"52636 S2930 53223 53515 53So6 54096 543S5 54674 54962 S5249 29 58 S7 n6 145
35 3" 55S35
-55S2o 56105 563ss s6671 5~953 57235 57515 57795 .5S074 28 s6 ss- 113 .141
36 3" 5S3S;'- 5S629 sS9o6 59 IS~ 59457 59731' 6ooos 6o27S · 6o55o 6oS21 27 55 ' S2 IIO 137
37 3"61092 61362 61631 6~Sgg 62167 62434' 62700 62966 63231 63495 27 53 So· 107 134
3s 3"63759 64021 642S4 64545 64So6 65o66 65325 65584 65S42 66099. 26 52 7S 1?4 130
39 3·66356 66612 66S68 67122 67377. 67630 67SS3 6S135 6S3S7 6S63S ~5 51 76 101 127
74 99 124
4 0 . 3·6SSSS
4I 3"71357
.6913S
71601
693S7·
. 7IS44
69635
720S6
6gSS3
7232S·
70130
72569
70377
72Sio
7o62j
73050 .
7oS68
73290
71II3
73529
25 49
24 4S. 72 g6 121
42 3"73767 74005 74242 74479 74715 74950 75IS5 75420 . 75654 75SS7 24 . 47 71 '94 ·118
4 3' 3·76120 7635 2 765S4 76SI5 77046 77276 77506 77735 77963 7Sigi 23 46 69 92 115
44 3"7S419 7S646 7SS72 . 7909S 79324 79549 79773 79997 So221 S0444 22 45 68 . go 112

45 ·3·So666 8o8S8 81110 81331, 81551 81771 SI991 S2210 82428 82647 22 44 66 8S IIO
46 3"82S64 83oS1 83298 S3514 83730 ..83945 84160 84374 S4sss 84802 22 43 6s 86 108
47 3"85015 85227 85439 85651 85862 86o73 86283 86493 86703 86912 21 42 63 84 105
48 . 3"S7I20 S7J2S S7536 . S7743 87950 ' 8SI56 S8J62 S8568 S8773 S8978 21 41 62 S3 103
49 3"S91~2 89386 89589 . S9792 89995 90197 90399 go6oo go8o1 ?1002 20 40. 61 81 101

log. 10 = 2·30259, log. 100 = 4·6o517, log. 1000 = 6·go776

74
 TABLE XXVI. NATURAL LOGARJ.TH¥-S~ontz"nited

---'~--o
so
____________
3·91202
~
91402
2______

91601 91801
4_
J______ .. ______
91999
s______6 _____7______8__.____9___
92197 92395 92593 92790 92986
I~

20
2 3 4 5
4° 59 79 .99
51 3•9318J 93378 93574 93769 93964 94158 94352 .94546 94739. 94932 I9 j9 . s8 . 78_ 97
52 3·95124 95316 95508 957oo 95891 96081 96'272 96462 9665-1 96840 I9 38 57 76 95
53 3•97029 97218 97406 97594 97781 97968 98155 98341 98527 98713 · 19 37 · 56 75 94
54 3·98898 99083 99268 99452' 99636 99820 OOOOJ OOI86 00369 OOSSI 18 37 55 73 92
55 4·op733 oo915 01096 01277 01458 01638 01818 01998 02177 02356 18 36 -54 72 90 .
s6 4•02535 02714 02892· 03069 03247 03424 03601 03777 03954 04130 . 18 . 35 53 71 89
57 4·04305. 04480 04655 04830 05004 05178 05352 05526 05699 05872 17 -35 52 70' 87
s8 4'o6o44 o6217 o6389 o656o o6732 06903 0707J 07244 07414, 0(,584 ~7 34 51 68 86
59 4•07754 07923 o8o92 o8~61 o8429 o8598 o8766 o8933 o9xox . 09268. I1 34 so 67 84
6o 4·09434 09601 09767 09933 10099" 10264 10429 10594 10759 . I0923 . z1 33 "' so 66 83· _
61 4'11087 11251 11415 11578 11741 11904 12066 12228 12390 '
12552 x6 81
33 4 9 . 65
62 4'12713 12875 13036 13196 13357 I
1
35~7 13677 13836. '3995 14155 I6 32 48. 64 So
63 4·14313 14472 14630 14789 14946 15104 15261 15418: ;I5575 I5732 16 32 47 63 79 .
6-t 4·158~8 .16044 162oo 16356 16511 16667 16821 16976 17131 lj285 'z6 31 47 ~2· 78
6s 4"17439 17592 .17746 17899 18os2· I8205 18358 I8510 18662 18814 IS 31 46 61 16
66 4.18965 19117 1.9268 19419 19570 19720 19870 20020 20170 20320 I$ '30 45 60 75
67 4'20469 20618 20767 20916' 21065 21213 21361 2I509 21656. 21804 I$ 30 44 .59. 74
68 4'21951 22098 22244 22391 22537 ~2683 22829 22975 23120 . 23266 I5.·29 44 ·s8 73
69 4•23411 23555 23700 23844 23989 24133 24276 24420 24563 ·. 24707 . I4 29 43 ss 72
· 4·2485o 24992 25135 25277 25419 25561 257031 25845' 25g86 .· 26127 I4 .28 43 57 71
4·26268 26409 26549 26690 26830 26970 27110 ·27249 27388 27528 I4· 28 42 56 70
4•27667 ,27805 27944 28082 28221 28359 28496 28634 28772 28909 14 28 ·_41- 55 69
4·29046 29183 29320 29456 29592 29729 29865 30000 .301 36 3o2 71 14 27 4I 54 68
4• 30407 30542. 30676 3081'1 .30946 31o8o· 31214, 3134~ 31482 . 31615 I3 . 27 40 54 67
4•31749'"' 31882 32015 32148 32281 32413 32546 32678 32810 32942 I3 27 40 53 66, .
4.33073 33205 33336 "33467 33598 33729 3386o 33990 34120 34251 IJ 26 39 sz 6s
4•343~1 34510 34640 34769 34899 J5028 35157 35286 ·35414 35543 1 3 26 39 ·52 6s
4•35671 35799 35927 36055 36182 36310 36437 36564 . 3669i 36818 13 2_5 38 51 64
4' 36945 37071 37198. 37324 37450 . 37576 37701 37827 37952 38078 ~~ zs 38 .so· 63
So 4·38203 38328 38452 38577 38701 38826 38950 39~74 39198 39321 I2 25 37 so 62 ..
81 4'39445 39568 39692 39815· 39938 40060 40183 40305 40428 4055~ 12 25 37.49 61
82 4·40672 40794 40916. 41037 41159 41280 41401 4152~ 41643 41763 12 24 36 49 61
83 4·41884 42004 42125 42245 42365 42485 42604 .42724. 42843 42963 12 24 36 48 6o
8-t . 4.43082- 43201 43319 43438 43557 43675 43793 43912 •44030 44147 12 24 36 47 59
4·44265 44383 44500 44617 44735 44852 ·44969 45085 45202 45318 I2 23 35 47. s8
4'45435 45551 45667 45783 45899 46014 461JO 46245 46361 46476 12 . 23 35 46 s8
4·46591 46706 46820 46935 47050 47164 47278 47392 47506 47620 . I I . 23 34 46 57
1
4'47734 4 7847 47961 48074 48187 48300 48413 48~~6 . 48639 48751 II 23 34 45· 56
4·48864 48976. 49088 49200; 49312 49424 49536 49647 49758 49870 II 22 34 45 56
90 1 4'499sx 50092 50203 50314 50424 50535 5o645 50756 50866 50976 II 22 33 44 55
91 I 4' 51086 51196 51305 51415 51525 51634 51743 51852 51961 -52076 II 22 33 44 $5
92 II 4' 52179 52287 52396 52504 52613 52721 52829 52937 53045 53152 II 22 32 43 -54
93 4·53260 53367 53475 53582 5368<A. . 53796 53903 54010 ~4116 54223 II 21 32 43 54
94 I
4· 54.329 54436 54542 54648 54754 5486o 54966 55071 55177 55282
'
·I·I
- 21 32 42 53
95 . 4· 55388 55493 55598 55703 55808 55913 S6oi7 56122 56226 '56331 . 10 21 31 42 52
96 1
4'56435 56539 s6643 56747- 56851 56954 57058 57161 57265 57368 IO 21 31 41 52
97 4. 57471 57574 57677 57780 57883 57985 58088 S3190 58292 58395 10 21 31 41 51
98 4·58497 58599 58701 588oz 58904 59006 59107 59209 59310 ·59411 10 20 30 41 51 '
99 4.59512 59613 59714 59815 59915 6oo16 6oxx6 6o217 160317 60417 10 20 30 40 $0
f

log. xo,ooo = 9·21034, log. 1oo,ooo = .

11·51293· log. 1,ooo,ooo = 13·81551

75
 . TABLE XXVII. SQUARES

0 ·J 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 .

0 0 I 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81
·I 100 J2I "144 169 196 ' 225 256 . 289 . 324. 361
.2 400 441 -484 529 576. 625 676 729 784 841
J 961 1024 1089 ll56 1225 1296 1369 1444 1521
4 ~~~ 1681 1764 1849 1936 2025 2116 2209 2304 2401
·-~
2500
. 2601 2704 2809
\

2916 ., 3025 3136 3249 3364 3481

5
6 36oo 3721 3844. i 3969 4096 ', ... 4225 4356 4489 4624' 4761
7 4900. 5041 5184 5329 • 5476 5625 5776 S929 6o84 6241
·8 6400 6561 6724 6889 7056 7225 7396 71569 7744 7921
9 8100 · 8281 8464 8649. '8836' ~025 9216 9409 9604 . 9801
10 . 10000,. 10201 . 10404. 10609 ' , 10816 11025 . 1I236 11449 u664 u881
'n 12100 12321 12544 12769 .12996 13225 J 13456 .13689 13924 14161
12 14400.;. 14641 '· i4884. 15129 15376 15625.
. ~ . 158J6 16129 . 16384 . ~6641.
13 . . 16900 . 17689 182~5 ' 18496 18769 19044 . 193ll
14' .. 19600
17161 ·. 17424
I98_81
,.
20164''
17956
20449 , _207J6. 21025 21316 21609· 21904 22201
IS 22500 .22801 23104 23409· 23716 24025 24336 ·.. 24649 .. 24964 25281.
16 . 256oo .25921. 26244 26569 26896' 27225 27556, "27889 .28224 28561
!'>
I7 28900 29241 ,29584 . 29929 '. 30276. . 306~5 ·30976 31329 316~4 32041
.IS ·. 32400 32761· 33124 . . 33489 33856 . 34225 34596 34969 ' 35344. 35721 .
I9 36100· 36481 3686~ 37249 37636,- . 38025 38416 • 138809 ..... 39204
. 39601
20 -40000 40401 40804 41209 •· 41616 42025 42436 42849 43264 43681
.21 ' ,' 44100 44521. 44944'. 45369 45796 46~25 46656 _ .47o89· 47524 47961
22 .· 48400 48841 49284' ·, 49729 , 50176 50625 51076 51529 51984 5244.1
23 '52900 53361 ~53824 54289 54756 ' 55225 55696 56169 56644 57121 .
24 576oo· 58081 58564 ~. 59049 . 59536 6oo25' 6o516 61009 61504 62001'
/ '
25 62500 · 63001 63504 64009. ,64516 65025 65536 66o49 66564 67o81
26 676oo 68121. 68.644 ~9169 69696 -70225 7°756 71289 71824 . 72361
77284 77841
/

27 72900. 73441 73984 74529 75076 '75625 76176 76729

28 78400 ,· ·. 78961 '79524 .·8oo89 8o656 81225 81796 82369 82944 83521
29 84100_ ·84681 85264 85849 .86436 87025 87616 88209 88804 89401 .
\

J.O ...
31
90000
961oo
90601
96721·
91204
97344
91809
97969
92416
98596
93025
99225
93636
99856
. 94249
100489
94864'
IOB~4
95481
101761
J2 102400 103041 103684 104329 104976 ·105625. 106276 106929 107584 108241
J3 108900 109561 '110224 no889 111556 112225 112896 113569 114244 114921
.34 II560o 116281 . 116964 II7649 118336 :119025 119716 120409. 121104 i21801

J5 122500 123201 123904 1246o9 125316 126025 1267J6 127449 128164 128881
I
J6 1296oo 130321 131044 . 13r769 .132496 133225 133956 134689 .135424 136161
J7 136900 '137641 138384 139129 . 139876 140625 141376 142129 142884 14364r
J8 144400 145161 145924 146689 147456 .148225 148996 149769 150544 151321
J9 152100 152881 153664. 154449 155236 IS6025 156816 IS7609 158404 159~01>
. - -

a 40 ·16oooo 16o8o1 161604 . 162409 163216 ·164025 164836 • 165649 166464 167281
41·· ·1681oo 168921 169744 170569 171396 172225 173056 173889 1747271- 175561
42 176400 177241 '178084· i:78929 179776 180625 181476 182329 183184 184041
43 184900 185761 186624 187489 188356 189225 190096 190969 191844 192721
. 44 1936oo l94481 !95364 196249 197136 198025 198916 199809 200704 201601
.. 205209 2o6116 207025 207936 208849 209764 210681
45 202500 203401 204304
46, 211600 212521 213444 214369 215296 216225 217156 218089 ~H9024 219961
47 220900 221841 222784 223729 224676 225625 226576 227529. 228484 22944~

48 230400 231361 232324 233289 234256 235225 236196 237169 238144 239121
49 240100 241081 · 242064 243049. 244036 245025 246016 247009 248004. 249001
'

' .
Exact ~quares of 4 figure numbers can be quickly calculated from the identity (a±bf1 = tr±2ab+b3 •
76
 TABLE XXVII. · SQUARES-con'tz"nued
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 As 9
so 250000 251001 252004 25J009 254016 255025 2560J6 257049 258064 259081
51 260100 26II2I 262144 263'169 264196 265225 266256 267289 268J24 269361 •
52 270400 271441. 272484 273529 274576 . 275625 276676 277729 I 278784 279841,
·53 28ogoo 281961 28J024 284089 285156 286225 287296 288J69 289444 .. 290521
54 2916oo 292681 293764 294849 295936 297025 298116 299209 300304 301401
.'
55 J02500 303601 304704 305809 306916 J08025 309136 ' 310249 ~II364; _.; 3i~4_8i
s6 3136oo 314721 315844 316969 318096 319225 . 3,20356 321489 322624 323761
57 324900 326041 327184 J28J29 329476 -330425- 3,31776 332929 334084 335241
·s8 336400 337561 338724 33988g 341056 342225 344396 344569: 345744 346gir
59 348100 349281 350464 35.1649 352836 '354025 355216 356409 357604 3588o1
'
6o 36oooa 36-1201 362404 363609 364816 366o2s 367236 368449 369664 . 370881
61 372100 373321 374544 375769 3769g6 378225 379456 38o68g 381924 -. 383161
62 J84400 385'641 J86884 388129 389376 390625 391876 393129 / 394384 395641
63 396900 398161' 399424 4oo68g 401956 403225 404496 405769 407044 ...- 4~8321,
64 409600 410881 412164 413449 414736 416?25 417316 4186og .419904 421201
. .. :

65 422500 423801 425104 426409 427716 429025 . 430336 431649 432964-:'" . 434281 '
66 4356oo 436921 438244 439569 4408g6 442225. 443556 44488g 446224 44756!
67 448900 450241 451584 452929 454276 455625 456976 458329 459684 . 461041: '
68 462400 463761 465124 . 466489 467856 469225 470596 :471969 473344 ' 474721
487~04 488601
1
6g 476100 477481 478864 4.80249 , 481636 48J025 484416 485809
'
70 490000 491401 492804 494209 495616 .. 497025" 498436 499849 501264 I ·so268~·· ·
71 504100 505521 506944 so8J69 . 509796 5IIZ"25 512656 514089 515524 516961 .
72 518400. 519841 521284 522729 524176 525625 527076 528529 . 529984 ' ' ~ .
.531441'
73 532900 534361 535824 537289 538756 540225 541696 54J16g' 544644' 546121
74 547600 549081 550564 552049 553536. 555025 556516 s58oog 559504 ·561001
'
75 562500 564001 565504 s67oog 568516 570025 571536 573049 574564 576o8r
76 -5776oo 579121 s8o644 582169 583696 585225 . · 586756 ·5·88289 ·589824 591361
77 592900 594441 595984 597529 ·59907~ · 6oo625 602176 60J729 6os284"' 6o684.1
78 6o84oo 6ogg61 6II524 61jo8g . 614656 616225 617796 619369 620944 622521 I

79 624100 62 5681 627264 628849 630436 632025 633616 '635209 636804 638401
So 640000 641601 643204 644809 646416 648025 649636 651249 652864 · 654481
81 6561oo · 657721 659344 66og6g 662596 664225. 665856 667489 66g124 -6)07QI
82 672400 674041 675684 677329. 678976 68o625 682276 683929 685584 68724i,
83 688goo .6go561 692224 6g388g 695556 697225 ·6g88g6 7oo569 · . 702244 703921
. 84 7o56oo 707281 708964 710649 712336 714025 115716 717409 719104 720801
.
ss 722500 724201 725904 727609 729316 ,731025 732736 734449 736164· · 737881
86 739600 741321 743044 744769 746496 748225 ~749956 751689 753424 755161
87 756900 758641 760384 762129 763876 '765625 767376 769129 77o884 772641
88 774400 776161. 777924 779689 781456 783225 784996 '786769
.\
788544 79?321,
89 792100 793881 795664 797449 799236 8o~o25 8o2816 ' 8o46og - 8o64o4· 8o82eS(
go 81oooo 8II801 _813604 815409 8I72I6 819025 .820836 822649 824464 826281
91 828100 829921 831744 833569 835396 837225 8390_56 84o88g 842724 844561
92 846400 848241-. 85oo84 851929 853776 855625 857476 859329 86II84 863041·
93 864900 866761 868624 87048f. 872356. 874225 876096 877969 879844 88172!
94 88j6oo 885481 887J64 889249 89II36 893025 894916 896809~ 898704" goo6o1
95 902500 904401 906304 go82o9 910II6 . 912025 9l3936 915849 917764 919681
96 9216oo 923521 925444 927369 929296 931225 933156' 935089 937024 938961
97 940900 942841 944784 946729 948676 950625 952576 954529 956484 958441
98 g60400 962361· 964324 966289 968256 970225 972196 974i69 976144 978121
99 980100 982081 I
984064 986049 988o36 . 99002$ ''992016 994009 996004 998001
I

Thus 693·3 2 = 480249+4I5·8+o·og = 480664·89.

