BS EN 14358:2016

BSI Standards Publication

Timber structures
Calculation and verification of
characteristic values
BS EN 14358:2016 BRITISH STANDARD

National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 14358:2016.
It supersedes BS EN 14358:2006 which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee B/518, Structural timber.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be
obtained on request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary
provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct
application.
The British Standards Institution 2016.
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016
ISBN 978 0 580 83527 8
ICS 79.040; 91.080.20
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2016.
Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication
Date Text affected
 BS EN 14358:2016

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 14358

NORME EUROPENNE
EUROPISCHE NORM June 2016

ICS 79.040; 91.080.20 Supersedes EN 14358:2006

English Version

Timber structures - Calculation and verification of

characteristic values
Structures en bois - Dtermination et vrification des Holzbauwerke - Berechnung und Kontrolle
valeurs caractristiques charakteristischer Werte

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 January 2016.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 14358:2016 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
BS EN 14358:2016
EN 14358:2016 (E)

Contents Page

European foreword....................................................................................................................................................... 3
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 4
2 Symbols ............................................................................................................................................................... 4
3 Calculation of characteristic properties from test results in the frame of initial type
testing .................................................................................................................................................................. 5
3.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 5
3.2 Calculation of 5 and 95 percentiles values............................................................................................. 5
3.2.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 5
3.2.2 Parametric calculation .................................................................................................................................. 5
3.2.3 Non parametric calculation ......................................................................................................................... 7
3.3 Calculation of characteristic mean values ............................................................................................. 7
4 Calculation of characteristic properties from test results in the frame of internal
factory production control .......................................................................................................................... 9
4.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 9
4.2 Calculation of characteristic strength, density or resistance properties (5-
percentile) ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
4.3 Calculation of characteristic stiffness properties (mean values) ............................................... 11
5 Acceptance procedure for verification of a lot .................................................................................. 12
5.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 12
5.2 Verification of mean values (e.g. mean modulus of elasticity) .................................................... 12
5.2.1 Method keeping the consumers risk at 10 %.................................................................................... 12
5.2.2 Alternative method limiting the sample size for large COVs ........................................................ 13
5.3 Verification of 5-percentile values (e.g. characteristic strength) ............................................... 13
5.3.1 Method with consumer's risk equal to 10 % ...................................................................................... 13
5.3.2 Alternative method limiting the sample size for large COVs ........................................................ 14
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 15

2
 BS EN 14358:2016
EN 14358:2016 (E)

European foreword

This document (EN 14358:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 124 Timber
structures, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2016, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2016.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.

This document supersedes EN 14358:2006.

This document is based on Annex D of EN 1990:2002, Eurocode Basis of structural design.

Compared to EN 14358:2006, the following modifications have been made:

integration of normal distributions, and non parametric estimation;

proposals for simplified equations to evaluate correction factors;

estimation of mean values;

acceptance procedure for verification of a lot (taken from EN 384: 2010).

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.

3
BS EN 14358:2016
EN 14358:2016 (E)

1 Scope
This standard gives statistical methods for the determination of characteristic values from test results
on a sample drawn from a clearly defined reference population of e.g. solid wood, fasteners, connectors
and wood-based products. The characteristic value is an estimate of the property of the reference
population and can be based on a 5-percentile value of strength, resistance or density as well as on a
mean value for stiffness.
Parametric methods are given for the determination of lower and upper 5-percentiles. The upper 5-
percentile is the 95-percentile.
This standard is suitable for use with any structural product in the frame of type testing as well as
factory production control.
Sampling is not covered by this document, but reference is made to the relevant product standards.
This standard also provides the acceptance procedure for verification of a lot.
Depending on the product, characteristic values determined in accordance with this standard may be
used directly or may need additional adjustments specified in the relevant product standards.
Note: For example, in the case of solid timber, specific adjustment factors for calculation of characteristic
values are given in EN 384.

2 Symbols

k s (n) Factor used to calculate characteristic properties for initial type testing (see Tables 1 and 2)

k(n) Factor used to calculate characteristic properties for factory production control (see Tables 3
and 4)
mi Individual test value i of stochastic variable m
mk 5-percentile value of stochastic variable m
mmean Population mean value of stochastic variable m

n Number of test values

sy Standard deviation
ux x-percentile in the standardised normal distribution
y Sample mean value
y = m for normally distributed variable
y = ln m for logarithmically normally distributed variable
y0.5 Sample 5-percentile from the test data
Confidence level (%)

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 BS EN 14358:2016
EN 14358:2016 (E)

3 Calculation of characteristic properties from test results in the frame of initial

type testing

3.1 General

The characteristic value of a material parameter or a resistance shall be determined at a confidence

level of = 75 %, where the confidence level is defined as the probability of which the characteristic
value is greater than the estimator on the characteristic value.
NOTE The confidence level = 75 % corresponds to the value recommended in EN 1990.

