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    This edition of the Smithsonian Physical Tables consists of 901 tables. The increase in size over the Eighth Edition is due largely to new data on atomic physics. The tables have been prepared and arranged so as to be convenient and easy to use.

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    This edition of the Smithsonian Physical Tables consists of 901 tables. The increase in size over the Eighth Edition is due largely to new data on atomic physics. The tables have been prepared and arranged so as to be convenient and easy to use.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    5K views898 pages

    Smithsonian Physical Tables 9th Revised Edition

    Uploaded by

    adelbadr
    This edition of the Smithsonian Physical Tables consists of 901 tables. The increase in size over the Eighth Edition is due largely to new data on atomic physics. The tables have been prepared and arranged so as to be convenient and easy to use.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 898

    Smithsonian

    Physical Tables
    Ninth Revised Edition

    Prepared by
    WILLIAM ELMER FORSYTHE

    Norwich, New York


    2003
    PREFACE T O THE N I N T H REVISED EDITION

    This edition of the Smithsonian Physical Tables consists of 901 tables giv-
    ing data of general interest to scientists and engineers, and of particular inter-
    est to those concerned with physics in its broader sense. The increase in size
    over the Eighth Edition is due largely to new data on the subject of atomic
    physics. The tables have been prepared and arranged so as to be convenient
    and easy to use. The index has been extended. Each set of data given herein
    has been selected from the best sources available. Whenever possible an expert
    in each field has been consulted. This has entailed a great deal of correspond-
    ence with many scientists, and it is a pleasure to add that, almost without
    exception, all cooperated generously.
    When work first started on this edition, Dr. E. U. Condon, then director of
    the National Bureau of Standards, kindly consented to furnish any assistance
    that the scientists of that institution were able to give. The extent of this help
    can be noted from an inspection of the book. Dr. Wallace R. Brode, associate
    director, National Bureau of Standards, gave valuable advice and constructive
    criticism as to the arrangement of the tables.
    D. H. Menzel and Edith Jenssen Tebo, Harvard University, Department of
    Astronomy, collected and arranged practically all the tables on astronomy.
    A number of experts prepared and arranged groups of related data, and
    others either prepared one or two tables or furnished all or part of the data
    for certain tables. Care has been taken in each case to give the names of those
    responsible for both the data and the selection of it. A portion of the data was
    taken from other published sources, always with the.consent and approval of
    the author and publisher of the tables consulted. Due credit has been given in
    all instances. Very old references have been omitted. Anyone in need of these
    should refer to the Eighth Edition.
    It was our intention to mention in this preface the names of all who took part
    in the work, but the list proved too long for the space available. We wish,
    however, to express our appreciation and thanks to all the men and women
    from various laboratories and institutions who have been so helpful in con-
    tributing to this Ninth Edition.
    Finally, we shall be grateful for criticism, the notification of errors, and
    new data for use in reprints or a new edition.
    W . E. FORSYTHE
    Astrophysical Observatory
    Smithsonian Institution
    January 1951

    EDITOR’S N O T E
    The ninth edition of the Physical Tables was first published in June 19.54.
    I n the first reprint (1956), the second reprint (1959), and the third (1964)
    a few misprints and errata were corrected.

    iii
    TABLE 1.-TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLE

    The numbers in boldface type refer to the temperature either in degrees Centigrade or Fahrenheit which it is desired to convert into the other sale.
    If converting from degrees Fahrenheit to Centigrade, the equivalent will be be found in the column on the left, while if converting from degrees Centi-
    grade to Fahrenheit the answer will be found in the columr! on the right.

    C
    - 559.4 to 28
    r I

    L
    29 to 140
    A
    .

    F 'C
    150 to a90
    F c
    900 t o 1650 1660 to 2410
    L

    F- ' 'c
    2420 to 3000
    F
    .
    -273 -459.4
    -450
    ...
    ...
    -1.67
    -1.11
    29
    30
    84.2
    86.0
    66
    71
    150
    160
    302
    320
    482
    488
    900
    910
    1652
    1670
    904
    910
    1660
    1670
    302( 1327
    1332
    2420 4388
    -268 3031 2430 4406
    -262 -440 ... -0.56 31 87.8 77 170 338 493 920 1688 916 1680 30% 1338 2440 4424
    -257 -430 ... 0 32 89.6 82 180 356 499 930 17Ot 921 1690 307d 1343 2450 4442
    -251 -420 ... 0.56 33 91.4 88 190 374 504 940 1724 927 1700 309; 1349 2460 4464
    -246 -410 ... 1.11 34 93.2 93 200 392 510 950 1742 932 1710 311( 1354 2470 4478
    -240 -400 ... 1.67 35 95.0 99 210 410 516 960 176C 938 1720 3121 1360 2480 44%
    -234 -390 ... 2.22 36 96.8 100 212 414 521 970 1778 943 1730 314 1366 2490 4514
    -229 -380 ... 2.78 37 98.6 104 220 428 527 980 1796 949 1740 316' 1371 2500 4532
    -223 -370 ... 3.33 38 100.4 110 230 446 532 990 1814 954 1750 318; 1377 2510 4550
    -218 -360 ... 3.89 39 102.2 116 240 464 538 1000 1832 960 1760 320( 1382 2520 4568
    -212 -350 ... 4.44 40 104.0 121 250 482 543 1010 185C 966 1770 321t 1388 2530 4586
    -207 -340 ... 5.00 41 105.8 127 260 500 549 1020 1868 971 1780 3236 1393 2540 4604
    -201 -330 ... 5.56 42 107.6 I32 270 518 554 1030 1886 977 1790 3254 1399 2550 4622
    -196 -320 ... 6.11 43 109.4 138 280 536 560 1040 1904 982 1800 327; 1404 2560 4640
    -190 -310 ... 6.67 44 111.2 143 290 554 566 1050 1922 988 1810 32% 1410 2570 4658
    -184 -300 ... 7.22 45 113.0 149 300 572 571 1060 1940 993 1820 3301 1416 2580 4676
    -179 -290 ... 7.78 46 114.8 154 310 5% 577 1070 1958 999 1830 3326 1421 2590 4694
    -173 -280 .,. 8.33 47 116.6 160 320 608 582 1080 1976 1004 1840 3344 1427 2600 4712
    -169 -273 -459.4 8.89 48 118.4 16G 330 626 588 1090 1994 1010 1850 3362 1432 2610 4730
    -168 -270 -454 9.44 49 120.2 171 340 644 593 1100 2012 1016 1860 338C 1438 2620 4748
    -162 -260 -436 10.0 50 122.0 I77 350 662 599 1110 2030 1021 1870 3398 1443 2630 4766
    -157 -250 -418 10.6 51 123.8 182 360 680 604 1120 2048 1027 1880 3416 1449 2640 4784
    -151 -240 -400 11.1 52 125.6 I88 370 698 610 1130 2066 1032 1890 3434 1454 2650 4802
    -146 -230 -382 11.7 53 127.4 193 380 716 616 1140 2084 1038 1900 3452 1460 2660 4820
    -140 -220 -364 12.2 54 129.2 199 390 734 621 1150 21 02 1043 1910 3476 1466 2670 4838
    -134 -210 -346 12.8 55 131.0 !04 400 752 627 1160 2120 1049 1920 3488 1471 2680 4856
    -129 -200 -328 13.3 56 132.8 210 410 770 632 1170 2138 1054 1930 3506 1477 2690 4874
    -123 -190 -310 13.9 57 134.6 216 420 788 638 1180 2156 1060 1940 3524 1482 2700 4892
    -118 -180 -292 14.4 58 136.4 221 430 806 643 1190 2174 1066 1950 3542 1488 2710 4910
    -112 -170 -274 15.0 59 138.2 !27 440 824 649 1200 2192 1071 1960 3560 1493 2720 4928
    -107 -160 -256 15.6 60 140.0 232 450 842 654 1210 2210 1077 1970 3578 1499 2730 4946
    -101 -150 -238 16.1 61 141.8 ?38 460 860 660 1220 2228 I082 1980 3596 I504 2740 4964
    - 95.6 -140 -220 16.7 62 143.6 !43 470 878 666 1230 2246 1088 1990 3614 IS10 2750 4982
    - 90.0 -130 -202 17.2 63 145.4 !49 480 896 671 1240 2264 1093 2000 3632 1516 2760 SO00
    --- 84.4
    78.9
    73.3
    -120
    -110
    -100
    -184
    -166
    -148
    17.8
    18.3
    18.9
    64
    65
    66
    147.2
    149.0
    150.8
    254
    260
    266
    490
    500
    510
    914 677
    932 682
    950 688
    1250
    1260
    1270
    2282
    2300
    2218
    1099
    1104
    1110
    2010
    2020
    2030
    3650
    3668
    3686
    1521
    1527
    1532
    2770
    2780
    2790
    5018
    5036
    5054
    -- 62.2
    67.8 - 90
    - 80
    -130
    -112
    19.4
    20.0
    67
    68
    152.6
    154.4
    271
    277
    520
    530
    968 693
    986 699
    1280
    1290
    2336
    2354
    1116
    1121
    2040
    2050
    3704
    3722
    1538
    1543
    2800
    2810
    5072
    5090
    --- 51.1 - -94 20.6 156.2 282 1004 704 2372 1127 3740 1549 5108
    56.7 70 69 540 1300 2060 2820
    45.6
    -
    -
    60
    50
    -
    - 76
    58
    21.1
    21.3
    70
    71
    158.0
    159.8
    288
    293
    550
    560
    1022 710
    1040 716
    1310
    1320
    2390
    2408
    1132
    1138
    2070
    2080
    3758
    3776
    1554
    1560
    2830
    2840
    5126
    5144
    -- 40.0
    34.4
    -
    - 40
    30
    -40
    - 22
    22.2
    22.8
    72
    73
    161.6
    163.4
    299
    304
    570
    580
    1058 721
    1076 727
    1330
    1340
    2426
    2444
    1143
    1149
    2090
    2100
    3794
    3812
    1566
    1571
    2850
    2860
    5162
    5180
    -- 28.9
    23.3
    -
    -
    20
    10
    - 4
    14
    23.3
    23.9
    74
    75
    165.2
    167.0
    310
    316
    590
    600
    1094 732
    1112 738
    1350
    1360
    2462
    2480
    1154
    1160
    2110
    2120
    3830
    3848
    1577
    1582
    2870
    2880
    5198
    5216
    -
    - 17.2
    17.8 0
    1
    32 24.4
    33.8 25.0
    76
    77
    168.8
    170.6
    321
    327
    610
    620
    1130 743
    1148 749
    1370
    1380
    2498
    2516
    1166
    1171
    2130
    2 140
    3866
    3884
    1588
    1593
    2890
    2900
    5234
    5252
    - 16.7
    - 16.1
    2
    3
    35.6 25.6
    37.4 26.1
    78
    79
    172.4
    174.2
    332
    338
    630
    640
    1166 754
    1184 760
    1390
    1400
    2534
    2552
    1177
    1182
    2150
    2160
    3902
    3920
    1599
    1604
    2910
    2920
    5270
    5288
    - 15.6 4 39.2 26.7 80 176.0 343 650 1202 766 1410 2570 1188 2170 3938 1610 2930 5306
    - 14.4
    - 15.0 5
    6
    41.0 27.2
    42.8 27.8
    81
    82
    177.8
    179.6
    349
    354
    660
    670
    1220 771
    1238 777
    1420
    1430
    2588
    2606
    1193
    1199
    2180
    2190
    3956
    3974
    1616
    1621
    2940
    2950
    5324
    5342
    -
    - 13.9
    13.3
    7
    8
    44.6 28.3
    46.4 28.9
    83
    84
    181.4
    183.2
    360
    366
    680
    690
    1256 782
    1274 788
    1440
    1450
    2624
    2642
    1204
    1210
    2200
    2210
    3992
    4010
    1627
    1632
    2960
    2970
    5360
    5378
    -
    - 12.8
    12.2
    9
    I0
    48.2 29.4
    50.0 30.0
    85
    86
    185.0
    186.8
    37 1
    377
    700
    7 10
    1292 793
    1310 799
    1460
    1470
    2660
    2678
    1216
    1221
    2220
    2230
    4028
    4046
    1638
    1643
    2980
    2990
    5396
    5414
    -
    - 11.1
    11.7 11
    12
    51.8 30.6
    53.6 31.1
    87
    88
    188.6
    190.4
    382
    388
    720
    730
    1328 804
    1346 810
    1480
    1490
    2696
    2714
    1227
    1232
    2240
    2250
    4064
    4082
    1649 3000 5432

    - - 10.610.0
    13
    14
    55.4 31.7
    572 32.2
    89
    90
    192.2
    194.0
    393
    399
    740
    750
    1364 816
    1382 821
    1500
    1510
    2732
    2750
    1238
    1243
    2260
    2270
    4100
    4118
    -
    - 9.44
    8.89
    15
    16
    59.0 32.8
    60.8 33.3
    91
    92
    195.8
    197.6
    404
    410
    760
    770
    1400 827
    1418 832
    1520
    1530
    2768
    2786
    1249
    1254
    2280
    2290
    4136
    4154
    Interpolation
    factor#

    - - 8.33
    7.78
    17
    18
    62.6 33.9
    64.4 34.4
    93
    94
    199.4
    2012
    416
    421
    780
    790
    1436 838
    1454 843
    1540
    1550
    2804
    2822
    1260
    1266
    2300
    2310
    4172
    4190 c F
    -
    - 6.67
    722 19
    20
    66.2 35.0
    68.0 35.6
    95
    96
    203.0
    204.8
    427
    432
    800
    810
    1472 849
    1490 854
    1560
    1570
    2840
    2858
    1271
    1277
    2320
    2330
    4208
    4226
    0.56
    1.11
    1
    2
    1.8
    3.6
    -
    - 5.56
    6.11 21
    23
    69.8 36.1
    716 36.7
    97
    98
    206.6
    208.4
    438
    443
    820
    830
    1508 860
    1526 866
    1580
    1590
    2876
    2894
    1282
    1288
    2340
    2350
    4244
    4262
    1.67
    2.22
    3
    4
    5.4
    7.2
    - 5.00
    - 4.44
    23
    24
    739 37.2
    75.2 37.8
    99
    100
    210.2
    212.0
    449
    454
    840
    850
    1544 871
    1562 877
    1600
    1610
    2912
    2930
    1293
    1299
    2360
    2370
    4280
    4298
    2.78
    3.33 6
    5 9.0
    10.8
    -- 3.89 3.33
    25
    26
    77.0 43
    78.8 49
    110
    120
    230
    248
    460
    466
    860
    870
    1580 882
    1598 888
    1620
    1630
    2948
    2966
    1304
    1310
    2380
    2390
    4316
    4334
    3.89
    4.44
    .. . .
    7
    -
    8
    12.6
    14.4
    -- 2.78 2.22
    27
    28
    80.6 54
    82.4 60
    130
    140
    266
    284
    471
    477
    880
    890
    1616 893
    1634 899
    1640
    1650
    2984
    3002
    1316
    1321
    2400
    2410
    4352
    4370
    5.00
    5.56
    9
    10
    16.2
    18.0
    Ptcr-red by Alfred Sauveur; uud by the kind permiuion of bfr. Sanveur.
    Contents
    (For detailed breakdown of tables, see index.)

    Front Matter i
    Temperature Conversion Table (Table 1) ii
    Preface to the Ninth Revised Edition iii
    Introduction 1
    Units of Measurement 1
    Conversion Factors and Dimensional Formulae 2
    Some Fundamental Definitions (Table 2) 4
    Part 1. Geometrical and Mechanical Units 4
    Part 2. Heat Units 7
    Part 3. Electrical and Magnetic Units 10
    Fundamental Standards (Table 3) 13
    Part 1. Selection of Fundamental Quantities 13
    Part 2. Some Proposed Systems of Units 15
    Part 3. Electrical and Magnetic Units 16
    Part 4. The Ordinary and the Ampere-turn Magnetic Units 18
    The New (1948) System of Electric Units (Table 6) 19
    Relative Magnitude of the Old International Electrical Units and the
    New 1948 Absolute Electrical Units (Table 5) 20
    Relative Values of the Three Systems of Electrical Units (Table 6) 20
    Conversion Factors for Units of Energy (Table 7) 21
    Former Electrical Equivalents (Table 8) 22
    Some Mathematical Tables (Tables 9-15) 23-36
    Treatment of Experimental Data (Tables 16-25) 37-45
    General Physical Constants (Tables 26-28) 46-55
    Common Units of Measurement (Tables 29-36) 56-69
    Constants for Temperature Measurement (Tables 37-51) 70-78
    The Blackbody and its Radiant Energy (Tables 52-57) 79-86
    Photometry (Tables 58-77) 87-97
    Emissivities of a Number of Materials (Tables 78-84) 98-101
    Characteristics of Some Light-source Materials, and Some Light
    Sources (Tables 85-102) 102-111
    Cooling by Radiation and Convection (Tables 103-110) 112-116
    Temperature Characteristics of Materials (Tables 111-125) 117-130
    Changes in Freezing and Boiling Points (Tables 126-129) 131-135
    Heat Flow and Thermal Conductivity (Tables 130-141) 136-144
    Thermal Expansion (Tables 142-146) 145-154
    Specific Heat (Tables 147-158) 155-164
    Latent Heat (Tables 159-164) 165-167
    Thermal Properties of Saturated Vapors (Tables 165-170) 168-178
    Heats of Combustion (Tables 171-183) 179-186
    Physical and Mechanical Properties of Materials (Tables 184-209) 187-228
    Characteristics of Some Building Materials (Tables 210-217) 229-231
    Physical Properties of Leather (Tables 218-223) 232-233
    Values of Physical Constants of Different Rubbers (Tables 224-229) 234-238
    Characteristics of Plastics (Tables 233-236) 239-240
    Properties of Fibers (Tables 233-236) 241-245
    Properties of Woods (Tables 237-240) 246-258
    Temperature, Pressure, Volume, and Weight Relations of Gases and
    Vapors (Tables 241-253) 259-267
    Thermal Properties of Gases (Tables 254-260) 268-277
    The Joule-Thomson Effect in Fluids (Tables 261-267) 278-281
    Compressibility (Tables 268-280) 282-290
    Densities (Tables 281-295) 291-305
    Velocity of Sound (Tables 296-300) 306-308
    Acoustics (Tables 301-310A) 309-317
    Viscosity of Fluids and Solids (Tables 311-338) 318-336
    Aeronautics (Tables 339-346A) 337-353
    Diffusion, Solubility, Surface Tension, and Vapor Pressure
    (Tables 347-369) 354-374
    Various Electrical Characteristics of Materials (Tables 370-406) 375-396
    Electrolytics Conduction (Tables 407-415) 397-403
    Electrical and Mechanical Characteristics of Wire (Tables 416-428) 404-420
    Some Characteristics of Dielectrics (Tables 429-452) 421-433
    Radio Propagation Data (Tables 453-465) 434-450
    Magnetic Properties of Materials (Tables 466-494) 451-467
    Geomagnetism (Tables 495-512) 468-502
    Magneto-optic Effects (Tables 513-521) 503-508
    Optical Glass and Optical Crystals (Tables 522-555) 509-534
    Transmission of Radiation (Tables 556-573) 535-548
    Reflection and Absorption of Radiation (Tables 574-592) 549-556
    Rotation of Plane of Polarized Light (Tables 593-597) 557-560
    Media for Determinations of Refractive Indices with the Microscope
    (Tables 598-601) 561
    Photography (Tables 602-609) 562-567
    Standard Wavelengths and Series Relations in Atomic Spectra
    (Tables 610-624) 568-585
    Molecular Constants of Diatomic Molecules (Tables 625-625a) 586-591
    The Atmosphere (Tables 626-630) 592-595
    Densities and Humidities of Moist Air (Tables 631-640) 596-605
    The Barometer (Tables 641-648) 606-613
    Atmospheric Electricity (Tables 649-653) 614-617
    Atomic and Molecular Data (Tables 654-659) 618-624
    Abundance of Elements (Tables 660-668) 625-629
    Colloids (Tables 669-682) 630-634
    Electron Emission (Tables 683-689) 635-637
    Kinetic Theory of Gases (Tables 690-696) 638-624
    Atomic and Molecular Dimensions (Tables 697-712) 643-650
    Nuclear Physics (Tables 713-730) 651-671
    Radioactivity (Tables 731-758) 672-691
    X-rays (Tables 759-784) 692-705
    Fission (Tables 785-793) 706-709
    Cosmic Rays (Tables 794-801) 710-713
    Gravitation (Tables 802-807) 714-718
    Solar Radiation (Tables 808-824) 719-727
    Astronomy and Astrophysics (Tables 825-884) 728-771
    Oceanography (Tables 885-899) 772-779
    The Earth's Rotation: Its Variation (Table 900) 780
    General Conversion Factors (Table 901) 781-785
    Index 787
    lNTRODUCTION

    U N I T S OF MEASUREMENT

    The quantitative measure of anything is expressed by two factors-one,


    a certain definite amount of the kind of physical quantity measured, called the
    unit; the other, the number of times this unit is taken. A distance is stated
    as 5 meters. The purpose in such a statement is to convey an idea of this dis-
    tance in terms of some familiar or standard unit distance. Similarly quantity
    of matter is referred to as so many grams ; of time, as so many seconds, or
    minutes, or hours.
    The numerical factor definitive of the magnitude of any quantity must de-
    pend on the size of the unit in terms of which the quantity is measured. For
    example, let the magnitude factor be 5 for a certain distance when the mile is
    used as the unit of measurement. A mile equals 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet. The
    numerical factor evidently becomes 8,800 and 26,400, respectively, when the
    yard or the foot is used as the unit. Hence, to obtain the magnitude factor for
    a quantity in terms of a new unit, multiply the old magnitude factor by the ratio
    of the magnitudes of the old and new units ; that is, by' the number of the new
    units required to make one of the old.
    The different kinds of quantities measured by physicists fall fairly definitely
    into two classes. In one class the magnitudes may be called extensive, in the
    other, intensive. T o decide to which class a quantity belongs, it is often helpful
    to note the effect of the addition of two equal quantities of the kind in question.
    If twice the quantity results, then the quantity has extensive (additive) mag-
    nitude. For instance, two pieces of platinum, each weighing 5 grams, added
    together weigh 10 grams; on the other hand, the addition of one piece of
    platinum at 100" C to another at 100" C does not result in a system at 200" C.
    Volume, entropy, energy may be taken as typical of extensive magnitudes;
    density, temperature and magnetic permeability, of intensive magnitudes.
    The measurement of quantities having extensive magnitude is a compara-
    tively direct process. Those having intensive magnitude must be correlated
    with phenomena which may be measured extensively. In the case of tempera-
    ture, a typical quantity with intensive magnitude, various methods of measure-
    ment have been devised, such as the correlation of magnitudes of temperature
    with the varying lengths of a thread of mercury.
    Fundamental units.-It is desirable that the fewest possible fundamental
    unit quantities should be chosen. Simplicity should regulate the choice-
    simplicity first, psychologically, in that they should be easy to grasp mentally,
    and second, physically, in permitting as straightforward and simple definition
    as possible of the complex relationships involving them. Further, it seems de-
    sirable that the units should be extensive in nature. I t has been found possible
    to express all measurable physical quantities in terms of five such units : first,
    geometrical considerations-length, surface, etc.-lead to the need of a length ;
    second, kinematical considerations-velocity, acceleration, etc.-introduce
    time ; third, mechanics-treating of masses instead of immaterial points-in-
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES 1
    2
    troduces matter with the need of a fundamental unit of mass ; fourth, electrical,
    and fifth, thermal considerations require two more such quantities. T h e dis-
    covery of new classes of phenomena may require further additions.
    As to the first three fundamental quantities, simplicity and good use sanction
    the choice of a length, L, a time interval, T , and a mass, M. F o r the measure-
    ment of electrical quantities, good use has sanctioned two fundamental quan-
    tities-the dielectric constant, K , the basis of the “electrostatic” system, and
    the magnetic permeability, p, the basis of the “electromagnetic” system. Be-
    sides these two systems involving electrical considerations, there is in common
    use a third one called the “absolute” system, which will be referred to later.
    F o r the fifth, or thermal fundamental unit, temperature is generally ch0sen.l
    Derived units.-Having selected the fundamental o r basic units-namely,
    a measure of length, of time, of mass, of permeability o r of the dielectric
    constant, and of temperature-it remains to express all other units for physical
    quantities in terms of these. Units depending on powers greater than unity of
    the basic units are called “derived units.” Thus, the unit volume is the volume
    of a cube having each edge a unit of length. Suppose that the capacity of some
    volume is expressed in terms of the foot as fundamental unit and the volume
    number is wanted when the yard is taken as the unit. T h e yard is three times
    as long as the foot and therefore the volume of a cube whose edge is a yard is
    3 x 3 x 3 times as great as that whose edge is a foot. T h u s the given volume
    will contain only 1/27 as many units of volume when the yard is the unit of
    length as it will contain when the foot is the unit. To transform from the foot
    as old unit to the yard as new unit, the old volume number must be multiplied
    by 1/27, o r by the ratio of the magnitude of the old to that of the new unit of
    volume. This is the same rule as already given, but it is usually more con-
    venient to express the transformations in terms of the fundamental units
    directly. I n the present case, since, with the method of measurement here
    adopted, a volume number is the cube of a length number, the ratio of two units
    of volume is the cube of the ratio of the intrinsic values of the two units of
    length. Hence, if I is the ratio of the magnitude of the old to that of the new
    unit of length, the ratio of the corresponding units of volume is k . Similarly
    the ratio of two units of area would be 12, and so on for other quantities.

    CONVERSION FACTORS A N D D I M E N S I O N A L F O R M U L A E
    F o r the ratio of length, mass, time, temperature, dielectric constant, and
    permeability units the small bracketed letters, [ 1 J , [ m ] , [ t ], [ 01, [ K ] , and [ p ]
    will be adopted. These symbols will always represent simple numbers, but the
    magnitude of the number will depend on the relative magnitudes of the units
    the ratios of which they represent. W h e n the values of the numbers represented
    by these small bracketed letters as well as the powers of them involved in any
    particular unit are known, the factor for the transformation is at once obtained.
    Thus, in the above example, the value of 1 was 1/3, and the power involved
    in the expression for volume was 3 ; hence the factor for transforming from
    cubic feet to cubic yards was P o r 1/33 o r 1/27 These factors will be called
    conversion factors.
    1 Because of its greater psychological and physical simplicity, and the desirability that
    the unit chosen should have extensive magnitude, it has been proposed to choose as the
    fourth fundamental quantity a quantity of electrical charge, e . T h e standard units of electri-
    cal charge would then be the electronic charge. For thermal needs, entropy has been pro-
    posed. While not generally so psychologically easy to grasp as temperature, entropy is of
    fundamental importance in thermodynamics and has extensive magnitude. (Tolman, R. C.,
    The measurable quantities of physics, Phys. Rev., vol. 9, p. 237, 1917.)
    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    3
    T o find the symbolic expression for the conversion factor for any physical
    quantity, it is sufficient to determine the degree to which the quantities, length,
    mass, time, etc., are involved. Thus a velocity is expressed by the ratio of the
    number representing a length to that representing an interval of time, or
    [ L / T ] ,and acceleration by a velocity number divided by an interval-of-time
    number, or [ L I T 2 ]and, so on, and the corresponding ratios of units must
    therefore enter in precisely the same degree. The factors would thus be for
    the just-stated cases, [Z/t] and [ 1 / t 2 ] . Equations of the form above given for
    velocity and acceleration which show the dimensions of the quantity in terms of
    the fundamental units are called dimensional equations. Thus [ E l = [ML2T-']
    will be found to be the dimensional equation for energy, and [ M L 2 T 2 ]the
    dimensional formula for it. These expressions will be distinguished from the
    conversion factors by the use of bracketed capital letters.
    In general, if we have an equation for a physical quantity,
    Q = CLaMbTc,
    where C is a constant and L , M , T represent length, mass, and time in terms
    of one set of units, and it is desired to transform to another set of units in terms
    of which the length, mass, and time are L1,M 1 , T 1 ,we have to find the value of
    L,/L, M , / M , 1',/T, which, in accordance with the convention adopted above,
    will be 1, m, t, or the ratios of the magnitudes of the old to those of the new
    units.
    Thus L,=Ll, M,=Mnz, T,=Tt, and if Ql be the new quantity number,
    Q l = CL,ahllbTIC,
    = CLalaMbmbTCtC= Qlambtc,
    or the conversion factor is [lambtc], a quantity precisely of the same form as
    the dimension formula [LaMbTC].
    Dimensional equations are useful for checking the validity of physical equa-
    tions. Since physical equations must be homogeneous, each term appearing in
    theni must be dimensionally equivalent. For example, the distance moved by
    +
    a uniformly accelerated body is s=n,t +atz. The corresponding dimensional
    +
    equation is [ L ]= [ ( L / T )1'3 [ ( L / T 2 )T 2 ] each
    , term reducing to [ L ] .
    Dimensional considerations may often give insight into the laws regulating
    physical phenomena.2 For instance, Lord Rayleigh, in discussing the intensity
    of light scattered from small particles, in so far as it depends upon the wave-
    length, reasons as follows :
    The object is to compare the intensities of the incident and scattered ray; for these will
    clearly be proportional. T h e number (i) expressing the ratio of the two amplitudes is a
    function of the following quantities:-V, the volume of the disturbing particle; r, the
    distance of the point under consideration from i t ; A, the wavelength; c , the velocity of
    propagation of light ; D and D', the original and altered densities : of which the first three
    depend only on space, the fourth on space and time, while the fifth and sixth introduce the
    consideration of mass. Other elements of the problem there ar e none, except mere numbers
    and angles, which do not depend upon the fundamental measurements of space, time, and
    mass. Since the ratio i, whose expression we seek, is of no dimensions in mass, it follows
    a t once that D and D' occur only under the form D : D', which is a simple number and may
    therefore be omitted. It remains to find how i varies with V ,r, A, c.
    Now, of these quantities, c is the only one depending on time ; and therefore, as i is of no
    dimensions in time, c cannot occur in its expression. W e are left, then, with V ,r, and A ; and
    from what we know of the dynamics of the question, we may be sure that i varies directly as
    V and inversely as Y , and must therefore be proportional t o V t A?, V being of three di-
    Buckingham, E., Phys. Rev., vol. 4,p. 345,1914 ; also Philos. Mag., vol. 42,p. 696, 1921.
    Philos. Mag., ser. 4, voI. 41, p. 107, 1871. See also Robertson, Dimensional analysis,
    Gen. Electr. Rev., vol. 33, p. 207, 1930.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    4
    mensions in space. In passing from one part of the spectrum to another h is the only
    quantity which varies, and we have the important law:
    When light is Scattered by particles which are very small compared with any of the
    wavelengths, the ratio of the amplitudes of the vibrations of the scattered and incident light
    varies inversely as the square of the wavelength, and the intensity of the lights themselves
    as the inverse fourth power.
    The dimensional and conversion-factor formulae for the more commonly
    occurring derived units are given in Table 30.

    T A B L E 2.-SOM E F U NDAM E N T A L DEFl N ITIONS

    P a r t 1.-Geometrical and mechanical units 4

    Activity (power).-Time rate of doing work; unit, the watt.


    Angle ( 4 j .-The ratio of the length of its circular arc to its radius ; unit,
    the radian.
    -4ngstrom.-Unit of wavelength= meter. (See Table 522.)

    Angular acceleration
    ( a= -
    z) .-The rate of change of angular velocity.

    Angular momentum ( ZW) .-The product of its moment of inertia about


    an axis through its center of mass perpendicular to its plane of rotation and its
    angular velocity.
    Angular velocity.-The time rate of change of angle.
    Area.-Extent of surface. Unit, a square whose side is the unit of length.
    The area of a surface is expressed as S = CL', where the constant C depends
    on the contour of the surface and L is a linear dimension. If the surface is a
    square and L the length of a side, C is unity ; if a circle and L its diameter, C
    is x/4. (See Table 31.)
    Atmosphere.-Unit of pressure. (See Table 260.)
    English normal= 14.7 lb/in.*=29.929 in.Hg= 760.1s mmHg ( 3 2 ° F )
    U. S.=760 mmHg (0°C) =29.921 in.Hg= 14.70 Ib/in.'
    Avogadro number.-Number of molecules per mole, 6.0228 x loz3mole-
    cules/mole.
    Bar.4"-International unit of pressure lo6 dyne/cni'.
    Barye.-cgs pressure unit, one dyne/cm2.
    Carat.-The diamond carat standard in U. S.=200 mg. Old standard=
    205.3 mg=3.168 grains. The gold carat: pure gold is 24 carats; a carat is
    1/24 part.
    Circular area.-The square of the diameter = 1.2733 x true area. True
    area = 0.785398 x circular area.
    Circular inch.-Area of circle 1 inch in diameter.
    Cubit = 18inches
    For dimensional formula see Table 30, part 2.
    4* Some writers have used this term for 1 dyne/cm2.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    5
    Dalton (atomic inass unit R/I,).--Unit of mass, 1/16 inass of oxygen (801e)
    atom, 1.66080 x g (Phys. scale). (See Table 26.)
    Density.-The mass per unit volume. The specific gravity of a body is the
    ratio of a density to the density of a standard substance. Water and air are
    commonly used as the standard substance.
    Digit.-3/4 in. ; 1/12 the apparent diameter of the sun or moon.
    *-
    Diopter.-Unit of “power of a lens.” The diopter = the reciprocal of the
    focal length in meters.
    Dyne.-The cgs, unit of force = that unbalanced force which acting for
    1 second on body of 1 gram mass produces a velocity change of 1 cm/sec.
    Energy.-The work done by a force produces either a change in the velocity
    of a body or a change of its shape or position or both. In the first case it pro-
    duces a change of kinetic energy, in the second, of potential energy.
    Erg.-The cgs unit of work and energy = the work done by 1 dyne acting
    through 1 centimeter.
    Fluidity.-Reciprocal of viscosity.
    Foot-pound.-The work which will raise 1 pound. body 1 foot high for
    standard g.
    Foot-pounda1.-The work done when a force of 1 poundal acts through
    1 foot.
    Force ( f ) .-Force is the agent that changes the motion of bodies and is
    measured by the rate of change of momentum it produces on a free body.
    Gal = gravity standard = an acceleration of 1 cm set?.
    Giga = lo9.
    Gram.-The standard of mass in the metric system. (See Table 31.)
    Gram-centimeter.-The cgs gravitation unit of work.
    Gram-molecule.-The mass in grams of a substance numerically equal to
    its molecular weight.
    Gravitation constant.-( G, in formula F = Gnz,wz2/rZ) = 6 . 6 7 0 ~lo-*dyne
    cm2 g-2.
    Gravity (g).-The attraction of the earth for any mass. It is measured by
    the acceleration produced on the mass under standard conditions. This ac-
    celeration g equals 980.665 cm sec-* or 32.17 ft sec-*.
    Horsepower.-A unit of mechanical power. The English and American
    horsepower is defined by some authorities as 550 foot-pounds/sec and by
    others as 746 watts. The continental horsepower is defined by some authori-
    ties as 75 kgm/sec and by others as 736 watts.
    Joule.-Unit of work (energy) = lo7 ergs. Joules = (volts2 x sec)/
    ohms = watts x sec = amperes2 x ohms x sec = volts x amperes x sec.
    Kilodyne.-1 ,OOO dynes. About 0.980 gram weight.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    6
    mv2
    Kinetic energy.-The energy associated with the motion = - in ergs if
    2
    m i s in grams and v in cni/sec.

    Linear acceleration ( $).-The


    a= - rate of change of velocity.
    Liter.-See Table 32.
    Loschmidt number.-The number of molecules per cm3 of an ideal gas at
    0°C and normal pressure = 2.6S70 x 10l9molecules/cm3.
    Megabaryes.-Unit of pressure = 1,000,000 baryes = 1 bar = 0.957 at-
    mosphere.
    Meter.-See Table 31.
    Micro.-A prefix indicating the millionth part. (See Table 901.)
    Micron (p) = one-millionth of a meter = one-thousandth of a millimeter.
    Mil.-One-thousandth of an inch.
    Mile.-Statute = 5,280 feet; nautical or geographical = 6,050.20 feet.
    Mil1i.-A prefix denoting the thousandth part.
    Modulus of elasticity.-Ratio of stress to strain. The dimension of strain,
    a change of length divided by a length, or change of volume divided by a
    volume, is unity.
    Mole or mo1.-Mass equal numerically to molecular weight of substance.
    Momentum ( M = mv) .-The quantity of motion in the Newtonian sense ;
    the product of the mass and velocity of the body.
    Moment of inertia ( I ) of a body about an axis is the 2mr2,where m is
    the mass of a particle of the body and r its distance from the axis.
    Newton.-The unit of force in the MKS system = lo5 dynes. (See Table
    3, part 2.)
    Pound weight.-A force equal to the earth's attraction for a mass of 1
    pound. This force, acting on 1 lb mass, will produce an acceleration of 32.17
    ft/sec2.
    Pounda1.-The ft-lb sec unit of force. That unbalanced force which acting
    on a body of 1 lb mass produces an acceleration of 1 ft/sec2.
    Pi (~)=3.1416. (See Table 11.)

    Power.-Activity "d) is the time rate of doing work.


    (p =-
    Radian.-An angle subtended by an arc equal to the radius. This angle
    equals 180°/r= 57.29578" = 57" 17'45" =206265'!
    Resilience.-The work done per unit volume of a body in distorting it to
    the elastic limit or in producing rupture,
    Slug.-Mass (32.17 lb) acquiring acceleration 1 ft s e P when continuously
    acted upon by force of 1 lb weight.
    SMITHMNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    7
    Strain.-The deformation produced by a stress divided by the original di-
    mension.
    Stress.-The force per unit area of a body that tends to produce a deforma-
    tion.
    Tenth-meter.-lO-l,O meter = 1 angstrom.
    Torque, moment of a couple, about an axis is the product of a force and the
    distance of its line of action from the axis.
    Volume.-Extent of space. Unit, a cube whose edge is the unit of length.
    The volume of a body is expressed as V = CL8. The constant C depends on
    the shape of the bounding surfaces.

    Velocity (v= %) is distance traversed per unit time.


    Viscosity.-The property of a liquid by virtue of which it offers resistance
    to flow. The coefficient of viscosity is the tangential force that must be applied
    to the upper surface of a 1-cni cube of the liquid on an edge to produce a
    velocity of 1 cm/sec in the face when the lower face is at rest.
    W o r k (W).-The work done by an unbalanced force is the product of the
    force by the component of the resulting displacement produced in the direction
    of the force.
    Young's modulus.-Ratio of longitudinal stress within the proportional
    limit to the corresponding longitudinal strain.
    Part P.-Hert Unit85

    Blackbody.-A body that absorbs all the radiation that falls upon it. From
    this definition and certain assumptions it can be shown that its total radiation =
    uT' (Stefan-Boltzmann Law) and that the spectral distribution of the radia-
    tion is given by the Planck Law : 5a

    Brightness temperature (S).-The temperature of a non-blackbody de-


    termined from its brightness (with an optical pyrometer, see Table 77) as rf
    it were a blackbody. Such temperatures are always less than the true tempera-
    tures.
    British thermal unit (Btu).-The amount of heat required to raise 1
    pound of water at 60"F,1°F. This unit is defined for various temperatures,
    but the general usage seems to be to take the Btu as equal to 252 calories. (See
    calorie. See Table 7.)
    Calorie.-The amount of heat necessary to raise 1 gram of water at 15"C,
    1o r
    I L.

    5 For dimensional formulas see Table 30, part 2.


    m An easier way to write this exponential term is:

    This form will be used hereafter.


    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    8
    There are various calories depending upon the interval chosen. Sometimes
    the unit is written as the gram-calorie or the kilogram-calorie, the meaning of
    which is evident. There is some tendency to define the calorie in terms of its
    mechanical equivalent. Thus the National Bureau of Standards defines the
    calorie as 4.18400 joules. At the International Steam Table Conference held
    in London in 1929 the international calorie was defined as 1/860 of the inter-
    national watt hour (see Table 7), which made it equal to 4.1860 international
    joules. With the adoption of the absolute system of electrical units, this be-
    comes 1/859.858 watt hours or 4.18674 joules. The Btu was defined at the
    same time as 251.996 international calories. Thus, until such a time as these
    differences are taken care of, there will be some confusion.
    Celsius temperature scale.-The present-day designation of the scale
    formerly known as the Centigrade scale.
    C entigrade temperature scale.-The temperature scale that divides the
    interval between the ice point, taken as O'C, and the boiling point of water
    with 100".
    Coefficient of thermal expansion.-Ratio of the change of length per
    unit length (linear), or change of volume per unit volume (voluminal), to the
    change of temperature.
    Color temperature ( T s ).-The color temperature of a non-blackbody is
    the temperature at which it is necessary to operate the blackbody so that the
    color of its emitted light will match that of the source studied.
    Emissivity.-Ratio of the energy radiated at any temperature by a non-
    blackbody to that radiated by a blackbody at the s a n e temperature. The
    spectral emissivity is for a definite wavelength, and the total emissivity is
    for all wavelengths.
    Entha1py.-Total energy that a system possesses by virtue of its tempera-
    +
    ture. Thus, where U is the internal energy, then the enthalpy = U PV where
    PV represents the external work.
    Entropy.-A measure of the extent to which the energy of the system is
    unavailable.
    Fahrenheit temperature scale.-A scale based on the freezing point .of
    water taken as 32" and the boiling point of water taken as 212".
    Graybody.-A body that has a constant emissivity for all wavelengths.
    Heat.-Energy transferred by a thermal process. Heat can be measured
    in terms of the dynamical units of energy, as the erg, joule, etc., or in terms of
    the amount of energy required to produce a definite thermal change in some
    substance, as for example the energy required per degree to raise the tempera-
    ture of a unit miLss of water at some temperature. The mechanical unit of
    heat has the dimensional formula of energy ( M L 2 T 2 ) .The thermal unit
    ( H ) ,as used in many of these tables, is ( M e ) where 0 denotes a temperature
    interval.
    Joule's equivalent (J) o r the mechanical equivaient of heat.-Con-
    version factor for changing an expression of mechanical energy into an ex-
    pression of thermal energy or vice versa (4.1855 J/cal).
    6Gen. Electr. Rev., vol. 47, p. 26, 1944.
    SMITHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    9
    Kelvin temperature scale.-Scale of temperature based on equal work for
    equal temperatures for a working substance in a carnot cycle = Celsius (Centi-
    grade) scale +
    273.16.
    Langley (ly).-A new unit of radiation, surface density, has been sug-
    gested which equals 1 calorie ( lS°C) per cm?.
    L a t e n t heat.-Quantity of heat required to change the state of a unit mass
    of matter.
    Pyron.-A unit of radiant intensity = 1 cal cniP inin-l.
    Radiant energy.-Energy traveling in the form of electromagnetic waves.
    Radiant temperature.-The temperature obtained by use of a total radia-
    tion pyrometer when sighted upon a non-blackbody. This is always less than
    the true temperature.
    R a n k i n temperature scale.-Absolute Fahrenheit scale = Fahrenheit
    scale + 459.7.
    R e a u m u r temperature scale.-A scale based upon the freezing point of
    water taken as 0"R and the boiling point of water taken as SOOR.
    Specific heat.-Ratio of the heat capacity of a substance to the heat capacity
    of an equal mass of water. When so expressed, the specific heat is a dinien-
    sionless number.
    Standard temperature.-A temperature that depends upon some char-
    acteristic of some substance, such as the melting, boiling, or freezing point, that
    is used as a reference standard of temperature.
    T h e r m a l capacitance.-The heat capacity of a hody is the limiting value,
    A 0
    as T approaches zero, of the ratio L* where A T is the rise in temperature
    AT
    resulting from the addition to the body of a quantity of heat equal to A Q .
    T h e r m a l conductivity.-Quantity of heat, Q , which flows normally across
    a surface of unit area per unit of time and per unit of temperature gradient
    normal to the surface. In thermal units it has the tliinensional forinula
    ( HO-lL-lT-l)or (ML-'T-'), in mechanical units ( I I ~ L T - ~ O P ) .
    Thermodynamic temperature.-See Kelvin teinperature scale.
    Thermodynamics.-Study of the flow of heat.
    Thermodynamic laws : Zeroth ln.iu.-Two systems that are in thermal
    equilibrium with a third are in thermal equilibrium with each other. First low:
    When equal quantities of niechanical effect are produced by any means what-
    ever from purely thermal effects, equal quantities of heat are put out of
    existence or are created. S'ccoizd lnzw: It is impossible to transfer heat from
    a cold body to a hot body without the perfornlance of mechanical work. Third
    lnzv: I t is impossible by any means whatever to superpose only the images of
    several light sources to obtain an image brighter than the brightest of the
    source.
    7 Aldrich et al., Science, vol. 106, p. 225, 1947.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    10
    Part 3.-Electric and Magnetic Units

    A system of units of electric and magnetic quantities requires four funda-


    mental quantities. A system in which length, mass, and time constitute three
    of the fundamental quantities is known as an “absolute” system. There are
    two abso1u:e systems of electric and magnetic units. One is called the electro-
    static, in which the fourth fundamental quantity is the dielectric constant, and
    one is called the electromagnetic, in which the fourth fundamental quantity is
    magnetic permeability. Besides these two systems there will be described a
    third, to be known as the absolute system, that was introduced January 1, 1948.
    (See Table 4.)
    I n the electrostatic system, unit quantity of electricity, Q, is the quantity
    which exerts unit mechanical force upon an equal quantity a unit distance from
    it in a vacuum. From this definition the dimensions and the units of all the
    other electric and magnetic quantities follow through the equations of the
    mathematical theory of electromagnetism. The mechanical force between two
    quantities of electricity in any medium is
    Q Q’
    F= -
    KrZ ’
    where K is the dielectric constant, characteristic of the medium, and r the dis-
    tance between the two points at which the quantities Q and Q‘ are located. K
    is the fourth quantity entering into dimensional expressions in the electrostatic
    system. Since the dimensional formula for force is [ M L T 2 ] ,that for Q is
    [M’LZ T ’ K ’ ] .
    The electroinagnetic system is based upon the unit of the magnetic pole
    strength (see Table 466). The dimensions and the units of the other quantities
    are built up from this in the same manner as for the electrostatic system. The
    mechanical force between two magnetic poles in any medium is
    m d
    F= -
    pr2 ’
    in which p is the permeability of the medium and Y is the distance between two
    poles having the strengths m and m‘. p is the fourth quantity entering into
    dimensional expressions in the electromagnetic system. I t follows that the
    dimensional expression for magnetic pole strength is [M’L:T 1 p * ] .
    The symbols K and p are sometimes omitted in tlie dimensional formulae so
    that only three fundamental quantities appear. There are a number of objec-
    tions to this. Such formulae give no information as to the relative magnitudes
    of the units i n the two systems. The omission is equivalent to assuming some
    relation between mechanical and electrical quantities, or to a nlechanical expla-
    nation of electricity. Such a relation or explanation is not known.
    The properties I< and p are connected by the equation I / V / K p = v , where v
    is the velocity of an electromagnetic wave. For empty space or for air, K and
    p being measnred in tlie same units, 1VKp=c, where c is the velocity of
    light in vacuo, 2 . 9 9 7 7 6 ~10’O cni per sec. It is sometimes forgotten that the
    omission of the dimensions of K or p is merely conventional. For instance,
    magnetic field intensity and magnetic induction apparently have the same di-
    mensions when p is omitted. This results in confusion and difficulty in under-
    stantling the theory of magnetism. The suppression of p has also led to the use
    of the “centimeter” as a unit of capacity and of inductance ; neither is physically
    the same as length.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    11
    ELECTROSTATIC SYSTEM

    Capacitance of an insulated conductor is proportional to the ratio of the


    quantity of electricity in a charge to the potential of the charge. The dimen-
    sional formula is the ratio of the two formulae for electric quantity and
    potential or [M'L:T-lK'/M'L'T-'K-'] or [ L K ] .
    Conductance of any part of an electric circuit, not containing a source of
    electromotive force, is the ratio of the current flowing through it to the differ-
    ence of potential between its ends. The dimensional formula is the ratio of the
    formulae for current and potential or [M'L;T-2K'/M'L'T'K-i] or [ L T - l K ] .
    Electrical conductivity, like the corresponding term for heat, is quantity
    per unit area per unit potential gradient per unit of time. The dimensional
    formula is [ M ' L g T ' K 4 / L 2 ( M 4 L
    *TT-'Ki
    / L ) T ] or [ T ' K ] .
    Electric current (statampere-unit quantity) is quantity of electricity flow-
    inn through a cross section per unit of time. The dimensional formula is the
    raTio of tKe formulae for electric quantity and for time or [ M * L > P K ' / T or
    ]
    [M3L;T2K'],
    Electric field intensity strength at a point is the ratio of the force on a
    quantity of electricity at a point to the quantity of electricity. The dimensional
    formula is therefore the ratio of the formulae for force and electric quantity or
    [ M L T-2/M L 2 T-lK' ] or [ h14L-3 T-lK-' I .
    Electric potential difference and electromotive force (emf) (statvolt-
    work = 1 erg) .-Change of potential is proportional to the work done per unit
    of electricity in producing the change. The dimensional formula is the ratio of
    the formulae for work and electrical quantity or [ML2Z'2/M'L;T1K4]or
    [MiLiT-'K-'].
    Electric surface density of an electrical distribution at any point on a sur-
    face is the quantity of electricity per unit area. The dimensional formula is the
    ratio of the formulae for quantity of electricity and for area or [ M'L-' T ' K ' ] .
    Quantity of electricity has the dimensional formula [ M' LZT' K ' ] , as
    shown above.
    Resistance is the reciprocal of conductance. The dimensional formula is
    EL-'TK-'].
    Resistivity is the reciprocal of conductivity. The dimensional formula is
    [ TK-'1 .
    Specific inductive capacity is the ratio of the inductive capacity of the
    substance to that of a standard substtnce and therefore is a number.
    Exs.-Find the factor for converting quantity of electricity expressed in ft-grain-sec
    units to the same expressed in cgs units. The formula is Im*lgt-'k'], in which m=0.0648,
    1 = 30.48, t = 1, k = 1 ; the factor is 0.06483 X 30.481, or 42.8.
    Find the factor reauired to convert electric ootential from mm-mp-sec units to CPS Y

    units. The formula is [ m ' l * t - l / d ] ,in which m =b.OOl, 1 = 0.1, t = 1, k-= 1 ; the factor is
    0.001, x 0.14, or 0.01.
    Find the factor required to convert electrostatic capacity from ft-grain-sec and specific-
    inductive capacity 6 units to cgs units. The formula is [Ikl in which I = 30.48, k = 6;
    the factor is 30.48 X 6 , or 182.88.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    12
    ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEM

    Many of the magnetic quantities are analogues of certain electric quantities.


    The dimensions of such quantities in the electromagnetic system differ from
    those of the corresponding electrostatic quantities in the electrostatic system
    only in the substitution of permeability p for K.
    Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance, and the dimensional formula is
    [L-'Tp-11.
    Conductivity is the quantity of electricity transmitted per unit area per unit
    potential gradient per unit of time. The dimensional formula is [M'L'p-'/
    L2(MfLgT-2p.1/L) TI or [L-*Tp-'].
    Current, I (abampere-unit magnetic field, Y = 1 cm), flowing in circle,
    radius r, creates magnetic field at its center, 2 ~ l / r .Dimensional formula is
    product of formulae for magnetic field intensity and length or [M'L'Fp-'I.
    Electric field intensity is the ratio of electric potential or electroinotive
    force and length. The dimensional formula is [M'L*T L p ' ] .
    E le ctric potential, or electromotive force (emf) (abvolt-work- 1 erg),
    as in the electrostatic system, is the ratio of work to quantity of electricity.
    The dimensional formula is [ML2T-'/M'L'p-'] or [M'LI T ' p ' ] .
    Electrostatic capacity is the ratio of quantity of electricity to difference of
    potential. The dimensional formula is [ L-'T2p-'].
    I n t e n s i t y of magnetization ( I ) of any portion of a magnetized body is
    the ratio of the magnetic moinent of that portion and its volume. The dimen-
    sional formula is [MfLgT-1pL1/L3] or [M'L-'?"'p*].
    Magnetic field str e n g t h , magnetic i n t e n s i t y or magnetizing f o r c e ( I )
    is the ratio of the force on a magnetic pole placed at the point and the magnetic
    pole strength. The dimensional formula is therefore the ratio of the formulae
    for a force and magnetic quantity, or [MLT2/M'LzT-'p']or [M*L-'T-'p-*].
    Magnetic flux (a) characterizes the magnetized state of a magnetic circuit.
    Through a surface enclosing a magnetic pole it is proportional to the magnetic
    pole strength. The dimensional formula is that for magnetic pole strength.
    Magnetic induction ( B ) is the magnetic flux per unit of area taken per-
    pendicular to the direction of the magnetic flux. The dimensional formula is
    [ M'Lz T-'p4/L2]or [M'L -*T-'p'].
    Magnetic moment ( M ) is the product of the pole strength by the length of
    the magnet. The dimensional formula is [M'LzT'lp.l].
    Magnetic pole s t r e n g t h or q u a n t i t y of magnetism (11%) has already
    been shown to have the dimensional formula [M'L;T-'p'].
    Magnetic potential or magnetomotive force at a point is measured by
    the work which is required to bring unit quantity of positive magnetism from
    zero potential to the point. The dimensional formula is the ratio of the formulae
    for work and magnetic quantity [ M L 2 T 2 / X i L ~ T - ' por
    * ][M'L'T-'p-*].
    Magnetic reluctance is the ratio of magnetic potential difference to mag-
    netic flux. The dimensional formula is [ L ? p - l ] .
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    Magnetic susceptibility ( K ) is the ratio of intensity of magnetization
    produced and the intensity of the magnetic field producing it. The dimensional
    formula is [M'L-'T-'p'/M'L-'T-' P 1 or [PI. -'
    Mutual inductance of two circuits is the electromotive force produced in
    one per unit rate of variation of the current in the other. The dimensional
    formula is the same as for self-inductance.
    Peltier effect, coefficient of, is measured by the ratio of the quantit,ppf
    heat and quantity of electricity. The diinensional formula is [ML2T2/M1L p '1
    or [M*L~T-'p*], the same as for electromotive force.
    Q u a n t i t y of electricity is the product of the current and time. The dinien-
    sional formula is [M'L1p-+].
    Resistance of a conductor is the ratio of the difference of potential be-
    tween its ends and the constant current flowing. The dimensional formula is
    [ll,f1L T-?p1/M4L1T-1p -& ] or [ L T - l p ] .
    Resistivity is the reciprocal of conductivity as just defined. The dimen-
    sional formula is [ L 2 T 1 p ] .
    Self-inductance is for any circuit the electromotive force produced in it by
    unit rate of variation of the current through it. The dimensional formula is
    the product of the formulae for electromotive force and time divided by that
    1] [ L p ] .
    for current or [ M 1 L 8 T 2 p 1 ~ T ~ M ' L ' T - 1 p - or
    Thermoelectric power is measured by the ratio of electromotive force and
    temperature. The dimensional formula is [ M'L2T-'pW1].
    Exs.-Find the factor required to convert intensity of magnetic field from ft-grain-min
    units to cgs units. The formula is [ m ~ / - ~ f - l p;&~n l = 0.0645, 1 = 30.48, t = 60, and p = 1 ;
    the factor is 0.0648: X 30.45-:, or 0.046108.
    How many cgs units of magnetic moment make one ft-grain-sec unit of the same quan-
    tity? The formula is [ m i l t-'p!I ; 1% = 0.0648. 1 = 30.48, f = 1, and p = 1 ; the number
    is 0.06481 x 30.48a, or 1305.6,
    If the intensity of magnetization of a steel bar is 700 in cgs units, what will it be in
    mm-mg-sec units? The formula is [ ? t z + l ~ f - * p; *m ] = 1000, 1 = 10, t = 1, p = 1 ; the in-
    tensity is 700 x 1000' X ,lo', or 70000.
    Find the factor required to convert current from cgs units to earth-quadrant-lO-=
    gram-sec units. The formula is [ ~ n * l + t - ' p - ;~ Inz = lo", 1 = lo-@,p = 1 ; the factor is
    10V x lo-!, or 10.
    Find the factor required to convert resistance expressed in cgs units into the same ex-
    pressed in earth-quadrant-10"' gram-sec units. The formula is [ I t P p l ; I = lo-', t = 1,
    p = 1 ; the factor is lo-'.

    TABLE 3.-FUNDAMENTAL STANDARDS

    Part 1.-Selection of fundamental quantities

    The choice of the nature of the fundamental quantities already made does
    not sufficiently define the system for measurements. Some definite unit or
    arbitrarily chosen standard must next be taken for each of the fundamental
    quantities. This fundamental standard should hzve the qualities of perma-
    nence, reproducibility, and availability and be suitable for accurate measures.
    Once chosen and made it is called the primary standard and is generally kept
    at some central bureau-for instance, the International Bureau of Weights
    and Measures at Scvres, France. A primary standard may also be chosen and
    made for derived units (e.g., the new absolute (1945) ohm standard.), when
    it is simply a standard closely representing the unit and accepted for practieal
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    14
    purposes, its value having been fixed by certain measuring processes. Second-
    ary or reference standards are accurately compared copies, not necessarily
    duplicates, of the primaries for use in the work-of standardizing laboratories
    and the production of working standards for everyday use.
    Standard of length.-The primary standard of length which now almost
    universally serves as the basis for physical measurements is the meter. I t is
    defined as the distance between two lines at 0" C on a platinum-iridium bar
    deposited at the International Eureau of Weights and Measures. This bar is
    known as the International Prototype Meter, and its length was derived from
    the ''metre des Archives," which was made by Eorda. Borda, Delambre,
    Laplace, and others, acting as a committee of the French Academy, recom-
    mended that the standard unit of length should be the ten-millionth part of the
    length, from the equator to the pole, of the meridian passing through Paris. In
    1795 the French Republic passed a decree making this the legal standard of
    length, and an arc of the meridian extending from Dunkirk to Barcelona was
    measured by Delambre and Mechain for the purpose of realizing the standard.
    From the results of that measurement the meter bar was made by Corda. The
    meter is now defined as above and not in terms of the meridian length ; hence,
    subsequent measures of the length of the meridian have not affected the length
    of the meter.
    S t a n d a r d of mass.-The primary standard of mass now almost universally
    used as the basis for physical measurements is the kilogram. It is defined as
    the mass of a certain piece of platinum-iridium deposited at the International
    Bureau of Weights and Measures. This standard is known as the International
    Prototype Kilogram. Its mass is equal to that of the older standard, the "kilo-
    gram des Archives," made by Borda and intended to have the same mass as a
    cubic decimeter of distilled water at the temperature of 4" C.
    Copies of the International Prototype Meter and Kilogram are possessed by
    the various governments and are called National Prototypes.
    S t a n d a r d of time.-The unit of time universally used is the mean solar
    second, or the 86400th part of the mean solar day. It is based on the average
    time of one rotation of the earth on its axis relatively to the sun as a point of
    reference= 1.002 737 91 sidereal second.
    S t a n d a r d of temperature.-The standard scale of temperature, adopted by
    the International Committee of Weights and Measures ( 1887), depends on
    the constant-volume hydrogen thermometer. The hydrogen is taken at an
    initial pressure at 0" C of 1 meter of mercury, 0" C, sea-level at latitude 45".
    The scale is defined by designating the temperature of melting ice as 0" and of
    condensing steam as 100" under standard atmospheric pressure.
    Thermodynamic (Kelvin) Scale (Centigrade degrees).-Such a scale
    independent of the properties of any particular substance, and called the
    thermodynamic, or absolute scale, was proposed in 1848 by Lord Kelvin. The
    temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy per molecule of a
    perfect gas.
    International temperature scale.-See Table 37.
    Numerically different systems of units.-The fundamental physical
    quantities which form the basis of a system for measurements have been chosen
    and the fundamental standards selected and made. Custom has not however
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    15
    generally used these standards for the measurement of the magnitudes of
    quantities but rather multiples or submultiples of them. For instance, for very
    small quantities the niicron ( p ) or one-millionth of a meter is often used. The
    following table gives some of the systems proposed, all built upon the funda-
    mental standards aIready described. The centimeter-gram-second (cni-g-sec o r
    cgs) system proposed by Kelvin is the only one generally accepted.
    Part 2.-Some proposed systems o f units
    Giorgi Practical
    Weber MKS B. A. ( R . A.
    and Kelvin Moon (Prim. France Corn., Corn., Strout
    Gauss ces 1891 Stds.) 1914 1863 1873) 1891
    Length . . . . . nim cm dm m m m lO'cm lO'cm
    Mass . .. .... mg R Kg Kg loeg g lo-" g lo-' g
    S S
    Time ... . . .. sec sec 10 sec sec sec sec sec

    Further, the choice of a set of fundamental physical quantities to form the


    basis of a system does not necessarily determine how that system shall be used
    in measurements. In fact, upon any sufficient set of fundamental quantities, a
    great many different systems of units may be built. The electrostatic and elec-
    tromagnetic systems are really systems of electric quantities rather than units.
    They were based upon the relationships F = QQ'/Kr' and 112712'/p~~,respec-
    tively. Systems of units built upon a chosen set of fundamental physical quan-
    tities may differ in two ways: ( 1 ) the units chosen for the fundamental
    quantities may be different ; (2) the defining equations by which the system is
    built may be different.
    The electrostatic system generally used is based on the centimeter, gram,
    second, and dielectric constant of a vacuum. Other systems have appeared,
    differing from this in the first way-for instance using the foot, grain, and
    second in place of the centimeter, gram, and second. A system differing from
    it in the second way is that of Heaviside which introduces the factor 4x at
    different places than is usual in the equations. There are similarly several
    systems of electromagnetic units in use.
    Gaussian systems.-"The complexity of the interrelations of tlie units is
    increased by the fact that not one of the systems is used as a whole, consistently
    for all electromagnetic quantities. The 'systems' at present used are therefore
    combinations of certain of the systems of units."
    Some writers on the theory of electricity prefer to use what is called a
    Gaussian system, a combination of electrostatic units for purely electrical quan-
    tities and electromagnetic units for magnetic quantities. There are two such
    Gaussian systems in vogue-one a combination of cgs electrostatic and cgs elec-
    tromagnetic systems, and the other a combination of the two corresponding
    Heaviside systems.
    1Vhen a Gaussian system is used, caution is necessary when an equation
    contains both electric and magnetic quantities. A factor expressing tlie ratio
    between the electrostatic and electromagnetic units of one of the quantities
    has to be introduced. This factor is the first or second power of c, the number
    8 Circular 60 of the National Bureau of Standards, Electric Units and Standards, 1916.
    The subsequent matter in this introduction is based upon this circular.
    For example, A. G. Webster, Theory of electricity and magnetism, 1897; J. H. Jeans,
    Electricity and magnetism, 1911 ; H. A. Lorentz, The theory of electrons, 1909; and
    0. W. Richardson, T h e electron theory of matter, 1914.
    SMlTHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    16
    of electrostatic units of electric charge in one electromagnetic unit of the same.
    There is sometimes a question as to whether electric current is to be expressed
    in electrostatic or electromagnetic units, since it has both electric and magnetic
    attributes. I t is usually expressed in electrostatic units in the Gaussian system.
    It may be observed from the dimensions of K given in Table 2, part 3, that
    [ I / K p ]= [ L 2 / T 2 ]which has the dimensions of a square of a velocity. This
    velocity was found experimentally to be equal to that of light, when K and p
    were expressed in the same system of units. Maxwell proved theoretically that
    l/V/Kp is the velocity of any electromagnetic wave. This was subsequently
    proved experimentally. When a Gaussian system is used, this equation becomes
    c / V K i = z * . For the ether K = 1 in electrostatic units and p= 1 in electromag-
    netic units. Hence c=v for the ether, or the velocity of an electromagnetic
    wave in the ether is equal to the ratio of the cgs electromagnetic to the cgs
    electrostatic unit of electric charge. This constant c is of primary importance
    in electrical theory. Its most probable value is 2.99776 x 1O’O centimeters per
    second.
    Part 3.-Electrical and magnetic units

    Absolute (“practical”) electromagnetic system (1948).-This electro-


    magnetic system is based upon the units of lo9 cm, g, the sec and p of
    the ether. The principal quantities are the resistance unit, the ohm= lo8 emu
    units; the current unit, the ampere= lo-’ emu units; and the electromotive
    force unit, the volt = lo8 emu units. (See Table 6.)
    The International electric units.-The units used before January 1,
    1948, in practical electrical measurements, however, were the “International
    Units.” They were derived from the “practical” system just described, or as
    the latter is sometimes called, the “absolute” system. These international units
    were based upon certain concrete standards that were defined and described.
    With such standards electrical comparisons can be more accurately and readily
    made than could absolute measurements in terms of the fundamental units.
    Two electric units, the international ohm and the international ampere, were
    chosen and made as nearly equal as possible to the ohm and ampere of the
    “practical” or “absolute” systeni.1°

    Q U A N T I T Y O F ELECTRICITY

    The unit of quantity of electricity is the coulomb. The faraday is the


    quantity of electricity necessary to liberate 1 gram equivalent in electrolysis.
    It is equivalent to 96,488 absolute coulombs (Birge).
    Standards.-There are no standards of electric quantity. The silver voltam-
    eter may be used for its measurement since under ideal conditions the mass
    of metal deposited is proportional to the aiiiount of electricity which has flowed.

    CAPACITY

    The unit used for capacity is the microfarad or the one-millionth of the farad,
    which is the capacity of a condenser that is charged to a potential of 1 volt by
    1 coulomb of electricity. Capacities are commonly measured by comparison
    with standard capacities. The values of the standards are determined by
    1OThere was, however, some slight error in these values that had to be taken into
    account for accurate work. (See Table 5.)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    17

    measurement in terms of resistance and tiiiie. T h e standard is some form of


    condenser consisting of two sets of metal plates separated by a dielectric.
    T h e condenser should be surrounded by a metal shield connected to one set
    of plates rendering the capacity independent of the surroundings. A n ideal
    condenser would have a constant capacity under all circumstances, with zero
    resistance in its leads and plates, and no absorption in the dielectric. Actual
    condensers vary with tlie temperature, atmospheric pressure, and the voltage,
    frequency, and time of charge and discharge. A well-constructed air con-
    denser with heavy metal plates and suitable insulating supports is practically
    free from these effects and is used as a standard of capacity.
    Practically, air-condenser plates must be separated by 1 mrn or more and so
    cannot be of great capacity. T h e more the capacity is increased by approaching
    the plates, the less the mechanical stability and the less constant the capacity.
    Condensers of great capacity use solid dielectrics, preferably mica sheets with
    conducting plates of tinfoil. A t constant temperature the best mica condensers
    are excellent standards. The dielecti ic absorption is sinall but not quite zero,
    SO that tlie capacity of these stantlards found varies with different methods of
    measurement, so for accurate results care must be taken.

    INDUCTANCE

    T h e henry, the unit of self-inductance and also the unit of mutual inductance,
    is the inductance in a circuit when the electromotive force induced i n this
    circuit is 1 volt, while the inducing current varies at the rate of 1 ampere per
    second.
    Inductance standards.-Inductance standards are measured in interna-
    tional units in terms of resistance and time or resistance and capacity by alter-
    nate-current bridge methods. Inductances calculated froni dimensions are in
    absolute electroniagnetic units. T h e ratio of the international to the absolute
    henry is the same as the ratio of tlie corresponding ohms.
    Since inductance is measured i n terms of capacity and resistance by the
    Iiridge method ahout as siinply and as conveniently as by comparison with
    standard inductances, it is not necessary to maintain standard inductances.
    They are however of value i n magnetic, ~lternating-current, antl absolute
    electrical measurenients. A standard inductance is a circuit so wound that
    when used i n a circuit it adds a definite ainount of inductance. I t must have
    either such a form o r so great an inductance that the mutual inductance of tlie
    rest of the circuit upon it may he negligible. I t usually is a wire coil wound all
    in tlie saiiie direction to make sel f-induction a iiiaxiniuiii. X standard. tlie in-
    ductance of which may be calculated from its dimensions, should be a single
    layer coil of very simple geometrical form. Stantlards of very siiiall inductance,
    calculable from their tliiiiensions, are of soiiie simple device, such as a pair of
    parallel wires or a single turn of wire. With such standards great care must
    be used that tlie mutual inductance upon them of tlie leads and other parts of
    tlie circuit is negligil)le. Any intluctance standard should be separated by long
    leads from the measuring bridge or other apparatus. It must be wound so that
    the distributed capacity between its turns is neg1igil)le ; otherwise the apparent
    inductance will vary with tlie frequency.

    POWER A N D ENERGY

    Power and energy, although mechanical antl not primarily electrical quanti-
    ties, are nieasural)le with greater precision I)y electrical methods than in any
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    18
    other way. The watt and the electric units were so chosen in terms of the cgs
    units that the product of the current in amperes by the electromotive force in
    volts gives the power in watts (for continuous or instantaneous values). The
    watt is defined as the energy expended per second by an unvarying electric
    current of 1 ampere under an electric pressure of 1 volt.
    Standards and measurements.-No standard is maintained for power or
    energy. Measurements are always made in electrical practice in terms of some
    of the purely electrical quantities represented by standards.
    MAGNETIC U N I T S

    Cgs units are generally used for magnetic quantities. American practice is
    fairly uniform in names for these units : the cgs unit of magnetomotive force
    is called the gilbert; magnetic intensity, the oersted; magnetic induction, the
    gauss; magnetic flux, the waxwell, following the definitions of the American
    Institute of Electrical Engineers ( 1894).
    Oersted, the cgs emu of magnetic intensity exists at a point where a force
    of 1 dyne acts upon a unit magnetic pole at that point, i.e., the intensity 1 cm
    from a unit magnetic pole.
    Maxwell, the cgs emu magnetic flux is the flux through a cm2 normal to a
    field a t 1 cm from a unit magnetic pole.
    Gauss, the cgs emu of magnetic induction has such a value that if a con-
    ductor 1 cm long moves through the field at a velocity of 1 cm/sec, length and
    induction mutually perpendicular, the induced emf is 1 abvolt.
    Gilbert, the cgs emu of magnetomotive force is a field such that it requires
    1 erg of work to bring a unit magnetic pole to the point.
    A unit frequently used is the ampere-turn. It is a convenient unit since it
    eliminates 4~ in certain calculations. It is derived from the “ampere turn per
    cm.” The following table shows the relations between a system built on the
    ampere-turn and the ordinary magnetic units.”
    11 Dellinger, International system of electric and magnetic units, Nat. Bur. Standards
    Bull., vol. 13, p. 599, 1916.

    P a r t 4.-The ordinary and the ampere-turn magnetic units

    Ordinary
    Ordinary units in 1
    magnetic Ampere-turn ampere-
    Quantity units units turn unit
    Magnetomotive force ....... 3 gilbert ampere-turn 4s/10
    Magnetizing force .......... H gilbert per ampere-turn per 4s/10
    cm cm
    Magnetic flux .............. + maxwell maxwell 1
    Magnetic induction ......... B maxwell per maxwell per cm2 1
    { cm2 gauss {gauss
    Permeability ............... p 1
    Reluctance ................. R oersted ampere-turn per 4s/10
    { maxwell
    Magnetization intensity ..... J maxwell per cm‘ 1/4s
    Magnetic susceptibility ...... K 1/4s
    Magnetic pole strength. . . . . . m maxwell 1 /4s

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    19
    T A B L E 4.-THE NEW (1948) S Y S T E M O F E L E C T R I C A L U N I T S 1 2

    In pursuance of a decision of the International Committee on Weights and


    Measures, the National Bureau of Standards introduced, as of January 1,
    1948, revised values of the units of electricity. This consummated a movement,
    initiated in 1927 by the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, asking that
    the National Bureau of Standards undertake the additional research necessary
    in order that the absolute ohm and absolute ampere based on the cgs electro-
    magnetic systein and the absolute volt, watt, and other units derived from
    them could be legalized in place of the international ohm and ampere and their
    derived units. This work was done, and the magnitude of the old international
    units in terms of the adopted absolute units is given in Table 5. This means
    that the electrical units now in use represent, as nearly as it is possible to make
    them, exact multiples of the cgs emu system, with the numerical relations
    shown in Table 6. Units of the new systeni will actually be maintained, as
    were the old international units, by groups of standard resistors and of standard
    cells, and consequently the change to be made is most simply represented by
    stating the relative magnitudes of the ohms and of the volts of the two systems.
    During the period of transition to the new units, in order to avoid any doubt
    as to the units used in giving precise data, the International Committee on
    Weights and Measures recomnlended that the abbreviations int. and abs. be
    used with the names of the electrical units. In a few years this will be un-
    necessary, except when referring to old data.
    The international units were intended to be exact multiples of the units of
    the centimeter-gram-second electromagnetic system, but to facilitate their re-
    production, the ampere, the ohm, and the volt were defined by reference to
    three physical standards, namely (1) the silver voltameter, ( 2 ) a specified
    column of mercury, and (3) the Clark standard cell. This procedure was
    recommended by the International Electrical Congress of 1893 in Chicago and
    was incorporated in an Act of Congress of July 12, 1894. However, modifica-
    tions of the international systeni were found to be necessary or expedient for
    several reasons. The original proposals were not sufficiently specific to give
    the precision of values that soon came to be required, and the independent defi-
    nitions of three units brought the system into confiict with the customary
    simple form of Ohm’s Law, Z=E/R. Furthermore, with the establishment
    of national standardizing laboratories in several of the larger countries, other
    laboratories no longer needed to set up their own primary standards, and
    facility of reproduction of those standards became less important than the
    reliability of the units.
    I n preparation for the expected change in units, laboratories in several
    countries made absolute measurements of resistance and of current. The re-
    sults of these measurements and the magnitudes of the international units as
    maintained in the national laboratories of France, Great Britain, Germany,
    Japan, the U.S.S.R., and the United States were correlated by periodic com-
    parisons of standard resistors and of standard cells sent to the International
    Bureau of Weights and Measures. Nearly all the absolute measurements at
    the National Bureau of Standards were carried out under the direct supervision
    of Harvey L. Curtis, and the results of such measurements at the Bureau
    accepted by the International Committee on Weights and Measures at its
    meeting in Paris in October 1946 are as follows :
    1 mean international ohm = 1.00049 absolute ohms
    1 mean international volt = 1.00034 absolute volts
    12Nat. Bur. Standards Circ. C-459, 1947.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    20
    The mean international units to which the above equations refer are the
    averages of units as maintained in the national laboratories of the six countries
    (France, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, U.S.S.R., and U.S.A.) which took
    part in this work before the war. The units maintained by the National Bureau
    of Standards differ from these average units by a few parts in a million, so
    that the conversion factors for adjusting values of standards in this country
    will be as follows :
    1 mean international ohm U.S. = 1.000495absolute ohms
    1 mean international volt U.S. = 1.000333 absolute volts
    Other electrical units will be changed by amounts shown in Table 5. The
    factors given should be used in converting values given in international units
    in National Bureau of Standards certificates to the new absolute system.

    T A B L E 5.-RELATIVE M A G N I T U D E OF T H E OLD I N T E R N A T I O N A L
    E L E C T R I C A L U N I f T S A N D THE N E W 1948 A B S O L U T E
    ELECTRICAL UNITS

    1 mean international ohm = 1.00049 absoiute ohms


    1 mean international volt = 1.00034 absolute volts
    1 international ohm (U.S.) = 1.000495 absolute ohms
    1 international volt (U.S.) = 1.00033 absolute volts
    1 international ampere = 0.999835 absolute ampere
    1 international coulomb = 0.999835 absolute coulomb
    1 international henry = 1.000495 absolute henries
    1 international farad = 0.999505 absolute farad
    1 international watt = 1.000165 absolute watts
    1 international joule = 1.000165 absolute joules

    T A B L E 6.-RELATIVE VALUES O F T H E T H R E E SYSTEMS O F


    ELECTRICAL UNITS

    Electromagnetic Electrostatic
    Absolute system system
    Quantity Symbol unit emu esu
    Current strength ... I 1 ampere = lo-'abampere = 3 x 10' statampere
    Potentialdifference.. E 1 volt = 10' abvolts = 1/300 statvolt
    Resistance ......... R 1 ohm = 10" abohms = (1/9) X lo-" statohm
    Energy ............ W 1 joule = lo' ergs -
    - 10' ergs
    Power ............ P 1 watt = 10' ergs/sec = 10' ergs/sec
    Capacitance ....... C 1 farad = 10' abfarads = 9 X 10" statafarad
    Inductance ........ L 1 henry = loQ abhenries = (1/9) X lo-" stata-
    henry
    Charge ............ Q 1 coulomb = 10" abcoulornb = 3 X 10" statcoulomb
    'Where 3 occurs it is to be taken as 2.99776 (from velocity of light). Where 9 occurs (not as an
    exponent), it is the sauare of this number.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 7 . 4 O N V E R S I O N F A C T O R S FOR UNITS O F ENERGY *
    -

    g mass
    Units (energy equiv.) joule cal I.T. cal Btu kw-hr
    1 II mass
    2.14784 x 2.14664 x 10" 2.4%27 x 10'
    I

    (energy equiv.) = 1 8.98656 X loz3 8.51775 X 10"


    1 joule = 1.112772 X lo-'' 1 0.239006 0.238849 0.947831 X lo-' 2.77778 x lo-'
    1 cal = 4.65584 x lo-" 4.1840 t 1 0.999346 3.96573 x 10-3 1.16222 X lo*
    1 I.T. cal t = 3.65888 X lo-" 4.18674 1.000654 1 3.96832 x lo-' 1.162983 x lo4
    1 Btu = 1.174019 x lo-" 1.055040 x lo3 t 2.52161 X 10' 2.519% x 10' 1 2.93065 x lo-'
    1 kw-hr = 4.00598 x lo-* 3.6 x loG 8.60421 X 105 8.59858 x 1Iy 3.41220 X 10' 1
    1 hp-hr = 2.98727 X 2.681525 x 10' 6.41617 X 105 6.41197 x lo5 2.54448 x lo3 0.745701
    1 ft-lh (wt.) = 1.50872 X lo-" 1.355821 0.324049 0.323837 1.285089 X lo-' 3.76614 X lo-'
    1 ftq-lb (u.t.).!in.' = 2.17256 x I&" 1.952382 X 10' 46.6630 46.6325 0.185OS29 x
    5.42328 loJ
    1 liter-atm = 1.127548 x lo-'* 1.013278 x 10' 24.2179 24.2021 0.09604 16 2.81466 X lo4
    1 quantum ( A = 5 9 ) = 3.6829 X lo-" 3.3096 x 7.91021 X lo-" 7.90504 x lo-- 3,13676 X lo-'? 9.19342 x lo-"
    1 Mev = 1.78270 10Yx i m o jX 3.82891 X lo-" 3.82644 x lo-'' 1.51815 x lo-'' 3.44998 x
    1 amu5 = 1.66035 X lo-" 1.49208 x lo-'' 3.56616 X lo-" 3.56379 x lo-" 1.41422 x lo-'' 4.14453 x lo-"

    Units hphr ft-lb (wt.) f t9-11, (wt.) /in." 1iter.atm quantum (A = .6p) Mev amu

    1 g.m a s-
    (energy equiv.) = 3.34754 x 10' 6.62814 x loL3 4.60287 x 10" 8.86880 x 10" 2.71503 X lo" 5.60961 X 10" 6.02308 x 101"
    1 joule = 3.72505 x lo-' 0.737561 5.12195 x 10P 9.86896 x lo-* 3.02125 X 10'' 6.24222 X 10" 6.70232 x 1P
    1 cal = 1.558562 x 3.08595 2.14302 x lo-' 4.12917 X lo-' 1.26109 X 10"' 2.61175 X 10" 2.80425 x 10'"
    1 I.T. c a l t = 1.559582X 3.08797 2.14343 x lo-' -1.13187 x lo-' 1.26191 x 10'" 2.61346 X 2.80608 x 10"
    7.78156 x 10' 3.18754 x 10" 7.07121 X lo'*
    ~~~

    1 Btu = 3.9300s X i0-l 5.40386 10.41215 6.58580 X 10''


    1 kw-lir = 1.341020 x
    2.655218 10° 1.843902 X 10' 3.55281 x l(r 1.08765 X loz5 2.24720 X 10"' 2.41283 x 10'"
    1 hp-hr = 1 1.98000 .X 10' 1.3750 X lo' 2.64935 x 10' 8.11062 X 10'' 1.67574 X lo'$ 1.79926 x 10"
    1 ft-lh ( W . ) = 5.05051 X 10.' 1 6.91444 x 1.338054 X lo-' 4.09627 x 10'' S.46334 X 10'' 9.0871 1 X 10'
    1 f N h (wt.)/in.' = 7.27273 x lo4 1.44 x 10' 1 1 . 9 ~ 7 9 7. .
    ~~ 5.89862 2 10" 1.21872 x
    1.30855 10"
    1 liter-atm = 3.77452 X i4.735i 0.518W6 I jIOiij6 j i l o w 6.32519 j i loll 6.79131 X 10"
    1 quantum(h = . l i p ) = 1.23286 X lo-" 2.44116 x 1.69531 x lo-?' 3.264520 X lo-'' 1 2.06593 x 10' 2.21839 x 10-B
    1 Mev = 5.96751 X lo-" 1.18157 x lo-'' 8.20535 x lo-'' 1.58100 x lo-'" 4.84001 X 1 0 1 1.07371 X lo4
    1.10046 x lo-'" 7.64208 x lo-'' 1.147247 x lo-'' 4.50776 X 10' 9.31354 X 10' 1

    h r l n p t e d from National Burearl of Standards Taliles


    t Definition of calorie and Rto.
    t: . \ s defined for Intermtionnl Steam Tables.
    P Vnit atnmic weight enerfr; erluivalent.
    22 T A B L E 8.-FORMER ELECTRICAL EQUIVALENTS *
    Abbreviations : int., international ; emu, electromagnetic units ; esu, electrostatic units ;
    cgs, centimeter-gram-second units.

    RESISTANCE: CAPACITY :
    1 international ohm = 1 international farad =
    1.00051 absolute ohms 0.99949 absolute farad
    1.0001 int. ohms (France, before 1911) 1 absolute farad=
    1.00016 Board of Trade units (England, 1.00051 int. farads
    1903) 1 “practical” emu
    1.01358 B. A. units 10.” cgs emu
    1.00283 “legal ohms” of 1884 8.98776 X 10” cgs esu
    1.06300 Siemens units
    1 absolute ohm = 1NDUCTANCE
    0.99949 int. ohms 1 international henry =
    1 “oractical” emu 1.00051 absolute henries
    io8c g S emu 1 absolute henry =
    1.11262 X lo-’’ cgs esu 0.99949 int. henrv
    1 “practical” emu
    CURRENT : log emu
    1 international ampere = 1.11262 X lo-’’ cgs esu
    0.99995 absolute ampere
    1.00084 int. amperes (U. S. before 1911) ENERGY A N D POWER :
    1.00130 int. amperes (England, before (standard gravity = 980.665 cm/sec-’) -
    1906) 1 international joule =
    1.00106 int. amperes (England, 1906- 1.00041 absolute joules
    08 ) 1 absolute joule=
    1,00010 int. amperes (England, 1909- 0.99959 int. joule
    10) lo’ ergs
    1.00032 int. amperes (Germany, before 0.737560 standard foot-pound
    1911) 0.101972 standard kilocram-meter
    1.W2 int. amperes (France, before 0.277778 X kilowakhour
    1911)
    1 absolute ampere= RESISTIVITY:
    1.00005 int. amperes 1 ohm-cm = 0.393700 ohm-inch
    1 “practical” emu = 10,000 ohm (meter, mmz)
    0.1 cgs emu = 12,732.4 ohm (meter, mm)
    2.99776 x lo9 esu = 393,700 niicrohm-inch
    = 1,000,000 microhm-cm
    ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE : =6,015,290 ohm (mil, foot)
    1 international volt = 1 ohm (meter, gram) = 5710.0 ohm (mile,
    1.00046 absolute volts Dound)
    1.00084 int. volts (U. S. before 1911)
    1.00130 int. volts (England, before 1906) MAGNETIC QCANTITIES :
    1.00106 int. volts (England, 1906-08) 1 int. gilbert = 0.99995absolu.tegil-
    1.00010 int. volts (England, 1909-10) bert
    1.00032 int. volts (Germany, before 1 absolute gilbert = 1.00005 int. gilberts
    1911) 1 int. maxwell = 1.00046 absolute
    1.00032 int. volts (France, before 1911) maxwells
    1 absolute volt = 1 absolute maxwell = 0.99954 int. max-
    0.99954 int. volt well
    1 “practical” emu 1 gilbert = 0.7958 ampere-turn
    lo8 cgs emu 1 gilbert per cm = 0.7958 ampere-turn
    0.00333560 cgs esu per cm
    = 2.021 ampere-turns
    QUANTITY OF ELECTRICITY : per inch
    (Same as current equivalents.) 1 maxwell = 1 line
    1 international coulomb = = 10.’ volt-second
    1/3600 ampere-hour 1 maxwellpercmZ= 6.452 maxwells per
    1/96494 faraday in?

    *This table is now superseded by the adoption of the new system of electrical units in January 1948
    and IS given for reference only.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E S 9-15.-SOME MATHEMATICAL T A B L E S 23

    T A B L E 9.-DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS

    - X"" =-I
    d ax =a d r J.r"dr
    --,~
    +
    , unless tc

    J$ = logx

    Jc'dx

    J r"'ds

    J.r"'Pdx

    d c= = r= d.r Slog x d x
    d rn= = o ra'dx Jli dv

    d 1og.r
    1
    = 7d.r J(a + Dx)"dx
    ti .rr = .r' ( 1 + log, x ) d.r
    d sin x = cos .r dx J(n' + .r2)-'dx
    - 1 n + r
    ti cos .r = - sin x d x J(a' - x')-'dx -_ log __
    2a a-x

    d tan .r = secz x dx J(a' - x')-+dx

    d cot .r = - csc'x d x Jx(a' -C x')-fdx = & (a' & x z ) *


    d sec x = tan x sec x d x Jsin' x d x -
    - - $ cos x sin x 1.- +
    d csc x - - cot x ' csc x d x Jcos' x d x = sin x cos x fx +
    d sin-' .r = ( 1 - x p ) - *d x .[sin x cos x d x = 1 sin'x
    d cos-' x -- (1-x2)-*dx J(sin x cos x)-'dx = log tan x
    d tan-' x +
    = (1 x*)-'dx Itan x d x - -logcosx
    d cot-' x = - (1 + x l ) - ' d x Jtan' x d x = tan .r - x
    d sec-' x = c' (2- 1)-* dx Jcot x d x = !og sin x
    d csc-' x - - A = * (x z - 1) -4 dx .fcot' x d x = - cot x - x
    d sinh x = cosh x dx Jcsc x d x = log tan i x
    d cosh x = sinh x d x Jx sin x d x = sin -p - x cos x
    d tanh x = sech' .r d r Jx cos x d x = cos .r + .r sin x
    d coth x -
    - - csch'x dx Jtanh x d x = log cosh I
    d sech .r - - sech .r tanh x d.r
    - Jcoth x d.r = log sinh x
    d csch .r -
    - - csch x.coth x d s Jsech x d x = 2 tan-'cz = ,9d 11
    d sinh-lx = ( 2 + 1 ) - * d.r .fcsch x dx = log tanh 3
    2
    d cash-' x = ( x z - 1) -4 d.r .[.r sinh x d x = r cosh x - sinh x
    d t a n h - ' x = (1 - x Z ) - ' d x Jscosh x dx = x sinh x - cosh x
    d coth-'x = (1 - x 2 ) - ' d x Jsinh' x dx = $ (sinh x cosh x - x )
    d sech-' x = - .r-' ( 1 - x ' ) -4 d.r .fcoshax dx = (sinh x cosh r +x)
    d csch-' .r = - (x' + I ) - * d.r Jsinh .T cosh x d x = icosh ( 2 x )

    SM!THSON!AN PHYSICAL. TABLES


    24 T A B L E 10.-MATHEMATICAL SERIES

    (x +y)"= x" + fx"-'y $.


    -
    n ( n 1)
    xn-syp +.. .
    2!
    ~

    n ( n - 1 ) . .. ( n - m + 12_ X"- ym + .. . (Y' <x')


    m!

    ( 1 f2)" = 1 2 nx + n ( n -2l!) x l n(n-1)(n-2)x2


    3! +...+
    (r1 ) % ! x k
    (n- k ) ! k !
    n ( n + l ) xzT n ( n + l ) ( n + Z ) ~ "
    (l+z)"=lTwX+----
    2! 3!
    +...
    ( n k - 1)x'" +
    (%-1)!k!
    (1 f x ) - ' = 1 T X +2 T X J + +,. .
    X'TXJ

    (1 k x)" = 1 + 32x 1 ~ 4 +~ '5 2 , 6r6+.. .


    ~

    f ( x + I c ) = f ( x ) + h f ' ( x ) + 5 f " ( X ) +.. .+ 2 f'"'(X) +. . .


    h2 h"

    X2 X"
    f(x)=f(o) +fP(o) +fl."(o) +... ,t?f'"'(o) f...

    e'= l+x+a+j-j+a
    x2 x3 x'
    +...
    ( x log u ) 2 + ( x log a)8
    a'= l+xloga+----
    2! 3!
    +....

    = ( x - 1) -4 (x- + 3 ( x - 1)s -. ..

    log (1 f. x ) = x - f r 2 + 4 x8 - a .z' +.. ..


    1 x3 x6 x'
    sin x = -2i (e'= - e""
    )=x--+---+
    3! 5 ! 7!
    ...
    1
    + x2 x'
    cos x = - (e'" e-'=) = 1- - - - -
    2 2 ! 4! 6 !
    xe
    +
    ..= 1 - versin x +.
    tanx= x + +-
    x3
    -
    3
    2x6 1 7 2
    15 315
    +-+ 62
    -xD . .
    2835
    +.
    7r x3 1 3 x 6 1 3 5 x T
    - - cos-'x = x + - + -. - . -+-. - .-
    2 6 2 4 5 246'+..
    7r 1
    tan-lx = - - cot-'x = x - - x8 -2 --x'
    2 3
    1
    5
    1
    7
    +. +. .
    -_-
    - 2r ;+3x'-
    1 1 1
    52
    -+...
    1 x6
    sinhx=-(e'-e-")
    2
    x3
    =x+-+--f-+
    3 ! 5! 7 !
    XT
    ...
    1
    + xz x'
    coshx= - ( e a e-)) = 1 - 4-- i- -
    2 2! 4!
    xe
    6!
    + .. +.
    (contiwued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 10.-MATHEMATICAL S E R I E S (concluded) 25
    1
    tanh .r = z - - r3
    3 .
    + --125 .r6- -17
    315.
    r7 + . . .

    1 1
    = IOg2.r+------
    2 2.f'
    1
    2
    3 1
    4 4.r'
    ' ---
    7-
    1 3 5 1
    2 4 6 6.r'
    -_. . .
    1 1
    cosl1-'.r= IO~~.I'------------- 1 3 1 1 3 5 1
    2 2.r' 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 6.P '' '

    1
    1
    +
    tanlir'x = .r - ra - r5
    3 .
    + 5.
    + -71 -r7 + . . .
    1 1 61
    gd.r=@=.r-- .r 3 + -21 .r5 5040 .z'+.. .
    -__. ( x small)

    1 sechS.r 1 3 sech'~
    - - - secli. .I' - - ____ - - - _ _ -
    - ( x large)
    2 3 2 4 5 ...
    x +
    1
    = gd-'@ = @ + -
    6
    @3 + 1 61
    - & __ @'+.
    24 5040
    ..
    1
    f ( x ) = b" + bl cos - + b* cos
    77r.r
    2
    -
    7r.r
    f.. .
    + sin -
    7rn
    +- azcos -
    27rn
    +. . . (-c < x < c)
    a1

    lr,r
    a, = +Jk ~ ( ssin
    111
    ) -dx

    b,= +J'f- f ( x ) cos-d.z iii7r.r

    T A B L E 11.-MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS

    Numbers Logarithms
    e = 2.71828 18285 7r = 3.14159 26536 0.49714 98727
    c? = 0.36787 94412 7r2 = 9.86960 44011 0.99429 97454
    1
    111= logloe= 0.43429 44819 -7r = 0.31830 98862 9.50285 01273
    (Af)-'= logelo = 2.30258 50930 v7r = 1.77245 38509 0.24857 49363
    10gio I O ~ , O =
    C 9.63778 431 13 _
    v7r-
    - 0.88622 69255 9.94754 49407
    2
    1
    loglo2= 0.30102 99957 -
    V7r
    = 0.56418 95835 9.75142 50637

    log2 = 0.69314 71806 '


    _ - 1.12837 91671
    v7r -
    0.05245 50593

    10gio.z = M . I o ~ ~ x 4; = 1.25331 41373 0.09805 99385

    logSx = log,x.logoe d$ = 0.79788 45608 9.90194 00615

    = l0g.x + log,B 4 -- 0.78539 81634


    ?? 9.89508 98814

    log.7r = 1.14472 98858


    v?r - 0.44311 34627
    -- 9.64651 49450

    p = 0.47693 62762 * +7r = 4.18879 02048 0.62208 86093

    log p = 9.67846 03565 --5 - 1.08443 75514 0.03520 45477


    \/2H
    Probable error, modulus of precision.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    26 T A B L E 12.-FACTORI ALS
    P a r t 1.-Numerical

    n -1
    n: n:= 1.2.3.4 ...n n
    1 1. 1 1
    2 0.5 2 2
    3 .I6666 66666 66666 66666 66667 6 3
    4 .04166 66666 66666 66666 66667 24 4
    5 .00833 33333 33333 33333 33333 120 5
    6 0.00138 88888 88888 88888 88889 720 6
    7 .00019 84126 98412 69841 26984 5040 7
    8 .WOO2 48015 87301 58730 15873 40320 8
    9 .OOOOO 27557 31922 39858 90653 3 62880 9
    10 .OOOOO 02755 73192 23985 89065 36 28800 10
    11 0.00000 00250 52108 38544 17188 399 16800 11
    .ooooo 00020
    ~~

    12 87675 69878 68099 4790 01600 12


    13 .ooooo 00001 60590 43836 82161 62270 20800 13
    14 .00000 00000 11470 74559 77297 8 71782 91200 14
    15 .ooooo 00000 00764 71637 31820 130 76743 68000 15
    16 0.00000 00000 00047 79477 33239 2092 27898 88000 16
    17 .ooooo 00000 00002 81145 72543 35568 74280 96000 17
    18 .ooooo 00000 00000 15619 20697 6 40237 37057 28000 18
    19 .ooooo 00000 00000 00822 06352 121 64510 04088 32000 19
    20 .ooooo 00000 00000 00041 10318 2432 90200 81766 40000 20

    Part 2.-Logarithmic
    Logarithms of the products 1.2.3.. . . . ..rt, n from 1 to 100.

    n log (n!) n log (n!) n log (n!) n log ( n 0


    1 0.000000 26 26.6056 19 51 66.190645 76 111.275425
    2 0.301030 27 28.036983 52 67.906648 77 113.161916
    3 0.778151 28 29.484141 53 69.630924 78 115.054011
    4 1.380211 29 30.946539 54 71.363318 79 116.951638
    5 2.079181 30 32.423660 55 73.103681 80 118.854728
    6 2.857332 31 33.915022 56 74.851869 81 120.763213
    7 3.702431 32 35.420172 57 76.607744 82 122.677027
    8 4.605521 33 36.938686 58 78.371 172 83 124.596105
    9 5.559763 34 38.470165 59 80.142024 84 126.520384
    10 6.559763 35 40.014233 60 81.920175 85 128.449803
    11 7.601156 36 41.570535 61 83.705505 86 130.384301
    12 8.680337 37 43.138737 62 85.4978% 87 132.323821
    13 9.794280 38 44.718520 63 87.297237 88 134.268303
    14 10.940408 39 46.309585 64 89.103417 89 136.217693
    15 12.116500 40 47.911645 65 90.916330 90 138.171936
    16 13.320620 41 49.524429 66 92.735874 91 140.130977
    17 14.551069 42 51.147678 67 94.561949 92 142.094765
    18 15.806341 43 52.781147 68 96.394458 93 144.063248
    19 17.085095 44 54.424599 69 98.233307 94 146.036376
    20 18.386125 45 56.077812 70 100.078405 95 148.014099
    21 19.708344 46 57.740570 71 101.929663 96 149.996371
    22 21.050767 47 59.412668 71 103.786996 97 151.983142
    23 22.412494 48 6 1.093909 73 105.650319 98 153.974368
    24 23.792706 49 62.784105 74 107.519550 99 155.970004
    25 25.190646 50 64.483075 75 109.394612 100 157.970004
    -

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    27
    T A B L E 13.-FORMULAS F OR M O M E N T S O F I N E R T I A , R A D I I O F G Y R A T I O N , A N D
    W E I G H T S O F VARIOUS SHAPED SOLIDS
    I n cacli case the axis is supposed to traverse the center of gravity of the body. T h e axis is one of
    symmetry. T h e mass of a unit of volume is zw.

    Square of
    Moment of radius of
    nody .\xis Weight inertia I" gyration pus

    Sphcrc of radius r . ....... Diameter -


    4r7err3 87rwr5
    - 2P
    -
    3 15 5
    Spheroid of revolution. pci-
    lar axis 217.equatorial tli-
    ameter 2r ............. Polar axis 4waP 8mwar' 2r'
    -
    3 15 5
    Ellipsoid, axis 20. 26, 2 c . . Axis 20
    4mwabc Imwabc ( b2 c 2 )
    -~ +
    bP + cz
    3 15 5
    Sphcrical shell. extcrnal ra- 4xw(rJ - r") 8mv ( r5 - r") 2 ( r6 - r")
    tlius r , internal r'. ...... 1)ianicter
    3 15 5(rS-r")
    Ditto. insensibly thin, ra- 8rten;'dr 2r2
    dius r . tliickncss d r . . . . . Iliameter 4mr2dr -
    3 3
    Circular cylinder, length 20, Longitudinal
    radius r ............... axis& 2mmr2 r'
    -
    xzvar'
    2
    Elliptic cylinder. Icngth 20,
    transverse axes 217. 2c. ..
    Longitudinal
    axis 2a 2rwabc
    mhc(b2 + c2) 1J2 +
    c2
    2 4
    Hollow circular cylinder.
    length 20, external ra-
    dius r , internal r ' . ......
    Longitudinal
    axis 20 2rtcw ( r 2- 1") m m ( r ' - r")
    r2 + r"
    2
    Ditto, insensibly thin, thick- I-ongi tudinal
    ness d r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . axis 4 mwa rdr 4mwar'dr
    Circular cylindcr, length 20.
    radius r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    Transverse
    diameter 2rzwarZ +
    a t ~ ~ l r ~ ( 3 r4a2)
    '
    6
    Elliptic cylinder. length 20, T r a n s v e r s e
    transvcrse axes 2a, 21). . . axis 211 2rwabc
    mlahc ( 3c2 4a2) +
    G
    Hollow circular cylintler.
    length L o . external ra- T r a n s v e r s e
    dius r . internal r ' . ...... diameter 2rzva(r2 - r'2)
    Ditto, insensi1)ly thin. thick- T r a n s v e r s e
    ness dr ............... diameter 4rtuardr r w a ( 2r3 + 43 a2r)dr
    -
    r2
    2+3
    a2

    Rectangular prism, dimen-


    sions 20. 2h, 21.. . . . . . . . . Axis2a
    8zuabc (1)'
    8wabc
    c2) b2 c2 + +
    3 3
    Khombic prism, length 20,
    diagonals 2h. 2c.. ...... Axis 2a 4wabc 2ZWflbC( b2 C 2 ) b2 c2 + +
    3 6
    Ilitto ................... Diagonal 21) 4wabc 2wabc(c2 2a2)
    -c2
    +3 a2 +
    3 6
    F u r iurt!icr niathematical data see Smithsonian Mathematical Tables, Becker and Van Orstrand
    ( Hyperbolic. Circiilar and Exponential Functions) ; Smithsonian Mathematical Formulae and Tables
    of Elliptic Fulictl,iiss. Adams and Hippisley ; Smithsonian Elliptic Functions Tables. Spenceley ;
    Smitlisonian Logaritlimic Tahles. Spenceley and Epperson ; Functionentafeln. Jahnke und Emde (xtgx,
    +
    11 /":
    x-ltgs. Roots of Traiir;cciitlcntal Equations, a bi and rcRi, Exponentials, Hyperbolic Functions,

    2 9 drr, dii, dtr, Fresnel Integral, Gamma Function, Gauss Integral


    \

    ~ - ~ ' d . Pearson
    t-. Function c - ~ " " sin' c"'d.r, Elliptic Integrals and Functions, Spherical and

    Cylindrical Functions, etc.). For further references see under Tables, Mathematical, in the 16th ed.
    Encyclopaedia Britannica. See also Carr's Synopsis of P u r e Mathematics and Mellor's Higher Mathe-
    matics for Students of Chemistry and Physics.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    28 TABLE 14.-LOGARITHMS

    P.P.
    N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 1 2 3 4 5
    10 oooo 04.1 0492
    0453 0086 0128
    0SSi 0170 0212 0253 0294
    0682
    0334
    0719
    0374
    0755
    4
    4
    8
    8
    12
    11
    17
    15
    21
    19
    11 0414 0569 0607 0645
    12 0792 0828 0864 0899 0934 0969 1004 1038 1072 1106 3 7 10 14 17
    13 1139 1173. 1206 1239 1271 1303 1335 1367 1399 1430 3 6 10 13 16
    14 1461 1492 1523 1553 1584 1614 1644 1673 1703 1732 3 6 9 12 15
    15 1761 1790 1818 1847 1875 1903 1931 1959 1987 2014 3 6 8 11 14
    16 204 1 2068 2095 2122 2148 2175 2201 2227 2253 2279 3 5 8 11 13
    17 2304 2330 2355 2380 2405 2430 2455 2480 2504 2529 2 5 7 10 12
    18 2553 2577 2601 2625 2648 2672 2695 2718 2742 2765 2 5 7 912
    19 2788 2810 2833 2856 2878 2900 2923 2945 2967 2989 2 4 7 911
    20 3010 3032 3054 3075 3096 3118 3139 3160 3181 3201 2 4 6 8 11
    21 3222 3243 3263 3284 3304 3324 3315 3365 3385 3404 2 4 6 8 10
    22 3424 3444 3464 3483 3502 3522 3541 3560 3579 3598 2 4 6 8 10
    23 3617 3636 3655 3674 3692 3711 3729 3747 3766 3784 2 4 5 7 9
    24 3802 3820 3838 3856 3874 3892 3909 3927 3945 3962 2 4 5 7 9
    25 3979 3997 4014 4031 4048 4055 4082 4099 4116 4133
    26 4150 4166 4183 4200 4216 4232 4249 426s 428I 4298
    27 4314 4330 4346 4362 4378 4393 4409 4425 4440 4456
    28 4472 4487 4502 4518 4533 4548 4564 4579 4594 4609
    29 4624 4639 4654 4669 4683 4698 4713 4728 4742 4757
    30 4771 4786 4800 4814 4829 4843 4857 4871 4886 4900 1 3 4 6 7
    31 4914 4928 4942 4955 4969 4983 4997 5011 5024 5038 1 3 4 6 7
    32 5051 506s 5079 5092 sios sii9 si3i Siis 5159 5172 1 3 4 5 7
    33 5185 5198 5211 5224 5237 5250 5263 5276 5289 5302 1 3 4 5 6
    34 5315 5328 5340 5353 5366 5378 5391 5403 5416 5428 1 3 4 5 6
    35
    ~~ 5441 5453 5465 5478 5490 5502 5514 5527 5539 5551 1 2 4 5 6
    36 5563 5575 5587 5589 5611 5623 5635 5647 5658 5670 1 2 4 5 6
    37 5682 5694 5705 5717 5729 5740 5752 5763 5775 5786 1 2 3 5 6
    38 5798 5809 5821 5832 5843 is55 5866 5877 5888 5899 12556
    39 5911 5922 5933 5944 5955 5966 5977 5988 5999 6010 1 2 3 4 6
    40 6021 6031 6042 6053 6064 6075 6085 6096 6107 6117 1 2 3 4 5
    41 6128
    .~~~ 6138 6149 6160 6170 6180 6191 6201 6212 6222 1 2 3 4 5
    42 6232 6243 6253 6263 6274 6284 6294 6304 6314 6325 1 2 3 4 5
    43 6335 6345 6355 6365 6375 6385 6395 6405 6415 6425 1 2 3 4 5
    44 6435 6444 6454 6464 6474 6484 6493 6503 6513 6522 1 2 3 4 5
    45 6532 6542 6551 6561 6571 6580 6590 6599 6609 6618
    46 6628 6637 6646 6656 6665 6675 6684 6693 6702 6712
    47 6721 6730 6739 6749 6758 6767 6776 6785 6794 6803
    48 6812 6821 6830 6839 6848 6857 6866 6875 6884 6893
    49 6902 6911 6920 6928 6937 6946 6955 6964 6972 6981 1 2 3 4 4
    50 6990 6998 7007 7016 7024 7033 7042 7050 7059 7067 1 2 3 3 4
    51 7076 7084 7093 7ioi 7110 7118 7126 7135 7143 7152
    52 7160 7168 7177 7185 7193 7202 7210 7218 7226 7235
    53 7243 7251 7259 7267 7275 7284 7292 7300 7308 7316
    54 7324 7332 7340 7348 7356 7364 7372 7380 7388 7396
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 14.-LOGARITHMS (continued) 29
    P.P.
    N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 i 2 3 4 s
    55 7404 7412 7419 7427 7435 7443 7451 7459 7466 7474 1 2 2 3 4
    56 7482 7490 7497 7505 7513 7520 7528 7536 7543 7551 1 2 2 3 4
    57 7559 7566 7574 7582 7589 7597 7604 7612 ,7619 7627 1 2 2 3 4
    58 7634 7642 7649 7657 7664 7672 7679 7686 7694 7701 1 1 2 3 4
    59 7709 7716 7723 7731 7738 7745 7752 7760 7767 7774 1 1 2 3 4
    60 7782 7789 7796 7803 7810 7818 7825 7832 7839 7846 1 1 2 3 4
    61 7853 7860 7868 7875 7882 7889 7896 7903 7910 7917 1 1 2 3 4
    62 7924 7931 7938 7945 7952 7959 7966 7973 7980 7987 1 1 2 3 3
    63 7993 8000 8007 8014 8021 8028 8035 8041 8048 8055 1 1 2 3 3
    64 8062 8069 8075 8082 8089 80% 8102 8109 8116 8122 1 1 2 3 3
    65 8129 8136 8142 8149 8156 8162 8169 8176 8182 8189 1 1 2 3 3
    66 8195 8202 8209 8215 8222 8228 8235 8211 8248 8254 1 1 2 3 3
    67 8261 8267 8274 8280 8287 8293 8299 8306 8312 8319 1 1 2 3 3
    68 8325 8331 8338 8344 8351 8357 8363 8370 8376 8382 1 1 2 3 3
    69 8388 8395 8401 8407 8414 8420 8426 8432 8439 8445 1 1 2 3 3
    70 8451 8457 8463 8470 8476 8482 8488 8494 8500 8506 1 1 2 2 3
    71 8513 8519 8525 8531 8537 8543 8549 855s 8561 8567 i i Z 2 3
    72 8573 8579 8585 8591 8597 8603 8609 8615 8621 8627 1 1 2 2 3
    73 8633 8639 8645 8651 8657 8663 8669 8675 8681 8686 1 1 2 2 3
    74 8692 8698 8704 8710 8716 8722 8727 8733 8739 8745 1 1 2 2 3
    75 8751 8756 8762 8768 8774 8779 8785 8791 8797 8802 1 1 2 2 3
    76 8808 8814 8820 8825 8831 8837 8842 8848 8854 8859 1 1 2 2 3
    77 8865 8871 8876 8882 8887 8893 8899 8904 8910 8915 1 1 2 2 3
    78 8921 8927 8932 8938 8943 8949 8954 8960 8965 8971 1 1 2 2 3
    79 8976 8982 8987 8993 8998 9004 9009 9015 9020 9025 1 1 2 2 3
    80 9031 9036 9042 9047 9053 9058 9063 9069 9074 9079 1 1 2 2 3
    81 9085 9090 90% 9101 9106 9112 9117 9122 9128 9133 1 1 2 2 3
    82 9138 9143 9149 9154 9159 9165 9170 9175 9180 9186 1 1 2 2 3
    83 9191 9196 9201 9206 9212 9217 9222 9227 9232 9238 1 1 2 2 3
    84 9243 9248 9253 9258 9263 9269 9274 9279 9284 9289 1 1 2 2 3
    85 9294 9299 9304 9309 9315 9320 9325 9330 9335 9310 1 1 2 2 3
    86 9345 9350 9355 9360 9365 9370 9375 9380 9385 9390 1 1 2 2 3
    87 9395 9400 9405 9410 9415 9420 9425 9430 9435 9440 0 1 1 2 2
    88 9445 9450 9455 9460 9465 9469 9474 9479 9484 9489 0 1 1 2 2
    89 9494 9499 9504 9509 9513 9518 9523 9528 9533 9538 0 1 1 2 2
    90 9542 9547 9552 9557 9562 9566 9571 9576 9581 9586 0 1 1 2 2
    91 9590 9595 9600 9605 9609 9614 9619 9624 9628 9633 0 1 1 2 2
    92 9638 9643 9647 9652 9657 9661 9666 9671 9675 9680 0 i i Z Z
    93 9685 9689 9694 9699 9703 9708 9713 9717 9722 9727 0 1 1 2 2
    94 9731 9736 9741 9745 9750 9754 9759 9763 9768 9773 0 1 1 2 2
    95 9777 9782 9786 9791 9795 9800 9805 9809 9814 9818 0 1 1 2 2
    % 9823 9827 9832 9836 9841 9845 9850 9854 9859 9863 0 1 1 2 2
    97 9868 9872 9877 9881 9886 9890 9894 9899 9903 9908 0 1 1 2 2
    98 9912 9917 9921 9926 9930 9934 9939 9943 9948 9952 0 1 1 2 2
    99 9956 9961 9965 9969 9974 9978 9983 9987 9991 9996 0 1 1 2 2
    (continued)

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    30 TABLE 14.-LOGARITHMS (continued)
    N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    100 0000 0004 OOO9 0013 0017 0022 0026 0030 0035 0039 0043
    101 0013 0048 0052 0056 0060 0065 0069 0073 0077 0082 0086
    102 0086 OO90 0095 0099 0103 0107 0111 0116 0120 0124 0128
    103 0128 0133 0137 0141 0145 0149 0154 0158 0162 0166 0170
    104 0170 0175 0179 0183 0187 0191 0195 0199 0204 0208 0212
    10S 0212 0216 0220 0224 0228 0233 0237 0241 0245 0249 0253
    106 0253 0257 0261 0265 0269 0273 0278 0282 0286 0290 0294
    107 0294 0298 0302 0306 0310 0314 0318 0322 0326 0330 0334
    108 0334 0338 0342 0346 0350 0354 0358 0362 0366 0370 0374
    109 0374 0378 0382 0386 0390 0394 0398 0402 0406 0410 0414
    110 0414 0418 0422 0426 0430 0434 0438 0-241 n44.5 n449 0453
    111 0453 0457 0461 0465 0469 0473 0477 048i 0484 0488 0492
    112 0492 0496 0500 0504 0508 0512 0515 0519 0523 0527 0531
    113 0531 0535 0538 0542 0546 0550 0554 0558 D561 0565 0569
    114 0569 0573 0577 0580 0584 0588 0592 0596 0599 0603 0607
    115 0607 0611 0615 0618 0622 0626 0630 0633 0637 0641 0645
    116 0645 0618 0652 0656 0660 0663 0667 0671 0674 0678 0682
    117 0682 0686 0689 0693 0697 0700 0704 0708 0711 0715 0719
    118 0719 0722 0726 0730 0734 0737 0741 0745 0748 0752 0755
    119 0755 0759 0763 0766 0770 0774 0777 0781 0785 0788 0792
    120 0792 0795 0799 0803 0806 0810 0813 0817 0821 0824 0828
    121 0828 0831 0835 0839 0842 0846 0849 0853 0856 0860 0864
    122 0864 0867 0871 0874 0878 0881 0885 0888 0892 0896 0899
    123 0899 0903 09M 0910 0913 0917 0920 0924 0927 0931 0934
    124 0934 0938 0941 0945 0948 0952 0955 0959 0962 0966 0969
    125 0969 0973 0976 0980 0983 0986 0990 0993 0997 inno 1004
    126 1004 1007 1011 io14 1017 1021 1024 i028 io3i i0% 1038
    127 1038 1041 1045 1048 1052 1055 1059 1062 1065 1069 1072
    128 1072 1075 1079 1082 1086 1089 1092 1096 1099 1103 1106
    129 1106 1109 1113 1116 1119 1123 1126 1129 1133 1136 1139
    130 1139 1143 1146 1149 1153 1156 1159 1163 1166 1169 1173
    131 1173 1176 1179 1183 1186 1189 1193 1196 1199 1202 1206
    132 1206 1209 1212 1216 1219 1222 1225 1229 1232 1235 1239
    133 1239 1242 1245 1248 1252 1255 1258 1261 1265 1268 1271
    134 1271 1274 1278 1281 1284 1287 1290 1294 1297 1300 1303
    135 1303 1307 1310 1313 1316 1319 1323 1326 1329 1332 1335
    136 1335 1339 1342 1345 1348 1351 1355 1358 1361 1364 1367
    137 1367 1370 1374 1377 1380 1383 1386 1389 1392 1396 1399
    138 1399 1402 1405 1408 1411 1414 1418 1421 1424 1427 1430
    139 1430 1433 1436 1440 1443 1446 1449 1452 1455 1458 1461
    140 1461 1464 1467 1471 1474 1477 1480 1483 1486 1489 1492
    141 1492 1495 1498 1501 1504 1508 1511 1514 1517 1520 1523
    142 1523 1526 1529 1532 1535 1538 1541 1544 1547 1550 1553
    143 1553 1556 1559 1562 1565 1569 1572 1575 1578 1581 1584
    144 1584 1587 1590 1593 1596 1599 1602 1605 1608 1611 1614
    145 1614 1617 1620 1623 1626 1629 1632 1635 1638 1641 1644
    146 1644 1647 1649 1652 1655 1658 1661 1664 1667 1670 1673
    147 1673 1676 1679 1682 1685 1688 1691 1694 1697 1700 1703
    148 1703 1706 1708 1711 1714 1717 1720 1723 1726 1729 1732
    149 1732 1735 1738 1741 1744 1746 1749 1752 1755 1758 1761
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 14.-LOGARITHMS (concluded) 31
    N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    150 1761 1764 1767 1770 1772 1775 1778 1781 1784 1787 1790
    151 1790 1793 1796 1798 1801 1804 1807 1810 1813 1816 1818
    152 1818 1821 1824 1827 1830 1833 1836 1838 1841 1844 1847
    153 1847 1850 1853 1855 1858 1861 1864 1867 1870 1872 1875
    154 1875 1878 1881 1884 1886 1889 1892 1895 1898 1901 1903
    155 1903 1906 1909 1912 1915 1917 1920 1923 1926 1928 1931
    156 1931 1934 1937 1940 1942 1945 1948 1951 1953 1956 1959
    157 1959 1962 1965 1967 1970 197.3 1976 1978 1981 1984 1987
    158 1987 1989 1992 1995 i998 Zoo0 2603 2006 2009 2011 2014
    159 2014 2017 2019 2022 2025 2028 2030 2033 2036 2038 2041
    160 2041 2044 2047 2049 2052 2055 2057 2060 2063 2066 2068
    161 2068 2071 2074 2076 2079 2082 2084 2087 2090 2092 2095
    162 2095 2098 2101 2103 2106 2109 2111 2114 2117 2119. 2122
    163 2122 2125 2127 2130 2133 2135 2138 2140 2143 2146 2148
    164 2148 2151 2154 2156 215Y 2162 2164 2167 2170 2172 2175
    165 2175 2177 2180 2183 2185 2188 2191 2193 2196 2198 2201
    166 2201 2204 2206 2209 2212 2214 2217 2219 2222 2225 2227
    167 2227 2230 2232 2235 2238 2240 2243 2245 2248 2251 2253
    168 2253 2256 2258 2261 2263 2266 2269 2271 2274 2276 2279
    169 2279 2281 2284 2287 2289 2292 2294 2297 2299 2302 2304
    170 2304 2307 2310 2312 2315 2317 2320 2322 2325 2327 2330
    171 2330 2333 2335 2338 2340 2343 2345 2348 2350 2353 2355
    172 2355 2358 2360 2363 2365 2368 2370 2373 2375 2378 2380
    173 2380 2383 2385 2388 2390 2393 2395 2398 2400 2403 2405
    174 2405 2408 2410 2413 ?415 2418 2420 2423 2425 2428 2430
    175 2430 2433 2435 2438 2440 2443 2445 2448 2450 2453 2455
    176 2455 2458 2460 2463 2465 2467 2470 2472 2475 2477 2480
    177 2480 2482 2485 2487 2490 2492 2494 2497 2499 2502 2504
    178 2504 2507 2509 2512 2514 2516 2519 2521 2524 2526 2529
    179 2529 2531 2533 2536 2538 2541 2543 2545 2548 2550 2553
    180 2553 2555 2558 2560 2562 2565 2567 2570 2572 2574 2577
    181 2577 2579 2582 2584 2586 2589 2591 2594 2596 2598 260 1
    182 2601 2603 2605 2608 2610 2613 2615 2617 2620 2622 2625
    183 2625 2627 2629 2632 2634 2636 2639 2641 2643 2646 2648
    184 2648 2651 2653 2655 2658 2660 2662 2665 2667 2669 2672
    185 2672 2674 2676 2679 2681 2683 2686 2688 2690 2693 2695
    186 2695 2697 2700 2702 2704 2707 2709 2711 2714 2716 2718
    187 2718 2721 2723 2725 2728 2730 2732 2735 2737 2739 2742
    188 2742 2744 2746 2749 2751 2753 2755 2758 2760 2762 2765
    189 2765 2767 2769 2772 2774 2776 2778 2781 2783 2785 2788
    190 2788 2790 2792 2794 2797 2799 2801 2804 2806 2808 2810
    191 2810 2813 281.5 2817 2819 2822 2824 2826 2828 2831 2833
    192 2833 2835 2838 2840 2842 2844 2847 2849 2851 2853 2856
    193 2856 2858 2860 2862 2865 2867 2869 2871 2874 2876 2878
    194 2878 2880 2882 2885 2887 2889 2891 2894 2896 2898 2900
    195 2900 2903 2905 2907 2909 2911 2914 2916 2918 2920 2923
    196 2923 2925 2927 2929 2931 2934 2936 2938 2940 2942 2945
    197 2945 2947 2949 2951 2953 2956 2958 2960 2962 2964 2967
    198 2967 2969 2971 2973 2975 2978 2980 2982 2984 2986 2989
    199 2989 2991 2993 2995 2997 2999 3002 3004 3006 3008 3010

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    32

    Radi-
    ans
    De-
    grees
    0.0000 0"OO'
    0.0029 10
    Sines
    5Fxz
    .oooo 03
    .OOL9 7.4637
    - G-%z
    T A B L E lB.-CIRCULAR

    Cosines
    Nat. Log.
    1.00000.0000
    1.oOoo .moo
    ( TRIG O NO ME TRIC ) FU N C TI ON S *

    Tangents

    .oooo 03
    .0029 7.4637
    Cotangents
    Nat. Log.
    0 3 E X )
    343.77 2.5363
    90"OO'
    50
    1.5708
    1.5679
    0.0058 20 .0058 ,7648 1.0000 .OoOo .0058 ,7648 171.89 .2352 40 1.5650
    0.0087 30 .0087 .9408 1.0000 .oooo .0087 ,9409 114.59 .0591 30 1.5621
    0.0116 40 .01168.0658 .9999 .oooo .0116 8.0658 85.940 1.9342 20 1.5592
    0.0145 50 .0145 .1627 .99f9 .moo .0145 .1627 68.750 .8373 10 1.5563
    0.0175 1"OO' .0175 8.2419 .99989.9999 .0175 8.2419 57.290 1.7581 89"OO' 1.5533
    0.0204 10 .0204 .3088 .9998 .9999 .OM4 .3089 49.104 .6911 50 1.5504
    0.0233 20 .0233 .3668 .9997 .9999 .0233 .3669 42.%4 .6331 40 1.5475
    0.0262 30 .0262 ,4179 .9997 .9999 11262 .4isi 38.188 S819 30 1.5446
    0.0291 40 ,0291 .4637 .9996 .9998 .OZG ~ 6 3 8 34.368 S362 20 1.5417
    0.0320 50 ,0320 SO50 .9995 .9998 .0320 SO53 31.242 .4947 10 1.5388
    0.0349 2"OO' .03498.5428 .99949.9997 .03198.5431 28.636 1.4569 88"00' 1.5359
    0.0378 10 .0378 ,5776 .9993 ,9997 .0378 S779 26.432 .4221 50 1.5330
    0.0407 20 .0407 ,6097 .9992 ,9996 .0407 .6101 24.542 .3899 40 1.5301
    0.0436 30 .0436 .6397 .9990 .9996 ,0437 .6401 22.904 .3599 30 1.5272
    0.0465 40 ,0465 .6677 .9989 .9995 .0465 .6682 21.470 .3318 20 1.5243
    0.0495 50 ' ,0494 .6940 .9988 .9995 ,0495 .6945 20.206 .3055 10 1.5213
    0.0524 3"OO' .0523 8.7188 .99869.9994 .05248.7194 19.081 1.2806 87"OO'
    . 1.5184
    0.0553 10 . O W .7423 ,9985 9 9 3 .0553 ,7429 18.075 ,2571 50 1.5155
    0.0582 20 .0581 ,7645 .9983 .9993 .0582 .7652 17.169 ,2348 40 1.5126
    0.0611 30 .0610 ,7857 .9981 .9992 .0612 ,7865 16.350 ,2135 30 1.5097
    0.0640 40 .0640 .8059 .9980 .9991 .0641 ,8067 15.605 .1933 20 1.5068
    0.0669 50 .0669 .8251 ,9978 ,9990 .0670 ,8261 14.924 .1739 10 1.5039
    0.0698 4"OO.' .06988.8436 .9976 9.9989 .06998.8446 14.301 1.1554 86"OO' 1.5010
    0.0727 10 .0727 ,8613 .9974 .9989 .0729 ,8624 13.727 .1376 50 1.4981
    0.0756 20 .0756 .8783 .9971 ,9988 .0758 3795 13.197 ,1205 40 1.4952
    0.0785 30 .0785 .8946 .9969 .9987 .0787 .8960 12.706 .lo40 30 1.4923
    0.0814 40 .0814 ,9104 .9967 .9986 ,0816 .9118 12.251 .0882 20 1.4893
    0.0844 50 ,0843 ,9256 .9964 .9985 ,0846 ,9272 11.826 .0728 10 1.4864
    0.0873 5"OO' .08728.9403 .99629.9983 .0875 8.9420 1 1.430 1.0580 85"OO' 1.4835
    0.0902 10 .nwi .9545 .9959 3982 ,0904 .9563 11.059 .0437 50 1.4806
    0.0931 20 I0629 ,9682 .9957 .9981 .O934 -97.01 10.712 .0299 40 1.4777
    0.0960 30 ,0958 .981h ,9954 .9980 10963 ,9836 10.385 ,0164 A n 1.4748
    0.0989 40 .0987 ,9945 ,9951 .9979 .0992 .9966 10.078 .0034 20 ii4ii9
    0.1018 50 .lo169.0070 .9948 .9977 .lo229.0093 9.78820.9907 10 1.4690
    0.1047 6"OO' .lo45 9.0192 .9945 9.9976 .lo51 9.0216 9.51440.9784 84"OO' 1.4661
    0.1076 10 ,1074 .0311 .9942 .9975 ,1080 .0336 9.2553 ,9664 50 1.4632
    0.1105 20 .1103 .0426 .9939 .9973 ,1110 .0453 9.0098 .9547 40 1.4603
    0.1134 30 ,1132 .0539 .9936 ,9972 ,1139 .0567 8.7769 .9433 30 1.4574
    0.1164 40 .1161 .0648 .9932 .9971 .1169 ,0678 8.5555 .9322 20 1.4544
    0.1193 50 .1190 .0755 .9929 ,9969 .1198 ,0786 8.3450 .9214 10 1.4515
    0.1222 7"OO' .I2199.0859 .9925 9.9968 .1228 9.0891 8.1413 0.9109 83"OO' 1.4486
    0.1251 10 .1248 ,0961 ,9922 ,9966 .1257 ,0995 7.9530 .9005 50 1.4457
    0.1280 20 .1276 ,1060 ,9918 ,9964 .1287 ,1096 7.7704 ,8904 40 1.4428
    0.1309 30 .1305 ,1157 .9914 ,9963 ,1317 .1194 7.5958 ,8806 30 1.4399
    0.1338 40 .1334 .1252 .9911 ,9961 .1346 .1291 7.4287 .8709 20 1.4370
    0.1367 50 .1363 .1345 ,9907 .9959 .1376 .1385 7.2687 .8615 10 1.4341
    0.1396 8"OO' .1392 9.1436 .99039.9958 .1405 9.1478 7.1154 0.8522 82"OO' 1.4312
    0.1425 10 .1421 .1525 ,9899 .9956 .1435 .1569 6.9682 .9431 50 1.4283
    0.1454 20 .1449 .1612 .9894 .9954 .1465 ,1658 6.8269 .8342 40 1.1251
    0.1484 30 .1478 ,1697 ,9890 ,9952 ,1495 .1745 6.6912 .8255 30 1.4224
    0.1513 40 .1507 .1781 .9886 ,9950 .1524 ,1831 6.5606 .8169 20 1.4195
    0.1542 50 .1536 .1863 .9881 ,9938 .I554 .1915 6.4348 ,8085 10 1.4166
    0.1571 9"OO' .15649.1943 .9877 9.9946 ,15839.1997 6.31380.8003 81"OO' 1.4137
    Nnt. T.oa. Nnt. T.oa. Kat. r.og. Iiat. LOR.

    =z-
    -
    y-
    Sines
    \-
    Cotangents
    L7_J
    Tangents
    De-
    grees
    Radi-
    ans
    * Taken from R. 0. Peirce's Short table of intcurals. Ginn S. Co.
    (C O I l t ill lt cd
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    T A B L E 15.-CIRCULAR (TRIGONOMETRIC) FUNCTIONS (continued) 33
    Sines Cosines Tangents Cotangents
    Radi- De-
    ans grees Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log. 5icxT
    0.1571 9'00' .1564 9.1943 .98779.9946 .15849.1997 6.31380.8003 81"OO' 1.4137
    0.1600 10 .I593 .2022 ,9872 .9944 .1614 .2078 6.1970 ,7922 50 1.4108
    0.1629 20 .1622 .2100 .9868 .9942 .1644 ,2158 6.0844 ,7842 40 1.4079
    0.1658 30 .1650 2176 .9863 .9940 .1673 ,2236 5.9757 .7764 30 1.4050
    0.1687 40 .1679 .2251 .9858 3938 .1703 .2313 5.8708 ,7687 20 1.4021
    0.1716 50 .I708 .2324 .9853 .9936 .1733 2389 5.7694 ,7611 10 1.3992
    0.1745 10"OO' .1736 9.2397 .98489.9934 .I763 9.2463 5.67130.7537 80"OO' 1.3%3
    0.1774 10 .1765 .2468 .9843 .9931 ,1793 ,2536 5.5764 .7464 50 1.3934
    0.1804 20 .1794 .2538 .9838 .9929 .1823 .2609 5.4845 .7391 40 1.3904
    0.1833 30 .I822 .2606 .9833 .9927 .1853 .2680 5.3955 .7320 30 1.3875
    0.1862 40 .1851 2674 .9827 ,9924 .1883 2750 5.3093 .7250 20 1.3846
    0.1891 50 .1880 .2740 .9822 .9922 .1914 .2819 5.2257 .7181 10 1.3817
    0.1920 1"OO' .19089.2806 .9816 9.9919 .19449.2887 5.14460.7113 79"OO' 1.3788
    0.1949 10 .1937 2870 ,9811 .9917 ,1974 .2953 5.0658 .7047 50 1.3759
    0.1978 20 .1965 -29.34 .9805 9 1 4 .2004 .3020 4.9894 .6980 40 1.3730
    0.2007 30 .1%4 .2997 .9799 .9912 ,2035 .3085 4.9152 ,6915 30 13.701
    0.2036 40 ,2022 .3058 .9793 .9909 .2065 ,3149 4.8430 .6851 20 1.3672
    0.2065 so 2051 .3119 .9787 .9907 .2095 .3212 4.7729 .6788 10 1.3643
    0.2094 2"OO' 2079 9.3179 .9781 9.9904 .2126 9.3275 4.70460.6725 78"OO' 1.3614
    0.2123 10 2108 .3238 .9775 ,9901 .2156 .3336 4.6382 .6664 50 1.3584
    0.2153 20 2136 .3296 .9769 ,9899 .2186 .3397 4.5736 .6603 40 1.3555
    0.2182 30 2164 .3353 .9763 .98% 2217 .3458 4.5107 .6542 30 1.3526
    0.2211 40 2193 .3410 .9757 .9893 2247 ,3517 4.4494 ,6483 20 1.3497
    0.2240 50 .2221 .3466 .9750 .9890 .2278 .3576 4.3897 .6424 10 1.3468
    0.2269 13"W .22509.3521 .9744'9.9887 ,23099.3634 4.33150.6366 77"OO' 1.3439
    0.238. i._
    n ,2278 .3575 -9737 -9884 2339 3691 4.2747 ,6309 50 1.3410
    0.2327 20 2306 ,3629 3736 :9881 .2370 .3748 4.2193 ,6252 40 1.3381
    0.2356 30 2334 .3682 ,9724 .9878 .2401 .3804 4.1653 .6196 30 1.3352
    0.2385 40 .2363 .3734 .9717 ,9875 2432 .3859 4.1126 .6141 20 1.3323
    0.2414 50 .2391 .3786 .9710 .9872 .2462 ,3914 4.0611 .6086 10 1.3294
    0.2443 14"OO' .24199.3837 .97039.9869 .2493 9.3968 4.01080.6032 76"OO' 1.3265
    0.2473 10 .2447 .3887 .96% ,9866 .2524 .4021 3.9617 .5979 50 1.3235
    0.2502 20 .2176 ,3937 .9689 .9863 ,2555 .4074 3.9136 .5926 40 1.3206
    0.2531 30 .2504 .3986 ,9681 .9859 .2586 .4127 3.8667 ,5873 30 1.3177
    0.2560 40 :2532 .4035 .%74 .9856 .2617 .4178 3.8208 3 2 2 20 1.3148
    0.2589 50 .2560 .4083 ,9667 .9853 .2648 .4230 3.7760 S770 10 1.3119
    0.2618 15"OO' .25889.4130 .96599.9849 2679 9.4281 3.7321 0.5719 75"OO' 1.3090
    0.2647 10 .2616 .4177 .9652 .9846 ,2711 ,4331 3.6891 S669 50 1.3061
    0.2676 20 ,2644 .4223 .9644 ,9843 .2742 .4381 3.6470 S619 40 1.3032
    0.2705 30 2672 .4269 .9636 ,9839 .2773 .4430 3.6059 S570 30 1.3003
    0.2734 40 .2700 .4314 .9628 .9836 2805 .4479 3.5656 ,5521 20 1.2974
    0.2763 50 ,2728 .4359 .9621 .9832 .2836 .4527 3.5261 S473 10 1.2945
    0.2793 16"OO' 2756 9.4403 .96139.9828 .28679.4575 3.4874 0.5425 74"OO' 1.2915
    0.2822 10 -2784
    __. - . .-4447
    . . .. .9605 .9825 .2899 .4622 3.4495 .5378 50 1.2886
    0.2851 20 .2812 .4491 .9596 .9821 .2931 .4669 3.4124 .5331 40 1.2857
    0.2880 30 .2840 .4533 .9588 .9817 . 2 w .4% 3.3759 ~ 2 8 4 30 1.2828
    3.2909 40 .2868 .4576 .9580 .9814 .2994 .4762 3.3402 S238 20 1.2799
    1.2938 50 2896 .4618 .9572 .9810 .3026 .4808 3.3052 S192 10 1.2770
    0.2967 17"OO' 2924 9.4659 .95639.9806 .30579.4853 3.27090.5147 73"OO' 1.2741
    0.29% 10 2952 .4700 .9555 .9802 .3089 ,4898 3.2371 S102 50 1.2712
    0.3025 20 .2979 .4741 .9546 .9798 .3121 .4943 3.2041 .SO57 40 1.2683
    0.3054 30 .3007 .4781 .9537 .9794 .3153 .4987 3.1716 .SO13 30 1.2654

    --
    0.3083 40 .3035 .4821 .9528 .9709 .3185 .SO31 3.1397 .4969 20 1.2625
    0.3113 50 .3062 .4861 .9520 .9786 .3217 SO75 3.1084 .4925 10 1.2595
    0.3142 18"OO' .30909.4900 .95119.9782 .32499.5118 3.07770.4882 72"OO' 1.2566
    Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log.
    De- Radi-
    -ELF sir;es Cotangents Tangents grees ans
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    34 T A B L E 15.-CIRCULAR ( T R I G O N O M E T R I C ) F U N C T I O N S (continued)
    Sines Cosines Tangents Cotangents
    Radi- De-
    ans grees Nat. Log. Nat. Log.
    0.3142 18"OO' .3090 9.4900 .9511 9.9782 .32499.5118 3.07770.4882 72"OO' 1.2566
    0.3171 10 .3118 .4939 ,9502 .9778 .3281 .5161 3.0475 .4839 50 1.2537
    0.3200 20 .3145 .4977 ,9492 .9774 ,3314 .5203 3.0178 .4797 40 1,2508
    0.3229 30 .3173 ,5015 .9483 ,9770 .3346 .5245 2.9887 .4755 30 1.2479
    0.3258 40 ,3201 .5052 .9474 .9765 .3378 .5287 2.9600 ,4713 20 1.2450
    0.3287 50 .3228 .5090 .9465 .9761 .3411 .5329 2.9319 .4671 10 1.2421
    0.3316 19"OO' .32569.5126 -94559.9757 3443 9.5370 2.90420.4630 71"OO' 1.2392
    0.3345 10 .3283 .5163 19446 -:97si .3476 __541.1. 2.8770 .4589
    - - 50 1.2363
    0.3374 20 .3311 ,5199 ,9436 ,9748 .3508 .5451 2.85"- ._._
    n2 .4549 49 123.~
    0.3403 30 .3338 ,5235 .9426 .9743 .3541 .5491 2.8239 .4509 36 i:2505
    0.3432 40 .3365 5270 .9417 ,9739 .3574 .5531 2.7980 ,4469 20 1.2275
    0.3462 50 ,3393 .5306 .9407 .9734 .3607 .5571 2.7725 .4429 10 1.2246
    0.3491 2O"OO' .34209.5341 -93979.9730 .3640 9.5611 2.7475 0.4389 7O"OO' 1.2217
    0.3520 10 .3448 .5375 .9387 .9725 -3673 .5659 2.7228 .4350 SO 1.2188
    0.3549 20 .3475 .5409 ,9377 ,9721 ,3706 .5689 2.6985 .43ii 40 1.2159
    0.3578 30 ,3502 .5443 ,9367 ,9716 ,3739 ,5727 2.6746 ,4273 30 1.2130
    0.3607 40 .3529 .5477 .9356 .9711 .3772 .5766 2.6511 .4234 20 1.2101
    0.3636 50 ,3557 S510 ,9346 .9706 ,3805 .5804 2.6279 .4196 10 1.2072
    0.3665 21"OO' .35849.5543 .93369.9702 ,38399.5842 2.6051 0.4158 69"OO' 1.2043
    0.3694 10 .3611 .5576 .9325 .9697 .3872 .5879 2.5826 .4121 50 1.2014
    0.3723 20 ,3638 ,5609 .9315 .9692 .3906 ,5917 2.5605 .4083 40 1.1985
    0.3752 30 .3665 ,5641 .9304 .9687 .3939 .5954 25386 ,4046 30 1.1956
    0.3782 40 .3692 ,5673 ,9293 .9682 .3973 .5991 2.5172 .4009 20 1.1926
    0.3811 50 .3719 .5704 .9283 .9077 .4006 .6028 2.4960 .3972 10 1.1897
    0.3840 22"OO' .37469.5736 .92729.9672 .4040 9.6064 2.4751 0.3936 68"OO' 1.1868
    0.3869 10 .3773 5767 .9261 .9667 .4074 ,6100 2.4545 .3900 50 1.1839
    0.3898 20 :38@ .5798 -9250 -9661
    .... .4108 6136 2.4342 .3864 40 1.1810
    0.3927 30 ,3827 .5828 .9239 .9656 .4142 .6172 2.4142 .3828 30 1.1781
    0.3956 40 .3854 .5859 .9228 .9651 .4176 .6208 2.3945 .3792 20 1.1752
    0.3985 50 .3881 ,5889 ,9216 .9646 .4210 .6243 2.3750 .3757 10 1.1723
    0.4014 23"OO' ,39079.5919 .9205 9.9640 .42459.6279 2.35590.3721 67"W 1.1694
    0.4043 10 .3934 .5948 .9194 .9635 .4279 .6314 2.3369 .3686 50 1.1665
    0.4072 20 ,3961 .5978 .9182 .9629 .4314 .6348 2.3183 .3652 40 1.1636
    0.4102 30 .3987 .6007 .9171 .9624 .4348 .638,3 2.2998 .3617 30 1.1606
    0.4131 40 .4014 .6036 .9159 .9618 .4383 .6417 2.2817 .3583 20 1.1577
    0.4160 50 .4041 .6065 ,9147 .9613 ,4417 .6452 2.2637 .3548 10 1.1548
    9.4189 24"OO' .40679.6093 .91359.9607 .44529.6486 2.2460 6.3514 66"OO' 1.1519
    oki8 10 ,4094 .6121 .9124 .9602 .4487 .6520 2.2286 .3480 50 1.1490
    0.4247 20 .4120 .6149 .9112 .9596 .4522 .6553 2.2113 .3447 40 1,1461
    0.4276 30 .4147 .6177 .9100 .9590 .4557 .6587 2.1943 .3413 30 1.1432
    0.4305 40 .4173 .6205 .9088 .9584 .4592 .6620 2.1775 .3380 20 1.1403
    0.4334 50 .4200 .6232 .9075 .9579 .4628 .6654 2.1609 .3346 10 1.1374
    0.4363 25"OO' .42269.6259 9063 9.9573 ,46639.6687 2.14450.3313 65"OO' 1.1345
    0.4392 10 .4253 .6286 90.51 .9567 .4699 ,6720 2.1283 .3280 50 1.1316
    0.4422 20 .4279 .6313 9038 .9561 .4734 .6752 2.1123 .3248 40 1.1286
    0.4451 30 .4305 .6340 .9026 .9555 .4770 ,6785 2.0965 .3215 30 1.1257
    0.4480 40 .4331 .6366 9013 .9549 .4806 .6817 2.0809 .3183 20 1.1228
    0.4509 50 .4358 .6392 .9001 .9543 .4841 ,6850 2.0655 .3150 10 1.1199
    0.4538 26"W .43849.6418 .89889.9537 .4877 9.6882 2.05030.3118 64'00' 1.1170
    0.4567 10 .4410 .6444 .8975 .9530 ,4913 .6914 2.0353 ,3086 501.1141
    0.4596 20 ,4436 .6470 .8962 .9524 ,4950 .6946 2.0204 .3054 401.1112
    0.4625 30 ,4462 ,6495 ,8949 .9518 .4986 ,6977 2.0057 .3023 301.1083

    -
    0.4654 40 .4488 .6521 3936 .9512 .5022 .7009 1.9912 2991 20 1.1054
    0.4683 50 .4514 .6546 .8923 .9505 .5059 .7040 1.9768 .2960 10 1.1025
    0.4712 27"OO' .45409.6570 .8910 9.9499 .SO95 9.7072 1.9626 0.2928 63"OO' 1.0996
    Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log.
    De- Radi-
    -2L- Sines Cotangents Tangents grees ans

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 15.-CIRCULAR ( T R I G O N O M E T R I C ) F U N C T I O N S (continued) 35
    Sines Cosines Tangents Cotangents
    Radi- De-
    ans grees Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log.
    0.4712 27"OO' .45409.6570 ,89109.9409 .SO959.7072 1.96260.2928 63"OO' 1.0996
    0.4741 10 ,4566 A595 ,8897 .9492 S132 ,7103 1.9486 ,2897 50 1.0966
    0.4771 20 ,4592 .6620 ,8884 ,9486 S169 .7134 1.9347 .2866 40 1.0937
    0.4800 30 .4617 ,6644 ,8870 .9479 ,5206 ,7165 1.9210 .2835 30 1.0908
    0.4829 40 .4643 .6668 .8857 ,9473 ,5243 .7196 1.9074 .2804 20 1.0879
    0.4858 50 .4669 .6692 3843 .9466 S280 .7226 1.8940 ,2774 10 1.0850
    0.4887 28"OO' ,46959.6716 ,88299.9459 .5317 9.7257 1.88070.2743 62"OO' 1.0821
    0.4916 10 ,4720 .6740 ,8816 ,9453 ,5354 .7287 1.8676 ,2713 50 1.0792
    0.4945 20 ,4746 6763 3802 ,9446 5392 ,7317 1.8546 .2683 40 1.0763
    0.4974 30 ,4772 ,6787 .8788 .Y439 ,5430 ,7348 1.8418 ,2652 30 1.0734
    0.5003 40 .4797 ,6810 3774 .9432 ,5467 ,7378 1.8291 ,2622 20 1.0705
    0.5032 SO .4823 ,6833 ,8760 .9425 ,5505 ,7408 1.8165 .2592 10 1.0676
    0.5061 29"OO' ,48489.6856 ,87469.9418 ,55439.7438 1.80400.2562 61"OO' 1.0647
    0.5091 10 ,4874 .6878 ,8732 ,9411 ,5581 ,7467 1.7917 ,2533 50 1.0617
    0.5120 20 ,4899 .6901 ,8718 ,9404 S619 ,7497 1.7796 ,2503 40 1.0588
    0.5149 30 .4924 A923 ,8704 ,9397 ,5658 ,7526 1.7675 ,2474 30 1.0559
    0.5178 40 .4950 .6946 3689 .9390 5696 ,7556 1.7556 ,2444 20 1.0530
    0.5207 50 .4975 ,6968 ,8675 ,9383 S735 .7585 1.7437 .2415 10 1.0501
    0.5236 30"00' S O 0 0 9.6990 3660 9.9375 S774 9.7614 1.7321 0.2386 6O"OO' 1.0472
    0.5265 10 ,5025 .7012 ,6646 ,9368 3312 ,7644 1.7205 ,2356 50 1.0443
    0.5294 20 SOSO ,7033 ,6631 ,9361 SS51 .7673 1.7090 ,2327 40 1.0414
    0.5323 30 .SO75 .7055 ,8616 .9353 ,5890 .7701 1.6977 ,2299 30 1.0385
    0.5352 40 ,5100 .7076 ,8601 .9346 ,5930 .7730 1.6864 ,2270 20 1.0356
    0.5381 50 S125 .7097 ,8587 ,9338 SY69 ,7759 1.6753 .2241 10 1.0327
    0.5411 31"OO' ,51509.7118 3572 9.9331 .60099.7788 1.66430.2212 59"OO' 1.0297
    0.5440 10 S175 .7139 .8557 ,9323 .6048 ,7816 1.6534 2184 50 1.0268
    0.5469 20 S200 .7160 23542 .9315 ,6088 ,7845 1.6426 ,2155 40 1.0239
    0.5498 30 S225 ,7181 A526 .9308 ,6128 .7873 1.6319 ,2127 30 1.0210
    0.5527 40 ,5250 .7201 .8511 .9300 .6168 .7902 1.6212 .2098 20 1.0181
    0.5556 50 S275 .7222 I3496 ,9292 .6208 .7930 1.6107 ,2070 10 1.0152
    0.5585 32"OO' S299 9.7242 3480 9.9284 ,62499.7958 1.60030.2042 58"W 1.0123
    0.5614 10 5324 .7262 .8465 .9276 ,6289 ,7986 1.5900 2014 50 1.0094
    0.5643 20 .5348 .7282 .8450 ,9268 .6330 3014 i15798 3 8 6 40 1.0065
    0.5672 30 S373 ,7302 3434 .9260 .6371 ,8042 1.5697 ,1958 30 1.0036
    0.5701 40 ,5398 ,7322 3418 .9252 .6412 3070 1.5597 ,1930 20 1.0007
    0.5730 50 .5422 .7342 3403 .9244 h453 .SO97 1.5497 ,1903 10 0.9977
    0.5760 33'00' S446 9.7361 .83879.9236 .6494 9.8125 1.53990.1875 57"OO' 0.9948
    0.5789 10 S471 .7380 3371 ,9228 .6536 3153 1.5301 .1847 50 0.9919
    0.5818 20 ,5495 .7400 ,8355 .9219 .6577 .81N i.5204 .is20 40 0.9890
    0.5847 30 S519 .7419 3339 .9211 ,6619 .8208 1.5108 ,1792 30 0.9861
    0.5876 40 S544 ,7438 3323 .9203 .6661 3235 1.5013 .1765 20 0.9832
    0.5905 50 S568 .7457 3307 .9194 .6703 A263 1.4919 .1737 10 0.9803
    0.5934 34"CO' S592 9.7476 ,82909.9186 .67459.8290 1.48260.1710 56"OO' 0.9774
    0.5963 10 ,5616 .7494 3274 .9177 ,6787 3317 1.4733 .1683 so 0.9745
    0.5992 20 S640 .7513 3258 .9169 ,6830 ,8344 1.4641 .1656 40 0 3 i i
    0.6021 30 .5664 .7531 ,8241 .9160 .6873 ,8371 1.4550 .1629 30 0.9687
    0.6050 40 5688 .7550 ,8225 .9151 .6916 ,8398 1.4460 .1602 20 0.9657
    0.6080 50 S712 .7568 3208 .9142 .6959 3425 1.4370 .1575 10 0.9628
    0.6109 35"OO' ,57369.7586 3192 9.9134 .70029.8452 1.3281 0.1548 55"00' 0.9599
    0.6138 10 S760 .7604 ,8175 ,9125 .7046 3479 1.4193 ,1521 SO 0.9570
    0.6167 20 S783 .7622 ,8158 ,9116 .7089 ,8506 1.4106 .1494 40 0.9541
    0.6196 30 .5807 .7640 .8141 .9107 .7133 ,8533 1.4019 .1467 30 0.9512
    0.6225 40 ,5831 ,7657 ,8124 .9098 ,7177 .8559 1.3934 ,1441 20 0.9483
    0.6254 50 S854 .7675 3107 .9089 ,7221 .8586 1.3848 .1414 10 0.9354
    0.6283 36"OO' ,58789.7692 3090 9.9080 .72659.8613 1.37640.1387 54"OO' 0.9425
    Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log.
    De- Radi-
    coi,s SiAes Cotangents Tangents grees ans
    (continucd)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    36 T A B L E 15.-CIRCULAR ( T R I G O N O M E T R I C ) F U N C T I O N S (concluded)

    Radi-
    ans
    De-
    grees Nat.
    Sines
    Log. ,
    * Cosines
    Nat. Log.
    *Tangents
    Nat. Log.
    Cotangents

    0.6283 36"OO' S878 9.7692 ,80909.9080 .7265 9.8613 1.37640.1387 54"OO' 0.9425
    0.6312 10 ,5901 .7710 3073 .9070 .7310 .8639 1.3680 .I361 50 0.9396
    0.6341 20 5925 ,7727 .8056 .9061 ,7355 .8666 1.3597 .1334 40 0.9367
    0.6370 30 ,5948 ,7744 3039 .9052 .7400 .8692 1.3514 .I308 30 0.9338
    0.6400 40 ,5972 .7761 3021 ,9042 ,7445 .8718 1.3432 .1282 20 0.9308
    0.6429 50 ,5995 .7778 .8004 9033 .7490 3745 1.3351 .I255 10 0.9279
    0.6458 37"OO' .6018 9.7795 .79869.9023 ,75369.8771 1.32700.1229 53"W 0.9250
    0.6487 10 ,6041 .7811 .7969 .9014 .7581 .8797 1.3190 ,1203 50 0.9221
    0.6516 20 .6M5 .7828 .7951 .9004 ,7627 2-824 1.3111 .I176 40 0.9192
    0.6545 30 .6088 ,7844 ,7934 .8995 .7673 3850 1.3032 ,1150 30 0.9163
    0.6574 40 .6111 .7861 .7916 .8985 .7720 3876 1.2954 .1124 20 0.9134
    0.6603 50 A134 ,7877 .7898 ,8975 .7766 3902 1.2876 .lo98 10 0.9105
    0.6632 38"OO' ,61579.7893 .7880 9.8965 '7813 9.8928 1.27990.1072 52"OO' 0.9076
    0.6661 10
    ~~ .6180 ,7910 .7862 ,8955 .7860 3954 1.2723 .lo46 50 0.9047
    0.6690 20 ,6202 .7926 ,7844 3945 ,7907 ,8980 1.2647 .lo20 40 0.9018
    0.6720 30 .6225 ,7941 .7826 ,8935 ,7954 ,9006 1.2572 ,0994 30 0.8988
    0.6749 40 .6248 ,7957 ,7808 2925 ,8002 ,9032 1.2497 .0968 20 0.8959
    0.6778 50 ,6271 .7973 .7790 ,8915 ,8050 .9058 1.2423 .0942 10 0.8930
    0.6807
    ~ ~ 3
    .9
    .0
    .0.0
    .' 6293 9.7989 ,77710.8905 ,80989.9084 1.23490.0916 51"W 0.8901
    0.6836 10 .6316 -:SO04 ,7753 ,8895 A146 .9110 1.2276 .0890 50 0.8872
    0.6865 20 ,6338 3020 '.7735 3884 3195 ,9135 1.2203 ,0865 40 0.8843
    0.6894 30 .6361 .SO35 .7716 .8874 ,8243 ,9161 1.2131 .0839 30 0.8814
    0.6923 40 .6383 ,8050 ,7698 ,8864 ,8292 .9187 1.2059 .0813 20 0.8785
    0.6952 50 ,6406 3066 ,7679 3853 .8342 ,9212 1.1988 .0788 10 0.8756
    0.6981 4O"OO' .64289.8081 ,76609.8843 3391 9.9238 1.1918 0.0762 50"00' 0.8727
    0.7010
    ... .-. i.n. -6450 A096 . 7 w .8832 .844i .9264 1.1847 07.36 50 0.8698
    0.7039 20 3472 i i i i .8821 i849I Z89 III77S :oiii 40 0.8668
    0.7069 30 .6494 3125 .7604 .8810 .8541 .9315 1.1708 .0685 30 0.8639
    0.7098 40 .6517 3140 ,7585 ,8800 .8591 ,9341 1.1640 ,0659 20 0.8610
    0.7127 50 ,6539 .8155 .7566 ,8789 3642 ,9366 1.1571 .0634 '10 0.8581
    0.7156 41"OO' .6561 9.8169 .75479.8778 ,86939.9392 1.1504 0.0608 49"W 0.8552
    0.7185 10 ,6583 ,8184 ,7528 ,8767
    .7528 ,8744 .9417
    .8744 1.1436 .058.3
    ,0583 50 0.8523
    0.7214 20 .6604 ,8198 .7509
    .7509 3756 ,8796 .9443 i.1369 .OSS7
    1.1369 .0557 40 0.8494
    0.7243 30 .6626 .8213 ,7490 .8745 ,8847 .9468 1.1303 .0532 30 0.8465
    0.7272 40 .6648 ,8227 .7470 .8733 ,8899 .9494 1.1237 ,0506 20 0.8436
    0.7301 50 .6670 .8241 .7451 3722 A952 .9519 1.1171 .0481 10 0.8407
    0.7330 42"OO' .6691 9.8255 .7431 9.8711 ,90049.9544 1.1106 0.0450 48"OO' 0.8378
    0.7359 10 ,6713 3269 .7412 3699 ,9057 ,9570 1.1041 .0430 50 0.8348
    0.7389 20 .6734 3283 .7392 3688 ,9110 .9595 1.0977 ,0405 40 0.8319
    0.7418 30 .6756 ,8297 .7373 3676 .9163 .9621 1.0913 ,0379 30 0.8290
    0.7447 40 .6777 A311 .7353 ,8665 .9217 .9646 1.0850 ,0354 20 0.8261
    0.7476 50 .6799 .8324 .7333 ,8653 .9271 ,9671 1.0786 .0329 10 0.8232
    0.7505 43'00' .68209.8338 .73149.8641 .93259.9697 1.07240.0303 47'00' 0.8203
    0.7534 10 .6841 3351 .7294 A629 .9380 .9722 1.0661 .0278 50 0.8174
    0.7563 20 .6862 ,8365 .7274 3618 ,9435 .9747 1.0599 .0253 40 0.8145
    0.7592 30 .6884 3378 .7254 3606 .9490 ,9772 1.0538 .0228 30 0.8116
    0.7621 40 .6905 .8391 .7234 ,8594 .9545 .9798 1.0477 .0202 20 0.8087
    0.7650 50 ,6926 .8405 .7214 .8582 .9601 .9823 1.0416 .0177 10 0.8058
    0.7679 44"OO' .69479.8418 .71930.8569 .96579.9848 1.03550.0152 46"OO' 0.8029
    n77n9
    . -. 10
    _. .6967 3431 .7173 .8557 ,9713 .9874 1.0295 .0126 50 0.7999
    0.7738 20 .6988 ,8444 ,7153 .8545 ,9770 ,9899 1.0235 .0101 40 0.7970
    0.7767 30 .7009 A457 .7133 ,8532 .9827 .9924 1.0176 .0076 30 0.7941

    - -
    0.7796 40 .7030 ,8469 .7112 ,8520 ,9884 .9949 1.0117 .0051 20 0.7912
    0.7825 50 .7050 3482 .7092 .8507 .9942 ,9975 1.0058 :OO25 10 0.7883
    0.7854 45"OO' .7071 9.8495 ,70719.8495 1.0000 0.0000 1.00000.0000 45"Oo' 0.7854
    Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log.
    De. Radi-
    Cosines Sines Cotangents Tangents grees ans

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 16,-METHODS OF AVERAGING DATA

    LVlien a number of measurements are made of any quantity variatioils \vill he found.
    The question is: \Vhat is tlie best represcnt3t:ve value for the quantity thus mea.wrctl :
    and how shall the precision oi the iiieasiireiiiciits be stated? The arithmetic iiicaii of all
    the readings is generally taken a s the hest value. T o tell soiiictliiiiK almut tlie Iwecision
    of the final result any one of five measures of variation which arc tliscu.sctl i n hooks dealiiip
    with this subject may be given. These measures of deviation arc':
    fi = probable error
    a = the average deviation (from the arithmetic nicaiil
    u = the standard deviation
    1/11 = the reciprocal of tlie modulus of precisicm
    k / z v = the reciprocal of the "precision constant"
    Of these precision indexes the standard deviation. u. is most easily computctl. For the
    set of observed values .rl, .r2..x,, of equal weight. the u for a siiiqlc observation is given hy

    = Z(.r - .r)?
    $1 -1
    ~ 4 -(.I'
    r I,.r):
    and for the mean by
    u= -:4
    v I1
    = --(X--.i-)*

    Il(11-1) - v
    I Z(.r-.r)?
    112

    The ratios of these precision indexes to one another for a iiornial (or Gaussian)
    distribution are : -
    p : t i : u : 1 11 : i: 'it' : : 0.376936 : 1 *\; : \,-) : 1.000 : \'r
    or roughly as p : n : u : 1/11 : k i t ' : : 7 : 8 : 10 : 14 : 25
    Most experimental data can be represented by an equation of sonic form. One (it' thc
    recommended methods for determining the coefficients oi such equations is the use of a
    least-squares solution. This means that an attempt is niadc t o find values icir the coefficients
    such that the sum of the squares of the deviations oi tlie cxpcriniciital points irom the
    resulting curve has the least possible value. Certain tahles arc of help in making such
    solutions (Tables 16-26), and reference shouitl be made to books or pspers on this suhjcct
    for their use.
    Xri example of one niethod of finding tlic cocfiicients of such sclcctctl equations (based
    on "Treatment of Experimental Data," by \Vorthing and Gefiner. published h>- \\-ilcy.
    1933) follows.

    P a r t 1,-Least squares adjustment of measurements of linearly related quantities


    Let, Q,, Q,. . . QI. be the k adjusted, but initially unkno\vn, values of the lincarly related
    quantities. Let S,, S2.. . S,, be I i (> 1:) measured values oi Q's or o i linear combinations
    of two or more, Q's.
    Let &, &. . . A , $ be the adjustments or corrections that m i s t be applied to tlic iiieasii~cd
    s ' s to yield consistent least-squares values for the Q's. See below for a simple illustration.
    As O / J S C ~ P * O ~ ~cqircitiorrs
    OII we have

    ................................
    + +.
    n,,Q, /bQ2 . ./:,,QI. - s,,= A,,
    of which n i . O i . . . k i are constants. whose values are ircquciitly + 1. - 1. or 0.
    From the observation equations k riorrrrol c . ~ ] l / ~ i l i ~ are ~ r r s foriiied. For equally \veiglitccl
    observed values of S.they arc
    + + +.
    r ~ r o l l c ) Ir o i n i i ~ . r 1 7 , c - i ~ ~ ~ 2. . illt/;,ic)k- rll,.yii = o
    +
    ">,lli1Qj [Fil!$lQ2i- ! ! ~ , c , l c : l. +. . I / l , / : i l ~ ) I . - r 1 7 , S j l = 0 (2)
    .......................................................
    ) l r/:ir~ilQ,+ i i ~ i ~ ~ ; +.
    r k i ~ i l ( _+ l c ).. .i/:rl:ilch
    l -rk,sil =0

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    38 T A B L E 16.-METHODS OF AVERAGING D A T A (continued)
    of which, as representative bracketed L 1 coefficients, we have
    + + +
    [atat] = alal azaz a3a3 .. .a,,a,
    + + +.
    [acbrl= a161 a262 a3b3 . .anBn (3)
    + + +.
    [ a l X l l = a,X, azXz aaX3 . .anXn
    .....................................
    [ktatl = klal + hzaz + k3a3+ ...knan
    Solutions of equation (2) yield'the least-squares adjusted values of Qi, Qz...ex.
    For unequally weighted values of X , that is wl, wz,. . .wnfor X , X z . . .Xn, the rrornral
    equations become
    +
    [ w t a ~ a t l Q ~ [wtatbtlQ2 + [zvtatctIQ3+.. . [ W C ~ ~ -~ ~[wcatXtl I Q X =0
    +
    [ ~ i b c a < l Q i [wtDtbtlQZ + [ ~ , b t ~ i l Q+..
    3 .[ ~ r b t l ~ -
    ~ l [Q~ ~t b t X i=
    l 0 (4)
    .....................................................................
    + + +.
    [ wl l h ~ b t l Q z I W ~ ~ ~ C ..~twthtktlQk-
    ~w~k~aclQ I Q ~ IwtkcXtl = 0
    of which
    [ w t a d = zphalal + w z ~ a+z w3a3a3+ ...wnana8,
    [zv~acbtl = walbl + zfia2bY+ w3a3b3+. . .twnanbn (5)
    ............................................
    [wtk+atl= wlklal + wIkza2+ w3ksar+. . .wnknan
    The weights wl, m . . .w,, associated with the Xi, X Z . . . X , and with the successive ob-
    servation equations are taken as inversely proportional to the squares of the probable
    errors (or of the standard deviations) of the corresponding X's. It is customary to take
    simple rounded numbers for the proportional values. A precise set of 28, 50, 41, and 78
    may be rounded to 3, 5, 4, and 8.
    As a simple application, consider the elevations of stations B, C, and D above A. Let
    those elevations in order be Q1, Q2,and Q3. Let the quantities measured and the observed
    elevations be such as to yield the following observation equations :

    Qz - Q 3 -12 ft = A5
    Qi - Q3 - 5 ft = A6
    Th coefficients al, b ~ and
    , are seen to be 1, 0, and 0. The values of the other coefficients
    are obvious. Substitution equation (2) yields for the normal equations
    3Qz- Q a - Q3- 6ft=O
    +
    - Qi 3 Q 2 - Q 3 - 39 ft = O (7)
    +
    - Qi - Q z 3Q3 13 ft = 0+
    Solutions of equation ( 7 ) yield 91 ft, 174 ft, and 44 ft for the elevations of B, C, and D
    above A.

    P a r t 2.-Least-squares equations of the type y = a


    observed (x,y) values
    + bx, to represent a series of

    For equally weighted pairs of (x,y) of which the errors of measurement are associated
    with the determinations of the y's

    of which

    SMITHSDNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 16.-METHODS OF A V E R A G I N G D A T A (concluded) 39
    The probable errors of the a and the b of equation (8) are given by

    For unequally weighted measurements of which the errors of measurement are associ-
    ated with the determinations of the y's,
    Z w l x i l Z w , y i - Z w ix & v i xt y i
    a=
    Z z w Z w l x l z - (Zzehxr ) Z

    Where the erroi s of measurement are associated with the x-determination only, the cor-
    responding coefficients of an equation of the type x = a' +
    b'y can be obtained by merely
    interchanging x and y in equation ( 8 ) .
    Where the errors of measurement are associated with both the x - and the y- determina-
    tions, the expressions are complicated."
    Worthing, A. G . , and Geffner, J., Trcatment of experimental data, p. 259, John Wiley and Sons,
    New York, 1943. Used by permmion.

    P a r t 3.-Least-squares equation of the type y = a +


    bx + cxz + dx3 to represent a
    series o f observed (x, y ) values
    For the general case involving irregularly spaced x-values, the formulae for a, b, c , etc.,
    are very complex." However, for the case of equally weighted observations with errors
    of measurement associated entirely with the y-values in which succeeding x-values are
    equally spaced, the mechanics of the computations for least-squares constants are very
    greatly simplified, thanks to tables computed by Baily and by Cox and Matuschak.Ia The
    procedure requires a change of the x-variable to yield a new X-variable with a zero-value
    at the midpoint of the series. I n case of an even number of terms, the shift is given by
    -
    x-x
    X,= - (11)
    4x
    of which Ax is the even spacing between successive x-values; and, if the number of terms
    is odd, the shift is given by
    -
    x o = x4x/2
    --x (12)
    The further procedure consists in determining the appropriate summations indicated in
    Table 17, the appropriate k-terms given as a function of the number of terms n in Tables 19
    and 20, combining the appropriate summations and k-terms, to give parameters for the
    equation y = f ( X ) , and finally transferring the function to the original coordinate system
    to yield y = f i ( x ) .
    How to apply the simplified procedure to determine the coefficient of x2 in the least-
    squares equation y = a bx + + cxz to represent the xy values of the first two columns of
    the following tabulations is shown in the remainder of the tabulation.
    X L x -X2Y C' = k5ZX2y - krZy
    (set) (cm) (cm)
    3 12.0 -5 300.0 n=6
    6 20.6 -3 185.4 k5 = 16,741,071 X

    9 33.7 -1 33.7 k 4 = 19,531,250X lo-*

    12 51.1 + 1 51.1 kJZX2y= 6.2005 cm


    15 72.9 + 3 656.1 krZy = 5.6523 cm
    18 99.1 +5 2477.5 c' = 0.5482 cm
    _- -__ Ax = 3 sec
    289.4 3703.8 c = 4c'i ( A x ) = 0.244 cm/sec2
    I4 Birge, R . T., and Shea, J. D., Univ. California Puhl. Math., vol. 2, 67, 1YZI; Worthing, A. G . ,
    and Geffner. J., Treatment of experimental data, p. 250, John Wiley and gins, New York, 1943.
    Baily, J. L., Ann. Math. Statistics, vol. 2, p. 355, 1931.
    '"Cox, G. C., and Matuschak, Margaret, Journ. Phys. Chem., vol. 45, p. 362, 1941.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    40
    T A B L E 17.-SHOWING T H E MAKE-UP O F T H E CONSTANTS O F T H E LEAST-
    SQUARES EQUATION O F T H E T Y P E y = a bx cx2 dxS FOR EQUA-+ + +
    TIONS OF VARYING DEGREES W H E N T H E ABBREVIATED M E T H O D O F
    BAILEY AND O F COX AND MATUSCHAK IS U S E D *
    This method is applicable only when succeeding values of x have a common difference
    and a r e equally weighted. T h e independent variable, changed if necessary, must have a
    zero value at the midpoint of the series with succeeding values differing by unity if the
    number of terms is odd and by two if even. Values for the various k's, as computed by
    Cox and Matuschak, are to be found in Tables 14 and 20.

    .
    J'or references, see footnotes 15 and 16, P. 39.

    TABLE 18.-VA L U ES O F P =

    or less than x when h is the measure of precision, P =


    where nz = no. obs. of deviation A x .
    v'T
    hZ

    0
    s
    P, the probability of an observational error having a value positive or negative equal to
    e-'"''zd(hx) * I t a = (tntax')

    hx 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    0.0 ,01128 .02256 .03384 .04511 ,05637 ,06762 .07886 .09008 .lo128
    .I .11246 ,12362 .I3476 .I4587 .I 5695 .16800 .I7901 .I8999 .20094 .21184
    .2 ,22270 .23352 24430 .25502 .26570 .27633 .28690 ,29742 ,30788 ,31828
    .3 .32863 .33891 .34913 .35928 .36936 ,37938 ,38933 ,39921 .40901 ,41874
    .4 .42839 .43797 .44747 .45689 .46623 .47548 ,48466 ,49375 .SO275 51167
    0.5 .52050 .52924 3 4 9 4 .56332 ,57162 ,57982 ,58792 .59594
    .6 ,60386 .61168 .63459 ,64203 ,64938 ,65663 .66378 ,67084
    .7 .67780 ,68467 .70468 .71116 .71754 .72382 ,73001 ,73610
    .8 .74210 .74800 .76514 ,77067 .77610 ,78144 ,78669 .79184
    .9 .79691 .80188 ,80677 ,81156 .81627 32089 ,82542 ,82987 .83423 ,83851
    1.o .84270 .84681 .85084 3.5478 .85865 .86244 ,86614 .86977 .87333 ,87680
    .1 .88021 .a353 .88679 188997 .89308 ,89612 .89910 90200 ,90484 90761
    .2 .91031 .91296 .91553 .91805 .92051 ,92290 .92524 .92751 ,92973 ,93190
    .3 .93401 ,93606 .93807 .94002 .94191 ,94376 ,94556 .94731 .94902 .95067
    .4 ,95229 .95385 .95538 .95686 ,95830 .95970 ,96105 ,96237 .96365 .96490
    1.5 .96611 ,96728 .96841 .96952 .97059 ,97162 .97263 ,97360 ,97455 ,97546
    .6 ,97635 .97721 .97804 .97884 .97962 .98038 .98110 .98181 ,98249 ,98315
    .7 .98379 .98441 .98500 .98558 .98613 ,98667 .98719 .98769 .98817 .98864
    .8 .98909 .98952 .98994 .99035 .99374 ,99111 ,99147 ,99182 .99216 ,99248
    .9 39279 ,99309 .99338 ,99366 .99392 .99418 ,99443 ,99466 .99489 ,99511
    2.0 ,99532 ,99552 .99572 99591 .99609 ,99626 .99642 ,99658 ,99673 .99688
    .I .99702 ,99715 ,99728 .99741 9 7 5 3 .99764 ,99775 .99785 ,99795 ,99805
    .2 ,99814 .99822 ,99831 .99839 ,99846 .99854 ,99861 .99867 ,99874 ,99880
    .3 .99886 .99891 .99897 .99902 .99906 9 9 11 9 9 1 5 .99920 .99924 .99928
    .4 .99931 .99935 .99938 .99941 .99944 .99947 .99950 ,99952 ,99955 .99957
    2.5 99.59 ,99961 .99963 .99965 .99967 ,99969 .99971 .99972 .99974 .99975
    .6 99976 .99978 ,99979 .99980 .99981 .99982 ..99983 .99984 ,99985 .99986
    .7 9 9 8 7 .99987 ,99988 .99989 .99989 .99s50 . 9 W 1 ,99991 ,99992 .99992
    .8 .99992 .99993 ,99993 .99994 .99994 .99994 .99995 .99995 .99995 ,99996
    .9 99996 S9996 999% .99997 ,99997 .99997 .99997 ,99997 .99997 .99998
    3.0 .99998 .99999 .99999 1.00000
    -
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    v)

    5
    4

    B
    z
    T A B L E 19.-VALUES O F T H E CONSTANTS, k,, E N T E R I N G LEAST-SQUARES SOLU TION S, U SIN G T H E A B B R E V I A T E D
    M E T H O D O F B A I L Y A N D O F COX A N D M A T U S C H A K , W H E N T H E N U M B E R OF TER MS, n, IS O D D *
    z
    D
    Q
    T h e numbers in parentheses show the negative powers of 10 by which the adjacent numbers must he multiplied in order to obtain appropriate 12"'s.
    5 To illustrate, 1 : ~for I G = 13 is 54,945,055 x lo-''.

    ka k4 kG h kx
    4
    D
    3 3333 3333(8) so00 OOOO(8) 1000 OOOO(7) 1000 0000(7', 1500 OOOO(7)
    I
    (D - 5 2000 0000 1000 0000 4857 1429(8) 1428 5714(6, 7142 8571(9) 9027 7778(8) 2361 1111(8) 6944 4444(9)
    Im n 7 1428 5714 3571 4286(9) 3333 3333 4761 9048(9) 1190 4762 2625 6614 3240 7407(9) 4629 6296(10)
    9 1111 1111 1666 6667' ' 2554 1126 2164 5022 3246 7532(10) 1143 3782 8277 2166(10) 7014 5903(11)
    11 9090 9091(9) 9090 9091(10) 2074 5921 1165 5012 1165 5012 6037 9435(9) 2881 3779 1618 7516
    13 7692 3077 5494 5055 1748 2517 6993 0070(10) 4995 0050(11) 3584 6098 1214 0637 4856 2549(12)
    15 6666 6667 3571 4286 1511 3122 4524 8869 2424 0465 2304 5899 5830 6799 ( 11) 1745 7125
    17 5882 3529 2450 9803 1331 2693 3095 9752 1289 9897 1570 2041 3081 6420 7166 6093(13)
    19 5263 1579 1754 3860 1189 7391 2211 4109 7371 3696(12) 1118 3168 1752 5617 3257 5497
    21 4761 9048 1298 7013 1075 5149 1634 5211 4457 7848 8248 9 7 0 ( 10) 1056 2015 1605 1694
    23 4347 8261 9881 4229( 11) 9813 6646(9) 1242 2360 2823 2637 6259 0791 6672 0719(12) 8445 6606(14)
    25 4000 0000 7692 3077 9024 1546 %51 8357(11) 1858 0453 4862 3545 4382 3595 4692 0337
    27 3703 7037 6105 0061 8352 4904 7662 8352 1263 1047 3852 7423 2974 5336 2728 9299
    29 3448 2759 4926 1084 7774 0700 6179 7058 8828 1512(13) 3104 7316 2076 4076 1650 5625
    31 3225 8065 4032 2581 7270 7048 5056 1230 6320 1537 2538 6983 1485 0296 1032 7049
    33 3030 3030 3342 2460 6828 6552 4189 3590 4620 6166 2102 4471 1084 7991 6655 2091(15)
    35 2857 1429 2801 1204 6437 3464 3510 0035 3441 1799 1760 7811 8073 4407(13) 4402 0942
    37 2702 7027 2370 7918 6088 5061 2970 0030 2605 2658 1489 3734 6108 7522 2979 8791
    39 2564 1026 2024 2915 5775 5692 2535 3684 2001 6066 1271 0408 4691 0081 2059 2661
    41 2439 0244 1742 1603 5493 2589 2181 5961 1558 2829 1093 4097 3650 4910 1449 7581
    43 2325 5814 1510 1178 5237 2849 1890 7166 1227 7380 9474 1490(11) 2875 1015 1037 9428
    45 2222 2222 1317 5231 5004 1234 1649 3485 9778 7451 (14) 8263 1159 2289 2527 7545 3288( 16)
    47 2127 6596 1156 3367 4790 8525 1447 3875 7866 2362 7250 1033 1841 0171 5561 9852
    49 2040 8163 1020 4082 4595 0295 1277 1066 6385 5329 6396 2170 1494 1103 4152 6134
    51 1960 7843 9049 7738(12) 4414 5960 1132 5285 5227 0545 5671 3855 1222 7830 3136 9497
    -
    For references. see footnotes 15 and 16. 1). 39
    P
    N
    3
    ! T A B L E 20.-VALUES OF T H E CONS T ANT S , k,, E N T E R I N G LEA ST-SQU A R ES SOLU TION S, U S I N G T H E A B B R E V I A T E D
    z
    z
    P M E T H O D O F B A I L Y A N D OF COX A N D M A T U S C H A K , W H E N T H E N U M B E R O F T E R M S , n, IS E V E N *
    -0
    I The numbers in parentheses show the negative powers of 10 by which the adjacent numbers must be multiplied in order to obtain appropriate kn's.
    d
    E n 4 kz k3 k4 ks
    b
    -4 4 2500 OOOO(8) 5000 0000(9) 6406 2500(8) 7812 5030(9) 1562 SOOO(9) 6336 8056(8) 7118 055619) 8683 5556( 10)
    r01 6 1666 6667 1428 5714 3945 3125 1953 1250 1674 1071(10) 1126 7499 4870 756iiio) 2411 2654(11)
    Im n 8 1250 0000 5952 3810(10) 2890 6250 7812 5000(10) 3720 2381(11) 4196 3534(9) 9732 7441(11) 2630 4714( 12)
    10 1000 0000 3030 3030 2289 0625 3906 2500 1183 7121 2040 1329 2964 3389 5058 5988(13)
    12 8333 3333(9) 1748 2517 1897 3214 2232 1429 4682 8172(12) 1149 4485 1146 6157 1348 9597
    14 7142 8571 1098 9011 1621 0938 1395 0893 2146 2912 7125 6741(10) 5186 5517( 4463 4695(14)
    16 6250 0000 7352 9412(11) 1415 5506 9300 5952( 1094 1877 4725 9399 2622 0143 1722 7426
    18 5555 5556 5159 9587 1256 5104 6510 4167 6046 8266( 13) 1440 7871 7465 2181(15)
    20 5000 0000 3759 3985 1129 7349 4734 8485 3560 0365 8448 3844( 3) 3540 8149
    22 4545 4545 2823 2637 1026 2784 3551 1364 2205 6748 1790 5616 5218 8071 1805 8156
    24 4166 6667 2173 9130 9402 3164(9) 2731 6434 1425 2052 1375 4794 3364 5781 9775 0702( 16)
    26 3846 1538 1709 4017 8675 3091 2146 2912 9539 0720(14) 1079 5940 2248 0302 5561 6779
    28 3571 4286 1368 3634 8052 8846 1717 0330 6578 6704 8629 5508( 11) 1548 2276 jjoi iiig
    30 3333 3333 1112 3471 7513 9509 1395 0893 4655 4704 7006 8080 1094 4042 2031 9424
    32 3125 OOOO 9164 2229( 12) 7042 7390 1148 8971 3369 1996 5767 1532 7913 1009(14) 1290 8811
    34 2941 1765 7634 4194 6627 2213 9574 1423(12) 2486 7902 4803 7846 5836 2361 8431 4304(17)
    36 2777 7778 6435 0064 6258 0624 8062 4358 1867 7458 4043 7597 4380 6481 5643 7105
    38 2631 5789 5471 0581 5927 9058 6853 0703 1424 7547 3436 0952 3339 8722 3861 1239
    40 2500 0000 4690 4315 5630 8741 5774 0602 1102 0751 2944 4203 2582 2837 2693 8074
    42 2380 9524 4051 5355 5362 2160 5073 0520 8632 5332 ( 15) 2542 3116 2021 9092 1912 8753
    44 2272 7273 3523 6081 5118 0477 4411 3495 6839 3016 2210 2564 1601 3580 1380 2431
    46 2173 9130 3083 5646 4895 1643 3859 9309 5475 0792 1933 6316 1281 5606 1010 5351
    48 2083 3333 2713 8515 4690 8968 3396 7392 4424 7580 1701 3314 1035 4426 7497 7742( 18)
    50 2000 OOOO 2400 9604 4503 0048 3004 8077 3607 2121 1504 8177 8439 3542(15) 5631 4922
    -
    For references, see footnotes 15 and 16, p. 39.
    T A B L E 21.-VALUES O F ex A N D e-’ A N D T H E I R L O G A R I T H M S 43
    E e= log e‘ e-’ X e* log @ e-=
    1/64 1.0157 0.00679 0.98450 1/3 1.3956 0.14476 0.71653
    1/32 .0317 .01357 .%923 1/2 .6487 .21715 .60653
    1/16 .0645 .02714 .93941 3/! 2.1170 .32572 .47237
    1/10 .lo52 .04343 .SO484 .7183 .43429 .36788
    1/9 .1175 .04825 39484 5/4 3.4903 .54287 .28650
    1.1331 0.05429 0.88250 3!2 4.4817 0.65144 0.22313
    :$
    1/6
    .1536
    .1814
    .06204
    .07238
    .86688
    .84648
    7/; 5.7546
    7.3891
    .76002
    .86859
    .17377
    .13534
    1/5 .2214 .08686 .81873 9/4 9.4877 .97716 .lo540
    1/4 .2840 .lo857 .77880 5/2 12.1825 1.08574 .08208

    T A B L E 22,-FURTHER V A L U E S OF P
    This table gives the values of the probability P, as defined in Table 18, corresponding to
    different values of X / Y where r is the “probable error.” The probable error Y is equal to
    0.47694/12.