77
 TABLE XXVIII. ·SQUARE
. '
RooTS .

0 ·. ~ I 2 3 4 5 .
6 .;. 7 ' 8 9_11 2 3 4 5'

IO .10000 •. 10050 10100 10149. I0198 _I0247 I0296 I0344 I0392 . 10440 5 IO I5 20 24
3I623 Ji780 }1937 32094 · 32249 32404'-32558 327II j2863 330I5 IS 3I 46 62 77
. II, 10488 · 10536 · 1_0583 . lo63o · 10677 I0724 I077Q Io817 _ Io863 I0909 5 9 I4 I9 23
33I66 33317 :33466 33615 .33764 33912 34059 34205 3435I 34496 . IS 30 44 59 74
-12 .
10954' ' IJOOO.,. IJ045
.
34641 34785, 34928· 3soft
Il09I III36·
352I4
....
IU8o.
35355
II225
35496
I l 269
1

. 35637
113I4
35777
II358 4 9 I3 I8f
35917 I4 28 43 57r
22
7~
. IJ II402 1i446. -~1489 II533 II576 n619 n662 II705 11747 II790 4 9 I3 I7 22
36os6 .36194 36332 ·_ ·36469 , 366oQ 36742 36878 37014 37148 37283 I4 ~7 41 55 68
' ' . \ -
I4 II~32 ·1i874. II9I6 II958 12000 . 12042 I2083 ~2I24 I2I66 12207 4 8 I3 I7 2I
3(417. 37550. 37683 378I5 31947 . f 38079 38210 3834I J8471 _38601. 13 26 39 53 66
iS ·1_2247 _ 12288 12329 i2'j69 124IO 12450 1249"! 12530 12570 ' 12610 4 8 12 - I6 20
,38i3o '38859, 38987 39II5 .39 2 43 39370 39497- 39623 39749 39875 I3 25. 38 51 64
16 12649 . !2689 1.2728 12767 u8o6' 12845 128~4 I2923 1296I I3000 4 8 I2 . 16 20
',l,
40000 '40I2S 40249 40373 40497 ' 40620_ 40?43 40866 40988 41110 I2 25· 37 49 62
.' ,,
I7
13038 "13077 I3ll~' 13(53 :J319I - I_3229 ' !3266 I3304 I3342 13379 4 8 II IS I9
•4123I '4I352 41473 4I593 , 4I7I3 4I833 41952 4207I 42~90 42308 I2 24 36 48 6o
'IS .134I6 I3454 I3491' . 13S28 13565 1360I 13638 .13675 I37II 13748 4 7 It I5 I8--
' ~ . ~

42426 42544 42661 42778 42895 '4~012 43128 43243 43359· 43474 I2 23 35 47 58
, 19 . 1~784 _i3820 ... I3856 )38g2 • ~3928 13964 I4000 I4036 I4071 14107 ~- 7 II I4 I8
. 43589 . 43?04 '438I8 . 43932 4t~45 44159 44272 44385 4449? 44609 II 23 34 45 57
· 20 I4I42 i4'x77 I42IJ' · 14248 · 14283 143I8 I4353 14387 14422 14457. 4 7 10 I4 18
44721 · 44833 4494~ · 45056 -~si66 45277 45387 · 45497 · 45607 457I7 II 2Z 33 44 55
21
14491 . 14526 .. 14560 '14595 I4629 14663 14697 14731 14765 14799 3 7 IO I4 17
45826 .45935 · 46043 46152 4626o 46368 46476 46583 466go 46797 II 22 32 43 54
22 .14832 ~4866 _14900 14933 14967' I 15000. 15033 IS067 ' 15100 I5I33 3 i IO I3 I)
46904 470~1 47li7' 47223 47329 . 47434 47539 47645 .47749 47854 II 2I 32 42 53
~3 'I5I66 I5I99 I5232- 15264·· IS297 15330 I5362 I5395 I5427 i546o 3 7 IO I3 I6
4795~ 48o6a 48I66 48270 48374 48477 4858o_ 48683 48785 48888 IO 2I 3I ~I 52

24 I5492 I5524 I5556 I5588 I562o· I5652 15684 I57I6 ·I5748 1578o 3 6 IO I3 I6
48990 49092 49193 49295 49396 49497 49~98 49699' 49800 49900 IO. 20 30 40 51
25 158II I5843 I5875 I5906 15937 I5969 · I6ooo 16031 - I6o62 I6093 3 6 9 13 16
soooo SOIOO 50200 50299 . 50398 50498 50596 so695 50794 50892 10 20 I
30 40 so
26 I6I25 I6I55 I6I86 I6217 I6248 16279 16310 16340 16371 I640I 3 6 9 12 IS
_ 50990 5I088_ 51i86 51284 5138I 5I478 5I575 51672 51769 sx865 Io· I9 29 39 49
27 16432 16462 I6492 16523 i6553 I6583 x66I3 I6643 I6673 16703 3 6 9 I2 I5
51962 52058 . 52I54 52249· 52345 52440 52536 5263I 52726 52820 IO 19 29 38 48
· 28 I6733 16763 I6793 16823 16852 I68S2 ~6912 I694~ I697I 17000. 3 6 9 I2 15
52915 53009 53104 ·53i98 53292 533BS 53479 53572 53666 53759 9 19 28 38- 47
. 29 I7029 17059 I7088 I7II7 I7I46 17176 .I7205 !7234 I7263 17'292 3 6 9 .12 15
53852 53944 54037 54129 54222 543I4 54406 54498 54589 5468I 9 IS 28 37 46
 .'

.TABLE XXVIII. SQUARE ROOTS-continued

0 I 2 3 4 5 . 6 7 8

30 1732I 17349 I7378 17407 I7436 I7464 I7493 I752I I7SSO. I7578' · 3 ; 6 / 9 ·• i1·,· 14
54772 S4863 S49SS SS045 55136 5s227 5S3I7 s~4o8 SS4?8 s5s88 9. If 27 36 45
I· . \
Jl 17607 ~7635 17664 I7692 17720 I7748 I7776 I7804 . I7833 ,I786I.. 3 .6 8. II. I4
55678 5S76r 55857 s5946 56o36 S6I2S S62I4 S6303 5639I S6480 9 18 27 36 · 4S
J2 17889 I7916 I7944 I7972 I8ooo I8o28 ~~oss I8o83 I81u, • I8I38 3 6· 8~ I I . 14:
56569 56657 5674s 56833 56921 S7009 57096 57I84 S727I 57359 9 ..18 26 35 44
33 18166 I8I93 I822I '1:8248 . I8276 I8303 I8.330 I8358 .I838S I84I~ 3 5 8 I~ I4 .
57446 57533 576I9 S7706 51193 ·S7879 S7966 S8052 S8I38 . 58224 9 . I l 26 35 ~- . 43
34 18439 I8466 I8493 I8520 I8S47 I8574 I86oi I8628 I.&65S· I8682 3 8 II 'I4
5
583Io. 58395 5848I 58566. 58652 s8737 s8822 s89o7 s8992. s9o76 9. I( 34. 43 26
35 I87o8 Ig735 I8762 I8788 I88I5 I884I I8868 I8894 I892I I8947 3 5 8..• ll 13 . \

If
'

59I6I 59245 59330 594I4 . 59498 S9S82 S9666 59749 39833 S99I7 8•. ·25 34 4f ·
36 18974 I9000 I9026 I9053 I9079 I9I05 I9I3I I9IS7 I9I83 I9209 · 3 ~ S " 8 to , IJ.
6oooo 6oo83 6oi66 '60249 60332 6o4IS 60498 6o58I 6o663 6o~45 s· I7 25 -:-·33. '4~'
• i ·,,, • ~r:) •

37 I9235 19261 19287 I93I3 19339 I9365 I939I I94I6 . I9442 I9468 3 5 . 8 IO lJ
6o828 60910 60992 61074 61156 6I237 6I3I9 .6i4oo .QI482 · 6IS63 s-· i§ . .is· 3.}.4I
38 I9494 I9519 I9545 I9570 I9596 '
I962I I9647 I9672 "'I9698 I9723 r 3 • '5 • 8 . '10 .<"13
6I644 61725 6I8o6 61887 61968 62048 62I29 62209. 62290 62370 8 I6 24 32 4o .·
39 . I9748 I9774 . I9799 I9824 19849 I987S I9900, I9925 I9950 'I997S , 3 S 8 IO, I3
62450 62530 626Io 62690 62769 62849 62929 63oo8 '63o87 63I66. ·s 16 '24 32 40
40 20000 2002S 20050 20075 20IOO 20I2S 20I49 20I74 20I99 20224 2 s. 7
10 12
63246 63325 63403 63482 63S6I 63640 637I8 63797 63875 63953 8 I6 24 3I ·39
' .
"' 5
7 IO 12
4~ 20248 20273 20298 20322 '20347 20372 - 20396 2042I 20445 _2o469 2
6403I 64I09 64I87 64265 64343 64420 64498 64S76 64653. 64730 8 . 23 3I . ;r39"<,.'
i~
42 20494 205I8 20543 20567 20S9I 2o6Ie 20640 20664 20688 207I2 2 .5 7 IO I2 •
64807 64885 64962 65~38' 65I15 6SI92 6S269 6S~45 6S422 6S498 8. ,IS, 23; 31 38
43 20736 2076I 20785 20809 20833 2o8s7 2o88I 2090S . 20928 209S2 2 's 7 IO l2 .,
65574 6565I 65727 6s8o3 65879 659SS 66030 66Io6 66I82 66?S7 .8 IS 2.3 30 ,J8
44 20976 2IOOO 2I024 2I048 2107I 2Io95 2III9 2II42 2x166 2II90 2 s 7. IO I2
66 332 664o8 6648 3 66558 66633 667o8 66783 668s8 66933 67oo7 .8 IS 22. 30 "38
45 212I3 2I237 _21260 i 2I284 2I307 2I33I 2I3S4 .2I378 2I401 2I424 2 s .·1 9· 12
67o82 67!57 6723I 67305 6738o 674S4 67s28 . 97602 67676 67750 30 '37
46 2I448 2I47I 2I494 2I5I7 2I$4I 2IS64 2IS87 2I6Io 2I633 216S6 .9 I2
67823 67897 6797I 68044 68It8 68I9I 68264 68337 684ii 68484 1 IS 22 29 37
47 2I679 2I703 2I126 2I749 2I772. 2I794 2I8I7 2I840 .2I863 2I886 2' s 7 9. I2
68ss7 68629 68702 6877S '68848 68920 68993 69o65 69I38 692Io 7 IS 22 29 36
2I909 2I9J2 2I9S4 2I977 22000 22023 2~045 22068 22091 22II3 2 .s 7 9 II .

69282 69354 69426_ 69498 69570 ~ 69642 69714 69785 698S7 69929 7 14- 29 36. 22.

49 22I36 22IS9 22I8I 22204 22226 t,. ~2249 22271 i2293 22JI6 22338 2 4 7' 9 I I
70000 7007I 70I43 702I4 . 7028S 703S6 70427 70498 70S69 70640 7 14 21 28 36

79
 TABLE XXVIII. SQUARE ROOTS-continued
I

0 I = 3 4· 5. 6 7 8 9 ~ 2 3 4 -5

so 22361 22J83 22405 22428' 22450 22472 22494 22SI7 22539 22561 2 4 'f 9 II
70711 70781 70852 7~922 70993 71063 71134 71204 71274 71344 7 14 2I 28 35
51 22583 . 22605 22627
•
22650_ 22672 22694 227~6 22738 22760 227&2 2 4 7 9 II
71414~ 71484 71554. 71624 7I694 7i764 71833 71903 71972 72042 7 14 2I 28 35
22804 22825 22847 2286g' 2289I 22.913 22935 22956 22978 23000 2 4 7 9 II
72111 72180_ 72250 72319 72388 72457 72526 72595 72664 72732 7 .14 21 28 34
53 2J022 2J043 2J065 23087 2JI08 23130,_23152 23173 23195 23i16 2 4 .6 9 II
7_2801 "72870 72938 7J007 7J075 73144 73212 73280 73348 73417 7 14 2I 27 34
I •

-54 2J2J8 2J259 23281 2JJ02 2JJ24 -23345 2J367 23388 2J409 23431' 4 6 9 II
73485 73553 lJ62I' 73689 ·'73756 73824 73892 73959 74027 74095 7 I4 20 27 34
55 23452 · 23473 23495 23516 23537_ 23558 23580 :23601 23622 2J643 2 4 6 • 8 II .
. 74I62. '74229 74297 74364 - 74431 74498 74565 74632 74699 74766" • 7 13 20 27 34
1 56 23664 '_ 23685 · 237or· ·23728 23749 23770 23791 23812 23833 2J854 2 4'6 8 I I
74833 -74900
... i·~ .
74967 75033 75IOO 75166 75233 75299 75366 75432 7 I3 20 27 33
•
51 23875 2J896. 239I7 2393i zigs8 , .23979 24~00 24021 24042 24062 2 4 6 8 10
75498 15565. '75631 75697. 75763 7582g 75895 75961 76026 76092 7 13 20 26 33
5 s 24083 24104·'··.~4125 24I45 24166 24I87 ~4207- 24228 24249 24269 2 4 6 8 10
7615s·. 76223 7~289,.76354 76420 I 76485 76551 76616 76681 76746 7 IJ. 20 26 33
59' 24290. 24310. 24331 ·24352 24372 24393 244IJ 24434 24454 24474 2 4 6 8 10
. 768~I. 76877 76942 77006 77071 77136 77201 77266 77330 .,7395 6 13 .19 26 32
,·

6o 24495 24515 24536 24556 . _24576 24597 246I7 ~4637 24658 24678 2 4 6 8 10
77460 77524 77589 77653 77717" .. 77782 · 77846... 77910 77974 _78oj8 6 IJ 19 26 32
.I
2469& 24718 24739 24759' 24779 2'4799· 24819 24839 2486o 24S~o 2 4 6 8 10
78102 78166 78230 78294 78358 ._78422 78486 . 78549 78613 78677 6 IJ 19 26 32
24900 24920 24940 2496o· 24980 25000 2SO~O 25040 25060 25080 2 4. 6 8 10
78740 78804, 78867 78930 . 78994 79057 79120 79183 79246 79310 6 13 19 25 32
6J 25100 25120 25140' 25i59 ·25179 25199 252I9 25239 25259 25278 2 4 6 8 IO
79373 79436 79498 79561 ·79624 79687 79750 79812 79875 79937 6 13 19 25 31
'.
252g8 25318 25338 • 25357 _25317 25397 25417 .. 25436.25456 25475 2 4 6 8 10
8oooo 8oo62 '8o125 8o187 80250 8o3I2 8o374 80436 80498 8o561 6 J~ 19 25 Jl
I

65 25495 2_5515 25534 25554 2557.3 25593 25612 25632 25652 25671 2 4 6 8 10
8o623 8o685 8o747 · 8o8o8· 8o87o 80932 80994 81056 811I7 8II79 6 . I2 19 25 31
66 i569o 25710 2.5729 25749 25768 25788 25807 25826 25846 . 25865 2 4 6 8 10,
81240 81302 81363 81425 81486 81548 816Q9 81670 • 81731 81792 6 12 18 25 31
67 25~84 259Q4 25923 25942 25962 25981 26ooo 26019 26o38 26o58 2 4 6 8 10
81854 81915 81976 820J7 ,
82098 82158 82219 82280 ,· 82341 82401 61 12 18 24 30
68 26o77 26og6 26115 26134. ~6153 . 26173 26192 262II 26230- 26249 2 4 6 8 10
82462 82523 ·82583 82644 82704 82765 82825 82885 82946 83oo6 6 12 iS 24 30
69 26268 26287 26306 26325 26344 26363 26382 26401. 26420 26439 2 4 6 8 10
83o66 83126 83187 8J247 8J307 83367 83427 83487 83546 83606 6 12 18 24 30

70
. 26458 26476. 26495 26514 26533 . . 26552 26571 26589 266o8 26627 2 4 6 8 9
83666 83726 . 83785. 83845 83905. .83964 84024 84083 84143 84202 6 12 18 24 30

71 26646 26665· '26683 26702 26721 26739 26758 267f7 26796 26814 2 4 6 7 . 9
84261; 84321 84380 84439 84499 84558 '84617 84676 84735 84794 6 18 24 30
12

72 26.833 268~1 26870 26889 26901 26926 26944 26963 26981 27000 2 4 6 7 9
84853 84912 84971 85029 85o88 85147 85206 85264 85323 8 5381 6 12 18 23 29.
73 27019 27037 27055 27074 27092 27111 27129 27148 2']166 27185 2 4 6 7 9
85440 85499. 85557 85615 85674 85732 85790 85849 85907 85965 6 12 17 23 29
. 4 5 7 9
14 27203 27221 27240 27258_ 27276 27295 27313 27331 27350 27368 2
·86o23 86o81 86139 86197 8625-5 86313 86371 86429 86487 86545 6 12 ~17 23 29

8o
 TABLE XXVIII. SQUARE ROOTS-contz:nued
\

0 I 2 3 4 ·5 . 7 8 9 I 2 ·3 4 5
15 27386 27404 27423 27441 27459 27477 27495 27514 27532 27550 2 4 5' '7 9.
866o3 8666o 86718 86776 86833 86891 86948 87006 87063 87121 6 12 17 . 23 29
76 27568 27586 27604 27622 27641 27659 27677 27695 27713 27731 2
4 '5 ·' .7. 9.
87178 87~35 87293 87350 87407 87464 87521 87579 87636 87693 6 II If 2J ·29
.I
17 27749 27767' 27785 27803 27821 27839 27857· 27875 27893 279II 2. 4
5 7. 9
8775~· 87807 ·87864 87920 87977 88034 88091 88148. 88204 8826I 6, 17 23 28
II
78 27928 27946 27964 27982 28000 28018 28036 28054 28071 28089 2. 4 5 ·. 7 . · 9
88318 88374 88431 88487 88544 886oo 88657 88713 88769 88826 6 I I 17 . 23 28
19 28107 28125 28142 28160 28178 28196 .28213 28231, 28249 28267 2 4 5 7 9
88882 88938 88994 89051 89io7 89163 89219 ·89275~ 8933I 89387 6 II 17 22 28 ··~

So 28284 28302 28320 28337 28355 28373 28390 28408 . 28425 28443 2 4' 5 7 9
89443 89499 89554 8961e 89666 89722 ft9778 89833 89889 89944 6 u: 17 22 28
Sl 2846o· 28478 28496 28513 28531 - 28548 28566 28583 286oi 28618 2 4 ··5 7 ' 9
9oooo . 90056 90111 '9o167 90222 90277 90333 90388· 90443 90499 6 II 1.7 22 ,28
28636 · 28653 28671 28688 28705 2,8723 28740 28758 28775 28792 2 5 7· 9 j
90554 90609 90664 90719 90774 90830 9o885 90940 90995 9I049 6 II r6 22. 28
28810 28827 28844 28862 28879 .. 28896 2~914 28931 28948 28965 2 -3·5 7.9
9ll04 91159 91214 91269 91324 . .91378 91433 9i~~8 91542 91597 5 II 16. 22
84 289·~3
29000 29017 29034 29052 29069 29086 _29103 29120 29138 2 3
5 7 9
91652
91706 91761 91815 91869 91924 . 91978 92033 92087 92141 5 16.. 22 27
II
85. ~9155 29172 29189 29206 29223 29240 29257 .29275 29292 29309 2 3 5.1·9
92195 92250 92304 92358 92412 ·.92466 92520 . 92574. 92628 92~82' 5 II . 16 22 27 ·
86 29326 29343 29360 29377 29394 29411 29428 29445 29462 29479 2 3 5 "7. ·8
92736 92790, 92844 92898 92952 9J005 93059 93113 931_67 93220 $ I.l . 16 2"2 27