3.2 Calculation of 5 and 95 percentiles values

3.2.1 General

a) The characteristic value mk for a material strength parameter or a resistance m modelled as a

stochastic variable is defined as the p -percentile in the distribution function for m , corresponding
to an assumed infinitely large test series;

b) p = 5 % shall be assumed.

3.2.2 Parametric calculation

a) The parametric approach shall not be used on test data not fitting the assumed distribution. In that
case, a non-parametric method should be used;

b) It is assumed that n test values are available and that these may be assumed to originate from a
statistically homogeneous population. The test values, which are assumed to be logarithmically
normally distributed or normally distributed and independent, are denoted m1 , m2 , , mn . The n
test values constitute the sample;

c) Strength parameters should be assumed as logarithmically normally distributed unless analysis of

the data shows that a normal distribution is more appropriate. Density shall be assumed as
normally distributed;

NOTE Some product standards define the statistical distribution to be used.

d) The mean value y and the standard deviation sy shall be determined as:

logarithmically normally distributed normally distributed

n n
1 1
y=
n i =1
ln mi (1) y=
n i =1
mi (2)

n n
1 1
s y = max n 1 (ln mi y )2
(3) s y = max n 1 (mi y )2
(4)
i =1 i =1
0,05 0,05 y

The sample coefficient of variation shall not be taken as less than 0,05. For logarithmically normally

( )
distributed test values, the standard deviation sy shall not be less than ln 1 + 0,052 0,05 .

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BS EN 14358:2016
EN 14358:2016 (E)

For normally distributed test values, the standard deviation sy shall not be less than 0,05 y .
e) The characteristic value of the sample shall be determined as follows:

percentile logarithmically normally distributed normally distributed

5-percentile mk
= (
exp y k s (n)s y ) (5) mk = y k s (n)s y (6)

95-percentile mk
= (
exp y + k s (n)s y ) (7) mk = y + k s (n)s y (8)

f) k s (n) shall be taken as:

k (n)
k s (n) = (9)
n

where k (n) is the -percentile in a non-central t-distribution with n 1 degrees of freedom and the
non-centrality parameter= u1p n .

whereby u1-p is the (1 p)-percentile of the standardised normal distribution function.

The following simplified expression may be used to evaluate k s (n)

6,5 n + 6
k s (n) = (10)
3,7 n 3

Some values of k s (n) calculated according to Formula (9) are given in Table 1.

Table 1 k s ( n ) values for strength properties for p = 5 % and = 75 %

Number of test Factor

specimens
n k s (n)

3 3,15
5 2,46
10 2,10
15 1,99
20 1,93
30 1,87
50 1,81
100 1,76
500 1,69
1,64

For other numbers of test specimens, one should take the value corresponding to the next smallest
value of n listed in this table.

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 BS EN 14358:2016
EN 14358:2016 (E)

3.2.3 Non parametric calculation

a) Non parametric calculation shall not be applied if the sample size is less than n = 40 ;

b) The 5-percentile of the test data shall be evaluated by ranking the test data and determining the 5-
percentile of the ranked data;

To rank the data, any p-percentile value fp shall be linearly interpolated from the empirical cumulative
frequency distribution of the test data ranked in ascending order.
The i-th data point in the empirical cumulative frequency distribution of the test data (ranked in
ascending order) shall be taken to be the percentile (p) given by the following equation:
i
p= (11)
n

where
n sample size
i i-th data point ranked in ascending order

c) The 5-percent lower tolerance limit with 75 % confidence shall be evaluated from Formula (12):

k V
mk = y0.5 1 0.5, 0.75 (12)
n

where
n is the number of test values
mk is the 5-percent lower tolerance limit with 75 % confidence

y0.5 is the 5-percentile from the test data

V is the coefficient of variation of the test data found by dividing the standard deviation of
the test data by the average of the test data
k0.5,0.75 is a multiplier to give the 5-percent lower tolerance limit with 75 % confidence:

0,49n + 17
k 0.5, 0.75 = (13)
0,28n + 7,1

3.3 Calculation of characteristic mean values

a) The characteristic value mmean for a material stiffness m modelled as a stochastic variable is
defined as the mean value in the distribution function for m , corresponding to an assumed
infinitely large test series;

b) It is assumed that n test values are available and that these may be assumed to originate from a
homogeneous population. The test values, which are assumed to be normally distributed and
independent, are denoted m1 , m2 , , mn . The n test values constitute the sample;

7
BS EN 14358:2016
EN 14358:2016 (E)

c) The sample mean value y and the sample standard deviation sy for the stochastic variable y = m
shall be determined as:

n
1
y=
n i =1
mi (14)

n
1
s y = max n 1
(mi y )2
(15)
i =1
0,05 y

d) For stiffness properties, the characteristic mean value shall be taken as the sample mean value y
as given in Formula (14);

e) When it is required to make use of confidence intervals, the characteristic mean value mmean shall
be determined as.

mmean = y k s (n)s y (16)

where
t ,n 1
k s (n) = (17)
n

t ,n 1 is the percentile in a central t-distribution with n-1 degrees of freedom.