    -
    Y
    X
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    0.0 .OooOo .00538 .01076 .01614 .02 152 .02690 .03228 .03766 .04303 .04840
    0.1 .05378 ,05914 .06451 .06987 .07523 .08059 .08594 .09129 .09663 50197
    0.2 .lo731 .11264 .11796 .12328 .12860 .13391 .13921 .14451 .14980 .15508
    0.3 .16035 .16562 .17088 .17614 .18138 .18662 .19185 .19707 .20229 .20749
    0.4 .21268 .21787 .22304 .22821 .23336 .23851 .24364 .24876 .25388 .25898
    0.5 .26407 .26915 .27421 .27927 .28431 .28934 .29436 .29936 .30435 .30933
    0.6 .31430 .31925 .32419 .32911 .33402 .33892 .34380 .34866 ,35352 .35835
    0.7 .36317 .36798 .37277 .37755 .38231 .38705 .39178 .39649 .40118 .40586
    0.8 .41052 .41517 .41979 .42440 .42899 .43357 .43813 .44267 ,44719 .45169
    0.9 .45618 .46064 .46509 .46952 .47393 .47832 .48270 .48705 .49139 .49570
    1.o .50000 .50428 so853 .51277 .51699 .52119 ,52537 ,52952 .53366 .53778
    1.1 .54188 .54595 .55001 55404 .55806 .56205 .56602 .56998 .57391 .57782
    1.2 .58171 .58558 .58912 .59325 .59705 .60083 .60460 .60833 .61205 .61575
    1.3 .61942 .62308 .62671 .63032 .63391 .63747 .64102 .64454 .64804 .65152
    1.4 165498 .65841 .66182 .66521 .66858 .67193 .67526 .67856 .68184 .68510
    1.5 .68833 .69155 .69474 .69791 .70106 ,70419 .70729 .71038 .71344 .71648
    1.6 .71949 .72249 .72546 .72841 .73134 ,73425 .73714 .74000 .74285 .74567
    1.7 .74847 .75124 .75400 .75674 .75945 .76214 .76481 .76746 .77009 .77270
    1.8 .77528 .77785 .78039 .78291 .78542 .78790 .79036 .79280 ,79522 .79761
    1.9 .79999 30235 30469 30700 .80930 .81158 31383 .81607 .81828 .82048
    2.0 ,82266 32481 32695 32907 .83117 A3324 ,83530 33734 .83936 .84137
    2.1 .84335 .84531 34726 .84919 .85109 A5298 .85486 35671 .85854 .86036
    2.2 .86216 .86394 A6570 .86745 .86917 37088 .87258 .87425 .87591 .87755
    2.3 .87918 88078 ,88237 38395 ,88550 ,88705 ,88857 39008 39157 .89304
    2.4 29450 .89595 ,89738 .89879 .90019 .90157 .90293 .90428 .90562 .90694
    2.5 ,90825 .90954 .91082 .91208 .91332 .91456 .91578 .91698 .91817 .91935
    2.6 92051 .92166 .92280 .92392 .92503 ,92613 .92721 .92828 ,92934 ,93038
    2.7 .93141 .93243 .93344 .93443 ,93541 .93638 .93734 .93828 .93922 .94014
    2.8 .94105 .94195 .94284 .94371 .94458 .94543 .94627 .94711 .94793 .94874
    2.9 ,94954 .95033 .95111 .95187 .95263 ,95338 .95412 .95484 .95557 .95628
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    3 .95698 .%346 .96910 .97397 .97817 .98176 .98482 .98743 .98962 .99147
    4 .99302 99431 .99539 .99627 ,99700 .99760 .99808 .99848 .99879 .99905
    5 .99926 . 9 m 3 .99956 .99966 . w 7 4 .99980 .99985 .99988 .99991 .99993

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSlCAL TABLES


    44 1
    TABLE 23.-VALUES OF T H E FACTOR 0.67454=

    This factor occurs in the equation ra = 0.6745


    observation, and other similar equations.
    d.-
    .s -
    for the probable error of a single

    I2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    00 0.6745 0.4769 0.3894 0.3372 0.3016 0.2754 0.2549 0.2385
    10 0.2248 0.2133 .2034 ,1947 ,1871 .1803 .1742 .1686 .1636 .1590
    20 .1547 .1508 .1472 .1438 .1406 .1377 .1349 .1323 ,1298 .1275
    30 .1252 .1231 . E l 1 .1192 ,1174 .1157 .1140 .1124 .1109 .lo94
    40 .lo80 .lo66 .I053 .lo41 ,1029 .lo17 .lo05 .W94 .0984 ,0974
    50 0.0964 0.0954 0.0944 0.0935 0.0926 0.0918 0.0909 0.0901 0.0893 0.0886
    60 .0878 .0871 .0864 ,0857 ,0850 .0843 .0837 ,0830 .0824 .0818
    70 .0812 .0806 .(I800 .0795 .0789 .0784 .0779 .0774 .0769 ,0764
    80 .0759 .0754 ,0749 .0745 ,0740 ,0736 .0732 .0727 .0723 ,0719
    90 ,0715 .0711 ,0707 .0703 ,0699 .0696 .0692 .0688 .0685 .0681

    TABLE 24.-VALUES OF T H E F A C T O R 0.6745

    This factor occurs in the equation ro = 0.6745


    arithmetical mean.
    4 1) for the probable error of the
    ___

    n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9
    00 0.4769 0.2754 0.1947 0.1508 0.1231 0.1041 0.0901 0.0795
    10 0.0711 0.0643 .0587 .0540 .0500 .0465 0435 .OM9 .0386 .0365
    20 .0346 .0329 .0314 .0300 .0287 .0275 .0265 .0255 .0245 0237
    30 .0229 .0221 .0214 .0208 .0201 .0196 .0190 .0185 .0180 .0175
    40 .0171 .0167 ,0163 .0159 .0155 ,0152 .0148 .0145 .0142 .0139
    50 0.0136 0.0134 0.0131 0.0128 0.0126 0.0124 0.0122 0.0119 0.0117 0.0115
    60 .0113 .0111 .0110 .OlO8 ,0106 ,0105 .0103 .0101 .0100 .0098
    70 .0097 .OW6 .0094 .0093 .0092 .0091 .0089 ,0088 .0087 ,0086
    80 .0085 .0084 .0083 .0082 .0081 ,0080 .0079 .0078 ,0077 .0076
    90 ,0075 .0075 .0074 .0073 ,0072 .0071 ,0071 .0070 .0069 .0068

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 25.-LEAST SQUARES 45

    Part 1.-Values of the factor 0.8453

    This factor occurs in the approsimate equation Y


    zlvl
    = 0.8153 ___ for the probable
    d n ( n - 1)
    error of a single observation.

    11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    00 0.5978 0.3451 0.2440 0.1890 0.1543 0.1304 0.1130 0.0996
    10 0.0891 0.0806 .0736 .0677 ,0627 .0583 ,0546 .0513 .0483 .0457
    20 .0434 .0412 .0393 .0376 .0360 ,0345 ,0332 ,0319 .0307 .0297
    30 .0287 .0277 ,0268 .0260 .0252 .0245 ,0238 .0232 .0225 .0220
    40 .0214 .0209 .0204 .0199 .0194 ,0190 .0186 .0182 .0178 .0174
    50 0.0171 0.0167 0.0164 0.0161 0.0158 0.0155 0.0152 0.0150 0.0147 0.0145
    60 .0142 ,0140 .0137 ,0135 .0133 .0131 ,0129 .0127 .0125 .0123
    70 .O 122 .0120 .0118 ,0117 .0115 ,0113 ,0112 .0111 .0109 .01M
    80 .0106 .0105 .0104 .0102 .0101 .0100 .0099 .0098 .0097 .OW6
    90 .0094 .0093 .0092 ,0091 .0090 .0089 .0089 .0088 .0087 .0086

    1
    Part 2.-Values ---===
    of 0.8453
    ndn -1
    This factor occurs in the approximate equation yo = 0.8453 z(v( for the probable
    ndgi -1
    error of the arithmetical mean.

    I1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    00 0.4227 0.1993 0.1220 0.0845 0.0630 0.0493 0.0399 0.0332
    10 0.0282 0.0243 ,0212 ,0188 .0167 .0151 ,0136 .0124 .0114 .0105
    20 .0097 .0090 .0081 ,0078 .0073 .0369 .0065 .0061 .0058 .0055
    30 .0052 ,0050 ,0047 .0045 .0043 .0041 .0040 .0038 .0037 .0035
    40 ,0034 .0033 .0031 .0030 .0029 .0028 .0027 .0027 .0026 .0025
    50 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0022 0.0021 0.0020 0.0020 0.0019 0.0019
    60 .0018 .0018 .0017 .0017 .0017 .ON6 ,0016 .0016 .0015 .0015
    70 ,0015 ,0014 ,0014 .0014 ,0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 ,0012 .0012
    80 .oo12 .oo12 .oo11 -0011 .oo11 .oo11 .0011 .0010 .oo10 .0010
    90 ,0010 ,0010 .0010 .0009 .0009 .0009 ,0009 ,0009 ,0009 .a009

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    46 TABLES 26-28.-GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
    Some of the most important results of physical science are embodied in the
    numerical magnitudes of various universal physical constants. The accurate
    determination of such constants has engaged the time and labor of many of
    the most eminent scientists. Some of these constants can be evaluated by
    various methods. The experiments used to study and measure these constants,
    in many instances have yielded some function of two or more of the constants
    (see Table 26) such as h/e, e/m, F / N , h/m, m N , F ( e / m ) , e " / ( m / h ) , etc.,
    rather than the direct value of the constant. Each of the many relations has
    been investigated by various experimenters at various times, and each investi-
    gation normally produces a result more or less different from that of any other
    investigation. Under such conditions there arises a general and continuous
    need for a searching examination of the most probable value of each important
    constant. This makes necessary some comparison and analysis of all these ex-
    perimental data to arrive at the most probable value. An important factor in
    such work is that there are but few of the constants that do not require for
    their evaluation a knowledge of certain other constants. These relations are so
    extensive that most of the physical constants can be calculated from the value
    of five or six of the selected principal constants and certain ratios.
    Many such critical reviews of these natural constants and conversion factors
    have appeared in the last 30 to 40 years. The data and discussion given here
    for the constants and their probable errors are the values arrived at by three
    physicists, R. T. Birge,17 J. W. DuMond, and J. A. Bearden, and their associ-
    ates, who have made some very careful reviews and critical studies of the pub-
    lished experimental data on these general physical constants and have published
    several papers giving what they consider as the most probable value. Reference
    should be made to their original papers for details.
    Birge says in his 1941 paper that as a result of such critical work the situa-
    tion in respect to these constants has vastly improved over values of about 10
    years ago, and again one can say that such studies have resulted in more work
    and thus a more accurate set of constants.
    In 1941 Birge published a very extended list of physical constants and
    gave calculated values of many other physical constants that depend upon the
    fundamental constants. Because of the extent of this list, and also because so
    many of the relations among these constants are given therein, this 1941 list
    is given here. Almost all these constants in this table (Table 26) are accurate
    within the limits given.
    DuMond and Cohen18 prepared a table of some of these constants for the
    Atomic Energy Commission. A part of this appeared in the July 1953 issue
    of the Review of Modern Physics. Table 27 gives their values of a number
    of these physical constants.
    Bearden and Watts in 1950 made a study of values of a number of physi-
    cal constants, using some new values in their calculations. They are continuing
    this work and are now lSboffering some new and more accurate values. Table
    28 contains their 1950 values (corrected for their newer values) and newer
    calculated values of some additional constants.
    A comparison of the final values of these fundamental physical constants
    arrived at by these physicists shows in a real manner the accuracy that may
    now be claimed. A number of the principal radiation constants were taken
    from these tables (Tables 26-28) and are given in Table 53. These values
    have been used for the calculations in the tables in this book since they were
    available when the work was started and since the newer values would make no
    practical changes.
    1' Phys. Rev. Suppl., vol. 1, p. 1, 1929; Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 13, p. 233, 1941 ; Amer.
    Journ. Phys., vol. 13, . 63, 1945.
    1sPhys. Rev., vol. 38, p. 457, 1940; Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 20, p. 82, 1948.
    '*'Bearden, J. A., and Watts, H. M., Phys. Rev., vol. 81, p. 73, 1951.
    l a b Bearden, Earle, Minkowski, and Thomsen, private communication from J. A. Bear-
    den.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    47
    T A B L E 26.--OENERAL PHYSJCAL CO NS TANTS ACCORDING T O BIRGE *
    P a r t 1.-Principal constants and ratios

    Velocity of light.. . ...............c = (2.99776 -t- O.OOO04) x 10" cm sec-'


    Gravitation constant ............. . G = (6.670 fO.005) X 10-sdynecm'g-2
    Liter (= 1000 ml). . ............... I = 1000.028 3- 0.002 cm'
    Volume of ideal gas (O"C, A,) . . . .V o= (22.4146 f.0.0006) X 105 cms atm-' mole"
    V', = 22.4140 0.0006 I atm-' mole-'
    Volume of ideal gas (O'C, As). ..V,, = (22.4157 -t 0.0006) X 10' cmaatm-'mole-'
    Va5= 22.4151 f0.0006 1 atm-' mole-'
    Atomic weights (see Part 2).
    Standard atmosphere ........... .A0 = 1.013246 2 0.000004) X 108 dyne cm-'
    . = (1.013195 f.0.000004) x 10'dyne cm-'
    45" atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A,s
    Ice-point (absolute scale). ...... ..To = 273.16 2 0.01"K
    Joule equivalent .................Jls = 4.1855 2 0.0004 abs joule/calla
    Toule eauivalent (electrical). .... .J',3 = 4.1847 2 0.0003 int joule/calls
    Faraday constant
    (1) Chemical scale ...........F = 96501.2 t 10 int coul/g equiv.
    = 96487.7 f 1.0 abs coulla eauiv.
    = 9648.772 1.0 abs emu/g equiv.
    F' = Fc = (2.89247 2 0.00030) X 1O"abs esu/g equiv.
    (2) Physical scale ...........F = 96514." f 10 abs coul/g equiv.
    = 9651.4, k 1.0 abs emu/g equiv.
    F' = Fc = (2.89326 f.0.00030) X lo" abs esu/g equiv.
    Avogadro number (chemical scale). N o = (6.0228s -t 0.001 1) X 1 p molecules/mole
    Electronic charge .................e = F / N o = (1.602033 f0.00034) X lo-" abs emu
    e' = ec = (4.80251 2 0.0010) X lo-'' abs esu
    *
    Specific electronic charge. ......e / m = (1.7592 0.0005) X lo7abs emu/g
    e'/m = ec = (5.2766 f.0.0015) x 10" abs esu/g
    Planck's constant .................h (see Part 4)

    P a r t 2.-Atomic weights

    Physical scale (0'"= 16.0000)


    1H' = 1.00813 f0.00001~ iH' = 2.01473 -t O.oooO1p
    iH = 1.00827s 2 O.OoOO17
    (from H'/H2 abundance = 6900 k 100)
    ,He4 = 4.00389 -C 0.00007
    ,C" = 12.00386 2 0.0004 ,C'" = 13.00761 % 0.00015
    C = 12.01465 zk 0.00023
    (from C"/C" abundance = 92 f.2)
    ,N1' = 14.00753 2 0.00005 7N" = 15.0049 f 0.0002
    N = 14.01121 f.0.00009s
    (from N1'/Nm abundance = 270 f 6)
    ,O" = 16.0000 = 17.0045 80" = 18.0049
    0 = 16.004357 t 0.00008a
    [from abundance Ole : 0" : 0" == (506 5z 10) : 1 : (0.204 2 0.008) I
    Chemical scale (0 = 16.0000)
    Ratio physical to chemical scale :
    r = (16.004357 2 0.000086)/ 16 = 1.00272 4 0 . 0 0 0 ~ 5
    H1 1.00785, 3- O.OOOOIs (from physical scale)
    H2= 2.0141& f.0.00002, (from physical scale)
    H = l.008002 2 O.OO0Ol8 (from physical scale)
    He' = 4.00280 2 0.00007 (from physical scale)
    C = 12.01139 f 0.00024 (from physical scale)
    N = 14.00740 2 0.00012 (from physical scale)
    N = 14.0086 rt 0.0007 (direct observation)
    Na = 22.994 t 0.003
    CI = 35.457 f0.001
    Ca 40.080 2 0.005
    Ag = 107.880 f 0.002
    I = 126.915 -t- 0.004
    .Unless otherwise specified, all quantities in this table that involve the mol or the gram equivalent
    are on the chemical scale of atomic weights.
    (contiwed)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    48
    T A B L E PB.-GENERAL P H Y S I C A L CONSTANTS ACCORDING T O BlRGE
    (continued)
    Part 3.-Additional quantities evaluated or used in connection with Part 1

    Ratio of esu to emu (direct). .......... c' = (2.99711 f 0.0001) X l(Yo cm'/' set"/' ohm'/*
    = (2.9978, 2 O.OOOlo) X 10" cm/sec
    Ratio of esu to emu (indirect). ...... .c' = c = (2.99776 f0.0004) X 10'' cm/ser
    Average density of earth.. ............6 = 5.517 f0.004 p/cm'
    Maximum density of water. ....am(H20) = 0.999S2 2 0.000002 g/cm'
    Acceleration of gravity (standard). ... .go = 980.665 cm/sec'
    Acceleration of gravity (45"). ........ g = ~ 980.616 cm/sec?
    Density of oxygen gas (OOC, A ) .... .L1= 1.42897 f0.0003 g/liter
    Limiting density of oxygen gas (OOC, A K )
    L t i m = 1.427609 2 0.000037 g/liter
    Factor converting oxygen (O'C, All)
    to ideal gas.. ..................1 - a = l.OOO953s2 0.000009,
    Specific gravity of H g (O'C, Ao) re-
    ferred to air-free water at maximum
    density .......................... .po = 13.59542 f 0.00005
    Density of Hg (0°C. A ) .............DO= 13.59504f 0.00005, g/cm8
    Electrochemical equivalents (chemical
    scale) :
    Silver (apparent) .............EA, = (1.11800 -t0.00012) x 10-'g/int coul
    (corrected) .............E A , = (1.11807 2 0.00012) x g/abs coul
    Iodine (apparent) ..............E I = (1.315026 fO.oooO25) x lo-*g/int coul
    (corrected) ..............E I = (1.31535 f0.00014) x lo-* g/abs coul
    Effective calcite grating space ( W C )
    Siegbahn system d"a = 3.02904 X lo-' cm
    True calcite grating space (20°C). .. . # Z O = 3.029512 X 10.' cm
    Siegbahn system
    True calcite grating space (20°C). . . .dm = (3.0356742 0.00018) X 10-'cm
    cgs system
    Ratio of grating and Siegbahn scales of
    wavelengths ...................X I / L = 1.002034 f0.000060
    Density of calcite (20°C). ............. p = 2.71029 U0.00003 g/cm*
    .*
    Structural constant of calcite (20°C). . = 1.09594 2 0.00001
    Molecular weight of calcite (chemical
    scale) ........................... - - - - - - -. naos
    .M = inn.091.f - ---
    Rydberg constant for hydrogen (HI). .RH = 109677.5812f 0.007, cm-' (LA. scale)
    Rydberg constant for deuterium (H') . .RD= 109707.419af0.0076 cm-' (I.A. scale)
    Rydberg constant for helium.. ......R I I ,= 109722.263 -C 0.012 cm-' (I.A. scale)
    Rydberg constant for infinite mass. ...R, = 109737,303& 0.017 cm-' (LA. scale\
    or f 0.05 cm-' (cgs system)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    49
    T A B L E 26.-GENERAL P H Y S I C A L C O N S T A N T S A C C OR D IN G T O B I R G E
    (continued)
    P art 4.-Partial list o f derived quantities

    ,= {
    Planck's constant :
    27r7Fs }1/3
    ........... = (6.62422 0.002,) X erg sec

    It/e = { R<zTm)}
    R,No (e/+iz)

    }
    1/3. ....... z (4.134g02 0.00071) x lo-' erg sec abs emu-'

    h/e' {
    = I t / ( e c ) = Rx N2r2F2
    o ' ( C / tit)
    'I3 = (1.3793, 2 0.0002,) x lo-'' erg sec abs esu-'

    Atomic weight of electron : ...........E = F / ( c / n z )


    (Physical scale) ..................= (5.4862, 2 0.0017) X lo-,
    (Chemical scale) ..................= (5.48175 f 0.0017) X lo-'
    Band spectra constant connecting wave
    number and moment of inertia :
    ..... = (27.98,,
    1"(8*2r) = { 2 O.Ol0) X lo-'' g c m

    Boltzmann constant :
    I< = Ro/.Vo= Y o A U / ( T o N o........
    ). = (1.38047, 2O.ooO26) X lO-"'erg/deg
    Charge in electrolysis of 1 gram of H
    F/H = 9572.1,, f 1.0 abs. emujg
    Charge in electrolysis of one gram of
    H' ........................... c/M,,' = I; H' = 9573.5,f 1.0 abs emu/g
    Compton shift at 90" :

    Energy i n ergs of one abs volt-electron:


    E o = 106c = 108F/Zio .............. = (1.60203, 2 0.00034) X lo-'* erg
    Energy in calories per mole for one abs volt-electron per molecule:
    F(abs coul/gram-equiv.)
    J15(absjoules/cal)
    ........... = 23052.85 2 3.2 call:, mole-'
    Fine structure constant :
    a {
    = 2x(e')'/(hr) = 4aRxF(c'1r2'}
    N O
    = (7.2976, f 0.0008.) x lo-'
    l / a = 137.030, & 0.016
    'a = (5.3255 2 0.0013) X
    Gas constant per mole:
    Ro = I'oA,/T, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = (8.31436 f 0.00038) X 10' erg deg-' mole-'
    RIo= K,, x 10-'/115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = 1.98646, 2 0.00021 call:, deg-' mole-'
    R'Io= Iv',/To..................... = (8.20544, & 0.00037) X 1 atm deg-' mole-'
    R"' -- RolAu= V , / T , ............ = 82.0566; f 0.0037 cms atm deg-' mole-'
    also :
    ROTo= I'oA, ..................... = (2.27115"f 0.00006) X 10'" erg mole-'
    Loschmidt number (O"C, A0)riu= hro/V0.= (2.6870,t * 0.00050)X 10'" molecules/cm3
    hfagnetic moment of one Bohr magneton :
    p1 = (Iz/4a)(e/m) =
    = (0.9273,, 2 O.CO03,) X lo-% erg/gauss

    Magnetic moment per mole for one Bohr


    magneton per molecule :
    ,u1!V0= -
    4n
    {
    1 2 7 r ' ~ ~ F ~ ( ~ / i' Ii 3
    Rr No'
    }
    i )......
    ~ = 5585.2, f 1.6 erg gauss-' mole-'
    Mass of a-particle. . M a = ( H e - 2E)/No = (6.61422 f 0.0012) X lo-'' g
    (corttirlurd)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    50
    T A B L E 26.-GENERAL P H Y S I C A L CONSTANTS ACCORDING TO BlRGE
    (concluded)
    Mass of atom of unit atomic weight,
    Mo = 1/No = (1.66035 2 0.00031) X lo-" g
    Mass of electron ;
    m = e/(e/m) = (F/No)/(e/m) = (9.1066, f 0.0032) X lo-" g
    Mass of H' atom.. ...... . M H = ~ H'/No = (1.673393 0.0031) X lo'" g
    Mass of proton.. ... . M P = (H'- E)/No = (1.672482f 0.00031) X lo-" g
    *
    Ratio mass H' atom to mass electron:
    MHl/m = (e/m)(H'/F) ........... = 1837.5,, f 0.5,
    Ratio mass proton to mass electron :
    M,/m = ( e / m (H'- ) . ........
    ) ( T E)
    = 1836.56, 2 0.56
    First radiation constant. ....cl** = 8rhc = (4.9908 f 0.0024) X lo-'' erg cm
    = hcP = (0.59542 f 0.0024) >( 10.' erg cm2 sec-'
    Second radiation constant :
    =2 ~ h = *
    2 (3.7403 0.0024) x lo-' erg cm2 sec-'

    cz = hc/k = - { 2rF6
    VoAo RmNo(elm)
    }1/3 = 1.43848 f 0.00034 cm deg

    Specific charge of a-particle :


    2F ................. = 4522.3s 2 0.5, abs emu/g
    2e/M -
    He-2E
    ~

    a-

    Specific charge of proton :


    F ................... = 9578.77 f 1.0 abs emu/g
    e/Mp =

    Radiation density constant,


    a = 8r6k'/(15c'hs) =
    4rraNoRm(e/m) ............ -
    - (7.56942f0.004#) X lo-= erg cm-' deg-'
    (?) 15c'F
    Stefan-Boltzmann constant : t
    VoArsNoR,(e/m) 4
    u = a c / 4 = 2r6k4/(15cah8) ......... = (*) 15( F C ) ~
    = (5.67283f 0.003,) X 10.' erg cm-' deg-' sec-'
    Wien's displacement-law constant. ... . A = c2/4.965114= 0.28971, 2 0.00007 cm deg
    Wavelength associated with 1 abs volt.
    ko = 10-'c2(h/e') = -c2 2<FZ {
    10' RmNo(elm)
    >;,
    = (12395.. 2 2 4 x lo-' cm abs volt
    Wave number associated with 1 abs volt :
    SO = 1/)b = - {
    lo8 RmN'(e/m)}'/3
    2*2FZ
    C2
    = 8067.4, '-+ 1.4 cm/abs volt
    Zeeman displacement per gauss ( e / m ) / ( 4 ~ c )= 4.669g1 f 0.0013) X lO-'cm/gauss
    **. I,be defined in several ways and this determines the value of cl. If J,dX gives the energy
    may
    density of unpolarized radiation in range dX, then c l = 8nhc. If J,dX gives the emission of linearly
    polarized light, in range dX per unit solid angles perpendicular to the surface, then c1= hc'. If this
    expression J,dX denotes the emission of radiation in range dX, per unit surface from one side i n all
    directions (2n solid angle) then cl = 2ahcz. See Table 53.
    t For 2a solid angle.

    Part 5.-Birge's 1944 values o f 3 constants

    e, Electronic charge.. .................. = (4.8021 f 0.0006) X lo-" abs esu


    Nu, Avogadro number.. ................ = (6.02338 f 0.00043) X 10" molecules mole-'
    (chemical scale)
    F, Faraday constant.. .................. = 96487.7 f 10 abs coul
    (chemical scale)

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    51
    T A B L E 27.-TABLE O F L E A S T S Q U A R E S A D J U S T E D O U T P U T V A L U E S OF
    P H Y S I C A L C O N S T A N T S ( B Y D u M O N D A N D ASSOCIATES)
    (November 1952)
    Part 1.-Auxiliary constants used

    These auxiliary constants are quantities which are uncorrelated (observationally) with
    the variables of the least-squares adjustment.
    Rydberg wave number for infinite mass. RE= 109737.309 f 0.012 cm-'
    Rydberg wave numbers for the light nuclei
    RH= 109677.576 f 0.012 cm-'
    RD = 109707.419 f 0.012 cm-'
    RH= , ~109717.345 f 0.012 cm-'
    Rne4= 109722.267 f 0.012 cm-'
    Atomic mass of neutron.. ............. n = 1.008982 f0.000003
    Atomic mass of hydrogen.. ...........H = 1.008142 2 0.000003
    Atomic mass of deuterium.. .......... D = 2.014735 f 0.000006
    Gas constant per mole (physical scale). R, = (8.31662 f 0.0003S) X 10' erg mole-' deg-'C
    Standard volume of a perfect gas
    (physical scale) ...................Y o= 22420.7 f 0.6 cms atmos-' mole-'

    Part 2.-Least-squares adjusted output values

    (The quantity following each f sign is the standard error by external consistei;cy)
    Velocity of light.. .................... c = 299792.9 f 0.8 km sec-'
    Avogadro's constant (physical scale). ..N = (6.02472 f 0.00036) X 10'' (molecules mot)-'
    Loschmidt's constant (physical scale). . . .
    Lo= N/V0 = (2.68713 f 0.00016) x 10'Dmoleculescm-'
    Electronic charge .................... . e = (4.80288 2 0.00021) X lO-'Oesu
    e' = e / c = (1.60207 f0.00007) j ( emu
    Electron rest mass. ...................m = (9.1085 f0.0006) X lo-" g
    Proton rest mass. . . . . . . . . . . .mp = M,/N = (1.67243 2 0.00010) x lo-" g
    Neutron rest mass.. ..........m, = ?1/N = (1.67474 f 0.00010) x lo-'' g
    Planck's constant .................... h = (6.6252 t 0.0005) X erg sec
    4i = h / ( 2 * ) = (1.05444 2 0.00009) x erg sec
    Conversion factor from Siegbahn X-units
    to milliangstroms .............. .Xl/h, = 1.002063 f 0.000034
    Faraday constant (physical scale) I; = N e = (2.89360 f0.00007) X 10" esu (g mot)"
    F' = N e / c = (9652.01 -C 0.25) emu (gm mot)-'
    Charge-to-mass ratio of the electron. . e / m = (5.27299 2 0.00016) x 1O''esu g-'
    e'/m = e / ( m c ) = (1.7588 2 0.00005) x lO'emu g-'
    Ratio h / e .......................... h / e = (1.37943 C 0.00005) X lo-'' erg sec (em)-'
    Fine structure constant ...... a = e2/(%r)= (7.29726 t 0.00008) x
    l / a = 137.0377 2 0.0016
    a j 2 r = (1.161396 f 0.000013) X
    a* = (5.32501 f0.00012) X
    1 - (1 - a')? = (0.266254 2 0.000006) X
    Atomic mass of the electron (physical
    scale) ........................... N m = (5.48760 2 0.00013) X lo-'
    Ratio of mass of hydrogen to mass of
    proton a
    H/H'= [ 1 - N-(Hm 1 - $ a Z ) ] - l = 1.000544610 f 0.000000013
    Atomic mass of proton.. ............H' = 1.007593 f0.000003
    Ratio of proton mass to electron mass.. .
    H+/Nni = 1836.13 C 0.04
    Reduced mass of electron in hydrogen
    atom .................... p = mH+/H = (9.1035 f 0.0006) X g
    Schrodinger constant for a fixed nucleus
    2ndV = (1.63844 f 0.00016) x 10" erg-' cm-'
    Schrodinger constant for the hydrogen
    atom ......................... . 2 p / V = (1.63755 f 0.00016) x 10" erg-' cm-'
    First Bohr radius.. ........ao = P/(me') = (5.29171 2 0.00006) X IO-'cm = a/(47rRE)
    * T h e binding energy of the electron in the hydrogen atom has been included in the quantity. The
    mass of the electron when f o u n d in the hydrogen atom is not m but more correctly m ( 1 - 1 / 2 a'+ ' .).

    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    52
    T A B L E 27.-TABLE O F LEAST-SQUARES A D J U S T E D O U T P U T V A L U E S O F
    P H Y S I C A L C O N S T A N T S (continued)
    Radius of electron orbit in normal H',
    referred to center of mass.. ..........
    a' = ao(l - a')* = (5.29157 2 0.00006) X lo-' cm
    Separation of proton and electron in nor-
    ma1 H' ..............&" = &' R,/RII = (5.29445 2 0.00006) X 10-Ocm
    Compton wavelength of the electron.. . . . .
    X,. = h / ( m c ) = (24.2625 2 0.0006) X lo-" cm = a'/(2Rm)
    X,. = h c , / ( 2 r ) = (3.86150 2 0.00009) X lO-"cm = a2/(4rRm)
    Compton wavelength of the proton. .....
    Xe, = h/m,c = (13.2139 f 0.0004) X lo-'' cm
    X,, = AeP/(27r)= (2.10307 2 0.00007) X lo-'' cm
    Compton wavelength of the neutron.. ...
    Xc. = h / n w = (13.1958 f 0.0004) X lo-'' cm
    X,. = X,./(ZR) = (2.10017 2 0.00007) X lO-"cm
    Classical electron radius.. . .ro= e'/(mc') = (2.81784 -C 0.00010) X 10''scm = a3/(4rR,)
    r0*= (7.9402 2 0,0005) x cm'
    8
    Thompson cross section.. ......... - ~ ~ =0 (6.65196 2 -C 0.0005) X cm'
    3
    Fine structure doublet separation in
    hydrogen ....................... AE - -Raa'
    'I-
    1
    16
    [ + +
    1 (85 - 5.946 a']
    7)
    = 0.365869 -f. 0.000008 cm-'
    = 10968.49 -C 0.25 Mc sec-'
    Fine structure separation in deuterium.. .
    A E D= AEII RD/RIi : *
    0.365969 0.000008 cm-'
    = 10971.48 -C 0.25 Mc/sec-'
    Zeeman displacement per gauss. ........
    (c /m c )/(4~ c )= (4.66879 2 0.00015) X lO"cm-'gauss-'
    Boltzmann's constant .........k = Ro/N = (1.38042 -C 0.00010) XlO-''ergs deg-'
    x
    k = (8.6164 2 0.0004) 10"ev deg-'
    I l k = 11605.7 -C 0.5 deg ev-'
    First radiation constant. ......c1 = 8 R hc = (4.9919 2 0.0004) X erg cm
    Second radiation constant. .....c2 = hc/k = (1.43884 -C 0.00008) cm deg
    Atomic specific heat constant. .......c z / c = (4.79946 2 0.00027) X lo-'' sec deg
    Wien displacement law constant '. .X,,.,T = cJ(4.96511423) = 0.28979 2 0.00005 cm deg
    Stefan-Boltzmann constant . ,. ..........
    u = (w2/60)(k'/Rc') = (0.56686 rfr 0.00005) X lo-' erg cm-' deg-' sec-'
    5
    +
    Sackur-Tetrode constant ......... .So/Ro=2 1 n { (2rR0)"' h-' N-'1
    - _ 5.57324 f 0.00011
    -
    So= - (46.3505 2 0.0017) X 1O'erg mole-' deg-'
    Bohr masneton .......................
    1
    p3 7he/(4n mc) = - e X.. = (0.92732 2 0.00006) X erg gauss-'
    2
    Anomalous electron moment correction. ..
    1[ +2 73
    - 2.973 a' = p./po = 1.001145356 C 0.000000013
    R
    Magnetic moment of the electron. ..... p a = (0.92838 2 0.00006) X lo-" erg gauss-'
    Nuclear magneton .....................
    p. = hc/(4rmpc) =poNm/H+= 0.505038 -C 0.000036) X lo-= erg gauss-'
    Proton moment ..................... . p = 2.79277 -C 0.00006 nuclear magnetons
    = (1.41045 2 0.00009) X lo-" erg gauss-'
    Gyromagnetic ratio of the proton in hy-
    drogen (uncorrected for diamagnetism)
    y' = (2.67520 k 0.00008)X 10' radians sec-' gauss-'
    Gyromagnetic ratio of the proton (cor-
    rected) ........................... .y = (2.67527 -C 0.00008) X10' radians sec-' gauss-'
    Multiplier of (Curie constant)* to give
    magnetic moment per molecule. (3k/N)4 = (2.62178 k 0.00017) X (erg mole deg-')*
    b The numerical constant 4.96511423 is the root of the transcendental equation I= 5 (1 -e+).
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    53
    T A B L E 27.-TABLE O F LEAST-SQUARES A D J U S T E D O U T P U T V A L U E S OF
    P HY S ICA L C O N S T A N T S (concluded)
    Mass-energy conversion factors. .....1 g = ( 5.60999 C 0.00025) X 10%Mev
    *
    1 electron mass = 0.510984 0.000016 Mev
    1 atomic mass unit = 931.162 2 0.024 Mev
    1 proton mais = 938.232 2 0.024 ?\lev
    1 neutron mass = 939.526 0.024 lfev *
    Quantum energy conversion factors.. 1 ev = (1.60207 C 0.00007) X lO-''erg
    E / i =T (1.98620 2 0.00016) X lo"* erg cm
    E A, = (12397.8 f 0.5) X lo-' ev-cm
    E A, = 12372.2 f 0.4 k volt-x units
    E / v = (6.6252 f0.0005) X erg sec
    E / v = (4.13544 f 0.00015) X ev-sec
    C/E = (5.0347 2 0.0004) X lOI5 cm-' erg-'
    ;/E = ( 8065.98 C 0.30) cm-' ev-'
    v/E = (1.50938 2 0.00012) X 10" sec'' erg-'
    v / E = (2.41812 2 0.00009) x 10" sec-' ev-'
    de Broglie wavelengths, AD of elementary
    particles
    Electrons ..................... . A D , = (7.27373 2 0.00016) cm2sec-'/v
    = (1.55226 2 0.00008) x 10-13cm( e r g ) + / \ / x
    = (1.226377 2 0.000032) X lo-' cm (ev)+/V E
    Protons ...................... . A D , = (3.96145 *
    0.00013) X lo-' cm' sec-'/v
    = (3.62261 2 0.00020) X 10-"cm (erg)*/\/ E
    -
    *
    = (2.86208 0.00012) X lO-'cm ( e v ) * / \ / x
    Neutrons ..................... . A D , = (3.95599 2 0.00013) X cm' sec-I/v -
    = (3.62005 C 0.00020) X cm (erg)+/\/ E
    = (2.86005 f 0.00012) X 10-O cm ( e v ) * / \ / y
    Energy of 2200 m/sec neutron. ......EZ1W = 0.0252977 2 0.0000006 ev
    Velocity of 1/40 ev neutron.. ...... .VO.OU= 2187.017 0.028 m/sec*
    The Rydberg and related derived constants
    R , = 109737.309 f 0.012 cm-'
    R,c = (3.289847 -C 0.000008) X 10'' sec-'
    R,hc = (2.17961 f 0.00018) X lo-" ergs
    Rzhc2
    lo: = 13.6050 C 0.0005 ev
    Hydrogen ionization potential. ....... . I 0 = 13.5978 C 0.0005 ev
    = R Hhc'
    p[ 1 + $+. . ]
    x lo-'
    c These formulas apply only to non-relativistic velocities. If the velocity of the particle is not negligi-
    hle compared to the velocity of light, c. or the energy not negligible compared to the rest mass energy,
    we must use XD = &[E(E +2 ) ]-I/' where XC i s the appropriate Compton wavelength and E is the kinetic
    energy measured in units of the particle rest mass.

    SMlTHMNlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    54
    TABLE 28.-GENERAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS ACCORDING T O BEARDEN
    A N D ASSOCIATES *
    P a r t 1 t (atomic weights according t o the physical scale unless otherwise indicated)

    Least-squares adjusted values of the fundamental atomic constants


    Atomic mass of hydrogen .............H = (1.008142 f .000003)
    Atomic mass of deuterium ............ D = (2.014735 f .000006)
    Atomic mass of deuteron ..............d = (2.014186 f .000006)
    Atomic mass of proton ...............M = (1.007593 .000003) _+

    Atomic mass of electron ............ N m = (5.48756 f .00018) x lo-'


    Electron mass ...................... .m = (9.10818 f .00079) x lo-= g
    Reduced electron mass in hydrogen atom
    # = (9.10322 f .00072) X lO-=g
    Ratio proton mass to electron mass. .....
    M / m N = (1836.139 2.054)
    Ratio of Siegbahn X-unit to milliangstrom
    A,/X, = (1.002058 f .000039)
    Ratio of physical to chemical scales of
    atomic weights ..................... r = ( 1.0002783 2 .0000005)
    Faraday ............................ F = (9652.14 2 . 3 3 ) emu (g-equiv)-'
    Electron charge ..................... .e = (4.80283 f ,00022) X lo-" esu
    Specific electronic charge .......... . c / m = (5.27309 f.00024) X lo" esu g-'
    Planck's constant .................... *
    h = (6.62509 .00059) X lo-" erg sec
    Planck's constant X 1/2 7r . . . . . . . . . . . . .d = (1.05442 f.00009) X erg sec
    h / e = (1.37941 2 .00006) X lO-''erg sec (em)-'
    h/m = (7.27377 2.00017) cm' sec-'
    Boltzmann's constant
    *
    Avogadro's number .................N = (6.02487 .00045) X 10" molecules (g-mol)-'
    ..........k = (1.38039 f .OOOlO) X lO-'"erg deg-'
    Loschmidt's number . ..........no = (2.68719 f .OOOZO) x 10'' molecules cm-a
    Rydberg for infinite mass ............R, = (109737.311 k.012) cm-'
    Rydberg for hydrogen ..............RH = (109677.578 & ,012) cm-'
    Rydberg for deuterium ...............RD= (109707.419f ,012) cm-'
    Gas constant per mole.. ..............R,= (8.31665 2 ,00034) X IO'erg mol-'deg-'
    Molar volume ...................... V@= (2.23207 -C .00004) X lo' cms mol-'
    Fine structure constant.. ............. .a = (7.29729 2 .oooO8)X lo4
    l/a = (137.0371 2 ,0016)
    Velocity of light. ....................
    First radiation constant. ....
    *
    .c = (2.997925 .000008) X 10"' cm sec-'
    . . . ..c, = ;4.99175 1:.00044) X lO-'"rg cm
    Second radiation constant. .. .....cz = ( 1.43884 k .00004 cm deg
    Stefan-Boitzrnann constant ...........u = (5.66858 f .00053) X IO-'erg cm-'deg-' sec-'
    Bohr magneton ......................
    *
    Wien displacement law constant. . .A,,, T = (289789 .000009) cm deg
    .fro = (.927313 2.000055) X lo-" erg gauss-'
    Theoretical magnetic moment of electron
    p. = (.928375 f .000055) X lo-" erg gauss-'
    .................ao= (5.29173 f .00006) X lO-'cm
    Conversion factor for atomic mass units
    to Mev ........................... E , = (9.31145 2.0032) X lo2Mev (amu)-'
    Conversion factor for grams to Mev.. .E, = (5.61003 2 .00026) X lomMev g-'
    Wavelength associated with 1 ev.. ... . A 0 = (1.23976 f .00005) X lo-' cm
    Wave number associated with 1 ev. ... .PO = (8.05611 f.00035) X lo3cm-' ev-'
    For reference see footnote 18a p. 46.
    t Private comm;nication by J. .4'. Bearden. Data presented at May 1953 meeting of Physical Society
    at Washington by Bearden, Earle, Minkowski, Thomsen, Johns Hopkins University.

    Part 2$

    Multiplier of (Curie constant)"' to&e


    magnetic moment per molecule. V 3k/N = (2.62173 f .00009) X lo-" (erg mol deg-')*
    Atomic specific heat constant. .......h/k = (4.79903 f .00023) X lo-" sec deg
    Schrodinger constant for fixed nucleus. .
    2m/hz = (1.638995 f .000045) X lon erg-' cm"
    Schrodinger constant for H' atom. .29/hZ= (1.638103 f .000045) X lon erg-' cm-'
    Energy associated with unit wave num-
    ber .............................. .El= (1.985698 i..000048) X 10-"erg
    Speed of 1 ev electron., ..............VO= (5.931098 2 .000045) X IO'cm sec-'
    (c o n t i w e d )
    t For reference, see footnote 18a, p. 46.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    55
    T A B L E 28.-GENERAL P H Y S I C A L C O N S T A N T S ACCORDING T O B E A R D E N
    A N D ASSOCIATES (concluded)
    Energy equivalent of electron mass.. .711C2 = (S10969 .000009) Mev
    Energy associated with 1°K.. ..........
    ( R , / F ) X lo-'= (8.61632 2.00042) x lO-'ev
    Temperature associated with 1 ev.. ...Tn = (11605.9 2 .6) deg K
    Grating space calcite at 20°C. ....... .dm = (3.03567 2 .OOOOS) x lO-'cm
    Density of calcite at 20°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p = (2.71030 2 .00003) g cm-'
    Compton wavelength of electron.. . . h / r i i c = (2.426045 2 .00002S) X 10-lacm
    Zeeman displacement per gauss c/(4rrirrc) = (4.668885 2 .00008) X 10-5cm-'gauss-'
    Doublet separation in hydrogen. . . . . . . . . .
    - R,r a' = (.3649900 k .0000037) cm-'
    16

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    56 TABLES 2 9 - 3 6 . 4 O M M O N U N I T S OF MEASUREMENT

    T A B L E 29.-SPELLING AND ABBREVIATIONS O F T H E COMMON U N I T S OF


    W E I G H T A N D MEASURE
    The spelling of the metric units is that adopted by the International Committee on
    Weights and Measures and given in the law legalizing the metric system in the United
    States (1866). The use of the same abbreviation for singular and plural is recommended.
    It is also suggested that only small letters be used for abbreviations except in the case of
    A for acre, where the use of the capital letter is general.

    Unit Abbreviation Unit Abbreviation


    acre A kilogram kn
    are a kiloliter kl
    avoirdupois av kilometer km
    barrel bbl link li.
    board foot bd ft liquid liq
    bushel bu liter 1
    carat, metric C meter m
    centare ca metric ton t
    centigram W micron P
    centiliter cl mile mi
    centimeter cm milligram mg
    chain ch milliliter ml
    cubic centimeter cm' millimeter mm
    cubic decimeter dm' mi I leimic roil mCc
    cubic dekameter dkm' minim min. or
    cubic foot ft8 ounce 0.2
    cubic hectometer hm' ounce, apothecaries' oz a p or J
    cubic inch in." ounce, avoirdupois oz av
    cubic kilometer km' ounce, fluid fl oz
    cubic meter ma ounce, troy oz t
    cubic mile mi' peck pk
    cubic millimeter mm' pennyweight dwf
    cubic yard
    decigram
    deciliter
    yd'
    da
    dl
    pint
    pound
    pound, apothecaries'
    r;
    Ih ap
    decimeter dm pound, avoirdupois Ih av
    decistere ds pound, troy Ibt
    dekagram dka quart qt
    dekaliter dkl rod rd
    dekameter dkm scruple, apothecaries' savor 3
    dekastere dks square centimeter cm2
    dram dr square chain ch'
    dram, apothecaries' dr ap or 3 square decimeter dm2
    dram, avoirdupois dr av square dekameter dkm'
    dram, fluid fl dr square foot ft'
    fathom fath square hectometer hm2
    foot ft square inch in?
    firkin fir square kilometer km2
    furlong fur square meter m2
    gaily gal square mile miz
    grain gr square millimeter mm2
    gram g square rod rd'
    hectare ha square yard yd2
    hectogram hg stere S
    hectoliter hl ton tn
    hectometer hm ton, metric t
    hogshead hhd troy t
    hundredweight CWt yard yd
    inch in.

    SYITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    57
    T A B L E 30.-DIMENSIONAL EQUATIONS O F FUNDAM ENTAL A N D
    DERIVED UNITS
    Conversion factors.-The dimensional formulas given in this table have many uses.
    One is to assist in changing a quantity from one system of units to another (see page 2 ) .
    A simple scheme for transforming an expression from one set of units to another is given
    in Weniger's text, "Fundamentals of College Physics." Place the known number of the
    quantity with its units properly given, equal t o a n unknown number, x , of the same
    quantity properly expressed in the desired units. Proceed to cancel, treating the units
    just like algebraic quantities. Suppose it be desired to express 60 meters per second in
    miles per hour. Write :
    fiOm - x m i
    see hr
    Cancel scc and hr and write 3600 near the larger unit. Cancel m and mi and write 1609.3
    near the larger unit. This gives :
    26.82
    60 m - x mi - 1609.3
    sec hr 3600
    Solving, X = 134, and the desired expression is 134 mi/hr.
    More complicated expressions are handled in a similar manner. In a heat-flow problem,
    suppose it becomes necessary to express 15 Btu hr" f t P with a temperature gradient of
    1 ° F per f t in terms of cal sec-' cm-' with a gradient of l"C/cm. Write:
    15Btu ft = x c a l cm
    hr ft2 F seccm2 T
    Cancel ft in numerator and denominator, and cin similarly. Remember that 1 Btu is 252
    cal, and cancel. A scc goes into 1 hr 3600 times. Cancel cm and f t and write 30.48.
    Remember that, 9 ° F equal 5°C. Solving, x = 0.062. (See Table 2.)
    If the numeric before the known quantity is unity, x comes out as the conversion factor
    for these units.
    The dimensional formulre lack one quality which is needed for completeness, an indica-
    tion of their vector characteristics ; such characteristics distinguish plane and solid angle,
    torque and energy, illumination and brightness.

    P a r t 1.-Fundamental units

    The fundamental units most commonly used a r e : length [I1 ; mass [nzl; time [ t l ;
    temperature [el ; and for the electrostatic system, dielectric constant [ k l ; for the electro-
    magnetic system, permeability [b]. The f o r m u k will also be given for the International
    System of electric and magnetic units based on the units length, resistance [ r l , current lil,
    and time.
    When writing fractions, using the solidus, care is required to make the meaning definit; :
    i.e.,, Btu/hr/ft'("F/m), or Btu/(hr)(ft*)("F/m) is not clear, but Btu/[hr X ft2 X ( " F / m l
    is definite.

    (contin i d )

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    58
    T A B L E 30.-DIMENSIONAL E Q U A T I O N S OF F U N D A M E N T A L A N D
    D E R I V E D U N I T S (continued)
    Part 2.-Derived units (geometric and heat)

    Conversion
    factor Name of units
    [rn"/~'t*]
    &
    Name of unit X Y Z (Ireat and liaht) x y z u
    Area, surface .... ..... 0 2 0 Quantity of heat:
    Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 0 thermal units . . . . . 1 0 0 1
    ..
    Angle .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 thermometric units. 0 3 0 1
    dynamical units . . . 1 2-2 0
    Solid angle . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0
    ..
    Curvature . . . . . . . . . . 0 -1 0 Coefficient ,of thermal
    Angular velocity . . . . . 0 0 -1 cxpansion . . . . . . 0 0 0-1
    Linear velocity . . . . . . . 0 1 -1 Tliernial conductivity :
    Angular acceleration . . 0 0 -2 thermal units . . . . . 1 -1 -1 0
    Linear acceleration . . . 0 1 -2 thermometric units
    or diffusivity . . . . 0 2-1 0
    .
    Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 -3 0 tlynamical units . . . 1 1 -3 -1
    Moment of inertia.. . . . 1 2 0
    Intensity of attraction. 0 1 -2 Thcrnial capacity . . . 1 0 0 0
    Momentum . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 -1 Latent heat :
    Moment of momentum. 1 2 -1 thermal units . . . . . 0 0 0 1
    Angular momentum .. 1 2 -1 dynsniical units . . . 0 2 -2 0
    Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 -2 Joulc's equivalent. . . . 0 2 -2 -1
    M o m e n t of c o u p l e ,
    torque . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 -2 Entropy :
    Work. energy ........ 1 2 -2 hcatinthermalunits. 1 0 0 0
    heat in tlynamical
    Power, activity . . . . . . . 1 2 -3 units . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 -2 1
    Intensity of stress.. . . . 1 -1 -2
    Modulus of elasticity. . 1 -1 -2 Imninous intensity . . 0 0 0 1*
    Illuniinaticin . . . . . . . . 0 -2 0 1*
    Compressibility .
    . . . --1 1 2 Brightness . . . . .. . . . 0 -2 0 1*
    Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 -1 -2 Visibility . . , . . . . _ _
    . .-1 -2 3 1*
    Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 -1 -1 Luniinous efficicucy. . -1 -2 3 1*
    . For these formula: the nunibers in the last column arc the exlionents of F where I; rrfers to the
    luminous flux. For definitions of thest. quantities see Tables 70 and 72.

    (cotlfi?tlred)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 30.-DIMENSIONAL EQUATIONS O F FUNDAMENTAL AND 59
    D E R I V E D U N I T S (concluded)
    P a r t 3.-Derived units (electrical and magnetic)

    Conversion f w t o r
    Electrostatic I-lectroniaanetic emu
    system systrm .. ~

    esu
    ml/.vr*k r m=/'f:/* I. t
    Sym- i- 7
    N a m e of u n i t bol * r \ 2 ? r ?' t i'
    Quantity of electricity.. ... Q I. ; 0 --I. C 0 1 0 1
    Electric displacement ..... 1) - 2 0 --; C 0 1 -2 1
    Electric surface density.. . D - 1 0 - 5 C 0 1 -2 1
    Electric field intensity. .... F j -2 ; 1 'c 1 1 0
    Electric potential . . . . . . . . . V ! -2 3 l c 1 0 0
    Electromotive force . . . . . . E ; -2 ; l c 1 0 0
    Electrostatic capacity . . . . . c 0 1 0 1 0 -1 2 -1 CP -1 0 0 0
    Dielectric constant . . . . . . . K 0 0 0 1 0 -2 2 -1 C' -1 0 -1 1
    Specific inductive capacity. - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
    Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I $ ! - 2 f 4 i -1 --f C 0 1 0 0
    Electric conductivity ..... y 0 0-1 1 0 -2 1 -1 C2 -1 0 -1 0
    Resistivity ............... p 0 0 1-1 0 2 -1 1 1/c' 1 0 1 0
    Conductance ............. g 0 1 - 1 1 0 -1 1 -1 c' -1 0 0 0
    Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 0 -1 1 -1 0 1 -1 1 1 /c2 1 0 0 0
    Magnetic pole strength. ... m t t 0-4 2I ; -1 f 1/ c 1 1 0 1
    Quantity of magnetism. ... m t ; 0 - $ -1 4 1,!c 1 1 0 1
    Magnetic flux ............
    Magnetic field intensity. ... H
    + ; 4
    $ - 2
    0 -L
    5 -j
    1 -1
    -1 -f
    t l/c
    C
    1
    0
    1
    0 -1
    0 1
    0
    Magnetizing force . . . . . . . H -3 -1 -3 C 0 -1 0
    Magnetic potential . . . . . . . 0 3 -1 -3 C 1 0 0
    Magnetomotive force . . . . . :i $ -1 -4 C 1 0 0
    Magnetic moment . . . . . . . . - ; I -1 f 1/c 1 1 1
    Intensity magnetization . . . J - ; -1 i 1 /c 1 -2 1
    Magnetic induction . . . . . . . B -+ -1 t 1.'c 1 -2 1
    Magnetic susceptibility . . . K 0 0 0 1 1/c' 1 0 -1 1
    Magnetic permeability . . . p 0 0 0 1 l/c' 1 0 -1 1
    Current density . . . . . . . . . . - f -! -1 -4 C 0 1 -2 0
    Self-inductancc . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 1 0 1 1 ic? 1 0 0 1
    Mutual inductance . . . . . . . $)]I 0 1 0 1 1/c' 1 0 0 1
    Magnetic reluctance . . . . . . $R 0 -1 0 -1 c" -1 0 0 -1
    Thermoelectric power$ , . . - $ t -1 -;$ 1
    2 '
    2 -2 +$ l / c 1 1 0 O$
    Peltier coefficient$ . . . . . . . - 3 + -1 -$$ 1
    2 ' -2
    2 t$ l / c 1 1 0 O$
    . A s adopted by .\merican Institute of Electrical E n g i n e e r s , 1915.
    t c is the velocity of a n electromagnetic wave i n the e t h e r = 3 x 1O'O ap'proximately.
    t T h i s conversion factor should include [#-'I.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 31.-FUNDAMENTAL U N I T S OF L E N G T H , AREA, V O L U M E , A N D MASS
    (As established by administrative action, National Bureau of Standards)
    ~

    Part 1.-Some definitions and legal relations


    1 in.* = (U0.3937) cm = 2.54000508cm
    1 Ib * = 453.5924277 g
    1 gal * = 231 in? = 3.785329 liter
    1 I.T.cal t = 4.18674 ioules
    = I.OOOSS~calls
    1 Btu t = 251.996 I.T. cal
    = 252.161 calls
    Part 2 . 4 o n v e r s i o n factors, units of length
    cm m in. ft rd
    1cm= 1 0.01 0.3937 0.032808333 0.010936111
    1m= 100 1 _ _ 37
    39 3.2808333 1.0936111
    1 in. = 2.5400051 0.025400051 1 0.083333333 0.027777778
    1 ft= 30.480061 0.30480061 12 1 0.33333333
    1 yd= 91.440183 0.91440183 36 3 1
    Part 3.-Conversion factors, units of area
    cm2 m2 in.2 ft2 yd'
    1 cm'= 1 10-4 0.15499969 1.0763867 x 1.1959853 x lo-*
    1 mz= 10' 1 1549.9969 10.763867 1.1959853
    1 in.'= 6.4516258 6.4516258 x lo-' 1 6.9444444 x lo-' 7.7160494 x lo-'
    1 ft' = 929.03412 O.WZ903412 144 1 0.11111111
    I yd2= 8361.3070 0.83613070 1296 9 1
    Part 4.-Conversion factors, units o f volume
    cm3 in.= ft3 ml liter gal
    1 cm3= 1 0.061023378 3.5314455 X 0.9999720 0.9999720 x 10.' 2.6417047 X lo-'
    1 in?= 16.387162 1 5.7870370 x lo-' 16.38670 1.638670 x lo-' 4.3290043 x lo-*
    1 ft'= 2.8317017 x 10' 1.728 x lo" 1 2.831622 x 10' 28.31622 7.4805195
    1 ml= 1.000028 0.06102509 3.531544 X lod 1 0.001 0.2641779X lo-'
    2.641779
    1 liter = 1.000028 X lo3 61.OX09 0.03531544 10" 1
    1 gal = 3.7854345 X 10' 231 0.13368056 3.785329 x 10' 3.785329 1
    Part 5.-Conversion factors, units o f mass
    g kg lb metric ton ton
    1g = 1 10.' 2.2046223 x lo-' lo-' 1.1023112 X 10-
    1 kg= 1.0.3 1 2.2046223 10'' 1.1023112 x 10"
    1 lb= 4.5359243 X 10' 0.45359243 1 4.5359243 X 0.0005
    1 metric ton= 1oe 103 2204.6223 1 1.1023112
    1 ton= 9.0718486 x lo5 907.18486 2000 0.90718486 1
    Legal relation. t As defined by International Steam Table Conference, London, 1929.
    61
    TABLE 32.-TABLES FOR CONVERTING U. S. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES*
    P a r t 1.-Metric t o customary

    Capacity
    7litersor
    cut+ Centi-
    Linear centi. liters Deca- Hecto-
    meters to Liters liters liters
    l$eters to Meters to hleters to Kilometers tofluid fluid to to tu
    inches feet yards to miles drams ounces quarts gallons hshek
    1 39.3700 3.28083 1.093611 0.62137 1 0.27 0.338 1.0567 2.6418 2.8378
    2 78.7400 6.56167 2.187222 1.24274 2 0.54 0.676 2.1134 5.2836 5.6756
    3 118.1100 9.84250 3.280833 1.86411 3 0.81 1.014 3.1701 7.9253 8.5135
    4 157.4800 13.12333 4.374444 2.48548 4 1.08 1.353 4.2268 10.5671 11.3513
    5 196.8500 16.40417 5.468056 3.10685 5 1.35 1.691 5.2836 13.2089 14.1891
    6 236.2200 19.68500 6.561667 3.72822 6 1.62 2.029 6.3403 15.8507 17.0269
    7 275.5900 22.96583 7.655278 4.34959 7 1.89 2.367 7.3970 18.4924 19.8647
    8 314.9600 26.24667 8.748889 4.97096 8 2.16 2.705 8.4537 21.1342 22.7026
    9 354.3300 29.52750 9.842500 5.59233 9 2.43 3.043 9.5104 23.7760 25.5404
    Square Mass
    >
    Squafe Hecto- Kilo-
    centi- Square Square grams to grams to
    meters meters meters Milli- Kilo. ounces wunds
    to square to square to square Hectares grams to grams to avoir- avoir-
    inches feet yards tuacres grains grains dupois dupois
    1 0.1550 10.764 1.196 2.471 1 0.01543 15432.36 3.5274 2.20462
    2 0.3100 21.528 2.392 4.942 2 0.03086 30864.71 7.0548 4.40924
    3 0.4650 32.292 3.588 7.413 3' 0.04630 46297.07 10.5822 6.61387
    0.6200 43.055 4.784 9.884 4 0.06173 61729.43 14.1096 8.81849
    0.7750 53.819 5.980 12.355 5 0.07716 77161.78 17.6370 11.02311
    0.9300 64.583 7.176 14.826 6 0.09259 92594.14 21.i644 13.22773
    1.0850 75.347 8.372 17.297 7 0.10803 108026.49 24.6918 15.43236
    1.2400 86.111 9.568 19.768 8 0.12346 123458.85 28.2192 17.63698
    1.3950 96.875 10.764 32.230 9 0.13889 138891.21 3 1.7466 19.84160
    Cubic
    Mazs
    Cubic Cubic
    centi- deci- Cubic Cubic Milliers Iiilo-
    meters meters meters to meters to or grams to
    to cubic to cubic cubic cubic Quintals to tonnes to ounces
    inches inches feet yards pounds av. pounds av. troy
    0.0610 61.023 35.314 1.308 1 220.46 2204.6 32.1507
    0.1220 122.047 70.269 2.616 2 440.92 4409.2 64.3015
    0.1831 183.070 105.943 3.924 3 661.39 6613.9 96.4522
    0.2441 244.094 141.258 5.232 4 881.85 8818.5 128.6030
    0.3051 305.117 176.572 6.540 5 1102.31 11023.1 160.7537
    6 0.3661 366.140 211.887 7.848 6 1322.77 13227.7 192.9045
    7 0.4272 427.164 247.201 9.156 7 1543.24 15432.4 225.0552
    8 0.4882 488.187 282.516 10.464 8 1763.70 17637.0 257.2059
    9 0.5492 549.210 317.830 11.771 9 1984.16 19841.6 289.3567

    I n the United 5t:;tes since 1893 all units in the above table have been derived from the
    same standards c i h:gth a:!d mass. Therefore all equivalents (except those ii?volving the
    liter) depend oiily [ i n :iurrierical definitions. T h e liter is the volume of one kilogram of
    pure water at ttie tFmpcratcre of its maximum density and under a pressure equivalent t o
    760 millitneters of nir;cury. T h e liter was determined by the International :3ureau of
    Weights arid Measures in 1910 to equal 1.000027 dm3. (National Bureau of Standards.)
    .Quoted from sheets issued by the Kational Bureau of Standards
    (corttinzred)

    SMITHMNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    62
    TABLE 32.-TABLES FOR C0NVERTI:NG U. S. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
    (continued)
    Part 2.-Cuetornary to metric

    Capacity
    Fluid
    Linear drams to
    milli- Fluid
    Inches liters or ounces Liquid
    to Miles cuhic to quarts Gallons
    milli- Feet to Yards to to kilo- centi- miili- to to
    meters meters meters meters meters liters liters liters
    1 25.4001 0.304801 0.914402 1.60935 1 3.71) 29-57 0.94633 3.78533
    7
    L 50.8001 0.609601 1.828804 3.21869 i 7.39 59% 1.89267 7.57066
    3 76.2002 0.914402 2.743205 4.82804 3 11.09 88.72 2.83900 11.35600
    4 101.6002 1.219202 3.657607 6.43739 4 14.79 118.29 3.78533 15.14133
    5 127.0003 1.524003 4.572009 8.04674 5 18.48 147.87 4.73167 18.92666
    6 152.4003 1.828804 5.486411 9.65608 6 22.18 177.44 5.67800 22.71199
    7 177.8004 2.133604 6.400813 11.26543 7 25.88 207.01 6.62433 26.49733
    8 203.2004 2.438405 7.315215 12.87478 8 29.57 236.58 7.57066 30.28266
    9 228.6005 2.743205 8.229616 14.48412 9 33.27 266.16 8.51700 34.06799
    Square
    Mass
    Square
    inches Square Avoir- Avoir-
    to feet to Square dupois dupois
    square s uare yards to Acres Grains to ounces pounds Troy
    centi- ieci- square to milli- to to kilo- ounces
    meters meters meters hectares grams grams grams to grams
    1 6.452 9.290 0.836 0.4047 1 64.7989 28.3495 0.45359 31.10348
    2 12.903 18.581 1.672 0.8094 2 129.5978 56.6991 0.90718 62.206%
    3 19.355 27.871 2.508 1.2141 3 194.3968 85.0486 1.36078 93.31044
    4 25.807 37.161 3.345 1.6187 4 259.1957 113.3981 1A1437 124.41392
    5 32.258 46.452 4.181 2.0234 5 323.9946 141.7476 2.26796 155.51740
    6 38.710 55.742 5.017 2.4281 6 388.7935 170.0972 2.72155 186.62088
    7 45.161 65.032 5.853 2.8328 7 453.5924 198.4467 3.17515 217.72437
    8 51.613 74.323 6.689 3.2375 8 518.3913 226.7962 3.62874 248.82785
    9 58.065 83.613 7.525 3.6422 9 583.1903 255.1457 4.08233 279.93133
    Cuhic 1 mile (statute) = 5280 feet
    Cuhic 1 mile (nautical) = 6080.20 feet
    inches to Cuhic Cuhic Bushels
    cuhic feet to yards to to 1 Gunter’s chain = 20.1168 meters
    centi- cuhic cuhic hecto-
    meters meters meters liters 1 sq. statute mile = 259.000 hectares
    1 16.387 0.02832 0.765 0.35239 1 fathom -
    - 1.829 meters
    2 32.774 0.05663 1.529 0.70479
    3 49.161 0.08495 2.294 1.05718 1 nautical mile = 1853.25 meters
    4 65.549 0.11327 3.058 1.40957 1 foot -
    - 0.304801 meter
    5 81.936 0.14159 3.823 1.761%
    6 98.323 n.16990 4.587 2.11436 1 avoir. pound = 453.5924 grams
    7 iii7To 0:iGSii 5.352 2Z675 15432.356 grains = 1.000 kilogram
    8 131.097 0.22654 6.116 2.81914
    9 147.484 0.25485 6.881 3.17154 1 liter = 1000.028 k .004 cm’

    The length of the nautical mile given above, and adopted by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic
    Survey many years ago, is defined as that of a minute of arc of a great circle of a sphere
    whose surface equals that of the earth (Clarke’s Spheroid of 1866).
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    63
    T A B L E 32.-TABLES FOR C O N V E R T I N G U. S. W E I G H T S A N D M E A S U R E S
    (concluded)
    P a r t 3.-Miscellaneous equivalents of U. S. and metric weights and measures"
    (For other equivalents than those below, see Tables 30, 31, and 33.)

    LINE.\R MEASURES MASS ME.\SURES


    1 mil (.001 in.) =25.4001 p Avm'rdupois weights
    1 in. = .000015783 mile 1 grain = .064798918 g
    1 hand (4 in.) = 10.16002 cm 1 dram av. (27.34375 gr) = 1.771845g
    1 link (.66 ft) = 20.11684 cm 1 oz av. (16 dr av.) = 28.349527 -E
    1 span (9 in.) = 22.86005 cm 1 Ib av. (16 oz av..or 7000 gr)
    1 fathom (6 ft) = 1.828804 m = 14.583333oz ap. (3) or oz t.
    1 rod (55 yd) (25 links) = 5.02910 m = 1.2152778or 7000/5760 lb ap.
    1 chain (4 rods) = 20.11684 m or t.
    1 light year (9.5 X 10" km) = 5.9 X 10" __
    =453S924277 . u
    miles 1 kg = 2.204622341 1s av.
    1 parsec (31 X 10" km) = 19 X 10'' miles 1 g = 15.432356gr = .5643833 dr av.
    ilk in. = .397 mm in. = .794 mm - = .03527396 Oz av.
    &in. = 1.588 mm 4 in. = 3.175 mm 1 short hundred weight (100 Ib)
    4 in. = 6.350 mm 3 in. = 12.700 mrn = 45.359243 kg
    1 angstrom unit = .0000000001 m 1long hundred weight (112 lb)
    1 micron ( p ) = B00001 m = .00003937 in. = 50.802352 kn
    1 millimicron ( m p ) = .000000001 rn 1 short ton (2000 lb)
    1 m =4.970960 links = 1.093611 yd = 907.18486 kg
    = .198838 rod= .04970% chain 1 long ton (2240 Ib)
    = 1016.04704 kg
    SQU.\RE MEASURES 1 metric ton = 0.98420640 long ton
    1 sq. link (62.7264 in?) = 404.6873 cm2 = 1.1023112 short tons
    1 sq. rod (625 sq. links) = 25.29295 m2
    1 sq. chain (16 sq. rods) = 404.6873 m' T r o y weights
    1 acre (10 sq. chains) = 4046.873 m2 1 pennyweight (dwt 24 gr) = 1.555174 g
    1 sq. mile (640 acres) = 2.589998 km2 gr, oz, pd are same as apothecary
    1 km2= .3861006 sq. mile
    1 m2= 24.7104 sq. links = 10.76387 ft2 ' 4 fiothrcaries' wrig hts
    = .039537 sq. rod = .00247104 sq. 1 g r = 64.798918 mg
    chain 1 scruple ( 3 , 2 0 gr) = 1.2959784 g
    1 dram (3.3 3 = 3.8879351 e
    CUBIC ME.\SURES 1 oz (QS) ' = 31.103481
    1 board foot (144 in.")=2359.8 cma 1 Ib (125,5760 gr) = 373.24177 g
    1 cord (128 ft*) = 3.625 ma 1 g = 15.432356 gr = 0.771618 3
    CAPACITY MEASURES = 0.2572059 3 = .03215074 j
    1 kg = 32.150742 3 = 2.6792285 lb
    1 minim (Q) = .0616102 ml
    n)
    1 fl. dram (60 = 3.69661 ml 1 metric carat = 200 mg = 3.0864712 gr
    1 fl. oz (8 fl. dr) = 1.80469 in."
    =3.5729 ml U. S. 3 dollar should weigh 12.5 g and the
    1 gill (4 fl. oz.) = 7.21875 in." = 118.292 smaller silver coins in proportion.
    ml
    1 liq. pt (28.875 in?) = .473167 1
    1 liq. qt (57.75 in.") = 946333 1
    1gallon (4 qt, 231 in?) = 3.785332 1
    1 dry pt (33.6003125 in.") = S50599 1
    1 dry qt (67.200625 in.") = 1.101198 1
    1 pk (8 dry qt, 537.605 in?) = 8.80958 1
    1 bu (4 pk, 2150.42 in.") = 35.2383 1
    1 firkin (9 gallons) = 34.06799 1
    1 liter = 264178 gal = 1.05671 liq. qt
    = 33.8147 fl. oz =270.518 fl. d r
    1 ml. = 16.2311 minims.
    1dkl. = 18.1620 dry pt = 9.08102 dry qt
    = 1.13513 pk = .28378 bu
    -Taken from Circular 47 of the National Bureau of Standards, 1915, which see for more complete
    tables. .

    SMlTHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    64
    TABLE 33.-EQUIVALENTS O F METRIC AND BRITISH IMPERIAL WEIGHTS
    AND MEASURES *
    (For U. S. Weights and Measures, see Table 32.)
    Part 1.-Metric t o imperial

    LINEAR MEASURE MEASURE O F CAPACITY

    (.001 m)
    1 milliliter (ml)
    (.001 liter)
    }= 0.0610 in?
    1 centimeter (.01 m) = 0.39370 in. 1 centiliter (.OI liter) ={ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 g i ~ /
    1 decimeter (.l m) = 3.93701 in.
    1 deciliter (.1 liter) = 0.176 pint
    METER(^) . . .- 3.280843 ft
    1.09361425 yd
    1 LITER (1,000 CU.}
    centimeters or 1 = 1.75980pints
    1 dekameter } . .= 10.93614yd
    cu. decimeter)
    1 dekaliter (10 liters) = 2.200 gallons
    1 hectometer
    ('Om) } . .= 109.361425yd 1 hectoliter (100 '' )
    1 kiloliter (1,ooO " )
    = 2.75 bushels
    = 3.437 quarters
    1 kilometer
    0.62137 mile APOTHECARIES' MEASURE

    6.21372 miles 1 cm' 0.03520 fluid ounce


    0.28157 fluid drachm
    1 micron . . . . . -
    - 0.001 mm w't) -
    15.43236 grains weight
    1 mm' - 0.01693 minim
    AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT

    SQUARE MEASURE 1 milligram (mg) . .= 0.01543 grain


    1 centigram (.Ol gr:m) = 0.15432 grain
    1 cm' . . . . . .-
    - 0.1531 in.' 1 decigram (.l )= 1.54324 grains
    - 15.43236
    GRAM . . . . . .- grains
    1 dekagram (10 gr!ys) = 5.64383 drams
    1 hectogram (100 )=
    7 ' 5 2 3 i b
    1 KILOGRAM (1,000 " ) =
    1 rrreins
    1 myriagram (10 kg) = 22.046% Ib
    1 quintal (100 " ) = 1.96841 cwt

    CUBIC ME.\SURE
    1 millier or tonne
    (1,000 kg) 1. .= 0.9842 ton
    1 em8 (1,000mm8). .= 0.0610in.a TROY WEIGHT
    1 dm' (1,000 cm')
    1 ma or stere
    .= 61.024 in?
    35.3148 ft' 1CRAM. . .={ 0.03215 oz troy.
    0.64301 pennyweight
    (l,OOOdma)}' ' = { 1.307954 yda 15.43236 grains
    APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT
    0.25721 drachm

    NoTE.-The METERis the length, at the temperature of O"C, of the platinum-iridium bar
    deposited at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at SGvres, near Paris,
    France.
    The present legal equivalent of the meter is 39.370113 inches, as above stated.
    The KILOGRAM is the mass of a platinum-iridium weight deposited at the same place.
    The LITERcontains 1 kilogram weight of distilled water at its maximum density (4"C),
    the barometer being at 760 millimeters.
    In accordance with the schedule adopted under the Weights and Measures (metric system) Act. 1897.
    (continued)

    SMITHWNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    65
    T A B L E 33.-EQUIVALENTS O F M E T R I C AND BRITISH I M P E R I A L W E I G H T S
    AND MEASURES (continued)
    (For U. S. Weights and Measures, see Table 32.)
    P art 2.-Metric t o imperial, multiples

    Linear measure Measure of capacity


    ~

    Millimeters Meters Meters Kilo- Liters Deka- Hecto- Kilo-


    to to to meters to liters to liters to liters to
    inches feet yards tomiles pints gallons bushels quarters
    1 0.03937011 3.28084 1.09361 0.62137 1 1.75980 2.19975 2.74%9 3.43712
    2 0.07874023 6.56169 2.18723 1.24274 2 3.51961 4.39951 5.49938 6.87423
    3 0.11811034 9.84253 3.28084 1.86412 3 5.27941 6.59926 8.24908 10.31135
    4 0.15748045 13.12337 4.37446 2.48549 4 7.03921 8.79902 10.99877 13.74846
    5 0.19685056 16.40421 5.46807 3.10686 5 8.79902 10.99877 13.74846 17.18558
    6 0.23622068 19.68506 6.56169 3.72823 6 10.55882 13.19852 16.49815 20.62269
    7 0.27559079 22.96590 7.65530 4.34960 7 12.31862 15.39828 19.24785 24.05981
    8 0.31496090 26.24674 8.74891 4.97097 8 14.07842 17.59803 21.99754 27.49692
    9 0.35433102 29.52758 9.84253 5.59235 9 15.83823 19.79778 24.74723 30.93404

    Square measure
    A
    <
    Square Weight (Avoirdupois)
    centi- Square Square ' Quintals
    1
    meters meters meters Milli- Kilo- Kilo-
    to to to Hectares grams grams grams to
    square square square to f? '? to hundred-
    inches feet yards acres grains grains pounds weights
    1 0.15500 10.76393 1.19599 2.4711 1 0.01543 15432.356 2.20462 1.96841
    2 0.31000 21.52786 2.39198 4.9421 2 0.03086 30864.713 4.40924 3.93683
    3 0.46500 32.29179 3.58798 7.4132 3 0.04630 46297.069 6.61387 5.90524
    4 0.62000 43.05572 4.78397 9.8842 4 0.06173 61729.426 8.81849 7.87365
    5 0.77500 53.81965 5.97996 12.3553 5 0.07716 77161.782 11.02311 9.84206
    6 0.9300 64.58357 7.17595 14.8263 6 0.09259 92594.138 13.22773 11.81048
    7 i.08500 75.34750 8.37194 i7.2974 7 0.10803 108026.495 15.43236 13.77889
    8 1.24000 86.11143 9.56794 19.7685 8 0.12346 123458.851 17.63698 15.74730
    9 1.39501 96.87536 10.76393 22.2395 9 0.13889 138891.208 19.84160 17.71572

    Apothe-
    caries' Apothe-
    CCibic measure measure Avoirdupois caries'
    (cont.)
    ' Cubic
    deci-
    CCubic
    ubimeters
    c' Cubic
    centi- Milliers
    Troy weight
    Grams Grams
    weight

    meters to meters to to meters or to to Grams


    cubic cubic cubic to fluid tonnes to ounces penny- to
    inches feet yards drachms tons troy weights scruples
    1 61.02390 35.31476 1.30795 0.28157 1 0.98421 0.03215 0.64301 0.77162
    2 122.04781 70.62952 2.61591 0.56314 2 1.%841 0.06430 1.28603 1.54324
    3 183.07171 105.94428 3.92386 0.84471 3 2.95262 0.09645 1.92904 2.31485
    4 244.09561 141.25904 5.23182 1.12627 4 3.93683 0.12860 2.57206 3.08647
    5 305.11952 176.57379 6.53977 1.40784 5 4.92103 0.16075 3.21507 3.85809
    6 366.14342 211.88855 7.84772 1.68941 6 5.90524 0.19290 3.85809 4.62971
    7 427.16732 247.20331 9.15568 1.97098 7 6.88944 0.22506 4.50110 5.40132
    8 488.19123 282.51807 10.46363 2.25255 8 7.87365 0.25721 5.14412 6.17294
    9 549.21513 317.83283 11.77159 2.53412 9 8.85786 0.28936 5.78713 6.94456

    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    66
    TABLE 33.-EQUIVALENTS O F BRITISH IMPERIAL A N D METRIC WEIGHTS
    AND MEASURES (continued)
    (For U. S. Weights and Measures, see Table 32.)
    Part 3.-lmperial to metric

    LINEAR MEASURE MEASURE OF CAP.\CITY


    1 inch . . . .z
    25.400 millimeters 1 gill . . . = 1.42 deciliters
    1 foot ( i 2 in.) . .=
    0.30480 meter 1 pint (4 g'illi) . . .= 0.568 liter
    1 YARD (3 ft) . .=
    0.914399meter 1 quart (2 pt) . . . = 1.136 liters
    1 pole (54 yd) .
    = 5.0292 meters 1 GALLON (4 qt) . .= 4.5459631liters
    (" yd Or = 20.1168 meters 1 peck (2 gal) . . . = 9.0921iters
    100 links) 1 bushel (8 gal) . .= 3.637 dekaliters
    1 furlong (220 yd) = 201.168 meters 1 quarter (8 bu) . .= 2.909 hectoliters
    1 mile (1,760 yd) .= 1.6093 kilometers
    1420210. X CdrX AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT
    lyard . . . . .={(Tutton 1932) 1 grain . . . .= 64.8 milligrams
    1dram . . . . .= 1.772 grams
    S Q U a R E MEASURE 1 ounce (16 dr) . = 28.350grams
    in.2
    ....
    -
    . . . . . - 6.4516
    -. .- .- rm2
    -.-.
    ft2 (144 in.zj . -
    . = 9.2903 dm2 p o ~ ~ & ( l ~=r ~0.45359243
    .
    f ~ ~ kg
    YD2 (9 ft2) . .
    . 0.836126 m2 1 stone (14 lb) . = 6.350 kg
    1 quarter (28 Ib) = 12.70 kg
    perch (304 yd2) = 25.293 m2
    rood (40 perches) = 10.117 ares 1 hundredweight
    ACRE (4840 yd2) = 0.40468 hectare (112 lb) }= G:%%quintal
    1.0160 tonnes or
    mi2 (640 acres) = 259.00 hectares
    1 ton (20 cwt) .
    .= 1016 kilo-
    CUBIC M E ' S U R E grams
    in? . . . .= 16.387cm' TROY WEIGHT
    fts (1728 in?) = (,,,,,l7 msor 28.317

    i
    troy OUNCE (480 = 31.1035 grams
    YD' (27 ft*). .= 0.76455m8 grains av)
    1 pennyweight (24 = 1,5552grams
    APOTHECARIES' MEASURE
    grains)
    NoTE.-The troy grain is of the same weight as
    the avoirdupois grain.

    1 fluid ounce, f 5 APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT


    drachms) .
    1 ounce (8 drachms) . = 31.1035 grams
    (60 minims) 1
    1 fluid drachm, f 3 = 3.5515 c m ~ 1 drachm, 3i (3 scruples) = 3.888 grams
    1 scruple, 3i (20 grains) = 1.296 grams
    grain weight) 1
    lminim, 1 (0.91146 = 0.05919

    NoTE.-The apothecaries' gallon is of the same


    NoTE.-The a othecaries' ounce is of the same
    weight as t i e troy ounce. The apothecaries'
    grain is also of the same weight as the avoir-
    capacity as the Imperial gallon. dupois grain.
    ~

    NoTE.-The YARDis the length at 62"F, marked on a bronze bar deposited with the
    Board of Trade.
    The POUND is the weight of a piece of platinum weighed in vacuo at the temperature of
    O"C, and which is also deposited with the Board of Trade.
    The GALLONcontains 10 Ib weight of distilled water at the temperature of 62"F, the
    barometer being at 30 inches.
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    67
    T A B L E 33.-EQUIVALENTS OF BRITISH I M P E R I A L A N D M E T R I C W E I G H T S
    A N D MEASURES (concluded)
    (For U. S. Weights and Measures, see Table 32.)

    P a r t 4.-lmperial t o metric, multiples

    Linear measure Measure of capacity


    -.
    Inches Miles Bushels Quarters
    to Feet Yards to Quarts Gallons to to
    centi- to to kilo. to to deka- hecto.
    meters meters meters meters liters liters liters liters
    1 2.539998 0.30480 0.91440 1.60934 1 1.13649 4.54596 3.63677 2.90942
    2 5.079996 0.60960 1.82880 3.21869 2 2.27298 9.09193 7.27354 5.81883
    3 7.619993 0.91440 2.74320 4.82803 3 3.40947 13.63789 10.91031 8.72825
    4 10.159991 1.21920 3.65760 6.43737 4 4.545% 18.18385 14.54708 11.63767
    5 12.699989 1.52400 4.57200 8.04671 5 5.68245 22.72982 18.18385 14.54708
    6 15.239987 1.82880 5.48640 9.65606 6 6.81894 27.27578 21.82062 17.45650
    7 17.779984 2.13360 6.40080 11.26540 7 7.95544 31.82174 25.45739 20.36591
    8 20.319982 2.43840 7.31519 12.87474 8 9.09193 36.36770 29.09416 23.27533
    9 22.859980 2.74320 8.22959 14.48408 9 10.22842 40,91367 32.73093 26.18475

    Souare measure Weight (avoirdupois)


    Square Square Hun-
    inches feet t o Square dred-
    to square square yards to Grajns Ounces Pounds weights
    centi- deci- square Acres to to milli- to to kilo- to
    meters meters meters hectares arams grams grams quintals
    1 1 64.79892 28.34953 0.45359 0.50802
    2 2 129.59784 56.69905 0.90718 1.01605
    3 3 194.39675 85.04858 1.36078 1.52407
    4 4 259.19567 113.39811 1.81437 2.03209
    5 32.25794 46.45144 4.18063 2.02342 5 323.99459 141.74763 2.26796 2.54012
    6 38.70953 55.74173 5.01676 2.42811 6 388.79351 170.09716 2.72155 3.04814
    7 45.16112 65.03201 5.85288 2.83279 7 453.59243 198.44669 3.17515 3.55616
    8 51.61271 74.32230 6.68901 3.23748 8 518.39135 226.79621 3.62874 4.06419
    9 58.06430 83.61259 7.52513 3.64216 9 583.19026 255.14574 4.08233 4.57221

    Apothe-
    caries' Apothe-
    Cubic measure Measure Avoirdupois caries'
    ~
    (cat.) Troy weight weight
    kubic Fluid ~

    inches Cubic Cubic drachms Tons to Penny-


    to pubic feet yards tocubic milliers Ounces weights Scruples
    centi- to cubic to cubic centi- or to to to
    meters meters meters meters tonnes grams grams grams
    1 1 1.01605 31.10348 1.55517 1.29598
    2 2 2.03209 62.20696 3.11035 2.591%
    3 3 3.04814 93.31044 4.66552 3.88794
    4 4 4.06419 124.41392 6.22070 5.18391
    5 81.93511 0.14158 3.82276 17.75767 5 5.08024 155.51740 7.77587 6.47989
    6 98.32213 0.16990 4.58732 21.30920 6 6.09628 186.62088 9.33104 7.77587
    7 ii4.709is 0.i9822 5.35187 24.86074 7 7.11233 217.72437 10.88622 9.07185
    8 131.0%17 0.22653 6.11642 28.41227 8 8.12838 248.82785 12.44139 10.36783
    9 147.48319 0.25485 6.88098 31.96380 9 9.14442 279.93133 13.9%57 11.66381

    SMITHMNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    68
    TABLE 34.-VOLUME O F A GLASS VESSEL FROM T H E WEIGHT O F ITS
    EQUIVALENT VOLUME OF MERCURY OR WATER
    If a glass vessel contains a t t"C, P grams of mercury, weighed with brass weights in air
    a t 760 mmHg pressure, then its volume in cm'
    P
    at the same temperature, t : V = P R = P-J
    d

    P +
    d (1 Y (ti - f ) )
    at another temperature, f l : V = P R , = P -
    p = t h e weight, reduced to vacuum, of the mass of mercury or water which, weighed with
    brass weights, equals 1 gram;
    d = the density of mercury or water at t"C,
    and y the cubical expansion coefficient of glass.

    Ternpe ra - Water Mercury


    L
    ture
    t R R1,tl = 10' R,.t?- = 20'
    _I
    R R1,tl = 10" R1,tl = 20"
    0" 1.001192 1.001443 1.001693 0.0735499 0.0735683 0.0735867
    1 1133 1358 1609 5633 5798 5982
    2 1092 1292 1542 5766 5914 6098
    3 1068 1243 1493 5900 6029 6213
    4 1060 1210 1460 6033 6144 6328
    5 1068 1193 1443 6167 6259 6443

    6 1.001092 1.001192 1.001442 0.0736301 0.0736374 0.0736558


    7 1131 1206 1456 6434 6490 6674
    8 1184 1234 1485 6568 6605 6789
    9 1252 1277 1527 6702 6720 6904
    10 1333 1333 1584 6835 6835 7020

    11 1.001428 1.001403 1.001653 0.0736969 0.0736951 0.0737135


    12 1536 1486 1736 7103 7066 7250
    13 1657 1582 1832 7236 7181 7365
    14 1790 1690 1940 7370 7297 7481
    15 1935 1810 2060 7504 7412 7596
    16 1.002092 1.001942 1.002193 0.0737637 0.0737527 0.073771 1
    17 2261 2086 2337 7771 7642 7826
    18 2441 2241 249 1 7905 7757 7941
    19 2633 2407 2658 8039 7872 8057
    20 2835 2584 2835 8172 7988 8172
    21 1.003048 1.002772 1.003023 0.0738306 0.0738103 0.0738288
    22 3271 2970 3220 8440 8218 8403
    23 3504 3178 3429 8573 8333 8518
    24 3748 33% 3647 8707 8449 8633
    25 4001 3624 3875 8841 8564 8748

    26 1.oO4264 1.003862 1.004113 0.0738974 0.0738679 0.0738864


    27 4537 4110 4361 9108 8794 8979
    28 4818 4366 4616 9242 8910 9094
    29 5110 4632 4884 9376 9025 9210
    30 5410 4908 5159 9510 9140 9325

    SMITHSONIAW PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 35.-EFFECT O F AIR ON WEIGHING 69
    Reductions of weighings in a i r to vacuo
    When the weight M in grams of a body is determined in air, a correction is necessary for
    the buoyancy of the air equal to M6(l / d - I/&) where 6 = the density (wt. of 1 cms in
    grams = 0.0012) of the air during the weighing, d the density of the body, d~ that of the
    weights. 6 for various barometric values and humidities may be determined from Tables
    631-632. The following table is computed for 6 = 0.0012. The corrected weight =
    M + kM/1000.
    Correction factor. k Correction factor, k
    Densitv , A. Density ,
    of hod; 'Pt. Ir. Brass Quartz or of body Pt. Ir. Brass Ouartz or
    weighed weights weights Al. weights weighed weights weights Ai.weights
    d d,= 21.5 8.4 2.65 d d,= 21.5 8.4 2.65
    .5 + 2.34 + 2.26 + 1.95 1.6 + 0.69 + 0.61 + 0.30
    .6
    .7
    + 1.94
    + 1.66
    + 1.86 + 1.55
    + 1.57 + 1.26
    1.7
    1.8
    + .65
    + .62
    + .56
    + .52 + .25
    + .21
    .75 + 1.55
    + 1.44
    + 1.46 + 1.15
    + 1.36 + 1.05
    1.9 + .58
    + .54
    + .49
    + .46
    + .18
    .80 2.0 + .15
    .85 + 1.28
    + 1.36 + 1.27 + 0.96 2.5 + .43 + .34 + .03
    .90
    .95 + 1.21
    + 1.19 + .88
    + 1.12 + .81
    3.0
    4.0
    + .34
    + .24
    + .26
    + .16
    -
    -
    .05
    .15
    1.00 + 1.14 + 1.06 + .75 6.0 + .14 + .06 - .25
    1.1 + 1.04 + 0.95 + .64 8.0 + .09 + .01 - .30
    1.2 + 0.94
    + .87 + .86 + .55
    + .78 + .47 10.0 + .06 - .02 - .33
    1.3 15.0 + .03 - .06 - .37
    1.4
    1.5
    + .SO
    + .75 + .71 + .40
    + .66 + .35 20.0
    22.0
    + .004
    - .001
    - .08
    - .09
    -
    -
    .39
    .40

    T A B L E 36.-REDUCTlONS O F D E N S I T I E S I N A I R TO VACUO
    (This correction may be accomplished through the use of the above table for each sepa-
    rate weighing.)
    If s is the density of the substance as ca!culated from the uncorrected weights, S its true
    density, and L the true density of the liquid used, then the vacuum correction to be applied
    to the uncorrected density, s, is 0.0012 (1 - s/L).
    Let W. = uncorrected weight of substance, W I= uncorrected weight of the liquid dis-
    placed by the substance, then by definition, s = LW./Wz. Assuming D to be the
    density of the balance of weights, W.{1 +
    0.0012(1/S - l/D)} and Wt{l 0.0012
    (1/L - l/D)} are the true weights of the substance and liquid respectively (assuming
    +
    that the weighings are made under normal atmospheric corrections, so that the weight
    of 1 cm' of air is 0.0012 gram).
    Then the true density S =
    +
    W,{1 0.0012(1/s- 1/D)}
    +
    Wl{1 O.O012(1/L - 1/D)}
    But from above WJWI = s/L, and since L is always large compared with 0.0012,
    s- s = 0.0012( 1 - s / L )
    The values of 0.0012(1 - s/L) for densities up to 20 and for liquids of density 1 (water),
    0.852 (xylene), and 13.55 (mercury) follow :
    Density Corrections Density Corrections
    of sub- -, of suh-
    stance
    z
    L=l
    Water
    L = 0.852
    Xylene
    L = 13.55
    Mercury
    Stance L=13.5r;
    L=l
    S Water Mercury
    0.8 + 0.00024 - 11. -0.0120 +0.0002
    0.9 + .00012 -
    + 0.001 1 12. - .0132 + .OOO1
    1. 0.0000 - 0.0002 13. - .0144 O.oo00
    2. - .0012 - .0016 +
    + .0010 14. - .0156 0.0000
    3. - .0024 - .0030 .om9 15. - .0168 - .0001
    4. - .0036
    - .0048
    - .0044 +
    + .0008 16. - ,0180 - .0002
    5. - .0058 .oO08 17. - .0192 - .OW3
    6. - .0060
    - .0072
    - .0073
    -
    +
    + .0007
    .om
    18. - .0204 - .OW4
    7. .0087 19. - .0216 - .OW5
    8.
    9.
    - .0084
    - .0096
    -
    -
    .0101
    .0115
    +
    + .om5
    .OM4
    20. - .0228 - .0006
    10. - .0108 - .0129 + .0003

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    70 TABLES 37-51.-CONSTANTS FOR TEMPERATURE
    MEASUREMENT
    T A B L E 37.-THE I N T E R N A T I O N A L T E M P E R A T U R E SCALE O F 1948

    The International Temperature Scale that was adopted in 1927 was revised duzing 1948
    and is designed to conform as nearly as practicable to the thermodynamic Celsius (Centi-
    grade) scale as now known. This 1948 International Temperature Scale incorporates certain
    refinements based on experience to make it more uniform and reproducible than its pre-
    decessor. The new scale is essentially the same as the one it displaces, but it was improved
    by changing certain formulas and values for temperatures and constants.
    Only three of the revisions in the definition of the scale result in appreciable changes in
    the numerical values assigned to measured temperatures. The change in the value for the
    silver point from 960.5”C to 960.8”C changes temperatures measured with the standard
    thermocouple. The adoption of a different value for the radiation constant cz changes all
    temperatures above the gold point, while the use of the Planck radiation formula instead
    of the Wien formula affects the very high temperatures. (See Table 40 for the magnitude
    of the changes due to these two causes for high temperatures.) The 1948 temperature scale,
    like the 1927 scale, is based upon six fixed points (Table 38) and upon specified formulas
    for the relations between temperature and the indications of the instruments calibrated at
    these fixed points. Temperature on the 1948 scale will be designated as “C, or “C (Int.
    1948) and denoted by the symbol t.
    The means available for interpolation between the fixed points lead to a division of the
    scale into four parts :
    (a) From 0°C to the freezing points of antimony the temperature t is defined by the
    formula
    + +
    Rr = Ro( 1 At Bt2)
    where R I is the resistance, at temperature t , of a standard platinum resistance. ther-
    mometer.
    (b) From the oxygen point (Table 38) to 0°C the temperature t is similarly defined
    by the formula
    + +
    Rr = Ro[1 At Btz+ C ( t - 100)PI
    (c) From the freezing point of antimony to the gold point (Table 38) the temperature t
    is defined by the formula
    + +
    E = a bt ct*,
    where E is the electromotive force of a standard thermocouple of platinum and platinum-
    rhodium alloy, when one junction is a t 0°C and the other at temperature t.
    Recommendations are given for the construction, calibration, and use of these two types
    of measuring devices.
    (d) Above the gold point the temperature t is defined by the formula

    where 1, and J A are


    ~ the radiant energies per unit wavelength interval a t wavelength A,
    emitted per unit time by unit area of a blackbody at temperature t, and at the gold point
    t ~respectively.
    ~ ,
    R is 1.438 cm degrees.
    To is the temperature of the ice point in “K.
    X is a wavelength of the visible spectrum.
    e is the base of Naperian logarithms.
    Secondary fixed points.-In addition to the six fundamental and primary fixed points
    (Table 38), a number of secondary fixed points are available and may be useful for various
    purposes. Some of the more constant and reproducible of these fixed points and their
    temperatures on the International Temperature Scale of 1948 are listed in Table 41. The
    relation between this new temperature scale and the thermodynamic Celsius scale is
    discussed in this paper also.
    The resulting changes in the 1927’International Temperature Scale below the gold point
    (1063°C) to correct it to the 1948 International Temperature Scale are given in Table 39.
    The use of the Planck formula and a wavelength interval within the visible spectrum to
    determine temperatures presupposes the use of a n optical pyrometer. (See Table 77.)

    “Nat Bur Standards Journ Res vol. 42 p. 209 1949.


    ’ *I The‘ General Conference, hhd in’ Octobe; 1948, hecided to discontinue the use of ‘the words “Cen-
    tesimal” and “Centigrade” and to replace them by “Celsius.” See also Nat. Bur. Standards Techn.
    News Bull.. vol. 33. I). 110. 1949.
    See footnote 5a; p. 7.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    71
    T A B L E 38.-FUNDAMENTAL A N D PRIMARY F I X E D POINTS U N D E R T H E
    STANDARD PRESSURE O F 1013250 DYNES/CM2

    Temterature
    C
    Temperature of equilibrium between liquid oxygen and its vapor
    .. .
    (oxygen point) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 182.970
    Temperature of equilibrium between ice and air saturated water
    .
    (ice point) firidameirtol fixed point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 0
    Temperature of equilibrium between liquid water and its vapor
    (steam point) fzritdaineirtal fixed j b i n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 100
    Temperature of equilibrium between liquid sulfur and its vapor
    (sulfur point) .. .
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444.600
    Temperature of equilibrium between solid and liquid silver (silver
    point) .......................... .... .......................... 960.8
    Temperature of equilibrium between solid and liquid gold (gold
    point) .................. ..... ............. ........ ............ 1063.0

    T A B L E 39.-DIFFERENCES B E T W E E N T H E I N T E R N A T I O N A L TEMPERA-
    T U R E SCALES O F 1948 A N D 1927 I N T H E THERMOCOUPLE RANGE

    Temperature
    "C (Int. 1948) "C (Int. 1948) "C (Int. 1948)
    minus minus minus
    "C (Int. 1948) "C (Int. 1927) " C (Int. 1948) 'C (Int. 1927) "C (Int. 1948) "C (Int. 1927)
    630.5 .oo 800 .42 950 .32
    650 +.08 839.5 .43, (max.) 960.8 .30
    700 .24 850 .43 1000 .20
    750 .35 900 .40 1050 .05
    1063 .oo

    T A B L E 40.-CORRESPONDING T E M P E R A T U R E S ON T H E I N T E R N A T I O N A L
    T E M P E R A T U R E SCALES O F 1948 AND 1927

    Corresponding Corresponding
    Fahrenheit Fahrenheit
    temperatures temperatures
    o r o r L_7 "C "C
    (Int. i948) (Int. ib27) (1948) (1927) (Int. 1948) (Int. 1927) -7)
    630.50 630.50 1166.9 1166.9 2100 2107 '3812 3825
    650 649.92 1202 1201.9 2200 2208 3992 4007
    700 699.76 1292 1291.6 2300 2310 4172 4189
    750 749.65 1382 1381.4 2400 241 1 4352 4372
    2500 2512 4532 4554
    800 799.58 1472 1471.2
    850 849.57 1562 1561.2 2600 2613 4712 4736
    900 899.60 1652 1651.3 2700 2715 4892 4919
    950 949.68 1742 1741.4 2800 2816 5072 5102
    2900 2918 5252 5285
    960.80 960.50 1761.4 1760.9 3000 3020 5432 5468
    lo00 999.80 1832 1831.6
    1050 1049.95 1922 1921.9 3100 3122 5612 5651
    1063.00 1063.00 1945.4 1945.4 3200 3223 5792 5834
    3300 3325 5972 6018
    1100 11m2 2012 2012 3400 3428 6152 6202
    1200 1200.6 2192 2193 3500 3530 6332 6386
    1300 1301.1 2372 2374
    1400 1401.7 2552 2555 3600 3632 6512 6570
    1500 1502.3 2732 2736 3700 3735 6692 6754
    3800 3837 6872 6939
    1600 1603.0 2912 2917 3900 3940 7052 7124
    1700 1703.8 3092 3099 4Ooo 4043 7232 7309
    1800 1804.6 3272 3280
    1900 1905.5 3452 3462 4100 4146 7412 7495
    2000 2006.4 3632 3644 4200 4249 7592 7681
    4300 4353 7772 7867

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    72 T A B L E 41.-SECONDARY F I X E D POINTS

    Temperature
    "C (Int. 1948)
    Temperature of equilibrium between solid carbon dioxide and its vapor. . - 78.5

    tp = - 78.5 + 12.12 Co
    -- 1 - 6.4
    ) Co
    -- 1
    )?

    Temperature of freezing mercury.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. - 38.87


    Temperature of equilibrium between ice, water and its vapor (triple
    point) ...........................................................
    Temperature of transition of sodium sulfate decahydrate.. . . . . . . . . . . . .
    + 32.38
    0.0100
    .
    Temperature of triple point of benzoic acid.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 122.36
    Temperature of equilibrium between naphthalene and its vapor.. . . . . . . . . 218.0

    t p = 218.0 + 44.4(: - 1) - 19 -:( 1) '


    Temperaure of freezing tin .................. ................ ........ 231.9
    Temperature of equilibrium between benzophenone and its vapor. . . . . . . . 305.9

    t p = 305.9 + 48.8 (i0


    Temperature of freezing cadmium.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    )
    - - 1 - 21

    . . . ..
    (i-T
    ... .. . . . . . . . ... . 320.9
    Temperature of freezing lead .... ........... ....... .................. 327.3
    Temperature of equilibrium between mercury and its vapor.. . . . . . . . ,. . 356.58

    t p = 356.58 + 55.552 ("- PO


    1) -23.03 (&- 1)' 4-14.0 (*- 1)'

    .
    Temperature of freezing zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419.5
    .
    Temperature of freezing antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630.5
    Temperature of freezing aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . ., .. . 660.1
    Temperature of freezing copper in a reducing atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083
    .
    Temperature of freezing nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1453
    Temperature of freezing cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1492
    Temperature of freezing palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1552
    .
    Temperature of freezing platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... . . . .... . . . . 1769
    . . .
    Temperature of freezing rhodium . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1%0
    Temperature of freezing iridium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
    . .... .. . .. . 2443
    .
    Temperature of melting tungsten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3380

    T A B L E 42.-CORRESPONDING TEMPERATURES ON T H E INTERNATIONAL


    T E M P E R A T U R E SCALE OF 1948 A N D R E S U L T S U S I N G W I E N ' S E Q U A T I O N

    t , "C t, "C t, "C


    (Int. 1948) t"., "C (Int. 1948) tw, "C (Int. 1948) tw, "C
    1063 1063.0 2500 2500.2
    1500 1500.0 3000 3000.7 4500 4511.3
    2000 2000.0 3500 3502.1 5000 5021.5

    T A B L E 43.-CORRECTION FOR T E M P E R A T U R E O F E M E R G E N T M E R C U R I A L
    THERMOMETER THREAD

    When the temperature of a portion of a thermometer stem with its mercury thread differs
    much from that of the bulb, a correction is necessary t o the observed temperature unless
    the instrument has been calibrated for the experimental conditions. This stem correction is
    proportional t o @ ( T - f ) , where I I is the number of degrees in the exposed stem, j3 the
    apparent coefficient of expansion of mercury in the glass, T the measured temperature, and
    t the mean temperature of the exposed stein. For temperatures up t o 1OO"C, the value of
    j3 is for Jena 16''' or Greiner and Friedrich resistance glass, 0.000159, for Jena 59"',
    0.000164, and when of unknown composition it is best to use a value of about 0.000155. The
    formula requires a knowledge of the temperature of the emergent stem. This may be
    approximated in one of three ways : (1) by a "fadenthermometer" ; (2) by exploring the
    temperature distribution of the stem and calculating its mean temperature; and (3) by
    suspending along the side of, or attaching to, the stem, a single thermometer.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    73
    T A B L E 44.-STEM CORRECTION FOR CENTIGRADE T H E R M O M E T E R

    Values of 0.000155rz(T - t )
    (T -t)
    ,10" 7
    n 20" 30' 40" 50" 60' 70" 80"
    10°C 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.12
    20 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.25
    30 0.05 0.09 0.14 0.19 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.37
    40 0.06 0.12 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.37 0.43 0.50
    50 0.08 0.16 0.23 0.31 0.39 0.46 0.54 0.62
    60 0.09 0.19 0.28
    .~. 0.37
    .. 0.46 0.56 0.65 0.74
    70 0.i 1 0.22 0.33 0.43 0.54 0.65 0.76 0.87
    80 0.12 0.25 0.37 0.50 0.62 0.74 0.87 0.99
    90 0.14 0.28 0.42 0.56 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12
    100 0.16 0.31 0.46 0.62 0.78 0.93 1.08 1.24

    22 Taken from Smithsonian Meteorological Tables.

    T A B L E 45.-REDUCTION O F GAS T H E R M O M E T E R S T O T H E R M O D Y N A M I C
    SCALE
    The final standard scale is Kelvin's thermodynamic scale, independent of the properties
    of any substance, a scale resulting from the use of a gas thermometer using a perfect gas.
    A discussion of this is given by Buckingham,2** "The thermodynamic correction of the
    centigrade constant-pressure scale at the given temperature is very nearly proportional
    to the constant pressure a t which the gas is kept" and "the thermodynamic correction to
    the centigrade constant-volume scale is approximately proportional to the initial pressure
    a t the ice point." These two rules are very convenient, since from the corrections for any
    one pressure, one can calculate approximately those for the same gas a t any other pressure.
    The highest temperature possible is limited by the container for the gas. Day and
    Sosman carried a platinum-rhodium gas thermometer up to the melting point of palladium.
    For most work, however, the region of the gas thermometer should be considered as ending
    at about 1000°C (1273°K).
    NOTE:All corrections in the following table are to be added a/.qcbruica//y.
    273.16"K (ice point)
    Constant pressure = 100 cm Constant vol., po = 100 cm, t o = 0°C
    Tzmp. I- I
    C He H N He H N
    -
    -
    240
    200
    -
    +0.13
    + 1.0
    + .26
    -
    -
    + 0.02 + 0.18
    + .01 + .06
    -
    -
    - 100 + .04 + .03 + 0.40 .ooo + .010 +0.06
    - 50 + .012 + .02 -+ .12 .OOO + .004 + .02
    .++ 25
    50
    - ,003
    - .003
    - .003
    - ,003
    .020
    - ,025
    .ooo
    .ooo
    .OOO
    .OOO
    - .006
    - .006
    - ,003 - .003 - .017 ,000 .000 - .004
    $ 1; + .007 + .01 + .04 + .ooo + .001 + .Ol
    + 200
    + 450
    +
    ++
    .01
    ++.02
    0.04
    +
    +
    .I1
    + 1.7.5
    .OOO
    0.00
    + .002
    + 0.01
    +
    +
    +
    .04
    .2
    + 1000
    + 1500
    0::
    -
    -
    - + 3.
    -
    -
    -
    - + .7
    1.3

    22a Bull. Nat. Bur. Standards, vol. 8, p. 239, 1912.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    74
    T A B L E 46.-SOME O L D T H E R M O E L E C T R I C T E M P E R A T U R E SCALES *
    Comparlsons
    Prior to the adoption of the 1927 International Temperature Scale, the Pt-PtlO% Rh
    thermocouple was almost universally used for scales 450" to llOO'C, and defining equations
    were quadratic or cubic depending upon the number of calibration points.
    The scale based on the work of Holborn and Day was calibrated at the freezing point of
    Zn (419.0°C), Sb (630.6"C), and Cu (1O84.l0C), and a quadratic equation, E = a vt + +
    ct', for interpolation. This was almost universally used from 1900-1909. Work of Waidner.
    Burgess, 1909, and Day, Sosman, 1910-1912, necessitated a readjustment. In 1912 the
    Bureau of Standards redefined its scale, assigning values determined with the resistance
    thermometer to the Zn and Sb points, while the freezing point of Cu was taken as 1083.0"C.
    This 1912 scale, used from 1912-1916, will be called the Zn, Sb, Cu temperature scale.
    A scale proposed by Sosman and revised by Adams was realized by using a standard
    reference table, giving the average t-emf relation for thermocouple used by Day and
    Sosman. A deviation curve, determined by ally other couple by calibration a t several points
    would be plotted relating the difference between observed emf and the emf from the
    reference table against the obs. emf of the couple. This scale, although very convenient,
    is not completely defined and no comparison is made here.
    I n 1916, the Physikalische-Technische Reichsanstalt adopted a scale with the couple
    calibrated at the Sd point (320.9"C), Sb (630"C), Au (1063"C), and P d (1557°C). No
    comparison will be made here.
    A scale adopted by the Bureau of Standards in 1916 was defined by calibration a t the
    Zn and Al points with a Cu point (1083.0"C). This was used from 1916-1926 and is here
    designated the Zn, At, Cu scale.
    The scale adopted by the P.-T.R. and the Bureau of Standards in 1924 was calibrated
    a t Zn and Sb points (determined by resistance thermometer), the Ag point (960.5"C),
    and the Au point (1063.0"C). I t will be designated the Zn, Sb, Ag, Au scale.
    The 1927 7th Annual Conference of Weights and Measures (31 nqtions) unanimously
    adopted what is between 660" and 1063°C the Zn, Sb, Ag, Cu scale with the Zn point
    omitted. The table below shows a comparison of the various scales. The following values
    for the freezing points were used:
    Zn419.47"C A1 659.23"C Au 1063.0 C
    Sb 630.52"C Ag 960.5"C Cu (reducing atm') 1083.0"C

    Temperature differences between 1927 I.T.S. and various older scales


    1.T.S.- 1.T.S.- 1.T.S.- 1.T.S.- 1.T.S.- 1.T.S.- 1.T.S.- 1.T.S.- 1.T.S.-
    ZnSh- ZnAl- ZnSb- ZnSh- ZnAl- ZnSh- ZnSb- ZnAl- ZnSh-
    "C Cu Cu Ag.\u "C Cu CU Ag.\u "C CU CU AgAu
    600 --".08 O.00 --".04 900 --".26 -".21' --".03 1050 --".04 -".03 ".OO
    700 - .16 - .08 - .08 950 - .23 - .I8 - .01 1063 - .01 .OO .OO
    750 - .24 - .16 - .09 960.5 - .21 - .16 .OO 1083 +.04 +
    .03 - .01
    800 - 28 - .20 - .08 1000 - .15 - .12 .01 1100 +.08 +
    .08 - .03
    850 - 2 9 - 2 2 - .C6

    R E F E R E N C E T A B L E S FOR T H E R M O C O U P L E S =
    The emf developed by thermocouples of the same materials, even very carefully made,
    differ slightly for the same temperature. It has been found convenient to compare the
    emf of a couple being calibrated with that of a standard thermocouple of the same materials.
    If the differences in emf's between the standard and the calibrated couple be plotted against
    the temperature, the temperature for an observed emf can be read very accurately.
    Reference tables for three types of thermocouslcs follow.

    9 l'hese values are now superseded hf the introduction of the 1948 International Temperature Scale
    and are given for reference only.
    29 Taken from Nat. Bur. Standards Res. Papers RP 1080. RP 767, and RP 530.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    m T A B L E 47.-REFERENCE T A B L E FOR P t T O Pt-10 P E R C E N T Rh T H E R M O C O U P L E
    5
    7
    I (Emf's are expressed in microvolts and temperatures in "C. Cold junctions at 0°C)
    H5 - E
    micro-
    I
    0 volts 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 16,000 17,000
    < 0 0 146.9 264.9 373.6 477.6 578.0 675.2 769.7 861.2 950.2 1037.0 1121.8 1205.4 1288.5 1371.8 1455.4 1539.5 1624.0
    E 1380.2 1463.8 1547.9 1632.5
    0 100 17.7 159.4 276.1 384.1 487.8 587.9 684.8 779.0 870.2 959.0 1045.6 1130.2 1213.7 1296.8
    ? 200 34.4 171.7 287.2 394.6 498.0 597.7 694.3 788.2 879.2 ,967.8 1054.1 1138.6 1222.1 1305.1 1388.5 1472.2 1556.4 1641.1
    2 300 50.2 183.8 298.2 405.1 508.1 607.5 703.8 797.4 888.2 976.5 1062.2 1147.0 1230.4 1313.5 1396.9 1480.6 1564.8 1649.6
    400 65.4 195.8 309.2 415.6 518.2 617.3 713.3 806.6 897.2 985.2 1071.1 1155.3 1238.7 1321.8 1405.2 1489.0 1573.3 1658.1
    m
    500 80.0 207.5 320.1 426.0 528.3 627.0 722.8 815.8 906.1 993.9 1079.6 1163.7 1247.0 1330.1 1413.6 1497.4 1581.7 1666.6
    600 94.1 219.2 330.9 436.4 538.3 636.7 732.2 824.9 914.9 1002.6 1088.1 ,1172.0 1255.3 1338.4 1421.9 1505.8 1590.2 1675.1
    700 107.8 230.8 341.6 446.7 548.3 646.4 741.7 834.0 923.8 1011.2 1096.6 1180.4 1263.6 1346.8 1430.3 1514.2 1598.6 1683.6
    800 121.7 242.3 352.3 457.0 558.2 656.0 751.1 843.1 932.6 1019.8 1105.0 1188.7 1271.9 1355.1 1438.6 1522.6 1607.0 1692.1
    900 134.1 253.6 363.0 467.3 568.1 665.6 760.4 852.2 941.4 1028.4 1113.4 1197.1 1280.2 1363.5 1447.0 1531.0 1615.5 1700.6
    1000 146.9 264.9 373.6 477.6 578.0 675.2 769.7 861.2 950.2 1037.0 1121.8 1205.4 1288.5 1371.8 1455.4 1539.5 1624.0 1709.1

    T A B L E 48.-REFERENCE T A B L E FOR P t T O Pt-10 P E R C E N T Rh T H E R M O C O U P L E


    (Emf's are expressed in microvolts and temperatures in "F. Cold junctions at 32°F)

    E
    micro-
    VOlLS 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10.000 11.000 12.000 13,000 14,000 15,000 16,000 17,000
    0 32.0 296.3 508.9 704.5 891.7 1072.3 1247.4 1417.4 1582.2 1742.5 1898.8 2051.3 2201.9 2351.5 2501.4 2652.1 2803.5 2955.6
    100 63.9 318.8 529.0 723.5 910.1 1090.0 1264.6 1434.1 1598.4 1758.3 1914.2 2066.4 2216.8 2366.4 2516.5 2667.1 2818.7 2970.9
    200 93.9 340.9 549.0 742.4 928.4 1107.7 1281.8 1450.7 1614.6 1774.0 1929.6 2081.5 2231.7 2381.4 2531.6 2682.2 2833.9 2986.2
    300 122.4 362.7 568.9 761.2 946.6 1125.4 1290.0 1467.3 1630.7 1789.8 1945.0 2096.6 2246.7 23%.4 2546.6 2697.3 2849.1 3001.6
    400 149.7 384.3 588.7 780.0 964.7 1143.0 1316.1 1483.9 1646.8 1805.4 1960.3 2111.7 2261.7 2411.4 2561.6 2712.5 2864.3 3016.9
    500 176.0 405.6 608.3 798.8 982.8 1160.5 1333.1 1500.4 1662.8 1821.1 1975.6 2126.7 2276.6 2426.4 2576.6 2727.6 2879.5 3032.2
    600 201.4 426.6 627.6 817.5 1000.8 1178.0 1350.0 1516.9 1678.8 1836.7 1990.8 2141.8 2291.5 2441.4 2591.7 2742.8 2894.8 3047.6
    700 225.9 447.5 646.9 836.1 1018.8 1195.5 1366.9 1533.3 1694.8 1852.3 2006.0 2156.9 2306.5 2456.4 2606.8 2758.0 2910.0 3063.0
    800 249.9 468.2 666.2 854.7 1036.7 1212.9 1383.8 1549.6 1710.7 1867.8 2021.1 2171.9 2321.5 2471.4 2621.9 2773.1 2925.2 3078.4
    900 273.3 488.6 685.4 873.2 1054.5 1230.2 1400.6 1565.9 1726.6 1883.3 2036.2 2186.9 2336.5 2486.4 2637.0 2788.3 2940.4 3093.8
    lo00 296.3 508.9 704.5 891.7 1072.3 1247.4 1417.4 1582.2 1742.5 1898.8 2051.3 2201.9 2351.5 2501.4 2652.1 2803.5 2955.6 3109.2
    76
    T A B L E 49.-CORRESPONDING V A L U E S O F T E M P E R A T U R E A N D ELECTRO-
    M O T I V E F O R C E F O R IRON-CONSTANTAN T H E R M O C O U P L E S
    (Reference junctions at 0°C)
    Electro- Electro- Electro. Electro-
    motive motive motive motive
    T$rnp. force Ttmp. force Tzmmr,. force Teyp. force
    C mv C mv C mv C mv
    0 .oo 400 22.06 800 45.68
    10 .52 410 22.61 810 46.33
    20 1.05 420 23.16 820 46.99
    30 1.58 430 23.71 830 47.65
    40 2.12 440 24.26 840 48.30
    50 2.66 450 24.81 850 48.96
    60 3.20 460 25.36 860 49.62
    70 3.75 470 25.91 870 50.28
    80 4.30 480 26.46 880 50.94
    90 4.85 490 27.01 890 51.59
    100 5.40 500 27.57 900 52.22
    110 5.95 510 28.13 910 52.84
    120 6.51 520 28.69 920 53.43
    130 7.07 530 29.25 930 54.02
    140 7.63 540 29.81 940 54.61
    150 8.19 550 30.38 950 55.21
    160 8.75 560 30.95 960 55.80
    170 9.31 570 31.52 970 56.39
    180 9.87 580 32.10 980 56.99
    190 10.43 590 32,68 990 57.59
    - 200 - - 8.27 200 10.99 600 33.26 1000 58.19
    - 190 8.02 210 11.55 610 33.85
    - 180 - 7.75 220 12.11 620 34.44
    - 170 - 7.46 230 12.67 630 35.02
    - 160 - 7.14 240 13.23 640 35.62
    - 150 - 6.80 250 13.79 650 36.22
    - 140 - 6.44 260 14.35 660 36.82
    - 130 - 6.06 270 14.90 670 37.43
    - 120 - 5.66 280 15.45 680 38.04
    - 110 - 5.25 290 16.00 690 38.66
    - 100 - 4.82 300 16.55 700 39.28
    - 90 - 4.38 310 17.11 710 39.90
    - 80 - 3.93 320 17.66 720 40.53
    - 70 - 3.47 330 18.21 730 41.16
    - 60 - 3.00 340 18.76 740 41.80
    - 50 - 2.52 350 19.31 750 42.45
    - 40 - 2.03 360 19.86 760 43.09
    -
    -
    30 - 1.53 370 20.41 770 43.74
    20 - 1.03 380 20.96 780 44.39
    -- 10 - 0.52 390 21.51 790 45.04
    0 .oo 400 22.06 800 45.68

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    77
    T A B L E 50.-CORRESPONDING VALUES OF T E M P E R A T U R E A N D ELECTRO-
    M O T I V E FORCE FOR IRON-CONSTANTAN THERMOCOUPLES
    (Reference junctions at 32°F)

    Elecyro- Electro- Electro. Electro- Electro-


    motive motive motive motive motive
    TSmp. force Temp. force Tenill. force Temp. force Teyi. force
    F mv "F mv "F mv "F mv F mv
    0 - .92 500 14.35 1000 29.69 1500 46.70
    10 - .63 510 14.65 1010 30.00 1510 47.06
    20 - .35 520 14.96 1020 30.32 1520 47.43
    30 - .06 530 15.27 1030 30.63 1530 47.79
    40 +
    .23 540 15.57 1040 30.95 1540 48.16
    50 .52 550 15.88 1050 31.27 1550 48.52
    60 .82 560 16.19 1060 31.59 1560 48.89
    70 1.11 570 16.49 1070 31.91 1570 49.25
    80 1.41 580 16.80 1080 32.23 1580 49.62
    90 1.70 590 17.11 1090 32.55 1590 49.98
    100 2.00 600 17.42 1100 32.87 1600 50.35
    110 2.30 610 17.72 1110 33.19 1610 50.71
    120 2.60 620 18.03 1123 33.52 1620 51.08
    130 2.90 630 18.33 1130 33.85 1630 51.45
    140 3.29 640 18.64 1140 34.17 1640 51.81
    150 3.50 650 18.94 1150 34.50 1650 52.17
    160 3.81 660 19.2s 1160 34.83 1660 52.51
    170 4.11 67C 19.55 1170 35.16 1670 52.84
    180 4.42 680 19.86 1180 35.48 1680 53.17
    190 4.72 690 20.17 1190 35.82 1690 53.50
    - 300 - 7.87 200 5.03 700 20.47 1200 36.15 1700 53.83
    - 290 - 7.75 210 5.34 710 20.78 1210 36.48 1710 54.16
    - 280 - 7.55 220 5.64 720 21.08 1220 36.82 1720 54.48
    - 270 - 7.38 230 5.95 730 21.39 1230 37.16 1730 54.81
    - 260 - 7.20 240 6.26 740 21.69 1240 37.50 1740 55.14
    - 250 - 7.02 250 6.57 750 22.00 1250 37.84 1750 55.47
    - 240 - 6.83 260 628 760 22.30 1260 38.18 1760 55.80
    - 230 - 6.63 270 7.19 770 22.61 1270 38.52 1770 56.13
    - 220 - 6.43 280 7.50 780 22.91 1280 38.86 1780 56.46
    - 210 - 6.22 290 7.81 790 23.22 1290 39.21 1790 56.79
    - 200 - 6.01 300 8.12 800 23.52 1300 39.55 1800 57.12
    - 190 - 5.79 310 8.43 810 23.83 1310 39.89
    - 180 - 5.57 320 8.75 820 24.13 1320 40.24
    - 170 - 5.34 330 9.06 830 24.44 1330 40.59
    - 160 - 5.11 340 9.37 840 24.74 1340 40.94
    - 150 - 4.87 350 9.68 850 25.05 1350 41.30
    - 140 - 4.63 360 10.00 860 25.36 1360 41.65
    - 130 - 4.38 370 10.31 870 25.66 1370 42.01
    - 120 - 4.13 380 10.62 880 25.97 1380 42.36
    - 110 - 3.88 390 10.93 890 26.28 1390 42.72
    - 100 - 3.63 400 11.24 900 26.58 1400 43.08
    - 90 - 3.37 410 11.56 910 26.89 1410 43.44
    - 80 - 3.1 1 420 11.87 920 27.20 1420 43.80
    - 70 - 2.85 430 12.18 933 27.51 1430 44.16
    - 60 - 2.58 440 12.49 940 27.82 1440 44.52
    - 50 - 2.31 450 12.80 950 28.13 1450 44.88
    - 40 - 2.04 460 13.11 960 28.44 1460 45.24
    - 30 - 1.76 470 13.42 970 28.75 1470 45.61
    - 20 - 1.48 480 13.73 980 29.06 1480 45.97
    - 10 - 1.20 490 14.04 990 29.38 1490 46.33
    0 - 92 500 14.35 1000 29.69 1500 46.70

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    78
    T A B L E 5 1 . 4 T A N D A R D F A H R E N H E I T T A B L E FOR C H R O M E L - A L U M E L *
    T H E R M O C O U P LE S

    Electromotive force in millivolts (reference junction at 32'F)


    Tynp.
    F 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100'
    0 - .68 - .47 - .26 - .04 + .18 .40 .62 .84 1.06 1.29 1.52
    100 1.52 1.74 1.97 2.20 2.43 2.66 2.89 3.12 3.36 3.59 3.82
    200 3.82 4.05 4.28 4.51 4.74 4.97 5.19 5.42 5.64 5.87 6.09
    300 6.09 6.31 6.53 6.75 6.98 7.20 7.42 7.64 7.87 8.09 8.31
    400 8.31 8.53 8.76 8.98 9.20 9.43 9.66 9.88 10.11 10.33 10.56
    500 10.56 10.79 11.02 11.25 11.47 11.70 11.93 12.16 12.39 12.62 12.85
    600 12.85 13.08 13.31 13.55 13.78 14.01 14.24 14.48 14.71 14.94 15.18
    700 15.19 15.42 15.65 15.89 16.12 16.36 16.59 16.83 17.06 17.30 17.53
    800 17.53 17.76 18.00 18.23 18.47 18.71 18.94 19.18 19.42 1.9.65 19.89
    900 19.89 20.13 20.37 20.60 20.84 21.08 21.31 21.55 21.79 22.02 22.26
    1000 22.26 22.50 22.73 22.97 23.21 23.44 23.68 23.92 24.15 24.39 24.63
    1100 24.63 24.86 25.10 25.34 25.58 25.81 26.05 26.28 26.52 26.76 26.99
    1200 26.99 27.22 27.46 27.69 27.92 28.15 28.38 28.62 28.86 29.10 29.34
    1300 29.34 29.57 29.80 30.03 30:26 30.49 30.72 30.95 31.18 31.41 31.64
    1400 31.64 31.87 32.10 32.33 32.56 32.79 33.02 33.25 33.48 33.70 33.93
    1500 33.93 34.16 34.39 34.61 34.84 35.07 35.29 35.52 35.74 35.97 36.19
    1600 36.19 36.41 36.64 36.86 37.09 37.31 37.54 37.76 37.99 38.21 38.43
    1700 38.43 38.65 38.87 39.09 39.31 39.53 39.75 39.96 40.18 40.40 40.62
    1800 40.62 40.83 41.05 41.27 41.48 41.70 41.91 42.13 42.34 42.56 42.78
    1900 42.78 42.99 43.21 43.42 43.63 43.84 44.05 44.27 44.48 44.69 44.90
    2000 44.90 45.11 45.32 45.53 45.74 45.95 46.16 46.37 46.58 46.79 47.00
    2100 47.00 47.21 47.41 47.62 47.83 48.03 48.24 48.44 48.65 48.85 49.05
    2200 49.05 49.25 49.46 49.66 49.86 50.06 50.26 50.46 50.66 50.86 51.06
    2300 51.06 51.25 51.45 51.65 51.84 52.04 52.23 52.43 52.62 52.81 53.01
    2400 53.01 53.20 53.39 53.58 53.78 53.97 54.16 54.35 54.54 54.73 54.92
    2500 54.92
    ' Hoskins Thermocouple.

    SMITHSONfAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    79
    TABLES 52-57.-THE BLACKBODY AND ITS RADIANT ENERGY
    T A B L E 5 2 . 4 Y M B O L S A N D D E F I N I N G EXPRESSIONS FOR R A D I A N T
    ENERGY m

    Radiant energy is energy traveling in the form of electromagnetic waves. It is measured


    in units of energy such as ergs, joules, calories, and kilowatt hours. Some units, symbols,
    and abbreviations used in discussing radiant energy are as follows :
    Symbol and
    defining Proposed
    Designation expression Unit term 01.
    Radiant energy ....... U ...... Radiant energy
    dU ......
    Spectral radiant energy. U,= -& Spectral radiant
    energy
    u=-
    dU
    Radiant energy density. erg/cm’ Radiant energy density
    dV
    dU
    Radiant flux .......... +(P)= 7 watt, erg/sec Radiant flux (radi-
    ance *)
    Radiant flux density. .. W=-- d+
    dA
    watt/cma Radiant flux density
    (radiancy *)
    Radiant intensity of a
    source .............. J=* watt/steradian Radiant intensity
    dw
    dJ
    Spectral radiant intensity JA=
    dx
    - watt/steradian Spectral radiant inten-
    sity
    Radiant flux density of
    a source per unit solid dW
    angle ............... B, (N)= -
    do
    watt/(steradian cm’) Steradiancy *
    Radiant intensity of a
    source per unit area.. B = - dJ watt/(steradian cm’) Steradiancy *
    dA
    Radiant flux per unit
    area ............... E = - dd+A ...... Irradiancy
    The standard radiator is the blackbody, which may be defined as a body that absorbs
    all the radiation that falls upon it, i.e., it neither reflects nor transmits any of the incident
    radiation. From this simple definition and some very plausible assumptions it can be shown
    that the blackbody radiates more energy than any other temperature radiator when both
    are at the same temperature. The total amount of energy (i.e., for all wavelengths)
    radiated by a blackbody depends upon the temperature raised to the fourth power and a
    constant u that had to be measured:
    W = uT4
    If a blackbody is radiating to another blackbody it will at the same time receive radiation
    from the second blackbody and, under the proper geometrical conditions, the net radiation
    lost by the first blackbody is
    W = U ( Ti4- Ta‘)
    The spectral distribution of this radiation is given by the Planck equation :
    J X5 cAd/[exp(cr/AT) - 11 t
    For values of the product AT less than 3OOOp deg, the Wien equation
    J X= cAd/[exp (cr/AT)l
    gives values that are correct to better than 1 percent.
    The values of a number of the radiation constants have been selected from Table 26 and
    are given in Table 53. AAI the blackbody calculations given were made with these constants.
    Some calculated results for the total radiation W for a series of temperatures and of JX
    for a range of temperatures and for wavelengths have been calculated and are given in
    Tables 54-56.

    a. Rev. Sci. Instr., vol. 7. p. 322, 1936. These terms apply only to a source. The term “radiance”
    is not recommended as a substitute for radiant flux; however, if a single term is desired to express the
    radiant flux from a source, the word “radiance” is suggested as the most logical. t See footnote 5a.
    p. 7.
    ad For a more extensive list of values of J , reference should be made to two papers by Parry Moon:
    Journ. Math. and Phys., vol. 16, p. 133. 1937; Publ. Electr. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
    nology, 1947.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    SO T A B L E BS.-RADIATION CONSTANTS

    Velocity of light.. ............................ c = 2.99776 x 10" cm sec-'


    Planck's constant ............................. h = 6.6242 x erg-sec
    Boltzmann's constant ......................... k = 1.3805 X lo-'' erg deg-'
    Stefan-Boltzmann constant * .................. u = 5.673 X lo-" erg cm" deg-' sec-'
    Wien's displacement law.. ..................... = Ac1A4F(AT)
    The principal corollaries are : L T =6
    --
    Jm
    AT6 - 'I
    The first corollary is sometimes given as the Wien's displacement law, and 6 as the
    displacement constant.
    Wien displacement constant.. .................. 6 = 0.2897 cm deg
    First radiation constant t
    All lengths in cm, d A = 1 cm.. ............. c1 = 3.740 X erg sec-' cm2
    Area cm', A in p, d A = 0 . 0 1 ~...............
    . CI = 3.740 >( 10' erg sec" cm2
    Second radiation constant. ..................... cz = 1.4380 cm deg

    The unit of energy chosen for the above values is the erg. Any other unit of energy (or
    power) may be used if the proper conversion factor is used (Table 7).
    Values of cz used at different times.-This second radiation constant has been de-
    termined many times in the last 40 years. Shown below are the values used at different
    times. [ A new determination of the value of cz by G. A. W. Rutgers (Physica, vol. 15,
    p. 985, 1949) gives two values : 14325. & 20 and 14310. & 20 p deg.1
    National Bureau Nela
    Date of Standards Park
    1911.. .................................. 14.500~"K 14500p "K
    1915.. .................................. - 14460
    1917.................................... 14350 14350
    1922.................................... 14320g 14350
    1925.................................... 143206 14320
    1936.................................... 14320 I/ 14320
    1944.................................... 14320 14320
    1949.. .................................. 14380 -
    For 27r solid angle. i For the general case, c1 may be written in the following symbolic form:
    (wavelength unit)" x power unit
    c1 = numeric
    area x wavelength interval x solid angle
    This form shows that the value of the numeric depends upon the several units used-in this case 5 .
    If I , is the normal intensity, i.e., per unit solid angle perpendicular to the surface, sJAo gives the
    radia2ion per 2 8 solid angle. T h e energy radiated within a unit solid angle around the normal, is 0.92 Jo.
    T h e above values are for a plane blackbody; for a spherical blackbody the radiation for 2a solid angle
    equals 2aJ0.
    For calculations the use of the radiation constants u and c2 a s given follows directly and causes but
    little trouhle. T h e numeric for c2 must be expressed in the unit of wavelength times the absolute tempera-
    ture. If the wavelength is expressed in 11 the numeric hecomes 14380.
    When Planck's equation is used for calculations, it may be written as follows for blackbody of area A:
    J,dX = ( A c i P / [exp ( c 2 / X T ) - 1I)dX
    where dX is the wavelength interval for which the radiation is to he calculated. T h e first value of c1
    given in the table is for all dimensions in centimeters-a condition almost never met in practice. T h e
    second value is for the wavelength expressed in microns and d X = 0.01fl.
    If this second value of c2 be used in calculation with Planck's equation and summed step by step,
    the results will be the total energy per second, per 2a solid angle, per unit area for the wavelength
    interval covered X expressed in u.
    t I . , G Priest: in January 1932, used cp= 14350 in his work on color temperature. I J. F. Skog-
    land, in 1929, used c t = 14330 in his tables of spectral energy distrihution of a blackbody. 11 D. U.
    Judd, in 1933, used cI= 14350 in his calculations related to the T.C.I.standard observer.

    SYITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 54.-RADIATION IN ERGS ( W X 10") A N D GRAM-CALORIES ( W ' X 10"') P E R CM' P E R SEC, F O R 2 a S O L I D ANGLE,
    FROM A P E R F E C T R A D I A T O R A T t o F R O M -27OoC T O +56"C A N D FOR T F R O M 300°K T O 5500°K

    I
    Q

    i5
    B
    r
    D
    -4
    D
    r
    W
    rn
    Tzmp.
    C
    -270
    -250
    -
    erg cm-2 sec-1
    W
    5.656
    1.632
    n
    -3
    1
    5r-2
    1.351
    3.899
    cal cm-z sec-1

    -10
    -7
    4
    6
    u = 5.672

    Temp.
    "C
    3.347
    3.445
    x lo-'
    erg cm-2 sec-1
    57----- n
    erg cmP deg-4 sec-'

    5
    5
    cal cm-2 sec-*
    ---7
    W'
    7.998
    8.231
    -3
    -3
    Temp.
    "K
    300* 4.5944
    373.16 1.0998
    erg cm-2 sec-1
    ~~

    5
    6
    cal cm-2 sec-'

    1.0978
    2.6280
    -2
    -2
    v) -200 1.625 3 3.883 -5 8 3.545 5 8.470 -3 400 1.4520 6 3.4700 -2
    -190 2.713 3 6.482 -5 10 3.646 5 8.713 -3 500 3.5450 6 8.4707 -2
    -180 4.272 3 1.021 -4 12 3.751 5 8.962 -3 600 7.3509 6 1.7565
    - ~. -1
    -160 9.301 3 2.222 -4 14 3.857 5 9.216 -3 700 1.3619 7 3.2542 -1
    -150 1.305 4 3.118 -4 16 3.965 5 9.475 -3 800 2.3233 7 5.5515 -1
    -140 1.783 4 4.261 -4 18 4.076 5 9.740 -3 900 3.7214 7 8.8922 -1
    -130 2.382 4 5.693 -4 20 4.189 5 1.001 -2 1 00
    ._.. 5.6720 7 1.3553 0
    -120 3.121 4 7.458 -4 22 4.305 5 1.029 -2 1500 2.8715 8 6.8614 0
    -110 4.020 4 9.605 -4 24 4.423 5 1.057 -2 2000 9.0752 8 2.1685 1
    -100 5.100 4 1.219 -3 26 4.543 5 1.086 -2 2500 2.2156 9 5.2942 1
    -90 6.383 4 1.525 -3 28 4.666 5 1.115 -2 3500
    ~... 8.5115 9 2.0338 2
    - 80 7.896 4 1.887 -3 30 4.791 5 1.145 -2 4500 2.3259 10 5.5577 2
    - 70 9.662 4 2.309 -3 32 4.919 5 1.175 -2 5500 5.1902 10 1.2402 3
    - 60 1.171 5 2.798 -3 34 5.049 5 1.206 -2
    - 50
    - 40
    1.407
    1.676
    5
    5
    3.361
    4.006
    -3
    -3
    36
    38
    5.182
    5.317
    5
    5
    1.238
    1.271
    -2
    --L
    ,.
    - 30 1.983 5 4.738 -3 40 5.455 5 1.304 -2
    - 20 2.330 5 5.567 -3 42 5.596 5 1.337 -2
    - 10 2.720 5 6.500 -3 44 5.739 5 1.371 -2
    - 8 2.804 5 6.700 -3 46 5.885 5 1.406 -2
    - 6 2.890 5 6.904 -3 48 6.034 5 1.442 -2
    - 4 2.977 5 7.114 -3 50 6.186 5 1.478 -2
    - 2 3.067 5 7.327 -3 52 6.341 5 1.515 -2
    0 3.158 5 7.546 -3 54 6.498 5 1.553 -2
    2 3.252 5 7.769 -3 56 6.658 5 1.591 -2
    Energy radiated from OO( "K ir be obtained from the value for this temp rature )J multiplying it )J 10'. Likewi e 01 th :I p ratu !: th t are 10 jmes the
    values given in the table.
    82 T A B L E 55.-CALCULATED S P E CTRAL I N T E N S I T I E S JA FOR A RANGE OF
    W A V E L E N G T H S FOR A BLACKBODY O F U N I T A R E A FOR A RANGE
    OF T E M P E R A T U R E S FROM 50°K T O 25,000°K*
    3740 micron' watts
    . cz = 14380~: deg; dA =

    -
    These values have been calculated for c1=
    cm' dh 2n solid angles '
    O.lp, /A = tabular JAx 10" watts for cm2 for 2n solid angle per 0.1~.

    x A
    '
    50" 75"
    * A
    '
    1000 150-

    'A
    2000

    n
    1.0 4.675 -122 2.0145 -80 1.3224 -59 8.679 -39 2.2235 -28
    1.5 2.6529 - 81 1.5131 -53 1.1427 -39 8.634 -26 7.503 -19
    2.0 4.133 - 61 2.7124 4 0 6.949 -30 1.7803 -19 2.8499 -14
    2.5 4.186 - 49 1.8865 -32 4.005 -24 8.501 -16 1.2384 -11
    3.0 3.5716 - 41 2.6982 -27 2.344 -20 2.0377 -13 6.007 -10
    3.5 1.4652 - 35 1.1519 -23 1.0214 -17 9.057 -12 8.529 -9
    4.0 2.1714 - 31 5.564 -21 8.906 -16 1.4255 -10 5.703 -8
    5.0 1.2515 - 25 2.6566 -17 3.8701 -13 5.638 -9 6.806 -7
    6.0 7.326 - 22 6.367 -15 1.8773 -11 5.534 -8 3.0050 - 6
    7.0 3.1917 - 19 2.8304 -13 2.6652 -10 2.5096 -7 7.701 -6
    8.0 2.7831 - 17 4.455 -12 1.7823 -9 7.131 -7 1.4265 -5
    -5
    9.0 8.386 - 16 3.5449 -11 7.288 -9 1.4984 -6 2.1492
    10.0 1.2094 - 14 1.7620 -10 2.1269 -8 2.5671 -6 2.8224 -5
    12.0 5.867 - 13 1.7294 -9 9.391 -8 5.100 -6 3.7662 -5
    14.0 8.3288 - 12 7.843 -9 2.4062 -7 7.393 -6 4.115 -5
    16.0 5.570 - 11 2.2284 -8 4.458 - 7 8.937 -6 4.032 -5
    18.0 2.2775 - 10 4.682 -8 6.716 -7 9.674 -6 3.7137 -5
    20.0 6.647 - 10 8.022 - 8 8.820 - 7 9.763 -6 3.3001 -5
    25.0 3.8640 - 9 1.7882 -7 1.2204 -6 8.458 -6 2.2874 -5
    30.0 1.0564 - 8 2.5801 -7 1.2857 -6 6.571 -6 1.5411 -5

    - -
    40.0 2.7563 - 8 3.0513 -7 1.0313 -6 3.6674 -6 7.255 -6
    50.0 3.8137 - 8 2.6437 -7 7.148 -7 2.0625 -6 3.7257 -6
    75.0 3.4809 - 8 1.3255 -7 2.7160 -7 6.084 -7 9.800 -7
    100.0 2.2338 - 8 6.445 -7 1.1788 -7 2.3256 - 7 3.5536 -7

    x
    273.16"

    JA
    300'

    n JA
    373.16'

    n
    *JA
    500'

    It A'
    600"

    1.0 5.132 - 20 5.698 -18 6.870 -14 1.2094 -9 1.4597 -7


    1.5 2.8227 - 13 6.520 -12 3.4290 -9 2.3203 -6 5.667 -5
    2.0 4.329 - 10 4.562 -9 5.009 -7 6.647 -5 7.302 -4
    2.5 2.7422 - 8 1.8043 -7 7.741 -6 3.8640 -4 2.6287 -3
    3.0 3.6847 - 7 1.7710 -6 4.061 -5 1.0564 -3 5.223 -3
    3.5 2.0910 - 6 8.031 -6 .- _ _
    1.1772 -4 1.9230 -3 7.570 -3
    4.0 7.029 - 6 2.2819 -5 2.3911 -.4 2.7563 -3 9.152 -3
    5.0 3.2026 - 5 8.215 -5 5.383 -4 3.8137 -3 9.9983 -3
    6.0 7.443 - 5 1.6321 -4 7.825 -4 4.018 -3 9.024 -3
    7.0 1.2065 - 4 2.3657 -4 9.085 -4 3.7175 -3 7.496 -3
    8.0 1.5856 - 4 2.8600 -4 9.310 -4 3.2227 -3 6.007 -3
    9.0 1.8307 - 4 3.0957 -4 8.875 -4 2.7040 -3 4.748 -3
    10.0 1.9447 - 4 3.1245 -4 8.102 -4 2.2338 -3 3.7449 -3
    12.0 1.8931 - 4 2.8201 -4 6.312 -4 1.5050 -3 2.3601 -3
    14.0 1.6573 - 4 2,342.5 -4 4.736 -4 1.0224 -3 1.5319 -3
    16.0 1.3798 - 4 1.8770 -4 3.5255 -4 7.085 -4 1.0272 -3
    18.0 1.1229 -- 4 1.4838 -4 2.6366 -4 5.021 -4 7.103 -4
    20.0 9.057 - 5 1.1703 -4 1.9919 -4 3.6384 -4 5.049 -4
    25.0 5.309 - 5 6.600 -5 1.0432 -4 1.7735 -4 2.3814 -4
    30.0 3.2185 - 5 3.9044 -5 5.890 -5 9.570 -5 1.2584 -4
    40.0 1.3385 - 5 1.5780 -5 2.2537 -5 3.4705 -5 4.451 -5
    50.0 6.414 - 6 7.442 -6 1.0306 -5 1.5393 -5 1.9460 -5
    75.0 1.5488 - 6 1.7613 -6 2.3463 -6 3.3726 -6 4.189 -6
    100.0 5.398 - 7 6.081 -7 7.954 -7 1.1225 - 6 1.3811 -6
    For reference. see footnote 23. I). 74.
    (contirtued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    A
    .10
    20
    .30
    .40
    .45
    -
    T A B L E 55.-CALCULATED

    A'
    3.2241
    1.0851
    1.4647
    1.1129
    9.103
    - 70
    - 32
    - 20
    - 14
    - 13
    n
    S P E C T R A L INTENSlTllES JA FOR A RANGE OF
    W A V E , L E N G T H S FOR A BLACKBODY O F U N I T A R E A FOR A RANGE
    O F T E M P E R A T U R E S F R O M 50°K TO 25,000"K (continued)
    800" 1000~
    &

    6.949
    JA
    1.3224
    2.3444
    8.906
    2.6834
    -54
    -2 5
    -15
    -1 1
    -9
    I1
    -
    7
    JA
    3.3883
    1.1123
    6.9122
    3.5633
    5.517
    12000
    n
    -44
    -19
    -12
    - 8
    -7
    1400"
    &
    JA
    9.2178
    5.8022
    2.0790
    2.5732
    2.4766
    -37
    -16
    -9
    -6
    -5
    n
    -A'
    3.4723
    3.5613
    1.5016
    6.376
    4.295
    1600"

    -31
    -13
    -7
    -
    - 45
    83

    .so 2.9182 - 11 3.8701 - 8 4.671 - 6 1.4334 -- 4 1.8689 -3


    .55 4.759 - 10 3.2828 - 7 2.5627 - 5 5.761 - 4 5.947 -3
    .60 4.692 -
    -
    9 1.8773 - 6 1.0193 - 4 1.7677 - 3 1.5023 -2
    .65 3.1506 8 7.950 - 6 3.1748 - 4 4.421 - 3 3.1867 -2
    .70 1.5675 - 7 2.6652 - 5 8.178 - 4 9.435 - 3 5.907 -2
    .75 6.1514 - 6 7.475 - 5 1.8135 - 3 1.7774 - 2 ..
    9 847 -3
    .80 1.9924 - 6 1.7823 - 4 3.5650 - 3 3.0296 - 2 1.5079 -1
    .90 1.3423 -
    -
    5 7.288 - 4 1.0450 - 2 7.001 - 2 2.9157 -1
    1.oo 5.840 5 2.1269 - 3 2.3367 - 2 1.2943 - 1 4.674 -1
    1.50 3.0769 - 3 3.3803 - 2 1.6712 - 1 5.236 -1 1.2341 0
    2.00 1.4607 - 2 -2 2.9286 -1 6.916 - 1 1.3213 0
    2.50 2.8902 - 2 1:2204 - 1 3.1995 -1 6.398 -1 1.0814 0
    3.00 3.8565 -
    -
    2 1.2857 -1 2.8888 -1 5.185 -1 8.100 -1
    4.00 4.129 2 1.0313 -1 1.9221 -1 3.0340 -1 4.318 -1
    5.00 3.3793 - 2 7.148 -2 1.1984 -1 1.7597 -1 2.3772 -1

    --- -
    10.00 7.429 - 3 1.1643 -2 1.6158 -2 2.0858 -2 2.5678 -2
    50.00 2.7665 -
    -
    5 3.5918 -5 4.419 -5 5.2487 -5 6.0751 -5
    100.00 1.8994 6 2.4184 - 6 2.9379 -6 3.4566 -6 3.9787 -6

    x A'
    1800' 2000"
    It J,
    22000

    n
    * J,
    2400'

    n JA
    2600'
    *
    2800"

    A'
    .10 7.543 -27 2.2235 -23 1.5338 -20 3.5592 -18 3.5731 -16 1.8569 -14
    20 5.249 -11 2.8499 - 9 7.485 - 8 1.1402 - 6 1.1424 - 5 8.235 -5
    .30 4.190 -6 6.007 -5 5.308 -4 3.2616 - 3 1.5160 -2 5.657 -2
    .40 7.740 -4 5.703 -3 2.9228 - 2 1.1408 - 1 3.6108 -1 9.695 -1
    .45 3.9513 -3 2.3321 -2 9.967 -2 3.3440 - 1 9.313 - 1 2.2404 0
    .50 1.3771 -2 6.806 -2 2.5154 - 1 7.477 - 1 1.8796 0 4.142 0
    .55 3.6546 -2 1.5618 - 1 5.126 - 1 1.3800 0 3.1902 0 6.543 0
    .60 7.935 -2 3.0050 -1 8.932 - 1 2.2141 0 4.773 0 9.222 0
    .65 1.4810 -1 5.0622 -1 1.3838 0 3.1988 0 6.502 0 1.1941 1
    .70 2.4599 -1 7.701 - 1 1.9592 0 4.267 0 8.244 0 1.4500 1
    .75 3.7284 -1 1.0817 0 2.5864 0 5.348 0 9.890 0 1.6755 1
    .so 5.254 -1 1.4265 0 3.2297 0 6.382 0 1.1360 1 1.8625 1
    .90 8.845 -1 2.1492 0 4.444 0 8.146 0 1.3606 1 2.1128 1
    1.00 1.2691 0 2.8224 0 5.430 0 9.371 0 1.4880 1 2.2133 1
    1.50 2.4072 0 4.115 0 6.391 0 9.241 0 1.2651 1 1.6591 1
    2.00 2.1930 0 3.3001 0 4.626 0 6.151 0 7.852 0 9.709 0
    2.50 1.6350 0 2.2874 0 3.025 0 3.8351 0 4.707 0 5.631 0
    3.00 1.1538 0 1.5411 0 1.964 0 2.4167 0 2.8935 0 3.3905 0
    4.00 5.735 - 1 7.255 -1 -
    - 01 0
    8.855 1 1.0518 0 1.2233 1.3989
    5.00 3.0360 - 1 3.7257 - 1 4.439 - 1 5.171 - 1 5.917 6.674 -1
    10.00 3.0578 -2 3.5536 - 2 4.054 -2 4.558 -2 5.064 -2 5.571 -2
    50.00
    100.00
    6.908
    4.497
    -5
    -6
    7.7413
    5.020
    - 5
    - 6
    8.570
    5.537
    -5
    -6
    9.401
    6.062
    - 5
    -6
    1.0229
    6.573
    -4
    -6
    1.1061
    7.097
    -
    -6
    4

    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    S P E C T R A L INTENSlTliES JA FOR A RANGE OF

    -
    54 T A B L E 55.-CALCULATED
    W A V E L E N G T H S FOR A BLACKBODY OF U N I T A R E A FOR A RANGE
    OF T E M P E R A T U R E S F R O M 50°K T O 25,000'K (concluded)
    3000" 3200' 3500" 4000'
    & &
    x n' JA JA n JA $1 J, n
    .10 5.698 -13 1.1396 -11 5.3650 -10 9.1199 -8 1.2094 -4
    20 4.562 -4 2.0402 - 3 1.3998 - 2 1.8251 -1 6.647 0
    .30 1.7710 -1 4.807 -1 1.7358 0 9.616 0 1.0561
    2.7563
    2
    2
    .40 2.2819 0 4.825 0 1.2640 1 4.565 1
    .45 4.795 0 9.330 0 2.1962 1 6.877 1 3.4034 2

    .50 8.215 0 1.4957 1 3.2321 1 9.032 1 3.8137 2


    .55 1.2195 1 2.1028 1 4.237 1 1.0789 2 4.004 2
    .60 1.6321 1 2.6895 1 5.113 1 1.2052 2 4.018 2
    .65 2.0227 1 3.2083 1 5.807 1 1.2825 2 3.9080 2
    .70 2.3657 1 3.6313 1 6.303 1 1.3168 2 3.7175 2
    3.4810
    .75
    .so
    .90
    2.6465
    2.8600
    3.0957
    1
    1
    1
    3.9491
    4.164
    4.327
    1
    I
    1
    6.611
    6.754
    6.662
    1
    1
    1
    1.3165
    1.2903
    1.1884
    2
    2
    2
    3.2227
    2.7040
    3
    2
    1.00 3.1245 1 4.228 1 6.248 1 1.0561 2 2.2338 2
    1.50 2.1026 1 2.5919 1 3.4032 1 4.9320 1 8.487 1

    2.00 1.1703 1 1.3818 1


    . 1.7181 1 2.3215 1 3.6384 1
    2.50 6.600 0 7.607 0 9.178 0 1.1922 1 1.7735 1
    3.00 3.9044 0 4.432 0 5.247 0 6.650 0 9.570 0
    4.00 1.5780 0 1.7598 0 2.0369 0 2.5076 0 3.4705 0
    5.00 7.442 - 1 8.217 - 1 9.391 - 1 1.1372 0 1.5393 0

    10.00 6.081 -2 6.593 - 2 7.361 -2 8.657 -2 1.1225 -1


    50.00 1.1897 -4 1.2732 - 4 1.3978 -4 1.6064 -4 2.0216 -4
    100.00 1.9581 -5 8.130 - 6 8.926 -6 1.0219 -5 1.2808 -5
    25,000°

    x
    * -
    Ji
    6000"

    n A
    '
    8000"
    - * Jh
    10,000"

    ?I
    15,000~

    'A JA
    20,000~

    n I, II

    .10 1.4597 -2 5.840 0 2.1268 2 2.5671 4 2.8224 5 1.1917 6


    20 7.302 1 1.4607 3 8.820 3 9,763 4 3.3001 5 6.981 5
    .30 5.223 2 3.8565 3 1.2857 4 6.571 4 1.5411 5 2.6523 5
    .40 9.152 2 4.129 3 1.0313 4 3.6571 4 7.255 4 1.1370 5
    .45 9.906 2 3.8032 3 8.653 3 2.7323 4 5.1415 4 7.825 4

    .so 9.9983 2 3.3793 3 7.148 3 2.0625 4 3.7257 4 5.542


    4.026
    4
    4
    .55 9.6424 2 2.9415 3 5.869 3 1.5762 4 2.7563 4
    .60 9.024 2 2.5311 3 4.816 3 1.2201 4 2.0780 4 2.9907 4
    .65 8.279 2 2.1601 3 3.9614 3 9.563 3 1.5936 4 2.2654 4
    .70 7.496 2 1.8485 3 3.2718 3 7.586 3 1.2456 4 1.7461 4

    .7s 6.728 2 1.5780 3 2.7160 3 6.084 3 9.800 3 1.3667 4


    .so 6.007 2 1.3494 3 2.2670 3 4.931 3 7.836 3 1.0845 4
    .90 4.748 2 9.945 2 1.6067 3 3.3311 3 5.178 3 7.078 3
    1.00 3.7449 2 7.429 2 1.1643 3 2.3256 3 3.5536 3 4.810 3
    1.50 1.2494 2 2.1278 2 3.0625 2 5.505 2 8.008 2 1.0537 3

    2.00 5.049 1 8.024 1 1.1106 2 1.9004 2 2.7017 2 3.5077 2


    2.50 2.3814 1 3.6391 1 4.926 1 8.194 1 1.1494 2 1.4804 2
    3.00 1.2584 1 1.8756 1 2.5026 1 4.088 1 5.684 1 7.280 1
    4.00 4.451 0 6.438 0 8.443 0 1.3487 1 1.8549 1 2.3625 1
    5.00 1.9460 0 2.7665 0 3.5918 0 5.664 0 7.741 0 9.818 0

    10.00 1.3811 -1 1.8994 -1 2.4184 -1 3.7177 -1 5.020 -1 6.318 -1


    50.00 2.4375 -4 3.2700 4 4.099 -4 6.185 -4 8.254 -3 1.0318 -3
    100.00 1.5391 -5 2.0663 -5 2.5793 -5 3.8748 -5 5.194 -5 6.448 -5

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 56.-BLACKBODY SPECTRAL INTENSITIES 85
    Auxiliary table for a short method of calculating JX for any temperature. (Menzel, Harvard Uni-
    versity.)
    Let J o = intensity for To= 10,000 OK; for another temperature T " K :
    J / J o = CAf(exp ( @ d o ) - l)I/[A6(exp ( a / A T )- 111
    For ease of calculation To was taken as 10,000 OK. = tabular JAX 10" watts, for cm* for 2* solid
    angle per 0.1~. Choose A = k T o / T ; then JX= Jo( T/T0)'. As an example find JX for 0 . 5 ~and 6oOO "K
    from value of JAfor 0 . 3 ~given in Table 55. 0 . 5 ~= 0 . 3 ~10,000/6000. JX for 0 . 3 =
    ~ 1.2857 X lo'. JA
    for A = 0 . 5 ~= 1.2857 X lo4 X (6,000/10,000)6 = 9.998 X 10'.

    A
    .OLOO
    .0150
    J,
    1.3224
    1.1427
    n
    -49
    -29
    A
    .1450
    .15m
    J,
    2.8776
    3.3806
    U
    3
    3
    10,000~
    A
    .5500
    .6000
    J,
    5.869
    4.816
    -
    3
    3
    A
    4.500
    5.000
    J ,

    5.383
    3.5918
    n
    0
    0
    .0200 6.949 -20 .1600 4.458 3 .6500 3.9614 3 6.000 1.7761 0
    .0250 4.005 -14 .1700 5.586 3 .7000 3.2718 3 7.000 9.756 -1
    .0300 2.3444 -10 .1800 6.716 3 .7500 2.7160 3 8.000 5.797 -1
    .0350 1.0214 -7 .1900 7.805 3 .8000 2.2670 3 9.000 3.6548 -1
    .0400 8.906 -6 .2000 8.820 3 .8500 1.9031 3 10.00 2.4184 -1
    .0450 2.6833 -4 .21# 9.735 3 .9000 1.6067 3 12.00 1.1807 -1
    .0500 3.8700 -3 .2m 1.0536 4 .9500 1.3641 3 14.00 6.433 -2
    .0550 3.2828 -2 .2300 1.1215 4 1.000 1.1643 3 16.00 3.7904 -2
    .0600 1.8773 -1 .2400 1.1769 4 1.100 8.613 2 18.00 2.3790 -2
    .0650 7.950 1.2204 4 1.200 6.494 2 20.00 1.5667 -2
    .07OO 2.6652 1.2524 4 1.300 4.980 2 25.00 6.4692 -3
    .0750 7.427 1.2739 4 1.400 3.8782 2 30.00 3.1346 -3
    .0800 1.7823 1.2859 4 1.500 3.0625 2 35.00 1.6954 -3
    .0850 3.7891 1 .2900 1.2895 4 1.600 2.4487 2 40.00 9.979 -4
    O
    . m 7.288 1 .3000 1.2857 4 1.700 1.9805 2 45.00 6.236 -4
    .0950 1.2894 2 .3200 1.2601 4 1.800 1.6183 2 50.00 4.099 -4
    .lo00 2.1269 2 .3400 1.2163 4 1.900 1.3348 2 55.00 2.8042 -4
    .lo50 3.3049 2 .3600 1.1606 4 2.000 1.1106 2 60.00 1.9793 -4
    .1100 4.881 2 .3800 1.0977 4 2.200 7.867 1 65.00 1.4390 -4
    .1150 6.899 2 .4OOo 1.0313 4 2.400 5.724 1 70.00 1.0698 -4
    .1200 9.391 2 .4200 9.640 3 2.600 4.262 1 80.00 6.306 -5
    .1250 1.2365 3 .4400 8.977 3 2.800 3.2372 1 90.00 3.9340 -5
    .1300 1.5819 3 .4600 8.335 3 3.000 2.5026 1 100.00 2.5793 -5
    .1350 1.9732 3 .4800 7.724 3 3.500 1.4015 1
    .1400 2.4062 3 so00 7.148 3 4.000 8.443 0

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    86 T A B L E 57.-CHANGES DUE T O A C H A N G E IN c2
    The adoption of a new value for cz changes the calculated values for J A by an amount
    that varies indirectly' with both the wavelength and the temperature for values of AT
    <3000, as follows:
    d h - -d ~ z
    JA AT
    that is, a larger value of c;. results in a smaller value of JA. Values of this correction factor
    for this change in cz have been calculated and are given in the tables for five temperatures
    and a range of wavelengths that cover the visible spectrum. As these percentage correction
    factors are given they are the percentage of the J A for 14320, deg that must be subtracted
    from it to give J ~ ~ J S O .
    A change in cz also results in a different value of the extrapolated temperature as meas-
    ured with an optical pyrometer for a definite ratio of brightness. Thus

    To the accuracy necessary for most work, values for other wavelengths, other tempera-
    tures, or other values of cz within these ranges can be found by interpolation.

    P a r t 1.-Percentage change in J, for a change in c, from 14320 to 14380, degrees

    2200 2300 2:OO 2200 O


    3:O 2!00 2:OO 2:OO 2200 3zOO
    Xins K "K K K K Ainu K K K K K
    .32 9.8 8.5 7.5 6.7 6.0 .58 5.3 4.6 4.1 3.6 3.3
    .34 9.2 7.9 7.0 6.3 5.7 .60 5.1 4.4 3.9 3.5 3.2
    .36 8.7 7.5 6.6 5.9 5.3 .62 4.9 4.3 3.8 3.4 3.1
    .38 8.2 7.1 6.3 5.6 5.0 .64 4.8 4.1 3.7 3.3 3.0
    .40 7.8 6.7 5.9 5.3 4.8 .66 4.6 4.0 3.6 3.2 2.9
    .42 7.4 6.4 5.7 5.0 4.6 .68 4.5 3.9 3.5 3.1 2.8
    .44 7.0 6.1 5.4 4.8 4.4 .70 4.4 3.8 3.4 3.0 2.7
    .46 6.7 5.8 5.1 4.6 4.2 .72 4.2 3.7 3.3 2.9 2.6
    .48 6.4 5.6 4.9 4.4 4.0 .74 4.1 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.6
    .SO 6.2 5.3 4.7 4.2 3.8 .76 4.0 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.5
    .52 5.9 5.1 4.5 4.1 3.7 .78 3.9 3.4 3.0 2.7 2.4
    .54 5.7 4.9 4.4 3.9 3.5 .80 3.8 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.3
    .56 5.5 4.8 4.2 3.8 3.4

    P a r t 2 . 4 h a n g e in temperatures, AT, extrapolated from 1336 to the temperature T


    given, c2 changed from 14320 to 14380, degrees

    T"K 1500'K 1800°K 2000°K 2500°K 3000°K 3500°K 4000'K 5000°K


    AT -.6 -2.4 -4.1 -8.7 -15.5 -22.3 -33.0 -56.4

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLES 58-77 -PHOTOhIETRY 87
    Photometry is the measurement of light, and light has been defined by the
    Illuminating Engineering Society as radiant energy evaluated according to its
    capacity to produce visual sensations.
    T A B L E %.-THE EYE AS A MEASURING I N S T R U M E N T FOR RADIATION
    Part 1.-Theory

    As a measuring instrument for radiation, the eye is very selective, that is, it does not
    respond equally to radiation of various wavelengths. The data in Part 2 give the relative
    sensitivity of the eye to radiation of different wavelengths. Another peculiarity of the
    eye is that its relative sensitivity changes with the intensity of the radiation that falls upon
    it. This is shown by the data in Table 59. Also the absolute sensitivity of the eye varies
    with the intensity of the radiation that falls upon it. This is shown by the data given in
    Table 60.
    The data p6 on which Table 60 is based are not very extensive, but inasmuch as there is
    now some active work on this subject by Lowry of the Eastman Kodak Co. there should
    soon be available data for a wider range of field brightness. The data in Table 59 show that
    the sensitivity of the eye to radiation of lower intensity increases faster toward the blue
    end of the spectrum than in the red end. This is called the Purkinje effect.
    For light measurement a t very low brightness care must be taken as to the standards
    used. From the data given in Table 59 it can be shown that sources giving light of different
    colors that were rated as equal by the average eye adapted to a field brightness of about
    1 to 2 millilamberts would be rated quite differently for low field brightness, that is, for
    the eye adapted to a field brightness of niillilamberts.
    If the brightness given by two sources such as daylight and a carbon lamp be set equal
    for a field brightness 1 to 2 niillilamberts and then these brightnesses both reduced
    mechanically to about 10" millilamberts, the field of the daylight source would seem to be
    about 2) times as bright as that of the carbon lamp.
    Manchard, Phys. Rev., vol. 11, p. 81, 1918; Stiles and Crawford, Proc. Roy. SOC.London, ser. B.
    vol. 112, p. 428, 1933; Lowry, Journ. Opt. SOC. Amer., vol. 18, p. 29, 1929.

    P a r t 2.-Relative luminosity factors 9 [ K,] (unity a t wavelength of maximum luminosity)


    ~

    Values interpolated at intervals of one millimicron


    X in Standard
    mp factors 1 7 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    380 .00004 .000045 .OOOOJ9 .000054 .000059 .000064 .000071 .000080 .000090 .000104
    390 .00012 .000138 .000155 .000173 ,000193 .000215 .000241 .000272 .000308 .000350
    400 .0004 .00045 ,00049 .00054 ,00059 .00064 .00071 .00080 .00090 .00104
    410 ,0012 ,00138 .00156 ,00174 ,00195 ,00118 ,00244 .00274 ,00310 ,00352
    1-70 .0040 .00455 ,00515 .00581 .00651 ,00726 .00806 .00889 ,00976 .01066
    430 ,0116 ,01257 ,01358 ,01463 ,01571 ,01684 ,01800 .01920 .02043 ,02170
    4-10 .023 ,0243 .0257 ,0370 ,0284 ,0298 ,0313 .0329 .0345 .0362
    450 .038 .0399 ,0418 ,0438 .0459 .0480 .0502 .0525 .0549 .0574
    460 .060 .0627 .0654 ,0681 ,0709 ,0739 .0769 ,0802 ,0836 ,0872
    470 .091 ,0950 ,0992 .lo35 ,1080 ,1126 ,1175 ,1225 ,1278 .1333
    480 ,139 .1448 ,1507 ,1567 ,1629 ,1693 ,1761 .1833 ,1909 .1991
    490 .208 ,2173 ,2270 ,2371 ,2476 ,2586 ,2701 .2823 ,2951 .3087
    500 .323 .3382 .3544 ,3714 .3890 ,4073 ,4259 .4450 ,4642 ,4836
    510 ,503 .5229 .5436 .5648 ,5865 .6082 .6299 ,6511 ,6717 ,6914
    520 .710 ,7277 ,7449 ,7615 ,7776 ,7932 .808? ,8315 ,8363 ,8495
    530 .862 ,8739 ,8851 .a956 ,9056 ,9149 ,9638 .9320 ,9398 ,9471
    540 .954
    . . .9604 ,9661 .9713 ,9760 ,9803 ,9840 ,9873 ,9902 ,9918
    550 .995 ,9969 .9983 ,9994 1.0000 1.0002 1.0001 ,9995 ,9984 ,9969
    560 .995 ,9926 ,9898 ,9865 ,9828 .9786 .9741 ,9691 .9638 ,9581
    570 ,953 .9455 .9386 .931 ,9235 ,9154 ,9069 .8981 ,8890 ,8796
    580 ,870 .8600 ,8496 ,8388 ,8277 .8163 ,8046 ,7928 ,7809 ,7690
    590 .757 ,7449 ,7327 ,7202 ,7076 ,6949 ,6822 ,6694 ,6565 ,6437
    600 ,631 .6183 ,6054 ,5976 .5797 ,5668 ,5539 ,5410 ,5282 ,5156
    610 .SO3 .4905 ,4781 .-I658 ,4535 .1412 ,4291 .4 170 ,4049 ,3929
    620 .381 ,3690 .3570 ,3449 ,3329 .3210 ,3092 2977 ,2864 .2755
    630 ,265 .2548 ,2450 2354 ,2261 ,2170 ,2082 .1996 ,1912 .1830
    640 .175 ,1672 ,1596 .1523 ,1452 ,1382 ,1316 .1251 ,1188 ,1128
    650 .lo7 ,1014 ,0961 ,0910 ,0862 ,0816 ,0771 ,0729 ,0688 .0648
    660 .061 ,0574 ,0539 ,0506 ,0475 ,0446 ,0418 ,0391 ,0366 ,0343
    670 ,032 ,0280 ,0263 ,0247 ,0232 ,0219 ,0206 ,0194 , ,0182
    680 ni7 ,01477 .01376 ,01281 ,01192 .01108 ,01030 ,00956 ,00886
    690 .ooin5 ,00656 .on612 ,00572 .00536 ,00503 ,00471 ,00440
    700 ,00355 ,00332 .00310 ,00291 ,00273 ,00256 ,00241 .00225
    710 .00181 ,001699 ,001587 . n o i - 1 ~ 3 .001387 .001297 ,001212 .001130
    720 .000907 ,000845 ,000788 ,000736 ,000688 ,000644 ,000601 .000560
    730 .000447 .000415 .000387 . n o o ~ n .on0335 .onn313 .000291 .000170
    740 .000214 .000198 .000185 .onni72 .no0160 .ooni-19 .000139 .000130
    750 ,000103 .000096 .onno90 .noon84 .on0078 .000074 .000069 .000064
    760 .000052 .000048 .000045 .000042 .000039 ,000037 .000035 .000032
    I.E.S.Nomenclature and photometric standards, .\merican Standards Association. ASA C-42. 1941.

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    88
    T A B L E 59.-RELATIVE LUMINOSITY DATA FOR VARIOUS F I E L D BRIGHTNESSESn
    (Logarithms of field brightness in first line)
    Wave-
    length
    mlt ICI -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 -3.0 -3.5 -4.0 -4.187. -4.50 -5.00

    .......... .... .. ..
    350 .. .. .. .. .... .... .... .... .... .0002 .000265 .0003 ,0003
    360 .... .... .... ,0003 .0004 ,0007 .00073 .0008 .0008
    3 70
    380 .bbooi iboo .oooi
    .... .0002 .0005 .0009 .0013 .0018 .0019 .0020 .0022
    .0002 .0008 ,0015 ,0025 ,0034 .0045 .0048 .0051 .0055
    390 .00012 .0001 .0002 .0008 .0022 ,0040 .0063 .0083 .0104 .0112 ,0119 .0127
    400 .0004 .0004 ,0008 .0022 .0059 .0098 ,0147 ,0185 .0228 .0243 .0253 .0270
    410 .0012 .0014 .0023 .0062 .0140 ,0227 ,0305 .0370 .0452 .0485 .0500 .0530
    420 ,0040 ,0044 .0069 .0152 .0280 .0427 ,0580 .0690 .0820 .087 .0900 .0950
    430 .0116 ,0121 .0165 .0292 .0505 .0755 ,101 ,118 .138 .145 ,149 .157
    440 .023 .0240 ,0300 .0496 .0850 ,123 ,160 .I83 .216 .225 ,230 239
    450 ,038 .0395 .0490 ,0810 .136 .187 .237 268 .310 .321 .326 .339
    460 .060 .0627 ,0775 .127 ,202 ,277 .339 .376 .423 .434 .441 ,455
    470 .091 .0960 .118 .191 .301 .394 ,467 .510 ,551 .560 ,568 .576
    480 .139 .146 .180 .288 ,432 ,540 .604 .649 .685 .695 ,702 .714
    490 .208 220 ,274 .426 .592 .688 .734 .782 314 .827 .830 .842
    500 .323 .340 ,416 .603 .744 .826 .864 .902 ,930 .932 ,941 ,948
    510 .SO3 .524 .617 ,766 .876 .935 ,962 .977 .992 ,997 ,997 .999
    520 .710 ,726 .792 .894 .965 .992 ,999 .988 .974 .963 .960 ,953
    530 .862 ,872 ,910 .972 1.000 ,982 .951 .924 .883 .871 .862 ,848
    540 ,954 ,959 .979 1.000 .969 .909 .842 .796 .744 .734 ,715 .697
    550 .995 .997 1.000 .971 .886 .785 .698 .642 .583 .555 ,552 ,531
    560 ,995 ,992 .973 .898 ,760 .640 .543 .478 .419 ,390 .388 .365.
    570 .952 .944 ,907 .782 .617 .485 ,384 ,330 281 ,263 .260 243
    580 ,870 .860 ,802 ,648 .468 .340 .259 ,218 .182 .167 ,164 .155
    590 .757 .742 ,673 .SO9 ,333 227 .166 ,137 .112 .lo2 ,101 ,0945
    600 .631 ,616 .544 ,374 ,224 ,145 .lo1 ,0830 .0670 .0613 .060 ,0560
    610 .SO3 .490 ,416 .257 .142 .0870 ,0600 .0488 .0388 .0366 ,0348 ,0324
    620 .381 .366 ,296 .168 ,0845 .0504 ,0344 ,0280 .0225 .0212 .0202 .0188
    630 .265 2.50 .197 ,102 .0480 .0282 ,0194 ,0156 ,0127 .0118 .0114 ,0105
    640 ,175 ,162 .122 ,0590 .0270 ,0146 ,0107 ,0085 .0070 .00653 ,0062 ,0058
    650 .lo7 .0990 .0710 .0327 .0147 ,0084 ,0058 .0046 .0037 .00353 .0034 ,0032
    660 .061 .0560 .0390 ,0174 ,0078 ,0045 .0031 ,0025 .0020 .00189 .0018 .0017
    670 .032 ,0303 ,0206 ,0090 ,0041 .0024 ,0017 .0013 .0011 .00098 .0010 .0009
    680 ,017 ,0153 .0103 .0046 .0022 ,0014 .0009 .0007 ,0006 .no050 .ooos .ooos
    690 .0082 ,0076 .0052 ,0024 .0011 .0007 ,0004 ,0003 .0003 .00025 .0002 .0002
    700 ,0041 .0038 ,0026 .0012 ,0006 ,0003 .0002 .0002 ,00016 ,00013 .OGOl ,0001
    710 .0021 .0019 ,0014 ,0006 ,0003 .0002 .0001 .... .... .. . . ........ ....
    ........
    720 .ooios .a010 ,0007 ,0003 ,0001 .... .... .... .... ........
    730
    740
    .00052
    ,00025
    ,0005
    .0002
    .0003
    .0002
    ,0001
    ....
    ....
    ....
    ....
    ....
    ....
    ....
    ....
    ....
    ....
    .... .. . .
    ........ ....
    750 ,00012 .0001 .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...... .. .... .... .. ..
    760 .00006 .. . . .... .... .... .... .... .... .... . . ..
    770 .00003 .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. . . .... , . ..

    27 L. A. Jones, pi-ivate communication.


    * Average of Weaver and Hecht's values.

    T A B L E 60.-BLANCHARD'S DATA RELATING INSTANTANEOUS


    T H R E S H O L D T O F I E L D B R I G H T N E S S **

    Relative Relative
    Field bright- Instantaneous sensitivity $ value of
    ness threshold t (n) Ratio 5 maximum
    millilamherts
    100. .......... . .... 1.9 x 10-l .047 4.6 .04/
    10. . . _ . . . . . . . ... .. 4.2 y 10.' 21 4.7 .21
    1. ............... 8 . 9 , ~ 1.o 4.7 1.oo
    .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 x lo-' 4.67 4.6 4.95
    .032 . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 X lo-' 10.0 ... 12.0
    .01 . ... ... ... ... 4.2 y 21.4 4.7 29.5
    .0032 . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 X 46.7 ... 7010
    .ooi . ....... .... 8.9 y 10-5 100.0 4.7 161.0
    .0001 . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 X 467.0 4.6 822.0
    .00001 . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 X lo-' 2140. ... 3900.
    .o ............ .. 1.8 x 10-7II 48600. ... 88500.
    ** For reference, see footnote 25, p. 87.
    * T h e field brightnesses are values ohtained hy mechanically increasing or reducing values measured
    at photopic levels. t Taken from smooth curve drawn through Blanchard's data. The unit will
    depend upon definition. As these figures stand they are brightnesses for this radiation measured at
    photopic levels and reduced mechanically to values given. $ For radiation from a source at a color
    temperature of 2680 'K. l T h i s is the ratio of the e y e sensitivity to that of the eye adapted to the
    next lower (one-tenth) field brightness for this radiation. 11 Minimum threshold from Taylor's value.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    T A B L E 61.-THE SENSIBILITY O F THE E Y E * 89
    Part 1.-Contrast o r photometric sensibility

    For the following table the eye was adapted to a field of 0.1 millilambert and the sensi-
    tizing field flashed off. A neutral gray test spot (angular size a t eye, 5 X 2.5") the two
    halves of which had the contrast indicated ( f transparent, f covered with neutral screen
    of transparency = contrast indicated) was then observed and the brightness of the trans-
    parent part measured necessary t o just perceive the contrast after the lapse of the various
    times. One eye only used, natural pupil. Values are log brightness of brighter field in
    millilamberts.
    Time in seconds 0 1 2 5 10 20 40 60
    Contrast: 0.00.. . . -2.80 -3.47 -3.82 -4.30 -4.49 -4.60 -4.89 -5.03
    0.39.. . . -2.63 -3.36 -3.58 -3.74 -3.85 -3.97 -4.06 -4.23
    0.67.. . . -2.40 -3.00 -3.13 -3.22 -3.21 -3.33 -3.46 -3.48
    0.87.. .. -2.10 -2.46 -2.49 -2.48 -2.55 -2.54 -2.67 -2.73
    0.97.. .. -1.20 -1.57 -1.67 -1.69 -1.59 -1.63 -1.73 -1.78

    Part 2.-Glare Sensibility


    When an eye is adapted to a certain brightness and is then exposed suddenly to a much
    greater brightness, the latter may be called glaring if uncomfortable and instinctively
    avoided. Observers naturally differ widely. The data are the means of three observers,
    and are log brightnesses in millilamberts. The glare intensity may be taken as roughly
    1700 times the cube root of the field intensity in millilamberts. Angle of glare spot, 4".
    Log. field . . . . . -6.0 -4.0 -2.0 -1.0 .O +1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
    Log. glare . . . . 1.35 1.90 2.60 2.90 3.28 3.60 3.90 4.18 4.48

    Part 3.-Rate of adaptation of sensibility


    This table furnishes a measure of the rate of increase of sensibility after going from
    light into darkness, and the values were obtained immediately from the instant of turning
    off the sensitizing field. Both eyes were used, natural pupil, angular size of test spot, 4.9",
    viewed at 35 cm. Retinal light persists only 10 to 20 minutes when one has been recently in
    darkness, then in a dimly lighted room ; it persists fully an hour when a subject has been
    in bright sunlight for some time. A person who has worked much in the dark "gets his
    eyes" quicker than one who has not, but his final sensitiveness may be no greater.
    Logarithmic thresholds in millilamberts after
    Sensitizing I n
    field Osec 1 sec 2 sec 5 sec 10 sec 2 0 s e c 40 sec 60 sec 5 min 30min 60min
    White 0.1 ml ... -2.79 -3.82 -4.13 -4.50 -4.75 -4.96 -5.16 -5.32 -5.68 -5.91 -6.06
    1.0ml ... -2.20 -2.99 -3.27 -3.79 -4.15 -4.51 -4.82 -5.06 -S.52 -5.86 -6.04
    10.0ml ... -1.60 -2.30 -2.53 -3.08 -3.54 -3.94 -4.31 -4.61 -5.22 -5.83 -6.01
    100.0 m l . .. -0.90 -1.66 -2.00 --2.46 -2.64 -2.88 -3.20 -3.84 -4.76 -5.77
    -
    -5.97
    -
    Blue 0.1 ml ... -2.82 -3.92 -4.36 -4.91 -5.27 -5.53 -5.68 -5.81 -6.23
    Green 0.1 ml ... -2.69 -4.08 -4.39 -4.82 -5.11 -5.26 -5.43 -3.56 -5.80 - -
    Yellow 0.1 ml ... -2.61 -3.84 -4.17 -4.41 -4.65 -4.78 -5.02 -5.09 -5.39 - -
    Red 0.1 ml ... -2.32 -2.69 -2.98 -3.37 -3.57 -3.65 -3.73 -3.80 -4.02 - -
    For reference, see footnote 25, p. 87.