87 29496 29513 29530' 29547 29563 29580 ,29597 29614 ·29631 29648 2 3 s 7 8
93274 93327 93381 93434 93488 9354I 93595 9364~ 93702 93755 5 II I6 2I 27
88 2966 5 29682 29698 29715 29732 29749 29766 29783 29799 29816 '2 3 ;5 ' 7 8
93808 93862 93915 93968 94021• 94074 - 94128 9418I 942J4 94287 5 II 16 2I 27
89 29833 2985o , 29866 29883 29900 29917 29933 29950 29967 29983 2' 3 5 7 8
94340 94393 94446_ 94499 94552 94604 94657 947IO 94763 94816. 5. II I6 · ·2I • 26
''
90 30000 30017 30033 30050 30067 . 30083 30100 30116 30133 3015? 2 3.5-7 8
94868 94921 94974 95026 95079 95131 ~5184 95237 95289 95341 5- II 16 2I . 26
30166 30183 30199 30216 30232 30249 Jo265 30282 30299 . 36315 2 5 7
95394 95446 95499 .95551 95603 95656 95708 .95760 95812 95864 5 ' 10 .16 2I 26
30332 30348 30364 30381 30397 30414 30430 30447 30463 30480 2 3 5 7 8
95917 95969 960~1 96073 96125 96177 96229 96281 .96333 "96385 5 10 16 21 26
93 30496 3051~ 30529 30545 30561. 30578 30594· 3o61o 30627 30643 ~ 3 '5 7 . 8
96437 96488 96540 96592 96644 966~5 96747 · 96799 9685o 96902 5 ~0 · 16 21 26
.\

94 30659 30676 30692 30708 30725 30741 30757 ' 30773 30790 3o8o6 2 3 .. 5 7 8
96954 97005 97057 97108 97160 97211· 97263 97314 97365 97417 5 10 I5 ~I 26
95 30822 30838 30854 30871 30~87 30903 · 30919 . 30935 30952 30968 2 . 3 5 . '6 . 8
97468 ·97519 97570 97622 97673 97724 97775 97826 97877 97929 5 '10 IS 20 26
96 i 30984 31000 31016 31032 31048 31064 31081 31097 31113 3112_9 2 3 5 6 8
I 97980 98031 98082 98133 9818~ 98234 98285 98336 98J87 98438 5' .10 15 20' 25
97
I 31145 31161 31177 31193 31209 31225 3124I 31257 31273· 31289 2 •3 5
6 8
98489 98539 98590 986~1 ·98691 98742 98793 . 98843 98894 98944 5 I? 15 20 25
98 3L305 31321 31337 31353 31369 31385 31401 31417 31432 31448 2 3. 5. 6 8
98995 99045 99096 . 99146 99197 99247 99298 99348 99398 99448 5 10 IS 20 25
99 31464 31480 31496 31512 31528. 31544 31559 31575 31591 31607 2' 3 5 6 8
99499 99549 . 99599 99649 99700 99750 .998oo ·9985o 99900 99950 5 ·Io · 15 20 ~5
. I

81 F
 . TABLE XXIX. f RECIPROCALS- ·
. • 0 I '2, 3 5 6 7 8 9 Diffs.•
I·o 1·cooooo '990099 980392 970874 961538""' 934572 925926 2!7431
-9901 t/ -9707 -9518 -9336/ -9157 -8985 -?817 -So 53 -8495 -8340
J•I .._..909091 90090I 892857 _884956" 877193 869565 862069 854701 847458 840336
-:::sl9() -8044 -7901 I -7763 • -762S -7496 -:-7368 -7243 -7122 -7003
•833333 826446 81967z4 813008 806452 '-' 8ooooo 793651 787402 781250V'f775194
._ :-6~87 -6774 - · -6664 -6556 -6452 -6349 -6249 -6152 -6o56 -5963
-1·.3 ~ 763359 757576 75188o · 746269 740741 735294 729927 724638 ......719424
- • -5872 . -5783 · · -5696 -5611 -552S . -5447 '-5367 -5289 -5214 -5138
1"4 •714286 709220 704225 699301 _694444 • 689655 684932 .680272 675676' 67II41
,..;.5o66 - · -4995 -:4924 -4857 -4789 -,. ·-4723 . -466o -4596 •4535 -4474
\'
'· .
t•666667..., 662252 657895. 653595 ~49351 645161 64102,~ 636943 632911 628931.
-4415 ', -4357 -4300 -4244 -4190 -4IJ5 -4083 -4032 -3980 -3931
' •625000 .62IU8 617284 613497 .609756 6o6o61V' 6o241o 598802 595238. 591716 ·.
, ' -3882 ...3834 .. --3787 '·. ·-3741 -3695 -3651 -3608 -3564 -3522 -3481
v; 588235" 584795 . '581395 578035 574713 · 571429 . 568182 564972 561798 ss8659
-3440 i -3400 :...3300 -3322 •. -3284 -3247 -3210 '-3174 -3139 -3103
546448 543478""" 540541V""537634 534759 531915 529101 ~
• 555556 · 552486.,., 549451
-3070 -3035 -3003 •-2970- -2937 . -2907 -287 5 -2844 -2814 -2785
1'9 "S263I6 523560 520833 518135 S15464y' 512821 510204_ 507614 505051 502513 .
. ;-2756 -2~27 -2698 -2671 -2643 -2617 --2590 -2563 -2538 . -2513
/ . ~

2'0: •5ooooo 497512 495050 492611 . 490196 "487805 485437 483092~480769 478469
-2488 -2462 -2439 . -2415 -2391 -2368 -2345 -2323 . -2300 -2279
2'1 '476190V 473934 471698 . 469484 467290 465116 462963 460829' 458716~4 5 6621·
-2256 -2236: -2214 -2194 -2174 - -2153 -2134 -2113 -2095 ~-2076
2"2 "454545 452489- 450450 448430 446429 444444 442478 440529 438596 436681
-2056 -2039 . -2020 · . -2001 . --1985 ' -~966 -1949 -193~ -1915 -1898
2_'3 '"434783 432900 431034. 429185 427350 425$32 . 423729 '421941 420168 418410
., ,"· ·. .. -1883 • -1866.: .· -1849 :...1835 " -i818 -1803 -1788 -1773 --1758 -1743
2'4 '4166~ 41493&" 413223/ 411523 • 409836 408163 406504 404858 403226 4016o6
--:1729 · -1715 -1700 ·. -1687 -1673 . -1659 · ~1646 -1632 -1620 -16o6

~400000
. 398406
'.
' 396825 395257 -393701 392157 390625 389105 v 387597 3861oo -154-J.
2"5
2•6 •384615 383142 381679 38022~ 378788 377358 375940 374532 y 373134. 371747 -1430 .
2"7 . •370370 . 369oo4 367647 366300 364964 363636 362319 361011 359712 358423 -1327
2•8 "357143 355872 354610 35J357 352113 350877 34965o 348432 347222 346o21 -1236
2'9 -·344828- 343643 342466 341297 340136 338983 337838 .336700 335570 334448 -II 53
3'0 . 'J333J3.....--332226 ·331126.: 33~0_33 j28947 327869 326797 325733 324675 323625 -1079
3'J: ·~Sl~ 321543 320513 319489 318471 31746o 316456 31545i_ 314465 313480 -1011
3'~; 'JI250o ·3I1526 310559 309598 308642 . 307.692 306748V 3058Io.,.,.,. 304878 303951 -950
.3'3 "J03030 302115. 301205 300300 299401 2985o7 297619 296736 295858 294985 '--89-J.
~-
3'4 '294118 293255 '292398 291545 290698 289855 ~89017 288184 287356 286533 -843

3'5 ·2857r4 2849oo 284091 283286 282486 281690 280899 280112 279330 278552 -796
3'6 ·277778 277008 27624l 275482 274725 273973 273224 272480 271739 271003 -753
3'7 "!7o2zo 269542 268817 26~097 267380 266667 265957 265252 264550 '263852 -713
3'8 •263158 262467 261780 261097 260417 259740 259067 258398 - 257732" 257069 -677
3'9 '256410 255754 255102 254453 253807 253165 _252525 251889 251256 250627 -643

4'0 -~ 249377. 248756 248139 247525 '246914 246305 .245700 245098 244499 -611
4'1 "243902 243309 242718 242131 2.41546 240964 240385 - 2398Q8 ~ 239234 .238663 -582
4'2 -~38o95 ·237530 236967 236407 235849 235294 234742 234i92 233645 233100 -s55
4'3 ·2 32558:·2 3 2019 23148.1. 230947 230415 22 988 5 22 93 58 228833 228311 227790 -530
4'4 '227273 226757 226244 ..... 225734 225225 224719 224215 223714 2232~4 222717 -5o6
.J

4'5 "222222 :221729 221239 ~20751 220264 ~ 219780 219298 218818 218341 , 217865 - -484
4'6 '217391 216920 216450 215983. 215517 215054 214592 214133 213675 21J220 -463
4'7 '212766 21.2314 211864 211416 210970 210526 210084 209644 209205 208768 -444
·4·8 "208333 207900 207469 207039 206612 206186 205761 205339 204918 204499 I -426
4'9 "204082 203666 203252 202840
\
202429 202020 201613 201207 200803v 2_0040I I· -409
• Tabular differences up. to 2·5, and mean differences thereafter. Differences are negative.
82 c ..
 '
TABLE XXX. FACTORIALS
.
~~ Facrorial
Logarithm.
---
No. Factoriai. · Logarithm. No. Factorial.·
I Logarithm.

l I. o·ooo oooo · 66·tg'o 6450 101

. 51. 1"55112 9"42595 159'974 J250
2 2 O"JOI OJOO 52 8;o6582 67·go6 "6484 102 g•61447 161•982 9252 ,
3 6. o·778 1513 53 4"27488 6g•6JO 9243' 103 9'90290 163· 995 7624
.4· 2i' 1 . I•J80 2112 54. 2"30844 71:363 3180 104 1"02990 x66·ou 7958
5 " 120 2'079 1812 55 I·z6g64 7J"I03 6807 105 I•o8140 x68·o33 g85I
6
"7
,.
720
5040 .
2·8s7
3"702
3325
4305
56
51
7"I0999
4"05269
74"8SI 8687
'· 76·6o7 7436
. 106
107
1"14628
I'22652
170"059
172·o88
2909
6747
8 < 40J20' 4·6o5 szos ·ss 2· 35 o56· . 78"371 ~71.6 108 1"32464 174"122 og85
9· 36288o. .' 5"559 763~ 59 I•38Q83 . 80"142 0236
' 109 I"44386 I76• 159 5250
10·
..
·3·6z88o . ~ 6· 559 7630 6o 8·32099 8I·920 ·1748 IIO 1· 58825 I78·zoo 9I76 ·
II .3"99168 .,
7•6q_r I557 61 5"07580 8J"705 5047 III I•76295 x8o: 246 2406
I2 4"79002 8·68o 3370 62 3"I4700. ss-.497 8964 112 I'97451 182"295 4586
13 6·22702 ~ ·· 9"794 2803 63 I•g826I 87"297 2369 113 2" 23Il9 . 184· 348 5371
t

14 8•7I783 . . I0"940 4084 ' 64 . 1·26887 8g·I03 4169 114 2" 54356 186•405 4419
I~. I• 3~767 t~·ii6 4996 6s 8·24765 go·gt6 3303 115. 2"92509 188• ~66 1398
16
"" 66
2·09228 · 13• 320 :6tg6 . 5'44345 92"735 8742·. n6 3"39311 190"530 5978
17 3·'55687 14: 55! o685, 67 . 3'64711 94" 56! 949.0 II7 . 3'96994 192· 598 7836
18
Ig
6•40237
1"21645
15·8o6 .•
. .3410.
z7·o85 'og46 ·
68
69
2"48004
l"7Il22
g6·394
g8'· 233
4579
3070 ,
•uS · 4·68453
ng . • 5· 57459
194·670 66 56
xg6·746 · 2126
20 .2"432,90 I8~386 I246 .. 70 I" I9786 100"078 4050 . I20 6·68gso zg8·..825 3938
•. . . ' . ' ·,
2I 5"10909 I9'708 3439 7r 8· 50479'
h

ioz· g29 6634 121

. 8·09430 2oo·go8 1792
22. I" I2400 21"050 7666 72 6· 12345 IOJ" 786' 9959 . 122 ' g•87504 .: 202"994' 5390
23 2· 58520. 22"4I2 4944 . 73 4"47012. 105'650 3187 I23 ·1·21463 205"084 4442
24 6·20448 . . 23" 792 7057 74 • 3" 30789 107" 519 5505 124 I• 50614 207'177 8658
2S
26 4'03291 '
~~·55II2

26·6o5
. 25"190 . 6457
6xgo
75
76
2"480gi
1·88549
Iog· 394
III'275
6117
4253
.126
125 1·88268
•.
2' 37217
209' 274 77 59
2Il' 375 I464
27' x·o888g · • 28·o36 g828 11, 1"45183 II3' 161 9160 I27 3"01266 213'478 9501
28 . 3'04888 · 2g· 484 i4o8 78 I' 13243 II5'054 0106 128 3·85620 215• 586 1601
29 ·~ 8·84176 . 3o·g46 5388 79 8·94618 n6·951I 6377
.
.. 129 4'97450 • 217•696 7498
30_, . 2'65'253 32:423 66o1 • 8'o 1' 15695 118;854 7277 130 6·46686 219'810 6932
31 8·22284 33'915 0218 81 5'79713 120'763 2127 131 8•47158 221'927 g645
32' 2'63(31 35'420' 1717 82 4'75364 122·677 0266 132 1' II825 224"048 5384
33 8·68332 36'938 6857 83 3'94552 124· 596 1047 .• 133 1"48727 226"172 3900
34 2'95233 - 38'470 1646 84 . 3"31424 126· 520 3840 134 1'99294 228· 299 4948
35 1"03331 40'014 2J26 • 85 2•81710 128· 449 8029 ..135 2·69047 230· 429 8286
J6 3"71993 41" 570 5351 86 2'42271 130' 3S4 3013 136 3'65904 232· s63 3675
37 I' 37638 43"1J8 7369 . '87' ~~ 10776 132· 323 82o() . 137 5'01289 234·7oo o881
38 5"23023 44"718 5205 88 1'85483 'I34' 268 jo33 138' 6·91779. 236·839 9672
39 2"03979 46·309 5851 8g I"65o8o 136·217 6933 139 · g·61572 238· 982 9820
40 8·15915 '47'9II 6451 go· 1'48572 138· 171 9358 . 140 1"34620 241_: 129 IIOO
..
-
41 3'34525 49" 524
4289 91 I" 35200 140"130 9772 141 1·89814 243' 278 3291
42 1"40501 51'147
6782 92 1"24384 14!z·o94. 765o · 142 2'69536 245"430 6174
43" 6·04153 '52"781
1467 93 I" 15677 . 144'06J 2480 143 . 3'85437 247" 585 9535
44 ~·65827 54"424
5993 94 1·o8737 ~ 146·o36 3758 144 5· 55029 249· 744 3160
45 _I• 19622 56·on 8ug
.. 95 I'OJ300 148·o14 0994 145 8·p4793 251"905 6840
46 5-5o262 57"740 5697 g6 9'91678 149"996 J707 ' 146 1' 17500 I ·254·o7o ~36s
47 2· 5862 3 . 59'412 6676 97 'g·61g28 151'983 1424 147 1'72725 256· 237 3542
48 '1"24139 6pog3 9088 98 9'4268g 153'974 3685 148 2" 55632 258· 407 6159
49 6~o8282 · 62•784 1049 "99 9' 33262 155'970 0037 149 3·8o892 26o· 580 8o22
so 3'04141 64·483 0749 100 9'33262 157'970 0037 ISO 5'71338 262· 156 8934
I -
, The power of 10 by which to multiply the factorial is given by the whole number of the logarithm.
~ «
 TABLE XXX. F ACTORJ.ALS~ontinued
•
Factorial. I Logarithm. No.·
No. F.actorial. Logarithm. No. Factorial. Logarithm•
II II· .
201
I
ISI 8·62721 264'935 8704 I ' 58520 \377'2oo o8_47 251 8·n447 . 494'909 ~601
I 52 I' 31134 267'117 7I39 '202 3' 2021I 379' sos 4361 252 2'04485 497" 310 6607
I 53 2'00634 269· 302 4054 203 6· 50028 . 38i·812 9321 253 s· 17346 · 499~ 7IJ ,7812
154 J'08977 271'489 926I 204 1·32606 384·122 5623 254 I' 31406 . 5<?2' 118 6I49
I 55 .4·78914 273'68o 2578 205 2' 71842 386·434 3I61 255 3' 35085 504.' 525 1551
I 56 7'47106 275'873 3824. 206 s· 59994 388·748 !834 256 8· 57818 506'933 3950,.
I 57 I' 17296 278·o69 2820 207 I' 15919 391'064 !537 257 2'20459 509'343 J282
158 r·85327 28o· 267 9391 208 2'4IIII 393' 382 21 7o 258 · s·68785 511'754 94-79
I 59 2'94670 282· 469 3363 209 5'03922 - 395-' 702 3633 . . 259 '1'47315 514' r68 2476
I6o 4'71472 284•673' 4562 210 1'05824 398'024' 5826 2.60 3'83020 SI6· 583 2210
• '
161 7' 59070 286·88o 2821 2II 2'23288 400' 3488651. 261 ,9'996S1' 518'999 8615·
I62 1'22969 289·089 7971 212 4'73370 402' 67 5.
2009 262 2'61916 .52.1.'418 1628
I63 2'00440 291' 301 9847 213 I·oo828 4os·oo3·s8os 263 6·88840 523'838 Il85 .
164 3' 28722 293' 516 8286 214 2'15772 407' 3339943 264. J•8t854 526'259 7225
I65 5'42,391 295'734 3125 215 4'63909 .,
409·66~ 4328 265
.
4'81913' . 528·682 9683
'
.~ ) .
I66 9'00369 297' 954 4206 ' 216 1'00204 412'000 8865. 266 1"28189 53I'Io7 8soo
I67 ·I· 50362 300· 177 IJ71 217 2' 17443 414' 337. 3463. ' 267 3'42264 '533' 534.3612
168 2' 526o8 . 302' 402 4464 / 218 4'74027 416·-675 ,8027 268 9'17268 535'962 ...4966'
169 4'26907 304'630 3331 219 1'03812 419'016 2469. 269 2;.46745 538· 392 2483
170 7'25742 3o6·86o 7820 220 . 2·28386 421' 358 6695 270 6·66211 ' .
540'823 6121
.....