Some values of k s (n) are given in Table 2. For other numbers of test specimens, one should either
interpolate or take the safer value for k s (n) , i.e. the one which is larger.

The following simplified equation may also be used to evaluate.

0,78
k s (n) = (18)
n 0,53

8
 BS EN 14358:2016
EN 14358:2016 (E)

Table 2 k s ( n ) values for stiffness properties

Number of test Factor

specimens
n k s (n)

3 0,471
5 0,331
10 0,222
15 0,179
20 0,154
30 0,125
50 0,096
100 0,068
500 0,030
0,000

4 Calculation of characteristic properties from test results in the frame of

internal factory production control

4.1 General

If a variable control method is applied to control the material parameters or resistance, such control
method shall be composed with a significance level of = 75 %, where the significance level is
defined as the probability of not accepting a batch having the required characteristic value.
NOTE The significance level = 75 % corresponds to the value required in Clause 3.

4.2 Calculation of characteristic strength, density or resistance properties (5-percentile)

a) It is assumed that n test values are available and that these may be assumed to be derived from a
homogeneous population described by the stochastic variable m. The test values which are
assumed to be logarithmically normally distributed or normally distributed, are denoted
m1 , m2 , , mn . The n test values constitute the sample;

b) Strength parameters shall be assumed as logarithmically normally distributed. Density shall be

assumed as normally distributed;

c) The mean value y and the standard deviation sy shall be determined as:

logarithmically normally distributed normally distributed

n n
1 1
y=
n i =1
ln mi (19) y=
n i =1
mi (20)

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BS EN 14358:2016
EN 14358:2016 (E)

n n
1 1
=sy
n 1 i =1
(ln mi y )2 =
(21) sy
n 1 i =1
(mi y )2 (22)

d) The control shall be performed by showing that, for the random sample with n test specimens:

logarithmically normally distributed normally distributed

( )
exp y k(n)s y > mk (23) y k(n)s y > mk (24)

where mk is the assumed (declared) characteristic value

e) If the standard deviation is unknown from prior knowledge, the coefficient k(n) shall be taken as
k s (n) (see 3.2);

f) If the standard deviation is known from production control of 30 working shifts or more, the
coefficient k(n) shall be taken as:

u
k=
(n) u1p + (25)
n

where

u1p is the (1 p) percentile of the standardised normal distribution function (p = 5 % shall be

assumed);
u is the -percentile of the standardised normal distribution function ( = 75 % shall be
assumed).
The following simplified expression may be used to evaluate k(n) .

2,7 n + 16
k(n) = (26)
1,6 n + 7

NOTE Some values of k(n) for known standard deviation are given in Table 3.

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 BS EN 14358:2016
EN 14358:2016 (E)

Table 3 k(n) values for strength properties

Number of test Factor

specimens
n k(n)
3 2,03
5 1,95
10 1,86
15 1,82
20 1,80
30 1,77
50 1,74
100 1,71
500 1,68
1,64

4.3 Calculation of characteristic stiffness properties (mean values)

a) It is assumed that n test values are available and that these may be assumed to originate from a
homogeneous population. The test values, which are assumed to be normally distributed and
independent, are denoted m1 , m2 , , mn . The n test values constitute the sample;

b) The sample mean value y and the sample standard deviation sy for the stochastic variable y = m
shall be determined as:

n
1
y=
n i =1
mi (27)

n
1
=sy
n 1 i =1
(mi y )2 (28)

c) For stiffness properties, the characteristic mean value shall be taken as the sample mean value y as
given in Formula (14).

d) The control shall be performed by showing that, for the random sample with n test specimens:

y k(n)s y > mmean (29)

where mmean is the assumed (declared) characteristic value

u
and k(n) = (30)
n

where u is the -percentile of the standardised normal distribution function ( = 75 %).

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BS EN 14358:2016
EN 14358:2016 (E)

The following simplified expression may be used to evaluate k(n)

0,25 n + 12
k(n) = (31)
5 n + 18

NOTE Some values of k(n) for known coefficients of variation are given in Table 4.