    T A B L E 62.-MINIMUM ENERGY NECESSARY T O PRODUCE T H E SENSATION


    OF L I G H T

    Ives . . . . . ..38 X lo-'' e y sf;c Astrophys. Journ.,vol. 44, p. 124, 1916.


    Russell . . .. 7.7 X lo-'' Astrophys. Journ., vol. 45, p. 60, 1917.
    Reeves . . . . 19.5 X lo-'' " " Astrophys. Journ.,vol. 46, p. 167, 1917.
    Buisson . . . .12.6 X lo-'' " " Journ. de phys., vol. 7, p. 68,1917.
    Taylor . . . .Minimum threshold for dark-adapted Journ. Opt. SOC.Amer., vol. 32, p. 506,
    eye, a surface, a t a brightness of 1942.
    1.8 x lo-' millilamberts, source
    color temperature 2850 OK.
    Hecht .. . . .2.2-5.7 X lo-'' ergs at cornea, con- Journ. Opt. SOC.Amer., vol. 32, p. 42,
    sidering losses the amount of 1942.
    energy that reaches the retina is
    such that I quanta is absorbed by
    from 5-14 retinal rods.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    90
    T A B L E 63.-APPARENT DIAMETER O F P U P I L AND F L U X DENSITY
    A T RETINA
    Flashlight measures of the pupil (both eyes open) viewed through the eye lens and
    adapted to various field intensities. For eye accommodated to 25 cm, ratio apparent to
    true pupil, 1.02, for the unaccommodated eye, 1.14. The pupil size varies considerably with
    the individual. I t i s greater with one eye closed; e.g., it was found to be for 0.01 milli-
    lambert, 6.7 and 7.2 mm; for 0.6 ml, 5.3 and 6.5; for 6.3 ml, 4.1 and 5.7; for 12.6 ml, 4.1
    and 5.7 mm for both eyes and one eye open respectively for a certain individual. At the
    extreme intensities the two values approach each other. The ratio of the extreme pupil
    openings is about A,whereas the light intensities investigated vary over 1,000,000-fold.
    Flux at
    Field (1.14/ 1.02) Effective retina, lumens
    millilamberts Observed x obs. area per mmz
    .00001 8 mm 8.96 mm 64 mm’ 8.4 x lo-’*
    .001 7.6 8.51 57 7.6 x lo-’’
    .1 6.5 7.28 42 5.6 x lo-*
    10 4.0 4.48 16 2.1 x 10-O
    1000 2.07 2.35 4.3 5.8 x 10-5

    TABLE 64.-MISCELLANEOUS E Y E DATA


    Light passing to the retina traverses in succession ( a ) front surface of the cornea
    (curvature, 7.9 mm) ; ( b ) cornea (equivalent water path for energy absorption, 0.06 cm) ;
    ( c ) back surface cornea (curv., 7.9 mm); ( d ) aqueous humour (equiv. HzO, 0.34 cm,
    $2 = 1.337) ; ( e ) front surface lens (c, 10 mm) ; ( f ) lens (equiy. H20,0.42 cm, n = 1.445) ;
    (g) back surface lens (c, 6 mm) ; ( h ) vitreous humour (equiv. H,O, 1.46 cm, n = 1.337).
    An equivalent simple lens has its principal point 2.34 mm behind ( a ) , nodal point 0.48 mm
    in front of (g), posterior principal focus 22.73 mm behind ( a ) , anterior principal focus
    12.83 mm in front of ( a ) , curvature, 5.125 mm. At the rear surface of the retina (0.15 mm
    thick) are the rods ( 3 0 x 2 ~ )and cones (10 (6 outside fovea) p long). Rods are more
    numerous, 2 to 3 between 2 cones, over 3,000,000 cones in eye. Macula lutea, yellow spot,
    on temporal side, 4 mm from center of retina, long axis 2 mm. Central depression, fovea
    centralis, 0.3 mm diameter, 7000 cones alone present, 6 X 2 or 3p. In region of distinct
    vision (fovea centralis) smallest angle at which two objects are seen separate is 50” to
    70”=3.65 to 5 . 1 4 ~at retina; 50 cones in lOOp here; 4p between centers, 3p to cone,
    I+ to interval. Distance apart for separation greater as depart from fovea. No vision in
    blind spot, nasal side, 2.5 mm from center of eye, 15 mm in diameter.
    Persistence of vision as related to color and intensity is measured by increasing speed
    of rotating sector until flicker disappears : for color, 64p, 0.031 sec ; 0.45p, 0.020 sec ; 0.5p,
    0.015 sec; 0.57p, 0.012 sec; 0.68~,0.014 sec: 0.76p, 0.018 sec; for intensity, 0.06 meter-
    candle, 0.028 sec; 1 mc, 0.020 sec; 6 mc, 0.014 sec; 100 mc, 0.010 sec; 142 mc, 0.007 sec.
    Sensibility to small differences in color has two pronounced maxima (in yellow and
    green) and two slight ones (extreme blue, extreme red). The sensibility to small differ-
    ences in intensity is nearly independent of the intensity (Fechner’s law) as indicated by the
    following data due to Konig :
    1,000,-
    1/10 000 100,000 10,000 1000 100 50 10 5 1 0.1 Ioinmc
    d I / l , white .... ,036 ,019 ,018 .018 .030 ,032 .048 ,059 .123 ,377 ,00072
    .6Op.... - ,024 ,016 ,020 ,028 .038 ,061 ,103 ,212 - ,0056
    .sow.... - - ,018 .018 ,024 ,025 .036 ,049 ,080 .I 3 3 .00017
    .43/L.... - - - .018 ,025 ,027 .040 ,049 ,074 .I 37 .00012

    T A B L E 65.-DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS FOR EQUAL-ENERGY § T I M U L U S


    1931 I.C.I. standard observer za
    The fact that almost any color can be produced by the proper mixture of
    red, green, and blue light, has been used as a basis of a system of color specifi-
    cations that has been adopted by the International Commission on Illumination.
    In the system adopted by that Commission in 1931, the primaries are called the
    X,Y,and 2 stimuli. The properties of the standard observer are given by his
    tristimulus specifications of the spectrum stimuli as a function of wavelength.
    This table gives this specification for the equal energy spectrum.
    Judd, D. B., Journ. Opt. SOC.Amer., vol. 23, p. 359, 1933.
    (continued)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    T A B L E 65.-DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS FOR EQUAL-ENERGY 91
    S T I M U L U S (concluded)

    Wave- Coefficients Wave- Coefficients


    length length
    x 9 2 (md f 3 i
    380 .0014 .moo .0065 580 .9163 3700 .0017
    385 .0022 .om1 .0105 585 .9786 3163 .0014
    390 .0042 .mo1 .0201 590 1.0263 .7570 .0011
    395 .0076 .0002 .0362 595 1.0567 .6949 .0010
    400 .0143 .0004 .0679 600 1.0622 .6310 .0008
    405 .0232 .0006 .1102 605 1.0456 S668 .0006
    410 .0435 .0012 .2074 610 1.0026 SO30 .0003
    415 :0776 .0022 .3713 615 .9384 .4412 .om2
    420 21344 .0040 .6456 620 3.544 .3810 .0002
    425 t2148 .0073 1.0391 625 .7514 .3210 .0001
    430 .2839 .0116 1.3856 630 .6424 .2650 .0000
    435 .3285 .0168 1.6230 635 S419 .2170 .moo
    440 .3483 .0230 1.7471 640 .4479 .1750 .OOOO
    445 .3481 .0298 1.7826 645 .3608 .1382 .om0
    450 .3362 .0380 1.7721 650 .2835 .lo70 .OOOo
    455 .3187 .0480 1.7441 655 .2187 .08 16 .woo
    460 .2908 .0600 1.6692 660 .1649 .0610 .0000
    465 .2511 .0739 1.5281 665 .1212 .0446 .oooo
    470 .1954 .0910 1.2876 670 .0874 .0320 .oooo
    475 .1421 .1126 1.0419 675 ,0636 .0232 .woo
    480 .0956 .1390 A130 680 .0468 .0170 .om0
    485 .0580 .1693 .6162 685 .0329 .0119 .moo
    490 .0320 .2080 .4652 690 .0227 .0082 .moo
    495 .0147 .2586 .3533 695 .om .0057 .oooo
    500 .0049 .3230 .2720 700 .0114 .0041 .om0
    505 .0024 .4073 .2123 705 .0081 .0029 .oooo
    510 .0093 SO30 .1582 710 ,0058 .0021 .oooo
    515 .0291 .6082 .1117 715 .0041 ,0015 .moo
    520 .0633 ,7100 .0782 720 .0029 .0010 .0000
    525 .lo96 .7932 .0573 725 0020 .0007 .oooo
    530 .1655 3620 .0422 730 ,0014 .om5 .moo
    535 .2257 .9149 .0298 735 .0010 .OM4 .oooo
    540 .2904 ,9540 .0203 740 .OW7 .Om3 .om0
    545 .3597 .9803 .0134 745 .0005 .0002 .oooo
    550 .4334 .9950 .0087 750 .0003 .0001 .oooo
    555 S121 1.0002 .0057 755 .0002 .om1 .moo
    560 .5945 .9950 ,0039 760 .0002 .0001 .oooo
    565 .6784 .9786 .0027 765 .0001 .OOOO .oooo
    570 .7621 .9520 .0021 770 .om1 .oooo .oooo
    575 3425 .9154 .0018 775 .oooo .OOOO .0000
    580
    -
    .9163
    -
    3700 .0017
    ___
    780
    -
    .OOOO
    -
    .om0 .oooo
    Totals. . . .. . . ..... ..... ... 21.3713 21.3714 21.3715

    T A B L E 66.-RELATIVE MAGNITUDE OF UNITS OF ILLUMINATION

    Units Lux Phot Milliphot Foot-candle


    1..-.-
    l1rx -
    - 1 .mi .1 ' .0929
    1 phot = 10,000 1. 1000. 929.
    1 milliphot = 10 .001 1. .929
    1 foot-candle 10.76 .001076 1.076 1.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    92 T A B L E 67.-VISUAL RANGE OF W H I T E L I G H T S ? ”
    Candlepower c candles at, visual threshold of steady point sourcc of white light seen
    against white l~ackgronndbrightncss b milliiiiicrolaml~ert (tiipL) at range r sea miles
    tlirougli an atmosplitm of attenuation LI per sca mile is given by
    C’ = 3.7 x 10-:’(1 h ) !,Pa-’,+
    \vhicii is valid withill a factor of 3 for I ) frcrm total darkness to full daylight. For practical
    signaling or navigation multiply (. by at lcast 100.

    Ranae c
    sen mile
    Threshold c candles, B
    tl =1
    = 100 mfi I,, at night
    a= 0.8
    A
    a = 0.6
    -.
    a = 0.4
    1 ................... .04 .05 .06 .09
    2 ................... .15 .23 .41 .9
    3 ................... .33 .65 1.5 5.2
    5 ................... .91 2.9 12
    .~ 90
    7 ................... 1.8 8.6 62 1100
    10 ................... 3.6 34 610 35000
    111 Knoll, 11. .\.. Touse?. K.. and Hullnirt. 1’. 0.. Journ. Opt. SOC.Amer.. vol. 36, p. 480, 1946

    T A B L E 68.-THE BRIGHTNESS O F T H E S U N

    From the definition of a lumen, the lumen output from a point source within a unit solid
    angle is numerically equal to the candlcpower of the source. This also holds for any
    radiating source that behaves as a point, such as a spherical blackbody,* or any spherical
    radiator of uniform brightness that obeys the Lambert cosine law of radiation, providing
    the measurements are made at such a distance from the source that the inverse square
    law is obeyed. (See Table 74.) As an example of this, consider the brightness of the sun.
    The sun when directly overhead on a clear day gives an illumination of about 10,000 foot-
    candles. This is equal to 10,000 lumens per ft.* (See Table 73.) To change this to lumens
    for a unit solid angle, multiply by the radius of the earth’s orbit squared (i.e., 2.41 X loz3
    ft?). Thus, the candlepower of the sun is 2.41 x 10”. To get the brightness per cmz divide
    this by the projected area of the sun in cm’ (i.e., 1.52 X lo“), which gives about 160,000
    c/cm2 for the brightness of the sun as observed at the earth’s surface. This, of course,
    assumes that the sun’s surface is of uniform brightness and that its radiation obeys the
    Lambert cosine law. The data (Table 813) on the distribution of energy of the solar
    spectrum give a brightness of the sun of 146,000 c/cm2.
    * T h e lumens within a unit solid angle around the normal from a plane blackbody is equal to 0.92
    times the normal intensity.

    T A B L E 69.-SOME OBSOLETE PHOTOMETRIC STANDARDS


    (In use prior to 1948.)

    I n Germany the Hefner lamp was most used; in England the Pentane lamp and sperm
    candles; in France the Carcel lamp was preferred; in America the Pentane and Hefner
    lamps were used to some extent, but candles were largely employed in gas photometry. For
    the photometry of electric lamps, and in accurate photometric work, electric lamps, stand-
    ardized a t a national standardizing institution, were employed.
    The “international candle” designated the value of the candle as maintained by co-
    operative effort between the national laboratories of England, France, and America ; and
    the value of various photometric units in terms of this is given in the following table
    (Circular No. 15 of the Bureau of Standards) :
    1 international candle = 1 Pentane candle.
    1 international candle = 1 Bougie decimale.
    1 international candle = 1 American candle.
    1 international candle = 1.11 Hefner unit.
    1 international candle = 0.104 Carcel unit.
    1. Standard Pentane lamp, burning pentane ............. 10.0 candles,
    2. Standard Hefner lamp, burning amyl acetate.. ........ 0.9 candles.
    3. Standard Carcel lamp, burning colza oil.. ............ 9.6 candles.
    4. Standard English sperm candle, approximately. ....... 1.0 candles.
    The international candle was in reality taken from the candlepower of a number of in-
    candescent lamps, operated under definite conditions and kept at the standard laboratories
    of France, Britain, and the United States.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 70.-PHOTOMETRIC DEFINITIONS AND U N I T S 93
    (Adapted from Reports of Committee on Nomenclature and Standards of Illuminatiiig
    Engineering Society, 1942.)

    Apostilb = 0.1 millilambert.


    Brightness of a luminous surface may be expressed in two ways :
    (1) 61 = d I / d A cos e where 0 is the angle between normal to surface and the line of
    sight; normal brightness when 8 is zero.
    (2) b F = d F / d A assuming that the surface is a perfect diffuser, obeying cos law of
    emission or reflection. Unit, the lambert.
    Candle per cm2 = 3.1416 lamberts = 1 stilb.
    Candle per in? = .4868 lambert = 486.8 millilamberts.
    Foot-candle = 1 lumen incident per ft' = 1.076 milliphots = 10.76 lux.
    Illumination on surface = E = flux density on surface = d F / d A ( A is surface area) =
    F / A when uniform. Units, meter-candle, foot-candle, phot, lux.
    Lambert, the cgs unit of brightness, is the brightness of a perfectly diffusing surface
    radiating or reflecting one lumen per cm'. Equivalent to a perfectly diffusing surface with
    illumination of one phot. A perfectly diffusing surface emitting one lumen per ft' has a
    brightness of 1.076 millilamberts. Brightness
    - in candles per cmz is reduced to lamberts
    by multiplying by H.
    Lambert = 1 lumen emitted Der cm' of a Derfectlv diffusing - surface.
    Lambert = .3183 candle per cm' = 2.054 candles-per in'.
    1.unien is emitted hy .07958 spherical candle.
    Lumen emitted per ft2 = 1.076 millilamberts (perfect diffusion).
    Luminous efficiency = F/+ expressed in lumens/watt.
    Luminous flux=!: or .k= rate of flow of radiation measured according to power to
    produce visual sensation. Although strictly thus defined, for photometric purposes it may
    be regarded as an entity, since the rate of flow for such purposes is invariable. Unit is the
    hllzeiz, the flux emitted in a unit solid angle (steradian) by a point source of unit candle
    power.
    Luminous intensity of (approximate) point source = I = solid-angle ( w ) density of
    luminous flux in direction considered = d F / d w , or F / w when the intensity is uniform.
    Unit, the cmidle.
    Luminosity factor of radiation of wave-length X = K A = ratio of luminous to radiant
    flux for that A, = Fx/+A.
    Lux = 1 lumen incident per m2 = ,0001 phot = .1 milliphot.
    Mechanical equivalent of light = ratio of + / F for the X of max. visibility expressed in
    (ergs/sec)/lumen or watts/lumen ; it is the reciprocal of max. luminosity. See Table 58.
    Millilambert = .929 lumen per ft' (perfect diffusion).
    Milliphot = .001 phot = ,929 foot-candle.
    Phot = 1 lumen incident per cm2 = 10,000 lux = 1000 milliphots.
    Photon = small bundle of energy ( I t . ) , also called a quantum.
    +
    Radiant flux = = rate of flow of radiation as energy, measured as ergs per second
    or watts.
    Specific luminous radiation, E' = luminous flux density emitted by a surface, or the flux
    emitted per unit of emissive area, expressed in lumens per cm'. For surfaces obeying
    Lambert's cosine law, E' = ~ 6 , .
    Spectral luminous flux at wavelength A = ( K x ) ( + ~ ) Spectral
    . luminous curve ex-
    presses this as a function of X and is different for various sources.
    One spherical candle emits 12.57 lumens.
    Uniform point source of one candle emits 47r lumens.

    TABLE 71.-RELATIVE MAGNITUDES O F UNI,TS O F BRIGHTNESS

    Candle
    per cm' Milli- Can$$ Foot-
    Units (Stilh) Lamhert Iambert per in. lambert
    1 candle per cm2 = 1. 3.142 3142. 6.452 2919.
    1 lambert = ,3183 1. 1000. 2.054 929.
    1 millilambert = .000318 .001 1. .00205 ,929
    1 candle per in? = ,1550 .487 487. 1. 452.
    1 foot-lambert = .NO342 .OO 1076 1.076 .00221 1.

    1 candle per ft.2 = 3.142 foot-lamberts.


    1 stilb = 1 candle per cm2
    1 apostilb = 0.1 millilambert.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    94
    TABLE 72.-THE WAIDNER-BURGESS STANDARD OF LIGHT INTENSITY

    This standard of light intensity is the brightness of a blackbody at the temperature of


    freezing platinum. The blackbody used was made of thorium oxide and was immersed in
    the melting platinum : very pure platinum (99.997 percent) was used. Reproducible to
    0.1 percent, the brightness was found to be 58.84 international candles per cm.S This
    \Vaidner-Burgess standard, taking the brightness of the blackbody at the freezing poillt of
    platinum as 60 candles per cmy, was adopted by the International Committee on Weights
    and Measures in 1937 as the new unit of light intensity and was put into effect January 1,
    1938.5'
    The light from the blackbody at the temperature of freezing platinum is not greatly
    different in color from that given by carbon-filament standard lamps, as the color tempera-
    ture of the lamp filaments is about 2100 "K, whereas the freezing point of platinum is
    204.2 "K. I n this range of color the new unit of intensity is about 1.9 percent smaller than
    the old international candle, and sources of light are correspondingly given higher numeri-
    cal ratings. However, when light sources of higher color temperature are compared with
    these basic standards, the accepted spectral luminosity factors give slightly lower values
    for the "whiter" sources than were obtained by visual measurements when the present
    international units were established. The difference between the two scales therefore grows
    less as the color temperature of the sources measured is increased. and for sources in the
    range of ordinary vacuum tungsten-filament lamps, around 2500 OK. the new scale crosses
    the international scale as used in the United States. Furthermore, when the range of
    standards was extended to gas-filled tungsten-filament lamps and other new types, the
    measurements were made by methods nearly in accord with the luminosity factors. Con-
    sequently the present ratings of tungsten-filament lamps in this country will be practically
    unaffected by the change. no type being changed by more than 1 percent.
    90 IVensel, Roeser, Barhrow. and Caldwell. Nat. Bur. Standards Journ. Res., vol. 6, p. 1103, 1931.
    31 Nat. Bur. Standards Circ. C-159. 1947.

    TABLE 7 3 . C Y M B O L S AND DEFINING EXPRESSIONS FOR .PHOTOMETRY *

    Symbol and
    defining Proposed
    Designation equation Unit term
    Luminous flux .................. F Lumen Im
    dF
    Luminous intensity (candlepower). . I =-
    dw
    Candle C

    dF Foot-candle ft-c
    Illumination t ................... E = -dA Lux, Phot Ix, ph
    Quantity of light.. ............... Q = F d t Lumen-hour Im-hr
    f = time in hours
    dlCandle per c/in.'
    Brightness t ..................... B = ___
    d A cos @
    unit area c/cma
    Stilb sb = c/cmy
    The mechanical equivalent of light 111 is the least amount of mechanical energy in watts
    necessary to produce 1 lumen. This energy must, of course. produce light at the wave-
    length (A = 0.556,1~) where the average eye has its maximum sensitivity.
    Suppose B , is the brightness of a blackbody in candles per em', then

    where K i is the relative luminosity factor (Table 58). The integration is taken over the
    visible spectrum. The constant rl is to be so chosen as to give the energy per unit wave-
    length for a 2 r solid angle, then $11 is the mechanical equivalent of light. Using the new
    value of the brightness of the blackbody at the platinum point (60 candles/cm*) and
    making the above calculation for the platinum point (2042.16 OK) using the new radiation
    constants (Table 53). gives 111 = 0.00147 watts/lumen. The reciprocal of this, 680 lumens/
    watt, is the value generally given.
    Equivalents and conversion f a c t o r s f o r photometry.-The total flux from a source
    of unit spherical candlepo\ver is 12.57 lunien~.
    1 lux = 1 lunien incident per ni'
    1 phot = 1 Inmrn incident per cni'
    1 foot-candlc = 1 lumen incident per ft2
    For reference. see footnote 16. 1'. S7. t See Talde 66. $ See Talile 71.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    95
    T A B L E 74.-APPARENT CANDLEPOWER O F DISK OR L I N E SOURCE A T
    VARIOUS DISTANCES

    d = distance ; L = length or diameter of (disk) source.


    Candlepower, percent Candlepower, percent
    d/L Line Disk ' d/L Line Disk
    5 ........ 99.31 99.0 12 ........ 99.88 99.83
    10 ........ 99.83 99.74 15 ........ 99.94 99.90
    20 . . . , . . . . 99.98 99.95

    T A B L E 75.--SPECTRA L LU M I NO US I N T E N SI TI ES
    From Planck's equation and constants given in Table 53 and the relative luminosity
    factors (Table 58) the spectral luminous intensities were calculated for a series of wave-
    lengths (dA = .Olp), and for a number of temperatures and then reduced to equal total
    luminous intensities. These relative values for the brightness (photometric) of the black-
    body a t different temperatures hold for measurements made with a field brightness above
    about 1 millilambert but do not hold for measurements made for low field brightness.
    Some time ago some engineers engaged in photometry found a need for agreement for a
    standard for low intensity. It was then decided to use a source a t a color temperature of
    2360 "K. Recently s1 the International Committee on Weights and Measures adopted the
    blackbody at the freezing point of platinum (2042°K) as the standard for low-intensity
    brightness in photometry.

    0
    !
    3
    h in fi K
    .38 ,00000 .ooooo .00000
    .00000 .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .00000 .00000 .ooooo
    .39 .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .oooon .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo
    .40 .00000 .ooooo .00000 .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .00001
    .41 .ooooo
    .~~~~~ .ooooo .ooooi .ooooi .ooooi .ooooi .ooooi .ooooi .noon2 .no002 .ooonz .00002
    .42 .00002 .00002 .00002 .00003 .00004 .00004 .00005 .00006 .00007 .00007 .00008 .00009
    .43 .00008 .00008 .00009 .00011 .00013 .00015 .00018 .00020 .00023 .00025 .00028 .00030
    .44 .00019 .00021 .00023 .00028 ,00033 ,00037 .00042 ,00047 .00053 .00058 .00064 ,00069
    .45 .00041 .00044 .00049 .00057 ,00065 ,00074 .00083 ,00093 .00102 .00111 .00121 .00131
    .46 .00083 ,00088 .00096 .00111 .00125 .00140 .00155 ,00171 .00186 .00202 .00217 .00233
    .47 ,00157 ,00167 .00180 .00204 ,00228 .00252 ,00276 .00301 .00325 .00372 .00396
    .48 ...... .00673
    .49 ,00544 ,00570 .00606 ,00667 ,00738 ,00786 ,00845 .00902 .00957 .01011 .01063 .01114
    .50 .01024 .01067 .01125 .01223 ,01318 .01411 .01501 ,01587 ,01670 .01750 .01827 .01901
    .51 .01915 ,01983 .02075 ,02329 ,02376 .01517 ,02652 .02780 .02903 .03019 .03131 .03237
    .52 ,03217 ,03313 .03442 ,03654 ,03853 ,04042 ,04220 .04387 .04545 .04694 .04834 .04967
    .53 ,04609 ,04721 ,04871 .05112 ,05336 .05544 .05739 ,05919 ,06087 .06243 .06388 .06524
    .54 .05972 ,06086 ,06236 .06475 ,06692 .06890 .07072 ,07238 .07390 .07530 .07659 .07776
    .55 ,07240 .07341 .07473 .07678 ,07861 ,08022 ,08168 ,08297 .08412 .08517 .08613 .08695
    .56 .08356 .08432 ,08528 .08675 ,08800 .08905 ,08996 ,09073 .09139 .09198 .09243 .09284
    .57 ,09167 ,09207 .09255 ,09323 ,09374 .09409 ,09433 ,09449 .09457 .09459 .09455 .09447
    .58 .09545 .09544 ,09539 ,09518 .09488 .09449 ,09405 .09358 ,09307 ,09256 .09203 .09150
    .59 .09408 .09366 .09307 .09203 ,09098 .08992 ,08889 ,08786 .08686 .08591 .08498 .08409
    .60 .08833 ,08757 .08654 .08483 ,08319 ,08163 .08013 .07873 .07739 ,07611 ,07491 ,07379
    .61 ... ,06173
    .62 ,06663 .06554 .06409 .06178 .05966 ,05774 ,05595 .05141 .05012 ,04893
    .63 .05143 .05039 ,04904 .04689 ,04495 ,04323 .0416? .04018 ,03886 .03765 .03654 .03552
    .64 ,03752 .03663 ,03547 ,03366 ,03204 ,03061 .02930 .02813 ,09708 .02610 ,02522 ,02442
    .65 .02523 ,02455 .02366 .02228 .02107 .02000 ,01904 .01818 ,01741 .01671 .01608 .01550
    .66 .01576 ,01538 .01466 ,01371 ,01287 ,01215 .01150 ,01092 ,01041 ,00995 .00953 .00916
    .67 ,00902 ,00872 .00833 ,00773 .00721 .00677 ,00637 ,00602 .00571 .00544 .00519 .00497
    .68 ... .. ..... .00272
    .69 .002TZ ,00262 :00227 ,00209 .00194 .00181 .00169 .00159 .00150 .00142 ,00135
    .70 .00147 .00141 .00133 ,00121 .00111 .00102 ,00095 ,00088 ,00083 ,00078 .00073 .00069
    .71 .00081 .00077 ,00073 .00066 .00060 .00055 .on051 ,00047 .00044 .00041 ,00039 .00037
    .72 .00044 .00041 ,00039 .00035 ,00032 ,00029 ,00026 ,00024 ,00023 .00021 .no020 .00019
    .73 ,00023 .00022 .00020 .00018 ,00016 .00015 ,00014 .00013 .00012 .00011 .00010 ,00009
    .74 .00012 .00011 .00010 .00009 .00008 .00007 .00007 ,00006 .00006 .ooons .00005 .no005
    .75 .00006 .oono6 .00005 .00005 .00004 .00004 .00003 .00003 .00003 .on003 .00002 .ooonz
    .76 .00003 ,00003 ,00003 ,00002 .00002 .OOOO? ,00002 .00002 .00001 .00001 .00001 .00001
    Relative
    li~ht
    output: ,775 1.000 1.399 2.398 3.927 6.178 9.383 13.810 19.765 27.594 37.661 50.372
    Xmax: .5825 ,5820 .5805 ,5785 .5270 ,5755 3745 .5730 .5715 .5705 .5695 .5685

    '"'enver, K. S., Journ. Opl. Soc. Amer., vol. 38. p. 278. 1949; vol. 40, p. 60, 1950.
    Terrien, Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer.. vol. 39, p. 888, 1949.
    l'lntitium point.

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    96
    TABLE 76.-BRIGHTNESS O F BLACKBODY, CROVA WAVELENGTH,
    MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF LIGHT, LUMINOUS INTENSITY,
    AND LUMINOUS EFFICIENCY OF BLACKBODY
    T h e values of the luminous intensity I in candles and the luminous flux I; in lumens
    have been calculated using Planck's equation and the values of the luminosity factors KA
    given in Table 58. The basis of these values is the value of the Waidner-Burgess standard
    of light intensity.
    T h e following equation is used :
    Bo =
    'S /(AT)KhdA,
    where Be = 60 candles per cm', T = 2042.16 "K, and i x = the minimum mechanical equiva-
    lent of light expressed in watts per lumen.
    T h e radiation constants (Table 53) used in these calculations and the value given in the
    table as the brightness of the blackbody a t this temperature (2042.16) give for the reci~5rocal
    of the mechanical equivalent of light 680 luiricirs pcr zuntt. This means that 1 watt of
    radiated energy at about A = 0.555~will give 680 lumens.
    White light has sometimes been defined as that emitted by a blackbody at a temperature
    of 6000 "K.
    T h e crova wavelength for a blackbody is that wavelength A,, at which the spectral
    luminous intensity varies at the same rate as the total lun~inousintensity varies for a
    change in the temperature.

    Total Crova
    Temperature intensity Brightness wave-
    "K watts/cm2 candles/cm2 Lurnens/crnz Lumens/watt length
    1200 11.16 .0140 .04 0035
    1400 21.79 .245 ~ .77
    1600 37.18 2.145 6.74
    .
    1700 47.38 5.28 16.57
    1800 59.55 11.78 37.00
    1900 73.92 24.23 76.1 1
    2000 90.76 46.47 1.460 X 10'
    2042.16 98.65 60.00 t 1.885 x 1o2
    2200 1.3288 X 10' 1.439 X 10' 4.520 x 10' 3.40
    2500 2.2158 x 10' 5.628 X 10' 1.7679 X 10' 7.98 .572
    2700 3.0146 X 1Oa 1.186 X 10' 3.726 x 10' 12.36
    3000 4.5946 x 102 3.021 X lo" 9.491 x 10' 20.7 .568
    3500 8.5122 X loz 1.031 X 10' 3.183 X 10' 37.4 .564
    4000 1.4521 X 10' 2.52s x 104 7.932 X lo' 54.6 .562
    4500 2.3260 x 103 5.158 X lo' 1.620 X 10" 69.7 .560
    5000 3.5453 x 103 9.164 x 10' 2.879 x lo5 81.2 .558
    5500 .s.i906 x 10% 1.4705 X 10" 4.620 x lo5 89.0
    -. .- -5.57
    .557
    6000 7.3514 X 10' 2.186 x 10' 6.868 x lo5 93.4 .556
    6500 1.0126 x 104 3.065 X 10' 9.629 x 10' 95.1 .555
    7000 1.3619 X 10' 4.103 X 10' 1.289 X 10' 94.6 .555
    7500 1.7948 X lo' 5.294 x 10" 1.663 x 10" 92.7
    8000 2 3234 X 10' 6.630 X lo5 2.083 x 10" 89.6 .554
    10,000 5.6724 x 10' 1.3221x 10" 4.153 X 10' 73.2
    . Calculated, u = 5.6724 x 10-12, watts
    t Brightness,
    deg-'.
    Waidner-Burgess standard. See Table 69.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 77.-OPTICAL PYROMETER 97
    An optical pyrometer is a device for measuring the temperature of a high-temperature
    radiating body by comparing its brightness for a selected wavelength interval (within
    the visible spectrum to be sure) with that of some standard selected source. The wave-
    length, or wavelength interval, is generally selected by the use of a red glass in the eyc-
    piece. This gives rise to the tern1 effective wavelength. (See Table 562.) The effective
    wavelength of a monochromatic screen for a definite temperature interval has been defined
    as the wavelength for which the relative brightness, as calculated from Wien’s equation
    for this temperature interval, is the same as the ratio of the integral luminosities for these
    two temperatures, as measured through the red screen.
    Various devices are used to make these comparisons, and different devices have been
    used as the comparison source. It seems that most users of the optical pyrometer today
    prefer to use the disappearing-filament type, which has a small filament as the comparison
    source.
    The optical pyrometer as generally calibrated gives the true temperature of blackbodies
    but not of other radiators. If one radiating characteristic of any other radiator-e.g., its
    emissivity-is known, true temperatures can be determined of such radiators, e.g., an
    incandescent tungsten filament, by the use of the optical pyrometer. The emissivities of a
    number of sources are given in Table 78.
    The ttxe temperature T of a non-blackbody may be determined from its brightness
    temperature, SA (the apparent temperature), and its emissivity CA from the following
    relation :
    1 1 - Xloge~
    T xi l-zlogc
    For some calculated values see Table 79.
    This entire subject is extensively treated in “Temperature, Its Measurement and Con-
    trol,” a report of a symposium on this subject published by the Reinhold Publishing Co.
    in 1941.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSlCAL 1ABLES


    98
    TABLES 78-S4.-EMISSIVITTES OF A NUAIBER OF MATERIALS
    T A B L E 78.-NORMAL SPECTRAL E M l S S l V l T l ’ E S FOR SOME E L E M E N T S
    A N D ALLOYS
    The emissivity, spectral or total. of any non-hlackbody shows the relation between the
    intensity of its radiation and that of the blackbody when both are a t the same temperature.
    Spectral emissivities have been measured for a number of materials for different tempera-
    tures and different wavelength intervals and are shown in Part 1.

    Part 1.-At temperatures generally above 1000 O K ”

    Room temperature values are given in a few instances where they, along with values a t
    higher temperatures, form a connected series and where the values given for the higher.
    temperatures depend on those given for low temperatures.

    Material
    Tempyature
    K
    I

    *
    h in
    *
    X in
    Red
    Green
    p A in
    cx
    Blue
    Emissivity

    & eA
    - p ex’
    Remarks

    Carbon ......... 1600 .66 39


    2500 .66 .84
    .66 .lo5 Solid
    .66 .120 Solid
    .66 ,150 Liquid
    .66 .I40 Liquid
    1500 .66 .I3 Liquid
    Iron ........... 1000 .66 .27 Solid
    1480-1500 .65 .37 Solid and liquid
    Konal .......... 1200 .665 .43
    Molybdenum .... 300 .665 .420 .467 .425
    1300 .665 ,378 .467 .395
    2000 ,665 .353 .467 .380
    2750 .665 .332 .467 .365
    Nickel .......... 1200-1650 .665 ,375 .535 .425 ,460 .450 Solid
    Tantalum ....... 300 .665 ,493 .467 .565
    1400 .665 .442 .467 .505
    2100 ,665 .415 .467 .460
    2800 .665 .390 .467 ...
    % Worthing, A. G., Temperature radiation emissivities and emittances, Temperature, Its Measure-
    ment and Control, p. 1184, Reinhold Publishing Co., 1941.

    Metal
    P a r t 2.-Emissivity

    Beryllium ..... 61
    Chromium ..... 53
    5zG&G
    x = .55&

    81
    Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . .
    Copper ........ 38
    ..
    36
    o f a number of metals a t their melting points
    (CA

    X = .65&
    f-----7
    Solid Liquid
    61
    39
    36
    10
    expressed in percent)

    61
    39
    37
    15
    Metal
    Niobium ..... 61
    Palladium .... 38
    Platinum ..... 38
    Rhodium ......
    A = .55&
    Solid
    ..
    ..
    ..
    -
    A- , 6 5 1 ~
    -7,-1,iquld Solld Llquld

    49
    33
    33
    29
    40
    37
    38
    30
    Erbium . . . . . . . . . 30 55 38 Silver ........<jS <ji 4 7
    Gold ..........<38 <38 14 22 Thorium ..... 36 .. 36 40
    Iridium . . . . . . . . . . . 30 .. Titan.ium ..... 75 75 63 65
    Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 37 Uranium ..... 77 .. 54 34
    Manganese . . . . . . . . 59 59 Vanadium ._.. 29 .. 35 32
    Molybdenum . . . . . . . 43 40 Ytterbium . . . . . ... 35 35
    Nickel ........ 44 46 36 37 Zirconium . . . . . ... 32 30
    International Critical Tables.

    (continucd)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    9
    T A B L E 78.-NORMAL S P E C T R A L E M I S S I V I T I ~ E SFOR SOME E L E M E N T S
    A N D A L L O Y S (concluded)
    Part 3.-Emissivities of tungsten *I'

    Tempe!ra. Wavelength To!al


    ture I
    ~ - -h - -7 emis-
    "K ,301.~ .38 ,467 ,665 .8 1.0 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 sivity
    I200 .SO3 ,495 ,482 ,452 ,428 ,390 275 .I77 ,148 .127 .116 .loo ,138
    1500 ,502 .-I92 ,476 .445 .422 .385 .2XO .I91 ,164 .145 ,132 .I15 ,192
    1x00 .so0 .4xx ,472 ,439 .417 .386 ,284 ,206 .I80 .I61 .I48 .I27 .236
    2000 ,498 .4x5 ,469 .435 ,414 .3xo .2x7 ,215 ,191 ,170 ,158 ,135 .259
    2200 ,496 .AX3 ,466 ,431 ,410 .378 ,290 275 .201 .I80 ,167 ,144 .278
    2500 ,493 .477 ,463 ,425 .-lo5 ,375 ,295 ,240 ,217 .I95 ,180 ,155 .301
    2600 ,492 ,476 ,460 ,423 ,403 ,373 ,297 ,245 ,222 200 .184 .I59 .309
    2700 .491 ,475 .459 ,421 ,401 ,372 .29x ,149 ,228 ,205 .I 88 ,163 .315
    2x00 ,490 ,473 ,458 ,419 ,399 ,371 ,299 .?54 ,233 ,210 ,192 ,167 .321
    '900 .4x9
    .. ,472 ,456 ,417 .39x .370 ,300 ,259 ,239 ,215 ,197 ,170 .329
    3000 .4XX ,470 ,455 ,415 ,396 .36X ,302 ,264 ,245 220 ,200 .I73 .334
    3200 .486 ,468 ,452 .4 11 ,392 ,366 ,305 ,273 ,255 ,231 ,208 ,180 ,341
    3400 .484 ,465 .450 ,407 ,388 ,363 ,308 ,283 ,265 ,241 ,216 ,186 .348

    3(1 Forsythe, W.E., and Ailanis. E. Q.. Joui-n. Opt. SOC..\mer., vol. 35, p. 108. 1945.

    For X = 1.27s the spectral emissivity is constant and equals 0.335.

    Part 4.-Emissivities of some metals specially prepared by heat-treating and


    out-gassing 3i

    Tenipera- Tempera-
    Eniis- tiire Emis- ture
    Element X in I.L sivity "K Element X in /I sivity "K
    Ch ronii um . . . . .66 .334 1050-1560 Palladium . . ,311 1200-1400
    Cobalt . . . . . . . . .327 1240-1378 .291 1200- 1400
    .342 1378-1450 Platinum . . . .295-.310 1200-1800
    Iron a . . . . . . . . .344 below 1178 Rhodium . . . ,242 1300-2000
    . . .. . . ..
    Y .325 1178-1677 Tantalum .. .439-384
    .. 1200-2400
    i .. . . . .. . .337 1677-1725 Thoiiun; . .. ,380 1300-1706
    Molybdenum . , .382 1300-2100 Tungsten .. . .46 1200 2200
    Nickel . . . . . . . .350 1200-1400 Uranium ... .6605 .453 1180-1320
    Niobium . . . . . .374 1300-2200 .416 1325-1370
    si Private communication from Wahlin, taken from data hy Wahlin and Knop, I,. V. Whitney, Wahlin
    and Wright, Worthing, Fiske, Phys. Rev.

    T A B L E 79.-CORRECTlONS I N ' C T O ADD T O B R I G H T N E S S T E M P E R A T U R E


    READINGS, FOR D I F F E R E N T E M I S S I V I T Y , T O O B T A I N T H E
    TRUE TEMPERATURE *

    Pyrometer using red light, wavelength, X = .665p, and cI = 14380s "K at observed
    temperatures degrees Kelvin. of
    Emis- , A.

    sivity 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
    .10 119.2 145.9 175.8 208.9 245.3 285.1 328.6 375.7 426.8
    20 80.4 98.1 117.7 139.3 162.8 188.5 216.3 246.2 278.4
    .30 59.0 71.8 85.9 101.4 118.3 136.7 156.5 177.7 200.5
    .40 44.2 53.8 64.3 75.8 88.3 101.8 116.4 132.0 148.6
    .50 33.1 40.2 48.0 56.5 65.8 75.8 86.5 98.0 110.2
    .60 24.2 29.3 35.0 41.2 47.9 55.1 62.9 71.1 79.9
    .70 16.8 20.3 24.2 28.5 33.1 38.0 43.4 49.0 55.1
    .80 10.4 12.6 15.1 17.7 20.5 23.6 26.9 30.3 34.1
    .85 7.5 9.3 10.9 12.6 14.9 17.1 19.5 22.0 24.7
    .90 4.9 5.9 7.1 8.3 9.6 11.0 12.6 14.2 15.9
    .95 2.4 2.9 3.4 4.0 4.7 5.3 6.1 6.9 7.7
    *The values given in this table also give the correction for a window having a transmission given in
    column 1 for different temperatures of the source when this window is used between the source and the
    pyrometer.
    (continued)

    SMITHMNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    100
    T A B L E 79.-CORRECTIONS I N "C T O A D D T O B R I G H T N E S S T E M P E R A T U R E
    READINGS, FOR D I F F E R E N T E M I S S I V I T Y , T O O B T A I N T H E
    T R U E T E M P E R A T U R E (concluded)
    Pyrometer using red light, wavelength, X = , 6 6 5 ~ .xnd rl .= 14380~'K at olisrrvecl
    temperatures degrees tielvin, of
    Em+
    SlVltY 1900 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3600
    .10 481.9 541.2 673.0 823.9 995.2 1189.5 1408.3 2237.8
    .20 312.9 349.8 430.7 521.9 623.8 737.2 862.5 1317.6
    .30 224.8 250.6 307.0 370.1 440.0 517.2 601.6 902.4
    .40 166.3 185.2 226.1 271.7 330.4 377.0 436.9 648.0
    .so 123.2 137.0 166.9 200.0 236.4 276.1 319.2 469.6
    .60 89.3 99.2 120.6 144.2 170.1 198.3 228.9 334.6
    .7n
    ... 61.5 68.2 82.8 98.9 116.5 135.6 156.2 227.2
    .80 38.0 42.1 51.1 60.9 71.6 83.3 95.9 138.9
    .85 27.5 30.5 37.0 44.1 51.8 60.2 69.2 100.1
    .90 17.7 19.7 23.8 28.4 33.3 38.7 44.5 64.2
    .95 8.6 9.5 11.5 13.7 16.1 18.7 21.5 31.0

    T A B L E 80.-COMPUTATION OF T O T A L E M l S S l V l T Y V A L U E S FOR V A R I O U S
    GLASS S A M P L E S A T L O W T E M P E R A T U R E S Iyl

    Apprfnt.
    emissivtty Computed Temperature Coyre5ted
    Thick-. - -A- , transmittance t differential t emlsslvlty
    ne w 200 ;ZO to0
    Sample (mm) c c c G-
    Vused quartz ..... 1.96 .78 .SO .75 ,266 ,134 ,023 19 8 1 .67 .76 ,775
    Corex D ......... 3.40 .SO .80 .76 .I13 .041 ,002 49 18 2 .91 .90 .83
    Nonex ........... 1.57 .82 .82 .78 .I45 ,041 .004 31 12 1.5 .X2 .87 335

    Dissipating of energy b y l a m p bulbs.-The bulb of a 120-volt 500-watt lamp dissi-


    pates 18.5 percent of the input energy to the lamp. About 10 percent is lost by radiation
    and 8.5 percent by conduction and convection by the surrounding air. The losses from other
    similar lamp bulbs probably agree with this.
    %B arn e s , B . T., Forsythe, W. E . , , a n d Adams, E . Q. Journ. Opt. SOC.Amer., vol. 37, p. 804, 1947.
    Assuming no radlatton transmltted through sample from heater and no temperature gradtent.
    t Assuming all of sample at heater temperature. $ Between front and back surfaces.

    T A B L E 81.-RELATIVE E M l S S l V l T l E S F OR T Q T A L R A D I A T I O N
    Emissive power of blackbody = 1. Receiving surface platinum black at 25°C; oxidized
    at 600 +
    "C.
    Temperature, "C
    ' 200 400 600
    Silver ........................................ .020 .030 .038
    Platinum (1) ................................. .060 .086 .110
    Oxidized zinc ................................. - 110 -
    Oxidized aluminum ............................ .113 .153 .192
    Calorized copper, oxidized.. .................... .180 .185 .190
    Cast iron ..................................... .210 - -
    Oxidized nickel ............................... 369 .424 .478
    Oxidized monel ............................... .411 .439 .463
    Calorized steel; oxidized.. ...................... 521 547 .570
    Oxidized copper .............................. .568 .568 .568
    Oxidized brass ................................ .610 .600 .589
    Oxidized lead ................................. .631 - -
    Oxidized cast iron ............................. .643 .710 .777
    Oxidized steel ................................ .790 .788 .787

    For radiation properties of bodies at temperatures so low that the radiations of wave-
    length greater than 2Op or thereabouts are important, doubt must exist because of the
    possible and perhaps probable lack of blackness of the receiving body to radiations of those
    wavelengths or greater. For instance, see Tables 568 and 573 for the transparency of soot.
    SMITHMNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    101
    T A B L E 82.-TOTAL E M l S S l V l T Y V A L U E S OF VARIOUS MATERIALS A T
    LOW T E M P E R A T U R E S *

    Material Condition At 100°C 320'C 500°C


    Alleghany alloy No. 66.. . . . . . . . Polished .ll
    Alleghany metal ..
    . . . . . . . . .. . . No. 4 polish .13
    . ..
    Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial sheet .09
    Aluminum .................... Polish .095
    .
    Aluminum . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . Rough polish .18
    Aluminum paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... .29
    Brass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polished ,059
    Rough plate .77 .77 .72
    Rough plate .76 .75 .71
    Chromium .. . ... .............. Polished .075
    Polished .052
    Polished ,059
    Iron ......................... Dark gray surface .31
    Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roughly polished .27
    Lamp black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rough deposit .84 .78
    Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. Polished ,071
    Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polished .072
    Nickel-silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polished .135
    Radiator paint, black ..... ...... .84
    Radiator paint, bronze . . . . . . . . . .51
    Radiator paint, cream . . . . . . . . .. .77
    Radiator paint, white . . . . . . . . . . ...... .79
    . .
    Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polished .052
    Stainless steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polished ,074
    Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Polished .066
    Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polished .06Y
    Commercial coat .084
    Polished coat .066
    Zinc ......................... Commercial coat .21
    For reference, see footnote 38, p. 100.

    T A B L E 83.-PERCENTAGE E M l S S l V l T l E S O F M E T A L S A N D OXIDES

    True temperature " C 500 600 700 800 906 1000 1100 1200
    60 Fe0.40 FezOz Total 85 85 86 87 87 88 88 89
    = Fe heated
    in air ......... . . A = .65p - - - 98 97 95 93 92
    NiO ...............Total - 54 62 68 72 75 81 86
    ..............h = .65p - - 98 96 94 92 88 87
    Platinum :
    True temp. ZC ... 0 100 200 300 400 500 750 1000 1200 1400 1600 1700
    App.* temp. C . . . - - - - - - - 486 630 780 930 1005
    Total emiss. Pt.. . 3 1 4.0 5.1 6.1 7.0 8.0 10.3 12.4 14.0 15.5 16.9 17.5
    Oxides : = .65p NiO Co:tO, Fe:%O,Mm0. TiOr ThOs Y?Os B e 0 KhOx Vp0s Cr20s 1-30s
    Splid ...... .... 89 77 63 .. 52 57 61 37 71 69 60 30
    Liquid ........ 68 63 53 47 51 69 .. .. .. .. .. 31
    . As observed with total radiation pyrometer sighted on the platinum.

    T A B L E 84a-TOTAL R A D I A T I O N F R O M B A R E A N D SOOT-COVERED NICKEL sa


    (watts/cm2)

    "K 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1-700 1400
    Soot-covered Ni ..... ... ,096 .28 .59 1.87 3 3 4.8
    Poli:hed initial heat. . ,0092 .032 .079 .166 .31 .55 .91 2.ij 4.49
    after above.. .0066 .023 .058 .123 .24 .44 .76 2.04 4.49
    sa Barnes, Phys. Rev., vol. 34, p. 1026, 1929.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    ul
    2
    I
    T A B L E 85.-CHARACTERISTICS O F TUNGSTEN
    w
    x
    r 111
    aJ Ed0
    .g
    Y
    E 52
    %: B
    --..
    .I
    a 7: %
    .- $
    5* .t: E
    .">.a
    22
    am
    z2
    .5 2
    $\k
    -cl
    ."2 ;
    m.-
    Qh
    I= 5s
    g spd: EE r;,IP
    ha ZEQ h1Q
    52 h 1% hla

    300 1.om0 5.65 1.209 .00110


    400 1.0005 8.00 1.209 .00495
    500 1.0010 10.48 1.209 .0150
    600 1.0014 13.07 1.209 .0385
    700 1.0018 15.75 1.209 .0850
    800 1.0023 18.5: 1.209 .1730 5.47
    900 1.0028 21.53 1.209 .333 5.50
    loo0 .464 966 1006 581 1.0032 .84t 6.20 24.26 1.209 .600 5.51
    1100 .463 1058 1108 659 1.0036 .87 t 6.35 27.23 1.209 1.01 5.53
    1200 -462 1149 1210 738 1.0041 .90 t 6.50 30.26 1.195 1.63 5.53
    i300 i460 1240 1312 819 1.0046 .93 6.65 33.29 1.195 2.54 5.52
    1400 .459 1330 1414 905 1.0052 .% 6.80 36.37 1.195 3.82 5.48 .09 11.8
    1500 .457 1420 1517 991 1.0057 .99 6.95 39.49 1.195 5.54 5.41 .20 10.8
    1600 ,456 1509 1619 1080 1.0063 1.01 7.10 42.65 1.195 .94 15.2 7.72 5.31 .40 10.0 3.6 -20 67
    1700 .455 1597 1722 1167 1.0069 1.04 7.25 45.84 1.195 2.27 14.4 10.53 5.18 .71 9.3 1.81 -18 63
    1800 .454 1684 1825 1254 1.0075 1.07 7.40 -18 49.05 1.195 5.06 13.7 14.05 5.02 1.15 8.7 5.75 -17.. 59
    1900 .453 1771 1933 1342 1.0081 1.09 7.55 -20 52.30 1.195 10.19 13.0 18.30 4.89 1.86 8.1 1.29 -15 56
    2OOO .452 1857 2044 1428 1.0088 1.11 7.70 -22 55.58 1.195 19.54 12.3 23.45 4.80 2.74 7.5 2.09 -14 53
    2100 .450 1943 2151. 1514 1.0094 1.13 7.85 -24 58.89 1.195 35.0 11.7 29.55 4.73 3.89 6.9 2.59 -13 50
    2200 .449 2026 2261 1601 1.0101 1.15 8.00 -26 62.23 1.195 59.1 11.2 36.75 4.68 5.38 6.4 2.55 -12 48
    2300 .448 2109 2371 1688 1.0108 1.17 8.15 -28 65.60 1.195 97.00 10.8 45.10 4.64 7.13 6.0 2.04 -11 46
    2400 .447 2192 2479 1775 1.0116 1.19 8.30 -30 68.99 1.195 151.0 10.3 54.90 4.61 9.21 5.6 1.36 -10 44
    2500 .446 2274 2584 1859 1.0124 1.21 8.45 72.41 1.195 226.0 9.9 66.1 4.59 11.46 5.3 7.86 -10 42
    2600 .444 2356 2690 i945 i.Oi32 1.23 * 75.85 1.195 333 9.6 79.2 4.57 14.01 5.0 3.94 -9 40
    2700 .443 2437 2797 2031 1.0140 1.25 * 79.32 1.195 480 9.2 93.8 4.56 16.93 4.7 1.75 -8 38
    2800 .442 2516 2905 2116 1.0149* 1.27 * 82.81 1.195 665 8.9 110.0 4.55 20.03 4.4 6.98 -8 36
    2900 .441 2595 3013 2202 1.016* 86.32 1.195 910 8.6 129.5 4.54 23.20 4.1 2.44 -7 35
    3000 .eu, 2673 3121 2286 1.017+ 89.85 1.195 1215 8.3 151.0 4.53 26.60 3.8 8.20 -7 34

    MForsythe, W. E., and Adams, E. Q., Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. 35, pp. 108-113, 1945. m
    Data given in this table ap ly to aged tungsten filament. For emissivities. see Table 78. t These values are extrapolated. $ These depend on the dimensions at
    room temperatures. B SurrounLd by a blackbody at O O K u = 5.67 watts em* degr.
    103
    T A B L E 86.-RADIATION A N D O T H E R PROPERTIES O F T A N T A L U M ''

    Temperature Resis-
    ____ Radia-
    _,

    "K
    Emissivity
    .-.463;
    Bright-
    ness
    .665fi Color
    Radia-
    tion
    , tivitv

    fi-ohm-
    cm
    ~

    tion
    watt/
    cm2
    ~~

    -
    Tdn
    ndT
    Tziz!
    sivity
    OK "K
    .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
    ~~

    300 .493 .56


    1000 .459 .52 966 .... .... .... .... ....
    :450 .51 1149
    _ - ._ .... .... .... .... .... ....
    .442 SO 1329 .... .... .... .... .... ....
    .434 .49 1506 1642 1062 67.6 7.3 4.80 .194
    .426 .48 1680 1859 1222 74.1 12.8 4.80 .213
    .418 .47 1851 2075 1390 80.5 21.2 4.80 .232
    .411 .46 2018 2288 1556 86.9 33.4 4.80 .251
    2400 .404 .45 2180 2497 1730 92.9 50.7 4.80 .269
    2600 2339 2705 1901 99.1 75 4.80 .287
    2800 2495 291 1 2080 105.0 106 4.80 .304
    3000 2647 .... .... .... .... .... ..
    3300 2870 .... .... .... .... .... ....
    l' Worthing, A. G . , Phys. Rev., vol. 28, p. 190, 1926.

    -
    T A B L E 87.-RADIATION A N D O T H E R PROPERTIES O F MOLYBDENUM *
    Radia-
    Temperature Resis- Bright- tjon Lumi-
    7 tivity ness In- nous
    Emissi\rity Bright- normally tensity efficiency
    1 ness Radia. p-ohm- candled watts/ lumens/
    "K .475/.L -S.m&I Color tion cm cma cma watt
    "K "K "K
    273 .420 .425 .... .... .... 5.14 ....
    .... ... ....
    1000 .390 .403 958 1004 557 23.9 .0001 .55 ....
    1400 .375 .393 1316 1411 864 35.2 .089 3.18 .093
    1600 .367 .388 1489 1616 1024 41.1 .765 6.30 .40
    1800
    -.__.360 .383 1658 1823 1187 47.0 4.13 11.3 1.22
    2000 .353 .379 1824 _2i)32
    ___ 1354
    -.. 53.1 15.9 19.2 2.75
    2200 .347 .375 1986 2244 1523 59.2 48.5 30.7 5.28
    2400 .341 .371 2143 2456 1693 65.5 123 - 47.0
    .... 8.70
    2600 .336 .368 2297 2672 1866 71.8 270 69.5 13.0
    2800 .331 .365 2448 2891 2039 78.2 540 98 18.4
    2895 ,328 .363 2519 2997 2122 81.4 730 116 ..
    For reference, see footnote 41, above.

    T A B L E 88.-RELATION B E T W E E N BRIGHTN ESS T E M P E R A T U R E A N D


    COLOR T E M P E R A T U R E FOR VARIOUS SUBSTANCES

    Corresponding color temperature for-


    Brightness L
    tempera- Untreated Nernst
    ture carbon Gem Platinum glower Osmium Tantalum Tungsten
    1400°K 1414 .... 1568°K 1538 1444 1507 1492
    1500 1515 1692 1642 1562 1631 1607
    1600 1616 i 1821 1747 1680 1758 1723
    1700 1718 1735 1952 1852 1799 1883 1841
    1800 1820 1852 2086 1954 1919 2010 1961
    1900 1923 1962 .... 2053 2045 2137 2082
    2000 2028 2064 .... 2146 2168 2265 2206
    2200 2240 2255 .... 2310 2427 2500 2457
    2400 .... .... .... .... 2688 2785 2718
    2600 .... .... .... .... .... .... 2988
    3000 .... .... .... .... .... .... 3564

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    104
    T A B L E 89.-COLOR M I N U S B R I Q H T N E S S T E M P E R A T U R E FOR CARBON

    Brightness temp. 'I< .... 1600" 1700" 1800" 1900" 2000" 2100" 2200"
    Color-brightness . .. . 2 . 7 12 16 22 28 33

    T A B L E 90.-RELATIVE B L U E BRIGHTNESS, B, A N D BRIGHTNESS I N


    CANDLES P E R CM2 C, O F SOME I N C A N D E S C E N T O X I D E S A T
    VARIOUS R E D (0 . 6 65 ~) BRIGHTNESS T E M P E R A T U R E S , Sh

    S = 1500 1700 1800 1900 2000


    Material B C B C B C B C B C
    .. .
    Blackbody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .026 .91 .27 5.3 .74 12.0 1.80 24.0 3.9 47.0
    . ..
    Tungsten . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . .. .038 .84 .41 5.9 1.11 14 2.7 33 6.3 74
    Urania, gas air and oxy-gas.. . .028 1.02 .31 6.6 .84 15 2.0 35 4.5 78
    Ceria, pure: Oxy-gas ... . .. .. . ,035 1.08 .32 6.3 .83 14 1.9 31 4.0 62
    yellow: " . .
    . . . . . . . .032 1.04 .32 7.1 .85 17 2.0 40 4.0 88
    brown: " . .
    . . . . . . . .033 1.15 .30 6.7 .83 15 ~~
    1.68 33 3.5 68
    Oxides of Ce group : Oxy-gas. .031 .97 .34 6.3 .92 14 2.3 33 5.0 71
    Neodymia : Oxy-gas . . .. . . . .. .032 1.17 133 619 .92 15 2.3 33 5.0 64
    Lanthana:
    1: . . . . . . . . . ,033 1.11 .34 6.6 .89 15 2.1 33 4.5 64
    Erbia : . . . . . .. .. .047 1.71 .45 8.1 1.17 16 2.7 33 5.6 63
    Yttria, pure : Oxy-gas. . . . . . . . .067 1.18 .61 7.3 1.56 17 3.6 32 7.3 63
    ..
    95%pure: " . . . . . . .047 1.20 .46 7.3 1.19 16 2.8 36 5.9 75
    ..
    Zirconia : Oxy-gas . . . . .. .. .058 .73 .55 3.6 1.43 8 3.3 15 7.0 30
    .......... .033 1.44 5 6 7.5 1.40 16
    Thoria :
    Alumina:
    Beryllia :
    :: .......... .076 1.45 187 K4 2.5 22
    .......... .086 1.62 .99 9.7 2.8 22
    3.1
    6.1
    6.9
    32
    49
    49
    6.3
    13.6
    15.4
    63
    103
    104
    Magnesia: " .......... .21 2.4 1.31 11.0 2.8 22 5.6 43 10.2 79
    Thoria 1% ceri?: Oxy-gas.. . . .078 1.45 .70 8.6 1.71 19 4.1 43 8.4 90
    1% urania : " .... .069 1.33 .67 8.3 1.77 19 4.1 44 8.7 93
    trace urania: " .... .059 1.33 .68 8.3 i.93 i b 4.8 44 10.5 93
    1% neodymia : " .... ,046 1.43 .43 7.1 1.14 15 2.6 29 5.5 56
    1% Mn oxide : " .... .035 1.13 .37 6.1 1.01 13 2.4 28 5.3 56

    T A B L E 91.--COLOR T E M P E R A T U R E , BRIGHTNESS T E M P E R A T U R E , A N D
    B R I G H T N E S S OF VARIOUS I L L U M I N A N T S

    Brightness
    Source Te S(X = .665) c/cd
    Gas flame:
    Batswing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 2160
    Candle shape about 10 cm high.. . . 1875
    Hefner as a whole.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1880
    Candle :
    Sperm ......................... 1930
    Paraffin ........................ 1925
    Pentane 10-cp. std .................... 1920
    Kerosene :
    Flat wick .. .. . . . . . .. . ... .. .. . . . . 2055 ;500 1.27
    Round wick .................... 1920 1530 1.51
    4 wpc carbon ........................ 2080 2030 54.9
    3.1 wpc treated carbon.. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 2165 2065 70.6
    .
    2.5 wpc gem.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2195 2130 78.1
    2 wpc osmium.. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 2185 2035 60.8
    2 wpc tantalum.. . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . 2260 2000 53.1
    Acetylene as a whole.. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . 2380
    One spot _ . . .. .. .. . . .. . ....
    .. .. 2465 1660 6.69
    Mees burner . .. . ... .. .. . .. . . . .. . 2360 1730 10.8
    1.25 wpc tungsten .... ...... .......... 2400 2150 125
    2.3 wpc Nernst.. . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . 2400 2320 258
    Sun :
    .
    Outside atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . 6500 224000
    At earth's surface.. .. . .. . . . . . .. .. 5600 165000
    Clear sky ........................... .... .4
    Moon .............................. .... .5
    Welsbach mantle .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 9.0

    SMITHSONUN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 9 2 . 4 H A R A C T E R l S T l C S O F SOME CARBON ARCS * 105
    Low intensity and high intensity carbon arcs
    Arc t Lumens per
    Positive carbon Amoeres volts arc watt
    Low-intensity carbons
    10 mm low intensity.. . . . . . . .. 20 55 14.9
    12 " " .......... 32 55 15.7
    13 '' '' .......... 40 55 16.3
    High-intensity projection carbons
    6 mm "suprex".. .... . . .. . . .. 40 37
    7 " .............. 50 37
    8 " .. . . ... . .. . . ..
    " 70 40
    9 rotating positive ......
    " 85 58
    11 "
    ' ...... 115 55
    13.6 '' ...... 125 68
    " "
    ...... 150 78 35.0
    " " I'

    ' ...... 170 75 33.6


    16 " ...... 225 75 32.2
    High-intensity searchlight carbons
    10 mm rotating positive.. . . .. 100 75 32.3
    12 " ......" 120 75 33.0
    16 " ......" 150 78 32.0
    16 " ......" 195 90 31.5
    Vertical trim ac and dc flame arcs
    Carbons
    Arc Upper Lumens per
    Upper Lower Amperes volts polarity arc watt
    +"Ph2to
    WF
    $
    4"WF
    Pheto $ 40 55 ac
    +
    - 39
    40
    40
    55 dc
    55 dc
    +
    -
    ..
    55
    50
    f" 2F 0 40 55 dc - 44
    Alternating-current high-intensity carbon arcs
    Arc Lumens per
    Carbon Amperes volts arc watt
    7 mm 65 26 ac 60.5
    8 mm 80 29 ac 61.5
    9 mm 95 26 ac 68.5
    Data furnished by W. W. Lozier of National Carbon Co. t .411 direct-current power. $ "Na-
    tional" white flame photographic carbons, rare earth cored. 5 "National" 2F carbon, neutral cored.

    T A B L E 93.-EFFICIENCIES O F SOME E A R L Y INCANDESCENT LAMPS O F


    ABOUT 60-WATT SIZE '*

    Lumens
    per watt Life
    Edison's early carbon lamp.. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . ... . .. . .. . 1.8 600 h r
    .,
    Treated carbon lamp.. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . , . . . .. 3.2 600
    Gem lamp . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . 4.0 600
    Nernst glower .............................. ......... 5.0 600
    Tantalum lamp ................. . .................... 4.9 900
    Osmium lamp .. ..
    Tungsten lamp (1907) ............ ....................
    . .. . . .
    .. .. ... . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . 4.9
    7.8 1,000
    Tungsten lamp (1949) coiled coil ...................... 14.0 1,Ooo
    '=Forsythe, W. E., and Adams, E. Q., Bull. Denison Sci. Lab., vol. 32, p. 70, 1937.

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    106
    T A B L E 94.-lNCREASE I N T U N G S T E N L A M P E F F I C I E N C Y OVER A
    PERIOD O F YEARS

    Efficiency
    Date Temgerature in lumens
    Lamp measured K per watt
    .
    100-watt squirted filament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1908 t 2,355 8.8
    .
    100-watt drawn wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1909 t 2,360 9.3
    100-watt drawn wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1915 t 2,475 10.3
    100-watt gas-filled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1921 2,740 12.6
    100-watt gas-filled .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1932 2,800 14.3
    100-watt gas-filled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1936 2,845 14.9
    100-watt gas-filled * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1936 2,855 15.5
    100-watt gas-filled * coiled coil. . . . . . . . . . , . . 1948 2,860 16.3
    750 hours life. t Vacuum lamps.

    T A B L E 95.-TEMPERATURE A N D E F F I C I E N C Y O F SOME T U N G S T E N -
    F IL AME NT LAMPS *
    General service
    Max. bare
    bulb t Base t
    Temgerature TEmp. T$mp.
    Lamp watts Life (hrs) IPW K C C
    2400
    6$
    25
    40
    * 1500
    ~.~.
    1000
    1000
    10.5
    11.9
    6.9
    ... -
    2585
    2750
    34
    4.3
    127
    31 f
    42
    105
    60 coiled coil 1000 14.0 2770 122 90
    100 coiled coil 750 16.3 2850 127 94
    500 1000 20.3 2940 198 100
    1000 1000 21.0 3000
    1500 1000 22.0 3050
    Life Tzmp. Candle-
    Lamp Volts Current Watts (hrs) Lumens 1PW K power7
    Street series 6.6 ZOO0 1000 16.0 2870
    6.6 2000 6000 19.2 2940
    20.0 2000 6000 20.1 2995
    20.0 2000 15,000 21.0 3010
    cx 120 60 500 13.6 2840
    120 500 500 21.8 3030
    Studio or airport 120 5000 75 32.7 3350'
    lighting 120 10,000 75 32.7 3350'
    Floodlight 120 500 800 17.6 2925
    120 1500 800 20.8 3170
    Projection lamps
    Area II
    Monoplane 120 151 500 50 13,250 26.5 3270' 1545
    Biplane 120 65 500 25 26.0 3270' 1700
    120 135 1000 25 27.6 3360' 4045
    Coiled coil
    4 seg. 120 19 50 SO 790 15.8 2920 80
    3 seg. 120 41 SO 1850 19.2 2950 185
    3 seg. 120 55 200
    loo SO 4240 21.2 2985 390

    Photoflood Photographic lamps


    No.1 120 250 2 8650 3430 '
    R2 120 6 3350 a
    4 120 500
    1000 10 33,500 3410
    Two large lamps (monoplane)
    10 kw. 120 83.3 '10,000 280,000 28 3300 33,000
    50 kw. 120 416 50,000 1,400,000 28 3300 166,000
    Data furnished by W. E. Forsvthe and E. M. Watson. of the General Electric Co. t These
    values furnished by W. H. Fisher, Nela Park. t Vacuum lamps, all others are gas-filled. 8 Tem-
    perature at junction of base and bulb. 11 Area of coil in mma. 1 Candlepower in direction used.
    Color temperature.
    (continued)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    107
    T A B L E 95.-TEMPERATURE A N D E F F I C I E N C Y OF S O M E T U N G S T E N -
    F I L A M E N T L A M P S (concluded)
    Lamp for type B Kodachrome
    Life Temp. Candle-
    Lamp Volts Current Watts (hr) Lumens lpw OK power7
    120 500 60 13,300 3200 a
    120 1500 100 41,000 3200 *
    120 5000 150 138,000 3200 a
    Some small lamps
    Sewing machine 120 122 7.5 2345
    Sign (clear) ... 120 80 8.0 2400"
    Photocell exciter 10 1000 3100
    10 1600 3100 a
    8.5 680 3200
    8 160 2660
    4 30 2935 '

    Watts per
    Candle. spherical
    Lamp Volts power candle
    Flashlight PR2 ............
    Flashlight PR3 ............
    Flashlight 136 .............
    Flashlight 31 ..........
    Hand lantern 248 .......
    Flashlight 605 .........
    Radio Panel No. 44.. ....... 6.15 .60 1.5 2400
    Grain-0-wheat surgical ..... 1.5 .028 6.0 2115
    Christmas tree ............. 120 4.7 1.o 2625
    Automobile lamps
    Rear, instrument bd. ........ 6.85 2.9 1.32 2820
    Step, aux. headlight ......... 13.5 2.9 1.27 2810
    Dome, panel ............... 6.9 6.3 1.01 2915
    Signal ..................... 6.75 14.4 .80 2980
    Dome, panel ............... 13.5 6.3 .99 2870

    T A B L E 96.-SOME CHARACTERISTICS O F FLUORESCENT CHEMICALS *


    Exciting Sensitivity Emitted Emitted
    Lamp range,t peak. range, peak,
    Phosphor color A A A A
    Calcium tungstate ...... blue 2200-3000 2720 3100-7000 4400
    Magnesium tungstate ... blue-white 2200-3200 2850 3600-7200 4800
    Zinc silicate ............ green 2200-2960 2537 4600-6400 5250
    Calcium halophosphates. . white 2000-2600 2500 3500-6800 4800, 5800
    Cadmium silicate ....... yellow-pink 2200-3200 2400 4800-7400 5950
    Cadmium borate ........ pink 2200-3600 2500 5200-7500 6150
    B L phosphor BaSilOs with
    Pb .................. blue ultra 2200-2700 2500 3100-4100 3500
    Calcium phosphate with
    Ce and Mn. .......... red 2200-3400 3130 5600-8100 6500
    plus uv
    Data furnished by H. C. Froelich, of Nela Park. t 2200 A was lower limit of measurements.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 97.-ENGINEERING DATA ON SOME LAMPS O F T H E INTEGRAL, ALL-GLASS SEALED BEAM T Y P E *

    Approx. spread
    to 10% max. Fila-
    Design Approx. (degrees) ment
    Number of Design life max.t & shield-
    lamp Bulb volts Watts (brs) beam cp. Hor. Vert. 1ng Service
    4015 PA$-36 6.2 35 300 8,000 40 5 C Auto fog
    4509 13.0 100 25 110,000 12 5 None Airplane landing
    4510 6.4 25 300 600 80 20 None Auto utility
    4515 6.4 30 100 50,000 5k 44 B Auto spot
    lSOPAR/SP PAS-38 I?? 15'0 2,4y 10,500 t 6o
    30 30 Nye General service spot
    150PAR/FL 3,400 $ 60 General service flood
    4012A PAE46 6.2 35 300 8,800 40 5 C Auto fog (amber)
    4013 6.4 25 300 800 80 20 None Tractor
    4412A 1;.8 35 300 8,000 40 5 C Auto fog (amber)
    4435 30 100 85.000 6 6 B Auto spot
    4523 28 250 25 225,000 17 11 A Airplane landing
    4535 6.4 30 100 90,000 51 B Auto spot
    4537 13 100 25 200,00.0 12 A Airplane landing
    4570 28 150 300 30,000 50 10 None Airplane taxiing
    4030
    4430
    PAR-56 6.4
    12.8
    45/35
    50/40
    300/500
    300/500
    32,000 P
    29,000 :3 5 NyFe Se$ed bezm hea$amp
    200PAR 30 200 500 200,000 12 9 Locomotive headlamp
    250PAR 12.5 250 100 80,000 36 7 Airport approach
    4560 PAR-64 28 600 25 600,000 12 9 A Airplane landing
    300PAR64/2 115 300 100 200,000 11 9 None Flashing signal

    * Data furnished by Application Engineering Department, Lamp Division, General Electric Co. Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio. t Individual lamps may
    vary from the values listed. $ Approx. initial mean cp. in 10' cone. 9 Driving beam (major'filament).
    A, 120" cylindrical shield to side of filament. B, Hemispherical shield in front of filament masking all direct light. C, 90" spherical shield in front of filament
    masking all upward direct light.
    TABLE 98.-MERCURY ARCS *
    Blacklight lamps General lighting lamps
    Sunlight lamps *
    C-H4(Spot) ' ' A-H1 D-HI
    s-4 RS s-1 I B-H4 GH4(Flood) A-H4 A-H5 B-HI E-H1 A-H6 A-H9
    Lamp watts (rated) ....................... 100 275 400 100 100 100 250 450 400 1000 3000
    Watts, with single-lamp transformer.. ....... 120 ... 500 120 123 120 290 452 450 1085 3165
    Watts, with tulamp transformer. ............ ... ... ... ... ... ... 280/lamp 438/lamp 438/lamp ... ...
    -I
    P
    r Lumens at 100 hours ...................... 3300 reflector ... ... not 3300 11,000
    ... 15,000
    ... 20,000
    ...
    120,000
    ...
    Lumens (approx. initial). .................. ...
    W
    ... type lamps 7200 black rated 65,bbO
    rn
    Lamp Ipw at 100 hours. .................... 33 not rated ... light m 35 44 37.5 50 ... 40
    v)
    Initial Ipw ...... ................... ... inlumens 18 bulb lumens ... ... ... ... 65 ...
    Over-all lumens per watt
    (singleJamp trans.) .................... 268 ... 14.4 ... ... 27.5 39.3 34.2 45.6 59.8 37.8
    Rated life hours (see note). ............... ... 1000 1000 1000 4000 4000 3000 75 5000
    Rulh .. .:................................. AZil R-40
    I.F. re-
    PS-22 T-16 PAR-38
    natural alum. reflector
    T-10 T-18 T-16 T-20 T-2 T-9 i
    Finish .................................. clear flector type I.F. red pur le & clear lens clear clear clear clear clear clear
    Base .................................... admed. medium mogul admex admed. skt. any mogul mogul mogul %a'' s!eeve S.C. term.
    Burning position ......................... any any base up any any admed. any (see note) any horiz. any
    Max. over-all length, inches. ............... 67/16 55
    Light center length, inches.. ............... 5 ..
    Pressure, atm. ........................... .9 .7
    Number of electrodes.. .................... 3 3 2 2
    110-125
    Lamp operating volts.. .................... 130 (50-60) 14 130 130 130 135 135 135 840 535
    cycles AC
    Lamp starting current, amps.. .............. 1.3 3.2 9.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 2.9 5 5 2.5 9.3
    Lamp operating current, amps.. ............. .9 2.5 30 .9 .9 .9 2.1 3.2 3.2 1.4 6.1
    Supply voltage (primary volts). ............. 118-236 110-125 115 118-236 118-236 118-236 118-236 118-236 118-236 118-236 230-46&575
    Transformer secondary open circuit voltage.. 245 no trans. 33 245 245 245 250 220 220 1200 850
    Power factor percent.. .................... 50-90 90. 50 50-90 50-90 50-90 50-90-95 60-9F95 60-90-95 ... 90
    Starting time' to full output.. .............. 3 min 3 rnin Smin 3 rnin 3 to 8 m i n 3 rnin 10min 7 rnin 8min 4 sec 8min
    Restarting time .......................... 3 min 5 min 0 3 min 3 to 8 min 3 min 4 min 7 min 5 rnin 2 sec 7 min

    NOTE.-Rated lives of black-light and general-lighting lamps listed above are based on specified test conditions with the lamps turned off and restarted no oftener than
    once every 5 burning hours. T h e life rating of the A-HI, B-HI, a n d A-H9 lamps is 6,000 hours for 10 hours per start. At 10 hours per start the rated
    life of the A-H5 is 5,000 hours, and the E-Hi 4,000 hours. I f the A-H9 lamp is started once every 144 burning hours (six 24-hour days) theIlife rating
    is 10.000 hours. T h e life of S-4, RS, and S-1 lamps i s estimated t o he 1,000, 600, and 800 applications respectively. A-Hi is for base-up'burnlng. B-HI
    base down.

    Prepared by C. L. Amick, General Electric Co., Nela Park.


    110 T A B L E 9 9 . 4 H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F SOME FLUORESCENT L A M P S *
    Dimensions, electrical data
    15 15 40 40
    Nominal lamp
    wattst ....... 4 6 8 13 14 (T-8) (T-12) 20 25 30 (T-12) (T-17) 85 100
    Nom. length $.
    Diameter
    ... 8''6"
    ........ 9" ";1 21" 15"
    It"
    18" 18"
    la''
    24"
    14''
    33"
    IL"
    36"
    1
    48" 60"
    zg"
    60" 60"
    zii" 24"
    Bulb ........... T-5
    Lampam s S .... ,125 q-5
    ,145
    4.5
    .16
    gii\
    5 j\95
    1
    T-12 T-8 T-12
    l:i .33
    T-12
    .36
    T-12
    .52
    T-8 ?-:2
    .355 .42
    T-17
    .40
    T-17 T-17
    1.6 1.50
    Lamp vofrst .... 36 48 57 46 59 53 98 106 110 57 71

    Lumen output and b r i g h t n e s s 4 5 0 0 white lamps 11


    Lumens ............... 200 310 545 460 585 555 860 1380 2100 2100 4000 4000
    Lumens/watt .......... 33 39 42 33 39 37 43 46 53 53 47 40
    Brightness :
    Footlamberts ......... 2500 2770 2520 1310 1980 1250 1360 2120 1610 920 1760 1760
    Candles/in.2 ......... 5.5 6.1 5.6 2.9 4.4 2.8 3.0 4.7 3.6 2.0 3.9 3.9

    4500 white slimline lamps for multiple operation


    Nominal Lamp Nominal Rec. min. Footlamberts Lumen
    length, Dim. current, lamp Lamp starting and output
    inches inches Bulb Ma watts volts voltage (candles/in.2) and Ipw
    42 9 T-6 120 18 175 450 1570(3.5) 990(55)
    200 25 150 ZOgO(4.7) 1320(53)
    300 33 130 2570(5.7) 1620(49)
    64 9 T-6 120 27.5 270 600 1580(3.5) 1570(57)
    200 39 230 2170(4.8) ZlSO(S5)
    300 51 200 2620(5.8) 2600(57)
    72 1 T-8 120 26 240 600 lZOO(2.7) 1590(61)
    200 38 220 1700(3.8) 2250(59)
    300 51 200 ZZOO(4.9) 2850(56)
    96 1 T-8 120 34 320 1200(2.7) 2100(62)
    200 51 295 750 1700(3.8) 3050(60)
    300 69 265 2200(4.9) 39 5 0 (5 7)

    Data taken from reports by General Electric Lamp Department and from reports by Sylvania Electric
    Products. t Add auxiliary watts for total. $ Nominal length includes the lamp and two standard lamp-
    holders. s
    Approximate. 11 See Table 96.

    T A B L E lOO.-CHARACTERISTICS * OF T Y P I C A L PHOTOFLASH LAMPS

    Fast ........... S M 3 6 7 4.7 $ .90I 3300 S.S.Ray


    SF 3-9 6 5 5.0 .80 3400 S.C.Bay
    Medium ........ 5 3 21 13 16 1.2 3800 S.C.Bay
    Press 25 3-9 20 14 20 1.25 4000 S.C.Bay
    0 3-125 20 14 20 1.2 4000 Medium
    11 3 21 13 30 1.8 3800 4 Medium
    Press 40 3-125 20 17 30 1.6 4000 3 *&? Medium
    22 3-125 21 14 63 4.0 3800 5 Medium
    L 3-125 20 18 62 3.0 4000 A19 42 Medium
    Slow .......... 50 3-125 30 17
    -. 95 5.0 3800 A2 1 54 Medium
    3 3-125 30 18 110 5.0 4000 A23 6% Medium
    Focal plane ..... 6 3 .. 30 16 .62 3800 B11 2% S.C.Bay
    26 ..... .. 24 15 .60 3800 .... .. ........
    31 3 53 77 1.5 3800 A21 59 Medium
    2A 3-9 .. 64 77 1.0 4000 A21 53 Medium
    Blue for color
    photography . . 5B 3 21 13 7.5 .55 6OOO B11 28 S.C.Bay
    Press25B 3-9 20 14 8.0 .SO 6000 B12 29 S.C.Bay
    11B ..... 21 14 13.0 .82 6000 ..............
    Press40B ..... 20 17 14 .75 6000 ..............
    22B 3-125 21 14 29 1.8 6000 A19 5 Medium
    2B 3-125 20 18 28 1.35 6000 A19 42 Medium
    SOB 3-125 30 17 43 2.3 6OOO A21 59 Medium
    3B 3-125 30 18 50 2.25 6000 A23 63 Medium
    The data given for the li ht and time characteristics and for the color temperature of the lamps are average
    values for a large number o f lamps. Individual lamps may differ considerably from these averages. Prepared
    by Adelaide Easley, General Electric Lamp Division. t Milliseconds. $ x 10s. D x IW.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    111
    T A B L E 101.-PHYSICAL A N D ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS O F FLASHTUBES
    A N D FLASHLAMPS DESIGNED P R I M A R I L Y FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC APPLICATIONS

    Approx. helical
    * source dimen.
    0
    3
    P
    4- &a
    .I
    0
    4-

    a !i
    h 0 m
    FT-210..
    ........... T-10 IF Octal 3-Pin It"18" 2,000 200 7,000 25.0 300 200
    FT-214.. T-124 Giant 5-Pin 1t 13 2,000 200 7,000 25.0 300 200
    FT-220..
    FT-403..
    FT-503..
    PAR-46
    T-18 I F
    T-18 IF
    3-Scr. Term.
    Large 3-Pin
    Large 3-Pin
    :$ 1%
    2d
    1% 2 i
    2,000
    2,000
    4,000
    200 7.000
    480 18:OoO
    2,000 t 100,000
    . 25.0
    45.0
    150.0
    300
    475
    700
    2_
    - M_
    350
    550
    Maximum
    Flash- Bulb energy input Light duration Peak
    lamps $ diameter Base watt-sec. Volts milli-sec lumens
    5804X ............. la" 4 Pin 100 2250-2850 .09- .19 40million
    48U4X ............ 2Q 4Pin 600 1' "
    .27- .7 62
    68N9T- ............ If 5Pin 200 900-1000 .3 -1.2 30
    88P9M ............ If 5 Pin 300 2000-2500 .12- .6 45
    1TZ ................. Special 1000 2000-2850 2. -4. 35
    Data furnished by L. R . Benjamin, General Electric Co., Nela Park, Cleveland,, Ohio. t With approxi-
    mately 0.5 millihenry of inductance in series with each 100 microfarads of capacity. $Data taken from
    circular of Amglo Corporation, Chicago, Ill.

    T A B L E 102.-COLOR O F L I G H T E M I T T E D BY VARIOUS SOURCES

    Color, Color,
    percent percent
    Source white Hue Source white Hue
    Sunlight .................... 100 - N-filled tungsten, .SO wpc ..... 45 584
    Average clear sky ............ 60 472 N-filled tungsten, .35 wpc ..... 53 584
    Standard candle .............. 13 593 Mercury vapor arc.. .......... 70 490
    Hefner lamp ................. 14 593 Helium tube ................. 32 598
    Pentane lamp ................ 15 592 Neon tube ................... 6 605
    Tungsten glow lamp, 1.25 wpc. 35 588 Crater of carbon arc, 1.8 amp.. 59 585
    Carbon glow lamp, 3.8 wpc.. .. 25 592 Crater of carbon arc, 3.2 amp.. 62 585
    Nernst glower, 1.50 wpc.. ..... 31 587 Crater of carbon arc, 5.0 amp.. 67 583
    N-filled tungsten, 1.00 wpc. .... 34 586 Acetylene flame (flat) ......... 36 586

    SMITHMNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    112
    TABLES 103-110.-COOLING BY RADIATION AND CONVECTION
    T A B L E 103.-AT ORDINARY T A B L E 104.-AT DIFFERENT
    PRESSURES P R E S S U R ES
    According to McFarlane the rate of loss of Experiments made in Tait's Labora-
    heat by a sphere placed in the center of a tory show the effect of pressure of the
    spherical enclosure which has a blackened enclosed air on the rate of loss of heat.
    surface, and is kept a t a constant temperature In this case the air was dry and the
    of about 14" C, can be expressed by the enclosure kept at about 8°C.
    equations
    +
    e = .000238 3.06 X 10-9 - 2.6 X 10-'t', Polished surface Blackened surface
    &
    when the surface of the sphere is blackened, or 7---et-- t et

    +
    e = .000168 1.98 X 10-'t - 1.7 X 10-'fz, Pressure 76 cmHg
    when the surface is that of polished copper. 63.8 ,00987 61.2 .O 1746
    In these equations, e is the amount of heat 57.1 ,00862 50.2 ,01360
    lost in cgs units, that is, the quantity of heat, 50.5 .00736 41.6 .01078
    small calories, radiated per second per square 44.8 .00628 34.4 .00860
    centimeter of surface of the sphere, per de- 40.5 .00562 27.3 .00640
    gree difference of temperature t, and t is the 34.2 .00438 20.5 .00455
    difference of temperature between the sphere 29.6 .00378 - -
    and the enclosure. The medium through 23.3 .00278 - -
    which the heat passed was moist air. The 18.6 .00210 - -
    following table gives the results.
    Pressure 10.2 cmHg
    Differ- 67.8 .00492 62.5 .01298
    ence of Value of e 61.1 .OM33 57.5 .01158
    temper- , 55 .00383 53.2 .01048
    ature Polished Blackened
    t surface surface Ratio 49.7 .00340 47.5 .00898
    5 .000178 .000252 ,707 44.9 .00302 43.0 .00791
    10 .000186 .000266 .699 40.8 .00268 28.5 ,00490
    15 .000193 ,000279 .692
    20
    ~~ .no0201 ,000289 .695 Pressure 1 cmHg
    25 .000207 .OW298 .694 65 .00388 62.5 .01182
    30 .000212 .OW306 .693 60 .00355 57.5 .01074
    35 .000217 .000313 .693 50 .00286 54.2 .01003
    40 .000220 .OW319 .693 40 .00219 41.7 .00726
    45 BOO223 .OW323 .690 30 .00157 37.5 .00639
    50 .000225 .OM326 .690 23.5 .00124 34.0 .00569
    55 .000226 .000328 .690 - - 27.5 .00446
    60 .000226 .000328 .690 - - 24.2 .00391

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    113
    T A B L E 1 0 5 . - C O O L I N G O F P L A T I N U M W I R E I N COPPER E N V E L O P E
    Bottomley gives for the radiation of a bright platinum wire to a copper envelope when
    the space between is at the highest vacuum attainable the following numbers :
    t = 408" C, et = 378.8 X temperature of enclosure 16" C.
    t = 505" C, et = 726.1 x lo-', ' " 17" C.
    I t was found a t this degree of exhaustion that considerable relative change of the vacuum
    produced very small change of the radiating power. The curve of relation between degree
    of vacuum and radiation becomes asymptotic for high exhaustions. The following table
    illustrates the variation of radiation with pressure of air in enclosure.
    Temp. of enclosure 16' C, t = 408' C Temp. of enclosure 17' C, t = 505' C
    - a

    Pressure in mm et Pressure in mm ft
    740. 8137.0 x .094 1688.0 X lo-'
    440. 7971.0 " .053 1255.0 "
    140. 7875.0 " .034 1126.0 1:
    42. 7591.0 " .013 920.4
    4. 6036.0 " .0046 831.4 "
    ,444 2683.0 " .00052 767.4 "
    .070 1045.0 " .00019 746.4 "
    ,034
    .012
    727.3 "
    539.2 "
    Lowest reached
    but not measured } 726.1 "
    .0051 436.4 "
    .00007 378.8 "

    T A B L E 106.-EFFECT O F PRESSURE ON LOSS O F H E A T A T D I F F E R E N T


    TEMPERATURES
    The temperature of the enclosure was about 15" C. The numbers give the total
    radiation in calories per square centimeter per second.

    Pressure in mmHg
    Temp. of About'
    wire in "C 10.0 1.0 .25 .025 .1 IL
    100 .14 .ll .05 .01 .005
    200 .31 24 .ll '.02 .0055
    300 .so .38 .18 .04 .0105
    400 .75 .53 .25 .07 .025
    500 - .69 .33 .13 .055
    600 - .85 .45 .23 .13
    700 - - - .37 .24
    800 - - - .56 .40
    900 - - - - .61
    Tu'0TL-h interesting feature (because of its practical importance in electric lighting)
    is the effect of difference of surface condition on the radiation of heat. The energy
    required to keep up a certain degree of incandescence in a lamp when the filament is
    dull black and when it is "flashed" with coating of hard carbon, was found to be as follows :
    Dull blaEk filament, 57.9 watts.
    Bright " 39.8 watts.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    114 T A B L E 1 0 7 . 4 O N D U C T I O N O F H E A T ACROSS AIR SPACES
    (ORDINARY T E M P E R A T U R E S )
    Loss of heat by air from surfaces takes place by radiation, conduction, and convection.
    The two latter are generally inextricably mixed. For horizontal air spaces, upper surface
    warm, the loss is all radiation and conduction; with warm lower surface the loss is
    greater than for similar vertical space.
    Vertical spaces: The following table shows that for spaces of less than 1 cm width
    the loss is nearly proportional to the space width, when the radiation is allowed for; for
    greater widths the increase is less rapid, then reaches a maximum, and for yet greater
    widths is slightly less.

    Heat conduction and thermal resistances, radiation eliminated, a i r space 20 cm high

    Heat conduction Thermal resistance


    cal hr-1 cm-10 C-1 Reciprocal of conductance
    Air Temperature difference Temperature difference
    space, I
    A
    ,- A

    cm 10" 15" 20" 25" 100 15" 20" 25"


    .5 .46 .46 .46 .46 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17
    1 .o .24 .24 .24 .24 4.25 4.20 4.15 4.10
    1.5 .la
    ~ . . .172
    ~~ -182 .192
    ~~ 6.25
    ~ ~. 5.80
    - -_ 5.50
    .. 5.20
    2.0 .161 .178- 200 .217 6.20 5.60 5.00 4.60
    3.0 .172 .196 208 217 5.80 5.10 4.80 4.60
    Variation with height of air space: Max. thermal resistance = 4.0 at 1.4 cm air space, 10 cm high;
    6.0 at 1.6 cm, 20 cm high; 8.9 at 2.5 cm, 60 cm high.

    T A B L E 108.-CONVECTION O F H E A T ItN AIR A T ORDINARY


    TEMPERATURES *
    I n very narrow layers of air between vertical surfaces at different temperatures the
    convection currents, in the main, flow up one side and down the other, with eddyless
    (streamline) motion. It follows that these currents transport heat to or from the sur-
    faces only when they turn and flow horizontally, from which fact it follows, in turn,
    that the convective heat transfer is independent of the height of the surface. I t is, accord-
    ing to the laws of eddyless flow, proportional to the square of the temperature difference.
    and to the cube of the distance between the surfaces. As the flow becomes more rapid
    (e.g., for a 20" difference and a distance of 1.2 cm) turbulence enters, and the above
    relations begin to change. For the dimensions tested, convection in horizontal layers was
    a little over twice that in vertical.

    Heat transfer, in t h e usual cgs unit, i.e., calories per second per degree of thermal
    head per cm* of flat surface a t 22.8O mean temperature
    Where two values are given, they show the range among determinations with different
    methods of getting the temperature of the outer plate. It will be seen that the value of the
    convection is practically unaffected by this difference of method.

    8 mm gap 12 mm gap 24 mm gap


    Thermal
    head ' Total A Convectiod Total Convection

    4.95" .Om 111 .OW 001 ('ooo oEf 'Oo0 !g 87) .OOO 090 over .OOO 025

    9'89" {.OOO 113


    112 .OOO 003
    003 95 7 .OOO
    .OOO 093 .mo 010 oil} .OOO 106 over .OOO 040

    19.76" .OOO 116 .OOO 007 {.OOO 107


    109 47 .OOO 024
    026} .OOO 126 over .OOO 060

    See Table 80.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    115
    T A B L E 109.-CONVECTION A N D C O N D U C T I O N OF H E A T BY GASES A T
    HIGH TEMPERATURES
    The loss of heat from wires at high temperatures occurs as if by conduction across a
    thin film of stationary gas adhering to the wire (vertical and horizontal losses very
    similar). Thickness of film is apparently independent of temperature of wire, but probably
    increases with the temperature of the gas and varies with the diameter of the wire
    according to the formula b log ( * / a ) = 2B, where B = constant for any gas, b = diameter
    of film, a, of wire. The rate of convection (conduction) of heat is the product of two
    factors, one the shape factor, s, involving only a and B, the other a function of the
    heat conductivity of the gas. If W = the energy loss in wattdcm, then W = s ( b - +I),
    +
    s may be found from the relation

    where k is the. heat conductivity of the gas at temperature T in calories/cm" C. +Z is


    taken at the temperature T , of the wire, c1at that of the atmosphere. The following may
    be taken as the conductivities of the corresponding gases at high temperatures:
    For hydrogen . . . .. . ...
    k = 28 X 104VF{(l .0002T)/(1 771"')) + +
    . .. . . ..
    air . . . ... . . k = 4.6 x 10"V?;((l .0002T)/(l +
    124T-I)} +
    mercury vapor . ..
    k = 2.4 x lO-'V~{l/(l 96OT-')}. +
    To obtain the heat loss : B may be assumed proportional to the viscosity of the gas and
    inversely proportional to the density. For air [see Table 110 part 21 B may be taken as
    0.43 cm; for H2, 3.05 cm; for Hg vapor as 0.078. Obtain s from Part 1 below from a / B ;
    then from Part 2 obtain eZand c1for the proper temperatures ; the loss will be - 91)
    in watts/cm.
    P a r t s,1 as function of a/B

    .O .O 5.O .453 10 30
    .5 .735 x lo-' 5.5 .558 12 32
    1.o .584 x lo-* 6.0 .671 14 34
    1.5 .725 x lo-* 6.5 .288 16 36
    2.0 2.75 x lo-* 7.0 .908 18 4.040 38
    2.5 .0644 7.5
    . .- 20 4.645 40 10.87
    3.0 .1176 8.0 22 5.263 42 11S O
    3.5 .185 8.5 24
    -. 5.877. 44 12.14
    4.0 .265 9.0 26 6.505 46 12.77
    4.5 .354 9.5 28 7.122 48 i3.14
    5.0 .453 10.0 30 7.738 50 14.03

    P a r t 2.-Table of + in watts per cm as function of absokute temp. (OK)

    T oK H2 Air Hg TO K H? Air Hg
    0 .moo .om0 - 1- s- n_n-o 4.787
    ... _. .744
    .. . . .1783
    _.
    100 .0329 .0041 - 1700 5.945 .931 228
    200 .1294 .0168 - 1900 7.255 1.138 .284
    300 .278 .0387 - 2100 8.655 1.363 .345
    400 .470 .0669 - 2300 10.18 1.608 .411
    500
    ... .700 .lo17 .0165 2500 11.82 1.871 .481
    700 i.26i .is9 .0356 2700 13.56 - .556
    900 1.%1 .297 .0621 2900 15.54 - .636
    1100 2.787 .426 .0941 3100 17.42 - .719
    1300 3.726 .576 .1333 3300 19.50 - .807
    1500 4.787 .744 .1783 3500 21.79 - .898

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    116 TABLE 110m-HEAT LOSSES FROM INCANDESCENT FILAMENTS
    Part 1.-Wires of platinum sponge served as radiators to room-temperature
    surroundings

    Observed heat losses in watts per cm


    Diam-
    erer Absolute temperatures
    wire,
    cm 900" 1000' 1100" 1200' 1300' 1400' 1500' 1600" 1700' 1800" 1900' 2000"
    .0690 1.70 2.26 3.01 3.88 4.92 6.18 7.70 9.63 12.15 15.33 19.25 23.75
    .0420 1.35 1.75 2.26 2.84 3.53 4.29 5.33 6.60 8.25 10.20 12.45 14.75
    .0275 1.12 1.40 1.76 2.23 2.73 3.23 3.91 4.67 5.72 7.00 8.64 10.45
    .0194 .92 1.15 1.39 1.74 2.12 2.54 3.04 3.64 4.32 5.10 6.10 7.35
    Heat losses corrected for radiation, watts per cm (A-C)
    .0690 .91 1.05 1.23 1.36 1.45 1.51 1.54 1.66 2.00 2.56 3.40 4.30
    .0420 .87 1.02 1.17 1.31 1.42 1.45 1.57 1.76 2.08 2.43 2.80 3.26
    .0275 .80 .92 1.05 1.22 1.35 1.37 1.46 1.50 1.67 1.91 2.32 2.70
    .0194 .70 .81 .89 1.03 1.15 1.23 1.31 1.40 1.47 1.51 1.64 1.88
    Computed radiation, watts per cm, u = 5.61 X lo-'* *
    .0690 .79 1.21 1.78 2.52 3.47 4.67 6.16 7.97 10.15 12.77 15.85 19.45
    .0420 .48 .73 1.09 1.53 2.11 2.84 3.74 4.84 6.17 7.77 9.65 11.85
    .0275 .32 .48 .71 1.01 1.38 1.86 2.45 3.17 4.05 5.09 6.32 7.75
    .0195 .22 .34 SO .71 97 1.31 1.73 2.24 2.85 3.59 4.46 5.47
    Conduction loss by silver leads, watts per cm
    .0420 .42 .46 .49 .61 .75 .88 1.00 1.07 1.13 1.22 - -
    .0275 .18 21 28 .35 .43 .48 .55 .57 .60 .67 - -
    .0195 .06 .08 .08 .09 .ll .12 .14 .15 22 23 - -
    Convection loss by air, watts per cm
    .0420 .45 .56 .68 .70 .67 .57 .59 .69 .95 1.21 - -
    .0275 .62 .71 .77 .87 .92 .89 .91 .93 1.07 1.24 - -
    .0195 .64 .73 .81 .94 1.04 1.11 1.17 1.25 1.29 1.30 - -
    *This value is lower than the presently (1950) accepted value of 5.67.

    Part 2.-Wires of bright platinum 40-50 cm long served as radiators to surroundings


    at 300" K

    Observed energy losses in watts per cm


    Diam-
    eter Absolute temperatures
    wire, A
    cm 500" 700" * 900' 1100" 1300' 1500° 1700" 1900'
    .0510 .22 .52 .90 1.42 2.03 2.89 4.10 5.65
    .02508 .17 .39 .68 1.02 1.45 2.00 2.68 3.55
    .01262 .13 .31 .53 .79 1.11 1.46 1.95 2.71
    .00691 .12 29 .48 .72 99 1.33 1.79 2.48
    .00404 .ll 24 .41 .61 .84 1.14 1.54 2.13
    Energy
    -. radiated in watts per c m *
    .Oslo .002 .013 .049 .137 .323 .67 1.25 2.15
    .02508 .001 .007 ,024 .067 .159 .33 .62 1.06
    .01262 .001 .003 .012 .034 .080 .17 .31 .53
    .00691 .ooo .002 .007 .019 .044 .09 .17 29
    .00404 .OOO .001 .004 .011 .026 .05 .10 .17
    "Convection" losses in watts Der cm
    .Oslo 22 .51 .85 1.28 1.7i 2.22 2.85 3.50
    .02508 .17 .38 .66 .95 1.29 1.67 2.06 2.49
    .01262 .13 .31 .52 .75 1.03 1.29 1.64 2.18
    .00691 .12 29 .47 .70 .95 1.24 1.62 2.19
    .00404 .ll 24 .41 .60 .81 1.09 1.44 1.96
    Thickness of theoretical conducting- air film in cm
    .0510 28 .30 .33 .33 .36 .37 .35 .36 Means.34
    .025Q8 .30 .37 .37 .41 .45 .45 .5 1 .56 .43
    .01262 .42 .42 .44 .49 .56 .69 .69 .47 .54
    .00691 .31 .32 .38 .40 .43 .47 .38 26 .37
    .00404 27 .43 .43 .47 .56 .47 .40 25 .41
    Means .31 .37 .39 .42 .49 .49 .47 .38 .43t
    Computed with u = 5.32, hlackbody efficiency of elatinurn as follows (Lummer and Kurlbaum) :
    492"K, ,039; 654', ,060;795', ,075; 1108O, .112; 1481 , .154; 1761"K, .180. t Weighted mean.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    117
    TABLES 111-125 -TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS OF
    MATERIALS
    T A B L E 111.-MELTING A N D BOILING POINTS O F T H E CHEMICAL E L E M E N T S
    (Metals in boldface type are often used as standard melting points.)
    Symbol Melting Boiling Symbol Melting Boiling
    and point point and point point
    Element atomic No. "C "C Element atomic No. "C "C
    Actinium .......Ac 89 1197 Neodymium .....Nd 60 1024
    Aluminum .....A1 13 660.1 2450 Neon .......... Ne 10 .248.59 .246.08
    Antimony ....'.Sb 51 630.5 1637 Nickel ........Ni 28 1453 2850
    Argon .........Ar 18 - 189.37 . 185.86 Niobium .......Nb 41 2480 5000
    Arsenic ........As 33 817 613 Nitrogen .......N 7 .209.97 .195.80
    Astatine ........At 85 Osmium .......0 s 76 2700 4400
    Barium ........Ba 56 710 1637 Oxyge? ........0 8 .218.79 .182.97
    Beryllium ..... .Be 4 1283 2480 Palladium .....Pd 46 1552 3100
    Bismuth ........ Bi 83 271.3 1560 Phosphorus ....P 15 44.2 280
    Boron .......... B 5 Platinum ...... P t 78 1769 3800
    Bromine .......Br 35 - 7.20 59 Plutonium ......P u 94 639
    Cadmium ......
    Cd 48 321.03 765 Polonium ..... . P o 84 254 960
    Calcium ........ Ca 20 850 1492 Potassium ......K 19 63.2 766
    Carbon .........C 6 Praseodymium . . Pr 59 935 3000
    Cerium ........Ce 58 804 2900 Promethium .... Pm 61
    Cesium .........Cs 55 28.64 685 Protactinium .. . P a 91
    Chloriye .......C1 17 - 100.99 .34.06 Radium ........ Ra 88 700
    Chromium ...... Cr 24 1903 2640 Radon ......... Rn 86 . 71 .62
    Cobalt ........CO 27 1492 3150 Rhenium ...... .Re 75 3150 5600
    Copper ........ CU 29 1083.0 2580 Rhodium ......
    Rh 45 1960 3960
    Dysprosium ....Dy 66 1500 2300 Rubidium ......Rb 37 38.8 701
    Erbium ........E r 68 1500 2600 Ruthenium .....Ru 44 2400 4000
    Europium ......Eu 63 Samarium ......Sm 62 1050 1600
    Fluorine ....... F 9 - 219.61 .188.44 Scandium ......Sc 21 1400 3900
    Francium ......Fr 87 Selenium ....... Se 34 217.4 684.8
    Gadolinium .....Gd 64 1420 Silicon ......... _Si. 14
    . 1410
    Gallium ........Ga 31 29.80 2240 Silver .........Ag 47 960.8 2190
    Germanium .....Ge 32 938 2800 Sodium ........ N a 11 97.82 890
    Gold ..........Au 79 1063.0 n
    o0 Strontium ...... Sr 38 770 1370
    Hafnium .......Hf 72 2220 5200 Sulfur .........S 16 119 444.60
    Helium ........He 2 .269.93 Tantalum ......T a
    Technetium ....T c
    73 2980 5500
    Holmium ....... H o 67 1500 43
    Hydrogen ...... H 1 - 259.19 .252.76 Tellurium ......T e 52 450 990
    Indium .........In 49 156.61 2000 Terbium .......T b 65 1450
    Iodine .......... 1 53 113.6 183 Thallium ....... T1 81 303.6 1460
    Iridium .......I r 77 2443 Thorium .......T h 90 1695 4250
    Iron ...........Fe 26 1535 2900 Thulium ....... Tm 69 1650
    Krypton .......Kr 36 - 157.3 .153.35
    Tin ............Sn 50 231.91 2600
    Lanthanum .....La 57 Titanium ...... .Ti 22 1675 3300
    920 3370 Tungsten ......W 74 3380 5500
    Lead ..........P b 82 327.3 1750 Uranium .......U 92 1132 4000
    Lithium ........ Li 3 180.55 1331 Vanadium ......V 23 1890 3400
    Lutetium .......Lu 71 1700 Xenon .........Xe 54 .112.5 .108.1
    Magnesium ....Mg 12 650 1120 Ytterbium ......Yb 70 824
    Manganese .....Mn 25 1244 2050 Yttrium ........ Y 39
    Mercury ....... Hg 80 -
    38.87 356.57 Zinc ..........Zn 30 419.50 908
    Molybdenum ...Mo 42 2610 Zirconium ......Zr 40 1852 4400
    T A B L E llP.-MELTING PARAMETERS O F ARGON "

    Pressure. Melting dT
    . A= Latent beat
    kg/cmZ point do (cmS/g) ka.cal / a
    .
    1 83.9" K . .0238 .07% 280
    1.000 106.4
    -~ .0211 .0555 280
    2.000 126.3 .0192 .0425 279
    3. 000 144.9 .0178 .0340 277
    4. 000 161.9 .0165 .0280 275
    5.000 177.8 .0155 .0240 276
    6.000 192.9 .0146 .0210 277
    a Bridgman. P. W., Proc . Amer . Acad. Arts and Sci., vol . 70. p. 25. 1935 .
    SMITHSOMAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    118
    T A B L E 113.-MELTlNG T E M P E R A T U R E S I N "C FOR A N U M B E R O F L I Q U I D S AS P
    FUNCTION O F PRESSURE"

    Pres-
    sure Ethyl n-Butyl Ethyl n-Propyl Chloro- Carbon Chloro- Methylene
    kg/cm2 alcohol alcohol bromide bromide form bisulfide benzene chloride Water
    0 -117.3"C -893°C -119°C -110OC - 63.5"C -111.6"C - 45.2"C -%.7"C ..
    5,000 - 76 -33 - 70 - 56 + 10 - 51 + 25 -46 ..
    10,000 - 39
    15,000 - 5
    +12
    +49
    - 29
    + 5 + 34
    - 8 + 76
    +137
    0
    46 +
    :::I*
    +130 +42
    0 ..
    +52.5"
    20,000
    25,000
    +
    25
    54
    +80
    108
    + 34 + 71
    58 105
    +192
    1;
    +166 +82 +72.8
    243 + 222 120 102.8
    30,000 82 132 80 138 .. 170 157 137.1
    35,000 109 155 .. 169 .. 209 .. .. 166.6
    40,000 .. .. .. 197 .. .. .. .. 192.3
    Bridgman, P. W., Journ. Phys. Chem., vol. 9, p. 795, 1941.
    Second modification of the solid.

    T A B L E 114.-VOLUME-PRESSURE R E L A T I O N FOR ARGON *


    Volume, cm*

    Pres-
    sure
    kg/cmz +55"C +25"C 0°C -90°C --101.4"C ' C -153.5"C
    700 - 1.262 1.179 - - -
    800 - 1.175 1.105 - - .724
    1,000 - 1.060 1.006 - - .697
    1,300 - .962 .920 - - .677
    1,600 - .898 .864 - - .657
    2,000 .a0 .846 .818 - -
    2,500 .831 .808 .785 - .687
    3,500 .772 .751 .733 .661 .656
    4,500 .730 .712 .697 .641 .632
    5,500 .698 .669 .624
    6,000 .685 - -
    10,000 .617
    12,000 .5%
    15,000 .573
    For reference, see footnote 43, p. 117.

    T A B L E 115.-MELTING PARAMETERS O F NITROGEN *


    Pressure
    kg/cm' Melting dT
    - AV Latent heat
    P point dfi (cm*/g) kg cal/g
    1 63.2" K .0209 .072 218
    1,000 82.3 .0176 .058 271
    2,000 98.6 .0153 .047 302
    3,000 113.0 .0135 .040 334
    4,000 125.8 .0124 .033 335
    5,ooO 137.8 .0117 .029 342
    6,000 149.2 .0112 .026 346
    . For reference, see footnote 43, p. 117.

    SYITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 116.-VOLUME-PRESSURE R E L A T I O N FOR N I T R O G E N * 119
    Volume, cm8

    Pressure
    kg/cm2 +23.5'C 0°C -50°C -100°C -140°C
    3,000 1.2374 1.2069 1.1422 1.0754 1.0226
    4,000 1.1615 1.1391 1.0881 1.0327 .9876
    5,000 1.1061 1.0870 1.0451 .9997 .9613
    6,000 1.a52 1.0487 1.0117 .9729 .9412
    For reference, see footnote 43, p. 117.

    T A B L E 117.-EFFECT O F PRESSURE ON M E L T I N G P O I N T

    Highest
    experimental
    Melting point pressure dt/dO At (observed)
    Substance at 1 kg/cm2 kg/cm2 at 1 kg/cma for 1000 kg/cm'J
    2 .................
    ................ -38.85
    59.7
    12,000
    2,800
    .00511
    .0136
    5.1 *
    13.8
    Na
    Bi
    ................
    .................
    97.62
    271.0
    12,000
    12,000
    .00860
    -.00342
    +12.3
    - 3.5 t
    +
    Sn ................. 231.9 2,000 .00317 3.17
    Bi ................. 270.9 2,ooo -.00344 - 3.44
    Cd . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . 320.9 2,000 .00609 6.09
    Pb ................. 327.4 2,000 .00777 7.77
    At (observed) for 10,000 kg/cm2 is 50.8". t Na melts at 177.5" at 12,000 kg/cm*; K at 179.6";
    Bi at 218.3". Pb at 644'. Luckey obtains melting point for tungsten as follows: 1 atm, 3623°K;
    8, 3594; 18, jsn; 28, 3564.

    T A B L E 118.-EFFECT OF PRESSURE O N F R E E Z I N G O F W A T E R *

    Pressure kg/cm2 Freezing point Phases in equilibrium


    1 .o Ice I-liquid
    1,000 - 8.8 Ice I-liquid
    2,000 -20.15 Ice I-liquid
    2,115 -22.0 Ice I-ice 111-liquid (triple point)
    3,000 -18.40 Ice 111-liquid
    3,530 -17.0 Ice 111-ice V-liquid (triple point)
    4,000 -13.7 Ice V-liquid
    6,000 - 1.6 Ice V-liquid
    6,380
    8,000
    + .16
    12.8
    Ice V-ice VI-liquid
    VI-liquid
    (triple point)
    Ice
    12,000 37.9 Ice VI-liquid
    16,000 57.2 Ice VI-liquid
    20,000 73.6 Ice VI-liquid
    For reference, see footnote 43, p. 117.

    T A B L E 119.-EFFECT O F PRESSURE O N B O I L I N G P O I N T

    Metal Pressure C Metal Pressure O C Metal Pressure C


    Bi ... 10.2cmHg 1200 Ag .. 26.3cmHg 1780 Pb .. 20.6cmHg 1410
    Bi ... 25.7cmHg 1310 Cu .. 10.0cmHg 1980 Pb .. 6.3atm 1870
    Bi ... 6.3atm 1740 Cu .. 25.7cmHg 2180 Pb .. 11.7atm 2100
    Bi . . . 11.7atm 1950 Sn .. 10.1 cmHg 1970 Zn .. 11.7atm 1230
    Bi ... 16.5atm 2060 Sn . . 26.2cmHg 2100 Zn .. 21.5atm 1280
    A g .. 10.3cmHg 1660 Pb .. 10.5cmHg 1315 Zn .. 53.0atm 1510

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    120
    TABLE 120.-DENSITIES AND M E L T I N G AND BOILING POINTS OF
    INORGANIC COMPOWNDSf

    Density
    atmut Melting Boiliy Pressure
    Substance Chemical formula 2O'C point, "C point, C mmHg
    Aluminum chloride ....... AICls ................ 2.44 190 t 182.7 752
    nitrate ........ AI(NO& +
    9 H 2 0 .... 70.0 134t ...
    oxide ......... ALOS ................ 2050 2580 53
    Ammonia ................ N H J .................... - 77.7 - 33.35 760
    Ammonium nitrate ....... NH,N03 ............. 1 169.6 210t ...
    phosphite .... N H I H ~ P O S........... 123 145 t ...
    sulfate ....... (NHJzSO, ........... 1 146.9 ... t ...
    Antimony pentachloride ..SbCL ................ 2.35 2.8 140 68
    trichloride ..... SbCIs ................ 3.14 73.4 223 760
    Arsenic hydride ......... ASH$ ................... -113.5 - 54.8 760
    trichloride ...... AsCL ................ 2.20 - 18 130.2 760
    Barium chloride ........ BaCI, ................ 3.86 962 1560 760
    nitrate .......... Ba( NO& ..... . 3.24 592 ... ...
    perchlorate ...... Ba(C104)z ..... .... 505 ... ...
    Bismuth trichloride.. .... BiCL .......... . 4.75 232.5 447 760
    Boric acid .............. HJBOa ............... 1.46 185 ... ...
    anhydride ........ B,O, ................. 1.79 450 ...
    Borax (sodium borate .... NazB40, .............. 2.36 741 15io t ...
    Cadmium chloride ....... CdCL ................ 4.05 561 ... ...
    +
    nitrate ......... Cd( NO,), 4HzO . . . 2.45 59.5 ... ...
    Calcium chloride ......... CaClz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.26 774.0 ... ...
    +
    chloride ......... CaCL 6Hz0 .. 29.6 200 ...
    nitrate .......... Ca (N0 3 ) , 561 ... ...
    nitrate .......... Ca(N03)? 42.3 ... ...
    oxide ........... CaO .... 2570 2850 ...
    Carbon tetrachloride ..... CCL .... - 24 76.7 760
    dioxide .......... CO, ............. - 56.6 f - 78.5 subl.
    disulfide ......... CSZ .................. 1.26 -111.6 46.2 760
    monoxide ........ CO -207 -192 760
    trichloride ....... CLls ....... 184 185 ...
    ~-
    Chloric (wr) acid ........ HCIO, ............... 1.764 -112 39 t 56
    Chlorine dioxide ......... CIOz ....................
    I

    - 59 9.9 731
    Chrome alum ............ KCr(SO,), + 12 Hi0 .. 1.83 89 ... ...
    +
    nitrate .......... Crz(N03)s 18 H20 . . . . . 37 170 760
    Chromium oxide ......... CrO, ................. 5.21 1990 ... ...
    Cobalt sulfate ............ CoSO, ...... . 3.710 989 ... ...
    Cupric chloride .......... CuCL ................ 3.05 498 t ...
    +
    nitrate ............ Cu(NO3)S 3 H20 ....2.05 114.5 170t 760
    Cuprous chloride ......... Cu,Clz ................ 3.7 421 13662 760
    Hydrogen bromide ....... H B r ........ ....... - 88.5 - 67.0 760
    chloride ....... HCI .................... -111.3 - 83.7 755
    fluoride ....... H F .................. .99 - 92.3 19.4 755
    iodide ......... H I ...................... - 50.8 - 35.7 760
    peroxide ....... H20, ................. 1.5 - 2 152.1 47
    phosphide ..... PH3 .................... 133.5 - 87.4 ...
    sulfide ......... H,S ..................... - 82.9 - 62 ...
    Iron chloride ............ FeCh ................. 2.80 282 315 ...
    nitrate ............. Fe(NO& +
    9 H,O . . . . 1.68 47.2 t ...
    ...
    sulfate ............. FeSO,+ 7 H 2 0 ....... 1.90 64 t
    Lead chloride ............ PbCL ................ 5.8 501 9502 760
    Magnesium chloride ...... MgCL ................ 2.18 708 1412 ...
    oxide ........ M g O ................. 3.4 2800 ... ...
    nitrate ....... Mg(NO,), +
    6 HzO . . . 1.46 100 t 760
    sulfate ....... MgSO. .............. 2.66 1124 t ... ...
    +
    Manganese chloride ...... MnCL 4 HzO ....... 2.01 58 t 760
    nitrate ....... Mn(NO& +
    6 H20 ... 1.82 26 129t 760
    sulfate ....... MnSO, .............. 3.25 700 850t ...
    Mercuric chloride ........ HgCL ................ 5.42 276 302 ...
    Prepared by F. C. Kracek, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington.
    t Decomposes. $ At 2.5 atm pressure. 5 At 5.2 atm pressure.
    (contimed)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    121
    T A B L E 120.-DENSITIES AND M E L T I N G A N D BOILING POINTS O F
    INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (concluded)
    Density
    about Meltitg Boiling Pressure
    Substance Chemical formula 2O'C . C
    Doint.
    . point, "C mmHg
    Mercurous chloride ....... Hg2CIz ............... 7.10 302& 384 ...
    Nickel carbonvl ......... NiC.0, ............... 1.32 - 25 43 760
    +
    nitrate- ........... NI((Nb3)Z 6 H,O . . . 2.05 56.7 136.7f 760
    oxide ............ N i 0 ................. 6.69 2090 ... ...
    Nitric acid .............. H N 0 3 ................ 1.502 - 42 86 760
    anhydride ......... N z 0 5 ................. 1.64 30 48 t 760
    oxide ............. N O ..................... 4 6 3 . 6 -151.8 760
    peroxide .......... N z 0 4 ................. 1.49 - 9.3 21.3t 760
    Nitrous anhydride ....... N20, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.45 -102 3.5t 760
    oxide ........... N 2 0 .................... -102.4 3.5t 760
    Phosphoric acid (ortho) ... H3P04 ............... 1.83 42.45 ... ...
    Phosp:iorous acid ........ H3P03 ............... 1.65 73.6 ... ...
    disulfide ..... P3SB .................... 298 337 II 760
    oxychloride ..
    POCL ................ 1.68 1.3 108 760
    pentasulfide .. PZSS ... 276 514 760
    trichloride ..
    PCls - 91 75.5 750
    trisulfide .... P,S3 ...... 172.5 407.5 760
    Potassium acid phosphate.. KHZPO. .. 252.6 t ... ...
    carbonate ..... K2C03 .... 891 ... ...
    chlorate ....... ............... 2.34 368.4 400 t ...
    chloride ....... KC1 .......... 1.99 776 1500 760
    chromate ..... K2CrOI .............. 2.72 968.3 t ...
    cyanide ....... K C N ................ 1.52 634 ... ...
    dichromate ....
    K2Cr201 .............. 2.69 398 ... ...
    hydroxide ..... K O H ................ 2.04 360 1320 760
    nitrate ........ KNO, ............... 2.10 334 400 f ...
    perchlorate .... KClO, ........... 2.52 610 410 t 760
    ........... 2.66 1076 t ...
    ........... 5.56 455 550 ...
    3 ............... 4.35 212 444 t ...
    perchlorate ........ AgCIOI .............. 2.81 486 t ... ...
    phosphate ......... Ag3POI .............. 6.37 849 ... ...
    metaphosphate ..... A g P 0 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 ... ...
    sulfate ............ AgSO, ............... 5.45 652 085 t ...
    Sodium carbonate ........ NaZCO3 .............. 251 851 t ...
    chlorate ......... NaC103 .............. 2.48 248 t ...
    chloride ......... NaCl ................ 2.17 801 1413 760
    hydroxide ....... N a O H ............... 2.13 318 ... ...
    +
    hyposulfite ....... NaLL 2 H,O . . . . . . . . . . . 52 t t 760
    subl.
    metaphosphate ... NaP03 . 640 >I100 ...
    nitrate .......... NaNO? . 310 380 t ...
    perchlorate ...... NaClO, .............. 2.53 482 t t ...
    pyrophosphate ... NarPzOl .............. 2.45 880 ... ...
    884 t ...
    32.88 ... ...
    tetraborate ....... Na2B,01 .............. 2.36 741 1570 760
    Sulfur dioxide ........... SO2 .................... - 72.7 - 10 760
    trioxide .......... SO,a .... 16.8 44.9 760
    Sulfuric acid ............ H S O a ................ 1.83 10.5 338t 760
    acid ............ H S O , H20 +........ 1.79 8.61 290t 760
    acid (ovro) ..... .............. 1.89 35 t ...
    760
    760
    760
    760
    nitrate ............. Zn(NC 760
    sulfate ............. ZnSO, ...
    /I At 10.5 mmHg pressure.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    122
    TABLE lPl.-DENSITIES AND M E L T I N G AND BOILING POINTS OF
    ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

    Pressure 1 atm
    Melting Boiling unless
    Chemical Density Tzmp. pfint point otherwise
    Substance formula g/cms C C "C stated
    Paraffin series : C,H2.+2. Normal compounds only
    Methane ........... CH4 . . . . . . . . . 415. -164 -184 -161.4
    Ethane ............ CZHe . . . . . . . . .546 . 88 -172.0 . 88.3
    Propane ........... CaHs . . . . . . . . .595 . 44 -189.9 . 42.0
    Butane ............. c4H10 . . . . . . . . .6011
    Pentane ........... C5H12 . . . . . . . . .631 20
    0 -135.0
    -138.0
    +
    + .6
    36.2
    Hexane ........... C.H.. . . . . . . . . .660 20 . 94.3 69.0
    Heptane ........... ClHle . . . . . . . . .684 20 . 90.0 98.4
    Octane ............ GH18 . . . . . . . . .704 17 . 56.5 124.6
    Nonane ............ CgHz0. . . . . . . . .718 20 . 53 150.6
    Decane ............ C1OH22 . . . . . . . .747 20 . 32.0 174
    Undecane ......... CIlH24 . . . . . . . .741 20 . 26.5 197
    Dodecane .......... CIZHZO. . . . . . . .768 20 . 12 216
    Tridecane ......... C I ~ H Z. . . . . . . .757 20 . 6.2 234
    Tetradecane ....... c~H30. . . . . . . .765 20 + 5.5 252.5
    Pentadecane ....... C15H32 . . . . . . . .772
    Hexadecane ....... CieHa, . . . . . . . .775
    20
    20
    + 10
    20
    270.5
    287.5
    Heptadecane ....... CiIHae . . . . . . . .778 20 22.5 303
    Octadecane ........ C,sH, ........777 20 28 317
    .Nonadecane ....... C&40 . . . . . . . .777 32 32 330
    Eicosane .......... C20H42 . . . . . . . .778 37 38 205 15 mmHg
    Heneicosane ....... C21H44 ........775 45 40.4 215 15 mmHg
    Docosane .......... c22H48 ........778 44 44.4 224.5 15 mmHg
    Tricosane ......... C23H48 . . . . . . . .779 48 47.7 320.7
    Tetracosane ....... C Z ~ ........
    H ~ ~ 779 61 54 324
    Pentacosane ....... C&52 . . . . . . . .779 20 54 284 40 mmHg
    Hexacosane ....... C2,H5, . . . . . . . .779 20 60 296 40 mmHg
    Heptacosane ....... C2,H5, . . . . . . . .779 60 59.5 270 15 mmHg
    Octacosane ........ C2aH, ........779 20 65 318 40 mmHg
    Nonacosane ....... CmHeo ........780 20 63.6 348 40 mmHg
    Triacontane ....... C3&2 . . . . . . . .780 20 70 235 1.0 mmHg
    Hent riacontane .... C3, HOr . . . . . . . . 781 68 68.1 302 15 mmHg
    Dotriacontane ..... C32HW . . . . . . . .775 79 75 310 15 mmHg
    Tetratriacontane ... CrHTo . . . . . . . .781 20 76.5 255 1.0 mmHg
    Pentatriacontane ... C36H72 . . . . . . . 782. 75 74.7 331 15 mmHg
    Hexatriacontane ... CJuH7, . . . . . . . .782 76 76.5 265 1.0 mmHg
    Olefines or the Ethylene series : CnH2... Normal comDounds only
    Ethylene .......... C2H. . . . . . . . . .566 -102 -169.4 -103.8
    Propylene ......... C3He . . . . . . . . .609 - 47 -185.2 . 47.0
    Butylene .......... C.H. .........635 - 13.5
    Amylene .......... C. HI. . . . . . . . . .651 20 -139 36.4+
    Hexylene ......... CeHu . . . . . . . . .67 0 - 98 69
    Heptylene ......... C7Hl, . . . . . . . . .703 20 .10 9699
    Octylene .......... CsHie . . . . . . . . .722 17 104 123
    Nonylene .......... CBHl6 . . . . . . . . .73 15 149.9
    Decylene .......... CloHm . . . . . . . .763 0 .87 172
    Undecylene ........ CllH22 . . . . . . . .763 20 193
    Dodecylene ........ CI2H2, . . . . . . . .762 15 .31.5 96 15 mmHg
    Tridecylene ........ CIIHZ8. . . . . . . .80 0 232.7
    Tetradecylene ...... CX4H26 . . . . . . . .775 20 .12 246
    Pentadecylene ...... c15HW . . . . . . . .814 247
    Hexadecylene ...... CieHaz . . . . . . . .789 20 + 4 274
    Octadecylene ...... C16H38 . . . . . . . .79 1 20 + 19 179 15mmHg
    Eicosylene ......... CmH40 . . . . . . . .871 0 395
    Cerotene .......... C27Hs ....... 58
    Melene ............ C30HW ........890 20 63 380
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    123
    T A B L E 121.-DENSITIES A N D M E L T I N G A N D BOILING POINTS OF
    ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
    Pressure 1 atm
    Melting Boiling unless
    Chemical Density Tpmp. pzint yint otherwise
    Substance formula g/cm3 C C C stated
    Acetylene series : CnHzn.z. Normal (:ompounds only
    Acetylene ......... CzHz .........613 - 80 . 81.8 . 83.6
    Allylene ........... C3Hl .........660 - 13 -104.7 . 27.5
    Ethylacetylene ..... CIHs .........668 0 -130 18.5 +
    Propylacetylene ....CsH8 .........722
    Butylacetylene ..... CBHlo .......
    0 . 95
    -150
    40
    71.5
    +
    Amylacetylene ..... CIHlz ........738 13 . 70 110.5
    Hexylacetylene .... C8Hlr ....... 270 0 125
    Undecylidene ...... 213
    Dodecylidene ...... .810 - 9 - 9 105 Y'mHg
    Tetradecylidene ....
    Hexadecylidene ....
    306
    304 20
    +
    6.5 +
    6.5 134
    160
    20 " " "
    Octadecylidene ..... 302 30 30 184 " " "

    Monatomic alcohols : C,,H,.+,OH. Normal communds only


    Methyl alcohol ..... CH30H . . . . . .792 20 . 97.8 64.5
    Ethyl alcohol ...... CzHsOH .....789 20 -117.3 78.5
    Propyl alcohol ..... CsH, O H ....804 20 -127 97.8
    Butyl alcohol ...... C. HDOH .....810 20 . 89.8 117.7
    Amy1 alcohol ......C5Hl10H .....817 20 . 78.5 137.9
    Hexyl alcohol ..... C.H. O H .....820 20 . 51.6 155.8
    Heptyl alcohol .....GHlsOH .... 317 22 34.6 175.8
    Octyl alcohol .......GH.. O H . . . . .827 20 . 16.3 194
    Nonyl alcohol ...... CoHlpOH .....828 20 - 5 215
    Decyl alcohol ...... CIoH2,O H ... 329 20 + 7 231
    Undecyl alcohol .... C,,H, O H ... 333
    Dodecyl alcohol ....C..H, O H ... 331
    20
    20 24
    +
    19 146
    259
    30 mmHg
    Tridecyl alcohol .... C13HnOH . . . .822 31 30.5 156 15 mmHg
    Tetradecyl alcohol .. C.. HmOH . . . .824 38 38 167 15 mmHg
    Pentadecyl alcohol .. ClSH, OH ... 46
    Cetyl alcohol ...... C16HmOH . . . .798 79 49.3 344
    Octadecyl alcohol .. C18Hs10H ... 312 59 58.5 210.5 15 mmHg
    Alcoholic ethers : C.Hm+zO
    Dimethyl ether ..... C. H.0 .......6606 20 -138 .24.9
    Diethyl ether ......
    Dipropyl ether .....
    GHIDO .......714 20 -116.3 + 34.5 8-123.3 b. pt .
    C.H,,O .......747 20 -122 89
    Di-n-butyl ether ... C8H180 .......769 20 149
    Di-sec-butyl ether .. 'I .756 21 121
    Di-iso-butyl ether .. 'I
    .762 20 122.5
    Diamyl ether ...... CloHZ20 ......774 20 190
    Di-iso-amyl ether .. " .783 12 172.2
    Dihexyl ether ...... C..H, 0 ..... 208.8
    Diheptyl ether ..... C..H, 0 ......815 0 260
    Dioctyl ether ....... C..H, 0 ......820 0 291.8
    Ethyl ethers : C.Hzn+20
    Etbyl-methyl ...... C3H80 .......73 20 + 7.9
    -propyl ....... C5HlzO .......747 20 <- 79
    .. -isopropyl ...... .745
    .n . butyl ...... C.H.. 0 .......752
    0
    61.4
    54
    ..-iso-butyl .....
    .is,. amyl ..... CrHlaO .......764
    .751
    20
    20
    91.4
    80
    .. .n . hexyl ..... C8Hls0 .......63
    .n . heptyl ..... CDHzoO.......790
    18 112
    137
    ..n . octyl ...... ClnHpO . . . . . .794
    16
    17
    (continued)
    166.6
    183

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    124
    T A B L E 12l.-DENSITIES AND M E L T I N G AND BOILING POINTS O F
    ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (concluded)
    Miscellaneous
    Densitv and
    terny i a t u r e Melting Boi!ing
    Chemical C point point
    Substance formula “C “C
    Acetic acid ........... C H L O O H ............. 1.115 0 16.7 118.5
    Acetone .............. CH3COCHa ..............792 0 - 94.6 56.1
    Aldehyde ............. CIHIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .783 . 0 -124 20.8
    Aniline ............... CoH6NHz ............... 1.038 0 - 6 183.9
    Beeswax ...................................... 9 6 2 ... 62 ...
    Benzene .............. CeHs .................... 879 20 5.48 80.2
    Benzoic acid .......... GHeO, ................. 1.293 4 121 249
    Benzophenone ........ (C.H.). CO .............. 1.090 50 48 305.9
    Butter ......................................... 90 ... 25 ...
    Cainphor ............. CioHieO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 . 10 176 209
    Carbolic acid ......... C.H. O H ................ 1.060 21 41 182
    Carbon bisulfide ...... CS. .................... 1.292 0 -108 46.2
    tetrachloride .. CCl, .................... 1.582 21 - 28 76.7
    Chlorobenzene ........ CeHrCl ................. 1.111 15 -40 132
    Chloroform ........... CHCI. .................. 1.4989 15 - 63.3 61.2
    Cyanogen ............ CZNz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 35 -21
    Ethyl bromide ........ CzHaBr ................. 1.45 15 -117 38.4
    chloride ........ CzHsCl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .918 8 -141.6 12
    ether ........... C. HioO ..................716 0 -116 34.6
    iodide .......... CzHsI .................. 1.944 14 108 72
    Formic acid .......... HCOOH ............... 1.242 0 8.6 100.8
    Gasoline ....................................... 6 8 2 ... ... 70-90
    Glucose .............. CHO(HCOH).CH, O H .. 1.56 ... 146 ...
    Glycerine ............. C.H.O. ................. 1.269 0 17 290
    Iodoform ............. CHI3 ................... 4.01 25 119 ...
    Lard .......................................... 90 ... 29k ...
    Methyl chloride ....... CH. C1 ...................0992 -24 .98 -24.1
    iodide ........ CHJ ................... 2.285 15 .64 42.3
    Naphthalene .......... CaH,.C,H4 .............. 1.152 15 80 218
    Nitrobenzene ......... C.H.O. N ............... 1.212 7.5 5 211
    Nitroglycerine ........ C.H.N.0, ............... 1.60 ... 3 ...
    Oleomargarine ................................ .92-. 93 20 35-38
    Olive oil ...................................... 92 ... 20 t 3002
    Oxalic acid ........... C2H,04.2Hz0 ........... 1.68 ... 190
    Parafin wax. soft .................................. 35-52 35b-390
    hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5256 390-430
    Pyrogallol ............ CBH.(0H), ............. 1.46 40 133 293
    Spermaceti .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
    . 15 45 k ...
    Starch ............... C.H. ................ 1.56 ... none ...
    Stearine .............. ( C.gH3.0.),C3H. . . . . . . . . . .925 65 71 ...
    Sugar. cane ........... C..H..O.. ............... 1.588 20 160 ...
    Tallow. beef ................................... 94 15 27-38 ...
    mutton ................................ 94 15 32-41 ...
    Tartaric acid ......... C.H.O. ................. 1.754 ... 170
    Toluene .............. CoH6CHI ............... 322 0 .92 iiO.31
    Xylene ( 0 ) ........... CRH4(CH3)2. . . . . . . . . . . . . 863 . 20 .28 142
    (m) .......... C.H.(CH.).
    (P) ........... CeH. ( CHI) . . . . . . . . . . .864
    . . . . . . . . . .861
    20
    20
    54
    15
    140
    138

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 122.-MELTING POINT OF MIXTURES OF METALS 125
    Melting points, "C
    Percentage of metal in second column
    Metals 6 10 20 30 40 (0 60 70 80 90 GO
    Pb Sn .... 327 295 276 262 240 20 190 185 200 216 232
    Bi .... 327 290 - - 179 145 126 168 205 - 271
    Te .... 327 710 790 880 917 760 600 480 410 425 452
    Ag .. . 327 460 545 590 620 650 705 775 840 905 %1
    Na .... 327 360 420 400 370 330 290 250 200 130 97.5
    Cu .... 327 870 920 925 945 950 955 985 1005 1020 1083
    Sb .... 327 250 275 330 395 440 490 525 560 600 630
    Al Sb .... 660 750 840 925 945 950 970 1000 1040 1010 630
    Cu .... 660 630 600 560 540 580 610 755 930 1055 1083
    Au . .. . 660 675 740 800 855 915 970 1025 1055 675 1063
    Ag .... 660 625 615 600 590 580 575 570 650 750 961
    Zn .. .. 660 640 620 600 580 560 530 510 475 425 419
    Fe . .. . 660 861)1015 1110 1145 1145 1220 1315 1425 1500 1533
    Sn .... 660 645 635 625 620 605 590 570 560 540 232
    Sb Bi .... 631 610 590 575 555 540 520 470 405 330 271
    Ag .... 631 595 570 545 520 500 505 545 680 850 961
    Sn .... 631 600 570 525 480 430
    ~. 395 350 310 255 232
    Zn .... 631 555 510 540 570 565 540 52s
    . ~ .510
    ... 470 419
    Ni Sn .... 1453 1380 1290 1200 1235 1290 1305 1230 1060 8nrl
    -__ 232
    Na Bi 97.5 425 520 590 645 690 720 730 715 570 271
    Cd 97.5 125 185 245 285 325 330 340 360 390 321
    Cd Ag 321 420 520 610 700 760 805 850 895 940 961
    T1 321 300 285 270 262 258 245 230 210. 235 303
    Zn .... 321
    ~~~ 280 270 295 313 327 340 355 370 390 419
    Au Cu ... 1063 910 890 895 905 925 975 1025 1060 1083
    ~ . . ~
    Ag ... 1063 1062 1061 1058 1054 1049 1039 1025 1006 982 96 1
    Pt 1063 1125 1190 1250 1320 1380 1455 1530 1610 1685 1769
    K Na 63 17.5
    -10 -3.5 5 11 26 41 58 77 97.5
    63 - - - - 90 110 135 162 265 -
    ?f
    Cu Ni
    63
    1083
    133 165 188 205 215 220
    1180 1240 1290 1320 1335 1380
    240 280
    1410 1430
    305
    1440
    303
    1453
    Ag .... 1083 1035 990 945 910 870 830 788 814 875 961
    Sn .... 1083 1005 890 755 725 680 630 580 530 440 232
    Zn .... 1083 1040 995 930 900 880 820 780 700 580 419
    Ag Zn 961 850 755 705 690 660 630 6io 570 505 419
    Sn %1 870 750 630 550 495 450 420 375 300 232
    Na Ha 97.5 90 80 70 60 45 22 55 95 215

    TABLE 123.-MELTlNG POINT "C O F LOW-MELTING-POINT ALLOYS *


    Percent

    Cadmium .. . . . . ... . 10.8 10.2 14.8 13.1 6.2 7.1 6.7


    Tin . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 14.2 14.3 7.0 13.8 9.4 - -
    Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.9 25.1 26.0 24.3 34.4 39.7 43.4
    Bismuth . .. . . .. . . . . 50.1 50.4 52.2 48.8 50.0 53.2 49.9
    Solidification at . . .. 65.5" 67.5" 68.5" 68.5" 76.5" 89.5" 95"
    Percent
    ~~

    Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.0 25.8 25.0 43.0 33.3 10.7 500 35.8 20.0 70.9
    Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5 19.8 15.0 14.0 33.3 23.1 33.0 52.1 60.0 9.1
    Bismuth . . . . . . . . . . . 52.5 54.4 60.0 43.0 33.3 66.2 17.0 12.1 20.0 20.0
    Solidification a t .... 96" 101" 125" 128" 145" 148" 161" 181" 182" 234"
    See Table 201.

    SMITHSNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    126 T A B L E 124.-REVERSIBLE TRANSITIONS I N CRYSTALS *
    Values are given, for the more important crystals, of the inversion temperature in "C,
    the heat of inversion in cal/g and the inversion volume change in cm*/g. No monotropic
    inversions have been included.
    h,, inversion temperature on heating ; m, metastable inversion temperature ; e, estimated ;
    g, gradual inversion (not to be confused with slow retarded inversions).

    Transition
    Transition volume
    Transition Pressure heat change
    Substance Phases t'C atm cal/g Cms/K
    AgClOI ............... .... 158 .... ....
    AgBrO, ............... .... 98.5 .... .... ....
    1 5.72 .OO%
    AgI ................... 1-11 {%.4 2720 4.95 .0101
    1-111 99.4 2720 4.22 .014
    11-111 99.4 2720 .76 .0241
    AgzS .................. 175 .... 3.85 ....
    Ag&e ................. .... 133 .... 5.65 ....
    AgzSOr ............... .... 412 .... ....
    &Nos ............... .... 159.5 .... 3.37 .0025
    AlBr3 ................. .... 70 .... .... ....
    AS203 ................. 275 .... 6 ....
    AszSz ................. red-black 267 .... .... ....
    AS& ................. red-yellow 170 .... .... ....
    Bit03 ................. .... 704 t .... .... ....
    BaCL ................. 924 .... .... ....
    BaClOr ................ .... 284 .... .... ....
    BaSO, ................ .... 1149 .... .... ....
    BaC03 ................ .... 811 & 982 .... .... ....
    Br30s ................. .... - 35 .... .... ....
    co ................... I
    -212.8 .... 5.4 ....
    CH, ................... I
    -252.7 .... 1.15 ....
    CHxOH ............... 0
    -112 .... 4.8 ....
    1 7.1 .026"
    CClr .................. 1-11 5!1{-: 8460 9.8 .0173
    11-IT1 115 8460 .9 ,0054
    1-111 115 8460 10.7 .0227
    CBr, .................. 1-11 1 5.04 .0205
    {lE 2110 4.58 ,0150
    1-111 112.6 2110 .25 .0029
    11-111 112.6 21 10 4.66 .0121
    CHzIi ................. L-1-11 8.6 180 .... ....
    L-11-111 42.8 1930 ....
    I-11-IV 9.4 325 .... ....
    11-IIT-IV 38 1825 .... ....
    CHrNz0 .............. 1-11 102.3 6535 2.34 ,0480
    (Urea) 1-111 102.3 6535 10.14 .0486
    11-111 102.3 6535 7.80 .0006
    1 45 .I560
    CHZCOOH ............ L-I 203 1 46.4 .0862
    L-I1 55.7 2033 48.2 .0992
    1-11 55.7 2033 1.85 .0130
    CHaCONH, ........... L-I 127 5220 60.9 .0319
    (Acetamide) L-I1 127 5220 58.5 .0649
    1-11 127 5220 2.41 .0330
    (CH3)zCO Z ........... 1-11 -140 to -150 .... <.5 ....
    C2Cla ................. 1-11 71.1 1 6.93 ,0280
    (Perchlor ethane) 11-111 42.7 1 2.63 .0097
    GH,NO, (IJrethane) ... L-I { :2:z 2270
    2270
    1 40.7
    37.9
    35.9
    .0599
    .0253
    .0355
    L-I1
    L-I11
    {%76.8
    4090
    4090
    34.4
    40.6
    .0184
    ,0640
    .o102
    1-11 { 22:; 2270
    3290
    2.07
    1.64 ,0092
    11-111
    1-111
    z:
    { 25.5 4990
    3290
    3290
    6.12
    5.50
    3.87
    .0456
    .0482
    .0574
    ' Arranged by F. C. Kracek, Geophysical Laboratory, Cnrnegie Institution. All other footnotes at end
    of table.
    (Corltinllctf)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    127
    T A B L E 124.-REVERSIBLE TRANSITIONS I N CRYSTALS (continued)
    Transition
    Transition volume
    Transition Pressure heat change
    Substance Phases t"C atm caVg cms/g
    11680 8.68 .0105
    CBH6(Benzene) ........ 1-11 {i!: 11680
    1
    7.73
    30.2
    .0132"
    .1317
    L-I {21i4 11680 33.25 * .0369"
    L-I1 218 11680 25.5 ,0501*
    1 29.8 .0567
    C,H,OH (Phenol) ..... L-I { 46?9
    64
    2015
    2015
    24.8
    30
    .0270
    .0825
    L-I1
    1-11 64 2015 5.2 .0555
    CH,C,H40H (o.Creso1). L-I 1 33.8 .0838
    {li% 5900 34.2 ,0317
    L-I1 103.2 5900 35 .0555
    1-11 103.2 5900 .8 .0238
    Camphor 5 ............. 1-11 87.1 1 .25 .00187
    CeHiiOH ............ 1-11 -9 1 9.38 ....
    CeHaNHzHNOs ...... 97.6 ... .... ....
    CaSO, ................ .... 1193 .... .... ....
    CaCO.,* ............... 1-11 970 high COZ .... ....
    Ca0.Si02 ............. .... 1 1 9 0 a 1 0 .... Cn. 10 ....
    2Ca0.Si02 ............ .... 1420,675 ....
    ....
    .... lOC/o,675
    ....
    c o .................... Curie point -1100 1.3
    1-11 1015 .... .... ....
    11-111 400 .... .... ....
    c o o .................. 3 5 0 2 1 0 .... .... ....
    CoOH ................ 223 .... 11.8 ....
    CSCl .................. .... 460 .... 8 ....
    csc104 ................ .... 219 .... .... ....
    cs2s0, ................ .... 660 .... .... ....
    CsNOa ................ .... 153.5 1
    ....
    4.3 .00405
    ....
    Cs2Ca2( .......... 722
    .... .... ....
    Cu2Brl ................ 390,470
    cu212 .................. 402,440 1 .... ....
    200 9600 1.091 .00485
    100 11560 .948 .00535
    cu2s .................. .... 91 .... 5.6 ....
    CulSe ................. .... 110 .... 5.4 ....
    Cu2Te ................. 351,387 .... .... ....
    Fe .................... cur'ik'&int 730 .... 6.7 2 ....
    B-r 920 .... 6.7 2 ....
    y-8 1400 .... 2 ....
    FerO, ................. Curie point 5702 .... .... ....
    Fe203 ................. 11-111 --163 to -148 .... 2.25 ....
    1-11 500a ..,. .... ....
    Fe S ................... .... 140 .... .... ....
    FeS2 .................. pyrite, marcasite .... .... .. ....
    Fe2P .................. .... 80 .... ....
    Fe3P .................. .... 440 .... .... ....
    FeTiO, ................ .... 215 .... .... ....
    HgIz .................. red-yellow 127.5 .... 1.3 .00342
    HgzIz ................. {green- y ellow .... .... .5 -t
    HgS .................. cinnabar
    metacinnabar
    3862 .... .... ....
    ICI ................... ruby-brown .... .... .... ....
    KOH ................. .... 248 5500 27.1 ....
    KCIO, ................ 1-11 255 .... ....
    11-111 P = 5500 +'io.st
    &I, = .02510 - 2 . 2 X lo-' A h , = .165 at 00, 281 at 200"
    KCIO, ................ .... .... .... ....
    1 .765 .OW95
    K2S ................... 1-11 t = 146.4 + .0124P
    1 10.5 .00481
    KNO, ................. 1-11 81 10.3 .0049
    1-111 128 81 5.6 .0138
    81 4.7 .0089
    11-111 {?.3 2840 1.3 .0156
    111-IV 21.3 2840 5.1 .0284
    11-IV 21.3 2840 3.8 .0440
    (continurd)
    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    T A B L E 1 2 4 . 4 3 EVER SlBLE T R A N S ITIO NS IN CRYSTALS (continued)
    Transition
    Transition volume
    rransition Pressure heat change
    Substance Phases t"C atm caVg cmS/g
    KzSOI ................ 13 ....
    KHSO, ............... 1-11 1 .71 .00066
    1773 2.29 .00197
    11-111 1 3.61 .00566
    3.30 .00570
    11-IV .166
    .134
    I-IV 2.03
    111-IV 3.44
    .............. 450 .... .... ....
    .............. 278 .... .... ....
    .............. .... 410 .... .... ....
    KCNS .. .............. .... 143 1 3.10 ,00306
    K*Pb(SO, ) z ........... .... .... .... ....
    K*CdI, .. .............. .... .... .... ....
    KzCrO, . .............. .... .... 12.6 ....
    K,Cr*O, . .............. .... 1.40 ....
    KzMoOi . .............. .... .... ....
    KZWO, . .............. .... 8.2
    .... 1.6
    KZCa2(S0& ........... .... 937 .... .... ....
    K 3 r( ............ .... 775 .... .... ....
    KLiSO, ............... .... 435 .... .... ....
    KSOZ ................. 1-11 11.7 .0315
    {lz: 1 E 7.15 .0378
    K,O( SiO,), ............ .... 290 .... .... ....
    2KzO(AlZO3)(SiOl)~". . .... 714 .... .... ....
    LiCI03 ................ 41.5,99 .... .... ....
    LiSO, ................ 580 .... 55*1 ....
    (&O)?(B;03)sMgCI ... .... 266 .... 1.8 ....
    MgO.SIOz ............ .... .... ..>. ....
    M n ................... .... 74i,'ii9i .... .... ....
    MnSO, ................ .... 860 .... .... ....
    MnOz ................. -185 to -175 .... .88 ....
    MnO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... -153 to -163 .... 2.08 ....
    N* .................... .... -237.6 .... 1.9' ....
    NH,Cl ................ .... -30.5' .... ... ....
    1-11 184.3 .... 16.3 .0985
    KHIBr ................ .... -38' ....
    . ... .... ....
    1-11 137.8 1 7.78 .0647
    XH41 ................. .... -42.5' ..., .... ....
    1-11 -17.6 1 4.80 ,0561
    NH,ClO, .............. 240 .... ....
    NHIHSOI ............. 1-ii:I-11 126.2 1800 ..
    11-111-IV 176.9 5480 ..
    (NH,)3H(SO,)z ....... .... 134 .... ..
    NH,CNS ............. 1-11 120 .... .... ....
    11-111 87.7 1 10.36 .0409
    NH,NOj .............. L-I 169.5 1 16 .051
    1 12.9 ,01351
    1-11
    I-VI
    {;%
    186.7
    8730
    8730
    12.6
    12.3
    .00475
    .00855
    11-VI 8870 .27 .00309
    {igz:! 8730
    1 4
    .33 .00380
    .00758
    11-111 { 3.!: 830
    1
    2.48
    4.67
    ,00925
    ,02026
    111-IV { 2g.3 830
    830
    4.03
    6.51
    .02135
    .01210
    11-IV {I;: 8870 11.84 .01267
    IV-VI 169.2 8870 12.1 .00958
    IV-v -18 1 1.6 .017
    NaOH ................ .... 300 .... 24.7 ....
    NaClO. ............... .... 308 .... ....
    NaC103 ............... .... 248 .... .... ....
    Na2S0, ............... IV-I11 185 .... 8.6 .0034
    111-1 24 1 .... 15.5 .0070
    (continued)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    129
    T A B L E 124.-REVERSIBLE TRANSITIONS I N CRYSTALS (concluded)
    Transition
    Transition volume
    Transition Pressure heat change
    Substance Phases t"C atm caV8 cmS/g
    NaF.NaZSO4 ........... .... 105 .... .... ....
    NazCOs ............... 430 .... ... ....
    NaNO, ............... .... 275' .... (8&2) (.0081)
    ....
    NaaAlFa .............. .... 568 .... 59
    NazMoO, ............. .... 424,585,623 .... .... ....
    NazWO, .............. I-L 581.6 .... 25.1 .018
    11-1 .588.8 .... 3.3 .oo
    111-11 695.5 .... 19.4 .035
    NaAlSiO, ............. neph.-carn. 1250 .... ....
    carnegieite 226,650-690 .... cal ....
    NaCzHoOI ............ .... 198' ....
    ....
    ....
    ....
    ....
    ....
    Ni .................... Curie point 355
    NisSz ................. .... 545 .... .... ....
    NisAsz ................ .... 970 .... .... ....
    Oxygen ............... 1-11 -229.5 .... 6.2
    11-111 -249.5 .... .75 ....
    1 4.90 .0193
    Phosphorus ........... L-I 6000 6.53 .0120
    6000 43.9 .00846
    1-11 {587
    68:: 12000
    ....
    55.2
    ....
    .00684
    ....
    PbO .................. red-yellow
    PbSO, ................ 870 .... 13.4 ....
    PbCrO, ............... .... 707,783 .... ....
    PtiWO, ............... .... 877 ........ ....
    RbOH ................ .... 245 .... 16.8 ....
    RbCIO, ............... .... 279 ........ ....
    RbSO, ............... .... 653 ........ ....
    RbCa,( SO,), .......... 787,915 .... .... ....
    RbLiSO, .............. .... 142 .... .... ....
    ....
    RbNOj ................ 1-11 219 ....
    11-111 164.4 1 7.12 .00688
    .... 218.6 5810 5.93 .00434
    RbCl .................. .... 50 5525 .... ....
    RbBr ................. .... 50 4925 .... ....
    RbI ................... .... 50 4050 .... ....
    ....
    Sulphur ............... 1-11 95.5 1 2.7
    L-1-11 155 1410 .... ....
    SbzOa ................. rhomb.-reg. 570 .... .... ....
    SbCI, ................. 1-11-111 65,69.5 .... .... ....
    SiO, .................. 1-11 573 ....
    ....
    2.6 ....
    SiO, ................. 1-11 215 2.7 ....
    SiO, ................. 1-11 150h
    104
    ....
    ....
    .63
    .96
    ....
    ....
    11-111
    SiO, .................. 0, L 867 .... 8.7 ....
    0, r 1250 .... 25 ....
    a, r 1470 .... 7.5 ....
    Sn .................... .... 161 .... .2 small
    ....
    .... 18 .... 4.4
    SnO, .................. .... 430,540 .... .... ....
    SrSO, ................. .... 1152 .... .... ....
    SrCO, ................ .... 925 high COZ .... ....
    TlClOi ................ .... 226 .... .... ....
    T1I ................... .... 173 .... .... ....
    TIN03 ................ 1-11 144.6 1 2.86 .00244
    11-111 75 1 .89 .OW73
    TI picrate ............. ... 44 ....
    ....
    .... .018
    ....
    TI .................... ... 230 .3 k
    TiBr, ................. .... -15 .... .... ....
    wzc ..................
    ZnS 4 ..................
    ....
    ....
    2400
    1020
    .... ....
    ....
    ....
    ....
    ZrOz .................. .... ca 1000 .... ....
    t Third modification at room temperature. f: Acetone. D Five other modifications; not accurately
    located. ll Very heautiful for demonstration purposes. a Leucite. b Probably pentamorphic, inv.
    at 1150" and 1300°C. c Acetate. d Sluggish. e Quartz. f Cristobalite. g Zincblende and
    wurtzite. h Tridymite.

    SYITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    130

    -
    TABLE 125.-TRANSFORMATION AND M E L T I N G TEMPERATURES OF LIME-
    A L U M l N A S l L l C A COMPOUNDS AND EUTECTIC M I X T U R E S *

    Percent
    Substance CaO _ _
    AI..O:t SiO? Transformation Temp. "C
    casioa .......... 48.2 - 51.8 Melting t .......................... 154022
    CaSi03 .......... 48.2 - 51.8 a to p and reverse .................. 120022
    CazSiO, .......... 65. - 35. Melting ........................... 2130210
    .......... 65. - 35. y to p and reverse .................. 67525
    "
    .. ........ 65. - 35. p to a and reverse .................. 142022
    Ca3SizOl . ........ 58.2 - 41.8 Dissociation into CaSiO, and liquid.. 1475f5
    Ca3SiOs .. ........ 73.6 - 26.4 Dissociation into CazSiO, and CaO. . 1 9 0 0 5
    Ca3AlzOa . ........ 62.2 37.8 - Dissociation into CaO and liquid.. .. 1 5 3 5 5
    CasAlsO14 ........ 47.8 52.2 - Melting ........................... 145525
    CaALO. . ........ 35.4 64.6 - Melting ........................... 1600*5
    CarAIloOls ....... 24.8 75.2 - Melting ........................... 1720*10
    AlzSiOs .. ........ - 62.8 37.1 Melting ........................... 1816r+10
    CaAlzSizOa ....... 20.1 36.6 43.3 Melting ........................... 1550*2
    CazAlzSiOl ....... 40.8 37.2 22.0 Melting ........................... 1590k2
    CaaAlzSiOa ....... 50.9 30.9 18.2 Dissociation into CazSiO,+CazAlzSi01
    and liquid ..................... 133525
    Eutectics Eutectics
    Percent Melting Percent Melting
    Crystalline Crystalline teomp.
    phases
    , -A- t

    CaO AI2O3 SIOZ "?? phases


    > -A- - ,
    CaO A1-03 s10z C
    CaSiO~,Si02 37 - 63. 1436 Ca AlzSi20s
    Ca,Si03
    3Ca0,ZSiOZ } 54.5 - 45.5 14552
    1265
    CazSiOl
    CaO. } 67.5 - 32.5 20652 1380
    A1,SiOs,SiOz - 13. 87. 1610 AlzOa
    AlzSiOs,AlzO. - 64. 36. 1810 CazSiO,
    CaALSizos
    CaSi03 } 34.1 18.6 47.3 1299
    CaALO.
    CaJAlsOl,
    49.5 43.7 6.8 1335

    CaALSizos } 10.5 19.5 70. I359


    SiOz
    CaAlzSizos } 23.2 14.8 62. 1165
    SiOz,CaSiOa Quintuple points
    CazA1zSiO1} 49.6 23.7 26.7 1545 CazA.lzSiOl
    CazSi0,
    CaAlzSiSO8 }
    CaaSilOl 48.2 11.9 39.9 1335
    A1203 19.3 39.3 41.4 1547 CazSiOI
    *lzSiOs,>iOJ
    CaA1zSizos 9.8 19.8 70.4 1345 CazAlzSiO,
    Ca.Si0. 48.3 42. 9.7 1380
    }
    i
    35. 50.8 14.2 CaklzO.
    CazAISlO1
    Ca3AlloOl~
    552 CaAlzSizOa
    15.6 36.5 47.9 1512
    CazA1zSiO1
    Ca ALO. } 37.8 52.9 9.3 512
    AlzO?
    AlzSlOs
    CazAlzSiOl CasAlloOls
    CaALO. 37.5 53.2 9.3 505 CazAlzSiOl 31.2 44.5 24.3 1475
    CasAlloO18 A1zOa
    CaA1.Siz08
    } 302 36i3 33' 385
    CazAlzSiOl
    CaZAlzSiO,
    Ca3SizOl
    CaSi03
    1 47.2 11.8 41. 1310 Quadruple points
    CazAlaSio'
    CaSiOa } 45.7 13.2 41.1 1316 1475

    The majority of these determinations are by G. A. Rankin.


    t Theaccuracy of the melting paints is 5 to 10 units. (Geophysical Laboratory.)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLES 126-129.-CHANGES I N FKEEZING A N D 131
    BOILING P O I N T S
    T A B L E 126.-LOWERING O F F R E E Z I N G P O I N T S BY S A L T S I N S O L U T I O N
    In the first column is given the number of gram-molecules (anhydrous) dissolved in 1000
    g of water ; the second contains the molecular lowering of the freezing point ; the freezing
    point depression is the product of these two columns. After the chemical formula is
    given the molecular weight. Temperatures in "C.

    -ag -2 g -2r.;g
    a';
    g.5
    gmol
    1OOOgH20
    ig
    2'
    g mol
    1000 g HnO
    25
    Ci-
    g mol
    1000 g HsO
    00
    ag
    x-
    Pb(N03)z, 331.0 .4978 2.02" MgCL, 95.26
    .000362 5.5" .lo00 3.42 .8112 2.01 .0100 5.1"
    .001204 5.30 .2000 3.32 1.5233 2.28 .0500 4.98
    .002805 5.17 .500 3.26 BaCl,, 208.3 .1500 4.96
    .005570 4.97 1.000 3.14 .00200 5.5" .3000 5.186
    .01737 4.69 LiNO,, 69.07 5.2 .6099 5.69
    .5015 2.99 .0398 3.4" 5.0 KCl, 74.60
    Ba(NO,),, 261.5 .1671 3.35 4.95 .02910 3.54"
    .OW383 5.6" .4728 3.35 4.80 .05845 3.46
    .001259 5.28 1.0164 3.49 4.69 .112 3.43
    .002681 5.23 AIz(SO,),, 342.4 4.66 .3139 3.41
    .005422 5.13 .0131 5.6" 4.82 .476 3.37
    .008352 5.04 .0261 4.9 5.03 1.om 3.286
    Cd(NO,)z, 236.5 .0543 4.5 .750 5.21 1.989 3.25
    .00298 5.4" .lo86 4.03 CdCl,, 183.3 3.269 3.25
    .00689 5.25 217 3.83 .00299 5.0" NaCl, 58.50
    .01997 5.18 CdSO,, 208.5 .00690 4.8 .00399 3.7"
    .04873 5.15 .000704 335" .0200 4.64 .0100 3.67
    A g N O , 167.0 .002685 3.05 .0541 4.11 .0221 3.55
    .1506 3.32" .01151 2.69 .0818 3.93 .04949 3.51
    .5001 2.96 .03120 2.42 214 3.39 .lo81 3.48
    .8645 2.87 .1473 2.13 .429 3.03 2325 3.42
    1.749 2.27 .4129 1.80 .858 2.71 .4293 3.37
    2.953 1.85 .7501 1.76 1.072 2.75 .700 3.43
    3.856 1.64 1.253 1.86 CuClz, 134.5 NHaC1, 53.54 !
    .0560 3.52 KSO,. 174.4 .0350 4.9" .0100 3.6"
    .1401 3.58 .00200 5.4" .1337 4.81 .0200 3.56
    .3490 3.28 ,00398 5.3 .3380 4.92 .0350 3.50
    K N O , 101.9 ,00865 4.9 .7149 5.32 .loo0 3.43
    .0100 3.5 .0200 4.76 CoCl,, 129.9 .zoo0 3.396
    .0200 3.5 .0500 4.60 .0276 5.0" .4000 3.393
    .0500
    .lo0
    3.41
    3.31
    .lo00
    .200
    4.32
    4.07 .
    1094 4.9 .7000 3.41
    200 3.19 .454 3.87 .2369 5.03 LiCl, 42.48
    CUSO,, 159.7 .4399 5.30 .00992 3.7"
    .250 3.08 .538 5.5 .0455 3.5
    .500 2.94 .000286 3.3" .09952 3.53
    .750 2.81 .OW843 3.15 CaCl,, 111.0
    1.000 2.66 .002279 3.03 .0100 5.1" 2474 3.50
    .006670 2.79 .05028 4.85 .5012 3.61
    NaNO,, 85.09 .7939 3.71
    .0100 3.6" .01463 2.59 .lo06 4.79
    .0250 3.46 .lo51 2.28 .5077 5.33 BaBr,, 297.3
    .0500 3.44 2074 1.95 ,946 5.3 .loo 5.1"
    .zoo0 3.345 .4043 1.84 2.432 8.2 .150 4.9
    .500 3.24 8398 1.76 3.469 11.5 200 5.00
    .5015 3.30 MgSO,, 120.4 3.829 14.4 .500 5.18
    1.000 3.15 .OW75 3.29 .0478 5.2 AlBr,, 267.0
    1.0030 3.03 .002381 3.10 .153 4.91 .0078 1.4"
    NHINO,, 80.11 .01263 2.72 .331 5.15 .0559 1.2
    .0100 3.6" ,0580 2.65 .612 5.47 .1971 1.07
    .0250 3.50 .2104 2.23 .998 6.34 .4355 1.07
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    132
    T A B L E lPB.-LOWERING OF F R E E L I N Q P O I N T S BY S A LTS I N S OLU TI ON
    (concluided)
    -: :
    a'c
    -2:a';
    gmol
    1000gHzO
    $E-i g mol
    1000 g H?O
    a:
    z-
    8u

    CdBr,, 272.3 KOHr56.16 N a z S i 0 3 ,122.5 .472 2.20"


    .00324 5.1" .00352 3.60" .01052 6.4" .944 2.27
    .00718 4.6 .00770 3.59 .05239 5.86 1.620 2.60
    .03627 3.84 .02002 3.44 .lo48 5.28 (COOH),, 90.02
    .0719 3.39 .05006 3.43 2099 4.66 .01002 3.3"
    .I122 3.18 .lo01 3.42 S233 3.99 .02005 3.19
    220 2.96 2003 3.424 HCl, 36.46 .05019 3.03
    ,440 2.76 230 3.50 .00305 3.68" .lo06 2.83
    ,800 2.59 .465 3.57 .OM95 3.66 .2022 2.64
    CuBr,, 223.5 C H I O H , 32.03 .nioo 3.6 .366 2.56
    .0242 5.1" ,0100 1.8" .01703 3.59 .648 2.3
    .0817 5.1 .0301 1.82 .!I500 3.59 C,Hs(OH)a, 92.06
    ,2255 5.27 2018 1.811 .lo25 3.56 .0200 1.86"
    6003 5.89 1.046 i.86- .zoo0 3.57 ,1008 1.86
    CaBr,, 200.0 3.41 1.88 .3000 3 612 2031 1.85
    .0871 5.1" 6.200 1.944 ,464 3.68 .535 1.91
    .1742 5.18 CZHsOH, 46.04 .516 3.79 2.40 1.98
    .3484 5.30 .000402 1.67" 1.003 3.95 5.24 2.13
    S226 5.64 ,004993 1.67 1.032 4.10 (CzHs)zO, 74.08
    MgBr,, 184.28 .0100 1.81 1.500 4.42 . . ~ ~ .1.6"
    .0100
    .0517 5.4" .02892 1.707 2.000 4.97 .0201 1.67
    .lo3 5.16 .0705 1.85 2.115 4.52 .lo11 1.72
    207 5.26 ,1292 1.829 3.000 6.03 2038 1.702
    .517 5.85 2024 1.832 3.053 4.w Dextrose, 180.1
    KBr, 119.1 .5252 1.834 4.065 5.67 .0198 1.84"
    '.0305 3.61' 1.0891 1.826 4.657 6.19 .0470 1.85
    .1850 3.49 1.760 1.83 HNOa, 63.05 .1326 1.87
    .6801 3.30 3.901 1.92 .@2004 3.55" .4076 1.894
    250 3.78 7.91 2.02 .05015 3.50 1.102 1.921
    ,500 3 56 11.11 2.12 .Oslo 3.71
    CdI,, 366.1 18.76 1.81 .lo04 3.48 Levulose, 180.1
    .00210 4.5" .0173 1.80 .lo59 3.53 .0201 1.87"
    .00626 4.0 .0778 1.79 .2015 3.45 2050 1.871
    .02062 3.52 KzCO,, 138.30 .250 3.50 .554 2.01
    .04857 2.70 .0100 5.1" so0 3.62 1.384 2.32
    .1360 2.35 .0200 4.93 1.ooo 3.80 2.77 3.04
    .333 2.13 .0500 4.71 2.000 4.17 Ci,HzsOn, 342.2
    .684 2.23 .loo 4.54 3.000 4.64 .OW332 1.90"
    .888 2.51 ,200 4.39 HjPOz, 66.0 .001410 1.87
    KI,166.0 N a z C 0 3 ,106.10 .1260 2.90" ,009978 1.86
    .0651 3.5" .0100 5.1" 2542 2.75 .0201 1.88
    .2782 3.50 .0200 4.93 S171 2.59 .1305 1.88
    6030 3.42 .0500 4.64 1.071 2.45 HzSO,, 98.08
    1.003 3.37 .lo00 4.42 HaPOs, 82.0 .00461 4.8"
    SrL, 341.3 2000 4.17 .0745 3.0" .0100 4.49
    454 5.1"
    .~ N a S O , , 126.2 .1241 2.8 .Om 4.32
    .iO8 5.2 ,1044 4.51" 2482 2.6 ,0461 4.10
    216 5.35 .3397 3.74 1.oo 2.39 .lo0 3.96
    .327 5.52 .7080 3.38 H3PO,, 98.0 .ZOO 3.85
    N a O H , 40.06 NazHPO,, 142.1 .0100 2.8" .400 3.98
    .02002 3.45" .01001 5.0" .02oo 2.68 1.000 4.19
    .05005 3.45 .02003 4.84 .0500 2.49 1.500 4.96
    .lo01 3.41 .05008 4.60 .I000 2.36 2.000 5.65
    .2000 3.407 .loo2 4.34 2000 2.25 2.500 6.53

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    133
    T A B L E 127.-RISE OF BOILING P O I N T PRODUCED BY SALTS DISSOLVED
    I N WATER
    This tables gives the number of g of the salt which. when dissolved in 100 g of water. will
    raise the boiling point by the amount stated in the headings of the different columns The .
    pressure is supposed to be 76 cmHg.
    Salt 1°C 2" 39 4" 5" 7" 10" 15" 200 25"
    BaClz+2Hz0 ....... 15.0 31.1 47.3 63.5 (71.6 gives 4O.5 rise of temp.)
    CxClz .............. 6.0 11.5 16.5 21.0 25.0 32.0 41.5 55.5 69.0 84.5
    Ca(NO,), +2Hz0 ... 12.0 25.5 39.5 53.5 68.5 101.0 152.5 240.0 331.5 443.5
    KOH .............. 4.7 9.3 13.6 17.4 20.5 26.4 34.5 47.0 57.5 67.3
    KCzH30z ........... 6.0 12.0 18.0 24.5 31.0 44.0 63.5 98.0 134.0 171.5
    KCI ............... 9.2 16.7 23.4 29.9 36.2 48.4 (57.4 gives a rise of 8O.5)
    K.CO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5
    ............. ~~ ~
    22.5 32.0 40.0 47.5 ~ 60.5 78.5 103.5 127.5
    ~~ 152.5
    KCIO, ............. 13.2 27.8 44.6 62.2
    KI ................. 15.0 30.0 45.0 60.0 74.0 99.5 134. 185.0 (220gives 18O.5)
    KNO, .............. 15.2 31.0 47.5 64.5 82.0 120.5 188.5 338.5
    K.C.H.O. +$H20 ... 18.0 36.0 54.0 72.0 90.0 126.5 182.0 284.0
    KNaCIHIOn ........ 17.3 34.5 51.3 68.1 84.8 119.0 171.0 272.5 390.0 510.0
    KNaC,H, Oa+4Hz0 . 25.0 53.5 84.0 118.0 157.0 266.0 554.0 5510.0
    LiCl ............... 3.5 7.0 10.0 12.5 15.0 20.0 26.0 35.0 42.5 50.0
    LiC1+2Hz0 ........ 6.5 13.0 19.5 26.0 32.0 44.0 62.0 92.0 123.0 160.5
    MgClz+6H20 ...... 11.0 22.0 33.0 44.0 55.0 77.0 110.0 170.0 241.0 334.5
    MgS0, +7Hz0 ..... 41.5 87.5 138.0 196.0 262.0
    NaOH ............. 4.3 8.0 11.3 14.3 17.0 22.4 30.0 41.0 51.0 60.1
    NaCl ............... 6.6 12.4 17.2 21.5 25.5 33.5 (40.7 gives 8".8 rise)
    NaN0, ............. 9.0 18.5 28.0 38.0 48.0 68.0 99.5 156.0 222.0
    NaC2HaOz+3HZO... 14.9 30.0 46.1 62.5 79.7 118.1 194.0 480.0 6250.0
    Na2S20%............ 14.0 27.0 39.0 49.5 59.0 77.0 104.0 152.0 214.5 311.0
    NazHP04 .......... 17.2 34.4 51.4 68.4 85.3
    Na,C,H, Oo+2Hz0 . . 21.4 44.4 68.2 93.9 121.3 183.0 (237.3 gives 8".4 rise)
    Na2S,0,+5Hz0 ..... 23.8 50.0 78.6 108.1 139.3 216.0 400.0 1765.0
    NaXO..C1OH.O .... 34.1 86.7 177.6 369.4 1052.9
    Na.B.0. +lOHzO ... 39. 93.2 254.2 898.5 (5555.5 gives 4".5 rise)
    NH4Cl ............. 6.5 12.8 19.0 24.7 29.7 39.6 56.2 88.5
    NH,NO, ........... 10.0 20.0 30.0 41.0 52.0 74.0 108.0 172.0 248.0 337.0
    (NH,),SO, ......... 15.4 30.1 44.2 58.0 71.8 99.1 (115.3 gives 108.2)
    SrC12+hH20 ....... 20.0 40.0 60.0 81.0 103.0 150.0 234.0 524.0
    S r ( N 0 , )z .......... 24.0 45.0 63.6 81.4 97.6
    C, HnOn ............. 17.0 34.4 52.0 70.0 87.0 123.0 177.0 272.0 374.0 484.0
    CzH,O, + 2 H z 0 ..... 19.0 40.0 62.0 86.0 112.0 169.0 262.0 540.0 1316.0 50000.0
    C,H,O,+H, 0 ...... 29.0 58.0 87.0 116.0 145.0 208.0 320.0 553.0 952.0
    Salt 40°C 60" 80" 100' 120' 140" 160' 180' 200" 240"
    CaCL .......... 137.5 222.0 314.0
    K O H .......... 92.5 121.7 152.6 185.0 219.8 263.1 312.5 375.0 444.4 623.0
    NaOH . . . . . . . . . 93.5 150.8 230.0 345.0 526.3 800.0 1333.0 2353.0 6452.0 -
    N H 4 N 0 3 . . . . . . . 682.0 1370.0 2400.0 4099.0 8547.0 03
    C,HaO, ......... 980.0 3774.0 (infinity gives 170)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    134 TABLE 128.-FREEZING MIXTURES
    Column 1 gives the name of the principal refrigerating substance, A the proportion of that
    substance, B the proportion of a second substance named in the column, C the proportion of a
    third substance, 1
    7the temperature of the substances before mixture, E the temperature of the
    mixture, F the lowering of temperature, G the temperature when all snow is melted, when snow
    is used, and H the amount of heat absorbed in heat units (calories when A is grams). Tempera-
    tures are in "C.

    Substance A B C .D E F G H
    NaCzH3OZ(cryst.) . 85 . HzO-100 10.7 4.7 15.4
    NHICl ............ 30 " "
    13.3 - 5.1 18.4
    NaNOs ............ 75 " "
    13.2 - 5.3 18.5
    Na2Sz03 (cryst.). ... 110 " "
    10.7 - 8.0 18.7
    K I ................ 140 I' "
    10.8 -11.7 22.5
    CaCL (cryst.) ...... 250 'I 'I
    10.8 -12.4 23.2
    NH4NOa .......... 60 " I'
    - 13.6 -13.6 27.2
    (NH,),SO, ........ 25 " 50 NH.NOr25 - 26.0
    NH,CI ............ 25 " "
    '
    - 22.0
    CaCL ............. 25 " " - 20.0
    KNOI ............. 25 " "
    NH4C1-25 - 20.0
    NazSO, ........... 25 " I' " 'I
    - 19.0
    N a N 0 3 ........... 25 " '4 I' " - - 17.0
    K S O , ............ 10 srlpw O!l -1 - 1.9 .9
    NazCOJ (cryst.) ...20 -1 - 2.0 1.o
    KNO. ............. 13 " "
    -1 - 2.85 1.85
    CaCL ............. 30 " "
    -1 -10.9 9.9
    NH,CI ............ 25 " "
    -1 -15.4 14.4
    NH,NOa .......... 45 I' "
    -1 -16.75 15.75
    NaN03 ........... 50 " "
    -1 -17.75 16.75
    NaCl ............. 'I 'I
    -1 -21.3 20.3 -
    'I 1.097 -1 -37.0 36.0 .O
    " 1.26 -1 -36.0 35.0 17.0
    HzSO, +HzO
    (66.1% HzSO,)
    "
    "
    1.38
    2.52
    -1
    -1
    -35.0
    -30.0
    34.0
    29.0
    27.0
    133.0
    '' 4.32 -1 -25.0 24.0 273.0
    1 " 7.92 -1 -20.0 19.0 553.0
    " 13.08 -1 -16.0 15.0 967.0
    " .35 0 - - .O 52.1
    ' l .49 0 - -19.7 49.5
    " .61 0 - -39.0 40.3
    -
    CaCL + GHzO "

    "
    .70
    .81
    0
    0 -
    -54.9* 30.0
    46.8
    " 1.23 0 - 88.5
    I 1 " 2.46 0 - 192.3
    0 - 392.3
    .' /J 0 -30.0 -
    Alcohol at 4" ( !! C 9 2 s$id -72.0
    Chloroform ........ - -77.0
    Ether ............. - '1 I'
    -77.0
    Liquid SO1 ........ " " - -82.0
    20 5.0 33.0
    1 " .94 20 - 4.0 21.0
    1 " "
    10 - 4.0 34.0
    1 " " 5 - 4.0 40.5
    1 Snow " 0 - 4.0 122.2
    NHINOa 1 HzO-1.20 10 -14.0 17.9
    1 Snow 'I 0 -14.0 129.5
    1 HzO-1.31 10 -17.51 10.6
    1 Snow " 0 -17.5* 131.9
    1 HzO-3.21 10 - 8.0 .4
    1 Snow 0 - 8.0 327.0
    Lowest temperature obtained.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 129.-ANTIFREEZlNG SOLUTIONS * 135
    (For automobile radiators, etc.)