171 I' 24!02 309'093' 778I 221 5'04733 423· 703 o618 •271 1'80543 543' 256 5814
172 2' 13455 311' 329 3066 . 222 I' 12051 • 426'049 4148 272 . 4'91078 545'691 1503
173 3'69277 313' 567 3527 223 2'49873. 428· 397 7197 21J 1"34064 • 548• 127 3129
174 6·42543 315'807 9019 224 5'59716 430'747 9677 274 3'67336 sso~ 565 o635 .
.
175 I' 12445 318·oso '9400 225 1'25936 . 433' 100 1502 275. 1'.01017 . 553'004-3962
I'

176 1'97903 320' 296 4526 226 2'84616 435'454 2586 276 _2·788o8 555' 445 3052
177 3' 50289 322' 544 4259 227 6·46077 · 437' 810 2845 277 7' 72298 . 557· 887 785o
178 6·23514 324' 794 8459 228 1'47306 440' 168 2193 .., 278 2'14699 $60'J31 8298
179 I' 116og .327'047 6989 229 3' 37330 442· 528 o54S 279 5'99010 562· 777 4340.
180 2'008g6 . 329' 302 9714 230 7'75~59 444·889 7827 280 ·I-67723 • . 56s· 224 •59 2o .
181 3'63622 331' s6o 6soo 23i~. I'~9223 447'253 3946 281 4'71301 567; 67 3 2984
182
183
6·61792
1'21108
333'820
336·o83
7214'
I725 ·
232
233
4'15798
9·68810
449'618
451' 986
8826
2385
. 282
. 283 ·~
I' 32907
3'76126
570' 123
572' 575
5475
3339'
184 2' 22839 338· 34 7 9903 ' 234 2' 26702 . . 454'J55 4544 284 ro682o 575'028 6523
1~5 4' 122SI 340'6IS 1620' 23S s· 32749 4S6'726
. S223 285 3'04437 S77'483 4971
. "f
186 7•66787 342·884 6750 . 236 I' 25729 459' 099 4343 286 8•7o689 · 579'939 8631
187 I'43389 34S' IS6 sz66 237 2'97977 461'474 1826 287 2'49888 582· 397 i4SO
1~8 2'6957'!! 347'430 6744 238 7'09185 463·8so 7596 288 7~ 19677 584·857 137-5
I89 5'09491 ' 349' 707 I362 · 239 1~69495 . 466· 229 I 57 5 289 2'07987 587• 318 0354
190 9·68032
,
35I'985 8898 ; 240 4'06789 . 468:609 3687 I 290 6·03161 589· 780 4334
191 i·84894 J54' 266 9232 ~ 24.1 9'80360. 470'991 38~7 291 I' 7552Cf 592' 244 3264 .
192 3' 54997 356· sse 2244 242 2' .37247 473' 375 2011 292 · s· 12518 594' 709 7092
I 93 6·85144 358·835 7817 243 .· 5'765II 475'760 8074 293 I ' 50I68 597'I76 5768
I 94 I' 32918 361'123 5835 244t I'40669 478• I48 1972 . 294 4'41493 599' 644 9242-
I 95 2' 59190 363'413 6181 245 . 3'44638 : • 48o· 537 3633 · 295 I' 30241 6o2· 114 7462
.
I 96 5'08012 365· 705 8742 246 8·478io 482'928 2984 296 3·8ss~2 604· 586 0379
I 97 1'00078 368· 000 3404 247 2'09409 485· 320 9954 '297· I_' 14497 6o7·o58 7943
I 98 I'98I55 370' 297 0056 248 5'19334 487·7i:5 4470 298 3'4I20I 609' 533 0106
I 99 3'94329 372· 595 8586 249 I• 29314 490'I.ii 6464 299 1'02019 612·oo8 6818
2 00 7•88658 374'896 8886 250 3' 23286 492· 509 5864 300 3·o6os8 614·485 8030

For higher values use: log xl = (;+!)log x+! log 21T- { x- 1 : x) log e.
85
 TtBLE' ~XXI.· ~~ATU~~ S~~ES r
(~
b
. o' 6' 12
1
.. IS'. 24; 31:/ .36' 42 1 48' . 54' I' . 2' 3'
0 •ooolo 00175 00349 00524 oo698 · oo873 01047 01222 ·01396 01571 29 ~ s8 87
I •ol7 5 01920 02()94 02269 . 02443 . - ()2618 .02792 029§7 03141 03316 29 s8 87
2 . "03490 03664 03839 04013 04188 .04362 04536 047II 04885 05059• 29 s8. 87
3 .· "05~34· 0540~ 05582 05756 ·.0593I ' o6105· o6279• 06453. o6627 o68o2 29 58 87
4 •o6976 07I50 073~4. 07498 07672 07846 o8020 08194 o8368 08542 29 ss. 87
·5. •o8716 o88891.09063 09237 0941I 09585 09758 09932 IOJ06 10279 29 58 87
6 • 10453 · 10626 . 10800\ I0973 lll47 1132.0 ' 1149~ n667 11840 12014
. 29 58 87
7 - •12187. 12360 ~12533 12706 1288o• 1305~~ 13226 13399 13572 13744 29 58. 86
8 - .• 13917 14090 14263 14436 14608 14781 i49.54 • 15126 152991 15471· 29· s8 86
9 · ·I5643· 15816 -1 59s8 '1616o .· I6333
" l. .
16sos 16677 16849 17021 17193 29 57 86
10. "17365 17537 : I7708 ·1788o. x8os:z .18224 18395 I8567 18738 18910 29 57 86
II . ·: 19081 I9252 19423 I9595 '19766' 19937 20108 20279 20450 20620 .. 28 51. 86
12'' "20791 .20962 2Il32 21303 21474 • .21644 21814 21985 22155f" 22325 1 :z8 57 s5
, 13-·· , "22495 2266 5 ·22835 23005 . 23175 • 23345 23514" 23684 23853 24023 28. 57 s5
"24192 24362 2453l 24700" 24869 25038 25207 253(6 25545 25713 28 56 85
14
. .
IS : •:Z5882 26o 5c>·· 26219 26387~ ·26556 ~6724 26892 27060 27228, 27396 28 56 84
..
16 •27564 27731 27899 28067 28234 28402' 2856!l·· 28736 28903 29070 28 56 84
17 _.."29237}. 29404·. '29571 . 29737 29904 30071 30237 30403 30570 30736 28 56 83
1
18 ~~0902 31068 r31233 .3'1399 31565 31730 3!89_6 32061i 32227 32392 28 55 83
.19, ..~ ,·. 32557 32722_ ·32887
~,
33051 33216 33381 33545 33710 J3874 ~ 34038 27 55 S:z
20 .. . :31202 ~4366 . J4.5JO 34694 J4857 •. 35021 • 35·184 .35347 355ll 35674 . 27 55 8:z
21 • "35837 36ooo 36162 36325 '36488 3665o 36812 36975 37137 37299 27 54 81
22 •37461; 37622: 37784 37946 .38107 38268 .
38430 38591 38752 38912 27 54 81
2], 53 So
23 "·.l9073 . 39~34 ·39394 39555 39715 39875 4003~ 40195 40355 40514
24 "4d674 40833 409~ 41151 41310 __ ,.P469. 41628 41787 41945 42104
..... 26 53 79
I

'43051 4368o .:z6

25 . "42262:. 42429·· 42578 42736 42894 43209 43366 43523 53 79
26 "43837 43994' 44151 44307 44464. 44620 44776 •44932 45088. 45243 :z6 52 78
. 27.' "45399 45554 45710, 45865 46o':zo '46175. 46330l 46484 46639 46793 26 52 77
·2s. r
•46947 . 4]10I 47255. 47409{ 47562 47716 4780§ 48022. 48175 48328. 26 51 77
29 "48481 . 48634 48786 48938 49090• 49242 49394·. 49546 49697 49849 . 25 51 76
~.

30 ·5oooo 50151 50302. 50453 50603 50754 50904l 51054 51204·, 51354 25 so 75
Jl "51504 Sl653 51803 5195 2 · 52101 52250 . 52399 52547 52696 52844 25 so 74
32 ·52992 53140 53288 53435 53583 53130 53877 54024 54171 54317 25 49 74
33 ~· 54464 54.610 54756 54992 . 55048 55194 55339 55484 5563o 55775 24 49 73
34 "55919 56064 562o8 56353 56497 5664.1 56784-· 56928 57071 57215 24 48 72
35 •57358 ... 57501- 57643 57786 57928 58070 58212 58354 58496 · 58637 24 47 7:t.
36 · 58779 58920 59061 59201 59342 59482 59622 59763 59902 60042 23 47 70
37 ·6o182 . 60321 6o46o 60599 60738 6o876 61015 . 61153 61291 61429 . 23 46 69
38. ·61566 61]04 61841 61978 62115 '
62251 62388 62524 6266o 62796 23 46 68
39. ·62932 63o68 63203 63338 63473 6j6o8 63742 63877 64011. 64145 22 45 67
.'
..:j.o ·64279 64412 64546 64679 64812 64945 65on 65210 65342 65474 22 44 66
"41 ·65666 65738 65869 66ooo 66131 . 66262 66393 66523 66653 66783 22 ~4 65
42 ·66913 67043 6jl]2 67301 . 67430 67559 97688 67816 67944 68072 2i 43 64
43 ·682oo 68327 684 55 . 68 582 . 68709 68835 .. 68962 69o88 69214 69340 21 42 63
44 ·69466 69591 69717 69842 69966 70091 70215 70339 70463 70587 211 42 6:z
.,

86
 ' .
TABLE XXXI. NATURAL SINES-continued

I2' I8' 36' 42' 48' I'

,. . ,
I o' 6' 24', 30' . ·54' 2 3
--' . 70711 70834 70957 71o8o 71203 71325 71447 71569 71691 71813 2o 41 '61 .
45
46 '71934 72055 72176 72297 72417 72537 72657 72777 72897 73016 20. 40 6o
47 '73135 73254 73373 73491 7J6IQ 73728 73846 73963 74080 74198 20 39 59'
48 '74314 74431 74548 74664 74780-~ . 74896 75011 .75126. 75241 75356 l9 39 s8 ~.
49 '75471 75585 75700 758 13 75927 76041 76154 76267 76J80 76492 19 38 57.
so •76604 76717 76828 76940 -77051 77162 77273 77384 77494. 776o5 , I9 37 ·. s6
51 '77715 778'24 77934 78043 78152 7826:t 78369 78478 ~ 78586 "78694 18 36 54 .
52 -788oi. 78908 79016 79122 79229 .. 79335 7944I 79547 79653 79758 . ·18 35 53 .
53 '79864 79968 80073 80178 8o282 8o386 8o489 80593 8o696 ~80799 • 17 35- ~2
54 ·80902 81004 81106 81208 81310 81412 81513 81614 81714 81~15 17 34' 51
'
55 ·81915 82015 82II5 82214 82314 82413 82511 82610 82708 828o6 16 33 so
56 ·82904 83001 83098 8JI95. 83292 83389 83485 83581 8J676 . 8l772 t6 32 48
•8J867 83962 84057 84151 84245- 84339 84433 84526 84619 84712. 16 JI '47
57
58 ·84805
·85717
84897
8s8o6
84989
85896
85o81
85985
85173
86074
85264
8616j
85355
86251
85446·
86340
85536
86427
85627
86s'H
IS JO
·IS. 30
46.
'44 .
.
59 •
6o ·86603 86690 86777 86863 86949 . 87036 87121. 87207 -87292. 87377. 14 . 29 43
61 • •87462 87546 87631 87715 87798 87882 87965 · 88o48 88130 88213 14 28 42
62 ·88295 88377' 88458 88539 88620. 8870.1 88782 88862 . 88942 . 89021 IJ· 27 40
•89i01 89180 89259 89337 89415. 89493 89571 89649.· 89726 _89803 13 26 · 39
63
64 ·89879 89956 90032 90108, 90183 90259 90334 -90408 90483 90557 13 25 38 '

6s '90631 90704 . 90778 90851 90924 90996 91068 91140 91212 91283 12 24 ~- 36 .
66 '9i355 91425 91496 91566 91636 91706 917-75 91845 91914 91982 12. 23 35
67 '92050 92li9 92186 92254 92321 92388' 92455 92521 92587 92653 II 22 34
68 '92718 92784 92849 92913 '92978 93042 93106 93169 93232 . 93 295 II 21 32
10 20 31
69 '93358 .
93420 93483 93544 93606 93667 93728 93789 93849 93909
70 '93969 94029 94088 94147 94206 94264 94322 94380 94438 I 94495 \ I 10 19 29
7I '94552 94609 94665 94721 94777 94832 94888 94943 94997 95052 9 19 28
72 '95106 95159 95213 95266 953 19 95372 95424. 95476 95528 95579'. 9 18 26
73 '95630 95681 95732 95782 95832 95882 9593I 9598I 96029 96o78i 8 17 '25
'96126 96174 96222 96269 96316 96363 96410 96456 965o2 .96547 8· 16 23
74
·96593 96638 96682 96727 96771 96815 96858 96902 96945 '96987 7- xs· 22
75
76 '97030 97072 97113 97155 97I96 97237 97:78 97318 97358 97398 7 14 20
97515 97553 97592 97630 97667 97705 97742 97778 6- 13 19
77 '97437 97476
78 '97815 97851 97887 97922 97958 . 97992 98027 98o6i 98096 98129 6 12 I7
'98163 98196 98229 98261 98294 983 25 98357. 98389 98420 98450 5 II 16
79
So '98481 98511 98541 "98570 986oo 98629 -98657 98686 98714 98741 5 10. 14
81 '98769 98796 98823 . 98849 98876. 98902_ 98927 98953 98978 99~02 4 9 13
82 '99027 99051 . 99075 99098 99123 99144 99167 99189 99211 ·99233 4 8 II
83 '99255 99276 99297 99317 99337 99357 99377 99396 I 99415 99434 3 7 10
84 '99452 99470 99488 99506 '995 23 99540 99556 99572 99588 99604 3 '6 8
ss
.'99619 99635 99649 99664
A:
9<1678 99692 99705 99719 997JI 99744 2 5 7
86 '99756 99768 99780 99792 998°3 99813 99824 99834 99844 99854 2 4 5
87 '99863 99872 99881 99889 99897 99905 99912 99919 99926 99933 I 3 4
88 99945 99951 9.9956 99961 99966 99970 99974 99978 99982- I 2 2'
'99939
89 '99985 99988 99990 99993 99995 99996 .99998 99999 99999 100000 0 I I
 .. . TABLE XXXII. NATURAL TANGENTS
o' 6' 48
1• .
54
I
1' z' 3'
· o·ooooo •oo175 •00349 •oo524 •oo698 •oo873 •o1047 •o1222 •o1396 ·o1!71 29 58 87
• .I _0'0174P··o1920 "02095. •02269 "02444 ,•02619 ~02793 "029~8 "03143 "03317 29 ss 87
2 0"03492 "03667 "03842 "04016 ."04191 ~04366 ·o4541 ·o4716 •o4891 ·oso66 29 ss . 87
J . o·o5241 •o5416 ·oss91 ·os766 •o5941 . ·o6u6 •o6291 ··o6467. •o6642 ·o6817 29 58 88
4 o·o6993 "07168 "07344 ~07519 •o769S , ~o787o· ·.o8o46 •o8221 •o8397
. •o8573 29 59 88
5. o·o8749 •o8925'~o9101 /09277 ."09453 •o9629 ·o98o5 •o9981 •1ots8,•1o334 29 59 88
6 . o·1o510 •1o687 •1o863 •1104~ •11217 •11394 •11570 •11747 •11924 "12101 29 59 88
7 o· 12278 • 12456 ~.12633 ·.• 12810 •12988 •13165 •1j343 "1352~ •13698 •13876 30 59 8g
8 . O"l4054 "l4232 "14410 "l4S88 "I4767 "14945·"15124 ·15302 •15481 ·xs66o 30 59 . ~9
o·15838 • 16017 :16196 •16376 :. i6s5s . •16734 •16914 "17093 "17273 "17453
9
. 30- 6o 90
IO 0•17633 '·17813 •.17993 •18I7J •18353 •18534 •18714 •18895 •19076 •19257 130 60 90
II .. o· 19438 • 19619 • 19801 • 19982 • 20164 •20345 "20527 "20709 •20891 "21073 30 61 · 91
o•21256 "·21438 ·21621 •21804 •2198(1 . "22169 "22353 •22536 "22,19 "22903 30 61 92
o· 23087 • 23271 • 234s5 ; 23639" .~23823 . "24008 "24193 "24377 "24562 "24747 Jl 61 92
0~24933 "251J8 "25J04 •25490- •25676 •25862 •26o48 •26235 •26421 •266o8 JI 62 93
xs o·~6J95 •26982. •27169' .·27357 ·27545 "27732 "27921 •28109 •28297 •28486 31 63 94
16 0"28675 •28864 "29053 "29242 "29432 . "29621 • 298i'1 •30001 •30192i •30382 . 32 63 . 95
Ii o· J057 3 .. 30764 •J0955 · •31 i4 7 •31338 . •31530 •31722 •31914 •32106 •32299 32 64 96
18. o· 32492 •32685 '• J2878 "'33072 ... 33266 ·3346o ·33654 ·33848 ·34043 ·34238 32 65 97
19 0~ 34433 •34628 •34824 •3502_? •35216 ~.35412 •356o8 •35805 •36oo2 "'36199 33 6s 98
. 20 o· 36397 ·.~ 36595. •3679.3 ·~36991 •37190 "37388 "37588 "37787 "37986 •38186 33 66 99
'21 . •c,. 3s3s6 ·• 3sss1· •3s7s7' ·• 3s9s8: •.39190 "39391 "39593 "39795 "39997 "40200. 34 67 101
22 0"4040J "40606 :40809 "41013 "41217 ·"41421 •41626 •41831 •42036 "42242 34 68 102
23 ·0·42447 ~42654 •4286o :43067 •43274 "43481 "43689 "43897 "44105 "44314 35 €?9 104
'\
24 0"44523: "44732.
~ . "44942 ·"45152.
..
. '"45362 "45573 ···45784 "45995. •462o6 ·46418 35 70 105
;

. 25 o·46631 '•46843 ·470'56 ·.i1210 ·474s3 "47698 "47912 "48127 "48342 "48557 36. 71 107
::z6 o·48773 '·48989 •4g2o6 "49423 •49640 ·49858 ·5oo76 ·50295 ·so514 ·so733 ·36 73 109
27. 0"50953·"51173 "51393 "51614 "51835. • 52057 •52279 ·.52 sox •52724 •52947 37 74 III
28 o·53171 "53395 ·5362o •53844 ·54070 "54296 "54522 "54748 "54975 "55203 38 75 113 .
29', o· 55431 • 55659 •55888 •56117 ~ 56347 ·s6577. ·568o8 ·s7ojg ·57271 ·57503 38 .77 115
'
30 .o· 57135 •57968 .• 58201 .... 58435 •s8670 . ·s89os ·s9140 ~s9376 ·s9612 ·s9849 39 78 117
31 o·6oo86 ;60324 ·6o562_·6o8o1 ·61040 •61280 •61520 •61761 •62003 •62245 40 So 120
-32 o·62487 •62730 .•62973 •63217 ·63462 ·~63707 ·63953 ·64199 ·64446 ·64693 41 82 123
33 o·64941 ·65189 ·65438 -~5688 ·6593& ·66189 ·66440 ·66692 ·66944 •67197 42 84 125
34 '
. o•67451 •67705 •67960 •68215 •68471 ·68j28 ·68985 ·69243 ·69502 ·69761 43 86 128
'35· ''o·70021 •70281 •70542 •70804 •71066 •71329 ~71593 •71857 "72122 ~7~388 44 88 IJI
36. l 0•7_2654 "72921 "7318'9 "73457 "73726 "73996
•76733
"74267
"17010
"74538
"77289
"74810
"77568
"75082
•77848
45
46
90.
92
135
139
37 o·75355 •.75629 ··75904. •76180 •76456
38 0•78129 •78410 •78692· •78975 "79259 "79544 •79829 •8o115 •80402 ·8o69o 47 95 142
·39 o·80978 • 81268 •81558 •81849 •82141 •82434 •82727 •83012 •83317 •83613· 49 98 !46
40 l o·83910 ·84208 ·84507_ ·.84806 ·85107· •85408"·85710. •86014 •86318 •86623 • • 50 100 151
41
42'
I o·86929
o·9oo4o
·87236
•90357
•87543
·go674
•87852
•9099j
·88162
•91313
·88473 ·88784 ·89097
•91633 - 9 ~9ss ·92277
·89410
•9 2601
·89725
• 92926
52
53-
104
107
ISS
16o
43 0"93252 • 93578 "93906 "94235 "94_565 "94896 "95229 "95562 "95897 "96232 55 110 t66
-44 o·g6569 ·96907 ·97246 ·97586 ·97927' •98270 •98613 •98958 "99304 "99652 '57 ll4 171