Table 4 k(n) values for stiffness properties

Number of test Factor

specimens
n k(n)
3 0,389
5 0,302
10 0,213
15 0,174
20 0,151
30 0,123
50 0,095
100 0,067
500 0,030
0,000

5 Acceptance procedure for verification of a lot

5.1 General

To check a stated characteristic value for a given lot, a sample of that lot shall be tested in accordance
with Clause 4. The sample size and the check requirements are given in the following clauses for mean
values and 5-percentile values.
NOTE These clauses have been derived according to the theory of quality control, assuming a manufacturers
risk = 5 % and a consumers risk = 10 %. The purpose of quality control is to compare the quality of the lot
with the originally tested population. The manufacturers risk corresponds to the probability that an acceptable
quality lot is not accepted. The consumers risk corresponds to the probability that an unacceptable quality lot is
accepted.

This acceptance procedure is also intended to be used for a machine installation check.
5.2 Verification of mean values (e.g. mean modulus of elasticity)

5.2.1 Method keeping the consumers risk at 10 %

The sample size, which depends on the coefficient of variation (COV) of the sample, shall be taken from
Table 5.

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 BS EN 14358:2016
EN 14358:2016 (E)

Table 5 Sample size for verification of mean values

COV COV 20 % 20 % < COV 25 % 25 % < COV 30 % 30 % < COV 35 % COV > 35 %
n 34 54 77 105 140

Since the coefficient of variation is derived from the tests and therefore unknown prior to testing, an
initial guess for the COV of 20 % can be assumed.
Once the testing with the initial sample is finished, the actual COV shall be calculated. If it is larger than
the initial guess, the sample size shall be increased according to Table 5, and the subsequent testing
shall be carried out.
The mean value of the sample shall not be less than the required mean value multiplied by kq = 0,944.
Otherwise, the lot is defined as unacceptable.
NOTE In the case of mean values verification, if an acceptable quality lot is defined by a required mean
Emean,acc, an unacceptable quality lot is defined as having a mean value Emean,unacc = 90 % Emean,acc.

If the COV is larger than 35 %, the additional testing may be too extensive. In such cases, the alternative
method given below may be used.
5.2.2 Alternative method limiting the sample size for large COVs

If the COV is larger than 35 %, the sample size may be limited to 105. In that case, kq = 0,934.
NOTE This option raises the consumers risk to 20 %.

5.3 Verification of 5-percentile values (e.g. characteristic strength)

5.3.1 Method with consumer's risk equal to 10 %

The required sample size, which depends on the coefficient of variation of the sample, shall be taken
from Table 6.

Table 6 Sample size for verification of 5-percentile values

COV COV 25 % 25 % < COV 30 % 30 % < COV 35 % 35 % < COV 40 % COV > 40 %
n 40 48 93 187 411

Since the coefficient of variation is derived from the tests and therefore unknown prior to testing, an
initial guess for the COV of 25 % may be assumed.
Once the testing with the initial sample is completed, the actual COV shall be calculated. If it is larger
than the initial guess, the sample size shall be increased according to Table 6, and the subsequent
testing shall be carried out.
From the tested sample, the percentile corresponding to the required characteristic value shall be
evaluated by ranking according to method given in 3.2.3 b). It shall not be higher than the limit plim,
given in Table 7. If it is higher, the lot is defined as unacceptable.
NOTE In the case of strength verification, if an acceptable quality lot is defined by a required 5-percentile
value f05,acc, an unacceptable quality lot is defined as having a 5-percentile value f05,unacc = 80 % f05,acc.

Table 7 plim values for verification of 5-percentile values

COV COV 25 % 25 % < COV 30 % 30 % < COV 35 % 35 % < COV 40 % COV > 40 %
plim 9,44 % 7,96 % 7,02 % 6,37 % 5,89 %

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BS EN 14358:2016
EN 14358:2016 (E)

If the COV is larger than 35 %, an alternative option that limits the sample size can be used, see below.
5.3.2 Alternative method limiting the sample size for large COVs

For large COVs, the additional testing may be too extensive. In such cases, the sample size shall be
limited to 93 pieces and plim values shall be taken from Table 8.
NOTE Limiting the sample size increases the consumers risk according to Table 6.

Table 8 plim values for high COVs

COV 35 % < COV 40 % COV > 40 %

plim 7,43 % 6,9 %
Consumers risk 20 % 30 %

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 BS EN 14358:2016
EN 14358:2016 (E)

Bibliography

[1] EN 384, Structural timber Determination of characteristic values of mechanical properties and
density

[2] EN 1990:2002, Eurocode Basis of structural design

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