    Percent by volume in water with freezing points a n d


    specific gravities
    Percent by volume 10 20 30 40 50
    Typical commercial methanol
    antifreeze ............... - 5.2"C - 12.0"C - 21.1"C -3 2 . 2 ~ - 45.0"C
    Sp. gr. at 15"C/15"C ........ .986 ,975 ,963 .950 .935
    Typical commercial ethanol
    antifreeze ............... -3.3"C - 7.7"C - 14.2"C -2Z.O"C -30.6"C
    Sp. gr. at 15"C/15"C.. . . . . . . ,988 .977 .967 .955 .938
    Commercial glycerine t
    antifreeze ............... - 1.6"C - 4.7"C - 9.5"C - 15.4"C -23.0"C
    Sp. gr. at 1S0C/15"C. . . . . . . . . . 1.023 1.048 I .074 1.101 1.128
    _ . commercial ethvlene
    Tvoical
    glycol t antifreeze ........ -32°C - 83°C - 15.5"C -24.3"C -36.5"C
    Sp. gr. at 15"C/15"C ........ 1.015 1.030 1.045 1.060 1.074
    T h i s table was prepared f r o m data furnished by F. G. Church of the National Carbon Co., and A. J.
    Kathman, of Procter Sr Gamble Co. t Glycerine and ethylene' glycol a r e practically nonvolatile. All
    types must be suitably inhibited to prevent cooling-system corrosion. Commercial antifreeze solutions
    based on ethylene g!ycol (Prestone) and on glycerine (Zerex) a r e in use a t the present time.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    136
    T A B L E S 130-141.-HEAT FLOW A N D T H E R M A L CONDUCTIVITY
    T A B L E 130.-CONVERSION FACTORS B E T W E E N U N I T S O F H E A T F L O W

    -
    joules
    sec cmz
    or
    watts/cmz
    cal
    ___
    sec cm2
    k?oca!
    hr m2
    -Btu
    hr ft2 hp/ft* watts/in.*
    1 watts/cm2 = 1 2390 8602. 3171. 1.246 6.452
    cal
    1 - - 4.185 1 36000. 1.327 x 10' 5.212 27.00
    sec cm2 -

    1 = 1.163 x lo-' 2.778 x 1 .3687 1.448 X lo-' 7.500 x 10.'


    hr mz

    1
    h r ft'
    = 3.153 X lo-' 7.535 x 2.713 1 3.928 x 10-4 2.035 x
    1 hp/ft2 = 8027 .I918 6905. 2546. 1 5.179
    1 watt/in.2 = .I550 3.704 x lo-' 1333. 491.5 ,1931 1

    T A B L E 131.-THERMAL C O N D U C T I V I T Y OF V A R I O U S S U B S T A N C E S
    P a r t 1.-Various Substances

    Substance, kt Substance, kr Substance,o kt


    temperature "C cgs temperature 'C cgs temperature C cgs
    Aniline B P 183, - 160.. .000112 Lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..00029 Q y r t z 1 to axis, -190. ,0586
    Carbon gas ........... ,0111
    Carbon' graphite ...... ,012
    Carborhndum ......... .00050 Quartz I1 to axis,
    Rock salt. 30.. . . . . . . . . ,0150
    Rubber, vulcanized,
    -160 . . . . . . . . . . . . ,00033
    Fire-hrick ............ ,00028 . .00068 Rubber, 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . ,00037
    Fluorite, -190 ........ .093 Naphthol, 0 . . . . . . . . . . ,00062 Rubber, para
    Fluorite, 0 ...... Nitrophenol M P 114,
    Glycerine, -160 -160 . . . . . . . . . . . . ,00106 Snow! fresh, dens.=.ll. .00026
    Nitrophenol. 0 . . . . . . . . ,00065 Vaseline. 20
    Paraffin M P 54, -160.. ,00062 Vulcanite . . . .
    Paraffin, 0 ............ .a0059

    P a r t 2.-Rocks '5

    Conduc- Conduc. Conduc-


    tivity, K tivity, K tivity, K
    Typ. % Temp. watts T$mp. 2!%5
    Rock C cmdea Rock "C cm deg C cmdeg
    Granite ....... 100 23.RxlO-3 Limestone: Slate:
    500 15.9 Japan ......... 25 to Wales ... 30 2 0 ~ 1 0 - ~
    Barre, Vt.. .. 0 27.9 9 x 10-3 Penna.
    sn 26.2 Penna. I to bed . . . 0 19.4
    loo Zi:? II to bed . . . 0 34.5 Madoc ...... 120 16
    200 23.0 1 to bed.. . 0 25.5 Shale ......... . . . 17-10
    Granite gneiss.. ... 28-18 Chalk . . . . . . .; 9.2 Silty clay ..... 17 15.4
    Granite schist.. ... 27.2 Marble (17 vari- Fireclay, Bore-
    Quartz monzon- eties) ..... 30 32.21 land bore . . 17 18.3
    ite, Calif.. . 0 31.6 Black ....... 124 16 Rocksalt. Hol-
    100 29.2 White ...... 125 14 ford . . . . . . 17 72
    Basalt ........... 22-18 Sandstone, Bore-
    land bore . . 17 41.8
    Soapstone . . . . . . . . 34
    '6 Birch, Francis, Handhook of physical constants, Geological Society of America, 1942. Used by permission.

    T A B L E 132.-THEAMAL C O N D U C T I V I T Y OF W A T E R A N D S A L T S O L U T l O N S

    k! Solution kt Solution kt
    Substance "C cgs in water Density "C cgs in water Density "C cgs
    0 .OOlSO CuSO, 1.160 4.4 ,00118 H??O. 1.054 20.5 .00126
    KCI 1.026 13. ,00116 1.180 21. .00130
    N:CI 1.178 4.4 .00115 Zn?04 1.134 4.5 .00118
    20 .00143 - 26.3 ,00135 1.136 4.5 .00115

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 1 3 3 . 4 O N V E R S I O N FACTORS B E T W E E N UNITS O F H E A T FLOW FOR DIFFERENT GRADIENTS

    --
    cal cm watts Em
    __-
    "C
    --
    kgcal m
    ' "C
    hr m
    Bto f t
    ft* hr 'F
    hp &.
    ft* "C
    --
    hp f t
    ft' "F
    hp in.
    F"F
    watts in.
    in.' 'C
    see cmz "C c d

    1Calcm= 1. 4.185 360 241.9 2.053 9.503 x 10" 1.141 10.63


    seccm* "C
    1 %= .23% 1. 86.02 57.78 .4907 2.271 x lo-' .2727 2.540
    cm' "C
    1 kR1!!!= 2.778 X lo-* 1.163 X lo-* 1. 6.720 x lo-' 5.703 X lod 2.640 x 10-4 3.170 lod 2.953 x lo-'
    hrm' "C
    1 - Btu ft_= 4.134X lod 1.730 x 10" 1.488 1. 8.487 x lo-* 3.929 x lo-' 4.717 x lo-* 4.394
    ft'hr "F
    1 k &= .4871 2.039 175.4 117.8 1. 4.629 x lo-' .5558 5.178
    ft' "C

    1 hnft= 10.52 44.03 3787. 2546. 21.60 1. 12.00 111.8


    fta "F
    1

    -hp &= 8764


    ft* "F

    1 watts in.-- 9.407 x 10-'


    in. C
    3.668

    .3937
    315.5

    33.87
    212.0

    22.76
    1.8

    .1931
    8.333 x lo5

    8.939 X lod
    1.

    .lo73
    9.316

    1.

    c
    w
    v
    135 TABLE 134.-THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, METALS AND ALLOYS
    T h e coefficient k is the quantity of heat in small calories which is transmitted per second
    through a plate one centimeter thick per square centimeter of its surface when the differ-
    ence of temperature between the two faces of the plate is 1°C. T h e coefficient k is found
    t o vary with the absolute temperature of the plate, and is expressed approximately by
    +
    the equation kr = ko[l a ( t - t o ) ] . ko is the conductivity at to, the lower temperature of
    the bracketed pairs in the table, k r that at temperature t, and a is a constant. kr in g-cal
    per degree C per sec across cm8 = 0.239 X kt in watts per degree C per sec across cm'.

    kr kl
    Substance t"C cgs a Substance t"C CRS a
    Aluminum ....... -190 .497 - Meyry ........ 0 +.Go55
    ....... 30 .497 +.0030 ........ 50
    76.4 .550 Molybdenum ..... 17 .346 --.0001
    AntiTony ....... .......... -160 .129 -
    100" :%I- -.OO 104
    -
    Nickel
    ' .......... 18
    ..........
    .1420 -
    Bismuth ......... -186
    .........
    .025
    -70021
    ' 100
    0
    :E>
    -.00032
    .........
    B y ........... - ......
    ......
    200
    700 :E5)-.00095
    1000 .064
    ........... 17 .260 -
    .......... 1200 .05Rl --.00047
    , yellow.. ... 0 .204 +.0024 Palhdium ....... 18
    :E31+.0010
    I'

    " , red. . . . . . . 0 ,246 +.0015 ....... 100


    Cadmium, pure -160 .239 - Platinum ........
    ..... $$} -.00038 ........ 100
    P t 10% I r ........
    18
    :El +.00051
    17 .074+.0002
    Constantan ... ,. 18 ,0540 P t 10% Rh ....... 17 .072 +.0002
    (60 C u + 4 0 Ni .. 100 .0640} +'00227 Platinoid ........ 18 .060 -
    _ _ -160 1.079 Pot?;sium .......
    Copper,*
    1
    pye .
    ..
    .... 100
    18
    :;a
    -
    -.00013 ....... 57.4
    Rhodium ........
    .E}
    5.0
    17 .210
    -.0013
    -.0010
    German silver .... 0 .070 +.0027 Silver, pure ...... -160 .998 -
    G:ld ............ -190 .793 -.00007 18 1.006 -.00017
    17 ,705 .......... 100 .992>
    Graphite ........
    Iridium .........
    17 .037
    17 .141
    +.0003
    -.0005
    Sodium ..........
    .......... 88.1
    Steel ............
    :%I
    5.7
    18 .110
    -.0012
    -
    Iron,+- pure ......
    ...... 100
    Iron, wrought .... -160
    18
    .152
    :El -.0008 Tant$um ........
    ........ I700 .174
    17 .130 -.0001
    -
    ........ 1900
    Iron,
    polycrystalline . . 30 .173 1 ........ 2100 :El +.ON32
    Iron,
    Tin .............
    ...
    0
    100 :3-.00069
    polycrystalline . . 100
    Iron,
    polycrystalline . . 200 .147
    Iron,
    polycrystalline . . 800
    I r y , sfFel, lc% $. . 18
    .163 i -.0008

    -.0001
    pure ....... -160
    Tungsten ........
    ........ 2000
    ........ 2400
    ........ 2800
    .192
    17 .476
    . . . . . . . . 1600
    :%>
    ::%
    -

    +,0001
    I- 6
    -.0001
    +.Om23

    .. 100 Wood's alloy ..... - .319


    Lytd, y e ....... -160 - Zinc, pure ....... -160 -
    ....... 18 -.0001 Zinc,
    " '(
    ....... 100 polycrystalline . . 0
    Magnesium ......
    M y g a n i n .......
    "1;)
    .376
    .035 -
    Zinc,
    ~.polycrystalline . . 200 .250
    -

    (84 Cu 4 +
    Ni 12 M n ) . .
    -160
    18
    100 +.0026
    Zinc,
    polycrystalline . . 400 231
    Zinc, liquid ...... 500 .144
    1 -
    Copper: 100.197"C, kr = 1.043; 100-268",0.969; 100-370', 0.931; 100-541°,0.902.
    t Iron: 100-727"C,k t = 0.202; 100-912",0.184; 100-124S0,0.191.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    139
    T A B L E 135.-THERMAL C O N D U C T I V I T Y OF I N S U L A T I N G M A T E R I A L S .*

    Conductivity
    A

    joule/ cal/
    Density (cm'sec "C/ (cmZsec "C/
    Material g/cm3 t"C cm) cm)
    Air, 76 cmHg ... ................. .00129 0 .00023 .OW055
    Ashzstos w:d . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . ... . .40 - 100 .00068 .000162
    .................... .40 0 .00090 .000215
    .................... .40 + 100 .00101 .00024
    "
    with 85 percent M g O . . . . . . .3 30 .00075 .000179
    Br;jck, very porous, dry ........... .71 20 .00174 .00042
    machine-made, dry . . . . . . . . .54 0 .00038 .000091
    " moist, 1.2%
    vol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 50 .OW96 .00023
    Calorox, fluffy minera matter. . . . ,064 30 .00032 .000076
    Celluloid, white . . . . . . .... ... . ... 1.4 30 .ow21 .000050
    Cement mortar . . . . . . .. ......... 2.0 90 ,0055 .0013
    Chalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... .0092 .0022
    Charcoal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 20 .00055 .00013
    Coke dust ........... ........... 1.0 20 .0015 .00036
    Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 1.6 0 .008 .002
    Cork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... .OS
    .. . 0 .00032 .000076
    ............................ .05 100 .00041 .000098
    ............................ .35 0 .00061 .000146
    ............................ .35 100 .00079 .000189
    Cotton, tightly p:cked. .. . .. . . . ... .08 - 150 .00038 .000091
    ............. .08 0 ,00056 .OW133
    ............. .08 + 150 .00076 .00018
    Cotton wool, tightly packed.. . . . . . . .08 30 .00042 .00010
    Diatomite (binders may increase
    100%) ........................ .20 0 .00052 .00012
    Diat;mite, dip0 . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .20 400 .OW94 .00022
    .so 0 .OW86 .00021
    .so 400 ,00157 .00037
    Ehonite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.19 - 190 .00138 .0w33
    ......................... 1.19 - 78 .00157 .00038
    ......................... 1.19 0 .00160 .00038
    Fzlt, flax fibers.. . . . . . ... .18 30 .00047 .00011
    .
    hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 30 .00036 .000086
    "
    ,' wool .
    . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . ... .. . . .15 40 .00063 .000151
    "
    ....................... .33 30 .00052 .000124
    Flannel . ................... .000023
    Fuller's earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 30 .00101 .00024
    G l y , lead . ....... .............. 15 .0060 ,00143
    s$a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.59 20 .0072 .00172
    ..................... 2.59 100 ,0076 ,00182
    'I
    w;ol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 50 .00042 .000100
    ...................... .22 100 .00050 .000120
    ' ...................... .22 200 .00065 .000155
    ...................... .22 300 .00081 .000195
    GraEhite, 100 m:sh.. .... ......... .48 40 .0018 .00044
    40 ............... .42 40 .0038 .00093
    20 to 40 mesh. .. . . . . . . . .70 40 .0129 ,0031
    Horsehair, compressed . . . . . . . . . . . .17 20 ,00051 .000122
    Ice . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 0 .022 .0053
    Lea$er, chamois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 .00063 .OW151
    ' cowhide . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 85 ,00176 .000421
    sole . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . 1.o 30 .0016 .00038
    Linen ........................... 20 .OW86 .00021
    Linoleum, cork . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .54 20 .00080 .000191
    Mica, average ................... 50 .0050 .0012
    . Compiled from the International Critical Tables, which see for more complete data.
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    140
    T A B L E 135.-THERMAL C O N D U C T I V I T Y OF I N S U L A T I N G M A T E R I A L S
    (continued)
    Conductivity
    joule/ cal/
    Density (cmP sec "C/ (cm2 sec "C/
    Material
    Micanite . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . ... . . . . . . dcm3 t"C
    30
    cm)
    .0021-
    cm)
    .00050-
    .0042 .00010
    Mi;eral wzol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 30 .OW42 .00010
    . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 .00052 .00012
    Paper, rice . . .. . . . ... .. . .. .. . .. . . 40 .00046 .OQO11
    blotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    "
    20 .00063 .00015
    Paraffin wax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 30 .0023 .00055
    Py:t, dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .19 30 .00052 .00012
    blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .84 20 .0017 .0w41
    Poreclain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 90 .0104 .0025
    Rubber, rigid sponge, hard ........ .09 25 .00037 .000088
    sponge, vulcanized . . . . . . . .22 20 ,00054 .OOO13
    "cornrnercial, 40% rukber . . . 25 .0028 .00067
    92% ... 25 .0016 .00038
    30 .00060 .OW143
    . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .0023 .0006
    .
    Si!k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00040 .00010
    scrap from spinning mill.. . . . .10 -200 .00023 .000055
    " 'I I'
    . .. . . I' .10 - 100 .00037 .000088
    1' I'

    "
    " 'I

    ' " ..... .lo 0 .000495 .000118


    I' I'
    ..... " .10 50 .00056 .OOO134
    Snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . , .25 0 ,0016 .00038
    Steel wool . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .15 55 .00080 .000191
    "
    . .. . . . .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . .
    I'
    .08 55 .00090 .00022
    Wool, pure ... ................... .09 30 .OW36 .000086
    I'
    very loose packing.. . , .
    1'
    .04 30 ,00042 .00010
    Woods: Azh 1 t; gr:in. .. . . . . .. .74 20 .0017 .00041
    II .. .. . . . . . .74 20 ,0031 ,00074
    Balsa 1 to grain.. . . . . . . .ll 30 .00045 .000084
    Boxwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 20 .0015 .0m36
    Cedar 1 to grain ....... .48 ,0011 .00027
    Cypress 1 to grain.. .... .46 30 .OOO% .00023
    Fir 1 to grain.. . . . . . . . .54 20 ,0014 .00033
    II to grain.. . . . . . . .
    " .54 20 .0035 .00081
    L i g y m v$ae .. .. . . .. . . . 1.16 20 .0025 .00060
    . . . . . . .. ,. . 1.16 100 .0030 .0w72
    Mah:gany, 1 to grain,. . .70 20 .0016 .00038
    II to grain.. . .70 20 .0031 .00074
    Oak, 4 to grain.. . . . . . . .82 15 .0021 .00050
    II to grain ... . .. . .
    " .82 15 .0036 .00086
    Pine, pitch, 1 to grain.. . 30 .0015 .00036
    Virginia, ditto.. . . . .
    " .55 30 .0014 .00033
    white, ditto,. . . . . . . .
    " .45 60 .0011 .00026
    II to grain.. . .
    'I 'I
    .45 60 .0026 .00062
    Sprdce, 1 to grain ...... .41 .0011 .00026
    Teak, 1 to grain ....... .64 15 .00175 .00042
    ' 11 to grain ....... .64 15 ,0038 .00091
    Walnut, 1 to grain.. . . . .65 20 .0014 .00033
    Rocks: Basalt . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 20 ,020 .0048
    Chalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .om .0022
    Granite ................. 2.8 .022 .0053
    Limestone, very variable.. 2.0 20 .010 .0024
    Sl;te, 1 to cleavage ... . . , 95 ,014 .0033
    It to cleavage. . . . . . 95 .025 .0m50
    Sadgtone, air-dried . . . . . . 2.2 20 .013 .0031
    freshly cut. . . . . 2.3 20 .017 .0041
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    141
    T A B L E 135.-THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING MATERIALS
    (concluded)
    Density kc kr
    Substance g/cmS 'C cgs Substance cgs
    Asbestos fiber . . . . .. . . .. . . . 201 500 .00019 Asbestos paper . . . . . . BOO43 .
    Blotting paper . . . . . . . . .00015
    85% magnesia asbestos.. . . . . 216 { i! .OW16
    .mi7 Portland cement . . . . . . .00071
    .
    Co;!on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .021 100 .OW1 11 Chalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0020
    ............ ..... ... .lo1 '' .000071 Ebonite. t . 49" ...... ... .OOO37
    Eideidown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0021 150 Glass, mean . . . . . . . . . . ,002
    , I

    .00015
    .
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .lo9 " .000046 Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0057
    Lampblack, Cabot number 5. ,193 {k:! .OW074
    .000107
    Leather, cow-hide . . . . . .00042
    ' chamois. . . . . . . .OW15
    Quartz, mesh ZOO ... ........ 1.05 500 .00024 Linen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0002 1
    Poplox, popped NazSiO,. . . . . .093 :{ .OW091 Silk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OOOOY5
    .000160 Caen stone. limestone. . .0043
    Free stone, sandstone. . ,0021
    kt kl

    Substance
    Density
    g/cm3
    ,?'!A,
    at 20 C at 100 C Substance
    Density
    g/cm3 at 20 C
    CFS

    at 100 C
    Brick, fire . . . . . . 1.73 .00110 .00109 Boxwood . . . . . . . 0.90 ,00036 .00041
    Carbon, gas . . . . 1.42 .0085 .0095 Greenheart . . . . . 1.08 ,00112 .00110
    Ebonite . . . . . . . . 1.19 .OW14 .00013 Lignumvitae . . . . 1.16 .00060 ,00072
    Fiber, red . . . . . . 1.29 .00112 .00119 Mahogany .. . . . . 0.55 .00051 .00060
    Glass, soda . . . . . 2.59 .00172 .0@182 Oak . , . . . . . . . . . 0.65 .00058 ,00061
    Silica, fused .. . . 2.17 .00237 .00255 Whitewood . . . . . 0.58 .Om41 .00045
    Conductivity
    h , Safe
    Substance g/cms 100°C 200°C 300°C 400°C 500°C temp.
    Air-cell asbestos . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . 2 31 .00034 .0@043 .00050 - - 320
    Cork, ground ..
    . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .168 .OW15 .00019 - - - 180
    Diatomite .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326 .00028 .00032 .00037 .00042 ,00046 600
    Infusprial ear!h, natural. . . . . . . . . . . . . .SO6 .00034 .00032 ,00040 - -
    h'd pressed blocks.. . .321 .00030 .W029 ,00033 .00036 - 400
    Magnesium carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450 .OW23 .00025 ,00025 - - 300
    .
    Vitribestos . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .362 .00049 BOO66 .00079 .00090 .00102 600

    T A B L E 136.-THERMAL C O N D U C T I V I T Y OF V A R I O U S SUBSTANCES '"


    Tempera- k Tempera- k
    Material ture "C cgs Material ture "C cgs
    Amorphous carbon.. . 37-163
    .028-,003 Brick: carborundum . 150.1200 ,0032-.027
    100-360
    .ow buildina . . . . . 15-1 100 .0018..0038
    100-842
    ,129 araphite . . . . . 300-700 ,024
    Concrete : light diatomite. 200-600 .00025-00032
    insulating
    sand cement..
    ........
    ..... 250-750
    400-900
    ,00045-.00051
    ,0025-,0031
    magnesia
    Glass silk: density
    ...
    . 50-1130 .0027-,0072
    Graphite (artificial). .
    100-390 .338
    100-914 .291
    .055.....
    .083.....
    15
    17
    .000096
    .000092
    2800-3200 ,002 .16 ...... 9 .000071
    son-700 .31-.22 .21...... 10 .000075
    Limestone .......... 40 .0046-,0057 Granite ............ 100 .004~-.oo~n
    Stoneware mixtures.. 70-1000 ,0029-.0053
    Percent composition
    Tita- Cal- Mag-
    nium Ferric cium nesium Alkali Density k,
    Description Silica oxide Alumina oxide oxide oxide oxides g/cm3 cgs
    Fireclay, pottery quality.. . . 56.46 1.81 36.79 2.58 .38 .60 1.24 2.0 .0025
    Fireclay, fine quality.. . ... . 56.46 1.84 36.79 2.58 .38 .60 1.24 2.05 ,0020
    Aluminous ............... 52.0 2.7 41.3 2.5 - _ 2.0 _ ,0028
    Silica .......... ...... . . . . 95.16 .57 1.46 .85 1.96 .08 21 1.81 .0036

    '6 Griffiths, E., Journ. Inst. Fuel, vol. 15, p. 111, 1942.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    142
    T A B L E 137.-THERMAL C O N D U C T I V I T Y OF ORGANIC M A T E R I A L S A N D W A T E R
    Part 1

    kt kr kr
    Substance "C cgs Substance "C cgs Substance "C cgs
    Acetic acid . . . . . . . Carbon disulfide .
    .. . .. . . . . . -
    9-15 .Ox472 0 .03387 Oils: olive ,02395
    Alcohols: methyl. . 11 ,0352 Chloroform . . .. 9-15 .03288 castor . . . . . - ,08425
    ethyl., . . 11 .0,,46 Ether . . ..
    . .. . . . . 9-15 .03303 Toluene . . . . . . . . . 0 ,03349
    Vaseline . . . . . . . . . 2 5
    ... . .
    amyl. , . 0 .0:$345 Glycerine . . . . . . . . 25 ,0368 ,0344
    Aniline . . . . .. 0 .03434 Oils: petroleum . . 13 .03355 Xylene . . . . . . . . . . 0 .03343
    Benzene . . . . . . . . . 9-15 .0::333 turpentine .. 13 ,03325

    Part 2 *
    Conduc- Conduc- Conduc-
    tivity a t tivity a t Temp. tivity at
    1 atm 1 atm Substance "C 1 atm
    Temp. watt cm-1 Temp. watt cm-1 watt cm-1
    Substance "C deg-1 Substance "C deg-l deg-l
    Normal pentane. 30 1.347x10-* Carbon disulfide. 30 1 . 5 9 9 ~10" Water . . .. . . . . 30 6.026~10-~
    75 1.285 75 1.51s 75 6.445
    Sulfuric ether.. 30 1.377 Petroleum ether. 30 1.306 Water .... .. . . 0 5.524
    75 1.347 75 1.264 10 5.692
    20 5.859
    Acetone ....... 7530 1.795
    1.687
    Kerosene ...... 30
    75
    1.494
    1.394
    30
    40
    6.026
    6.191
    50 6.361
    60 6.529
    70 6.696
    80 6.863

    * For reference, see footnote 45, p. 136.

    T A B L E 138.-THERMAL C O N D U C T I V I T Y O F GASES
    T h e conductivity of gases, k r = f ( 9 7 - 5)pC,, where y is the ratio of the specific heats,
    C,/C., and p is the viscosity coefficient (Jeans, Dynamical theory of gases, 1916). Theo-
    retically k r should be independent of the density and has been found to be so by Kundt and
    Warburg and-others within a wide range of pressure below one atrn. It increases with
    the temperature.
    kr kr kr
    Gas t0C cgs Gas t"C cgs Gas t"C cgs
    I,$" ..... -191 CO? ..... 100 Hg ...... 203 .0000185
    ..... 0 C?H, .... 0 Tv? ...... -191 .0000183
    ..... 100 H e ...... -193 ...... 0 .0000568

    .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
    A, -183 " ...... 0 ...... 100 .0000718
    0 ''. . . . . . 100 0: ...... -191 .0000172
    . . .. . . .
    co ......
    100
    0
    .onooso9 H.I...... -192
    ...... 0
    ,000133
    .000416
    ......
    ...... 1008
    0 ,0000570
    ,0000743
    co:! . . ... - 78 . . . . . . 100 .000499 NO . . . . . .000046
    ..... 0 CH, ..... 0 .0000720 NzO ..... 0 .0000353

    *Air: k A = 5.22 (10-5) cal cm-1 sec -l deg C-l; 5.74 at 22': temp. coef. = .0029.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E lJO.-DIFFUSIVITIES 143
    The diffusivity of a substance = hZ= k / c p , where k is the conductivity for heat, c the
    specific heat and p the density (Kelvin). The values are mostly for room temperatures,
    about 18" C.

    Material Diffusivity Material 1>iff usivity


    Aluminum .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
    ,860 Coal ............................. .002
    Antimony .135 . .
    Concrete (cinder) . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .0032
    Concrete (stone) . ... . .... . . .
    . . . .. . . . . .0048
    Concrete (light s l a g ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .006
    ... ...
    Cork (ground) . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . .
    ... . .0017
    Ebonite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0010
    .. .
    Glass (ordinary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0057
    Iion (cast also 1% carbon steel). . . .121 . .. ..
    Ice ...............................
    . . ..
    Granite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0127
    ,0112
    .. .
    Lead . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24S .. Limestone ........................ ,0081
    Maanesium . . . . . .932 .
    Marble (white) , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0097
    Mercury ..........................
    Nickel . . ... ..
    . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .45
    . .. . . . ..
    Rock material (earth aver.). . . . .0118
    .. ..
    Paraffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00098
    ,155
    ... . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . .. . .
    Palladium . . . . . . . . .
    Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    .. . . ,261
    . . . . . . . ,243
    Rock material (crustal rocks). . . . . ... .0064
    Sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ,0113
    Silver ............................ 1.700 Snow (fresh) . . . . .. . . . . . . . .0033
    T i n .............................. ,407 Soil (clay or sand, slightly damp). ..... ,005
    Zinc ............................. ,413 Soil (very d r y ) . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . ,0031
    Air 1 a t m . .
    Brick (average fire). . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    Brick (average building). . . . . . . . . . .
    . .. ,0052
    ,0044
    Wood (pine with g r a i n ) . . . . . . .. . . . .. ,0023

    T A B L E 140.-THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY-LIQUIDS, PRESSURE EFFECT'7

    Conduc- Conductivity relative to unity (0 kg/cm*) a s function of


    tivity a t pressure in kg/cmZ
    Okg/cmz I
    No.* Liquid "C (cgs) 1000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 11000 12000
    1 Methyl 30 .W0505 1.201 1.342 1.557 1.724 1.864 1.986 2.043 2.097
    alcohol . . . . 75 .000493 1.212 1.365 1.601 1.785 1.939 2.072 2.133 2.191
    2 Ethyl 30 .OW430 1.221 1.363 1.574 1.744 1.888 2.014 2.070 2.122
    alcohol . . . . 75 .000416 1.233 1.400 1.650 1.845 2.007 2.152 2.217 2.278
    3 Isopropyl 30 .OM367 1.205 1.352 1.570 1.743 1.894 2.028 2.091 2.150
    alcohol .. . . 75 .OW363 1.230 1.399
    . 1.638 1.812 1.%2 2.093 2.154 2.211
    4 Normal butyl 30 .000400 1.181 1.307 1.495 1.648 1.780 1.900 1.955 2.008
    alcohol . . . . 75 .000391 1.218 1.358 1.559 1.720 1.859 1.985 2.043 2.099
    5 Isoamyl 30 .OW354 1.184 1.320 1.524 1.686 1.828 1.955 2.013 2.069
    alcohol . . . . 75 .OW348 1.207 1.348 1.557 1.724 1.868 1.998 2.063 2.126
    6 Ether .. ... .. 30 .000329 1.305 1.509 1.800 2.009 2.177 2.322 2.388 2.451
    75 .000322 1.313 1.518 1.814 2.043 2.231 2.394 2.469 2.537
    7 Acetone . . . . . 30 .OW429 1.184 1.315 1.511 1.659 1.786 1.900 Freezes
    75 .000403 1.181 1.325 1.554 1.738 1.891 2.024
    ~. 2.083 2.137
    8 Carbon 30 .OOO382 1.174 1.310 1.512 1.663 1.783 1.880 1.923 1.962
    bisulphide . . 75 .000362 1.208 1.366 1.607 1.789 1.935 2.054 Ti07 2.154
    9 Ethyl 30 .000286 1.193 1.327 1.517 1.657 1.768 1.858 1.895 1.928
    bromide ... 75 ,000273 1.230 1.390 1.609 1.772 1.907 2.022 2.073 2.121
    10 Ethy! 30 .000265 1.125 1.232 1.394 1.509 1.592 1.662 1.694 1.724
    iodide . . . . . 75 .000261 1.148 1.265 1.442 1.570 1.671 1.757 1.799 1.837
    11 Water . . . . . . 30 .00144 1.058 1.113 1.210 1.293 1.366 1.428 1.456 Freezes
    75 .00154 1.065 1.123 1.225 1.308 1.379 1.445 1.476 i s 0 6
    12 Toluol ...... 30 .000364 1.159 1.286 1.470 1.604 1.716 (2.394t)
    75 .000339 1.210 1.355 1.573 1.738 1.872 1.987 2.039 2.089
    13 Normal 30 .000322 1.281 1.483 1.777 1.987 2.163 2.325 2.404 2.481
    pentane . . . 75 .OW307 1.319 1.534 1.855 2.112 2.335 2.543 2.642 2.740
    14 Petroleum 30 .000312 1.266 1.460 1.752 1.970 2.143 2.279 2.333 2.379
    ether . .. . . 75 .000302 1.268 1.466 1.780 2.026 2.232 2.409 2.488 2.561
    15 Kerosene .. .. 75 .o00333 1.185 1.314 1.502 1.654 1.792 1.925 1.990 2.054
    47 Bridgman P. W. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 59, p. 158, 1923.
    1 2 6 8 '12 13'extreme purity. 3, 4, 5 7 9 10 11 very pure' 14 15 commercial.
    t Tol;ol'fr;eze6 at'9900 kg/cmz at'30". T d e k g i r e kt l i 0 0 0 is for'the'solih.

    SMITHSOMIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    144
    T A B L E 141.-THERMAL R E S I S T I V I T I E S A T 20°C EXPRESSED IN F O U R I E R S
    FOR A cm8
    The fourier is defined as that thermal resistance that will transfer heat energy at the
    rate of 1 joule per sec (1 watt) for each degree (C) temperature difference between the
    terminal surfaces (equivalent roughly to a prism of Ag or Cu 4 cm long by 1 cmz
    cross section).

    Silver .......... .239 Water ............. 170 Rubber* (over


    Copper ......... 258 Mica * ( 1to 90%) . ‘ . ’ : ’ ~ ’ ‘ ’ ’ ’700
    Aluminum . . . . . . .49 laminations ...... 200 Wood (Virginia
    Brass (30% Zn) . .93 Firebrick * . . . . . . . . 200 pine across
    Iron ............ 1.6 [Firebrick 25°C grain) .......... 710
    Nickel ......... 1.7 to lOOO’C] ....... 90 Paper* . . . . . . . . . . . 1000
    Steel (l,% C) . . . 2.1 Brick masonry * .... 250 Asbestos * (wool). 1100
    Constantan ..... 4.4 Leather* .......... 600 Cork* . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000
    Mercury ....... 12.0 Hydrogen .......... 600 Cotton batting
    [Ice a t OOC]. .... 45 Hard rubber ....... 610 (loose) ......... 2500
    Glass ......... 133 Helium ............ 690 Wool (loose) ..... 2500
    Concrete * ...... 140 Air ............... 4100
    Carbon dioxide .... 6700
    :Harper, D. R . Journ. Wrshington Acad. Sci. rol. 18 p. 469 1928.
    Substances ma;ked with the asterisk vary widely in thermal Lonductivity according to composition.
    For limits of such variation, consult International Critical Tables, vol. 2. The figure listed above for any
    such material represents the author’s estimate of the “best guess” for use in those cases where the
    composition of the material is not specified.
    In preparing this tahle, the author has consulted vol. 2, I.C.T. For still other materials, grateful
    acknowledgment is made to the staff of the National Bureau of Standards for advice in selecting mast
    probable values in the light of present information.

    SNITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLES 142-146.-THERMAL EXPANSION 145

    T A B L E 142.-EXPANSION OF T H E ELEMENTS *
    Part 1.-Coefficients of linear t thermal expansion of chemical elements (Polycrystalline)

    Coefficient Coefficient
    Temperature of linear
    or thermal
    .-+x Temperature of linear
    or thermal .-x
    42

    temoerature expansion 5
    0
    b.
    temperature expansion 5 b.

    lg
    Element
    Aluminum ... +
    range
    "C
    -191 to 0
    x
    18.0
    C
    per
    <
    1,3*'
    Element
    Gold .........
    range
    "C
    -190to 16
    xlyper

    13.1
    C <
    1,5,
    20 to 100 23.8 0 t o 100 14.2 30,32
    20 to 300 25.7 0 to400 14.9
    20 t o 600 28.7 0 to 700 15.8
    0 to 900 16.5
    Antimony $ .. -190 to 20 8. t o 10. 43.6
    + 20 to 100 8.4 to 11.0 Indium ...... - 1 8 0 t o 2 0 26.7 33
    20 to 300
    20 to 500
    9.2 to 11.4
    9.5 to 11.6
    + 20 to 100 30.5

    . . . . . . 40 7 Iridium . . . . .. -183 to 19 5.7 5,34


    Arsenic 5.6
    + 1 8 t o 100 6.6
    Barium ... . . . 0 to 300 18.1 to 21.0 8 0 t o 1000
    0 t o 1700
    7.9
    8.7
    Beryllium . . . . -120 to 0 8.1 9,lO
    + 20 to 100 12.3 Iron ......... -182toO 9.1 1,35
    20 to 300 14.0 -100 t o 0 10.4 30,36
    20 to 700 16.8 0 to20 11.6
    1200 23.7 20 to 100 12.1
    20 to 300 13.4
    Bismuth 3 .... -190 t o 17 13. to 17.
    13. to 14.
    5.11 20 to 600
    20 to900
    14.7
    15.0
    - 15 to 100
    i75 to 265 17.4
    . . .. . . . Lead ........ -190 t o 2 0 26.7 2,5,
    Boron 20 to 750 8.3 12 + 20 to 100 29.2 37.38,
    20 to 200 30.0 39,40,
    Cadmium . . . . -220 20.6 13.4 20 to300 31.3 41,42
    -160 27.4
    + 10
    20 to 100
    29.7
    31.8 Lithium ... . .. -178 17.0 43.44
    - 98 36.3
    Calcium ...... -150 18.0 - 3 45.7
    8,14, 0 to95 56.
    - 50 20.9 15
    + 20
    30
    to 100
    22.5
    25.2 Magnesium .. . -190 to 20 21.3 5,30.
    0 to 300 22.0 20 to 100 25.9 32,39,
    20 to 300 28.0 45,46,
    Carbon . . . . . . . - 180 to 0 .4 16.17, 20 to 500 29.8 47
    Diamond ... 0 to78 1.2 18
    0 to 400 2.8 Manganese : 46,48
    0 to 750 4.5 Alpha phase. -190 to 0 15.9
    Graphite ... 20 t o 100 .6 to 4.3 -183 to 0 17.6
    20 t o 4 0 0 1.3 to 4.8 0 to 20 22.3
    20 to 800 1.8 to 5.3 0 to 100 22.8
    0 to 300 25.2
    Chromium .... -216toO 4.1 1920 Beta phase.. -183 to 0 12.8 to 20.4
    -100 to 0 5.1 0 to 20 18.7 to 24.9
    0 t o 100 5.7 to 8.3 Gamma phase. - 7 0 t o O 13.6
    0 to 300 7.8 to 8.9 0 to 20 14.8
    0 to 700 9.1 t o 10.3
    Cobalt ....... 20 t o 100 12.4 21,22 Molybdenum 5 . -190
    -100
    to 0
    to0
    4.2
    4.8
    2.19,
    46, 49,
    20 to400 14.0
    20 to 100 3.7 to 5.3 50. 51
    Copper ....... - 2 5 3 t o 1 0 11.7 125,
    25 to 500
    27 to2127
    4.7 to 5.8
    7.2
    -191 to 16 14.1 26,27, ..
    + 25 to 100 16.8 28.29, Neodymium 100 to260 .4 52
    25 t o 3 0 0 17.8 30
    0 to 500 18.2 Nickel ... . .. .. -253 to 10 8.1
    0 to 1000 20.3 -192 to 16 10.0 25 26
    1.36,
    27
    Oto 100 13.1 46,<3a,'
    Germanium ... 20 to 230 6.0 31 0 to 300
    25 to 600
    14.4
    15.5
    118
    230 t o 4 5 0 7.3
    450 to 840 7.5 25 to 900 16.3

    'Compiled hy Peter Hidnert and H. S . Kridcr, of the National Bureau of Standards.


    t T h e coefficient of cubical expansion of a n isotropic solid element may be taken a s 3 times the coefficient of
    linear expansion within a high degree of approximation (See P a r t 3 for determined coefficients of cubical ex-
    pansion of some chemical elements.)
    ** Numbers refer to authorities given a t end of table.
    t The coefficients of expansion depend upon the orientation of the constituent crystals.
    5 The coefficients of expansion depend upon coarseness of grains and treatment of metal.
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    146 T A B L E 142.-EXPANSION O F T H E E L E M E N T S (continued)
    Coefficient Coefficient
    Temperature of linear ,G Temperature of linear ,=
    or
    temperature
    thermal
    expansion 4 or thermal
    temperature expansion 2k

    Element
    Niobium .... . -212
    r y e
    C
    to0
    x 1 y per
    5.8
    C <
    14,23,
    Element
    Sodium . .....
    ryge
    C
    -193 t o 0
    xlyper
    59.8
    C 4
    44,68
    -100 to 0 6.9 24 0 to 17 68.2 69
    0 to 100 7.2 0 to 50 70.
    0 to300 7.5 Oto95 71.
    20 to 1500 10.0
    Osmium ...... 40 6.6 7
    Tantalum .... -190
    + 2 0 tt oo 2100
    0 6.2
    6.6
    2.46,
    51.70
    20 to 300 6.6
    Palladium . . . . -191 to 16 10.3 226, 20 to 500 6.6
    + 1 6 t o 100 12.4 54.55 27 to 1400 7.3
    16 to 500 12.8 27 to 2400 7.8
    16 to 1000 13.8
    Platinum .. ... -191 to 16 8.0 226, Tellurium .. . . 40 16.8 7
    - 90toO 8.7 30,32,
    0 to 100 9.0 54,56 Thallium ..... 0 to 100
    0 to 200
    29.4
    30.0
    64
    0 to 300 9.2
    0 to 500 9.6
    0 to 1000 10.2 Thorium ..... +-21620 toto 20
    100
    9.8
    11.3
    14,71,
    72
    Potassium .... O t o 5 n 85. 57 20 to 300 12.1
    20 to 600 13.7
    Rhodium , . . . . -174 5.0 19.58,
    - 92 7.4 59.60 ... . . . ... . +-18318 toto 20 15.8 to 22.6
    - -"
    71 7.9 Tin
    100 23.8 to 27.0
    4,5.
    73,74
    0 to 100 8.4 25 to 200 24.
    0 to 500 9.7
    0 to 1000 10.8
    0 to 1500 12.1 Titanium .... . +-19520 toto 200
    20 6.8
    8.9
    14,72,
    75,76,
    Rubidium ... . . - 98 to 19 66. 61 20 to 400
    20 to 600
    9.4
    9.9
    77

    Ruthenium ... + 4013 t o 3 2 6.8


    9.6
    7,62 20 to 800 10.1
    50 9.9 .
    Tungsten . . . . -190 to 0 3.8
    4.2
    2 46
    7b.7'9,
    (Wolfram) -100 to 0
    Selenium : 63,37 0 to 100 4.4 80,81
    Polycrystal-
    ... . .. -+ 78
    line to 19 20.3
    22.9
    0 to 300
    0 to 650
    4.6
    4.6
    20 to 100 27 to 1000 4.7
    205 45.2 27 to 1750 5.2
    Amorphous.. - 78 to 0 42.7 27 to 2400 5.8
    to 210 48.7
    Amorphous, Vanadium . . .. -183 t o 0 6.6 14
    melted &
    cast . .... -160toO 37.3
    . 0 to 40 7.8
    0 43.9
    Zinct ...... -183 to 18 9. to 10. 5.13.
    Silicon . . .... . -172 + 20 to 100 17. to 40. 32,38.
    - 87
    + 20 to 50
    +-0.42.4.9 14.58,
    64 2 0 t o 200
    20to300
    30.
    34.
    to 40.
    to39.
    47,82
    83
    100 2.0
    500 3.0 Zirconium . . .. -183 t o 0 4.0 to 5.1 14,19,
    1000 3.3 0 to 20 4.6 to 5.9 72
    + 20to200 5.4
    Silver .. ...... -191
    -250toO
    to 16
    14.9
    17.0
    2.30,
    39
    20 to400
    20 to 700
    6.1
    7.1
    Oto 100 19.4 26,65,
    20 to 300 20.2 66,67
    20 to 500 20.7
    0 to 900 22.4

    (continued)

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 142.-EXPANSION OF T H E E L E M E N T S (continued) 147
    P a r t 2.-Coefficients of linear 1 thermal expansion of chemical elements (crystals)

    Coeffiicent of linear
    Temperature thermal expansion
    or per "C
    temperature
    range 'Parallel to Perpendicular
    Element "C axis to axis Authority
    16.0~10-0 7.0x10-0 6,7,19,84
    15.6
    16.8
    ...
    ...
    ... 8.4
    ... 8.1
    Arsenic . .. . .. ......... . , . . 30 to 75 3.2 to 6.8 .. . 62
    1.6 2.8 19.85
    8.6 11.7
    10.4 15.0
    13.1 15.7
    ..... .. . .. . ... ... 15.9 10.5 19,86,87
    Bismuth
    +-14020
    30
    to 260
    16.2
    16.5
    11.6
    ...
    20 to 240 ... 12.0
    Cadmium .... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . -190 to 18 48.2 18.5 13,88,89,90
    + 20 to 100 50.4 18.9
    Carbon
    Graphite ... ..... . . . .. . . .. -195 to 0
    0 to 40
    ...
    ...
    4.8
    6.6
    19.9 1,92
    0 to 500 17.2 1.3
    0 to 1000 18.8 1.8
    0 to 1500 20.7 2.0
    0 to 2300 23.1 2.4
    20 to 870 26.7 ...
    Cobalt . . .. .. . .. .... . .. . . . . 33 to 100 16.1 12.6 89
    Indium . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. - 17 t o 9 56. 13. 93
    + 23 to 87 45.0 11.7 94
    Magnesium .......... .. . . . . 20 to 100 26.4 25.6 95
    20 to 200 27.7 26.6
    Mercury . ..... . . .. . . ....... -190 to -160 42.6
    47.0
    33.4
    37.5
    96.97
    -188 to -79
    -120 49.6 37.5
    Osmium . . ........... ...... +250
    50 5.8 4.0 98
    6.6 4.6
    5 00 8.3 5.8
    Rhenium .. . . . . .. . . ..... . . . 20 to 1917 12.4 4.7 99
    Ruthenium ................ 50
    250
    8.8
    9.8
    5.9
    6.4
    98
    559 11.7 7.6
    Selenium . . . . .. ... ......... 15 t o 55 -17.9 ... 100
    20 to 60 ... 74.1
    Tellurium ................. 20 - 1.6 27.2 100,101
    20 to 60 - 1.7 27.0
    Thallium .................. 32 t o 91 +72. 9. 94
    Tin . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . -195 to 20 25.9 14.1 19,94,102
    0 to 20 29.0 15.8
    + 14 to 25
    34 to 194
    32.2
    45.8
    16.8
    25.7
    Zinc ...................... 49.5 11.3
    +-190200 tototo 250
    18
    100 64.0
    56.
    14.1
    15.
    13,32,88,103,104

    20 to 400 59. 16.


    Zirconium ....... . ......... 0 to 100 4. 13. 89,105

    1If there is random orientation of the crystals in a polycrystalline element such as antimony or cadmium, the
    coefficient of linear expansion of the polycrystalline element may be computed from the following equation:
    1
    a = 7 (all 2al) +
    where all is the coefficient of linear expansion of the crystal parallel to its axis, and a l is the coefficient of
    linear expansion of the crystal in the direction perpendicular to its axis. (See Part 1 for determined coefficients
    of linear expansion of polycrystalline elements.)

    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    148 TABLE 142.-EXPANSION O F T H E ELEMENTS (concluded)
    Part 3.-Coefficlents of cubical thermal expanrlon of chemical elements

    OK
    Coefficient
    Temperature of cubical
    thermal
    temperature expansion
    .-x
    6 or
    Coefficient
    Temperature of cubical
    thermal
    temperature expansion
    -
    ."0x
    L.

    range xlyper 9 range xlpper B


    Element "C C 4 Element "C C i
    Cadmium .... 100
    210
    91. 106 Potassium .... Oto 5 5 240 57,
    105. 108,
    250 110. 114
    Carbon:
    Diamond ... 27 3.2 107
    Rubidium .... 0 to 38 270 108
    25 to650 9.1 Selenium :
    Compressed . 0 to 100 175 116
    Cesium ...... 0 to 23 291. 108 Not com-
    Cobalt ....... 100 35.6 106
    pressed .. 0 to 100 198
    300 39.4 Sodium ...... - 1 8 6Oto53
    to17 186
    207
    111,
    69.
    Gallium ...... - 780 toto 29.6
    18 53.
    55.
    109,
    110
    Oto79
    20to95
    208
    226
    114,
    108.
    117
    Iodine ....... -195 to25
    + 10 t o 4 0
    204. to251.
    264.
    111,
    112, Sulfur
    113 Rhombic ... -273 t o 1 8 139 112
    -195to 18 164 116
    Lithium ..... 0 to 100 162. 114 - 7 9 t o 18 180

    Nickel ....... 100


    Oto 178 170.
    38.2 106
    .....
    Crystallized
    Sicilian
    0 to 100
    0 to 100
    354
    260
    200
    300
    41.9
    46.5
    Tin .......... 80
    140
    68
    78
    106
    190 89
    Phosphorus .. -273 to 19 317. 112,
    -195 to 19
    - 79 to 19
    398.
    362.
    115 Zinc ......... 50
    200
    a9
    104
    32,
    106
    0 to44 372. 300 110

    Authorities
    1. Nix and MacNair, 1941; 2. Nix and MacNair, 1942; 3. Hidnert, 1923; 4. Dorsey, 1907;
    5. Griineisen, 1910; 6. Hidnert, 1935; 7. Fizeau, 1869; 8. Cath and Steenis, 1936; 9. Hidnert
    and Sweeney, 1927; 10. Losana, 1939; 11. Jacobs and Goetz, 1937; 12. Dupuy & Hackspill, 1933;
    13. Griineisen & Goens, 1924 ; 14. Erfling, 1942 ; 15. Bastien, 1934; 16. Rontgen, 1912 ; 17. Joly,
    1898; 18. Hidnert, 1934; 19. Erfling, 1939; 20. Hidnert, 1941; 21. Schulze, 1927; 22. Masumoto,
    1931; 23. Hidnert and Krider, 1933; 24. Matthies, 1936; 25. Krupkowski, 1929; 26. Henning,
    1907; 27. Aoyama and Ito, 1939; 28. Hidnert, 1922; 29. Dittenberger, 1902; 30. Esser and
    Eusterbrock, 1941; 31. Nitka, 1937; 32. Austin, 1932; 33. Hidnert and Blair, 1943; 34. Holborn
    and Valentiner, 1907; 35. Hidnert, 1942; 36. Souder and Hidnert, 1922; 37. Dorsey, 1908;
    38. Lindemann, 1911; 39. Ebert, 1928; 40. Rauramo and Saarialho, 1911; 41. Friend and
    Vallance, 1924; 42. Hidnert and Sweeney, 1932; 43. Simon and Bergman, 1930; 44. Bridgman,
    1936; 45. Hidnert and Sweeney, 1928; 46. Disch, 1921; 47. Schulze, 1921; 48. Erfling, 1940;
    49. Schad and Hidnert, 1919; 50. Hidnert and Gero, 1924; 51. Worthing, 1926; 52. Jaeger,
    Bottema, and Rosenbohm, 1938; 53. Souder and Hidnert, 1922; 53a. Hidnert, 1930; 54. Scheel.
    1907; 55. Holzmann, 1931 ; 56. Scheel and Heuse, 1907; 57. Hagan, 1911 ; 58. Valentiner and
    Wallot, 1915; 59. Sweeney, 1929; 60. Ebert, 1938; 61. Hume-Rothery and Lonsdale, 1945;
    62. Bridgman, 1933; 63. Borelius and Paulson, 1946; 64. Schulze, 1930; 65. Keesom and
    Jansen, 1927; 66. Scheel, 1921; 67. Owen and Roberts, 1939; 68. Siege1 and Quimby, 1938;
    69. Hagan, 1883; 70. Hidnert, 1929; 71. Hidnert and Sweeney, 1933; 72. Kroll, 1939; 73. Grube
    and Vosskiihler, 1934; 74. Bochvar and Maurakh, 1930; 75. Hidnert, 1943; 76. Greiner and
    Ellis, 1948 ; 77. Adenstedt, 1949 ; 78. Hidnert and Sweeney, 1924 ; 79. Dodge, 1918 ; 80. Forsythe,
    1927; 81. Worthing , 1917; 82. Souder and Hidnert, 1924; 83. Bauer and Sieglcrsehmidt, 1929;
    84. Bridqman, 1924; 85. Kossolapow and Trapesnikow, 1936: 86. Roberts, 1924; 87, Goetz and
    Hergenrother, 1932; 88. McLennan and Monkman, 1929; 89. Shinoda, 1934; 90. Kossolapow
    and Trapesnikow, 1935; 91. Pierry, 1946; 92. Backhurst, 1922; 93. Frevel and Ott, 1935;
    94. Shinoda, 1933; 95. Goens and Schmid, 1931 ; 96. Hill, 1935; 97. Griineisen and Sckell,
    1934; 98. Owen and Roberts, 1937; 99. Becker, 1931; 100. Straumanis, 1940; 101. Bridgman,
    1925; 102. Ievens, Straumanis, and Karlsons, 1938; 103. Staker, 1942; 104. Owen and Iball,
    1933: 105. Pfaff. 1859; 106. Uffelmann, 1930: 107. Krishnan, 1944; 108. Hackspill, 1913;
    109. Klemm, 1931; 110. Richards and Boyer, 1921; 111. Dewar, 1902; 112. Sapper and Biltz,
    1931; 113. Straumanis and Sauka, 1942; 114. Bernini and Cantoni, 1914; 115. Leduc, 1891;
    116. Spring, 1881; 117. Griffiths and Griffiths, 1915; 118. Schad, 1927.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    149
    TABLE'143.-COEFFICIENTS OF LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF
    SOME ALLOYS *

    Coefficient X
    Temperature of linear
    or tempera- thermal ex-
    tureorange pansion X 1W
    Alloy t C per "C Authority
    Aluminum-beryllium, 4.2 to 32.7 Be. ....... 20 to 100 22.4 to 17.8 1 **
    20 to 500 26.6 to 22.2
    Aluminum-copper, 9.9 Cu ................. 20 to 100 22.0
    23.8
    2
    20 to 300
    33.2 Cu ................. 20 to 100 19.7
    20 to 300 20.8
    Aluminum-nickel, 3.4 Ni .................. 20 to 100 21.9 2
    20 to 300 23.7
    19.5 Ni .................. 20 to 100 18.2
    20 to 300 19.5
    Aluminum-silicon, 4.2 to 12.6 Si.. .......... 20 to 100 22.2 to 19.4 3,2
    20 to 300 24.8 to 22.1
    19.7 Si .................. 20 to 100 18.5
    20 to 300 19.0
    40 Si ................... 20 to 100 14.7
    20 to 300 17.1
    Aluminum-zinc, 0 to 50 Zn ................ 20 to 100 23.6 to 26.5 4
    Brass, 3 to 40 Zn.. ....................... 25 to 100 16.9 to 19.7 5
    25 to 300 17.7 to 21.2
    Bronze, 4.2 to 10.1 Sn. .................... 25 to 100 17.1 to 17.8 5
    25 to 300 17.8 to 19.0
    Cast iron ............................... 20 to 100 8.7 to 11.1 6
    20 to 400 11.5 to 12.7
    Cobalt-iron-chromium, 53.0 to 55.5 Co, 35.0
    to 37.5 Fe, 9.0 to 10.5 Cr.. ............. 20 to 60 -1.1 to +1.7 7
    Copper-beryllium, 3.0 Cu.. ................ 20 to 100 15.9 to 17.3 8
    20 to 300 16.4 to 17.4
    Copper-nickel, 19.5 Ni .................... -182 to 0 13.0 9
    0 to 40 14.7
    49.8 Ni .................... -182 to 0 11.8
    0 to 40 13.7
    Copper-tin (see Bronze)
    Copper-zinc (see Brass)
    Dumet :
    Axial ................................. 20 to 300 6.1 to 6.8 10
    Radial ................................. 20 to 300 8.0 to 10.0
    Duralumin ............................... 20 to 100 21.9 to 23.8 3
    20 to 500 25.4 to 27.6
    Fernico, 54 Fe, 31 Ni, 15 Co.. ............. 25 to 300 5.0 11
    Invar, 64 Fe, 36 Ni.. ...................... 0 to 100 0 to 2 12
    Iron-aluminum, .5 to 10.5 Al. .............. 20 to 100 11.6 to 12.2 13
    Iron-chromium, 1 to 40 Cr.. ............... 20 to 100 12.4 to 9.4 12
    *Compiled by Peter Hidnert and H. S. Krider National Bureau of Standards.
    t.Chemica1 composition is given in percent by keight. $Coefficient of expansion varies with com-
    position and treatment. ** Numbers refer to authorities given at end of table.
    (continued)

    SMITHWNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    150
    T A B L E 143.-COEFFICIENTS OF L I N E A R T H E R M A L E X P A N S I O N OF
    SOME A L L O Y S (continued)
    Coefficient
    Temperature of linear
    or tempera- thermal ex-
    turqrange pansion X 106
    Alloy C per "C Authority
    Iron-cobalt 9.9 to 49.4 Co. ................. 30 to 100 11.2to 9.3 14
    Iron-manganese, 2.8 to 14.4 Mn ............ 20 to 100 12.7 to 16.9 13
    Iron-nickel, 3.6 Ni ....................... 20 to 100 10.9 15,12,
    34.5 N; ....................... 20 to 100 3.7 14
    36 Ni ........................ 0 to 100 0 to 2
    40 to 50 N i . . .................. 30 to 100 4.1 to 9.7
    Iron-nickel-chromium, 6.6 to 74.7 Fe, 1.3 to
    70.1 Ni, 4.9 to 26.7 Cr ................. 20 to 100 8.7 to 18.4 16
    20 to 1000 13.1 to 20.6
    Iron-nickel-cobalt, 62.5 to 64.0 Fe, 30.5 to
    34.0 Ni, 3.5 to 6.0 Co.. ................ 20 .o to .5 14,17
    61.3 Fe, 31.8 Ni, 6.0 Co.. ................ 20 to 100 .9
    20 to 240 2.4
    58.7 Fe, 32.4 Ni, 8.2 Co .................. 20 to 200 1.7
    20 to 295 2.6
    Iron-silicon, 1.0 to 8.4 S i . . ................. 20 to 100 12.2 to 11.3 13
    Kanthal (A, A-1, and D) 5 ................ 20 to 100 11.4 to 11.7 18
    20 to 900 13.9 to 15.1
    Kovar (see Fernico)
    Lead-antimony, 2.9 to 39.6 S b . . ............ 20 to 100 28.2 to 20.4 8
    Magnesium-aluminum, 10.4 Al.. ........... 20 to 100 25.9 19,20
    20 to 200 27.2
    30 A1 .............. 0 to 100 23.7
    0 to 200 25.1
    Magnesium-tin, 20.4 Sn.. .................. 30 to 100 24.3 21
    30 to 300 24.7
    46.3 Sn ................... 30 to 100 21.1
    30 to 300 21.3
    Magnesium-zinc, 20 Z n . . .................. 40 to 100 29.5 22
    50 Zn ................... 40 to 100 30.2
    Manganin ............................... 20 to 100 18.1 23,a
    0 to 400 18.9
    0 to 800 21.1
    Monel Metal ............................. 25 to 100 13.5 to 1425 15,13
    25 to 600 15.9 to 16.7
    Nickel-chromium, 20.4 Cr.. ................ 20 to 100 13.0 16,25
    20 to lo00 17.2
    47.7 Cr.. ................ 20 to 100
    20 to 1000
    13.5
    17.7
    Nickel silver, 62.0 to 63.2 Cu, 10.0 to 20.2 Ni,
    17.4 to 27.1 Zn ........................ 0 to loo 14.8 to 15.4 26
    0 to 400 16.8 to 17.4
    I Composition of Kanthal: A : 68.5 Fe, 23.4 Cr, 6.2 Al, 1.9 Co, 0.06 C ; A-1: 69.0 Fe, 23.4 Cr, 5.7 Al,
    1.9 CO, 0.06 C ; D: 70.9 Fe, 22.6 Cr, 4.5 Al, 2.0 Co, 0.09 C.
    (continued)

    SMITHSbNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    151
    T A B L E 143.-COEFFICIENTS O F L I N E A R T H E R M A L E X P A N S I O N O F
    SOME A L L O Y S (concluded)
    Coefficient
    Temperature of linear
    or tempera- thermal ex-
    ture range pansion x 108
    Alloy "C per "C Authority
    Platinum-iridium, 20 Ir .................... -,190 to 0 7.5 27
    0 to 100 8.3
    0 to 1000 9.6
    0 to 1600 10.5
    Platinum-rhodium, 20 Rh.. ................ 0 to 500 9.6 28
    0 to 1000 10.4
    0 to 1400 11.0
    .....................
    S A E carbon steels 11.. 20 to 100 8.8 to 14.4 12
    S A E stainless chromium irons. ............. 20 to 100 9.4 to 10.7 12
    Speculum metal .......................... 20 to 100 16.0 29
    Stainless steel, 12 C r . . .................... 20 to 100 10.0 30,16
    18 Cr, 8 Ni ................ 20 to 100 16.4
    Stellite, 55 to 80 Co, 20 to 40 Cr, 0 to 10 W,
    0 to 2 c .............................. 20 to 100 11.0 to 14.1 31
    20 to 600 13.6 to 16.5
    Tantalum carbide ......................... 20 to 2377 8.2 32
    Tungsten carbide +5.9 Co.. ............... 20 to 100 4.5 33
    20 to 403 5.2
    +13.0 Co ................ 20 to 100 5.2
    20 to 400 6.0
    Zinc-aluminum, 22.6 Al. ................... 20 to 100 26.0 3.4
    20 to 200 28.3
    50 Al ..................... 20 to 100 26.5
    20 to 200 27.6
    I1 Coefficients of expansion of other S.ZE steels (free.cutting. manganese, nickel, nickel-chromium, molyb-
    denum, chromium, chromium-vanadium and chromiummickel austenitic steels) are g i v e n in Metals Hand-
    book of the American Society for Metals.

    Authorities
    1. Hidnert and Sweeney, 1927; 2. Kempf, 1933: 3. Hidnert, 1925; 4. Schulze, 1921 ;
    5. Hidnert, 1921 ; 6. Bolton, 1936; 7. Masumoto, 1934; 8. Hidnert, 1936; 9. Aoyama and
    Ito, 1938; 10. Hull and Burger, 1934; 11. Hull, Burger, and Navias, 1941; 12. Various;
    13. Schulze, 1928; 14. Masumoto, 1931 ; 15. Souder and Hidnert, 1922; 16. Hidnert, 1931 ;
    17. Scott, 1930; 18. Hidnert, 1938; 19. Hidnert and Sweeney, 1928; 20. Takahasi and
    Kikuti, 1936; 21. Grube and Vosskuhler, 1934; 22. Grube and Burkhardt, 1929; 23.
    Schulze, 1933 ; 24. Ebert, 1935 ; 25. Dean, 1930 ; 26. Cook, 1936 ; 27. Physikalische-Tech-
    nische Reichanstalt, 1920; 28. Day and Sosman, 1910; 29. Scheel, 1921; 30. Hidnert, 1928;
    31. Souder and Hidnert, 1921; 32. Becker and Ewest, 1930; 33. Hidnert, 1937; 34. Hidnert,
    1924.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    152
    T A B L E 1 4 4 . 4 O E F F I C I E N T S O F L I N E A R T H E R M A L EXPANSION OF SOME
    MISCELLANEOUS M A T E R I A L S *

    Tempera- Coefficient Tempera- Coefficient


    ture or of linear t u r e or of linear
    tempera- thermal tempera- thermal
    tGre expansion ture expansion
    range x 108 Au- range x 106 A?
    Material “C per “ C thority Material “C per “ C thority
    Alum: 1’. Mica, muscovite:
    Ammonium .. 20 to 50 9.5 Parallel to
    cleavage
    Ammonium
    chrome .... 2 0 to 50 10.6 plane ...... Oto 100 8.5 14
    Potassium ... 20 to 50 11.0 Perpendicular
    Thallium .... 20 to 50 13.1 to cleavage
    p l a n e t .... 20to300 8to25 15
    Amber ........ 0 to 50 53 2
    Mica, phlogopite:
    Bakelite ....... 20 to 6 0 2 1 to 33 3 11 to cleavage
    plane ..... Oto 100 13.5 14
    Beryl ......... 2 0 to 100 . 3 to 1.6 4 Ito cleavage
    planet .... 2 0 t o 100 1 to 179 15
    Brick, clay build-
    ing ....... - 10 to + 4 0 3.0 to 12.4 5
    Porcelain ...... 2 0 t o 200 1.6 to 19.6 3
    Carhorundum .. Oto500
    0 to 1000
    7.3
    8.4
    6
    Quartz, crystal- 16
    0 to 1800 9.2 line
    Concrete ....... - 13 to + 2 7 6.8to 12.7 7 11 to axis ..... 0 to 100 8.0
    - +
    13 to 88 7.5 to 14.0 0 to 300
    0 to 500
    9.6
    12.2
    Dental amalgam. 20 to 50 22 to 28 8 1to axis .... 0 to 100 14.4
    0 to300 16.9
    Glass: 9 Oto 500 20.9
    Miscellaneous. 0 to 300 .8 to 12.8 Quartz, fused
    Pyrex ....... 20 to 100
    20 to 300
    3.1 to 3.5
    3.0 to 3.6
    (silica) .... 20 to 100
    20to1OOO
    .5
    .5
    9

    Granites (Ameri- Rocks (Ameri-


    can) ...... - 2 0 to 60 4.8 to 8.3 10 can) : 17
    Igneous ..... 20 to 100 3.4 to 11.9
    Ice ........... - 250 -6.1 11 Sedimentary.. 20 to 100 2.7 to 12.2
    - 200
    -150
    + .8
    16.8
    Metamorphic.. 20 to 100 2.3 to 11.0
    - 100 33.9 Ruhber (hard) t . 5 50 to 84 9
    - 50 45.6
    0 52.7 Slate ......... 2 0 t o 100 6.3 to 8.3 17
    Magnesia ...... 20 to 500 12.4 6,12, Tooth:
    20 to 1000 13.7 13 Root . . . . . . . . 20 to 50 8.3 8
    Across crown . 2 0 t o 50 11.4
    Marble ........ 25 to 100 5 to 16 3 Root and
    crown ..... 20 to 50 7.8
    Wood:
    Along grain.
    Across grain.
    .
    . ’ 1 to 11
    32 to 73
    9

    -Compiled hy Peter Hidnert and H. S. Krider, National Bureau of Standards. ** Numbers refer to
    authorities given below. t With load of 30 lb/in.* $ includes terms “ebonite” and “vulcanite.” P Vari-
    ous temperature ranges between O’C and 1OO’C.

    Authorities
    1. Klug and Alexander, 1942; 2. Sweeney, 1928; 3. Souder and Hidnert, 1919; 4. Geller and
    Insley, 1932; 5. Ross, 1941 ; 6. Ebert and Tingwaldt, 1936; 7. Koenitzer, 1936; 8. Souder and
    Peters, 1920; 9. Various; 10. Hockman and Kessler, 1950; 11. Jakob and Erk, 1928; 12. White,
    1938; 13. Austin, 1931; 14. Ebert, 1935; 15. Hidnert and Dickson, 1945; 16. Compiled by Sos-
    man, 1927; 17. Griffith, 1936.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 145.-CUBICAL EXPANSION O F LIQUIDS 153
    If V , is the volume at 0" then at t o the expansion formula is V t = V O(1 at 4- +
    @ P + y t 3 ) . The table gives values of a, j? and 4 and k, the true coefficient of cubical
    expansion, a t 20" for some liquids and solutions. A t is the temperature range of the
    observation.

    k 108
    Liquid !,; a 108 6 108 Y 108 at 20'
    .
    Acetic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0630 .12636 1.0876 1.071
    Acetone . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 1.3240 3.8090 - .87983 1.487
    Alcohol :
    Amy1 ................... .. -15-80 .900 1 .6573 1.18458 .902
    Ethyl, 30% by vol. . . . . . . . . . 18-39 .2928 10.790 -11.87 -
    " 50% 1,". . . . . . . . . 0-39 .7450 1.85 .730 -
    99.3% . .... . . .. 27-46 1.012 2.20 - 1.12
    "
    " 500 atm press ........ 0-40 .866 - - -
    " 3000 " " .. . . . . . . 0-40 524 - - -
    Methyl ... ..... ........... 0-61 1.1342 1.3635 .8741 1.199
    1.17626 1.27776 .80648 1.237
    1.06218 1.87714 - .30854 1.132
    Calcium chloride
    5.8% soly;ion .. .... . . . . .. 18-25 .07878 4.2742 - .250
    40.9% . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-24 .42383 .8571 - .458
    Carbon disulfide . . . . . . . . . . . . . -34-60 1.13980 1.37065 1.91225 1.218
    500 a:m
    ' pressure ..... . ... 0-50 .940 -
    3000 . . . . . . . . . 0-50 .581 - - -
    Carbon tetrachloride . . . . . . . . 0-76 1.18384 ,89881 1.35135 1.236
    Chloroform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-63 1.10715 4.66473 - 1.74328 1.273
    1.S 1324 2.35918 4.00512 1.656
    .4853 .4895 - 505
    Hydrochloric aci
    33.2% solution ....... .... . 0-33 .4460 .215 - .455
    Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-100 .18182 .0078 - .18186
    .a21 1.1405 - .539 .721
    1.4646 3.09319 1.6084 1.608
    Potassium chloride :
    .2695 2.080 - .353
    .8340 .lo732 .4446 1.090
    Petroleum :
    Density ,8467 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 24-120 .8994 1.396 - .955
    Sodium chloride :
    20.6% solution .......... . . 0-29 ,3640 1.237 - .414
    Sodium sulfate :
    24% solution . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 11-40 .3599 1.258 - .410
    Sulfuric acid :
    10.9% solution . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-30 .2835 2.580 - ,387
    100.0% . . . . . . . . . . . S758 - .432 - .558
    .9003 1.9595 - .44998 .973
    - .06427 8.5053 - 6.7900 .207

    SMITHMNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    154 TABLE 146.-THERMAL EXPANSION O F GASES
    Temperatures in 'C

    Coefficient at constant volume


    -Cpeffi-
    cient
    Coefficient at constant pressure
    C?Cffi-
    cient
    Pressure X Pressure X
    Substance cmHa 100 Substance cmHg 100
    4,ir ............... .6 .37666 4,ir ................ 76. .3671
    ...............
    ............... 10.0
    ................ 25.4
    1.3 .37172
    .36630
    .36580
    . 0'-100"
    ................
    HydEogen 0"-100"...
    ..........
    257.
    100.1
    100.0
    .3693
    .36728
    .36600
    ................ 75.2 ..........
    .
    "

    0'-100" .......... 100.1


    ................ 76.0
    .36660
    3744
    .36650
    "
    ' ..........
    ..........
    600 "
    200 Atm.
    400 "
    .332
    295
    .261
    "
    ................ 200.0 36903 'I
    ..........
    800 " .242
    '1
    ................ 2000. .38866 Ca$mn dio:ide ..... 76. .3710
    ................ 1oooO. .4100 oo-2o0.. 51.8 .37128
    Argon ............. 51.7 .3668 "
    - .- . 51.8
    I< n o 4 0

    " 0"-100"
    .37100
    Carjon diozide ..... .37073
    I'
    76.0 .36856 51.8
    ..... 51..68 .36753 "
    '' 0"-20". 99.8 .37602
    'I
    ..... 6'
    ... 36641 I
    " 0'-100" 99.8 .37410
    I1
    ..... 74.9
    "
    .37264 1'
    " 0"-20".
    " O~-lOO~.
    137.7 .37972
    'I
    0"-20".. 51.8
    " .36985 I
    ' 137.7 .37703
    "
    oo-400.. 51.8 .36972 " 0"-7.5".. 2621. .lo97
    "
    " 0"-100". 51.8 .36981 64"-100". 2621.
    " .6574
    ' " 0"-20".. 99.8 .37335 Carbon monoxide ... 76. .3669
    I'
    0"-100". 99.8 .37262 Nitrous oxide ....... 76. .3719
    4'
    0"-100". 100.0 .37248 Su!fur diozide ....... 76. .3903
    Carbon monoxide ... 76. .36667 98. .3980
    Helium ............ 56.7 .3665 76. .4187
    HydLogen 16"-132".. .0077 .3328 76. .4189
    15"-132".. .025 ,3623 Water-vapor 0"-162" 76. .4071
    I' 12"-185". . .47 3 5 6 ~0"-200" 76. .3938
    .......... .93 .37002 10"-247" 76. .3799
    "
    .......... 11.2 .36548
    "
    .......... 76.4 3504 Thoinson has given (Encycl. Brit.
    "
    .
    0"-100'. 100.0 .36626 "Heat") the following for the calculation
    Nitr;pgen 13"-132"... .06 .3021 of the expansion, E, between 0" and
    9"-133". .. .53 .329Q 100°C. Expansion is to be taken as the
    I'
    0"-20".... 1oQ.2 .36754 change of volume under constant pres-
    (1
    0"-100"... 100.2 3744 sure :
    I1
    ........... 76. .36682 Hydrogen, E = .3662(1- .00049 V / v )
    Oxxgen 11"-132". ... .007 .4161 Air, E = .3662(1- .0026 V / V )
    9"-132".... .25 .3984 Oxygen, E = .3662(1 - .0032 V / v )
    11 "-132".... .51 .3831 Nitrogen, E = .3662(1 - 4031 V / v )
    'I

    61
    ............
    ............ 1.9
    18.5
    3683
    .36690 CO, E = .3662(1- .0164 V / V )
    II
    ............ 75.9 .36681 V / v is the ratio of the actual density of
    Nitrous oxide ....... 76. 3676 the gas at 0°C to what it would have at
    Sulfur dioxide SO,. . 76. .3845 0°C and 1 atm pressure.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLES 147-158.-SPECIFIC HEAT

    T A B L E 147.-SPECIFIC H E A T O F T H E CHE,MlCAL E L E M E N T S
    When one temperature is given the true specific heat is given, otherwise the mean specific
    heat cal "C-'g-' between the given limits.

    Element t"C S p ht Element t"C Sp ht


    Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . -250 .0039 Cerium .... .. -253, -196 .033
    -200 .076 20, 100 .0511
    -150 .1367 Chlorine . . . . . . . . . . . . 0, 24 .226
    -100 .1676 Chromium . . . . . . . . , . -150 .0599
    - 50 .1914 -100 .0797
    0 .2079 - 50 .0941
    100 .225 0 .1044
    300 .248 100 .112
    600 .277 500 .150
    16, 100 .212 600 .187
    Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . -207.1 .0322 18, 100 .111
    -150 ,0412 Cobalt . . ..... . ...... -150 .0672
    -100 ,0448 -100 ,0809
    - 50 .0476 - 50 ,0914
    n .0494 0 .1028
    ,0477 20 .iooi
    ,0504 100 .1067
    .054 200 .1134
    ,032
    .0666 Copper ............. -189 .0506
    18 .078 -150 .0674
    Barium .... . .. -185, +20 .068 -100 .0783
    Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . -202 ,017 - 50 ,0862
    45, 50 .445 0 ,0910
    0, 100 ,425 100 .0939
    Bismuth .... .... .... -150 .0264 900 .1259
    -100 .0273 18, 100 ,0928
    - 50 .0282 18, 600 ,0994
    n .0291 Gallium . . . . . . . . . . . . -258.1 .0049
    26 ,0294 -213.1 ,044
    100 .0304 - 73.1 .084
    fluid . . . .. . ... . . ... 297 ,0292 Germanium ....... .. 0, 100 .074
    Boron .... ,287 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -258.1 .0018
    ,472 -252.8 .0040
    .510 -209.5 .0211
    .168 -150 .0266
    .307 -100 .0281
    Bromine, (S) ,0205 - 50 .0293
    (s) ... .0659 0 .0302
    (s) ... ........ - 73.1 .080 18 .0312
    i s j ............... - 13.1 .088 100 ,0314
    (I) . . .... .... . .... 13, 45 ,107 Indium . . ........... 0, 100 .057
    Cadmium ........ . .. -263 .0019 Iodine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -263.2 .0037
    -203.1 .0415 -255.9 .0118
    -103.1 .0518 -221.1 ,0353
    27.9 .0552 -90, +17 ,0485
    107.9 .0569 Iridium ..... .. -186, +18 ,0282
    277 .060 18, 100 .0323
    Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0, 26 ,0482 Iron, pure . . . . . . . . . . -256.2 .00067
    Calcium .. . ......... 24 .168 -240.7 .00355
    100 .1625 -214.0 .0194
    300 .1832 -172.6 ,0512
    600 .188 - 67.5 .0939
    Carbon, graph.. -191, -79 .057 0 .1043
    -76. 0 .126 a, p, y ............. 100 .115
    .0025
    .053 500 .163
    .112 760 .320
    .177 1000 .162
    .454 y ................ 100 .127
    .lo44 700 .157
    .264 1000 .162
    .428 ..
    Lanthanum . . .. . . . 0, 100 .0448
    (conitinwcd)
    SMITHMNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    156
    TABLE 147.-SPECIFIC H E A T O F T H E CHEMICAL E L E M E N T S (continued)
    Element t"C Sp h t Element t'C SIIht
    Lead .. . .. . .. .. . .... -270 .00001 Phosphorus, yellow.. . -136 .124
    -267 .00086 - 40 .165
    -259 .0073 + 9 .189
    -150 ,0279 red ..... -136 .107
    -100 .0283 - 40 .182
    - 50 .0289 + 9 .190
    0 .0297 .0012
    100 .0320 .0073
    300 .0356 .0211
    (1) ......_........ 360 .0375 .0261
    500 .0370 .0307
    Lithium . . . . . . . . . . . . . -183 .3
    .. 0 .0316
    -100 .600 500 .0349
    50 .96 750 .0365
    +190 1.374 ,0381
    Magnesium . . . . . . . . . -150 .1767 ,0400
    -100 .2025 .0319
    - 50 ,2228 .0346
    0 .2316 .032
    100 .257 .045
    300 -279
    __. -201.3 .140
    600 .311 - 53.1 .172
    (1) ............. 650, 775
    Manganese .... -188, -79
    .284
    .0820
    + 3.4 .177
    .zoo
    (1) ............... 90
    -79, +15 .lo91 181 .196
    60 .1211 Rhenium ............ 0, 20 .035
    325 .1783 Rhodium ....... .... 10, 97 .058
    20, 100 .1211 Rubidium (s) . . .. .. . 0 4802
    -100 .0979 (1) . .... .......... 50 .0908
    0 .lo72 Ruthenium . . .. . . . . . . 0, 100 .0611
    100 .1143 Selenium ........... .072
    Mercury(s) ..
    . . . . .. . -263.3 .00552 3
    16.5 .075
    -267.2 .00620 20.5 .077
    -259.8 .00783 29.5 .085
    -245.6 .0172 32 .127
    -220.2 ,0255 38 ,131
    -163.7 .0298 41.7 .130
    - 81.4 .0324 20 .09
    - 43.1 .0337
    .
    (1) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . - 33.1 .0338 .
    Silicon . . . . . . ...... -212
    -143.3
    ,029
    ,087
    - 3.1 .0335 - 86.2
    Molybdenum . . . . . . . . -257
    + 17 ,0333
    .0004 + 13.9
    .126
    .~
    ,168
    -239.1 .0034 18.2, 99.1 .181
    -181.5 18.0. 900.6 ,210
    .0300
    -152.7 .0399 . . .
    Silver . . . . . . . .... -238 .0146
    - 34.5 .0561 -150 ,0461
    0 .0589 -100 .0505
    + 5.3 .0589 - 50 ,0537
    0 .n557
    +loo ,0612 .0564
    250 .0632 100
    Nickel .. ............ -258 ,0008 300 .0601
    -247.9 ,0024 900 .0685
    -201.2 ,0363 20-900 .0650
    -150 .0660 20-1200 .0880
    -100 .0817 .
    Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . -256.1 .026
    .108
    - 50 .0940 -238.5
    n .lo32 -155.5 .245
    ,1146 (1) .._............ 100 .32
    .1270 Sulfur .. ...... -188, +18 .137
    .1413 (1) ............. 115, 160 ,220
    ,0311 rhom ............ 15, 96 .176
    .0528 monoclinic . . . . . . . . 0, 52 .181
    0 .0538 Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . -201.7 .0205
    100 .0564 +380 .035
    500 .0653 900 .036
    900 .0717 1100 .043
    1500 .0766 1400 .044
    (continued)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    157
    T A B L E 147.-SPECIFIC H E A T OF T H E C H E M I C A L E L E M E N T S (concluded)
    Element t"C S p ht Element t"C Sp ht
    Tellurium ..... -188,
    +18 .047 Tungsten -247.1 3012
    15, 100 .0483 -218.4 .0098
    15, 200 .0487 -173.1 .0205
    Thallium ........... -135 .288 - 73.1 4288
    28 .311 26.9+ .0321
    20, 100 .0326 100 .0320
    Thorium ..... -253, -196 .0197 500 .0344
    0. 100 .0276 1000 .0367
    Tin ................ -203.5 1500 ,0390
    -186.7 .0385
    .0422 Uranium . . . . . 0, 98 ,0280
    -150 .0450 Vanadium ... ....... 0, 100 .1153
    Zinc ......... ....... 0.100 .095
    -100 .0483 -252.4 .0071
    - 50 .0512 -201.3 ,0573
    0 .0536
    25
    100
    + ,0548
    .0577
    -150
    -100
    .0740
    .OM4
    .0871
    - 50
    1100 .0758 0 .0913
    Titanium ...... -185, +20 .082 100 .0957
    0, 100 .1125 300 .lo43
    400 .lo89

    T A B L E 148.-FORMULAE FOR T R U E SPECIFIC HEATS

    Range
    Element "C
    Antimony ..............................
    Bismuth ................................
    .0493
    .0292
    +
    +
    .000012 t
    .000012 t
    0-500
    0-200
    Chromium ............................. ,1055 + .00010 t - .00000015 t Z 0-400
    Cobalt ................................. .lo00 + .000067 t 0-400
    Copper ................................. .0915 + .000024 t 0-300
    Iron ................................... .lo60 + ,000096 t 0400
    Lead ................................... .0295 + .00002 t 0-300
    Magnesium ............................. 2370 + .000142 t - .0000001 t2 0400
    Nickel ................................. .lo20 + .000118 t - .00000006 t Z 1o 0-300
    Platinum ............................... .03162 + +
    .00000617 t 2.33 X 10- t 0-1625
    Silver .................................. .0556 + .000008 t 0400
    Tin .................................... .0525 + .000052 t 0-200
    Zinc ................................... ,0913 + .000044 t 0-300

    T A B L E 149.-HEAT CAPACITIES, T R U E A N D M E A N SPECIFIC HEATS, AND


    L A T E N T H E A T S A T FUSION
    The constants a, b, and c of the equations for the heat capacity: W = a bt ct'; for the + +
    mean specific heat : s = at-' + +
    b ct; and for the true specific heat : s' = b 2ct; the latent +
    heats at fusion are also given.
    Tempera- Tempera-
    ture Latent ture Latent
    Ele- range heat Ele. range heat
    ment "C a b c x l O e cal/g ment "C a b cxl00 cal/g
    Cr .. 0-1500 - .lo233 33.47 - Ag .. 961-1300
    0-961 - ,05725 5.48 26.0
    -
    Mo . . 0-1500 - ,06162 10.99 - 53.17 .00710 28.30
    w .. 0-1500 - .03325 1.07 -
    -
    Au .. 0-1064 - ,03171 1.30 15.9
    -
    Pt .. 0-1500 - .03121 3.54 1064-1 300 26.35 ,01420 8.52
    Sn .. 0-232 - .06829 13.8
    -
    Cu .. 0-1084 - .lo079 3.05 41.0
    232-1000 14.33 .07020 -18.30 1084-1300 130.74 -.04150 65.6
    Bi .. 0-270 - ,03141 5.22 10.2 Mn.. 0-1070 - .12037 25.41 36.6
    270-1000 10.31 ,03107 5.41 - 1130-1210 - 7.41 .17700 24.14'
    Cd .. 0-321 - .05550 6.28 10.8
    - 1230-1250 3.83 ,19800
    321-1000 6.30
    -
    .06952 6.37 Ni .. 0-320 - ,10950 52.40 56.1
    Pb .. 0-327 ,03591 11.47 5.47
    -
    330-145 1 .41 .12931 .ll 1.33*
    327-1000 6.07 ,02920 - 3.30 1451-1520 50.21 ,13380
    Zn .. 0-419
    41 9-1000
    -
    14.34
    .08777 43.48
    .13340 -16.10
    23.0
    -
    Co .. 0-950
    1100-1478 22.00
    .09119
    .11043
    40.77
    14.57
    58.2
    14.70'
    Sb .. 0-630 - ,05179 3.00 38.9 1478-1600 57.72 ,14720 -
    630-1000 39.42 .05090 2.96 - Fe .. 0-725
    - ,10545 56.84 49.4
    A1 .. 0-657
    657-1000
    -
    102.39
    .22200 38.57 94.0
    21870 24.00 - 785-919
    919-1404
    1.63
    18.31
    .1592
    ,14472
    -
    .05
    6.56'
    6.67*
    1405-1528 -77.18 .21416 1.94.
    1528-1600 70.03 ,15012
    Allotropic heat of transformation: Mn, 1070-1130°; Ni, 320-33O0; Co, 950-1100°; Fe, 725-785'; 919" f 1;
    1404.5" f 0.5.

    SMITHSNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    158 T A B L E 150.-SPECIFIC H E A T O F VARIOUS SOLIDS
    Part 1

    S ecific
    Temperature teat
    Solid "C c a l / k "C)
    Alloys :
    Bell metal .................... .......................... 15-98 .0858
    ... 0 .0899
    ... 0 .0883
    80 C u + 2 0 Sn ............................ 14-98 .0862
    C o n s p t a n . 60 Cu. 40 Ni ................................... 18 .0977
    ............... ....... 100 .1018
    German silver . . ................................. 0-100 .0946
    Lipowitz alloy : 24 10.13 Cd 50.66 Bi + +
    14.24 Sn .... 5-50 .0345
    Lipowitz alloy ............................................ 100-150 .0426
    Manganin: 84 Cu. 4 Ni. 12 Mn .............................. 18 .0973
    ..............................
    ' I 100 .1004
    Monel metal .............................................. 20-1300 .127
    +
    Rose's alloy: 27.5 P b 48.9 Bi 23.6 Sn + - 77-20 .0356
    ...................... 20-89 .0552
    Wood's alloy : +
    .43 Bi 14.73 Sn . . . . . . 5-50 .0352
    Wood's alloy : (fluid) ...................................... 100-150 .0426
    Miscellaneous alloys :
    +
    17.5 S b 29.9 Bi
    +
    + +
    18.7 Zn 33.9 Sn ....................... 20-99 .0566
    37.1 Sb 62.9 Pb ......................................... 10-98 .0388
    +
    39.9 P b 60.1 Bi ............................ ........ 16-99 .0316
    +
    63.8 Bi 36.2 Sn ............................ ........ 20-99 .0400
    +
    46.9 Bi 53.1 Sn ......................................... 20-99 .0450
    Gas coal .................................................... 20-1040 .3145
    Glass, normal thermometer 16"'. ............... .......... 19-100 .1988
    French hard thermometer .................................. .1869
    crown ....................................... 10-50 .161
    flint ......................... ...................... 10-50 .117
    Ize ............................. ...................... - 80 .350
    ' ........... .............................
    .............................................
    "
    .............................................
    India rubber (Para) ......................................... ?-I00
    Mica .................. .................................. 20
    Payffin ..................................... ... - 20- +3
    .................................................... - 19- +20
    "
    ' .................................................... 0-20
    ....................... ....................... 3540 .622
    ....................... 60-63 .712
    Woods ..................................................... 20 .327

    (continued)

    SMITHSOMIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 150.-SPECIFIC H E A T O F V A R I O U S S O L I D S (continued) 159
    Part 2 *

    C , (joules per gram) for temperatures i n "C


    I
    Compound Mineral -200' 0" 200" 400" 800" 12009
    A L 0 3 ........... corundum ... .069 .72 1.00 1.10 1.19 1.26
    ALSi20r.2HzO * . kaolin . . . . . . . . . . .99 1.17 1.35 ... ...
    2(AIF)O. SiOz .. topaz . . . . . . . . . . (.83 at 50") ... ... ...
    Be3Al,SiaOls ..... beryl . . . . . . . . . . . ( 3 4 at 50") ... ... ...
    CaA1,Si20s ...... anorthite . . . . . . . .70 .95 1.05 1.17 1.27
    C a C 0 3 .......... calcite . . . . . . . .28 .793 1.00 1.13 (.. ...
    CaFz ............ fluorite . . . . . . .22 .85 .89 .93 1.01 1.10
    CaMgSizOa ...... diopside . . . . . . . . .69 .98 1.06 1.15 1.20
    C a S 0 4 * 2 H z 0.... gypsum ...... ,322 1.03 ... ... ...
    CaWO. ......... scheelite . . . . . . . . (.40 at 50")' ' ' ... ... ...
    Fe203 ........... hematite . . . . . . . . .61 .79 .90 1.08 ...
    F e S ............ a troilite . . . . . ,238 ,606 ... ... ... ...
    4 troilite . . . . . . . . ... .635 .66 .71 ...
    FeSz ............ pyrite ....... .075 .SO0 .594 .69 ... ...
    H,O ............ ice .......... ,653 2.06 ... ... ... ...
    H g S ........... a cinnabar . . . . . . .214 ,227 .240 ... ...
    KCI ............ sylvite ....... .418 .682 .715 .749 ... ...
    K N 0 3 .......... a niter ....... .326 ... ... ... ... ...
    p niter . . . . . . . . . . 1.19 ... ... ... ...
    liquid . . . . . . . . . . 1.22 ... ... ...
    Mg3Al2Si30~2.... garnet ;. . . . . . . . . (.74'at 58") ... ... ...
    M g C 0 3 ......... magnesite ... ,161 264 ... ... ... ...
    MgO ........... periclase ..... ,066 ,870 1.09 1.16 1.24 1.30
    Mg3H2Si,Ol1 .... talc . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 3 7 at 59") ... ... ...
    NaCl ........... halite ....... ,466 .855 .915 .975 1.095 ...
    liquid . . . . . . . . . . ... 1.14 ...
    .
    Na2B401.10H20 borax . . . . . . . . . . (.i6i at 35oj" ... ... ...
    PbS ............ galena ....... .142 .207 ,221 ,235 ... ...
    SiO, ............ a quartz ..... .173 .698 .969 1.129 ... ...
    p quartz . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 1.174 1.327
    a cristobalite . .186 .69 1.01 ... ... ...
    p cristobalite . . . . ... ... 1.074 1.171 1.21
    glass ........ ,184 .70 .95 1.06 1.21 1.34
    ZnS ... .... a wurtzite
    } .430 .45 .53 .56 337 ...
    p sphalerite
    * F o r reference, see footnote 45, p. 136.

    (conthziied)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    160 T A B L E 150.-SPECIFIC H E A T O F V A R I O U S SOLIDS (concluded)
    Part 3

    C , (joules per gram) for temperatures in "C


    A,
    c
    Rock 0' 2000 400" 800' 1200"
    Igneous
    Granite :

    1
    65% orthoclase
    25% quartz .................. .65 .95 1.07 1.13 ...
    9% albite
    1% magnetite
    Basalt :
    Syracuse
    Aetna
    Kilauea
    Metamorphic
    1 ..................... .85 1.04 1.145 1.32 1.49

    Gneiss ............................ .74 1.01 ... ... ...


    Sandstone : ........................ ( .93 at 59")
    Micaceous ....................... ( .73 at 50")
    Japanese (mean of 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( .81 at 65")
    English (mean of 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( .81 at 50")
    Clay, amorphous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 .94 1.13 1.51 ...
    Limestone ......................... (1.00at 58")
    English (mean of 3 ) . .............. (' .68 at 50")
    Japanese (mean of 10). ........... ( .83 at 65")

    T A B L E 151.-ATOMIC H E A T S ( 5 0 " K ) , SPECIFIC H E A T S (50"K), A T O M I C V O L U M E S


    OF T H E ELEMENTS

    *
    -g<-
    4-

    .-0 .-
    V E
    U
    .-" .u B 0
    .U
    0
    E
    5: i 15,
    u u
    Urn gz
    2s
    €1
    22 'g 5 %
    2" <> B 2s 2" 2*
    Li . . . . .1924 1.35 13.0 Fe .... .0175 .98 7.1 2.89 18.2
    Ee . . . .0137 .125 4.9 Ni .... .0208 1.22 6.7 4.59 25.7
    PJ . . . . ,0212 24 4.5 co . . . ,0207 1.22 6.8 3.68 21.2
    C** ... ,0137 .16 5.1 cu ... ,0245 1.56 7.1 6.82 71.0
    cp . . . . .0028 .03 3.4 Zn . . . .0384 2.52 9.2 4.80 36.0
    S a . . . .1519 3.50 23.6 As . . . .0258 1.94 15.9 4.60 22.6
    Mg . . . .0713 1.74 14.1 Se . . . . .0361 2.86 18.5 4.64 20.3
    A1 . . . ,0413 1.12 10.0 Br . . . .0453 3.62 24.9 1.75 9.8
    Si8 . . . .0303 .86 14.2 Rb . . . ,0711 6.05 55.8 1.49 8.5
    Si' . . . ,0303 .77 11.4 Sr' . . . .0550 4.82 34.5 Ir .... .0099 1.92 8.6
    P, yel. . ,0774 2.40 17.0 Zr . . . . .0262 2.38 21.8 Pt .... ,0135 2.63 9.2
    P, red.. ,0431 1.34 13.5 Mo ... .01.41 1.36 9.3 Au ... .0160 3.16 10.2
    S . . . . .0516 1.75 16. Ru ... ,0109 1.11 9.0 Hg ... .0232 4.65 14.8
    C1 . . . . ,0967 3.43 24.6 Rh . . . ,0134 1.38 8.5 TI .... .0235 4.80 17.2
    K . . _ .,1280 5.01 44.7 P d ... ,0190 2.03 9.2 P b ... .0240 4.96 18.3
    Ca . . . ,0714 2.86 25.9 Ag ... ,0242 2.62 10.2 Bi .... .0218 4.54 21.3
    Ti . . . . .0205 .99 10.7 Cd ... .0308 3.46 13.0 T h ... .0197 4.58 21.1
    Cr . . . . .0142 .70 7.6 Sn ... ,0286 3.41 20.3 U .... .0138 3.30 12.8
    Mn . . . ,0229 1.26 7.4
    * cal g-1 " C - 1 . t cal g atom-' "C-1. * * Graphite. 1: Diamond. 8 Fused. li Crystallized. II Impure.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 1 5 2 . 4 P E C I F I C H E A T O F W A T E R A N D MERCURY'O 161
    (1 cat = 4.1840 J )

    Specific heat of water Specific heat of mercury


    I
    h
    ,
    c, c, CP CP CP
    Temp. ctl 8-1 Temp. c$l g-1 Temp. c$l g-1 Typ. c:l g-1 Temp. c$l g-1
    "C C-1 "C C-1 "C C-1 C c-1 "C C-1
    0 .9989 70 1.0013 0 .03346 90 .03277
    5 989 75 1.0021 5 .03340 100 .03269
    10 .9988 80 1.0029 10 .03335 110 .03262
    15 1.0004 987 85 1.0039 15 .03330 120 .03255
    16 1.0002 .9987 90 1.0050 20 .03325 130 .03248
    17 1.oooo 30 .9987 95 1.0063 25 ,03320 140 ,03231
    18 998 35 .9986 100
    ~~~ 1.0076 30 ,03316
    . ~ 150
    ~ ~.0324
    .
    19 .9996 40 .9987 120 1.0162* 35 .03m i70 .0322
    20 .9995 45 .9989 140 1.0223* 40 .03308 190 .0320
    21 .9993 50 .9992 160 1.0285* 50 .03300 210 .0319
    22 .9992 55 .9996 180 1.0348* 60 ,03291 .. . ...
    23 .9991 60 1.0001 200 1.0410, 70 .03289 . .. ...
    24 990 65 1BOO6 220 1.0476* 80 .03284 ...
    4s Nat. Bur. Standards Journ. Res., R P 1228, vol. -73. p. 197, 1939.
    Barnes-Regnault.

    TABLE 153.-SPECIFIC H E A T O F V A R I O U S LIQUIDS

    Spec Spec
    TFmp heat Tpp heat
    Liquid C CIS Liquid C cgs
    .......... -20 .so5 Ethyl ether ............ 0 .529
    Alcohol.
    " '
    ethvl L' - .... ...... 0 .548 Glycerine . . . . . . . . . . . 15-50 .576
    ' ' KOH +30 H,O ........ 18
    Alc;hol, mepyi ' :.. ......
    ......
    5-10
    ......
    15-20
    40 .648
    .590
    .601
    " +
    +
    100 " ........ 18
    NaOH 50 HZO . . . . . . 18
    .876
    .975
    .942
    A$in . ..
    . . . . . . . . ...... 15 .514 " +loo" ...... 18 .983
    ...... 30 .520 N a C l + 10 H,O . . . . . . . , 18 .791
    ................. 50 .529 " +200 (' ........ 18 .978
    Benf;ole, Ce,H6 . . . . ...... 10 .340 Napht!alene, CIoHs . . . . . 80-85 ,396
    . . . . ...... 40 ,423 . . .. . . . . . .. 90-95 .409
    ...... 65 .482 Nitrobenzole . . . . . . . . . . . 14 .350
    ...... -15 .764 .
    Oils: Castor . . .. . . . . . . .
    .
    .. . . . . . . . 28 -
    .362
    . . . . .. . 0 .775 .434
    " 'I " I'
    . . . . . . . +20 .787 Citron ..... .... .. 5.4 .438
    " " "
    1.20. . . . . . . -20 n .695 Olive . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 .471
    " I' " "
    ....... u .712 Sesame . . . . . . . . . . - ,387
    1' " 'I "
    . .. . . .. +20 .725 Turpentine ...... . 0 .411
    (' I' 'I
    1.26.. . . . . . -20 .651 Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-58 .511
    " 'I " "
    ....... 0 .663 Sa: w:Fer, y. 5;. 1.0043. 17.5 .980
    " '. I' "
    ....... +20 .676 1.0235. 17.5 .938
    ....... 12-15 .848 'I 'I " " 1.0463. 17.5 .903
    ....... 12-14 .951 ToIuoI,' CaHs ... .... .... 10 .364
    ....... 12-17 .975 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 65 .490
    . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 85 .534
    .... 53 .464 ZnSO, + 50 HA0 . . . . . . 20-52 .842
    .... 65 .482 " + 200 . . .. . . 20-52 .952

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    162 T A B L E 154.-SPECIFIC H E A T OF L I Q U I D A M M O N I A U N D E R
    S A T U RAT1ON CON D l T l O N S
    Expressed in calories2oper gram per degree C

    Temp
    "C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    -40 1.062 1.061 1.060 1.059 1.058 1.058 1.057 1.056 1.055 1.055
    -30 1.070 1.069 1.068 1.067 1.066 1.065 1.064 1.064 1.063 1.062
    -20 1.078 1.077 1.076 1.075 1.074 1.074 1.073 1.072 1.071 1.070
    -10 1.088 1.087 1.086 1.085 1.084 1.083 1.082 1.081 1.080 1.079
    -0 1.099 1.098 1.097 1.096 1.094 1.093 1.092 1.091 1.090 1.089
    + O 1.099 1.100 1.101 1.103 1.104 1.105 1.106 1.108 1.109 1.110
    +lo 1.112 1.113 1.114 1.116 1.117 1.118 1.120 1.122 1.123 1.125
    +20 1.126 1.128 1.129 1.131 1.132 1.134 1.136 1.137 1.139 1.141
    +30 1.142 1.144 1.146 1.148 1.150 1.152 1.154 1.156 1.158 1.160
    + 40 1.162 1.164 1.166 1.169 1.171 1.173 1.176 1.178 1.181 1.183

    T A B L E 155.-HEAT CONTENT O F SATURATED LIQUID AMMONIA


    Heat content = H = E + pv, where E is the internal or intrinsic energy.

    Temperature "C ... -50" -40" -30" -20" -10" 0" +lo" +20" +30" $40" +SO"
    H = +
    BV . . . . . . -53.8 -43.3 -32.6 -21.8 -11.0 0.0 +ll.l +22.4 -33.9 -45.5 -57.4

    T A B L E 156.--SPECIFIC H E A T O F M I N E R A L S A N D ROCKS

    S ecific Specific
    Tempera. Reat Tempera. heat
    Substance ture "C cgs Substance ture ' C cgs
    Andalusite . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-100 .168 Rock-salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-45 ,219
    Anhydrite, CaSO, . . . . . . . 0-100 .175 Serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-98 ,259
    Apatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-99 .190 .
    Siderite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-96 .193
    .
    Asbestos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-98 .195 Spinel ... .. . . . . ........ 15-47 ,194
    Auqite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-98 .193 Talc .. ... . . . . ...... .... 20-98 .209
    Barite, BaSO, . . .. ... ... 10-98 .I13 Topaz . . . . . . . ... . . ... . . 0-100 ,210
    Beryl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-99 ,198 Wollastonite ........... 19-51 ,178
    Borax, Na2B10, fused.. . 16-98 .238 Zinc blende, ZnS. .. . . . .. 0-100 ,115
    Calcite. CaCOa . . . . . . . . . 0-50 .188 Zircon . ... . . .. ......... 21-51 .132
    0-100 .200 Rocks :
    0-300 .220 Basalt, fine, black. . . . . 12-100 .200
    ,Cassiterite S n 0 2 . . . . . . . . 16-98 ,093 20-470 .199
    Chalcopyrite . . . . . . . . . . . 15-99 .129 470-750 .243
    Corundum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-98 .198 750-880 ,626
    Cryolite, ALFo.6NaF . . . 16-99 .252 880-1190 .323
    Fluorite, CaF? . . . . . . . . . . 15-99 .215 .
    Dolomite . . , ,. , , , , .. . 20-98 .222
    Galena, P b S . . ... .. .. ... 0-100 ,047 .
    Gneiss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-99 .196
    Garnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-100 .175 17-213 .214
    Hematite, Fe203 . . . . , , . . 15-99 ,164 Granite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-100 .192
    Hornblende . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-98 .195 Kaolin ... .... . . ..... . 20-98 224
    Hypersthene . . . . . . . . . . . 20-98 .191 Lava, Aetna . . ....... . 23-100 .201
    Labradorite . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-98 ,195 31-776 ,259
    Magnetite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-45 .156 Kilauea . . . . . . . . 25-100 .197
    Malachite, CuKO,H20 . . 15-99 .176 Limestone . , . . . . . . . . . . 15-100 ,216
    Mica (Mg) ............ 20-98 ,206 Marble .... .... ..... . 0-100 .21
    ( KJ .. . . ... .. 20-98 ,208 Quartz sand . ...... . .. 20-98 ,191
    Oligoclase . . . . . . . . . 20-98 .205 Sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . . - .n
    Orthoclase . . . . . . . . . 15-99 ,188 Aluminum oxide
    Pyrolusite. MnOl . . . 17-48 .159 (Corundum) . . . . . . . . . 0 .1731
    Quartz, Si02 . . . . . .. 12-100 .188 100 ,2157
    n ,174 200 .2438
    358 ,279 300 ,2611
    400-1200 ,305 400 .2719
    500 .2799
    600 ,2865
    700 .2919
    800 2960
    900 .2995
    m a a t . Bur. Standards Journ. Res., vol. 38, p. 593. 1947.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL T4BLES


    T A B L E 157.-HEAT CAPACITY O F GASES AND VAPORS** 163
    Part 1

    -
    Constants in
    Cp=a f bT-cT-2
    Heat capacity.
    J/g Tem-
    C. in J / g Temperature = pera-
    Density Temperature "C absolute ture
    g/liter range
    Gases (normal) 0 400 1200 -7-G-GT "C
    Air ................. 1.2920 1.004 1.057 1.16 .968 .132 0 0-2000
    Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . 7598 . 2.06 2.74 3.86 1.822 1.395 s102 0-1 500
    Argon* ............. 1.782 .521 .521 .521 .521 0 0 0-
    Bromine ............ 7.1308 225 .232 .236 223 .01 0 0-1400
    Carbon dioxide ...... 1.9630 .82 1.12 1.32 .894 .7 .197 0-2000
    Carbon monoxide .... 1.2492 1.04 1.103 1.245 .980 .18 0 0-2000
    Chlorine ............ 3.1638 .497 .511 337 .488 .033 0 0-1700
    Fluorine ............ 1.6954 .774 .818 .906 .744 .11 0 0-2700
    Helium * . . . . . . . . . . . . .1785 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 0 0 0-
    Hydrogen * H . . . . . . . .045 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.6 0 0 0-
    Hz . . . . . . .0899 14.23 14.87 16.14 13.796 1.59 0 0-2000
    Hydrogen bromide ... 3.6104 .363 .381 .416 .352 .434 0 0-1700
    Hydrogen chloride .... 1.6269 .795 A34 .911 .769 .096 0 0-1 700
    Hydrogen fluoride .... A926 1.431 1.50 1.634 1.384 .169 0 0-1700
    Hydrogen iodide ..... 5.7075 .234 .245 .266 .227 .027 0 0-1 700
    Hydrogen sulfide ..... 1.5203 1.025 1.21 1.527 .962 .385 .0314 0-1500
    Iodine ............... 11.3250 .15 .15 .15 .1s 0 0 0-
    Krypton * ........... 3.7365 25 .25 25 .25 0 0 0-
    Mercury* Hg ....... 8.9501 .104 .104 .104 .101 0 0 0-
    Hgz ...... 17.9003 .094 .094 .094 .094 0 0 0-
    Neon * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9005 1.03 1.03 .03 1.03 0 0 0-
    Kitric oxide . . . . . . . . . 1.3388 1.00 1.047 .142 .968 .118 0 0-2000
    Nitrogen ............ 1.2499 1.037 1.08 .21 .962 .167 -.021 0-1500
    Nitrous oxide
    .. ........ 1.9638 .85 .954 .162 .779 .26 0 0-2000
    Oxygen ............. 1.4277 .916 1.025 .143 .944 .136 .0486 0-2000
    Phosphorus pentaoxide. 6.3371 - 1.084 .084 1.084 0 0 360-1 100
    Potassium * K ....... 1.744 .532 .532 .532 332 0 0 0-
    Kz ...... 3.4889 .482 .482 .482 .482 0 0 0-1 700
    Sodium'* Na ........ 1.026 .904 .904 .904 .904 0 0 0-
    Na2 ........ 2.052 .82 .82. .82 32 0 0 0-
    Sulfur .............. 2.8607 .565 .573 .589 .56 .0196 0 30-2000
    Sulfur dioxide . . . . . . . 2.858 .61 .79 .875 .762 .082 .132 0-2000
    Water .............. - 1.847 2.052 2.478 1.69 .535 -.008 0-2000
    Xenon* ............. 5.8579 .158 .158 .158 .158 0 0 0-
    * * For reference. see footnote45. p . 1 3 6.
    The heat capacity of an ideal monatomlc gas (at constant pressure) is equal to ( 5 / 2 ) R .
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    164 T A B L E 157.-HEAT C A P A C I T Y O F GASES A N D VAPORS (concluded)
    Part 2

    Specific heat &lean ratio of


    Range of (cgs) constant Range of specific heats
    Substance temperature "C pressure C, temperature "C C,/C,
    Acetone, C3Ho0 ................. 26-110 .3468
    Alcohol, C*H,OH ............... 108-220 .4534 53 1.133
    100 1.134
    Alcohol, CHJOH ................ 101-223 .4580 100 1.256
    Benzene, CRH, ................... 34-1 1s 2990 20 1.403
    35-180 ,3325 60 1.403
    116-218 .3754 99.7 1.105
    Chloroform, CHCI, .............. 27-118 ,1441 22-78 1.102
    28-189 .1489 99.8 1.150
    Ether, C,H,,O ................... 69-224 ,4797 42-45 1.029
    25-1 11 ,4280 12-20 1.024
    Hydrochloric acid, HCI.. ......... 13-100 .1940 20 1.389
    22-214 .1867 100 1.400
    Mercury ........................ 310 1.666
    Water vapor, H,O. .............. 0 ,4655 78 1.274
    100 ,421 94 1.33
    180 .51 100 1.305

    T A B L E 158.--SPECIFIC H E A T O F SILICATES

    Mean specific heats cgs True-specific heats


    0" c to at
    Silicate ~~ rO"C 100" 500' 1000° 1300"
    Albite ................ ,1948 236 ,256 - 211 269 ,294
    " glass . . . . . . . . . . ,1977 ,241 ,264 - - - -
    Amphibole, Mg silicate. ,2033 246 ,266 .273* 219 ,279 .304
    " glass . . . . . 2043 247 - - - - -
    Ande$ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,1925 233 ,252 - ,265
    glass ........ ,1934 - ,261 - -
    Anorthite . . . . . . . . . . . . ,1901 229 ,248 ,247 260
    elass . . . . . . . ,1883 ,230 - - -
    Cris tobal it; ..-. . . . . . . . . .1883 242 ,256 268 -
    Diopside . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1924 ,231 ,250 260t ,262
    glass . . . . . . . . .1939 233 - - -
    Microcline . . . . . . . . . . . ,1871 .226 245 - ,171 ,201 ,258 ,279 -
    -elass . . . . . . .1919 232 ,251 .259* ,174
    -
    ,206
    _
    ,244
    _
    ,299
    - -
    -
    Pyroxene ............ ,2039 ,248 - -
    Quartz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,1868 ,237 ,259 .264* .168 ,204 ,294 285 -
    Silica glass . . . . . . . . . . . .1845 ,230 ,251 - ,146 ,202 ,246 29 -
    Wollastonite .......... _ - ,234 - _ _ - - -
    I' glass . . . . . .1852 ,220 - - _ - - - -
    " pseudo ... .1844 217 ,232 ,244 ,171 .197 243 262 272
    * 0"-1100". t 0"-12500.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLES 159-164.-LATENT HEAT 165

    T A B L E 159.-LATENT H E A T O F FUSION A N D VAPORIZATION ''


    (Kg cal/inol)
    Part 1

    Ionic Molecular
    Metals .
    Im L" sullstances Lni L" sulistances Lm L"
    A1 ...... .2.55 . . . . . 67.6 r R r . . . . . 2.18. . . . . . . .
    A '~~
    ~~ A . . . . . . . . . . .. .280 ...... 1.88
    Ag ..... .2.70 . . . . . 69.4 CCI. . . . . . . . . . .577 . . . . . . 8.0
    ~

    AgCi . . . . . .3.1 5 . . . . . . . .
    Au ..... ..3.03.. . . . 90.7 AgNO., ... .2.76 . . . . . . . . CH. . . . . . . . . . .224 ...... 2.33
    Bi . . . . . . . 2.51 . . . . . 47.8 RaCL ..... .5.75 . . . . . . . . CnHo . . . . . . . . .2.35 . . . . . . 8.3
    Cd .......1.46. . . . . 27.0 CaCI, . . . . . .6.0 3. . . . . . . . CH..COOH . ..2.64 ..... . 10.3
    Co . . . . . . .3.66. . . . . . . . HgRr. . . . . .4.62 . . . . . . . . CH:tOH .... . . .525 . . . . . . 9.2
    Cr . . . . . . .3.93 . . . . . 89.4 HgI, . . . . . .4.50 . . . . . . . . C.H. O H . . . . . 1.10 ..... .10.4
    Cs . . . . . . . .50 ..... 18.7 KBr . . . . . . .2.81. . . . . 159 CI. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.63 . . . . . . 7.43
    Cu . . . . . . .3.11 ..... 81.7 KCI . . . .6.41 . . . . . 165 co . . . . . . . . . . .200 . . . . . . 1.90
    Fe . . . . . ..3.56. .... 96.5 K2CrrOi ... .8.77. . . . . . . co. .......... .99 . . . . . . 6.44
    Ga ...... .1.34 . . . . . . . . K F . . . . . . . .6.28 . . . . . 190 H. . . . . . . . . . . . .028. . . . . . .22
    H g . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . 15.5 KNO:, . . . . .2.57 ........ H R r ......... .hZO ...... 5.79
    In ....... .78. . . . . . . . K O H .. . . . .1.61 ........ HCI ......... SO6 ...... 4.85
    K ........ .58 . . . . . 21.9 IiNO.. . ... .6.06 . . . . . . . . H. 0 . . . . . . . . . .43 . . . . . . 11.3
    Mg ......1.16 ..... 34.4 NaCl .. . . . .7.22 . . . . . 183 N. . . . . . . . . . . . .218 ...... 1.69
    Mn . . . . . . 3.45 ..... 69.7 N a F . . . ... .7.81 . . . . . 213 NH. . . . . . . . . . .84 . . . . . . 7.14
    Na . . . . . . .63 . . . . . 26.2 NaCIO 3 . . . .5.29 . . . . . . . . N O ..... S51. ..... 3.82
    Ni ..... . .4.20. .... 98.1 NaNOx . . . .3.76 . . . . . . . . 0. ...... .096 ...... 2.08
    P b ... ... 1.22. . . . . 46.7 N a O H . ... .1.60 . . . . . . . .
    Pt ..... . .5.33 . ... .125 . PbBrr . . . . .4.29 . . . . . . . .
    R b .... ... .53. .... 20.6 PhCL .. ... .5.65. . . . . . . .
    S b .... .. .4.7 7. . . . . 54.4 PbI. . . . . . . .5.18. . . . . . . .
    Se .... . . .1.22. . . . . . . . TlBr .. ... .5.99 ........
    Sn ...... .1.72. . . . . 68.0 TIC1 ... ... .4.26 ........
    TI ....... .76 . .... 43.0
    Zn .... .. .1.60. .. .. 31.4

    Part 2

    1.m
    Suhstance Composition T"C Cal/n
    +
    AIlovs : 30.5Pb 69.5% .................... PhSnl 183 17
    +
    . 36.9Pb 63.1Sn .................... PbSn. 179 15.5
    +
    63.7Pb 36.3Sn .................... PbSn 177.5 11.6
    +
    77.8Pb 22.2Sn .................... PbzSn 176.5 9.54
    Britannia metal. 9% +
    1Ph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 236 28.01
    + +
    Rose's alloy, 24Pb 27.3sn 48.7Bi .......... 98.8 6.85
    {+
    Wood's alloy 25.8Ph
    52.4Bi + +
    14.7Sn
    7Cd} .............. .... 75.5 8.40
    Ammonia ................................... NH3 -75 108
    Benzole .................................... COHO 5.4 30.6
    Ice ........................................ HZO 0 79.63
    ........................................ 0 79.59
    . (from sea water) ........................ {HZO + 3.535
    of solids
    - 8.7 54.0
    Naphthalene ................................ C..H. 79.87
    Potassium nitrate ........................... KNO:I 333.5
    Phenol ..................................... GHOO 25.37
    Paraffin ........................................ 52.40 35.10
    Sodjum .................................... Na 97 31.7
    nitrate .............................. NaN03 305.8 64.87
    '' phosphate ........................... {NE:Pl 36.1 66.8
    Spermaceti ..................................... 43.9 36.98
    Wax (bees) .................................... 61.8 42.3
    61 From Slater. John C., Introduction to chemical physics. McCraw-Hill Book Co., copyright 1939 . Used
    by permission.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    166 T A B L E 160.-LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION O F E L E M E N T S

    Element t"C CaVg Element t"C CaVg


    Sb ............ 755 320 I ............. 174 24
    A ........... .. 1 atm. 37.6 Kr ............ - 151 28
    Ba .......... .. 1537 308 Pb ............ 1170 175
    Bi .......... . . 920 190 Li ............ 1336 511
    Br .......... .. 602 43 Mg ........... 1110 136
    Cd ........... . 778 240 H g ........... 358 71
    Ca . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.9 101 N ............ - 195.6 47.6
    c1 . . . . . . . . . . .. - 63 63 Oz ............ - 182.9 50.9
    F ........... . . - 188.2 40.5 Sr ............ 1336 410
    He ........... . - 271.3 5.6 Xe ............ - 108.6 25.1
    H, . . . . . . . . . . .. - 253 108 Zn ............ 918 475

    T A B L E 161.-LATENT H E A T O F VAPORIZATION OF LIQUIDS

    Latent heat Total heat


    vaporization from 0°C
    Substance Formula t"C caVg cal/g
    Alcohol : Ethyl ................... CzHoO 78.1 205 255
    0 236 236
    <
    100 ... 267
    150 ... 285
    Methyl .................. CH4O 64.5 267 307
    0 289 ...
    100 246 ...
    150 206 ...
    "
    200 152 ...
    238.5 44.2 . ..
    Aniline ........................... CsHiN 184 110 ...
    Benzene .......................... CsH, 80.1 92.9 127.9
    Carbon dioxide, solid ............. coz ... ... 138.7
    liquid ............ -25 72.23 ...
    0 57.48 ...
    12.35 44.97 ...
    22.04 31.8 ...
    30.82 3.72 ...
    disulfide .................. cs, 46.1 83.8 94.8
    0 90 90
    100 ... 100.5
    Chloroform ....................... CHCL 60.9 58.5 72.8
    Ether ............................ C4Hio0 34.5 88.4 107
    0 94 94
    50 ... 115.1
    120 ... 140
    Ethyl bromide .................... CnHaBr 38.2 60.4 ...
    chloride .................... CzHaCI 12.5 ... 98
    iodide ...................... CzHJ 71 47 ...
    Heptane .......................... CiHis 90 77.8 ...
    Hexane .......................... CoH14 70 79.2
    Octane ........................... CsHia 130 70.0
    Pentane .......................... C5Hr2 30 85.8
    Sulfur dioxide .................... so, 0 91.2
    65 68.4
    Toluol ........................... GHx 111 E6.0
    Turpentine ....................... CmHio 159.3 74.04

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    167
    T A B L E 162.-LATENT A N D T O T A L H E A T O F V A POR IZA TION , F O R M U L A E
    Y = latent heat of vaporization at t o C ; H =total heat from fluid at 0" to vapor at t o C.
    T orefers to Kelvin scale. Same units as preceding table.

    Acetone, C,H,O ...... ... +


    H = 140.5 .36644t - .000516t' - 3" to 147"
    +
    = 139.9 .23356t + ,00055338t' -3 147
    r = 139.9- .27287t + ,0001571t' -3 147
    aenzene, C,H, . . . . . . . . . . . ... H = 109.0 + .24429t - .0001315t2 7 215
    Carbon dioxide ........... ... 'I = 118.485(31- t ) - .4707(31 - t ) 2
    +
    Carbon bisulfide, CS,. . . . . . ... fi 90.0 .14601t - .0001123/'
    -25
    -6
    31
    143
    +
    H = 89.5 .16993t - .0010161t2+ .0;342t3 -G 143
    r = 89.5 - .06530t - ,0010976t' + .0j342ta -6 143
    +
    Carbon tetrachloride, CCL. . . . H = 52.0 ,14623 - ,000172t' 8 163
    +
    H = 51.9 .17867t - .0009599t2+ .0;3733t3 8 163
    r = 51.9 - .01931t - ,0010505t' + .0,3733t1 8 163
    Chloroform, CHCI, ... +
    H = 67.0 .1375t -5 159
    H +67.0 .14716t - .0000937t' - 5 159
    Y = 67.0 - .08519t - ,0001444t' -5 159
    +
    Ether, C,H,,O ........... . . . H = 94.0 .45000t - ,0005556t' -4 121
    r = 94.0 - .07900t - .0008514t2 -4 121
    Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r = 177000 - 2.57(cal/g-atom) _-
    Nitrogen, N2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . r = 68.85 - .2736T --
    Nitrous oxide, N,O. . . . . . . ... r' = 131.75(36.4- t ) - .928(36.4 - t)' -20 36
    Oxygen, O2 .............. r = 69.67 - .20801' --
    Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... r = 128000 - 2.57'(cal/g-atom) --
    Sulfur dioxide ........... ... r = 91.87 - .3812t - .000340t2 0
    Tungsten ................ . . . r = 217800 - 1.8T(cal/g-atom) -- 20
    +
    Water, H z O ............. . . . N = 638.9 .3745(t - 100) -.00099(t - 100)' --
    r = 94.210(365 - t)""'" (See Table 165) 0 100

    T A B L E 163.-LATENT H E A T O F VAPORIZATION O F AMMONIA


    Calories per gram

    "C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 i 8 9
    -40 331.7 332.3 333.0 333.6 331.3 334.9 335.5 336.2 336.8 337.5
    -30 324.8 325.5 326.2 326.9 327.6 328.3 329.0 329.7 330.3 331.0
    -20 317.6 318.3 319.1 319.8 320.6 321.3 322.0 322.7 323.4 324.1
    -10 309.9 310.7 311.5 312.2 313.0 313.8 314.6 315.3 316.1 316.8
    -0 301.8 302.6 303.4 304.3 305.1 305.9 306.7 307.5 308.3 309.1
    +0 301.8 300.9
    292.2
    300.1
    291.3
    299.2
    290.4
    298.4
    289.5
    297.5
    288.6
    296.6
    287.6
    295.7 294.9
    285.7
    294.0
    284.8
    +10 293.1 286.7
    +20 283.8 282.8 281.8 280.9 279.9 278.9 277.9 276.9 275.9 274.9
    +30 273.9 272.8 271.8 270.7 269.7 268.6 267.5 266.4 265.3 264.2
    $40 263.1 262.0 260.8 259.7 258.5 257.4 256.2 255.0 253.8 252.6

    T A B L E 164.-''LATENT H E A T O F PRESSURE VARIATION" O F LIQUID AMMONIA


    When a fluid undergoes a change of pressure, there occurs a transformation of energy into heat
    or vice versa, which results in a change of temperature of the substance unless a like amount of
    heat is ahstracted or added. This change expressed as the heat so transformed per unit change
    of pressure is the "latent heat of pressure variation." I t is expressed below as J g-' kg-' cm'.

    Temperature " C . -44.1 -39.0 -24.2 -2 +16.5 +26.5 +35.4 +40.3


    Latent heat .... - .055 - .057 - .068 --.088 - .lo7 - .123 - .140 - .150

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    168 TABLES 165-lfO.-THERMAL PROPERTIES OF
    SATURATED VAPORS

    T A B L E 165.-THERMAL P R O P E R T I E S OF S A T U R A T E D W A T E R A N D S T E A M

    Accuracy: I t is estimated that there is only 1 chance in 100 that the values given for
    H differ from the truth by as much as 1 part in 2000; it is equally unlikely that the values
    for L and H' are as much as 1.5 joules/g from the truth in the range of the experiments.
    100"-270"C .

    Entropy-
    H e a t con- H e a t con- 7 -
    ~

    t e n t of T.atent t e n t of of liquid of vapor


    Temperature liquid. H heat. L vapor. H' I> w
    "C joules/g joules/g joules/g joules/g"C joules/g"C
    0 ............. 0 2494.02 2494.02 0 9.132
    10............. 42.02 2472.26 2514.28 .1511 8.884
    20 ............. 83.83 2450.17 2534.00 .2962 8.656
    30 125.59 2427.73 2553.32 .4363 8.446
    40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167.34 2404.90 2572.24 .5719 8.253
    50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209.11 2381.64 2590.75 .7032 8.074
    60 . . . . . . 250.90 2357.91 2608.81 .8335 7.909
    292.75 2333.65 2626.40 -954.3
    .... 7.756
    80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334.66 2308.32 2643.48 1.0746 7.613
    90 . . . . . . . 376.65 2283.38 2660.03 1.1918 7.480
    100....... 418.75 2257.24 2675.99 1.3064 7.356
    110............. 460.97 2230.35 2691.32 1.4177 7.240
    120 ....... 503.36 2202.65 2706.01 1.5268 7.130
    130............. 545.93 2174.04 2719.97 i .6335 7.027
    140............. 588.71 2144.44 2733.15 1.7381 6.929
    15c ............. 631.75 2113.76 2745.51 1.8407 6.837
    160............. 675.06 2081.89 2756.95 1.9416 6.749
    170.... 718.66 2048.72 2767.38 2.0406 6.664
    180.... 762.72 20 14.10 2776.82 2.1384 6.584
    190............. 807.15 1977.89 2785.04 2.2348 6.506
    200 ............. 852.02 1939.93 2791.95 2.3299 6.430
    210 ............. 897.35 1900.00 2797.35 2.4239 6.357
    220 ............. 943.24 1857.89 2801.13 2.5169 6.285
    230 ............. 989.75 1813.33 2803.08 2.6091 6.213
    240 ............. 1036.97 1766.02 2802.99 2.7007 6.143
    250 ............. 1084.97 1715.59 2800.56 2.7919 6.072
    260 ............. 1133.87 1661.60 2795.47 2.8828 6.000
    270 ............. 1184.32 1603.51 2787.83 2.9746 5.927

    SMITHMNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 166.-PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM 169
    Metric and common units, 0" t o 220°C

    Heat of liquid, q, heat required to raise 1 kg (1 lb) to corresponding temperature from


    0°C. Heat of vaporization, r, heat required to vaporize 1 kg (1 lb) at corresponding
    temperature to dry saturated vapor against corresponding pressure. Total heat, H = r q. +
    e e
    9 Bh
    e-,
    uu Heat of the Heat of
    Heat equivalent
    of
    * Y )
    u
    !+u o

    2k Pressure liquid vaporization internal works p&


    r g.2
    g-
    t
    mmHz- kg/cme lb/in.a 5s--iz GrK i -b L - 'kgcal Btu'
    t
    P 4 4 4 4 P P
    0 4.579 .00k23 .O& .oo .o 595.4 1071.7 565.3 1017.5 32.0
    5 6.541 .00889 .1265 5.04 9.1 592.8 1067.1 562.2 1011.9 41.0
    10 9.205 .01252 .1780 10.06 18.1 590.2 1062.3 559.0 1006.2 50.0
    15 12.779 .01737 ,2471 15.06 27.1 587.6 1057.6 555.9 1000.5 59.0
    20 17.51 .02381 .33% 20.06 36.1 584.9 1052.8 552.7 994.8 68.0
    25 23.69 .03221 .4581 25.05 45.1 582.3 1048.1 549.5 989.7 77.0
    30 31.71 .04311 .6132 30.04 54.1 579.6 1043.3 546.3 983.4 86.0
    35 42.02 .05713 ,8126 35.03 63.1 576.9 1038.5 543.1 977.6 95.0
    40 55.13 .07495 1.0661 40.02 72.0 574.2 1033.5 539.9 971.7 104.0
    45 71.66 .09743 1.3858 45.00 81.0 571.3 1028.4 536.5 965.7 113.0
    50 92.30 .12549 1.7849 49.99 90.0 568.4 1023.2 533.0 959.6 122.0
    55 117.85 .16023 2.279 54198 9910 565.6 1018.1 529.7 953.5 131.0
    60 149.19 .20284 2.885 59.97 108.0 562.8 1013.1 526.4 947.5 140.0
    65 187.36 .2547 3.623 64.98 117.0 559.9 1007.8 523.0 941.3 149.0
    70 233.53 .3175 4.516 69.98 126.0 556.9 1002.5 519.5 935.0 158.9
    75 289.0 .3929 5.589 74.99 135.0 554.0 997.3 516.0 928.8 167.0
    80 355.1 .4828 6.867 80.01 144.0 551.1 991.9 512.6 922.6 176.0
    85 433.5 S894 8.383 85.04 153.1 548.1 986.5 509.1 916.3 185.0
    90 525.8 ,7149 10.167 90.07 162.1 544.9 980.9 505.4 909.9 194.0
    91 546.1 .7425 10.560 91.08 163.9 544.3 979.8 504.7 908.5 195.8
    92 567.1 .7710 10.966 92.08 165.7 543.7 978.7 Soio 907.2 197.6
    93 588.7 .8004 11.384 93.09 167.5 543.1 977.6 503.3 906.0 199.4
    94 611.0 .8307 11.815 94.10 169.3 542.5 976.5 502.6 904.7 201.2
    95 634.0 .8620 12.260 95.11 171.2 541.9 975.4 501.9 903.4 203.0
    96 657.7 .8942 12.718 96:lZ 173.0 541.2 974.2 501.1 902.1 204.8
    97 682.1 .9274 13.190 97.12 174.8 546.6 973.1 500.4 900.8 206.6
    98 707.3 .9616 13.678 98.13 176.6 539.9 971.9 499.6 899.4 208.4
    99 733.2 .9970 14.180 99.14 178.5 539.3 970.8 498.9 898.2 210.2
    100 760.0 1.0333 14.697 100.2 180.3 538.7 969.7 498.2 896.9 212.0
    101 787.5 1.0707 15.229 i0i.Z 182.1 538.1 968.5 497.5 895.5 213.8
    102 815.9 1.1093 15.778 102.2 183.9 537:4 96713 496.8 894.1 215.6
    103 845.1 1.1490 16.342 103.2 185.7 536.8 966.2 496.1 892.9 217.4
    104 875.1 1.1898 16.923 104.2 187.6 536.2 %5.1 495.4 891.6 219.2
    105 906.1 1.2319 17.522 105.2 189.4 535.6 964.0 494.7 890.3 221.0
    106 937.9 1.2752 18.137 106.2 191.2 534.9 %2.8 493.9 889.0 222.8
    107 970.6 1.3196 18.769 107.2 193.0 534.2 %1.6 493.1 887.6 224.6
    108 1004.3 1.3653 19.420 108.2 194.8 533.6 960.5 492.4 886.3 226.4
    109 1038.8 1.4123 20.089 109.3 196.7 532.9 959.3 491.6 885.0 228.2
    110 1074.5 1.4608 20.777 110.3 198.5 532.3 958.1 490.9 883.6 230.6
    111 1111.1 1.5106 21.486 111.3 200.3 531.6 956.9 490.2 882.3 231.8
    112 1148.7 1.5617 22.214 112.3 202.1 530.9 955.7 489.4 880.9 233.6
    113 1187.4 1.6144 22.962 113.3 203.9 530.3 954.5 488.7 879.5 235.4
    114 1227.1 1.6684 23.729 114.3 205.8 529.6 953.3 487.9 878.2 237.2
    115 1267.9 1.7238 24.518 115.3 207.6 528.9 952.1 487.1 876.8 239.0
    116 1309.8 1.7808 25.328 116.4 209.4 528.2 950.8 486.3 875.4 240.8
    117 1352.8 1.8393 26.160 ii7.4 Zii.2 527.5 949.5 485.5 873.9 242.6
    118 1397.0 1.8993 27.015 118.4 213.0 526.9 948.4 484.8 872.6 244.4
    119 1442.4 1.9611 27.893 119.4 214.9 526.2 947.2 484.0 871.3 246.2
    (continued)
    SMITHSOPIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    170 T A B L E 166.-PROPERTIES O F S A T U R A T E D S T E A M (continued)
    Metric and common units, 00 t o 220°C
    If A is the reciprocal of thc mechanical equivalent of heat, p the pressure, s and u the
    specific volumes o f the liquid and the saturated vapor, s - u, the change of volume, then
    the heat equivalent of the external work is Apii = A p ( s - a). Heat equivalent of internal
    work, p = r - APu. Entropy = d Q / T , where dQ =amount of heat added a t absolute
    temperature T .
    e e
    Zh
    ,lu Ileat equiva- GW,
    c .vI Entropy Densitv
    -
    l.0
    u w
    l50
    i
    lent of exter-
    nal work Wntrrqiy of eyapo-
    ration
    Specific volume
    kg/ma IlI/fP
    - u
    w
    2
    w
    ^I-
    DL
    z4 of the
    1
    u’
    b -
    kycal Dtu liquid r
    - ‘m”/kg ft:j,‘lh 1
    - -
    t Apu Apu B T S S S S t
    0 30.1 54.2 .0!100 2.1804 206.3 3304. ,00485 .000303 32.0
    5 30.6 55.2 ,0183 2.1320 147.1 2356. ,00680 ,000424 41 .O
    10 31.2 56.1 .0361 2.0850 106.3 1703. ,00941 ,000587 50.0
    15 31.7 57.1 .0537 2.0396 77.9 1248. .01283 .000801 59.0
    20 32.2 58.0 ,0709 1.9959 57.8 926. ,01730 .001080 68.0
    25 32.8 59.0 .0878 1.9536 43.40 695. ,02304 ,001439 77.0
    30 33.3 59.9 .lo44 1.9126 32.95 528. .03035 ,001894 86.0
    35 33.8 60.9 .1207 1.8725 25.25 404.7 ,03960 ,002471 95.0
    40 34.3 61.8 ,1368 1.8341 19.57 313.5 ,0511 ,003190 104.0
    45 34.8 62.7 ,1526 1.7963 15.25 244.4 .0656 ,004092 113.0
    50 35.4 63.6 .1682 1.7597 12.02 192.6 ,0832 ,00519 122.0
    55 35.9 64.6 .1835 1.7242 9.56 153.2 ,1046 ,00653 131.0
    60 36.4 65.6 .1986 1.6899 7.66 122.8 .1305 ,00814 140.0
    65 36.9 66.5 2 1 351.6563 6.19 99.2 ,1615 ,01008 149.0
    70 37.4 67.4 .2282 1.6235 5.04 80.7 ,1984 .01239 158.0
    75 38.0 68.5 ,2427 1.5918 4.130 66.2 ,2421 .01510 167.0
    80 38.5 69.3 ,2570 1S609 3.404 54.5 ,2938 ,01835 176.0
    85 39.0 70.2 .2711 1s307 2.824 45.23 ,3541 ,02211 185.0
    90 39.5 71.0 ,2851 1.5010 2.358 37.77 ,4241 ,02648 194.0
    91 39.6 71.3 ,2879 1.4952 2.275 36.45 ,4395 ,02743 195.8
    92 39.7 71.5 2906 1.4894 2.197 35.19 .4552 ,02842 197.6
    93 39.8 71.6 ,2934 1.4836 2.122 31.00 ,4713 ,02941 199.4
    94 39.9 71.8 ,2961 1.4779 2.050 32.86 ,4878 .03043 201.2
    95 40.0 72.0 ,2989 1.4723 1.980 31.75 ,505 ,03149 203.0
    96 40.1 72.1 .3016 1.4666 1.913 30.67 ,523 ,03260 204.8
    97 40.2 72.3 .3043 1.4609 1.849 29.63 .541 ,03375 206.6
    98 40 3 72.5 .3070 1.4552 1.787 28.64 .560 ,03492 208.4
    99 40.4 72.6 ,3097 1.4496 1.728 27.69 .579 .036ll 210.2
    100 40.5 72.8 .3125 1.4441 1.671 26.78 ,598 ,03734 212.0
    101 40.6 73.0 ,3152 1.4386 1,617 25.90 ,618 .03861 213.8
    102 40.6 73.2 .3179 1.4330 1.564 25.06 ,639 .03990 215.6
    103 40.7 73.3 ,3205 1.4275 1.514 24.25 ,661 .04124 217.4
    104 40.8 73.5 ,3232 1.4220 1.465 23.47 .683 ,04261 219.2
    105 40.9 73.7 ,3259 1.4165 1.419 22.73 ,705 ,04400 221.0
    106 41.0 73.8 .3286 1.4111 1.374 22.01 .728 .04543 222.8
    107 41.1 74.0 .3312 1.4057 1.331 21.31 .751 ,04692 224.6
    108 41.2 74.2 ,3339 1.4003 1.289 20.64 ,776 .04845 226.4
    109 41.3 74.3 .3365 1.3949 1.248 19.99 .801 ,0500 228.2
    110 41.4 74.5 .3392 1.3895 1.209 19.37 .827 ,0516 230.0
    111 41.4 74.6 .3118 1.3842 1.172 18.77 ,853 .0533 231.8
    112 41.5 74.8 .3445 1.3789 1.136 18.20 ,880 ,0550 233.6
    113 41.6 75.0 .3471 1.3736 1.101 17.64 ,908 ,0567 235.4
    114 41.7 75.1 ,3498 1.3683 1.068 17.10 ,936 .0585 237.2
    115 41.8 75.3 ,3524 1.3631 1.036 16.59 ,965 ,0603 239.0
    1 I6 41.9 75.4 ,3550 1.3579 1.005 16.09 ,995 ,0622 240.8
    117 42.0 75.6 .3576 1.3527 ,9746 15.61 1.026 .Oh41 242.6
    118 42.1 75.8 .3602 1.3475 ,9460 15.16 1.057 .0659 244.4
    119 42.2 75.9 ,3628 1.3423 ,9183 14.72 1.089 ,0679 246.2
    (continued)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    T A B L E 166.-PROPERTIES OF S A T U R A T E D S T E A M (continued) 171
    Metric and common units, 0" to 220°C
    u
    LI e
    zcr
    eu Heat equivalent
    nL mU ci0
    rvl
    Heat of the Ueat of of
    t i
    Q 0
    Pressure liciuid vworization internal works g2
    $2 mmHg kg/cm2 lli/in.z
    7
    kg cal Iltu kr: cal Iltu
    &
    kgcal Btu
    ::
    k.
    * P F P 4 4 r r P P t
    120 1489 2.024 28.79 120.4 216.7 525.6 946.0 483.4 870.0 248.0
    121 is37 21089 29.72 121.4 218.5 524.9 944.8 482.6 868.6 249.8
    122 1586 2.156 30.66 122.5 220.4 524.2 943.5 481.8 867.1 251.6
    123 1636 2.224 31.64 123.5 222.2 523.5 942.3 481.0 865.8 253.4
    124 1688 2.294 32.64 121.5 224.1 522.8 941.0 480.2 864.3 255.2
    125 1740 2.366 33.66 125.5 225.9 522.1 939.9 479.4 863.0 257.0
    126 1795 2.440 31.71 126.5 227.7 521.4 938.6 478.6 861.6 258.8
    127 1850 2.516 35.78 127.5 220.5 520.7 937.3 477.8 860.2 260.6
    128 1907 2.593 36.88 128.6 231.4 520.0 936.1 477.0 858.8 262.4
    129 1966 2.673 38.01 129.6 233.3 519.3 934.8 476.3 857.4 264.2
    130 2026 2.754 39.17 130.6 235.1 518.6 933.6 475.5 856.0 266.0
    131 2087 2.837 40.36 131.6 236.9 517.9 932.3 474.7 854.6 267.8
    132 2150 2.923 41.57 132.6 238.7 517.3 931.1 474.0 853.2 269.6
    133 2214 3.010 42.81 133.7 240.6 516.6 929.8 473.3 851.8 271.4
    I34 2280 3.100 44.09 134.7 242.4 515.9 928.5 472.5 850.4 273.2
    135 2348 3.192 45.39 135.7 244.2 515.1 927.2 471.6 848.9 275.0
    136 2416 3.285 46.73 136.7 246.0 514.4 925.9 470.8 847.5 276.8
    137 2487 3.382 48.10 137.7 247.9 513.7 524.6 470.1 846.1 278.6
    138 2560 3.480 49.50 138.8 249.7 513.0 923.3 469.3 844.6 280.4
    139 2634 3.581 50.93 139.8 251.6 512.3 922.1 468.5 843.3 282.2
    140 2710 3.684 52.39 140.8 253.4 511.5 920.7 467.6 841.8 284.0
    141 2787 3.789 53.89 141.8 255.3 510.7 919.3 466.8 840.2 285.8
    142 2866 3.897 55.43 142.8 257.1 510.1 918.1 466.1 838.9 287.6
    143 2948 4.008 57.00 143.9 259.0 509.3 916.7 465.3 837.4 289.4
    144 3030 4.121 58.60 143.9 260.8 508.6 915.4 464.4 835.9 291.2
    145 3115 4.236 60.24 145.9 262.7 507.8 914.1 463.6 834.5 293.0
    146 3202 4.354 61.92 i46:9 264.5 507.1 912.8 462.8 83ii 294.8
    147 3291 4.474 63.64 148.0 266.4 506.4 911.5 462.0 831.6 296.6
    148 3381 4.597 65.39 149.0 268.2 505.6 910.1 461.2 830.1 298.4
    149 3474 4.723 67.18 150.0 270.1 504.9 908.8 460.4 828.7 300.2
    150 3569 4.852 69.01 151.0 271.9 504.1 907.4 459.5 827.2 302.0
    151 3665 4.984 70.88 152.1 273.8 503.4 c)~.i 458.7 825.7 303.8
    152 3764 5.118 72.79 i53.i 275.6 502.6 904.7 457.9 824.2 305.6
    153 3865 5.255 74.74 154.1 277.4 501.9 903.3 457.1 822.7 307.4
    154 3968 5.395 76.73 155.1 279.2 501.1 901.9 456.3 821.2 309.2
    155 4073 5.538 78.76 156.2 281.1 500.3 900.5 455.4 819.6 311.0
    156 4181 5.684 80.84 157.2 283.0 499.6 899.2 454.6 818.2 312.8
    157 4290 5.833 82.96 158.2 284.8 498.8 897.8 453.8 816.7 314.6
    158 4402 5.985 85.12 159.3 286.7 498.1 896.5 453.0 815.3 316.4
    159 4517 6.141 87.33 160.3 288.5 497.3 895.1 452.1 813.7 318.2
    160 4633 6.300 89.59 161.3 290.4 496.5 893.7 451.2 812.2 320.0
    161 4752 6.462 913 9 162.3 292.2 495.7 892.3 450.4 810.7 321.8
    162 4874 6.628 94.25 163.4 294.1 494.9 890.9 449.5 809.2 323.6
    163 4998 6.796 96.65 164.4 295.9 494.2 889.5 448.7 807.7 325.4
    164 5124 6.967 99.09 165.4 297.7 493.4 888.1 447.9 806.2 327.2
    165 5253 7.142 101.6 166.5 299.6 492.6 886.7 447.0 804.7 329.0
    166 5384 7.320 104.1 167.5 301.5 491.9 885.4 446.3 803.3 330.8
    167 5518 7.502 106.7 168.5 303.3 491.1 883.9 445.4 801.7 332.6
    168 5655 7.688 109.4 169.5 305.1 490.3 882.5 444.6 800.1 334.4
    169 5794 7.877 112.0 170.6 307.0 489.5 881.O 443.7 798.5 336.2
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    172 T A B L E 166.-PROPERTIES O F S A T U R A T E D S T E A M (continued)

    u
    2V
    nvl
    L u
    u
    g&
    g%
    t
    U

    120
    &
    Heat equiva-
    lent of exter-
    nal work
    kg cal
    APu
    42.2
    Btu
    AW
    76.0
    Metric and common units, Oo t o 220°C

    Entropy
    of the
    liquid
    8
    .3654
    Entropy
    of evapo-
    ration

    T
    r
    -
    Soecific volume
    ms/kg
    S
    fta/lb
    S
    -kg/ma
    -1
    S
    Density
    lb/fta
    1
    -
    S
    z
    25
    * uu
    o
    2&
    g%
    248.0
    t
    1.3372 ,8914 14.28 1.122 .0700
    121 42.3 76.2 .3680 1.3321 .8653 13.86 1.156 .0721 249.8
    122 42.4 76.4 .3705 1.3269 3401 13.46 1.190 .0743 251.6
    123 42.5 76.5 .3731 1.3218 3158 13.07 1.226 .0765 253.4
    124 42.6 76.7 .3756 1.3167 .7924 12.69 1.262 .0788 255.2
    125 42.7 76.8 .3782 1.3117 .7698 12.33 1.299 .0811 257.0
    126 42.8 77.0 .3807 1.3067 .7479 11.98 .337 .0835 258.8
    127 42.9 77.1 ,3833 1.3017 .7267 11.64 .376 .0859 260.6
    128 43.0 77.3 ,3858 1.2967 .7063 11.32 .416 .0883 262.4
    129 43.0 77.4 .3884 1.2917 .6867 11.oo ,456 .0909 264.2
    130 43.1 77.6 .3909 1.2868 6677 10.70 .498 .0935 266.0
    131 43.2 77.7 ,3934 1.2818 .6493 10.40 .540 .0961 267.8
    132 43.3 77.9 .3959 1.2769 ,6315 10.12 ,583 .0988 269.6
    133 43.3 78.0 .3985 1.2720 .6142 9.839 ,628 .lo16 271.4
    134 43.4 78.1 .4010 1.2672 .5974 9.569 ,674 .I045 273.2
    135 43.5 78.3 .4035 1.2623 ,5812 9.309 1.721 .I074 275.0
    136 43.6 78.4 ,4060 1.2574 ,5656 9.060 1.768 .1104 276.8
    137 43.6 78.5 .4085 1.2526 .5506 8.820 1.816 .1134 278.6
    138 43.7 78.7 .4110 1.2479 S361 8.587 1.865 .1165 280.4
    139 43.8 78.8 .4135 1.2431 .5219 8.360 1.916 .I196 282.2
    140 43.9 78.9 .4160 1.2383 .5081 8.140 1.968 .1229 284.0
    141 43.9 79.1 .4185 1.2335 ~4948 7.926 2.021 .1262 285.8
    142 44.0 79.2 .4209 1.2288 .4819 7.719 2.075 .I296 287.6
    143 44.0 79.3 .4234 1.2241 ,4694 7.519 2.130 .I330 289.4
    144 44.2 79.5 .4259 1.2194 .4574 7.326 2.186 .I365 291.2
    145 44.2 79.6 .4283 1.2147 .4457 7.139 2.244 .1401 293.0
    146 44.3 79.7 .4307 1.2100 .4343 6.957 2.303 .1437 294.8
    147 44.4 79.9 .4332 1.2054 .4232 6.780 2.363 .1475 296.6
    148 44.4 80.0 .4356 1.2008 .4125 6.609 2.424 .1513 298.4
    149 44.5 80.1 .4380 1.1962 .4022 6.443 2.486 .1552 300.2
    150 44.6 80.2 ,4405 1.1916 .3921 6.282 2.550 .1592 302.0
    151 44.6 80.4 .4429 1.1870 .3824 6.126 2.615 .I632 303.8
    152 44.7 80.5 .4453 1.1824 ,3729 5.974 2.682 .1674 305.6
    153 44.8 80.6 .4477 1.1778 .3637 5.826 2.750 .I716 307.4
    154 44.8 80.7 ,4501 1.1733 .3548 5.683 2.818 .1759 309.2
    155 44.9 80.9 .4525 1.1688 .3463 5.546 2.888 .1803 311.0
    156 45.0 81.0 .4549 1.1644 ,3380 5.413 2.959 .1847 312.8
    157 45.0 81.1 .4573 1.1599 .3298 5.282 3.032 .1893 314.6
    158 45.1 81.2 .45% 1.1554 .3218 5.154 3.108 .1940 316.4
    159 45.2 81.4 .4620 1.1509 .3140 5.029 3.185 .I988 318.2
    160 45.3 81.5 .4644 1.1465 ,3063 4.906 3.265 .2038 320.0
    161 45.3 81.6 .4668 1.1421 2989 4.789 3.345 .2088 321.8
    162 45.4 81.7 .4692 1.1377 .2920 4.677 3.425 .2 138 323.6
    163 45.5 81.8 .4715 1.1333 .2855 4.571 3.503 .2188 325.4
    164 45.5 81.9 .4739 1.1289 .2792 4.469 3.582 .2238 327.2
    165 45.6 82.0 .4763 1.1245 .2729 4.368 3.664 .2289 329.0
    166 45.6 82.1 .4786 1.1202 .2666 4.268 3.751 ,2343 330.8
    167 45.7 82.2 ,4810 1.1159 .2603 4.168 3.842 .2399 332.6
    168 45.7 82.4 .4833 1.1115 .2540 4.070 3.937 .2457 334.4
    169 45.8 82.5 .4857 1.1072 .2480 3.975 4.032 .2516 336.2
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 166.-PROPERTIES OF S A T U R A T E D S T E A M (continued) 173
    Metric and common units, 0" t o 220°C
    2 2
    ZV Heat equivalent ec
    m v0) of
    rJu)
    L.u
    0 Heat of the Heat of 1.0
    0 0

    $2 Pressure liquid vaporization internal works 22


    r"4 & a &4
    mmHg kgcal Btu kg cal Btu k'g cal Btu
    t P P P 4 4 r r P P t
    170 5937 8.071 114.8 171.6 308.9 488.7 879.6 442.8 797.0 338.0
    171 6081 8.268 117.6 172.6 310.7 487.9 878.3 441.9 795.6 339.8
    172 6229 8.469 120.4 173.7 312.6 487.1 876.9 441.1 794.1 341.6
    173 6379 8.673 123.4 174.7 314.5 486.3 875.4 440.2 792.5 343.4
    174 6533 8.882 126.3 175.7 316.3 485.5 873.9 439.4 790.9 345.2
    175 6689 9.094 129.4 176.8 318.2 484.7 872.4 438.5 789.3 347.0
    176 6848 9.310 132.4 177.8 320.0 483.9 871.0 437.7 787.8 348.8
    177 7010 9.531 135.6 178.8 321.8 483.1 869.5 436.8 786.2 350.6
    178 7175 9.755 138.8 179.9 323.7 482.3 868.1 436.0 784.7 352.4
    179 7343 9.983 142.0 180.9 325.6 481.4 866.6 435.0 783.1 354.2
    183 7514 10.216 145.3 181.9 327.5 480.6 865.1 434.2 781.5 356.0
    181 7688 10.453 148.7 183.0 329.3 479.8 863.6 433.3 779.9 357.8
    182 7866 10.695 152.1 184.0 331.2 479.0 862.2 432.5 778.4 359.6
    183 8046 10.940 155.6 185.0 333.0 478.2 860.7 431.6 776.9 361.4
    184 8230 11.189 159.2 186.1 334.9 477.4 859.2 430.8 775.3 363.2
    185 8417 11.44 162.8 187.1 336.8 476.6 857.7 429.9 773.7 365.0
    186 8608 11.70 166.5 188.1 338.6 475.7 856.3 429.0 772.2 366.8
    187 8802 11.97 170.2 189.2 340.5 474.8 854.7 428.0 770.5 368.6
    188 8999 12.24 174.0 190.2 342.4 474.0 853.2 427.2 768.9 370.4
    189 9200 12.51 177.9 191.2 344.2 473.2 851.7 426.3 767.4 372.2
    190 9404 12.79 181.8 192.3 346.1 472.3 850.2 425.4 765.8 374.0
    191 9612 13.07 185.9 193.3 347.9 471.5 848.7 424.5 764.2 375.8
    192 9823 13.36 190.0 194.4 349.8 470.6 847.1 423.6 762.5 377.6
    193 10038 13.65 194.1 195.4 351.7 469.8 845.6 422.8 761.0 379.4
    194 10256 13.94 198.3 196.4 353.5 468.9 844.1 421.9 759.4 381.2
    195 10480 14.25 202.6 197.5 355.4 468.1 842.5 421.0 757.7 383.0
    196 10700 14.55 207.0 198.5 357.3 467.2 841.0 420.1 756.1 384.8
    197 10930 14.87 211.4 199.5 359.2 466.4 839.5 419.2 754.6 386.6
    198 11170 15.18 216.0 200.6 361.1 465.6 838.0 418.4 753.4 388.4
    199 11410 15.51 220.6 201.6 362.9 464.7 836.4 417.4 75 1.3 390.2
    200 11650 15.84 225.2 202.7 364.8 463.8 834.8 416.5 749.7 392.0
    20 1 11890 16.17 230.0 203.7 366.7 462.9 833.8 415.6 748.1 393.8
    202 12140 16.51 234.8 204.7 368.5 462.1 831.8 41 4.8 746.6 395.6
    203 12400 16.85 239.7 205.8 370.4 461.2 830.2 413.8 744.9 397.4
    204 12650 17.20 244.7 206.8 372.3 460.3 828.6 412.9 743.3 399.2
    205 12920 17.56 249.8 207.9 374.1 459.4 827.0 412.0 741.6 401.0
    206 13180 17.92 254.9 208.9 376.0 458.6 825.4 411.1 740.0 402.8
    207 13450 18.29 260.1 2io.o 377.9 457.7 823.8 410.2 738.3 404.6
    208 13730 18.66 265.4 211.0 379.8 456.8 822.2 409.3 736.7 406.4
    209 14010 19.04 270.8 212.0 381.6 455.9 820.6 408.4 735.1 408.2
    210 14290 19.43 276.3 213.1 383.5 455.0 819.1 407.5 733.6 410.0
    21 1 14580 19.82 281.9 214.1 385.4 454.1 817.4 406.6 731.9 411.8
    212 14870 20.22 287.6 215.2 387.3 453.2 815.8 405.7 730.2 413.6
    213 15170 20.62 293.3 216.2 389.2 452.4 814.3 404.9 728.7 415.4
    214 I5470 21.03 299.2 217.3 391.1 451.5 812.7 404.0 727.1 417.2
    215 15780 21.45 305.1 218.3 392.9 450.6 811.0 403.1 725.4 419.0
    216 16090 21.88 311.1 219.3 394.8 449.6 809.3 402.1 723.7 420.8
    217 16410 22.31 317.3 220.4 396.7 448.7 807.7 401.2 722.1 422.6
    218 16730 22.74 323.5 221.4 398.5 447.8 806.1 400.3 720.5 424.4
    219 17060 23.19 329.8 222.5 400.4 446.9 804.5 399.4 718.9 426.2
    220 I7390 23.64 336.2 223.5 402.3 446.0 802.9 398.5 71 7.3 428.0
    (contitwed)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    174 T A B L E 166.-PROPERTIES O F S A T U R A T E D S T E A M (concluded)
    Metric and common units, 00 to 220°C
    u
    ta v :k
    Heat equiva- Entropy Density m m
    ?u 3u lent of exter- u u
    c

    $& nal work Entropy


    of the
    of evapo-
    ration
    Specific volume
    __h_7
    r_JL_
    kg/ms lb/fts g&
    g% )I

    kg cal Btu' liquid r


    - m3/kg fP/lh 1
    - -1
    ($

    t B T S S 5 S t
    A P ~ APu
    170 45.9 82.6 .4880 1.1029 .2423 3.883 4.127 ,2575 338.0
    171 46.0 82.7 .4903 1.0987 .2368 3.794 4.223 ,2636 339.8
    172 46.0 82.8 .4926 1.0944 ,2314 3.709 4.322 ,2696 341.6
    173 46.1 82.9 .4949 1.0901 .2262 3.626 4.421 .2758 343.4
    174 46.1 83.0 .4972 1.0859 ,2212 3.545 4.521 .2821 345.2

    175 46.2 83.1 ,4995 1.0817 .2164 3.467 4.621 .2884 347.0
    176 46.2 83.2 SO18 1.0775 .2117 3.391 4.724 .2949 348.8
    177 46.3 83.3 SO41 1.0733 ,2072 3.318 4.826 ,3014 350.6
    178 46.3 83.4 ,5064 1.0691 ,2027 3.247 4.933 ,3080 352.4
    179 46.4 83.5 SO87 1.0649 .1983 3.177 5.04 .3148 354.2

    180 46.4 83.6 .5110 1.0608 ,1941 3.109 5.15 .3217 356.0
    181 46.5 83.7 ,5133 1.0567 .1899 3.041 5.27 .3288 357.8
    182 46.5 83.8 ,5156 1.0525 ,1857 2.974 5.38 ,3362 359.6
    183 46.6 83.8 ,5178 1.0484 .1817 2.91 1 5.50 ,3435 361.4
    184 46.6 83.9 S201 1.0443 .1778 2.849 5.62 .3510 363.2

    185 46.7 84.0 S224 1.0403 ,1740 2.787 5.75 .3588 365.0
    186 46.7 84.1 S246 1.0362 .1702 2.727 5.88 ,3667 366.8
    187 46.8 84.2 S269 1.0321 ,1666 2.669 6.00 ,3746 368.6
    188 46.8 84.3 ,5291 1.0280 ,1632 2.614 6.13 .3826 370.4
    189 46.9 84.3 S314 1.0240 .1598 2.560 6.26 .3906 372.2

    190 46.9 84.4 ,5336 1.0200 ,1565 2.507 6.39 .3989 374.0
    191 47.0 84.5 S358 1.0160 ,1533 2.456 6.52 .4072 375.8
    192 47.0 84.6 S381 1.0120 .1501 2.405 6.66 ,4158 377.6
    193 47.0 84.6 S403 1.0080 ,1470 2.355 6.80 ,4246 379.4
    194 47.0 84.7 ,5426 1.0040 ,1440 2.306 6.94 .4336 381.2

    195 47.1 84.8 S448 1.0000 ,1411 2.259 7.09 ,4426 383.0
    196 47.1 84.9 S470 .9961 .1382 2.214 7.23 .4516 384.8
    197 47.2 84.9 ,5492 ,9922 .1354 2.169 7.38 ,4610 386.6
    198 47.2 85.0 5514 ,9882 ,1327 2.126 7.53 .4704 388.4
    199 47.3 85.1 ,5536 ,9843 ,1300 2.083 7.69 ,4801 390.2

    200 47.3 85.1 S558 .9804 .1274 2.041 7.84 ,4900 392.0
    201 47.3 85.2 ,5580 .9765 .1249 2.001 8.00 .4998 393.8
    202 47.3 85.2 S602 ,9727 ,1225 1.%2 8.16 .510 395.6
    203 47.4 85.3 S624 ,9688 .1201 1.923 8.33 ,520 397.4
    204 47.4 85.3 ,5646 .9650 .1177 1.885 8.50 .531 399.2

    205 47.4 85.4 ,5668 .9611 .1153 1.847 8.67 ,541 401.0
    206 47.5 85.4 S690 .9572 ,1130 1.810 8.85 .552 402.8
    207 47.5 85.5 .5?12 ,9534 ,1108 1.774 9.03 ,564 404.6
    208 47.5 85.5 .5733 ,9496 .1086 1.739 9.21 ,575 406.4
    209 47.5 85.5 ,5755 .9458 ,1065 1.705 9.39 337 408.2

    210 47.5 85.5 ,5777 ,9420 .lo44 1.673 9.58 .598 410.0
    211 47.5 85.5 ,5799 ,9382 .I 024 1.640 9.77 610 41 1.8
    212 47.5 85.6 3320 ,9344 ,1004 1.608 9.96 ,622 413.6
    213 47.5 85.6 ,5842 .9307 4984 1.577 10.16 ,634 415.4
    214 47.5 85.6 3363 .9269 ,0965 1.546 10.36 .647 417.2

    215 47.5 85.6 ,5885 .9232 ,0947 1.516 10.56 ,660 419.0
    216 47.5 85.6 S906 ,9195 ,0928 1.486 10.78 .673 420.8
    217 47.5 85.6 ,5927 .9157 .0910 1.458 10.99 ,686 422.6
    218 47.5 85.6 ,5948 ,9120 ,0893 1.430 11.20 ,699 424.4
    219 47.5 85.6 ,5969 .9084 ,0876 1.403 11.41 .713 426.2
    220 47.5 85.6 S991 .9047 ,0860 1.376 11.62 .727 428.0

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 167.-PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM 175
    Common units, 400" to 7OO0F
    Abridged from Steam tables and Mollier's diagram, by Keenan. Printed by permission
    of the publisher, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. For detailed discussion
    see Mechanical Engineering, February, 1929, v, specific vol., fts/lb ; h, total heat, enthalpy,
    Btu/lb; s, entropy, Btu Ib-' OF-'. The strict definition of total heat (internal energy +
    144/J) is adhered to; zeros of both h and s are arbitrarily placed on the sat. liq. line at
    32°F. No internal energy values are tabulated but may be easily found by sub-
    tracting 144 @/Ifrom the total heat, The energy unit, the Btu, is 778.57 ft-lb ( I ) is 1/180
    of the change in total heat along the saturated liquid line between 32" and 212°F.

    Specific volume Total heat Entropy


    Ttmp. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
    F Abs. #. liq. Evap. vapor liq. Evap. vnp. liq. Evap. vapor
    t Ib/in.' vt viI VI hf h,, ho st Sf9 So

    400 247.25 .ON65 1.8421 1.8608 375.0 826 1200 .5668 ,9602 1.5270
    405 261.67 .01873 1.7428 1.7615 380.4 821 1201 ,5730 .9491 1.5221
    410 276.72 .01880 1.6493 1.6681 385.9 816 1202 .5792 .9381 1.5173
    415 292.44 .01888 1.5615 1.5804 391.3 811 1202 ,5854 .9271 1.5125
    420 308.82 ,01896 1.4792 1.4982 396.8 806 1203 ,5916 ,9161 1.5077
    425 325.91 .01904 1.4022 1.4212 402.4 801 1203 .s978
    .-.. - .go52 1.5029
    430 343.71 .01911 1.3295 1.3486 407.9 796 1203 .6039 .8942 i.4982
    435 362.27 .01919 1.2610 1.2802 413.5 790 1204 .6101 3833 1.4934
    440 381.59 .01928 1.1965 1.2158 419.1 785 1204 .6162 2724 1.4887
    445 401.70 ,01936 1.1356 1.1550 424.7 779 1204 .6224 ,8616 1.4839
    450 422.61 .0195 1.0782 1.0977 430 774 1204 .6284 ,8507 1.4792
    455 444.35 .0195 1.0241 1.0436 436 768 1204 .6346 A398 1.4744
    460 466.94 .0196 .9730 .9927 442 762 1204 .6407 .8290 1.4696
    465 490.40 .0197 .9249 .9446 447 756 1204 .6468 .8180 1.4649
    470 514.76 .0198 3793 3991 453 750 1204 .6530 3071 1.4601
    475 540.04 ,0199 3361 .8560 459 744 1203 .6592 .7962 1.4554
    480 566.26 .0200 .7951 3151 465 738 1203 6654 .7852 1.4506
    485 593.47 .0201 .7563 ,7764 471 731 1202 .6716 .7742 1.4458
    490 621.67 .0202 .7195 .7398 477 725 1202 .6779 ,7632 1.4410
    495 650.87 .0204 .6847 .7050 483 718 1201 .6842 .7521 1.4362
    500 681.09 .0205 .6516 .6721 489 711 1200 .6904 .7410 1.4314
    505 712.40 .0206 ,6201 .6408 495 704 1199 .6968 .7299 1.4266
    510 744.74 .0207 ,5903 .6110 502 697 1198 .7031 .7187 1.4218
    515 778.16 .0209 ,5618 326 508 690 1197 .7094 .7075 1.4170
    520 812.72 .0210 ,5347 .5557 514 682 1196 .7158 .6963 1.4121
    525 848.43 .0211 SO90 ,5301 521 675 1195 .7222 .6851 1.4073
    530 885.31 .0213 ,4845 SO58 527 667 1193 .7286 .6738 1.4024
    535 923.39 .0214 .4614 .4828 533 659 1192 .7350 .6625 1.3975
    540 %2.73 .0216 .4394 .4610 540 651 1191 .7414 .6512 1.3926
    545 1003.4 .0218 .4184 .4401 547 643 1189 .7478 ,6399 1.3877
    550 1045.4 .0219 .3982 .4201 553 634 1188 ,7543 .6285 1.3828
    555 1088.7 .0221 .3789 .4010 560 626 1186 .7607 .6170 1.3778
    560 1133.4 .0223 .3605 .3828 567 618 1184 .7672 .6056 1.3728
    565 1179.7 .0225 .3429 .3654 574 609 1182 .7737 S940 1.3677
    570 1227.6 .0227 .3261 .3488 580 600 1180 .7802 3325 1.3626
    575 1276.7 .0229 .3101 .3330 587 591 1178 .7867 S709 1.3576
    580 1327.2 .0231 .2949 .3180 594 581 1176 .7932 S592 1.3524
    585 1379.2 .0234 .2804 .3037 602 572 1173 .7998 .5474 1.3472
    590 1432.7 .0236 .2664 .2900 609 562 1171 SO64 .5356 1.3420
    595 1487.8 .0239 .2530 .2769 616 552 1168 3131 S237 1.3368
    600 1544.6 .0241 .2401 .2642 623 542 1166 .8198 S118 1.3316
    610 1663.2 .0247 .2159 .2406 638 521 1160 .8332 .4875 1.3208
    620 1788.8 .0254 .1933 ,2186 653 499 1153 3470 .4623 1.3093
    630 1921.9 .0261 ,1721 .1982 670 475 1144 .8612 .4358 1.2970
    640 2062.8 .0269 .1522 .1791 687 448 1135 .8763 ,4073 1.2836
    650 2211.4 .0278 .I331 .1610 705 417 1122 .8924 .3764 1.2688
    660 2368.6 .0290 .1148 .I437 725 384 1109 .9097 .3426 1.2523
    670 2534.2 .0304 ,0966 .1269 748 344 1092 .9287 .3049 1.2336
    680 2709.7 .0322 ,0781 .1102 773 299 1071 .9499 .2619 1.2119
    690 2896.8 .0347 .0589 .0936 803 241 1044 .9755 .2098 1.1852
    700 3096.4 .0394 .0353 .0747 846 157 1003 1.0117 .1354 1.1471
    705 3202.0 .0462 .0135 ,0597 888 73 962 1.0472 .0630 1.1102
    706.1 3226.0 .0522 0 .0522 925 0 925 1.0785 0 1.0785

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    176 T A B L E 168.-PROPERTIES O F SUPERHEATED STEAM *
    Common units. 212" to 3000°F

    Abs . P
    Ib/in.z
    .
    q a t. t . Sat . Sat . :on $00 too 500 $00 TOO too !OO 1200
    F) water steam F F F F F F F F F
    v .02 26.82 27.16 30.52 34.65 38.75 42.83 46.91 50.97 55.03 59.09
    14.696 h 180.0 1150.2 1154. 1192. 1239. 1286. 1334. 1382 1432. . 1483. 1535.
    (Zl2.00) s .3119 1.7564 1.762 1.815 1.873 1.925 1.972 2.016 2.057 2.096 2.133
    .017 8.514 V 8.78 10.06 11.30 12.53 13.74 14.93 16.14 17.34
    50 250.0 1173.5 h 1184. 1234. 1283. 1331. 1381. 1431. 1482. 1534.
    (281.01) .4111 1.6580 S 1.672 1.734 1.787 1.836 I .880 1.922 1.961 1.998
    .018 4.426 d .... 4.93 5.58 6.21 6.83 7.44 8.04 8.64
    100 298.3 1186.6 I1 . . . . 1227. 1278. 1328. 1378. 1429. 1481. 1533.
    (327.83) .4742 1.6022 S . . . . 1.651 1.708 1.757 1.802 1.844 1.884 1.921
    .018 3.010 V . . . . 3.22 3.68 4.1 1 4.53 4.94 5.34 5.75
    150 330.4 1194. h .... 1219. 1273. 1324. 1376. 1427. 1479. 1532.
    (358.43) S140 1.569 S . . . . 1.599 1.659 1.710 1.756 1.799 1.838 1.876
    .018 2.285 V . . . . 2.358 2.722 3.06 3.38 3.69 4.00 4.30
    200 355. 1198. h . . . . 1210. 1268. 1321. 1373. 1426. 1478. 1531.
    (381.82) .543 1.545 s . . . . 1.559 1.623 1.676 1.723 1.766 1.806 1.8438
    .0189 1.541 V 1.765 2.002 2.224 2.438 2.646 2.849
    300 394. 1202. h 1257. 1313. 1368. 1422. 1475. 1529.
    (417.33) .5883 1.510 S ........ 1.569 1.626 1.675 1.719 1.760 1.798
    .0194 1.160 V ........ 1.283 1.474 1.647 1.812 1.970 2.125
    400 424. 1204. It ........ 1244. 1304. 1362. 1418. 1472. 1527.
    (444.58) .622 1.484 S ........ 1.528 1.588 1.640 1.685 1.727 1.766
    .0198 .926 V = sp. vol . .991 1.156 1.301 1.436 1.566 1.690
    500 450. 1204. h = total heat 1230. 1297. 1357. 1414. 1469. 1525.
    .649 1.463 S = entropy 1.491 1.558 1.611 1.659 1.701 1.740
    500 :so $00 $50 coo !SO :no 8.5 0 !OO !SO ipo
    F F F F F F F F F F F
    .0202 .768 .792 .873 .943 1.008 1.069 . . . . 1.186 V 1.295 . . . . 1.400
    600 472. 1202. 1215. 1255. 289. 1323. 1351. . . . . 1409. h 1466. .... 1523.
    (486.17) .673 1.445 1.458 1.499 .532 1.561 1.587 .... 1.636 S 1.679 . . . . 1.720
    .0206 .653 V .725 .791 349 .904 .... 1.006 .... 1.103 .... 1.193
    700 493. 1200. h 1242. 280. 1313. 1345. .... 1405. .... 1463. .... 1521.
    (503.04) .694 1.429 S 1.472 .508 1.539 1.567 .... 1.617 .... 1.661 . . . . 1.702
    .0209 .565 V .613 .675 .729 .779 .... .872 .916 .958 .998 1.037
    800 512. 1197. h 1229. 1270. 1305. 1338. .... 1400. 1430. 1460. 1489. 1519.
    (518.18) .714 1.414 S 1.446 1.486 1.519 1.548 .... 1.599 1.623 1.645 1.666 1.686
    .0213 .497 V .523 .584 .636 .682 .... .768 207 345 .882 .917
    900 530. 1193. h 1214. 1260. 1297. 1332. .... 1396. 1427. 1457. 1487. 1517.
    (531.95) .731 1.401 S 1.421 1.466 1.500 1.530 .... 1.583 1.607 1.630 1.652 1.672
    .0217 .442 V .450 .511 .560 .6C4 .645 .684 .720 .755 .788 .820
    1000 546. 1190. h 1197. 249. 1289. 1325. 1358. 1391. 1423. 1454. 1484. 1515.
    (544.58) .747 1.388 S 1.395 .446 1.483 1.514 1.538 1.569 1.593 1.617 1.639 1.660
    .0239 274 .... V .279 .330 .368 .40 1 .432 .459 .484 .508 .530
    1500 618. 1168. .... h 174. 1240. 1287. 1327. 1365. 1402. 1438. 1472. 1505.
    596.08) 215 1.336 .... s .342 1.403 1.444 1.478 1.509 1.537 1.564 1.589 1.612
    .0265 .188 ........ V .204 247 .278 .305 .327 .349 .367 .384
    2000 679. 1139. ........ h 1169. 1241. 1291. 1337. 1380. 1421. 1459. 1495.
    (635.61) .870 i.290 ........ 7 1.317 1.389 1.423 1.460 1.493 1.524 1.552 1.577
    .0301 .130 ........ ... V .168 202 .227 .248 .267 .282 .298
    2500 743. 1096. ........ ... h 1178. 1250. 1306. 1357. 1404. 1446. 1484.
    (667.98) .925 1.238 ........ S 1.310 1.371 1.416 1.456 1.491 1.521 1.548
    .0367 .084 ........ V .0983 .1476 .1 742 .1947 212 .227 .240
    3000 823. 1026. ........ It 1066. 1199. 1271. 1331. 1384. 1432. 1473.
    (695.25) .992 1.168 ........ S 1.203 1.316 1.374 1.420 1.460 1.494 1.523
    Abridved f w m Steam tables and hlollier's diagram. hy Keenan. 1930. Printed by permission of publisher.
    The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 169.-PROPERTIES O F M E R C U R Y VAPOR 177
    402" to 1000" F

    Heat of
    Tem- liquid Heat of Entropy Entropy
    Pressure pera- ahove vapori- Total of liquid of Specific
    (abs.) ture 32 "F zation heat ahove vnpori- Total volume Weight
    Ib/in.P 'F Iltu Btu lltu 32 'F zation entropy ft3/lb Ib/ft'
    .4 402 13.81 128.15 141.96 .0209 .1487 .1696 114.50 .008733
    .8 444 15.36 127.24 142.60 .0227 .1408 .1635 59.72 .016745
    1.o 458 15.89 126.92 142.81 .0233 .1383 .1616 48.45 .02064
    1.5 485 16.90 126.33 143.23 .0244 .1337 ,1581 33.14 .03017
    2.0 505 17.65 125.89 143.54 .0251 .1305 .1556 25.32 .03948
    4.0 558 19.62 124.72 144.34 .0271 .1226 .1497 13.26 .07540
    6.0 591 20.87 123.99 144.86 .0283 ,1179 .1462 9.096 .lo993
    8.0 617 21.81 123.43 145.24 .0292 ,1147 .1439 6.9630 .14361
    10.0 637 22.58 122.98 145.56 ,0299 .1121 .1420 5.6610 .17664
    15.0 676 24.04 122.12 146.16 ,0312 .lo75 .1387 3.8923 .25691
    20.0 706 25.15 121.46 146.61 .0322 ,1042 ,1364 2.983 .3352
    25.0 730 26.05 120.93 146.98 .0330 .lo16 .1346 2.429 .4117
    30.0 751 26.81 120.48 147.29 ,0336 ,0995 .1331 2.053 ,4871
    35.0 769 27.49 120.08 147.57 .0342 .0977 .1319 1.7815 .5613
    40.0 785 28.08 119.73 147.81 ,0346 ,0962 ,1308 1.5762 .6344
    45.0 799 28.62 119.42 148.04 .0351 .0949 .1300 1.4147 .7069
    50 812 29.11 119.13 148.24 .0355 .0936 ,1291 1.284 .7788
    60 836 29.99 118.61 148.60 .0361 ,0915 .1276 1.086 .9204
    70 857 30.75 118.15 148.90 .0367 ,0898 .1265 ,9436 1.0597
    80 875 31.44 117.75 149.19 ,0372 .0882 ,1254 3349 1.1977
    90 892 32.06 117.38 149.44 .0377 ,0870 ,1247 ,7497 1.3338
    100 907 32.63 117.05 149.68 .0381 .0856 .1237 .6811 1.4682
    110 921 33.16 116.74 149.90 .0385 .0845 .1230 ,6242 1.6020
    120 934 33.66 116.44 150.10 .0389 ,0835 .1224 S767 1.7340
    130 947 34.12 116.17 150.29 .0392 .0826 ,1218 S360 1.8656
    140 958 34.55 115.92 150.47 .0395 .0818 ,1213 SO12 1.9952
    150 969 34.96 115.67 150.63 .0398 .0809 .1207 .4706 2.125
    180 1000 36.09 115.01 151.10 ,0406 .0788 .1194 ,3990 2.506

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    178 TABLE 170.-PROPERTIES O F LIQUID A M M O N I A
    - 100” to + 250°F
    Saturation Latent
    heat of
    Specific pressure
    Pressure Density heat Heat Latent variation
    Temp. Volume I b/ f t3 Bt?/lb content heat Btu/ll)
    - x 10”
    (abs.?
    “I’ Ib/in. ft*/lb -1 F Utu/lb I3tu/lb Ib/in.* (2) -I(””)
    t P V V C k L 1 ap I v ap t
    -100 1.24 .02197 45.52 (1.040) (-63.0) (633)
    - 90 1.86 .02216 45.12 (1.043) (-52.6) (628)
    - 80
    - 70
    - 60
    2.74
    3.94
    5.55
    .02236
    .02256
    .02278
    44.72
    44.32
    43.91
    (1.046)
    (1.050)
    1.054
    (-42.2)
    (-31.7j
    -21.18
    $3
    610.8 --.0016 ,0026 4.4
    - 50 7.67 .02299 43.49 1.058 -10.61 604.3 --.0017 ,0026 4.6
    - 40 10.41 ,02322 43.08 1.062 .oo 597.6 -.0018 .0025 4.8
    - 30 13.90 .02345 42.65 1.066 +10.66 590.7 -.0019 .0025 5.1
    - 20 18.30 ,02369 42.22 1.070 +21.36 583.6 --.0020 .0024 5.4
    - 10 23.74 .02393 41.78 1.075 32.11 576.4 --.0021 ,0023 5.7
    30.42 .02419 41.34 1.080 42.92 568.9 -.0022 .0022 6.0
    + 100 38.51 .02446 40.89 1.085 53.79 561.1 -.0024 ,0021 6.4
    + ::
    40
    48.21
    59.74
    73.32
    .02474
    .02503
    ,02533
    40.43
    39.96
    39.49
    1.091
    1.097
    1.104
    64.71
    75.71
    86.77
    553.1
    544.8
    536.2
    --.0025
    --.0027
    --.0029
    .0020
    .0019
    .oo18
    6.8
    7.3
    7.8
    50 89.19 .02564 39.00 1.112 9793 527.3 --.0031 .0017 8.4
    60 107.6 .02597 38.50 1.120 109.18 518.1 --.0033 .0015 9.1
    70 128.8 .02632 38.00 1.129 120.54 508.6 -.0035 ,0013 10.0
    80 153.0 .02668 37.48 1.138 131.99 498.7 -.0038 ,0011 10.9
    90 180.6 .02707 36.95 1.147 143.54 488.5 -.0041 .0009 12.0
    +loo 211.9 ,02747 36.40 1.156 155.21 477.8 -.0045 .0006 13.3
    125 307.8 ,02860 34.96 (1.189) (185) (449)
    150 433.2 .02995 33.39 (1.23 ) (216) (416)
    175 593.5 .03160 31.65 (1.29 ) (248) (377)
    200 794.7 .03375 29.63 (1.38 ) ( 283) (332)
    250 1347 .0422 23.7 (1.90 ) (365) (192)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLES 171-183.--HEATS OF COMBUSTION 179
    T A B L E 1 7 1 . 4 O M B U S T I O N C O N S T A N T S O F S O M E SUBSTANCES 62

    Reciprocal of Heat of combustion


    density Spec. gravity P
    Substance Formula m*/100kg air = 1.000 Btu/ft* kg cnl/mJ
    Carbon .................. C .... .... 7840.*
    Hydrogen ............... Hz 1172. 6:959x 10.' 275.0 2445.
    Oxygen ................. 0 2 73.7 1.1053 .... ....
    Carbon monoxide ........ co 84.4 .%72 321.8 2860.
    Paraffin series : C.H,.,,
    Methane ................. CH, 147.0 ,5543 913.1 8120.
    Ethane .................. C2H" 77.6 1.04882 1641. 14,600
    Propane ................. C.Ha 52.2 1.5617 2385. 21,200
    Isobutane ................ CIHw 39.5 2.06654 3105. 27,600
    Olefin series: C.HZ.
    Ethylene ................ 8.7.6 -9740 1513.2 13,450
    Propylene ............... 56.3 1.4504 2186. 19,400
    Isobutene ................ 42.2 1.9336 2869. 25,500
    Aromatic series : C.H,.-,
    Benzene ................. CoHo 30.3 2.6920 3601. 32,000
    Toluene ................. CiHR 25.6 3.1760 4284. 38,100
    Xylene .................. GHio 22.2 3.6618 4980. 44,300
    Miscellaneous gases
    Acetylene ............... CZH, 89.5 .9 107 1448. 12,870
    Naphthalene ............. CwH, 18.4 4.4208 5654. 50,300
    Methyl alcohol ........... C H I O H 73.7 1.1052 768.0 6830.
    Ethyl alcohol ............ C,H,OH 51.3 1S890 1450.5 12,900
    Ammonia ................ NHa 136.5 S961 365.1 3245.
    Sulfur .................. S .... .... .... 2210.*
    Hydrogen sulfide ......... HZS 68.5 1.1898 5%. 5300.

    .
    62 Shnidman, Louis (ed.), Gaseous fuels, p. 118, Amer. Gas Assoc., 1948.
    Expressed in cal/g.

    T A B L E 172.-FLAME T E M P E R A T U R E S AS M E A S U R E D B Y V A R I O U S
    METHODS *

    Gas Burner Temp "C


    Amy1 acetate ............................ Bunsen ............................ .1420
    Meker (center flame) ...............1700
    ............................ Meker ............................ ,1680
    City gas ................................. Bunse ...............1760
    City gas + air ........................... Blast
    " .............................. .1985
    ..........................
    10% (90 CHI + 1070 0) + air ............. " ..........................
    16% (80 CH,
    10.8% (75 CH,
    ++20% 0) + air .............
    25% 0) +,air ............
    ..........................
    .............................. .2005
    + 40 H z ) + air ..............
    "

    22% (60 CH, ..........................