88
 TABLE XXXII. NAT URAL TANGENTS-continued
1
o' 6' 12 I 8'' . 24' . 30' 36' 42' . 48~ . 54' I' z' . 3
1--.·.·- ,

1"00000 "00350 "00701 "01053 "OJ406 '"017~1 "02117 "02474 "02832 "03I92 ~ '
45 59 II8 I77
46 1"03553 "039I5 "04279 "04644 ·o5oio "05378' "05747 ·o.6II7 ·o6489 ·o6862 ·. 6I-· 123 184
47 I"07237 '076I3 "07990 •o8369 •o8749 "09I31. '095I4 ~09899 ·Io285 '10672 64 127 I9I ·,
48 I" II06I • 11452 .• 11844 "12238 •12633 "13029 •13428 "13828 "I4229 ~ I4632 66 IJ2 . I9~ .'
49 I" 15037 ·15443 ·I5851 ·I626I •16672 •17085 'I7Soo •i7916 ·18334 •J8754 69 .. 138 "2o'G......·' '

'
• 2I742 ~ 22176.., '22612 .• 23050
1
50 I' 19175 'I9599 "20024 "20451 "20879 '213IO' 72 144 2I5'.
51 I" 23490 '2393I "24375 ·~4820 "25268 "25717 ·26169 ·i6622 ·27077 •27535 75 ISO 225
. 52 1"27994 •28456 •28919 "29385 "29853 . 3032_3 "J0795. • 31269 "31745 "32224 . 78 '. 1.57 235 .
53 1"32704 "33187 "33673 ·34160 ·34650 '35142 •35637 .".J6Ij4 . "36633 '37i34- 82 164 ·246 ..
54 1·37638 ·38145 •38653 . 39165 .. 39679 "40195 "40711 "41235 "41759~~42286. ,.
86 .172 258~.
.,., -',;

55 1"42815 "43347 "43881 "44418 "44958 '45501 '46046 "46595 '47146. '47699 . 90 . I8I ·n~
56 1'48256 '48816 '49378 '49944 '50512 ·s1o84 ·s1658 .. 52235 ·52816 '53400 95. 19I . 286
57 I" 53986 "54576 "55170 '55766 - 56366 ·56969 ·57575 ·s8184 ·s8797 '59414 100. 20I 302
58 I·6oo33 ·6o6s7 ·6I283 ·6I9I4 ·6.2548 ·63I85 ·63826. ·64471 ·65I2o ·65772 I06 ·. "213 3I9
~70446
59 I·66428 ·67oRS ·67752 ·68419 ·6909I
.
·69766 '71129 '71817 '72509. IIJ 225,' 338-
.. ..
6o I' 73205 "73905 •746Io '753I9 '76032 '76749 '7747! '78I98 ~78929 • i966s·
•

-··
>

"
·-
' '
c·· ., : ''-.

(90°-0) tan ()
.
' .
o' 6' I2 1 I8' 24' 30' 36~ 42' 48'! . 54' l11
2
1
· 3' ta.n· lJ
6o 51'962 51"998 52"034 52'070 52· 105 52" 14_I 52' 177 52" 212 sz·247 ·s2·282 .·· 6d 18 I•7J
6I 52" 317 52' 352 52' 387 52'422 52'456. 52"490 52' 525 52' 559 52'593. 52'627. 6u I7 ·1'8o'·
62 S2·66o 52"694 52' 727 52'761 52'794 sz·827 S2·86o 52'893 52'925 52'958 6 I I 17 .I·88
6J 52:990 53"023 53'055 53'087 53" II9 53' I 51 53' 182 53' 2.14 53'245 53'277 5 Ii' I6 1'_96
6-J. 53" 308 53' 339 53" 370 53'40I 53'431 53'462 53'492 53' 5 23 ·53· 553. 5:r s83 5 IQ. IS z·os.
' 10 IS 2~ I4
65 53'613 53'642 53"672 53'702 53' 731 53"760 53"790 53'8I9 53'847 53'876' 5
66 53'905 53'933 53'962 53'990 54'018 54"046 54"074 54" 102 54' 130 54" 157 5 9 14 . 2"25
67 54" 185 54'2I2 54'239 54' 266 54'293 54" 320 54"346 54" 373 54' 399 54"426 4 9 13 '2·36
68 54'452 54"478 54'504 54' 530 54" 555 54" S8I 54·6o6 54'632 54"657. 54·'682 4 9 IJ 2'48 .
69 54'707 54'73 2 54"756 54' 781 54'805 54'830 54'854 ·54"87S 54"90~ 54·w6 ,4 8 12 2·61
•
70
71
54'950
55' 180
54"973
55'202
54"997
55· 225
55"020
55'247
55"043
55'269
. 5s·o66
55' 291
.. 5s·o89
ss· 312
55" 112
55' 334
ss·· 135 ss· ISS · . 4.
ss· 356 55•377 4
8 12
7 II
2'75
2'90
72 55' 39S .55'4I9 55'44I 55"461 55'482 55· 503 55'523 55"544 .s5· 564 55· ss4 3 7 10 3'08
73 55·6o4 55·624 55·644 55·664 5.5·684 55· 703 55"722 55'742 55·76! 55·78o 3 7 10 3"27
74 55"799 s5·8I7 55·836 55·855 55·873 55·S91 55'909 55'927 55'945 55'963 3 .6 9 3'49

75 55· 981 55'998 56·oi6 56'033 56"050 56·o67 s6·o84 56• IOI 56· 118 .56· IJ,4 3. :6 8 .3:73 . I

76 56· I 5 I 56· I67 56·184 56· 200 ·56· 216 s6·2 3 2 56·247 '56·263 56·278 56·294. 3 5 8 4"01
77 56· 309 56· 324· 56· 339 56·'354 s6· 369 56· 384 s6· 39s 56·413 56'427 56'441 2 5 7 4'33-
78 56·456 s6· 4 70 56· 483 56'497 s6· 511 56·524. s6· 538 56· 551 56· 564 56· 577 2_ 4 7 4'70
79 56· 590 56·6o3 56·616 56·62S 56·641 ·56·653 s6·665 s6·677 56·689 56·7o1 2 _4 6 5"14
So s6·7IJ 56'724 56·736 56·747 56·759 56· no 56·78r s6·7 9 2 56·803 56·813. 2 4 6 s·67
81 56·82 4 56·834 . s6·845 56·855 56)865 56·875 s6·885 56·894 s6·9o4 s6·9I4 2. 3 5 6· 3l
82 56'923 56'932 56"941 56"950 s6·'959 56· 96s 56·977 56·985 56'994
I
57'002 I 3 4 7" I2
SJ 57"0IO 57"0I9 57"027 57"034 57'042 . 57"'?50 57'057 57'065 57'072 57'079 . I 3 4 8·14
'
8-J. 57'086 57"093 57' IOO 57" I07 57' 113 57"120 57" I26 57' 132 57' 138 57' I44 I 2 3 . 9' 51

ss 57' ISO 57' 156 57' 162 57' 167 57' I73 57" I78 ..
57' IS3 57"I88 57" I93 57' I98 ' II
I
2
I
3 11'4
86 57" 203 57' 207 57' 212 57"216 57' 220 57"224 57' 229 57' 232 57"236 57'240 2 I4'3
87 57'243 57' 247 51' 250 57' 253 57' zs6 57' 259 57' 262 57' 265 57' 268 57' 270 0 I 2 I9" I
88 57'273 57'275 57' 277 57" 279 57" 281 57" 283 57'284 57'286 57' 287 57"289 0 I I 28·6
89 57"290 57" 291 57" 29 2 57"293 57'.294 57'294 57" 295 57" 295 57' 296 57'296. 0 0 0 57' 3

89 G
 . , · ·, \. TABLE XXXIII. RANDOM NUMBERS (I)
--~3 .4(4~ 73~S6 . 36'96 47 •36 6t 46
33 ;·a6 16 So 45
gS '63 6o_ II _14 'IO 195 71 6a ·
.«n-74.24.67 6a :4a'St 14 S7,.ao 42 53'3a
27 07 36.o7 5t-· 24 51 79 89'73 37 J2.
16 76 6~ 2.7 66 · · 56.56 a6 71 o7- _32 ·go 79
13 55-·3s 58 59 .88 97 54 14 10 78-53
12 s6\ S5 '99 a6 - · 96 96 68 27- JI 57.~~ to 14.21- 88 26 49 81 76
o5 03 ..72_ 9~ 15
55 59~56 35 64_. ·, 38 54 ~2 46 22 31 6~ 43
o6 t8 44 32 53 2J SJ 01:30 JO 09 90 ·
16 ~2 '77 94'~39.' 49 54 43 54 8~ - ii 37 .93 2J 78 . S7 35 20 g6 43 S4 26 34 91 64
o6 S8., 77 04 74~47 67 . 21 76 3J 50 25 83 92 J2 o6.76
7
84 42-17- S3 31- 57' 24 55
. 63 ox 63 J8 _1&95.55 s9 67 J9' 98 to so _71 ~~ s~ 73 s8 07 44 39 ='52 J8 79 7s,
33 2I _12 34 Z9 .• 78·64. 5P 07 Sa: sa 42 07 44..38 IS 51' 00 IJ.42 99 66 o2· 79.54
~~51 6o S6_'32 44 :. og ~7 :Z7 g6' 54, 49 17)46 09 6a·. .go 52 S4 77 27 · o8 .o2 -13.43-.28
'• . • . .• ·~ ' .• ~ ..... ,.·"""".... - ' . "

IS '"18 _07 ·92. 46 - . 44 17 }6 ss .og '' 79 ,SJ S6 19 6a. 9~ 76 .so OJ 10 - 55.23 6405 05
;a6 6a 38 97 75- '84 16 07 ·44 99 · 8~ ~~ 46 32 24 ao.14'85.S8 45 IO 93 .7'Z 88 71
. · 23 42 40 ·64 74 Sa· 97 77 :_ 77 81 : ot- 45 :aa ~4 oS . 32 98 94 07 72: 93 85 79 10 75 ~·
52 36_~8 -19
37,.
..
85 94- 35
.<70 29'17 I2
95 ._·50 92·
12 _. 83;_39
IJ_:'40•JJ
26 n' 97·· oo 5~·76
50.08-
30.;
.
.;42. 34 "o7
. . . .
~O'JS 26 (tj S9:~1 OJ_74: 17·76.37 IJ 04.
JI 38_·--So 22_.oar 53.53
96-88 ·54 42 o6 87. 98.
S6 6o 42 04
35 ss 29 48
07,74.21 ~9 30
53
39

• 56• 62 IS ~7 35 ~-9683 So 87'75' ~97 12 25.93 4~ . 70 33 24 OJ 54. 97 77 46 44 Sq.

99 :.j.9 '57 22 7!1 . ss 42 95~45 72.'. t6 64.J6 16 00: 04·43 ,IS 66-79· 94 ·77 24 21 90
16 oS_ 15 04_ 72 _ . Jl 27 14.34:09 45 S9.34.6S 4~ _ · ta 72 07 34 45 99 27 72 95 14
Jt 16 93 J2 43 . 50 27 89 S7 19 20 ~5 37' oo. 49. 52'.S5 66 6o 44f 38 68 S8 II ~0
. . ---- . ""'t . . . . ., . .

6S 34 30 IJ 70 ·-55 74 JO 77 40 44 22 7S S4 26'. 04.33.46 09·52· 68.07 97.06 57

74 Si . 25 65 76 59' 29 97 6S :6o-~ . ?/I 91. JS 67 54 IJ 58 18 24 .76 '15 54~ 55 95 52
27 42 37 · S6 '53' 4S 55 go 65. 72 · 96 57- 69 36 ·1o -· 96 ·46.. 92 42 45. 97 6o 49 04 91
00 J9_6S.29 61,.. 66 37 J2 20 JO; 77 84 57 OJ'29,: 10 45.65 04 26.t I I 04_ 96.67 24
. 29 94 19S· 94 24 /: 6~· 49 69 I<i S2·. 53 15 ~~ 93 ·jo ·34, 25 2o ·57 27 40 48 7,\ 51 92
~ . ' .• .1.. • •••• '·:, 'J ~ .!':: \. .• ., . •..... ~. ""· <I ' • • • "" •

16 go_ S~ 6_6. 59 ·~83; ~~- 6:4 II _12, '- 67 .~~9 .oo- 71. 74 6o 47 21 29 68 02 02 37 OJ 31
.11 27_94 15"o6. o6 ,09 19 74.66 ·· 02 94:37 34 02 76-7r;> 90 30 86 38 45 94 30 38.
35 24 IO_ 16 20 _ 33 JZ.51 26'3S .79 78 45 04_91. 16 92.53 5616- Ol.75 50 95 gS
•. 38 23 t6"S6 38. · 42 38 97 OI 50:, 87 75 66 81 41 40 ot;, 74.-91 62 48 5i S4 o8 32
JI 96 25 91.47-; 96 44 JJ .49 IJ' -34 S6 S2 53 91 00 52.43 48 S5 27 55 26.89 62
· 66 67 4o 61
14 · 64. os ·71 95. n 8~ os 65 o9 6S. ·- 76 SJ 2q 37· go 57 16 oo ·II 66
14 go 84 45 11_ 7S.7J .SS os9o. 52 27 4~ 14 86' 22 gS t2·2a·oS 07 5~ 74 95 So
.68 os' 51 tS~o. 33 g6 02 75. 19 07 6o 62 9J 55 59 3J -s2 4,l;90 49 37 38 44 '59-
~o 46 7~ 7~ go 97 51 40 14 02 04.02 33 JI o8 J9•54 16 49 36 47 95 93 13 ~o
64 19 5S 97 79 J:5 0~ ,IS. 93 20 . OI 90 IO 75, o6 40 .78 7S 89 62 02 67_ 74 17 33 ·
r-.-::." • .,
. 05,26 93 70.6o 22 35 ss IS IJ. '93·03 5l.59 77 59-56 78 o6 SJ. 52:91 os 70 74
"--o7 97 10 8\:_23 · og 98 4a'9964_ 61 71 · 6a· 99 IS o6. 51.29 16 93. $ 58 05 77 09 51
·_6S 71 S6 Bs ss 54 87 66 47 54 73 J2 o8 I I.. J2, 44. 95 92.63 t6 29. s6 24 29 48
• 26 99 ·61 · 65 53· ss 37 7S So 70 42 to so .67 42 32 17 55 S5 74 94 44 67 x6 94
14 65_52 6S 75 ---8{59 J6 22. 4I. 26 78 63 .o6,ss. ~,
13 oS ,27, OI so. IS 29.39 39 43 ""-....

tt75377,5S71 71.4i 61 50 72 . (~2:-41 .94 96 26 44 95 27 36 99 02 96. 74 30 83

"go ~6 59 2x. 19 2J 52 2J l3 12 g6·93 0~ t8-39. 07 02_1S J6·07 as. 99 3_2 70 23
41 23 52 ..55 .99 Jl 04 49 .69 ,96 10 47 48 45 SS 13 41. 43 Sg •20 97 17 14-49 17
6o 20 so 81 69 31 99 73 6S 68 35 81 JJ OJ 76. 24 JO 12 48 60 18 99.10 72 34
91 2~ 38 05 'go 94 s8 2S 41_ 36 45 37 59 03 og go ~s 57 29 12 S2 62 54 65 6o
G;)5o 57.74 ·37 · gS So 33 oo 91 . o9 77 93 ig 82 74· 94 So ,04 04 .
45 . 07 Jl · 66 49
ss 22 0439 43· 73 8t 53 94 79 ,33 62 4686 28 oS 31 1 54 46 31 53 94 13 38 47
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73
.

22
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OJ 27 24
95 75 42 49 39-32 S2 22
.os SJ
49
72 89 44 os
02 4S.07 70
6o·
37
35 So 39 94
x6'o4.61 67
8S
87
90 96 2J 70 .oo 39 oo oj o6-.go. 55 85 7S 38 36 94 37 JO 69 32 go 89 oo 76 33-
~ '----:; --

go
 - TABLE xxxry.' RANDOM, NUMBERS (II) I ,. . ·.