    + 94 Hz)+ air ..............
    "
    32% (26 CH, " .............................. .2015
    .............................. (' .............................. ,2045
    + 20 G H z ) + air ............. " .............................. .1970
    (15 CH, + 85 GHZ) + air ............. " .............................. .2275
    Pittsburgh natural gas with a i r . . .......... " ......................... 1950
    Butane-air ............................... " ......................... 2000
    Oxy-hydrogen ........................... " .............................. .2800
    Oxy-acetylene ........................... " .............................. .3500
    See also Table 175.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    180
    TABLE 173.--HEATS O F COMBUSTION OF SOME CARBON COMPOUNDS
    Given in kg calls at constant pressure per gram-molecular weight in vacuo . When reterred
    to constant volume the values should be 0.58 kg calls smaller (at about 18°C) for each condensed
    gaseous molecule . Combustion products are CO,. liquid H,O. etc. Benzoic acid was adopted at
    Lyons as a primary standard. its heat of combustion. 6324 g cal15per gram in air. 6319 in vacuo .
    This is tacitly assumed as heat of isothermal combustion at 20.C . In absolute joules. 26.466 and
    .
    26.445 respectively The following ratios may be taken as standard : Naphthalene/benzoic acid =
    1.5201 (air) ; benzoic acid/sucrose = 1.6028 (air) ; naphthalene/sucrose = 2.4364 (air) .

    Molec- kg calls Molec- kg calls


    ular per For . ular per
    Compound weight I mol Compound mula weight gmol
    Isobutane ( g ) ....... 5s 283.4 Starch ............. 4178.8
    n-Hexane ........... 86.11 990.6 Glvcoaen ........... 4186.8
    n-Heptane .......... 100.13 1143.6 CeiIuIGse ........... 4180.8
    n-Octane ........... 114.14 1304.2 Formic a;jd ......... CH?02 46.02 62.8
    Decane ............. 142.18 1610.2 Acetic ......... C2H102 60.03 208.2
    Hexadecane (s) .....
    Eicosane ( 5 ) ........
    226.27
    282.34
    2559.1
    3183.1
    Propionic asjd
    n.butyric
    ....... C?HsOz
    ....... C.HaO . 74.05
    88.06
    367.2
    524.3

    ..
    Amylene ...........
    Hexylene ...........
    70
    84.10
    803.4
    952.6
    n-valeric
    Palmitic
    .........
    ....
    (5)
    CaHiodi
    CiaH3eOn
    102.08
    256.26
    681.6
    2391
    Acetylene (9) .......
    Allylene (9) ........
    26.02
    40
    312.0
    469
    Stearic
    Lactic .. (s) ....
    C I L H ~ O Z 284.29
    (s) .... C-HROI 90.05
    2700
    326.0
    Trimethylene (9) .... 47 496.8 Aniline . . ........... CnH7O 60.05 151.6
    Benzene ............ 78.05 782.8 Krea (s) ........... C H I N ~ O 60.05 151.6
    Naphthalene (s) ..... 128.06 1231.4 Nicotine . ........... C,.H,,N. 162.13 1427.7
    MethyLchloride ( g ) ...
    Methylene-chloride (v)
    50.5
    85.0
    168.7
    106.8
    Cyanogen (9)
    Trinitrotolyne (s)
    .......
    C$..
    ...
    . 52.0
    C T H K N ~ O227.06
    ~
    260.0
    826
    Chlorqform (1) ....... ll'B.5 89.2 w row1 ( I ...... CnHEO 60.06 482.0
    (v) ....... n-puty~ ...... 74.08 639.4
    Carbon-tetrachloride
    (I) .............. 154.0
    70.3
    37.3
    11-heptyl
    Octyl
    :: .....
    .....
    116.13
    130.14
    1104.9
    1262.0
    Carbon-tetrachloride Cetyl " (s) . . 242.27 2504.5
    ( v ) .............. 44.5 Menthol (s) ....... 156.16 1508.8

    ......
    Ca:mn di-su!fide (I) . yp.0 394.5 Phenol (s) ......... 94.05 732.2
    c,? 246.6 Thymol ............ 150.11 1353.4
    ........
    Ally1 alcohol
    Formaldehyde (p.)
    Acetone (b) . .I. .....
    ...
    58.05
    30.02
    58
    442.4
    134.1
    435.8
    Dimethyl
    Methylethyl
    Diethyl
    .
    e t I y (8)
    (v)
    (V)
    46
    60
    74.08
    347.6
    503.4
    660.3
    Camphor (s) ........ 152.13 1411
    Sucrose: cane (s)
    milk (s)
    ....
    . 342.18 1349.6
    anhd ..... '' 1350.8
    malt ( 5 ) .... " 1351

    Karasch. Nat . Bur . Standards Journ . Res., vol . 2. p . 359. 1929.

    T A B L E 174.-HEATS O F COMBUSTION OF MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS

    Calories Calories
    Substance Substance
    Asphalt ......... .. . 9530 Oils :
    Butter ......................... 9200 petroleum :
    Carbon : amorphous ............ 8080 crude ...................... 11500
    8100 light ....................... 10000
    7860 heavy ...................... 10200
    graphite .............. 7900 rape ......................... 9500
    Copper (to CuO) ................ 590 sperm ........................ 10000
    Dynamite. 7570 . . . . . . . . . . 1290 Paraffin (to CO.. Ha0 I) ......... 11140
    Egg. white of . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5700 Paraffin (to CO.. Hz0 g ) ......... 10340
    Egg. yolk of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8100 Pitch .......................... 8400
    Fats. animal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9500 Sulfur. rhombic ................. 2200
    Hemoglobin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5900 Sulfur. monoclinic .............. 2240
    Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33900 Tallow ......................... 9500
    Iron (to Fe203). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1582 Woods: beech. 13% H'O ........ 4170
    Magnesium (to MgO) ........... 6080 birch. 1Wo H, 0 ........ 4210
    Oils : cotton-seed ............... 9500 oak. 13% H, 0 .......... 3990
    lard ..................... 9300 pine. 12% H, 0 ......... 4420
    olive ..................... 9400

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 175.-HEAT VALUES AND ANALYSES O F VARIOUS FUELS 181
    P a r t 1.-Coals

    Coal
    c
    c
    c: V
    -
    M
    \

    m
    .
    0
    I
    b
    Low grade .... 38.81 25.48 27.29 8.42 .97 7.09 37.45 .so 45.57 3526 6347
    Lignite High grade ... 33.38 27.44 29.62 9.56 .94 6.77 41.31 .67 40.75 3994 7189
    Sub:bitu- Low grade .... 22.71 34.78 36.60 5.91 .29 6.14 52.54 1.03 34.09 5115 9207
    minous High grade ... 15.54 33.03 46.06 5.37 .58 5.89 60.08 1.05 27.03 5865 10557
    Bitu- Low grade .... 11.44 33.93 43.92 10.71 4.94 5.39 60.06 1.02 17.88 6088 10958
    minous [High grade ... 3.42 34.36 58.83 3.39 .58 5.25 77.98 1.29 11.51 7852 14134
    Sem.i-bitu- Low grade .... 2.7 14.5 75.5 7.3 .99 4.58 80.65 1.82 4.66 7845 14121
    minous High grade ... 3.26 14.57 78.20 3.97 .54 4.76 84.62 1.02 5.09 8166 14699
    Semi-anthr ........... 2.07 9.81 78.82 9.30 1.74 3.62 80.28 1.47 3.59 7612 13702
    Anthra- Low grade .... 2.76 2.48 82.67 12.69 .54 2.23 79.22 .68 4.64 6987 12577
    cite High grade ... 3.33 3.27 84.28 9.12 .60 3.08 81.35 .79 5.06 7417 13351
    Oven Low grade .... 1.92 1.58 88.87 8.99 1.18 - _ _ - 7946 14300
    coke High grade ... 1.14 .04 94.66 3.57 .69 - - - 8006 14410

    Part 2.-Peats and Woods (air dried)

    Vol. Btu
    hydro- Fixed Sul- Hydro- Nitro- Oxy- Calories per
    carbon carbon Ash fur gen Carbon gen gen perg pound
    Peats :
    Franklin County, N. Y . . . 67.10 28.99 3.91 .15 5.93 57.17 1.48 31.36 5726 10307
    Sawyer County, W i s . . .. 56.54 27.92 15.54 .29 4.71 51.00 1.92 26.54 4867 8761
    Woods :
    Oak, dry ................ - - .37 - 6.02 50.16 .09 43.36 4620 8316
    Birch, dry .............. - - .29 - 6.06 48.88 .10 44.67 4771 8588
    Pine, dry ............... - - .37 - 6.20 50.31 .04 43.08 5085 9153

    Part 3.-Liquid fuels *

    Fuel Gravity API t Btu per pound Btu per gallon


    Aviation gasoline ...................... 68 20,420 120,700
    Motor gasoline ......................... 58 20,120 125,800
    Kerosene .............................. 42 19,810 134,700
    Domestic fuel oil ........................ 32 19,450 141,200
    Diesel fuel oil .......................... 28 19,350 143,100
    Medium industrial fuel oil. ............... 18 18,930 149,400
    Heavy industrial fuel oil ................ 11 18,590 153,900
    Petroleum ether ........................ .68$ 22,000 12,2209
    Alcohol, fuel or denatured with 7-Wo water
    and denaturing material. ............... .82$ 11,600 6,4501
    Prepared by E. W. Dean, Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey. t A P I (American Petroleum
    Industry) unit = sp.g.60',600
    '.'41 - 131.5. $ Spec. gravity 15°C. 0 Calories per gram.

    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 175.-HEAT VALUES AND ANALYSES OF V A R I O U S F U E L S
    (concluded)
    P a r t 4.-Gases **
    Spec. gravity Heat of combustion !lame temperature
    Substance Air = 1.000 kg cal/ma C (no excess air)
    Natural gas ....................... .60- 1.29 8040-17. 400 1965
    Propane (commercial) natural gas ... 1.55 20.950 2015
    Propane (commercial) refinery gas .. 1:77 20. 600 .

    Butane (commercial) natural gas .... 2.04 26. 350 2005


    Butane (commercial) refinery gas .... 2.00 26. I00 .

    Butane-air ........................ 1.16 4590. .


    Oil gas ............................ 37 4535. 2000
    Coal gas ........................... 47 4320. 1980
    Producer gas ....................... 86 1182. 1655
    Blue gas ........................... 57 2330. .
    ** For reference. see footnote 52. p . 179.

    Part 5.-Gross calorific values of crude petroleum

    Density Density
    Area 20"/4"C Btu/lb CaVg Area 20"/4"C Btu/lb CaVg
    Borneo ......... 898 19.370 10.760 California . . . . . . . .960 18.590 10.330
    India ............863 18.800 10.490 Ohio ........... 338 19.710 10.950
    Japan ...........925 20. 670 11.480 Oklahoma . . . . . . .886 19.420 10.790
    Poland .......... 299 20.010 11.120 Pennsylvania . . . . .828 19.780 10.990
    Rumania .........936 18.920 10.510 Texas . . . ........943 18.950 10.520
    Canada ..........855 19.420 10.790 Argentina . . . . . . .989 18.540 10.300
    Mexico ..........966 18.180 10.100 Patagonia ........948 18.970 10.540
    Trinidad .........941 18.360 10.200
    Science of Petroleum. vol . 2 .

    P a r t 6.-Sugars 7

    Sugar kg cal/mol Sugar kg cal/mol


    I-Sorbose ................... 670.30 a-d-Glucose ................. 669.58
    8-d-Levulose ................ 671.70 a-d-Glucose hydrate .......... 666.73
    a-d-Galactose ................ 666.76 a-Monopalmitin ............. 2778.78
    B-Lactose .................. 1345.47 @-Monopalmitin ............. 2788.30
    8-Maltose monohydrate ...... 1360.50 Ascorbic acid ................ 560.60
    a-Lactose monohydrate ....... 1354.66 a-D-Glucose pentaacetate ..... 1718.62
    Sucrose .................... 1349.00 8-D-Glucose pentaacetate ..... 1722.63
    1 Prepared by G. Stegeman. University of Pittsburgh .

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 176.-NONFLAMMABLE LIQUIDS FOR CRYOSTATS 183
    Liquid .......... CClr CHCla 4" CzH5Br 32 39* No.40
    Freezing point .... "C -23 -63 -81 -119 -139 -145 -150+
    Compositions : * No. 4 ; CCI,, 49.4% ; CHCL, 50.6%.
    No. 32; CHCls, 19.7%; CzHaBr, 44.9%; C2HzCL, 13.8% ; CZHCIS,
    21.6%.
    No. 39; CHCL, 14.5%; CzH5Br, 33.4%; CZHZCIZ, 10.4%; CzHC13,
    16.4% ; CH,CL, 25.3%.
    No. 40 ; CHCls, 17.9% ; CzH,Cl, 9.3% ; CzHaBr,40.7% ; CzH2CIz,12.5% ;
    CzHCla, 19.6%.

    Viscositiesin C2H5Br .... 1.81 2.25 2.89 3.86 5.6 .........


    centipoises: No. 32 . . . . . . . . 3.03 4.57 7.4 13.7 29.3 81
    No. 34 ..... 1.97 2.57 3.69 5.6 10 22.3 85 242 1480
    No. 40 . . . . . . . . 2.88 3.89 5.9 10.2 22.5 71 170 631
    Because of volatility and oxidation of some, these liquids should be kept in well-stoppered bottles
    when not in use.

    T A B L E 177.-DATA ON EXPLOSIVES

    Calculated
    tempera-
    tire
    Val. gas Coeffi- Coeffi- Q/C
    per g in Calories cient cient C, sp. ht.
    cma per = QV GP
    - gases
    -
    Explosive =V g=Q t 1000 - 1 - .24
    Gunpowder ............................... 280 738 207 1 2240" C
    Nitrodvcerine
    -u d
    ............................ 741 1652 1224 6 6880
    Nitrocellulose, 13% Nz. .................... 923 931 859 4.3 3876
    Cordite, Mk.I. (NG, 57; NC, 38; Vaseline, 5). 871 1242 1082 5.2 5175
    Cordite, MD (NG, 30; NC, 65 ; Vaseline, 5). . 888 1031 915 4.4 4225
    Ballistite (NG. 50: NC. 50: Stabilizer., 5).
    , ... 817 1349 1102 5.3 5621
    Picric acid (Lyddite). ......................
    . , I I ,

    877 810 710 3.4 3375

    Shattering power of explosive = vol. gas per g x cals/g x V, x density where V, is the velocity of
    detonation.
    Trinitrotoluene: V, = 7000 m/sec. Shattering effect = .87 picric acid.
    Amatol (ammonium nitrate +
    trinitrotoluene, T N T ) : V, = 4500 m/sec.
    Ammonal (ammonium nitrate, T N T , Al) : 1578 cal/g; 682 cma gas; V, = 4000 m/sec.
    Sabulite (ammonium nitrate, 78, T N T 8, Ca silicide 14) : about same as ammonal.

    T A B L E 178.-TIME OF H E A T I N G FOR EXPLOSIVE DECOMPOSITION

    Temperature "C 170 180 190 200 220 Ignition temperature


    Time sec sec sec sec sec "C t "C t
    Black powder ......... n n n n n 440 -
    Smokeless powder A . . .. 600 195 130 45 23 (300 -
    Smokeless powder B . . .. 190 130 - 90 25
    Celluloid pyroxylin .... 170 60 - 21 9 - -
    Collodion cotton ....... 870 165 67 56 18 300 -
    Celluloid* ............ 160 100 60 50 30 590 450
    Safety matches ........ n 340 240 150 60 - -
    Parlor matches ........ n n n 590 480 - -
    Cotton wool ........... - - - - - 900 -
    n failure to explode in twenty minutes.
    *'The decomposition of nitrocellulose in cellulojd com,mences at about 100: C ; above that the heat of
    decomposition may raise the mass to the ignition point if loss of heat is prevented. Above 170°,
    decom asition occurs with explosive violence as with nitrocellulose. Kate of combustion is 5, to 10 times
    that o f poplar, pine, or paper of the same size and conditions. t Measured by contact wlth porcelain
    tube of given temperature, Average. $ Measured by contact with molten lead. Average.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    184
    TABLE 179.-CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES O F F I V E D I F F E R E N T
    CLASSES O F EXPLOSIVES

    kg/cm* g m/sec m/sec In. In. E B


    (A) Forty percent nitro-
    glycerin dynamite. 1.22 1221.4 8235 227* 4688 .358 24.63 12 88.4 25
    79.7
    14.5
    (B) FFF black blasting
    powder .......... 1.25 789.4 4817 374t 469.4z 925. 54.32 - 154.4 25
    458* 126.9
    4.1 1I
    (C) Permissible explo-
    sive ; nitroglycerin
    class ............ 1.10 760.5 5912 301* 3008 .471 27.79 4 103.9 1000
    65.1
    15.4
    (D) Permissible explo-
    sive ; ammonium
    nitrate class...... .97 992.8 7300 279* 34386 .483 25.68 1 89.8 800
    27.5
    75.5
    (E) Permissible explo-
    sive;hydratedclass. 1.54 610.6 6597 434* 2479 .338 17.49 3 86.1 Over
    56.0 1000
    33.0
    Chemical analyses
    (A) Moisture ...................... .91 ............. .23
    Nitroglycerin ................. 39.68 ............. 83.10
    Sodium nitrate ................ 42.46 ............. .46
    Wood pulp .................... 13.58 ............. 2.61
    Calcium carbonate ............. 3.37 ............. 1.89
    Poisonous matter ......... 2.54
    (B) Moisture ........ Manganese peroxide ...... 2.64
    Sand ......................... 6.53
    Charcoal ...................... 17.74
    Sulfur ........................ 10.89
    (E) Moisture ..................... 2.34
    (C) Moisture ..................... 7.89 Nitroglycerin .................. 30.85
    Nitroglycerin .................. 24.02 Ammonium nitrate ............ 9.94
    Sodium nitrate ................ 36.25 Sand ......................... 1.75
    Wood pulp and crude fiber from Coal .......................... 11.98
    grains ...................... 9.20 Clay ......................... 7.64
    Starch ........................ 21.31 Ammonium sulfate ............ 8.96
    Calcium carbonate ............. .97 Zinc sulfate (7HO). ........... 6.89
    Magnesium '' ............. .36 Potassium sulfate .............. 19.65
    " O n e pound of clay tamping used. t Two pounds of clay tamping used. $ R a t e of burning.
    8 Cartridges 1%in. diam. I1 For 300 grams.

    SMITHSOMIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 180.-THERMOCHEMISTRY. C H E M I C A L ENERGY DATA 185
    The total heat generated in a chemical reaction is independent of the steps from initial to final
    state . Heats of formation may therefore be calculated from steps chemically impracticable .
    Chemical symbols now represent the chemical energy in a gram-molecule or mol(e); treat re-
    +
    action equations like algebraic equations : CO + 0 = CO. 68 k g cal ; subtract C 2 0 = C o t +
    + +
    97 kg ca!. then C 0 = CO 29 kg cal . W e may substitute the negative values of the forma-
    +
    tion heats in an energy equation and solve MgCL 2 Na = 2 NaCl Mg x kg cal ; - 151 =+ +
    - 196 + x ; x = 45 kg cat . Heats of formation of organic compounds can be found from the
    heats of combustion since burned to H, 0 and COz. When changes are at constant volume. energy
    of external work is negligible ; also generally for solid or liquid changes in volume . When a gas
    forms a solid or liquid at constant pressure. or vice versa. it must be allowed for . For N mols of
    gas formed (disappearing) at T K O the energy of the substance is decreased (increased) by
    + +
    0.002.N.T~ kg cal Hz 0 = HzO 67.5 kg cal at 18°C at constant volume; 1(2 HZ 0, -
    +
    +
    The heat of solution is the heat. + or -.
    2 HZO = 135.0 0.002 x 3 x 291 = 136.7) = 68.4 kg cal .
    liberated by the solution of 1 mol of substance in so
    .
    much water that the addition of more water will produce no additional heat effects . Aq signifies
    this amount of water; HzO. one mot ; N H + Aq = N H 4 0 H . A q 8 kg cal . +
    Part 1.-Heats of formation from elements in kilogram-calories
    At ordinary temperatures

    Heat of Heat of Heat of Heat of


    forma- forma- forma- forma-
    Compound tion Compound tion Compound tion Compound tion
    ALOs ..... 380. KCI ....... 105.7 Li2S0, .......... 334.2
    AgZO . I . .. 6.5 LiCl ....... 93.8 (NH4)zSOi ...... 283.
    BaO ...... 126. MgClz ...... 151.0 Na2SOr ......... 328.3
    BaOz ..... 142. MnClz ...... 112.3 MgSOi .......... 301.6
    Bi203 ..... 138. NaCl ...... 97.8 PbSO. .......... 216.2
    COam .... 29.0 NdCL ...... 250. TlzSOi .......... 221.0
    COdi ..... 26.1 NHiCl ..... 76.3 ZnS04 .......... 229.6
    COzam ... 97.0 NiCL ...... 74.5 CaC03 .......... 270.
    COzgr .... 94.8 PbClz ...... 83.4 c u c o 3 .......... 143.
    COzdi .... 94.3 PdClz ...... 40.5 FeC03 .......... 179.
    CaO ...... 152. PtCL ...... 60.4 KzCOI .......... 280.
    CeOz ..... 225. SnCL ...... 80.8 MgC03 ......... 267.
    C1zOg .... -16.5 SnCL ...... 128. NazC0 . . . . . . . . . . 272.
    CoOam ... 50.5 SrCL ...... 185. ZnCOl .......... 194.
    CoOcr ... 57.5 ThClr ...... 300. AgN03 ......... 28.7
    CorOi ..... 193.4 TIC1 ....... 48.6 Ca (NO3). ....... 209.
    C r 0 3 ..... 140. RbCl ....... 105.9 C~(N03)z6HzO . 92.9
    CSZO ..... 91.3 ZnCL ...... 97.3 NHOI gggl ...... 41.6
    Cu.0 ..... 42.3 H B r g l g .... 8.6 KNO. ........... 119.2
    CuO ...... 37.2 NHIBr ..... 66. IdNO, .......... 112.
    FeO ...... 65.7 H I gsg .... .- 6.2 NH.NO. ........ 88.3
    Fez03 ..... 196.5 H F g g g .... 38. NaN03 ......... 111.0
    Fe304 . . . . . 270.8 AR,S ....... 3.3 TINO. .......... 58.2
    HzOggl . . 68.4 CS, sgg ... .-2 6.0 CH4 sgg ......... 20.
    HzOzggl .. 46.8 CaS ....... 90.8 CzH. Sgg ........ 25.
    HgzO . . . . . 22.2 (NH,), S ... 66.2 CzHz S ~ B ........ -53.
    H g O ..... 21.4 C u S ....... 18.3 H C N di gsgg .... -30.5
    KzO ...... 91. CuS ....... 11.6 N H x g ~ g . . . . . . . . 12.0
    La203 ..... 447. HzSgsg .... 2.73 C a ( 0 H L ........ 230.
    Lion ...... 141.6 ILS ....... 103.4 NH. O H ........ 88.8
    MgO ..... 143.6 MgS ....... 79.4 NaOH .......... 102.
    MnO ..... 90.8 NazS ....... 89.3 Na*H,O.Aq-H . 44.*
    MnOz ... . 123. PbS ....... 19.3 +(2 Na.O.HzO) . 68.*
    Mn304 . . . . 325. CaSO. . . . . . 262. f(Na,O.HpO-Aq). 30.*
    MoOz ..... 143. CuCl ..... 34.1 CuSOi ..... 111.5 K O H ........... 103.5
    MOO3 ..... 174. FeCL ..... 82.1 HzSO4Sggg . 193. K-HzO' Aq-H ... 45.*
    NzOggg .. -18.2 FeCL . . . . . 96.0 -SOx*HzO* . 21.3 $(2 K*O*HzO) . . 69.*
    N O ggg . . . -21.6 HCIggl ... 22. HgzSO4 .... 175. f(KzO.HzO.Aq) . . 35.5*
    NO, ....... 8.1 HgCl ..... 31.3 HgSOi ..... 165.
    NazOI ..... 2.6 HgClz .... 53.3 K2SO. . . . . . 344.3
    am = amorphous: di = diamond: c r = crystal; g = gas; gr = graphite; I = liquid; rh = rhombic (sulfur);
    s = solid; y = yellow (gold) .
    Heats of formation not from elements but as indicated .
    (contintled)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    186
    T A B L E 180.-TH E R MOC H EMISTRY. C H EMI CA L E N E R G Y D A T A (concluded)
    P a rt 2.-Heats of formation of ions i n kilogram-calories
    + and - signs indicate signs of ions and the number of these signs the valency. For the ioni-
    zation of each gram-molecule of an element divide the numbers in the table by the valency, e. g.,
    9.00 g AI = 9.00 g AI' +
    40.3 kg cal. When a solution is of such dilution that further dilu-
    tion does not increase its conductivity, then the heats of formation of substances in such solutions
    + +
    may be found as follows : FeCI2Aq= 22.2 2 X 39.1 = 100.4 kg cal. CuSOaAq = - 15.8
    + 214.0 = 198.2 kg cal.

    + 32.7 +
    +++ +
    Ag - 25.3 NH4+ ASOi--- +215.0 10,- 55.8
    A1 +121.0 NH40 + + 37.5 Br- + 28.2 1 0 4 - + 46.5
    Co+ + +170.0 Na+ + 57.3 Br0,- + 11.2 OH- + 54.4
    Ca+ + +133.? + 16.0 CO,-- +160.8 Po,--- +298.0
    Cd+ + + 18.4 +108.8 C1- + 39.1 szoa-- +1386
    Cu+ + - 16.0 Mn ++ + 50.2 CIO- + 26.0 SzOe-- +2782
    cu
    Fe+
    ++ - 15.87
    + 22.2
    Pb+
    Rb+
    + + 4.0
    +625.0
    CIOa-
    clo4-
    +
    -
    23.4
    38.7
    S,Oe--
    SOa- -
    +260.8
    +151.0
    +163.0 SO,-- +214.0
    F
    He++ + + - 9.3
    0.0 SSrn +
    + +++ $11;: +143.9 Se-- - 35.6
    + TI + + 1.7
    ~~~~~

    - 19.8 HP0,- - +229.6 Se0,-- +119.6


    Zn+ + + 35.0
    Hg
    K+ + 61.8 HP04-- +304.8 SeO,-- +144.8
    Li + + 62.8 HS - + 1.2 Te- - - 34.8
    N0z - + 27.0 TeOs- - + 77.0
    NOa -
    I-
    +
    +
    48.9
    13.1
    TeO, - -
    S--
    + 98.4
    - 12.6

    T A B L E 18l.-lGNl1TlON T E M P E R A T U R E S O F GASEOUS M I X T U R E S
    Ignition temperature taken as temperature necessary for hot body immersed in gas to
    cause ignition; slow combination may take place at lower temperatures. Gases were
    mixed with air. Practically same temperatures as with 0,.

    Benzene and air.. ............. 1062" C Ether and air.. ................ 1033" C
    Coal gas and air.. ............. 878 Ethylene and air ............... 1000
    CO and air .................... 931 Hydrogen and a i r . . ............ 747

    T A B L E 182.-HEATS O F N E U T R A L I Z A T I O N IN K I L O G R A M C A L O R I E S
    The heat generated by the neutralization of an acid by a base is equal, for each gram-molecule
    of water formed, to 13.7 kg cal plus the heat produced by the amount of un-ionized salt formed,
    plus the sum of the heats produced in the completion of the ionizations of the acid and the base.

    Base HC1.aq HNOa,aq H2S04.aq HCN%q CH3COOH-aq HnCOraq


    KOH.aq ......... 13.7 13.8 15.7 2.9 13.3 10.1
    NaOH.aq ........ 13.7 13.7 15.7 2.9 13.3 10.2
    N H 4 0 H . a q ....... 12.4 12.5 14.5 1.3 12.0 8.
    f Ca(OH)z.aq . . . . . 14.0 13.9 15.6 3.2 13.4 9.5
    1 Zn(OHI2.aq ..... 9.9 9.9 11.7 8.1 8.9 5.5
    -
    3 Cu(OH),.aq ..... 7.5 7.5 9.2 - 6.2

    T A B L E 183.-HEATS O F D I L U T I O N O F H,SO,
    I n kilogram-calories by the dilution of 1 gram-molecule of sulfuric acid by m gram molecules
    of water.

    m ....... 1 2 3 5 19 49 99 199 399 1599


    kg cal ... 6.38 9.42 11.14 13.11 16.26 16.68 16.86 17.06 17.31 17.86

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    187
    TABLES 184-209.-PHYSICAL A N D M E C H A N I C A L P R O P E R T I E S
    OF M A T E R I A L S
    Introduction and definitions.-The mechanical properties of most ma-
    terials vary between wide limits ; the following figures are given as being repre-
    sentative rather than what may be expected from an individual sample.
    Figures denoting such properties are commonly given either as specification
    or experimental values. Unless otherwise shown, the values below are
    experimental.
    Credit for the information included on metals is due to the National Bureau
    of Standards 5 5 and the publications of the Aluminum Co. of America," the
    American Brass Co., and the Chase Brass & Copper C O . ~ ~
    Most of the data shown in these tables are as determined at ordinary room
    temperature, averaging 20°C (68°F). The properties of most metals and
    alloys vary considerably from the values shown when the tests are conducted
    at higher or lower temperatures.
    The following definitions govern the more commonly confused terms shown
    in the tables. In all cases the stress referred to in the definitions is equal to the
    total load at that stage of the test divided by the original cross-sectional area
    of the specimen (or the corresponding stress in the extreme fiber as computed
    from the flexure formula for transverse tests).
    Brinell hardness numeral (abbreviated B. h. n.).-Ratio of pressure on
    a sphere used to indent the material to be tested to the area of the spherical
    indention produced. The standard sphere used is a 10-mm-diameter hardened
    steel ball. The pressures used are 3000 kg for steel and 500 kg for softer
    metals, and the time of application of pressure is 30 seconds. Values shown in
    the tables are based on spherical areas computed in the main from measure-
    ments of the diameters of the spherical indentations, by the following formula :
    B. h. n. = P t d D =P +TD (D/2- VD2/4-d2/4).
    P=pressure in kg, t-depth of indentation, D=diameter of ball, and d =
    diameter of indentation-all lengths being expressed in mm. Erinell hardness
    values have a direct relation to tensile strength, and hardness determinations
    may be used to define tensile strengths by employing the proper conversion
    factor for the material under consideration.
    Elastic limit.-Stress which produces a permanent elongation (or short-
    ening) of 0.001 percent of the gage length, as shown by an instrument capable
    of this degree of precision (determined from set readings with extensometer
    or compressometer). In transverse tests the extreme fiber stress at an appre-
    ciable permanent deflection.
    Erichsen value.-Index of forming quality of sheet metal. The test is con-
    ducted by supporting the sheet on a circular ring and deforming it at the
    center of the ring by a spherical pointed tool. The depth of impression (or
    cup) in mm required to obtain fracture is the Erichsen value for the metal.
    Erichsen standard values for trade qualities of soft metal sheets are furnished
    by the manufacturer of the machine corresponding to various sheet thicknesses.
    Alloy steels are commonly used in the heat-treated condition, as strength
    increases are not commensurate with increases in production costs for annealed
    alloy steels. Corresponding strength values are accordingly shown for an-
    nealed alloy steels and for such steels after having been given certain rec-
    ommended heat treatments of the Society of Automotive Engineers. The heat
    Everhart, Lindlief, Kanegis, Weissler, and Siegel, Nat. Bur. Standards Circ. C-447,
    19i3.
    Selected from Nat. Bur. Standards Circ. C-447, Mechanical properties of metals and
    alloys, and from Alcoa's circular, Aluminum and its alloys.
    I' Chase Brass & Copper Co.'s circular, Copper and commercially important copper
    alloys, 1948; American Brass Co., Copper and copper alloys, 1945.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    188
    treatments followed in obtaining the properties shown are outlined on the pages
    immediately following the tables on steel. It will be noted that considerable
    latitude is allowed in the indicated drawing temperatures and corresponding
    wide variations in physical properties may be obtained with each heat treat-
    ment. The properties vary also with the size of the specimens heat treated.
    The drawing temperature is shown with the letter denoting the heat treat-
    ment, wherever the information is available.
    Modulus of elasticity (Young’s modulus).-Ratio of stress within the
    proportional limit to the corresponding strain-as determined with an exten-
    someter. NOTE.--AII moduli shown are obtained from tensile tests of materials,
    unless otherwise stated.
    Modulus of rupture.-Maximum stress in the extreme fiber of a beam
    tested to rupture, as computed by the empirical application of the flexure for-
    mula to stresses above the transverse proportional limit.
    Proportional limit (abbreviated P-limit).-Stress at which the deforma-
    tion (or deflection) ceases to he proportional to the load (determined with
    extensometer for tension, compressonieter for conipression, and deflectometer
    for transverse tests).
    Shore scleroscope hardness.-Height of rebound of diamond-pointed
    hammer falling hy its oum weight on the object. The hardness is measured on
    an empirical scale on which the average hardness of martensitic high carbon
    steel equals 100. On very soft metals a “magnifier” hammer is used in place
    of the commonly used “uni\wsal” liainmer and values may be converted to
    the corresponding “universal” value by iiiultiplying the reading by 4/7. The
    scleroscope hardness, when accurately tlt.terminetl, is an index of the tensile
    elastic limit of the metal tested.
    Ultimate strengt h i n tension o r compression.-Maximum stress de-
    veloped in the Inaterial during test.
    Yield point.-Stress at which markrtl incrcase in tleforination (or deflec-
    tion) of specimen occurs without increase i l l loarl ( tleterniined usually by
    drop of beam or with dividers for tension, conipression. or transverse tests).
    T A B L E 184.-lNDUSTRIAL W O V E N - W I R E SCREENS *
    Industrial wire cloth may be specified in any malleable metal, the physical characteristics of
    which will permit of its being commercially drawn into wirc and woven into cloth. This indus-
    trial wire screen is manufactured with openings from about 15 inches to a very fine wire cloth
    with openings of .0017 inch, using for larger screens rods 2 inches in diameter and for the
    smaller-opening cloth, wire ,0014 inch ie diameter.

    Industrial wire cloth specification, market grade


    Mesh Mesh
    per Wire 0,pen- Percent per Wire Open- Percent
    lineal diameter Ing open lineal diameter ing open
    inch inch inch area inch inch inch area
    1 x 1.. .... ,080 .920 84.6 30 x 30.. ... ,013 .0203 37.1
    2 x 2 . . .... ,063 .437 76.4 35 x 35.. ... ,011 ,0176 37.9
    3 x 3.. .... .054 279 70.1 40 X 40.. . . . ,010 .0150 36.0
    4 X 4.. . . . . .047 203 65.9 50 X 50.. ... .009 .0110 30.3
    5 x 5 . . .... .041 .159 63.2 60 x 60.. . . . .0075 ,0092 30.5
    6 X 6 . . . . . . .035 .132 62.7 80 X 80.. . . . ,0055 ,0070 31.4
    x
    8 8.. . . . . .028 .097 60.2 100 i<‘ 100.. .. ,0045 .0055 30.3
    10 x 10.. ... .025 .075 56.3 120 x 120.. .. ,0037 .0046 30.7
    12 X 12.. ... ,023 ,060 51.8 150 x 150.. .. .0026 .0041 37.4
    14 X 14.. . . . ,020 .051 51.0 180 X 180.. .. ,0023 ,0033 34.7
    16 x 16.. ... ,018 ,0445 50.7 200 x 200.. .. ,0021 .0029 33.6
    18 x 18.. . . . ,017 .0386 48.3 250 x 250.. .. .0016 .0024 36.0
    20 x 20.. . . . .016 .0340 46.2 270 x 270.. .. .0016 .0021 32.2
    24 x 24.. ... .014 .0277 44.2 325 X 325.. .. .0314 .0017 30.0

    * Data furnished hy the W. S. Tyler Co., Cleveland.


    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    TABLE 185.-SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES O F T H E ELEMENTS

    Specific Coeff. of
    heat Latent linear Thermal
    Rela. at heat thermal conduc- Modulus
    tive Density Melting r.4. expansion tivity Electrical of elas- Tensile
    hard. at 20°C pzint ctl g-1 f 2 o n o c at r.-t. at r.4. resistivity ticity strength
    Element ness dcm' C C-' cal/g X 10% watts crn-1 microhm-cm kg/mmP kg/mm2
    ... ... 1197* ... ...... ...... ......
    Aluminum ................. 2.9 2.70 660.1 2.1 226 93 22.9 2.18 2.65(2OoC) 7250 6.3 (annealed)
    Antimony .................. 3 6.62 630.5 f . 1 .049 38.3 8.5-10.8tt 9!. 39.O(O0C) 7900 1.05 (wire)
    Argon ........ ...... . . . 1.6626" -189.37k.5 ,125 6.7 ... 1./0" ... ......
    Arsenic .................... 3.5 5.73 8178 .082 ... 4.7 ... 35(2OoC) ......
    Barium .................... ... 3.5 710 f 2 0 .068 ...... ... ... ...
    Beryllium .................. 3 1.82 1283 k40 .425 11.4 1.64 5.88(0"C) 30660 12.0 (chill cast)
    Bismuth ................... 2.5 9.80 271.3 2 . 1 .029 ii.5 13.3 .084 106.8(0°C) 3200 ...
    Boron ...................... 9.5 2.3 2300 2300 .309 ... 2 ... 1.8~10'2(00C) ... ...
    Bromine ................... . . . 3.12 -7.202.2 ,070 16.2 ... ... ... ...
    Cadmium .................. 2.0 8.65 321.032.1 .055 13.2 29.8 .91 6.83(0°C) 5500 7.2
    Calcium .................... ... 1.54 850 220 .157 ... 25 ... 3.43(OoC) 2100 5.7 (extruded)
    Carbon (graphite) .......... 10" 2.22 3700 2100 .165 ... .6-4.311 24 1375(0°C) 500 ...
    Cerium .................... 2.5 6.9 864 2 5 0 .05 ... ... 78(20"C) ... 9.05 (rolled)
    Cesium .................... .2 1.9 28.64&2 .052 3.8 9 7 ' ... 18.83(0"C) ... ...
    Chlorine ................... ... ,,, -101.9922 .226 23.0 ... .720 ' ... ......
    Chromium .................. 9 7.14 1903 2 5 0 .12 75.6 6.2 .69 14.1(2OoC) ...
    Cobalt ..................... 5 8.9 1492 5 2 0 ,099 58.4 12.3 .69 5.60 (0" C) 21066 24.4 (cast)
    Copper ..................... 3.0 8.96 1083.0 2 . 1 .092 50.6 16.5 3.94 1.67(2OoC) 11000 22.5 (annealed)
    Fluorine ................... ... ... -219.61flO ... 10.1 ...... ......
    Gallium .................... 1.5 5.91 29.80k.02 .079 19.2 is' ... 53.4(OoC) ......
    Germanium ................ 6.2 5.36 938 2 1 0 .073 ... 89X1Oa(O0C) ......
    Gold .................. 2.5 19.3 1063.0 2.0 .03i i6.i 14.2 2.96 2.19(OoC) 7300 11.5 (rod cast)
    Hafnium ................... ... 11.4 2220* ... ...... ...... ......
    Helium ..................... ... IW
    ._-. -271.4 2 . 2 1 1.25 ...... 13.9' ... ......
    ... n8.17qd -259.19~.1
    - - 3.415
    . ~. 15.0 ... 17.0" ... ......
    Indium ..................... 1.2 7.31 156.61k.1 .057 33 24 8.37(OoC) ... .30 (cast)
    ... 4.93 113.6 ki .052 isi 93 43.5 1 . 3 10*5(2o~c)
    ~ ...
    Iridium .................... 6.5 22.4 2443 2 3 .032 ... 6.5 .59 5.3(2OoC) SZi60 ...
    Iron ....................... 4 7.87 1535 +3 .lo8 65 11.7 .79 9.71 (20°C) 20000 20.5
    Computed. t Value depends on the crystal orientation in polycrystalline material. $ From 20" to 60°C. 8 At 36 atm. I/ From ?On to 1OO'C. 7 A t 30 atm.
    Diamond. d X 10-9. e X 10-4.

    (coittinrted)
    zl
    \o
    c
    \o
    TABLE 1 8 5 . 4 O M E PHYSICAL PROPERTIES O F T H E ELEMENTS (continued) 0

    S ecific Coeff. of
    %eat Latent linear Thermal
    Rela- at heat thermal conduc- Modulus
    tive Density Melting r.-t. of expansion tivity Electrical of elas- Tensi 1e
    hard- at 20'C p?int cal g-1 fusion "C at r.-t. at r.4. resistivity ticity strength
    Element ness g/cmS C *c-1 cal/g x 100 watts cm-1 microhmcm kg/mma kg/mm2
    Krypton .................... ... 3.488d -157.3 f . 5 ... ... .89 a ... ...
    Lanthanum ................. ... 6.15 920 k 5 .045 ... ... 59(18"C) ... ...
    Lead ....................... 1.5 11.34 327.3 2 . 1 .030 6.3 28.7 .35 20.65(20°C) 1800 1.33
    Lithium .................... .6 .53 180.55'-e 5 .n 159 56 .71 8.S5(O0C) ... ...
    Magnesium ................. 2 1.74 650 2 2 249 70.0 25.2 1.55 4.33( 18'C) 4600 9.15 (sand cast)
    Manganese ................. 5.0 7.44 1244 f20 .lo7 64.8 23 ... ... 16000 39.0 (annealed)
    Mercury ................... 1.5 13.55 -38.87k.02 .033 2.7... .w 94.1(OoC)
    Molybdenum ............... 6 10.2 2610 250 .065 ... 4.911 1.46 5.17(OoC) 35660 iZ0 (annealed
    wire)
    Neodymium ................... 7.05 1024 2 4 0 .045 ...... ... 79( 18"C) ...
    Neon .......................... .8387' -248.59~3 ... 4.57 ... ...
    Nickel ..................... 5 8.9 1453 z1 .iiz 73.8 ii.ill .90 6.84(20°C) 21b% 32.3
    Niobium ...................... 8.57 2480 f 5 0 ... ... 7.1 ... ... ... ...
    Nitrogen ...................... 1.1649' -209.972.3 .247 6.2 ... 2.51 ... ... ...
    Osmium ................... 7.0 22.48 2700 2200 .031 ... 6.1 ... 9.5(2OoC) ... ...
    Oxygen ....................... 1.3318' -2 18.79k .3 .218 3.3 2.47 ... ...
    Palladium .................. 4.8 12.0 1552 -~ k1 .059 34.2 ii.8 .70 1O.8(2O0C) 12Iii 14.0 (annealed)
    Phosphorus (yellow) ........... 1.82 44.2 k . 1 .177 5.0 125 ... 1oi7(11oc) ...
    Platinum ................... 4.3 21.45 1769 2 1 .032 27.1 8.9 .69 9.81(OoC) 1so00 16 (annealed)
    Polonium ..................... ... 254* ... ... ... ... ...
    Potassium .................. .5 .86 63.2 '-el .i77 1'4.5 83. .99 6.15(OoC) ... ...
    Praseodymium ............. ... 6.63 935 *so .458 ...... ... 88(18"C) ... ...
    Protactinium .................. ... 300* ... ...... ... ... ...
    Radium .................... ... 5.0 700 ... ...... ... .. ...
    Radon ......................... 4.40 - 71 ... ...... ... ... ...
    Rhenium ...................... 20 3150* .035 ...... ... ...
    . ..

    Rhodium ................... 6 12.44 1960 2 3 ,060 ... 8.1' .88 4.3(0°C) 30000
    Rubidium .................. .3 1.53 38.8 f 1 .080 6.1 90 ... 12.5(20"C) ... ...
    Ruthenium ................. 6.5 12.2 2400 &lo0 .061 ... 9.1 ... 10( 18"C) ... ...
    b At -62'C. C From 20" to SO'C.
    (continued)
    T A B L E 1 8 5 . P O M E P H Y S I C A L PROPERTIES OF T H E E L E M E N T S (concluded)

    Specific coeff. of
    si; Rela-
    heat
    at
    Latent linear
    heat thermal
    Thermal
    conduc- Modulus
    tive Densit Melting r.4. of Sxpansion tivity Electrical of elas- Tensile
    F hard- at 2008 point cal g-1
    oc-l fusion C at r.-t. at r.4. resistivity ticity strength
    -I Element ness dcm' "C cal/g x 1(P watts cm-1 microhmtm kg/mmP kg/mm'
    $ Samarium ..................... 7.7 >lo50 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
    ; Scandium ..................... 2.5 1400 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
    Selenium ................... 2.0 4.81 217.4 k5 .084 ... 37 ... 1.20(20°C) ...
    Silicon ..................... 7.0 2.4 1410 220 .176 ... 2.8-7.3 .84 85X1P(20°C) ll&i ...
    Silver ..................... 2.7 10.49 960.8 2 . 0 .056 24.3 18.9 4.08 1.62(2OoC) 7200 15.1 (rod,
    annealed)
    Sodium .................... .4 .97 97.822.2 .295 27.5 71 1.35 ... ...
    Strontium .................. 1.8 2.6 770 2 1 0 ... 25 ... ... ...
    Sulfur (rhombic) ........... 2.0 2.07 119 2 . 2 .175 9.3 64t 26.4 * ...
    Tantalum ................... 7 16.6 2980 2100 .036 ... 6.6 .54 14.6(18"6) 19660 50 (wire)
    Technetium ................... ... 2700* ... ... ... ... ... ...
    Tellurium .................. 2.3 6.24 450 2 1 0 .047 ... 16.8t .060 ... 2ih 1.12 (wire)
    Terbium ...................... ... 1450 2 5 ... ... ... ... ... ...
    Thallium ................... 1.2 11.85 303.6 2 3 .031 7.2 28 .39 17.65(0" C) ... ...
    Thorium ...................... 11.5 1695 2150 .028 ... 11.1t ... 18.62(20"C) 56.0 (wire)
    Tin ........................ 1.8 7.30 231.912.1 .054 14.4 23 .64 11.S(2OOC) 4ijOO 1.4
    Titanium ................... 4.0 4.54 1675 2100 .142 ... 8.5 ... 80(0°C) 8500
    Tungsten .................. 7 19.3 3380 2 2 0 .034 44 4.3 1.99 5.5(20"C) 35000 iio (wire)
    Uranium ...................... 18.7 1132 2 1 .028 ... ... ... 60(18"C) ...
    Vanadium .................. ... 5.68 1890 2 5 0 .115 ... ... ... ... ... ...
    Xenon ........................ 5.49Sd -112.5 2 1 ... ... ... 5.19" ... ... ...
    Ytterbium ..................... ... 824 ... ... ... ... ... ...
    Yttrium ....................... 5.51 1490 &200 ... ... ... ... ... ...
    Zinc ....................... 2.5 7.14 419.50k.l .09 24.1 if%t 1.1 5.92 (20°C) 8400 10.5
    Zirconium .................. 4.5 6.4 1852 2700 .066 ... 5.6 ... 41.O( O°C) 7500 30.0 (rod,
    annealed)
    -
    In
    E
    4
    TABLE 186.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES O F ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM ALLOYS ** -
    \D
    N
    iz
    > .8.
    ...
    c
    8 VI
    VI*

    ;m:
    z 0 ...
    .I
    c 22
    I
    P
    <
    In
    i
    z
    6
    't(

    V
    8
    0 cgs cgs cgs kg/mmz kg/mmt kg/mm, kg/mrnP percent kg/mmz
    F! P u r e and commercial aluminum
    4
    .D A1-99.95 Annealed ... ... 2.8 .70 2.1 (2% offset) 6.3 60 (2 in.) 15
    W
    I-
    rn
    cu-4.5 Sand-cast ; h.-t. and aged 2.75 .33 3.45 i2.8 7200 .. . 15.5 (.2% perm.) 25 5 (2 in.) 4.6t 80
    In (195-T6)
    Al (commercial) Hard-drawn (93% red) 2.71 .53 3.75 23.6 . .. ... ... 34 2 (2 in.) .. ..
    Aluminum-copper-magnesium alloys
    Cu-2.5, Mg-.3 Wrought; h.-t. and aged 2.74 .37 4.3 23.5 7200 .. . 17 (.2% perm.) 30 27* 9.5 t 70
    (A17S-T)
    Aluminum-copper-magnesium-manganese alloys
    Cu-4.0, Mg-.5, Wrought: annealed 2.79 .41 3.8 23.5 7200 ... 7.0 (.2% perm.) 18 22* (2 in.) 7.7t 45
    Mn-.5 (17s-0)
    Cu-4.32. Mg-1.44, Plate, &in. w.-q. from 2.77 .29 5.7 23.2 ... ... 34.0 48 20 18 120
    Mw.48, Fe-.16 920" F (24s-T)
    Cu-4.4, Fe-.81, Rod, 4 in. diam. h.-t. . .. . .. ... . .. 7600 26.4 29.4 (.l% perm.) 42.0 19.7 .. ..
    Mg.67, Mw.64, and aged (4VG)
    Si-22
    Cu-4.4, Mn-.8, Forged; h.-t. and aged 2.80 .37 4.3 23.0 7200 ... 39 (2% perm.) 49 14 (2 in.) llt 135
    Si-.S, Mg-.4 (14s-T)
    C ~ 4 . 5 Mg-1.5,
    , Sheet, h.-t. and cold- .. . ... ... 23.2 7200 . .. 39 (2% perm.) 49 13 (2 in.) .. 116
    Mn-.6 worked (24s-RT)
    ..
    Aluminum-comer-nickel allovs
    Cu-4.0, Ni-2.0, Sand-cast : aged 2.78 .32 5.1 22.5 , 7200 . .. 20 (2% perm.) 22 .5 (2 in.) 5.6f 85
    Mg-1.51 (142-TS71)
    ** For reference see footnote 56 p. 187.
    Values apply h general to all' wrought forms except large-sized extrusions; elongations apply to $ in. diameter test specimens. t 5x108.
    (continued)
    Ill TABLE 186.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES O F A L U M I N U M AND ALUMINUM ALLOYS (continued)

    5
    2g
    U M

    &J%
    d
    ra cgs cgs cgs kg/mmz kg/mmz kg/mmz kg/rnmz percent kg/mmz
    F Aluminum-copper-silicon alloys
    D
    4 Cu-4.0, Si-3.0 Sand-cast (108) 2.73 .29 5.6 22.0 7200 ... 10 (.2% perm.) 15 2 (2in.) 6f 55
    W
    rn
    r Cu-4.5, Si-2.5 Chill-cast : h.-t. 2.78 .33 4.9 22.0 7200 ... 13 (2% perm.) 26 10 (2in.) 6.7t 75
    VI (B 195-T4)
    Cu-7.0, Si-2.0, Sand-cast 2.85 . .. ... .. . 7200 .. . 9.8 (.2% offset) 13-16 0-1.5 6.0t 55-80
    Zn-1.5, Fe-1.2 (2 in.)
    Aluminum-copper-zinc alloys
    Cu-7.0, Zn-1.7, Sand-cast (1 12) 2.85 .29 5.7 22.0 7200 ... 10.5 (2% perm.) 17 1.5 (2 in.) 6.3t 70
    Fe-1.2
    Aluminum-magnesium alloys
    Mg-1.0, Si-.6 Wrought ; ann. 2.70 .41 3.8 23.5 7200 .. . 5.6 ( 2 % perm.) 13 22 (Zin.)* 5.6t 30
    Cr-.25, Cu-25 (61s-0)
    Mg-1.3, Si-.7 Wrought ; h.-t. and aged 2.69 .37 4.3 23.5 7200 .. . 23 (2% perm.) 27 20 (2in.)* 7.7t 80
    Cr-.25 (53s-T)
    Mg-2.5, Cr-.25 Wrought ; hard 2.68 .33 4.9 23.7 7200 ... 25 (.2% perm.) 29 8 (2in.)* 14.5t 85
    (52s-H)
    Mg-3.8 Sand-cast (214) 2.61 .33 4.9 23.9 7200 ... 8.4 (.2% perm.) 18 9 (2 in.) 3.9t 50
    Mg-3.8, Zn-1.8 Chill-cast (A 214) 2.66 .32 5.1 23.9 ... ... 11 (.2% perm.) 19 5 (2in.) .. 60
    Mg-10.00 Sand-cast h.-t. 2.52 21 8.2 24.5 7200 . .. 18 (.2% perm.) 32 14 (2in.) 4.9t 75
    (220-T4)
    Auminum-manganese alloys
    Mn-1.2 Wrought; ann. (3s-0) 2.73 .46 3.4 23.6 7200 . .. 4.2 (.2% perm.) 11 40 (2in.)* 4.9t 28
    Mn-1.25, Mg-1.0 Annealed 2.72 ... ... . .. , .. ... c(
    I 18 20 (2in.) 9.8 45
    (continued) 5
    S318Vl lV3ISAHd NVINOSHIINS

    Composition

    i
    D
    m
    r
    m
    Condition A
    Q)
    F
    I
    z
    m
    0
    I
    D
    -z
    9 Density Fr
    -0
    L 3 Thermal 3
    w conductivity 0
    P
    m
    Resistivity ;[I
    microhm-cm --mI
    cn
    o Thermal ex-
    P pansion x 108 0
    1
    E D
    'Modulus of r
    3 elasticity C
    3. -zs
    k
    ? Proportional C
    3 limit 3
    a, D
    z
    O
    D
    Yield
    r
    C
    strength
    43
    au z
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    r
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    9 strength 0
    2 <
    0
    3
    B8 Elongation s
    C
    * P
    lv
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    4 Endurance
    limit and
    p cycles

    Hardness
    number

    P6T
    v) T A B L E 187.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BRASSES A N D BRONZES *
    5
    c

    C
    0 n
    u)

    .-
    .

    V
    I
    s
    -2
    eo
    V 4
    kg/mma kg/mma percent No.

    .040” strip; hot-rolled 8.48 .294 14.1 38.0 45 F 80


    .040” strip ; cold-rolled 42.2 56.2 5
    Yellow brass ... .. . . . . . . .. Cu-66; Zn-34 .040” strip; .025mm ann. 8.47 .277 6.38 2.O2X1Od 14.1
    10.5
    36.5
    32.3
    56
    64
    F 73
    F 60
    .040” strip; .070mm ann.
    .040” strjp; hard (37%) 42.2 52.7 7 B80
    .040” strip; spring (60%) 45.7 63.2 3 B 88
    .loo” wire; rivet (10%) 31.6 42.2 30 ...
    .loo‘‘ wire; spring (84%) 47.8 87.8 .. ...
    Cartridge brass, 70%. .... . Cu-70; Zn-30 .MO”strip; .025mm ann. 8.52 .294 6.25 1.98x10-6 14.1 36.6 56 F 73
    .040” strip; .070mm ann. 10.5 32.3 64 F 60
    .040” strip; hard (37%) 42.2 53.4 7 B 83
    .040” strip; spring (60%) 45.7 65.4 3 B90
    .100“ wire; spring (84%) 47.8 90.0 .. ...
    Low brass, 8076.. ...... .. . Cu-80; 211-20 .W strip; .015mm ann. 8.67 .335 5.38 1.91X10d 12.6
    10.5
    33.1
    30.2
    47
    55
    F 75
    F 60
    .040” strip; .050mm ann.
    .040” strip; hard (37%) 42.2 51.3 7 B 83
    .040” strip; spring (60%) 45.7 63.2 3 B 90
    .loo“ wire; spring (84%) 47.8 84.3 .. ...
    Jewelry bronze ... .... .... Cu-87.5 ; Zn-12.5 .040” strip; .015mm ann.
    .040” strip; .030mm ann.
    8.77 .413 4.20 1.85X10d 17.6
    9.15
    30.2
    28.1
    42
    46
    F 68
    F 61
    .040” strip ; hard (37%) 40.1 47.1 5 B 73
    .040” strip; spring (60%) 44.3 55.5 3 B 82
    Commercial bronze, 90%. . Cu-90; Zn-10 .040” strip ; .015mm a m . 8.80 .45 3.E 1.84XlOd 21.1 28.8 42 F 65
    .040“ strip; .030mm ann. -8.43 26.7 45 F 58
    .040” strip; hard (37%) 38.7 43.6 5 B 70
    .040“ strip; spring (60%) 44.3 51.3 3 B 78
    For reference, see footnote 57, p. 187. I--

    (continued) %
    ul
    3:
    I
    T A B L E 187.-MECHANlCAL P R O P E R T I E S O F BRASSES A N D BRONZES (continued)

    E
    .-
    .-
    I
    8
    .-
    I
    0
    n G
    0
    V u
    *m
    -I percent g/cmS cgs cgs kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent No.
    7
    m
    Gilding, 95% .... ........ Cu-95; Zn-5 .OM'' strip ; .015mm ann. 8.86 .55 3.08 1 . 8 0 ~ 1 0 - ~ 7.03 26.7 42 F 60
    ul .040" strip; .030mm ann. 5.62 25.3 44 F 52
    .040" strip; hard (37%) 33.7 38.6 6 B 62
    .040" strip; spring (6Wo) 40.1 44.3 5 B 72
    Conductivity bronzes
    80% conductivity bronze.. . Cu-99; Cd-1.0 Hard-drawn 8.88 ... 2.15 ... .._ 58.6 .. ...
    65% conductivity bronze.. . Cu-99.5; Sn-.5 Hard-drawn 8.88 ... 2.65 ... ... 52.8 .. ...
    55% conductivity bronze.. . Cu-98.7 ; Cd-.8; Hard-drawn 8.88 ... 3.13 ... ... 63.3 .. ...
    Sn-.5
    Soecial brasses
    Naval brass ............. cu-60 ; Zn-39.25 ;
    -1

    .040" strip ; light ann. 8.42 .278 6.62 2.17X10-' 21.1 43.6 40 B 60
    Sn-.75 .040" strip; quarter hard (11%) 40.8 49.2 17 B 75
    So" striu: as hot-rolled 17.6 38.7 50 B 55
    1" rod; ;oft ann. 17.6 40.1 45 B 50
    1" rod; light ann. 21.1 44.3 40 B 57
    1" rod; quarter hard (9%) 35.2 49.2 28 B 78
    1" rod; half hard (18%) 37.3 52.8 20 B 82
    Antirnonial .............. Cu-71; Zn-27.97 l"X.05" tube ; .025mm ann. 8.52 .265 6.89 2.02X10-' ... 37.3 70 F 75
    Admiralty ............... Sn-1 ; Sb-,035 l"X.05" tube; hard (35%) _ .. 59.8 15 B 88
    Bushing bronze .......... Cu-90 ; Zn-9.5 ; .040" strip; half hard 8.80 .45 4.53 1.84XW 31.6 33.4 12.5 B 55
    Sn-.5 hard 40.1 42.2 5 B 70
    extra hard 44.0 49.2 2.5 B 78
    light ann. 7.03 28.1 40 F 70
    ln

    $I
    ln
    0
    T A B L E 187.-MECHANICAL PR OPER TIES O F BRASSES A N D B R ON ZES (concluded)
    zD b.' u
    z 0 m
    N 58,
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    C $5 E Fz 6
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    g"" %
    sc
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    D 2 6 G bV W" $
    m
    I- percent g/cd cgs cgs kg/nimz kg/mms percent No.
    ln Tin bronzes
    Phosphor bronze 5%
    (grade A) .. .
    . . . .. . . . . . Cu-95 : Sn-4.75 ; ,040'' strip; .0351nm a m . 8.85 ,157 12.28 1.78X10-5 14.1 34.5 58 F 75,
    P-25 B 28
    ,040'' strip; hard (37%) 52.7 56.9 10 B 87
    .040" strip ; spring (60%) 56.2 70.3 4 B 93
    .loo" wire; spring (84%) .. . 98.2 2 ...
    Phosphor bronze 8%
    (grade C) .. . .. . . . . . . .. Cu-92 ; Sn-7.75 ; .040" strip ; .035mm ann. 8.80 .120 15.65 1.82)<10-5 16.9 40.8 65 F-80; B-50
    P-25 ,040'' strip; hard (37%) 50.6 65.4 10 B 93
    .040" strip; spring (60%) ... 78.7 3 B 98
    .loo'' wire; spring (68%) . .. 98.2 .. ...
    444 Bronze . . . .... . ...... Cu-88 ; Sn-4 ; .040" strip ; .035mni aim. 8.88 ,206 9.07 1.72x10-5 .. . 31.6 55 F 65
    Zn-4; Pb-4 1" rod; hard (20%) ... 45.7 20
    Olympic
    - - bronze
    Olympic bronze, type A . . . Cu-96; Si-3 ; Zn-1 ,040" strip; .070mm ann. 8.52 .087 24.6 1.80X10-" 14.75 39.4 63 F 75
    ,040'' strip; spring (60%) 43.8 77.3 4 B 97
    1" rod; extra hard (50%) 42.2 75.9 13 B 95
    .1W" wire; hard (60700) 45.7 87.9 5 ...
    .loo" wire ; spring (80%) 49.3 102.0 3 ...
    Special engineering alloy
    .
    Tellurium copper . . . . . . . . Cu-99.5 ; Te-.5 Q" rod, f hard (20%) 894 ,848 1.915 1.79)<10-" 28.8 30.9 15 ...
    v) T A B L E 188.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES O F COPPER A N D COPPER ALLOYS ** c.
    \o
    3: 03

    C
    .-
    0

    .-
    0

    2
    s
    P percent cgs cgs cgs kg/rnnG kg/mm? kg/rnmZ kg/mrn? percent kg/rnrn2
    r
    ~ P u r e and commercial copper
    Oxygen-free copper Rod, 3 in. diam., 8.95 .93 1.706* 17.6' 12,500 ... 34.5(.5% extn.) 36.0 lilt 12.O(3X1O8) Ro37
    -8
    rn
    v) (OFHC) ; cold-drawn (29%
    cu-99.997 red) from .125mm
    grain size
    Oxygen-free copper Rod, 4 in. diam., ... ...... 12,300 33 (.5% extn.) 33.5 20t ... ...
    (OFHC) ; cold-drawn (36%
    cu-99.9% red) f r y .135 mm
    grain size
    Oxygen-free copper Rod, hard-drawn ...... ...... 13,000 3.45 12.7(.01%) 29.0 290 ... ...
    (OFHC) ;
    cu-99.99
    cu-99.95 Sheet, .020 in., soft ...... ...... ... 4.8 ... 22.0 35t 7.7(108) ...
    Sheet, ,020 in., cold- ...... ...... ... 11.0 ... 31.2 7.87 9.1(1OS) Re 33
    worked (21% red)
    (3-99.94; 0-.030 Rod, drawn (37% ...... ...... 12,100 3.4 10.0(.01%) 26.0 320 ... ...
    red)
    Electrotough-pitch Rod, 1 in. diam., 8.92 .93 1.706* 17.6* 9,300 ... 4.55(.01% 22.0 59t 2.8 41
    copper hot-rolled perm.)
    Electrotough-pitch Cold-rolled ... ...... .. 7.0 15 (.Ol% 36.5 13t 11.0 ...
    copper perm.)
    Copper-aluminum alloys
    A1-3.% Cast, annealed ...... ...... 4.30 6.1(.5% extn.) 24.3 84t ...
    ' Forged, annealed ...... ...... 5.75 8.8(.5% extn.) 33.0 81t ... ...
    A1-8.0 Sheet or plate, soft 7.78 .17 11.8* 17.8* ... 17 (.5% extn.) 42 60t RR30
    ' Sheet or plate, hard ...... ...... 10,500 .. 42 (.5% extn.) 84 4t ... R R99
    ** For references, see footnotes 55 and 5 7 , p. 187. -
    X 10-0. t 2 in. t Alternating torsion. 0 4Varea.
    (con h u e d )
    T A B L E 188.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES O F COPPER A N D COPPER ALLOYS (continued)

    C E
    .-
    .-c
    xu
    .z E
    >-c
    HE .-
    -0
    .'" :
    6 2.E
    percent cgs cgs cgs kg/rnm? kg/mm? kg/mm2 kg/rnm? percent kg/mm2
    A1-9.78 Cast; w.-q. from ...... ... ... 13,600 17.5 ... 54.5 1411 18.O(7X1O7) 142
    1650"F, 1 hr at
    1200"F, f.c.
    AI-10 Cast 7.5 ... ... ... 8,500- 7 4 14-17.5 42-53 15-257 ... 90-100
    10,500 (3%
    perm.)
    AI-10.06, Fe.13 Extruded to 1% in. 7.57 ... ... ... 14,000 11.9 ... 54.5 3611 24.O(6X1O7) 128
    diam., w.-q. from
    1650°F at 1150"F,
    f.c.
    Copper-aluminum-iron alloys
    AI-5.39, Fe-5.14 Forged ...... ... ... ... ... 34.0(yld. pt.) 61.0 32t ... 119
    AM. Fe-2.5 Rod, soft 7.75 ... ... ... ... ... 20.2(.5% extn.) 51 50 t ... Rn 52
    A1-8.6, Fe-2.9 Sand-cast ...... ... ... ... 9.8 15-19 42-50 22-27t ... 109-1 24
    A1-9, Fe-3 Forged ...... ... ... ... 12.6 23.6(yld. pt.) 60.0 427 ... 130
    Copper-aluminum-iron-manganese alloys
    A1-7.18, Fe.62, Sand-cast ... ... ... ... ... ... 12.3(yld. pt.) 39.0 52t ... 69
    Mn-.58
    AI-9.9, Fe-3.2 Round bar, die-cast 7.42 ... ... ... ... ... 22.5(.15% 63.0 10t ... ...
    Mn-2.9 at 2155°F perm.)
    Copper-aluminum-iron-nickel alloys
    AI-5.0, Fe-3.07, Rod, 11 in., diam., ...... ... ... ... ... 25.2(yld.pt.) 51.0 347 ... 130
    Ni-1.91, Mn-.33 forged (75% red)
    AI-9.73, Fe-5.42, Rod, 4 in. diam., ...... ... ... 13,200 3.8 54.5(.1% perm.) 82 115 ... ...
    Ni-4.97 forged
    A1-10.7, F e 4 , N i 4 Forged, h.-t. 7.75 ... ... ... ... 21 39-42 67-72 10-1st ... 190-217
    It 8 in.
    (coltfirrued) s
    T A B L E 188.-MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F COPPER A N D COPPER ALLOYS (continued)
    8
    8 aJ
    s .- c
    0
    $b
    .=0sc ; -- c
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    gz
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    5
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    $2
    I

    percent cgs cgs cgs kg/mm2 kg/mm2 kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent kg/mm2
    Copper-aluminum-manganese alloys
    A1-7, Mn-1 Sheet, .2 in., cold- ...... ...... ... 54.0 ... 74 12t ... ...
    rolled (50% red)
    A1-10, Mn-1 Chill-cast ...... ...... ... ... 25.0(yld. pt.) 62.5 25t ... ...
    Copper-aluminum-nickel alloys
    AI-7, Ni-1 Sheet, .2 in., cold- ...... ...... ... 60.0 80.0 6t ... ...
    rolled (50% red)
    A1-9.4, Ni-7.4, Rod, 1 in. diam., 7.57 ... ...... ... ... 4.03(.15% 67 5t ... 188
    Fe-4.1 chill-cast perm.)
    AI-10.1, Ni-7.6, Rod, 1 in. diam., 7.58 ... ...... ... ... 44 (.15% 63.5 2t ... I . .

    Si-.4 chill-cast perm.)


    Copper-aluminum-silicon aliovs
    A1-7.2, Si-1.88, Rod, 1 in. square, ...... ...... ... ... 22.0(yld. pt.) 53.0 19" ... 139
    Fe-.ll chill-cast from
    2055°F
    Al-7.2, Si-1.88, Rod, f in. diam., ... ...... ... ... 42 (yld.pt.) 69.5 25" ... 186
    Fe.11 forged
    Copper-aluminum-zinc alloys
    A1-8.89, Zn-1.40, Rod, in. diam., ex- ...... ...... 12,300 12.4 29.3(.01% 25.2 379 ... ...
    Fe-.15 truded and drawn perm.)
    Copper-arsenic alloys
    As-.33, Ag-.10 Rod, k in. diam., ...... ...... ... 20.4 7.7(.01% 25.2 47s ... . .
    drawn (7% red) perm.)
    "
    Rod, k in. diam., ...... ...... ... 10.4 ... 24.7 465 ...
    drawn (7% red)
    ann. 100 hr at
    390°F
    ' 1.3 in.
    In TABLE 188.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES O F COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS (continued)
    5

    .-
    0I
    2
    .- .->,
    71
    !!

    8 a"
    d percent
    Copper-beryllium alloys
    2 Be-1.0 Quenched 8.6 ... ...... ... ... 14.7(yld.pt.) 30-35 50-557 ... 65-70
    m
    m
    I-
    "
    Quenched and work- ... ...... ... ... 71.5(yld. pt.) 75 67 ... 200
    v) hardened
    Be-2.2 Cast ...... ...... ... ... 30.0 44.0 14t ... 109
    "
    Cast, quenched from ... ... ...... ... ... 66.1 83.5 1t ... 400
    1470"F, aged at
    645°F
    Copper-beryllium-cobalt alloys
    Be-2, Ce.2 Soft, annealed ... ... ...... 12,600 12.6 18.3(.2% extn.) 46.5 50t ... ..I

    " " Heat-treated ... ... ...... 13,300 60.5 102 (.2%extn.) 123 8t ... ...
    1' I'
    Rolled (21% red), ... ... ...... 12,700 83 121 (.2%extn.) 135 4f ... ...
    h.-t.
    Ii 11 Rolled (37% red), ... ... ...... 12,600 73 126 (.2%extn.) 141 3t ... ...
    h.-t.
    Copper-beryllium-nickel alloys
    Be-2.16, Ni-22, Rod, in. diam., ... ... ...... 11,900 ... 56.0(.5%extn.) 77 llt ... ...
    Fe-.ll quenched from
    1515"F, cold-
    drawn (15% red)
    Be-2.16, Ni-.22, Rod, 4 in. diam., ... ... ...... 13,000 ... 64.5(.5%extn.) 150 2.8t ...
    Fe-.l 1 quenched from
    1515"F, cold-
    drawn (15% red)
    3 hr at 570°F
    Be-2.14, Ni-.28 Sheet, .040 in., w.-q. ... ... ...... 12,900 39.0 ... 136 2.0f 19.5 Ro 104
    Fe.06 from 1470"F, cold-
    rolled (37% red)
    2 hr at 525°F
    7 10 diam.
    (corzfinued)
    ln
    T A B L E 188.-MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F COPPER A N D COPPER A L L O Y S (continued)
    2 -
    ?z3 .-.-.-8 , X E

    *z v1
    0 .-..
    8 9
    -.a 95
    W M

    2 a -35 EL
    I
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    sv1
    cz
    3
    0 percent cgs cgs cgs kg/mm* kg/mmz kg/rnmz kg/mm*
    Copper-cadmium alloys
    5 Cd-B Wire, cold-drawn ...... ...... 12,700 ...... 71 ... ... ...
    Copper-chromium alloys
    ln
    Cr-.88, Si-.O9 Rod, 4 in. diam.,
    cold-worked
    ...... ...... 13,900 ... 46.5(.5% extn.) 51.0 75t 18.1(3XlOS) RB73
    (92% red)
    Copper-chromium-beryllium alloys
    Cr-.4, Be-.l Rod, 1 in. diam.,
    cast, quenched
    ...... ...... ... 10.5-
    11.5
    ... 21-25 10-15 ...
    from 1700"F, aged
    1 hr at 935°F
    Copper-cobalt-beryllium alloys
    C0-2.6, Be-.4 Rod, 1 in. diam., cast,
    1 hr at 1650"F,
    ...... ...... 12,000 31.6 ... 63.0 10 t ... 220
    w.-q. 2-4 hr at
    930°F
    Co-2.6, Be.4 Rod, forged, 1 hr at
    1650"F., w.-q.
    ...... ...... 12,000 31.6 ... 70.3 20 t 1 . . 220
    2-4 hr at 930°F
    't "
    Quenched, work-
    hardened, h.-t.
    ...... ...... 11,500 ... 57.5(yld.pt.) 75 15q ... 210

    Copper-iron alloys
    Fe-25 Wire, .040 in. diam.,
    cold-drawn
    ...... ...... ... ...... 97 ... ... ...
    (96% red)
    Fe-50 Wire, .040 in. diam.,
    cold-drawn
    ...... ...... ... ...... 136 ... ... ...
    (96% red)
    (6
    Sand-cast ...... ...... ... ... 22.5(yld.pt.) 39.0 25 t ... 130
    (continued)
    T A BLE 188,MECHANlCAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS (continued)
    E
    ..
    .-8
    ." .->
    am
    3
    .I

    22c!
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    'i:
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    2u

    percent cgs cgs cgs kg/mrnZ kg/mmz kg/mmz kg/mm* percent kg/mm*
    Copper-lead-tin alloys
    Pb-S.61, 51-5.36,
    211-232, Sb.34,
    Cast from 2040°F 8.83 ... ... ... 7,650 ... 10.3(.1% offset) 21.4 17t ... 52
    Ni-.14
    Pb-10; Sn-10 Sand-cast from 1750- 8.9 ... ... ... 6,000 6.7- 13-14 19-23 7-12t ... 50-70
    1900°F 8.1
    Copper-manganese alloys
    Mn-13 ;A1-9 Soft 7.2 ... ... ... ... ...... 67 19 ... 300
    " 'I
    Hard-rolled ... ... ...
    ... ... ...... 95.5 1 ... 510
    Copper-nickel alloys
    Ni-30.48, Mw.22, Rod, 3 in. diam., ... ... ... ... 15,200 ... 44.8(.5% extn.) 47.3 23t ... ...
    Fe.07 cold-drawn (15%
    red) from .033 mm
    grain size
    Ni-30.48, Mn-.22,
    Fe.07
    Rod, 2 in. diam,
    cold-drawn (15%
    ... ... ... ... 15,600 ... 38.4(.50/0extn.) 46.2 30t ... ...
    red) from .030 mm
    grain size 2 hr at
    840°F
    Constantan
    Ni-45 Sand-cast 8.6 ... ... ... ... ... 14.8(.20/0 offset) 39.4 32t ... 80
    Ni-45, Mn-51.0, Rod, ann. 4 hr at ... ... ... ... 17,400 14.2 18.3(yld. pt.) 46.8 46t ... Rn 54
    Fe-.27, C-.05 1400°F
    Ni4.77, Mw.89,
    Fe.66, C-.078
    Rod, 1 hr at 1450" F,
    f.-c.
    ... ... ... ... ... 14.8 17.8(.010/0
    perm.)
    48.6 48t 19.6 86

    Ni-44.77, Mn-.89,
    Fe.66, C-.C78
    Rod, cold-rolled ... ... ... ... ... ... 38.5(.010/0
    perm.)
    72.5 1st 3O.2(4X1O7) 159
    N
    0
    (continued) w
    VI T A B L E 188.-MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F COPPER A N D COPPER A L L O Y S (continued) N
    E 0
    P

    C
    .-
    c
    B
    9
    percent cgs kg/mm? kg/mm* kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent kg/mm*
    0
    g= Copper-nickel-beryllium alloys
    4
    D
    Ni-2.0, Be-.2 Quenched from ... ... ...... ... ...... 46.8 4.3t ... ...
    r
    W 1650"F, cold-drawn,
    m
    Ln (5670 red)
    ' ,' ...... ... ...... ... ...
    Quenched from ... ... 85.5 2.5t
    +
    1650"F, hr at
    930°F. cold-drawn
    (56% 'red)
    Copper-nickel-manganese alloys
    Ni-13.5, Mn-5, Rod, 1 in. diam., ... ... ... 12.6 35.4(.2%) 48.6 36 t ... V 157
    A1-1.5 extruded, cold-
    drawn (10% red)
    "
    Rod, 1 in. diam., ... ... ...... ... 49.0 60.0(.2%) 77.0 21 t ... V 240
    cold-drawn, 2 hr
    at 1110°F
    Copper-nickel-silicon alloys
    Cu-94.15, Ni-5.14, Sheet, .020 in., soft ... ... ...... 11.500 37.4 ... 72.5 4.0t 9.8(108) ...
    Si-rem.
    Copper-nickel-tin alloys
    Ni-29.08, Sn-.95, Rod, 1 in. dihm., ... ... ...... 15,000 ... 39.0(.01% 61.3 3.8t 23.5(5><10') 143
    Fe-25, C-.07 cold-drawn perm.)
    Copper-nickel-zinc alloys
    Ni-20, Zn-5 Sheet or plate, soft 8.86 ...... ... ... 14.0(.5% extn.) 35.1 35 t ... RB25
    " I'
    Sheet or plate, hard ... ... ...... 13,300 ... 30.2(.5% extn.) 60.0 5t ... RB88
    Ni-20.22, Zn-5.26, Rod, 3 in. diam.. ... ... ...... 14,600 ... 32.0(.5% extn.) 41.0 32 t ... ...
    Mn-25, Fe-.08, colddrawn (15%
    Mg-.06 red) from .060 mm
    grain size, 2 h r
    at 840°F
    (con h u e d )
    v)
    E T A B L E 188.-MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F COPPER A N D COPPER A L L O Y S (continued)
    =i
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    1

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    zF percent
    a
    C6S cgs cgs kg/mm? kg/mm? kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent kg/mm2
    r Copper-silicon-manganese alloys
    z.I
    -
    m
    r Si-1.41, Mn-21,
    Fe-.06
    Rod, f in. diam.,
    cold-wsrked
    ... ... ...... 12,000 ... 48.0(.5%extn.) 61.8 10t 21.4(3x1Os) R~86
    m
    v)
    (72% red)
    Si-3, Mn-1 Sheet, ,040 in., ann. 8.53 ... .. 10,500 ... 17 (.5%extn.) 42 65t ... R r 45
    Copper-silver alloys
    Ag-.093, Fe-.007 Rod, 1 in. diam., ... ... ...... ... 1.9 ... 24.2 51 1 ... ...
    drawn (10% red)
    Rod, 1 in. diam., ... ... ...... 14.000 5.7 ... 24.1 51 1 ... ...
    drawn (10% red)
    2 h r at 570°F
    Copper-tin alloys
    Sn-.48 Rod, 1 in. diarn., ... ... ...... 13,600 3.16 ... 32.4 338 ... ...
    drawn (10% red)
    Rod, 1 in. diam., ... ... ...... 13,800 20.2 ... 31.6 371 ... ...
    drawn (10% red)
    2 hr at 570°F
    SII-4.23, P-.13 Rod, 3 in. diarn., ... ... ...... 12,400 17.3 40.2(.1%extn.) 43.5 331 15.5(5x1O7) 138
    drawn 3 hr at
    525°F
    Copper-tin-lead alloys
    Sn-5.0, Pb-1, P-.l Sheet, .04 in. hard ... ... ...... 10,500 ... 42.0(.5% extn.) 57.5 8f ... RB90
    Copper-tin-nickel alloys
    Sn-3.88, Ni-2.33, Sheet, cold-rolled, ... ... ...... 12,300 26.6 ... 51.4 22t ... RB80
    S.58, P-.37 quenched from
    1470"F, aged 1 hr
    at 930°F
    206
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    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    =.
    r;
    I T A B L E 188.-MECHANlCAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER A N D COPPER ALLOYS (concluded)
    I
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    I- percent
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    cgs cgs cgs kg/mm* kg/mm2
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    kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent kg/mm2
    + Copper-zinc-iron alloys
    %
    6 Zn-38.48, Fe-1.21, Rod, 4 in., hard- ...... ...... 10,900 ... 57.0 62.0 127 ... 178
    v) Sn-.72, AL.1, drawn
    Pb.09
    Cu-56.85, Fe-1.50, Cast 8.26 ... ...... 10,000 9.15 ... 49.0 3311 12.O(2.5X1O8) 93
    Sn-.32, AL.23,
    Mn-.20, Zn-rem.
    Copper-zinc-manganese alloys
    ZnI3-3.1, Mn4.2, - Round bar, die-cast 7.79 ... ...... ... ... 44.0(.15% 66.0 7t ... 187
    AI-3.5 from 1930°F perm.)
    Copper-zinc-nickel alloys
    Zn-9.89, Ni-2.32, Sheet, .020 in., ...... ...... 13,900 31.3 ... 63.5 14t 13.0(108) R~86
    Si-.57 quenched from
    1470"F, aged 1 hr
    at 930°F
    Zn-19.8, Ni-2.37, Sheet, .020 in., ...... ...... 12,100 26.2 ... 60.5 22t 11.2(108) Re85
    Si-.57 quenched from
    1470"F, aged 1 hr
    at 930°F
    Zn-30.12, Ni-2.36, Sheet, .040 in., ...... ...... 9,800 33.8 ... 98.5 2.5t ... RB98
    Si-.66 hard-rolled
    Copper-zinc-tin alloys
    Zn-6, Sn-6 Sand-cast 8.65 ... ...... ... ... 11.2-12.6 25-30 30-60 ... 50-65
    (dd. pt.)
    Admiralty brass : Sheet, ann. 8.53 ... ...... 10,500 ...... 31.6 60t ... ...
    Zn-28, Sn-1
    Naval brass : Rod, 3 in. diam., 8.42 ... ...... 10,800 23.5 ... 48.0 27 14.8(108) ...
    Cu-61.20, Sw.43, rolled
    Pb.10, Zn-rem.
    Zn-41, Sn-1 Die-cast 8.47 ... ...... ... ... 21-25(yld.pt.) 39-42 15-20t ... 120-130
    8
    \1
    208 TABLE 1 8 9 . 4 O P P E R W I R E 4 P E C I F I C A T I Q N VALUES
    Copper wire : Hard-drawn (and hard-rolled flat copper of thicknesses corresponding

    -
    to diameter of wire). Specification values. (A. S. T. M. B1-15, U. S. Navy Dept.)
    Specific gravity 8.89 a t 20°C (68°F).

    Diameter Minimum tensile strength Minimum elongation,


    percent in
    mm k K z i e - z z 254 mm (10 in.)
    11.68 .460 34.5 49,000 2.75
    10.41 .410 35.9 51,000 3.25
    9.27 .365 37.1 52,800 2.80
    8.25 .325 38.3 54,500 2.40
    7.34 .289 39.4 56,100 2.17
    6.55 .258 40.5 57,600 1.98
    5.82 .229 41.5 59,000 1.79
    in 1524 mm (60 in.)
    5.18 .204 42.2 60.100 1.24
    4.62 .182 43.0 61:200 1.18
    4.12 .162 43.7 62:lOo 1.14
    3.66 .144 44.3 63,000 1.09
    3.25 .128 44.8 63,700 1.06
    2.90 .I 14 45.2 64,300 1.02
    2.59 .I02 45.7 64.900 1.oo
    2.31 491 46.0 65;400 .97
    2.06 .081 46.2 65,700 .95
    1.83 .072 46.3 65,900 .92
    1.63 .064 46.5 66,200 .90
    1.45 .057 46.7 66,400 .89
    1.30 .051 46.8 66,600 37
    1.14 .045 47.0 66,800 .86
    1.02 .040 47.1 67,000 .85

    NoTE.-P.limit of hard-drawn copper wire must average 55 percent of ultimate tensile strength for
    four largest-size wires in table, and 60 percent of tensile strength for smaller sizes.

    T A B L E 190.-COPPER WIRE-MEDIUM HARD-DRAWN


    (A. S. T. M. B2-15) Minimum and maximum strengths.

    Tensile strength
    Diameter Minimum Maximum Elongation,
    & minimum percent
    ----T
    mm kg/mm2 Ib/in.Z kg/mmz Ib/in.Z in 254 mm (10 in.)
    11.70 .460 29.5 42,000 34.5 49,000 3.75
    6.55 .258 33.0 47,000 38.0 54,000 2.50
    in 1524 mm (60 in.)
    4.12 .162 34.5 49,000 39.5 56,000 1.15
    2.59 .lo2 35.5 50.330 40.5 57.330 1.04
    1.02 .040 37.0 53;OOO 42.0 60;OOO .88

    NOrE.-Representative values only from table in specifications are shown above. P-limit of medium
    hard-drawn copper averages 50 percent of ultimate strength.

    T A B L E 191.-COPPER WIRE-SOFT OR A N N E A L E D
    (A. S. T. M. B3-15) Minimum values.
    Minimum tensile
    Diameter strength Elongation in 254
    P mm (10 in.),
    mm in. kg/mm2 Ib/in.2 percent
    11.70 to 7.37 .460 to .290 25.5 36,000 35
    7.34 to 2.62 ,289 to ,103 26.0 37,000 30
    2.59 to -53 .lo2 to .021 27.0 38,500 25
    .51 to .08 ,020 to .003 28.0 40,000 20
    Nor&-Experimental results show tensile strength of concentric-lay copper cable to approximate
    90 percent of combined strengths of wires forming the cable.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    T A B L E 192.-MECHANICAL PR O PER TIES OF IR O N A N D S T E E L **

    Propor-
    Modulus of tional Yield Tensile Endurance
    Composition Condition elasticity limit strength strength Elongation limit Hardness
    percent kg/mm* kg/mm2 kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent kg/mm2 number
    Aluminum steel
    C-.30-.40, AL.90-1.40, Cr-.90-1.40, quenched from 1750"F, tem- - - 96 109 15(2 in.) - 310
    Mn-.40-.60, Mo-.15-.25 pered at 1100°F
    Carbon steels
    C-.08, Mn-.41 (open-hearth rim- strip, .lo4 in., rolled - - 27.0 37.0 35(2 in.) - Re 55
    ming) ( d d . pt.)
    C-.12, Mn-34, S-.12, P-.099 (free- bar, I& in. diam., cold-rolled (.OOl% offset)
    cutting steel) 21,400 - 53.4 58.5 18(2 in.) - V 205
    C-. 15.25, Mn-.30-.50 rod, & in., cold-drawn 21,100 - 76.0 81.5 11( 10 in.) 37.3 -
    C-.27, h h . 7 2 , Si-21 wrought, ann., at 1450°F; 19,300 - 26.4 47.4 46(2 in.) - 153
    f.-c.
    "
    wrought, w.-q. from 1600"F, 20,800 - 38.6 64.0 42(2 in.) - 191
    tempered a t 1100°F
    C-.45, Mn-.77, Si-.21 normalized 1 hr a t 1600°F;
    room : 20,500 - 44.4 79.5 17(2 in.) - Rc 16
    - 40°F - - - - - - Rc 20
    -108°F 20,000 - 52.0 91.5 16(2 in.) - Rc 22
    'I
    3 hr at 1475"F, w.-q., tem-
    pered 1 hr at 1000°F;
    room : 20,800 - 88 95.0 12(2 in.) - Rc 27
    - 40°F - - - - - - Rc 29
    -108°F 20,200 - 95.5 106.5 14(2 in.) - Rc 29
    C-.57, Mw.65, Si-.17 oil-quenched from 1490"F, - - 68.5 102.5 16(2 in.) - 293
    tempered at 860°F ( d d . pt.1
    C-.91, Mw.38, Si-.16 (acid open- oil-quenched from 1575"F, 21,200 - 101.5 159 7(2 in.) 56.2 441
    hearth) tempered at 940°F (.Ol% perm.) 36.5*
    126 71.7t
    (.2% perm.)
    C-1.04, Mw.36, Si-.16 3 hr at 1550"F, quenched in 21,000 - 101.5 166.5 5(2 in.) 68.8 430470
    oil at 120"F, tempered 4 (.Ol% perm.) 86.9
    hr at 800°F 136.5
    (2%perm.)
    +* For reference, see footnote 55, p. 187. Reversed torsion. t Zero t o maximum torsion. N
    (continued) s
    TABLE 192.--MECHANlCAL PROPERTIES OF IRON AND S T E E L (continued) -
    N
    0
    Propor-
    Modulus of tional Yield Tensile Endurance
    Composition Condition elasticity limit strength strength Elongation limit Hardness
    percent kg/mmP kg/mm' kg/mm' kg/mmP percent kg/mm* number
    Chromium steel
    C-.20, Cr-.75, Mn-.57, Si-.21 +
    bar, in. diam., normalized at
    1700°F
    - - 39.4 53.5 35 - 131

    C-59, Cr-.62, Mn-.83, Si-.35 forged - - 60.0 101.5 7(2 in.) - 286
    Chromium-niobium steels
    C-.O9, Cr-5.62, Nb-1.04 bar, 1 in. diam., rolled - - 69.0 77.3 16(2 in.) - 192
    Chromium-comer - _ steels
    C-.ll, Cr-.53, Cw.37, Si-.82, bar, 1 in. diam., normalized - 29(2 in.) - -
    P-.088
    Chromium-molybdenum steels
    C-.08, Cr-5.81, Mo-.45 bar, 3 in. diam., 4 hr at - - 39.4 60.5 29(2 in.) - 149
    1380"F, a.-c. Wd. Pt.)
    C-.lo, Cr-12.75, Mo-.35, Mn-.Q annealed - - 32.0 52.7 30(2in.) 30.3 152
    Si-.40, S.30, Ni-25 (.2% perm.)
    heat-treated - - 58.0 73.8 20(2 in.) 39.0 217
    (.2% perm.)
    Chromium-titanium steels
    C-.ll, Cr-5.41, TL.75 bar, 1 in. diam., rolled 4 hr - - 19.7 43.0 37(2 in.) - 112
    at 1380"F, a.-c.
    Chromium-tungsten steels
    C-.46, (3-11.94, W-4.80, Si-2.89, oil-quenched from 1875"F, - 71.0 - 90.6 5(2 in.) - 300
    Mn-.49 tempered at 1470°F
    Chromium-vanadium steels
    C-.58, Cr-.73, V-.18, Mw.68 annealed at 1500°F - 34.8 - 65.0 28(2 in.) - 163
    water-quenched from 1650"F, - - 98.5 127.5 14(2 in.) - 351
    tempered at 1050°F
    C-.52, Cr-.88, V-.21, Mn-.66 j hr at 1600"F, quenched in 21,200 - 98.5 167 ll(2in.) 73 477-488
    oil at 130"F, tempered 1 hr (.01% perm.) 52.7*
    at 810°F 16.1 90.0t
    (.01% perm.)
    (continued)
    T A B L E 192.-MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F IRON A N D S T E E L (continued)
    Propor-
    Modulus of tional Yield Tensile Endurance
    limit
    Compcsition Condition elasticity limit strength strength Elongation Hardness
    percent kg/mma kg/mmz kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent kg/mm2 number
    Copper steels
    C-.08, Cu-25, Mn-.38 sheet, .062 in., rolled - - 29.8 36.0 31(8 in.) - RB60
    Graphitic steel
    C-1.50, Si-1.0, Me.25 annealed - - 34.8 59.4 25(2 in.) - 197
    Wd. pt.)
    Iron
    TC-3.41, GC-2.85, CC-.56, Si-2.44, cast 5,620 - - 14.1 - 6.60 159
    P-.63, Mn-.57, S-.070, Ti-.10 (at f load)
    Alloy cast iron: TC-2.61, GC-1.73, cast 11,400 17.0 270
    CC-.88, Si-2.38, Ni-1.08, Mn-.77, (at 1 load)
    S-.105, Cr-.O9
    Alloy cast iron: TC-2, Ni-18, 5-5, cast - - - 12.9 1-4(2 in.) - 110-170
    Cr-2, Mn-1, P-.OI, S-.l
    Malleable cast iron : TC-1.75-2.30, cast, annealed 17,550 - 26.3 40.0 22(2 in.) 17.6-18.6 110-145
    Si-.85-1.20, Mn-<.40, P-<.20, Wd. Pt.1
    s-<.12
    Pure iron: Fe-99.99 rod, 4 in., swaged ann. 4 hr 20,000 - 5.7-6.1 20-21 36-46(2 in.) - 60
    at 1600°F (.2% offset)
    Wrought iron : C-.017, S.122, longitudinal - - 21.0 33.0 15(2 in.) 21.5 -
    P-.084
    Wrought iron: C-.017, Si-.lZ, transverse - - 20.1 32.9 17(2 in.) 19.7 -
    P-.084
    Manganese steels
    C-.35, Mn-1.71, Si-.30 cast - 27.4 - 56.8 2.1 (2 in.) 22.5 179
    Molybdenum steels
    C-.23, M'w.17, Mn-.67, Si-.52, annealed at 1650°F - - 38.0 57.8 31(5 diam.)
    cu-.lo
    C-.24, Me.22, Mw.85, Si-.19 plate, Q in., rolled - - 42.5 62.0 30(2in.)
    (yld. pt.1
    C-.39, Cr-..86, Me.17, Mn-.56 oil-quenched from 1625"F, - - 116.5 149 6.5(2 in.)
    tempered at 500°F
    (continued)
    T A B L E 192.-MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F I R O N A N D S T E E L (continued)
    r?
    Propor- tu
    Modulus of tional Yield Tensile
    Composition Condition elasticity limit strength strength Elongation Hardness
    percent kg/mmz kg/mmz kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent number
    Nickel steels
    C-.43, Ni-3.47, Mn-.64, SL.20 wrought, f.-c., from 1450°F 21,000 - 37.3 66.4 33(2 in.) 187
    ' "
    wrought, 0.-q., from 1450"F, 19,800 - 57.8 82.2 34(2 in.) 226
    tempered at 1100°F
    C-.42, Ni-3.41, Mn-.66, Si-21 bar, 2 in. diam., wrought; - 41.4 44.3 70.0 26(2 in.) 195
    ann. at 1550°F: 70°F (yld. pt.)
    800°F - 14.0 27.3 55.0 30(2 in.)
    W d . pt.)
    1000°F - 7.73 17.6 32.7 39(2 in.)
    (rld. pt.)
    Nickel-chromium steels
    C-.37, Ni-1.28, Cr-.52, Mn-.55 bar, 1& in. diam., h.-t. 20,000 - 17.6 92 18(2 in.) -
    (.OOl% offset)
    C-.37, Ni-1.33, Cr-.65, Mn-.75, hot-rolled - - 52.1 81 25(2 in.) -
    Si-.18 (dd. pt.)
    C-.36, Ni-1.33, Mn-.60, Cr-.56, bar, 4 in. diam., wrought;
    Si-.26, (basic open-hearth, deoxi- 1 hr at 1550"F, 0.-q. tem-
    dized with Si and Al) pered at 1000"F, grain
    size 7-8 (ASTM std.), nor-
    mal :
    85°F - 83.0 92.0 99 19(2 in.) 285
    (2%perm.)
    900°F - 12.3 36.8 62.5 22(2 in.)
    (2%perm.)
    1000°F - 3.87 17.9 43.6 20(2 in.)
    (2%perm.)
    1200°F - .70 5.27 21.3 51(2 in.)
    (2%perm.)
    Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel
    C-.32, Ni-1.92, Cr-.86, Me.30, wrought, f.-c., from 1450°F
    Mn-.60, Si-.16
    20,200 - 34.9 67.6 37(2 in.) 202

    C-.32, Ni-1.92, Cr-.86, Me.30, wrought, 0.-q. from 1530"F, 20,000 - 73.8 98.5 32(2 in.) 229
    Mn-.60, Si-.16 tempered at 1100°F
    (continued)
    T A B L E 192.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES O F IRON A N D S T E E L (continued)
    Propor-
    Modulus of tional Yield Tensile Endurance
    Composition Condition elasticity limit strength strength Elongation limit Hardness
    percent percent kg/mmP number
    Nickel-molybdenum steels
    C-.41, Ni-1.96, Me.31 oil-quenched from 1525"F, 67.7 85.0 91.5 23 47.2 252
    tempered at 1200°F W. pt.)
    ' '( quenched from 1525°F into 42.8 74.0 90.0 19 - -
    lead at 840°F (austem- ( d d . pt.)
    pered)
    Nickel-copper steels
    C-.08, Nil200, Cu-1.00, Mn-.55, plate, 4-4 in., rolled 25 (8 in.) 28.1 -
    Si-<.3
    Silicon steels
    C-.07, Si-1.17, Mn-.32 rolled - 33.4 47.5 30(3 in.) - 130
    Silicon-manganese steels
    C-52, Si-1.95, Mn-1.05, Cr-.05 oil-quenched from 1600"F, - 102.5 139 15(2 in.) 67.7 -
    tempered at 970°F (.l% perm.)
    C-S3, Si-1.96, Mn-.83 3 hr at 1600"F, quenched in - 92.8 166 12(2 in.) 78.7 438-457
    oil at 130"F, tempered 1 hr (.010/0 perm.) 97.07
    at 860°F 148
    (.l%perm.)
    Stainless steel
    C-.17, Cr-18, Ni-8 water-quenched from 1100°F 21.1 - 65.4 68(2 in.) 26.7 170
    C-.07, Cr-18.95, Ni-7.69 bar, # in. diam., cold-rolled 9.14 - 100.5 Zl(1.5 in.) 59.8 302
    C-.13, Cr-24.5, Ni-20.3, Si-.85, bar, 1 in. diam., rolled - 28.1 61.8 40(2 in.) - RB92
    ( d d . pt.)
    C-.ll, Cr-16.2, Ni-11.5 water-quenched from 2010°F ;
    room : 48(2 in.) - -
    - 85°F - - -
    -292" 55(2 in.) - -
    T A B L E 192.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF IRON A N D S T E E L (concluded)
    Propor-
    Modulus of tional Yield Tensile Endurance
    Composition Condition elasticity limit strength strength Elongation limit Hardness
    percent kg/mm2 kg/mm2 kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent number
    C-.08, Cr-18.58, Ni-9.68, Ti-.42 air-cooled from 1920°F - - 26.8 60.8 59(2 in.) -
    C-.07, Cr-18.2, Ni-9.42, Nb.51 water-quenched from 2100°F - - 25.3 62.9 60(2 in.) 137
    C-.40, Cr-15.21, Si-.59, Mn-28, bar, 1 in. diam., 1 hr at - 36.4 - 81.5 20(2 in.) -
    Ni-.18 1650"F, w.-q., tempered
    1 hr at 1200°F
    C-20, Cr-16.17, Mn-1.06, Si-.30 oil-quenched from 1740"F, 23,100 35.7 62.5 133 lO(2 in.) 357
    tempered 3 hr at 840°F
    C-.15, Cr-13.50, Si-.ll oil-quenched from 1740"F, 22,000 57.8 77.3 92.8 21 (2 in.) 285
    tempered at 1110°F
    "
    oil-quenched from 1740"F, 22,200 42.3 50.7 68.5 28(2 in.) 206
    tempered at 1290°F
    C-.09, Cr-16.53 sheet, .18 in., hot-rolled - - 73.0 93.5 4.5(8 in.) RB103
    ' sheet, .18 in., ann. - - 34.5 49.2 20(8 in.) RB82
    C-20, Cr-27.37, Mw.32, Si-28, annealed - 18.5 31.3 56.9 28(2 in.) -
    NG.19
    C-.08, Cr-5.81, Mo-.45 bar, t in. diam., 4 hr at - 60.4 29(2 in.) 149
    1380"F, a.-c.
    Tungsten steels
    C-.71, W-17.30, Cr-3.86, V-.75 normalized a t 1740°F ; - 92 19(2 in.) -
    tempered -at 1470°F
    T A B L E 193.-STE E L W I R E-S P EC I FICAT10 N VA L U ES 215
    S. A. E. carbon steel, No. 1050 or higher number specified (see carbon steels above).
    Steel used to be manufactured by acid open-hearth process, to be rolled, drawn, and then
    uniformly coated with pure tin to solder readily.

    Ameri- Req'd
    can or twists Weight
    B. a n d Diameter in 203.2 & Req'd Spec, minimum tensile strength
    S. wire mm or kg/100 lb/100 bends 7 ~

    gage 5-GY-Z 8 in. m ft thru 90" kg lb kg/mmz lb/in.Z


    6 4.115 .162 16 10.44 7.01 5 2040 4500 154 219,000
    7 3.665 .144 !9 8.28 5.56 6 1680 3700 161 229,000
    8 3.264 .129 21 6.55 4.40 8 1360 3000 164 233,000
    9 2.906 .114 23 5.21 3.50 9 1135 2500 172 244,000
    10 2.588 .lo2 26 4.12 2.77 11 910 2000 172 244,000
    11 2.305 .091 30 3.28 2.20 14 735 1620 179 254,000
    12 2.053 .081 33 2.60 1.74 17 590 1300 177 252,000
    13 1.825 .072 37 2.06 1.38 21 470 1040 179 255,000
    14 1.628 .064 42 1.64 1.10 25 375 830 181 258,000
    15 1.450 .057 47 1.30 .87 29 300 660 182 259,000
    16 1.291 .051 53 1.03 .69 34 245 540 186 264,000
    17 1.150 .045 60 .81 .55 42 195 425 188 267,000
    18 1.024 .040 67 .65 .43 52 155 340 190 270,000
    19 .912 .036 75 .51 .34 70 125 280 193 275,000
    20 312 .032 85 .41 27 85 100 225 197 280,000
    21 .723 .028 96 .32 22 105 80 175 200 284,000

    Nom.-Number of 90" hends specified above to he ohtained by hendins sample about 4.76 mm (.188 in.)
    radius, alternately, in opposite directions.

    T A B L E 194.-STEEL WIRE-EXPERIMENTAL VALUES


    Data from tests at General Electric Co. laboratories. Commercial steel music wire
    (hardened).

    Ultimate strength Ultimate strength


    Diameter tension Diameter tension
    kg/mmz Ih/in.z
    ---z
    mm w
    kg/mm2 Ib/in.z
    i
    n
    mm .
    ' 7-

    12.95 .051 226.0 321,500 6.35 .025 262.0 372,500


    11.70 .046 249.0 354,000 4.55 .018 265.5 378,000
    9.15 .036 253.0 360,000 2.55* .010 386.5 550,000
    7.60 .030 260.0 370,000 1.65* .0065 527.0 750,000
    4.557 .OM 49.2 70,000
    For 4.55 mm wire drawn cold to indicated sizes. t For 4.55 mm (.018 in.) wire annealed i n
    H, a t 850°C.

    ;n
    mm :
    9.5
    12.7
    19.0
    25.4
    Diameter

    1
    3
    f
    2
    -
    T A B L E 195.-PLOW-STEEL

    Spec. minimum strength


    kg
    5,215
    9,070
    20,860
    34,470
    11,500
    20,000
    46,000
    76,000
    H O I S T I N G ROPE ( B R I G H T )
    Wire rope to be of best plow-steel grade, and to be composed of 6 strands, 19 wires to
    the strand, with hemp center. Wires entering into construction of rope to have an elonga-
    tion in 203.2 mm or 8 in. of about 24 Dercent.
    Diameter
    --in.'
    mm
    38.1
    50.8
    63.5
    69.9
    14
    2
    23
    23
    Spec. minimum strength
    -----T-
    kg
    74,390
    127,000
    207.740
    249,350
    164,000
    280,000
    458,000
    550,000

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    216 T A B L E 196.-STEE L-WI R E ROPE-SPEC1 F l C A T l ON V A L U E S
    Cast steel w i r e to be of hard crucible steel with minimum tensile strength of 155
    kg/mm2 or 220,000 lb/in.2 and minimum elongation of 2 percent in 254 mm (10 in.).
    Plow s t e e l w i r e to be of hard crucible steel with minimum tensile strength of 183
    kg/mmz or 260,000 lb/in.2 and minimum elongation of 2 percent in 254 mm (10 in.).
    A n n e a l e d s t e e l w i r e to be of crucible cast steel, annealed, with minimum tensile strength
    of 77 kg/mm2 or 110,000 lb/in.' and minimum elongation of 7 percent in. 254 mm (10 in.).
    Type A : 6 strands with hemp core and 19 wires to a strand (= 6 x 19), or 6 strands
    with hemp core and 18 wires to a strand with jute, cotton, or hemp center.
    Type B : 6 strands with hemp core, and 12 wires to a strand with hemp center.
    Type C : 6 strands with hemp core, and 14 wires to a strand with hemp or jute center.
    Type AA : 6 strands with hemp core, and 37 wires to a strand (= 6 X 37) or 6 strands
    with hemp core and 36 wires to a strand with jute, cotton, o r hemp center.

    Diameter Approx. weight Minimum strength


    Description ZfT? +
    kg/m
    7
    lb/ft
    -
    7
    kg Ih
    Galv. cast steel, A ........... 9.5 4 .31 .21 3,965 8,740
    " 'I
    ........... 12.7 Jz .55 .37 6,910 15,230
    " "
    ........... 25.4 1 2.23 1.50 27,650 60,960
    " 'I
    ........... 38.1 If 5.06 3.40 63,485 139,960
    Galv. cast steel, AA ......... 9.5 I .35 .22 3,840 8.460
    "

    "
    1'
    12.7 4 .58 .39 7,410 16,330
    1'
    25.4 1 2.23 1.50 27,650 60,960
    " "
    ......... 38.1 14 5.28 3.55 59,735 131,690
    Galv. cast steel, B ........... 9.5 3 .25 .17 2,995 6,600
    '1. 1'
    ........... 12.7 3 .42 .28 5,210 11,500
    " "
    ........... 25.4 1 1.68 1.13 20,890 46,060
    "

    Galv. cast steel,


    "
    ti
    '1
    ...........
    c. . . . . . . . . . . 2::
    41.3
    :&
    1"
    3.94
    1.59
    4.35
    2.65
    1.07
    2.92
    47,965
    18,825
    51,575
    105,740
    41,500
    113,700
    Galv. plow steel, A ........... 9.5 0 .31 .21 4.690 10.340
    " "
    . . . . . . . . . . . 12.7 Jz .55 .37
    " "
    ........... 25.4 1 2.23 1S O
    I' "
    ........... 36.5 17% 4.66 3.13
    G:!v. plow steel, AA ......... 9.5 4 .33 .22
    " "
    ......... 12.7 4 33 .39
    " "
    ......... 25.4 1 2.35 1.58
    " I'
    ......... 41.3 12 6.18 4.15

    T A B L E 197.-STE E L-W I R E ROP E-EXP E R I M E N T A L V A L U ES


    Wire rope purchased under Panama Canal Spec. 302 and tested by National Bureau
    of Standar'ds, Washington, D. C.

    Ultimate strength
    Description and analysis Diameter Ultimate strength (net area)
    .- kg lh k m
    Plow steel, 6 strands x 19 wires
    C .90, S .034, P .024, Mn
    .48, Si ,172. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.8 137,900 304,000 129.5 184,200
    Plow steel, 6 strands X 25 wires
    C .77, S ,036, P ,027, Mn
    .46, Si ,152 ................ 69.9 314,800 694,000 151.2 214.900
    Plow steel, 6 X 37 plus 6 X 19
    C 2%. S .032. P ,033. Mn
    .41. Si .160.. .............. 82.6 34 392,800 866,000 132.2 187,900
    Monito; plow steel, 6 X 61 plus
    6 X 19, C .82, S .025, P .019,
    Mn .23, Si .169 ............ 82.6 3$ 425,000 937,000 142.5 202,400
    Recommended allowable load for wire rope running over sheave is one-fifth of specified minimum
    strength.

    SMlTHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 198.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES O F MISCELLANEOUS ALLOYS **
    z
    UI

    i
    Propor-
    i4 Modulus of tional Yield Tensile Endurance
    zz
    D Composition Density elasticity limit strength strength Elongation limit Hardness
    percent Condition g/cmS kg/mm2 kg/mmz kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent kg/mm2 number
    0
    Cadmium alloys
    2
    D
    I-
    Cu-1.5; Mg-.95 Cast ... 5,600 ... 5.48
    (.02% offset)
    15.77 8.8( 10 diam.) 3.8 42

    -I 9.84
    c
    I-
    (2%offset)
    m
    Zn-5.0 Rod, 1 in. diam., chill-cast 8.55 ... ... ... 9.2(rate 6.5(1.25 in.) ... 32
    from 660°F; aged one of strain
    month at r.-t. 6%/minute)
    Cobalt alloys
    Fe-1.4; Ni-1.1; C-24 Cast, ann. 2 hr at 1,650"F ... 20,800 ... ... ... ... ...
    C d 5 - 5 5 ; Cr-30-35 ; Cast 8.76 24,900 ... 45.7 O(2 in.) ... Rc 61
    W-12-17
    Gold alloys
    Cd-4.6 ; Cu-2.8 ; Zn-1.0 ... ... 9.28 ... 30.8 55(2 in.) ... 44
    CU-6.3 ; Ag-2.1 Strip, 4 in., ann. 3 hr at
    1365°F
    ... ... 13.2 ... 32.1 35 ... ...
    CU-15.6 ; Ag-6.0 ; Pt-2.78 ; Rod, Q in. diam., cast, w.-q. ... 9,140 37.6 ... 48.5 4(3 in.) ... ...
    Zn-2.38 ; Ni-1.98 from 1290°F
    Cu-17.95 ; Ni-17.60; Sheet, .050 in., rolled (50% ... ... ... 45.0 72.4 44(2 in.) ... ...
    Zn-6.0 ; Mn-.4 red) 4 hr at 1290"F, a.-c. ( d d . pt.1
    Cu-34.9 ; Ni-12.14 ; Sheet, .045 in., rolled (50% ... ... ... 49.3 63.5 lg(1.25 in.) ... RB94
    Ag-11.11 red), ann. 4 hr at (yld. pt.)
    1300"F, a.-c.
    Ni-17.0 ; CU-16.0 ; Sheet, .05 in., rolled (50% 45.3 73.8 43(2in.) ... ...
    Zn-8.65 red), 3 hr at 1380"F, ( d d . pt.1
    a.-c.
    ** For reference, see footnote 5 5 , p. 187.
    TABLE 198.-MECHANlCAL PROPERTIES O F MISCELLANEOUS ALLOYS (continued)
    -
    LO
    z E
    CQ
    ri
    I Propor-
    VI
    0
    Modulus of tional Yield Tensile Endurance
    I Composition Density elasticity limit strength strength Elongation limit Hardness
    percent Condition g/cma kg/mm’ kg/mm2 kg/mm2 kg/mmz percent kg/mma number
    2

    I
    Pd-16.1; Pt-7.0; Ir-1.2; Strip, .006 in., w.-q. from ... 14,050 35.1 ... 61.8 4.6(8 in.) ... ...
    Zn-.07 1290°F
    Pt-9.3 ; Ag-.l ; Zn-.O2 ;
    Ni-.Ol
    Strip, .006 in., w.-q. from ... 7,000 6.32 ... 24.6 24(8 in.) ... ...
    1290°F
    p
    rn
    Ag-10.0; Pt-6.l; (3-5.9; Rod, & in. diam., cast, w.-q. ... 7,700 15.8 ... 33.7 18(3 in.) ... ...
    In Ir-.l from 1290°F
    Lead alloys
    Sb.80 Cable sheath, 1 in. 0.-d. ... ... ... ... 3.09(rate 32(2.5 in.) .722( 10‘) v 10
    x Q in. wall, extruded, of strain)
    aged 131 days a t r.-t. .1 (in./in.)/min
    Linotype : Cast ... ... ... ... 8.22 9.0(2 in.) ... 21
    Sb-11.5 ; Sn-4.4 ; Cw.08
    Monotype : Cast ... ... ... 8.4 4.0(2 in.) ... 22
    Sb-15.3 ; Sn-8.3
    Bi-.065; Cu-.013; Sb-.0015 Cable sheafh, 2.87 in. 0.-d. ... ... ... ... 1.34 47 ... 3.9
    X .159 In. wall (ring
    specimen)
    Magnesium alloys
    A1-4.40 : Mn-26 Rod, extruded from 2 E in. 1.77 4,290 9.48 ... 27.4 16(8in.) 10.5(10*) 58
    to 3 in. diam. at 350-
    400°F
    AI-10; Mn>.l ; Si<.5 ; Cast, h.-t. and aged ... 4,570 ... 13.4 25.3 2 ( 2 in.) 6.3 69
    Zn<.3 (2%offset) (5 x 10a)
    CU-13 Rod, 1 in. diam., hot-rolled ... 4,640 5.2 ... 27.4 2.5(4V/a) ... ...
    Manganese alloys
    Cu-18; Ni-10 .... ... 12,240 ... ... 77.0 6.5 ,..
    (continued)
    T A B L E 198.-MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F MISC ELLA N EOU S A L L O Y S (concluded)
    I
    0
    < Propor-
    I? Modulus of tional Yield Tensile Endurance
    Composition Density elasticity limit strength strength Elongation limit Hardness
    F
    c)

    percent Condition g/cm3 kg/mm2 kg/mmz kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent kg/mm* number
    4
    g Nickel alloys
    I
    -
    g A1-4.78: Mn-.26; C-.17; Rod, i; in. diam., hot-rolled, .. . 21,500 9.4 18.75 61.6 43 ( 4 v K a ) ... ...
    Fe-.07 : Si-.05 ann. 2 hr at 1650°F. (.Ol% offset)
    slowly cooled
    Ni-80 ; Cr-13 ; Fe-rem. Sheet ann. ... 21,800 ... ... 55.0 ... ... ...
    Cr-20 Wrought 8.4 21,800 . .. 44.5 77.4 30( 10 in.) ... ...
    (yld. pt.1
    Cu-29; Fe-1.5; Si-1.25; Sand-cast 8.80 18,300 ... 24.5 49.0 30(2 in.) ... 140
    Mn.9; C-.2; S<.O15 (.2% offset)
    Ni-60; Cr-15; Mo-7; Quenched 8.3 15,500 . .. 41.8 88.0 30(4 in.) ... 195
    Be-6-1.0 ; Fe-rem. (yld. pt.)
    Mo-30; Fe-5 Cast 9.24 21,600 .. . 38.5-40.0 53-58 6-9(2 in.) ... 190-230
    (yld. pt.)
    Silver alloys
    CU-5.75 ; Cd-1.75 Sand-cast ... 3.6 9.9 20.7 40(2 in.) ... 73
    Tin allow
    Sb-6.87: Cu-5.69 ; Pb.19; Cast 6,120 ... 5.76 8.4 5.2(10 diam.) 2.39 23
    Fe.03 ; As-.02 (.2% off set)
    SblO.01; Cu-9.88; Pb.19; Cast ... 5,980 ... 6.88 7.5 .6( 10 diam.) 2.32 27
    Fe.08 (.2% off set)
    T A B L E 199.-PHYSICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F SOME SPECIAL-PURPOSE A L L O Y S * N
    N
    0
    Thermal
    Resistivity Temperature conduc- Thermal Tensile Yield Young's Hardness Elongation
    Composition microhms- coeff. of tivity expansion strength strength modulus number 2 in.
    percent Density cm resistance cgs per "C kg/mni' kg/mm? kg/mm2 Rockwell percent
    Alloys for strength with lightness
    Duralumiii (A 17 S)
    Al 97, Cu 2.5, Mg .3.. 2.74 4.3 .37 30 7200 70
    Super duralumin (24 S)
    A1 93, Cu 4.5, Mn .6
    Mg 1.5 ........... 2.77 5.7 .29 20-200" 50 7200 120
    12.9x10-0
    Dow metal
    Mg 92, Al 8.. ....... 1.81 13 23 4.6
    Beryllium alloys
    Beryllium t ........... 1.83 4.3 .385 20-200" 35 18.7 2.6X10' 90-110 .O-2.5
    1 2 . 4 lo-'
    ~
    Alloys t
    Be .45, Co 2.6, Bal Ca
    wrought .......... 8.75 3.4 .SO 81. 63. 1.26X1O3 C23-28 10-15
    Be 2.60, Ni 1.10, Bal
    Cu ............... 7.6 7.8 .18 20-200" 112. 63. C38
    17~10-~
    Be 2.0, Co .5, Bal Cu
    cast .............. 8.1 6.5 .30 115. 98. 1.33Xlo3 C37-42
    Be 2.0, Co .3, Bal Cu
    wrought .......... 8.21 12.7 .I6 49. 21. 1 . 1 2109
    ~ C85-95 .35-.50
    Alloys f o r sealing t o glass
    ~~

    42% nickel iron 5


    Fe 57, N i 42, Mn 1.. 8.1. 7.0 03 0-200 70.3 14.7X103 (Specific heat
    5.4x10-' cgs .12)
    For reference, see footnote 5 5 , p. 187. For low-melting-point alloys, see Table 201; for special magnetic alloys, see Tables 470.476.
    t Annealed and heat treated. -4 number of alloys with beryllium a r e made by different manufacturers with aliout these .same compqsiJions and properties.. These alloys
    are valuable due to their endurance and wear resistance, for a noninagnetic mateial, and, in addition. good heat and electrical conductlvlty and corrosion resistance. Most
    of the data a r e taken from a special :\merican Machinist report, McCraw-Hill.
    (rori f i i r urd)
    T A B L E 199.-PHYSICAL P ROPER TIES OF SOME SPECIAL-PURPOSE A LLOYS (continued)
    .-.
    E
    v)

    -4
    S Thermal
    0
    v) Resistivity Temperature conduc- Thermal Tensile Yield Young's Hardness Elongation
    z
    I
    Composition microhms- coeff. of tivity, expansion strength strength modulus number 2 in.
    z
    9 percent Density cm resistance cgs per "C kg/nim? kg/mm2 kgjmm? Rockwell percent
    Chrom iron
    2 Fe 70-72, Cr 28-30,
    52
    Ez
    hln S . 8 .......... 7.8 ... ... 20600"
    F 11.4X10-'
    -, Fernico
    -
    P
    h
    v)
    Fe 54, Ni 28, Co 18.. 100-500"
    4.2-5.4X lo-'
    Sealmet .............. 7.6 6.4 ... .06 20-100" 53.0 20.3x lo3 (Specific heat
    10.3X1O-' cgs .15)
    Dumet core
    Ni 42, Fe 58, Cu 20-30
    total weight . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... Radial 8.0-
    1oxlO-8
    Axial 6.1-
    6.5)<10"
    Miscellaneous
    Constantin D
    Cu 53.3, Ni 45, Mn 1,
    Fe .6 ............. 8.4 49 8x10-' 23 15 70 25.000 100
    Manganin 5
    Cu 84, Mn 12, Ni 4 . . 8.5 44 <lO-'at 25°C 18 17.900
    Nichromc 8 *
    59.9 Ni, 25 Fe, 15 Cr,
    .1 C .............. 8.08 100 4x10-' 12
    Invar
    Fe 63.8, N i 36, C 2 . . 8.05 81 1 . 0 8 lo-'
    ~ 1.6 80 21.000 160 (Specific heat
    cgs .12)
    5 There a r e several alloys of ahout this same composition that are made by different manufacturers. They all have aLou1 the same characteristics.
    Uses:
    a Heater and resistance.
    b Standard resistances.
    (I I.ow thermal expansion.
    Thermocouples.
    a Mirrors. is a n exceedingly hard untarnishable metal.
    f Mirrors'and reflecting gratings; takes good polish and does not tarnish easily.
    8 .\n alloy sometimes used a s a getter for clearing off last traces of gas in a n evacuated vessel.
    b Used for making special casting and in a r t work.
    (contirrrted)
    ln N
    5
    t
    ln
    N
    N

    -Fz
    0 TABLE 199.-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SPECIAL-PURPOSE ALLOYS (continued)
    z Linear
    0 Tensile thermal Specific Resistivity Thermal Temperature
    I
    < Composition strength expansion heat microhm- conductivity coeff. of
    ! i percent Density kg/mm2 per "C cas cm cgs resistance
    0
    >
    I-
    Chrome1 R S d
    90 Ni, 10 Cr, other elements 8.73 67 13.1x10-O .lo7 4.25 1.92 watts 3.2
    G!
    IW
    -
    20-100" c 20-100
    AlumelSd
    94.1 Ni 3, hln 2, A1 and other ele- 8.60 60 12x10-0 .125 25. .297 watts 24.5
    ments 20-100"c
    Stellite Z Brinell hardtiess-512 at 3000 kg
    Co 59.5, Mo 7.25, Cr 10.8, Fe 31,
    Mn 2, C .9, Si .8 8.3
    Spectral reflecting factor :
    h .15, 20. .30, S O , .75, 1.00, 2.00, 3.00, 4.00, 5.00, 8.00
    .32, .42, S O , .64, .67, .689, ,747, .792, 3 2 5 , 348, ,880
    Speculum metal Spectral reflecting factor :
    Cu 67, S n 33 h .188, .200, .251, .288, .305, ,357, .385, .420, .450, SO0
    .23, .25, .299, ,377, .417, .51, S31, ,564, .600, .632
    h S O , .600, .650, .700, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, 3.00, 4.00, 5.00
    .64, .648, .654, .668, .705, .750, ,804, .862, 385, 391
    h 7.00, 9.00, 11.00, 14.00
    .%1, .922, ,929, 936
    Misch metal 8
    Ce 50-70, Fe 1-5, La, Nd P r
    Pewter
    85 Sn, 6.8 Cu, 6 Bi, 1.7 Sb
    t Hoskins Thermocouple (see Table 5 1 ) .
    (contirid)
    223
    +E
    r m
    0
    <
    N
    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    I
    0
    <
    I?
    TABLE 199.-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SPECIAL-PURPOSE ALLOYS (concluded)
    F
    c)

    2 Carboloy cemented carbides


    W
    I
    - Traverse Thermal Ultimate
    m
    Ln Grade Composition Hardness rupture Young's expansion limit in Torsion
    desig- I Rockwell A Density strength modujus in.' in.-' "F-1 compression modulus
    nation wc co TaC Tic 60 kg load g/cmz Psi Psi 70"-1292" Psi PS'
    44A 94 6 ... ... 91.0 14.95 240 84.5' 2.8 700 36.0'
    55A 87 13 ... ... 88.2 14.2 340 79.0 3.38 610 32.5
    77B 57 16 27 ... 85.0 13.55 285 88.0 4.03 610
    78B 82 10 ... 8 90.5 12.55 225 ... ... ... ...
    831 61 7 ... 32 92.5 9.1 165 88.5 3.89 725 36.0
    Heat-treated steel
    SAE 1095-.9 C, .3 MI], .04 P, .05 S 39Rc 7.8 ... 30 8.2 172 11.5
    H.S.S.-17 W, 4 Cr. 1 V 64R, 8.6 ... 32.5 7.1 600 5.0
    Hardness versus temperature, "F 5
    Grade 80°F 200 400 600 800 1000 1100 12OOOP
    831 92.8 93.7 92.3 90.6 89.5 84.3 83.3 81.7
    78B 91.O 90.1 90.4 89.0 86.0 82.5 80.8 ,79.8
    77B 87.4 87.0 85.8 82.8 82.5 79.0 77.9 76.1
    44A S0.9 90.5 90.0 88.0 86.5 85.5 84.1 81.8
    55A 88.0 88.0 87.1 85.5 83.0 79.5 77.0 75.2
    ' For comparison. J X los. X 106. X B Prepared by N. A. Waldrop, Carboloy Co.
    T A B L E 200.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES O F TUNGSTEN AND ZINC 225

    Metal or
    alloy
    approx.
    comp.
    percent Condition
    'Ingot sintered,
    D.= 5.7 mm or 2 2
    in. ............ 18.0 1124 - 12.7 - 18,000 0.0 0.0 - -
    Swaged rod,
    D = .7 mm or .03
    in. ............ - _ - 151.0 - 215,000 4.0 28.0 - -

    .00114 in. ...... - - - 415.0 - 590,000 - 65.0 - -

    !
    Swaged and drawn
    hot 97.5% reduc-
    tion ........... - - - 164.0 - 233,500 3.2 14.0 - -
    Same as above and
    equiaxed at 2000"
    C in H t t ...... _ - - 118.0 - 168,000 0.0 0.0 - -
    Cast ............ - - -

    I
    7.0 437 (Impurities Pb, Fe,and Cd) -
    Coarse crystalline. - - - 2.8to - 4,000t0 - - 42to 8to
    Fine crystalline ... - - - 8.4 - 12,000 - - 48 10
    Rolled (with grain
    Zinc,$ or direction of
    Zn : rolling) ........ - - 2.0 19.0 2,900 27,000 - - - -
    Rolled (across grain
    or direction of
    rolling) ........ - - 4.1 25.3 5,800 36,000 - - - -
    Drawn hard ..... 7.1 - - - -
    - 443 7.0 - 10,000 -
    Commercial composition for some incandeseent electric lamp filaments containing thoria ( T h o 2 ) approx. 0.75
    percent.
    t Ordinary annealing treatment makes W,brittle, and severe working, below recrystallization or equiaxing
    temperature, produces ductility. W rods which have been worked and recrystallized a r e stronger than sintered
    rods. T h e equiaxing temperature of worked tungsten, with a 5 m i n exposure, varies from 2200°C for a work
    rod with 24 percent reduction, to 1350°C for a fine wire with 100 percent reduction. Tungsten wire, D = 0.635
    mm or 0.025 in.
    $ Compression on cylinder 25.4 mm (1 in.) by 65.1 mm (2.6 i n , ) , at 20 percent deformation:
    For spelter (cast zinc) free from Cd, av. 17.2 kg/mm2 or 24,500 ll)/in.z
    %-or slielter with Cd 0.26, av. 27.4 kg/mmY or 39,000 Ib/in.'
    Modulus of rupture averages twice the corresponding tensile strength.
    Shearing strength: rolled, averages 13.6 kg/mm* or 194,000 Ib/in.'
    Modulus of elasticity: cast, 7,750 kg/mm' or 11,025,000 Ib/in.Z
    Modulus of elasticity: rolled, 8450 kg/mm' o r 12,000,000 Ib/in.z

    T A B L E PO~.-LOW-MELTIING ALLOYS *
    Composition, percent Melting point
    r
    Name Bi Cd PI) Sn Other ' "F "C
    Anatomical alloy ......... 53.5 - 17 19 Hg10.5 140 60
    Wood's alloy ............ 50 12.5 25 12.5 - 154.4 68
    Quaternary eutectic alloy.. 49.5 10.10 27.27 13.13 - 158 70
    Fusible alloy ............. 38.4 15.4 30.8 15.4 - 159.8 71
    Eutectic alloy (Bi-Cd-Pb). . 51.6 8.1 40.2 - - 1%.7 91.5
    Alloy for fine castings.. .... 50 - 32.2 17.8 - 212 100
    Rose's alloy .............. 50 - 28 22 - 212 100
    Bismuth solder .......... 40 - 40 20 - 235.4 113
    Eutectic alloy(Bi-Sn) .... 57 - - 43 - 280.4 138
    Eutectic alloy(Bi-Cd) .... 60 40 - - - 291.2 144
    Eutectic alloy(Bi-Pb-Sn) . 13.7 . - 44.8 41.5 -
    -
    320 160
    Eutectic alloy(Cd-Sn) .... - 32 - 68 350.6 177
    Eutectic alloy(Pb-Sn) .... - - 38 62 - 361.4 183

    See also Table 123.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    226
    TABLE 202.-MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F W H I T E M E T A L B EA R IN G A L L O Y S
    (BABBITT M E T A L )
    Experimental permanent deformation values from compression tests on cylinders 31.8 mm

    -
    (1: in.) diam. by 63.5 mm (23 in.) long, tested at 21°C (70°F). (Set readings after removing
    loads.)
    Hardness
    Permanent deformation @, 21°C

    *
    Formula, Pouring Weight @ 454 kg @ 2268 kg < 4536kg'
    percent temp. A = IOOOlb = 5000 Ih ~ 1 0 , 0 0 0Ib
    Alloy
    , -&- ,
    No. Sn SI) Cu Ph c% 2; -m zz7-
    Tin Base
    1 91.0 4.5 4.5 - 440 824 7.34 458 .OOO .OOOO .02s .om ,380 .oiso 28.6 12.8
    2 * 89.0 7.5 3.5 - 432 808 7.39 461 .OOO .OOOO .038 .OOlS .3os .olio 28.3 12.7
    3 83.3 8.3 8.3 - 491 916 7.46 465 .025 .0010 ,114 .0045 .180 .0070 34.4 15.7
    4 75.0 12.0 3.0 10.0 360 680 7.52 469 .013 .0005 .064 .0025 ,230 .0090 29.6 12.8
    5 65.0 15.0 2.0 18.0 350 661 7.75 484 .025 .0010 ,076 .0030 230 .0090 29.6 11.8
    Lead Base
    6 20.0 15.0 1.5 63.5 337 638 9.33 582 .038 .0015 .127 .0050 .457 .0180 24.3 11.1
    7 10.0 15.0 - 75.0 329 625 9.73 607 .025 .0010 .127 .0050 ,583 ,0230 24.1 11.7
    8 5.0 15.0 - 80.0 329 625 10.04 627 .051 .0020 .229 .0090 1.575 .0620 20.9 10.3
    9 5.0 10.0 - 85.0 319 616 10.24 640 .lo2 ,0040 .305 .0120 2.130 .0840 19.5 8.6
    10 2.0 15.0 - 83.0 325 625 10.07 629 .025 .0010 254 .0100 3.910 .1540 17.0 8.9
    11 - 15.0 - 85.0 325 625 10.28 642 .025 .0010 254 .0100 3.020 ,1190 17.0 9.9
    12 - 10.0 - 90.0 334 634 10.67 666 .064 .0025 .432 .0170 7.240 .2850 14.3 6.4
    OU. S . . N a v y Spec. 46M2b (Cu 3 to 4.5, S n 88 t o 89.5, Sb 7.0 to 8.0) covers manufacture of antifriction-
    metal castings. (Cornposltlon W . )

    T A B L E 203.-RIGIDITY M O D U L U S FOR A N U M B E R O F M A T E R I A L S

    If t o the four consecutive faces of a cube a tangential stress is applied, opposite in direction on
    adjacent sides, the modulus of rigidity is obtained by dividing the numerical value of the tangential
    stress per unit area (kg/mm2) by the number representing Ihe change of angles on the nonstressed
    faces, measured in radians.

    Rigidity Rigidity Rigidity


    Substance modulus Substance modulus Sulistance modulus
    Aluminum .............. 3350 Iron. cast............. 6706 Steel cast ............. 7458
    cast ..........
    2580 ............. 7975 " cast, coarse g r . . ... 8070
    Cr2ss ...................
    3550 ............. 6940 '' silver- ........... 7872
    .................... 3715 ............. 8108 Tk, cast ...... 1730
    cast, 60 C u f l 2 S n . . 3700 .............7505 .............. 1543
    'I
    Bismuth, slowly cooled
    Bronze cast 88 Cu+12 S n .
    .... 4060
    1240 Magnesium, cast ....... 1710
    Nickel ................ 7820
    Cadmidm, c&t ........... 2450
    ............. 4780 Phosphor bronze ....... 4359
    ........... 2888
    Platinum .............. 6630
    ...... 6220
    Co$er, cast Quytz f iby
    ............. 4213 ........... 2380
    ............. 4450 Silver ................ 2960
    ............. 4664 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2650 Clay rock ............. 1770
    CEId .................... 2850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2566 Granite ............... 1280
    .................... 3950 '' hard-drawn ..... 2816 Marble ............... 1190
    Iron, cast ............... 5210 Steel ................. 8290 Slate ................. 2290

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    227
    T A B L E 204.-VARIATION O F THE R I G I D I T Y M O D U L U S W I T H T H E T E M P E R A T U R E

    n , = no (1 - at - pt' - #), where t = temperature Centigrade

    Sulistance no a106 0108 .y10'0 Substance no a108 BlOe cylO1O


    B';tss ...... 2652 2158 48 32 Irp . . . . . . . 8108 206 19 -11
    ...... 3200 455 36 - ....... 6940 483 12 -
    Cocper ..... 3972 2716 -23 47 Platinum ... 6632 111 50 -8
    ..... 3900 572 28 - Silver ...... 2566 387 38 11
    Steel ....... 8290 187 59 -9
    ; t t * = t ~ i e [ l - ~ ( t - 15)l
    Copper .... 4.37* a=.00039 Platinum .. 6.46* a=.00012 Tin ....... 1.50* a.=.00416
    Copper (com- Gold ...... 2.45 .00031 Lead ...... .80 .00164
    mercial) . 3.80 .00038 Silver ..... 2.67 .00048 Cadmium . . 2.31 .0058
    Iron ...... 8.26 .00029 Aluminum . 2.55 .00148 Quartz .... 3.00 .00012
    Steel ...... 8.45 .00026
    Modulus of rigidity in 10" dynes per cm?.

    T A B L E 205.-i"TERlOR FRICTION A T LOW TEMPERATURES


    C is the damping coefficient for infinitely small oscillations; T, the period of oscillation in
    seconds; N , the modulus of rigidity dynes/cm*.

    Substance ................... Cu Ni Au Pd Pt Ag Quartz


    Length of wire in cm.. ........ 22.5 22.2 22.3 22.2 23.0 17.2 17.3
    Diameter in mm.. ............ .643 .411 .609 .553 ,812 .601 .612
    100°C c -............ 21.1 1.34 27.5 1.67 2.98 55.8
    I ............ 2.381 3.831 3.010 2.579 1.143 1.808
    N x lo-" ............ 3.32 7.51 2.55 5.08 5.77 2.71
    0°C c ............ 5.88 ,417 4.82 1.25 4.60 7.19 4.69
    1 ............ 2.336
    rp
    3.754 2.969 2.571 1.133
    -
    1.759 1.408
    N x lo-'' ............ 3.45 7.85 2.62 5,12 2.87 2.26
    -195°C 2............ 3.64 ,556 6.36 .744 3.02 1.64 1.02
    I ............ 2.274 3.577 2.902 2.552 1.111 1.694 1.425
    N x lo-" ............ 3.64 8.65 2.74 5.19 6.10 3.18 2.20

    T A B L E 206.-RATIO, p, O F TRANSVERSE CONTRACTION T O LONGITUDINAL


    E X T E N S I O N U N D E R T E N S I L E STR ESS
    (Poisson's Ratio)

    Metal Ph Au Pd Pt Ax Cu Al Ri Sn Ni Cd Fe
    p .45 .42 .39 .39 .38 .35 .34 .33 .33 .31 .30 28
    p for: marbles, 2 7 ; granites, .24; hnsic-intrusives, . 2 6 ; glass, .23.

    T A B L E 207.-A S CAL E O F H A R D N E S S BASE D U P O N T H E R E L A T I V E H A R D N E S S


    OF SELECTED MATERIALS
    Each material will scratch the m e following it in the table.

    10 Diamond 8 Topaz 6 Feldspar 4 Fluorite 2 Rock salt


    or gypsum
    9 Corundum 7 Quartz 5 Apatite 3 Calcite 1 Talc

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    22s T A B L E 208.-RELATIVE HARDNESS

    Agate ........7. Barite ....... 3.3 Fluorite ...... 4. Marble ... .3. 4. Ross' meta1.2.5-3.0
    Alabaster ....1.7
    Alum ..... .2- 2.5
    Iiellmetal
    Beryl
    ....
    ........
    4.
    7.8
    Galena .......2.5
    Garnet .......7.
    Meerschaum 23. .
    Mica ........2.8
    Serpentine .3. 4.
    Silver ...
    .2.5. 3.
    Aluminum ...2.9 Ijisniuth ...... 2.5 Glass ... .4.5- 6.5 Opal ..........
    .4- 6. Silver
    .........
    Amber .... .2- 2.5 Ijoric acid ....3. Gold .... .2.5- 3. Orthoclase 6. chloride 1.3
    Andalusite ...7.5 I3rass ..... .3- 4.
    .....
    Graphite ..
    .
    ..5- 1. Palladium .... 4.8 Steel .5- 8.5
    Anthracite ...2.2 Calamine 5. Gypsum .1.6- 2. Phosphor- Stibnite ...... 2.
    Antimony ....3.3 Calcite .......
    Copper .. .2.5- 3.
    3. Hematite .....6.
    ...
    bronze .....4. Sulfur ...1.5- 2.5
    Apatite ...... 5. Hornl)lende 5.5 Platin- Talc ......... 1.
    Aragonite . ...3.5 Corundum .... 9. Iridium ...... 6.5 iridium ....6.5 Tin ......... 1.5
    Arsenic ......3.5 Diamond ... . I 0. Iridosmium . . .7. Platinum ..... 4.3 Tonaz ....... 8.
    Asliestos .....5. Dolomite . . 3 . 5 - 4. Iron .......4- 5 . Pyrite .......6.3 Tourmaline ...7.3
    Asphalt ... .l-2. Feldspar ...... 6. Kaolin ....... 1. Quartz ....... .
    7 Wax (0') ......2
    Augite .......6. Flint ........ 7. Loess (0") .....3 Rock-salt ....2. Wood's metal ..3.
    Magnetite ....6.

    T A B L E PO%-RELATIVE HARDNE S S OF T H E E L E M E N T S ( M E A N S )

    * c . ... .l0. Ir ..... 6.5 Zr ..... 4.5 A1 . . 2.9 MP .... 2.0 In ..... 1.2
    B . .... 9.5 Ge ..... 6.2 Pt ..... 4.3 Ag ..... 2.7 Se' ..... 2.0 TI ..... 1.2
    Cr .... 9. Rh ..... 6 . Ti ..... 4.0 Zn . .... 2.5 Cd ..... 2.0 Li ..... .6
    T a . . . . 7. Mo .... 6 ? Fe ..... 4. Au .... 2.5 Sr . . . . . 1.8 K ...... .5
    0 s .... 7. Mn .... 5. As ..... 3.5 Ce . .... 2.5 S n ..... 1.8 Na .... .4
    W .... 7. c o ..... 5. Sb ..... 3. .
    Bi .... 2.5 P b ..... 1.5 Rb .... .3
    Si .... 7. Ni ..... 5. Be ..... 3. T e . .... 2.3 Ga ..... 1.5 c s ..... .2
    RU .... 6.5 Pd ..... 4.8 Cu ..... 3.0 S 2.0 Hg .... 1.5
    . Diamond .

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 210.-PROPERTIES O F MASONRY MORTARSGB

    Brick
    assemblage
    Proportions by volume Proportions by weight Bond Shrinkage,
    I\ I Compressive strength Water 180 days
    Lime Lime strength in ten+on retentivity in a i r
    T y p e of cement in mortar Cement hydrate Sand Cement hydrate Sand PSI li Psi percent percent
    Portland ....................... 1 .2 3 1 .1 2.5 6400 69 73 .12
    Portland ....................... 1 1 6 1 .5 5 1900 49 81 .15
    Portland ....................... 1 2 9 1 1 7.5 800 40 83 .16
    Masonry ....................... 1 0 3 1 0 3.5 1200 40 80 .14
    Slag ........................... 1 .5 4.5 1 .3 4.5 1100 24 83 .23

    68 Watstein and Seese,. 'Amer. SOC.Test. Mat. Gull., August 1947, p. 77


    Strength developed in actual buikljng ,practice will tend to. b e lower than these lahoratory values.

    TABLE~Zll.--COMPR€SSIVE A N D T E N S I L E STRENGTH O F CONCRETES M A D E W I T H VARIOUS T Y P E S O F CEMENTSB

    Compressive strength * (Ib/in.Z) at- Tensile strength (Ih/in.*) at-


    Type of cement 1 day 3 days 7 days 2 s days 3 mo. 1yr 1 day 3 days 7 days 28days 3mo. 1 yr

    Normal Portland By weight-1 part cement to 6 parts sand and gravel


    (average of 5 brands). ............... - 1500 2500 4600 5400 5900 - 180 260 360 360 360
    Moderate heat Portland
    (average of 4 brands). .............. _. 1200 2200 4200 5400 6300 - 170 260 390 400 440
    Portland-Pozzolan 0
    (average of 2 brands) ............... - 1000 2000 3800 4700 5000 - 150 230 360 340 380
    High-early strength Portland
    r
    (average of 3 brands). ............... 1100 2900 4000 5700 - 5700 160 320 440 480 400 400
    High Alumina ........................ 4000 4300 5000 5500 - 4100 300 330 290 280 - 220
    By weight-1 part cement to 4.5 parts sand and gravel M
    Normal Portland
    (average of 5 brands). ............... _. 2300 3600 5700 6500 7500 - 260 390 490 490 490 n
    Moderate heat Portland c!
    (average of 4 brands). ............... - 1900 3300 5500 6600 7800 - 260 390 500 500 530
    i=
    Portland-Pozzolan
    (average of 2 brands). ............... - 1600 2700 5000 5700 6100 - 220 310 440 440 490 a
    Y

    High-early strength Portland


    (average of 3 brands) ................ 1700 3600 4800 6100 - 7300 220 400 500 510 480 480
    High Alumina ........................ 4600 - 5200 6300 - 4600 380 440 440 350 - 305

    :!, Schunian and Tucker, Nat. Bur. Standards Journ. Res., vol. 31, p. 107, 1943.
    Strenfith developed in actual building practice will tend to he lower than these lahorntory values.
    230
    T A B L E 212.-EFFECT O F QUANTITY OF M I X I N G W A T E R ON STRENGTH
    OF CONCRETE"

    W/C ratio, U. S. al. per sack


    of cement (944f) .......... 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
    Compressive strength at 28
    days-lb/in.l .............. 5000.0 4500.0 4100.0 3600.0 3300.0 2900.0

    "Portland Cement Association, Design and control of concrete mixtures, 9th ed., p. 7.

    T A B L E 213.-COMPARISON O F S T R E N G T H A N D E L A S T I C PROPERTIES
    O F CONCRETEB1
    Modulus of elasticity psi X lo-'

    Compressive Modulus of Compressive Flexural Dynamic


    strength psi * rupture psi (secant) (secant) (sonic)
    2000 400 2.5 3.5 4.5
    4000 600 4. 5. 5.5
    6000 750 5.5 6. 6.5
    8000 850 6.5 6.5 7.

    Values given are approximations only since the ratios between the different properties
    depend on age, aggregates, cement, and other factors.
    61 Stanton, T. E., Amer. SOC.Test. Mat. Bull. No. 131, p. 17, 1944; Witte and Price, ibid., p. 20;
    Schuman and Tucker, Nat. Bur. Standards Journ. Res., vol. 31, p. 107, 1943; Connerman and
    Shuman, Proc. Amer. SOC.Test. Mat., vol. 28, p. 527, 1928.
    As determined on specimens with length to diameter ratio of 2.

    T A B L E 214.-EFFECT O F E N T R A I N E D AIR ON COMPRESSIVE S T R E N G T H


    OF CONCRETEB2

    Percent change in s t r e n g t i d u e to 5 percent


    added air
    Cement
    Sacks per yd8 7-day 28-da;
    4.5 + 9 + 4
    5.5 -12 -16
    6.5 -17 -20
    B2Walker and Bloem Journ. Amer. Concrete Inst., vol. 42, p. 629, 1946.
    * Strengths given ar; for mixes in which full advantage was taken of the sand and water-content
    reductions made possible by the increased workability resulting from entrained air.

    T A B L E 215.-WEIGHTED AVERAGE S T R E N G T H A N D W A T E R ABSORPTION

    -
    FOR H A R D A N D SALMON BRICKS M A D E I N U. S. A.-

    Water ahsorption
    Compressive strength hIorlulus of rupture percent
    psi 1)si
    &
    .'iverage Range Average Range cold cold boiling
    Weighted average
    all samples . . . . . 7250 1150 10 11 14
    ..
    H a rd samples . . 7430 (16,0004000) 1180 (2350-740) 10 11 13.5
    Salmon . .. .. . . . .. 4090 ( 6.500-2300) 680 (1440-300) 16 17 19

    McBurney and Lovewell, Proc. Amer. Sac. Test. Mat., vol. 33, p. 1. 1933.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 216.-ULTIMATE S T R E N G T H S O F BRICK M A S O N R Y 231
    Cement Cement- Cement Cement-
    Brick mortar lime Lime Brick mortar lime Lime
    strength lC:l/$ mortar mortar strength lC:l/$ mortar mortar
    Ib/in.a L:3S lC:lL;6S 1L:3S Ib/in.Z L:3S IC:lL;6S 1L:3S
    8000+ 2000 1200 800 25004500 700 560 275
    4500-8000 1000 800 400 1500-2500 500 400 150

    Nat. Bur. Standards Res. Pap. R P 108.


    C-portland cement; L-Lime; S-sand. proportions by volume. See American Standard Asso-
    ciations Building Code Requirements for Masonry (A41.1-1944).

    T A B L E 217.-STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS O F AMERICAN BUILDING STONE *


    (All values in pounds per square inch.)
    Flexural Compressive
    Compressive Flexure modulus of modulus of
    Density strength. (dry) strength Shear elasticity elasticity
    Stone Ib/fta PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI
    Granite . .. 165 24500 (7700-53,OOO)t 2810 (1430.5190) 4350 (3900-4600) 2,526,000- 4,545,000-8,333,000
    (116 samples) (5 samples) (4 samples) 12,950,000
    Limestone .. 148 2600-28,400 640-2000t 830-3840t 700,000- 1,600,000-11,200,000$
    470-19009 800-3100$ 10,400,000$
    Marble . .. . 170 7850-29,530 900-4270 1,840,000-
    11,780,000
    Sandstone . 135 4470-34,900f 260-6570+
    Slate ...... 170 500-14,100 9,800,000-
    18,000,000

    Furnished by Herbert Insley, National Bureau of Standards. t Wet samples 12 percent less.
    $ Perpendicular to bed. 5 Parallel to bed.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    232
    TABLES 21S-223.--PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LEATHER *
    Most physical properties of leathers not only depend on the kind of skin
    and method of tannage but also vary widely from one hide to another of the
    same kind, from one location to another within the same hide, and in local
    random fashion. For example, the tensile strength of vegetable-tanned cattle
    hides shows coefficients of variation of G percent among bends (from different
    hides), 9 percent among locations (within a hide), and 11 percent for local
    random fluctuations.'5 The Federal Specificatioiis Board in the United
    States requires that at least 7 pieces of leather he sampled for most physical
    tests."6 I n any use of a physical property of leather, such as designing an
    experiment or acceptance testing for commercial purchase, these variations
    and the consequent statistical precautions must be observed. The figures helow,
    then, are illustrative, not precise values for any given type of leather.
    * Prepared by R. Hobbs, National Bureau of Standards.
    66Beek, J., and Hobbs, R. B., Journ. Amer. Leather Chem. Assoc., vol. 36, p. 190, 1941.
    Federal specification for leather and leather products, Kr-L-311. Government Printing
    Office, Washington, D. C., March 1945.

    T A B L E 218.-TENSILE S T R E N G T H A N D E L O N G A T I O N O F L E A T H E R O7

    Iclongation, percent
    Tensile
    Thickness strength at at
    Kind of leather 1/64 in. Ib/in.* 1000 Ib/in.2 break
    Belting, vegetable-tanned steer.. ..... 11 6000 6 25
    Calfskin, chrome-tanned ............. 3 4500 8 36
    Calfskin, vegetable-tanned ........... 3 6000 5 29
    Cordovan, horsehide butt ............. 3 2000 22 28
    Deerskin, chrome-tanned ............ 5 6500 26 58
    Garment, chrome-tanned horse.. ..... 4 6000 14 60
    Kangaroo, chrome-tanned ........... 2 7000 15 40
    Kid, chrome-tanned ................. 2 5000 19 59
    Sheepskin, shearling ................ 3 1500 25 38
    Shoe upper, chrome retan ............ 6 4500 15 40
    Sole, vegetable-tanned steerhide. ...... 13 3500 4 15

    8' Wilson, J. A,, Modern practice in leather manufacture, Reinhold Publishing Co., New York, 1941.

    T A B L E 219.-DIFFUSION C O N S T A N T S O F W A T E R VAPOR T H R O U G H
    L E A T H E R , AS F R A C T I O N S O F T H E D I F F U S I O N C O N S T A N T
    T H R O U G H A I R (20°C) eR

    Heavy Glove Patent Vegetable-tanned


    chrome upper Box calf capeskin leather insole
    .I-.2 .21-.26 .17-.26 ,004 .09

    Progress in leather science, 1920-1945, British Leather Manufacturers' Res. Assoc., London, 1948.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    233
    T A B L E 220.-REAL AND APPARENT DENSITIES O F L E A T H E R (70°F AND
    65 PERCENT, R E L A T I V E H U M I D I T Y ) ao

    Kind af leather iipparent density Real density


    .. .. .
    Raw bated skin ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41- .45 1.43
    Formaldehyde tanned buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .56 1.52
    . . .
    Chrome-tanned shoe upper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 1.34
    .
    Vegetable-tanned sole .. . .. . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 1.03-1.15 1.46-1.49
    .
    Chrome-tanned sole , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . 1.17 1.46
    Formaldehyde-tanned suede . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SO- .58 1.55-1.62
    .
    Vegetable-tanned goatskin .. . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . .. . . .65 1.52

    mKanagy, J. R., and Wallace, E. I.., Journ. Amer. 1,eather Chem. Assoc., vol. 38, p. 314, 1943;
    Rose, II., ibid., p. 107.

    T A B L E 221.-COEFFICIENT O F CUBICAL EXPANSION O F L E A T H E R


    (Measured in water between 25" and 75°C) "

    Chrome Chrome-vegetable Vegetable Alum-vegetable


    496-565 X 10." 339-298 X 10." 502-543 X lo-' 590-599 X 10.'
    Iron Formaldehyde Tendon collagen
    592 x 10.' 532 x 10.' 538 x lo-'

    ConzpressiDility.?'-The lower limit of the coefficient of compressibility of vegetable-


    tanned sole leather has been estimated a t 33 X lo-" bar-'. Commercial sole leathers sub-
    jected to 3000 Ib/in.* pressure for 3 minutes were compressed from 4 to 17 percent.
    70 Weir C. E., Journ. Amer. Leather Chem. Assoc., vol. 44, p. 79, 1949.
    71 Weir: C. E., Journ. Amer. Leather Chem. Assoc., vol. 40, p. 404, 1945.

    T A B L E 222.-EFFECT O F R E L A T I V E H U M I D I T Y OF ATMOSPHERE AT
    2l.C ON PROPERTIES O F LEATHER'*

    Percent Tensile Stretch at Increase Increase


    relative strength 2000 Ib/in.z in thickness In area
    humidity lb/in.2 percent percent percent
    Vegetable-tanned calfskin
    0 4630 16 .O .o
    33 5210 19 2.3 5.2
    52 5220 19 2.9 5.7
    76 5280 21 4.6 6.4
    97 - 21 9.6 7.3
    Chrome-tanned calfskin
    n 3170 19 .O .O
    3j 4550 25 1.6 7.8
    52 4840 23 1.9 8.9
    76 5080 24 4.2 10.2
    97 5420 25 14.0 14.0

    '2 Evans, W. D., and Critchfield, C. L., Nat. Bur. Standards Journ. Res., vol. 11, p. 147, 1933.

    T A B L E 223.-THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY O F L E A T H E R *
    cal cm-' sec-' "C-'

    Vegetable sole leather Calfskin upper Kid suede Hide bellies


    4.2 x 104 2.0 x lo-' 1.5 x lo-' 2.3 x 10-4
    l'or reference, see footnote 68, p. 232.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    234
    TABLES 224-229.-VALUES OF PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF
    D I F F E R E N T RUBBERS *
    Where a range is given, there are available several observations that differ.
    In most cases the differences are thought to be real, arising from differences in
    the rubber rather than from errors of observation. Where a single value is
    given, it is either because no other observaticns are available or because there
    seems to be no significant disagreement among values within the errors of
    observation. The latter values are marked with an asterisk (*). Where no
    values are given, no data have been found. Where dashes are shown, either
    the physical measurement is impossible or the values obtained are not sig-
    nificant. Values at 25°C and 1 atmosphere pressure.
    Since these data were compiled from a number of sources, no specific
    references are given. A list of references follows :
    BALL,J. M., and MAASEN,G. C., American Society for Testing Materials Sympsium
    on the Applications of Synthetic Rubbers, March 2, 1944. BEKKEDAHL, NORMAN,
    Natural rubbers-a general summary of their composition, properties, and uses, India Rub-
    ber World, vol. 116, p. 57, 1947 ; also in Compounding ingredients for rubber, published by
    India Rubber World, New York, 1947. BEKKEDAHL, N., and ROTH,F. L., Unpublished
    observations of density and expansivity, 1948. BOONSTRA, B. B. S. T., Properties of
    elastomers, chap. 4 of vol. 3 of Elastomers and plastomers, their chemistry, physics, and
    technology, edited by R. Houwink, Elsevier Publishing Co., New York, 1948. DAWSON,
    T. R., and PORRITT,B. D., Rubber physical and chemical properties, Research Association
    of British Rubber Manufacturers, Croydon, England, 1935. DILLON,J. H., PRETTYMAN,
    I. B., and HALL,G. L., Hysteretic and elastic properties of rubberlike materials under dy-
    namic shear stresses, Journ. Appl. Phys., vol. 15, p. 309, 1944; Rubber Chem. Techn., vol.
    17, p. 597,1944. HAMILL,W. H., MROWCA, B. A., and ANTHONY, R. L., Specific heats of
    hevea, GR-S, and GR-I stocks, Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 38, p. 106, 1946; Rubber Chem.
    Techn., vol. 19, p. 622, 1946. KEMP, A. R., and MALM,F. S., Hard rubber (ebonite),
    chap. 18 in Chemistry and technology of rubber, edited by C. C. Davis and J. T. Blake,
    Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, 1937. PRETTYMAN, I. B., Physical prop-
    erties of natural and synthetic rubber stocks, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 30th ed.,
    p. 1301, Chemical Rubber Publishing Co., Clevelaad, Ohio, 1947. RANDS,ROBERTD.,
    JR., FERCUSON, W. JULIAN,and PRATHER, JOHNL., Specific heat and increases of entropy
    and enthalpy of the synthetic rubber GR-S from 0" to 330" K, Nat. Bur. Standards Journ.
    Res., vol. 33, p. 63, 1944 (RP1595). SELKER,ALANH., SCOTT, ARNOLD H., and MCPHER-
    SON,ARCHIBALD T., Electrical and mechanical properties of the system Buna S-Gilsonite,
    Nat. Bur. Standards Journ. Res., vol. 31, p. 141, 1943 (RP1554). WILDSCHUT,A. J.,
    Technological and physical investigations on natural and synthetic rubbers. Elsevier Pub-
    lishing Co., New York, 1946. WOOD,LAWRENCE A., BEKKEDAHL, NORMAN, and ROTH,
    FRANK L., The measurement of dersities of synthetic rubbers, Nat. Bur. Standards Journ.
    Res., vol. 29, p. 391, 1942 (RP1507) ; Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 34, p. 1291, 1942; Rubber Chem.
    Techn., vol. 16, p. 244, 1943. WOOD,L. A., and TILTON,L. W., Refractive index of
    natural rubber a t different wavelengths, Proc. Second Rubber Techn. Conf., p. 142 (Insti-
    tution of the Rubber Industry, London), 1948; Nat. Bur. Standards Journ. Res., vol. 43,
    p. 57, 1949 (RP2004). WOOD,LAWRENCE A., Synthetic rubbers: a review of their
    compositions, properties, and uses, Nat. Bur. Standards Circ. C427, 1940 ; Rubber Chem.
    Techn., vol. 13, p. 861, 1940; India Rubber World, vol. 102, p. 33, 1940. WOOD,
    LAWRENCE A., Values of the physical constants of rubber, Proc. Rubber Techn. Conf.,
    p. 933 (Institution of the Rubber Industry, London), 1938; Rubber Chem. Techn., vol. 12,
    p. 130, 1939.

    * Prepared by Lawrence A. Wood, National Bureau of Standards.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 224.-PROPERTlES O F N A T U R A L RUBBER ( H E V E A ) 235
    Vulcanizate
    containing
    Pure-gum about 33% Ebonite
    Unit Unvulcanized vulcanrzatc carbon black (hard rubber)
    Density ................. g cmJ .906-.916 .92-1.0 5
    1.12-1.I 1.13-1.18
    Expansivity
    (l/V)(dV/dT) ........ (deg C)-' 67x10-' 66x10-' 53x10-' 19X1Od
    Thermal
    Thermal conductivity ..... cal sec-' cm-' 32)<10-' 34x10-' 39-45XlO-' 39-42><10-'
    (deg C)-'
    Specific heat ............. calg-' .45 .44-.51 .36 .34
    (deg C)-'
    Heat of combustion.. ..... cal g-' 10.82x 10' 10.63X 10' 9.61X1Os 7.92XlOS
    Second-order transition
    temperature ........... deg C -69 to -74 -72 +80
    Optical
    Refractive index, nD.. ..... 1.5191 1.5264
    dnD/dT .................. (deg C)-' -37X lo-' -37x10-'
    Electrical
    Dielectric constant
    (1000 cps) ............. 2.37-2.45 2.7 2.8-2.9
    Loss factor, tan (goc-@
    (1000 cps) ............. .002 .002 .005
    Conductivity (1 min) ..... mho cm-' 2-40X lo-'? lo-''
    Mechanical
    Compressibility
    ( I N ) (dV/dP) ........ bar-' 51X10d 37X10d 24X10d
    Shear modulus ........... dynes cm-' 4x10' 20x10'
    Initial slope of stress-strain
    curve ................. dynes cm-' 10-2ox 106 30-6OX10" 55x10''
    Ultimate elongation ...... percent 750-850 550-650 3-8
    Tensile strength ......... kg cm-' 170-250 250-350 600-800
    Complex dynamic shear mod-
    a'+ i a"
    ulus (6ocps), - I..

    a'
    Real part G', ;......... dynescm-' 3-1OX1O8 25X10"
    a"
    Imaginary part G", - .... dynes cm-' .3-.6X 10' 3x10'
    Resilience (ball rebound). . percent 75 75 45-55

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    236
    T A B L E 225.-PROPERTIES OF GR-S (HYDROCARBON O F ABOUT 23.5 P E R C E N T
    BOUND S T Y R E N E C O N T E N T )

    Vulcanizate
    containing
    Pure-gum about 33%
    Unit Unvulcanized vulcanizate carbon black
    Density ............................ g cm-' .9325-.9335 .961 1.15
    Expansivity (1/V) (dV/dT) ......... (deg C)-' 66x10-' 66X10-6 53X10-6
    Thermal
    Specific heat ....................... cal g-' (deg C)-' .45 .43 .36
    Second-order transition temperature. . deg C -59 to -64
    Optical
    Refractive index, nD ................. 1.534-1.535 --
    dnD/dT ............................ (deg C)-' -37x10-' --
    Electrical
    Dielectric constant (1000 cps) ........ 2.85
    Loss factor, tan (90"-0) (1000 cps). . .003
    Mechanical
    Shear modulus ..................... dynes cm-' __ 25x10"
    .
    Initial slope of stress-strain curve., . dynes cm-' __ 10-20x10" 30-60x10"
    Ultimate elongation ................ percent -- 400-600 400-600
    Tensile strength .................... kg cm-' __ 14-28 170-280
    Complex dynamic shear modulus '

    u' +i u"
    (60 CPS), 7 .................
    Real part G', 7 ....................
    U'
    dynescm-' 5x108 55x10"
    Un
    Imaginary part G", - .............. dynescm-' 1-2x10" 9x10"
    Resilience (ball rebound). ........... percent 65 40-50

    T A B L E 226.-PROPERTIES O F NEOPRENE (CHLOROBUTADIENE POLYMER)

    Vulcanizate
    containing
    Pure-gum about 33%
    Unit Unvulcanized vulcanizate carbon black
    Density ................................ g cm-3 1.23 1.30
    Expansivity (1/V) (dV/dT) ............. (deg C)-' 61~10-~
    Thermal
    Second-order transition temperature.. ..... deg C -38 t o -41
    0p t ica I
    Refractive Index nD ...................... 1.558
    dnD/dT ................................ (deg C)-' -36X10-'
    Mecha&al
    Shear modulus .......................... dynes cm-* 14x10"
    Initial slope of stress-strain curve. ....... dynes cm-' 15-3OXlO"
    Ultimate elongation ..................... percent 800- 1000
    Tensile strength ........................ k g cm-' 250-375
    Complex dynamic shear modulus (60 cps),
    +
    u' i u"
    ...............................
    €
    0'
    Real part G', 7 ......................... dynescm-' 6x10' 30-36X 10"
    U"
    Imaginary part G", ................... dynes cm-* 1x100 6x10'
    Resilience (ball rebound). ................ percent 65 40-50

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    237
    T A B L E 227.-PROPERTIES O F GR-1 ( B U T Y L RUBBER, ISOBUTENE-ISOPRENE
    COPOLYMER)

    Valcani-rate
    . -.. _ ~ ~
    containing
    Pure-gum about 33%
    Unit Unvulcanized vulcanlzate carbon black
    Density ................................ g cm-' .92 .93 1.13
    Expansivity (1/V) (dV/dT) ............. (deg C)-' 57x10-' 46X10-'
    Thermal
    Second-order transition temperature.. ..... deg C -67 to -73
    Optical
    Refractive Index nD ...................... 1.5091
    Electrical
    Dielectric constant ...................... 2.1-2.6
    Mechanical
    Shear modulus .......................... -_ 18Xloa
    Initial slope of stress-strain curve. ....... dynes cm-' -- 7-15X10" 30-40X 10'
    Ultimate elongation ..................... percent -_ 750-950 650-850
    Tensile strength ........................ -_ 180-210 180-210
    *.................................
    kg cm-'
    Complex dynamic shear modulus (60 cps),

    €
    U'
    Real part G', T ......................... dynes cm-* 4-1Ox1Oa 36x10"
    a"
    ................. dynes cm-'
    Imaginary part G", t.. 2-3X10a 16x10'
    Resilience (ball rebound). ................ percent 8 7

    T A B L E 228.-COMPRESSION O F RUBBER'3
    Commercial soft-packing, black, density about 1.9 g/cm3 and V O= 1 cm3
    A'r
    Pressure Pressure Pressure
    kg/cma 20°C -78.8"C kg/cm2 20°C -78.8"C kg/cm* 20°C -78.8"c
    5,000 .1300 .0794 20,000 .2345 .1772 35,000 2845 2254
    10,000 .1800 .I235 25,000 .2535 .1958 40,000 2960 2364
    15,000 2146 .1538 30.000 2700 2119 45,000 .3050 2460
    5O;OOO .3124 2540

    Bridgman, P. W., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., vo1. 74, p. 50, 1940.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    N
    w
    00

    I
    0
    < TABLE 2 2 9 . 4 O M P R E S S I O N O F S Y N T H E T I C AND N A T U R A L RUBBERS 74
    I?
    c)

    F AV/Vo
    4
    D
    W Koroseal Neoprene Buna S Ameripol Hood Goodrich Goodrich Goodrich Goodrich Butyl Butyl Hevea Hevea
    2
    Ln
    P k r p ~ ~ / D e n s i t Y Duprene No. 89023 No. 832 No. 8774 D-7700 844A D-402 D-420 D-453 D-453 gum tread gum tread
    1.589 1.250 1.357 1.376 1.370 1.176 1.193 1.350 1.514 1.309 .967 1.125 .950 1.122
    2000 .0302 .0511 .0460 .0465 .0367 .0407 .0422 .0385 .0329 .0432 .0519 .0423 .0535 .0462
    5000 .M15 .0967 .0956 .0872 .0715 .0792 .0837 .0745 ,0636 .0842 .0945 .0807 .lo17 .0870
    -.. .
    is:ooo 1198 __
    -1679
    ~
    .1567
    .--_ .1493 .1304 .1445 .1454 .1378 .1162 .1480 .1543 .1334 .1697 -1490
    20,000 .1301 .1891 .1793 .i715 .1507 .1663 .1670 .1587 .1347 .1692 .1744 .1510 .1929 .1707
    25,000 .1462 2060 .1990 .1903 .1686 .1840 .1847 .I769 .1513 .1862 .1920 .1667 2116 .1900
    Pressure of dis-
    continuity 3,500 4,800 6,300 4,900 4,800 6,200 6,500
    Amount of discon-
    tinuity 2.0XlO~ 5.3X1Od 3.4X10" 1.5X10" 3x10-' 5x104 2x10-6
    AVIVo a t discon-
    tinuity .0516 .0939 .lo12 .0707 .0851 .lo83 .lo26
    Ratio of width of
    hysteresis loop
    to maximum dis-
    placement .083 ,059 .082 .087 .064 .067 .072 .080 .lo3 .077 .083 .090 .074 .073

    74 Bridgman, P. W., PIN. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 76, p. 22, 1942.
    T A B L E 23O.-CHARACTERlSTlCS OF A N U M B E R O F PLASTICS'6

    Acrylic plastic . . . . . . .. . 1.18-1.19 .91 1.485-1.500 9 4-6 .35 >loi5 450-500 3.5-4.5 11000-14000 3.3-4.5 M88-M92 $
    . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . w
    Nylon 1.14-1.09 .. . 1.53 10 5.8 .4 4.5X10's 385 4.1 13000 4 R-118 +
    Polyvinyl formal . . . . . . . 1.2-1.3 .85-.91 1.5 7.7 3.7 ... 300-600 3.6-3.7 9000-17000 26 M80-M90 3
    Ally1 and polyester ... ... .. . 8.0-10. 4.8-5.0 26-.55 >4X10i4 380 3.4-5. 21000-230007 3-8.2 M85-MI19 M
    Cellulose nitrate . . ..... .
    1.10-1.46 1.53-1.56
    1.35-1.40 39-.92 1.49-1.51 8.-12. 5.5 .3-.4 10-15X1010 300-600 7.-7.-5 6000-11000 1.9-2.2 R95-Rl15
    z
    rn
    Polysterene .... . . .. . .. . 1.05-1.06 .. . 1.59-1.60 6.-8. 2.4-3.3 .32 10"-1010 500-700 2.4-2.6 11000-16000 4.-5. M85-M95 2
    rl
    Phenolic molding . . . . . . . 1.3-1.5 . .. ... 3.-4.5 4.7 .35-.40 1-10O)<1Oi1 ... 5.-9. ... 8.-12. M110-Ml20 rn
    Ethyl cellulose .. . . . . .. . 1.12-1.14 ... 1.47 10-20 3.8-7 .3-.75 10'2-10'' 350-500 .. . 11000-13000t 1.3-3.5 R100-R110

    '75Taken from Technical data on plastics, Plastic Mfg. Assoc., Inc., May 1948. For trade names see original reference.
    Compression. t To fracture.
    240 T A B L E 231.-PROPERTIES O F SOME O P T I C A L

    Polymer Monomer B o i l i y point


    & C
    Name NDrn v* NDrn V
    Ally1 methacrylate .................... 1.5196 49.0 1.4340 55/30 mm
    at 23"
    Benzyl mellacrylate .................... 1.5680 36.5 1.514 233
    4-cyctolaxyl-cyclohexyl metharcylate .... 1.5250 53. 1.4913 111/1 mm
    Menthyl metharcylate .................. 1.5064 54.5
    Ethylene dimethacrylate ................ 1.5063 53.4 1.4547 9 2 j j mm
    Methyl methacrylate ................... 1.490 56.25 1.417 100
    Styrene .............................. 1.5916 31.0 1.5434 146
    0-chlorostyrene ....................... 1.6098 31.0 1.567 47/37 mm
    Pentachlorophenol methacrylate ........ 1.608 22.5 ... ( M P 88.5'C)
    Vinyl naphthalene ..................... 1.6818 20.9 ... 92-95/mm

    Polaroid .Corporation, NDKC Report, Library of Congress P B 28553.


    See Table 523.

    T A B L E 232.-GENERAL P R O P E R T I E S O F O P T I C A L PLASTICS

    Cyclo- Cyclo-
    hexyl- hexyl-
    metha- metha-
    crylate Sterene crylate Sterene
    Index N d 0 " C .. 1.50645 1.59165 Thermal exp. coeff.. .. 9.0X10-5/"C 8.0X10-6/oC
    Index tolerance . +.0015 +.0015 Thermal conductivity. 2.31 X lo-' 2.21x lo-'
    (cgs) cal sec-' cm-'OC
    v values ....... 56.9 31.0 Index charge per "C.. -.000131 -.000136
    " " tolerance. +.5 +.3 Max. operating temp.. 150°F 150"F
    Partial dispersion
    NF-NC ....... ,00895 .01920 Density ............. 1.095 gjcm' 1.049 g/cmS
    ND-No ....... ,00258 .00536 Moles hardness ...... 2-3 2-3
    NF-ND ....... .00638 .01384 Over-all visual trans-
    mittance through sam-
    ple # in. thick.. .... 99.1% 99.9%

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E S 233-236.-PROPERTIES OF F I B E R S * 241
    The values of the properties of natural fibers are influenced by their source,
    extent of processing or purification, age, temperature and moisture content
    when tested, and method of test. Those of man-made fibers not only reflect
    these influences but they can be and commonly are varied to meet the require-
    ments of use by suitable niodifications in composition and manipulation of the
    fibers during production. These facts and the lack of strictly comparable
    data for all the principal fibers led to the decision to show in the tables the
    range in values of the properties reported in recent literature rather than
    selected values. The azlons, made from different proteins, are lumped together
    and so are the ordinary, medium, and high-tenacity rayons and the several
    varieties of resin fibers of each kind. References to literature giving more
    information and more detailed information are as follows :
    Textile World’s synthetic fiber table, 1949 rev., compiled by C. W. BENDIGO,editor,
    Textile World, September 1949. Chemical engineering materials of construction, Ind.
    and Eng. Chem., 2d ed., vol. 40, p. 1773, 1948; 3d ed., vol. 41, p. 2091, 1949. Fiber prop-
    erties chart-1948, Plastics Catalogue Corporation, New York. SMITH,H. DEWITT,
    Textile fibers-an engineering approach to an understanding of their properties and utiliza-
    tion, Proc. Amer. SOC.Test. Mat., vol. 44, p. 543, 1944. A. S. T. M. standards on textile
    materials. Amer. SOC.Test. Mat., October 1949. Die Unterscheidung der Textilfasern,
    2d ed., Verlag Leeman, Zurich, 1949. MOREHEAD, F. F., Some comparative data on the
    cross-sectional swelling of textile fibers, Textile Res. Journ., vol. 17, p. 96, 1947.
    PRESTON, J. M., The temperature of contraction of fibers as an aid to identification, Journ.
    Texfile Inst., vol. 40, p. T767, 1949. ARBOTT, N. J., and GOODINGS, A. C., Moisture
    absorption, density, and swelling properties of nylon filaments, Journ. Textile Inst., vol. 40,
    p. T232, 1949. HUTTON, E. A., and GARTSIDE, JOAN, The moisture regain of silk,
    Journ. Textile Inst., vol. 40, p. T161, 1949. HUTTON,E. A., and GARTSIDE, JOAN,The
    adsorption and desorption of water by nylon at 25” C, Journ. Textile Inst., vol. 40, p. T170,
    1949. MACMILLAN, W. G., MUKHERJEE,R. R., and SEN, M. K., The moisture relation-
    ships of jute, Journ. Textile Inst., vol. 37, p. T13, 1946. ALBRIGHT,J. G., “Spider Silk,”
    Science Teacher, October 1944.
    * Prepared by W. D. Appel, of the National Bureau of Standards.

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    v) N
    2
    I
    T A B L E 233.-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES O F N A T U R A L FIBERS R
    0
    v)

    zD Cotton Flax Hemp Jute Ramie Silk f Wool


    2
    I
    0
    Density (g/cm*) ............................. 1.50-1.55 1.50 1.48 1.48 1.51 1.25-1.35 1.28-1.33
    2 Refractive index : epsilson ................... 1.573-1.581 1.594-1.596 1S85-1.591 1.577 1.595-1.599 1.591-1.595 1.553-1.556
    c) omega .................... 1.529-1.534 1.528-1.532 1.526-1.530 1.536 1.527-1.540 1.538-1.543 1.542-1.547
    F
    4 Tensile strength (1000 lb/in.2) ................. 42-125 ... ... ... 45-83 15-28
    D
    W
    2 Tenacity: dry (g/denier *) .................. 2.1-6.3 ... ... ... ... 2.9-5.2 1.0-1.7
    Ln wet (% of dry) .................... 110-130 ... ... ... ... 75-95 76-97
    Elongation to break (%) ..................... 3-10 ... ... .. 13-31 20-50
    Recovery from strain
    Elongation (%) ............................ 2 ... ... ... 2 2
    Recovery ............................ 74 ... ... ... ... 92 99
    Elongation 1:
    ............................ 5 ... ...
    ...
    ... ... 20 20
    Recovery ............................ 45 ... ... 33 63
    Average stiffness f ........................... 57 270 200 185 167 15 4
    Toughness index$ ........................... 14 6 4 2 8 40 20
    Moisture regain at 65% R. H. and 70°F (% of
    bone-dry weight) ........................ 6.0-8.5 7.0-8.5 8.0 10.6-13.6 6.0 8.1-15.5 13.0-16.2
    (8.-11. mercerized)
    Swelling in water, cross-section swelling (%) ... 21 47 ... ... 37 19 26
    Heat stability : temperature “C at or above which
    fiber Does not
    contracts .................................. ... ... ... ... contract 240
    loses strength ............................... ... ... ...
    softens ............................ ... . . . . . .
    melts ......................................
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ... ..
    ...
    ...
    decomposes ................................. ... ... ... ... chars chars
    “Denier” is the weight in grams of 9,000 meters of the fiber. t T h e value for stiffness is a measure of the ability of the fiber substance to resist deformation.
    $ T h e toughness index is a measure of the ability of the fiber substance to absorb work. Spider silk has a density of 1.30-1.37 and tensile strength of 60 (from
    golden garden spider).
    T A B L E 234.-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES O F RESIN A N D RAYON FIBERS

    Resins
    ~~

    Rayons Vinyl
    Vinyl chlo- chloride-
    Cupra- Saponified ride acetate acrylonitrile
    ammonium acetate Viscose Acrylic copolynier t copolymer t Vinylidine
    Density (g/cm3) ........................ 1.52-1.54 1.50-1.52 1.50-1.54 1.17 1.33-1.36 1.22-1.28 1.68-1.75
    Refractive index : epsilon ............... 1.548-1.552 1.547 1.539-1.550 ... 1.536 1.536 1.60-1.63
    omega ............... 1S20-1.527 1.513 1.514-1.523 ... 1.536 1.536 1.60-1.63
    Tensile strength (1000 Ib/in.*). ........... 33-42 136138 29-88 59-75 34-80 65-75 15-60
    Tenacity : dry (g denier t ) . .............. 1.7-2.3 7.0 1.540 ... 2.0-4.4 ... 1.1-2.9
    wet (70of dry) ............... 59 85 44-65 ... 100 ... 100
    Elongation to break ( 7 c ) . ................ 10-17 6 9-30 ... 1435 ... 15-30
    Recovery from strain
    Elongatioii (70)........................ 5 2 2 ... 2 ... ...
    Recovery ........................
    'I 48 82 82 ... 99 ... ...
    Elongation " ........................ 15 5 15-20 ... 20 ... ...
    Recovery " ........................ 32 67 30-37 ... 63 ... ...
    Average stiffnessD ...................... 14 105 10-23 ... 7-22 ... 18
    Toughness index II ....................... 13 19 17-20 ... 25-30 ... 56
    Moisture regain at 65% R. H. and 70°F
    (% of bone-dry weight). ........... 11.0-12.5 9.8-1 1.5 11.5-16.6 .9-2.0 .@-.5 .0-.5 .O
    Swelling in water, cross-section swelling
    (YO) .............................. 41-62 22 35-66 ... .24.3 ... .O
    Heat stability; temperature "C at or above
    which fiber Does not
    contracts .............................. ... ... contract 66-83 70-145 71-155
    loses strength .......................... 100 130 125 ... ...
    softens ................................ ... ... 235 77 170 iikm
    melts ............................... 149 ... ... 200-260 190-200 150-160
    decomposes ............................ ... i ji-204 chars ... ... ...
    Including regular and high-tenacity varieties. t Including several varieties. 't "Denier" is the weight in grams of 9000 meters of the fiber fi T h e value
    given for stiffness is a measure of the ability of the fiber substance to resist deformation. It The toughness index is a measure of the ability of the fiber substance to
    absorb work. * Staple 10-17. At 60% R.H.
    e
    244 T A B L E 235.-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES O F MISCELLANEOUS FIBERS

    Azlon (casein.
    Acetate soybean pro.
    (cellulose) tein, zein Glass Nylon t Polyethylene
    Density (g/cma) ............. 1.3S1.35 1.25-1.31 2.54-2.56 1.14 .92
    Refractive index : epsilon .... 1.476-1.478 1.537-1.545 1.541-1.548 1.570-1.580 ...
    omega ..... 1.470-1.473 1.537-1.545 1.541-1.548 1.520-1.530 ...
    Tensile strength (1000 Ib/in.2). 20-30 10-19 204-220 65-1 17 11-30
    Tenacity : dry (g/denier 1) ... 1.2-1.5
    wet (70of dry). ... 60-65
    .6-1.0 6.3-6.9 4.5-8.0 ...
    35-50 99 85-90 ...
    Elongation to break (%) ...... 23-50 12-15 2.0-3.7 14-25 ...
    Recovery from strain
    Elongation (%).. . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 3 2 ...
    " ............. 94 ...
    Recovery
    Elongation
    Recovery
    :
    ............. 20
    ............. 23
    60
    20
    30
    100
    ...
    ...
    100
    20
    75
    ...
    ...
    Average stiffness 0 ........... 3-7 2 290 22-41 ...
    Toughnens index II ........... 16-32 14 6 45 ...
    Moisture regain a t 65% R. H.
    and 70'F (% of bone-dry
    weight) ............... 6.0-6.5 10.0-15.5 .o 3.54.5 .O
    Swelling in water, cross-section
    swelling (%) ......... 7.9 5.c-10.0 .O 3.2 ...
    Heat stability ; temperature "C
    at or above which fiber Does not
    contracts ................... ... contract 74
    loses strength ........... 90-107 i00-171 316 140 ...
    softens .................. 177-208 ... 816 220 ...
    melts ...................... ... ... 104
    decomposes ................ 232-246 ... ... ...
    Acetate rayon or estron. t Including regular and high-tenacity varieties. $ "Denier" is the weight
    in grams of 9000 meters of the fiber. $ The value given for stiffness is a measure of the ability of the fiber
    substance to resist deformation. ll T h e toughness index is a measure of the ability of the fiber substance
    to absorb work.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    -
    T A B L E 236.-MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S OF F I B E R ROPES * 245

    t
    Linen yacht rope Manila bolt rope Nylon yacht rope
    *
    Saran rope Sisal rope

    .I
    Y
    r--f---

    +.
    w
    --
    .-
    u s
    "A
    ec,
    __h_
    '2
    .*-
    .-
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    -A
    5%
    3
    b
    $:
    a
    -
    ge.
    -fi
    tie
    2% ..--
    gs
    *E

    E"
    -
    .-d e

    A" __ __ 1.27 460 .929 850 1.47 260 1.47


    -. .. 360
    .._
    fu 2.02 925 1.71 605 1.66 1200 2.73 560 1.96 480
    l%" 2.98 1400 2.32 1045 2.59 1900 3.93 730 2.84 800
    ti;,, 4.42
    6.00
    1950
    2425
    3.56
    5.59
    1400
    1925
    3.75
    5.15
    2700
    3700
    5.66
    --
    990
    --
    4.02
    5.15
    1080
    1400
    3" 8.00 3200 7.05 2920 6.71 4700 10.3 1770 7.35 2120
    Y B" 10.3 4050 8.61 3800 8.41 6000 14.0 2630 10.2 2760
    1:. 12.4
    15.4
    4920
    5910
    11.0
    13.0
    -. ..
    4850
    5950
    .. ..
    10.2
    15.0
    7500
    11,000
    17.7
    23.2
    __
    3120
    4020
    __
    13.1 3520
    +$'' 19.0 7075 16.2 7150 17.7 13,300
    A" 23.2 8460 19.2 8470 20.3 15,600 32.0 5700
    1: 27.3 10,020 23.0 9900 27.0 19,000 42.5 8000
    l&" 32.9 11,000 27.0 11,550 30.0 23,000 __ __
    14" 37.8 12,300 31.8 13.200 34.0 26,000 _- --
    14" 43.5 14,500 36.9 14;850 41.0 32,030 67.0 12,000
    133'' 42.5 16,500 -- -- __ --
    14" 53.5 20.400 -- __ __ --
    13'' -_ __ __ -_
    2" __ __ __ -_
    2$" __ __ __ __
    24" __ -_ _- __
    3" __ -_ -_ __
    34" __ -_ _- __
    *Data from the Plymouth Rope Co. and Mr. Axelsson of Columhian Rope Co. Data on cotton rope
    furnished by Mr. Moss, Southeastern Cordage Co. t Excellent resistance to acids, alkalis, and most
    chemicals.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    v) N
    5
    I
    T A B L E 237.-MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F H A R D WOOD S G R O W N IN U N I T E D S T A T E S " P
    o\
    ln
    0

    z Static bending
    % . Impact Compression
    I
    V
    g .u* -. bending , -A- ,

    d *-
    5 3
    :< . -
    -.
    .-
    c
    10."
    e\ n.