53 74 2J 99 67 6I J2 zs· 6g 84 94 6~ 67 86 24 gi JJ~41 19 95 47 S3 53 .38 09

63 J8 o6· 86 -54 · 99 oo 65,26 94· 02 82.90.23 07 79 62 67 So 6o · 75 91 "'i'2'Si:·:_.19··
J5 JO 58 _21 46 06 72.17 IO 94 25 21 31 75 g6 49 .. 2S 24-00 49· .55' 65. 79. 78. 07, •· .
6J 43 J6 82 6g 6s sx 18 J7 S8 61 · J8 ·44 1.2 '4s. J2 ··92 ss· s8 65 s 4 J4 81 8 5 JS
.98 25 J7 55 26 OI 91.82 8I 46 74 7I 12 94.97 ~4 02 71.J7·0 7 OJ g2_t~8 66 75 ,·~
02 6J_21 17 6g 71 so So Sg s6
J8 15 70_1I 48 .. 43 40 45 s6 g8 oo.s3,z6 9I/o3 i

64 55 22 21 82 4S 22 zS o6 oo . 6z.'s4 13 43.91 Si' 78 12 23:29 96 66-.24 z2 27~ •-·

8s o7 z6. IJ s9 . oi 10 o782. 04 59 63 69 i6
o4 ,. 69. II \is. SJ. so. x3 i'.( s4 ·1 9 zs·;
58 S4 z6 z4 .x 5 . 51-54 44 82 oo 6z:6x 65 04 6~r. 38 1865 z8 97 85 tz' 13.49·,21
J4 ss 27 s4 s7 61 4S 64-56 ~6 go 1S 48 1J 2.6. 37' to· fs 42 ·S7 · .65 65 So jg o,7
'
OJ 92_ IS 27 46 s1 99 z6 96 s6 30 33 72 ss 22 · 84 64 3 s s6 9 s 99 ox_ 3o . 9 ~ 64
62 95 JO 27 59 37 75 4I 66 48 S6 97 So 61 45 zj 53 C>4 ox 6j.. 45 76 o8 64 ,2·7.
o8 45 93 15 22 6o 21 75 46 91 gS 77 27- Ss 42 ' 28 ss 61 o8 84 .. 6g 6~. OJ '42: iJ''
07 o8 55.18 40 45 44 75 IJ go. 24' 94 g6 61 02. -57. ss'66 SJ IS )J.42'J'7 II 6t• .
ox s5 s9 9 s 66 · 51 10 19 34 S8 IS 84.97 19 75 12 76.39 :4J '78 .64 63 ;91 oS zs ..
72 84.71 14 35 . 19 II 5S 49 26 50 11·17.17 7~ 86 JI 57 20 !S ~ 5 6~ 7 s· 4 6 75
~
ss 7S 2S 16 S4 1J 52.5J 94 53· 75 45 69 JO 96 7J Sg 65 70.JI' 99 i7 43.48 76 .~
45 I7 75 6s s7. 28 40 19 72 12 23.12 74.75 67 -'6o 40 6o 81 19 2~ 62 o~ 1 61-16 :
g6 76 zS 12 54· 22 01 II. 94.25 7(96 16 I6.SS 6S 64 J6 74 45 ~ 19 59 50 S8 92 ·'
43 31 67 72 JO 24 o2 94.oS~63 .• JS J2·J6 66 oz . 6~J6 jS.zs ji 4S o~~45.I5 zz .• ~
so 44 66 44 2I 6~ o6 sS·os 62 6S 15'54.35 oz. 42.J5 g6_3~4S 14,52~41 ~~-4S ·.
22 66 22 15 S6 ·- 26,63 75. 4I 99 5S 42 36 72 24 · 5S 37 18 5~52 OJ J7 IS J9 II
g6 24 40 I4 5I , 2J 22 30. S8 57 95 67 47\29 83 94 69 o6 07·-_ 1S ~6 J6. 7S S6
4.0
JI 73 91 61 19 6o zo 72 93 4Lt gS• 57 f?7 23.69 65 95 69 S8' ,56 So. J'O i9 44 ·
J9
7S 6o 73 99 S4 · 43 89 94 J6 45 s66g 47 07"41• 9q.zz.91 07•12,~ 7S.J5 J4 oS 72•v
S4 37 g'o 6I 56 70 zo 23,9S os ,· Ss.II'34·76'6o 76 4S 45 J4 6o ox 64 18 J9 g6
J6 67 10 oS :23 . gS 9J •JS oS S6 · 99 29 76 29 Sz :.,..- J3 J4 91 sS 93 4J ·14 ··52 .'Jz 52
07 zS. 59 07 4S • Sg 64 5S1 Sg 7~ 83 Ss 6z 27 S9 . 30 14 7S,56 27 · 86 6J 59 So ,o2..
Io IS S3.S7 6o 79 24 Jlt 66 s6 21 4S 24 o6 -93 gz' 9s 94' 05 49 01 47 '59 3S 00
ss 19. 6S 97 6s OJ 73· 52 16. 56, 00 53·.55 90 27 JJ 42 29v JS. S7 .22 \3 SS•8J J4
53 S1 29 IJ 39- 35 01 20 71 34 62 33· 74 Sz 14 53.73 19 09 OJ, 56_ 54 29 56 9J
_51 S6 J2 6S 92• JJ gS 74 66 99 40 14 7i-94 5S 45 94 .19 3S SI 14 44 99 Sz 07
J5 9I 70 29 IJ 8o-o3 54,07 27,, g6 94 78 32 66 so 95 sz 74 33 IJ·So.ss 62 54
J7 71 67 95 IJ ·zo 02 44.95 94 64 Ss 04 !'5.72. ot J2.gO 76 14' 5J,S9 74 6a 41
93 66 13 SJ•27 92 79 64 64 72 zs 54 96 53 s4 4s 14 52.9~ 94 . s6 o7 9J.s9_Jo
·o:Z g6 oS 4s,6s IJ 05·00·41•S4 93 07 54. 72' 59 2I 45 57 09 77. ,19 4s s6 27 44
49 Sj 43 4S 35 S2 ss 33 6g g6 ·7~ 36 04 19,76 47 45 IS 1& 6o S2 :u oS. 95. 97
84, 6o 7I 62 46 40 So Sz JO
37 34 39 23 o5 38• 25 IS 35 )I JO SS _12 St 21. 77·
18 17 30 S8 7I 44 91 14 ss -47 8g 23 30 63'15 56.... 3 4 20 ·47 s9 99 S2 93.24 9S
79 69 io 6I.7S 71 J2 .76 95 62 S7 00 22.sS 40 92 54 01 75.25 4JII.71.99JI
.!

75 93 J6 57 S3 s6 20 14 sz .u 74-21 97 go 65 96 42 6S 63 S6 '74 54 1J 26.94

3S JO 92 29 OJ o6,2S·8I 39-JS ·. 62 2s o6 .s4; 63_ 61 29 o8 gj, 67 04 32 .92- oS 09.
/

51 29 50 IO. 34 · 31 57 75 95 So 51 97 02 74,77 . 76 IS 4St49 44 · zS '55 63 77 og

21 JI JS S6 24 37 79 SI53 74 73 24 I6 10. J3• 52 8J go 94 76 70 47 14 54· J6, -
29 01 2J .8j 8S ss oz 39-37 dJ 42 ,10 I4- 2~ 92 16 55.23 42 45 54 g6 og ..
II o6 . "
95 33 95 22 00 IS · 74 7 2 00 IS ' ·3S 79 ss 6g 32 81 76 So 26 92 S2 So S4 25 J9
go '84 6o 79 So 24 36 59 S7 3S 82 07 53-89 35 96 3s :3 79 IS os g8 go 07 35-'
46 40 62 gS S2 54 97 20 s6 95 IS 74.So oS 3~ I6 46.70 50 So 67 72' z6 42.79
JS 46 Sz 68 72 So .6o 47 I8 97 63. 49 ~o zi 30
20 31 S9
71 59. 73
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os so \ oS f2J 71 77
32 I4 82 99
91 01 93-20
70
49 82 g6 59 26 94 66 39 67 gS 6o

91
 .. .TABLE XXXIII. RANDOM NUMBERS (Ill} .
~;;>7' 6& 6s s4 .· 68 95 '23/92 J5 { oz 22f s7
l61 ·09, 43 57~~ 9( ~6 ~ f58) 24 82 o.)~ 47)
'19 36 27 59 46_ ··IJ 7993'37.55. ~397' 321]•09 85 52 05 JO 62 'i-1 83 5~62 74
. 16 7f 2J oz. 77. 09 ~1:87 25 2.1 .. ~S 06 Z4 25 93 · ~16 71. IJ 59 7S 2J OS 47 47 '25
:78,4J't6 7I.6I 2~ 44 ..90 32•64 97 67 63 99 61 46 38 OJ 93'22 69 SI 21 99'2'!,
03 .~s: 2S ~6 ~s 73 37 32 q4 q5 69 3.o'x6 og os . ps 69' 5s 2s· 99 35 .o7 4 4. 75 4 1
93 2.2 53 64 39 · 07 xo 63! 76 35. · 87 oi 04 79 88 oS _IJ 13. Ss 51 ·55 34 57 72 69
-.78 76 5S 54 74 92' JS. 70' 96 92 .. 52 o6. 79 79 45 82 63 IS 27 44 69 66. 92 19 09
2J 6~ 35 26 00 99 53 93' 61 2S 52 70 '·os 4S 34 56 6s os 61 86 90 92 IO 7p So
. 15' 39. ~5 70 9.9. \ .. ·!93 ~6. 52 7.(.)5 15 33:59. os 2S 22 S7. 26 07 47 86 96 98 29 q6
5S 7I 96 3~., 2~ vs46 ~4 ~7 ss !~ 99 24 44 J!~-~9 79 49, .• 74 I6 32' 23 o2
. 57 35 21 33: 72 · 24 53'~ 94 09 . .41 IO .76 47
1
9t : 44 04 95 49 66 39 6o 04 59 Sx
48 so· 86 54 48 '22 _Q6 l'4 72 52' Sz' 2I·I5' 6s 20 ··33 _29 94 71 II . 15 9l 29 12 OJ
61-96 48 95 qJ o7 x6 39. 33 66 • 98 ·56 ro ·s6 79 77 21 io 27 12 • 90 49 zz' 23 62
,3~'93 s9··4r··26· --~9 . 7~.SJ,6J,:.SI.: 99 74 io 52 3~ S7 og 41 IS og. ·, 9S 6o I6 03 o3_t
. IS S7 oo 42 31 '.57 90 ::{2 ..02 ?7. , '23 41 37 17 31 54 oS 01 SS 63 39 41 SS 92 10 I
@ -~6 53 27 s9 . ~35". 7a 67 _47 -,' (~1! 34 ·ss 4~ 7;. '~8 1S,.. 27 JS 9~ • 16 95 .s6 7o 75,
·09.72!9~ S4 29' ~~/,41 JI.o6 70 ;42 JS o6 '45 IS. 64 S4 73 JI 6s 52 53 37 97 IS
.12 96. s8-.17 Jl · ·.. 6s 19 69 o2 83 · 6o 75 s6 90 6s I 24 64 19 35 51 56 61 s7 39 12
Ss' 94 57 24 16 : 92 09•S4 ;JS 76· 22 PO 27' 69 85 ~ SI 94 78 'jO · 12.1 94 47 90 •12
_·3~ 61_· 4{~~98·.· _87 ._6s ~7 ,· 91
9J_n 51 67 6~ ~ ....4~ 98os 9~ 7~ •.•23 32 6s 4~ is>
(?3).44•,09 42, 72·.··~418? 7~r79 .6S 47 ~2- 00 20 . 3~ 55'3I_~I 51 '(Qq S3 63 22 55
4d 76 ·66 26 S4_ . 5'1 99 99 90 37 36 63.32 oS 5S · 37 4<?.IJ'OS 97. ~ 6'4 S1 07 S3-
<l2 I7:! 79. IS" os· ; -;:2. S9
?2 57 02 22 ~7' 90 47 OJ . 28 !4 IJ: .JO 79 • 2_0 6g 22 40 g8
95'17•S2 o6 53'·· Jl SI' 10.96 46 -~ 92 o6_S8 07 77 56 I I so Sl"-69 40 ~j 72 5139
1
35 ..76;· 2!: 4 2··
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·26 29: ~3 s? Aij ~~5; 47 04. 66 oS. ' 34 'J.2 57 59 IJ '-~~ 43 So 4~ 15 'JS 26. 6I_ 70 04
77 So 20 75 '82 . 72 .S2 32 99.90 6J 95 73 76 6J ·Bg 73 44 99 os· 48 67 26 43 IS'
4 6 40· 66 44' '.s2 · 9I ',36 74 43: sJ 30 8;! 13 54 oo 7S As 63- 98' JS" ss oJ! 36 67 68 ·
.31 s6·o8~IS c9 ·.. 77"53 S4 46.47 JI 91 IS 95 sS 24 ·I6 74 I I 53 44 10 IJ ss 57
,~·-. 65~ ~i.6~ 6C" /3_7 2? .47 :39 _19 (4 83- 70 o? ~ ;s~ ·2! 40 o6 71 · ,E o6 ~9 S8 54
.r
9 43 6 9 64 o 7 !' 34 18 04 52 3 s 56 27 og 24 s6 61 ss s3 s3 45 I9 go 70 99 oo
~21 1 g6·6o. iz 99 \~II 20 99 45 18.J 4S ·13 93 55 34 1S 37 79 49 go 65 97 3S 20 46
95 20 47 97 97 · 27 ,J7· SJ '2S 7x!. oo o6-4I_ 4I 74 45 Sg 09 39 S4 51 67 11 52 49
9 1. S6 2r 78 iJ 10 65 SI 9~ 59 58 76 17 I4 97 04 7~ 62 16 17 17 95 70 45•8o
. 6g 92.' o6 '34 I~.. 59 7I }4· 17· J2 :n ss· IO :~ :2. . . . 23 7I Sz IJ 74 ,63 52 52 01 41'
04: Jl.-17 21.56: · 73 99I9 87: § i2; 39. ~7 67
tfJ; @· J1
57 6S 93 6o 61 97 22 61
61• 06 98 OJ 91· S7 14 77 43 96" 43 00 65 9S 50 45 60·JJ OI 07 98 99 46 50 47-
Bs' 9,} 8s 86 88 72 'S7 ._o8 62 40 16 o6 IO 8g 20 ZJ 21 34 74 97 76 JS OJ 29 6J
2I_74 32 47 45 73 96 o7 94 52 og 65 go 77.47 25 j6·I6 19 33 53 os 7o 53 30
~i 6~~53_s~:so 79 96.23 53~~ ~39 o7 16:2 ,AS 33 o2 43 ~ ... !'2 87 40 4I 45
l o~1 8g.,oS 04 492o 21 ·14 6S_Sq. \ 87) 63 93 95 17 II 29 oi 95 So 35 I4 97 35 33
~ 7 IS IS 89 79 ss 43 oi 72 73 'os 61'74 51 P9 sg 74 39 s2 IS. 94 51 j3 41 67
9S SJ 7I 94 22 . 59 9J so 99 ~2 oS S2·Ss oS 40 S7 So 6I-65 JI• 91 51 8o~2 44
10 oS 58 21 66 . 72 6S 49 29 JI 89 S5 S4 46 o6 59 73 19 S5 23 65 09 29 63 f5
47 90.56 10 oS SS o2 84 27 Sj 42 2~ 72 23 ~ 66 56 45 65 79 2o 7I 53 2o 25
. ' / f. . • .
2~ s.s 61 6S 90 49 64 92 85 44 16 40 12 Sg ss so 14 49 SI o6 01 82 77 45 12
67 So 43 79 33 i2 8J II 41 16 25 s8 I9 6S 70 77 02 54 00 52 53 43 37 IS 26"
27 62. so g6 72 7 ~44 61 4o IS- I4 SJ 40 65 39 27 J1 5S 50 28 II 39 OJ 34 25
·33 7S So S7 IS · 38 30 o6 ·JS ,21 I4 47 47 07 -~6 54 96 S7 SJ. 32 · 40 36 40 96 76
IJ
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lJ 92 66·· 99 47 24 49 s1 74 32 25 43 ~ ~7 a
1 97 II 69 s1 99 63 22
'>t-:
32 gs

92
 TABLE XXXIII. RANDOM . NUMBERS (IV)
l(' .. '
:. t

\._!o 27 s3. 96 23 71 so 54' 36

, 2] 54 JI 04 S2'9S 04 14 12 15 09 ~6 7S 25 47 47 .·
2S 41 so 61 ss 64 ss l:l-~-!.L.-.§.L.l~ 36 05 s6 39 71 65 09 62 . 94 76 62,' I I 89. .
34 21 42 57 02 59 19 lS '97 48 ~0 JO'OJ'JO 98 os 24 67'70 07 84 97 so 87 46·
61 81, 77 23 ,23 82 S2 II 54 oS S3 28 7o 58 96 44 07 39 55 43 . 42. 34 43 39. ., 28,
61 .15 1S _13 54 16 86 20 26 88 90 74 So 55 09 14 53 90 51, 17 . 52 o~ ·. 63_ o.I! 59 '
91 76 21 64 64 44 91 13 32 97 75 31 62 66 54 . S4 So 32 .1s 17 s6 oS 2s 10 '29~ .•
oo 97 79 oS o6 37 ... 59
30 128 ss .· ,53 s6 6S. 53:40 - 01 74 39 59. (3 · 30 19:-99· 8s· 4s i ··
36 46 :Js 34 94 75 20 So 27 77 78 91 69 16 00 o8 43 r8 73 1 6s· 07 69 61 34.25·'"
I .
S8 98 99 6o so • b.s 95 79 A2 94 93 62 40 s9 96 43 s6 47 71~ 66 · · 46 76· 2'ii 67, p2.,' ;
04
63,
37
62
59
o6
S7
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21 05
94 ~·r...
02 OJ faA.
7S 55
17·
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72'76
9~ s1 s6 sr
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55 51
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SJr· 79.' SS 01.91 JO
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78 47 23 53'90
-
34 41 92 45 11' 09 2J 70 70. 07 12 38 92/7 9 43 • .r 4· ss· I I 4t 23.
S7 6S 62 IS 43 53 "14 36 59 ~ 54 47 33~70 15 59 24 48 40. 35 , 50'I OJ 42 t'9i<36' ·.~
• j . • .•
47 6o 92 10 77 SS ·59 53_ z'z. 52 . 66 2 5 69 07 04 4S 68 64 71 o6 .. 61.. 6S .. 7o _22 12 / ·
04 61
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56 8S s7 59 41 · 6s 2S 53 95 79 SS 37 JI.' ·50 4I o6_94 76

. : '81.. S3 17_16:3.3
.. -
·.•

02 57 45 86 67 73 43 07 34 4S
• 44
26 S7 93 29 77 09 61 1 67 S4
'

o6 ·69· 44 77 .75.
31 54 14 j3 17 4S 62 I I 90 6o 68 12 93 64 2S . 46 24 '79 16
. ,.
76·
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'

L2S 50 16 43 36 2s·97 ss ss 99 67.22 $2 76 ~3 · 24 70 36'.:54 54l · 59 ~S 61 71 96

63:29 62 66 so de, 63 45 52 J8
I
"67. 63 47 54 75 S3 2~{ 78 ·43 20- 92 63·.13 47' 48
45 6s ss 26 sz 76 96 59 3S 1~ . 86 57 45 71 46 ;44 61 16 -i4 ss . -44 ·ss '>xi 62., 12
. '

39 6s 36 63 70 11 45 ss so 51· 74 ·IJ 39 35 22 30 53 36!02 I·

95 :49, 34 8S 73 61
73 7l 9s. 16 04 z9 rs 94 sr' 23 76 51 94 S4 86 79 93 96 3~ 63 ~. oS 58 25 .sS/94 :.
72 -1o s6 2o 11 72 6s 71 oS S6 79'57 95 13 91 97,48 72 66 -~s 0971"17'24 s9 '·
75 I.7 26 99 76 S9 37 20 -70 01 77 31 61 95 46 ~6 97 .os 73 sr . 53 33-;'IS 72 S7 ...
37 48 6o Sz ~9 SI ~0 15 39 ~4 4S 38 7.S 93 29 o6 S7 37 7S 48' ·_45 s6~ oo.'84 47-;,- ·
68. o8 _02. ·8o 72 83 n: 46 ~o 49: . s9 ~7 9s ss 29 02 39·so o3 46 97 74 o6 ,5~):7· ·
14 23 9S .61 67 7o 52 Ss or·so 01 S4 02 7S 43 10
I
62 9S i9t41 rS 83 99 99 ' 47'
49 o8 96 21 44 25 27 99 4~ 28 o7 41 oS 34 66 19 42' 74 39 91 ; 41.96.s3 .7s 72'
78 37 o6 o8 43 63 61, 62! .P.\3,9 39 6S'95 10 96 09 24 2J 00 62 $6' r~'So 73 16. ' ..,
37 .~I 34 "!-.7 68 68 96 83 23 s6 . 32 84 6o I5 31 44 73;" 6'7 34 ?7 -~ 91 I~ ~9 74 5S .
:_14 29 09 34 04 . S7 83 07 55 07 76 58 JO 8j 64 87 29 2558 S4 . 'S6 so'6o 00 25
sS 43 28 o6 36 49,52 S(si i:4· 47 s6 91 29 34 ;>{S7 JI06 95 12 45 57 09 09
10 4J 67 29 70 So 62 8o oj 42 l,!_O 8o 21 38 S4: 90 s6 35 03 09 43 I2 74 49 14
44 JS 88 39 54 ~6 9i IV 44 2~ 00 95 01 JI 76 I7 I6 29 56 63 JS 7S 94 49 SI·
90
4147
69 59
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51 SS'39 52'8s IJ
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20 26 36 JI
07 61
62
II I6 36 27 03
6S.69
78 86 i2 .04
86 95,44 - s4 95 · 48
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46 45
95