    .
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    E d
    s*
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    222
    I
    02 .5 C

    ::- zg
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    -ID m .q a"
    ig &.;Z v a 2 --sf!
    -I
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    P O
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    1 0 0
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    .!i .-
    * .-
    0 ;
    .2&
    r
    A
    Common and botanical name Place of growth
    material testedof g&
    2: .@
    mo> 2%
    3-
    a:a
    22
    P
    EY
    .-E
    -d -€
    ._
    d
    -i
    :5
    aa
    E
    a
    $:.ay
    &&
    Alder, red
    .. . ..........
    (Alnus rubra) . .. Wash. 98 .41 28 9,800 1,380 1.85 11,600 4,530 540 1,080 420
    tQ
    w
    Apple
    (Malris @mila var.). . . . . ....
    . Va. 45 .67 47 12,800 1,270 2.31 15,700 3,120 1,300 1,740 - 2
    P
    Ash, Biltmore P
    (Fraxims biltmoreana) . . . ....
    Tenn. 42 .55 38 13,000 1,600 2.97 16,500 5,670 1,510 1,680 710 I
    Ash, black
    (Fraxinus nigra) .. ........... Mich., Wis. 85 .49 34 12,600 1,600 1.57 - 4,520 940 1,570 700
    Ash, blue 0
    (Fraxinus quadrangulata) . . Ky.. .. 39 .57 40 13,800 1,400 2.68 18,400 5,460 1,760 2,030 - a
    Ash, green M
    (F. pennsylvanica lanceolata) ..
    La., Mo. 48 .56 40 14,100 1,660 2.72 16,400 5,120 1,620 1,910 700
    Ash, Oregon
    (Fraxinus oregona) .......... Oreg. 48 .55 38 12,700 1,360 2.08 13,300 4,100 1,540 1,790 720
    H
    M
    Ash, pumpkin rJ7
    (Fraxinus profunda) ......... Mo. 51 .52 36 11,100 1,270 1.91 13,600 3,950 1,800 1,720 770
    Ash, white
    (Fraxinus americana) ..
    . ..... Ark.. N. Y., W. Va.. Vt., 42 .60 42 15,400 1,770 2.60 17,000 5,790 1,410 1,950 940
    Aspen, bigtooth
    Mass. s0
    (Populus graiididentata) . . .. .
    Wis., Vt. 99 .39 27 9,100 1,430 1.25 11,400 4,090 560 1,080 390 0
    Aspen, quaking tl
    (Populris tremuloides) ... . ...
    . Wis., N. Mex. 94 .38 26 8,400 1,180 1.53 9,000 3,040 460 850 260 W
    Basswood, American
    (Tilia americana) ............ Wis., Pa. 105 .37 26 8,700 1,460 1.37 9,800 3,800 450 990 350
    Beech, American
    (Fagits grairdifiolia) . . . . ... . .
    . Ind., Pa., Vt. 54 .64 45 14,900 1,720 2.63 16,000 4,880 1,250 2,010 1,010
    Data taken from Forest Service Bull. 479. U. S. Dept. Agr.
    (continued)
    T A B L E 237.-MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F HARDWOODS GROWN I N U N I T E D S T A T E S (continued)

    u-
    2
    8
    :ts
    8
    2s c
    '.6- mmm0
    ;?;
    0
    B
    BB
    t3
    .-
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    \
    u.0
    :;
    .
    Static bending

    .ON.
    -E
    ;a.
    I
    wo
    :,x
    N.

    .E
    4
    Impact
    bending

    .
    *.
    .-
    b<

    il
    -Compression

    .*d
    t d
    M
    ;.

    -- .*
    92
    cI
    0

    fL. c
    59
    w*
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    L

    $4 g _"g $8
    .-tQg z--
    2; zg
    1 L ?. . u +*
    2.5%
    .z 8
    g & 20
    .z c a E
    ,$ 'B
    -d
    'B 2.E
    Common and botanical name
    Place of growth of
    material tested
    u p-d
    >
    z?- g? 'c:
    6 2; &Mil

    Birch, Alaska paper


    .
    (Betula papyrifera neolaskana) Alaska 58 .55 38 13,600 1,900 1.85 13,700 5,290 820 1,400 660
    Birch, gray *
    (Betula populifolia) ..........
    N. H. 63 .51 35 9,800 1,150 1.46 10,400 2,670 920 1,340 -
    Birch. DaDer
    (Bet& pbpyrifera) .. .........
    Wis., N H. 65 .55 38 12,300 1,590 1.80 12,400 3,610 740 1,210 -
    Birch, sweet
    ...............
    ( B e t d a lenta) Pa.. N. H. 53 .65 46 16,900 2,170 2.72 24,800 6,330 1,340 2,240 950
    Birch, yellow '
    (Betula lutea) ...............
    Pa., Vt., Wis. 67 .62 43 16,600 2,010 2.89 17,200 6,130 1,190 1,889 920
    Black-mangrove *
    (Avicen&a nitida) ...........
    Fla. 42 .83 58 16,400 2,090 2.03 - - 2,360 - -
    Buckeye, yellow
    (Aesculus octandra) ..........
    Tenn. 141 .36 25 7,500 1,170 1.26 10,OOO 3,010 440 960 520
    Buckthorn, cascara *
    (Rhamnus pwshiana) ........
    Oreg. 61 .52 36 8,700 960 2.14 10,200 3,460 1,310 1,610 -
    Bustic, willow *
    (Dipholis salicifolia) ....... ..
    Fla. 44 .88 62 - - - 18,400 4,950 - - -
    Butterbough *
    (Exothea. paniculata) . .... ..
    .. " 56 .so 56 14,900 1,910 2.34 - 4,520 2,530 2,260 -
    Butternut
    (Juglans cinerea)
    Button-mangrove*
    .............
    Tenn., Wis. 104 .38 27 8,100 1,180 1.59 11,200 4,200 5,110 1,170 440
    (Gonocarpus erectus) .........
    Fla. 47 .71 50 10,260 1,580 1.70 - - 1,630 - -
    California-laurel
    (Umbelldaria californica) ....
    Oreg. 70 .55 39 8,000 940 1.85 10,700 3,520 1,400 1,860 870
    Catalpa, northern
    (Catalpa speciosa) ...........
    Ind. 72 .41 29 9,400 1,210 1.08 11O
    , OO 2,740 570 1,130 570
    Meager data, may not be fully representative of species.
    (continued)
    v)

    2 TABLE 237.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES O F HARD WOODS GROWN I N U N I T E D STATES (continued)

    Cherry, black
    ..
    (Prunus serotina) .. . . ...... Pa. 55 .so 35 12,300 1,490 3.11 13,600 5,960 850 1,700 560
    Cherry, pin
    (Pruxus pennsylvanica) . . . .... Tenn. 46 .39 27 8,500 1,270 1.51 10,100 3,900 520 1,030 320
    Chestnut, American
    . .... Md., Tenn.
    (Castanea dentata) . . . . . . 122 .43 30 8,600 1,230 1.78 10,700 3,780 760 1,080 460
    Chinquapin, golden
    (Castampsis chrsofihylla) ... .. Oreg. 134 .46 32 10,700 1,240 3.11 10,900 4,150 680 1,260 -
    Cottonwood, eastern
    . . ...... Mo.
    (Populus deltoides) . . . 111 .40 28 8,500 1,370 1.39 7,300 3,490 470 930 580
    Cottonwood, northern black
    (Popidus trichocarpa hastata) . Wash. 132 .35 24 8,300 1,260 1.25 9,800 3,270 370 1,020 330
    Cucumber tree
    (Magnolia accuminata) . , . .... Tenn. 80 .48 33 12,300 1,820 1.98 14,700 4,840 710 1,340 660
    Dogwood, flowering
    (Cornus florida) ,.. .......... '' 62 .73 51 14,900 1,530 3.10 14,600 - 1,920 2,260 -
    Dogwood, Pacific
    (Cornw nuttallii) ... ......... Oreg. 52 .64 45 10,500 1,470 2.02 10,500 4,300 1,650 1,720 1,040
    Doveplum *
    (Coccolobis laurifolia) . ... .... Fla. 52 .78 55 13,000 1,290 2.67 - 4,640 2,920
    Elder, blueberry *
    .. ......
    (Sambucrcs glauca) ... "
    124 .52 36 9,200 1,030 1.56 10,500 3,860 760 - -
    Elm, American
    (Ulmus americana) . . . . . . .... N. H., Pa., Wis. 89 .so 35 11,800 1,340 2.53 - 4,030 850 1,510 660
    Elm. rock
    (Ulniits thomasi) ., ... ........ Wis. 48 63 44 14,800 1,540 2.45 - 4,700 1,520 1,920 -
    Elm, slippery
    .. . . . . . . Ind.. Wis.
    (Ulniirs fulva) . . .. . . . 85 .53 37 13,000 1,490 2.35 15,300 4,760 1,010 1,630 530
    Eucalyptus, bluegum
    (Eucalyptus globidus) . . . .. .. . Calif. 79 .74 52 16,000 2,370 3.28 20,500 8,190 1,720 1,840 -
    (continued)
    v)

    2 T A B L E 237.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HARDWOODS GROWN I N U N I T E D STATES (continued)


    -I
    I
    0
    v) Static bending
    zD
    2 g -. 2".
    .-C
    Impact
    bending *Compression

    <
    I
    I?
    5g g& $e"Z
    $jYI
    0.0 Lc
    ."
    \ -
    YI."
    OJ\
    .e
    N.

    .-E ."
    E

    :---:g
    \

    F
    c) zg LGZ ti? 2 e
    $g 2P o- i .-*E
    -.-
    'L 'O
    -I
    D
    m Place of growth of
    .-:$ .gel ,sg 22 -3-
    o$
    V .-
    I
    -
    m
    Ln Common and botanical name material tested g L ,C%Z $2 g2 z- d d
    Eugenia, redberry *
    (Ezcgenia confusa) .. . . .. . . . . . Fla. 41 .87 61 16,200 2,040 - - - 2,790 1,850 -
    False-mastic
    (Sideroxylon foetidissimirm) .. " 39 .93 65 10,200 1,780 1.39 14,100 3,940 2,830 1,470 710
    Fig, Florida strangler *
    (Ficus surca) . ...... . . . ... . .. '' 88 .44 31 7,200 800 1.03 - - - - -
    Gumbo-limbo
    (Bursera simaruba) . , . . . . . . .. 'I
    99 .31 21 4,800 740 .85 6,300 1,720 560 800 360
    Hackberry
    .
    (Celtis occidentalis) . . . . . . ... Ind., Wis. 65 .53 37 11,000 1,190 1.72 13,700 3,710 1,100 1,590 580
    Hawthorn, pear * - --
    (Crateagtrs calpodendron) . .. Wis... 63 .68 47 14,600 1,270 2.50 - - 1,580
    Hickory, bitternut
    (Carya cordifonnis) . . . . . .. ...
    Ohio 66 .66 46 17,100 1,790 2.73 23,600 - 2,070 - -
    Hickory, mockernut
    (Carya tomentosa) . . .. . . ... ..
    Pa., Miss., W. Va. 59 .72 51 19,200 2,220 3.41 20,200 - 2,140 1,740 -
    Hickory, nutmeg
    (Carya myristicaefonnis) .. . Miss. .. 74 .60 42 16,600 1,700 2.04 - - 1,930 - -
    Hickory, pignut
    (Carya glabra) . . . . . . ...
    .. . .. W. Va., Miss., Ohio, Pa. 54 .75 52 20,100 2,260 3.23 25,200 - 2,450 2,150 -
    Hickory, shagbark
    (Carye ovata) ............... Miss., Ohio, W.Va., Pa. 60 .72 50 20,200 2,160 3.01 19,300 - 2,170 2,430 -
    Hickory, shel!bark
    (Carya lacmniosa) .. .. . ....... Ohio, Miss. 61 .69 48 18,100 1,890 2.29 22,800 - 2,220 2,110 -
    Hickory, water *
    (Carya aqriatica) ... . . ..... ... Miss. 80 .62 43 17,800 2,020 2.88 - 5,400 1,910
    Holly, American
    (Ilex opaca) ................. Tenn. 82 .57 40 10,300 1,110 1.88 12,500 3,380 1.130 - 680
    Honeylocust
    (Gleditsia tricanthos) ........ . Ind., Mo. 63 - - 14,700 1,630 2.74 15,400 5,250 2,280 2.250 900
    (iontinued)
    -
    TABLE 237.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HARDWOODS GROWN I N U N I T E D STATES (continued) N
    sp
    U
    Static bending
    7-
    Impact Compression
    bending
    DI

    .-
    \
    E

    e
    .-&
    -
    Y

    Place of growth of .-
    Common and botanical name material tested d
    Hophornbeam, eastern
    (Ostrya virginianu) ... .......
    Wis. 52 .70 49 14,100 1,700 2.96 14,200 5,780 1,500 1,790 -
    Hornbeam, American *
    (Carpinus caroliniana) .......
    Mass. 48 .70 49 12,200 1,080 .77 10,300 3,330 2,000 2,410 -
    Leadwood *
    (Krugiodendron ferrezlm)
    Locust, black
    .....
    Fla. 32 1.15 81 18,200 2,980 1.02 16,500 3,400 2,860 - -
    (Robinia pseudoacacia) .......
    Tenn. 40 .69 48 19,400 2,050 4.62 21,100 6,800 2,260 2,480 640
    Madrone, Pacific
    (Arbutus menriesii) ... .......
    Calif., Oreg. 68 .65 45 10,400 1,230 2.46 10,400 4,040 1,620 1,810 -
    Magnolia, Fraser
    (Magnolia frareri) ...........
    Tenn. 89 .44 31 10,100 1,400 1.86 13,800 4,180 620 1,150 660
    Magnolia, southern *
    (Magnolia grudifiora) .......La. 105 .so 35 11,200 1,400 1.90 13,600 3,420 1,060 1,530 740
    Mangrove *
    (Rhizob h r a manole)
    - . .........Fla. 39 .96 67 21,700 2,950 3.80 - 6,170 3,300 2,860 -
    Maple, b;gleaf
    (Acer mucrofihyllum) ........Wash. 72 .48 34 10,700 1,450 1.66 - 4,790 930 1,730 540
    Maple, black *
    (Acer nigrurn) ...............Ind. 65 .57 40 13,300 1,620 2.39 13,500 4,600 1,250 1,820 670
    Maple, red
    (Acer ru b rm) ............... N.H., Pa., Wis. 63 .54 38 13,400 1,640 2.84 - 4,650 1,240 1,850 -
    Maple, silver
    (Acer sacchwiwm)
    Maple, striped *
    ..........
    Wis. 66 .47 33 8,900 1,140 1.90 12,400 4,360 910 1,480 500
    (Acer bennrv~vanicunt) .......
    Vt. 35 .46 32 10,900 1,360 1.08 11,400 - 800 1,320 -
    Maple, sigar -
    (Acer sacchururn) ............
    Ind., Pa., Vt., Wis. 58 .63 44 15,800 1,830 2.76 20,600 5.390 1,810 2,330 -
    Mountain-laurel*
    (Kalmia latifolia) ..... .......
    Tenn. 62 .68 48 11,100 1,200 3.44 14,300 - 1,820
    (continued)
    TABLE 2 3 7 1 M E C H A N l C A L PROPERTIES

    2
    1
    8
    .-ST
    *Lorn
    $2Y
    +
    0
    B
    lu)
    -
    OF HARDWOODS GROWN IN U N I T E D STATES (continued)

    -.
    .-
    \
    Static bending

    *
    d
    Compression

    .-
    g2
    0
    *
    L .z
    -22 OE
    C
    a ’+
    :;
    0-J -4Y
    8 G 6% LC
    ZkM
    ?&? us
    ai
    .-
    zg GZ 5 =.M28g-
    g:a
    a”
    zg -2 .<4
    2 e.5.i
    Ern\
    Common and botanical name
    Place of. growth of
    material tested g!i Vl0’ 5.2 g? k& &!is
    Oak, black
    (Quercus nigra) ............. La. 81 .63 44 15,400 2,020 2.24 18,800 3,960 1,260 2,020 920
    Oak, black
    (Quercus velutino) ...
    ... ... .. Ark., Wis. 80 .61 43 13,900 1,640 2.15 14,400 4,750 1,150 1,910 -
    Oak, bur
    (Quercus macrocarba) . . . ..
    . .. Wis. 70 .64 45 10,300 1,030 2.37 14,600 3,580 1,480 1,820 680
    Oak, California black
    (Quercus Kelloggii) . . . . . . . . . . Oreg., Calif. 106 .57 40 8,700 990 2.28 8,800 3,300 1,440 1,470 770
    Oak, canyon live
    .
    (Quercus chrysolepsis) . . . . . . Calif. 62 .77 54 12,900 1,610 3.15 13,000 6,110 2,260 2,290 -
    Oak, chestnut
    (Quercus montana) . . . . .. . . . Tenn.
    . 72 .66 46 13,300 1,590 2.88 18,600 4,420 1,040 1,490 -
    Oak, Gambel
    (Quercus gambelli) .... . ..... Ariz.
    . 61 .73 51 8,500 680 2.30 14,100 - 2,070 - -
    Oak, laurel
    (Quercus laurifolia) . . . .... La.
    .. 84 .63 44 12,600 1,690 2.02 14,700 4,640 1,310 1,830 790
    Oak, live
    (Qiiercus virginiane) .. ....... Fla. 50 .89 62 18,400 1,980 2.19 21,300 5,120 3,510 2,660 1,010
    Oak, northern red
    (Quercus borealis) ........... Ark., Ind., La., N.H., 80 .63 44 14,300 1,820 2.33 17,600 4,580 1,250 1,780 800
    Tenn.
    Oak, Oregon white
    (Quercus garryana) .. . .... . Oreg.
    .. 72 .72 50 10,300 1,100 2.28 11,900 3,960 2,110 2,020 830
    Oak, pin
    . . Mass.
    (Quercus palzistris) . , . . .... 75 .63 44 14,000 1,730 2.22 12,300 4,620 1,260 2,080 1,050
    Oak, post
    . Ark., La.
    (Querczis stellata) . . . . . .. .. . 69 .67 47 13,200 1,510 2.25 17,600 3,700 1,760 1,840 780
    Oak, scarlet
    .. . . .. .. Mass.
    (Querctrs coccinea) . . . 65 .67 47 17,400 1,910 2.92 16,100 5,550 1,380 1,890 870
    Oak, southern red
    . . ... . La.
    (Quercus falcata) . ... . . 90 .59 41 10,900 1,490 1.44 15,300 2.910 1,080 1,390 510 ~

    (continued) cn
    c.
    (pdilflf/U03)
    009'01 161 OZI'I 000'6 IC SP' L9
    - OC'Z OII'I 000'11 OP LS. 66
    000'8 86' 001'1 008'9 CZ CF' ZII
    - SZI W'I 009'01 LC CS. 11
    OOP'81 6VC OIO'Z 00L'LI ZS PL' 8s
    OOP'L 1 18'2 OFL7 OOL'CI 9P 99 C9
    oos's 88 OS8 OOC'S PZ tC' I8
    002'9 P6 09s OOL'P LZ 6'2' PCI
    - IC
    009'51 19'Z 006'1 WS'P1 8P 69 P6
    OOI'LI LZZ 08L'I OOZ'SI 8P 89' 89
    OOE'ZZ 882 osoz OOL'LI 0s ZL' PL
    006'FZ 60's 08Z'Z 001'81 LP 89' 8L
    000'61 891 OLL'I 006'CI LP L9' 9L
    'p
    - 9 E.z
    5 sa
    -
    0
    82
    0
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    Fiu1puq
    pedq
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    ) 0311Nn NI NMOtlF) SClOOMCltlVH A 0 SZlIl.tl3dOkld l V 3 I N V H 3 3 N - - ' L E Z 318Vl.
    -
    lo
    5 T A B L E 237.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HARDWOODS GROWN I N U N I T E D S T A T E S (concluded)
    H Static bending
    i
    z
    Impact Compression
    t! *. .i*. bending
    -0
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    ". Common and botanical name material
    Serviceberry, downy
    (Ainelanchier arborea) . . ... . . Tenn. 48 .74 52 16,900 1,880 3.44 21,000 6,340 1,790 1,590 -
    Silverbell, Carolina
    (Halesia Carolina) ... . ....... " 70 .45 32 8,600 1.320 1.46 13,300 3,580 680 1,180 480
    Sourwood
    (Oxydendrum arboreum) .... . '' 69 .55 38 11,600 1,540 2.44 17,200 4,400 1,080 1,500 520
    Sugarberry
    (Celtis laevigata) .. ......... Mo.
    , 62 .51 36 9,900 1,140 2.18 11,600 3,970 1,240 1,280 -
    Sumach, staghorn *
    . . .. .... Wis.
    (Rhus typhina) . . .. . . 45 .47 33 10,200 1,190 2.81 - - 1,010
    Sweetgum
    (Liquidambar styraciflua) .... Mo. 81 .49 34 11,900 1,490 2.57 16,800 4,700 860 1,610 800
    Sycamore, American
    (Platanus occidentalis) .... . .. Ind., Tenn. 83 .49 34 10,000 1,420 1.66 10,500 3,710 860 1,470 720
    Tupelo, black ; blackgum
    .. . . .... Tenn.
    (Nyssa sylvatica) . . .. 55 .so 34 9,600 1,200 2.54 14,500 3,470 1,150 1,340 500
    Tupelo, water
    (Nyssa aquatica) ..... ....... La., Mo. 97 .so 35 9,600 1,260 2.41 12,500 4,280 1,070 1,590 700
    Walnut, black
    . . .... KY.
    ( J ~ g l a n snigra) . . , . .. . . 81 .55 38 14,600 1,680 3.70 16,400 5,780 1,250 1,370 6990
    Walnut, little *
    (Jiiglans rupestris) . .. ....... Ariz.. 67 .57 40 14,200 1,480 2.60 11,100 - - - -
    Willow, black
    (Salix nigra) ......... ....... Mo., Wis. 139 .37 26 6,200 720 1.94 7,700 2,020 480 1.050 460
    Willow, Pacific
    (Salix lasiaiadra) .. . ... .. ..... Oreg. 105 .44 31 8,500 1,310 1.37 11,000 3,120 630 1.160 530
    Witch-hazel *
    (Hamamelis virginiana) . .. .. . Tenn. 70 .61 43 15,200 1,460 3.17 - - 1,370
    Y ellow-poplar
    (Liriodeitdron tulipifera) .... . Ky., Tenn. 61 .40 28 9,200 1,500 1.43 13,500 3,550 580 1,100 520
    lu
    Ul
    G,
    v)
    T A B L E 238.-MECHANICAL P RO PER TIES OF S O F T WOODS G R O W N I N U N I T E D S T A T E S **
    2
    I
    0
    v)
    Static bending
    z '

    D
    2 Impact Compression
    bending , -A- f

    Place of growthof
    Common and botanical name material tested
    Alaska-cedar
    .
    (Chaniaecgparis noofkatensis) Alaska, Oreg. 38 .44 31 11,100 1,420 2.06 12,200 5,210 770 1,130 360
    Baldcypress
    (Taxodium distichrim) . . ......
    La., Mo. 91 .46 32 10,600 1,440 2.15 10,400 4,470 900 1,000 270
    Douglas-fir (coast type)
    (Pseudotsiiga taxifolia) .. . . . ..
    Wash., Oreg., Calif. 36 .48 34 11,700 1,920 1.96 12,700 6,450 910 1,140 300
    Douglas-fir (intermediate type)
    ..
    (Pseitdotsiiga taxifolia) .... . Mont., Idaho, Calif. 48 .44 31 11,200 1,640 1.87 11,600 5,540 920 1,130 340
    Douglas-fir
    - (Rocky Mountain
    type)
    . . ..
    (Pseudotsiiga taxifolia) . . . Wyo., Mont. 38 .43 30 9,600 1,400 1.60 12,100 4,660 820 1,070 330
    Fir., aloine
    = -
    (Abies lasiocarpa) . . . . .... ....
    Colo. 47 .33 23 7,100 900 - 7,000 3,740 600 1,020
    Fir, balsam
    (Abies balsamea) . . .. .. .. ....
    Wis. 117 .36 25 7,600 1,230 1.23 7,800 3,970 380 710 180
    Fir, California red
    (Abics magtzijica) . .. . . . ....
    .. Calif. 116 .39 27 10,800 1,540 1.48 10,900 4,160 650 1,090 390
    Fir, corkbark
    (Abies lasiocarpa arisonica) . N. Mex. .. 62 .30 21 6,900 1,030 1.09 8,200 3,820 470 840 280
    Fir, grand
    (Abies grandis) . . . . Mont., Oreg. 94 .40 28 9,300 1,630 1.22 12,000 4,420 620 930 240
    Fir. noble
    (jlbies procera) . . . . . . . . ......
    Oreg. 36 .38 26 10,100 1,580 1.59 11,200 4,960 640 980 220
    Fir, Pacific silver
    (Abies amab i l k ) . .. .. ........
    Wash. 66 .38 27 9,400 1,530 1.40 11,400 4,660 490 1,050 -
    Fir, white
    (Abies concolor) ... ...... ....
    Calif., N.Mex. 115 .37 26 9,300 1,380 1.72 10,800 3,590 600 930 260
    Hemlock, eastern
    . . . ...
    (Tsicga cartadensis) . . . . . Wis., Tenn., N.H., Vt. 111 .40 28 8,900 1,200 1.79 10,700 4,020 800 1,060
    * * For reference, see footnote 7 7 , p. 246.
    (continued)
    lA
    5 TABLE 238.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOFT WOODS GROWN IN UNITED STATES (continued)
    -I
    I
    lA
    0 Static bending
    I
    z
    D c
    P
    Impact
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    Compression
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    ic

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    m Common a n d botanical name
    Place of growth of
    material tested SL &>" 'y-
    0:
    d g"eX>
    w*- t-"**-
    ccg>
    lA
    Hemlock, mountain
    (Tsuga wcrteitsiaiia) . . . . . . . . . Mont., Alaska 62 .47 33 11,200 1,320 2.36 13,300 4,620 1,030 1,230 320
    Hemlock, western
    .
    (Tsiiga hctcropltylla) . . . . . . . . Wash., Alaska, Oreg. 74 .42 29 10,100 1,490 1.82 12,400 5,340 680 1,170 310
    Incense-cedar, California
    (Libocedriis decurrens) .. . . . . . Oreg., Calif. 108 .37 - 8,000 1,040 1.67 9,600 4,760 730 880 270
    Juniper
    (Junifirrzts pachyphloea) . . . . . . Ariz. 40 .51 36 6,700 650 2.74 5,600 - 1,700 - -
    Larch. western
    ( L a r k occidciitalis) . . . . . . . . Mont., Idaho, Wash.
    . . 58 .55 38 13,900 1,960 1.99 15,600 5,620 980 1,410 430
    Pine, eastern white
    ( P h i s strobits) . . ... .... ... .. Wis., Minn.. N. H. 73 .35 25 8,600 1,240 1.51 9,700 3,670 510 900 310
    Pine, jack
    (Piitits baiiksiaiia) . . . . . .. . .. . . Wis., Minn. 60 .43 30 9,900 1,350 1.43 12,200 3,380 600 1,170 420
    Pine, Jeffrey
    . . . . .... Calif,
    (Piizirs j r ffrey i ) . . . . . . 101 .40 28 9,300 1,240 2.43 12,500 4,240 790 1,210 380
    Pine. limber *
    ..
    (P'iriirs flcxilis) . . .. . .. ... . . N. Mex. 68 .40 28 9,100 1,170 2.13 11,400 - 720 800 220
    Pine, loblolly
    (Piriiis tacda) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fla., Md.. N. C., S. C., 81 .51 36 12,800 1,800 1.92 12,100 4,820 980 1,370 470
    Pine, lodgepole Va.
    ..
    ( P h i s c,oiifor.tnlatifolio) . . . . \$'yo., colo., Mont. 65 .41 29 9,400 1,340 1.97 9,600 4,310 750 880 290
    Pine, longleaf
    (Piriifs pa[itsfr-is) . . . . . . . . . . . . . La., Jliss., Fla., S. C. 63 .58 41 14,700 1,990 2.44 15,400 6,150 1,190 1,500 470
    Pine, pitch
    (Piriits rigido) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tenn., Mass. 79 .49 31 10,800 1,430 1,62 12,600 3,960 1,010 1,360 480
    * Nenger data, may not be fully representative of species.
    (cortfiitircd)
    v)
    L
    TABLE 238.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOFT WOODS GROWN IN U N I T E D STATES (continued) tu
    C n
    Static bendins!
    L

    zD
    2
    c
    Impact
    bending , -
    Compression
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    25
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    -
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    I-
    Common and botanical name
    Place of growth of
    material tested gL egg
    in
    $2 g:
    CI Pine, pond
    ..
    (Piriirs rigida scrotina) . . . . . Fla. 56 .54 38 11,600 1,750 2.21 13,200 6,300 1,120 1,380 360
    Pine, ponderosa
    .
    (Piiiirs poriderosa) . . . . . . . . . . Colo., Wash., Ariz., 91 .40 28 9,200 1,260 1.85 9,800 4,060 740 1,160 400
    Mont.. Calif.
    Pine, red
    .. .
    (Piriirs rcsiriosa) . . . . . . . . .. Wis., Minn. 92 .44 31 11,000 1,630 1.77 13,400 4,160 650 1,210 460
    Pine, sand
    (Piiiirs clairsa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fla. 36 .48 34 11,600 1,410 1.83 12,400 3,900 1,030 1,100 300
    Pine, shortleaf
    (Piitirs cschinata) . . . . . . .. .. . . . Ark., La., N. C., N. J., 81 .51 36 12,800 1,760 1.93 13,600 5,090 1,000 1,310 470
    Ga.
    Pine, slash
    .
    (Pitrirs caribaea) . . . . . . . . . . . . Fla., La, 66 .61 43 15,900 2,060 2.76 15,800 6,280 1,390 1,730 570
    Pine, sugar
    .
    (Piriiis laiiibcrtiaiza) . . . . . . . . . Calif. 137 .36 25 8,000 1,200 1.53 10,700 4,140 590 1,050 350
    Pine. Table-Mountain
    . . ....
    (Piriiis piirigeiis) . . . . . . . Tenn. 75 .52 36 11,600 1,550 2.30 14,200 4,260 1,210 1,200 360
    Pine, western white
    .
    (Pitiits iiiotificola) . . . . . . . . . . . Mont., Idaho 54 .38 27 9,500 1,510 1.47 11,900 4,480 540 850 -
    Pinyon
    . .
    (Pintis cdirlis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ariz. 60 .51 36 9,400 1,100 1.64 12,100 3,400 990 1,510 580
    Port-or ford-cedar
    (Charriardgparis lawsottiaria) .. Oreg. 43 .42 29 11,300 1,730 1.97 13,500 5,890 760 1,080 400
    Redcedar, eastern
    (Jiiitipcriis virgittiaiia) , . . . . . . . Vt. 35 .47 33 8,800 880 1.01 8,500 - 1,140 - -
    Redcedar, southern
    .
    (Jztriijcriis silicic,ola) . . . . . . . . Fla. 26 .44 31 9,400 1,170 1.88 10,200 5,190 1,000 750 -
    (continiced)
    ln
    TABLE 238.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES O F SOFT WOODS GROWN IN U N I T E D STATES (concluded)
    Static bending

    8
    g
    42

    .-G ,
    C'ylyl
    3
    Eo $22 ed
    C E
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    D Place of growth of .'" w
    &
    ;
    :>"z .&g
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    -
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    Ln
    Common and botanical name material tested go> $2
    Redcedar western
    (Thuja plicata) .. .. .. ....... Mont., Alaska, Wash. 37 .33 23 7,700 1,120 1.44 8,600
    Redwood (second growth,
    openly grown)
    (Seqitoia sempervireiis) ... .. .. Calif. 146 .30 21 6,400 760 1.35 6,800 2,660 550 860 240
    Redwood (second growth,
    closely grown)
    (Scqiroia sempervireiu) .. .. ... Calif. 112 .34 24 8,300 1,120 1.50 9,100 3,750 640 930 280
    Redwood (virgin)
    (Sequoia sentpcrvivens) .. . . ...Calif. 112 .40 28 10,000 1,340 2.04 10,200 4,550 860 940 240
    Spruce, black *
    (Picea maviaiia) .. . . . . . . .. . ...N. H. 38 .40 28 10,300 1,530 1.34 13,400 4,520 650 1,030 --
    Spruce, Engelrnann
    (Picea eiiaclmannii) . . . . . . ... . Mont.. Idaho. Colo. 80 .34 24 8,700 1,280 1.34 10,400 3,589 540 1,030 350
    Spruce, red-
    . . . . . .. .
    (Picca rrtbeiis) . . . . . .. Tenn., N. H. 43 .38 28 10,200 1,520 1.73 11,900 4,610 580 1,080 350
    Spruce, Sitka
    (Picea sifcheirsia) . . . . . . .. .
    . .. Wash., Alaska, Oreg. 42 .40 28 10,200 1,570 1.62 11,400 4,780 710 1,150 370
    Spruce, white
    (Picea glarica) . . .... ... ...... N. H., Alaska, Wis. 50 .40 28 9,800 1,340 1.76 10,300 3,700 570 1,080 360
    Tamarack
    . .. . . .
    fLarix laviciiia ) . . . . . . . . Wis. 52 53 37 11,600 1,640 2.19 12,500 4,780 990 1,280 400
    White-cedar, Atlantic
    .
    (Chanaecvbaris thy,oides) . . . . N. H., N. C. 35 .32 23 6,800 930 1.46 7,600 2,740 500 800 220
    White-ceda;,. northern
    ....
    f Thti ia occideictalis) . . . . . . Wis. 55 .31 22 6,500 800 1.72 7,100 2,630 380 850 240
    yew, P x i f i c
    . . . .. . .
    (Taxits brcvifolia) . . . . . Wash. 44 .62 44 15,200 1,350 3.59 12,100 4,730 2,110 2,230 - N
    cn
    U
    255
    T A B L E 239.-DENSITY I N g/cm3 A N D I N Ib/ft3 O F D I F F E R E N T K I N D S
    O F WOOD

    Wood is to be seasoned and of average dryness. See also Tables 237 and 238.

    WlIOll

    A 1tle r .............. .42. .68


    g/cm'J Ib/ft3
    2642
    Wood
    Lancewood . . . . . . . . . .68-1 .00
    a/cni'' .......
    42-62
    A111)le .............. .66- .84 41-52 Lignum vitae ....... 1.17-1.33 73-83
    Ash ................ .65- .85 40-53 Linden or limetree .. .32- .59 20-37
    Balsa ............... <Cork Locust ............. .6 7- 71 . 42-44
    Bamboo ............ .31- 40 . 19-25 Logwood ............91 57
    Basswood Mahogany, Honduras . .65 41
    (See Linden) Mahogany, Spanish . . .85 53
    Beech .............. .70- .90 43-56 Maple .............. .62- .75 39-47
    Birch .... .51- .77 32-48 Oak ................ .6 0- .90 37-56
    Blue gum ........... 1.00 62 €'car-tree ........... .61- .73 38-45
    BOX ................ .95- 1.16 59-72 Pine, eastern white ... .35- S O 22-3 1
    Bullet-tree .......... 1.05 65 Pine, larch .......... SO- .56 31-35
    Butternut . . . . . . . . . . . .38 24 Pine. pitch .......... .83- .85 52-53
    Cedar .............. .49- .57 30-35 Pinc, red ........... .48- .70 3044
    Cherry ............. .70- .90 43-56 Pinc, Scotch ........ .4 3- .53 27-33
    14-16 Pine, spruce ........ .48- .70 3044
    47 Pine, yellow ........ ,37- .60 23-37
    Ebony .............. 1.1 1-1.33 69-83 Plum-tree .......... .C6- .78 4149
    ................ .54- .60
    E I in 34-37 Poplar ............. .35- .5 22-31
    58-65 Satinwood . . . . . . . . . . .95 59
    Hazel .......... 3749 Sycamore ........... .40- .60 24-37
    37-58 Teak, African . . . . . . . . 98 61
    47 Teak, Indian ........ .66- .88 41-55
    64 Walnut ............. .6 4- .70 4043
    Juniper . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 35 Water gum ......... 1.00 62
    Laburnum . . . . . . . . . . .92 57 Will ow ............. .40- .60 24-37

    T A B L E 240.-DENSITY (g/cm3) O F S O M E F O R E I G N WOODS O N T H E


    AMERICAN M A R K E T *
    Almon ....................... 464 Olive ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 .
    Balsa ........................ 11
    Boxwood. West Indian ........ .83- .88 Padouk ...................... .89- 1.29
    Bullet.wood, Guiana ......... 1.03-1.23 Prima Vera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
    Carreto ...................... 84 Purple-heart ................. .72- .97
    Cedar, Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 . Quebracho ................... 1.25
    Cocobola .................... 1.20 Rosewood, Brazil ............. 77- 3 4
    Cocus ....................... 1.25 Rosewood. Honduras ......... 1.09-1.23
    F i s t ic ........................ 68 Sabicu ...................... .90- .96
    Koa .......................... 83 Snakewood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.05-1.33
    Lauaan, red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Tamarind .................... 1.32
    Mahogany, African . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Tanguile .... .......... .47- .51
    Mahogany, .E. Indian . . . . . . . . . . .38 Wallaba ..................... .93- .94
    Mora ........................ 1.07-1.09 Zebrawood .................. 1.03
    Oak. English ................ .60- .78

    Table prepared I)y W . N . Watkins. U . S. National Museum .

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    259
    TABLES 241-253.-TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, VOLUME, AND
    W E I G H T RELATIONS OF GASES AND VAPORS
    T A B L E 241.-SIMPLE GAS L A W S
    Any amount of gas completely fills the space in which it is confined. The pressure it
    exerts upon the confining walls depends upon the temperature. A quantity of gas can
    not be specified by volume only ; all three factors-volume, temperature, and pressure-
    must be stated. The relations between these three factors are expressed by means of the
    following equation,
    @=KT (1)
    in which p , n, and T represent simultaneous values of the pressure, volume, and absolute
    temperature of any definite quantity of gas, while K is a constant, the numerical value of
    which depends upon the quantity of gas considered and the units in which pressure, volume,
    and temperature are measured.
    While the behavior of gases at atmosphcric pressure closely approximates the equa-
    tion ( l ) , the relation is not exact. The expansion of air is nearer one-272d of its volume at
    273.16"K per degree. For most practical purposes such errors may be neglected.
    If we take weights of gases proportional to their molecular weights, a new relation of
    the greatest importance develops: The .zalitc of tke constotit in eqirafiott (1) is t h e sattie
    for each gas. I t is customary to use as the unit of quantity, the mol, the number of grams
    of gas equal to the molecular weight. When 1 mol is the quantity considered, the resulting
    value of K is designated R.
    V a l u e s of R i n P V = R T f o r one mol of i d e a l gas.-1 bar = 10" dyne/cm2= 0.987
    atm. 1 kg/cmZ=0.968 atm. Gram molar volume of ideal gas a t O"C=22,414.1 cm3.
    Pound molar volume of ideal zas at 32"F=359.05 ft'. Ice point, O0C=273.16"K;
    3 2 ° F = 491.7"R. 1 liter = 1000.027 cm'.

    Temperature in degrees Kelvin, " K (per gram mol)


    Pressure Volume Energy R
    calories 1.98719
    "C + 273.16" abs joules 8.3144
    atm cm' 82.057
    atm 1 .08206
    bar 1 .08315
    kg/m2 1 847.87
    kg/cm2 1 .084787
    mmHg 1 62.365

    Temperature in degrees Rankin, "R (per pound mol)


    Pressure Volume Energy R
    "F + 459.7" Btu 1.98588
    hp-hr .00078047
    kw-hr ,00058189
    atm ft3 .73008
    cmHg f tS 55.486
    inHg ft8 21.845
    Ib/in.' abs f t3 10.729
    Ibl'in.2 abs in? 18540.2

    With the mol the unit of quantity, N the number of mol of gas, equation (1) becomes
    fiv = NRT (2)
    By the use of equation (2), the above table, and a table of molecular weights, the solution
    of any problem involving volumes, temperatures, pressures, and weights of gases is
    very simple.
    M i x t u r e s of gases.-Any quantity of gas fills the space in which it is confined and
    exerts a pressure upon the confining walls. If an additional quantity is added, the pressure
    is increased in direct proportion to the quantity added. One can regard the pressure
    exerted by each portion of the total quantity of gas as independent of the presence of the
    rest. This is true if the second portion of gas is different chemically from the first (Dalton's
    law), provided the gases do not react chemically.
    (continired)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    260 T A B L E 241.-SIMPLE GAS L A W S (concluded)

    Vapor pressure and the effect of vapor pressure upon the measurement of gas.-
    If a volatile liquid is introduced, a portion evaporates and exerts a pressure on the con-
    fining walls. The amount evaporated and the pressure exerted are independent of the
    presence of any other gas. If there is enough so that not all evaporates and if time is
    allowed for equilibrium, the pressure is independent of the volume of space and of the
    amount of liquid left unevaporated; but it does depend upon the temperature. For each
    volatile liquid there is therefore a definite saturation pressure o r vapor pressure cor-
    responding to every temperature. See Tables 360-369.
    When any gas is in contact with a volatile substance, the measured pressure is the
    pressure exerted by the gas plus the vapor pressure of the volatile material. With no
    change of temperature, this vapor pressure remains constant no ,matter how we change
    the total pressure. Hence for the purposes of volume conversion the saturated gas may
    be considered as a dry gas, the pressure of u-hich is the partial pressure of the gas, or its
    equivalent, the difference between the total pressure and the saturated vapor pressure of
    the volatile material.

    T A B L E 242.-VOLUME CONVERSIONS, FACTOR 2, FOR H I G H PRESSURES *


    In the measurement of gases at high pressures the quantity PV is no longer constant
    at constant teicpcrature but varies with the pressure by amounts that differ for each gas.
    PV
    Consequently the relation 1-
    Vl' - pzvzno longer holds. As a correction factor, 2 =
    RTi
    ~

    RTa
    -
    RT
    is given for different values of some one or more of the variables. The values of Z for
    different gases as given i n the table a r e for different pressures and temperatures. The
    values extend to pressures of 100-200 atm and to temperatures of 200°C. Values of this
    factor of hydrogen for temperatures ranging from 16°K to 600°K and for pressures
    rangin.- from a small fraction of an atmosphere (.01) to 100 atm are given in Table 254.
    P a r t 2?7b The value of this factor can be calculated for a wide range of pressures using
    the data given i n some of the following tables.
    This tables gives values of volumc correcting factor Z ( V = 1 at 1 atm pressure and
    0°C).

    Air Argon
    7 Neon
    Atm 0°C 50°C 100°C 200°C <O"C 50°C 1OO'C 200°C 0°C

    '0 .9952 .9997 1.0021 1.0C61 .9921 .9973 1,0000 1.0023 1.0045
    23 .9877 .9987 1.0044 1.0084 .9784 9 1 8 ,9984 1.0044 1.0119
    50 .9782 .9996 1.0100 1.0177 .9577 .9842 ,9971 1.0084 1.0235
    75 .9722 1.002 1.0191 1.0277 .9403 .9783 .9971 1.0138 1.0358
    100 .9712 1.0077 1.0253 1.0382 .9262 .9746 .9990 1.0197 (1.0492)
    Helium Hydrogen Oxygen
    A
    7
    -
    Atm 0°C 50°C 100'C ' 0°C 50°C 100'C 200°C' '0°C 20°C 50°C 100 C
    10 1.0050 1.0042 1.0035 1.0062 1.0056 1.0051 1.0042 ,9908 .9933 .9965 .9993
    25 1.0129 1.0108 1.0092 1.0156 1.0141 1.0127 1.0105 .9771 .9835 . W 8 .9980
    50 1.0260 1.0218 1.0185 1.0316 1.0285 .1.025.5 1.0209 ,9562 .9685 .9831 .9968
    75 1.0392 1.0329 1.0279 1.0480 1.0429 1.0384 1.0315 .9378 - .9771 .9971
    100 1.0524 1.0440 1.0372 1.0646 1.0575 1.0514 1.0419 .9231 - .9733 .9983
    200 - - - 1.1333 1.1168 1.1036 1.0839 _ - - -
    Atm
    - 0°C
    Nitrogen
    50°C 100°C
    ,
    0°C
    Methane
    50°C
    A
    1OO'C 200°C
    10 .9975 1.0015 1.0035 .978 ,989 .993 .999
    50 .9835 1.0035 1.0125 .883 .941 .971 .997
    100 .9835 1.0145 1.0295 .781 ,896 .951 ,998
    150 1.0015 1.0385 1.0546 (.730) .873 .943 1.004
    200 - 1.0686 1.0836 - .873 .950 1.020

    Adapted from data furnished hy J. Hilsenrath. National Eureau of Standards.


    '8 Woolley, Scott, and Brickwedde, Nat. Bur. Standards Res. Pap. R P 1932, vol. 41, 1948.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    26 1
    T A B L E 243.-RELATIVE GAS V O L U M E S A T V A R I O U S PRESSURES
    (Deduced by Cochrane, from the pv curves of Amagat and other observers.)
    Relative volumes when the pressure is reduced from the value given at the head of the
    column to 1 atmosphere; see also Nat. Bur. Standards Circ. 279.

    Relit:ve v o h m e the gas will occupy when the pressure is


    reduced to atmospheric from
    Gas /-----
    ,L_

    (Temp. = 16°C) 1 atm 50atm 100atm 120atm 150atm 200atm


    “Perfect” gas ............. 1 50 100 120 150 200
    Helium ................... 1 ... 94.6 112.5 141 ...
    Hydrogen ................ 1 48.5 93.6 111.3 136.3 176.4
    Nitrogen .................. 1 50.5 100.6 120.0 147.6 190.8
    Air ...................... 1 50.9 101.8 121.9 150.3 194.8
    Argon ...................... ... 106.3 127.6 161 ...
    Oxygen .................. 1 ... 105.2 ... ... 212.6
    Oxygen (at O”C).. ......... 1 52.3 107.9 128.6 161.9 218.8
    Carbon dioxide ........... 1 69 477” 485* 498* 515*
    Carbon dioxide is liquid at pressures greater than 90 atmospheres.

    T A B L E 244.-VAN D E R WAAL’S C O N S T A N T S FOR I M P E R F E C T GASES .iD


    Van der Waal developed an equation to represent the pressure, temperature, and volume
    relation of a real gas. One form of this equation is
    [ P + u(+) ’1 (V - nb) = nRt
    n = number of molecules
    ( V - n b ) = effective voluxe
    a = internal pressure constant [(dynes/cmz) X (cm3/mol) 1
    b = reduction in effective volume ( V ) per molecule (cma/mol)
    P (dynes/cm*), V (cm3/mol), R, and T have their usual meanings.
    The value of these constants ( a and 6) for various gases are given in the table. If Van der
    Waal’s equation were correct, V,/3 = 6 ( V , critical volume).
    79 Slater, J. C., Introduction to chemical physics, page 408, 1939, McCraw-Hill Book Co. Used by
    permission of the publishers.
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    262
    T A B L E 244.-VAN D E R WAAL'S C O N S T A N TS F O R I M P E R F E C T GASES (concluded)

    Molecular
    volume of Electric
    Gas Formula a b Vc/3 liquid moments
    Neon .............. N e 0.21x10'2 17.1 14.7 16.7 ox10-'8
    Helium ............ H e .035 23.6 20.5 27.4 0
    Hydrogen ......... H2 0.25 26.5 21.6 26.4 0
    Nitric oxide ....... NO 1.36 27.8 19.1 23.7
    Water ............. HzO 5.53 30.4 18.9 18.0 1.85
    Oxygen ............ 0 2 1.40 32.2 24.8 25.7 0
    Argon ............. A 1.36 32.2 26.1 28.1 0
    Ammonia .......... KH3 4.22 36.9 24.2 24.5 1.44
    Kit rogen .......... Na 1.36 38.3 30.0 32.8 0
    Carbon monoxide ... co 1.50 39.7 30.0 32.7 0.10
    Krypton ........... K r 2.35 39.7 36.0 38.9 0
    Hydrogen chloride . . HCl 3.72 40.7 29.8 30.8 1.03
    Nitrous oxide ...... NZO 3.61 41.1 32.3 44.0 .25
    Carbon dioxide ..... COI 3.64 42.5 32.8 41.7 0
    Methane ........... CH. 2.28 42.6 32.9 49.5 0
    Hydrogen sulfide ... H S 4.49 42.7 35.4 .93
    Hydrogen bromide . H B r 4.51 44.1 37.5 .78
    Xenon ............. Xe 4.15 50.8 38.0 47.5 0
    Acetylene .......... C.H. 4.43 51.3 37.5 50.2 0
    Phosphine ......... 4.69 51.4 37.7 49.2 .55
    Chlorine ........... 6.57 56.0 41.0 41.2 0
    Sulfur dioxide ..... 6.80 56.1 41.0 43.8 1.61
    Ethylene ........... 4.46 56.1 42.3 49.3 0
    Silicon hydride ..... 4.38 57.6 47 0
    Methylamine ....... 7.23 59.6 44.5 1.31
    Ethane ............ 5.46 63.5 47.6 54.9 0
    Methyl alcohol ..... 9.65 66.8 39.0 40.1 1.73
    Methyl chloride .... 7.56 64.5 45.4 49.2 1.97
    Methyl ether ....... 8.17 72.2 1.29
    Carbon hisulfide .... 11.75 76.6 67.5 59.0
    Ilimethylamine ..... 9.77 79.6 66.2
    Propylene ......... 8.49 82.4 69.0 0
    Ethyl alcohol ....... 12.17 83.8 41.0 57.2 1.63
    Propane ........... 8.77 84.1 75.3 0
    Chloroform ........ 15.38 102 77.1 80.2 1.05
    Acetic acid ........ 17.81 106 57.0 56.1
    Trimcthylamine .... 13.20 108 89.3
    iso-Butane ......... 13.10 114 96.3
    Benzene ........... 18.92 120 85.5 86.7 0
    ti-Butane .......... 14.66 122 96.5 0
    Ethyl ether ........ 17.60 134 94.0 100 1.2
    Triethylamine ..... 27.5 183 139
    Naphthalene ....... 40.3 193 112 .69
    ti-Octane .......... 37.8 236 1G2 162 0
    Decane ............ 49.1 289 195 0

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    263
    T A B L E 245.-CORRECTING FACTORS: S A T U R A T E D GA S V O L U M E T O
    V O L U M E A T 760 mmHg A N D 0 ° C "
    Multiply observed volumes of saturated gas by factor to correct to volumc of dry gas at
    760 mmHg pressure (0°C)

    Tem-
    pera- Pressure mmHg
    Iy) 715 720 725 730 735 740
    A

    745 750 755 760 765 770


    5" .916 .922 .928 .935 .942 .948 .954 .961 .967 .974 .980, .986
    6 .912 .918 .924 ,931 .937 ,944 .950 .957 .963 ,970 .976 .982
    7 .908 .914 .920 .927 .933 .940 ,946 .952 .959 .965 .972 .978
    8 904 .910 .916 .923 .929 .936 .942 .948 .955 .961 967 .974
    9 .900 .906 .912 .919 .925 .932 ,938 .944 .951 -957 .963 .970

    10 396 .902 ,908 .915 .921 .928 .934 .940 .946 .953 .959 .966
    11 .892 398 .904 .911 .917 .924 .920 ,936 .942 .949 .955 .962
    12 .888 394 .900 .907 ,913 ,919 ,925 .932 .939 .945 ,951 .957
    13 .884 290 .896 .903 .909 .915 .921 .928 .934 .940 .947 .953
    14 .880 .886 ,892 .a99 .905 .911 ,917 .924 .930 .936 .942 .949
    15 A76 382 ,888 395 901 .907 ,913 .920 .925 .932 .938 .944
    16 ,872 278 .884 .890 396 .903 .939 .915 .921 .928 .934 ,940
    17 368 374 ,880 .886 ,892 298 .YO5 ,911 .917 .923 .929 .936
    18 .864 370 275 .882 .888 394 .900 ,907 .913 .919 .925 .931
    19 .85Y 265 .871 378 ,884 390 396 .902 .908 .915 .920 .927
    20 .a55 361 .867 .a74 279 ,886 .892 398 .904 .910 .916 .922
    21 .851 .a57 363 .869 ,875 381 387 .a93 .a99 .906 .912 .918
    22 .a47 .a53 .858 ,865 271 ,877 .883 .888 394 .901 ,907 .913
    23 .842 248 .a54 360 ,866 ,872 378 .884 390 297 .903 .909
    24 .838 344 349 .856 .862 .868 .a74 .880 386 392 .898 .904

    25 .a33 239 .a45 ,851 357 263 ,869 A75 .881 388 393 399
    26 329 835 341 347 .a53 .a59 ,865 371 ,877 383 389 395
    27 324 330 336 .842 ,848 ,854 ,860 366 ,872 378 384 .890
    28 320 825 331 .a37 ,843 .a49 355 261 367 ,873 379 .885
    29 .815 321 326 .832 238 344 350 356 .862 368 374 .880
    30 310 316 222 328 233 340 245 ,851 357 ,863 .869 375
    31 .a05 .811 317 323 .829 .a35 ,840 ,846 .852 .858 364 .870
    32 .a00 .SO6 312 318 323 330 335 .84 1 347 .a53 359 365
    33 .795 .so 1 207 ,813 318 A24 ,830 .836 342 .848 .a53 360
    34 .790 .796 301 307 313 219 ,825 231 ,837 242 348 354

    35 .785 .790 .796 .a02 .SO8 314 .819 225 331 337 .a43 .a49
    36 .780 .785 .791 .797 302 ,808 ,814 220 $26 332 .836 343
    37 .774 .780 .785 .791 .797 303 ,809 214 320 326 832 .838
    38 .769 .774 .780 .786 .791 ,796 ,803 .SO9 .814 320 .826 ,832
    39 .763 .768 .774 .780 .785 .790 .7Y7 .SO3 A09 314 220 .826
    40 .756 .763 .768 .774 .780 ,786 ,792 .797 .SO3 ,809 A14 320
    41 .751 .757 .762 .768 .774 .780 .786 .791 .797 .803 .SO8 314
    42 .745 .751 .756 .762 .768 ,774 ,779 .785 ,791 .796 .a02 .508
    43 .739 .745 .750 .756 ,762 .767 .773 .779 .784 .790 .796 802
    44 .733 .738 .744 ,750 .755 .761 .766 .772 .778 .784 .789 .795

    45 .726 .732 .737 .743 .749 .754 .760 .766 .771 .777 .783 .788
    46 .720 .725 .731 .737 .742 .748 .754 ,759 .765 .770 .776 .782
    47 .713 .719 .724 .730 .735 .741 .746 .752 ,758 .764 .760 .775
    48 .706 .712 .717 .723 .728 .734 ,739 .745 .751 .756 .762 .768
    49 .700 .705 .710 .716 .721 .727 .732 .738 .744 .750 .755 .761

    Abridged from Nat. Bur. Standards Circ. 279, 1926.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    264 T A B L E 246.-COMPRESSlBILlTY OF GASES
    P a r t 1.-Ordinary temperatures

    As a measure of the compressibility, it is customary to use a coefficient,


    +
    1 A = ~ , V O / P I V I , ~ O V Obeing at 0°C.
    H* 1 +A = .99939 k .03001 co 1 + A = 1.00081
    Nz 1.00044 .00001 cot 1.OM68
    0 2 1.000094 .000013 Nz0 1.00747
    He .99948 .000005
    Ne .99951 .000025
    A 1.00099 .000026

    P a r t 2.-Low temperatures
    pv = 1 for O"C, 1 atmosphere

    Helium Hydrogen
    A A

    t"C
    P P
    Density
    atm OU Density t"C atm PU
    .oo 26.66 1.0146 26.28 .OO 32.313 1.0188 31.715
    38.95 1.0196 38.20 " 44.119 1.0266 43.284
    58.58 1.0294 56.91 -103.57 38.41 .6376 38.41
    -103163 24.13 ,6337 38.07 .58 51.49 .6433 80.04
    49.96 .6479 77.08 -204.70 16.75 .2404 69.68
    -269.69 .232 .01126 20.63 37.00 .2316 159.7
    .353 .01041 33.92 44.63 .2300 194.0
    -270.52 .0308 ,00911 3 381 -257.26 ,06698 .05783 1.1582
    "
    .0649 .00858 7.535 .I3153 .057104 2.3031
    Neon Argon
    r
    A
    , A.

    P P
    t"C atm PV Density t"C atm pu Density
    .n
    ._ 23-06 i.nn~9 21 -237 .O 20.58 .9856 20.88
    " 30.79 1.0147 30.34 " 31.57 .9774 32.30
    " 84.66 1.0408 81.35 -102.51 14.86 .5813 25.57
    -200.1 61.66 ,2337 763.8 45.09 .4706 95.80
    79.92 .2293 348.6 62.24 .3939 158.01
    -217.5 49.93 .1393 358.5 -130.38 1277 .4663 27.39
    ' 64.97 .I269 511.8 -155.62 11.99 .4262 28.12
    ' 79.42 .I256 632.2 -149.60 11.15 .3821 29.18
    Oxygen Nitrogen
    A
    r
    P P
    t"C atm PU Density t"C atm PU Density
    0 20.92 .9813 21.32 0 33.14 ,9886 33.52
    49.79 .9573 52.01 43.08 .9860 43.70
    - 80.03 21.01 .6550 32.09 58.63 .9834 59.62
    "
    34.18 .6213 55.02 - 81.10 30.17
    45.47
    .6516
    .6270
    46.13
    72.52
    61.88 ,5464 13.23
    -116.01 22.30 .4835 46.12 56.71 .6109 92.84
    ' 43.95 .3541 124.1 -146.32 22.92 .3340 68.62
    "
    55.05 .1667 330.2 30.14 .2656 113.48
    36.49 .lo58 344.5

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    265
    T A B L E 247.-RELATlVE V O L U M E S FOR 0,AIR, N, A N D H A T V A R I O U S
    PRESSURES A N D T E M P E R A T U R E S
    (Volume at 0°C and 1 atm being taken as 1,000,000)

    Oxygen Air Nitrogen Hydroge


    - v
    Atm
    w--
    0' 990.5 1990.5 5-%G%z 0" 99O.5 199O.6 0- 990.3 200'.5
    100 9265 - - 9730 - - win - -
    200 4570 7000 9095 SOSO 2360 9430 519s 7445 9532 5690 7567 9420
    300 3208 4843 6283 3658 5170 6622 3786 5301 6715 4030 5286 6520
    400 2629 3830 4930 3036 4170 5240 3142 4265 5331 3207 4147 5075
    500 2312 3244 4100 2680 3565 4422 2780 3655 4515 2713 3462 4210
    600 2115 2867 3570 2450 3180 3883 2543 3258 3973 2387 3006 3627
    700 1979 2610 3202 2288 2904 3502 2374 2980 3589 2149 2680 3212
    800 1879 2417 2929 2168 2699 3219 2240 2775 3300 1972 2444 2900
    900 1800 2268 2718 2070 2544 3000 2149 2616 3085 1832 2244 2657
    1000 1735 2151 - 1992 2415 2828 2068 - - 1720 2093

    T A B L E 248.-RELATlVE V A L U E S O F PV FOR E T H Y L E N E

    pv at 0'C and 1 atm = 1


    7-
    Atm
    46
    48
    -00

    -
    10'
    ,562
    ,508
    20'
    .684
    -
    -
    30"

    -
    40"
    -
    -
    60' 80' 100'

    -
    137O.5

    -
    198O.5

    -
    50
    52
    54
    .176
    -
    -
    ,420
    ,240
    .229
    .629
    .598
    .561
    -
    .731
    -
    .814
    -
    -
    1.192
    -
    1.374
    -
    -
    1.652
    -

    56 -_ 227 .524 -- - - -_ - - -
    100 .310 .331 .360 .403 .471 .668 .847 1.005 1.247 1.580
    150 .441 .459 .485 .515 .551 .649 .776 .924 1.178 1.540
    200 ,565 .585 .610 .638 .669 ,744 .838 .946 1.174 1.537
    300 A06 .827 .852 .878 .908 .972 1.048 1.133 1.310 1.628
    500 1.256 1.280 1.308 1.337 1.367 1.431 1.500 1.578 1.721 1.985
    1000 2.289 2.321 2.354 2.387 2.422 2.493 2.566 2.643 2.795

    T A B L E 249.-RELATIVE V A L U E S O F PV FOR CARBON D I O X I D E

    Pressure in Relative values of pv at-


    metersof , A
    mercury 18.2'C 35.1 40.2 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 1OO.O"C
    30 liquid 2360 2460 2590 2730 2870 2995 3120 3225
    50 - 1725 1900 2145 2330 2525 2085 2845 2980
    80 625 750 825 1200 1650 1975 2225 2440 2635
    110 825 930 980 1090 1275 1550 1845 2105 2325
    140 1020 1120 1175 1250 1360 1525 1715 1950 2160
    170 1210 1310 1360 1430 1520 1645 1780 1975 2135
    200 1405 1500 1550 1619 1705 1810 1930 2075 2215
    230 1590 1690 1730 ixno
    ~ . 1x90
    . ~ i99n 2090 2210
    ~~~. 2340
    260 1770 1870 i920 1985 2070 Ziki 2265 2375 2490
    290 1950 2060 2100 2170 2260 2340 2440 2550 2655
    320 2135 2240 2280 2360 2440 2525 2620 2725 2830
    Relative values of pv: fiv at 0°C and 1 atm = 1
    I -
    Atm Oo 10' 20" 30" 40" 60' 80" 100' 137' 198' 258"
    50 ,105 .114 ,680 .775 .750 ,984 1.096 1.206 1.380 -- --
    100 202 .213 229 .255 .309 .661 373 1.030 1.259 1.582 1.847
    150 295 ,309 .326 ,346 ,377 .485 ,681 378 1.159 1.530 1.818
    300 .559 .578 299 .623 .649 .710 ,790 ,890 1.108 1.493 1.820
    500 391 .913 .938 .963 .990 1.054 1.124 1.201 1.362 1.678 --
    1000 1.656 1.685 1.716 1.748 1.780 1.848 1.921 1.999 - - -

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    2G6 TABLE 250.-COMPRESSIBILITY OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
    Original volunic 100000 under one atmosphere of prcssure and the temperature "C of the
    cspcrinicnts as indicated at the top of the different columns.

    C w r e \ i w d i n g voliinie for ex- I'rcs9,ure in atmospheres for ex.


    i n t i iniciits :it temperature- iwrlnienls at leni~~erature-
    s'x0.o WO.6 183O.i Volunle SX".O 99".6 183O.2 '

    10 8560 9140
    I2 0360 7800 10000 - 9.60 -
    14 4040 6420 9000 9.60 10.35 -
    16 5310 8000 10.40 11.85 -
    18 4405 7000 11.55 13.05 -
    ~.
    20 4030 m
    ._ n __12.30 14.70 -
    24 3345 5000 13.15 16.70 -
    28 2780 3180 4000 14.00 20.15 -
    32 2305 2640 3500 14.40 23.00 -
    36 1935 2260 3000 26.40 29.10
    40 1450 2040 2500 30.15 33.25
    50 - 1640 2000 35.20 40.95
    60 - 1375 1500 39.60 55.20
    70 1130 1000 - 76.00
    80 930 500 - 117.20
    90 790
    100 680
    120 545
    140 430
    160 325

    TABLE 2 5 1 . P O M P R E S S l B l L l T Y O F AMMONIA
    Original volume 100000 under one atmosphere of pressure and the temperature "C of the
    cxperiments as indicated at the top of the different columns.

    ('t,rrcsiinnding vnlume for ex- Pressure in atmospheres for experiments


    Irrinients at temperature- at temperature-
    Volume
    46O.6 99O.6 183O.6 30O.2 46O.6 99O.6 183".0
    10 9500 loo00 8.85 9.50 -
    12.5 724s 7635 9000 9.60 10.45 -
    15 5880 6305 - 8000 10.40 11.50 12.00 -
    LO 4645 4875 7000 11.05 13.00 13.60 -
    25 3560 3835 6000 11.80 14.75 15.55 -
    .3() 2875 3185 5000 12.00 16.60 18.69 19.50
    35 2140 2680 4000 - 18.35 22.70 24.00
    10 2080 2345 3500 - 18.30 25.40 27.20
    4s 1795 2035 3000 - - 29.20 31.50
    SO 1490 1775 2500 - - 34.25 37.35
    55 1250 1590 2000 - - 41.45 45.50
    60 975 1450 1500 - - 49.70 58.00
    70 1245 1000 - - 59.65 93.60
    80 1125
    90 1035
    100 950

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 2 5 2 . P O M P R E S S l B l L l T Y O F GASES U N D E R H I G H P R E S S U R E S 267
    Actual volumes rest upon Arnagat's doubtful values at 3000kg/cma. Densities at highest pres-
    sures indicate that the molecules or atoms are very nearly in contact in the sense of the kinetic
    theory.
    Hydrogen Nitrogen
    , Vol. change Vol. change Volume at
    cm3 g from
    3000 kg/cmz
    ->..- r-/L-
    Volume
    cma/g pv Vol.cm'/mol +-.
    at 68°C
    C d /
    ,-*,
    68'C
    pv
    kg/cmz 30°C 65°C 30'C 65'C 68C cd/g mol cm3/g 6$C
    3000 .on .oo i i . ~12.17 3.18 2.3.47 24-53 .om .no 1.290 36.13
    . .- . 4.58
    .. . ..
    4000 1% iii4 i0.52 ii.03 3183 ZIl21 22124 :O89 2:49 i2oi 33.61 5.82'
    5000 1.84 1.88 9.80 10.29 4.50 19.76 20.74 ,152 4.25 1.138 31.88 6.89
    7000 2.77 2.88 8.87 9.29 5.65 17.88 18.73 .234 6.56 1.056 29.57 8.95
    10000 3.63 3.68 8.01 8.49 7.29 16.15 17.12 ,308 8.61 .982 27.52 11.91
    13000 4.32 4.21 7.32 7.96 8.66 14.76 16.05 .357 10.00 .933 26.13 14.70
    ... . .. . ..

    -
    15000 ... ... . .. .382 10.70 .908 25.43 16.50
    Helium
    7 7 Ammonia
    Total Volume at Vol. change
    Vol. vol. 65°C at 55°C Vol. change
    change change A
    ,-r PV at 30°C
    cm3/g 30.95O cm3/ at cm3/
    kg/cm2 65°C cd/g cm3/g mol 65°C cm3/g gatom kg/cmz cd/g cm3/mol
    3000 .OO ,613 5.54 22.16 2.31 ,000 .oo 1000 -327 -14.1
    4000 .77 .598 4.77 19.08 2.64 .049 1.96 2000 -.217 - 3.70
    5000 1.23 .589 4.31 17.24 2.99 .085 3.39 3000 .000 .oo
    7000 1.77 ,581 3.77 15.08 3.66 .134 5.34 5000 +.200 +
    3.41
    10000 2.22 ,576 3.32 13.27 4.60 .180 7.18 7000 ,310 5.28
    13000 2.48 .572 3.06 12.24 5.52 .209 8.34 10000 ,409 6.97
    15000 2.60 .570 2.94 11.76 6.11 .224 8.94 12000 ,461 7.85

    "Bridgman, P. W., Proc. Amer. Acad. . l r t s and Sci., vol. 59, p. 173, 1924.

    T A B L E 253.-GAGE P R E S S U R E (Ib/in.z) T O A T M O S P H E R E S ( A B S O L U T E ) *

    Ib/in.Z 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
    0 1.oo 1.68 2.36 3.04 3.72 4.40 5.08 5.76 6.44 7.12
    100 7.80 8.48 9.17 9.85 10.53 11.21 11.89 12.57 13.25 13.93
    200 14.61 15.29 15.97 16.65 17.33 18.01 18.69 19.37 20.05 20.73
    300 21.41 22.09 22.77 23.45 24.14 24.82 25.50 26.18 26.86 27.54
    400 28.22 28.90 29.58 30.26 30.94 3 1.62 32.30 32.98 33.66 34.34
    500 35.02 35.70 36.38 37.r)G 37.74 38.42 39.1 1 39.79 40.47 41.15
    600 41.83 42.51 43.19 43.87 44.55 45.23 45.91 46.59 47.27 47.95
    700 48.63 49.31 49.99 50.67 51.35 52.03 52.71 53.39 54.08 54.76
    800 55.44 56.12 56.80 57.48 58.16 58.84 59.52 60.20 60.88 61.56
    900 62.24 62.92 63.60 64.28 64.96 65.64 66.32 67.00 67.68 68.36
    1,000 69.04 69.73 70.41 71.09 71.77 72.45 73.13 73.81 74.49 75.17
    1,100 75.85 76.53 77.21 77x9 78.57 79.25 79.93 80.61 81.29 81.97
    1,200 82.65 83.34 84.01 84.70 85.38 86.06 86.74 87.42 88.10 88.78
    1,300 89.46 90.14 90.82 91.50 92.18 92.86 93.54 94.22 94.90 95.58
    1,400 96.27 96.95 97.63 98.31 98.98 99.67 100.3 101.0 101.7 102.4
    1,500 103.1 103.8 104.4 105.1 105.8 106.5 107.1 107.8 108.5 109.2
    1,600 109.9 110.6 111.3 111.9 112.6 113.3 114.0 114.6 115.3 116.0
    1,700 116.7 117.4 118.0 118.7 119.4 120.1 120.8 121.4 122.1 122.8
    1,800 123.5 124.2 124.8 125.5 126.2 126.9 127.6 128.2 128.9 129.6
    1,900 130.3 131.0 131.6 132.3 133.0 133.7 134.4 135.0 135.7 136.4
    2,000 137.1 137.8 138.4 139.1 139.8 140.5 141.2 141.9 142.5 143.2
    2,100 143.9 144.6 145.2 145.9 146.6 147.3 148.0 148.7 149.3 150.0
    2,200 150.7 151.4 152.1 152.7 153.4 154.1 154.8 155.5 156.1 156.8
    2,300 157.5 158.2 158.9 159.5 160.2 160.9 161.6 162.3 162.9 163.6
    2,400 164.3 165.0 165.7 166.3 167.0 167.7 168.4 169.1 169.8 170.4
    2,500 171.1 171.8 172.5 173.2 173.8 174.5 175.2 175.9 176.6 177.2
    2,600 177.9 178.6 179.3 180.1) 180.6 181.3 182.0 182.7 183.4 184.0
    2,700 184.7 185.4 186.1 186.8 187.4 188.1 188.8 189.5 190.2 190.8
    2,800 191.5 192.2 192.9 193.6 194.2 194.9 195.6 196.3 197.0 197.7
    2,900 198.3 199.0 199.7 200.4 201.1 201.7 202.4 203.1 203.8 204.4
    Taken from Nat. Bur. Standards Circ. 279, 1926.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    268
    T A B L E S 254260.-THERMAL PROPERTIES O F G A S E S
    The properties given in Tables 254 and 256-255 are taken from a series of
    tables of thermal properties of gases heing compiled at the National Bureau oi
    Standards at the suggestion of and with the cooperation of the National Ad-
    visory Committee for Aeronautics. T h e functions in these tables have been ex-
    pressed in dinlensionless form in order that they may be converted readily to
    any system of units. Conversion factors are listed for the most often used
    units. F o r more extensive data on various gases reference should be made to
    these
    Adapted from NBS-NACA Tables on thermal properties of gases, July 1949.
    Joseph Hilsenrath, Heat and Power Division, National Bureau of Standards.

    T A B L E 254.-PROPERTIES OF MOLECULAR HYDROGEN


    Part 1.-Density, p/po

    T "K/P .C1 a:m .1 atm 1 atm 10atm 100atm T "R


    20 .13679 1.3792 36
    50 ,054671 ,54710 5.5112 59.510 90
    100 ,027333 ,27333 2.7338 27.379 258.83 180
    150 .018222 .18220 1.8211 18.117 168.78 270
    200 .013666 .13665 1.3657 13.574 127.01 360
    250 ,010933 .lo932 1.0927 10.863 102.35 450
    300 .ow1110 .091100 ,91055 9.0575 85.896 540
    350 ,0078094 .078086 ,78055 7.7682 74.086 630
    400 .0068332 .068332 .68298 6.8006 65.165 720
    450 .0060740 .060740 ,60715 6.0474 58.185 810
    500 .0054666 .054666 S4644 5.4448 52.563 930
    550 .0049696 .04%96 .49676 4.9518 47.941 990
    600 .0045555 .045555 .45541 4.5400 44.070 1080

    having the
    To convert dimensions
    tabulated indicated multiply
    value of to below by
    PIP0 P g cm-' 8.98854)<10-~
    g liter-' 39888
    lb in.-' 3.24734)<10-'
    lb ft-' 5.61 140x 1O-'

    Part 2.-Compressibility factor, 2 =PV/RT

    T "K/P .01 atm .1 atm 1 atm 10 atm 100 atm T 'R


    20 .9991 9909 36
    50 .9999 992 .9919 .9186 90
    100 1.0000 1.ow0 998 .9983 1.0560 180
    150 1.oooo 1.0001 1.0006 1,0058 1.0796 270
    200 1.OM0 1.ooo1 1.0007 1.0068 1.0760 360
    250 1.woo 1.0001 1.0006 1.0065 1.0682 450
    300 1.OoOo 1.oO01 1.0006 1.0059 1.0607 540
    350 1.0000 1.0001 1.0005 1.0053 1.0541 630
    400 1.om0 1.OoOo 1.0005 1.0048 1.0486 720
    450 1.oooo 1.oooo 1.OM4 1.0044 1.0439 810
    500 1.oooo 1.0000 1.OW4 1.W40 1.0400 900
    550 1.0000 1.moo 1.0004 1.0036 1.0366 990
    600 1.0000 1.OoOo 1.0003 1.0034 1.0377 1080

    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    269
    T A B L E 254.-PROPERTIES OF M O L E C U L A R H Y D R O G E N (concluded)
    P a rt 3.-Values of R for hydrogen for temperatures in OK

    Pressure
    Density atm kg/cm2 mmHg Ib/im2
    g/cm3 40.7027 42.0551 30934.0 598.167
    mole/cm3 82.0567 84.7832 62363.1 1205.91
    mole/liter .0820544 .0847809 62.3613 1.20557
    Ib/ft3 .651994 .673658 495.515 9.58171
    Ib molejft3 1.31442 1.35809 998.959 19.3167

    T A B L E 255.-DENSITY O F GASES A N D VAPORS **


    The following table gives the density as the weight in grams of a liter (normal liter) of the
    gas at 0a.C. 76 cmHg pressure. also the weight in Ib/ft3. and standard gravity 930.655 cm/sec'
    (sea level. 45" latitude). the specific gravity referred to dry. carbon-dioxide-free air. and to pure
    oxygen. Dry. carbon-dioxide-free air is of remarkably uniform density ; Guye. Kovacs. and
    Wourtzel found maximum variations in the density of only 7 to 8 parts in 10.000. For highest
    accuracy pure oxygen should be use 3. as the standard gas for specific gravities. Observed densities
    are closely proportional to the molecular weights .

    Weight of normal
    Specific gravity
    Molecular liter in ft3 in
    Gas Formula weight grams pounds Air E 1 02= 1
    Acetylene ............. CaH. 26.036 1.173 .07323 .912 .825
    Air ................... . - 1.2920 .0835 1.000 .9047
    Ammonia ............. NH3 17.032 .7598 .04742 .5963 25395
    -4rgon ................ A 39.944 1.782 .1112 1.3787 1.2482
    Arsene ............... ASH^ 77.93 3.48 .217 2.69 2.434
    Butane-iso ............ G H m 58.12 2.673 .1669 2.067 1.870
    Butane-n ............. CIHm 58.12 2.519* .15725* 2.085* 1.8868*
    Carbon dioxide ........ co. 44.01 1.9630 .1225 1S29O 1.3834
    Carbon monoxide ...... co 28.010 1.2492 .0779 .9671 .8750
    Carbon oxysulfide ..... cos 60.076 2.72 .170 2.10 1.90
    Chlorine .............. c12 70.914 3.1638 .1974 2.486 2.249
    Chlorine monoxide .... c120 86 914 3.E9 .243 3.01 2.721
    Ethane ............... CaHa 30.065 1.3566 .08469 1.0493 .9493
    Ethylene .............. CaHI 28.052 1.2604 .07860 .9749 .8820
    Fluorine .............. F2 38.00 1.6954 .1058 1.311 1.187
    Helium ............... H e 4.003 .1785 .01114 .1381 .1249
    Hydrogen ............ H2 2.016 .08985 .005611 .06952 .06290
    Hydrogen bromide ..... H B r 50.924 3 6104 .2252 2.8189 2.5503
    Hydrogen chloride .... HCI 36.465 1.6269 .1016 1.2678 1.1471
    Hydrogen iodide ....... HI 127.93 5.7075 .3562 4.480 4.052
    Hydrogen selenide ..... H S e 80.976 3.670 .229 2.839 2.568
    Hydrogen sulfide ...... Has 34.082 1.5203 .0949 1.190 1.077
    Krypton .............. K r 83.7 3.7365 .2332 2 868 2.595
    Methane .............. CH. 16.042 .7152 .0446? .5544 5016
    Methyl chloride ....... CHsCl 50.491 2.3076 .1440 1.7825 1.6125
    Methyl ether .......... (CHx3)ZO 46.068 2.1098 .13171 1.6318 1.4764
    Methyl fluoride ....... CHzF 34.034 1.5452 .09646 1.1951 1.0813
    Mono methylamine ....
    CHsNHa 31.058 1.396 .08715 1.080 .9769
    Neon ................. Ne 20.183 .9005 .05621 A963 .63004
    Nitric oxide ........... N O 30.008 1.3388 .0836 1.0366 .9378
    Nitrogen (chem.) .....
    N. 28.016 1.2499 .07803 .9672 .8751
    Nitrogen (atm) .......
    - 1.2568 .07846 .9722 .8795
    Nitrosyl chloride ...... NOCl 65.465 2.992 .1868 2.314 2.094
    Nitrous oxide ......... NaO 44.016 1.9638 .123255 1.5297 1.3840
    Oxygen ............... 0 2 32.000 14277 .08915 1.10527 1.0000
    Phosphine ............ PH3 34.004 1S294 .09548 1.1829 1.0702
    Propane .............. C ~ H P 44.094 2.020 .1261 1.562 1.414
    Silicon tetrafluoride ... SiF. 104.06 4.684 .2924 3.623 3.278
    Sulfur dioxide ......... so* 64.066 2.858 .1784 2.2638 2.0482
    Xenon ................ Xe 131.3 5.8579 .3657 4.525 4.094
    .
    * * For reference. see footnote 4 5 . p 136
    * A t 710 mmHg.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    270
    T A B L E 256.-THERMAL PROPERTIES OF D R Y AIR ( I D E A L GAS S T A T E )

    Specific Specific
    heat En th a l p y Entropy heat E nthalpy Entropy
    ( H a- E," ) ( H "-E,' )
    "K
    -
    CP"
    R RT.3
    S"
    -
    R "K
    -
    CPO
    R RTO
    s.
    R
    400 3.5305 5.1182 24.9301
    10 3.5009 .1238 12.0382 410 3.5349 5.2476 25.0173
    20 3.4941 .2518 14.4622 420 3.5397 5.3771 25.1026
    30 3.4926 .3796 15.8748 430 3.5447 5.5067 25.1859
    40 3.4918 SO75 16.8832 440 3.5499 5.6366 25.2675
    50 3.4915 .6353 17.6633 450 3.5555 5.7667 25.3473
    60 3.4914 ,7631 18.2990 460 3.5613 5.8969 25.4255
    70 3.4914 .89W 18.8367 470 3.5673 6.0274 25.5022
    80 3.4913 1.0188 19.3034 480 3.5735 6.1581 25.5773
    90 3.4913 1.1466 19.7145 490 3.5799 6.2891 25.6511
    100 3.4913 1.2744 20.0824 500 3.5865 6.4202 25.7235
    110 3.4914 1.4022 20.4152 510 3.5933 6.5517 25.7946
    120 3.4914 1.5300 20.7190 520 3.6003 6.6833 25.8644
    130 3.4914 1.6578 20.9984 530 3.6075 6.8153 25.9330
    140 3.4914 1.7856 21.2572 540 3.6149 6.9475 26.0005
    150 3.4915 1.9134 21.4980 550 3.6224 7.0799 26.0669
    160 3.4916 2.0413 21.7234 560 3.6300 7.2127 26.1323
    170 3.4916 2.1691 21.9351 570 3.6377 7.3456 26.1966
    180 3.4917 2.2969 22.1346 580 3.6456 7.4790 26.2599
    190 3.4919 2.4247 22.3234 590 3.6535 7.6126 26.3223
    200 3.4922 2.5526 22.5026 600 3.6615 7.7465 26.3838
    210 3.4924 2.6804 22.6729 610 3.6696 7.8807 26.4444
    220 3.4927 2.8083 22.8354 620 3.6778 8.0152 26.5041
    230 3.4932 2.9362 22.9907 630 3.6860 8.1500 26.5630
    240 3.4937 3.0641 23.1394 640 3.6943 8.2851 26.621 1
    250 3.4945 3.1920 23.2820 650 3.7027 8.4205 26.6785
    260 3.4953 3.3199 23.4191 660 3.71 11 8.5562 26.7351
    270 3.4963 3.4479 23.5510 670 3.7195 8.6922 26.79 10
    280 3.4975 3.5759 23.6782 680 3.7279 8.8285 26.8461
    290 3.4989 3.7040 23.8009 690 3.7363 8.9651 26.9006
    300 3.5005 3.8321 23.9196 700 3.7447 9.1021 26.9544
    310 3.5024 3.9603 24.0344 710 3.7531 9.2393 27.0076
    320 3.5044 4.0885 24.1456 720 3.7614 9.3768 27.0601
    330 3.5068 4.2169 24.2535 730 3.7698 9.5147 27.1121
    340 3.5093 4.3453 24.3582 740 3.7782 9.6528 27.1634
    350 3.5122 4.4738 24.4600 750 3.7865 9.7913 27.2142
    360 3.5153 4.6024 24.5590 760 3.7947 9.9301 27.2644
    370 3.5186 4.7312 24.6553 770 3.8030 10.0692 27.3141
    380 3.5224 4.8601 24.7492 780 3.81 12 10.2085 27.3632
    390 3.5263 4.9891 24.8408 790 3.8194 10.3482 27.4118
    400 3.5305 5.1182 24.9301 800 3.8275 10.4882 27.4599

    Conversion factors
    To convert tahulated having t h e dimensions multiply
    value of to indicated below by
    C,"/R, S"/R C,".S" cal mol-' 'K-'(or OC-') 1.98719
    cal g-' OK-' (or "C-') .0686042
    joules g' OK-' (or "C-') ,287040
    Btu (Ih mol)-' "R-' (or O F - ' ) 1.98588
    Btu Ib-' "R-' (or OF-') .0685590
    (continited)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    27 I
    T A B L E 256.-THERMAL P R O P E R T I E S OF D R Y A I R ( I D E A L GAS S T A T E )
    (concluded)
    Specific Specific
    heat Enthalpy Entropy heat Enthalpy Entropy

    'K
    -
    R
    CPO
    ( H '-Eo" )
    S"
    -
    R "K
    C,"
    -
    R
    ~
    (HO-E,")
    RTO
    -
    S"
    RTO R
    800 3.8275 10.4882 27.4599 1900 4.3337 27.1375 31.0047
    850 3.8670 11.1924 27.6931 1950 4.3452 27.9318 31.1 175
    900 3.9049 11.9037 27.9152 2000 4.3561 28.7281 31.2276
    950 3.9409 12.6218 28.1273 2050 4.3666 29.5264 31.3353
    1000 3.9750 13.3463 28.3303 2100 4.3767 30.3267 3 1.4407
    1050 4.0070 14.0769 4.3864 31.1287 31.5438
    1100 4.0371 14.8131 4.3958 31.9324 31.6147
    1150 4.0653 15.5547 4.4048 32.7379 31.7436
    1200 4.0917 16.3013 4.4135 33.5449 312405
    1250 4.1166 17.0525 4.4219 34.3536 31.9355
    1300 4.1398 17.8082 29.3953 2400 4.4301 35.1637 32.0287
    1350 4.1615 18.5679 29.5519 2450 4.4380 35.9754 32.1201
    1400 4.1820 19.3315 29.7036 2500 4.4456 36i7884 32.2099
    1450 4.2012 20.0988 29.8507 2550 4.4530 37.6028 32.2980
    1500 4.2193 20.8695 29.9935 2600 4.4602 38.4186 32.2845
    1550 4.2364 21.6434 30.1321 2650 4.4672 39.2357 32.4695
    1600 4.2525 22.4203 30.2669 2700 4.4740 40.0540 32.5531
    1650 4.2678 23.2001 30.3979 2750 4.4807 40.8735 32.6353
    1700 4.2823 23.9826 30.5255 2800 4.4871 41.6943 32.7160
    1750 4.2962 24.7678 30.6499 2850 4.4933 42.5162 32.7955
    1800 4.3093 25.5553 30.7711 2900 4.4994 43.3392 32.8737
    1850 4.3218 26.3453 30.8893 2950 4.5053 44.1633 32.9507
    1900 4.3337 27.1375 31.0047 3000 4.5109 44.9884 33.0264

    Conversion factors
    T o convert tabulated having the dimensions multiply
    value of to indicated below by
    ( H "-Eo" ) /RTo (H"--Eo") cal mol-' 542.821
    cal g-' 18.73%
    joules g-' 78.4079
    Btu (lb mol)-' 976.437
    Btu lb-' 33.7098

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    272 T A B L E 257.-THERMAL PROPERTIES O F MOLECULAR N I T R O G E N
    ( I D E A L GAS S T A T E )

    Specific Specific
    heat Enthalpy Entropy heat Enthalpy Entropy
    -E,")
    -
    CPO
    (Ho
    -
    S"
    R "K
    c,o
    R
    (H"-E,")
    RTO
    -
    S"
    K
    "K R RTo
    400 3.5179 5.1257 24.0598
    10 3.5019 .1246 11.1440 410 3.5206 5.2546 24.1467
    20 3.5006 ,2527 13.5707 420 3.5237 5.3835 24.2316
    30 3.5004 .3809 14.9903 430 3.5270 5.5126 24.3154
    40 3.5003 SO90 15.9970 440 3.5306 5.6417 24.3956
    50 3.5003 .6372 16.7781 450 3.5344 5.771 1 24.4750
    60 3.5003 .7653 17.4163 460 3.5386 5.9005 24.5527
    70 3.5003 3934 17.9559 470 3 5430 6.0301 24.6289
    80 3.5004 1.0216 18.4233 480 3.5476 6.1599 24.7035
    90 3.5004 1.1497 18.8355 490 3.5526 6.2899 24.7767
    100 3.5004 1.2779 19.2043 500 3.5578 6.4200 24:8486
    110 3.5005 1.4060 19.5380 510 3.5632 6.5504 24.9191
    120 3.5005 1.5342 19.8426 520 3.5688 6.6809 24.9883
    130 3.5005 1.6623 20.1227 530 3.5747 6.8117 25.0563
    140 3.5006 1.7905 20.3822 540 3.5808 6.9427 25.1232
    150 3.5006 1.9186 20.6237 550 3.5871 7.0739 25.1890
    160 3.5007 2.0468 20.8496 560 3.5936 7.2053 25.2537
    170 3.5007 2.1749 21.0519 570 3.6003 7.3370 25.3173
    180 3.5007 2.3031 21.2619 580 3.6072 7.4689 25.3800
    190 3.5008 2.4312 21.4512 590 3.6142 7.6011 25.4417
    200 3.5008 2.5594 21.6308 600 3.6214 7.7335 25.5025
    210 3.5009 2.6876 21.8016 610 3.6287 7.8662 25.5625
    220 3.5010 2.8157 21.9645 620 3.6362 7.9992 25.6215
    230 3.5010 2.9439 22.1201 630 3.6437 8.1325 25.6798
    240 3.5012 3.0721 22.2691 640 3.6514 8.2660 25.7372
    250 3.5013 3.2002 22.4120 650 3.6591 8.3998 25.7939
    260 3.5015 3.3284 22.5493 660 3.6670 8.5339 25.8498
    270 3.5017 3.4566 22.6815 670 3.6749 8.6683 25.9050
    280 3.5021 3.5848 22.8088 680 3.6829 8.8030 25.9595
    290 3.5025 3.7130 22.9317 690 3.6909 8.9379 26.0133
    300 3.5030 3.8412 23.0505 703 3.6990 9.0732 26.0665
    310 3.5036 3.9695 23.1654 710 3.7071 9.2088 26.1190
    320 3.5044 4.0978 23.2766 720 3.7152 9.3446 26.1709
    330 3.5054 4,2261 23.3845 730 3.7234 9.4808 26.2222
    340 3.5065 4.3544 23.4891 740 3.7316 9.6172 26.2729
    350 3.5078 4.4828 23.5908 750 3.7398 9.7540 26.3231
    360 3.5094 4.6113 23.6896 760 3.7480 9.8910 26.3727
    370 3.51 11 4.7398 23.7858 770 3.7562 10.0284 26.4217
    380 3.5131 4.8683 23.8795 780 3.7643 10.1660 26.4702
    390 3.5154 4.9970 23.9707 790 3.7725 10.3040 26.5183
    400 3.5179 5.1257 24.0598 800 3.7806 10.4423 26.5658

    Conversion factors
    To convert tabulated multiply
    value of to dimensions indicated below tlY

    Cpo/R, S"/R cal mol" OK-' (or "C-') 1.98719


    cal g-' OK-' (or "C-') ,0709305
    joules g' OK-' (or "C-') .296774
    Btu (Ib rnol)-' OR-' (or O F - ' ) 1.98588
    Btu lb-' OR-' (or O F - ' ) .0708837
    (continired)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 257.-THERMAL PROPERTIES O F MOLECULAR NITROGEN 273
    ( I D E A L GAS S T A T E ) (concluded)
    Specific Specific
    beat Enthalpy Entropy heat Entbalpy Entropy
    ( H "-Eon) (HO-E,")
    "K
    -
    C*O
    R RTO
    se
    R "K
    -
    CPO
    R RTO
    -
    S"
    R
    800 3.7806 10.4423 26.5658 2900 4.4460 43.0145 31.9327
    850 3.8207 11.1380 26.7962 2950 4.4503 43.8287 32.0088
    900 3.8596 11.8409 27.0156 3000 4.4545 44.6437 32.0836
    950 3.8970 32.5508 27.2253 3050 4.4585 45.4595 32.1573
    1000 3.9326 13.2674 27.4261 3100 4.4624 46,2759 32.2298
    1050 3.9664 13.9904 27.6188 3150 4.4663 47.0931 32.3013
    1loo 3.9982 14.7193 27.8040 3200 4.4699 47.9109 32.3716
    1150 4.0281 15.4539 27.9824 3250 4.4735 48.7295 32.4409
    1200 4.0562 16.1939 28.1544 3300 4.4770 49.5486 32.5093
    1250 4.0825 16.9388 28.3206 3350 4.4804 50.3684 32.5766
    1300 4.1072 17.6883 28.4812 3400 4.4836 51.1888 32.6430
    1350 4.1303 18.4422 28.6366 3450 4.4868 52.0098 32.7085
    1400 4.1518 19.2002 28.7872 3500 4.4900 52.8314 32.7731
    1450 4.1720 19.9621 28.9333 3550 4.4930 53.6535 32.8368
    1500 4.1909 20.7275 29.0751 3600 4.4960 54.4762 32.8996
    1550 4.2086 21.4963 29.2128 3650 4.4988 55.2994 32.9617
    1600 4.2252 22.2682 29.3467 3700 4.5016 56.1232 33.0229
    1650 4.2408 23.0430 29.4769 3750 4.5044 56.9474 33.0834
    1700 4.2554 23.8206 29.6037 3800 4.5071 57.7722 33.1431
    1750 4.2692 24.6008 29.7273 3850 4.5097 58.5974 33.2020
    1800 4.2821 25.3834 29.8477 3900 4.5123 59.4231 33.2602
    1850 4.2943 26.1684 29.9652 3950 4.5148 60.2493 33.3177
    1900 4.3057 26.9554 30.0799 4000 4.5173 61.0759 33.3745
    1950 4.3166 27.7446 30.1919 4050 4.5197 61.9030 33.4306
    2000 4.3268 28.5356 30.3013 4100 4.5221 62.7306 33.4861
    2050 4.3365 29.3285 30.4083 4150 4.5245 63.5585 33.5409
    2100 4.3457 30.1232 30.5129 4200 4.5268 64.3868 33.5951
    2150 4.3544 30.9194 30.6152 4250 4.5290 65.2156 33.6487
    2200 4.3627 31.7172 30.7154 4300 4.5312 66.0448 33.7017
    2250 4.3705 32.5165 30.8135 4350 4.5334 66.8745 33.7541
    2300 4.3780 33.3172 30.9097 4400 4.5356 67.7045 33.8059
    2350 4.3852 34.1192 31.0039 4450 4.5377 68.5349 33.8572
    2400 4.3920 34.9225 31.0963 4500 4.5398 69.3657 33.9079
    2450 4.3985 35.7270 31.1869 4550 4.5419 70.1968 33.9581
    2500 4.4047 36.5327 31.2759 4600 4.5440 71.0284 34.0077
    2550 4.4106 37.3395 31.3631 4650 4.5460 71.8603 34.0569
    2600 4.4163 38.1473 31.4488 4700 4.5480 72.6927 34.1055
    2650 4.4218 38.9562 31.5330 4750 4.5500 73.5253 34.1536
    2700 4.4270 39.7661 31.6157 4800 4.5520 74.3583 34.2013
    2750 4.4320 40.5769 3 1.6970 4850 4.5540 75.1917 34.2484
    2800 4.4369 41.3886 31.7769 4900 4.5559 76.0255 34.2952
    2850 4.4415 42.201 1 31.8554 4950 4.5579 76.8497 34.3415
    2900 4.4460 43.0145 31.9327 5000 4.5598 77.6941 34.3873

    Conversion factors
    To convert tabulated multiply
    value of to dimensions indicated below bv
    ( H"-L" ) /RTo cat mot-' 542.821
    cal g-' 19.3754
    joules g" 81.0699
    Btu (Ib mol)-' 976.437
    Btu lb-I 34.8528

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    274 TABLE 258.-THERMAL PROPERTIES O F MOLECULAR OXYGEN
    ( I D E A L GAS STATE)

    Specific Specific
    heat Enthalpy Entropy heat Enthalpy Entropy
    (H '-Eo") (HO-E,")
    -
    C"" ~

    -
    S" -
    CP" ___ so
    -
    "K R RTO R "K R RTO R
    400 3.6212 5.1542 25.7140
    10 3.5424 ,1222 12.7490 410 3.7322 5.2869 25.8036
    20 3.5145 ,2513 15.1937 420 3.6435 5.4201 25.8912
    30 3.5077 ,3798 16.5980 430 3.6550 5.5537 25.9771
    40 3.5044 ,5081 17.6256 440 3.G668 5.6877 26.0612
    50 3.5029 .6364 18.4116 450 3.6787 5.8222 26.1438
    60 3.5023 .7646 19.0461 460 3.6907 5.Y571 26.2248
    70 3.5019 3928 19.5837 470 3.7029 6.0924 26.3043
    80 3.5016 1.0210 20.0535 480 3.7151 6.2282 26.3823
    90 3.5015 1.1492 20.4656 490 3.7274 6.3644 26.4591
    100 3.5014 1.2774 20.8348 500 3.7396 6.5011 26.5345
    110 3.5013 1.4056 21.1684 510 3.7520 6.6382 26.6087
    120 3.5013 1.5337 21.4732 520 3.7613 6.7758 26.6817
    130 3.5013 1.6619 21.7534 530 3.7765 6.9138 26.7535
    140 3.5013 1.7901 22.0129 540 3.7887 7.0523 26.8242
    150 3.5013 1.9183 22.2545 550 3.8008 7.1912 26.8938
    160 3.5015 2.0464 22.4804 560 3.8129 7.3306 26.9624
    170 3.5017 2.1 746 22.6927 570 3.8248 7.4701 27.0300
    180 3.5020 2.3028 22.8929 580 3.8366 7.6106 27.0966
    190 3.5025 2.4310 23.0823 590 3.8483 7.7513 27.1623
    200 3.5032 2.5593 23.2619 600 3.8599 7.8924 27.2271
    210 3.5042 2.6875 23.4329 610 3.8713 8.0339 27.2910
    220 3.5056 2.8158 23.5959 620 3.8826 8.1758 27.3540
    230 3.5073 2.9442 23.7518 630 3.8937 8.3181 27.4162
    240 3.5095 3.0726 23.9011 640 3.9047 8.4609 27.4776
    250 3.5122 3.2012 2410444 650 3.9155 8.6040 27.5383
    260 3.5155 3.3289 24.1822 660 3.9262 8.7476 27.5981
    270 3.5193 3.4586 24.3150 670 3.9367 8.8915 27.6572
    280 3.5238 3.5875 24.4430 680 3.9470 9.0358 27.7156
    290 3.5288 3.7166 24.5668 690 3.9571 9.1805 27.7733
    300 3.5344 3.8459 24.6865 700 3.9672 9.3255 27.8303
    310 3.5407 3.9754 24.8025 710 3.9770 9.4709 27.8867
    320 3.5476 4.1051 24.9150 720 3.9866 9.6167 27.9424
    330 3.5551 4.2351 25.0243 730 3.9961 9.7628 27.9974
    340 3.5631 4.3654 25.1305 740 4.0054 9.9093 28.0519
    350 3.5717 4.4960 25.2340 750 4.0145 10.0561 28.1057
    360 3.5807 4.6269 25.3347 760 4.0235 10.2032 28.1589
    370 3.5902 4.8782 25.4329 770 4.0323 10.3507 28.2116
    380 3.6002 4.8898 25.5288 780 4.0409 10.4985 28.2637
    390 3.6105 5.0218 25.6224 790 4.0494 10.6466 28.3152
    400 3.6212 5.1542 25.7140 800 4.0577 10.7950 28.3662

    Conversion factors
    T o convert tahulated multiply
    value of t o dimensions indicated helow by
    cal mol-' OK-' (or OC-')
    c.",s" cal q-' OK-' (or "C-')
    R R joules g-* OK-' (or "C-')
    Rtu Ilh mol)-' OR-' (or O F - ' )
    Btu lb-' OR-' (or OF-')
    (continued)

    SMITHMNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 258.-THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MOLECULAR OXYGEN 275
    ( I D E A L GAS S T A T E ) (concluded)
    S ecific Specific
    teat Enthalpy Entropy heat Enthalpy Entropy

    'K
    cp-
    R
    0
    ~
    (HO-E,')
    R=O
    -R
    S"
    'K
    -
    CP'
    R
    ( H " -Eo")
    RTO
    -
    S"
    R
    800 4.0577 10.7950 28.3662 2900 4.7824 45.2601 34.0470
    850 4.0970 11.5414 28.6134 2950 4.7944 46.1366 34.1289
    900 4.1327 12.2946 28.8486 3000 4.8062 47.0152 34.2096
    950 4.1652 13.0541 29.0729 3050 4.8177 47.8961 34.2891
    1000 4.1948 13.8193 29.2874 3100 4.8291 48.7790 34.3675
    1050 4.2219 14.5896 29.4927 3150 4.8402 49.6640 34.4449
    1100 4.2469 15.3647 29.6897 3200 4.8512 50.5509 34.5212
    1150 4.2698 16.1442 29.8790 3250 4.8619 51.4398 34.5965
    1200 4.2912 16.9278 30.0611 3300 4.8724 52.3307 34.6708
    1250 4.3112 17.7151 30.2367 3350 4.8827 53.2236 34.7442
    1300 4.3300 18.5059 30.4062 3400 4.8929 54.1183 34.8166
    1350 4.3479 19.3002 30.5700 3450 4.9028 55.0148 34.8881
    1400 4.3651 20.0976 30.7284 3500 4.9125 55.9130 34.9587
    1450 4.3815 20.8981 30.8819 3550 4.9220 56.8132 35.0285
    1500 4.3975 21.7016 31.0307 3600 4.9312 57.7150 35.0974
    1550 4.4130 22.5080 31.1751 3650 4.9403 58.6183 35.1654
    1600 4.4282 23.31 71 31.3155 3700 4.9491 59.5233 35.2327
    1650 4.4431 24.1290 31.4519 3750 4.9578 60.4301 35.2992
    1700 4.4578 24.9437 31.5848 3800 4.9662 61.3384 35.3649
    1750 4.4724 25.7609 31.7142 3850 4.9744 62.2482 35.4299
    1800 4.4868 26.5809 31.8404 3900 4:9825 63.1594 35.4941
    1850 4.5011 27.4036 3 1.%36 3950 4.9903 64.0721 35.5576
    1900 4.5153 28.2288 32.0838 4000 4.9979 64.9862 35.6204
    1950 4.5295 29.0565 32.2013 4050 5.0054 65.9022 35.6826
    2000 4.5436 29.8869 32.3161 4100 5.0126 66.8193 35.7441
    2050 4.5576 30.7198 32.4285 4150 5.0197 67.7371 35.8049
    2100 4.5715 31.5554 32.5385 4200 5.0265 68.6561 35.8650
    2150 4.5854 32.3935 32.6462 4250 5.0332 69.5765 35.9245
    2200 4.5993 33.2341 32.7518 4300 5.0397 70.4983 35.9835
    2250 4.6130 34.0771 32.8553 4350 5.0460 71.4217 36.0418
    2300 4.6267 34.9227 32.9568 4400 5.0521 72.3461 36.0995
    2350 4.6404 35.7709 33.0565 4450 5.0580 r/3.2715 36.1566
    2400 4.6540 36.6217 33.1543 4500 5.0638 74.1976 36.2132
    2450 4.6674 37.4747 33.2504 4550 5.0693 75.1246 36.2691
    2500 4.6808 38.3302 33.3449 4600 5.0746 76.0528 36.3246
    2550 4.6940 39.1882 33.4377 4650 5.0797 76.9827 36.3794
    2600 4.7071 40.0487 33.5289 4700 5.0847 77.9135 36.4338
    2650 4.7200 40.9114 33.6187 4750 5.0896 78.8445 36.4876
    2700 4.7328 41.7765 33.7071 4800 5.0943 79.7760 36.5410
    2750 4.7454 42.6440 33.7940 4850 5.0987 80.7086 36.5938
    2800 4.7579 43.5138 33.87% 4900 5.1028 81.6423 36.6461
    2850 4.7703 44.3858 33.9640 4950 5.1068 82.5770 36.6980
    2900 4.7824 45.2601 34.0470 5000 5.1109 83.5122 36.7493

    Conversion factors
    To convert tabulated multiply
    value of to dimensions indicated below by
    H"-EQ" cal mol-' 542.821
    RTo cal g-' 16.9632
    joules g-' 70.9742
    Btu (Ib mol)-' 976.437
    Btu lb-' 30.5137

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    276
    T A B L E 259.-CRITICAL T E M P E R A T U R E S . PRESSURES. A N D D E N S I T I E S
    OF GASES**

    Critical
    temperature
    Substance (0°C)
    Acetvlene .............. 36 62 .231
    Air ................... -140.7 37.2 .35* .31t
    Alcohol ( C2HeO) ...... 243.1 63.1 .2755
    Alcohol (CH. 0 ) ...... 240.0 78.7 .272
    Allylene ............... 128 ... ...
    Ammonia .............. 132.4 115.5 .235
    Argon ................. -122 49.7 .531
    Benzene ............... 288.5 47.7 .304
    Bromine ............... 302 ...
    ... 1.18
    iso-Butane ............. 134 37 ...
    n-Butane .............. 153 36 ...
    Carbon dioxide ......... 31.1 75.5 .46
    Carbon disulfide ....... 273 76 ...
    Carbon monoxide ....... -139 36.2 .311
    Chlorine ............... 144.0 78.7 .573
    Chloroform ............ 263 ... .516
    Cyanogen .............. 128 59 ...
    Ethane ................ 32.1 48.8 .21?
    Ether (ethyl) .......... 193.8 35.5 .2625
    Ethyl chloride .......... 187.2 52 .33
    Ethylene ............... 9.7 50.9 .2159
    Helium ................ -267.9 2.34 .0693
    Hydrogen ............. -239.9 13.2 .0310
    Hydrogen bromide ..... 90 84 ...
    Hydrogen chloride ..... 51.4 84.5 .42
    Hydrogen iodide ....... 151 82 ...
    Hydrogen sulfide ....... 100.4
    Iodine .................
    92
    ...
    ...
    553 ...
    Krypton ............... -63? 56? .78?
    Mercury ............... 1460k20 164050 .5
    Methane ............... -82.5 47.4 .162
    Methyl chloride ........ 143.1 65.8 .37?
    Neon .................. -228.7 26.8 .484
    Nitric oxide ........... -94? 65 .52?
    Nitrogen .............. -147.1 34.7 .3110
    Nitrous oxide .......... 36.5 71.7 .45?
    Oxygen ............... -118.8 51.4 .430
    Phosgene .............. 182 56 .52
    Propane ............... 95.6 43 ...
    Radon ................. 104 64.1 ...
    Silicon hydride ......... -3.5 49.7 ...
    Sulfur ................. 1040 ... ...
    Sulfur dioxide ......... 157.2 80.1 .52?
    Sulfur trioxide ......... 218.3 86.5 .630
    Water ................. 374.0 224.9 .4
    Xenon ................. 16.6 60.2 1.155

    . .
    * * For reference. see footnote 45. p 136
    'Plait point . t Critical point of contact .

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    I
    0
    <
    I?
    c)
    r
    D
    T A B L E PIO.-CONVERSION FACTORS FOR V A R I O U S P R E S S U R E U N I T S *
    4
    D
    (Equivalent value in various units)
    B
    in
    Ln mmHg in.Hg cm water in. water
    dyne/cmt bar 0°C 0°C millibars Ib/in.2 Ib/ft2 g/cm2 20°C 20°C atm
    1 dyne/cm2 =1 10-0 7 5 0 1 ~ 1 0 - ' 2 . 9 5 3 ~ 1 0 - ~ 10-3 1.4506~10-5 2.0883~10-3 1.0197~10-31.0216~10-3 4.022~10-' 9.869xlO"
    (barye)
    1 bar =loo 1 7 . 5 0 0 6 ~109 29.53 1CP 14.51 2.0883 x 103 1 . 0 1 9 7 ~ 1 0 3 1.0216~108 4.022 x lo2 .9869
    1 mmHg =1.3332~103 1.3332~10-3 1 3.937 x 10-2 1.3332 1.9339 x 10-2 2.7847 1.3594 1.3620 .5363 1.3157~104
    (Tor)
    1 in.Hg =3.386x104 3.386 x 10-2 25.400 1 33.864 .4912 70.732 34.530 34.590 13.620 3.3417~10"
    1 millibar =lo3 10-3 .7501 2.953 x 10-2 1 1.4506~10-2 2.0888 1.0197 1.0216 .4022 9.869 x 10-4
    1 Ib/in.2 =6.894xlO4 6.894~10-2 51.71 2.0368 68.95 1 1.44x102 70.30 70.43 27.731 6 . 8 0 4 ~10-2
    1 Ib/ft2 =4.788x 102 4 . 7 8 8 ~10-4 .3591 1.414~10-2 .4788 6.945~10-a 1 ,4882 ,4891 .1926 4.725 x 1 0 4
    1 g/cm2 =9.807x 102 9 . 8 0 7 ~10-4 .7356 2.8961 x 10-1 .9807 1.4226~
    10-2 2.0484 1 1.0018 .3945 9 . 6 7 8 ~10-4
    1 cm water 2O"C=Y.789x1O2 9 . 7 8 9 ~10-4 .7342 2.891~10-2 ,9789 1.4 198 x 10-2 2.0446 .Y981 1 ,3937 9.661 x 10-4
    1 in. water 2OoC=2.486xlO3 2.486 x 10-3 1.865 7.343x 10-2 2.486 3.607~10-2 5.193 2.535 2.5400 1 2.453 x lo-*
    1 atm = 1 . 0 1 3 2 5 ~108 1.01325 7.60 x 102 29.921 1.0133~103 14.70 3.1164 x 103 1 . 0 3 3 2 ~10s 1.0351 x 103 4 . 0 7 5 8 ~102 1

    * T h e table is based primarily upon the following data and assumDtions: a, One atm pressure equals 760 mmHg a t 0°C under standard gravity of 980.665 crn/sec?.
    b, The density of mercury a t 0°C is 13.5951 g/cmS. c, T h e density of water a t 20°C is .99820.

    N
    v
    v
    278
    T A B L E S 261-267.-THE JOULE-THOMSON E F F E C T I N FLUIDS *

    The Joule-Thomson effect is defined as the ratio of the change in tempera-


    ture to the drop in pressure of a fluid driven by the drop in pressure through
    a porous partial blockage in the fluid flow tube. The space between the reading
    thermometers on each side of the porous obstruction is to be isolated as to
    exchange of heat energy but not as to work energy. Nor must the fluid gain a
    significant amount of directed kinetic energy between the thermometers. Under
    these circumstances the Joule-Thomson effect, p= ($)h, where h = u - p v =
    enthalpy, and since p is a function of both t and p , the steps are preferably
    represented as infinitesinials. Since Ap is always negative, p is positive when
    At is negative. For all the gases yet measured, p is zero along a line in the
    fp plane called the inversion line.
    * The material on the Joule-Thomson effect was supplied by J. R. Roebuck, of the Uni-
    versity of Wisconsin.

    T A B L E 261.-THE JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT ON AIR (WATER AND CARBON


    DIOXIDE F R E E ) 83
    p as a function of t and p . t in "C, p in atm, p in "C/atm.

    o/t 0' 25" 50" 75" 100" 1250 150" 2000 2500 280"
    1 atm .2746 .2320 ,1956 .I614 .1355 .I140 .0961 .0645 .0409 .0303
    20 '* .2577 .2173 .I830 ,1508 ,1258 .I060 .0883 .0580 .0356 ,0255
    60 ,2200 .1852 .1571 .1293 .lo62 .0886 ,0732 ,0453 .0254 .O 162
    loo " .1822 .1550 .1310 .I087 .0884 .0731 ,0600 ,0343 .0165 .0073
    140 " .1446 .1249 ,1070 .OR39 ,0726 .0599 .0482 .0250 ,0092 +.0008
    180 " .1C97 .0959 .0829 ,0707 .0580 .0474 ,0376 .0174 +.0027 -.0058
    220 " .0795 .0697 .0609 .0536 .0449 .0366 .0291 ,01115 -.0025 -.0111
    P/t -150' -140' -120.3 -100' -75" -50" -25" 0"
    1 atrn 1.0755 .7370 3395 .4795 ,3910 .3225 .2745
    20 1.0240 .7155 S700 .4555 .3690 ,3010 ,2580
    40 .0710 .4600 .6945 .5370 .4235 .3480 .2805 .2375
    60 .0450 .1125 .5150 .4820 .3835 .3195 .2610 .2200
    80 ,0295 .0685 .2855 .3900 .3360 .2830 2385 .2105
    100 .O 185 .0440 .1535 .2775 .2880 .2505 .2130 .1820
    120 t.0045 .0265 .0940 .1955 .2325 ,2165 .I905 .i620
    140 -.0070 ,0120 .05m ,1360 .1855 .1825 ,1650 ,1450
    160 --.0145 +.0015 .0375 ,0950 ,1435 .I525 .1420 .1250
    180 .-.0255 -.0115 .0200 .0655 .1136 ,1270 .1240 ,1100
    200 -.0330 -.0205 +.0080 ,0440 ,0855 ,1065 .low .0950
    220 -.0405 --.ON -.0030 .0265 .0630 .0880 .0950 .0825
    -
    a Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 60, p. 535, 1025; vol. 64, p. 287, 1930 (both corrected).

    T A B L E 262.-THE JOULELTHOMSON EFFECT ON H E L I U M @

    p as a function to t (and independent of pressure up to 200 atm), f in "C, p in "C/atm.

    t'C -/LXlO? t"C -px10' t"C --pXlO? t"C -fix102 t"C -pXlOZ

    300 5.97 150 6.45 50 6.31 - 50 6.05 -155 5.03


    250 6.29 100 6.38 25 6.24 -100 5.84 -180 4.12
    200 6.41 75 6.35 0 6.16 -140 5.40 -190 3.80

    @ Phys. Rev., vol. 43, p. 60, 1933 (corrected).

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 263.-THE JOULE-THOMSON E F F E C T O N ARGON ed 279
    p as a function of t and p , t in "C, p in atm, p in "C/atm.

    t/P 1 atm 20 60 100 140 180 200


    300" .0643 0507 .0530 .0445 .0370 .0370 .0276
    250 .0980 .0910 .0785 .0665 .0555 .0485 .0468
    200 .1377 .1280 .1102 .0950 .0823 .0715 .0675
    150 .1845 .1720 .1485 .1285 .1123 .0998 .0945
    125 .2105 .1980 .1707 .1480 .1300 .1153 .1100
    100 .2413 .2277 .I975 .1715 .1490 .1320 .1255
    75 .2695 .2557 2285 .1993 .1710 .1505 .1415
    50 .3220 .3015 .2650 .2297 .1947 .1700 .1580
    25 .3720 .3490 ,3077 .2628 .2213 .18SO .1745
    0 .4307 .4080 .3600 .3010 .2505 .2050 .1883
    - 25 SO45 .4805 .4210 .3460 ,2763 .2140 ,1950
    - 50 S960 S720 .4963 .3970 .2840 .2037 .1860
    - 75 .7100 .6895 S910 .4225 .2480 .1537 .1215
    - 87.5 .7780 .7610 .6450 .3910 .1903 .lo27 .0773
    -100 .8605 .8485 .6900 .2820 A137 ,0560 .0395
    -112.5 .9680 .9560 ,6530 .1240 .0515 +.0198 +.0087
    -125 1.112 1.102 .1250 +.0415 +.0090 -.0100 -.0165
    -137.5 1.333 1.342 +.0210 -.0020 --.0203 -.0350 --.0402
    -150 1.812 -.0025 -.0277 -.0403 -.0595 -.0640
    -160 2.385
    -170 3.017
    85 Phys. Rev., vol. 46, p. 785, 1934 (corrected).

    T A B L E 264.-THE JOULE-THOMSON E F F E C T IN N I T R O G E N 86
    p as a function of t and p , t in "C, p in atm, p in "C/atm.

    t/P 1 atm 20 33.5 60 100 140 180 200


    300°C .0140 .0096 .0050 -.0013 -.0075 -.0129 --.0160 --.0171
    250 .0331 ,0256 .0230 +.0160 +.0071 +.0009 -.0037 -.0058
    200 .0558 ,0472 .0430 .0372 .0262 .0168 +.0094 +.0070
    150 .0868 .0776 .0734 .0628 .0482 .0348 ,0248 .0228
    125 .lo70 .0973 .0904 .0786 .0621 .0459 .0347 .0326
    100 .1292 .1173 .1100 .0975 .0768 .0582 .0462 .0419
    75 .1555 .1421 .1336 .1191 .0941 .0740 .0583 .0543
    50 .1855 .1709 .1621 .1449 .1164 .0915 .0732 .0666
    25 .2217 .2060 .1961 .1729 .1400 .1105 ,0874 .0779
    0 .2656 .2494 .2377 .2088 .I679 .1316 .lo15 .0891
    - 25 .3224 .3013 .2854 .2528 .2001 .1506 .1101 .0932
    - 50 .3968 .3734 .3467 ,3059 .2332 .1676 .1120 .0909
    - 75 SO33 .4671 .4318 .3712 .2682 .1735 .lo26 .0800
    - 87.5 ,5710 S247 .4854 .4096 .2808 .1619 .0933 .0733
    -100 .6490 S958 .5494 .4506 .2754 .1373 .0765 .0587
    -112.5 ,7430 .6841 .6208 .4923 .2254 .0932 .0488 .0346
    -125 .8557 .7948 .7025 .4940 .1314 .0498 +.0167 +.0032
    -137.5 9972 .9364 .7964 .2364 .0638 +.0177 -.0181 -.0175
    -150 1.2659 1.1246 .1704 .0601 +.0202 -.0056 --.0211 -.0284
    -160 1.6328 +.0724 +.0311 t.0068 -.0088 -.0175 -.0263 -.0315
    -170 2.0048 --.0108 -.0382
    -180 2.3923

    88 Phys. Rev., vol. 48, p. 45, 1935 (corrected)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    280
    TABLE 265.-THE JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT ON M I X T U R E S O F H E L I U M
    AND ARGON ( p x lo*)
    p as a function of t and p , t in "C, p in atm, p in "C/atm.
    Mixture No:l; H e 75.8 percent, A 24.2 percent
    t "C/# 1 20 60 100 140 180 200
    250 -5.83 -5.95 -6.15 -6.37 -6.56 -6.77 4.85
    200 5.55 5.66 5.90 6.13 6.34 6.55 6.63
    150 5.1 1 5.24 5.52 5.77 5.99 6.21 6.34
    100 4.47 4.61 4.91 5.18 5.45 5.72 5.88
    50 3.61 3.76 4.08 4.40 4.68 5.01 5.19
    0 2.40 2.57 2.92 3.30 3.65 4.03 4.22
    - 50 - .69 - .92 -1.32 -1.75 2.21 2.66 2.82
    -100 +3.37 +2.82 +1.87 + .79 - .14 - .65 - .78
    Mixture No. 2; H e 50.6 percent, A 49.4 percent
    250 -2.81 -3.19 -3.65 -4.04 -4.21 -4.33 -4.34
    200 1.67 2.07 2.71 3.15 3.40 3.55 3.57
    150 - .13 - .67 -1.50 2.01 2.32 2.56 2.62
    100 + 1.84 +1.15
    3.66
    + .ll
    2.37
    - .59
    +1.39
    -1.01
    + .70
    -1.32
    + .14
    1.48
    - .07
    50 4.50
    0 8.19 7.20 5.51 4.12 2.96 1.99 +1.57
    - 50 13.84 12.61 10.27 8.14 6.28 4.53 3.63
    -100 +17.79 +14.17 +10.36 +6.90 t5.40
    Mixture No. 3; H e 33.5 percent, A 66.5 percent
    250 +1.34 + .72 - .38 -1.03 -1.48 -1.68 -1.68
    200 2.94 2.32 +1.25 + .45 - .13 - .38 - .38
    150 5.05 4.41 3.23 2.22 +1.41 +2.86
    .92
    +2:
    100 7.80 7.10 5.69 4.55 3.63
    50 12.12 11.28 9.40 7.73 6.32 5.41 5.01
    0 18.40 17.18 14.43 12.05 9.88 7.93 6.88
    - 50 27.90 25.82 21.93 17.96 13.83 9.63 7.73
    -100 43.30 41.15 34.30 27.20 17.55 10.07 7.10
    Mixturc No. 4 ; H e 16.6 percent, A 83.4 percent
    250 5.75 5.15 3.85 2.70 1.90 1.20 .95
    200 8.45 7.63 6.05 4.75 3.85 3.00 2.60
    150 11.70 10.80 8.95 7.45 6.10 5.20 4.60
    100 15.50 14.50 12 60 10.80 9.05 7.70 7.05
    50 21.05 20.10 17.75 15.35 13.00 10.65 9.55
    0 29.85 28.43 25.00 21.15 17.35 14.50 13.05
    - 50 44.15 41.80 36.15 30.10 22.90 17.55 15.60
    -100 70.80 66.10 51.00 29.95 19.75 11.35 8.00
    87 Journ. Chem. Phys., vol. 8, p. 627, 1940.

    TABLE 266.-THE JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT I N CARBON DIOXIDE


    p as a function of t and p, t in "C, p in atm, p in "C/atm.
    t/fi 1 atm 20 60 73 100 140 180 200
    300 .2650 .2425 .2080 .2002 .1872 .1700 .1540 .1505
    250 .3075 ,2885 2625 .2565 .2420 .2235 2045 .1975
    200 .3770 .3575 .3400 .3325 .3150 .2890 2600 .2455
    150 ,4890 .4695 ,4430 .4380 .4155 ,3760 ,3102 2910
    125 S600 S450 S160 SO65 .4750 .4130 .3230 .2915
    100 .6490 .6375 .6083 .5920 .5405 .4320 .3000 25.55
    90 .6900 ,6785 ,6507 .6303 S680 .4290 .2738 2300
    80 .7350 .7240 ,6955 .6725 S973 .4050 .2343 .1960
    70 .7855 .7750 ,7465 ,7175 .6192 .3505 .1875 .1600
    60 .8375 3325 .8060 .7675 ,6250 2625 A405 I245
    so
    .. A950 39.50 .8800 ,8225 ,5570 .1720 ,1025 .0930
    40 .9575 .9655 .9705 ,8769 .2620 .lo75 .0723 .0660
    30 1.0265 1.0430 1.0835 .2870 .1215 .0678 ,0495 .0445
    20 1.1050 1.1355 .1435 ,1075 .0700 .0420 ,0320 .0272
    10 1.1910 1.2520 .0720 .0578 .0407 .0235 ,0187 .0142
    0 1.2900 1.4020 .0370 ,0310 .0215 .0115 .0085 .0045
    -25 1.6500 .OOOO -.&I28 -.0039 --.0050 -.0062 -.0080 -.0115
    -50 2.4130 --.0140 --.0150 --.0165 -.0160 --.0183 -.0228 -.0248
    -75 --.0200 --.0200 -.0232 -.0228 -.0240 -.0250 -.02M)
    Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 64, p. 400, 1942.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    28 1
    T A B L E 267.-THE JOULE-THOMSON E F F E C T I N M I X T U R E S O F H E L I U M
    A N D NITROGEN ( p 10') 8o x
    p as a function of t and p, t in "C, p in atm, p in "C/atm.

    1 atm 20 60 100 140 180 200


    t "C/P
    Mixture No. 1; H e 75.5 percent; N) 24.5 percent
    250 -6.95 -6.90 -6.84 4.83 -6.80 -6.77 -6.66
    200 6.52 6.51 6.53 6.53 6.53 6.53 6.48
    150 6.03 6.10 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.28 6.24
    100 5.44 5.58 5.76 5.83 5.85 5.90 5.96
    50 4.67 4.84 5.18 5.28 5.36 5.47 5.55
    0 3.62 3.79 4.22 4.46 4.61 4.81 4.98
    - 50 -1.98 -2.19 2.72 3.13 3.55 3.90 4.17
    -100 +l.Ol + .52 - .33 -1.13
    + 23
    -1.96
    1.02
    -2.69
    1.89
    3.15
    -2.52
    -125 3.61 2.72 +1.45
    Mixture No. 2; He 51.0 percent; NI 49.0 percent
    250 -4.98 -4.93 -5.06 -5.06 -5.08 +5.20 -5.23
    200 3.80 3.84 4.14 4.39 4.58 4.79 4.89
    150 2.43 2.60 3.10 3.54 3.88 4.22 4.37
    100 .83 1.07 1.74 2.40 2.95 3.46 3.67
    50 + 1.25 + .89
    3.50
    + .06
    2.50
    .86
    +1.22 + 1.63
    .14
    2.25
    .71
    2.56
    1.14
    0 4.06
    - 50 8.28 7.42 5.96 4.00 2.55 +1.29 + .76
    - 87.5 13.44 118 3 9.37 6.75 4.78 3.19 2.50
    Mixture No. 3 ; He 33.2 percent; Nz 66.8 percent
    250 -2.34 -2.51 -3.12 -3.69 -3.93 -4.18 -4.18
    200 .96 1.27 1.92 2.65 2.94 3.22 3.37
    150 + 81
    3.07
    , 38
    I .--
    2.59 +1%
    39
    +
    1.28
    ~

    .51
    ~~ 1.65
    .20
    2.1 1
    .74
    2.36
    1.14
    100
    50 6.20 5.49 4.10 2.83 +1.80 + .75 + .28
    1.84
    0 10.62 9.66 7.60 5.99 4.34 2.62
    - 50 18.00 16.31 12.91 10.22 7.68 4.77 3.69
    - 87.5 27.53 24.74 19.14 14.75 10.80 6.63 5.26
    Mixture No. 4; H e 16.6 percent; N2 83.4 percent
    250 + .27 - .04 - .8Z
    + .78
    -1.51
    .06
    -2.05
    .72
    -2.26
    1.27
    -2.34
    1.43
    2.25 +1.78
    200
    150 4.54 4.03 2.76
    5.32
    +1.61
    4.00
    + .78
    2.78
    + .ll
    1.78 +
    .30
    1.24
    100 7.57 6.86
    50 11.77 10.88 -.-.
    8 87 ._1 _
    .7.1 5.38 3.89 3.10
    0 17.97 16.77 14.04 11.30 8.59 6.29 5.33
    - 50 28.52 26.18 21.46 16.80 12.56 9.47 7.98
    - 87.5 42.02 37.86 28.95 21.75 15.89 12.10 10.26

    Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 60, p. 341, 1938 (corrected).

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    252 TABLES 268-280.-COMPRESSIBILITY
    T A B L E 268.-COMPRESSIBILlTY O F LIQUIDSm
    Part 1.-Relative volumes

    Ethyl alcohol Isobutyl alcohol n-Proply alcohol Amy1 alcohol Ethyl iodide
    CzHsOH CIHoOH Ether (C2Hs)zO C:,H,OH CaHiiOH CzHsI

    1 1.0212 1.0934 1.0195 1.0880 1.0315. - 1.0173 1.0865 1.0181 1.0814 1.0214 1.0935
    500 .9782 1.0319 .9740 1.0262 .9668 1.0369 ,9770 1.0305 .9788 1.0288 .9774 1.0351
    1000 .9479 .9922 .9470 .9883 .9337 .9874 .9483 .9913 .9511 .9915 .9475 .9946
    2000 .9059 .9380 .9078 .9385 .8850 .9189 .9124 .9424 .9138 .9427 .9070 .9397
    3000 3760 .9025 .8798 .9052 .8503 .8776 ,8876 .9120 3869 .9110 3777 .9034
    4000 A517 .8756 .8575 .a02 A246 A481 .8677 .8893 3658 3877 3555 3760
    6000 3149 3354 3242 3433 .7883 3070 .8365 .8548 3348 3531 .8207 3381
    8000 ,7888 .SO61 .SO01 .8181 .7613 .7779 3138 3301 .8116 A273 .7937 3099
    10,000 .7671 .7830 .7802 .7976 .7380 .7535 ,7958 .8114 .7918 .SO60 .7725 .7877
    12,000 .7485 .7648 .7631' .7799 .7178 .7326 .7814 .7952 ,7754 .7902 .7554 .7706

    Phosphorus tri- Methyl alcohol Ethyl chloride Carbon disulfide Ethyl hromide Acetone
    chloride PCla CHJOH CzHsCl CzH6Br (CH3)Z co
    a P , 5 i c G ? 5 i ? ? T z ~ & - ~
    1 1.0234 1.1037 1.0238 1.1005 - - 1.0235 1.1092 1.0275 - 1.0279 -
    500 .9852 1.0443 .9811 1.0400, .9696 1.0358 .9854 1.0458 .9776 - .9818 -
    1000 .9577 1.0040 .9494 .9993 .9253 .9797 .9567 1.0061 .9460 .9988 .9526 1.0082
    2000 .9184 .9531 .9064 .9429 3749 .9128 .9151 .9525 .9022 .9381 .9076 .9467
    3000 3902 .9192 3763 .GO65 .8415 .8715 3852 .9154 ,8714 .9020 A748 .9073
    4000 ,8679 .8933 .8523 3782 3167 2422 .8620 3870 2479 3742 .8504 .8786
    6000 3348 .8561 ,8163 3381 .77% .SO08 3265 3468 .8131 3339 A143 A370
    8000 ,8105 3292 .7907 .8102 .7533 .7728 .79% .8188 .7868 ,8056 .7866 .SO66
    10,000 .7902 3077 .7696 .7875 .7320 .7501 .7774 .7962 .7656 .7825 freezes .7821
    12,000 .7741 ,7898 ,7527 .7709 .7148 .7301 .7609 .7758 .7495 .7648 '' .7617

    Part 2.-p = (l/V,)(dV/dP)


    Compres- Compres-
    sibility sibility
    per per
    Pressure mega- Pressure mega-
    mega- baryes mega- baryes
    Substance Temp "C haryes Bx 1CN Substance Temp "C baryes B x 108
    Benzene ...... 17 5 89 Mercury ........... 22 1,OOO 3.91
    20 200 77 22 12,000 2.37
    20 400 57 Oils: almond ...... 15 5 53
    Chloroform ... 20 200 83 castor ....... 15 5 46
    20 400 70 linseed .. . . . .. 15 5 51
    .
    Glycerine . . . . 15 5 22 olive ......... 15 5 55
    Kerosene . .. . _20 55 rapeseed ..... 20 - 59
    20 1,000 45 ..
    Toluene . ....... .. 20 200 74
    20 12,ooo 8 20 400 64
    Mercury . .... 20 300 3.95 Turpentine ....._...20 - 74
    22 500 3.97
    00 Bridgman, P. W., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci.. vol. 47, p. 345, 1911; vol. 48, p. 309, 1912; vol.
    49, p. 3, 1913.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    283
    T A B L E 269.-RELATIVE VOLUMES O F T A B L E 27O.-RELATIVE VOL-
    W A T E R FOR D I F F E R E N T U M E S O F E T H E R FOR DIF-
    PRESSURES F E R E N T PRESSURES u1

    Temperatures Temperatures
    Pressure < Pressure A
    -
    (-
    kg/cmz 0°C 50°C 95°C kg/cmz 30°C 75°C
    0 1.oOoo 0 110495
    500 .9771 500 .9761
    1,000 .9567 .9741 984 1,000 .9364
    1,500 .9396 .9582 .9812 1,500 9085
    2,000 .9248 .9439 .9661 2,000 A858
    3,000 .8996 .9201 .9409 2,500 .8671 .8909
    4,000 .8795 .€a97 .9194 3,000 .8511 .8726
    5,000 .8626 A824 .9009 4,000 .8255 8446
    6,000 ,8668 .8849 5,000 A055 .8225
    7,000 .8530 .8705 6,000 .7888 .8038
    8,000 .8407 3577 7,000 .7742 .7884
    9,000 .8296 .8461 8,000 .7616 .7747
    10,000 .8192 .8352 9,000 .7504 .7629
    11,000 .8256 10,000 .7399 .7519
    11,000 .7305 .7418
    12,000 .7225 .7329

    01 Bridgman, P. W., Proc. Amer. h a d . Arts and Sci., vol. 66, p. 219, 1931.

    TABLE 271.-COMPRESSIBILlTY O F SOLIDS


    If Y is the volume of the material under a pressure P megabaryes and YOis the volume
    at atmospheric pressure, then the compressibility j3 = - ( ~ / V O )( d V l d P ) . Its unit is
    cm'/megadynes (reciprocal megabaryes). IO'ij3 is the bulk modulus in absolute units
    (dynes/cm'). The following values of j3, arranged in order of increasing compressibility,
    are for P = 0 and room temperature. 1 megabarye = 10' dynes/cma = 1.020 kg/cm' =
    0.987 atm.

    Compression Compression
    per unit Bulk per unit Bulk
    vol. per modulus, vol. per modulus,
    megaharye dynes/ megabarye dynes/
    Substance x 106 cmzx 10" Substance x 1w cmzx 1012
    Tungsten . . . . . . . . . . .27 3.7 Gallium . . ...
    . . . . . . 2.09 .48
    .
    Boron .. .. . . . . . . . . .3 3.0 Cadmium ... . .. . .. . 2.17 .46
    .
    Silicon . . . . . . . . . .. .32 3.1 . .
    Plate glass . . . . . . 2.23 .45
    .
    Platinum . . . . . . . . , .38 2.6 ..
    Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.27 .44
    .
    Nickel . . .. . . . . . .. .43 23 Thallium . . .. . . . . . . 2.3 .43
    Molybdenum . .. . . .. .46 2.2 Antimony ......... 2.4 .42
    .
    Tantalum . . . . . . . . . .53 1.9 Quartz ............ 2.7 .37
    Palladium . . . . . . . . . .54 1.9 Magnesium ........ 2.9 .34
    Cobalt ..
    . . . . . . .. .. .55 1.82 Bismuth . .. ........ 3 0 .33
    Nichrome . . . . . . . .. .56 1.79 Graphite . . ....... 3.0 .33
    ..
    Iron . . . . . . . .. . .. .60 1.67 Silica glass ....... 3.1 .32
    .
    Gold . . . . . . . . . .. . . .60 1.67 Arsenic ... . .. . ... 4.5 .22
    Pyrite . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 1.4 . .
    Calcium . . . . . . .. 5.7 .175
    Copper . , . . . . . . . . . . .75 1.33 Strontium . . .. . . . . 8.4 .120
    Manganese . . . . . . .. .84 1.19 Phosphorus red) . . 9.2 .109
    .
    Brass .. . . . . ... . . . .89 1.12 Selenium .. . ....... 12.0 .0k3
    Chromium . . . . . . .. . .9 1.12 Ice ...... .. .. . .. 120 .083
    ..
    Silver . . . . . . . . .. . .99 1.01 Sulfur ........ ..... 12.9 .078
    Mg. silicate, crys.. . 1.03 .91 Iodine ............. 13.0 .077
    Mg. silicate . . . . . . . . 1.21 .82 Sodium ............ 15.6 .064
    Aluminum ......... 1.33 .75 H a r d rubber ....... 19.4
    Calcite ............ 1.39 .72 Phosphorus (white). 20.5 .049
    Tin ...... ... . ..... 1.89 .53

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    284
    TABLE 272.-COMPRESSIBILITY AND T H E R M A L EXPANSION O F
    PETROLEUM OILSa2
    I t was found that the compressibility and thermal expansion of two samples of the same
    specific gravity, but from different sources, differed more than 30 percent at the higher
    temperatures, whereas oils of the same specific gravity and the same viscosity had the same
    compressibility and thermal expansion within rather narrow limits. I n other words, with a
    knowledge of the specific gravity and viscosity of the oils, it was possible to represent all
    the measured volumes within less than .5 percent over the entire range of temperature
    and pressure covered by the measurements.
    Kinematic Specific Relative volumes
    viscosity gravity Pressure
    100°F, cgs 60"/60"F kg/cm* 0°C 20" 50" 100" 200" 300' 400"
    .020 .so 0 1.000 1.018 1.045 1.096 1.222 1.422 ....
    50 ,996 1.014 1.041 1.089 1.205 1.370 (1.63)
    .85 0 1.000 1.017 1044 1.093 1.213 1.396 (1.71)
    50 .997 1.014 1.040 1.086 1.197 1.352 (1.58)
    .!?o' 0 .ooo 1.017 1.043 1.090 1.204 1.375 (1.67)
    50 .997 1.013 1.038 1.084 1.191 1.337 (1.55)
    .050 .so 0 .ooo 1.017 1.043 1.089 1.202 1.369 (1.71)
    50 .997 1.013 1.038 1.083 1.189 1.333 (1.56)
    3.5 0 .OW 1.016 1.041 1.087 1.194 1.349 ( 1.63)
    50 .997 1.013 1.037 1.081 1.182 1.318 (1.51)
    .90 0 ,000 1.016 1.040 1.084 1.188 1.331 (1.56)
    50 .997 1.012 1.036 1.078 1.176 1.304 ( 1.48)
    .loo .85 0 .ooo 1.016 1.040 1.083 1.185 1.325 (1.54)
    50 .997 1.012 1.036 1.078 1.174 1.299 (1.47)
    .95 0 .000 1.015 1.038 1.079 1.174 1.297 ( 1.47)
    50 .997 1.012 1.034 1.074 1.164 1.276 (1.43)
    .500 .85
    "
    0 .Ooo 1.015 1.038 1.078 1.170 1.289 (1.45)
    50 ,997 1.012 1.034 1.073 1.161 1.269 (1.41)
    .95 0 .WO 1.014 1.036 1.074 1.161 1.269 (1.40)
    50 .998 1.012 1.033 1.070 1.152 1.252 (1.37)
    1.ooo .85 0 .ooo 1.015 1.037 1.076 1.165 1.279 (1.43)
    50 997 1.012 1.034 1.071 1.157 1.260 ( 1.39)
    .95 0 1.ooo 1.014 1.035 1.073 1.157 1.261 (1.39)
    50 .998 1.011 1.032 1.068 1.149 1.244 ( 1.36)
    2.000 .85 0 1.ooo 1.014 1.036 1.075 1.162 1.270 (1.41)
    50 ,998 1.011 1.033 1.070 1.153 1.253 (1.37)
    .95 0 1.ooo 1.014 1.035 1.071 1.153 1.254 (1.37)
    50 .998 1.011 1.032 1.067 1.145 1.239 (1.35)
    5.000 .85 0 1.om 1.014 1.035 1.073 1.157 1.261 (1.39)
    50 .998 1.011 i.032 i.068 1.149 1.245 (1.36)
    .95
    ' 0 1.ooo 1.013 1,034 1.069 1.148 1.244 (1.36)
    50 .998 1.011 1.031 1.065 1.141 1.229 (1.33)
    210"F, cgs 60"/60"F kg/cm2 0°C 20" 50" 100" 200" 300" 400'
    .loo .90
    " 0 1.014 1.036 1.074 1.161 1.269 (1.41)
    50 1.011 1.032 1.070 1.152 1.252 (1.37)
    'I
    .95 0 1.014 1.035 1.071 1.154 1.256 (1.38)
    "
    50 1.01 1 1.032 1.067 1.147 1.241 (1.35)
    1.00 0 1.000 1.014 1.034 1.070 1.149 1.247 (1.37)
    50 .998 1.011 1.031 1.066 1.142 1.232 (1.34)
    200 .90 0 1.000 1.014 1.035 1.072 1.155 1.258 (1.39)
    50 .998 1.011 1.031 1.067 1.147 1.241 (1.35)
    ' 1.00 0 1.000 1.013 1.033 1.067 1.144 1.237 (1.35)
    50 .998 1.011 1.030 1.064 1.137 1.223 (1.32)
    .440 .!XI 0 1.ooo 1.013 1.034 1.070 1.151 1.248 (1.36)
    50 .998 1.01 1 1.031 1.066 1.143 1.234 (1.34)
    1.oo 0 1.mo 1.012 1.032 1.066 1.140 1.228 ( 1.33)
    50 .998 1.010 1.029 1.063 1.134 1.214 (1.31)
    1.100 .?O 0 1.013 1.033 1.068 1.146 1.241 (1.35)
    50 1.010 1.030 1.065 1.139 1.225 (1.33)
    1.00 0 1.012 1.031 1.063 1.134 1.218 (1.32)
    50 1.010 1.028 1.060 1.128 1.205 (1.29)
    a2 Jessup, R. S . , Nat. Bur. Standards Journ. Res., vol. 5, p. 985. 1930.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 273.-COMPRESSIBILITY OF T H E E L E M E N T S 285
    .AV/V, = UP. bP2, where P is in bars (10' dyne/cm2) and Y Ois the volume at 1 atm
    and 30°C (or room temp.). Pressure range. 1 - 12.000 bars uxless otherwise noted .
    a = pn = initial compressibility. See also Table 271.

    Element
    Aluminum .................. 13.65
    Arsenic ..................... 31.6
    I
    ax107
    30°C
    bx 1012
    4.9
    -
    .
    ax107
    13.98
    .
    75°C
    b x 1012
    4.9
    Beryllium ................... 7.95 2.2 8.06 2.3
    Bismuth .................... 29.70 22 30.44 31
    Boron ...................... 5.58 .8 . .
    Cadmium (20°C) ........... 22.5 . . .
    Carbon (diamond) (25°C) ....
    1.8 .
    .
    . .
    .
    Carbon (graphite) (20°C) ... 30 .
    Cerium (below 4000 bars) ... 46.49 -169 45.88 -159
    Chromium .................. 5.25 .9 5.37 .9
    Cobalt ...................... 5.46 .8 5.54 .8
    Copper ..................... 7.29 1.6 7.44 1.6
    Germanium ................. 14.35 4.8 14.63 5.7
    Gold ....................... 5.84 2.0 5.77 .8
    Hafnium ................... 9.15 1.1 8.94 1.1
    Iodine (20°C to 500 bars) .... 127 - . .
    Iridium ..................... 2.69 0 2.82 .9
    Iron ........................ 5.949 .83 6.007 .83
    Lanthanum ................. 35.78 13.9 35.65 16.4
    Magnesium ................. 30.08 27.5 30.02 24.0
    Manganese ................. 8.03 4.2 8.20 3.6
    Molybdenum ................ 3.63 - .3 3.64 ..4
    Nickel ..................... 5.35 .9 5.41 .8
    Niobium .................... 5.77 .9 5.85 .9
    Palladium .................. 5.34 .9 5.37 .8
    Platinum ................... 3.63 .3 3.67 .3
    Rhodium ................... 3.64 1.5 3.73 1.5
    Ruthenium .................. 3.48 1.7 3.51 1.7
    Silicon (20°C to 500 bars) .... 3.1 . . -
    Silver ...................... 10.02 3.7 10.20 3.1
    Tantalum ................... 4.84 -1.1 4.98 -1.0
    Thallium ................... 35.5 - 37.4
    Thorium .................... 18.50 12.0 18.78 12.5
    Titanium ................... 8.09 -1.5 8.81 3.3
    Tungsten ................... 3.20 .1 3.20 .2
    Vanadium .................. 6.17 1.35 6.20 1.35
    Zinc ........................ 16.93 8.6 -
    Zirconium .................. 11.15 6.3 11.24 6.8
    Steel (20°C) ............... 6.42 3.2 - -
    Manganin (20°C) ........... 8.41 6.5 .
    Pressure. kg/cmz
    Element Temp '' C 4000 8000 12. 000
    Phosphorus ................. 30 .0190* .0342* .0469*
    red ....................... 75 .0189 .0344 .0476
    Phosphorus ................. 30 .0095 .0158 .0205
    black ..................... 75 .0095 .0158 .0209
    Mercury (liquid) ........... 20 .01485* .02754* .03795*
    Gallium (solid) ............. 20 j3n = 20 X 10"
    (liquid) ............ 30 pn = 40 X lo-'
    .AV/Vo .

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    286
    T A B L E 274.-VARIATION (AV/V,) O F THE V O L U M E OF A N U M B E R OF M E T A L S
    W I T H PRESSURE as

    2,500 .0204 ,0334 .0677 .0696 .0999 ,0024 ,0027 ,0040 ,0040 ,0026 ,0100 .0109 .0090 .0078 .0024
    5,000 ,0389 .0624 .1152 .I224 .1585 ,0047 .0052 ,0079 .0078 ,0054 ,0194 ,0234 .0174 ,0152 ,0048
    10,000 .0715 .1115 .1862 .1982 .2392 ,0094 .0099 .0154 .0152 ,0111 ,0370 .0549 .0329 .0289 .0095
    15.000 .loo5 .1511 .2374 .2506 .2981 ,0139 ,0143 ,0225 .0213 ,0168 ,0526 .1655$ .0471 ,0416 ,0139
    20,000 .1261 .1836 .2772 2920 .3442 .0181 .0185 .0293 .0268 .0220 ,0665 .I864 .0604 ,0536 .0181
    25,000 ,1485 ,2111 .3093 ,3254 .3908* .0219 ,0224 .0358 ,0323 ,0267 .0827t ,2027 .0729 ,0650 .0219
    30,000 .1689 .2350 .3360 .3530 ,4261 ,0256 .0261 .0420 .0375 ,0312 .0952 ,2154 ,0848 ,0757 .0255
    35,000 .1872 .2559 .3584 .3760 ,4559 ,0294 ,0297 ,0480 ,0426 .0356 ,1072 .2257 .0961 .0858 .0290
    40,000 ,2040 ,2740 ,3774 ,3954 .4816 ,0329 ,0332 .0537 .0476 ,0399 ,1189 ,2342 .I069 ,0955 .0324

    YBridgman P. W. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 76, p. 75, 1948.
    Transitiod a t 23,JbO. Compressions ,3716 and ,3776. t Transition at 23,370. Compressions ,0755 and
    ,0781. $ Transition at 12,430. Compressions ,0736 and ,1504.

    T A B L E 275.-VARIATION O F THE V O L U M E (AV/Vo) FOR A N U M B E R O F COM-


    P O U N D S W I T H PRESSURE FOR T W O T E M P E R A T U R E S " *

    NHiCl NHIBr NHJ AgCl AgBr


    Pres- cm3/1.536 g cm3/2.548 g cm3/2.887 g cm3/5.589 g cmS/6.548 g
    sure
    kg/cm2 'ZO'C -78.8"C 5EGiz E G E z GF2iTz &
    20°C -78.8"C G-i%iGc
    5,000 .0269 ,0217 ,0257 .0244 .0316 .0321 .0113 .0107 ,0111 ,0103 .1769* .1753*
    10,000 .0489 .0395 ,0487 .0462 .0590 ,0582 .0216 .0207 ,0215 .0202 .1896 .1868
    15.000 .0668 .0545 .0694 .0656 .0822 .0804 ,0312 .0301 .0313 .0297 .zoo1 .i969
    zo;ooo .0818 .0675 .0880 .0829 .I019 .0989 .o401 .0389 .0404 .0386 2095 2061
    25,000 .0949 .0794 .I049 .0984 .1188 .1144 .0484 ,0471 .0496 .0476 2180 ,2145
    30,000 .lo70 .0906 .1203 .1124 .1332 .I279 ,0562 .0549 ,0584 .0562 .2257 ,2222
    35,000 .1176 .lo10 .1340 .1250 .1456 .I397 .0634 .0621 .0665 .0641 .2326 2291
    40,000 .1278 .1111 .I465 .I364 .1570 .1504 .0704 ,0690 .0743 .0716 .2396 .2362
    45,000 .1372 .1207 .1576 .1466 .1676 .1608 .0772 .0755 .0818 .0789 .2462 2428
    50,000 .I462 .1301 .1676 .1557 ,1775 .1702 ,0838 .0818 .0890 .0858 2525 .2490

    NaCl NaBr NaI KCl KBr KI


    Pres- cm3/2.163 R cms/3.205 g cm8/3.667 g cm3/1.988 g cm8/2.75 g cm3/3.123 g
    sure
    kg/cmz
    5,000
    20'
    .0192
    -78.8"C
    .0177
    5GGz ZCGz G c k z 5 G G z -
    .0228 .0216 .0296 .0290 .0257 .0241 .0295 .0272
    5 czz
    .0351 .0335
    10,000 .0365 .0341 .0430 .0413 .0553 .0547 .0478 .0452 .0547 .0511 .0648 .0623
    15,000 .0523 .0494 .0610 .0594 .0778 .0772 .0667 .0645 .0758 .0720 .0905 .0868
    20.00 .0664 .0634 .0771 .0756 ,0974 .0%6 ,0841 ,0807 .I989 .1933 .1970 .I932
    2s;ooo .0798 .0763 .0916 .0904 .1145 .I139 2111 2055 ,2138 .2078 2149 .2105
    30,000 .0919 .0880 .lo47 .lo37 .1294 .1288 2225 2158 .2267 .2202 2296 2244
    35,000 .lo29 .0987 .1166 .1157 .1424 .1421 2324 .2255 2379 2308 2421 .2363
    40.000 .1130 .lo84 .1274 .1263 .1538 .1538 2419 2340 ,2479 .2399 .2532 2466
    45,000 .1223 .1172 .1373 .1357 .1638 .1642 ,2501 2418 2569 .2481 2629 .2554
    50,000 .1309 .1250 .1464 .1439 .1728 .1738 .2579 ,2497 ,2650 .2552 .2715 .2630
    Transitions
    Pressure : 20,060 20,590 18,430 19.400 18,200 19,010
    A V : .1133 .I120 ,1052 .lo44 .0850 .0872

    wBridgman, P. W.,Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 74, October 1940.
    Transition below this point.

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 2 7 6 . 4 O M P R E S S I B I L I T Y O F C R Y S T A L S ** 287
    Part l.---aV/V, = aP - bP* where P is in bars (lo8 dyne/cm*) and V, is the volume
    at 1 atm and 30°C (or room temp.)
    Pressure range, 1-12,000 bars

    0°C 30°C 75°C


    Crystal and formulae System ax107 ax107 bxlOU’ a x 107 b x 1012
    Andradite :
    3Ca0.Fe2O3-3SiO2 ..... Cubic - 6.73 .86 6.70 .86
    Apatite : 3Ca3P208-CaF2. . Hexagonal - 10.91 4.1 11.09 3.8
    Argentite : A E ~ S......... Cubic 30 - - 25.1 33.5
    Bahte : Bas&:. ......... Orthorhombic 17.1-18.1 17.60 11.9 17.92 12.6
    .
    Beryl : 3BeO-AIz03.6SiOa Hexagonal 5.7 5.403 .94 5.407 .94
    Calcite : CaC03 .......... Trigonal 13.5 13.67 3.9 13.93 4.2
    Cobaltite : C0As.S ....... Cubic - 7. 67 1.88 7.79 1.88
    Fluorite : CaF2 ........... Hexagonal 12.6 12.26 6.49 12.59 6.61
    Galena: PbS ............. Cubic 19.5-19.7 18.69 7.43 18.97 8.41
    Garnet (pyrope) :
    3MgO.AL03.3Si02 .... Cubic - 5.45 .91 5.51 .91
    Halite (Rock Salt) : NaCl. Cubic - 42.60 51 44.26 52.6
    Hanksite :
    KCl.2NazC03*9Na.S04 . Hexagonal - 24.57 24.5 25.54 26.7
    Jeffersonite .............. Monoclinic - 9.088 3.94 9.551 5.56
    Lithium fluoride : LiF ..... Cubic - 15.20 5.5 15.91 5.7
    Lithium iodide : LiI ....... Cubic - 60.0 110. - -
    Magnetite : FeaO, ......... Cubic 5.4-5.7 5.47 .82 5.45 .82
    Orthoclase: KAI*Si30e ... Monoclinic - 21.23 14.5 21.16 13.9
    Periclase : MgO .......... Cubic 7.2 5.98 1 6.06 1
    Potassium bromide: KBr Cubic . - 67.0 105.3 68.8 105.2
    Potassium fluoride: K F ... Cubic - 33.0 31.9 33.2 31.9
    Potassium iodide: K I ....
    Cubic - 85.3 155.4 87.7 155.4
    Pyrite: FeSa ............. Cubic 7.1 6.80 .87 6.82 .87
    Quartz: a SiOa ........... Trigonal - 27.06 24.0 27.54 24.7
    Rochelle salt (see end of part 1 )
    Sapphire (synthetic) : A~zOS 3.8 3.36 - - -
    Sphalerite : ZnS .......... Cubic 12.9-12.2 13.03 1.28 12.79 1.26
    Spodumene: LiAI*SiaOe ... Monoclinic - 7.033 1.49 7.073 2.28
    Sylvite : KCI ............. Cubic - 56.2 75.1 57.5 75.1
    Tourmaline (black) ...... Trigonal - 8.16 1.95 8.62 2.15
    Topaz ................... - 6.109 1.06 6.075 1.06
    Zircon: Zr02*SiO2 ....... 8.6 - - - -
    Pressures
    kg/cma - A V/V,
    Rochelle salt : C4HlOaKNa :
    moo
    _.
    . .01080
    4000 .02016
    6000 .02885
    8000 .03716
    10,000 .04501
    12,000 .05237

    * * For reference, see footnote 45, p. 136.


    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    288 T A B L E 276.-COMPRESSIBILlTY OF CRYSTALS (concluded)
    Part 2.-Elastic constants of rocks at ordinary pressure and temperature.
    E = Young's modulus, in dynes cm-'
    G = Modulus of rigidity, in dynes cm-'
    u = Poisson's ratio, dimensionless

    The density is given, when known, in parentheses in the first column.

    Stress or
    stress
    E G range
    Rock dynes cm-2 dynes cm-2 I
    7 kg em-2
    Granite, coarse gray,
    Quincy, Mass. ................... 4.64)<101' (1.92) X 10" .215 70600
    Quincy, Mass. from 100 ft
    depth (2.67) .................. 3.48 ... ... 11.2
    Basalt, Ostritz .................... 11.15 ... ... 100-900
    Diabase
    Westfield, Mass. (2.95) .......... 8.00* _.. ... ...
    Marble
    Proctor, Vt. (2.71) .............. 3.43 ... .141 11.2
    4.60 .I90 56
    4.95* i.ii ... ...
    Limestone
    Knoxville, Tenn. ................ 6.21 (2.48) .251 70-600
    Montreal ....................... 6.35 (2.50) .252 70-600
    Dolomite, Pennsylvznia (2.83) ..... 7.10* 3.23 ... ...
    Sandstone
    Quartzitic, Penna. (2.66) ........ 6.36 .115 11.2
    Feldspathic, Ohio ................ 1.58 ( 2) 290 70-600
    Slate, Pennsylvania, I I to cleavage
    plane ......................... 11.29* 4.65 ... ...
    Shale (2.63) ...................... 4.4 dry ... ... 200
    1.9 wet ... ... ...
    Schist, Mica, Japan ................ 1-6 ... ... ...
    Tuff, Japan ....................... .3-3.6 ... ... ...
    Ice (.917) -5°C .................. .917* ,336 (.365) ...
    . Dynamical measurements.

    T A B L E 277.-RELATIVE V O L U M E O F QUARTZ CRYSTALS A N D SIX GLASSES


    FOR D I F F E R E N T PRESSURESns

    Quartz
    Pressure __h__ Pyrex Borax
    kg/crn* crystal glass Glass A* glass Glass C t Glass D t glass
    1 1.000 i.mo 1.000 fooo 1.ooo 1.000 1.ooo
    25,000 .946 ,923 .934 .921 .945 .932 377
    30,000 .939 .909 .923 .907 .936 .924 .866
    40,000 .926 385 .905 385 ,920 .909 ,845
    50.000 914 ,864 390 ,867 .905 .894 .825
    60;OOO .902 247 375 351 .891 .880 308
    70,000 .892 332 ,862 .838 .878 .867 .792
    80,000 383 .819 349 .827 366 .855 .778
    90,000 ,875 308 A38 .817 354 .844 .765
    100,OOO .868 ,798 328 309 2342 A34 .753
    nx Bridgman P. W. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. vol. 76, p. 68, 1948.
    Glass A i.. a potish lead silicate of very high lead content. 1 Glass C is a soda potash lime
    silicate. $ Glass D is a lead zinc borosilicate.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 278.-COMPRESSIBILITY O F GLASSES 289
    Av/vo
    Pressure Quartz Borax
    kg/cni2 glass Pyrex A* Ct DS glass
    5,000 .0141 .0153 .0159 .0121 .0144
    10,000 .0295 .0308 .0300 .0239 .0281
    15,000 .0452 .0465 .0425 .0352 .0411
    20,000 .0610 .0622 .0535 .0449 .0542
    25,000 .0772 ,0786 .0656 .0549 .0678 .1228
    30,000 .0933 .0920 .0770 .0654 .0806 .n76
    35,000 .I068 .I032 .0866 .0742 .0927 .I518
    40,000 .I194 .1133 .0964 ,0830 .lo49 .1648

    Bridgman, P. W., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci.. vol. 73, p. 74, 1938.
    Glass A is a potash lead silicate of very high lead content. t Glass C is a soda potash lime
    silicate. $ Glass D is a lead zinc borosilicate.

    T A B L E 279.-SPECIFIC G R A V I T I E S CORRESPONDING TO T H E B A U M E SCALE


    The specific gravities a r e for 15.56"C (60°F) referred to water at the same temperature
    as unity. For specific gravities less than unity the values arecalculated from the formula:

    Degrees Baumt = specific gravity -130.

    For specific gravities greater than unity from :


    Degrees Baumt = 145 -
    145 .
    specific gravity

    Specific gravities less than 1


    Specific
    gravity .OO .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 ,07 .08 .09
    Degrees BaumC
    I
    .60 103.33 99.51 95.81 92.22 88.75 85.38 82.12 78.95 75.88 72.90
    .70 70.00 67.18 64.44 61.78 59.19 56.67 54.21 51.82 49.49 47.22
    .80 45.00 42.84 40.73 38.68 36.67 34.71 32.79 30.92 29.09 27.30
    .!XI 25.56 23.85 22.17 20.54 18.94 17.37 15.83 14.33 12.86 11.41
    1.00 10.00
    Specific gravities greater than 1
    Specific
    gravity .OO .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .C7 .08 .09
    Degrees BaumC
    .OO 1.44 2.84 4.22 5.58 6.91 8.21 9.49 10.74 11.97
    13.18 14.37 15.54 16.68 17.81 18.91 20.00 21.07 22.12 23.15
    24.17 25.16 26.15 27.11 28.06 29.00 29.92 30.83 31.72 32.60
    33.46 34.31 35.15 35.98 36.79 37.59 38.38 39.16 39.93 40.68
    41.43 42.16 42.89 43.60 44.31 45.00 45.68 46.36 47.03 47.68
    1.50 48.33 48.97 49.60 50.23 50.84 51.45 52.05 52.64 53.23 53.80
    1.60 54.38 54.94 55.49 56.04 56.58 57.12 57.65 58.17 58.69 59.20
    1.70 59.71 60.20 60.70 61.18 61.67 62.14 62.61 63.08 63.54 63.99
    1.80 64.44 64.89 65.33 65.76 66.20 66.62

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    290
    T A B L E 280.-DEGREES A P I CORRES P ONDI NG T O SPEC IFIC G R A V I T I E S
    60°/600F
    (15-56"/15.56"C) for petroleum oils.
    In order to avoid confusion and misunderstanding the American Petroleum Institute, the
    Bureau of Mines, and the National Bureau of Standards have agreed that a scale based on
    the modulus 141.5 shall be used in the Unitcd States Petroleum Industry and shall be
    known as the A P I scale. The United States Baume scale based on the modulus 140 will
    continue to be used for other liquids lighter than water.
    141.5
    Calculated from the formula, degrees A P I = - 131.5.
    sp. gr. 60"/60" F

    Degrees
    API
    60'/6OoF .OO .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
    .6 104.33 100.47 96.73 93.10 89.59 86.19 82.89 79.69 79.59 73.57
    .7 70.64 67.80 65.03 62.34 59.72 57.17 54.68 52.27 49.91 47.61
    .8 45.38 43.19 44.06 38.98 36.95 34.97 33.03 31.14 29.30 27.49
    .9 25.72 23.99 22.30 20.65 19.03 17.45 15.90 14.38 12.89 11.43
    1.0 10.00

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLES 281-295.-DENSITIES 29 1

    TABLE PSl.-DENSITY O F T H E ELEMENTS, LIQUID OR SOLID


    Thc density may depend considerably on prcvious treatment. To reduce to Ib/ft3 multiply by 62.4.

    Element Physical state "C' Elenient Physical state fi/cma "C'


    Aluminum .. commercial 20" Ixad ....... solid
    . . . . . . . . . liq!!id 11.005 325
    .. liq;idh'd d'n 3.43 740 .......
    10.597
    10.078
    400
    850
    .. 2.29 1000 T.ithium .... .534 20
    Antimony
    .... ditto.com.
    vacuo-distilled 6.61R
    6.691
    30
    20
    Magnesium .
    Manganese .
    M e y u r y ... liqoid
    1.741
    7.3
    " .
    .. pressed
    amorphous 6.22 ... 13.596 0
    ..
    Argon ......
    liyid 6.55
    1.40
    63 1
    -186
    ...
    ... solai>
    13.546
    13.690
    14.193
    20
    - 38.8
    - 38.8
    Arsenic
    ...... solid
    ..... crystallized 1.65
    5.73
    -233
    14
    ...
    \lolvlidenum.
    14.383
    ni
    .._.
    9
    -188
    ..... amorph. br.. 3.70 Seodymium . 7.00
    hlack Sen11 ...... 1.204 -245
    ..... yellow
    Barium .... sol id
    3.88
    3.7x
    Sickcl .....
    Siolrium ...
    88
    8.4 15
    neryllium .. solid 3.85 Sitrogen ... liq:;id .810 -195
    nismuth .... electrolytic
    .... vacuo-distilled
    9.717
    9.781 20
    ...
    ... solid 354
    1.0265
    -205
    -252.5
    .... liquid
    .... solid
    inm
    9.67
    27 1
    271 Osmium
    ...
    .... 1.14
    22.5
    -273
    nqr;on ...... crvstal 2.535 Oxygen .... 1iquid 1.132 -1 83.6
    ...... amorph. pure
    Bromine ... liquid
    2.45
    3.12
    ....
    .... SOI'i'd 1.426 -252.5
    T':ill;idium . .
    1.568 -273
    Ca4yium
    ...
    solid
    ... wrought
    4.2
    X.67
    -273
    I'hasphorus .. white
    12.16
    1 .R1
    ...
    ...
    vacuo-distilled
    solid
    8.648
    8.37
    20
    31R
    ..
    .... red
    metallic
    2.20
    2.34 1s
    Calcium ....
    ... liquid 7.99
    1.54
    31R
    I'lati;um ... Mack 2.69
    21.37 20
    Car* ..... diamond 3.52 ...
    . . Mack 2.70
    ..... graphite
    Cerjjlm .... electrolytic
    2.25
    6.79
    I'otassium
    .... I iq
    solid
    ,870
    .a51
    20
    62.1
    .... nure
    Cesjpm ..... solid
    7.02
    1.R73 30 Praneo-
    II id ,830 62.1
    ..... liquid
    C h l y i n e ... liquid
    1.836
    1.507
    27
    - 33.6
    rlymium
    Rhoilium
    ..
    ... 6.48
    12.44
    25
    ... solid 2.2 -273 I<iiliiilium .. .. 1.532 20
    C h r p i u m .. 6.52-6.73 Ruthenium 12.1 19
    Cobalt .....
    .. pure 6.93
    R.71
    25
    21.
    Samarium
    Selenium
    ..
    ... 7.7-7.8
    CoEper ..... cast 8.30-8.95 Silicon . ,. .. cryst. 4.82
    2.42 20
    ..... annealed
    ..... hard drawn
    8.89
    8.89
    20
    20
    ..... nmorph.
    S i l y r ..... c a s t
    2.35
    10.42-10.53
    15
    ..... vacoo-distilled 8.9326 20 ..... v:iciio-distilled
    ..... vacuo-com- 10.492 20
    ..... ditto-com-
    pressed
    8.9376 20
    pressed 10.503 20
    Erhium
    .....
    .... liquid 8.217
    4.77
    .....
    Sodium .....
    liquid 9.51
    .9712 20
    Fluorine ...
    ... liauid
    solid
    1.14
    1.5
    -200
    -273
    ....
    .... solid
    liquid
    .9519
    ,9287
    97.6
    97.6
    Gallium
    Germanium . .... 5.93
    5.46
    23
    20
    ....
    Strontium .. solid
    1.0066 -188
    Sulfur .....
    2.60
    Gold .......
    ....... cast 19.3 2.0-2.1
    vacuodistilled
    ....... ditto-com-
    pressed
    18.88
    19.27
    20
    20 Tantalum
    Telly:ium
    .... liquid
    crystallized
    1.811
    16.6
    6.25
    113

    Haf,nium ... solid 13.3 .. amorphous 6.02 20


    H:!ium .... liquid
    .... solid .I5
    .I9
    -269
    -273
    Thallium
    Thorium
    ...
    ... 11.86
    11.00 17
    Hy$rogen .. liquid .070 -252 Tin ........
    ........
    white, cast 7.29
    Indium .....
    .. solid ,0763
    7.28
    -260
    ........ "
    wrought 7.30
    solid 7.184 226
    Iodine ..... 4.940 20 ........ liquid 6.99 226
    .... liquid
    Iridium ....
    3.71
    22.42
    184
    17
    ........
    Titanium ...
    gray 5.8
    4.5 18
    I r z n ....... pure 7.86 Tungsten .. 19.3
    ....... Uranium ...
    Vanadium ..
    gray cast 7.03-7.13 18.7 13
    .......
    ....... white
    wrought
    cast 7.58-7.73
    7.80-7.90 Seiion ..... liquid
    5.6
    3.52 I09
    ....... Iiqzid
    ....... 6.88
    6.91 1200
    Yttrium ....
    Zip ....... cast
    3.8
    7.04-7.16
    Krxpton .... 2.16 -146 .......
    ....... solid 4.32 -273
    .... solid
    Lanthanum .
    3.4
    6.15
    -273
    ....... vacuo-distilled
    ditto-com-
    6.92
    7.13
    20
    20
    L:,ad ....... vacuo-distilled 11.342 20 pressed
    ....... ditto-com-
    pressed 11.347 20
    .......
    Zirconium .. liquid 6.48
    6.44

    Where the temperature is not given, ordinary temperature is understood.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    292 TABLE 282.-DENSITY I N g/cms AND Ib/ft3 O F VARIOUS SOLIDS
    Nox-The density of a specimen depends considerahly on its state and previous treat-
    ment ; especially is this the case with porous materials .

    Material g / cma Ih/ft3 Material g/cm3 Ib/fta


    Agate ............ 2.5 -2.7 156-168 Gum arabic ....... 1.3 -1.4 80- 85
    Alahaster : Gypsum .......... 2.31-2.33 144- 145
    Carbonate ...... 2.69-2.78 168-173 Hematite . . . . . . . . . 4.9 -5.3 306330
    Sulphate ........ 2.26-2.32 141-1 45 Hornblende ....... 3.0 187
    Alhite ............ 2.62-2.65 163-165 Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .917
    . 57.2
    Amher ........... 1.061.11 66- 69 Ilmenite . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 -5 . 280-310
    Amphiboles ....... 2.9 -3.2 180-200 Ivory ............ 1.83-1.92 114120
    Anorthite ......... 2.74-2.76 171-1 72 Lahradorite ....... 2.7 -2.72 168-1 70
    Anthracite ........ 1.4 -1.8 87-1 12 L?ya, hasaltic ..... 2.8 -3.0 175-185
    Asbestos ......... 2.0 -2.8 125-175 trachytic .... 2.0 -2.7 125-168
    Asphalt .......... 1.1 -1.5 69- 94 Le:fher, dry . . . . . . .86 54
    Basalt ............ 2.4 -3.1 150-190 greased . . 1.02 64
    Beeswax ......... .96- .97 60- 61 Lime, mortar ..... 1.65-1.78 103-111
    Beryl ............ 2.69-2.7 168-168 " slaked ...... 1.3 -1.4 81- 87
    Biotite ........... 2.7 -3.1 170-190 Limestone ........ 2.68-2.76 167- 171
    Bone ............. 1.7 -2.0 106-125 Litharge :
    Brick ............ 1.4 -2.2 87-137 Artificial ....... 9.3 -9.4 580-585
    Butter ............ 36- .87 53- 54 Natural ........ 7.8 -8.0 490-500
    Calamine ......... 4.1 -4.5 255-280 Magnetite ........ 4.9 -5.2 306-324
    Camphor . . . . . . . . . 99 . 62 Malachite ........ 3.7 -4.1 231-256
    Caoutchouc ....... .92- .99 57- 62 Marble ........... 2.6 -2.84 160-177
    Celluloid ......... 1.4 87 Meerschaum ...... .99- 1.28 62 -80
    Cement, set ....... 2.7 -3.0 170-190 Mica . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 -3.2 165-200
    Chalk . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 -2.8 118-175 Muscovite . . . . . . . . 2.76-3.00 172-225
    Charcoal, oak . . . . . 5 7 35 Ochre . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 218
    pine .... .28- .44 18- 28 0 I igoclase ........ 2.65-2.67 165-1 67
    Chrome yellow . . . 6.00 374 Olivine ........... 3.27-3.37 204-210
    Chromite ......... 4.324.57 270-285 Onal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 137
    Cinnahar ......... 8.12 507 Oithoclase ........ 2.58-2.61 161-163
    Clay ............. 1.8 -2.6 122-1 62 Paper ............. 7 -1.15 44- 72
    Coal, soft ......... 1.2 -1.5 75- 94 Paraffin .......... 37- .91 54- 57
    Cocoa butter ...... 39- .91 56- 57 Peat . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 52
    Coke ............. 1.0 -1.7 62-105 Pitch ............. 1.07 67
    Copal ............ 1.04-1.14 65- 71 Porcelain ......... 2.3 -2.5 143-156
    Cork ............. .22- .26 14- 16 ..
    Pornhvrv ......... 2.6 -2.9 162-181
    Cork linoleum . . . . . .55 34 Pyrite ............ 4.95-5.1 309-318
    Corundum ........ 3.9 -4.0 245-250 Quartz ........... 2.65 165
    Diamond : Quartzite ......... 2.73 170
    Anthracitic ..... 1.66 104 Resin ............ 1.07 67
    Carbonado ...... 3.01-3.25 188-203 Rock salt ......... 2.18 136
    Diorite ........... 2.52
    Dolomite ......... 2.84
    157
    177 '
    .
    Ruhher hard ...... 1.19
    soft ...... 1.1
    74
    69
    Ehonite .......... 1.15 72 Rutile ............ 4.2 260
    Emery . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 250 Sandstone ........ 2.14-2.36 134-147
    Epidote ........... 3.25-3.5 203-2 18 Serpentine ........ 2.50-2.65 156-165
    Feldspar .......... 2.55-2.75 159-172 Slag. furnace ..... 2.0 -3.9 125-240
    Flint ............. 2.63 164 Slate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 -3.3 162-205
    Fluorite .......... 3.18 198 Soapstone ........ 2.6 -2.8 162-175
    Gamboge ......... 1.2 7s Starch ........... 1.53 95
    Garnet ........... 3.15-4.3 I9?-268 Sugar ............ 1.61 100
    Gas carbon ....... 1.88 117 Talc ............. 2.7 -2.8 168-174
    Gelatine .......... 1.27 180 Tallow ........... 91- .97 57- 60
    Glass, common .... 2.4 -2.8 150-175 Tar .............. 1.02 66
    " flint ........ 2.9 -5.9 180-370 Topaz ............ 3.5 -3.6 2 19-223
    Glue ............. 1.27 80 Tourmaline ....... 3.0 -3.2 190-200
    Granite ........... 2.64-2.76 165-172 Wax, sealing ..... 1.8 112
    Graphite .......... 2.30-2.72 144-170 Zircon ........... 4.68-4.70 292-293

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 283.-DENSITY IN g/cma AND Ib/ft3 O F V A R I O U S A L L O Y S 293
    Alloy dcm3 Ib/fta
    Brasses : ye!!ow, 70Cu t 30Zn, cast ...............................
    rolled .............................
    8.44
    8.56
    527
    534
    ' drawn ............................. 8.70 542
    ' +
    red, 90Cu lOZn ........................ 8.60 536
    white, 50Cu + 50Zn ................. 8.20 511
    "
    +
    B r o y e s : 90Cu lOSn .......................
    85Cu + 15Sn .............................
    ............. 8.78
    8.89
    548
    555
    " 8OCu 20Sn + .................................. 8.74 545
    " 75Cu 25Sn ... + ................................. 8.83 55 1
    German silxer : Chinese, 26. 36.6Zn + 36.8Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.30 518
    + +
    Berlin (1 ) 52Cu 26Zn 22Ni ................... 8.45 527
    " I' "
    +
    (2) 59Cu 30Zn l l N i ....... + 8.34 520
    " + +
    (3) 63Cu 30Zn 6Ni ................... 8.30 518
    " nickelin .............................. 8.77 547
    Lead and tin: 87.5Pb -k 12.5% ....................... 10.60 661.
    "

    "
    'I "

    '' " 77.8Pb + 22.2Sn .


    +
    84Pb 16Sn .....................................
    ..........................
    10.33
    10.05
    644
    627
    " I'
    " +
    63.7Pb 36.3Sn ....................... 9.43 588
    'I I' 'I
    46.7Pb + 53.3Sn ............................... 8.73 545
    " " ' I 30.5Pb + 69.5Sn .......................... 8.24 514
    Bismuth, lead, and cadmium : 53B b + 7 C d .................. 10.56 659
    Wood's metal : 50Bi + 25Pb + 12.5Cd + 12.5Sn ................... 9.70 6115
    Cadmium and tin : 32Cd 68Sn + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.70 480
    Gold and
    ' I "
    co?per : 98Au 2Cu + ............. 18.84
    ............. 18.36
    1176
    1145
    "
    " "
    'I "
    ,' 94Au 6Cu
    90Au+lOCu .
    +
    ......................
    ......................
    17.95
    17.16
    1120
    1071
    " 1' "
    +
    86Au 14Cu .................................. 16.47 1027
    +
    Aluminum ad: coqper : lOAl 9OCu ......................... 7.69 480
    5A1 + 95Cu ............................. 8.37 522
    "
    I'
    8.69 542
    Aluminum and zinc : 91A1+ 9Zn ................................. 2.80 175
    Platinum aRd iricllium
    : 90Pt +
    lOIr ............................... 21.62 1345
    " ', 85Pt 15Ir +
    ............................... 21.62 1348
    1364
    21.87
    Carboloy ........... 14.3 895
    Constantan : 60Cu + 40Ni .............................. 8.88 554
    Magnalium : 70A1 + 3 2.0 125
    Manganin : 84Cu 12 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 530
    Monel metal .................................................... 8.87 554
    Platinoid : German silver + little tungsten. ........................ 9.0 560
    Stellite: Co 59.5;Mo 22.5; Cr 10.8; Fe 3.1; Mn 2.0; C .9; Si .8. ..... 8 3 518

    T A B L E 284.-PHYSICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F S O M E LIGHT H Y D R O C A R B O N S o 7
    E

    kilo
    "C atm cal g-1 oc-1 kg/m3 atm "C cal/ma
    Methane ...... CH, 16.04 82.1 45.8 .526 .400 ,555 ,678 _- 1880 9,000
    Ethylene ..... CzH, 28.05 9.72 50.9 .363 .296 .977 1.19 __ 1975 14,350
    Ethane ....... CzHn 30.07 32.3 48.2 ,409 ,347 1.048 1.282 294.2 38.3 1895 15,900
    Propylene .... C3He 42.08 91.4 45.4 .363 .316 1.476 1.805 289 10.3 1935 21,100
    Propane ......C3H8 44.09 96.8 42.0 .388 .343 1.550 1.892 268 8.45 1925 22,800
    Butadiene-1,3.. GH, 54.09 152.0 42.8 .349 .312 1.922 2.35 267 2.45 -- 26,400
    Butene-1 ...... C4H8 56.10 143.9 39.2 .371 ,334 1.998 2.44 246 2.6 28,200
    cis-Butene-2 . . C,Hn 56.10 160 41.5 ,350 .315 2.004 2.45 255.5 18.5 1930 28,300
    trans-Butene-2. C;H* 56.10 155.0 40.5 ,376 .342 2.004 2.45 249.0 2.00 28,200
    Isobutylene ...CaH, 56.10 144.7 39.5 .375 ,335 1.998 2.44 245.5 2.57 28,100
    Isobutane ..... C4Hin 58.12 i33.7 36.5 .387 .348 2.077 2.54 222 3.06 1900 30,000
    n-Butane ..... CiHtn 58.12 152.2 37.5 ,397 .361 2.084 2.55 229.5 2.13 1895 30,100

    "7 Shnidman, Louis (ed.), Gaseous fuels, p. 34, ~ l m e r i c a nGas Assoc., 1948.
    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    294
    T A B L E 285.-DENSITY O F V A R I O U S N A T U R A L A N D A R TI’FIC IA L M I N E R A L S

    Density in s p . Val.
    Name and formula “C g/cms cm3/g
    Oxides
    .
    Corundum A1203* .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . ( 0) 4.02 .249
    Lime C a O * .............................. (25) 3.42 .292
    Magnesia MgO * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . (25) 3.603 .2775
    Ferrous oxide FeO * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (20) 5.7 .175
    ..
    Hematite Fe203 . .. . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . (20) 5.25 .1905
    ..
    Magnetite Fe304 . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 0) 5.172 .1933
    Quartz Si80zt ......................... ... (20) 2.649 ,3775
    2.648 .3776
    2.325 .4301
    Vitreous silica . ....... . . ....... . . . . ...... ( 0) 2.203 .4539
    Rutile TiO, . . . 4.250 .2353
    Ilinenite (FeTi)203 ....................... ( 0) 5.088 .1965
    Silicates
    Silhmanite Al,03.Si0, . 3.247 .3080
    Mullite 3AI2O3-2SiO2* . 3.156 .3169
    Albite NaA1Si30.* . . . . 2.62 .382
    Anorthite CaAl2Si3Ox* . 2.757 .3627
    Nephelite NaAlSiOl* . . 2.619 .3818
    Lahradorite Abr8An5J . 2.695 .3711
    Oligoclase AbllAnpS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (25) 2.638 .3791
    .
    Orthoclase KAISi,O, . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (15) 2.554 .3915
    adularia . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . (15) 2.566 .3897
    Microcline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . (25) 2.557 .3911
    Calcium orthosilicates
    a - Ca.Si04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .... (25) 3.26 ,307
    p - Ca.Si04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... (25) 3.27 .306
    y - CazSiO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (25) 2.965 .3373
    Calcium metasilicates
    2.904 ,3444
    2.906 .3441
    3.257 .3070
    3.265 .3063
    3.165 .3159
    3.254 .3073
    3.415 .2928
    3.223 .3103
    4.28 .234
    3.544 .2822
    almandite .. . ..
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (31) 4.160 .2404
    Jadeite . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. ... (31) 3.328 .3005
    Misccllaneous substances
    Borax, anhydrous, Na,R 2.27 .440
    C a C 0 3 ; aragonite .. . . . 2.932 .3411
    C a C 0 3: calcite . . . . . . . . 2.7102 .3688
    CaF,: fluorite ........................ . . .. (10) 3.180 .3145
    Diamond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.516 .2844
    NaCI: rock salt . .. .... 2.1632 .4623
    rdite* , . ........ .. . ...... (25) 2.664 .3754
    .......................... (25) 2.697 .3708
    . . . . . .. . . . .. . (30) 1.984 5040
    ... ......... (25) 5.012 .1995
    ... ....................... (25) 4.873 .2052
    .\rtificial. t Natural. $ .\ti = alhite: An = Anorthite

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 286.-DENSITY OF LIQUIDS 295
    Density or mass in g/cma and in Ib/ft* of various liquids .

    Liquid g/cma Ib/fta Temp. "C


    Acetone ................................. 792 49.4 200
    Alc;hol. ethyl ........................... 807 50.4 0
    methyl ......................... 810 50.5 0
    Aniline ................................ 1.035 64.5 0
    Benzene ................................. 899 56.1 0
    Bromine ................................ 3.187 199.0 0
    Carbolic acid (crude) .................... 950- .965 59.2-60.2 15
    Carbon disulfide ........................ 1.293 80.6 0
    Chloroform ............................ 1.489 93.0 20
    Cocoa butter ............................ 857 53.5 100
    Ether ................................... 736 45.9 0
    Gasoline ................................ 66 - .69 41.0-43.0 ...
    Glycerine .............................. 1.260 78.6 0
    Japan wax .............................. 875 54.6 100
    Mercury ............................... 13.595 849 0
    Milk ................................... 1.028-1.035 64.2-64.6 ...
    Naphtha (wood) ....................... .848- .810 52.9-50.5 0
    Nanhtha (Detroleum
    .. ether) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .665 41.5 15
    O i h : Amber ........................... .800 49.9 15
    Anise-seed ....................... 9 6 62.1 16
    Beef-tallow ....................... .931- 938 58. ...
    Butterfat ......................... .91 - .92 56. ...
    Camphor ......................... .910 56.8 ...
    Castor ........................... .969 60.5 15
    Clove ............................ 1.04 -1.06 65. -66. 25
    Cocoanut ......................... 925 57.7 15
    Cod-liver ......................... .92 - .93 58. ...
    Cottonseed ....................... . 926 57.8 16
    Creosote ......................... 1.040-1 .100 64.9-68.6 15
    Kerosene ......................... .82 51.2 ...
    Lard ............................. .920 57.4 15
    Lavender ......................... 377 54.7 16
    Lemon ........................... .844 52.7 16
    Linseed (boiled) .................. .942 58.8 15
    Neat's-foot ....................... .
    .913- 917 57.0-57.2 ...
    Oleomargarine ................... .92 - .93 ... ...
    Olive ............................ .918 57.3 15
    Palm ............................ 905 56.5 15
    Pe?;tane .......................... .650 40.6 0
    ..........................
    .623 38.9 25
    Peppermint ...................... .90 - .92 56-57 25
    PetrEleum ........................ .878 54.8 0
    (light) ..................795- A05 49.6-50.2 15
    Pine ............................. .850- .860 53.0-54.0 15
    Poppy ........................... .924 57.7 ...
    Rayseed (crude) ................. .915 57.1 15
    (refined) ............... .913 57.0 15
    Resin ............................ .955 59.6 15
    Sperm ........................... .88 55. 25
    Sqya-b$y ........................ .919 57.3 30
    ........................ .906 56.5 90
    Train or whale ................... .918- .925 57.3-57.7 15
    Turpentine ....................... .873 54.2 16
    Valerian ......................... .%5 60.2 16
    Wintergreen ..................... 1.18 74. 25
    Pyroligneous acid ....................... .800 49.9 0
    Water ................................. 1.000 62.4 4
    Sea water ........................ 1.025 64.0 ...

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    296
    TABLE 2 8 7 i D E N S l T Y OF P U R E W A T E R F R E E FROM AIR, 0" T O 41'C
    Under standard pressure (76cmHg) at every tenth part of a degree from 0" to 41"C, in
    g/ml.*

    Tenths of degrees Mean


    Degrees , , differ-
    C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ences
    0
    1
    .999 8681
    9267
    8747 8812 8875 8936 8996
    9315 9363 9408 9452 9494
    9053 9109
    9534 9573
    9163 9216
    9610 9645
    ++ 4159
    2 9679 9711 9741 9769 9796 9821
    9937 9951 9962 9973 9981
    9844 9866
    9988 !%94
    9887 9905
    9998 0000
    + 24
    3
    4
    9922
    1.000 0000 9999 9996 9992 9986 9979 9970 9960 9947 9934 2:
    5 .999 9919 9902 9884 9864 9842 9819 9795 9769 9742 9713 - 24
    6 9682 9650 9617 9582 9545 9507 9468 9427 9385 9341 - 39
    7 9296 9249 9201 9151 9100 9048 8994 8938 8881 8823 - 53
    8 8764 8703 8641 8577 8512 8445 8377 8308 8237 8165 - 67
    9 8091 8017 7940 7863 7784 7704 7622 7539 7455 7369 - 81
    10 7282 7194 7105 7014 6921 6826 6729 6632 6533 6432 - 95
    11 6331 6228 6124 6020 5913 5805 5696 5586 5474 5362 -108
    12 5248 5132 5016 4898 4780 4660 4538 4415 4291 4166 -121
    13 4040 3912 3784 3654 3523 3391 3257 3122 2986 2850 -133
    14 2712 2572 2431 2289 2147 2003 1858 1711 1564 1416 -145
    15 1266 1114 0962 0809 0655 0499 0343 0185 0026 9865 -156
    16 .998 9705 9542 9378 9214 9048 8881 8713 8544 8373 8202 -168
    17 8029 7856 7681 7505 7328 7150 6971 6791 6610 6427 -178
    18 6244 6058 5873 5686 5498 5309 5119 4927 4735 4541 -190
    19 4347 4152 3955 3757 3558 3358 3158 2955 2752 2549 -200
    20 2343 2137 1930 1722 1511 1301 1090 0878 0663 0449 -21 1
    21 0233 0016 9799 9580 9359 9139 8917 8694 8470 8245 -221
    22 .997 8019 7792 7564 7335 7104 6873 6641 6408 6173 5938 -232
    23 5702 5466 5227 4988 4747 4506 4264 402 1 3777 3531 -242
    24 3286 3039 2790 2541 2291 2040 1788 1535 1280 1026 -252
    25 0770 0513 0255 9997 9736 9476 9214 8951 8688 8423 -261
    26 .996 8158 7892 7624 7356 7087 6817 6545 6273 6000 5726 -271
    27 5451 5176 4898 4620 4342 4062 3782 3500 3218 2935 -280
    28 2652 2366 2080 1793 1505 1217 0928 0637 0346 0053 -289
    29 .995 9761 9466 9171 8876 8579 8282 7983 7684 7383 7083 -298
    30 6780 6478 6174 5869 5564 5258 4950 4642 4334 4024 -307
    31 3714 3401 3089 2776 2462 2147 1832 1515 1198 0880 -315
    32 0561 0241 9920 9599 9276 8954 8630 8304 7979 7653 -324
    33 .994 7325 6997 6668 6338 6007 5676 5345 5011 4678 4343 -332
    34 4007 3671 3335 2997 2659 2318 1978 1638 1296 0953 -340
    35 0610 0267 9922 9576 9230 8883 8534 8186 7837 7486 -347
    36 .993 7136 6784 6432 6078 5725 5369 5014 4658 4301 3943 -355
    37 3585 3226 2866 2505 2144 1782 1419 1055 0691 0326 -362
    38 .992 9960 9593 9227 8859 8490 8120 7751 7380 7008 6636 -370
    39 6263 5890 5516 5140 4765 4389 401 1 3634 3255 2876 -377
    40 2497 2116 1734 1352 0971 0587 0203 9818 9433 9047 -384
    41 .991 8661

    According to P. Chappuis, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    297
    T A B L E 288.-VOLUME ItN cms A T VARIOUS TEMPERATURES O F A cm* O F
    W A T E R F R E E FROM AIR A T T H E T E M P E R A T U R E O F M A X I M U M
    DENSITY, 0" to 36°C

    Ttmp.
    C .O .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
    0 1.000132 125 118 112 106 100 095 089 084 079
    1 073 069 064 059 055 051 047 043 039 035
    2 032 029 026 023 020 018 016 013 011 009
    3 008 006 005 004 003 002 001 001 000 000
    4 000 000 000 001 001 002 003 004 005 007
    5 008 010 012 014 016 018 021 023 026 029
    6 032 035 039 042 046 050 054 058 062 066
    7 070 075 080 085 090 095 101 106 112 118
    8 124 130 137 142 149 156 162 169 176 184
    9 191 198 206 214 222 230 238 246 254 263
    10 272 281 290 299 308 317 327 337 347 357
    11 367 377 388 398 409 420 430 441 453 464
    12 476 487 499 511 522 534 547 559 571 584
    13 596 609 623 636 649 661 675 688 702 715
    14 729 743 757 772 786 800 815 830 844 859
    15 873 890 905 920 935 951 967 983 998 015
    16 1.001031 047 063 080 097 113 130 147 164 182
    17 198 216 233 252 269 287 305 323 341 358
    18 378 396 415 433 452 471 490 510 529 548
    19 568 588 606 626 646 667 687 707 728 748
    20 769 790 811 832 853 874 895 916 938 960
    21 981 002 024 046 068 091 113 135 158 181
    22 1.002203 226 249 271 295 319 342 364 389 412
    23 436 459 483 507 532 556 581 605 629 654
    24 679 704 729 754 779 804 829 854 879 905
    25 932 958 983 010 036 061 088 115 141 168
    26 1.003195 22 1 248 275 302 330 357 384 412 439
    27 467 495 523 550 579 607 635 663 692 720
    28 749 776 806 836 865 893 922 951 981 011
    29 1.004041 069 100 129 160 189 220 250 280 310
    30 341 371 403 432 464 494 526 557 588 619
    31 651 682 713 744 777 808 840 872 904 936
    32 968 001 033 066 098 132 163 197 229 263
    33 1.005296 328 361 395 427 461 496 530 562 597
    34 631 665 698 732 768 802 836 871 904 940
    35 975 009 044 078 115 150 185 219 255 290

    T A B L E 289.-INFLUENCE O F PRESSURE ON VOLUME OF W A T E R *

    kg/cmz 0°C 20°C 40°C kg/cmz 20°C 40°C


    1 1.moo 1.0016 1.0076 7,000 .8404 .8485
    500 .9771 .9808 .9873 8,000 327.5 A360
    1,000 .9578 .%30 .9700 9,000 .8160 A249
    2,000 ,9260 .9327 .9403 10,000 - 3149
    3,000 .9015 .9087 ,9164 11,000 - ,8056
    5,000 .8632 ,8702 A778 12,000 - .7966
    6,000 3480 .8545 3623 12,500 - .7922

    Cf. Tahle 269.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    298 TABLE 290.-DENSITY AND VOLUME OF WATER -10" T O +250°C
    The mass of 1 cm' at 4°C is taken as unity.

    T:mp. Te,mp. T:mp.


    C Density Volume C Density Volume C Density Volume
    -10 99815 99823 .98807 1.01207
    - 9 843 802 762 254
    - 8 869 780 715 301
    - 7 892 757 669 349
    - 6 912 733 621 398
    - 5 99930 1.00070 25 99708 ,00293 55 .98573 1.01448
    - 4 945 055 26 682 320 60 324 705
    -3 958 nu 27
    -. 655 347 65 059 979
    -2 970 0% 28 627 375 70 .97781 1.02270
    -1 979 021 29 598 404 75 489 576

    +; .99987
    993
    997
    2
    1.00013
    007
    003
    30
    31
    32
    .99568
    537
    506
    .00434
    465
    497
    80
    85
    90
    .97183
    .96865
    534
    1.02899
    1.03237
    590
    3 999 001 33 473 530 95 192 959
    4 1.ooooo 1.00000 34 440 563 100 .95838 1.04343
    5 .99w 1.00001 35 .99406 ,00598 110 .9510 1.0515
    6 997 003 36 371 633 120 ,9434 1.0601
    7 993 007 37 336 669 130 .9352 1.0693
    8 988 012 38 300 706 140 .9264 1.0794
    9 981 019 39 263 743 150 .9173 1.0902
    10 99973 1.00027 40 59225 1.00782 160 57%
    I. 1.1019
    11 963 037 41 187 821 170 23973 1.1145
    12 952 048 42 147 861 180 3866 1.1279
    13 940 060 43 107 901 190 37.50 1.1429
    14 927 073 44 066 943 200 23628 1.1590
    15 .99913 1.OOO87 45 99025 1.00985 210 350 1.177
    16 897 103 46 .98982 1.01028 220 .837 1.195
    17 880 120 47 940 072 230 ,823 1.215
    18 862 138 48 8% 116 240 .809 1.236
    19 843 157 49 852 162 250 .794 1.259

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 29l.-DENSITY A N D VOLUME OF MERCURY -10" T O +360°C 299
    Density or mass in g/cm3 and the volume in cm3 of 1 g of mercury.

    Temp. Mass Volume of Temp. Mass Volume of Ttmp. Mass Volume of


    "C g/cm3 1 g in cm3 "C g/cma 1 g in cm3 C g/cm8 1 g in cma
    -10 13.6198 .0734225 20 13.5458 .0738233 140 13.2563 .0754354
    -9 6173 4358 21 5434 8367 150 2326 5708
    -8 6148 4492 22 5409 8501
    ~..- 160
    ~ . . 2090 7064
    -7 6124 4626 23 5385 8635 170 1853 8422
    -6 6099 4759 24 5360 8768 180 1617 9784
    - 5 13.6074 .0734893 25 13.5336 .0738902 190 13.1381 .0761149
    -4 6050 5026 26 5311 9036 200 1145 2516
    -3 6025 5160 27 5287 9170 210 0910 3886
    -2 6000 5293 28 5262 9304 220 0677 5260
    -1 5976 5427 29 5238 9437 230 0440 6637
    - 0 13.5951 .0735560 30 13.5213 ,0739572 240 3.0206 .0768017
    1 5926 5694 31 5189 9705 250 2.9972 9402
    2 5901 5828 32 5164 9839 260 9738 7090
    3 5877 5%1 33 5140 9973 270 9504 2182
    4 5852 6095 34 5116 40107 280 9270 3579
    5 13.5827 .0736228 35 13.5091 .0740241 290 2.9036 .0774979
    6 5803 6362 36
    ~. 5066
    .... 0374 3nn
    -__ 8803 6385
    7 5778 6496 37 5042 0508 310 8569 7795
    8 5754 6629 38 5018 0642 320 8336 9210
    9 5729 6763 39 4994 0776 330 8102 80630
    10 13.5704 .0736893 40 13.4969 .0740910 340 12.7869 .0782054
    11 5680 7030 50 4725 2250 350 7635 3485
    12 5655 7164 6 0 4 4 8 2 3592 360 7402 4921
    13 5630 7298 70 4240 4936
    14 5606 7431 80 3998 6282
    15 13.5581 .0737565 90 13.3723 .0747631
    16 5557 7699 100 3515 8981
    17 5532 7832 110 3279 50305
    18 5507 7966 120 3040 1653
    19 5483 8100 130 2801 3002

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    300 TABLE 292.-DENSITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
    The following table gives the density of solutions of various salts in water . The numbers
    give the weight in g!cm3 . F o r brevity the substance is indicated by formula only .

    Weight of the dissolved substance in 100 parts by weight of


    the solution d
    p
    Substance 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 b
    KzO ............... 1.047 1.098 1.153 1.214 1.284 1.354 1.503 1.659 .809 15.
    K O H ............. 1.040 1.082 1.127 1.176 1.229 1.286 1.410 1.538 .666 15.
    NaaO .............. 1.073 1.144 1.218 1.284 1.354 1.421 1.557 1.689 329 15.
    N a O H ............ 1.058 1.114 1.169 1.224 1.279 1.331 1.436 1.539 .642 15.
    NHZ ...............978 .959 .940 .924 .909 396 -- - .-16.
    NHdCI ............ 1.015 1.030 1.044 1.058 1.072 - - - .15.
    KCI ............... 1.031 1.065 1.099 1.135 - - - - .15.
    NaCl .............. 1.035 1.072 1.110 1.150 1.191 - - - .15.
    LiCl ............... 1.029 1.057 1.085 1.116 1.147 1.181 1.255 - .15.
    CaCIz ........ , ..... 1.041 1.086 1.132 1.181 1.232 1.286 1.402 - .15.
    CaCL+6HZ0 ...... 1.019 1.040 1.061 1.083 1.105 1.128 1.176 1.225 1.276 18.
    AICIJ .............. 1.030 1.072 1.111 1.153 1.196 1.241 1.340 -- -- 15.
    MgCIa ............. 1.041 1.085 1.130 1.177 1.226 1.278 - - -15.
    MgCIz+6Hz0 ...... 1.014 1.032 1.049 1.067 1.085 1.103 1.141 1.183 1.222 24.
    ZnCL .............. 1.043 1.089 1.135 1.184 1.236 1.289 1.417 1.563 1.737 19.5
    CdCIa .............. 1.043 1.087 1.138 1.193 1.254 .653 1.887
    1.319 1.469 19.5
    S r C h .............. 1.044 1.092 1.143 1.198 1.257 1.321 -- - 15.
    SrClrf6HaO ....... 1.027 1.053 1.082 1.111 1.042 .317 -
    1.174 1.242 15.
    BaCL ............. 1.045 1.094 1.147 1.205 1.269 - - - - 15.
    BaC12+2Hz0 ...... 1.035 1.075 1.119 1.166 1.2171.273 - . - 21.
    CUCIZ ............. 1.044 1.091 1.155 1.221 1.291 1.360 1.527 - - 17.5
    NiCL .............. 1.048 1.098 1.157 1.223 1.299 - - - - 17.5
    HgCIa ............. 1.041 1.092 - - - - - - - 20.
    F e K h ............. 1.041 1.086 1.130 1.179 1.232 1.25% 1.413 1.545 1.668 17.5
    PtCI, .............. 1.046 1.097 1.153 1.214 1.285 1.362 1.546 1.785 - -
    SnCL+2Ha0 ...... 1.032 1.067 1.104 1.143 1.185 1.229 1.329 1.444 1.580 15.
    SnCl4+5HSO ...... 1.029 1.058 1.089 1.122 1.157 1.193 1.274 1.365 1.467 15.
    LiBr .............. 1.033 1.070 1.111 1.154 1.202 1.252 1.366 1.489 - 19.5
    K B r .............. 1.035 1.073 1.114 1.157 1.205 1.254 1.364 - - 19.5
    NaBr ............. 1.038 1.078 1.123 1.172 1.224 1.279 1.408 1.563 - 19.5
    MgBr, ............. 1.041 1.085 1.135 1.189 1.245 1.308 1.449 1.623 - 19.5
    ZnBra ............. 1.043 1.091 1.144 1.202 1.263 1.328 1.473 1.648 373 19.5
    CdBra ............. 1.041 1.088 1.139 1.197 1.258 1.324 1.479 1.678 - 19.5
    CaBrz ............. 1.042 1.087 1.137 1.192 1.250 1.313 1.459 1.639 - 19.5
    BaBra ............. 1.043 1.C90 1.142 1.199 1.260 1.327 1.483 1.683 - 19.5
    SrBr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.043 1.089 1.140 1.198 1.260 1.328 1.489 1.693 .953 19.5
    KI ................. 1.036 1.076 1.118 1.164 1.216 1.269 1.394 1.544 .732 19.5
    LiI ................ 1.036 1.077 1.122 1.170 1.222 1.278 1.412 1.573 .775 19.5
    N a I ............... 1.038 1.080 1.126 1.177 1.232 1.292 1.430 1.598 .808 19.5
    ZnIl ............... 1.043 1.089 1.138 1.194 1.253 1.316 1.467 1.648 373 19.5
    CdIz ............... 1.042 1.086 1.135 1.192 1.251 1.317 1.474 1.678 -- 19.5
    MgIi .............. 1.041 1.086 1.137 1.192 1.252 1.318 1.472 1.666 1.913 19.5
    CaIz ............... 1.042 1.088 1.138 1.196 1.258 1.319 1.475 1.663 1.908 19.5
    SrIa ............... 1.043 1.089 1.140 1.198 1.260 1.328 1.489 1.693 1.953 19.5
    BaIz ............... 1.043 1.089 1.141 1.199 1.263 1.331 1.493 1.702 1.968 19.5
    NaCIO3 ........... 1.035 1.068 1.106 1.145 1.188 -
    1.233 1.329 - 19.5
    N a B r 0 3 ........... 1.039 1.081 1.127 1.176 1.229 1.287 -- - 19.5
    K N O j ............. 1.031 1.064 1.099 1.135 - - - - - 15.
    N a N 0 3 ............ 1.031 1.065 1.101 1.140 1.180 1.222 1.313 1.416 - 20.2
    AgNOa ........... 1.044 1.090 1.140 1.195 1.255 1.322 1.479 1.675 1.918 15.
    (colltinllrd)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 292.-DENSITY OF AQUEOUS S O L U T I O N S (concluded) 30 1
    Weight of the dissolved substance in 100 parts by weight of c:
    the solution
    9
    b
    Substance 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60
    NHINO, .......... 1.070 1.041 1.063 1.085 1.107 1.131 1.178 1.229 1.282 17.5
    Zn(NOs)z ......... 1.048 1.095 1.140 1.201 1.263 1.325 1.456 1.597 - 17.5
    Zn(N03)z+6Hz0 .. - 1.054 - 1.113 - 1.178 1.250 1.329 - 14.
    Ca(NOs)z ......... 1.037 1.075 1.118 1.162 1.211 1.260 1.367 1.482 1.604 17.5
    C u ( N 0 s ) ~ ......... 1.044 1.093 1.143 1.203 1.263 1.328 1.471 - - 17.5
    SI-(NO,)~ ......... 1.083 1.129 1.179 -- -- - - - 19.5
    Pb(N0a)z .........
    1.039
    1.043 1.091 1.143 1.199 1.262 1.332 - - - 17.5
    - 17.5
    Cd(NO3)z ......... 1.052 1.097 1.150 1.212 1.283 1.355 1.536 1.759
    CO(N0s)z ......... 1.045 1.G90 1.137 1.192 1.252 1.318 1.465 - - 17.5
    N i ( N 0 3 ) Z ......... 1.045 1.090 1.137 1.192 1.252 1.318 1.465 - - 17.5
    Fez(N03)e......... 1.039 1.076 1.117 1.160 1.210 1.261 1.373 1.496 1.657 17.5
    Mg(N03)2+6HzO . 1.018 1.038 1.060 1.082 1.105 1.129 1.179 1232 - 21.
    Mn(N03)2+6H20 . 1,025 1052 1.079 1.108 1.138 1.169 1.235 1.307 .386 8.
    KzCO, ............. 1.044 1.092 1.141 1.192 1.245 1.300 1.417 1.543 - 15.
    KzC03+2H20 ..... 1.037 1.072 1.110 1.150 1.191 1.233 1.320 1.415 .511 15.
    NaZCO310H20 ..... 1.019 1.038 1.057 1.077 1.098 1.118 - - 15.
    (NH,)zSO, ........ 1.027 1.055 1.084 1.113 1.142 1.170 1.226 1.287 19.
    Fe(SO.), ......... 1.045 1.096 1.150 1.207 1.270 1.336 1.489 - 18.
    FeS04+7Hz0 ..... 1.025 1.053 1.081 1.111 1.141 1.173 1.238 - 17.2
    MgSO, ............ 1.051 1.104 1.161 1.221 1.284 - - - - 15.

    MgS0,+7Hz0 ..... 1.025 1.050 1.075 1.101 1.129 1.155 - 15.


    .215 1.278
    NaZS04+10Hz0 ... 1.019 1.039 1.059 1.081 1.102 1.124 - - - 15.
    CuSO.+SH,O ..... 1.031 1.064 1.098 1.134 1.173 1.213 - - - 18.
    MnS04+4Hz0 , , . . . 1.031 1.064 1.099 1.135 1.174 1.214 ,303 1.398 - 15.
    ZnSOl+7Hz0 ..... 1.027 1.057 1.089 1.122 1.156 1.191 ,269 1.351 1.443 20.5
    Fez( KSO,+
    24HzO .......... 1.026 1.045 1.066 1.088 1.112 1.141 - - - 17.5
    Crz(SO,),-KZSO,+
    24H20 .......... 1.016 1.033 1.051 1.073 1.099 1.126 .188 1.287 1.454 17.5
    ... 1.032 1.066 1.101 1.138 - - - - - 15.
    ... 1.028 1.058 1.090 1.122 1.154 1.191 - - - 19.
    ... 1.039 1.082 1.127 1.174 1.225 1.279 ,397
    - - - -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    19.5
    ... 1.035 1.071 1.108
    1.126 - - - - -
    19.5
    ... 1.028 1.059 1.092 15.
    ... 1.025 1.053 1.070 1.113 - - - - - 13.
    Pb { C’,H30:) Z+
    3HzO ........... 1.031 1.064 1.100 1.137 1.177 1.220 1.315 1.426 - 15.
    2NaOH+AszOa
    +24HzO ........ 1.020 1.042 1.066 1.089 1.114 1.140 1.194 - - 14.
    5 10 15 20 30 40 60 80 100
    so3 ............... 1.040 1.084 1.132 1.179 1.277 1.389 1.564 1.840 - 15.
    SO, ............... 1.013 1.028 1.045 1.063 - - - - - 4.
    NzO5 .............. 1.033 1.069 1.104 1.141 1.217 1.294 1.422 1.506 - 15.
    CdHeOa ............ 1.021 1.047 1.070 1.096 1.150 1.207 - - - 15.
    GH,O, ............ 1.018 1.038 1.058 1.079 1.123 1.170 ,273 - - 15.
    Cane sugar ........ 1.019 1.039 1.060 1.082 1.129 1.178 - -
    .289 17.5
    HCI ............... 1.025 1.050 1.075 1.101 1.151 1.200 - - - 15.
    HBr .............. 1.035 1.073 1.114 1.158 1.257 1.376 - - - 14.
    H I ................ 1.037 1.077 1.118 1.165 1.271 1.400 - - - 13.
    H S O , ............. 1.032 1.069 1.106 1.145 1.223 1.307 .Sol 1.732 1.838 15.
    HzSiFo ............ 1.040 1.082 1.127 1.174 1.273 - - - - 17.5
    P205 .............. 1.035 1.077 1.119 1.167 1.271 1.385 1.676 - - 17.5
    Pz05+3H,O ....... 1.027 1.057 1.086 1.119 1.188 1.264 1.438 - - 15.
    H N 0 3 ............. 1.028 1.056 1.088 1.119 1.184 1.250 1.373 1.459 1.528 15.
    C2H,0Z ............ 1.007 1.014 1.021 1.028 1.041 1.052 1.068 1.075 1.055 15.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    302
    T A B L E 293.-DENSITY O F M I X T U R E S OF E T H Y L ALCOHOL AND WATER
    IN g/ml
    The densities in this table are numerically the same as specific gravities at the various
    temperatures in terms of water at 4°C as unity. Based upon work done at the National
    Bureau of Standards.

    Percent Ternoeratures
    CrHsOH
    by weight 10°C 15'C 20°C 25°C 30°C 35°C 40°C
    0 .99973 .W13 ,99823 .99708 9568 99406 .99225
    1 785 725 636 520 379 217 034
    2 602 542 453 336 194 031 .98846
    3 426 365 275 157 014 .98849 663
    4 258 195 103 .98984 .98839 672 485
    5 098 032 .98938 817 670 501 311
    6 .98946 .98877 780 656 507 335 142
    7 801 729 627 500 347 172 ,97975
    8 660 584 478 346 189 009 808
    9 524 442 331 193 031 .97846 641
    10 393 304 187 043 ,97875 685 475
    11 267 171 047 .97897 723 527 312
    12 145 04 1 .57910 753 573 371 150
    13 026 .97914 775 61 1 424 216 .%989
    14 .97911 790 643 472 278 063 829
    15 800 669 514 334 133 .96911 670
    16 692 552 387 199 .%W 760 512
    17 583 433 259 062 844 607 352
    18 473 313 129 .%923 697 452 189
    19 363 191 .96997 782 547 294 023
    20 252 068 864 639 395 134 .95856
    21 139 .%944 729 495 242 .95973 687
    22 024 818 592 348 087 809 516
    23 .96907 689 453 199 .95929 643 343
    24 787 558 312 048 769 476 168
    25 665 424 168 .95895 607 306 ,94991
    26 539 287 020 738 442 133 810
    27 406 144 .95867 576 272 .94955 625
    28 268 .95996 710 410 098 774 438
    29 125 844 548 241 .94922 590 248
    30 .95977 686 382 067 741 403 055
    31 823 524 212 ,94890 557 214 .93860
    32 665 357 038 709 370 02 1 662
    33 502 186 .94860 525 180 .93825 461
    34 334 011 679 337 .93986 626 257
    35 162 .94832 494 146 790 425 051
    36 .94986 650 306 93952 591 221 .9?843
    37 805 464 114 756 390 016 634
    38 620 273 .93910 556 186 .92808 422
    39 431 079 720 353 .92979 597 208
    40 238 .93882 518 148 770 385 ,91992
    41 042 682 314 .92940 558 170 774
    42 .93842 478 107 729 344 .91952 554
    43 639 27 1 .92897 516 128 733 332
    44 433 062 685 301 .91910 513 108
    45 226 .92852 472 085 692 291 90884
    46 017 640 257 .91868 472 069 660
    47 .92806 426 041 649 250 .90845 434
    48 593 21 1 .91823 429 028 621 207
    49 379 .91995 604 208 90805 396 A9979
    50 162 776 384 ,90985 580 168 750
    (continued)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    303
    T A B L E 293.-DENSITY OF M I X T U R E S OF ETHYL A L C O H O L A N D W A T E R
    I N g/ml (concluded)
    Percent Temperatures
    C2HsOH ~~

    by weight 10°C 15OC ZO'C 25°C 30°C 35°C 40°C


    50 .92162 .91776 .91384 .90985 .90580 90168 .89750
    51 .91943 555 160 760 353 ,89940 519
    52 723 333 .90936 534 125 710 288
    53 502 110 711 307 .89896 479 056
    54 279 .90885 485 079 667 248 .88823
    55 055 659 258 .89850 437 016 589
    56 90831 433 031 621 206 .88784 356
    57 607 207 ,89803 392 38975 552 122
    58 381 ,89980 574 162 744 319 .87888
    59 154 752 344 28931 512 085 653
    60 ,89927 523 113 699 278 .87851 417
    61 698 293 .88882 466 044 615 180
    62 468 062 650 233 .87809 379 .86943
    63 237 .88830 417 .87998 5 74 142 705
    64 006 597 183 763 337 .86905 466
    65 ,88774 364 .87948 527 100 667 227
    66 541 130 713 291 .86863 429 .85987
    67 308 ,87895 477 054 625 190 747
    68 074 660 241 .86817 387 .85950 507
    69 .87839 424 004 579 148 710 266
    70 602 187 .86766 340 .85908 470 025
    71 365 .86949 527 100 667 228 ,84783
    72 127 710 287 .85859 426 .84986 540
    73 ,86888 470 047 618 184 743 297
    74 648 229 .85806 376 ,84941 500 053
    75 408 .85988 564 134 698 257 .83809
    76 168 747 322 .84891 455 013 564
    77 .85927 505 079 647 21 1 .83768 319
    78 685 262 .84835 403 .83966 523 074
    79 442 018 590 158 720 277 .82827
    80 197 .84772 344 .83911 473 029 578
    81 .84950 525 096 664 224 .82780 329
    82 702 277 ,83848 415 .82974 530 079
    83 453 028 599 164 724 279 .81828
    84 203 .83777 348 32913 473 027 576
    85 ,83951 525 095 660 220 .81774 322
    86 697 271 ,82840 405 ,81965 519 067
    87 441 014 583 148 708 262 .80811
    88 181 .82754 323 .81888 448 003 552
    89 .82919 492 062 626 186 .80742 291
    90 654 227 .81797 362 .80922 478 028
    91 386 .81959 529 094 655 21 1 .79761
    92 114 688 257 .80823 384 .79941 491
    93 .81839 413 ,80983 549 111 669 220
    94 561 134 705 272 .79835 393 .78947
    95 278 .80852 424 .79991 555 114 670
    96 ,80991 566 138 706 271 .78831 388
    97 698 274 .79846 415 .78981 542 100
    98 399 .79975 547 117 684 247 .77806
    99 094 670 243 .78814 382 .77946 507
    100 .79784 360 .78934 506 075 641 203

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    304
    T A B L E 294.-DENSITY O F A Q U E O U S M I X T U R E S O F M E T H Y L ALCOHOL,
    C A N E SUGAR, OR S U L F U R I C A C I D

    Percent Methyl Sulfuric Percent Methyl Sulfuric


    by weight alcohol Caue acid by weight alcoiyl Cane acid
    of 15" sugar 20" of D +1 C
    5 sugar 20"
    D 4a C D y C C,D
    substance 200 4 substance 200 4
    0 .99913 .998234 .99823 50 .91852 1.229567 1.39505
    1 ,99727 1.002120 1.00506 51 .91653 1.235085 1.40487
    2 .99543 1.006015 1.01178 52 .91451 1.240641 1.41481
    3 9370 1.009934 1.01839 53 .91248 1.246234 1.42487
    4 9198 1.013881 1.02500 54 .91044 1.251866 1.43503
    5 9029 1.017854 1.03168 55 .90839 1.257535 1.44530
    6 .98864 1.021855 1.03843 56 .90631 1.263243 1.45568
    7 ,98701 1.025885 1.04527 57 .90421 1.268989 1.46615
    8 .98547 1.029942 1.05216 58 .90210 1.274774 1.47673
    9 .98394 1.034029 1.05909 59 .89996 1.280595 1.48740
    10 .98241 1.038143 1.06609 60 ,89781 1.286456 1.49818
    11 .98093 1.042288 1.07314 61 .89563 1.292354 1.50904
    12 .97945 1.046462 1.08026 62 ,89341 1.298291 1.51999
    13 .97802 1.050665 1.08744 63 ,89117 1.304267 1.53102
    14 .97650 1.054900 1.09468 64 ,88890 1.310282 1.54213
    15 .97518 1.059165 1.10199 65 ,88662 1.316334 1.55333
    16 .97377 1.063460 1.10936 66 .88433 1.322425 1.56460
    17 .97237 1.067789 1.11679 67 ,88203 1.328554 1.57595
    18 .97m 1.072147 1.12428 68 ,87971 1.334722 1.58739
    19 .96955 1.076537 1.13183 69 37739 1.340928 1.59890
    20 ,96814 1.080959 1.13943 70 ,87507 1.347174 1.61048
    21 .96673 1.085414 1.14709 71 A7271 1.353456 1.62213
    22 .%533 1.089900 1.15480 72 ,87033 1.359778 1.63384
    23 .96392 1.094420 1.16258 73 ,86792 1.366139 1.64560
    24 .96251 1.098971 1.17041 74 .86546 1.372536 1.65738
    25 .96108 1.103557 1.17830 75 ,86300 1.378971 1.66917
    26 .95%3 1.108175 1.18624 76 .86051 1.385446 1.68095
    27 .95817 1.112828 1.19423 77 .85801 1.391956 1.69268
    28 ,95668 1.117512 1.20227 78 ,85551 1.398505 1.70433
    29 .95518 1.122231 1.21036 79 .85300 1.405091 1.71585
    30 .95366 1.126984 1.21850 80 ,85048 1.411715 1.72717
    31 .95213 1.131773 1.22669 81 .84794 1.418374 1.73827
    32 .95056 1.136596 1.23492 82 .84536 1.425072 1.74904
    33 .94896 1.141453 1.24320 83 A4274 1.431807 1.75943
    34 .94734 1.146345 1.25154 84 24009 1.438579 1.76932
    35 .94570 1.15 1275 1.25992 85 33742 1.445388 1.77860
    36 .94404 1.156238 1.26836 86 .83475 1.452232 1.78721
    37 .94237 1.161236 1.27685 87 33207 1.459114 1.79509
    38 .94067 1.166269 1.28543 88 ,82937 1.466032 1.80223
    39 .93894 1.171340 1.29407 89 ,82667 1.472986 1.80864
    40 .93720 1.176447 1.30278 90 .82396 1.479976 1.81438
    41 .93543 1.181592 1.31157 91 32124 1.487002 1.81950
    42 .93365 1I86773 1.32043 92 .81849 1.494063 1.8240;
    43 .93185 1.191993 1.32938 93 3 1 568 1.501158 1.82790
    44 .93001 1.197247 1.33843 94 .81285 1.508289 1.83115
    45 92815 1.202540 1.34759 95 .80999 1.515455 1.83368
    46 .92627 1.207870 1.35686 96 .80713 1.522656 1.83548
    47 .92436 1.213238 1.36625 97 ,80428 1.529891 1.83637
    48 .92242 1.218643 1.37574 98 .80143 1.537161 1.83605
    49 .92048 1.224086 1.38533 99 ,79859 1.544462
    50 .91852 1.229567 1.39505 100 ,79577 1.551800

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    305
    T A B L E 295.-DENSITY, BRIX, AND BAUME DEGREES, O F CANE-SUGAR
    SOLUTIONS
    Degrees Brix, specific gravity, and degrees BauniC of sugar solutions.
    Degrees Brix = percent sucrose by weight.
    20"
    Specific gravities and degrees BaumC corresponding to the degrees Brix are for
    20
    C. 7
    The relation between the specific gravity and degrees Baume is given by degrees Baum6 =
    145 - 145
    specific gravity

    Degrees Degrees Degrees


    Brix or Brix or Brix or
    percent Degrees percent Degrees percent Degrees
    sucrose Specific BaumE sucrose Specific IlaumE sucrose Specific Baurne
    by gravity at (modu- PY gravity at (modu- by gravity at (modu-
    weight 200/20'C lus 145) weight 20'/200C lus 145) weight 20"/20"C lus 145
    .O 1.00000 .oo 40.0 1.17853 21.97 80.0 1.41421 42.47
    1.o 1.00389 .56 41.O 1.18368 22.50 81.0 1.42088 42.95
    2.0 1.00779 1.12 42.0 1.18887 23.04 82.0 1.42759 43.43
    3.0 1.01172 1.68 43.0 1,19410 23.57 83.0 1.43434 43.91
    4.0 1.01567 2.24 44.0 1.19936 24.10 84.0 1.44112 44.38
    5.0 1.01965 2.79 45.0 1.20467 24.63 85.0 1.44794 44.86
    6.0 1.02366 3.35 46.0 1.21001 25.17 86.0 1.45480 45.33
    7.0 1.02770 3.91 47.0 1.21538 25.70 87.0 1.46170 45.80
    8.0 1.03176 4.46 48.0 1.22080 26.23 88.0 1.46862 46.27
    9.0 1.03586 5.02 49.0 1.22625 26.75 89.0 1.47559 46.73
    10.0 1.03998 5.57 50.0 1.23174 27.28 90.0 1.48259 47.20
    11.0 1.04413 6.13 51.0 1.23727 27.81 91.0 1.48963 47.66
    12.0 1.04831 6.68 52.0 1.24284 28.33 92.0 1.49671 48.12
    13.0 1.05252 7.24 53.0 1.24844 28.86 93.0 1.50381 48.58
    14.0 1.05677 7.79 54.0 1.25408 29.38 94.0 1.51096 49.03
    15.0 1.06104 8.34 55.0 1.25976 29.90 95.0 1.51814 49.49
    16.0 1.06534 8.89 56.0 1.26548 30.42 96.0 1.52535 49.94
    17.0 1.06968 9.45 57.0 1.27123 30.94 97.0 1.53260 50.39
    18.0 1.07404 10.00 58.0 1.27703 31.46 98.0 1.53988 50.84
    19.0 1.07844 10.55 59.0 1.28286 31.97 99.0 1.54719 51.28
    20.0 1.08287 11.10 60.0 1.28873 32.49 100.0 1.55454 51.73
    21.0 1.08733 11.65 61.O 1.29464 33.00
    22.0 1.09183 12.20 62.0 1.30059 33.51
    23.0 1.09636 12.74 63.0 1.30657 34.02
    24.0 1.10092 13.29 64.0 1.31260 34.53
    25.0 1.10551 13.84 65.0 1.31866 35.04
    26.0 1.11014 14.39 66.0 1.32476 35.55
    27.0 1.11480 14.93 67.0 1.33090 36.05
    28.0 1.11949 15.48 68.0 1.33708 36.55
    29.0 1.12422 16.02 69.0 1.34330 37.06
    30.0 1.12898 16.57 70.0 1.34956 37.56
    31.0 1.13378 17.11 71.0 1.35585 38.06
    32.0 1.13861 17.65 72.0 1.36218 38.55
    33.0 1.14347 18.19 73.0 1.36856 39.05
    34.0 1.14837 18.73 74.0 1.37496 39.54
    35.0 1.15331 19.28 75.0 1.38141 40.03
    36.0 1.15828 19.81 76.0 1.38790 40.53
    37.0 1.16329 20.35 77.0 1.39442 41.01
    38.0 1.16833 20.89 78.0 1.40098 41.50
    39.0 1.17341 21.43 79.0 1.40758 41.99

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABIAES 296-300.-VELC)CITY OF SOUND *
    T A B L E 296.-VELOCITY O F S O U N D I N GASESD8

    Tzmp . Velocity
    Gas
    T:mp
    C
    . Velocity
    m/sec
    Gas C m/sec
    Air. dry. 1 atm ......... 0 331.7 Hydrogen bromide ...... 0 200
    ....
    "
    25 . . . . . . . . . . .
    50 ...........
    0 332.0 Hytlrogen chloride ......
    Hydrogen iodide ........
    0
    0
    296
    157
    .. ................ 0 334.7
    1'

    " 100 ......... 0 350.6 Hydrogen sulfide ....... 0 289


    " "
    100 386 Illuminating gas ........ 0 490.4
    "
    ................ 500
    1'
    553 Methane ............... 0 430
    I'
    ................ 1000
    I'
    700 Neon .................. 0 435
    Ammonia .............. 0 415 Nitric oxide ............ 10 324
    Argon ................. 0 319 Nitrogen .............. 0 334
    Carbon dioxide ......... 0 259 Nitrous oxide .......... 0 263
    Carbon monoxide ....... 0 338 Oxygen ................ 0 316
    Chlorine ............... 0 206 Silicon tetrafluoride .... 0 167
    Ethane ................. 10 308 Sulfur dioxide .......... 0 213
    Ethylene ............... 0 317 Vapors :
    Helium ................ 0 965 alcohol .............. 0 230.6
    Hydrogen (heavy) ...... 0 890 ether ................ 0 179.2
    Hydrogen (light) ....... 0 1284 water ................ 0 401
    " ................ 100 404.8

    Tables 296 and 298-300 prepared by Urick and Weissler. Naval Research J.ahoratory.
    O8 Bergmann. Ultrasonics. 3d ed., p . 223. Edwards Brothers. 13nn Arbor. Mich., 1944 .

    TABLE 297.-VELOCITY OF S O U N D I N S O L I D S
    ~

    T h e velocity of sounds in solids varies as V E / p . where I< is Young's modulus of elasticity


    and p the density . These constants for most materials vary through a somewhat wide range .
    The numbers can be taken only as rough approximations to the velocity in any particular case .
    When temperatures are not marked. between 10" and 20" is to be understood .

    Y V
    Substance t"C m/sec Substance t°C m/sec
    ..................
    hyd 20 2678 F]: ....................... 200 4720
    .................. 100 2640 ............... 20 4990
    "
    ..................
    'I
    200 2480 ........... 100 4920
    A1 ....................... 5104 4790
    Au h";d .................. 20 1743 M g ...................... 4602
    ' .................. 100 1720 Ni ....................... 4973
    Cd ....................... 2307 P b ... 1322
    co ....................... 4724 Pd ... 3150
    (2 .....................
    .....................
    20
    100
    3560
    3290
    P t ...
    " ....................... 100
    20 2690
    2570
    ..................... 200 2950 " ....................... 200 2460
    2 ..................... 20 5130 Sn ....................... 2500
    ................... 100 5300 3700
    Ash. along the fiber ........ 4670 3652
    I' across the rings ....... 1390 3480
    " along the rings ....... 1260 Cork ........ 500
    By:ch. along the fiber ...... 3340 Granite ................... 3950
    across the rings .... 1840 3810
    " along the ringo ..... 1415 ........... 15 1304
    Elm. along the fiber ........ 4120 Slate ..................... 4510
    .
    " across the rings .......
    along the rings .......
    Fir. along the fiber .........
    1420
    1013
    4640
    Tallow ........
    Tuff .....................
    Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    16 390
    2850
    5000
    Mahogany. along the fiber .. 4135 6000
    Maple. along the fiber ...... 41 10 Ivory .................... 3013
    Oak. along the fiber ........ 3850 Vul . rubber (black) ........ 54
    Pine. along the fiber ........ 3320 31
    Poplar. along the fiber ..... 4280 " (rzdd) ........ 0 69
    Sycamore. along the fiber ... 4460 t' 'I
    ........ 70 34
    W$X ..................... 17 880
    ...................... 28 441

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 298.-VELOCITY OF SOUND IN L I Q U I D S m 307
    Temper- Sound Temper- Sound
    at,;, velocity Density a t y e velocity Density
    Liquid C m/sec a/ml Liauid C m/sec g/ml
    Acetone' ............ 30 1146 .7788 Silicon tetrachloride a . 30 766.2 1.4622
    '.
    Alcohol, abs. ethyl . . 30 1127.4 .7809 Silicone
    Alcohol methyl a ..... 30 1088.9 .7816 DC 500-.65 C S ' . . .. . 30 873.2 .7535
    Alcohol, &n-dodecyl . . 30 1388.0 3269 DC 5&-5.0 is'.. . .. 30 953.8 .9083
    Benzene ............ 30 1276.4 3685 DC 500-50 cs '. . . . . . 30 981.6 .9540
    Carbon disulfide . . . . 23 1149 1.258 Sorbitol, 8:70 solution
    Carbon tetryhloride '. 30 905.8 1.5746 in water . .
    . . . .. . .. 30 2040 1.31
    Chlor2form .. ... . .. 20 1002 1.488 TurDentine . . . . , . . . . 27 1280 .893
    Ether .... . . ........ 30 949 .7019 Water (distilled) ' . . . 0 1403.5
    .
    Ethylene ~ l y c o l . . . . 30 1643.5 1.1068 10 1448.0
    Glycerine .......... 30 1905 1.2553 20 1483.1
    Heptane' ... .. ...... 30 1112 .6751 30 1509.9
    Heptened . ... ........ 30 1082 .6910 40 1529.5
    Heptyne' .. . . . .. . . .. 30 1159.3 .7243 50 1543.5
    Hexadecafluoro- 60 1551.5
    heptane" ...... .... 30 528.8 1.64 70 1555.3
    Mercuryb ...... . ... . 20 1451 13.595 80 1554.6
    Methylene iodide . . . . 20 973.3 3.325 86 1552.4
    94 1549.0

    LIJ References: a Weissler A. Journ. Amer C k m . SOC. 1948 and 1949. also unpublished work with
    V. A. Del Grosso. 'b Bergminn 'L. Ultrasonics' 3d ed. p. l i SEdwards Brothers Ann Arbor Micb 1944.
    c, Rao, M. 'R.,Ind. journ. Phys.: voi. 14, p. 109,'1940. d, Lagemann, R. J., et al., Jburn. Chem. k'hys., Pol. 16,
    247, 1948; Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 70, p. 2994, 1948. e, Randall, C. R., Nat. Bur. Standards Journ.
    es., vol. 8, p. 95, 1932.

    T A B L E 299.-VELOCITY OF SOUND I N SEA WATER


    (From various tables and formulae)

    Depth
    in
    meters "C
    Sal.
    ppt
    Heck &
    Service Wood
    Meters per second
    Br. Adm.
    1927
    Br. Adm.
    1939 Kuwahara
    .
    0 0 31 1445 1445 1440.3 1440.2 1440.3
    10 1482 1484 1481.9 1481.9 1482.0
    20 1508 1515 1514.3 1514.3 1514.3
    30 - 1538 1539.0 1538.9 1539.1
    0 0 35 1450 1450 1445.3 1445.4 1445.5
    10 1489 1488 1486.6 1486.7 i486.8
    20 1514 1519 1518.6 1518.7 1518.7
    30 - 1543 1543.0 1543.1 1543.2
    400 0 35 1454 - 1452.6 1452.7 1452.8
    10 1492 -- 1493.8 1493.9 1494.1
    20 1518 - 1525.8 1525.9 1525.9
    30 - - 1550.3 1550.4 1550.6
    3000 0 31 1490 - 1494.7 1494.6 1494.4
    35 1498 - 1499.7 1499.8 1499.8

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    308 TABLE 300.-VELOClTY OF SOUND I N SEA WATER-DEPTH = O
    (From Kuwahara)
    Meters per second
    “C S*= 31 ppt S = 31 ppt s = 35 ppt s = 37 ppt s = 39 ppt
    0 1440.3 1442.9 1445.5 1448.1 1450.7
    1 44.8 47.4 50.0 52.6 55.2
    2 49.4 51.9 54.5 57.1 59.6
    3 53.8 56.4 58.9 61.4 64.0
    4 58.1 60.6 63.1 65.6 68.1
    5 1462.3 1464.8 467.3 469.8 1472.3
    6 66.5 68.9 71.4 73.9 76.3
    7 70.5 73.0 75.4 77.9 80.3
    8 74.5 76.9 79.3 81.7 84.2
    9 78.3 80.7 83.1 85.5 87.9
    10 1482.0 1484.4 1486.8 1489.2 491.6
    11 85.7 88.0 90.4 92.8 95.1
    12 89.2 91.6 93.9 96.3 98.6
    13 92.7 95.0 97.3 99.6 502.0
    14 96.0 98.3 1500.6 1502.9 05.2
    15 1499.3 1501.6 1503.9 1506.2 1508.5
    16 1502.5 04.7 07.0 09.3 11.5
    17 05.6 07.9 10.1 12.3 14.6
    18 08.6 10.8 13.0 15.2 17.5
    19 11.5 13.7 15.9 18.1 20.3
    20 1514.3 1516.5 1518.7 1520.9 1523.1
    21 17.2 19.3 21.5 23.7 25.9
    22 19.8 22.0 24.1 26.3 28.4
    23 22.4 24.6 26.7 28.8 31.0
    24 25.0 27.1 29.2 31.3 33.5
    25 1527.5 1529.6 1531.7 1533.8 1535.9
    26 29.9 32.0 34.1 36.2 38.3
    27 32.3 34.3 36.4 38.5 40.6
    28 34.6 36.6 38.7 40.8 42.9
    29 36.9 39.0 41.0 43.1 45.1
    30 1539.1 1541.2 1543.2 1545.3 1547.3
    Salinity (parts per thousand).

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLES 301-310A.-ACOUSTICS *
    T A B L E 301.-RELATIVE POWER AND FREQUENCY O F OCCURRENCE O F
    V O W E L AND CONSONANT SOUNDS'm
    Vowels

    Vowel Relative Vowel Relative


    indicated frequency indicated frequency
    by italics Relative of occur- by italics Relative of occur-
    in words power rence in words power rence
    see ............ 220 6.4 saw ............ 680 4.2
    sit ............. 260 10.3 tone ........... 470 4.7
    hate ........... 370 4.8 foot ........... 460 3.0
    let ............. 350 6.6 soon ........... 310 6.3
    sat ............ 490 6.9 sun ............ 510 4.1
    father ......... 600 6.5

    Initial and final consonants


    Relative Relative
    frequency of frequency of
    Rela- occurrence Rela- occurrence
    tive tive
    Consonant power Consonant power
    p ............ 6 2.5 1.2 s ............. 16 5.5 3.1
    b ............ 7 4.6 .4 z ............. 16 .3 6.0
    k ............ 13 5.6 2.9 zh (azure) ... 20 .02 .01
    g ............ 15 4.3 .4 sh ............ 80 1.7 .3
    t ............. 15 7.9 14.3 m ............ 52 5.9 5.5
    d ............ 7 6.2 4.4 n ............ 36 5:O 12.5
    f ............. 5 5.0 12.5 ng ........... 73 ... 3.6
    v ............ 12 1.3 9.2 1 ............. 100 4.3 8.4
    th (voiced) ... 11 6.7 1.3 r ............. 210 2.8 13.1
    th (unvoiced) . 1 6.7 1.3 Fh ........... 42 .6 .5
    J ............. 23 .8 .1
    Data selected and arranged by Cyril M. Harris Bell Tele hone Laboratories.
    lWFletrher, H., Speech and hearing, p. 7 4 , D. ganNostranB, 1929. French, Carter, and Koenig,
    Bell System Tecbn. Journ., vol. 9, p. 290, 1930.

    T A B L E 302.--SOUND L E V E L S O F NOISE I N VARIOUS LOCATIONS


    It is customary to compare the pressure of all sounds in air with 0.0002 dynes/cm'. The
    soutid-pressure level of waves having a r.m.s. sound pressure of p dynes/cmz is defined as
    20 logto (p/0.0002) decibels.?
    The following table gives some typical values of sound levels of noise in the locations
    indicated :

    Sound Sound
    level level
    Location in db Location in db
    Electric power station, Average office .................... 55
    generating room ............... 120 Average residence with radio.. .... 50
    Boiler factory .................... 110 Average residence without radio.. . 43
    Subway station, train passing.. .... 100 Quiet residence ................... 35
    Streetcar ........................ 85 Radio broadcast studio ............ 30
    Factory ........................ 75 Reference level, .0002 dynes/crn'. .. 0
    Large store ...................... 65
    t The be1 is a dimensionless unit for expressing the ratio of two values of power, the number of
    bels being the logarithm to the base 10 of the power ratio.
    The decibel, abbreviated db, is one-tenth of a hel. When conditions are such that scalar ratios of
    pressure amplitudes or particle velocities are the square roots of the corresponding power ratios, the
    number of decibels by which the corresponding powers differ is expressed by
    20 log (fill&) db
    where fil/fi2 represents the scalar ratio. This relationship is frequently applied where the scalar ratio
    is not the square root of the corresponding power ratio, but such usage should be accompanied by a
    specific statement of application.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    310 TABLE 3OPA.-SPEECH POWER (Fig. 1)
    In a study conducted by Dunn and White,” the “long-time-interval average” power of
    speech, obtained by averaging data over time intervals of more than a minute of continuous
    speech, for the average of a group of male speakers was found to be 34 microwatts. The
    corresponding value for female speakers was 18 ‘microwatts. At least 1 percent of the
    &second intervals had an average power in excess of 230 microwatts for men and 150
    microwatts for women, and a peak power in excess of 3600 microwatts for men and 1800
    microwatts, for women. The figure shows how the total power of average conversational
    speech is distributed with respect to frequency. These data give the power per cycles
    versus frequency and also the percentage power lying below a given frequency.

    m -10
    Q

    -
    Z
    rr

    y-2 0
    V
    2.
    V
    E-30
    a
    U
    L O
    2
    r
    $50
    W
    a
    Y)
    -J
    5-6 0
    0

    FIG.1.-Speech power for men (continuous curves) and women (dotted curves) given
    in percentage power below any frequency. Curves A and B, power per cycle, curves C and
    D. 0 db = 1 microwatt.
    lrn Dunn, H. K., and White, S . D., Journ. Accoust. SOC.Amer., vol. 11, p. 278, 1940.

    TABLE 303.-PEAK POWER O F MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS”’

    Watts Watts Watts


    Orchestra, Cymbals ......... 10 Piccolo .......... .08
    75 pieces ....... 70 Trombone ........ 6 Flute ............ .06
    Bass drum, large.. 25 Piano ............ .3 Clarinet .......... .OS
    Pipe organ ....... 13 Trumpet ......... .3 French horn ...... .05
    Snare drum ...... 12 Bass viol ......... .2 Triangle ......... .05
    lo‘ Sivian. L. J., Dunn, H. K., and White, S. D . , Journ. Acoust. SOC.Amer., vol. 2, p. 330, 1931.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 304.-CHARACTERIiSTlC R E S O N A N C E V A L U E S OF 311
    S P O K E N VOWELS1M
    The "pitch" of one's voice, i.e., his fundamental frequency, fluctuates considerably during
    conversational speech, and there is a great deal of variation from individual to individual.
    The average fundamental frequency for the average male voice in conversational English
    speech is in the neighborhood of 130 cps, while the corresponding value for the female voice
    is 230 cps.
    The vocal cords, housed in the larynx, emit a pressure wave that is essentially "sawtooth"
    in character. The numerous harmonics that result from this complex wave form are selec-
    tively transmitted to the open air. The throat, mouth, nose, and constrictions formed by the
    tongue and lips are most important in determining the freqaency characteristics of the
    transmission system. The pressure spectrum of speech has many peaks. Apparently vowel
    sounds are distinguished by the position of these resonant peaks. The following table gives
    representative frequencies of the first two principal resonant peaks for different vowel
    sounds spoken by the average male adult :
    Frequency Fre uency Fre uency Fre uency
    of 1st 94 2d 94 1st 94 2d
    Vowel in- principal principal Vowel in- principal principal
    dicated by .resonant resonant dicated by resonant resonant
    italics in peak peak italics in peak peak
    the words CPS CDS the words CPS CPS
    see ............. 290 2375 saw ............ 600 900
    sit ............. 440 2050 foot ............ 500 1050
    let ............. 585 1875 soon ........... 330 900
    sat ............. 725 1675 sun ............ 650 1225
    father .......... 780 1125 str ............. 475 1375

    'OSPotter, R . K., and Peterson, G . E., Journ. Acoust. SOC.Amer., vol. 20, p. 528, 1948.

    T A B L E 305.-APPROXIMATE R A N G E OF F U N D A M E N T A L F R E Q U E N C Y ON
    0 RC H E S T R A L I N S T R U M E N T S

    The values given are for average instruments in tune with A440 cps. The lower fre-
    quency limits of some special instruments are indicated in brackets.

    Frequency Frequency
    range rn range In
    CPS CPS
    &
    Instrument
    &
    Lower
    limit
    YLP~ Instrument
    Lower
    limit
    ~ P F
    Violin .................. 195 2093 Bb tenor saxophone ..... 103 623
    Viola .................. 131 1318 Eb baritone saxophone.. . 69 416
    Cello ................... 65 880 Trumpet ............... 164 1047
    Bass ............... (32) 41 262 French horn ............ 61 699
    Piccolo ................. 587 4186 Trombone .......... (51) 82 524
    Flute ................... 261 2013 Bass tuba ............... 41 234
    Oboe ................... 233 1397 Piano .................. 27 4186
    English horn ............ 164 934 Organ ............. (16) 32 4186
    Clarinet ........... (138) 146 1568 Harp ................... 32 3136
    Bass clarinet ....... (65) 73 467 Soprano voice .......... 261 1568
    Bassoon ................ 58 623 Tenor voice ............. 123 1174
    Contra bassoon .......... 30 175 Alto voice .............. 174 933
    Eb alto saxophone ...... 138 831 Baritone voice .......... 98 416
    Bass voice .............. 65 294

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    312 MUSICAL SCALES
    The following definitions and Tables 307 and 308 are taken from the -4merican Stand-
    ard Acoustical Terminology 224.1, 1949.
    Just scale.-A just scale is a musical scale such that the frequency intervals are repre-
    sented by the ratios of small integers.
    Equally tempered scale.-An equally tempered scale is a series of notes selected from
    a division of the octave (usually) into 12 equal intervals.
    Equally tempered semitone (half-step).-An equally tempered semitone is the inter-
    val between two sounds whose basic frequency ratio is the twelfth root of two.
    NoTE.-The interval, in semitones, between any two frequencies is 12 times the logarithm
    on the base 2 of the frequency ratio.
    Cent.-A cent is the interval between two sounds whose basic frequency ratio is the
    twelve-hundredth root of two.
    NoTE.-The interval, in cents, between any two frequencies is 1200 times the logarithm
    on the base 2 of the frequency ratio. Thus, 1200 cents = 12 semitones = 1 octave.

    T A B L E 306.-FREQUENCY R A T I O S A N D I N T E R V A L S FOR J U S T A N D
    E Q U A L L Y T E M P E R E D SCALES

    Just temperament Equal temperament


    Frequency Cents
    , Frequency Cents
    ratio from from ratio from from
    starting starting starting starting
    Interval from starting point point point point point
    Unison ........................ 1 :I 0 1 :1 0
    Minor second or semitone. ....... 16:15 111.731 1.059463 :1 100
    Minor tone ..................... 10:9 182.404
    Major second or whole tone.. .... 9:s 203.9 10 1.122462:l 200
    Minor third .................... 6:5 315.641 1.189207:1 300
    Major third .................... 5:4 386.314 1.259921 :1 400
    Perfect fourth .................. 4 :3 398.045 1.334840:1 500
    Augmented fourth .............. 45 :32 590.224 1.414214:l 600
    Diminished fifth ................ 64 :45 609.777 1.414214 :1 600
    Perfect fifth ................... 3 :2 701.955 1.498397 :1 700
    Minor sixth .................... 8:5 813.687 1.587401 :1 800
    Major sixth .................... 5:3 884.359 1.681793:1 900
    Harmonic minor seventh.. ....... 7:4 958.826 -
    Grave minor seventh ............. 16:9 996.091 -
    Minor seventh .................. 9:5 1017.597 1.781797:l 1000
    Major seventh .................. 15:s 1088.269 1.887749 :1 1100
    Octave .................... .;... 2:l 1200.000 2:l 1200

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 307.-FREQUENCIES O F T H E T O N E S O F T H E U S U A L E Q U A L L Y T E M P E R E D SCALE, ARRANGED BY CORRESPONDING
    P I A N O K E Y NUMBERS, A N D C A L C U L A T E D ACCORDING T O A M E R I C A N S T A N D A R D P I T C H

    Note Key Freq. Key Freq. Key Freq. Key Freq. Key Freq. Key Freq. Key Freq. Key Freq. Note
    name No. cps No. cps No. cps No. cps No. cps No. cps No. cps No. cps name
    A 1 27.500 13 55.000 25 110.000 37 220.000 49 440,000 61 880.000 73 1760.000 85 3520.000 A
    A#-Bb 2 29.135 14 58.270 26 116.541 38 233.082 50 466.164 62 932.328 74 1864.655 86 3729.310 A#-Bb
    B 3 30.868 15 61.735 27 123.471 39 246.942 51 493.883 63 987.767 75 1975.533 87 3951.066 B
    4
    D C 4 32.703 16 65.406 28 130.813 40 261.626 52 523.251 64 1046.502 76 2093.005 88 4186.009 C
    E
    , C#-Db 5 34.648 17 69.296 29 138.591 41 277.183 53 554.365 65 1108.731 77 2217.461 C#-Db
    m
    Ln D 6 36.708 18 73.416 30 146.832 42 293.665 54 587.330 66 1174.659 78 2349.318 D
    D#-Eb 7 38.891 19 77.782 31 155.563 43 311.127 55 622.254 67 1244.508 79 2489.016 D%Eb
    E 8 41.203 20 82.407 32 164.814 44 329.628 56 659.255 68 1318.510 80 2637.021 E
    F 9 43.654 21 87.307 33 174.614 45 349.228 57 698.456 69 1396.913 81 2793.826 F
    F#-Gb 10 46.249 22 92.499 34 184.997 46 369.994 58 739.989 70 1479.978 82 2959.955 F#-Gb
    G 11 48.999 23 97.999 35 195.998 47 391.995 59 783.991 71 1567.982 83 3135.964 G
    G#-Ab 12 51.913 24 103.826 36 207.652 48 415.305 60 830.609 72 1661.219 84 3322.438 G#-Ab

    T A B L E 308.-PRESSURE F I E L D A R O U N D THE H U M A N H E A D D U R I N G S P E E C H lM
    The following data describe the pressure field around the head of a speaker a t a radius of 30 cm from the speaker’s lips. The sound-pressure level is
    given for 13 frequency bands, and for all the bands, i.e., “whole speech,” in d b above the sound-pressure level in the same bands at the point (30 cm, 0,
    0). These data give the pressure distribution in the horizontal plane Z = 0, and the relative pressures overhead.
    Azi- Alti-
    muth tude Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band
    rh
    r No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 No. 11 No. 12 No. 13
    Degrees Whole- -62.5- 125- 250. 500- 700- 1000- 1400- 2000- 2800- 4000- 5600- 8000-
    , -A- ( speech 125 250 500 700 1000 1400 2000 2800 4000 5600 8000 12000
    .o .o
    0
    45
    90
    0
    0
    0
    - .1
    - .4
    .O
    - .1
    - .2
    + .6
    - .3
    .O .O
    + .1
    -1.2 +
    .O
    .O
    .3 +1.4
    .O
    .O -1.2
    -3.7
    - .8
    - 4.1
    .O .O
    - 2.5
    - 7.9
    +- 2.5.O.6 .O
    - 2.9
    - 5.2
    +- 3.5..5O - 2.4
    - 4.9
    .O

    135 0 -3.0 - .2 -2.5 -3.6 -1.5 -1.7 -4.3 - 5.4 - 9.1 -12.6 -14.9 -12.7 -14.6
    180 0 -4.9 - .6 -4.6 -5.3 -3.3 -3.8 -5.1 -12.4 -14.8 -17.2 -18.6 -21.3 -16.1
    - +90 -2.6 -1.6 -1.9 -2.4 -2.4 -2.3 -3.0 - 4.5 - 3.2 - 2.0 - 7.7 - 5.2 - .9
    w
    c
    Dunn, H. K., and Farnsworth, D. W., Journ. Acoust. SOC.Amer., vol. 10, p. 184, 1939. w
    314 TABLE 309.-SENSITIVITY O F T H E EAR (FIG. 2)
    The minimum effective sound pressure of a specified signal that is capable of evoking an
    auditory sensation is called the threshold of audibility for that signal. The characteristics
    of the signal, the manner in which it is presented to the listener, and the point at which
    the sound pressure is measured must be specified. Two classes of ear-sensitivity deter-
    minations are shown in figure 2. M.A.P. is just-audible sound pressure measured at the
    observer’s ear drum. M.A.F. is the sound pressure level that is just audible to an observer
    in an acoustical field free of reflecting surfaces (the sound-pressure level is measured after
    the observer’s head is withdrawn from the field) ; the observer faces the source of sound
    and listens binaurally. These curves were derived by Sivian and White from measurements
    on young adult observers all having. very good hearing.’” The average person cannot detect
    pressures as low as those given. H e will have a threshold curve displaced upward on the
    chart. (See Table 3G9A for data on hearing losses.)

    FREQUENCY IN CYCLES PER SECOND


    FIG.2.-The variation of two classes of ear sensitivity. Curve 1, Monaural M.A.P. The
    ordinate for curve 1 is 20 log,, p/po where p = M.A.P. at ear drum (dyne/cm*) and PO =
    2)<10-’ (dyne/cma). Curve 2, Binaural M.A.F. Observer facing source. (0 db = lo-‘’
    watts/cm2).

    The term “differential sensitivity of frequency and intensity” refers to the. smallest
    changes in frequency and intensity, respectively, that can be perceived by an observer with
    normal hearing. The values depend to some extent on the method of presentation of the
    test stimuli. For pure tones above 500 cps having levels greater thafi 40 db above threshold,
    the measurements of Shower and Biddulph indicate that the smallest perceptible difference
    in frequency has the approximate constant value of 0.3 percent. For levels greater than
    40 db above threshold and for frequencies between 200 and 7000 cps, the measurements of
    Riesz and others indicate that the smallest perceptible difference in intensity varies from
    one-quarter to three-quarters of a decibel.
    The range of frequency perceived by the average ear varies considerably ; however, the
    figures of 20-20,000 cycles are frequently quoted as covering the range heard by the average
    of a group of young adults having no hearing impairments
    Sivian, L. J., and White, S . D., Journ. Acoust. SOC. Amer., vol. 4, p. 228, 1933.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    315
    T A B L E 309A.-DISTRIBUTlON O F LOSS OF H E A R I N G A C U I T Y loo

    The following data are part of the results of the hearing tests conducted by the Bell
    System a t the New York and San Francisco World's Fairs in 1939. The first four columns
    indicate the percentages of the population having hearing losses of 25 db or more a t various
    frequencies. A person having a loss of 25 db a t all frequencies below 2000 cps may expe-
    rience difficulty in understanding unamplified speech, as in an auditorium or church. The
    second four columns indicate the corresponding percentages for losses of 45 db or more. A
    person having such a loss experiences difficulty in understanding ordinary conversational
    speech at distances greater than 2 or 3 feet.

    25-db loss 45-db loss


    Frequency in cps Frequency in cps
    I r
    Age group 440;880 1760 3520 704; 440;880 1760 3520
    10-19 men ........... 1.7 1.6 4.5 8.0 .6 .6 1.8
    women ........ 1.8 1.2 1.2 2.5 .6 .4 .3
    20-29 men ........... 1.1 1.2 7.0 9.5 .I .3 2.7
    women ........ 1.8 I .6 2.2 3.5 .4 .3 .7
    30-39 men ........... 1.8 3.5 15. 19. .3 .6 6.0
    women ........ 3.5 3.5 5.5 10. 1.2 .8 1.6
    40-49 men ........... 5.5 9.5 32. 39. 1.4 2.6 16.
    women ........ 7.0 7.0 11. 24. 2.1 1.5 3.
    50-59 men ........... 9.5 17. 48. 58. 2.6 6.0 27.
    women ........ 13. 14. 22. 43. 4.0 3.0 7.
    am Steinberg, Montgomery, and Gardner, Journ. Acoust. SOC. Anier., vol. 12, p. 291, 1940.

    T A B L E 310.-ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICSam
    Planning for good acoustics in a building requires careful consideration of noise control.
    This includes consideration of the selection of a site, the arrangement of the rooms within
    the building, the selection of the proper sound-insulation constructions, and the control of
    noise sources within the building. The design of a room where people gather to listen to
    speech or music should be such that its shape and size will ensure the most advantageous
    flow of properly diffused sound to all auditors. Absorptive and reflective materials and
    constructions should be selected and distributed to provide the optimum conditions for the
    growth, decay, and steady-state distribution of sound in the room. The reverberation
    characteristics of the room are controlled by the amount and placement of the absorptive
    material.
    Reverberation t i m e calculations.-Because of the importance of the proper control
    of reverberation in rooms, a standard of measure called reverberation time has been estab-
    lished. This is the time required for a specified sound to die away to one-thousandth of its
    initial pressure, which corresponds to a drop in sound-pressure level of 60 db. The
    reverberation time of a room is given by the following equation :
    0.049Y 6
    T=
    -2.30 S loglo (1 - c)+
    4mV
    where Y is the volume of the room, S is the total surface area in square feet, and is the
    average absorption coefficient for the room given by
    - CKx Si C X S z + K a S3 ..... - a-
    cc= + + -
    S1+ SI Sa + +....... S
    where El is the absorption coefficient of the area St, etc.
    The second term in the denominator, 4mV, represents the effective absorption in the
    room contributed by the air. The attenuation coefficient m a t each frequency depends upon
    the humidity and temperature of the air. Except in very large rooms the absorption in air
    can be neglected below about 2000 cps. The values of m for a temperature 68°F are given
    in figure 3 as a function of relative humidity for a number of frequencies.
    107 Taken from Acoustical designing in architecture, by V. 0. Knudsen and C. M. Harris, John Wiley
    & Sons, 1949. Used by permission of the publishers.
    (corttinued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    316 T A B L E 310.-ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS (concluded)

    FIG.3.-Attenuation coefficient nz per foot as a function of humidity.

    T A B L E 310A.-OPTIMUM R E V E R B E R A T I O N T I M E (FIGS. 4 A N D 5 )
    T h e following figures give the recommendations of Knudsen and Harris for optimum
    reverberation time for different types of rooms as a function of room volume. The optimum
    times for speech rooms, motion-picture theaters, and school auditoriums are given by a
    single line ; the optimum time for music by a broad band. Th e optimum reverberation time
    is not the same for all kinds of music. F o r example, slow organ and choral music require
    more reverberation than does a brilliant allegro composition played on woodwinds, piano,
    or harpsicord.
    The optimum reverberation time vs. frequency characteristic for a room can be obtained
    from these charts in the following manner : After having specified the volume and purpose
    of the room, determine the optimum reverberation time at 512 cycles from the upper chart.
    Then, to obtain optimum reverberation time a t any other frequencies multiply the 512-cycle
    value by the appropriate ratio R which is given in the lower chart. Note that R is unity
    for frequencies above 500 cycles, and is given by a band for frequencies below 500 cycles.
    The ratio R for large rooms may have any value within the indicated band; preferred
    ratios for small rooms are given by the lower part of the band.
    (corztinued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 310A.-OPTIMUM REVERBERATION T I M E (FIGS. 4 A N D 5) 317
    ' < c o d I Ub&)

    FIG.4.-Optimum reverberation time as a function of volume of rooms for various types of


    sound for a frequency of about 512 cycles per second.

    1.6
    1.6

    1.4

    4:
    ...
    0 1.2
    L
    1.2

    5
    L
    1..c0I
    a! 1

    0e
    0I
    00
    100 200 so0 400 600 8001000 2000 3000 5000 10.000
    FREQUENCY IN cYcLea PER SECOND
    FIG.S.--Ratio of the reverberation time for various frequencies as a function of the
    reverberation for 512 cycles per second.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    318
    TABLES 311-338.-VISCOSITY OF F L U I D S A N D S O L I D S *
    The coefficient of viscosity of a substance is the tangential force required to
    move a unit area of a plane surface with unit speed relative to another parallel
    plane surface from which it is separated by a layer of the substance a unit thick.
    Viscosity measures the temporary rigidity it gives to the substance.
    Fluidity is the reciprocal of viscosity expressed in poises. Kinematic vis-
    cosity is absolute viscosity divided by density. Specific viscosity is viscosity
    relative to that of some standard substance, generally water at some definite
    temperature. The dimensions of viscosity are J4L-lT-l. It is generally ex-
    pressed in cgs units as dyne-second per cm2 or poises.
    The viscosity of fluids is generally measured by one of several methods
    depending on the magnitude of the viscosity value to be measured. For vapors
    and gases as well as for liquids of low viscosity, measurements of viscosity are
    made by the rate of flow of the fluid through a capillary tube whose length is
    great in comparison with its diameter. The equation generally used is

    T],the viscosity, -
    - 12852 (I+ A )
    where y -is the density (g/cm3), d and I are respectively the diameter and
    length in cm of the tube, Q the volume in cm3 discharged in t sec, h the
    Couette correction to the measured length of the tube, h the average head in cm,
    m the coefficient of kinetic energy correction, mvu2/g, necessary for the loss of
    energy due to turbulent, in distinction from viscous, flow, g being the accelera-
    tion of gravity (cm/sec2), 2, the mean velocity in cm/sec. (See Herschel, Nat.
    Eur. Standards Techn. Pap. Nos. 100 and 112, 1917-1918, for discussion
    of this correction and h . )
    For liquids of medium and high values of viscosity measurements are made
    by Margule's method of observing the torque on the inner of two concentric
    cylinders while the outer is rotated with constant angular speed with the vis-
    cous liquid filling the space between, or by noting the rate of fall of a solid
    sphere through the liquid.
    For the method of concentric cylinders the equation is
    K8(R12--R Z 2 ),
    q, the viscosity, =
    4&R,' R2, L
    where K denotes the elastic constant of the torsion member supporting the
    inner cylinder of radius R, cm and length L cm, .8is the angular displacement
    of the inner cylinder from its position of equilibrium, R the angular speed of
    the outer rotating cylinder of radius R , cm in the corresponding units em-
    ployed to measure 8. The necessary corrections due to end effects of cylinders
    of finite length are given in the reference.'O"
    For the falling sphere method, the equation is that of Stokes law as modified
    by R. G. Hunter: l o g
    1 . R 2.2s )
    2 R2(d,-d2)
    viscosity, = -
    ('-71,
    T], the
    9 ' (1+3.3:)

    where y denotes the radius in cni of the crucible containing the liquid of density
    d , (g/cni3), to a depth of Iz cni, R the radius in cm of the sphere of density d ,
    (g/cm3), and Y the velocity (cni/sec) of the falling sphere.
    * T h e data on viscosity were selected and arranged by George V. McCauley, Corning
    Glkss Works.
    Lillie, H . R., Journ. Amer. Cer. SOC., vol. 12, p. 505, 1929.
    looHunter, R. G.. Journ. Amer. Cer. SOC., vol. 17, p. 123, 1934; Ann. d. Phys., ser. 4,
    vol. 22, p. 287, 1907; vol. 23, p. 447, 1907.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    319
    For very viscous materials, measurements of viscosity are made by noting
    the rate of elongation of fibers under load or by observing the aperiodic inotioii
    of an elastic system displaced from its position of equilibrium and damped by
    the viscous material.
    The formula for the rate of elongation of fibers as employed by H. R.
    Lillie is
    Lxgxk
    7, the viscosity, =
    37rR2E '
    where R is the radius in cni of the fiber of effective length, L (cm), g the
    mass in grams of the attached load, k the acceleration of gravity (cm/sec2),
    and E the rate of elongation in cm/sec.
    For the aperiodic motion of the system consisting of the suspended inner
    cylinder of Margule's apparatus described above, the formula is
    K(t,-t,) log e R Z 2 - R l 2
    7 , the viscosity, =
    el R12RZZ
    4XL log,, - ( )'
    0,
    where t2 and t , denote the times in seconds of angular positions O2 and 8, of the
    suspended system from its position of equilibrium. The other characters have
    the same significance as in the formula above for the rotating cylinder method
    of measuring viscosity. (For reference, see footnote 105.)
    The viscosity of solids may be measured in relative terms by the damping
    of the oscillations of suspended wires (see Table 323). Ladenburg (1906)
    gives the viscosity of Venice turpentine at 15.3" as 1300 poises; Trouton and
    Andrews (1904) of pitch at O o , 51 x lo'", at 15") 1.3 x 1O'O; of shoemaker's
    ~ of soda glass at 575", 11 x lo'*; Deeley (1908) of glacier
    wax at 8", 4 . 7 lo6;
    ice as 12 x 1013.
    "'Lillie, H. R., Journ. Amer. Cer. SOC.,vol. 14, p. 502, 1931.

    T A B L E 311.-VISCOSITY OF W A T E R I N C E N T I P O I S E S
    (Temperature variation)
    Part 1.-Low temperature

    Vi? Vis- Viy Vis- Viy Vis. Vis-


    cos1ty cosity cosrty cos1ty cos1ty cos1ty cosity
    "C CP "C cp "C CP "C cp "C cp "C cp "C cp
    0 1.7921 10 1.3077 20 1.0050 30 ,8007 40 .6560 50 ,5494 60 .4688
    1 1.7313 11 1.2713 21 .9810 31 .7840 41 .6439 51 ,5404 65 .4355
    2 1.6728 12 1.2363 22 .9579 32 .7679 42 ,6321 52 S315 70 .4061
    3 1.6191 13 1.2028 23 .9358 33 .7523 43 .6207 53 ,5229 75 .3799
    4 1.5674 14 1.1709 24 .9142 34 .7371 44 .6097 54 S146 80 .3565
    5 1.5188 15 1.1404 25 .8337 35 ,7225 45 S988 55 .SO64 85 .3355
    6 1.4728 16 1.1111 26 3737 36 .7085 46 .5883 56 .4985 90 3165
    7 1.4284 17 1.0828 27 ,8545 37 .6947 47 .5782 57 .4907 95 .2994
    8 1.3860 18 1.0559 28 .8360 38 .6814 48 .5683 58 .4832 100 2838
    9 1.3462 19 1,0299 29 .8180 39 .6685 49 S588 59 .4759 153 .181

    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    320
    T A B L E 311.-VISCOSITY O F W A T E R I N CEN TIPOIB ES (concluded)
    Pa rt 2.-High temperature"'

    vis- vis- Vi,s- Vis-


    cosity cosity COSItY COSltY
    "C cp "C cp "C cp "C cp
    130 ... 155 .184 180 .I55 205 .136
    135 ... 160 .178 185 .I51 210 .134
    140 ... 165 .173 190 .146 215 .131
    145 .I99 170 .I66 195 .I43 220 .129
    150 .191 175 .I60 200 .139 225 .128
    "'Based on measurements by Shugayev, V., Journ. Exp. and Theoret. Phys. ( U . S . S . R . ) , vol. 4,
    p. 760, 1934.

    P a rt 3.-Viscosity o f heavy water in centipoises

    9.65% DzO; dn" = 1.10495

    Viy Via- Viy Vis-


    cos1ty COS'tY cos1ty COSltY
    "c CD "c CD "C cp "c CD
    4 2.25 8 1.81 12 1.56 16 1.37
    5 2.10 9 1.73 13 1.51 17 1.33
    6 1.99 10 1.67 14 1.46 18 1.29
    7 1.90 11 1.61 15 1.41 19 1.25
    112 Data by Lemond, Henri. Cornpt. Rend., vol. 212, p. 81, 1941.

    T A B L E 312.-VISCOSITY O F AL COHOL -W AT E R M I X T U R E S I N CENTlPOlSES


    (Temperature variation)

    Percentage by weight of ethyl alcohol


    -- -
    "C 0 10 20 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100
    0 1.792 3.311 5.319 6.94 7.25 7.14 6.94 6.58 5.75 4.762 3.690 2.732 1.773
    5 1.519 2.577 4.065 5.29 5.62 5.59 5.50 5.26 4.63 3.906 3.125 2.309 1.623
    10 1.308 2.179 3.165 4.05 4.39 4.39 4.35 4.18 3.77 3.268 2.710 2.101 1.466
    is 1.140 1.792 2.618 3.26 3.52 3.53 3.51 3.44 3.14 2.770 2.309 1.802 1.332
    20 1.005 1.538 2.183 2.71 2.88 2.91 2.88 2.87 2.67 2.370 2.008 1.610 1.200
    25 394 1.323 1.815 2.18 2.35 2.35 2.39 2.40 2.23 2.037 1.748 1.424 1.096
    30 301 1.160 1.553 1.87 2.00 2.02 2.02 2.02 1.93 1.767 1.531 1.279 1.003
    35 .722 1.006 1.332 1.58 1.71 1.72 1.73 1.72 1.66 1.529 1.355 1.147 .914
    40 .656 .907 1.160 1.368 1.473 1.482 1.495 1.499 1.447 1.344 1.203 1.035 ,834
    45 .599 312 1.015 1.189 1.284 1.289 1.307 1.294 1.271 1.189 1.081 .939 .764
    50 .549 ,734 907 1.050 1.124 1.132 1.148 1.155 1.127 1.062 968 348 .702
    60 .469 .609 .736 ,834 .a5 .893 .907 ,913 ,902 .856 .789 ,704 .592
    70 .406 .514 .608 .683 ,725 .727 .740 .740 .729 .695 .650 .589 504
    80 .356 .430 SO5 .567 .598 .601 .609 .612 .604 - - - -

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 313.-VISCOSITY O F GLUCOSE 'I3 32 1
    (Temperature variation)
    Viscosity values given as logloq (poises)

    Tzmp. TEmp. T y .
    C LO&" n C Log10 t C Log10 0
    22 13.96 100
    ~. 2.40
    24 13.41 105 2.15
    26 12.86 110 1.90
    28 12.34 115 1.70
    30 11.82 70 4.80 120 1.so
    32 11.32 75 4.29 125 1.32
    34 10.83 80 3.82 130 1.16
    36 10.35 85 3.40 135 1.01
    40 9.44 90 3.02 140 .B
    45 8.40 95 2.69 145 .75

    As with other liquids in the temperature interval of high viscosities, measured values
    for glucose depend on the thermal treatment to which the sample is subjected prior to and
    during measurement. Prolonged holding at a given temperature followed by rapid cooling
    to a lower temperature a t which viscosity is measured will result in increasing values with
    time. Decreasing viscosity values with time will result from the reverse temperature treat-
    ment. At temperatures of high viscosity, constant, or equilibrium, viscosity values will be
    found only after long holding a t the given temperature or after slow and controlled cooling
    from conditions of low viscosity to the desired temperature.
    1'3 Barton, Spaght, and Richardson, Journ. Appl. Phys., vol. 5, p. 156, 1934.

    T A B L E 314.-VlSCOSlTY A N D D E N S I T Y O F GLYCEROL I N AQUEOUS


    SOLUTION A T 20°C *

    Kinematic Kinematic
    Viscosity viscosity t Viscosity viscosity t
    76 Gly. Density in centi- in centi- R Gly- Density in centi- in centi-
    cerol a/cn13 poises stokes cerol g/cmq poises stokes
    5 1.0098 1.181 1.170 50 1.1258 5.908 5.248
    10 1.0217 1.364 1.335 55 1.1393 7.664 6.727
    15 1.0337 1.580 1.529 60 1.1528 10.31 8.943
    20 1.0461 1.846 1.765 65 1.1662 14.51 12.44
    25 1.0590 2.176 2.055 70 1.1797 21.49 18.22
    30 1.0720 2.585 2.411 75 1.1932 33.71 28.25
    35 1.0855 3.115 2.870 80 1.2066 55.34 45.86
    1.0989 3.791 3.450 1.2201 102.5 84.01
    45
    40 1.1124 4.692 4.218 85
    90 1.2335 207.6 168.3

    OTahles 314 and 3 1 5 txken from Nat. Rur. Standards Techn. Pap. No. 112. 1918. Glycerol data.
    THl)le 314, from Archlptt. Deeley, and Gerlack; castor oil data, Tahle 315. from Kahlharim and Raher.
    Archhutt and Deeley give f o r the density and viscosity of castor oil a t 656°C. 0.9284 a n d 0.605, respec-
    tively: at 100°C, 0.9050 and 0.169.
    t T h e kinematic viscosity is the ordinary viscosity in cgs units (poises) divided by the density in g/cm3.
    T h e cgs unit of kinematic viscosity is the stoke.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    322 T A B L E 315.-VISCOSITY A N D D E N S I T Y O F CASTOR O I L
    (Temperature variation)

    Kinematic Kinematic
    Density Visco?ity viscosity Density Viscosity viscosity
    "C g/cms in poises in stokes "C g/cmS in poises in stokes
    5 .9707 37.6 38.7 23 .9583 7.67 8.00
    6 .9700 34.5 35.5 24 .9576 7.06 7.37
    7 .9693 31.6 32.6 25 .9569
    .. .. 6.51 6.80
    8 .9686 28.9 29.8 26 .9562 6.04 6.32
    9 .9679 26.4 27.3 27 .9555 5.61 5.87
    10 .9672 24.2 25.0 28 .9548 5.21 5.46
    11 .9665 22.1 22.8 29 .9541 4.85 5.08
    12 .9659 20.1 20.8 30 .9534 4.51 4.73
    13 .9652 18.2 18.9 31 .9527 4.21 4.42
    14 .%45 16.61 17.22 32 -9520 3.94 4.14
    15 .9638 15.14 15.71
    ~ 33 i9513 3.65 3.84
    16 .9631 13.80 14.33 34 .9506 3.40 3.58
    17 .9624 12.65 13.14 35 .9499 3.16 3.33
    18 .9617 11.62 12.09 36 .9492 2.94 3.10
    19 .9610 10.71 11.15 37 .9485 2.74 2.89
    20 .%03 9.86 10.27 38 .9478 2.58 2.72
    21 .9596 9.06 9.44 39 .9471 2.44 2.58
    22 .9589 8.34 8.70 40 .9464 2.31 2.44

    T A B L E 316.-VISCOSITY O F GLYCERINE-WATER M I X T U R E S

    (Temperature variation)

    Viscosity in centipoises
    I
    Sp. gravity C Glycerol 20°C 25'C 30°C
    1.00000 0 1.005 393 300
    1.02370 10 1.31 1 1.153 1.024
    1.04840 20 1.769 1.542 1.360
    1.07395 30 2.501 2.157 1.876
    1.loo40 40 3.750 2.731
    1.12720 50 6.050 5.o4i 4.247
    1.15460 60 10.96 8.823 7.312
    1.18210 70 22.94 17.96 14.32
    1.20925 80 62.0 45.86 34.92
    1.23585 90 234.6 163.6 115.3
    1.26201 100 1499. 945. 624.
    lI4 Landolt and Bornstein, 1935. Data by Sheely, Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 24, p. 1060, 1932.

    T A B L E 317.-VISCOSITY OF GASOL I NE A N D K E R O S E N E I N C EN TIPOISES"6

    Sp. gr. Temperature


    Gasoline
    No.
    -
    15.6'
    15.6'
    r---
    5°C 15°C 25°C 35'C 45°C 55°C
    1 .757 .690 .603 ,518 .472 .426 ,382
    2 .748 .769 .663 ,588 .516 ,467 .412
    3 .743 .775 .641 .541 .493 .441 ...
    4 .726 .495 .429 .379 .341 .309 .278
    5 .722 ,529 .457 .410 .360 .325 .293
    6 ,717 ,568 .481 .418 .361 .339 ...
    7 .716 .508 .461 .391 .346 .312 .294
    8 .708 .493 .435 .389 .336 .301 .278
    9 .702
    ._ -429 283 .338 .312 .279 .250
    10 .701 .435 .382 .349 .300 .268 .251
    11 .699 .429 .372 .327 ,299 .269 .236
    12 .694 ,399 ,350 .317 ,283 .259 .234
    13 .680 .347 .310 .274 .242 .227 .211
    Kerosene 313 2.57 2.13 1.64 1.41 1.19 ...
    118 Herschel, Nat. nilr. Standards Techn. Pap. No. 125, 1919.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    T A B L E 318.-VISCOSITY O F ORGANIC LIQUIDS 323
    (Temperature variation)
    Compiled from Landolt and Bornstein. 1923. Based principally on work of Thorpe and
    Rogers. 1894-1897 . Viscosity given in centipoises . One centipoise = 0.01 dyne-second
    per cmz.

    Viscosity in centipoises
    I
    Liquid Formula 0°C 10°C 20°C 40°C 50°C 70°C 100°C
    Acids :
    Formic .......... CHzOt solid 2.247 1.784 1.460 1.219 1.036 .780 .549
    Acetic ........... CzH.0, solid solid 1.222 1.040 .905 .796 .631 .465
    Acetic
    (anhydrous) ... C.H. 0. 1.245 1.053 .907 .792 .699 .623 SO7 .387
    Propionic ........ CzHeOz 1.521 1.289 1.102 .960 .845 .752 .607 .495
    Propionic
    (anhydrous) ... GHeOz 1.610 1.330 1.119 .961 .836 .735 .584 .438
    Butyric .......... C. H.O. 2.286 1.751 1.540 1.304 .121 .975 .760 .551
    i-Butyric ........ C.H. 0 2 1.887 1.568 1.318 1.129 .980 .862 .683 501
    Alcohols :
    Methyl .......... CH.0 .817 .690 .596 .520 .4'57 .403
    Ethvl ........... CSHoO 1.772 1.451 1.194 9 2 .831 .701 .510
    Prgpyl .......... C:.H.0 3.883 2.918 2.256 1.779 .405 1.131 .761
    i-Propyl ......... C3Hs0 4.565 3.246 2.370 1.757 .331 1.029 .646
    Butyl ............ CIHIOO 5.i86 3.873 2.948 2.267 2.782 1.411 .930 .540
    i-Butyl .......... C.H. 00 8.038 5.548 3.907 2.864 2.122 1.611 .976 .527
    Ally1 ............ C3HeO 2.145 1.705 1.363 1.168 .914 .763 .553
    Aromatics :
    Benzene ......... CsHe .906 .763 .654 367 .498 .444 .359
    Toluene ......... CTHS .772 671 590 .525 .471 .426 .354 .278
    .
    ..
    Orthoxylene ..... CwHlo 1.105 .937 .810 .709 .627 .560 .458 .352
    Metaxylene ...... C.H. .806 .702 .620 .553 .497 .451 .375 .297
    Paraxylene ......
    Ethyl Benzene ...
    Bromides :
    C.H,,
    C.H. . solid .739 .648 .574
    .877 .761 .671 .595
    .513 .463 .383 .300
    .532 .481 .399 .311

    Ethyl ............
    Propyl ..........
    i-Propyl .........
    CZH3Br
    C3H7Br
    C?H;Br
    .
    .487
    651
    .
    .441 .402 .368
    .
    582 .524 .475 .433 .397
    611 .545 .489 .443 .403 .368
    .338
    i-Butyl .......... C. HoBr .828 .726 .643 .575 .518 .470 .390
    Ally1 ............ CIH3Br .626 .560 .504 .458 .419 .381 .328
    Ethylene ......... CzHIBr 2.438 2.039 1.721 1.475 1.286 1.131 .903 .679
    Bromine ........... Br 1.267 1.120 1.005 .911 .831 .761
    Ch€orides:
    Propyl .......... C3H,CI .442 .396 .359 .326 299
    i-Prowl ......... C3H7C1 .408 .365 .329 .299
    i-Butii .......... CIH. CI .568 .519 .462 .414 .373 .339
    Ally1 ............ C?HaCI .413 .372 .337 .307 283
    Methylene ....... CHLI .543 .488 .444 .406 .373
    Ethylene ......... C2H. CL 1.132 .966 .839 .736 .652 .584 .479
    Chloroform ...... CHCL .706 .633 .571 .519 .474 .435
    Carbon-tetra ..... CCI. 1.351 1.138 .975 .848 .746 562 .534
    Ethers :
    Diethyl ........ .295 .268 .245 .223
    Methyl-Propyl . .. .314 .285 .260 .237
    Ethyl-Propyl . ..
    . .402 .360 .324 .294 .268 .245
    Methyl-iso-Butyl .387 .346 .313 .284 .260 .239
    Dipropyl ...... .. .544 .479 .425 .381 .344 .311 .260
    Ethyl-iso-Butyl .. .487 .430 .384 .345 .311 .284 .237
    (codntred)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    324 T A B L E 318.-VISCOSlTY O F ORGANIC LIQUIDS (concluded)
    (Temperature variation)
    Viscosity in centipoises
    r
    Liquid Formula 0°C 10°C 20°C 30°C 40°C 50°C 70°C 100°C
    Esters :
    Methyl-formate .. CZH,OZ .436 .391 .355 .325
    Ethyl-formate .... CaH.OZ .510 .454 .409 .369 .336 .308
    Propyl-formate ... C4HsOz .672 .589 .521 .465 .417 .378 .314
    Methyl-acetate . . . CPHBOZ .484 .431 .388 .352 .320 .293
    Ethyl-acetate . ... CHs02 .583 .512 .4S5 .407 .367 .333 .279
    Propyl-acetate . . . C;H;oO, .773 .669 585 3 6 .460 .414 .341 .259
    Methyl-propionate. C4HsOz .587 .517 .460 .414 .375 .341 .286
    Ethyl-propionate . CsHioOZ .697 .608 .537 .477 .428 .387 .321
    Methyl-butyrate . . CSHio02 .763 ,661 .580 .513 .459 .413 .341 265
    Methyl-iso-
    . . CsHioOs
    butyrate . . . . . .676 .591 .523 .466 .419 .375 .315
    Iodides :
    Methyl . . . .. . .. .. CHJ 606 548. _ .SO0 .460 .424
    Ethyl . . . . . . . . ... CzHsI .727 .654 .593 .540 .495 .456 .391
    Propyl . ... . . ... . CaHTI .944 .833 .744 .669 .607 .552 ,466 .371
    i-Propyl . . . .. ... . CIHII 384 .781 697 .627 .568 .516 .435
    i-Butyl . .. . ... ... G H J 1.166 1.001 .875 .777 .697 .629 .522 .406
    Ally1 . ........... CPHPI .936 .826 .734 .660 .597 .544 .459 ,365
    Paraffins : * 'la
    Pentane . .. . ...
    .. .274 .227 vapor
    Octane .. . . . . . .. . .707 .542 .429
    Hexane ......... .382 .308 .254
    . . ..
    Heptane . . ... .521 .411 .333
    Sulfides :
    Methyl .. ........ GHeS .361 ,329 .301 .277
    Ethyl ........... C4HioS .563 .SO1 .450 .407 .369 ,338 .287
    Carbon di ..... .. CSZ .438 .405 .376 .352 .330
    Turwntine . .. . .. .. . 2.248 1.783 1.487 1.272 1.071 .926 .728
    ' Very pure.
    118 Geist, J. M., and Cannon, M. R., Ind. Eng. Cheni., anal. ed., vol. 18, p. 611, 1946.

    T A B L E 319.-VISCOSITY OF SODIUM SILICATES *''


    (Temperature variation)
    Loglo7 (poises) at

    Wt. 5%
    Na..O 900°C 1000°C 1100°C 1200'C 1300°C 1400°C
    18.4 3.15 2.77 2.47
    21.91 4.55 3.83 3.28 2.82 2.44 2.11
    24.89 4.29 3.62 3.08 2.63 2.26 1.95
    25.78 4.22 3.55 3.02 2.58 2.22 1.91
    26.57 4.19 3.52 2.98 2.55 2.19 1.88
    26.79 4.18 3.49 2.97 2.54 2.18 1.87
    28.46 4.07 3.41 2.90 2.48 2.12 1.79
    29.79 3.98 3.32 2.81 2.39 2.03 1.72
    31.74 3.84 3.21 2.70 2.28 1.93 1.62
    32.91 3.76 3.15 2.64 2.23 1.88 1.57
    33.24 3.74 3.12 2.62 2.21 1.87 1.55
    33.77 3.71 3.08 2.58 2.18 1.83 1.52
    34.27 3.70 3.08 2.59 2.16 1.82 1.53
    34.92 3.66 3.04 2.54 2.15 1.80 1.50
    36.73 3.57 2.94 2.45 2.05 1.70 1.40
    39.2 3.46 2.81 2.33 1.93 1.56
    39.74 3.34 2.74 2.25 1.86 1.51 1.20
    52.1 1.66 1.21 .91 .66 .47

    11' Babcock, C. L., Journ. Amer. Cer. Soe., vol. 17, p. 319, 1934. Lillie, H. R., Journ. Amer. Cer.
    SOC., vol. 22, p. 367, 1939.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    T A B L E 320.-VISCOSITY O F D I M E T H Y S I L O X A N E POLYMERS 325
    (Temperature variation)
    Based on data by Dow Corning Corporation for DC 200 fluids.

    Fluid,
    designation Viscosity in poises
    (centistokes I -
    at 25' C) -25°C O'C 25°C 50°C 75'C 100°C 1500C
    1 .0163 .0118 .0052
    2 .0472 .0287 .om .0079 .0056
    5 .145 .077 .0221 .0173 .0116
    10 .323 .159 .043 .032 .026
    20 .683 .328 .184 .I05 .082 .062 .040
    50 2.39 .820 .467 .298 .208 .153 .094
    3.22 1.61 -94
    .. . .59 .398 .285 .172
    200 6.70 3.40 1.92 i.iS .798
    .. .- .580 .346
    500 15.9 8.15 4.84 2.89 1.94 1.36 .82
    1000 34.4 17.00 9.70 6.04 4.02 2.80 1.57
    12500 368.5 183.7 119.3 73.9 53.0 39.7 24.3
    30000 1035. 517. 291.5 186.2 126.4 90.2 50.7
    200,000 5820. 3265. 1940. 1256. 839. 604. 345.

    T A B L E 321.-VISCOSITY I N T H E SYSTEM ORTHOCLASE-ALBITE


    (Temperature variation)
    Values given as loglo q , where q =viscosity in poises.
    Wt. o/c Orthoclase 100 80 60 40 20 0
    Wt. o/c Albite 0 20 40 60 80 100
    1300°C 6.04.
    i 350" C 6.30 6.18 6.00 5.63
    1400°C 7.00 6.23 5.88 5.81 5.65 5.26
    1450°C 6.00 5.85 5.51 5.40 5.26

    T A B L E 322.-VISCOSITY O F S.lLlCON DIOXIDE1"


    (Temperature variation)
    Values given as loglo q ; q = viscosity in poises.

    Temperature "C 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500


    Log10 q 13.40 12.19 11.46 10.69 10.02 9.42
    UVolarovich, M. P., and Leontieva, A. A., Journ. Soc. Glass Techn., vol. 20. p. 139, 1936.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    326
    TABLE 323.-VISCOSITY OF MISCELLANEOUS MOLTEN OXIDES
    (Temperature variation)
    Values given as loglo 7 , where 7 = viscosity in poises.
    Material 1100°C 1200°C 1300°C 1400°C 1500°C 1600°C
    Silica ............. 15.57 13.68 12.06 10.66 9.20 ...
    (Si02)
    Wollastonite . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... .486 .387
    ( CaSiOa)
    Diopside . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 1.52 1.43 .267 .079
    ( CaMgSi.00)
    Akermanite . . . . . . . . . . ... 1.48 .656 .362 .I46
    (Ca.MgSi.0,)
    Monticellite . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... .241 .053
    ( CaMgSiO,)
    Albite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.17 5.82 4.60 ... ...
    ( NaA1Si308) 6.04 5.25
    Orthoclase . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 7.0 6.2 ...
    (KAISi308)
    Anorthite . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 2.32 1.78 1.40
    ( Ca ALSi.Os)
    Gehlenite . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... .911 .549
    ( CazAISiOr)

    119 Birch, Handbook of physical constants, 1942. Measurements by: Volarovich and 'Leontieva, Trans.
    SOC.Glass Techn., vol. 20, p. 139 1936. McCaffery, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. and Met. Eng., vol. 100.
    pp. 64 86 122 125 1932. Bdwen, Trans. Anier. Geophys. T'nion, pt. 1. p. 249, 1934. Kani, Proc.
    Imp. &ad. (TAkyo)', vol. 11, p. 334, 1935. Kani and Kuzu, Proc. Imp. Acad. (Tokyo), vol. 11, p. 383,
    1935.

    T A B L E 324.-VISCOSITY O F BORON TRlOXlDE 120

    (Temperature variation)

    Login 'I (poises)


    Temperature
    "C t t f II
    300 ... 9.64 ... .. ...
    400 ... 6.20 ... ... 6.30
    500 4.59 ... 4.40 ... 4.47
    600 3.68 ... ... ... 3.49
    700 2.93 ... ... 2.90 2.89
    800 2.42 2.53 2.49
    900 2.08 2.27 2.19
    1000 1.87 ... ... 2.10 1.96
    ...
    ~~~~

    1100 1.63 ... 1.92 1.78


    1200 ... ... ... ... 1.62

    120 Dane a n a Birch, Journ. Appl. Phys., vol. 9, p. 669 1938, have shown that for pressures not in
    excess of 2000 kg/cm* the viscosity of boron trioxide is' given for various pressures by the relation
    7= c a p . and at 359OC, a = 15.10-' cm*/kg, and at 516"C, a = 4.6 x 10-4 cm*/kg. Data from Birch,
    Hanjbook bf physical constants, 1942, and from unpublished measurements by H. R. Lillie.
    Observers of data by columns:
    13, p. 578, 1907.
    6, p. 67 1935.
    Soc. GI& Techn vol. 18, p. 209, 1934.
    Phys. (U.S.S.R.j: vol. 6, p. 393, 1937.
    11 Lillie, unpublished data.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    327
    T A B L E 325.-V ISCOSl T Y I N TH E SYSTEM DIOPS I DE-A L B IT E-AN0 R T H I T E *
    (Temperature variation)
    Values given as loglo 7 , where 7 = viscosity in poises.
    Wt. % diopside 100 80 60 40 20 0
    Wt. %albite 0 20 40 60 80 100
    1200°C 3.99 5.08
    1300°C 2.45 3.20 4.30 6.04
    1400°C 1.60 1.93 2.04 2.64 3.63 5.26
    Wt. % diopside 20 40 60 80
    Wt. % anorthite 80 60 40 20
    1300°C 3.77 2.18
    1400°C 2.00 1.96 1.92
    1500°C 2.04
    Wt. %albite 80 60 40 20 0
    Wt. % anorthite 20 40 60 80 100
    1300°C 5.51 4.67
    1400°C 4.63 3.89 3.40
    1500°C 2.66 2.28
    1555°C 2.1 1 2.04
    Wt. % diopside 60 40 40 20 20 20
    Wt. o/c albite 20 40 20 60 40 20
    Wt. % anorthite 20 20 40 20 40 60
    1200°C:
    ~~ ~ ~
    3.65 4.83
    1300°C 2.23 2.92 2.67 3.88 3.57
    1400°C 1.99 2.36 2.11 3.18 2.79 2.56

    For reference, see footnote 45, p. 136.

    Temp.
    "C
    300
    350
    400
    450
    500
    Lead
    ...
    2.58
    2.33
    2.07
    1.84
    -
    T A B L E 326.-VISCOSITY

    1.73
    1.58
    1.43
    1.30
    1.20
    OF M O L T E N METALS"'
    (Temperature variation)

    Tin
    t
    1.67
    1.51
    1.38
    1.27
    1.18
    Tynp.
    C
    650
    700
    750
    800
    850
    Antimony
    1.50
    1.26
    1.16
    1.08
    1.05
    550 1.58 1.14 1.11
    600 1.38 1.08 1.05 Tzmp.
    650 ... ... -99 C Copper
    700 ... ... .94 1100 3.33
    750 ... ... .91 1150 3.22
    800 ... ... .87 1200 3.12

    Landolt and Barnstein,, 1935. Based on data by Esser, Greis, and Brundgart, Arch. Eisenhiitten,

    .
    vol. 7, P. 385 1934. Viscosity in centipoises. Data on tin by Stott, Proc. Phys. SOC., vol. 45, p. 530,
    1933. included.
    Esser, Greis, and Brundgart. t Stott.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    328 T A B L E 327.-VISCOSITY O F MISCELLANEOUS LIQUIDS
    Viscosities are given in cgs units, dyne-seconds per cm*, or poises.

    Liquid "C Viscosity Liauid "C Viscosity


    Acetal$hyde .. . .. . . . . 0. .00275 Oils :
    . . .... . .. 10. .00252 * FilLered cylil;lder .. 37.8 2.406
    .. .. . . . . . 20. .00231 .. 100.0 .187
    Air . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . -192.3 .00172 * Dyk cylirder ... .. 37.8 4.224
    An$ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20. .04467 .... 100.0 .240
    ............... 60. .0156 .... 37.8 7.324
    Bisyuth .. . .. . . . .. . . . . 285. .0161 .... 100.0 .341
    .............. 365. .0146 *"Extra L. L." .. .. . . 37.8 11.156
    Black treacle , .. . . . . . . 12.3 .400 " " "
    ...... 100.0 .451
    Copal lac . .. . .. . .. . . .. 22. 4.81) Linseed .925 . . .. .. . 30. .331
    Hydrogen, liquid . . . . . . - ' .922 . ... ... 50. .176
    Menthol, solid . . .. . . . . 14.9 ' .914 . . . . . . . 90. .071
    liquid . . . . . 56.9 .. Olive ,9195. . . . . . . . . . 10. 1.38
    Metcury .... .. . . . .. . -20. . . ..............
    .9130.. . . . . . . . .
    15. 1.075
    .............. 0. .01661 " 20. .840
    .............. 20. .01547 " .9065. . . . . . . . . . 30. .540
    'I
    .............. 34. I' .9000. . . . . . . . . . 40. .363
    "
    .............. 98. " .8935. . . . . . . . . . .258
    193. " .8800.. . . . . . . . . .124
    299. 7 Rape .. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.118
    Oils : ............. .422
    z Dogfish-lixer ,923 .. 30. .414 ............. .080
    .918
    . ~. _..
    _
    .. 50.
    50.
    .. .211 (another) . . . .
    " 1.176
    .908 ..
    ~~

    90. .080 (another) . . . . .085


    Linseed .925..
    "

    .922 .........
    "
    "
    .. . .. .. 30.
    50.
    .331
    .176
    * Soya bean
    "

    "
    .919 . . . . .
    .915 .....
    "
    30.0 .406
    " .914 ......... 90. .071 " ,906 . . .. .
    "
    * SDindle oil .885. . . . . 15.6 .453 t ST;m . . . . . . . . . . . .
    1' "
    .. ... . .. 37.8 .162 ............
    I' 'I
    .. .... .. 100.0 .033 ............
    * Light machinery Phyol ............... 18.3
    .907$ .. .... .. . .. .. 1.138 ............... 90.0 .0126
    * Light mach$ery . .. .342 Sulfur . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
    ' 170. 320.0
    ... .049 ............... 180. 550.0
    *"Solar red" engine.. 1.915 "
    ' ............... 187. 560.0
    " I' 1
    .. ' ............... 200. 500.0
    " 'L
    .. ' ............... 250. 104.0
    ,,. . .
    *"Bayyne" engine
    ' ............... 300. 24.0
    .. ............... 340. 6.2
    .. ............... 380. 2.5
    *"Qu:ens' red" engine 15.6 ............... 420. 1.13
    37.8 .711 ............... 448. 80
    " " "
    100.0 .070 Sulfuric acid (p = 1.03) 25. .00973
    *"Galya" azle ...
    .'~. 15.6 4.366 t Tal!pw . ... . . .. . .... 66. .176
    .. , 37.8 .909 ............. 100. .078
    * Hqfvy machinery . . 15.6 6.606
    ' . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . ..
    Zinc 280. .0168
    .. 37.8 1.274 357. .0142
    ................. 389. .0131
    American mineral oils: based on water as .01028 at 20°C. t Based on water as per 1st footnote.
    $ Densities.

    TABLE 328.-RATIO O F VISCOSITY A T H I G H T O T H A T A T ATMOSPHERIC


    PRESSURE

    Pressure FFF Rape Castor


    Bayonne oil cylinder Trotter Sperm
    kR/cmZ.
    tons/inz (mineral) (mineral) (animal)
    L-y---J
    (vegetable) (fish)
    1 157.5 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2
    2 315. 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.5
    4 630. 4.0 4.5 2.4 2.3 2.7 2.4
    6 945. 7.8 8.9 3.5 3.5 4.2 3.5
    8 1260. 16.1 - . 5.0 - 5.8 -

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    329
    T A B L E 329.-VISCOSITY O F L I Q U E F I E D P U R E GASES A N D VAPORSm
    Viscosities in millipoises.
    (Temperature variation)

    Tzmp. 2mp.
    K CsH4 CzHs C3HO CnHe K
    85 ... ... ... 118.5 66 2.49
    90 ... ... 125.5 74.2 68 2.26
    95 ... ... 72.5 52.5 70 2.08
    100 ... 9.15 45.5 38.3 72 1.93
    105 6.60 7.48 31.1 29.0 74 1.80
    110 5.60 6.37 22.3 22.3 76 1.h7
    115 4.86 5.66 17.0 18.2 78 1.56
    120 4.24 5.06 13.3 15.2 80 1.47
    125 3.73 4.52 11.1 13.2
    130 3.32
    . .~ 4.00 9.4 11.6 TFmp.
    135 2.96 3.58 8.2 10.3 K CH4
    140 2.66 3.23 7.2 9.3 __
    95 1.82
    145 2.43 2.92 6.2 8.2 100 1.53
    150 2.22 2.66 5.6 7.3 105 1.34
    155 2.03 2.44 5.0 6.5 110 1.21
    i6o 1.86 2.27 4.5 5.5
    165 1.71 2.12 4.0 5.0
    170 1.58 2.00 3.5 4.5

    "PGerf, S. F., and Galkov, G . I., Journ. Techn. Phys. (U.S.S.R.), vol. 10, p. 725, 1940.

    T A B L E 330.-VISCOSITY O F P U R E HYDROCARBONS
    Viscosities in centipoises ; densities referred to water at 4°C.

    Propane, C:gHa n.Butane, CIHlo iso-Butane, C4Hm


    T:mp.
    C Density Viscosity Density Viscosity i)ensityViscosit;
    -70 .657 -533
    . - ~ ~
    -60 .647 .455
    -50 .637 .393
    -40 .626 .343
    -30 .632 .281 .615 .301
    -20 .556 .168 622 .253 .605 267
    -10 ,543 .152 .611 229 .593 .239
    0 .531 .138 ,601 .209 .582 .215
    +10 .517 .126 .590 .191 .571 .195
    +20 so2 .116 .579 .174 .559 .176
    + 30
    +40
    .487
    ,471
    .lo8
    .099
    .567
    .555
    .159
    .146
    .547
    .534
    .160
    .146

    Lipkin. M. R.. Davison, J. A,, and Kurtz, S. S . , Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 34, p. 976, 1942.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    330 TABLE 331.-VISCOSITY OF GLASS
    (Temperature variation)
    Part 1.

    Loglo? (poises) at

    Glass 500°C 600°C 700°C 80OOC 900°C 1000°C 1100°C 1200°C 1300°C
    1 13.76 9.85 7.03 5.42 4.37
    2 ... 5.84 4.79
    3 ... ... ... 5.38 4.29
    4 ... ... ... 5.74 4.48 3.60
    15.20 12.35 9.82 7.87 6.48 5.52 4.16
    13.82 10.85 8.55 6.81 5.68 3.65
    ... ... ... 1.55 .69
    ... ... ... 2.17 1.16
    ... ... ... ...
    ... ... ... ... ... ...
    ... ... ... ... 4.71
    ... ... ... ... ... 3.89
    .. 3.34 2.91 ...
    ... ... ... ... ... 4.06 3.47 3.01 2.67
    ... ... ... 6.02 5.79 3.97 2.89 2.31
    ... 9.49 7.30 5.70 4.48 3.70 2.60 2.40

    Part 2.
    Composition (weight percentages)

    Glass SiO. B& Na20 K20 CaO ZnO PbO A1203


    1 69.73 ... 20.96 trace ... 9.05 ... .18*
    72.6 1.43 16.0 .68 1.7 6.40 ... 1.0 *
    70.12 ... 21.1 trace ... 8.77 ... .02
    67.3 2.00 14.0 ... ... 7.0 7.0 ... 2.50
    81.O 13.00 4.00 ... ... ... ... ... 2.0
    75.0 15.00 5.0 ... ... ... 5.0 ...
    65.0 7.5 7.5 ... ... 20.0
    8 60.0 ... 5.0 5.0 ... ... ... 30.0 ...
    9 ... 15.30 ... 3.57 5.69 ... ... .91*
    10 ... 15.30 ... .I8 9.03 ... ... .85*
    11 ... 16.88 *.. .35 8.79 ... ... 1.72*
    12 7.50 6.70 ... ... ... 22.00 1.30*
    13 10" 10 ... ... ... 5
    147 56 7.5 4 10 ... ... ... ... 2.5
    15 73.18 ... 19.35 ... .21 6.26 ... 1.19*

    Part 3.-Commercial glass t

    Loglnq (poises) at

    Glass 7.00 8.00 9.00 1;OO 1JOO 10200 IjOO 1n:o


    desiunatinn Manufactiirrr
    .. . c c c c c c c C
    C$e 0010-Potash soda lead. Corning Gl:ss W y k s
    0120-Potash soda lead. ,, ,,
    6.51
    ,, . . 6.62
    .. 5.35
    5.41
    4.52
    4.57
    3.86
    3.89
    3.36
    3.36
    2.91
    2.91
    2.53
    2.53
    2.22
    2.22
    " 1710-Hard !ime ...... <' . . . .. 10.45 7.95 6.28 4.93 3.92
    .... 3.22 2.62
    7720-I3oros~l~cate.... "
    ..... 6.80 5.66 4.82 4.16 3.65 3.20 2.86
    "
    '' 7740-Pyrex
    Plate glass
    .........
    ...............
    'I
    "
    " "
    . 9.82
    Blue Ridfi-e Glass Corp.. . . .
    . 7.87
    ...
    6.48
    5.00
    5.52
    4.03
    4.77
    3.41
    4.16
    2.87
    3.67
    2.46
    ...
    2.07
    Window glass ....., ......
    Libby-Owens-Ford ........ 8.35 5.06 4.14 3.41 2.90 2.48 2.14

    '2'Babcock, C. L., Journ. Amer. Cer. SOC. vol. 17, p. 329 1934. English Journ. SOC.Glass Techn., vol. 7,
    p. 25, 1923; vol. 8, p. 205 1924. vol. 9. p. 83.' 1925; vol. 10, <. 52, i926- Lillie H. R Journ. Amer. Cer. SOC.,
    vol. 14. p. 502, 1931: Huther, Jburn. .\mer. Cer. Soc., vol. 17, p. 121, 1634; L h e , H:'R., unpublished data.
    ' H,Os. Glasses 11 and 12 contained 0.50 and 0.34 percent BaO, respectively. t Glass 14 contains 20 per-
    crnt IlaO. $ Data by H. R. Lillie, Corning Glass Works Laboratory.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 332.-VISCOSITY OF GASES 33 1
    Variation of viscosity with pressure and temperature
    According to the kinetic theory of gases the coefficient of viscosity 7 = j ( p c l ) , p being
    the density, 7 the average velocity of the molecules, I the average path. Since 1 varies
    inversely as the number of molecules per unit volume, p l is a constant and q should be
    independent of the density and pressure of a gas (Maxwell's law). This has been found true
    for ordinary pressures ; below %o atmosphere it may fail, and for certain gases it has been
    proved untrue for high pressures, e.g., C 0 2 a t 33" and above 50 atm. See Jeans, "Dynam-
    ical Theory of Gases."
    If B is the amount of momentum transferred from a plane moving with velocity U and
    parallel to a stationary plane distant d, and s is a quantity (coefficient of slip) to allow for
    the slipping of the gas molecules over the plane, then 7 = ( B / U ) (d+2s) ; s is of the same
    magnitude as I, probably between .7 (Timiriazeff) and .9 (Knudsen) of it; at low pres-
    sures d becomes negligible compared with 2s and the viscosity should vary inversely as
    the-pressure.
    c depends only on the temperature and the molecular weight. c v a r i e s as the V F , but q
    has been found to increase much more rapidly. Meyer's formula, vt = vo(l +
    a t ) , where a
    is a constant and 7 0 the viscosity a t O"C, is a convenient approximate relation. Sutherland's
    formula

    is the most accurate formula in use, taking into account the effect of molecular forces. It
    holds for temperatures above the critical and for pressures following approximately Boyje's
    I
    law. I t may be thrown into the form T = K T / q - C which is linear of T and T'/q,
    with a slope equal to K and the ordinate intercept equal to -C. Onnes (see Jeans) shows
    that this formula does not represent helium a t low temperatures with anything like the
    accuracy of the simpler formula v = vo( T/273.1)" = AT".
    The following table'*5 contains the constant a of Meyers formula, C and K of Suther-
    land's formula, n and A of the exponential formula, and the temperature range for which
    the constants of the latter two are applicable.

    Temperature
    Gas range 'C a x 108 C Kxlw tI AXlW
    Air .................. 23 to 750 2.90 117.9 14.82 .754 2.490
    Ammonia ............. - 77 to 441 ... 472 15.42 .041 .274
    Argon ................ -183 to 827 1.78 133 19.00 .766 2.782
    Benzene .............. 0 to 313 ... 403 10.33 .974 .299
    Carbon dioxide ........ - 98 to 1052 3.48 233 15.52 .868 1.057
    Carbon monoxide ...... ., . 2.69 102 13.5 .74 ...
    Chloroform ........... ... ... 454 15.9 ... ...
    Ethylene .............. ... 3.50 226 10.6 ... ...
    Helium ............... -258 to 817 ... 97.6 15.13 .653 4.894
    Hydrogen ............ -258 to 825 ... 70.6 6.48 .678 1.860
    Kiypton .............. ... 188 ... ... ...
    Mercury .............. -218 to 610 996 63.00 1.082 .573
    Methane .............. 18 to 499 ... 155 9.82 .770 1.360
    Neon ................. ... ... 252 ... ... ...
    Nitrogen ............. -191 to 825 2.69 102 13.85 .702 3.213
    Nitrous oxide ......... ... 3.45 313 17.2 .93 ...
    Oxygen .............. -191 to 829 110 16.49 .721 3.355
    Water vapor .......... 0 to 407 659 18.31 1.116 .170
    Xenon ............... ... 252 ... ... ...
    125 Dushman. S., Vacuum technique, p. 37, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1949; Banerjea, G. B., and
    Plattanaik, B., Zeit. Physik. vol. 110, p. 676, 1938: Partington, J. R., Phys. Zeit., vol. 34, p. 289, 1933;
    Fisher, Phys. Rev., vol. 24, 1907.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    332 T A B L E 333.-VISCOSITY OF GASES A N D V A P O R S
    P a r t 1.-Viscosity of vapors
    The values of 7 given in the table are 10' times the coefficients of viscosity in cgs units.

    Temp. Temp.
    Substance "C 7 Substance "C 7
    Acetone ............... 18.0 78. Ether . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ..
    16.1 73.2
    Alcohol, Methyl . . . . . . . . 66.8 135. ................. 36.5 79.3
    .
    Alcohol, Ethyl . . . .. . . . 78.4 142. Ethyl chloride . . . . . . . . . 0. 93.5
    Alcohol, Propyl, norm.. . 97.4 142. Ethyl iodide .......... 72.3 216.0
    .
    Alcohol, Isopropyl . . . . . 82.8 162. Ethylene .. .. .
    . .. . . . .. . 0.0 96.1
    Alcohol, Butyl, norm.. . . 116.9 143. Mercurv . . . . . . . . , . . ...270.0 489.
    Alcohol, Isobutyl . . . . . . .108.4 144. ..._...........300.0 532.
    Alcohol, Tert. butyl. . . . . 82.9 160. 1
    .............. 330.0 582.
    Ammonia .............. 20.0 108. ' .............. 360.0 627.
    Ben;ene . . .. .. . . .. . . . ..0. 70. .............. 390.0 671.
    ............... 19.0 79. .
    Methane . .. . . . .. . . . . . 20.0. 120.1
    ............... 100.0 118. Methyl chlyide . . . . . . . . 0.0 98.8
    .
    Carbon bisulfide . . . . . . . 16.9 92.4 .
    . . . . . . . 15.0 105.2
    Carbon monoxide . . . . . . 20.0 184.0 . . . . . . . . 302.0 213.9
    Chlorzform ,........... 0.0 95.9 Methyl iodide . . . . . , . . ..44.0 232.
    ' ............. 17.4 102.9 Wafyr v a y r .......... 0.0 90.4
    ...... ....... 61.2 189.0 ...... .... 16.7 96.7
    Ether ................. 0.0 68.9 " .......... 100.0 132.0

    P a r t 2.-Viscosity of gases and vapors'w


    (Temperature variation)

    Viscosity in millipoises
    T:mp. Carbon Chlo- , Hydro- Nitro-
    ,
    C Air Argon dioxide rine .HeliumI gen gen Oxygen Xenon
    -200 .053 ... ... ... ... .033 ... ... .222 (15°C)
    -150 .081 ... ... ... ... .047 ... ...
    -100 .111 ... .087 ... ... 061 ... ... Nitric oxide
    - 50 .139 ... .112 ... ... .073 ... ... .179 (O'C)
    0 .175 ... .135 ... ... .083 ... ...
    50 .193 .241 .159 .147 .207 .093 .189 .217 Nitrous oxide
    100 .216 .269 .181 .167 .228 .lo2 .207 .241 .138 (0°C)
    150 .237 .297 .203 .189 .247 .111 226 .264
    200 .256 .321 ,225 .208 .267 .120 .245 .287 Krypton
    250 .275 .346 ,245 .228 .285 .129 .263 .309 .246 (15°C)
    300 .293 .367 ,262 ... .305 ,137 .280 .330
    350 .310 .389 .280 ... .323 .145 .296 .349 Carbon monoxide
    400 .327 .410 .299 ... .341 .153 .311 ,368 .163 (0°C)
    500 .357 .450 .331 ... .375 .167 .341 .403
    600
    ... 384
    .~ .488 .362 ... .408 ,181 .367 .435 Ammonia
    700 .411 .521 .391 ... .438 .195 .391 .466 .096 (0"C)
    800 .437 .554 .417 ... .467 .208 .414 ,494
    900 .463 ... .421 ... ... ... ... ...
    1000 ,499 ... .465 ... ... ... ... ...
    1100 .511 ... ... ... ... ...
    '=Based on data from Landolt and BGrnstein, 3d supplementary vol., pt. 1, p. 184, 1935.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    333
    T A B L E 334.-PRESSURE E F F E C T O N VISCOSITY O F P U R E LIQUIDS'n
    This table gives logloof the relative viscosity as a function of pressure and density, the viscosity
    at 30°C and atmospheric pressure taken as unity. For each compound first line log at 30°C,
    second line at 75"C, third line q30/q,E.

    Pressure kg/cmz
    Substance ' 1 500 1000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12OOb 130
    Methyl .000 .094 .167 .286 .471 .616 .750 .874 .998
    alcohol . . . . . . . . .. 9.769 9.862 9.933 .043 .208 .334 .448 .555 .655 .00520
    1.702 1.706 1.714 1.750 1.832 1.914 2.004 2.084 2.203
    Ethyl .OOO ,107 .200 .363 .617 329 1.023 1.211 1.390
    alcohol . . . . . . . .. . 9.657 9.772 9.873 .045 .289 .473 .634 .778 .919 .01003
    2.203 2.163 2.123 2.080 2.128 2.270 2.449 2.710 2.958
    n-Propyl .ooo .151 .283 .494 .836 1.131 1.402 1.667 1.915
    alcohol . . .. . . . . . . 9.598. 9.754 9.880 .on .368 .6io .827 1.033 i.223 .01779
    2.523 2.495 2.529 2.630 2.938 3.319 3.758 4.305 4.920
    n-Butyl .OW .175 .321 .554 .934 1.289 1.609 1.912 2.208
    alcohol . . . . . . . . . . 9.548 9.724 9.867 ,089 .312 .690 .941 1.172 1.396 ,02237
    2.845 2.838 2.858 2.932 3.343 3.991 4.679 5.521 6.518
    n- Amy1 .ooo ,188 .341 ,607 1.060 1.448 1.811 2.164 2.495
    alcohol . . . . . . . . . . 9.540 9.723 9.871 .lo5 .466 .772 1.049 1.313 1.562
    2.884 2.917 2.951 3.177 3.926 4.742 5.781 7.096 8.570
    n-Pentane . . . . . . . .. ,
    .OOO ,181 .315 .524 .847 1.112 1.360 1.615
    9.811 .014 .163 .380 .676 .908 1.119 1.313
    1.846
    1.493 .00220
    1.545 1.469 1.419 1.393 1.483 1.600 1.742 2.004 2.254
    n-Hexane .. .... .... ,000 ,184 .332 .561 .914 1.224 1.514 1.803
    9.803 .028 ,171 .379 .701 .961 1.198 1.426 1.646 .00296
    1.574 1.432 1.449 1.521 1.633 1.832 2.070 2.382
    Ethyl .OOO .134 .242 .405 .649 .837 1.008 1.172 1.323
    chloride . . . . . .... , 9.850 ,017 ,131 285 .514 .683 334 .977 1.111
    1.413 1.309 1.291 1.318 1.365 1.426 1.493 1.567 1.633
    Ethyl .om .121 ,222 .387 .631 .854 1.043 1.223 1.400
    bromide . .. . . . .. ., 9.806 9.959 .072 .235 .472 .653 .816 .978 1.123 .00368
    1.567 1.452 1.413 1.419 1.442 1.589 1.687 1.758 1.892
    Ethyl .OOO .115 218 .385 .656 .888 1.108 1.330 1.549
    iodide . . . . . . . .. . ., 9.837 9.954 .057 227 .467 .672 .854 1.030 1.200 .00540
    1.455 1.449 1.445 1.439 1.545 1.644 1.795 1.995 2.234
    Acetone .. . . . . . . .. .. .OOO .135 226 .373 60.5 304 .987 1.160
    9.895 ,017 .113 245 .445 .610 .762 .898 1.031 .00285
    1.274 1.312 1.297 1.343 1.445 1.563 1.679 1.828
    Glycerine .. . .. . . . .OOO .134 .260 .497 .936 1.346 1.741 2.133
    8.810 8.920 9.023 9.204 9.529 9.818 .094 .369 .628 3.8
    15.49 16.37 17.26 19.63 25.53 33.73 44.36 58.08
    .ooo .190 .351 .493
    CCl, . ............... (1500) h c m a
    9.760 9.949 ,100 .349 .542 .00845
    1.738 1.742 1.782
    Chloroform .. . . . .... .ooo .110 211 .386 .660 .884
    9.858 9.985 .094 ,251 .480 .691 .914 1.141 .00519
    1.387 1.334 1.309 1.365 1.514 1.560
    cs, . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .
    ,
    ,000 ,090 .160 .307 SO9 .674 .840 1.010
    9.875 9.972 .051 .180 .372 .527 .671 .808
    1.189
    .946 .00352
    1.334 1.312 1.285 1.340 1.371 1.403 1.476 1.592 1.750
    Ether . . . . . . .. . . .. .. .OOO .189 .324 .514 ,792 1.042 1.261 1.469
    9.878 ,024 ,149 .344 ,601 306 ,986 1.155
    1.670
    1.311 .00212
    1.324 1.462 1.496 1.479 1.552 1.722 1.884 2.061 2.286
    .OOO ,173 ,347
    Benzene . . .. . ... .. .. 9.765 9.938 .081 ,308 .498 .00566
    innnni \kg/cn
    1.718 1.718 1345
    Toluene . . . . . . . . . . .. ,000 .145 .274 .497 .897 1.285 1.699 2.177
    9.796 9.939 .065 .267 .597 .896 1.186 1.504 1.832 .00523
    1.607 1.618 1.698 1.995 2.449 3.258 4.710
    ,288 .541 1.081 2.273 3.007
    Eugenol . . . . . . . . .. 1.652 (3000) (5000) kg/cm*
    9.429 9.616 9.810 .143 ,805 1.520 2.343
    3.724 4.699 5.383 8.670 29.38
    Bridgman, P. W., Proc. tlcad. Arts and Sci., vol. 61, p. 59, 1926.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    334 T A B L E 335.-VISCOSITY O F OILS IPB
    The SAE viscosity numbers constitute a classification of crankcase lubricating oils in
    terms of viscosity only. Other facts of oil quality or character are not considered.
    Part 1.-Crankcase oil classification
    S A E recommended practice

    Viscosity range, Saybolt univ., sec


    SAE At 130' F At 210" F
    viscosity
    number r-
    Ma.
    r
    Min. Max.
    10 90 Less than 120 ... .............
    20 120 " " 185 ... .............
    30 185 " 255 ... .............
    ...
    I'

    40 255 ............. L y s t h y 80
    50 ... ............. 80 105
    60 ... .............
    .............
    105 " I' 125
    70 *.. 125 " " 150

    Part 2.-Automotive Manufacturers' viscosity classification


    SAE general information
    Viscosity range at O"F, Saybolt univ., sec
    Viscosity
    number rMin. Max.
    low 6,000 12,000
    2ow 12,000 48,000

    S A E Handbook, 1949 ed., p. 580, SOC. Automot. Eng., New York.

    T A B L E 336.-EFFECT OF PRESSURE U P O N VISCOSITY

    Absolute Relative viscosity


    Temper- viscosity Pressure in kg/cm*
    ature at 1 atm
    Substance C centipoises 1 1000 4000 8000 12,000
    i-Pentane ............. 30 ,198
    __
    1.0 2.208 7.834 26.98
    15.10
    88.51
    38.55
    75 .662 1.560 5.188
    Acetone .............. 30 285 1.o 1.683 4.027 9.705 -
    75 -- .785 1.297 2.786 5.781 10.74
    CS, .................. 30 .352 1.o 1.445 3.228 6.918 15.45
    75 __ .750 1.125 2.355 4.688 8.83
    Sulfuric ether......... 30 .212
    __
    1.0 2.109 6.194 18.24 46.77
    20.46
    75 .755 1.409 3.990 9.683
    Petroleum ether ....... 30 __ 1.0 1.995 8.51 38.9 151.4
    80 __ -- -- 3.63 11.5 30.9
    Kerosene ............. 30 -_ 1.0 2.88 5.13 -- -
    xn
    -_ __ - - 8.13
    - ~. 75.9 631
    Water ................ 0 1.792 1.o .921 1.111 freezes -
    10.3 1.297 .779 .743 .842 1.152 -
    30 .801 .488 .514 .658 .923 1.206
    75 .380 222 239 .302 .445 -
    100 284
    Mercury ......... 30 1.516 1.0 1.023 1.097 1.202 1.324
    75 1.340 384 .883 2380 .877 .876

    Bridgman, P. W., The physics of high pressure. Macmillan, New York, 1931.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 337.-LU B R IC A N T S 335
    With very few exceptions present-day lubricants are petroleum products or blends of
    petroleum products with various compounding or addition agents such as fatty oils, diversi-
    fied types of soap, and in rare instances solid materials such as graphite. Addition agents
    are more costly than petroleum derivatives; hence they are used as sparingly as possible.
    The addition agents are generally employed when conditions of use require greater “oili-
    ness’’ (higher film strength) than is attainable with unblended petroleum oils. The latter
    usually deteriorate more slowly in service than blended products, which is an advantage
    supplementing that of low relative cost. There are a few jobs of lubrication for which
    fatty oils have never been entirely supplanted, as for example the use of porpoise-jaw oil
    in fine watches.

    Lubricants for Cutting Tools


    Various types of oils have been used as lubricants for cutting tools. These are fatty oils, kero-
    sene, turpentitle, mineral oils and various blends of these oils. Sulfur has been combined with
    some of these oils to increase the film strength. Such mixtures and blends are furnished by the
    various manufacturers under their trade names such as Pennex, Dortan, Fanox, and Kutwell by
    the Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey.

    Ferrous Ferrous Nonferrous Nonferrous


    (more than Ferrous (less than (more than (less than
    Severity Type of operation 70%) (50-65%) 40%) 100%) 100%)
    1 (greatest) Broaching, internal Em Sulf Sulf Em Sulf Em MO Em Sulf MI-
    3 Tapping, plain Sulf Sulf Sulf E m Dry Sulf M L
    2 Threading pipe Sulf Sulf ML Sulf - Sulf
    3 Threading: plain Sulf Sulf Sulf Em Sulf Sulf
    4 Gear shaving Sulf L Sulf L Sulf L - -
    4 Gear cutting Sulf M L E m Sulf Sulf ML - Sulf M L
    5 Driiling, deep Em M L Sulf Em Sulf MO M L E m Sulf M L
    7 Boring, multiple head Sulf Em Sulf Em Sulf Em K Dry E m Sulf Em
    8 Hiah-soeed. liaht-
    feed; automitic
    screwmachines Sulf Em M L Sulf Em M L Sulf M L E m E m Dry M L Sulf
    9 Turning; single-
    point tool, form
    tools Em Sulf M L E m Sulf M L Em Sulf M L Em Dry M L Em Sulf

    I9O Metals Handbook, 1948 ed., p. 69, American Society for Metals, Cleveland.
    Symbols: D i y = no cutting fluid, E m = soluble or emulsifiable oils and compounds, K = kerosene, L = lard oil,
    ML = mineral-lard oils, M O = mineral oils, Sxlf = sulfurired oils.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    336 T A B L E 338.-FRICTION
    The required force F necessary to just move an object along a horizontal plane = f N
    where N is the normal pressure on the plane and .f the "coefficient of friction." The angle
    + +
    of repose (tan = F / N ) is the angle at which the plane must be tilted before the object
    will m6ve from its own weight . The following table of coefficients was compiled by Rankine
    from the results of General Morin and other authorities and is sufficient for ordinary
    purposes .

    Material f 1/ f m
    Wood on wood. dry ............................. .25-. 50 4.00-2.00 14.0-26.5
    '1 I' t'
    soapy. ........................... .20 5.00 11.5
    Mepls o ; o:k. dry .............................. .50-. 60 2.00-1.67 26.5-31.0
    wet .............................. .24-. 26 4.17-3.85 13.5-14.5
    " " "
    soapy ............................ .20 5.00 11.5
    " "
    elm. dry .............................. .20-. 25 5.00-4.00 11.5-14.0
    Henip on oak. dry ............................... .53 1.89 28.0
    I' '1 '1
    wet ............................... .33 3.00 18.5
    Leather on oak ................................. .27-. 38 3.70-2.86 15.0-19.5
    " metals. dry .......................... .56 1.79 29.5
    " 6
    '
    wet .......................... .36 2.78 20.0
    ' I '1
    greasy ....................... .23 4.35 13.0
    " 'I
    oily .......................... .15 6.67 8.5
    Metals on metals. dry ........................... .15-. 20 6.67-5.00 8.5-11.5
    " " "
    wet ........................... .3 3.33 16.5
    .
    Smooth surfaces. occasionally greased .............
    "
    continually greased ..............
    best results .....................
    .07-. 08
    .05
    .03-. 036
    14.3-12.50
    20.00
    33.3-27.6
    4.0-4.5
    3.0
    1.75-2.0
    Stzel 9!1 a p e . dry .............................. .20 5.00 11.5
    oiled ............................. .107 9.35 6.1
    Iron on stone ................................... .3&. 70 3.33-1.43 16.7-35.0
    Wood on stone ................................. About .40 2.50 22.0
    M a s y r y ?!I brkk w y k , dry ..................... .60-. 70 1.67-1.43 33.g35.0
    damp mortar ............ .74 1.35 36.5
    " "
    dry clay ............................ .51 1.96 27.0
    " I'
    moist clay .......................... .33 3.00 18.25
    ......
    Earth on earth .................................
    " I' "
    dry sand. clay. and mixed earth ...
    damp clay ......................
    .25- 1.00
    .38-. 75
    1.00
    4.00-1 .00
    2.63-1.33
    1.00
    14.0-45.0
    21.0-37.0
    45.0
    " " 81 wet clay ........................ .31 3.23 17.0
    'I " "
    shingle and gravel ............... 31-1.11 1.23-.9 39.0-48.0

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLES 339-346A.-AERONAUTICS * 337
    TABLE 339.-DYNAMIC PRESSURE A T DIFFERENT A I R SPEEDS
    The force on a body moving through a fluid may be expressed in the form
    F=Cpq A
    where F is the force, CF a nondimensiona: force coefficient, q the dynamic pressure ( q =
    jpV', definition), and A a n area. In general, the value of the coefficient CF is dependent
    on several nondimensional parameters. When the medium is air, CF depends on the
    VlP V
    Reynolds number -, the Mach number -' the body shape and attitude to the relative
    r) a
    wind, the relative surface roughness, and the degree of turbulence of the air stream. The
    quantity p denotes the fluid density, V the velocity of the body relative to the fluid, q the
    coefficient of fluid viscosity, 1 a linear dimension of the body fixing the scale, and a the
    speed of sound in the ambient fluid.
    The table gives values of dynamic pressure q for a wide range of speeds. In conjunction
    with the values of the force coefficient in subsequent tables, this table can be used for
    computation of lift, drag, and moment under specified conditions. T h e values in the table
    are computed for standard air density: dry air, normal CO, content, 15"C,one atmos-
    metric slugs slugs
    phere. Standard air density is 0.12497 or 0.002378 --.For standard gravity,
    ma ft8
    the weight of one metric slug (MKS) is 9.807 kilograms and the weight of one slug is
    32.174 pounds. For other densities the values must be multiplied by the ratio of the actual
    density to the standard density.
    Tables 339 to 346 and figures 6 to 1 5 were prepared under the direction of C. H. Helms, assistant
    director of aeronautical research, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    w
    w
    03

    T A B L E 339.-DYNAMIC PR ESSU R E A T D I F F E R E N T A I R SPEED S (concluded)

    Air Dynamic Air Dynamic Air D y n a m ic Air Dynamic Air Dynamic


    speed pressure, q speed pressure, q speed pressure, q speed pressure, q speed pressure, q
    m/sec kg/m2 m/sec Wm2 m/sec kg/m2 m/sec kg/m2 m/sec kdm*
    1 .0625 12 8.998 35 76.54 85 451.4 170 1806
    2 .2499 14 12.25 4c 99.98 90 506.1 180 2024
    S624 16 16.00 45 126.5 95 563.9 190 2256
    .W8 18
    .~ 20.24 50 156.2 100 624.8 200 2499
    1.562 20 24.99 5s
    ._ 189.0 110 756.1 250 3905
    2.249 22 30.24 60 224.9 120 899.8 3nn
    .__ 5624
    3.062 24 35.99 65 264.0 130 1056.0 350 7654
    3.999 26 42.24 70 306.2 140 1225 400 9998
    5.061 28 48.99 75 351.5 150 1406 450 12653
    6.248 30 56.24 80 399.9 160 1600 500 15621

    ;2ir Dynamic Air Dynamic Air Dynamic Air Dynamic Air Dynamic
    speed pressure, q speed pressure, q speed pressure, q speed pressure, q speed pressure, q
    ft/sec lb/W ft/sec Ib/ft* ft/sec lb/ft2 ft/sec lb/ft2 ft/sec Ib/ft2
    1 .0012 20 ,4756 120 17.12 220 57.55 600 428.0
    2 .0048 30 1.0701 130 20.09 230 62.90 650 502.4
    3 .0107 140 23.30 240 68.49 700 582.6
    4 .0190 .. 750 668.8
    5 .0297 60 4.280 160 30.44 300 107.01 800 761.0
    6 .0428 70 5.826 170 34.36 350 145.6-
    7 .0583 80 7.610 180 38.52 400 190.2
    8 ,0761 90 9.631 190 42.92 .-"
    AW 240.8
    8 .0963 1no 11.890 200 47.56 500 297.2
    10 .1189 1 14.39 210 52.43 550 359.7 1500 2675
    339
    T A B L E 340.-FORCES O N T H I N F L A T P L A T E S A T A N G L E S T O T H E WIND
    (FIG. 6)
    For plates at angles to the wind (angle of attack, a) the force is usually resolved into
    components at right angles and parallcl to the direction of the relative wind. Th e compo-
    nents, termed the lift and drag, respectively, are expressed in the form of coefficients, the
    forces being divided by the product of the dynamic pressure and the area of the plate (not
    the projected area on a plane normal to the wind). The ratio of the distance between the
    leading edge and the center of pressure to the chord length is called the center of pressure
    coefficient, CP. The center of pressure is defined as the intersection of the line of action
    of the resultant force, F , with the plate. T h e forces on a plate vary with “aspect ratio,” a
    term defined for a rectangular plate as the ratio of the span to the chord length.
    The lift ( C L ) , drag ( C D ) ,and center of pressure coefficients ( C P ) are given as functions
    of angle of attack a for thin plates of aspect ratio 1, 3, and 6.

    I .2

    C L -0

    c D .4

    I .2

    .8
    CL
    cD .4

    1.2

    .8
    CL
    cD .4

    0
    0 10 2 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
    ANGLE OF A T T A C K , a , DEGREES
    FIG.6.-The lift coefficient (CL), the drag coefficient ( C D ) , and the center of pressure
    (CP)for thin plates for aspect ratios 1. 3, and 6, as a function of the angle a with the wind.
    (See small figure in upper center.) D = C d q , L = C d q , X = CP x c.
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    340
    T A B L E 340.-FORCES O N T H I N F L A T PLATES A T ANGLES T O T H E W I N D
    (FIG. 6) (concluded)

    Conditions of experiments
    Aspect ratio 1 Aspect ratio 3 Aspect ratio 6 '
    Authority 131
    '5 an, cm ........... 25 30.5
    vm-- 12 12 45 7.6 36 90 .72 30.5 30.5 45.7 to91.4
    7

    t4 ord cm ........... 25 30.5


    Thickhess, cm ........ .3 .32
    12
    .17
    12
    -
    15 2.5
    . 3 .025
    12
    .17
    15
    .3
    12 5.08 5.08
    .17 .117 .129
    7.6to 15.2
    Tunnel diam., cm .... 150
    ~

    nu 200 120 150 60 200 150 200 137 137 152.4


    Reynolds No. x 10-3 . 210 382 55 42 126 10 55 126 55 64 64 153

    '31Authorities: 1 Eiffel G., Resistance de I'air et l'aviation, 2d ed., p. 231, Dunod et Pinat, Paris. 2.
    Dines. Proc. Rov. soc. London. A. Math. and Phvs. Sci.. vol. 48. n. 233. 1890. 3.FOool. Tahrb. Motor-
    luftschiff-Studie;lgesellsch., vol.'4, 'p. 51, 1910. 4,- Riahouchinski, 'Bull. Inst. Aerodynam.' a e Koutchino,
    Petrograd vol. 4, p. 113. 1912. 5, Stanton, T. E., Air resistance of lane surfaces, Minutes of Pfoc.
    Inst. Civii Eng., vol. 156, p. 78, 1903. 6 and 6a, National Bureau of g a n d a r d s , private communication.
    7, Knight, Montgomery, and Wenzinger, Carl J., Wind tunnel tests on a series of wing models through
    a large angle of attack range, P t . 1, Force tests. NACA Rep. No. 317, 1929.

    T A B L E 340A.-VALUES O F DRAG C O E F F I C I E N T C D FOR F L A T P L A T E S O F


    D I F F E R E N T ASP E CT R A T I O N O R M A L T O T H E W I N D (,=goo)
    Values of CDfor circular disks are practically the same as for a square plate.

    Aspect ratio 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (u

    CD 1.12 1.18 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.32 2.00

    T A B L E 340B.-FORCES ON NONROTATING CIRCULAR CYLINDERS


    (FIG. 7) M
    The drag coefficient CD for cylinders whose axes are perpendicular to the relative wind,
    the area A being taken as the product of the length L and diameter d , depends to a marked
    L
    degree on the aspect ratio -' the Reynolds number R, and the Mach number M . The
    d
    figure shows the variation of the drag coefficient CDwith R for cylinders of infinite aspect
    ratio at very low Mach numbers. The drag coefficient C D varies with Mach number in a
    manner quite similar to that of the sphere on Table 340C (figures 8 and 10).

    3
    n
    U
    +-
    z
    w2
    v
    la.
    L
    W
    0
    UI
    u
    4
    a
    n
    0
    10 102 103 lo4 10' lo6
    REYNOLDS NUMBER, R
    FIG.7.-The drag coefficient C D as a function of the Reynolds number R at low Mach
    numbers for cylinders of infinite aspect ratios with axes perpendicular to the wind.

    Vdp V
    Drag = C d q , Reynolds number, R = - Mach number, M = -. J For q see Table
    7 a
    339, V = air speed, p = air density, 7 = coefficient of air viscosity.
    132 Wieselberger, C., New data on the laws of fluid resistance. NACA T N No. 84, 1922. Relf, E. F..
    Discussion of the results of measurements of the resistance of wires with some additronal tests on the
    resistance of wires of small diameter. R. & M. No. 102, British ACA, March 1914. Wieselsberger, c.,
    Further information on the laws of fluid resistance. NACA T N No. 121, December 1922.
    (continued)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    341
    T A B L E 340B.-FORCES O N N O N R O T A T I N G C I R C U L A R C Y L I N D E R S (FIG 7)
    (concluded)
    The variation of CII with aspect ratio for Reynolds number of 80,000 is as follows.
    L
    Aspect ratio -
    d 1 2 3 5 10 20 40 00

    CO .63 .69 .75 .75 .83 .92 1.00 1.20

    If the axis of the cylinder is inclined to the wind direction, the force remains approxi-
    mately at right angles to the axis of the cylinder, its magnitude falling off approximately
    as the square of the sine of the angle of the axis to the wind.

    T A B L E 340C.-FORCES ON S P H E R E S (FIGS. 8-10)"'


    For spheres, the linear dimension I is taken as the diameter of the sphere d and the area
    A as sd". For values of Reynolds number between 80,000 and 400,000 at low values of
    4
    Mach number the value of the drag coefficient CO depends in large measure on the tur-
    bulence of the air stream. As the Reynolds number is increased in this range the drag
    coefficient of the sphere and the pressure coefficient at the rear of the sphere decrease-
    rapidly. The pressure coefficient is equal to the ratio of the difference between free stream
    stagnation pressure and local static pressure to the dynamic pressure q. The Reynolds
    number a t which the pressure coefficient a t the rear of the sphere is 1.22 is defined as the
    critical Reynolds number, RcT.This value of pressure coefficient corresponds very nearly
    to C D = .3. The value of R,, represented by point d in the figure is considered to be
    typical of turbulence-free air.

    FIG. 8.-The drag coefficient C D on spheres as a function of the Reynolds number.

    Vdp
    Drag, D = C D AR~ = --
    9
    Sphere tests in wind tunnels indicate different values of R,, for different sphere sizes.

    Correlation of the data may be obtained if values of ";


    - (+)*= ( K ) are plotted as a
    function of Rcr. The value V g is the root-mean-square of the fluctuation velocity in the
    direction of the relative wind, 'I the velocity of the relative wind, d the sphere diameter,
    and L is the scale of the turbulence as defined in the reference. The figure shows a cor-
    relation ( K ) obtained with two sizes of spheres and several values of L.
    133 Allen, H. S. The motion of a sphere in a viscous fluid Phil. Mag., vol. 50 p. 323, 1900.
    Wieselherger C. Further information o n the laws of fiuid resisiance NACA T N No.' 121, Decemher
    1922. Miilikah C. B., and Klein A. I-., The effect of turbulence Aircraft Eng., vol. 5, p. 169. 1933.
    Platt, Robert C., kurhulence factor; of NACA wind tunnels as dedrmined by sphere tests NACA Re
    No. 558 1936. Dryden, Hugh L., Schuhauer, C. B. Mock, W. C.. Jr., and Skranktad, H.
    Measudments of intensity and scale of wind-tunnel turdulence and their relation to the critical Rey-
    2;
    nolds number of spheres NACA Rep. No. 581, 1937. Ferri, Antonio, The influence of Reynolds
    numbers at high Mach nAmbers, Atti di Guidonia, n. 67/69, Mar. 10. 1942.
    (contimed)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    342
    TABLE 340C.-FORCES O N SPHERES (FIGS. 8-10) (concluded)
    .I 0

    .O8

    .O 6
    K
    .04

    .o 2

    0
    1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8X105
    CRITICAL REYNOLDS NUMEER,R,,

    FIG.9.-The value of 7
    - (f)&= K plotted as a function of the critical Reynolds
    number, Rcr.

    A t Mach numbers greater than about 0.3 the drag coeflicient C Ddepends on the values of
    both Reynolds number and Mach number.

    .7

    .6

    .5

    A
    CD
    .3

    .2

    .I

    0 5
    2 3 4 5 6 7 8x1
    REYNOLDS NUMBER R
    FIG.10.-The drag coefficient for a sphere as a function of the Reynolds number for
    several Mach numbers.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    T A B L E 341.-FORCES O N M I S C E L L A N E O U S BODIES 343
    The values of the drag coefficients in this table are based on the area of the projection
    of the body on a plane normal to the wind direction. Where this projection is a circle, the
    diameter is used as the linear dimension 1 in the Reynolds number. Where the projection
    is rectangular, the shortest side of the rectangle is taken as 1.
    Reynolds
    Body CD number
    Streamline bodies of revolution. ........................... .05- .06 3,000,000
    Rectangular prism 1 X 1 x 5 normal to 1 X 5 face.. ........ 1.56 180,000
    Rectangular prism 1 x 1 x 5 , long axis perpendicular to
    the relative wind and 1 X 5 face at 45". .................. .92 254,000

    Automobile .............................................. .78


    [about
    300,000 ]
    Cone, angle 60", point to wind, solid.. ..................... .51
    Cone, angle 30", point to wind, solid ....................... .34 270,000
    Hemispherical cup, open back. ............................ .41 100,000
    Hemispherical cup, open front ............................. 1.40 100,000
    Sphero-conic body, cone 20" point forward.. ............... .16 135,000
    Sphero-conic body, cone 20" point to rear .................. .09 135,000
    Cylinder 120 cni long, spherical ends with
    axis parallel to the relative wind.. ....................... .19 100,000

    T A B L E 341A.-SKIN F R I C T I O N O N F L A T P L A T E S (FIGS. 11, 12)


    If the flat plate is in a uniform stream of fluid and the flow is parallel to the plate the skin
    VLP
    friction coefficient, Cf, is dependent mainly on the Reynolds number, R = -. The skin
    t)
    D
    friction coefficient CI = Awhere Dr is the friction drag per unit width of one side of the
    qL
    plate, q the dynamic pressure (see Table 339), and L the length from the leading edge
    of the plate.
    For laminar flow
    1.328
    c f == (Blasius)
    VR
    For turbulent flow
    (Schlichting)

    The Reynolds number for transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on the
    roughness of the plate and the turbulence of the airstream.
    The figure shows the variation of the skin friction ( C f ) with R for laminar and tur-
    bulent flow.
    1% Tetervin, Neal, A method for the rapid estimation of turbulent boundary-layer thickness for calcu-
    lating profile drag, NACA ACR No. L4C14, July 1944
    (cmi tinrced)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    344
    T A B L E 341A.-SKIN F R I C T I O N ON F L A T P L A T E S (FIGS. 11, 12) (continued)
    .o I0

    .006

    .OO 4

    .oo 2
    CF

    .oo I

    .OOO 6

    .ooo 4

    .0002*, .s 1.0 2.0 5.O 10 20x10~

    T h e local skin-friction coefficient2 may be approximated by a power function of the


    29
    Reynolds number based on the momentum thickness, Re =
    @'.I When the boundary
    9
    layer is laminar
    TO - 0.2205
    29 Re
    When the boundary layer is turbulent
    70 - 1
    - -
    2q [2.5 log,
    2.5( 1-5 d70/29)
    + 5.51 '
    The momentum thickness
    0= s: ( 1- $)dy,
    where ZI is the local velocity inside the boundary layer, V the local velocity outside the
    boundary layer, and 6 the boundary-layer thickness. The local skin-friction coefficient is
    plotted against Reynolds number for the case of a turbulent boundary layer.
    (CO?ZtiWCd)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    345
    T A B L E 3 4 1 A . 4 K I N FRICTION ON F L A T PLATES (FIGS. 11, 12) (concluded)
    .0032
    I-
    z
    w .002 8
    9
    L
    L
    $ .0024
    z
    0
    ua .0020
    I-

    LL
    z.0016
    -
    Y
    cn
    -I
    4.0012
    s
    -0008
    203
    ' I
    500
    I
    1000 2000
    I I
    5000 l0,OOO 20,000
    I I I
    50,000 IO0,OOO
    REYNOLDS NUMBER R e
    FIG. 12.-The local skin-friction coefficient on a flat plate plotted against the Reynolds
    number for a turbulent boundary layer.

    T A B L E 342.-STAN DARD ATMOSPHERE


    Standard atmospheric values are given up to altitudes of 65,000 feet, and quantities
    that have been found to be of use in the interpretation of airspeed and related factors are
    included (Table 343). These quantities are the pressure p in pounds per square foot, the
    pressure p in inches of water, the speed of sound a, the coefficient of viscosity q , and the
    kinematic viscosity Y . The values for the coefficient of viscosity q and the kinematic vis-
    cosity Y are not standard values since a standardization of air viscosity has not been agreed
    upon as yet. The values listed for q and Y are believed to be sufficiently accurate, however,
    to be useful in calculations requiring viscosity of air. The coefficietit of viscosity q was com-
    puted from the formula
    2.318 Ta12
    q=7-------
    10 T + 2 1 6
    The kinematic viscosity of air Y was obtained from the definition Y = 3 The quantity
    P
    l/VT is given to facilitate the computation of the true airspeed V from the equivalent
    airspeed V e .
    1
    v=-VY,
    VO -
    The speed of sound in miles per hour is computed from a=33.42VT where T is the
    temperature in degrees Fahrenheit absolute. A value of y = 1.4 was assumed to hold
    throughout the temperature range.
    The values of the standard atmosphere are based upon the following values :
    Sea-level pressure po = 29.921 inHg
    = 407.1 inH,O
    = 2116.2 lb/ft'
    Sea-level temperature t o = 59°F
    Sea-level absolute temperature TO= 518.4"F abs
    Sea-level density po = 0.002378 slug/ft"
    Gravity g = 32.1740 ft/sec2
    -
    Temperature gradient dT - 0.00356617"F/ft
    dh -
    The altitude of the lower limit of the isothermal atmosphere = 35,332 i r
    Specific weight of mercury at 32°F = 848.7149 lb/ftn
    Specific weight of water at 59°F = 62.3724 Ib/ft8
    'SAiken William S. Jr. Standard nomenclature far airsneeds with tables and charts for use in
    calculation'of airspeed NACA Ren. No. 837 1947. Warfield, Calvin N., Tentative tables for the prop-
    erties of the upper atmosphere, NACA T N ' N o . 1200, January 1947.
    (continued)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    346 T A B L E 342.--STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (concluded)
    U p to the lower limit of the isothermal atmosphere (-67°F corresponding to 35,332 ft)
    the temperature is assumed to decrease linearly according to the equation
    dT
    T=To--h
    dh
    Further, the atmosphere is assumed to be a dry perfect gas that obeys the laws of Charles
    and Boyle, so that the mass density corresponding to the pressure and temperature is

    p=po--
    P To
    Po T
    The pressure and altitude are related by
    Po T m
    h = ---log.- Po
    P a To P
    The harmonic mean temperature T , is given by

    where Taui,TaUz, . . . are the average temperatures for the altitude increments Ahi, Ahz, . . .
    The NACA Special Subcommittee on the Upper Atmosphere, at a meeting on June 24,
    1946, resolved that a tentative extension of the standard atmosphere from 65,000 to 100,000
    feet be based upon a constant composition of the atmosphere and an isothermal tempera-
    ture which are the same as standard conditions a t 65,000 feet. This tentative extended
    isothermal region (Table 344) ends at 32 kilometers (approximately 105,000 ft). It is
    possible that as results of higher altitude temperature soundings become available and the
    standard atmosphere is extended to very high altitudes the present recommendations may
    be modified.
    The Subcommittee also recommended that the values of temperature given in the follow-
    ing table be considered as maximum and minimum values occurring for the given altitudes
    with the variations between the specified points to be linear :

    Altitude
    (km)
    20
    25
    -
    Minimum
    180
    --
    Temperature ("C abs)
    Maximum
    250
    250
    45 200 380

    A tentative extension of the standard atmosphere computed from the equations using
    the recommended isothermal temperature and constant gravity altitudes from 65,000 to
    100,000 feet are included in the table. Calculations have been made- by assuming that
    the acceleration of gravity varies inversely as the square of the distance from the center
    of the earth. Up to 100,000 feet this assumption does not greatly affect the tabulated values.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 343.-PROPERTIES OF THE S T A N D A R D A T M O S P H E R E * 347
    Coefficient
    Tem- of
    Density per- s ~ viscosity,
    d Kinematic
    Alti- Pressure, p Density ratio 1 ature, sound, 7 viscosity,
    tude, h , - T
    ft Ib/ft* inHpO inHg slu:S/fta a= f V T "F nhs mi/hr ft-sec
    Y
    ft2/sec
    n 2116 407.1 29.92 518.4 760.9 3.725X10-' 1.566)<10-'
    2,000 1968 378.5 27.82 .002242 -.9428 1.030 511.2 755.7 3.685. . 1.644
    4,000 1828 351.6 25.84 .002112 .8881 1.061 504.1 750.4 3.644 1.725
    6,000 1696 326.2 23.98 .001988 .8358 1.094 497.0 745.1 3.602 1.812
    8,000 1572 302.4 22.22 .001869 .7859 1.128 489.9 739.7 3.561 1.905
    10,000 1455 279.9 20.58 .001756 ,7384 1.164 482.7 734.3 3.519 2.004
    12,000 1346 258.9 19.03 .001648 .6931 1.201 475.6 728.8 3.476 2.109
    14,000 1243 239.1 17.57 .001545 ,6499 1.240 468.5 723.4 3.434 2.223
    16,000 1146 220.6 16.21 .001448 .6088 1.282 461.3 718.7 3.391 2.342
    18.000 1056 203.2 14.94 .001355 .5698 1.325 454.2 712.2 3.348 2.471
    20.000 972.1 187.0 13.75 .001267 .5327 1.370 447.1 706.6 3.305 2.608
    22;000 893.3 171.9 12.63 ,001183 .4974 1.418 439.9 701.1 3.261 2.756
    24,000 819.8 157.7 11.59 ,001103 .4640 1.468 432.8 695.3 3.217 2.916
    26,000 751.2 144.5 10.62 .001028 .4323 1.521 425.7 689.5 3.173 3.086
    28.000 687.4 132.2 9.720 BOO957 .4023 1.577 418.5 683.7 3.128 3.268
    30,000 628.0 120.8 8.880 .000889 .3740 1.635 411.4 677.9 3.083 3.468
    32,000 572.9 110.2 8.101 .000826 ,3472 1.697 404.3 672.0 3.038 3.678
    34,000 521.7 100.4 7.377 .000765 .3218 1.763 397.2 666.0 2.992 3.911
    35,332 489.8 94.24 6.926 .OW727 .3058 1.808 392.4 662.0 2.962 4.073
    36,000 474.4 91.31 6.711 .O00705 ,2963 1.837 392.4 662.0 2.962 4.204
    38.000 431.1 82.97 6.098 .000MO 2692 1.927 392.4 662.0 2.962 4.625
    40.000 391.9 75.44 5.544 ,000582 .2448 2.021 392.4 662.0 2.962 5.089
    42.000 356.2 68.56 5.038 .000529 .2225 2.120 392.4 662.0 2.962 5.599
    44;OOO 323.7 62.29 4.578 .000480 2021 2.224 392.4 662.0 2.962 6.161
    46.000 294.2 56.63 4.162 .000437 .1838 2.333 392.4 662.0 2.962 6.773
    48,000 267.4 51.46 3.782 ,000397 .1670 2.447 392.4 662.0 2.962 7.459
    50,000 243.1 46.78 3.438 .000361 .1518 2.567 392.4 452.0 2.962 8.206
    52,000 220.9 42.52 3.124 .000328 .1379 2.692 392.4 662.0 2.962 9.028
    54,000 200.8 38.64 2.840 .000298 1.1254 2.824 392.4 662.0 2.962 9.933
    56,000 182.5 35.12 2.581 .000271 .1140 2.962 392.4 662.0 2.962 10.93
    58,000 165.9 31.92 2.346 .000246 .lo36 3.107 392.4 662.0 2.962 12.02
    60,000 150.8 29.01 2.132 .000224 .09415 3.259 392.4 662.0 2.962 13.23
    62,000 137.1 26.37 1.938 .000203 .08557 3.419 392.4 662.0 2.962 14.56
    64,000 124.6 23.96 1.761 .000185 ,07777 3.586 392.4 662.0 2.962 16.02
    65,000 118.7 22.85 1.679 .000176 .07414 3.672 392.4 662.0 2.962 16.80

    For metric values see Table 628.

    T A B L E 344.-PROPERTIES OF T H E T E N T A T I V E S T A N D A R D - A T M O S P H E R E
    EXTENSION

    Coefficient
    Tern- Speed of
    Density per- of viscosity, Kinematic
    Altitude Pressiire, p Density, ratio. 1 ature, sound, sl:xs viscosity,
    h -
    ft slu:/ft3 \/a "F%s mia/hr f= ft'ysec
    65,000 118.7 22.85 1.679 .000176 ,07414 3.672 392.4 662.0 2.962)<10~'16.80X10~4
    70,000 93.53 17.99 1.322 .000139 ,05839 4.138 392.4 662.0 2.962 21.33
    75,000 73.66 14.17 1.042 .000109 ,04599 4.663 392.4 662.0 2.962 27.09
    80,000 58.01 11.16 .8202 .0000861 .03621 5.255 392.4 662.0 2.962 34.39
    85.000 45.68 8.789 ,6460 .OW0678 .02852 5.921 392.4 662.0 2.962 43.67
    90:OOO 35.97 6.921 .5086 .0000534 .02246 6.672 392.4 662.0 2.962 55.45
    95,000 28.33 5.451 .4006 .0000421 .01769 7.519 392.4 662.0 2.962 70.41
    100,000 22.31 4.293 .3156 .0000331 ,01394 8.472 392.4 662.0 2.%2 89.41

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL T A B L E S
    348 T A B L E 345.-COMPRESSIBLE F L O W TABLES FOR AIR'*
    I n high speed research, use is frequently made of the theoretical relationships existing
    between the Mach number and various flow parameters. Two types of flow are tabulated :
    isentropic flow and normal-shock flow. Isentropic flow is generally valid for a subsonic or
    supersonic expanding flow and may be used for subsonic compression flow. Normal-shock
    How is valid for supersonic compression flow when the deviation of the flow through the
    shock is zero. Oblique-shock flow may be obtained from the normal-shock flow by super-
    imposing a velocity tangential to the shock.
    The assumption that air is a perfect gas with a value of y of 1.400 is valid for the condi-
    tions usually encountered in the subsonic and lower supersonic regions for normal stagna-
    tion conditions. For Mach numbers greater than about 4.0 or for unusual stagnation
    conditions, however, the behavior of air will depart appreciably from that of a perfect gas
    if the liquefaction condition is approached, and caution should be used in applying the
    results in the table at the higher Mach numbers.
    The formulas for isentropic flow are:

    and the formulas for normal-shock flow are:

    '::a But-cher. Marie A . , Compressilde flow tables for air, N.\C.\ TN No. 1592, August 1948.

    (continued)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    349
    T A B L E 345.-COMPRESSIBLE F L O W T A B L E S FOR A I R (concluded)

    where
    a = speed of sound in air.
    A = cross-sectional area of the stream tube.
    A , , = cross-sectional area of the stream tube for MI = 1.0.
    F , = compressibility factor, increase in pressure above the static pressure set UP in
    a tube whose open end is pointed into the relative wind divided by the
    dynamic pressure.
    M = Mach number
    @=
    (9
    Mach angle, degrees.
    p = absolute pressure.
    T = temperature, "F absolute.
    V = airspeed, feet per second, computcd for T o =520°F absolute and na=
    1117.372 feet per second.
    y = ratio of specific heats, taken as 1.400.
    Y = expansion angle required to change Mach number from 1.0 to Mi,degrees.

    p = mass density of air.

    Subscripts :
    0 = stagnation conditions before shock.
    1 = air stream conditions before shock.
    2 = air stream conditions behind shock.
    3 = stagnation conditions behind shock.

    ISENTROPIC

    tt+----

    0 I CR
    (MCR =
    1.0)

    --
    SUBSONIC STREAM-TUBE FLOW
    ISENTROPIC
    .DIFFUSION

    ISENTROPIC EXPANSION 1
    I

    Idl/J
    NORMAL] V3= 0
    -4-
    1
    I
    i lli
    ;
    I

    ISUSSONIC I SUPERSONIC ; . ,SUBSONIC ;


    0 CR 1 2 3
    (MCR =
    1.0)

    SUBSONIC STREAM-TUBE FLOW

    M = 1.0
    I

    TWO-DIMENSIONAL SUPERSONIC
    FLOW AROUND A CORNER

    FIG.13.-Illustrating three types of flow.


    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    ul T A B L E 346.-RELATION BETWEEN MACH NUMBER AND VARIOUS FLOW PARAMETERS G,
    2
    I
    3
    z
    3 ( T o =v5 12 0 0 F 2 ( T o =V1
    520' F
    0
    ul
    zP -
    P1
    Po
    -h
    PO
    -
    T1
    To
    Ax
    a0 abs.) F. MI
    -
    P1
    Po
    -
    P1
    Po
    -
    T i
    To
    -
    Aer
    A i 00 abs.) F.
    MI A i
    z n
    Y 1.000 ..ooo 1.000 0 1.ood 0 1.Ooo .so .8430 .8852 .9524 .7464 .9759 545.2 1.064
    =
    V
    <
    .05 .9983 .9988 .9995 .0%3 .9998
    .. .. 55.85
    ~ ~. 1.001
    ~ ~.~ .55 .8142 3634 .9430 .7969 .9711 596.8 1.078
    I?
    .lo
    .15 .9930 9950 .9980 .1718 9990 111.6 1.003 .60 .7840 .8405 .9328 .8416 .9658 647.5 1.093
    c)
    .9844 .9888 .9955 .2557 .9978 167.2 1.006 .65 .7528 .8164 .9221 .8806 .9603 697.4 1.110
    r 20 .9725 .9803 .9921 .3374 .9960 222.6 1.010 .70 .7209 .7916 .9107 .9138 .9543 746.4 1.129
    -I
    D .25 .9575 .9694 .9877 .4162 .9938 277.6 1.016 .75 .6886 .7660 .8989 .9413 .9481 794.5 1.149
    m
    r
    m
    .30 .9395 .9564 .9823 .4914 .9911 332.2 1.023 .80 .6560 .7400 .8865 .9632 .9416 841.7 1.170
    ln .35
    .~
    ~ .9188 .9413 .9761 S624 ,9880 386.4 1.031 .85 .6235 .7136 .8737 .9797 .9347 887.8 1.194
    .40 .8956 .9243 .9690 .6288 .9844 440.0 1.041 .90 ,5913 .6870 .8606 912 .9277
    ._ . 932.9
    . 1.219
    .45 .8703 .9055 .9611 .6903 .9803 492.9 1.052 .95 .5595 .6604 .8471 .9979 .9204 977.0 1.246
    .so .8430 .8852 .9524 .7464 .9759 545.2 1.064 1.00 S283 .6339 .8333 1.0000 .9129 1020.0 1.276

    -
    P1
    M1 Po
    1.00 S283 .6339 .8333 1.000 .9129 1020 90.00 0 1.000 S283 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.OOO
    1.10 .4a4 S817 .8052 1.008 .8973 1103 65.38 1.34 1.245 S831 ,9989 1.169 .9118 .8554
    1.20 .4124 S311 .7764 1.030 .8811 1181 56.44 3.56 1.513 .6241 9928 1.342 .8422 .7454
    1.30 .3609 .4829 .7474 1.065 .8645 1256 50.28 6.17 1.805 .6514 .9794 1.516 .7860 6598
    1.40 .3142 .4374 .7184 1.115 3476 1326 45.58 8.99 2.120 .6662 .9582 1.690 .7397 S918
    1.50 .2724 .3950 .6897 1.176 .8305 1392 41.81 11.91 2.458 .6697 .9298 1.862 .7011 S370
    1.60 2353 .3557 .6614 1.250 .8133 1454 38.68 14.86 2.820 .6635 .8952 2.032 .6684 .4922
    1.70 .2026 .3197 .6337 1.338 .7961 1512 36.03 17.81 3.205 .6493 .8557 2.198 .6405 .4550
    1.80 .1740 .2868 .6068 1.439 .7790 1567 33.75 20.73 3.613 .6289 .8127 2.359 .6165 .4239
    1.90 .1492 2570 S807 1.555 .7620 1618 31.76 23.59 4.045 .6037 .7674 2.516 S956 .3975
    2.00 .1278 2300 .5556 1.688 .7454 1666 30.00 26.38 4.500 S751 .7209 2.667 S774 .3750
    2.10 .lo94 2058 S313 1.837 .7289 1710 28.44 29.10 4.978 S444 .6742 2.812 S613 .3556
    2.20 .09352 .1841 SO81 2.005 .7128 1752 27.04 31.73 5.480 .5125 .6281 2.951 S471 .3388
    2.30 .07997 .1646 .4859 2.193 .6971 1791 25.77 34.28 6.005 .4802 S833 3.085 5344 .3242
    2.40 .06840 .1472 .4647 2.403 ,6817 1828 24.62 36.75 6.553 .4482 S401 3.212 ,5231 .3113
    2.50 .05853 .1317 .4444 2.637 6667 1862 23.58 39.12 7.125 .4170 ,4990 3.333 S130 .3000
    2.60 .05012 .1179 .4252 2.896 .6521 1894 22.62 41.41 7.720 .3%9 .4601 3.449 SO39 .2899
    2.70 .04295 .lo56 .4068 3.183 .6378 1924 21.74 43.62 8.338 .3581 .4236 3.559 .4956 .2810
    2.80 .03685 .09463 .3894 3.500 .6240 1952 20.92 45.75 8.980 .3309 .3895 3.664 .4882 2730
    2.90 .03165 .08489 .3729 3.850 .6106 1979 20.17 47.79 9.645 .3053 .3577 3.763 .48:4 26.58
    3.00 .02722 ,07623 .3571 4.235 S976 2003 19.47 49.76 10.33 2813 .3283 3.857 .4752 .2593
    8.10 .02345 .06852 .3422 4.657 S850 2026 18.82 51.65 11.05 2590 .3012 3.947 .4695 .2534
    3.20 .02023 .06165 .3281 5.121 S728 2048 18.21 53.47 11.78 .2383 2762 4.031 .4643 .2480
    3.30 .O 1748 .05554 .3147 5.629 S609 2068 17.64 55.22 12.54 2191 2533 4.112 .4596 2432
    3.40 .01512 .05009 .3019 6.184 5495 2088 17.10 56.91 13.32 .2015 ,2322 4.188 .4552 2388
    (corltinlrrd~
    m T A B L E 346.-RELATION B E T W E E N M A C H NUMBERS A N D VARIOUS F L O W PARAMETERS (concluded)
    2
    I -
    P1 -
    Pl -
    TI -
    A! -
    a1
    v1
    ( T o= 520' F -
    82 -
    P2 -
    P3 -
    P2 -
    VZ
    m
    0 abs.) Q MI
    Mi Po P2 TO A C , 00 Y PI PO Po P1 V1
    f 3.50 .01311 .04523 2899 6.790 .5384 2106 16.60 58.53 14.13 .1852 2129 4.261 .45 12 2347
    2 3.60 .01138 ,04089 2784 7.450 .5276 2122 16.13 60.09 14.95 .1702 .1953 4.330 .4474 .2310
    0
    I 3.70 .009903 .03702 2675 8.169 S172 2138 15.68 61.60 15.81 .1565 .I792 4.395 .4439 .z75
    <
    I? 3.80 .008629 .03355 ,2572 8.951 .SO72 2153 15.26 63.04 16.68 .1439 .1645 4.457 .4407 2244
    c) 3.90 .007532 .03044 2474 9.799 .4974 2168 14.86 64.44 17.58 .1324 .I510 4.516 .4377 .2215
    F
    4 4.00 ,006586 .02766 .2381 10.72 .4880 2181 14.48 65.78 18.50 .1218 .1358 4.571 .4350 .2188
    D 4.20 .005062 .02292 ,2208 12.79 .4699 2205 68.33 20.41 .lo33 .1173 4.675 .4299 ,2139
    13.77
    2 4.40 .Oil3918 .01W 2053 15.21 .4531 2227 13.14 70.71 22.42 .08783 .09948 4.768 .4255 2097
    4.60 .003053 .01597 .I911 18.02 .4372 2247 12.56 72.92 24.52 .07485 .08459 4.853 .4217 2060
    4.80 .002394 .01343 .1783 21.26 .4223 2265 12.02 74.99 26.71 .06396 .07214 4.930 .4183 2028
    5 .OO .001890 .01134 .1667 25.00 .4082 2281 11.54 76.92 29.00 .05481 .06172 5.000 .4152 2000
    5.20 .OOiSoi .0096zo .1561 29.28 .3950 2295 11.09 78.73 31.38 .04711 .05297 5.064 .4125 .1975
    5.40 .001200 .008197 .1464 34.17 .3826 2308 10.67 80.43 33.85 .04061 .04560 5.122 .4101 .1952
    5.60 .0009643 .007012 .1375 39.74 .3708 2320 10.29 82.03 36.42 .03512 .03938 5.175 .4079 .1932
    5.80 .0007794 .006023 .1294 46.05 .3597 2331 9.93 83.54 39.08 .03046 .03412 5.224 .4059 .1914
    6.00 .0006334 .005194 .1220 53.18 .3492 2341 9.59 84.96 4 1.83 .02650 .02965 5.268 .4042 .1898
    6.20 .0005173 .004495 .1151 61.21 .3393 2350 9.28 86.29 44.68 .023 12 .02584 5.309 .4025 .1a3
    6.40 .OW4247 .003904 .lo88 70.23 .3298 2359 8.99 87.56 47.62 .02022 ,02259 5.347 .4011 .1870
    6.60 .0003503 .003402 .lo30 80.32 .3209 2366 8.71 88.76 50.65 .01774 .01981 5.382 .3997 .1858
    6.80 .0002902 .002974 .09758 91.59 .3124 2373 8.46 89.90 53.78 .01561 .01741 5.415 .3985 .1847
    7.00 .0002416 .002609 .09259 104.1 .3043 2380 8.21 90.97 57.00 .01377 .01535 5.444 .3974 .1837
    7.20 .08797 118.1 ,2966 2386 7.98 92.00 60.31 .01218 .01357 5.472 .3963 .1827
    7.40 .08367 133.5 2893 2392 7.77 92.97 63.72 .01080 .01202 5.498 .3954 .1819
    7.60 .07%7 150.6 2823 2397 7.56 93.90 67.22 .009594 .01068 5.522 .3945 .1811
    7.80 .0001207 .001589 .07594 169.4 2756 2402 7.37 94.78 70.81 .008547 .009510 5.544 .3937 .1804
    8.00 .0001024 .001414 .07246 190.1 .2692 2406 7.18 95.62 74.50 .007631 .008488 5.565 ,3929 .1797
    8.20 .00008723 .001260 .06921 212.8 .2631 2411 7.00 96.43 78.28 .006828 .007592 5.585 .3922 .1791
    8.40 .00007454 .001126 ,06617 237.8 ,2572 2414 6.84 97.20 82.15 .006123 ,006806 5.603 .3915 .1785
    8.60 .00006390 .001009 .06332 265.0 2516 2418 6.68 97.94 86.12 .005503 .OM114 5.620 .3909 .1779
    8.80 .00005494 .0009059 .06065 294.8 2463 2422 6.53 98.64 90.18 .004955 .005504 5.636 .3903 .1774
    9.00 .OOOO4739 .0008150.OW4 327.2 2411 2425 6.38 99.32 94.33 .004470 .004964 5.651 .3898 .1770
    9.20 .00004099 4007348 .05578 362.5 2362 2428 6.24 99.97 98.58 .004040 .004486 5.665 .3893 .1765
    9.40 .00003555 .OW6638 .05356 400.8 2314 2431 6.11 100.6 102.9 .003659 .004061 5.679 .3888 .1761
    9.60 .05146
    .00003092 ..0006008 442.3 2269 2433 5.98 101.2 107.4 .003319 .003683 5.591 .3884 .1757
    9.80 .00002696 .OW5447 .04949 487.3 .2225 2436 5.86 101.8 111.9 .003016 .003346 5.703 .3880 .1753
    10.00 .00002356 .OM4948 .04762 535.9 2182 2438 5.74 102.3 116.5 ,002745 .003045 5.714 .3876 .1750 $
    352
    T A B L E 346A.-FORCES O N AIRFOILS A T ANGLES T O THE W I N D
    (FIGS. 14, 15)
    By suitably proportioning the thickness distribution over the chord of a plate, an airfoil
    may be derived around which the flow will adhere even when the angle of attack is large.
    Because the flow remains attached to the airfoil, high lift coefficients may be obtained with
    low drag coefficients.
    The flow around a particular airfoil a t a given angle of attack depends on the Reynolds
    number, R, the Mach number, M , and the degree of surface roughness. The main effect
    of increasing the Reynolds number is to change the maximum-lift coefficient and the
    minimum-drag coefficient. When the surface of the airfoil is made rough, simulating the
    surface of an actual airplane wing, the flow breaks away from the upper surface of the
    airfoil at a smaller angle of attack and therefore results in a considerably smaller value of
    maximum-lift coefficient. A rough surface increases the percentage of the chord over
    which the flow is turbulent and tends to make the drag coefficient much higher (see
    figure 11). As the Mach number is increased the variation of the local velocity from the
    stream velocity is increased.
    On figure 14 are shown the force coefficients for two symmetrical NACA airfoils of
    infinite aspect ratio plotted against angle of attack, a, for a Reynolds number of 6 x 10'.
    Methods exist (see Method for calculating wing characteristics by lifting-line theory using
    nonlinear section lift data, by James C. Sivells and Robert H. Neely, NACA T N No. 1269,
    April 1947) for converting infinite aspect ratio data to finite wing characteristics. The
    force coefficients of a 21-percent thick airfoil in the smooth condition and a 12-percent thick
    airfoil in both the rough and smooth conditions are given.
    Figure 15 shows the variation in the force coefficients with Mach number for a sym-
    metrical 9-percent thick airfoil at an angle of attack of 2" and at Reynolds numbers from
    .35 x loa to .75 x loo.
    181 Abbott Ira H. von Doenhoff Albert E. and Stivers Louis S., Jr. Summary of airfoil data.
    NACA Re;. No. 82i. 1945. Stack', John, and von Doenhoff: Albert E., Tists of 16 related airfoils at
    high speeds, NACA Rep. No. 492, 1934.
    (continried)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    353
    T A B L E 346A.-FORCES ON AIRFOIILS A T A N G L E S T O T H E WIND
    (FIGS. 14, 15) (concluded)

    NAC,
    0
    641-012 AIRFOIL
    0--
    NACA 644-021 AIRFOIL-
    v) SMOOTH-
    w
    W ROUGH- ----
    U no32
    Y0
    24 .024
    t3
    CD
    y le -016
    V
    Q
    I-
    I - e .ooa
    a
    LL
    o c 0 0
    W
    J
    0 -g .20
    Z
    < CP
    -I€ .40

    -24
    I 1.2 1.4 0 .4 .8 1.2 1.6
    LIFT COEFFICIENT CL
    FIG.14.-Force coefficients for two symmetrical airfoils of infinite aspect ratio plotted
    against angle of attack, a, for Reynolds number 6 X 10'.