91 94 14 63 19 75 S9 I I 47 I I JI 56 34 'I9 09 79 57 92 36 5.9 · l4 93 S7 Sz' 40

' .8o o6 54 I8 66 09 18 94 o6 \.!9 98.40 o7' I7 8I 22•45 44 S4 II. 24 62 20 42 3 r ·
67 72 77 63 48 S4 o8 JI 55 5S 24 33 4s i1 ss 8o 4.5 67 .93 S2 1s-1o.I6 o8 24
59 40 _24 13 27 79 26. 8S 86 30 OI 31./6o IO 39 53 ss 47 70 93' ·ss SI ·56 39 38
os 90 35 89 95 df.6I I6 96 94 so ~8 IJ 69 36 37 6S 53 37 31' 71'26 35 OJ 7I
44 43 So 69 98 46 68 os,. 14 82 90 7S so os 62 77 79 13 57 44 59 6o' 10 39 66
6~ 81 31 96 S2 oo 57 ~..5 .6o 59 46 72 6o IS 55 66
77 - -.. 12 62 I:J o8 99 55 64 57
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42 88 07 IO 05 24 9s 6s lU.- ~ . 47 2I 61 88 32 27 So 30 21 66 IO 92. 35 36 I:Z .
77 94 30 os 39 ,:8 l~o 99 'f 27 12 73 73.99 I2 49 99. 57"94 S2 96 8& 57 I7 9I'
... .
7S 8J I9 76 I6 94 I I 68 84 26 t!3 54 20 86 ss 2,3 . S6 66 99 07 36 37 34 9~ 09.
87 76 59 6I 81 43 63 64 61 ~~ · 6s 76 36 95 90 IS 48 27 4'5 68 27 23 6s 3<? 72
9.!; 43 05 96 47 55 7S 99 95 ·~4 37 ss 8s 78 7S OI 4S 4I 19 10 ~ 3s I9 54 or 73
S4 97 77.72 73 ' 09 62 o6 65 72 87 I2. 49 03 6o · 41 IS 20 76 27 50 47 0.2 29 I~
87 4I 6o 76 S3 44 8S 96 07 8o S3 os 83 J8 96 7J 70 66 8I
.
90 30 s6 ~~ 4s
'
59.

'
/93 G2
I .
 TABLE XXXIII. RANDOM NUMBERS (V)
'· ~S 8g 65 87·'~8 .(!)
SO· 63 04 2J . 2S 47 57 91. IJ 52 62/ ~4 19 94 ~ 67 48 57 Io
30 29 43 65 42. ··7s
66 2.8 ss so· 47 46 41/ go o8 ss 98 7S to 70 49 92 os u o7
95 74 62_'60 53 51 57 J2 22 27 12 72 72 27 77 44'67 Ji 2J IJ 67 9S 07 76 JO
. OI 85 54 96 72 · 66 86 65 64 6o 56 59 75.J6 75 46 44 33 63 71 54 50 06 44 7S
_Io 91 "\6 96, S6 ~9· SJ. 52 47, 53: 6s 00 SI 93 SI J.O· So os 19 29 . s6 23 27 19 OJ.'
05 331868 51 5l 7S.57.2617 (J4 S7 96 23/95 S9 99 93 39 79 I I ·2.8'94 15 52,
' -04 43 .1JfJ7 00. 79 6S 96 ~.6 6o .70 39 sj 66 s6 62, 1 03 55 .S6 57 77 55 33 62 02/
.:Ps· ss 40 25 ~4 73 52 93 !1o so 48 _21 47 74 ·63 . 17 27 27 51 26 35 96 29 oo 45.
:s4 90 90 &s 77 · 63 99 25 69 o2 09.04 03 3s. 78 19 79 95 o7 u. o2 s4 4s 51 1 97
.28 55 53 _09 4S •. S6 2S 30 o2 '35 71 30 32 .o6l47 93 74 21· 86 33 49 90 21 69 74
. [.8~-~SJ 40.69 So .. 97 96,47 s9
97' 3~ I 24. S7 36 17 IS I6
"(s6) 90 46 75 27 28 52 IJ.
')j 2o ·g6 ~5 6s·· 93 4t 69 96 07 ·97 so 81',79 59 4~ 37 13 SI 1 SJ • · 92 42 8,5 o4 31'
.. I.o S9 07 76 21·. 40 24 74·36 42 . 40 33.04 46 24· JS 63 o'2 JI 6.I . 34 59 43 36 96
. ~91. 50 27. 7S.'J7 o6 o6 16 25 98 1.7,7S So 36 S5 26 4i 77 63 'Ji' 71 6J94 94 33
~.)>J
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45 44 66 ss ~97
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St. 26 'OJ S9 . 39 46 67 .21 ..17' . g8 10 39 3j x-5
. 6I 63 00 25 92
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·~s9· 4"tjsB 91 63_
. iJ· 43 00 9'1 26 • '
65 99 59
.
84 ·f9~ 14 79 61
97
1,6 9t/ 21 J2 41 .. '6o 22. 66i i2-
ss :
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's6 16 ss
Ji . : 3f . .33
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ss·
S7. 6o 32 15 99
~9 07. 1 6S 49 20
67
43
43
29
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,ig_zS: 15 oo 41 ·, 92 :27 13 4? jS ··37 I I os 75 16 · g8' St/99 37 _29 92 20 32 39.67
. 5.6 3S JO 92,30 . 45 '51 ·94 69 04 00 84' 14 36 37 ,..95 66 39 01 09 I 2r 6S 4~ ~5 79
·,®21.:s.289 n-~o~·~·o6.2s.48 -~~os.os 7.f26.=':(~3563 os·77 13 S1'2o 67 ss
•73 .IJ 2,S 5S OI ·os,o6 42 24)!7< 6o,~o 29 99 93.'. 72 93 7S,04 36- 25~76 0.1/54 OJ
_ SI 6o S4. 51 57 ~2,'-6~_46 1 55 S9 6~ 09_ 71 S7·S9 -7o SI Io 95 91 .. S3.79 68 20 66
. 'os 62 gS 07 ss ' •07· :79 26 69 6I ·47 ss 72 1 J7 4I ' Ss 79 '76 4S 23 61''sS S7 oS os
.. ,62 97 I6 29 IS·. ~z/16 'x6 23 s6 6z/ 95 So'g7' .6J J2 2S 34 OJ 36 48 S4 6o 37 6s
-~-Jl,'IJ 63'-2~ oS. 1d.:~·r·9r 5S :I ~(48J79 74 73'72 r OS 64 So'9_1 JS (o7·28 66 61.59
.97. JS 35 34 t9 . 89 84 os J4 47 88 09 )~ s4 ss. 97 g6 S6 OI P9 '46 IJ. 95 6s g6
32 I I 7S JJ-. S2 ' SI 99 gS .44 39 . 1.2 75 10 6o" 36 so' 66.39 94 '97 42 36 31 I6 59
. sr; 99 IJ '37 os ;. oS I2.'6c) 39 '23 6I 7J'S4 S9 lS' 26' 02 04 37 95- 96 IS 6g o6 JO
4S' 74 00 93 'os .69 99 47 26 52
.. . . ,..., ". .
48 o6 JO "oo is I OJ. JO 28. s-5 S9 66 10 7I 44 os
_ii} S4 IJ 69 OI:. t8 ~I 28 79- 50'. m
4~ 14 96 55. gS ,59 96 01 36 . SS 77 90 45 59
; i4 66 ·1'2. S7 · 22 59 45 2_7 o~ 51: '85
64 23 85 41 , 64 72 oS 59 44 67 98 36 65 56
40 2.5 67, 87 82 84 27 I7 JO Jt . 4S '6g 49 02 5S gS 0.2<50 58. II,· 95 39 06 35 63
· 44 4S 97 49 43 . 65 45 53! 41. o7 14 S3 46 74 I I . · 76 66 63. 6o oS go 54 33 65 S4
. '41 94 S4 o6 57 . 48 2S 01. SJ' S4 09 II. 21 9~ 7J 97 2S 44 74 o6 22 3.Q... 95 69 72
(o7)12 IS' 58 S4 -~: xs·.JI. SJ 45. t54 52 62 29 91, 53 sS s4 66 05. ·\j.-7; 19 6J 92 75
'04 27 go 43 sz . IS 26 32 96 S3 ··,so 58 45 ~7 s7 14 g6 39 64 S5 73 S7 96 76 23
So 7! .2~
. 27 o6
86 41
o8 09
03
92
45 62 6J 4o"S8
. .
26 22 59·28 27
-
35 69 34 10.94
JS ss 22 14 79
32
24
22
32
52 04 74
12 JS 42
69 63
33 56 go
83'41
92 57
- 54 6S 97 20 54 J3 '26 14 OJ JO ?! 22 19. i3 ~8 ,~o. 2S o~ 92 4~ J 58 61 52 27 03
~2 9 2. 65 6s 99 €5) 53 15 2§ 70 (.o4 69 22. 64. o7 04 73 25 74 82 7s 35 22 21 ss
83 52 57· 78 62 gS 61 70 4S 22 '..68 1.so 64 55,75 · 42 70 32 09 ~? 58 70 61 43 97
82 S2 76 3 1 JJ ·ss · 13 41 JS to ~~6 :47 61 43 17 S3 27. 19 7o 4.1 34 7S 77 6o 25
3S 61 34 og 49 o4 41 66 og 76 .20 so 73 40 95 24 77 95 73 20 47 42 So 61 03'
01 01 II ss JS' OJ.IO I6 S2 24 39 sS.20 12 39 S2·77 02 I8 ss 33 II 49 IS I6
§! 66 14 J8 2S ($4)oS IS 07 04 07 63 J6 :7$. (33>4 I I I I 7S 97 JO 53 62 38
32 29.30 69 59 · b8 so 33 31 47 15 64 SS 75 27 o4 51 41 61 g6 S6 62 93 66 71
04 59 21 65 47 ,,,.39. 9.0 S9 -86 77 46 86 S6 SS S6 . so 09 13 24 91 54 So 67 78 6q
3 & 64 5o o7 36 56 5o 4S 94 25 · 48 2s 48 30 51 _6o 73 7·3 03 s7 6s 47 37 10 84
~.s 33 so SJ 53 59 77 64 59 go sS 92 62 so 18 93 og 45 S9 o6 13 26 gS 86 29
"'

94
 TABLE XXXIII. RANDOM NUMBERS _(VI)
1 25 I9 1 J4 82 84 62 74 ~9 92/24 6r oJ gr 22:48 64 94 6J IS o7 . 66 85 I2 oo 2i..
,~J_O~AL4_~· 04 44 JI 52 4J 07 44 o6 OJ 1 09 34 .19 83 94 62 94 48 28 or 51 92
55 8S. 66 96 28 2~ JO 62 58 83 6s 68 62· 42 45 Ij o8 6o 4~ 28··. 95 68 4s: 52 43/'
68 45 I9 6g 59 35 14 82 ,56 8o 22 o6 52 26 J9 ~ 59 78 •g8 76 .r4 J6 09 bJ or 86 ·
69 JI 46 29 8s I8 88 26 95 54 or o2' 14 o3 os 48 oo 26 43 85 33 93 8r ·45 95: ·
37 JI 6I 28 98 94 6r 47 OJ 10, 67 So 84 41 · 26 88 84 59 69 I4 77 32 8.2; 8r 89_
66 42 I9.24 94 IJ 13 38 69 96 76 69 76 24 IJ 43 83 IO IJ 24 1 'I8 J2 84 85.04-·
JJ 6s 78 I2 35 91 59 II J8 44 ' 23 JI 48 75 74 'os 30 o8 46 32 . .90 04 93 56 tK· ~-
• I

76 32 o6 I9 35 22 95 30 19 29 57•74 43' 20 90. 20 25.36 70 69 38 JZ II.QI OI .

43
28
33 42'02
JI 93 4J 94
59 20
87
39 84 95 6r.'
73 19 38 47
'58 '22
' .
04 02_ 99
54 36 90 98 IO ( 8J1 4,3 -32.
99
"":") '"""·.
78 78 8J.
.
26
.
82_ '
26
'
A3 67 r6 38 9S ' .
... . ' . .
2~ oo· gb 59 22' '·
97 I9 2I 63 34 69 33 I7 1 0J 02 II IS 50_'46 o8-, '-4'2 69 6o I7 42 14 68 6r/ 14 48
82 8o 37 I4 20 s6 39 ·s9 89 63 JJ go'j8 44 50 78 22.87 10 88. op.58 8j J9 6i •
03 68 03 ·IJ 6o 64 IJ '09 37 II 86 o2 57 41;' 99 J1 66 6d 65 64 ~o3 OJ o2_;s8 9 1 . ·.
65 I6 58 I I ~I 98 78 8o 63'23 . 07 37 66 20. 56 . 20 96 o6 . 79 .
8o . JJ J9' 40 49 42'
; '

24.65 ss 57 04 18 62 8s 28 24: 26 45 I7 ~2 76. ~9 6s OI 73;~1- ~~ J~ 49.J&)J

02 72 64 07 75 8s 66 48 38 73 75 IO g6 59 JI ' 48 78 s8- o8 88 72 o8 54' 57· I7
79 16 7~ 6J 99 · 4J 61 00 66 42 .. 16. 26 71 1 14- JJ JJ.J36 76 '71 66 37 .85 05.56.07 '
04 75 I4 93 39 68 52 r6 83 34 64 og 44 62' 58 48 32 72 26 95 J'2 67 35 49 71
40 64 64 57 6o , 97 oo 12 91 JJ 22 14 73 or II • 83.97 68 95 65 67 )7 8o·g8-~7.
o6 27 07 34 26 OI 52 48 69 51 . 19 1'7 SJ 55 96 ·o2' 41 OJ 89 JJ 86 85 73ro2 32
62 40 qJ 87 IO ' g6 88 22·46 94 JS s6 6o 94 20 6o'· 73 04 84 98 45 96 r8 47 o7'-
oo 98 48 r& 97 91 51 63 2r-95 74 25 84 OJ 07 88 29.04 '79 84 _OJ 71 IJ 78 ~6
50 64 19 18 91 g8 55 8J 46 09 49 66 4Ifi2 45 4I 49 36 8J'43 SJ ·75 35 r ..f39 ·
'
38 54 ..52 ,25 78 OI gS 00 8g 85 . 86 12 22 8g 25 IO IO 'ji 19 45· 88 84 77 'cia .ot
·.; .
:-46' 86 8o 97 78 65.12 64 64 70 . '58 41_05 49 o8 68 68 88 54 00 · 8r. 6r 6r · 8~ 41:
I •
I 90 72 92 93 10 09 12 8r 93 63 69 30 02 04 26 92 36 48 09 45 · 91 99 o8 07 65·.
6621 41 77 6o · 99 JS 72 .. 6r 22 s2
46 74 67 29 97·50 71 J9 '19 57 82 q.88 o6
87 os 46 52 76 .89 96 34 22 37. 27 II 57 04 19 57 93 o8 3S 69 . 07 51 ig 92 66.,
46 90 6i: 03 o6' 89 85 33 22 8o 34 89 12 29 37 44 71,38 40 37 Is ·49 55 SI' o8 ·
. ... ~ ......

• I I88 53 o6 09 81 83 33 98 29 91 27 59 43 09 70 72 51 49 73 3s 97 25 83 41.
I I 05 92 o6 97 . 68 82 34 o8 8J 2'5 40 s8. 40 64.. s6 42 .78 54 <?6 · 6o 96 96 12 82 •·
33 94 24 2o 28 62 42 07 12 63 J4 J9 .02 92 JI 8o"' 6'r 68 44 19 09 92 I473 49
24 89 74 75 6r 6r o2 7J'36 85 67 28 5o 49 85 · 37 79 95 o2 66 73; I9 76 28 IJ.
IS 19 74 67 2J 6I J8 93 7J 6~ /76 23 -:rs 's8 20 .. 35 J6 82 82 59 · OJ JJ 48 17 66
os 64 12 70 88 8o s8 35 o6 88 . 73 48 27 39 43 '43 40 IJ 3S '45' 55 IO 54 J8 50
57 49 36 44 o6 · 74. 9J ,55 39.26 _ 27 76' 98 76 68 · 78 36 26. ~4 o6 4J 24 s6 40_ 8o .
77 82 g6 g6 97 . 6o 42 17 r8 48 r6 34 92 19 52 98 84 48 42 92 83 ~9 o6 77 78·
24 IO 70 o6 SI 59 62 ·37 95 42 53 67 14 95 29 84 65 4l' o7 JO 77 54 oo. IS 42
so 00 07 78 2J 49 s4 36- 85 14 ""'18 so S4 r8 82 . 23 79 8o 7I 37 6o 62 95 .40 3_0
44 37 76 21 g6 37 OJ o8 g8 64 go- 8s 59---43 64 ' I7 79 96 52 ~5 21 os ~2 59 3~
go 57 55 I7 41' 53 26.79 20 38 69_90.58 64 oJ 3J 48 J2 gr 54 68 44 go .24 25
so 74 64 67 42 95 28 12 7J 23. 32 54 98 64 94 82 r7r8 17 14 '. 55 IO ~I 64 29
1
44 04 70 22 02 84 JI 64 64 08 . 52 5S.04 24 29 gi 95 43 81 I4 66 IJ I8 -47 44
32 74 6r 64 ' 7.3 21 46 sr ·44 .n 72 ·48 92 oo os 83 59 89 6s ~6 53 76 7o _58 78
75 73 SI 70 !9 @53 67 SI 5'4 J8 IO II; 6i '7i -..
22 32 6~ 43 75' -31 ~~ 22 2I ·II
76 r8 36 r6 34 r6 2'8 2s 8z --g8 64 26 70 54 87 49 ~8 55 II 39. 94 ~s 2~ 8o _·8s.
00 I7 37 71 81 64 21 91 IS 82 · 8r 04 14 52 rr· jg'o7 JO 6C? 77 ·J9 r& 27 85 68 .
54 95 57 55 o4 12 77 40 70 14 79 86 6r 57 so 52.49 41 73 46 os~ 63 34.92 JJ.
·69 99 95 54 6J 44 37 JJ 53 17 38 o6· 5~ Jt 9J 47 IO 62 JI 28 63 59 40 40 32/
'I

\.
' -~

95
 TABLE XXXIV. CONSTANTS, \VEIGHTS AND MEASURES, ETC.
Mathematical Constants
· w=J•I4I59 26535" 89793 ,23846 · e==2"1I828 I8284 59045 23536 y==0'5772I 56649 OI532 86o6I
logto71'. 0'497I4 98726 94133 85435 log10e==o·43429 448I9 0325I 8~765 eY==r78io7 24179 90197 98522
t/\1;;==0"39894 "22804.0I432 67794 log,i0=2· 30258 50929 94045 ~8402 e-Y==o· 56145 94835 66885 I6983
Physical Constants •
. . Velocity.of~~ht · 3·oox Io10 c:n·fsec. = I86,ooo miles/sec. The first number is the ratio of electromagnetic
to electrostatic urut of charge. , , ·. . :
' 10 20
Ionic (electronic) charge (e) =4'77XIo- E.S.U. = I"59XIo- ,E.M.U. Mass of electron (m,J =
. 9·oo X Io-211 g. · . ' "' · · ·· ,>. ·
· Planck's constant (h) = 6· 55 X Io-2' erg sees.· ·
Energy of gas 11?-olecUie per I° C. absolute= :t·o6:X Io-11 ergs.
Number of molecules in 1 gm. molecule of gas = 6· o6 X Io23• \

Electrical charge of 1 gm. equivalent in electrolysis (Faraday)= 9·65 x Io3 E.M.U.

Gas constant (R) = 8·3I5XIo7 c.g.s:(pv = RTxmass in gra:rri molecules).
Const~t of gravitation (G)= 6·67 x Io-8 c.g.s. (/ · Gmm'fr2). .
Acceleration· due to gravity (g). Teddington· (N. 5I 0 28· I') : 981" i8I cm.fsec. 2 = 32' l9I ft.fsec.2;
., Washington (38° 56· 5'): .98o·o82; whence. at .lat. A, height H m.: 98o·6IS-J' 586 cos 2A+·oo3 cos 4A,
-· 0003086 H. '· '. .. '. ' . . I
' The earth. ·_Equatorial radius:- 3963'4 miles, polar radius= 395o·o miles. I 0 of Latitude== 68·7o mls.
(equator), 69·~1 mls. (pole). Mean.'density = 345 lb./ft.8 = 5' 517 _g.fcm.8
Distance of sun = 93 X 108 miles. Distance of moon = 239,ooo miles.
· ; Solar radiation (Washington, D.C.)= ·o35 cal.jcm.2/sec •
. . Velocity of ~ound (6° C.)= 3'35XIo' cm.fsec. = noo ft./sec. Audible sound., Lower limit, 30 vibr./sec.;
upper limit, 24,ooo-41,ooo. vibr.fsec•. Middle. ·c o( piano, 261 vibr:/sec. Wav~-lengths of visible light:
. 4 to 7 XIo-5 CIIi.
. .· ·, {Centigrade -40 -30 -20 ,...IO . 0 IO 20 30 40 50 100 so c •
I 0 .F• == 11 jiO c .
I 0 R· = 4 •
. . · .. Temperature
· . . Fahr nh 't
e e1 -40 -22 -4 I4 3Z 50 68 86 I04 I22 ZIZ Absolute zero of temperature =
. ~qmvalents Reaumur. -32 -24 -16- -8 0 8 16 24 J2 40 So
·f '
' , . -273' 1° C.

Mechanz"cal anJ Electrical· Un#s .

Force.· g dynes = 1 gm. weight, g poundals = I lb. weight, where g is acceleration due to graVity measured
or
in,appropriate.units (cm.fsec.2 ft.fsec. 2). I poundal = I''3825 X zo' dynes.
Pressure: I atmosphere= 760 mm. (29·921 iris.) of mercury (o° C., Lat. 45°) = 33·899 ft. of water {4° C.)
- I4·696 lb.fin.2 = I'OI325 X ro8 dynesfcm.2 I. bar= to8 dynesfcm. 2 = •98Q92 atmos. I lb./iJ?-. 2 = 7o· 307
(1/·oi4223) gm.fcm.2 . - . · ·
7
- Work, :Power, etc. I erg = I dyne em~ · _I joule = Io ergs = I watt second~ I foot pound = I' 356 X 107
-ergs. I horse power (H.P.) =550ft. lb. per sec.= 746 watts (continental H.P. = 736 watts). I _calorie . heat
to raise I' gm. of water 1° C. at a specifiecl temperature. I i5° C. calorie= I mean calorie (o° C.-1oo° C.)==
4'I8SXIo7 ergs. I British Thermal Unit (Ilb. waterXI° F.)= 252·o calories= 2'93oXzo-4 kilowatt hours=
3'929 Xto-' horse po)Ver hours:__ I0-5 gas therms. I Board of Trade Unit= I kilowatt hour. .
Electrical. Relations between engineering units and electromagnetic units. Charge: coulomb== zo-1
E.M.U. Current: ampere= Io-1 E:M.U. Potential: volt----:- zo8 E.M.U. Resistance: ohm= Io9 E.M.U •
. Capacity: farad= Io-9 E.M.U. irtdU<~tance: henry= Io9 ~· E.M.U. Flux: maxwell= I0° E.M.U.
0
Magnetic force: gauss= Io E.M.U. ·
Supposed Duratz"on of Geologt"c Per-iods (E. W. Barnes)
' . Duration ' Duration
Million Years. Million Years.
_ J>leistocene Permian }
. Tertiary or Cainozoic era · Pliocene Newer Palreozoic era Carboniferous 175
Miocene , 6o Devonian
Age of Mamm~ . Oljgocene
-Eocene
Silurian

Secondary or Mesozoic Cretaceous }

Older Palreozoic era Ordovician
Cambria11
}
era . Jurassic - ss Archreozoic era . 300
Age of reptiles ·Triassic Eozoic era soo
Possible age of planet 2000·4000 million years.
·.
96'
 TABLE X~XIV. CONSTANTS, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, ETC.-continued
The Elements and thez'r Atomz'c We·ights·
Hydrogen j
H r·oon Cr Chromium 52'01 Ag Silver ro7•88o Yb Ytterbium
He Helium 4·oo Mn Manganese 54'93 Cd Cadmium' 112"41 Lu. Lutecium·
.17 3'6 < '
175"0 '
Li Lithium 6·939 ·Fe Iron ss·84 In Indium II4•8 Hf Hafnium '' (178·6)
Be Beryllium 9·02 . Co Cobalt 58'97 Sn Tin · 118•70 Ta Tantalum , I8l" 5 (
B Boron ro·82 Ni Nickel . s8·69 Sb Antimony,, 121"77 w Tungsten . r&4·.o t
c CarbOn 12·ooo Cu Copper 63'57 Te Tellurium 127·s· Re Rhenium
N Nitrogen 14·oo8 Zn Zinc 6s· 3 8 I Iodine,' u6·932 Os Osmium 190'8.
0 Oxygen r6·ooo Ga Gallium 69'7:! Xe Xenon 130·2 Ir, Iridiu~ 193'1 ·,
F Fluorine 19·oo Gc Germanium 72'38 Cs Cesium 132"81 Pt Platinl!m· 195'23
.Ke Neon 20·2 As Arsenic ' 74'96 Ba Barium 137'37 Au Gold.· 197'2
Na Sodium 22·997 Se Selenium 79'2' I.a Lanthanum 138'91. Hg . Mercury
' ..
20C?·61
1\Ig Magnesium 24· 32 Br Bromine 79'916 Ce Cerium 14o~2s Tl Thallium 204'4
AI Aluminium 26·96 Kr Krypton 82'9 Pr · Praseodymium r4o·92 Ph Lead. 207'2,0
Si Silicon 28·o6 Rb Rubidium 85'44 N d 1 Neodymium· 144·27 Bi· Bismuth 209'00.,
p Phosphorus 31'024. Sr Strontium 87•62 Po 'Polonium (21.o)''
s Sulphur 32·o6s Yt Yttrium . 89'0 Sa
Samarium IS0'43 _,,,

CI Chlorine 35'458 Zr Zirconium 91 Eu

Europium IS2'0 Rn Radon 222
A
K
Argon
Potassium
39·91
39'095
Cb Columbium
Mo Molybdenum
93'1
96·o
Gd
Gadolinium
Tb
Terbium
' . IS7'26'
IS9'2'
·.~

Ra· Radium 225'95

-·'
Ca Calcium 4o·o7 Ma Masurium · Dy
DysprosiuJil I62· S2 Ac Actinium ?
Sc Scandium 4S"Io Ru Ruthenium 101"7 Ho
Holmium· ~-4 Th Thorium 232" IS '
Ti Titanium 47'9 Rh Rhodium 102'91 .Ei- .Erbium I67•7 Pa Protoactinium ?
v Vanadium so·96 Pd Palladium .ro6·7 'Tu Thulium 169"4. U Uranium, i38: 17

Densz'tz'es
.
Aluminium 2· 70 Iron 7' 86 Platinum 21' so Coal r· 2-r· 8 White pine '4'" ·s Cork .~'22- ·26
Copper 8·93 Lead · -u· 37 Silver ro:s Granite 2· s-3 . . Req pine·' •s.:..' •7 Glass ' 2.'4 :4' 5
Diamond 3'52 Magnesium 1'74 Tin 7"29 Quartz 2·66 Be.ech, oak • 7~ ~ 9 Sea water l"OI•l'05"
Gold 19· 32 Mercury 13· 56 Zinc 7"1 Slate 2· 5;.2· 7 Ebony·. r· r.-r· 3 Loose_s:q.ow ··r2 approx.
Unit density = I g. per cu. c~. = •oJ6I28lb. per cu. in.

Jan.
"
1 + 3m.
16 + 9
ns. ~Mar. r +r2m.
33 , r6 + 8
34s. May r
SI , 14
Equation of Tz'me .,

-3 .49* " 26 +6 r8* Oct. I -ro r6

.
-2m. s7s. July r +3m.32s. Sept. r6 .-sm. 6s: ,N,.ov .. r6 '""rSm.·ros.
Dec•. I "'-10 s6
·
' ' . '·'·
'

Feb. I +IJ 37 Apr. r + 4 r June r -2 27 Aug. r6 +4 rr , , r6 -14 20 ;, . rz ..:. 6 IS)t .

, 12 +14 · 25* , r6 o o , rs o o Sept. r .o . o Nov.· 3 -16 21* ,,, 25 o o..
When positive add the equation of time to ap'parent solar time to obtain roean solar time. The valu~s given are. , '. ' .,
mean values. Maxima and minima are marked with asterisks. I sidereal day= 23 h. s6 m. 4'09 s. .

Saturated Vapour Pre~sure of Water (Mt'l{z'l!ars) I;

I. 40
oc. -so -4o -3o -2o -ro · -5 -2. 73'76'
"'
Ice '039 ·129 ·381 ro35 2·6oo .4'017 5'173 so 123'3
'\Vater r· 270 2·86s 4:217 S'274 6o 199'2'
. 70 • . jn·6 .
oc. 0 I 2 : 3 ·4 S 6 .7 8 9 &6 . 473'4
0 6•105 6·s67 7·os8 7'S79 8·134 8·723- 9·3so ro·o2 ro·73 n·48 ·90 701'0'
10 12•28 . 13· 12 14·o2 14·97 · rs·98 r7·os , r8·18 19· 37 2o·63 2l'97 roo 1013'2I
20 23'38 24·86 26·43 28·o9 29·83 31'67 33'6r 3s·6s 3i·8o: ·4o·os 200 I ISS44
30 42~43 44'92 47'SS 50'31 .,: S3'I9 S~'23 . S9'41 62•75' 66·25 69'92 300 ·8S903
Critical temperature: 374°. "'Critical pressure: 220·6 Lars. Interpolate logarithmically ..

Compop."tz'on of Fe~tz'lz'zers (Commerdal Grades on the English Market)

%N %K~ %Pa0a
'
Sulphate of ammonia . . 20· 6 · Sulphate of potash 48 Superphosphate 14-16 water soluble.
Nitrate of soda . rs! Muriate of potash so Basic slag 14 -18 }total ·'
Nitro chalk . rs! Potash salts 20, 30 Rock phosphate 26-28
Calcium cyanamide 2o· 6 Kainit 14
Many of these fertilizers are mix~res of two cir roore constitt;~ents in naturally occu~ring or conventional proportio~s. Pre-
war values are given.
97
 English JVeights and Afeasures
Length 1Yeight Volume
f.oot ~ 12 ins. · 1 yard = 3 ft.
1 Avoirdupois (General System) (Liquid)
. I" inile .= 176o yds. = 528o ft. i ounce (oz.) = 16 drams (dm.). t gallon = 4 quarts = 8 pints .
(6o m.p.h.=
. . 88ft. per sec.). _I pound (lb.) = 16 oz. = 32 gills= • 16054 (1/6:2290) CU. ft.
·--- I stone= I4lb. I quarter ' 28lb. 1 gallon ~ater (62° F.) weighs Io lb.
1 surveyor's chain= 22 yds~ I hundredweight (cwt.) = IJ2 lb. av. (in air against brass weights).
(I engineer's chain = too ft.) . = 4 quarters = 8 stones.
I link = "'Ik ~hain = 7· 92 ins•. I ton= 20 cwt. = 2240 ~b. I fluid drachm (3) = 6o minims (11\.).
(I rod, pole, or perch = f chain.) 1 fluid oz. (3) = 8 dr. = ·l1r pint.
I f~rlong = 10 ch~i~s = l mile. -Apothecary Troy 1 fluid oz. water (62° F.) weighs 1 oz. av.
(Drugs) ' (Precious Metals)
fathom= 6ft. I cable== too fath~
I
I drachm= 6o grs. I pennyweight (Dry) .•
nautical niile == 6o8o ft. ·
I
(1 scruple=2o grs.) (dWt.) = 24 grs. 1 peck = 2 gals. I bushel = 8 gals.
. ~ I. minute of arc of equator. '·
(I knot__:_ I nautical mile per hour.) .
'-. "V' . ../ 1 sack = 4 bush. 1 quarter = 8 bush.
I ounce·= 20 dwt. = 8 drachms. (I firkin = 9 gals.. I barrel= 36 gals)
Archaic (approximate) :. I pound= I2 oz. ' 5760 grs.
(I lb. avoirdupois= 7ooo grs.) 1 register ton = too cu. ft.
I hand= 4 ins. I cubit· 18 ins.
1 rod= Jooo cu. ft.
• I ell= 45 ins. I league. 3 miles.
'
Money·
Area· i · 1 shilling (s.) = 12 pence (d.).
I, pound(£)= 2os.
I acre = IO sq. chains = 4840 sq. yds. Also farthin~ (!d.), florin (2s.), half- ·
_ I sq. mile=64o acres. (I rood---:! ac.) · · crown (2s. 6d.) and guinea (21s.)~
'. We~gkts and Measures. of 'tke' United States of America ,
· Weights and measures are the same as the English systems, except for small differences in standards, and the follow-
ing exceptions :-· . .· . . . . . .
I hundredweight (short)= too lb., and I ton (short)= 20 cWt.:::::;. 2ooo lb. The English (long) ton, 2240 lb., is
also used. · , ·· · ·
. Dry measures of volume are ·3 per cent.' less than the corresponding English measures, being 'based on the Winchester .
bushel instead· of the Imperial bushel. _ Fluid measures·of vol~e are i- .of the corresponding English measures. (Hence _
in the U.S. system I bushel= 9" 3092 fluid gallons.) Also I U.S. ·fluid ounce-:-"'\ U.S. pint, so that a fluid ounce of
'Yater weighs I· 0408 oz. av. (See also conversion factors.) .· · .
A tc:twnship = 36-sq. miles. A bplion (French Milliard)= Io9, a tri1lion = Io 12• (English billion = 1o1a, trillion ·
- 24) . ' .
- IO • . . "
The Metrz'c System·
·The metre is (very nearly) I o- 7 of the .distance from the pole to the equator. .
The gram is (very nearly) the mass of I cubic em. of water at maximum ~ensity (3·98° C.). (Actual mass of I c.c.
of water= "999973 g.) . ' .
The litre is (very nearly) ·Iooo c.c. (I litre= the volume of 1ooo g. of water at 3·9S° C.= Iooo·o27 c.c.) ·
Also I .are= 100 sq. metres, so that I· hectare= Io,ooo sq. m. = 1 !1r sq. km. ; I metric' quintal (doppel zentner) =
Ioo kg. ; I metric ton = Iooo kg. ; I ~ontinental pound= l kg.;· 1 stere = I cu. m .. I inicron (p.) = lo- 8 m. I a11gstrom
0

urut (A -:- 'o-10 m.

• )
· , -
.,. .
· . , .. . .
Prefixes: micro-, Io-6•; mille-, I<;>- ;" centi-, Io- ; .deci-, Io:- 1 ~ Deka-, Io; 1Hedo-, 102 ; Kilo-, Io3 ; Myria-, 10 4 ;
3 2

Mega-, Io 6 • · · · - · """
Convers-ion Factors
.Basic Factors Length Wei'ght
I yard.(G.B.) = ·9I4,399 metres. I inch = 2· 5400 (I/· 39370) ern. I grain= ·o64799 (I/I5"432) g.
I yard (U.S.A.)= ·914,402 metres .. • I foot=· 3048o (Ij3·28o8) m. I ounce= 28·350 (I'/"o35274) g.
"I pound = 453·5924 grams. · I yard= ·9I440 (1/1·o936) m. I pound= "45359 (Ij2·2o46) kg.
I gallon (G.B.) = 4· 545,963 lit_res. I mile = I·6o93 (I/·62I37) km~ I CWt. =· •50802 (I/1"9684) m. quintals.
I gallon (U.S.A.)= 3·785,332 litres. I short cwt. = "45359 (1/2·2o46) m.q.
I bushel (U.S.A.) = 3?" 238,33 litres. I ton= I·oi6o (Ij·9842I)'metric tons.
I short ton = ·90718 (I/1· Io23) m.t.
Capacity (Great Brz'taz"n) Capadty (U.S.A.) .
1 pint= ·56825 (1ji·7598), litres. Fluid{I pmt = :47317 (I/2·1134) Ii_t. Bushel Wei'ghts (approx.).
I gallon= 4· 5460 (I/· 2I998) litres. . I gall. = 3· 7853 (I/· 264I8) lit: Wheat ,. 62 lb.
1 bushel= 36· 368 (1j·o27497) litres. ·Dry: I bush. = 35· 238 (Ij·o28378) ht.· Oats 40 ,
1: British pint, gallon, etc.= r2oo'94 (1/·83268) U.S. fluid pints, gallons, etc. Barley, Rye . 54 ,
1 British bushel, etc. = 1"03205 (1/·96895) U.S. bushels, etc. (dry). · Maize .- 6o ,
Area, etc. ·Beans, ~eas . 64 , ,
.I acre · ·40468 (1/2'4711) hectares. · · I ton per acre = 2· 5107 (1/· 39829) m. Official:-
· I lb. per acre = r I2o9 (1j·892I8) kg. tons per ha. \Vheat 6o ,
. per ha. 1 bush. per acre= 89·867 (1/·o11128) Barley so "
:I cwt. per acre= r-2554 (J,/·79659) litres per ha. (U.S.A.)= 87·o76 Oats 39 "
m.q. per ha. (Ij·ou484) litres per ha.
98
, PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY
OLIVER AND BOYD LTD.
EDINBURGH.