    .8 .08
    l - NACA 0009 AIRFOIL

    .6 .06

    CL co
    .4 .04

    .2 .02

    0 0
    0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0
    M A C H NUMBER, M

    FIG.15.-The force coefficients, CL,CD,and CP, plotted against Mach number for a
    9-percent thick airfoil at an angle of attack of 2" and Reynolds number from .35 X 10"
    to .75 x loo.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    354
    TABLES 347-369.-DIFFFUSION, SOLUBILITY. SURFACE
    TENSION. AND VAPOR PRESSURE
    T A B L E 347.-DIFFUSION O F A N AQUEOUS S O L U T I O N I N T O P U R E W A T E R
    If k is the coefficient of diffusion. d S the amount of the substance which passes in the
    time dt. a t the place x . through q cm2 of a diffusion cylinder under the influence of a drop
    of concentration dcldx. then
    dc
    d S 1-kq - d t
    dx
    k depends on the temperature and the concentration . c gives the gram-molecules per
    liter. T h e unit of time is a day.

    to to
    Suhstance c "C k Substance C "C k
    12.
    Bromine . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 .8 Calcium chlyide . 364 8.5 .70
    Chlorine ............. " 12. 1.22 1.22 9. .72
    Copper: sulfate ........ " 17. .39 .060 9. .64
    Glvcerine ............ " 10.14 .357 ... .047 9. .68
    Hidrochloric acid . . . . " 19.2 2.21 Copper sulfate ..... 1.95 17. .23
    Iodine ............... 12. I' ( .5) ..... .95 17. .26
    Nitric acid ........... " 19.5 2.07 ..... .30 17. .33
    Potassium chloride .... " 17.5 1.38 ..... .005 17. .47
    " hydroxide . . " 13.5 1.72 Glycerine .........
    2/8 10.14 .354
    Silver nitrate ........ " 12. .985 .........
    6/8 10.14 .345
    Sodium chloride ...... " 15.0 .94 .........
    10/8 10.14 .329
    Urea ................ " 14.8 .97 ......... 14/8 10.14 .30C
    Acetic acid . . . . . . . . . . . .2
    13.5 .77 Hydr%hloric a$ . 4.52 11.5 2.93
    Barium chloride ...... " 8. .66 ' 3.16 11. 2.67
    Glycerine ............ " 10.1 3.55 .945 11. 2.12
    Sodium acetate ....... " 12. .67 .387 11. 2.02
    ' chloride ...... " 15.0 .94 250 11. 1.84
    Urea ................ 14.8 I' .969 Magnesium sulfate . 2.18 5.5 .28
    Acetic acid ........... 1.0 12. .74 .541 5.5 .32
    Ammonia ............ " 15.23 1.54 3.23 10. 27
    Formic acid .......... " 12. .97 .402 10. .34
    Glycerine ............ " 10.14 .339 Potassium hydfpxide .75 12. 1.72
    Hydrochloric acid .... " 12. 2.09 . 49 12. 1.70
    Magnesium sulfate .... " 7. .30 .375 12. 1.70
    Potassium bromide . . . 10. :: 1.13 " nitrate ..
    ..
    3.9 17.6 .89
    " hydroxide .
    Socljum c h l y i d e ......
    ......
    12.
    15.0
    14.3
    .
    'L 1.72
    .94
    .964
    ..
    . ..
    1.4
    .3
    .02
    17.6
    17.6
    17.6
    1.10
    1.26
    1.28
    "
    "
    hydroxide ....
    iodide ........
    12.
    10.
    :: 1.11
    .80
    " sulfFte
    .
    .. .95
    .28
    i9.6
    19.6
    -.79
    .86
    Sugar ............... " 12. .254 .05 19.6 .97
    Sulfuric acid ......... " 12. 1.12 .02 19.6 1.01
    Zinc sulfate .......... " 14.8 .236 Silver nitrate . . 3.9 12. .535
    Acetic acid ........... 2.0 12. -59
    ... ...... .9 12. .88
    Calcium chloride ...... " 10. d8 ...... .02 12. 1.035
    Cadmium sulfate ...... " 19.04 246 Sodium chlyide ... 2/8 14.33 1.013
    Hydrochloric acid ....
    Sodium iodide ........
    12.
    10.
    :: 2.21
    .90
    . . ..
    ...
    4/8
    6/8
    14.33
    14.33
    .996
    .980
    Sulfuric acid ......... 12. 'I 1.16 ... 10/8 14.33 .948
    Z$c ace!fte .......... " 18.05 .210 ... 14/8 14.33 .917
    ......... .04 .120 Sulfuric acid ...... 9.85 18. 2.36
    Acetic acid ........... 3.0 12. .68 ...... 4.85 18. 1.90
    Potassium carbonate .. " 10. .60 ...... 2.85 18. 1.60
    I' hydroxide . " 12. 1.89 ...... .85 18. 1.34
    Acetic acid ........... 4;o 12. .66 ...... .35 18. 1.32
    Potassium chloride .... 10. 1.27 ...... .005 18. 1.30

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 348.-DIFFUSION OF VAPORS 355
    Coefficients of diffusion of vapors in cgs units. The coefficients are for the temperatures
    given in the table and a pressure of 76 c m H g.

    kr for vapor kr for vapor k i for vapor


    diffusing into diffusing into diffusing into
    Vapor .
    Temp "C hydrogen air carbon dioxide
    Acids : FoI;mic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. S131 .1315 .0879
    ................ 65.4 .7873 .2035 .1343
    ................ 84.9 8830 2244 .1519
    Ac$c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0. .4040 .1061 .0713
    ................. 65.5 .6211 .1578 .1048
    " ................. 98.5 .7481 .1965 .1321
    Isovaleric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. 2118 .0555 .0375
    .............. 98.0 .3934 .1031 .0696
    Alcohols : Methyl .......... . . . .0 .5001 .1325 .0880
    ......... .... 25.6 .6015 .1620 .1046
    ......... .... 49.6 .6738 .1809 .1234
    Ethyl ........... . . . . .0 .3806 .0994 .0693
    ............... 40.4 SO30 .1372 .0898
    . . . . . . . . . . ..... 66.9 S430 .1475 .1026
    Prqpyl .......... . . . . .9 .3153 .0803 .0577
    ........... . . . 66.9 .4832 .1237 .0901
    .......... . . . . 83.5 .5434 .1379 .0976
    Butyl ............ . . . .0 .2716 .0681 .0476
    ............ . . . 99.0 SO45 .1265 .0884
    Amy1 ........... . . . . .0 2351 .0589 .0422
    . . . . . . . . . . . .... 99.1 .4362 .1094 .0784
    He'Tyl ........... . . . .0 .1998 .0499 .0351
    .............. 99.0 .3712 .0927 .0651
    B e y e n e ........................ 0 2940 .0751 .0527
    ....................... 19.9 .3409 .0877 .0609
    ....................... 45.0 .3993 .1011 .0715
    CaLbon disulfide ................ 0 .3690 .0883 .0629
    ...............19.9 .4255 .1015 .0726
    "
    ............... 32.8 .4626 .1120 .0789
    Esters : Mefbyl acef:te . . . . . . . . . 0
    . .3277 .0840 .0557
    ......... 20.3 .3928 .1013 .0679
    Ethvl " . . . . . . . . . .0 2373 .0630 .0450
    " ......... 46.1 .3729 .0970 .0666
    MeF)yl b u t y a t e . . . . . . . .0 .2422 .0640 .0438
    ....... 92.1 .4308 .1139 .0809
    Ethyl '''' . . . . . . . .0 2238 .0573 .0406
    ....... 96.5 .4112 .1064 .0756
    ' v a l y a t e ..........
    " . . . . . . . . .0
    97.6
    .2050
    .3784
    .0505
    .0932
    .0366
    .0676
    Ether ......................... 0 2960 .0775 .0552
    ........................ 19.9 .3410 .0893 .0636
    Water ......................... 0 6870 .1980 .1310
    'I ........................ 49.5 1.0000 2827 .1811
    " ........................ 92.4 1.1794 .3451 2384

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    356
    T A B L E 349.-COEFFICIENTS O F DIFFUSION FOR VARIOUS GASES
    AND VAPORS

    Coefficient
    Gas or vapor diffusing Gas or vapor diffused into Temp. "C of diffusion
    Air .................. Hydrogen ........................... 0 .661
    " ................... Oxygen .............................. 0 .1775
    Carbon dioxide ........ Air ................................. 0 .1423
    ........ .................................. 0 .1360
    .
    "

    "........ Carbon' monoxide ..................... 0 1405


    ........ ..................... 0 .1314
    ' ........ Hydrogen ............................ 0 .5437
    ' ........ Methane ............................. 0 .1465
    ' ' ........ Nitrous oxide ........................ 0 .0983
    ' ........ Oxygen .............................. 0 .1802
    Carbon disulfide ....... Air .................................. 0 .0995
    Carlpn morfpxide ...... Carbon dioxide ....................... 0 .1314
    ...... !<thylene ............................. 0 .101
    ...... TIydrogen ............................ 0 .6422
    ...... Oxzgen .............................. 0 .1802
    ...... .............................. 0 .1872
    Ether ................ Air .................................. 0 .0827
    " ................ Hydrogen ............................ 0 .3054
    Hydrogen ............ Air .................................. 0 .6340
    ............ Car!on dioxide ....................... 0 5384
    '
    "
    ............ monoxide ..................... 0 .6488
    ............ Ethane .............................. 0 .4593
    ............ Ethylene ............................. 0 .4863
    "
    ............ Methane ............................. 0 .6254
    ............ Nitrous oxide ........................ 0 .5347
    ............ Oxxgen .............................. 0 .6788
    Nitrogen ............. ............................... 0 .1787
    Oxegen .............. Carbon dioxide ....................... 0 A357
    ' .............. Hydrogen ............................ 0 .7217
    .............. Nitrogen ............................. 0 .1710
    Sulfur dioxide ......... Hydrogen ............................ 0 .4828
    Water ................ Air .................................. 8 2390
    ................ ..................................
    " 18 .2475
    " ................ Hydrogen ............................ 18 .8710

    TABLE 350.-DIFFUSION O F METALS I N T O METALS

    2
    -.
    .
    dPv ; where x is the distance in direction of diffusion; v. the degree of concentra-
    k p tion of the diffusing metal; t. the time; k . the diffusion constant= the
    quantity of metal in grams diffusing through a cm' in a day when unit
    difference of concentration (g/cm*) is maintained between two sides of a layer one cm
    thick .
    Dis- Dis-
    solving Temper- solving Temper-
    Diffusing metal metal nture " C k Diffusing metal metal ature "C k
    G?!d ........ Lead .... 555 3.19 Platinum .... Lead .... 492 1.69
    ........ . . . . . . 492
    , ........ 3.00 Lead ........ Tin ..... 555 3.18
    ' ........ .. .. .. .. .. .. 251 .03 Rhodium .... Lead .... 550 3.04
    200 .008 Tin ......... Mycury . 15 1.22
    ........ . . . . . . 165 .004 Lead ........
    ,' . 15 1.0
    'I
    ........ . . . . . . 100 .oooO2 Zinc ......... . 15 1.0
    " ........ Bismuth . 555 4.52 Sodium ...... " . 15 45.
    '' ........ Tin ..... 555 4.65 Potassium ... " . 15 .40
    Silver ....... ...... 555 4.14 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . 15 .72

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 351.-SOLUBlLlTY O F INORGANIC SALTS I N W A T E R 357
    (Temperature variation)
    The numbers give the number of grams of the anhydrous salt soluble in 1000 g of ! water
    at the given temperatures .

    Temperature OC
    L
    I 7
    Salt 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
    AgNO3 ......... 1150 1600 2150 2700 3350 4000 4700 5500 6500 7600 9100
    Alz(SO4)a ....... 313 335 362 404 457 521 591 662 731 808 891
    AIzK*(SO,), .... 30 .. . 8 4 . . 248 - . .. 1540
    Ala(NHI)a(SOd)r . 26 45 66 91 124 159 211 270 352 . . .
    BzOa ........... 11 15 22 - 40 - 62 . . 95 . . 157
    BaCL .......... 316 333 357 382 408 436 464 494 524 556 588
    Ba(N03), ....... 50 70 92 116 142 171 203 236 270 306 342
    CaCL ........... 595 650 745 1010 1153 - 1368 1417 1470 1527 1590
    CoClz .......... 405 450 500 565 650 935 940 950 960 - 1030
    CsCl ........... 1614 1747 1865 1973 2080 2185 2290 2395 2500 2601 2705
    CsNOz ......... 93 149 230 339 472 644 838 1070 1340 1630 1970
    CszSOi ......... 1671 1731 1787 1841 1899 1949 1999 2050 2103 2149 2203
    Cu(N03) . . . . . . 818 .. 1250 - 1598 . . 1791 - 2078 . . ._
    CUSO, ......... 149 - . . 255 295 336 390 457 535 627 735
    FeClz ........... _- _- 685 - . . 820 - . . 1040 1050 1060
    FezCls .......... 744 819 918 - - 3151 - - 5258 - 5357
    FeSO, .......... 156 208 264 330 402 486 550 560 506 430 .
    HgCL .......... 43 66 74 84 96 113 139 173 243 371 540
    KBr ........... 540 .. 650 . . 760 . . 860 - 955 - 1050
    KzCOa ......... 1050 .. - 1140 1170 1210 1270 1330 1400 1470 1560
    KCI ............ 285 312 343 373 401 429 455 483 510 538 566
    KC103 .......... 33 50 71 101 145 197 260 325 396 475 560
    _
    K L - 0 , .._..... 589 609 629 650 670 690 710 730 751 771 791
    KzCrZO1 ........ 50 85 131 - 292 . . 505 - 730 . . 1020
    KHCO, ........ 225 277 332 390 453 522 600 . .. .. . .
    K I ............. 1279 1361 1442 1523 1600 1680 1760 1840 1920 2010 2090
    KNOI .......... 133 209 316 458 639 855 1099 1380 1690 2040 2460
    KOH .......... 970 1030 1120 1260 1360 1400 1460 1510 1590 1680 1780
    KzPtCla ........ 7 9 11 14 18 22 26 32 38 45 52
    KzSOI .......... 74 92 111 130 148 165 182 198 214 228 241
    LiOH .......... 127 127 128 129 130 133 138 144 153 - 175
    MgClz .......... 528 535 545 . . 575 .. 610 .. 660 - 730
    MgSO, .... (7aq) 260 309 356 409 456 . . .. . .. . . . .
    .
    "
    ....(6aq) 408 422 439 453 . . 504 550 596 642 689 738
    NH, Cl ......... 297 333 372 414 458 504 552 602 656 713 773
    NH,HCO, ...... 119 159 210 270 . . .. - ...... .
    .
    NHINOz ..... , 1183 .. . . 2418 2970 3540? 4300? 5130? 5800 7400 8710
    (NH, )zSOI .....
    706 730 754 780 810 844 880 916 953 992 1033
    NaBr .......... 795 845 903 - 1058 1160 1170 . . 1185 . . 1205
    NazBIOr ........
    .
    . 16 - 39 .. 105 200 244 314 408 523
    NazC03 ... (lOaq) 71 126 214 409 . . .... . . . .. . .
    ....(7aq) 204 263 335 435 (laq) 475 464 458 452 452 452
    NaCl ........... 356 357 358 360 363 367 371 375 380 385 391
    NaC103 . _...... 820 890 990 . . 1235 . . 1470 - 1750 - 2040
    NazCr04 ........ 317 502 900 - 960 1050 1150 - 1240 . . 1260
    NazCrzO, ....... 1630 1700 1800 1970 2200 2480 2830 3230 3860 . . 4330
    NaHC03 ....... 69 82 96 111 127 145 164 - - . . .
    .
    NazHP04 ...... 25 39 93 241 639 . .. . 949 - . . 988
    NaI ............ 1590 1690 1790 1900 2050 2280 2570 - 2950 . . 3020
    N a N 0 3 ......... 730 805 880 %2 1049 1140 1246 1360 1480 1610 1755
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    358
    T A B L E 351.-SOLUBlLlTY OF INORGANIC S A L T S IN W A T E R (concluded)
    Temperature "C
    Salt 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
    NaOH ..... 420 515 1090 1190 1290 1450 1740 - 3130 - -
    NaPz0, .... 32 39 62 99 135 174 220 255 300 __ _-
    NazS03 ......... 141 __ 287 __ 495 __ __ - _- - 330
    Na&04 ... (10aa) 50 90 194 400) 482
    305 447 __ 468 455 445 437 429 427
    "
    ... ..(7adj 196
    NazSz03 ........ 525 610 700 817' 1026 1697 2067 - 2488 2542 2660
    NiCL .......... -- 600 640 680 720 760 810 -- - -- -
    NiS04 .......... 272 __ -_ 425 - 502 548 594 632 688 776
    PbBrz .......... 5 6 8 12 15 20 24 28 33 - 48
    Pb(N0z)z ...... 365 444 523 607 694 787 880 977 1076 1174 1270
    RbCl ........... 770 844 911 976 1035 1093 1155 1214 1272 1331 1389
    RbNO, ......... 195 330 533 813 1167 1556 2000 2510 3090 3750 4520
    RbzSOI .........
    RbzS01 364 426 482 535 585 631 674 714 750 787 818
    SrCll ........... 442 483 539 600 667 744 831 896 924 962 1019
    SnIz ............ -- - 10 12 14 17 21 25 30 34 40
    Sr (NO3), ........ 395 549 708 876 913 926 940 956 972 990 1011
    .
    T h (. S 0 4.L . (9au) 7 10 14 20 30 51 __ -- - -_ __
    . .(4aq) -- -- _- 40 25 16 11 __ __ _-
    _-
    I

    TI CI ........... 2 2 3 5 6 8 10 13 16 20
    TIN03 ......... 33 62 96 143 209 304 462 695 1110 2000 4140
    TLSO4 ......... 27 37 49 62 76 92 109 127 146 165 __
    Yba(SO4)r ...... 442 -_ -- _- - - 104 72 69 58 47
    Zn( NO& ....... 948 -_ -- __ 2069 __ __ -- __ __ -
    ZnSO4 .......... __ -_ __ __ 700 768 -_ 890 860 920 785

    T A B L E 352.-SOLUBlLlTY O F A F E W ORGANIC S A L T S IN W A T E R
    (Temperature variation "C)

    Salt 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
    Hz(COz)2 ....... 36 53 102 159 228 321 445 635 978 1200 --
    H1(CHz*COz), .. 28 45 69 106 162 244 358 511 708 - 1209
    Tartaric acid __.
    1150 1260 1390 1560 1760 1950 2180 2440 2730 3070 3430
    Racemic " ... 92 140 206 291 433 595 783 999 1250 1530 1850
    K(HC0x) ...... 2900- - 3350 - 3810 -- 4550 -- 5750 -- 7900
    KH(C4H40,) ... 3 4 6 9 13 18 24 32 45 57 69

    T A B L E 353.-SOLUBILITY O F GASES IN W A T E R
    (Temperature variation 'C)
    The table gives the weight in grams of the gas which will be absorbed in 1000 g of water
    when the partial pressure of the gas plus the vapor pressure of the liquid at the given
    temperature equals 760 mmHg.
    Gas 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
    0 2 .0705 .0551 ,0443 .0368 ,0311 .0263 .0221 .0181 .0135
    Hz .00192 .00174 .GO160 .00147 .0013fj .00129 .00118 .00102 .GO079
    Nz .0293 .0230 .O 189 .0161 .0139 .0121 .0105 .0089 ,0069
    Brz 431. 248. 148. 94. 62. 40. 28. 18. 11.
    C
    -1~-
    2 - 9.97 7.29 5.72 4.59 3.93 3.30 2.79 2.23
    CO, 3.35 2.32 1.69 1.26 .97 .76 .58 - -
    H,S 7.10 5.30 3.98 - - - - - -
    NH, 987. 689. 535. 422. _ _ - - -
    SO2 228. 162. 113. 78. 54. - - - -

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    359
    T A B L E 354.-CHANGE

    E
    d

    .-
    c
    &
    -s:
    d
    a=
    L
    CdS048l3H20
    at25 C

    2
    E
    ZnS04.7H20
    &

    $k
    at 25" C

    -d5i B
    10

    F,
    -
    OF S O L U B I L I T Y PRODUCED BY U N I F O R M PRESSURE

    Mannite at 24.05' C

    -ds:
    5ii
    0
    M
    B
    f
    NaCl at 24.05" C
    &
    -d5i
    ?!&
    D
    10
    ::
    5-4 u
    M 2:q 0 2 2% u
    2 be
    u
    M

    2
    1, %gz
    $32
    *
    e UZrn
    g NC 0M
    ;
    "
    u.-
    9F
    g ?OM
    m
    +
    u
    u-
    oum
    +g M
    .
    4

    e
    u
    1: u MZ
    .I
    d
    -
    U
    u g
    57.95
    d
    -
    V
    20.66
    t
    s z
    d
    -
    ,-.
    6G MOo
    35.90
    d
    b.

    -
    1 76.80
    500 78.01 +1.57 57.87 -.14 21.14 +2.32 36.55 +1.81
    1000 78.84 +2.68 57.65 -32 21.40 +3.57 37.02 +3.12
    1500 - - - - 21.64 +4.72 37.36 +4.07

    T A B L E 355.-COMMONLY U S E D ORGANIC S O L V E N T S *
    Arranged in the order of their boiling points

    B oi 1in g Boiling
    point point
    Name "C Name "C
    . . . .
    Ethyl ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.54 Xylene (0) ..... ... ............. 144
    Amy1 acetate ...... ... ... ... .... 147.6
    Carbon disulfide ................ 46.25
    Acetone ........................ 56.08 Ethyl lactate ..... .............. 154
    . .
    Methyl acetate . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 57.1 .
    Cellosolve acetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
    .
    Chloroform . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.2 .
    Cyclohexanone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 156.7
    Methyl alcohol .. . .. . ... . ... . .. . 64.5 . .
    Furfural .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .158-162
    Carbon tetrachloride . . . . . . . . . . . 76.74 . Butyl cellosolve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170.6
    .
    . . .
    Ethyl acetate . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . 77.15 Ethyl acetoacetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180.0
    .
    Diethyl oxalate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.1
    Ethyl alcohol ................... 78.32
    Benzol ......................... 79.6 ..
    Ethylene glycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197.2
    Isopropyl alcohol . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 82.26 Carbitol ........................ 202
    Ethylene dichloride .. . .. .. . .. . . . 83.5 Benzyl alcohol .. ... . . _ .. . . .. . ... 205.8
    Trichlorethylene ................ 87 .
    Ethyl benzoate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.2
    .
    Ethyl propionate .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . 99.1 Butyl stearate . . . . . . .. . . .223 (25mm)
    .. .
    Toluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.7 . Butyl carbitol .................. 230
    Butyl alcohol (n) ................ 117.7 . .
    Diethylene glycol . . .. . . . . . ... . 245
    .
    Ethyl butyrate .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.3 Triphenyl phosphate . . . . .245 (llmm)
    . . .. . .
    Triacetin .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. 259
    Methyl cellosolve .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . 124.5
    .
    Diethyl carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.8 .
    Diacetin . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. ... . 261
    Butyl acetate . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 126.5. . ... .
    Dimethyl phthalate . ... . . . .. 282
    Tetrachlorethane ..
    , . . . . . . . . . . 130. . . . ..
    Diethyl phthalate . . . . .. . . . . . 296
    .. .
    Cellosolve . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.1 .
    Dibutyl phthalate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
    .
    Ethyl benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.1 . ..
    Diamyl phthalate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
    . .
    Amy1 alcohol (n). . . . . . . . . . . . .. 137.9

    Table by 5. W. H. Randall, reprinted with permission of Chemical Catalog Co.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    360
    T A B L E 356.-ABSORPllON O F GASES A N D VAPORS BY LIQUIDS *

    Absorption coefficient, at, for gases in water


    Carbon Carbon Nitric Nitrous
    Tempera- dioxide monoxide Hydrogen Nitrogen oxide oxide Oxygen
    ture " C cot co H N NO NtO 0
    0 1.797 .0354 .02110 .02399 .0738 1.048 .04925
    5 1.450 .0315 .02022 .02134 .0646 3778 .04335
    10 1.185 .0282 .01944 .01918 .0571 .7377 .03852
    15 1.002 .0254 .01875 .01742 .0515 .6294 .03456
    20 .901 .0232 .01809 .01599 .0471 .5443 .03137
    25 .772 .0214 .01745 .01481 .0432 - .02874
    30 - .0200 .01690 .01370 .0400 - .02646
    40 SO6 .0177 .01644 .01195 .0351 - .02316
    50 - .0161 .01608 .01074 .0315 - .02080
    100 .244 ,0141 .01600 .01011 ,0263 - .01690
    Hydrogen Sulfur
    Tempera- Ammonia Chlorine Ethylene Methane sulfide dioxide
    ture "C Air NH3 CI C& CHI HzS so:!
    0 .02471 1174.6 3.036 2563 .05473 4 371. 79.79
    5 .02179 971.5 2.808 .2153 .04889 3.965 67.48
    10 .01953 840.2 2.585 .1837 04367 3.586 56.65
    15 .01795 756.0 2.388 .1615 .03903 3.233 47.28
    20 .01704 683.1 2.156 .1488 .03499 2.905 39.37
    25 - 610.8 1.950 - .02542 2.604 32.79
    Absorption coefficients, ar,for gases in alcohol, C2HaOH
    A

    Carbon Nitric Nitrous Hydrogen Sulfur


    Tempera- dioxide Ethylene Methane Hydrogen Nitrogen oxide oxide sulfide dioxide
    ture "C COz CzHi CHa H N NO NzO HzS SOz
    0 4.329 3.595 S226 .0692 .1263 .3161 4.190 17.89 328.6
    5 3.891 3.323 SO86 .0685 .1241 .2398 3.838 14.78 251.7
    10 3.514 3.086 .4953 .0679 .I228 ,2861 5.525 11.99 190.3
    15 3.199 2.882 .4828 .0673 .1214 2748 3.215 9.54 144.5
    20 2.946 2.713 .4710 .0667 .1204 2659 3.015 7.41 114.5
    25 2.756 2.578 .4598 .0662 .I196 ,2595 2.819 5.62 99.8

    * This tahle contains the volumes of different gases, supposed measured a t 0°C and 76 cmHg pressure.
    which unit volume of the liquid named will absorb a t atmospheric pressure and the temperature stated
    in the first column. The numbers tabulated are commonly called the absorption coefficient for the gases
    in water, or in alcohol, a t the temperature t and under 1 atm of pressure.

    T A B L E 357.-VAPOR PRESSURE OF S O M E E L E M E N T S
    (Over liquid unless otherwise noted.)

    Hydrogen Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Ozone


    b K m Z z2iz --7
    "K atm G m H g G m H g
    20.48 787 5.16 16680 41.38 17.43 90.35 1026 210.5 41240 287.7 44110
    20.36 760 4.9 1329 36.27 7.97 87.31 746 201.5 31620 255.6 21970

    -
    19.65 611 4.20 758 31.32 2.98 83.93 512 170.9 11970 244.2 15870
    18.03 552 3.52 360 27.17 1.00 77.48 201 112.7 387 231.4 11130
    16.49 192 1.48 4.2 20.4 12.8mm 69.43 48.0 88.6 17.4 237.4 13500
    14.10 59.5 . .. ..... 15.6 2.4 65.49 22.0 84.2 9 183.2 2020
    Radon Oxygen Nitrogen Chlorine Bromine Iodine Radon
    OK mmHg GGzG- '"KG "C atni
    F
    C mmHg
    ,
    377.5 62
    364.4
    321.7
    53
    26.4
    62.37
    68.57
    71.71
    9.59
    36.1
    64
    77.33
    76.65
    74.03
    760
    700
    500
    +lo0
    + 20
    0
    41.7
    6.62
    3.66
    $58.75
    51.95
    40.45
    760
    600
    400
    '2245 3.084
    2.154
    1.498
    -70.6
    -60.8
    +17.1
    .66
    1.05
    13.2
    290.3 13.2 77.59 162.2 72.39 400 - 33.6 7 6 0 m m 23.45 200 40 1.025 +91.2 52.8
    262.8 6.6 86.18 493 70.42 300 - 50 3 5 0 m m 8.20 100 35 .699
    212.4 1.05 90.13 760 67.80 200 - 70 118mm- 7.0 45 30 .469
    202.6 .66 90.47 786.6 63.65 100 - 80 62 mm--12.0 30 15 .I31
    - 88 37mm--16.65 20 0 .030

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    361
    T A B L E 3 5 8 . 4 U R F A C E T E N S I O N OF T A B L E 359.-SURFACE
    LIQUIDS TENSION O F SOLUTIONS
    O F SALTS I N W A T E R
    P a r t 1.-Water and alcohol in contact with
    moist a i r
    Dynes
    Values represent means. See I.C.T. and L. and B. % "C per
    Salt Salt cm
    for more elaborate tables. Tension ( 7 ) in dynes/
    cm.
    BaCla .... 0 30 71.1
    24.6 30 75.6
    "C HZOCZHsOH "C HzOCzHsOH 'C Hz0
    CaCL .... 0 30 71.1
    12.3 30 75.7
    -5 76.4 35 70.3 21.0 75 64.3 31.9 30 86.4
    0 75.6 24.0 40 69.5 20.6 80 62.5 HCI ..... 0 20 73.0
    5 74.8 23.5 45 68.7 20.2 85 61.6 15 20 72.0
    10 74.2 23.1 50 67.9 19.8 90 60.7 25 20 70.7
    15 73.4 22.7 55 67.0 19.4 95 59.8 KCI ...... 0 30 71.1
    20 72.7 22.3 60 66.1 19.0 100 58.8 23.3 30 76.8
    25 71.9 21.8 65 65.7 18.6 ...... 21.1 18 77.7
    30 71.1 21.4 70 64.3 18.2 ...... NaCl .... 0 18 72.4
    7.6 18 74.8
    13.7 18 76.9
    NH,CI ... 0 18 72.5
    11 18 74.9
    KXO, .... 0 30 71.1
    39.4 30 89.4
    53.6 30 107.2
    Part 2.-Miscellaneous liquids in contact
    NalCOs .. 0 30 71.1
    10.5 30 73.9
    with air 24.4 30 76.5
    63.1 30 80.6
    Y
    KNOS .... 0 18 72.6
    Dynes 15.2 18 74.5
    Liquid 'C per cm Formula 21.5 18 75.4
    Acetone ............ 20 23.7 (CHs)iCO NaNOx ... 0 30 71.1
    Acetic acid ......... 20 27.6 CHsCOiH 35.6 30 78.4
    Amy1 alcohol ....... 20 24 CaHiaO 50.9 30 82.8
    Aniline ............ 20 43 GHTN cuso, ... 0 30 71.1
    Bei7ene ............ 0 27 CH. 25.4 30 74.1
    ............20 28.9 HaSO, ... 0 18 72.8
    Bromoform ........ 20 41.5 CHBrx 12.7 18 73.5
    Butyric acid ....... 15 26.7 CHs(CH2)rCOrH 47.6 18 76.7
    Carbon disulfide 20.... 32.3 cs, 80.3 18 71.2
    Carbon tetrachloride. 20 26.8 cci, 90 18 63.6
    Chloroform ........ 20 27.2 CHCIx KsSO, .... 0 18 72.7
    Ether .............. 20 17.01 C,HiaO 9.1 18 74.6
    Ethyl chloride ......
    20 16.2 CHsCI HNOs .... 7.2 20 73.1
    Glycerine ..........
    18 63 CsHs(0H)a 50 20 65.4
    Methyl alcohol ..... 20 22.6 CHsOH 70 20 59.4
    Olive oil ........... 18 33.1 ... NaOH ... 0 20 72.8
    Petroleum .........
    25 26 ... 10 20 77.3
    Phenol ............. 20 41.0 20 20 85.8
    Propyl alcohol ...... 20 23 30 20 95.1
    Silicon tetrachloride 19. 17.0 KOH .... 0 18 72.8
    Toluene ............
    20 28.4 3.8 18 74.1
    Turpentine ......... 20 27 ... 7.8 18 75.5

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    362 T A B L E 360.-SURFACE TENSION O F LIQUIDS

    Surface tension in dynes per cm


    of liquid in contact with-
    Specific I n
    Liquid gravity Air Water Mercury
    Water ............................... 1.0 75.0 .O (3;2)
    Mercury ............................. 13.595 513.0 392.0
    Bisulfide of carbon .................... 1.2687 30.5 41.7 (387)
    Chloroform ..........................
    Ethyl alcohol ........................
    1.498
    .807
    (31.8)
    (24.1)
    26.8
    __ ';$'
    Olive oil ............................ .918 34.6 18.6 317
    Turpentine .......................... .873 28.8 11.5 241
    Petroleum ........................... .870 29.7 (28.9) 271
    Hydrochloric acid .................... 1.10 (72.9) -- G;;)
    Hyposulfite of soda solution. .......... 1.1248 69.9 _-

    T A B L E 361.-SURFACE TENSION O F LIQUIDS A T SOLIDIFYING POINT

    Tempera- Tempern-
    ture of Surface ture of Surface
    solidifi- tension in solidifi- tension in
    cation dynes per caJion dynes per
    Su1)stance "C cm Suhstance C cm
    Platinum .......... 2000 1691 Antimony ......... 432 249
    Gold .............. 1200 1003 Borax ............. 1000 216
    Zinc .... .......... 360 877 Carbonate of soda .. 1000 210
    Tin ..... .......... 230 599 Chloride of sodium . -- 116
    Mercury ........ .. -40 588 Water ............ 0 87.9
    Lead .... ........ .. 330 457 Selenium .......... 217 71.8
    Silver ... ........ 1000 427 Sulfur ............ 111 42.1
    Bismuth . ........ 265 1390 Phosphorus ....... 43 42.0
    Potassium ....... 58 371 Wax .............. 68 34.1
    Sodium . . ........ .. 90 258

    T A B L E 362.-VAPOR PRESSURE A N D R A T E O F E V A P O R A T I O N

    Evaporation rate
    g cm-? sec-1 Platinum
    Mo W h

    "K mmHg mmHg 'OK mm g cm-2 sec-1


    1800 .0,643 -- .Ox863 -- 1000 .0ir324 .Oi832
    2000 .00789 .Oil645 .0~100 .on114 1200 . O J 11 .01260
    2200 ,04396 .0849 .O&O .Om144 1400 .om .n,,4ni
    2400 .a1027 .Or492 .04120 ,09798 1600 .om .n.9~
    2600 .0160 .Oa151 .O3179 h236 1800 .Oa35O .Ox667
    2800 .1679 .0,286 .01181 .06429 2000 .Oslo7 .0,195
    3000 -- .03362 - .Oa523 4180 760 mm -
    3200 3890" .02333 -- .OA67
    3500 760 rnm} .0572 _- .OJ69

    fi = K.T-fe-ho'RT
    dynes/cm2 (Egerton).
    Zn, h,= 3.28 x lo' ; K = 1.17 X lo" ; Cd, ha= 2.77 X lo' ; K = 5.27 X 10";
    Hg, ho = 1.60 X lo'; K ~ 3 . 7 X
    2 10" (Knudsen).

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 363.-EVAPORATION OF M E T A L S * 363
    For the range of pressures for which the corresponding values of t"C are given in the
    table (Part 2), the pressure as a function of T(=t +
    273) may be represented to a satis-
    factory degree of approximation by the relation
    logp=A-BB/T. (1)
    Part 1 gives values of A and B used in calculating the values of t"C in Part 2, where
    p is expressed in microns of mercury. The symbols (s) and ( I ) refer to the solid and
    liquid states, respectively.
    The rate of evaporation is given by the relation
    + +
    log W = 3.7660 0.5 log M log p - 0.5 log T (2)
    +
    = c log p - 0.5 log T, (3)
    where W is expressed in g cm-' sec-', and f~ in microns.
    E x p l a i d o n of data b t Pavt 2.-The first row for each metal, which is designated t ,
    gives the temperatures in "C corresponding to the pressures in microns a t the head of
    each column. These were calculated by means of equation 1. The second row, designated
    W , gives the rates of evaporation (in a good vacuum) in grams per square centimeter
    per second ( g cm-' sec-'), at the values of t immediately above in the same column. These
    were calculated by means of equation 3.
    In addition to the values of t given in the first row, which are to be regarded as, in
    the writer's opinion, the more reliable, there are also given, in the case of a number of
    the metals, a series of other values of f, which have been observed by some investigators:
    The fact that for the same value of the vapor pressure in microns two or more values of
    t are quoted by different authorities indicates the degree of uncertainty that exists for
    some of the data given in the tables. For metals for which the data are very questionable,
    it has not been considered worth while even to calculate values of W .
    The column headed t , gives the melting point in degrees C, and pm gives the vapor
    pressure in microns a t the melting point. For values of t below tm, the metal is obviously
    in the solid state, and for values of t above t,, the metal is in the liquid state.
    Prepared by Saul Dushnian, General Electric Research Laboratory, Schenettady, N. Y.

    P a r t 1.-Constants in relations for evaporation of metals


    Metal A 10-3 x B c+4 hfetal A xB
    10-8 CS-4
    Li ......... 10.50(1) 7.480 .1867 Si ......... 13.20(s) 19.72 .4900
    Na ........ 10.71 (1) 5.480 .4468 12.55(1) 18.55 .4m
    K ......... 10.36(1) 4.503 S621 Ti ......... 11.25Csj 18.G4 .6061
    Rb ........ 10.42(1) 4.132 ,7319 11.98(1) 20.11 ...
    [ 10.53(1) 4.2911 ... Zr ........ 12.38(s) 25.87 .7460
    Cs ........ 9.86(1) 3.774 .8278 13.04(1) 27.43 ...
    [ 10.02(1) 3.8831 ... Th ........ 12.52(1) 28.44 .9488
    Cu ........ 12.81(s) 18.06 .6678
    Ge ........ 10.94(1) 15.15 .6965
    11.72(1) 16.58 ... Sn ........ 9.97(1) 13.11 .8032
    Ag ........ 12.28is) 14.85 .7825 Pb ........ 10.69(1) 9.60 .9242
    11.66(1) 14.09 ... V ......... 13.32 26.62 .6195
    Au ........ 11.65(1) 18.52 .9135 Nh ........ 14.37(s) 40.40 .7500
    Be ........ 12.99(s) 18.22 .2436 Ta . . . . . . . . 13.00(s) 40.21 ,8947
    11.95(1) 16.59 ... Sh, ........ 11.42
    Mg ....... 11.82(s) 7.741 .4590 9.913 .9592
    Bi ......... 11.14(1) 9.824 .9260
    Ca ........ 11.30(s) 9.055 S675 Cr . . . . . . . . 12.88(s) 17.56 .6240
    Sr ........ 11.13(s) 8.324 .7373 Mo ........ 11.80(s) 30.31 17570
    Ba ........ 10.88 8.908 .8349 W ........ 12.24(s) 40.26 .8983
    Zn ........ 11.94(s) 6.744 .6737
    Cd ........ 11.78(s) 5.798 .7914 U ......... 12.88(1) 25.80 .9544
    Mn ........ 12.25(s) 14.10 .6359
    B ......... 14.13(s) 21.37 .2831 Fe ........ 12.63(s) 20.00 .6395
    A1 ........ 11.99(1) 15.63 .4814 13.41 (I j 21.40
    s c ........ 11.94 18.57 S931 Co ........ 12.43 21.96 .65 12
    Y ......... 12.43 21.97 .7405 Ni ........ 13.28(s) 21.84 5503
    La ........ 11.88(1) 18.00 .8374 12.55(1) 20.60
    Ce ........ 13.74(1) 20.10 .8392 Ru ........ 13.50 33.80 ,7696
    Ga ........ 10.79(1) 13.36 .6877 Rh ........ 13.55 30.40 ,7722
    In ......... 10.93(1) 12.15 .7959 Pd ........ 11.46 19.23 .7801
    TI ......... 11.15(1) 8.92 .9212 0 s ........ 13.59 37.00 .9056
    C ......... 14.06(s) 38.57 .3056 I r ......... 13.06 34.11 .9089
    Pt ........ 12.633 27.50 .9112
    (coritirtrrcd)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    T A B L E 363.-EVAPORATION O F M E T A L S (continued)
    Part 2.-Temperatures for given values p i n microns of mercury and rates of evaporation (W, g cm-2 sec-I)

    Metal Ref.'" p(pHg) 10-2 10-1 1 10 100 1000 tm .P


    Li .......... .a roc: 325 377 439 514 607 725 179 9x10-'
    W
    . . .: 6.28x lo-* 6.03x10-' 5 . 7 6 lo-"
    ~ 5.48x10-5 5.18x10-' 4.87x10-'
    b t "C: 353 406 467 541 632 745
    Na ..........a roc: 158 195 238 29 1 356 437 98 8.2x lo-'
    W: 1.35x10-T 1.29XlOd 1.24x 10" 1.18X lo-4 1 . 1 21~o - ~ 1.05x 10-2
    K ...........a t"C : 91 123 161 207 265 338 64 9.8x lo-'
    U7 : 1.91x10-T 1.83x 10." 1.75x10-5 1.67x 10.' 1.57x10-3 1.48x10-*
    Rb ..........d t "C: 59.4 88.5 123 165 217 283 38.5 1.5XlOA
    W: 2.%X 10-T 2.84x10-e 2.71 x 10.' 2.58xlO-' 2 . 4 3 lo-'
    ~ 2.29)<10-'
    C t"C : 70 99 135 177 230 297
    Cs ......... .e t "C: 45 74 110 153 207 277 29 1.5x104
    U' : 3.77xlO-' 3.61X10d 3.44x 3.18x10-' 3.07~10-3 2.87)<10-'
    C t "C: 50 79 115 158 211 280
    cu ....... . f , c roc: 946 1035 1141 1273 1432 1628 1083 .31
    W: 1.33x lo-' 1.29X10" 1 . 2 4 lo-'
    ~ 1.18X 10-4 1 . 1 3lo-'
    ~ 1.07x lo-'
    Ag ..........a roc: 767 848 936 1047 1184 1353 %1 1.78
    W: 1.88xIo-T 1.81XlOd 1.74~10-~ 1 . 6 7 lo-'
    ~ 1.59x10-' 1.50x lo-'
    Au ......... .a roc: 1083 1190 1316 1465 1646 1867 1063 6x10-3
    W: 2.22~10-7 2.14 x 2.05x 10-6 1.96x lo-' 1.87x10-3 1.77~10-~
    Be ........c, g t"C : 942 1029 1130 1246 1395 1582 1284 19.5
    W: 5 . 0 310.'
    ~ 4.86x lo-' 4.68x lo-' 4.49x10-5
    Mg .........a t "C: 287 331 383 443 515 605 651 2.2~103
    W: 1.21xio-' 1.17 x lo-' 1.12x 10-~ 1.08X lo-4 1.02~10-3 9.71x 10-3
    Ca ..........a t "C: 408 463 528 605 700 817 810 8.75x102
    W: 1 . 4 2 10.'
    ~ 1.37x 1.31x10-5 1 . 2 5lo-'
    ~ 1.19x 10-8 1.12x lo-?
    h t"C : 462 523 594 680 784 ...
    Sr ..........c roc: 361 413 475 549 639 750 771 1.44x109
    W: 2.17x10-' 2.08x10" 2.00x 10" 1.91x lo-' 1.81x10-* 1.71x lo-'
    1% For references, see p. 367.
    (corrtinried)
    T A B L E 363.-EVAPORATION O F M E T A L S (continued)
    Metal Ref. P(/rHg) 10-2 10-1 1 10 100 1000 tn h
    Ba ......... .c t"C: 418 476 546 629 730 858 717 76.
    W: 2 . 6 0 10-7
    ~ 2.5ox 10-6 2.39~10-5 2 . 2 8 ~ 1 0 - ~ 2 . 1 6 ~ 1 0 - ~ 2.03X10-'
    I t"C: 485 549 625 716 829 861
    j t"C : 476 544 626 726 85 1 ...
    Zn .......... a t"C : 211 248 292 343 405 ... 419 1.6X102
    1v : 2.15x 2.07x10-a 1.98)<10-' 1.90x lo-' x
    1.81 lo-' ...
    Cd ..........a roc: 148 180 220 264 321 ... 321 1.ox102
    W: 3 . 0 1 ~ 1 0 - ~ 2.91)<10-" 2.79x 2.67x 10.' 2.54x10-' ...
    Hg .........k t"C: -23.9 -5.5 18.0 48.0 82.0 126 -38.9 2.5X104
    IY: 5 . 2 3 ~ 1 0 - ~ 5.5ox 10-6 4.84x10-' 4.6ix10-~ 4.39~10.~ 4.14X lo-'
    B ...........c t"C: 1052 1140 1239 1355 1489 1648 2000- ...
    IY: 5.27x lo-' 5.11x10-' 4.94X10" 4.76x lo-' 4 . 5 7 ~10-4 4.38>(10-' 2080
    Al ......... .a t"C : 724 805 889 996 1123 1279 660 1.2x
    IV: 9.60x10-' 9.21 ~ 1 0 - 7 8.88x lo-' 8.51 x10-' 8.11 x10-' 7.69XlO4
    c, 1 t"C : 843 929 1030 1148 1291 1465 660 1.8x 10.'
    W: 9 . 0 7 ~ 1 0 - ~ 8.74>(10-' 8.40X lod 8.04x10-s 7.66x10-' 7.27X10J
    sc ......... .c t"C : 1058 1161 1282 1423 1595 1804 1397 6.6
    W: 1.07~ 1 . 0 4 ~ 1 0 - ~ 9.94~10-" 9.51~10-' 9.07~ 8.40x10-'
    Y ...........c t"C : 1249 1362 1494 1649 1833 2056 1477 .76
    It.': 1.41>(10-' 1 . 3 6 lo-"
    ~ 1.31x 1.25~ 1.2ox10-9 1.14X lo-'
    La ........ ..c t"C: 1023 1125 1242 1381 1549 1754 887 2.3x10'
    W: 1.91 1.81x10-". 1.77x10-5 1.69x10-' x
    1.61 lo-' 1.53x10-'
    Ce ..........c t"C : 1004 1091 1190 1305 1439 1599 785 5.5x10-6
    W: 1 . 9 3 lo-'
    ~ 1 . 8 7 lo-'
    ~ 1 . 8 0 lo-'
    ~ 1.74x10-' 1.67X104 1 . 6 0 lo-*
    ~
    Ga ..........c t"C: 771 859 965 1093 1248 1443 30 0
    W: 1.51x10-' 1.45x 10-O 1.38x10-' 1.32x 1.25x lo4 1.18x lo-'
    tn ........c, m t"C : 667 746 840 952 1088 1260 157 0
    W: 2.04x lo-' 1.96X 10" 1.87x1O4 1.79x10-' 1.69~10-' 1.60x lo-*
    TI ..........a t"C: 405 461 527 606 702 821 304 5.Ox lo-'
    W: 3 . 2 0 lo-'
    ~ 3.08XlO-' 2.95~lo-' 2.81X1O4 2.67X1O4 2.52x
    G,
    (continwd) G
    v)

    2
    I
    T A B L E 363.-EVAPORATION OF M E T A L S (continued)
    0
    v)
    Metal Ref. P(PHSJ 10-2 10-1 1
    zD2 c ...........c roc: 2129 2288 2471
    10
    2681
    100 1000 tn
    2926 3214
    1V: 4.1 3x 1O-' 4 . 0 0 10.'
    ~ 3.86x lo-' 3.72x 3.58X104 3.42X 10'
    I
    0
    <
    I? Si ...........c PC : 1024 1116 1223 1343 1485 1670 1410 31.6
    c)
    r
    P w: 8.58x10-* 8 . 2 9 10-7
    ~ 7.99X 10.' 7.68x1O4 7.37~10-4 7.01X10-8
    4 Ti ......... .c PC: 1134 1249 1384 1546 1742 1965 1727 84.3
    D
    m
    r
    m
    Ln
    w: 1.08xlO-' x
    1.04 10-' 9.92X10-8 9.47~ 9.0Ox lo-* 8.53X10-3
    Zr ......... .c roc: 1527 1660 1816 2001 2212 2459 2127 40.7
    w: 1.31x10-' 1.27><10" 1.22x10-6 1 . 1 7 ~ 1 0 - ~ 1 . 1 2 10-3
    ~ 1.07x lo-*
    Th ......... .c t"C : 1686 1831 1999 2196 2431 2715 1827 9.3x lo-*
    w: 2.01x 10-7 1 . 9 4 lo-'
    ~ 1.86~ 1.79x10-' 1.71x lo-' 1.63><10-2
    Ge ..........c PC : 897 996 1112 1251 1421 1635 959 4.5x10-*
    w: 1.45 x 1 . 4 0 10.
    ~' 1.34X10" 1 . 2 7w4
    ~ 1.21x 10.' 1.14X lo-*
    Sn ..........c t"C. 823 922 1042 1189 1373 1609 232 0
    W: 1.92x 10- L84x 10.' 1.75x 1.66><10-' 1.57X1O5 1.47x10-*
    Pb .......... a t"C : 483 548 625 718 832 975 328 5.4x10-'
    w: 3 . 0 5 ~ 1 0 ~ ~2.93x10-' 2 . 8 0 10-5
    ~ 2.67x10-' 2.53x lo-' 2 . 3 8 lo-'
    ~
    v .......... .c roc: 1465 1586 1725 1888 2079 2207 1697 .65
    w: 1 . 0 10-7
    ~ 9.6x 9.3X10" 8.9X104 8.6x10-4 8.2x 10"
    Nb .......... n PC: 2194 2355 2539 2500 .6
    W: 1.16x10-7 1.08~10-' 1.06X
    Ta .......0, p t"C: 2407 2599 2820 2996 5.0
    W: 1.55x 10" 1.48x10-' 1.41x lo-'
    Sbz ......... C t"C : 466 525 595 678 779 904 630 2.82
    W: 3.35x 3.22x10-' 3.09x 10" 2 . 9 5 lo-'
    ~ 2.81x lo-' 2.65X
    Bi ......... .C t"C: 474 536 609 698 802 934 271 1 . 2 0 10-7
    ~
    W: 3 . 0 8 10-7
    ~ 296x104 2.84XW 2.71x 2.57x lo-' 2.43X lo-"
    Cr ........c, 1 roc: 907 992 1090 1205 1342 1504 1900 6.35X104
    W: 1 . 2 210-7
    ~ 1.18x lo-' 1.14X 1.09~ 1.05xlo-" 1.oox10-2
    (cotltinued)
    T A B L E 363.-EVAPORATION O F M E T A L S (concluded)
    fl(pHg) 10-2 10-1 1 10 100 1000 tm h
    t"C : 1923 2095 2295 2533 2622 22.0
    W: 1.29~10-7 1.18X10" x
    1.12 10-6 1 . 0 5 lo-'
    ~
    t"C: 2554 2767 3016 3309 3382 17.5
    l,v: 1 . 4 7 lo-'
    ~ 1.46x10-' x
    1.45 lo-' 1.43x lo-'
    t"C : 1461 1585 1730 1898 2098 2338 1132 3.24~10-'
    W: 2.16x10-' 2 . 0 9 lo-'
    ~ 2.01x10-6 1.93x 10" 1.85xlo-' 1.76x lo-'
    in
    Mn .... ... . . c t"C : 717 791 878 980 1103 1251 1244 9.O4X1O2
    W: 1.38x10-' 1 . 3 2 10.'
    ~ 1.27x 1 . 2 2lo-'
    ~ 1.17 x 10.' 1.11x 10-2
    Fe . . ... . . . c , f t"C: 1094 1195 1310 1447 1602 1783 1535 37.2
    W: 1.29x lo-' 1.20x10-' l.lOx10-~ 1.02~10-4 1.01x10-~ 9 . 6 lo-'
    ~
    co . . . .. . .. . .c t"C: 1249 1362 1494 1649 1833 2056 1478 .76
    W: x
    1.15 10" 1.11x lo-' 1 . 0 6 ~ 1 0 - ~ 1.02~10-4 9.76x10-' 9.28X10J
    Ni . .... ...c, q t"C : 1157 1257 1371 1510 1679 1884 1455 4.37
    W: 1 . 1 8 10.'
    ~ 1.14x10-' 1. l o x 10-6 1 . 0 610-4
    ~ 1.01x lod 9.62~10-'
    Ru .. . ... .. . .c t"C: 1913 2058 2230 2431 2666 2946 2427 9.8
    W: 1.26x10-' 1.22x10-6 1.18x10-' 1.13>(104 1.08)<10-' 1.04x lo-*
    Rh ..... .. . .. c roc: 1681 1815 1971 2149 2358 2607 1967 1.0
    W: 1.34x10-' 1.29x10-' 1.25x10-5 1.2ox 10-4 1.15x10-a 1.1ox 10-2
    Pd . . . . . . . . . .c t"C: 1156 1271 1405
    1.47x 10.'
    1566
    1.41x lo-'
    1759 2000
    1.26x 10.'
    1555 8.71
    W: 1.59x lo-' 1.53x10-' 1.34x lo-*
    0 s . . . . .:. . . .c t"C: 2101 2264 245 1 2667 2920 3221 2697 13.5
    cv: 1.65x lo-' 1.60X 10" 1.54X lo-' 1.48x10-' 1 . 4 2 lo-'
    ~ 1.36~10-~
    Ir .... .... . .. c t"C : 1993 21 54 2340 2556 281 1 31 18 2454 3.55
    W: 1.70~ 1.65xlo-' 1.59x 10.' 1.52x10-' 1.46x lo-' 1.39XlO-'
    Pt ... . . ... ..c t"C : 1606 1744 1904 2090 2313 2582 1774 .16:
    W: 1.BX 10-7 1.81X10" 1.75x10-6 1.68X1O4 1.60x10-' 1.52~10-~
    References: a, Kelley, K. K., Bur. Mines Bull. 383, 35. h, Ditchhurn, R. W., and Gilmour, J..C., Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 13. p. 310, 1941. c. Brewer, T h e ther-
    modynamic and physical properties of the elements, Repi for the Manhattan Project, 1946. d, Killian, T. J., Phys. Rev., vol. 27, p. 578, 1926. e, Taylor, J. B., and
    Langmuir. I.. Phys. Rev., vol. 51, p. 753, 1937. f , M, hall, A. L., Dornte, R. W., and Norton, F. J., Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 59. p. 1161, 1937. g. Schumann,
    R., and Garrett A. B., Journ. .\mer. Chem. Soc., vol. p. 442, 1944. vol. 67. p. 2279, 1945. h, Rudberg, E., Phys. Rev., vol. 46, p 763. 1934. i. .Van Liempt.
    J. A. M., Rec. h v . Chem. d. Pays-Bas. vol. 55. p. 461 1936. j, RLdherg, E., a n d Lempert, J., Journ. Chem. Phys., vol. 3. p. 627, 1935. k, Int. National Critical
    Tables, vol. 3, p. 306, 1928. I. Baur, E.. and Bruner, ., Hev. Chim. Acta, vol. 17. p. 958, 1934. m, Anderson, J. S.. Journ. Chrm. Soc. (London), vol. 141. 1943.
    n, Reimann, A. L., and Grant, C. K.. Philos. Mag., vol. !, p. 34 1936. o, Langmuir, D. B., and Maker, L., Phys. Rev., vol. 55. p. 748. 1939. p, Fiske, M. D.. Phys.
    Rev. vol. 61, p. 513 1942. q. Johnston, H. L., and arshall.' A. L., Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 62. p. 1382, 1940. r, Jones, H. A., Langmuir, I., and Mackay,
    G. M. J., Phys. Rev.,'vol. 30, p. 201, 1927. s, Jones, A,, and Langmuir, I., Gen. Electric Rev., vol. 30. p. 354, 1927.
    368 TABLE 364.-VAPOR PRESSURE OF ORGANIC LIQUIDS
    The vapor pressures on this page are in mmHg over a liquid phase unless distinguished by the
    subscript .. They are generally means from various determinations.

    Carbon Carbon
    bisul- tetra- Chloro- Ethyl Ethyl Turpen.
    Acetone Benzine Camphor fide chloride form Ethane ether Iiromide tine
    "C CaHeO CaHe CioHisO CS2 CCI. CIICI. C2Hs C,HloO C2HaBr CioHo
    -90
    -57
    .02
    ...
    ... -70;
    .14
    } -60:-} 8. -l&}
    390
    -101.3"
    .058>
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    -40 ... ... ...
    -30 ... .J ... -25" -50:9z}
    , i:*8 -70";') ...
    -20 ... ... ... ,341 ... - 59 ...
    -10 ... 14 ... 80 ... ...
    l9 ,l:;"> 102 ...
    0 ... 26.5 .06 127 33 61.0 - 75" 186.1 166 .2
    ... 34 ... 160 43 ... 1500 ... 207 ...
    +li 116 45 .10 198 56 100 ... 291.8 257 .3
    15 ... 59 ... 244 71 ... ... ... 317 .3
    20 185 75 .15 298 90 160 ... 442.4 386 .4
    30 283 119 26 433 141 247 ... 648 564 .7
    40 422 182 .60 617 213 370 ... 921 802 1.1
    50 612 269 1.30 855 315 540 ... 1276 1113 1.7
    60 860 390 2.6 1170 348 750 ... 1728 1510 2.6
    70 1190 548 4.6 1570 620 1025 ... 2294 2015 4.1
    80 1860 750 9.2 2040 843 1400 ... 2991 2640 6.1
    90 2140 1010 ... 2620 1120 2130 ... 3840 3400 9.0
    100 2800 1340 26 3000 1460 2420 ... 4860 4310 13.1
    110 3590 1740 ... 4160 1880 ... ... ... 5390 18.6
    120 4550 2200 ... 5150 2390 3900 ... 7500 6660 25.7
    130 5670 2800 ... ... 3000 4000 ... . .. 8120 34.9
    140 6970 3500 ... ... 3700 6000 ... 11080 9780 ...
    150 ... 4300 170 9100 4500 7300 ... g;} ... ...
    200 ... ... 625 ... 10900 ... 180"' ...
    218001 ...
    Ethylene c(Iyly;e Methane
    CHI
    Methyl ether Naphthalene
    CI&
    Ethvl chloride
    CTHaCI
    CiHi (CHa)iO
    "C "C "C "C "C "C
    -150 14.9 118 24 -180 119 - 67 78 o .oz. --3n iin
    -190 45.6 161 6.5 -175 212 - 60 120 20 .06. -20 iSS
    -145 26.7 175 13 -170 353 - 41.4 326 50 .81, -10 302
    -135 74.4 190 32 -165 559 - 30.9 524 70 4.0, 0 465
    -130 117.2 220 100 -160 848 -241 782 80 10 10 691
    -120 260 260 385 -155 1229 0 2.52 atm 90 13 20 1000
    -110 519 -150 1720 25.4 6.05 " 100 20 30 1400
    -103 792 49.75 11.2 " 110 29 50 2850
    80.1 22.1 " 120 43 75 4980
    99.9 32.1 " 150 119 100 8720
    125.9 51 " 200 490
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 364.-VAPOR PRESSURE OF ORGANIC LIQUIDS (concluded) 369
    Carbon Ethyl Hydrogen Methyl Nap- Sulfur Toluol
    Ammonia dioxido iodide Ethyl , sulfide chloride thalin dioxide CIOHS
    "C NHa co2 C2Hd acetate HIS CHsCl CioHs so2 &
    atm atm mm mm mm mm mm mm "C mm
    -50 .403 6.74 ... ... 1216 ... ... 86 -91.9 .002
    -30 1.180 14.10 ... ... 2840 579 ... 286 -81.7 .005
    -25 1.4% 16.61 ... ... ... 718 ... 379 -77.4 .007
    -20 1.877 19.44 ... 6.5 4100 883 ... 474 -67.5 .020
    -15 2.332 22.60 ... ... ... 1079 ... . .. -57.7 .060
    -10 2.870 26.13 ... 12.9 5720 1310 ... 760 -38.0 .39
    -5 3.502 30.05 ... ... ... 1579 ... . . . -24.2 1.47
    0 4.238 34.38 41.5 24.3 7750 1891 ... 1155 - 2.9 5.72
    5.090 39.16 53.5 ... 2250 ... 0 6.86
    +1; 6.068 44.41 68.6 42.7 lOi00 2660 ... iji4 +KO 16.8
    15 7.188 50.17 ... ... 3134 ... . .. +25.8 28.7
    20 8.458 56.50 108.5 72.8 14000 3667 ... 2460 . ..
    ...
    ...
    ...
    25 9.8% 63.45 ... ... 4267 ... ...
    30 11.512 71.4 167.6 119 17500 4940 ... 3420 ... ...
    35 13.321 ... ... 5700 ... ... ...
    40 15.339 (I.C.T. 250 186 22000 6650 ... 46%
    45 17.580 1928) ... ... ... ... ...
    50 20.060 ... 362 282 27500 8510 ... 6210
    60 25.80 ... 510 415 10900 ... 8150
    70 32.69 ... ... 596 40400 14300 ... 10540
    80 40.90 ... . _ . 833 . . _ 16800 9.6 ...
    90 50.56 ... ... 1130 ... 21000 13.0 ...
    100 61.82 ... ... 1515
    Cragoe
    1920 {1;E;

    T A B L E 365.-VAPOR PRESSURE A T L O W TEMPERATURES


    Many of the following values are extrapolations made by Langmuir by means of plots
    of log p against I/T. 1 barye = 0.000000987 atm = 0.000750 mmHg.

    Gas "C mmHg Gas "C Baryes


    0, . .......... -182.9 760 COs ...........-148 100
    -211.2 7.75 -168 1
    Nt . .......... -195.8 760 -182 .01
    -210.5 86 -193 .0001
    co .......... -190 863 Ice ............ - 60 9.6
    -200 249 - 75 1.o
    CH, .......... -185.8 79.8 - 89 .1
    -201.5 50.2 -100 .01
    A . .......... -186.2 760 -110 .001
    -194.2 300 Hg 3.7
    CzH, .......... -175.7 .76 1.6
    -188 .076 .65
    -197 .0076 .25
    -205 .00076 .087
    CsHa .......... -150 7.6 .029
    -180 .076 - 40 .0023
    -190 .0076 - 78 4.3 x lod
    -198 .00076 -180 2.3 x lo-%

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    370 T A B L E 366.-VAPOR PRESSURE O F E T H Y L ALCOHOL

    Y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    $ Vapor pressure in mmHg at 0°C
    G
    0 12.24 13.18 14.15 15.16 16.21 17.31 18.46 19.68 20.98 22.34
    10 23.78 25.31 27.94 28.67 30.50 32.44 34.49 36.67 38.97 41.40
    20 44.00 46.66 49.47 52.44 55.56 58.86 62.33 65.97 69.80 73.83
    30 78.06 82.50 87.17 92.07 97.21 102.60 108.24 114.15 120.35 126.86
    40 133.70 140.75 148.10 155.80 163.80 172.20 181.00 190.10 199.65 209.60
    50 220.00 230.80 242.50 253.80 265.90 278.60 291.85 305.65 319.95 334.85
    60 350.30 366.40 383.10 400.40 418.35 437.00 456.45 476.45 497.25 518.85
    70 541.20 564.35 588.35 613.20 638.95 665.55 693.10 721.55 751.00 781.45
    From the formula log p = ~ + b a ‘ + c Ramsay
    ~~ and Young obtain the following numbers :

    Y 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
    $ Vapor pressure in mmHg at 0°C
    r”
    0 12.24 23.73 43.97 78.11 133.42 219.82 350.21 540.91 811.81 1186.5
    100 1692.3 2359.8 3223.0 4318.7 5686.6 7368.7 9409.9 11858. 14764. 18185.
    200 22182. 26825. 32196. 38389. 45519.

    T A B L E 367.-VAPOR PRESSURE O F M E T H Y L ALCOHOL

    Y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    Vapor pressure in mmHg at 0°C

    0 29.97 31.6 33.6 35.6 37.8 40.2 42.6 45.2 47.9 50.8
    10 53.8 57.0 60.3 63.8 67.5 71.4 75.5 79.8 84.3 89.0
    20 94.0 99.2 104.7 110.4 116.5 122.7 129.3 136.2 143.4 151.0
    30 158.9 167.1 175.7 184.7 194.1 203.9 214.1 224.7 235.8 247.4
    40 259.4 271.9 285.0 298.5 312.6 327.3 342.5 -358.3 374.7 391.7
    50 409.4 427.7 446.6 466.3 386.6 507.7 529.5 552.0 575.3 599.4
    60 624.3 650.0 676.5 703.8 732.0 761.1 791.1 822.0 -- --

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    37 1
    T A B L E 368.-VAPOR PRESSURE O F A N U M B E R OF LIQUIDS (mmHg)
    Carbon disulfide, chlorobenzene, brorntbenzene, and aniline

    T:mp. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    C
    Carbon disulfide
    0 127.90 133.85 140.05 146.45 153.10 160.00 167.15 174.60 182.25 190.20
    10 198.45 207.00 215.80 224.95 234.40 244.15 254.25 264.65 275.40 286.55
    20 298.05 309.90 322.10 334.70 347.70 361.10 374.95 389.20 403.90 419.00
    30 434.60 450.65 467.15 484.15 501.65 519.65 538.15 557.15 576.75 596.85
    40 617.50 638.70 660.50 682.90 705.90 729.50 753.75 778.60 804.10 830.25
    Chlorobenzene
    20 8.65 9.14 9.66 10.21 10.79 11.40 12.04 12.71 13.42 14.17
    30 14.95 15.77 16.63 17.53 18.47 19.45 20.48 21.56 22.69 23.87
    40 25.10 26.38 27.72 29.12 30.58 32.10 33.69 35.35 37.08 38.88
    50 40.75 42.69 44.72 46.84 49.05 51.35 53.74 56.22 58.79 61.45
    60 64.20 67.06 70.03 73.11 76.30 79.60 83.02 86.56 90.22 94.00
    70 97.90 101.95 106.10 110.41 114.85 119.45 124.20 129.10 134.15 139.40
    80 144.80 150.30 156.05 161.95 168.00 174.25 181.70 187.30 201.15
    90 208.35 215.80 223.45 231.30 239.35 247.70 256.20 265.00 274.00 283.25
    100 292.75 302.50 312.50 322.80 333.35 344.15 355.15 366.65 378.30 390.25
    110 402.55 415.10 427.95 441.15 454.65 468.50 482.65 497.20 512.05 527.25
    120 542.80 558.70 575.05 591.70 608.75 626.15 643.95 662.15 680.75 699.65
    130 718.95 738.65 758.80
    Bromobenzene
    40 -- -- 12.40 13.06 13.75 14.47 15.22
    50 16.00 16.82 17.68 18.58 19.52 20.50 21.52 22.59 23.71 24.88
    60 26.10 27.36 28.68 30.06 31.50 33.00 34.56 36.18 37.86 39.60
    70 41.40 43.28 45.24 47.28 49.40 51.60 53.88 56.25 58.71 61.26
    80 63.90 66.64 69.48 72.42 75.46 78.60 81.84 85.20 88.68 92.28
    90 96.00 99.84 103.80 107.88 112.08 116.40 120.86 125.46 130.20 135.08
    100 140.10 145.26 150.57 156.03 161.64 167.40 173.32 179.41 185.67 192.10
    110 198.70 205.48 212.44 219.58 226.90 234.40 242.10 250.00 258.10 266.40
    120 274.90 283.65 292.60 301.75 311.15 320.80 330.70 340.80 351.15 361.80
    130 372.65 383.75 395.10 406.70 418.60 430.75 443.20 455.90 468.90 482.20
    140 495.80 509.70 523.90 538.40 553.20 568.35 583.85 599.65 615.75 632.25
    150 649.05 666.25 683.80 701.65 719.95 738.55 757.55 776.95 796.70 816.90
    Aniline
    80 18.80 19.78 20.79 21.83 22.90 24.00 25.14 26.32 27.54 28.80
    90 30.10 31.44 32.83 34.27 35.76 37.30 38.90 40.56 42.28 44.06
    I00 45.90
    ... . 47.80
    . 49.78
    .... - 51.84 53.98 56.20 58.50 60.88 63.34 65.88
    110 68.50 71.22 74.04 76.96 79.98 83.10 86.32 89.66 93.12 96.70
    120 100.40 104.22 108.17 112.25 116.46 120.80 125.28 129.91 134.69 139.62
    130 144.70 149.94 155.34 160.90 166.62 172.50 178.56 184.80 191.22 197.82
    140 204.60 211.58 218.76 226.14 233.72 241.50 249.50 257.72 266.16 274.82
    150 283.70 292.80 302.15 311.75 321.60 331.70 342.05 352.65 363.50 374.60
    160 386.00 397.65 409.60 421.80 434.30 447.10 460.20 473.60 487.25 501.25
    170 515.60 530.20 545.20 560.45 576.10 592.05 608.35 625.05 642.05 659.45
    180 677.15 695.30 713.75 732.65 751.90 771.50
    (cojztinired)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    372
    T A B L E 368.-VAPOR PRESSURE O F A N U M B E R OF L I Q U I D S (mmHg)
    (concluded)
    Methyl salicylate, bromonaphthalene, and mercury
    Methyl salicylate
    Tzmp.
    c o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    70 2.40 2.58 2.77 2.97 3.18 3.40 3.62 3.85 4.09 4.34
    80 4.60 4.87 5.15 5.44 5.74 6.05 6.37 6.70 7.05 7.42
    90 7.80 8.20 8.62 9.06 9.52 9.95 10.44 10.95 11.48 12.03
    100 12.60 13.20 13.82 14.47 15.15 15.85 16.58 17.34 18.13 18.95
    110 19.80 20.68 21.60 22.55 23.53 24.55 25.61 26.71 27.85 29.03
    120 30.25 31.52 32.84 34.21 35.63 37.10 38.67 40.24 41.84 43.54
    130 45.30 47.12 49.01 50.96 52.97 55.05 57.20 59.43 61.73 64.10
    140 66.55 69.08 71.69 74.38 77.15 80.00 82.94 85.97 89.09 92.30
    150 95.60 99.00 102.50 106.10 109.80 113.60 117.51 121.53 125.66 129.90
    160 134.25 138.72 143.31 148.03 152.88 157.85 162.95 168.19 173.56 179.06
    170 184.70 190.48 196.41 202.49 208.72 215.10 221.65 228.30 235.15 242.15
    180 249.35 256.70 264.20 271.90 279.75 287.80 296.00 304.48 313.05 321.85
    190 330.85 340.05 349.45 359.05 368.85 378.90 389.15 399.60 410.30 421.20
    200 432.35 443.75 455.35 467.25 504.35 517.25 530.40 543.80
    210 557.50 571.45 585.70 600.25 645.55 661.25 677.25 693.60
    220 710.10 727.05 744.35 761.90
    BrcBmonaphthalene
    110 3.60 3.74 3.89 4.05 4.22 4.40 4.59 4.79 5.00 5.22
    120 5.45 5.70 5.96 6.23 6.51 6.80 7.10 7.42 7.76 8.12
    130 8.50 8.89 9.29 9.71 10.15 10.60 11.07 11.56 12.07 12.60
    140 13.15 13.72 14.31 14.92 15.55 16.20 16.87 17.56 18.28 19.03
    150 19.80 20.59 21.41 22.25 23.11 24.00 24.92 25.86 26.83 27.83
    160 28.85 29.90 30.98 32.09 33.23 34.40 35.60 36.83 38.10 39.41
    170 40.75 42.12 43.53 44.99 46.50 48.05 49.64 51.28 52.96 54.68
    180 56.45 58.27 60.14 62.04 64.06 66.10 68.19 70.34 72.55 74.82
    190 77.15 79.54 81.99 84.51 87.10 89.75 92.47 95.26 98.12 101.05
    200 104.05 107.12 110.27 113.50 116.81 120.20 123.67 127.22 130.86 134.59
    210 138.40 142.30 146.29 150.38 154.57 158.85 163.25 167.70 172.30 176.95
    220 181.75 186.65 191.65 196.75 202.00 207.35 212.80 218.40 224.15 230.00
    230 235.95 242.05 248.30 254.65 261.20 267.85 274.65 281.60 288.70 295.95
    240 303.35 310.90 318.65 326.50 334.55 342.75 351.10 359.65 368.40 377.30
    250 386.35 395.60 405.05 414.65 424.45 434.45 444.65 455.00 465.60 476.35
    260 487.35 498.55 509.90 521.50 533.35 545.35 557.60 570.05 582.70 595.60
    270 608.75 622.10 635.70 649.50 663.55 677.85 692.40 707.15 722.15 737.45
    Mercury
    270 123.92 126.97 130.08 133.26 136.50 139.81 143.18 146.61 150.12 153.70
    280 157.35 161.07 164.86 168.73 172.67 176.79 180.88 185.05 189.30 193.63
    290 198.04 202.53 207.10 211.76 216.50 221.33 226.25 231.25 236.34 241.53
    300 246.81 252.18 257.65 263.21 268.87 274.63 280.48 286.43 292.49 298.66
    310 304.93 311.30 317.78 324.37 331.08 337.89 344.81 351.85 359.00 366.28
    320 373.67 381.18 388.81 396.56 404.43 412.44 420.58 428.83 437.22 445.75
    330 454.41 463.20 472.12 481.19 490.40 499.74 509.22 518.85 528 63 538.56
    340 548.64 558.87 569.25 579.78 590.48 601.33 612.34 623.51 634.85 646.36
    350 658.03 669.86 681.86 694.04 706.40 718.94 731.65 744.54 757.61 770.87
    360 784.31

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    373
    T A B L E 369.-VAPOR P R E S S U R E O F SOLUTIONS O F S A L T S IN W A T E R
    The first column gives the chcmical forniula of the salt . The headings of the other
    columns give the nuinher of gram-molecules of the salt in a liter of water . The numbers
    i n these columns give the lowering of the vapor pressure produced by the salt at the tem-
    perature of boiling water under 76 cmHg .

    Sulistance 0.5 .
    10 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
    AL(S0. ) a ........ 12.8 36.5
    AICI. ............ 22.5 61.0 179.0 318.0
    Bas206 .......... 6.6 15.4 34.4
    Ba(OH)z ........ 12.3 22.5 39.0
    Ba(NO& ....... 13.5 27.0
    Ba(CIO& ....... 15.8 33.3 70.5 108.2
    BaCL ........... 16.4 36.7 77.6
    BaBra ........... 16.8 38.8 91.4 150.0 204.7
    CaSzOI .......... 9.9 23.0 56.0 106.0
    Ca(N(3d2 ........ 16.4 34.8 74.6 139.3 161.7 205.4
    CaCI
    ... . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 17.0 39.8 95.3 166.6 241.5 319.5
    CaBrz ........... 17.7 44.2 105.8 191.0 283.3 368.5
    CdSO4 .......... 4.1 8.9 18 1
    CdL ............ 7.6 14.8 33.5 52.7
    CdBrz ........... 8.6 17.8 36.7 55.7 80.0
    CdCL ...........
    . . . 9.6 18.8 36.7 57.0 77.3 99.0
    Cd (NO3) z ....... 15.9 36.1 78.0 122.2
    Cd(C1OX). ....... 17.5
    COSOr ........... 5.5 10.7 22.9 45.5
    COClZ ........... 15.0 34.8 83.0 136.0 186.4
    CO(N03)z ....... 17.3 39.2 89.0 152.0 218.7 282.0 332.0
    F e S 0 4 ........... 5.8 10.7 24.0 42.4
    H I B O ~ .......... 6.0 12.3 25.1 38.0 51.0
    HzPO, .......... 6.6 14.0 28.6 45.2 62.0 81.5 103.0 146.9 189.5
    H ~ A s O .........
    ~ 7.3 15.0 30.2 46.4 64.9
    HSO, ........... 12.9 26.5 62.8 104.0 148.0 198.4 247.0 343.2
    KHzPO, ......... 10.2 19.5 33.3 47.8 60.5 733 85.2
    KNO, ........... 10.3 21.1 40.1 57.6 74.5 88.2 102.1 126.3 148.0
    KCIO, ........... 10.6 21.6 42.8 62.1 80.0
    K B r 0 3 .......... 10.9 22.4 45.0
    KHSO, ......... 10.9 21.9 43.3 65.3 85.5 107.8 129.2 170.0
    KNOz ........... 11.1 22.8 44.8 67.0 90.0 110.5 130.7 167.0 198.8
    KClO, .......... 11.5 22.3
    KCI ............. 12.2 24.4 48.8 74.1 100.9 128.5 152.2
    KHCOI ......... 11.6 23.6 59.0 77.6 104.2 132.0 160.0 210.0 255.0
    K I .............. 12.5 25.3 52.2 82.6 112.2 141.5 171.8 225.5 278.5.
    KzCzOr .......... 13.9 28.3 59.8 94.2 131.0
    KZWO, .......... 13.9 33.0 75.0 123.8 175.4 226.4
    K,CO, .......... 14.4 31.0 68.3 105.5 i5i.o 209.0 258.8 350.0
    K O H ........... 15.0 29.5 64.0 99.2 140.0 181.8 223.0 309.5 387.8
    KzCr04 .......... 16.2 29.5 60.0
    LiN03 .......... 12.2 25.9 55.7 88.9 122.2 155.1 188.0 253.4 309.2
    LiCl ............ 12.1 25.5 57.1 95.0 132.5 175.5 219.5 311.5 393.5
    LiBr ............ 12.2 26.2 60.0 97.0 140.0 186.3 241.5 341.5 438.0
    LizS04 .......... 13.3 28.1 56.8 89.0
    LiHSO, ......... 12.8 27.0 57.0 93.0 130.0 168.0
    LiI .............. 13.G 28.6 64.7 105.2 154.5 206.0 264.0 357.0 445.0
    Lii3iFe .......... 15.4 34.0 70.0 106.0
    LiOH ........... 15.9 37.4 78.1
    Li2Cr04 ......... 16.4 32.6 74.0 120.0 171.0
    (ronfimred)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    374
    T A B L E 369.-VAPOR PRESSURE O F SOLUTIONS OF S A LTS IN W A T E R
    (concluded)
    Sulistancc 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
    M g S O4 .......... 6.5 12.0 24.5 47.5
    M g C L ........... 16.8 39.0 100.5 183.3 277.0 377.0
    Mg(NO,), ...... 17.6 42.0 101.0 174.8
    MgBrz .......... 17.9 44.0 115.8 205.3 298.5
    MgHz(SO4)z ..... 18.3 46.0 116.0
    MnSO. .......... 6.0 10.5 21.0
    M n C L ........... 15.0 34.0 76.0 122.3 167.0 209.0
    NaHzPOI ....... 10.5 20.0 36.5 51.7 66.8 82.0 96.5 126.7 157.1
    N a H S O......... 10.9 22.1 47.3 75.0 100.2 126.1 148.5 189.7 231.4
    NaNO, .......... 10.6 22.5 46.2 68.1 90.3 111.5 131.7 167.8 198.8
    NaC103 ......... 10.5 23.0 48.4 73.5 98.5 123.3 147.5 196.5 223.5
    (NaP03)s ....... 11.6
    K a O H .......... 11.8 22.8 48.2 77.3 107.5 139.1 172.5 243.3 314.0
    N a N O Z .......... 11.6 24.4 50.0 75.0 98.2 122.5 146.5 189.0 226.2
    NaZHPO, ....... 12.1 23.5 43.0 60.0 78.7 99.8 122.1
    N a H C 0 3 ........ 12.9 24.1 48.2 77.6 102.2 127.8 152.0 198.0 239.4
    N a z S 0 4 ......... 12.6 25.0 48.9 74.2
    NaCl ............ 12.3 25.2 52.1 80.0 111.0 143.0 176.5
    NaBrO, ......... 12.1 25.0 54.1 81.3 108.8 136.0
    N a B r ........... 12.6 25.9 57.0 89.2 124.2 159.5 197.5 268.0
    N a I ............. 12.1 25.6 60.2 99.5 136.7 177.5 221.0 301.5 370.0
    Na.PzOr ......... 13.2 22.0
    NazCOn ......... 14.3 27.3 53.5 80.2 111.0
    Na&O .......... 14.5 30.0 65.8 105.8 146.0
    Na2W0, .......... 14.8 33.6 71.6 115.7 162.6
    Na.PO .......... 16.5 30.0 52.5
    (NaPO& ....... 17.1 36.5
    (NH s.F'. ...... 12.8
    NH'NO, ~ 22.0 42.1 62.7 82.9 103.8 121.0 152.2 180.0
    4 z 1 6 ...... 11.5 25.0 44.5
    NH, C I .......... 12.0 23.7 45.1 69.3 94.2 118.5 138.2 179.0 213.8
    NH,HSO, ....... 11.5 22.0 46.8 71.0 94.5 118. 139.0 181.2 218.0
    (NH.),SO. ...... 11.0 24.0 46.5 69.5 93.0 117.0 141.8
    NH.Br .......... 11.9 23.9 48.8 74.1 99.4 121.5 145.5 190.2 228.5
    NH.1 ........... 12.9 25.1 49.8 78.5 104.5 132.3 156.0 200.0 243.5
    NiSO, .......... 5.0 10.2 21.5
    N i C L ........... 16.1 37.0 86.7 147.0 212.8
    N i ( N O & ........ 16.1 37.3 91.3 156.2 235.0
    Pb(N03)z ....... 12.3 23.5 45.0 63.0
    Sr(SO& ........ 7.2 20.3 47.0
    S r ( N 0 3 ) z ........ 15.8 31.0 64.0 97.4 131.4
    SrCL ............ 16.8 38.8 91.4 156.8 223.3 281.5
    SrBrz ...........
    17.8 42.0 101.1 179.0 267.0
    ZnSO ..........
    4.9 10.4 21.5 42.1 66.2
    ZnCL ...........
    9.2 18.7 46.2 75.0 107.0 153.0 195.0
    Zn(NO3)I ........
    16.6 39.0 93.5 157.5 223.8

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    375
    TABLES 370-406.-VAKIOUS ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
    OF MATERIALS
    The fundamental electrical and magnetic definitions and the values of the
    practical units of current, voltage, and other electrical quantities, have been
    given (Tables 2-5). Some data will now be presented on electrical characteris-
    tics of various materials.

    T A B L E 370.-THE EFFECT O F ELECTRIC CURRENT ON T H E


    H U M A N BODY'@*
    Some thought must be given to the electrical characteristics of the human body, since
    careless handling of electric circuits is very dangerous. The regular 120-volt circuit is dan-
    gerous, and any voltage above this increases the hazard. No bare contacts should be per-
    mitted where anyone might come in contact with them.

    A C (60cycles) DC
    Threshold of perception ....................................... 1 ma ...... 5 ma
    muscular decontrol .............................. 15 ......<70
    danger to life .................................. 20 ...... 80
    fibrillation (almost certain death). ................ 100 ........
    Since the resistance of the human body for direct current (hand to foot or hand to hand),
    neglecting the contact resistance, is 5,000-10,000 ohms, good contact with electric circuits
    must be avoided. For alternating current the resistance is much lower.
    'sea Cromwell. J. C., Origins and prevention of lahoratory accidents, 1950; Bell Laboratories Rec.,
    p. 318. June 1936; Johns Hopkins University, Report of Electrician, November 1934; Journ.
    Franklin Inst., vol. 215, p. 1, 1933.

    T A B L E 371.-TRIBOELECTRlClTY
    Part 1.-The tribo-electric series
    The following table is so arranged that any material in the list becomes positively elec-
    trified when rubbed by one lower in the list. The phenomenom depends upon surface condi-
    tions and circumstances may alter the relative positions in the list.

    1 Ashestos (sheet). 13 Silk. 24 Amber.


    2 Rahhit's f u r hair ( H g ) . 14 Al. Mn, Zn, Cd. Cr, felt, 25 Slate chrome-alum.
    2 Glass (com6n. tubing). hand, wash-leather. 26 ShellHc, resin, sealing-wax.
    4 Vitreous silica, oppossum's 1 5 Filter paper. 27 Ebonite.
    fur. 16 Vulcanized fiber. 28 Co. Ni, Sn, Cu, As, Bi,
    5 Glass (fusn.). 17 Cotton. Sh, Ag, Pd, C, Te,
    6 Mica. 18 Magnalium Eureka, straw, copper
    7 Wool. 19 K-alum, rock-salt, satin sulfate, brass.
    8 Glass (pol.), quartz (pol.), spar. 29 Para rubber, iron alum.
    glazed porcelain. 20 Woods, Fe. 30 Guttapercha.
    9 Glass (broken edge), ivory. 21 Unglazed. porcelain, sal- 31 Sulfur.
    10 Calcite. ammoniac. 32 Pt. Ag. Au.
    11 Cat's f u r . 22 K-hichromate, paraffin, 33 Celluloid.
    12 Ca, Mg, Pb, fluorspar, tinned-Fe. 34 Indiarubber.
    borax. 23 Cork, ebony.

    Part 2.-Triboelectric series in voltage o f a number of metals as compared with


    silica (as 0 ) lrn

    Au ................ .+17 Ni .................. + 7.8 ......... 0.


    Pt ............... ...+ 15 Ph .................+ 7 ......... .1
    Fe
    Cr
    .................. + 4.8
    .................. + 3.3 Zn .................- 3
    cu ................. + 9.3 co .................. + 1.4 Sn .................- 7.3
    Bi ..................+ 8.5 TI .................. + .6 Se .................- 7.7
    'rn Shaw, P. E., and Leavey, E. W. L., Proc. Roy. SOC.,vol. 138, p. 506, 1932.

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    376 TABLE 372.-CONTACT DIFFERENCE O F POTENTIAL I N VOLTS *
    Solids with liquids and liquids with liquids in air
    Temperature of substances during experiment about 16°C

    .\malg. Distilled
    C Cu I:e Pb Pt Sn Zn Zn Brass water

    ............ -!.01to
    269
    tn 148 1 X q
    [ .285 (-.lo5

    sp.gr. 1.087 . . . . . . . .lo3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


    CuSO, satsol. . . . . . . .070 ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
    Sea salt sol.
    1.18 at 20°C . . . . . . . --.475 -.605 . . . --.856 -.334 -.565 . . . -.435
    N H L I . sat.sol. . . . . . . -.396 -.h52 -.189 ,059 --.364 -.h37 ... -.348
    ZnSO, sol. 1.125
    at 4°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -.238 ......
    ZnS04 sat.sol. . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . .. --.430 -.284 . . . -,200
    One part H 2 0 +
    3, sat. ZnSO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -.444 ...... ...
    Strong HzSO, in
    water :
    1 to20 by wt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -.344 . . . . . .
    about
    1 to 10 by VOI. ....{-,035 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -358 ...
    I t 0 5 by wt. ...... . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . .429 ... ...
    5 t o 1 by wt. ...... ... . . . -.120 . . . -.25 ...... -.016

    Con. HSO, ......


    {
    .55
    to
    .85
    1.113
    1.252 1.6
    1.3
    ... to { ?.:. . . . . . ,848 ... 1.298
    Con. HNO, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,672 . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
    Mercurous sulfate paste, Hg, + ,475. Sat.CuS04sol., H,O, - .043 ; sat.ZnS04sol., ,095 ; 1 pt. +
    H20,3 pt. ZnSOI ,102. +
    Concentrated H,S04, H,O, +
    1.298; sat.aluin.sol., + 1.456 ; CnS04sat.-t1.269 ; ZtiSO.sat.sol.,
    + 1.699.

    Everett, Units and physical constants: Table of Ayrton and Perry's results, prepared by Ayrton.

    TABLE 373.-THERMAL ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE OF A L U M I N U M


    VERSUS P L A T I N U M 'O
    Tcmperature versus emf

    "C mv "C mv "C mv


    0 .ooo 240 1.374 480 3.703
    20 +.062 1.538 500 3.931
    40 .135 1.708 520 4.164
    60 .218 1.884 540 4.403
    80 ,312 2.065 560 4.647
    100 .416 2.252 580 4.896
    120 .529 360 2.444 600 5.150
    140 .651 380 2.641 620 5.409
    i 60 .781 400 2.843 640 5.673
    180 .919 420 3.050 660 5.942
    200 1.064 440 3.262
    220 1.216 460 3.480

    '40 Nat. Bur. Standards Circ. 346, 1927.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    377
    T A B L E 3 7 4 . 4 O M P O S I T I O N A N D ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE OF VOLTAIC CELLS
    The electromotive forces given in this table approximately represent what may be expected
    from a cell in good working order, but, with the exception of the standard cells, all of them are
    subject to considerable variation.
    Part 1.-Double fluid cells

    Name Negative Positive emf


    of cell pole Solution pole Solution in volts
    Runsen Am;lg.?p 1,HxSOd ;12,H20 C Fuming HNO, 1.94
    H N O , ; dens. 1.38 1.86
    Chromate " I'
    12,K,Crz0, ; 25,HzSO, ; 1,HzSOI ; 12,HzO 2.00
    100,HzO
    I' t'
    I,H,SOI ; 12,HzO 12,KzCrz0,:100,HzO 2.03
    Dartjell I' "
    1.H&O, : 4.H2O cu Sat.sol.CuS0. ; 5 , H ~ 0 1.06
    I.' 'I
    1;H;S04; 12,HzO 1.09
    'I "
    5% sol.ZnSO4 ;6H,O 1.08
    " I'
    1NaCl ; 4 parts Hz0 1.05
    Grove " "
    IHZSO,; 12Hz0 Pt Fuming HNO, 1.93
    " 'I
    Sol.ZnSO4 HNO, ; dens. 1.33 1.66
    " Concent. H N O:, 1.93
    '1

    ' I 1'
    H z S 0 4sol. ; dens. 1.136
    HzSO, ; dens. 1.134 1: HNO.: dens. 1.33 1.79
    " 'I
    H 2 S 0 4sol. ; dens. 1.14 HNO,; dens. 1.19 1.64
    "
    '1
    "
    "
    H & 0 4sol. ; dens. 1.06
    NaCl sol. :: "I'

    1.33
    I'
    1.61
    1.88
    Partz 'I I'
    SOI.MKSOI Sol.KzCrzOi 2.06

    Part 2.-Single fluid cells

    1-eclanche Amalg. ?p Sol.NH,CI Carbon * 1.46


    Chaperon Sol.KOH Coqper + .98
    Etlisoii-Ixlande " I' .70
    AgCI Z 11 23% sol.NH,Cl Silver i 1.02
    Law 15% ' I " Cat-mi 1.37
    Dry cell 1 1)t. 2110,1 1)t. NH,CI, 1.3
    3 pts. plaster of paris,
    2 nts. ZnCL and water
    to make a paste
    Poggydorff $yialg. Zn Sol.KzCrrOi 1.08
    12KzCr201 ; 25HA0, : 2.01
    100,HzO
    Regnault " " lHzSO,; 12HzO; lCaSO4 Cd .34
    Volta coude Zn HZO cu .98
    Deliolarizer: Manganese peroxide with powdered carhon. t Dcpo1:irizer: CuO. % Depolarizer: Silvcr
    chloride.

    Part 3.-Secondary cells

    Ph accumulator Ph H,SO, sol. of density 1.1 Pl$L 2.25


    Regnier (1) Cu CUSo,; HzS04 1.hl,
    to .85
    " (2) Amalg.Zn Z n S 0 4 sol.
    i; H;:OJ 2.36
    Main " " H S O , : dens. about 1.1 2.50
    Edison Fe K O H 20% sol. A nickel 1.1
    oxide mean
    $ F. Streintz gives the following value o f the ternlwrature v:iri;itions &
    d!t ;It different stages uf charge:
    emf 1.9223 1.9828 2.0031 2.0084 min5 2.0779 2.2070
    d E / d t X 10" 140 228 335 285 255 130 73
    Dolezalek gives the following relation hetween emf and acid concenti-ntion:
    Percent H S O , 64.5 52.2 35.3 21.4 5.2
    emf "C 2.37 2.25 2.111 2.00 1.89

    (contintled)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    378
    T A B L E 374.-COMPOSITION A N D E L E C T R O M O T I V E FORCE O F V O L T A I C C E L L S
    (concluded)
    Part 4.-Standard cells

    Clark Z n + Hg ZnSO. Paste 1.434


    HzSO*+Hg
    Weston /I Cd-tHg CdSO4 Paste 1.0185
    CdSO4+Hg
    1I V e r y low temperature coefficient.

    T A B L E 375.-DIFFERENCE O F POTENTllAL B E T W E E N M E T A L S I N
    SOLUTIONS O F SALTS
    The following numbers are given by G. Magnanini for the difference of potential in hun-
    dredths of a volt between zinc in a normal solution of sulfuric acid and the metals named
    at the head of the different columns when placed in the solution named in the first column.
    T h e solutions were contained in a U-tube, and the sign of the difference of potential is such
    that the current will flow froin the more positive to the less positive through the external
    circuit.

    S t r e n g t h of the solution i n
    g r a m molecules ner
    liter Zinc Cadmium Lead Tin Copper Silver

    No. of Difference of potential in centivolts


    molecules Salt
    .5 HzSO, .o 36.6 51.3 51.3 100.7 121.3
    1.o NaOH -32.1 19.5 31.8 .2 80.2 95.8
    1.o KOH -42.5 15.5 32.0 -1.2 77.0 104.0
    .5 1.4 35.6 50.8 51.4 101.3 120.9
    1.o - 5.9 24.1 45.3 45.7 38.8 64.8
    1.o 11.8t 31.9 42.6 31.1 81.2 105.7
    1.o 11.5 32.3 51.0 40.9 95.7 114.8
    .5 23.9f 42.8 41.2 40.9 94.6 121.0
    .5 72.8 61.1 78.4 68.1 123.6 132.4
    .5 1.8 34.7 51.0 40.9 95.7 114.8
    .5 - .5 37.1 53.2 57.6t 101.5 125.7
    ,251 - 6.1 33.6 50.7 41.2 -t 87.8
    ,167 41.0: 80.8 81.2 130.9 110.7 124.9
    1.o - 1.2 32.5 52.8 52.7 52.5 72.5
    1.o 4.5 35.2 50.2 49.0 103.6 104.6 8
    .5 14.8 38.3 50.6 48.7 103.0 119.3
    ,125 21.9 39.3 51.7 52.8 109.6 121.5
    1.o -t 35.6 47.5 49.9 104.8 115.0
    .2 15-lot 39.9 53.8 57.7 105.3 120.9
    ,167 13-20? 40.7 51 3 50.9 111.3 120.8
    1.o NH*CI 2.9 32.4 51.3 50.9 81.2 101.7
    1.o KF 2.8 22.5 41.1 50.8 61.3 61.5
    1.0 NaCl - 31.9 51.2 50.3 80.9 101.3
    1 .o KBr 2.3 31.7 47.2 52.5 73.6 82.4
    1.o KCI - 32.1 51.6 52.6 81.6 107.6
    .5 NazSO. - 8.2 28.7 41.0 31.0 68.7 103.7
    -3 NaOBr 18.4 41.6 73.1 70.6t 89.9 99.7
    1.o C,HaOn 5.5 39.7 61.3 54.4z 104.6 123.4
    .5 C,H,Oe 4.1 41.3 61.6 57.6 110.9 125.7
    .5 C4H4KNaOs - 7.9 31.5 51.5 42-47 100.8 119.7
    .
    Amalgamated. t Not constant.
    corresponding to N a O l l = 1.
    t A f t e r some time. $ A quantity of hromine was used

    SMITHWNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 376.-THERMOELECTRIC E F F E C T O F ALLOYS 379
    The thermoelectric effect of a number of alloys is given in this table, the authority
    being Ed. Becquerel. They are relative to lead, and for a mean temperature of 50°C. I n
    reducing the results from copper as a reference metal, the thermoelectric effect of lead to
    copper was taken as -1.9.

    I .E
    0-2
    ' 0 -

    g.:
    .;E
    rn
    2%;
    b.2.O
    4

    Substancr Substance 2 % gb€


    Antimony
    Cadmium
    Antimony
    Cadmium
    z:} 4
    227
    2) 146
    Antimony
    Zinc
    Tin
    Antimony
    Bismuth
    Antimony
    Bismuth
    :}-51.4

    !}-63.2
    Antimony
    Zinc 1 Cadmium
    Antimony Bismuth !'}-68.2
    Zinc Antimony
    Cadmium 137 Antimony
    Bismuth 121 Bismuth ':}-66.9
    Tellurium
    Antimony
    E} 95 Antimony
    Zinc
    Antimony
    Zinc 22r 8.1
    Antimony
    Bismuth
    Antimony
    Bismuth
    Tin
    Bismuth
    :> 6o
    Bismuth 121 Iron 1;}-24.5
    Antimony
    Cadmium
    Lead
    Zinc
    '}
    1
    1
    76
    Antimony
    Magnesium
    Antimony
    Selenium
    Bismuth
    Zinc :'}-31.1
    Lead Bismuth
    Antimony
    Cadmium
    Zinc
    Tin
    f)
    1
    46
    Bismuth
    Bismuth
    Antimony
    :}-33.4
    Arsenic ':}-46.0

    Bismuth sulfide 1 '> 68.1

    T A B L E 377.-THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT
    A measure of the thermoelectric effect of a circuit of two metals is the electromotive
    force produced by 1"C difference of tempcrature between the junctions. The thermoelectric
    effect varies with the temperature, thus. thermoelectric effect = Q = d E / d t = A +
    Bt,
    where A is the thermoelectric effect at O"C, B is a constant, and t is the mean temperature
    of the junctions. The neutral point is the temperature at which d E / d t = 0, and its value
    is - A / B . When a current is caused to flow in a circuit of two metals originally a t a
    uniform temperature, heat is liberated at one of the junctions and absorbed at the other.
    The rate of production or liberation of hcat at each junction. or Peltier effect, is given
    in calories per second, by multiplying the current by the coefficient of the Peltier effect.
    This coefficient in calories per coulomb = QT/T, in which Q is in volts per degree C, T is
    the absolute temperature of the junction, and 7 = 4.19. Heat is also liberated or absorbed
    in each of the metals as the current flows through portions of varying temperature. The
    rate of production or liberation of heat in each metal, or the Thomson effect, is given in
    calories per second by multiplying the current by the coefficient of the Thomson effect.
    This coefficient, in calories per coulomb = BTsIT, in which B is in volts per degree C,
    T is the mean absolute temperature of the junctions. and 0 is the difference of temperature
    of the junctions. ( B T ) is Sir W . Thomson's "Specific Heat of Electricity," The algebraic
    signs are so chosen in the following table that when A is positive, the current flows in the
    metal considered from the hot junction to the cold. When B is positive, Q increases
    (algebraically) with the temperature. The values of A , B , and thermoelectric effect in the
    following table are with rcsprct to lcad as the other metal of the thermoelectric circuit.
    The thermoelectric effect of a couple composed of two metals, 1 and 2, is given by sub-
    tracting the value for 2 from that for 1 ; when this difference is positive, the current flows
    from the hot junction to the cold in 1. In the following table, A is given in microvolts
    per degree, B in microvolts per degree per degree, and the neutral point in degrees.
    The table has been compiled from the results of Becquerel, Matthiessen and Tait; in
    reducing the results, the electromotive force of the Grove and Daniel1 cells has been taken
    as 1.95 and 1.07 volts. The value of constantan was reduced from results given in Landolt-
    Bornstein's tables.
    (coiitinued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    380 TABLE 377.-THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT (concluded)

    Substance
    Aluminum .....................
    Antimony, comm'l pressed wire..
    - .76
    -
    A
    Microvolts
    +.0039
    B
    Microvolts
    -
    +
    -
    Thermoelectric effect
    at mean temp. of
    junctions (microvolts)
    20°C

    6.0
    .68 -
    50°C
    .56
    -
    Neutral
    point
    --AB
    + 195
    -
    axial ................ - + 22.6 -
    equatorial ............ - - + 26.4 - -
    A r g y t a n ...................... -1 1.94 -.0506 - 12.95 -14.47 - 236
    ...................... - - - -12.7 -
    Arsenic ....................... - - 13.56 - -
    Bismuth, comm'l pressed wire.. . - - 97.0 -
    pure ' ... - - 89.0 -
    ' crystal, axial ......... - - 65.0 -
    " equatorial ..... - - 45.0 - -
    Cadmium ...................... +2.63 + 3.48 + 4.75 - 62
    fused ................ - - + 2.45
    Calcium .......................
    Cobalt ........................
    -
    -
    - + 8.9-
    - 22
    Constantan .................... - - -19.3 -
    C o q p r ........................ + 1.34 + 1.52 + 1.81 - 143
    commercial ............ - + .10 -
    ' galvanoplastic ..........
    Gallium ....................... -
    -
    -
    + 3.8
    - .2
    -
    -
    Gold .......................... +2.80 +.0101 + 3.0 + 3.30 [- 2771
    Iron .......................... +17.15 -.0482 + 16.2 +14.74 + 356
    '' pianoforte wire ............
    commercial ...............
    -
    -
    - + 17.5- -
    " +12.10
    ............... - - - + 9.10
    Lead ..........................
    Magnesium .................... +
    -
    2.22
    .oooo
    --.0094
    ++ .oo
    2.03
    .oo
    + 1.75 + 236
    -

    Molybdenum ................... - - + 5.9 - -


    Mercury ...................... - - .413 - 3.30
    Nickel ........................ - - - -15.50 -
    " (-18" t o 175") ........... -21.8 -.0506 - 22.8 -24.33 [- 4311
    " (250"-300") ............. -83.57 +.2384 - - -
    " (above 340") ............. - 3.04 -.0506 - - -
    Palladium ..................... - 6.18 -.0355 - 6.9 - 7.96 - 174
    Phosphorus (red) .............. - - + 29.9 -
    Platinum ......................
    " (hardened) ........... +
    -
    2.57 -.0074
    - ++2.42
    .F
    +
    -
    2.20 347
    -
    '' (malleable) ........... - .60 -.0109 - .818 - 1.15 - 55
    ' wire .................
    another specimen ......
    -
    -
    - - + .94 -
    - 2.14
    Platinum-iridium alloys :
    85% P t + 15% I r ........... 7.90 +.0062 + 8.03 + 8.21 -12741
    90% P t
    95% P t
    +
    +
    10% Ir ...........
    5% I r ...........
    Selenium .......................
    ++
    5.90
    6.15
    -
    -.0133
    + .0055
    -
    + 5.63
    + 6.26
    + 5.23
    + 6.42
    -
    444
    -11181
    -
    +807.
    Silver ......................... +2.12 +.0147 + 2.41 + 2.86 - 144
    " (pure hard) .............. -
    -
    -
    -
    + 3.00- -
    + 2.18
    wire .................... -
    "
    Steel ..........................
    Tantalum ......................
    +11.27
    -
    -.0325
    -
    + 10.62
    - 2.6
    + 9.65- 347
    -
    T e l l y i u m * p .................. - +500. -
    a .................. - +160. -
    Thallium ...................... - + .8 -
    Tin (commercial) .............. - - - + .33
    ...........................
    ...........................
    -
    - .43
    -
    +.0055
    +- .I
    .33
    -
    - .16
    Tungsten ...................... - - - 2.0 -
    Zinc .......................... +
    2.32 f.0238 + 2.79 +3.51
    pure pressed.. ............. - - + 3.7 -
    .
    I'

    Electrical conductivity of Tea = 0.04, Tea = 1.7 emu.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    38 1
    T A B L E 378.-THERMAL E L E C T R O M O T I V E FORCE O F M E T A L S A N D A L L O Y S
    VERSUS P L A T I N U M
    (millivolts)
    One junction is supposed to be at 0°C; +
    indicates that the current flows from the 0"
    junction into the platinum. The rhodium and iridium were rolled, the other metals drawn.

    Tempera- 90%Pt+ 1WOPt+ 90%Pt+ 90070 P t f


    ture, "C Au Ag 100,hPd 90"/uPd Pd 10%Rh 10C/ORu Ir Rh
    -185 - .15 - .16 - .ll + .24 +
    + .77 - - .53 - .28 - .24
    - 80 - .31 - .30 - .09 + .15 .39 - - .39 - .32 - .31
    + .73 + .65 + .65
    +loo + .74 +
    .72
    +1.7
    + .26
    + .62
    - .19
    - .31
    - .56
    -1.20
    --
    - +1.6 +1.5 +1.5
    +200 +1.8
    +300 +3.0 +3.0 +1.0 - .37 -2.0 +2.3 +2.6 +2.5 +2.6
    +400 +4.5 +4.5 +1.5 - .35 -2.8 +3.2 +3.6 +3.6 +3.7
    +SO0 +6.1 +6.2 +1.9 - .18 -3.8 +4.1 +4.6 +4.8 +5.1
    +600 +7.9 +8.2 +2.4 + .12 -4.9 +5.1 +5.7 +6.1 +6.5
    +700 +9.9 +10.6 +2.9 + .61 -6.3 +6.2 +6.9
    +8.0
    +7.6
    -9.1
    +8.1
    +9.9
    +800 +12.0 +13.2 +3.4 +1.2 -7.9 +7.2
    +900 +14.3 +16.0 +3.8 +2.1 -9.6 +8.3 +9.2 f10.8 +11.7
    +lo00 +16.8 -- +4.3 +3.1 -11.5 +9.5 +10.4 +12.6 +13.7
    +1100 -- - +4.8 +4.2 -13.5 +10.6 +11.6 +14.5 +15.8
    +(1300) -- - -
    - -
    --
    - +13.1 +14.2 +18.6 +20.4
    +(1500) - +15.6 +16.9 +23.1 +25.6

    T A B L E 379.-THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES A T L O W TEMPERATURES"'


    Thermoelectric emf per "K against silver alloy

    "C cu Ag Au Pd Pt Fe Pb
    -255 +.07 -.lo -1.20 + .75 +1.54 +.05 -1.06
    -240 .45 +.37 - .05 2.10 3.60 1.40 -1.19
    -220 .90 .39 + .24 3.40
    3.48
    5.24
    5.40
    4.80 -1.25
    -200 .30 8.45 -1.29
    -180 .30 2.14 4.36 11.5 -1.33
    -160 .33 .54 3.02 14.0 -1.42
    -140 .3f -1.06 1.72 15.8 -1.54
    -120 .40 -2.52 .so 16.9 -1.67
    -100 .44 .20 .44 -3.92 - .70 17.5 -1.79
    - 80 .47
    .. -5.27 -1.76 17.5 -1.92
    - 60 .51 -6.52 -2.80 17.3 -2.05
    - 40 .55 -7.80 -3.80 16.9 -2.17
    - 20 .58 -9.05 -4.72 16.2 -2.29
    0 .53 .21 .62 -10.32 -5.62 15.8 -2.42
    + 20 .56 .22 .65 -11.6 -6.56 15.3 -2.54

    1'1 Borelius, Keesom, Johansson, Linde, Com. Phys. Lab. Leiden, No. 206, 1930.

    T A B L E 380.-PELTIER E F F E C T , FE-CONSTANTAN, NI-CU, 0" -560°C

    Temperature 00 20' 130" 240' 320" 560°C


    Fe-Constantan . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.6 4.5 6.2 8.2 12.5
    NiCu ............ .... 1.92 2.15 2.45 2.06 1.91 2.38

    SMITHWNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    382 T A B L E 381.-THOMSON E F F E C T IiN MICROVOLTS P E R DEGREE

    "K cu AK Au Pa Pt Fe Ni co Pb
    20 4-.59 $1.40 +2.S3 +1.9 f3.2 $1.3 ... ... ...
    25 1.04 1.23 2.09 2.6 3.6 2.7 ... ... ...
    30 1.22 .85 1.58 3.1 3.9 4.1 -4 5 - .2 .00
    40 1.03 .24 .88 3.2 3.8 6.7 -5.4 - .3 -.04
    50 .67 - .02 .45 2.5 2.7 9.0 -5.0 - .8 -.06
    60 .18 - .17 .19 1.0 1.o 10.8 -4.5 -2.0 -.09
    70 - .29 - .24 .07 -1.5 -1.1 11.9 -4.1 -3.7 -.12
    80 - .46 - .25 .05 -4.6 -3.3 12.6 -4.0 -5.5 -.15
    90 - .48 - .17 .17 -6.6 -5.1 12.9 -4.0 -7.0 -.18
    100 - .45 - .03 .32 -7.8 -6.5 13.0 -4.5 -8.4 -20
    110 - .37 + .12 .45 -8.7 -7.5 13.0 -5.3 -9.8 -.23
    120 - .26 .25 .56 -9.3 -8.0 12.8 -6.4 -11.1 -26
    130 - .13 .35 .66 -9.7 -8.2 12.2 -7.4 -12.4 -29
    140 + .02 .44 .75 -10.1
    -10.3
    -8.2
    -8.3
    11.0
    8.9
    -8.3
    -9.0
    -13.5
    -14.6
    -.32
    -.34
    150 .17 .52 .83
    160 .31 .59 .9 1 -10.6 -8.4 6.1 -9.7 -15.7 -.37
    170 .46 .66 .99 -10.9 -8.5 2.6 -10.3 -16.7 -.40
    180 .59 .72 1.06 -11.2 -8.7 - .2 -10.9 -17.6 -.42
    200 .79 .84 1.19 -12.1 -9.1 -3.5 -12.1 -19.6 -.46
    220 .96 .96 1.31 -13.3 -9.8 -4.5 -13.3 -21.5 -.49
    240 1.10 1.08 1.43 -14 6 -10.6 -4.8 -14.5 -23.4 -9
    260 1.24 1.20 1.54 -15.8 -11.4 -5.2 -15.7 -25.4 -274
    280 1.38 1.32 1.66 -17.0 -12.3 -5 6 ... ... -55
    300 +1.52 +1.44 +1.77 -18.2 -13.2 -5.9 ... ... -.57

    T A B L E 382.-T H E RM 0 E L E C T R I C E F F E C T S ; P R ESSU R E E F F E C T S
    The following values of the thermoelectric effects under various pressures are taken from
    Bridgman. A positive emf means that the current at the hot junction flows from the uncom-
    pressed to the compressed metal. The cold junction is always at 0°C. The last two columns give
    the constants in the equation E =thermoelectric force aqainst lead (0" to 100°C) = ( A t Bt') +
    X lo-" volts; a t atmospheric pressure, a positive emf meaning that the current flows from lead to
    the metal under consideration at the hot junction.

    Thermal emf, volts X lo9


    Pressure, kg/cm*

    -
    2000 4000 8000 12,000
    Formula
    Temperature, "C coefficients
    I
    Metal 50" 100' 50' 100" 50" 1000 20" 50" 1000 ' A B
    Bi .......... 185,000 255,000 425,000 185,000 452,000 710,000 -74.42 f.0160
    Zn . . . . . ....
    . 28500 26100 58,100 14,400 38,500 87,400 +3.047 --.00495
    TI . . . . . . . . . . 20:290 17:170 37,630 8,780 23,750 52,460 +1.659 -.OO 134'
    Cd . . . . . . . . . . 14,380 10,960 28,740 6,680 19,180 45,560 +12.002 +.1619
    Constantan . . 11,810 11,530 23,790 6,750 17,200 35,470 -34.76 --.0397
    Pd . . . . . . . . . . 8,800 8,630 17,690 5,090 12,970 26,520 -5.496 -.01760
    Pt . . . . . . . . . . 7,310 7,370 14,350 3,880 11,030 21,570 -3.092 -.01334
    w .. . . . . . . ., 4,990 4,690 10.120 2,700 7,050 15,140 +1.594 f.01705
    Ni ..__...... 3,400 3,230 7,190 1,880 5,140 11,440 -17.61 -.0178
    Ag . . . . .. . . . 3,720 3,350 7,190 +1,900 4,950 10,560 +2.556 +.00432b
    Fe .......... 3,250 5,300 5,820 -990 220 7,680 +16.18 -.0089b
    Pb . . . . . . .... 2,120 1,860 4,210 +880 281 6,330 - -
    Au . . . ... . . . 2,051 1,791 3,974 +990 2,627 5.760 +2.899 +.00467e
    cu .. . . .. . ,. 1,216 1,124 2,420 +596 1,616 3,546 +2.777 f.00483
    A1 . . . . . . . . . . 294 32 929 -68 312 1,962 -.416 +.00008d
    Mo . . . . . . . . . 278 375 555 +146 5 62 833 +5.892 +.02 1670
    Sn . . . . . . . . . . +ins +70 +292 -182 +lo +390 +.230 --.00067
    Manganin ... -452 -489 -894 -308 -719 -1,314 +1.366 +.000414f
    MK ......... -362 --395 -791 -259 -648 -1,296 -.095 +.00004
    . ......
    c o . .. --692 -630 -1,360 -352 -937 -2,061 -17.32 -.0390

    a, --.0s56ta; b, -.0d36ta, annealed ingot iron; c, -.0a166ta; d. -.0,1t8; e. -.0,25ts; f , -.04112t8

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 383.-PELTIER A N D T H O M S O N H E A T S ; PRESSURE E F F E C T S 383
    The following data indicate the magnitude of the effect of pressure on the Peltier and Thomson
    heats. They refer to the same samples as for the last table. The Peltier heat is considered positive
    if heat is absorbed by the positive current from the surroundings on flowing from uncompressed
    to compressed metal. A positive dZE/dtzmeans a larger Thomson heat in the compressed metal,
    and the Thomson heat is itself considered positive if heat is absorbed by the positive current in
    flowing from cold to hot metal. Same reference as footnote 141, and notes as for preceding table.

    Peltier heat, Thomson heat


    1W x Joules/coulomb 108 X J X coulomb-; 'C-1
    Pressure kg/cmP Pressure kg/cm*
    6000 12,000 6000 12,000

    Metal
    I
    00 50' 1000 0'
    Temperature "C
    50"
    -
    1000 0" 50"
    Temperature "C
    100' 0' 50" 100'
    Bi ..........
    .......... +lo70 +I210 - +25W +2810 - +llSO +650 -520 -405 -
    Zn
    TI ..........
    +98 4-140 3.190
    +95 +124
    +190 +278 $412
    $:! +48
    +28
    +56
    +26
    +63
    +79
    +133 +220
    +63 +SO
    +66 +I12 4-17] 4-229
    Cd ..........
    Constantan .. +19
    4-46
    +71 4-118
    4-57 +70
    +81 4-148
    4-90 f114
    4-221
    +I40
    +lo9
    +S
    +74
    +6
    +63
    +6
    +lo5
    f13
    +92
    +14
    4-93
    4-17
    Pd ..........
    Pt .......... +35
    +23
    4-43 +52
    +37 4-35
    +68
    +45
    +86
    +76
    +lo3
    4-65 -$ +-'4-76 -% +' +9
    +17
    +8
    +59
    w .......... 4-17 4-25 +32
    Ni .......... 3-11 4-17 +23
    +36
    +24
    +49
    +37
    +6S
    +so
    +8
    +9 4-7
    +6
    +8
    '
    + "9" +16
    +14
    +15
    +20
    4-10
    Ag ......... +34 +44 +4 +5 +6 4-7 +8 +lo
    Fe ..........
    Pb ..........
    -38 +38 +36 +79 +SS -121 -347 +lZO -194
    4-10 +16 4-14 +20 +30 +2 +6 $10 +6 +8 +20
    A u ......... 4-10 +14 +13 +18 +25 +4 +4 +5 +6 +6 4-7
    c u ......... 4-4 +6 +la
    A1 ..........
    Mo
    Sn
    .........
    .......... 2: +2 -11 -2
    Manganin ...
    Mg ......... -2
    -16
    -2
    -18
    -2
    -a1
    -4
    -35
    -4
    -42
    +2
    4 8
    -4 +;+6 +A 4-0
    +o"-1 +29
    +o" +A +;
    +2 -5

    co .......... -23 -33 -44 -46 -67 -90 -14 -11 -10 -20 -24 -28

    T A B L E 384.-THERMAL E L E C T R O M O T I V E FORCE O F C A D M I U M VERSUS


    P L A T 1NUM
    Temperature versus emf

    "C mv "C mv "C mv


    0 .ooo 125 1.211 250 3.255
    25 +.171 150 1.559 275 3.740
    50 .378 175 1.940 300 4.238
    75 620 200 2.351 315 4.539
    100 .898 225 2.790

    T A B L E 385.-PELTIER EFFECT
    The coefficient of Peltier effect mav be calculated from the constants A and R of Table
    377, as there shown. With Q (see Table 377) in microvolts per "C and T = absolute tem-
    perature ( K ) , the coefficient of Peltier effect = -
    QT cal per coulomb =O.O0086 QT cal
    42
    per ampere-hour = QT/1000 millivolts (= millijoules per coulomb). Experimental results,
    expressed in slightly different units are here given. The figures are for the heat produc-
    tion at a junction of copper and the metal named in calories per ampere-hour. The current
    flowing from copper to the metal named, a positive sign indicates a warming of the
    junction.

    Calories per ampere-hour


    Sb com- German
    Sb. mercial t Bi pure Bit Cd silver Fe Ni Pt Ag Zn
    - - - - -.62 - -3.61 4.36 .32 -.41 -.58
    13.02 $8 19.1 25.8 .46 2.47 2.5 - - - .39
    *Becquerel's antimony is 806 parts Sb+406 arts Z n + 121 parts Bi.
    +
    t Becquerel's bismuth i s 10 parts Bi 1 part gb.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    384 TABLE 386.-RESISTIVITY OF METALS AND SOME ALLOYS
    The resistivities are the values of p in the equation R = pl/s, where R is the resistance
    in microhms of a length I cm of uniform cross section s cmz. The temperature coefficient
    +
    is a, in the formula Rt = R.[1 a,(t - t , ) ] . The information of column 2 does not
    necessarily apply to the temperature coefficient.

    Tempera- Temperature coefficient


    tpe Microhm-
    Substance Remarks C cm t* a,
    Advance ........... see constantan -- __
    Aluminum ......... -- 20 2.828 18" +.0039
    ' ......... c.p. -189 .64 25 +.0034
    ......... -100 1.53 100 +.0040
    ' 0 2.62 500 +.0050
    ......... $100 3.86 __
    ......... 400 8.0 __
    AntiFony .......... -_ n 39.1 +.0036
    .......... __ -190 10.5 -
    .......... liquid +860 120 -
    Arsenic ............ __ 0 35 __
    Beryllium ......... __ 20 10.1 -_
    Bisrffuth . . . . . . . . . . . __ 18 119.0 +.004
    ........... __ 100 160.2 __
    Brass ............. __ 20 7 20 +.W2
    Cadmium .......... drawn -160 2.72 20 +.0038
    .......... 18 7.54 -
    .......... 100 9.82 -
    .......... liquid 318 34.1 __
    Calcium ........... 99.57 pure 20 4.59 +.0036
    Calido ............. see nichrome _- - --
    Cesium ............ -- -187 5.25 -
    ' ............ __ 0 19 -
    ............ 27 22.2 -
    ' ............ liquid solid } 30 36.6 -
    Chromium ......... __ 0 13 - __
    Climax ............ __ 20 87 20 +.0007
    Cobalt ............. 99.8 pure 20 9.7 - __
    Comfantan ........ 60% Cu. 40% Ni 20 49 12 +.oooOO8
    ........
    ........
    __
    __
    -
    --
    25 +.000002
    -.000033
    "
    ........ __ __ -.000020
    "
    ........ __ __ +.WOO27
    C o y e r ............ annealed 20 1.724 2 +.00393
    ............ hard-drawn 20 1.77 " +.00382
    ' ............ electrolytic -206 .I44 100 +.0038
    ............ +205 2.92 400 + .0042
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . pure 400 4.10 1000 +.0062
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . very pure, ann'ld 20 1.692 - -
    Eureka ............ see constantan - - -
    Excello ............ _- 20 92 20 +.00016
    Gallium ........... __ 0 53 - -
    German silver ...... 18% Ni 20 33 20 +.0004
    Germanium ........ __ 0 89000. - -
    Gold .............. 99.9 pure -183 .68 20
    .............. __ 0 2.22 100 an;'ld
    " .............. pure, drawn 20 2.44 500
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.9 pure 194.5 3.77 1000 "
    Ia Ia .............. see constantan
    Ideal ................ -
    Indium ............ - 0 8.37
    Iridium ............ __ -186 1.92 -
    ............ - 0 6.10 __
    ............ __ 8.3 __
    Iron ............... 99.98% pure +l2 10 20 +.0050
    "
    ' ...............
    ............... "
    pure, soft
    "
    -205.3
    - 78
    ,652
    5.32 25
    0 +.OM2
    +.0052
    "
    ............... " "
    0 8.85 100 +.0068
    lntinued)

    SMITHWNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 386.-RESISTIV I T Y O F M ETALLS AND SOME ALLOYS 385
    (continued)
    Temperature coefficient

    Substance
    1r:n ............... pure,
    Remarks
    soft
    Tempera-
    tye
    C
    + 98.5
    Microhm-

    17.8
    cm n500 +.0147
    ............ 'I "
    196.1 21.5 1000
    -
    +.0050
    -
    ............ ... " "
    400 43.3
    ............ electrolytic 0 10.0
    ............ 100 14.41
    Le;d ........... ... _- 20 22
    ........... ...
    ' ........... ... cs!d pre:sed -183 6.02
    - 78 14.1
    0 19.8
    ........... + 90.4 28
    ........... ... __
    196.1 36.9
    ........... ... 318 94
    Lithium ........ solid -187 1.34
    '
    ~~

    ........ ... 0 8.55


    __
    ........ ... 99.3 12.7 I

    - _-
    1'
    ........ ... liquid __ 230 45.2
    Magnesium ..... ...
    '
    ' ..... ... free from
    ..... ... " "
    <: 20
    -183
    - 78
    4.6 20
    0
    25
    +.004
    +.no38
    "
    ........ "
    ,'
    " t'
    0
    -+98.5
    100
    ..... ... I.' "
    500
    'I
    .. ... pure
    _-
    400
    _-
    11.9 600 +.0100
    Manganese ..... ... 5.02
    Manganin ...... ... 84 Cu, 12 Mn, 4 Ni 20 44 12
    'I

    ' ......... -- 25
    .. ... 100
    "
    ......... 250 --.000052
    1'
    ......... _- _-
    475 --.OOOO00
    "
    ......... __
    500 -.OOoll
    Meryry ........... 20 95.783 20 +.00089
    ' ........... solid
    '
    -183.5 6.97 0 +.OW88
    ........... -102.9 15.04
    ' ........... - 50.3 21.3 Rt = Ro(1
    +
    +
    ' ........... - 39.2 25.5 .00089t
    ........... liquid - 36.1 80.6 .ooOoOl t')
    "
    ........... 0 __
    ........... 50 -
    ' ........... 100 -
    ........... 200. _-
    ........... 350 135.5 -
    Molybdenum ....... very pure
    __
    0 5.14 25 +.0033
    +.0034
    100
    ....... __
    --
    -- 1000 + ,0048
    Monel metal ....... 20 42 20 +.0020
    Nichrome .......... __ 20 100 20 +.OW4
    Nickel ............. __ 20 7.8 20 +.006
    ............. very pure 20 7.236 - -
    ............. pure -182.5 1.44 0 +.0062
    ............. - 78.2 4.31 25 +.0043
    ............. 'I
    0 6.93 100 + ,0043
    ............. 94.9
    __
    11.1
    __
    500 +.0030
    ............. __ 1000 +.0037
    Osmium ........... __ 20 9.5 - --
    Pall+um ......... _- 20 11 20 +.0033
    ......... very pure -183 2.78 0
    -
    +.0035
    --
    ......... I' ' I
    - 78 7.17
    -
    ......... " "
    0 10.21
    --
    ......... 'I 'I
    98.5 13.79
    Platinum .......... 0 9.83 +.003
    .......... wire -203.1 2.44 +.0037
    .......... - 97.5 6.87
    .......... 0 10.96
    .......... 100 14.85
    "
    .......... 400 26
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    386 TABLE 386.-RESISTIVITY O F METALS AND SOME ALLOYS
    (continued)
    Tempera- Temperature coefficient
    tye Microhm-
    Substance Remarks C cm
    Potassium ......... -- - 75 4
    .........
    " -- 0 6.1
    .........
    R h o F m ..........
    -
    --
    55 8.4
    -186 .70
    .......... --
    _-
    - 78.3 3.09
    ' ..........
    "
    0 5.11
    .......... -- 10 6.60
    Rub$lium .......... sofJd -190 2.5
    ' .......... 0 11.6
    ' .......... 35 13.4
    .......... liquid 40 19.6
    -
    Silicium ........... -- 20 582 --
    Silver ............. 99.98 pure 18 1.629 20 +.0038
    " ............. e1ect;olytic -183 .390 25 +.0030
    ............. - 78 1.021 100 +.0036
    " ............. "
    0 1.468 500 + ,0044
    ............. 98.15 2.062
    ' .............
    "
    " 192.1 2.608
    ............. 400 3.77
    Sodium ............ so!id -180 1.o
    ............
    "
    - 75 2.8
    ............
    "
    0 4.3
    ............
    " 'I
    55 5.4
    ............ liquid
    '' 116 10.2
    Stzel .............. E. B.B. 20 10.4 ?? y c$. ?' +.05
    .............. B.B. 20 11.9 +.04
    ".............. Siemens-Martin 20 18 " '1 " 'I
    +.03
    .............. manganese 20 70 " I' " 'I
    +.001
    "
    ".............. 35%Ni, "invar." 20 81 - -
    " .............. piano wire 0 11.8 0 see col. 2 +.0032
    " .............. terffp. glass, hard 0 45.7 '1 " " "
    +.0016
    -
    .............. , yellow 0 27
    "
    .............. , blue" 0 20.5 +.0033
    -
    .............. , soft " 0 15.9
    Strontium ......... - 20 24.8 -
    Tantalum .......... - 20 15.5 +.0031
    Tellurium* ........ -- 19.6 200,000 -
    Thallium .......... pure -183 4.08
    ..........
    "
    - 78 11.8
    "
    .......... ' 0 17.60
    "
    .......... 98.5 24.7
    Tin ............... -
    --
    20 11.5
    ............... -184 3.40
    ............... -- - 78 8.8
    "
    ............... 0 13
    ............... 91.45 i8.z
    Titanium .......... - 55
    Tunpen .......... 20 5.51 18
    ' .......... 727 25.3 500
    .......... 1227 41.4 1000
    ' .......... 1727 59.4
    .......... 2727 98.9
    .......... 3227 118
    Z i y ............... trace -183 1.62
    ............... - 78 3.34
    ............... 'I '6
    0 5.75
    ............... " 'I
    92.45 8
    ............... " 'I
    191.5 10.37
    " ............... liquid 440 37.2
    * See note to Table 377.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    387
    T A B L E 386.-RESISTIVITY O F M E T A L S A N D S O M E A L L O Y S (concluded)
    Resistance temperature coefficient for a number of metals and alloys of high purity.

    (R,m-Rfl)/ 100Rfl
    Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00667 95 Pt-
    .. - . 5- R.h..
    - .00215
    Zn ~...... . .. ... .00419 90 Pt-10 Rh ,00169
    Cd . . . . . . . . . . . . .00423 80 Pt-20 Rh .00140
    P t . . . .. . ... . . .. ,003925 60 Pt-40 Rh ,00144
    Rh . . . . . . . . . . . . .00436 40 Pt-60 Rh ,00194
    20 Pt-80 Rh .00260

    T A B L E 387.-SOME E L E M E N T S A R R A N G E D I N OR D ER O F I N C R E A S I N G
    R E S I S T I V I T Y (ohm-cmxlO-a, 20°C)

    Ag 1.468 Mn 5 2 Pd 10.21 Ga 53
    cu
    Au
    A1
    1.59
    2.22
    2.6
    Mo
    Zn
    Ir
    (y&
    6.10
    Pt
    Rh
    Sn
    10.96
    13
    13
    0s
    2
    56
    94.07
    110
    Cr 2.6 I< 6.1 Ta 14.6 Graphite 8x10'
    Ti 3.2 Ni 6.93 TI 17.6 Carbon 3x10'
    Na 4.3 Cd 7.04 Cs 19 Te 2X10'
    Ca 4.3 In 8.37 Ph 20.4 P 10"
    Mg 4.35 Li 8.55 Sr (23.5) B 8X10"
    Rh 4.69 Fe 8.8 As 35 Se 10'"
    W 5 co 9 Sb 39 S 1017

    T A B L E 388.-THERMAL E L E C T R O M O T I V E F ORC E O F PLA TllN U M-R H OD IU M


    ALLOYS VERSUS P L A T I N U M
    emf (mv)
    Percent rhodium

    T:mp.
    C .5 1.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 80.0 100.0
    0 .oo .oo .oo .oo .oo .00 .oo .oo
    100 +.I0 +.I8 +.54 +.64 +.63 +.65 +.62 +.70
    200 20 .37 1.16 1.43 1.44 1.52 1.49 1.61
    300 29 .57 1.82 2.32 2.40 2.55 2.55 2.68
    400 .39 .76 2.49 3.25 3.47 3.70 3.77 3.91
    500 .48 .94 3.17 4.22 4.63 4.97 5.12 5.28
    600 .58 1.12 3.86 5.22 5.87 6.36 6.60 6.77
    700 .67 1.30 4.55 6.26 7.20 7.85 8.20 8.40
    800 .76 1.48 5.25 7.33 8.59 9.45 9.92 10.16
    900 .85 1.66 5.96 8.43 10.06 11.16 11.76 12.04
    1000 .94 1.84 6.68 9.57 11.58 12.98 13.73 14.05
    1100 1.03 2.02 7.42 10.74 13.17 14.90 15.81 16 18
    1200 1.13 2.20 8.16 11.93 14.84 16.91 17.99 18.42

    T A B L E 389.-EFFECT O F T E N S I O N ON T H E RESISTANCE OF M E T A L S

    Li Ca Sr Sb Bi Manganin Co
    Recip. Young's
    mod. X 10' . . . . . . 20 4.75 7.5 1.25 4.2 .72 .5
    Poisson ratio . . . . . . .42 .30 .36 .30 ? .37 .33 .30
    Tens. coef. spec.
    resist. x 10" . . . . .+11 +.8 -21.2 +3.0 -3.65 -.60 +.I9

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    388
    T A B L E 390.-VARIATION O F THE E L E C T R I C A L R E S I S T A N C E W I T H PR ESSU R E
    FOR T W O T E M P E R A T U R E S O F A N U M B E R O F M E T A L S " 2

    Copper-AR/R, Silver-AR/R, Gold-AR/R, Iron-AR/R, Lead--AR/R,


    Pressure
    kg/cma ~~~~~c
    5,000 .0096 ,0094 .0174 ,0176 .015 1 .0154 ,0121 ,0118 ,0686 ,0691
    10,000 .0186 ,0185 .0338 .0311 ,0293 ,0299 .0234 .0232 ,1266 .I277
    15,000 .0271 .0271 .0492 .0497 .0429 .0437 ,0341 .0341 ,1770 .I791
    20,000 .0354 .0354 .0637 .0644 .0559 .0570 ,0444 .0447 ,2214 ,2242
    25,000 .0434 .0435 .0774 .0784 ,0684 ,0698 .0542 ,0548 ,2611 ,2643
    30,000 .0513 .05 14 0904 .0916 ,0806 ,0824 .0637 ,0646 ,2959 2998

    'WBridgman, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 72, p. 174, 1938.

    T A B L E 391.-RELATIVE E L E C T R I C A L R E S I S T A N C E W I T H PR ESSU R E FOR T W O


    TEMPERATURES OF A NUMBER OF M E T A L S *

    Zinc
    Axis 87" Axis 17"
    Lithium Calcium Strontium Barium to length tolength
    R/Ro R/Ro
    'R/R. R/R.' R/R(O,300) R/R(O, 30') R / R ( @ , 30") (0, 30 ) (0,3@1
    Pressure (0. 30 ) (0, 75 ) h
    kg/cm2 30°C 75°C 30 c 75 c 30°C 75°C
    0 -_ __ 1.0000 1.1688 1.0000 1.0974 1.0000 1.156 1,0000 1.1627 1.0000 1.1650
    2.500 1.0175 1.0172 1.0237 1.1922 1.1141 1.2140 .98? 1.130 .9868 1.1488 .9758 1.1352
    $000 1.0354 1.0351 1.0490 1.2187 1.2448 1.3451 ,971 1.114 ,9744 1.1355 ,9525 1.1062
    7,500 1.0539 1.0537 1.0764 1.2485 1.3922 1.4908 ,967 1.107 ,9638 1.1228 .9300 1.0809
    10,OOO 1.0727 1.0730 1.1069 1.2816 1.5562 1.6510 .970 1.106 ,9518 1.1107 ,9081 1.0562
    12,500 1.0920 1.0928 1.1407 1.3178 1.7364 1.8258 ,976 1.108 .9416 1.0991 .8882 1.0325
    15,000 1.1117 1.1131 1.1772 1.3571 1.9333 2.0153 ,984 1.113 .9321 1.0880 ,8686 1.0103
    17,500 1.1318 1.1339 1.2164 1.3998 2.1467 2.2195 .995 1.123 ,9233 1.0776 .8500 .9890
    20,000 1.1524 1.1553 1.2582 1.4460 2.3767 2.4377 1.008 1.140 ,9150 1.0677 ,8321 ,9687
    22.500 1.1735 1.1770 1.3025 1.4959 2.6273 2.6703 1.025 1.161 ,9072 1.0582 ,8153 ,9495
    25:OOO 1.1919 1.1992 1.3491 1.5485 2.8905 2.9187 1.044 1.184 ,8998 1.0498 ,7990 .9310
    27:SOO 1.2169 1.2221 1.3983 1.6033 3.1695 3.1805 1.066 1.211 ,8926 1.0420 .7835 ,9129

    -
    30,000 1.2394 1.2453 1.4500 1.6603 3.4665 3.4585 1.092 1.241 ,8855 _- .7687 .8959

    Potassium Cesium
    R/R(O, 30') R/R(O, 30")
    Pressure R/R(O,
    Sodium
    30") Rubidium
    kg/cm2 30" 750 R/R(O, 30")
    n 1.nnnn __ 1.0030 __ 1.om0 1.oo00
    2,500 .664 __ ,807 -- A529 .615
    5.000 .491 .615 .812 1.046 ,7537 ,471
    7:500 .378 .467 ,884 1.117 ,6762 ,407
    1o:ooo .303 ,372 1.005 1.260 ,6171 .371
    12,500 253 ,310 ,5708 .354
    15,000 219 ,269 ,5341 ,350
    17.500 .197 242 SO49 ,358
    2o;ooo .1821 ,224 .4813 .376
    22,500 -_ __ ,4619 .404
    25,000 .1719 .216 ,4456 ,447
    27,500 -- _- ,4324 ,504
    30,000 .1778 __ _- 4.509 .4223 .57G

    For reference, see footnote 142, above.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 392.-THERMAL E L E C T R O M O T I V E FOR C E O F N I C K E L 389
    VERSUS P L A T I N U M
    Temperature versus emf

    "C mv "C mv "C mv


    0 .ow 400 5.450 800 9.350
    25 -.350 425 5.580
    .. ~ . 825 9.675
    50 .710 450 5.745 850
    75 1.ow 475 5.960 875
    100 1.485 500 6.165 900
    125 1.880 525
    .~~ 6.360 925 11.045
    150 2.285 550 6.585 950 11.400
    175 2.695 575 6.800 975
    200 3.105 600 7.040 1000
    225 3.505 625 7.290 1025
    250 3.870 650 7.550 1050
    275 4.255 675 7.825 1075
    300 4.590 700 8.105 1100 13.625
    325 4.880 725 8.415
    350 5.110 750 8.720
    375 5.290 775 9.030

    3
    '
    1 Nat. Bur. Standardz Journ. Res., vol. 5, p. 1291, 1930.

    T A B L E 393.-AVERAGE PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS * O F ELECTRICAL


    R E S I S T A N C E U P T O 7000 kg/cr.z AS A F U N C T I O N O F T E M P E R A T U R E " '
    Temperatures

    Metal -182.0OC -78.4"C 0°C 30°C 75°C


    .
    Lead . . . . . . . . . . . -12.76 -12.88 -12.99 -9.3 -9.2
    Magnesium . . . . . . -5.89 -4.49 -4.39
    Aluminum . . . . . . . -9.16 -4.71 -4.28
    Silver . . . . . . . . . . . -4.09 -3.46 -3.45 -3.0 -3.0
    Gold . .... . . .. . . . -3.27t -2.97 -2.94 -2.6 -2.7
    .
    Copper . . . . . . . . . -3.09 -2.14 -1.88 -1.7 -1.7
    Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . -1.88 -2.00 -1.85
    .
    Iron . . . . . . . . . ... -2.44 -2.27 -2.34
    Palladium . . . . . . . -2.82 - 2.32 -2.13
    Niobium . . . . . . . . . - .so - .98 -1.18
    Platinum . . . . . . . . -2 31 -1.97 -1.93
    Rhodium . . . . . . . . -2.26 -1.86 -1.64$
    Molybdenum . . . . . -1.91 -1.29 -1.30
    Tantalum . . . . . . . . -1.17 -1.42 -1.45
    Tungsten . . . . . . . . -1.36 -1.42 -1.37

    XI00
    14413ridgman. P. W., Proc. Anier. .\cad. A r t s and Sci., vol. 67, p. 342, 1932.
    t Maximum pressure 4300.
    $ On a less pure sample.

    T A B L E 394.-RESISTIVITY O F M E R C U R Y A N D MA N GA N IIN U N D E R P R E S S U R E

    Pressure, kg/cmz - 500 1003 1500 2000 2500 3000 4000 5000 6000 6500
    K (p , -75 ') Hg . . .91S6 .9055 3930 .8818 ,8714 .8582 3478 3268 ,8076 ,7896 .7807
    R(p, 25") Hg . . . . 1.OOOO ,9836 .9682 ,9535 .9394 ,9258 .9128 ,8882 ,8652 3438 3335
    * Hg . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0030 ,9854 .9716 .9588 .9462 .9342 ,9228 ,9010 .8806 3616 ,8527
    K(p, 125") H g . . . 1.0970 1.0770 1.0583 1.0400 1.0230 1.0070 ,9908 .9614 ,9342 .9086 .8966
    This line gives the specific mass resistance at 25" the other lines, the specific volume resistance.
    T h e use of mercury as ahove has the advantage of bklng perfectly reproducible so that at any time a pressure
    can be measured without recourse to a fundamental standard. However. a t 0°C mercury freezes a t 7500 kg/cmz.
    Manganin is suitahle over a much wider ranKe. Over a temperature range 0 to 50°C the pressure resistance
    relation is linear within %o percent of the change of resistance u p to 13.000 kg/cmz. T h e coefficient varies
    slightly with the saniple. Gridgmau's samples (German) had values of ( A R / b R " ) x 109 from 2295 to 2325.
    These a r e +
    instead of -, a s with most of the ahove metals.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    390
    T A B L E 395.-THERMAL E L E C T R O M O T I V E FORCE O F Z I N C VERSUS
    P L A T 1N U M

    'Temperature versus emf

    "C mv "C mv "C mv


    150 1.276 300 3.417
    175 1.572 325 3.853
    200 1.894 350 4.310
    225 2.240 375 4.786
    100 .758 250 2.610 400 5.290
    125 1.005 275 3.002 415 5.604

    T A B L E 396.-CON DUCT1V l T Y A N D R E S l S T l V l T Y O F M I S C E L L A N E O U S A L L O Y S
    Temperature coefficients

    Conductivity in mhos or
    1
    ohms-crn
    = y * = yO(l- at
    ~ + b t 2 ) and resistivity in microhm - cm
    =pt =p0(1 + a t - ht2).

    YO
    Metals and alloys Composition by weight 10' a X 100
    + 16.5 Cu + 15.2 Ag
    PO

    Gold-copper-silver ...... 58.3 Au 7.58 574* 13.2


    " ...... 66.5 Au + 15.4 Cu + 18.1 Ag 6.83 529'1 14.6
    I< "
    ...... 7.4 Au + 78.3 Cu + 14.3 Ag 28.06 1830t 3.6
    Invar ............................................. 1.33 Zoo0 75
    Welding iron .......... 0.05% Cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.25 6000 18
    Woods metal . . . . . . . . . .. 56 Bi, 17 Cd. 14 Pb, 13 S n . . . . 1.93 2900 52
    Brass ................. Various .................... 12.2-15.6 1-2+103 6.4-8.4
    ' hard drawn . . . . . 70.2 Cu+ +29.8 Zn ......... 12.16 -- 8.2
    ' annealed . . . . . . . . ........... 14.35 __ 7.0
    German silver .......... Various .................... 3-5 - 20-33
    (60.16 Cu 25.37 Zn + + 1
    "
    ..........
    I +
    14.03 Ni .30 Fe with trace
    of cobalt and manganese
    Aluminum bronze ..................................
    r 3.33
    7.5-8.5
    360
    600
    30
    12-13
    Phosphor bronze ................................... 10-20 _- 5-10
    Silicium bronze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 -- 2.4
    Manganese-copper ...... 30 Mn + 70 Cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.oo 40 100
    Nickel-manganese-
    copper ............... 3 Ni 24 Mn 73 Cu .... .,
    f 18.46 Ni
    + + + +61.63 Cu I
    2.10 -30 48
    ............... 19.67 Zn 0.24 F e .
    + + i 3.01 300 33
    Nickelin
    {
    0.19 Co
    J 25.1 Ni ++ + 0.18 Mn
    74.41 Cu
    Patent nickel ............ 0.42 F e 0.23 Zn + + 2.92 190 34
    +
    [ 0.13 Mn trace of cobalt I
    \
    53.28 Cu 25.31 Ni + + 1
    Rheotan ............... 16.89 Zn 4.46 Fe + + 1.90 410 53
    1
    0.37 Mn
    Rheotan ............... 53 Cu, 25 Ni, 17 Zn, 5 F e . . . .
    i 2.24 280 45
    Copper-manganese-
    iron ................. 91 Cu 7.1 Mn 1.9 F e . . . .+ + 4.98 120 20
    Copper-manganese-
    iron ................. 70.6 Cu 23.2 Mn 6.2 F e . . + + 1.30 22 77
    Cqpper-manganese-
    iron .................. 69.7 Cu 29.9 Ni 0.3 Fe .. + + 2.60 120 38
    Therlo ................ 85 Cu, 13 Mn, 2 Al .......... 2.24 10 46.5
    Manganin ............. 84 Cu + +
    12 Mn 4 N i ...... 2.3 6 44
    Constantan ............ 60 Cu 40 Ni .............. + 2.04 8 49
    *bX 10" = 924. t b X 10" = 93. b x 10" = 7280.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 397.--ELECTRICAL C O N D U C T I V I T Y O F ALLOYS 391
    This table shows the conductivity of alloys and the variation of the conductivity with
    -
    temDerature. The conductivitv is given as C, = CO(1 -at +
    bt'), and the range of tern'
    perature was from 0 0 to IOO*C.
    The table is arranged in three groups to show (1) that certain metals when melted to-
    gether produce a solution which has a conductivity equal to the mean of the conductivities
    of the comoonents. (2) the behavior of those metals alloyed with others, and (3) the be-
    havior of the metals'alloyed together.
    Part 1

    Weight % Volume %
    of first named -
    C"
    10' a X 1P b X 109
    Alloys
    SnsPb ........,......... 77.04 83.96 7.57 3890 8670
    S a C d ............ ..... 82.41 83.10 9% 4080
    ~~. 11870
    SnZn ... ............... 78.06 77.71 10.56 3880 8720
    FbSn . . . . . ... . ... ..... 64.13 53.41 6.40 3780 8420
    ZnCdl . . ............... 24.76 26.06 16.16 3780 8000
    SnCd, ................. 23.05 23.50 13.67 3850 9410
    CdPb, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
    . 7.37 10.57 5.78 3500 7270

    Part 2

    Volume % Weight 5%

    Alloys I
    of first'named -
    C"
    104 a x 100 b X loo
    Lead-silver (PhoAg) . .. 95.05 94.64 5.60 _3630
    ___ 7960
    Lead-silver (PbAg) . . 48.97.. 46.90 8.03 1960 3100
    Lead-silver (PbAgr) . 32.44 .. 30.64 13.80 1990 2600
    Tin-g:!d (Sn12Au) . ... . 77.94 90.32 5.20 3080 6640
    (SnaAu) . .. ... 59.54 79.54 3.03 2920 6300
    Tin-coppr . . . ... . ... ... 92.24 93.57 7.59 3680 8130
    . . ... . . . . .. . . 80.58 83.60 8.05 3330 6840
    "
    ............. 12.49
    I'
    14.91 5.57 547 294
    "
    ............. 10.30
    I'
    12.35 6.41 666 1185
    " "
    . . .. ... . ..... 9.67 11.61 7.64 691 304
    "
    . . . . .. .. ..... 4.%
    'I
    6.02 12.44 995 705
    " I'
    ............. 1.15 1.41 39.41 2670 5070
    Tin-silver . . . . . .. . . ... . 91.30 96.52 7.81 3820 8190
    '> "
    . . . . . .. ... . .. 53.85 75.51 8.65 3770 8550
    Zinc-copper . . . . . ... .... 36.70 42.06 13.75 1370 1340
    . . . . . .. . ....
    " 25.00 29.45 13.70
    ............ 16.53 23.61 13.44
    . .. .........
    I'
    "
    " 8.89 10.88 29.61
    ' " ............ 4.06 5.03 38.09

    NoTE.-Barus has pointed out that the temperature variation of platinum alloys contain-
    ing less than 10% of the other metal can be nearly expressed by an equation y =? -fi:,
    z
    where y is the temperature coefficient and x the specific resistance, m and n being constants.
    If a be the temperature coefficient at 0°C and s the corresponding specific resistance,
    s(a +
    m ) =n
    For platinum alloys Barus's experiments gave nt = -.000194 and n = .0378.
    For steel in = -.U00303 and n = ,0620.
    Matthiessen's experiments reduced by Barus gave for
    Gold alloys m = -.000045, n = .00721.
    Silver
    Copper
    ::
    m = -.000112, n = .00538.
    m = -.000386, n = .00055.
    (cn?tt;?tlled)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    392
    TABLE 397.-ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY O F ALLOYS (concluded)
    Part 3

    Weight "/o Volume 7%


    L

    of first named ..co


    Alloys 104 a X 108 b X lon
    Gold-copper ........... 99.23 98.36 35.42 2650 4650
    ........... 90.55 81.66 10.16 749 81
    Gold-silver ............ 87.95 79.86 13.46 1090 793
    'I "
    ............ 87.95 79.86 13.61 1140 1160
    I' 'I
    ............ 64.80 52.08 9.48 673 246
    " '1
    ............ 64.80 52.08 9.51 721 495
    'I 'I
    ............ 31.33 19.86 13.69 885 531
    I' "
    ............ 31.33 19.86 13.73 908 641
    GEld-coqper ........... 34.83 19.17 12.94 864 570
    ............ 1.52 .71 53.02 3320 7300
    Platiym-silver ........ 33.33 19.65 4.22 330 208
    ' ........ 9.81 5.05 11.38 774 656
    ' ........ 5.00 2.51 19.96 1240 1150
    Palladium-silver ....... 25.00 23.28 5.38 324 154
    Copper-silver .......... 98.08 98.35 56.49 3450 7990
    .......... 94.40 95.17 51.93 3250 6940
    " "
    .......... 76.74 77.64 44.06 3030 6070
    " "
    .......... 42.75 46.67 47.29 2870 5280
    .......... 7.14 8.25 50.65 2750 4360
    .......... 1.31 1.53 50.30 4120 8740
    Iron-gold .............. 13.59 27.93 1.73 3490 7010
    " "
    .............. 9.80 21.18 1.26 2970 1220
    "
    ..............
    "
    4.76 10.96 1.46 487 103
    Iron-copper . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 .46 24.51 1550 2090
    Phosphorus-copper ..... 2.50 - 4.62 476 145
    " "
    . . . . . .95 .
    . 14.91 1320 1640
    Arsenic-copper ......... 5.40 .
    -
    3.97 516 989
    ' ......... 2.80
    -
    8.12 736 446
    "
    ......... trace 38.52 2640 4830

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 398.-RESISTIVITIES A T HIGH AND L O W T E M P E R A T U R E S 393
    The electrical resistivity ( p , ohm-cm) of good conductors depends greatly on chemical purity,
    Slight contamination even with metals of lower p may greatly increase p . Solid solutions of good
    conductors generally have higher p than components. Reverse is true of bad conductors. I n solid
    state allotropic and crystalline forms greatly modify p . For liquid metals this last cause of varia-
    bility disappears. The +
    temperature coefficients of pure metals is of the same order as the coef-
    ficients of expansion of gases. For temperature resistance ( t , p ) plot at low temperatures the
    graph is convex toward the axis of t and probably approaches tangency to it. However for
    extremely low temperatures Onnes finds very sudden and great drops in p, e.g., for mercury,
    P J . ~ K<4 X 1O-'Op0 and for Sn, pJ.m <IO-'pO. The t, p graph for an alloy may be nearly parallel to
    the t axis, cf. constantan; for poor conductors p may decrease with increasing t . At the melting-
    points there are three types of behavior of good conductors ; those about doubling p and then pos-
    sessing nearly linear t. p graphs ( Al, Cu, Sn, Au, Ag, Pb) ; those where p suddenly increases and
    then the +temp. coefficient is only approximately constant ( H g , Na, K) ; those about doubling p
    then having a -, slowly changing to a +
    temp. coef. (Zn, Cd) ; those where p suddenly decreases
    and thereafter steadily increases (Sb, Bi). The values from different authorities do not neces-

    -
    sarily fit because of different samples of metals. Resistivities are in microhm-cm unless other-
    wise stated. Italicized figures indicate liquid state.

    Copper Silver Zinc


    P

    "C PI
    PI
    -
    Po "C P,
    -pt
    Po
    -258.6 ,009 .0057 -252.9 ,0511 ,0089
    -252.8 .014 ,0090 -200. 1.39 242
    -189.5 ,334 .222 -191.1 1.23 ,214
    -200. .357 .237 -150. 2.00 .348
    -150. .638 .424 -100. 2.90 .SO4
    -100. ,916 ,608 - 77.8 3.97 ,691
    - 76.8 1.040 .690 - 50. 4.04 .703
    - 50. 1.212 ,805 0. 5.75 1.00
    0. 1.506 1.00 100. 7.95 1.38
    100. 2.15 1.43 300. 13.25 2.30
    200. 2.80 1.86 415. 17.00 2.96
    500. 5.08 3.22 400. 3.46 2.30 427. 37.30 6.49
    750. 7.03 4.46 750. 6.65 4.42 450. 37.08 6.46
    1000. 9.42 5.97 960. 8.4 5.58 500. 36.60 6.36
    1083. 10.20 6.47 960. 16.6 11.0 600. 35.90 6.25
    1083. 21.30 13.5 1000. 17.01 11.3 700. 35.60 6.19
    1200. 22.30 14.1 1200. 19.36 12.9 800. 35.60 6.19
    1400. 23.86 15.1 1400. 21.72 14.4 850. 35.74 6.21
    1500. 24.62 15.6 1500. 23.0 15.3
    Mercury Potassium Sodium I ron
    V - P
    -
    pt PI
    - PI
    -
    "C PI Po "C P, Po "C PI Po
    -200. 5.38 .057 -200. 1.720 ,246 -200. ,605 ,137 -252.7 .011 .0010
    -150. 10.30 .I09 -150. 2.654 ,379 -150. 1.455 ,330 -200. .57 .053
    -100. 15.42 .I64 --loo. 3.724 ,532 -100. 2.380 .541 -192.5 ,844 ,079
    - 50. 21.4 .227 - 50. 5.124 ,732 - 50. 3.365 ,764 -100. 5.92 .554
    - 30. 91.7 .975 0. 7.000 1.00 0. 4.40 1.000 - 75.1 6.43 .602
    0. 9 4 . 1 1.000 20. 7.116 1.016 20. 4.873 1.107 - 50. 8.15 ,763
    50. 98.3 1.045 60. 8.790 1.256 93.5 6.290 1.429 - 0. 10.68 1.00
    100. 103.1 1.096 65. 13.40 1.914 100. 9.220 2.095 100. 16.61 1.554
    200. 114.0 1.212 100. 15.31 2.187 120. 9.724 2.209 200. 24.50 2.293
    300. 127.0 1.350 120. 16.70 2.386 140. 10.34 2.349 400. 43.29 4.052
    Manganin German silver Constantan 90%, Pt 10% R h
    A I P
    -pt
    "C Pt
    Pt
    -
    Pa "C P,
    PI
    -
    Po "C
    PI
    -
    Po
    'C P. Pn PI

    -200. 37.8 ...974. -200. 27.9 ,930 -200. 42.4 ,961 -200. 14.49 ,685
    -150. 38.2 ,985 -150. 28.7 .957 --150. 43.0 ,975 -150. 16.29 .770
    -100. 38.5 ,992 -108. 29.3 .977 -100. 43.5 ,986 -100. 18.05 .854
    - 50. 38.7 ,997 -- 50. 29.7 .990 - 50. 43.9 ,995 - 50. 19.66 .930
    0. 38.8 1.000 0. .30.0 1.000 0. 44.1 1.000 0. 21.14 1.000
    inn.
    ... 38.9 1.003 100. 33.1 1.103 100. 44.6 1.012 100. 24.20 1.145
    400. 38.3 ,987 400. 44.8 1.016

    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    394
    T A B L E 398.-RESISTIVITIES A T HIGH A N D L O W T E M P E R A T U R E S (concluded)
    (Ohm-cm unless stated otherwise.)

    Platinum Lead Bismuth

    -
    pt
    Cadmium
    - P:
    "C P: Po "C P: PO

    -252.9 .I7 ,0218


    -200. 1.66 ,214
    -190.2 2.00 2.58
    -183.1 2.22 ,286
    -139.2 3.60 ,464
    -100. 4.80 ,619
    0. 7.75 1.00
    300. 16.50 2.13
    325. 33.76 4.35
    350. 33.60 4.33
    400. 33.70 4.35
    500. 35.22 4.40
    700. 35.78 4.62

    Tin
    Carbon, graphite Alundum cement
    Fused silica
    p:
    - p in ohms-crn F p i n o h cm
    mr:
    "C P: Po "C p = niegohmsan
    -zoo. 2.60 ,199 15. > 200,000,000. 20. >9X10a
    -100. 7.57 ,580 230. 20,000,000. 800. 30800.
    0. 13.05 1.00 300. 2oo.ono. 900. 13600.
    200. 20.30 1.55 350. 30.000. 1000. 7600.
    225. 22.00 1.69 450. m. 1100. 6500.
    235. 47.60 3.65 700. 30. 1200. 2300.
    750. 61.22 4.69 850. about 20. 1600. 190.

    . Diamond 1030"C, p > 107; 1380", 7.5 X 105.

    T A B L E 399.-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY O F SOME M E T A L S

    Metal T"K Metal T"K Metal T"K


    Nh ............... 9.22 I n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.38 u ............... .75
    .... 7.2 0s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
    .... 5.2 Zr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54*
    Ta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4
    . . . . 4.3 Al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.15 Ti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53t
    Hg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.15 Ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
    Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.71 Zn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95t Hf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

    1 Smith Thomas S., Ohio State University, private communication.


    s
    '
    D a u n t . ' J . G., and Smith. T . S. t Daunt, J . G., and Heer. C. V.. Phys. Rev., vol. 76, pp. 719 and
    1324, 1948.

    T A B L E 400.-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY OF SOME ALLOYS A N D COMPOUNDS"e

    NhC . . . . . . . 10.1"K Ph-As alloy. 8.4"K PhS ....... 4.1"K W,C . . . . . . . 2.05"K
    TaC ....... 9.2 MoC . . . . . . . 7.7 Hg5T17. . . . . 3.8 AulBi . . . . . . 1.84
    Ph-As-Bi .. 9.0 NiPh ..... 7.2 ZrR . . . . . . . 2.82 CuS ....... 1.6
    Ph-Ri-Sh .. 8.9 BioTI, . . . . . . 6.5 WC . . . . . . . 2.8 T i N ....... 1.4
    P b S n - B i .. 8.5 ShzTIT . . . . . 5.5 MozC . . . . . . 2.4 V N ........ 1.3
    TaSi ....... 4.2 T i c ........ 1.1

    14" Smith, G . I f . . an(l LVilhelm. J. 0..


    Rev. hlod. Phys., vol. 7 , p. 240, 1935

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    395
    T A B L E 401.-VOLUME A N D SURFACE RESISTANCE OF SOLID DIELECTRICS
    The resistance between two conductors insulated by a solid dielectric depends both upon
    the surface resistance and the volume resistance of the insulator. T h e volume resistivity, p,
    is the resistance betweeii two opposite faces of a centimeter cube. The surface resistivity,
    u, is the resistance between two opposite edges of a centimeter square of the surface. The
    surface resistivity usually varies through a wide range with the humidity.

    u ; megohms u ; megohms u : megohms P


    Material 50% humidity 70% humidity 9 0 1 humidity Megohm-cm
    Amber . ....... ... . ...... .... . .... 6x10' 2 x 10' 1x10~ 5x10"
    Beeswax, yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6x10" 6x10' 5x10' 2x10~
    Celluloid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5X 10: 2x104 2x103 2 x 10'
    Fiber. red ........................ 2x10 3X103 2X1O2 5x10'
    6% 10 2x10 2x10.
    4X103 1x103 8x10'
    1x10' 2 x lo= 1x1012
    1x103 3x10 2x102
    3><10* 5x10" 2x100
    2x10' 2x10 1x10'
    4x10" 8x10' 2x1011
    7x10' 6x10'' 1x10'0
    7X103 5X'02 3x10'
    2X1O3 2x10 5x
    3x10' 2x10' 5x10'0
    6x10' 9x10' 8x10'
    3x10' 7 x 103 1x10'0
    3x10 1x10 1x102
    Sulfur . . . . . . . . . . 4x10' 1x10' 1x1011
    Wood, paraffined mahogany . . . . . . . . 4x10' 5X 10' 1x103 4><10'

    T A B L E 4OP.-ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SOME OXIDES AND


    MISCELLANEOUS MINERALS *
    Resistivity Resistivity
    Material ohm-cm Material ohm-cm
    Graphite, commercial Sulfur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>lo"
    electrodes (density = 1.5) ,001-,0013 PbOz, synthetic . . . . . . . . . . .OOOO92
    Hematite, Fez03,m-ineral. . .35-.7 MnOl, synthetic .... ...... 6
    Iron. metallic. meteoric . . . 2.4-3.2X6-'? W20s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,00045
    Rock salt, pure .... . . .. .. 10"-lo' wo, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2x106
    impure ....... 10'

    * F o r reference, see footnote 45, p. 136.

    T A B L E 403.-ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY O F ROCKS A N D SOILS *

    Resistivity Resistivity
    Igneous rocks ohm-cm Sedimentary rocks ohm-cm
    Granite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107-1 09 Limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10'
    Lava flow (basic) . . . . . . . . . . . 108-10' Limestone, Cambrian . . . . . . . 104-106
    Lava, fresh . .... . ... . ..... .. 3 x 106-10' Sandstone, eastern . . . . . . . . . . 3 X 10x-10
    '
    Quartz vein, massive . . . . . . . . >I00 Sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    .
    Limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    1O6
    106
    Resistivity
    Metamorphic rocks ohm-cm Resistivity
    Marble, white ... ........... 1O'O Unconsolidated materials ohm-cm
    Marble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4x10' Clay, blue . ... ... .......... 2x10'
    Marble, yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . loio Clayey earth . .............. 10'-4X 10'
    Schist, mica . ... ... ... . . ... . 107 Clay, fire ... . .... .... ... . .. 2x105
    Shale, Nonesuch . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Gravel . , . . . . .. . . .. . , ,. , . ..
    Sand, dry . ... .... ... .......
    1O6
    Shale, bed .............. ... 106 1O6-l0'
    Sand, moist ... ............. 105-100
    *For reference, see footnote 4 5 , p. 136.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    396
    T A B L E 404.-RESISTIVITY OF SOILS A N D SEA W A T E R M E A S U R E D W I T H
    HIGH-FREQUENCY ALTERNATING CURRENT *
    Frequency Resistivity Frequency Resistivity
    Material kilocvcles/sec ohm/cm Material kilocycles/sec ohm/cm
    Soil, very dry .. 1 to 10,000 10' Clay, dry ....... 37,000 60,000
    Topsoil, dry .... 37,000 7,000 Chalk
    (moisture, 24%) 100 33,000
    1.200 22.000
    10:660 141000
    Loam, dark Sea water 100 21
    (moisture, 60%) 100 2,600 1,200 21
    1,200 2,300 10,000 16.5
    10,Ooo 1,500

    For reference, see footnote 45, p. 136.

    T A B L E 405.-ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF NATURAL WATERS *


    Resistivity Resistivity
    Material ohm-cm Material ohm-cm
    Very fresh distilled waters ...... 2x10' Potable ground waters ......... 108-106
    Mine waters ................... 500 Surface waters ................ 10'

    For reference. see footnote 15, p. 136.

    T A B L E 406.-RESISTIVITY OF S O M E GLASSES A T T H R E E
    TEM PE RATURES

    Log 10
    Volume resistivity
    (ohm-cm)
    /-
    Glass Principal use Density 25°C 250°C 350°C
    Potash soda lead ...... Lamp tubing 2.85 17.+ 8.9 7.0
    Soda lime ............ Lamp bulbs 2.47 12.4 6.4 5.1
    Potash soda lead ...... Lamp tubing 3.05 17.+ 10.1 8.0
    H a r d Lime ........... Cooking utensils 2.53 17.+ 11.4 9.4
    Borosilicate ........... Kovar sealing 2.28 17. 9.2 7.4
    Borosilicate ........... Low loss electrical 2.13 17.+ 11.2 9.1
    Borosilicate ........... Baking ware 2.24 15. 8.2 6.7
    Pyrex ................ General 2.23 15. 8.1 6.6
    Vycor ................ Low expansion ultra-
    violet transmission 2.18 17.+ 11.2 9.2
    Fused quartz .......... 2.20 10.48

    1" Corning Glass Co. publication, Properties of selected commercial glasses, 1949. General Electric
    Co. publication, Fused quartz, 1947.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLES 407-415.-ELECTROLYTIC CONDUCTION 397
    T A B L E 407.-CONDUCTlVITY O F ELECTROLYTIC SOLUTIONS
    I n these tables m represents the number of gram molecules to the liter of water in the
    solution for which the conductivities are tabulated. The conductivities were obtained by
    measuring the resistance of a cell filled with the solution by means of a Wheatstone bridge
    alternating current and telephone arrangement. The results are for 18"C, and relative to
    mercury at 0" C, the cell having been standardized by filling with mercury and measuring
    the resistance. They are supposed to be accurate to within one percent of the true value.
    The tabular numbers were obtained from the measurements in the following manner :
    Let Kla = conductivity of the solution at 18°C relative to mercury at 0°C.
    KWls= conductivity of the solvent water at 18°C relative to mercury a t 0°C.
    Then K1n- KmI8= /zls = conductivity of the electrolyte in the solution measured.
    _-
    kin- p = conductivity of the electrolyte in the solution per molecule, or the
    m
    "specific molecular conductivity."

    P a r t 1.-Value of k,, for a few electrolytes

    This short table illustrates the apparent law that the conductivity in very dilute solutions
    is proportional to the amount of salt dissolved.

    m KCI NaCl AgNO, KC,H,Oa K,SO, M6S04


    .OOOol 1216 1.024
    . .~ ___
    -1 nxn ._
    939 __ 1.275
    - 1 nsh
    .om02 2.434 2.056 2.146 1.886 2.532 2.104
    .00006 7.272 6.162 6.462 5.610 7.524 6.216
    .om1 12.09 10.29 10.78 9.34 12.49 10.34

    P a r t 2.-Electrochemical equivalents and normal solutions


    The following table of the electrochemical equivalent numbers and the densities OX ap-
    proximately normal solutions of the salts quoted in Table 499 may be convenient. They
    represent g per cm' of the solution at the temperature given.

    Temp. Temp.
    Salt dissolved g per 1 m " C Density Salt dissolved g per 1 m "C Density
    KCI ........ 74.59 1.o 15.2 1.0457 4KeSOA
    . . . . . ........ . 87.16 1.o 18.9 1.0658
    NHICl ...... 53.55 1.OM9 18.6 1.0152 i N a S O , .... 71109 i ,0003 18.6 1.0602
    NaCl ....... 58.50 1.o 18.4 1.0391 fLizSO4 ..... 55.09 1.0007 186 1.0445
    LiCl ........ 42.48 1.0 18.4 1.0227 fMgSO, . . . . 60.17 1.0023 186 1.0573
    fBaC12 ...... 104.0 1.o 18.6 1.0888 fZnS04 ..... 80.58 1.o 5.3 1.0794
    fZnCL ...... 68.0 1.012 15.0 1.0592 j c u s o 4 ..... 79.9 1.001 18.2 1.0776
    K I ......... 165.9 1.o 18.6 1.1183 fKaC03 . . . . . 69.17 i.0006 18.3 1.0576
    KNOa ...... iOi.17 1.o 18.6 1.om1 +Na2C03 . . . . 53.04 1.o 17.9 1.0517
    NaNOa ..... 85.08 1.o 18.7 1.0542 K O H ....... 56.27 1.0025 18.8 1.0477
    AgN03 ..... 169.9 1.o HCI ........ 35.51 1.0041 18.6 1.0161
    3Ba(NO& .. 65.28 .5 - -- HNO, ...... 63 13 1.0014 18.6 1.0318
    KClOa ...... 6129 .5 18.3 1.0367 fHzSO, ..... 49.06 1.om 18.9 1.0300
    KCaHaOa ... 98.18 1.oO05 18.6 1.0467

    T A B L E 408.-TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS O F CONDUCTIVITY


    The temperature coefficient in general diminishes with dilution, and for very dilute solu-
    tions appears to approach a common value. The following table gives the temperature
    coefficient for solutions containing 0.01 gram molecule of the salt.

    Tem Tern Temp. Temo.


    Salt coeL Salt coeZ Salt coeff. Salt coeff.
    KCI ....... .On1 KI ........ .0219 3KzSO. .... .0223 fK?COa .... ,0249
    NH,CI ..... .0226 K N 0, ..... .0216 f N a & 0 4 ... .0240 3Na2COa ... .0265
    NaCl ...... .0238 NaN03 .... .0226 4Li1S04 . . . . ,0242 K O H ...... ,0194
    LiCl ....... HC1 ....... .OIs9
    fBaCll .....
    fZnC1. .....
    .0232
    .0234
    .0239
    AgNOa ......0221
    fBa(N0.). . .0224
    KClOa ..... .0219
    fMgSO, ...
    fZnSOI ....
    fCuS01 ....
    .0236
    .0234
    .0229
    $&, . ::
    :+H,SO, ::;$
    3MgCIa .... .0241 KCzHtOi ... .0229 - -- f o r m = .001{ '0159
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    398
    TABLE 409.-SPECIFIC MOLECULAR CONDUCTIVITY O F SOLUTIONS
    Mercury = 108/(ohm-cm)

    Salt dissolved m = 10 5 3 1 .5 .1 .05 .03 .01


    &K.SO. ............. . . . . 672 736 897 959 1098
    KCl ................ . . 827 919 958 1047 1083 1107 1147
    K I ................. . 770900 %8 997 1069 1102 1123 1161
    NHiCl .............. . 752825 907 948 1035 1078 1101 1142
    KNOs .............. . . 572 752 839 983 1037 1067 1122
    4BaCI . . . . . . . . . 487 658 725 861 904 939 1006
    K c l o ; .............. . . . . 799 927 (976) 1006 1053
    fBaN200 ............ . . . . 531 755 828 (870) 951
    fCuSO. ............. . . 150 241 288 424 479 537 675
    AgNO, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 448 635 728 886 936 (966) 1017
    fZnS0, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 146 249 30? 431 500 556 685
    fMgSO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 151 270 330 474 532 587
    ... 715
    f NaSO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 559 734 784 828 966
    fZnClz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 180 280 514 601 768 817 851 915
    NaCl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 528 695 757 865 897 (920) 962
    NaNOs ............. . . 430 617 694 817 855 877 907
    KCzHSOz ............ 30 240 381
    .. 594 ~ 671 784 820 841 879
    &Na2C03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 427 510 682 751 799 899
    fHsSO4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660 1270 1560 I820 1899 2084 2343 2515 2855
    CZH. 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 2.6 5.2 12 19 43 62 79 132
    600 1420 2010 2780 301 7 3244 3330 3369 3416
    610 1470 2070 2770 2991 3225 3289 3328 3395
    148 160 170 200 250 430 540 620 790
    423 990 1314 1718 1841 1986 2045 2078 2124
    .5 2.4 3.3 8.4 12 31 43 50 92

    Salt dissolved .006 .002 .001 .0006 .0002 .0001 00006 .00002 .00001
    fKZSO4 ............. 1130 1181 1207 1220 1241 1249 1254 126t 1275
    KCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1162 1185 1193 1199 1209 1209 1212 1217 1216
    K I ................. 1176 1197 1203 1209 1214 1216 1216 1216 1207
    NHaCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1157 1180 1190 1197 1204 1209 1215 1209 1205
    KNO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1140 1173 1180 1190 1199 1207 1220 1198 1215
    fBaCI, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031 1074 1092 1102 1118 1126 1133 1144 1142
    KCIO, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1068 1091 1101 1109 1119 1122 1126 1135 1141
    4BaN.O . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982 1033 1054 1066 1084 1096 1100 1114 1114
    $CuSOl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740 873 950 987 1039 1062 1074 1084 1086
    AgNO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033 1057 1068 1069 1077 1078 1077 1073 1080
    fZnSO, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744 861 919 953 1001 1023 1032 1047 1060
    3MgSOd . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 881 935 967 1015 1034 1036 1052 1056
    $NazS04 . . . . . . . . . . . . 933 980 998 1009 1026 1034 1038 1056 1054
    tZnCI2 .............. 939 979 994 1004 1020 1029 1031 1035 1036
    NaCl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976 998 1008 1014 1018 1029 1027 1028 1024
    NaNOt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921 942
    ... 952 956 966 975 970 972 975
    KCzH. 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 913 919 923 933 934 935 943 939
    fNa2COI . . . . . . . . . . . . 956 1010 1037 1046 988 874 790 715 697*
    3H.SO. ............. 3001 3240 3316 3342 3280 31 18 2927 2077 1413*
    GH.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 283 380 470 796 995 1133 1328 1304*
    HCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3438 3455 3455 3440 3310 3170 2968 2057 1254.
    HNO, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3121 3448 3127 3408 3285 3088 2863 1904 1144*
    fHaPO, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 945 968 977 920 837 746 497 402*
    KOH ............... 2141 2140 2110 2074 1892 1689 1474 845 747*
    NH, ................ 116 190 260 330 500 610 690 700 560*
    Acids and alkaline salts show peculiar irregularities.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    399
    T A B L E 410.-LIMITING V A L U E S O F 1.1, T H E SPECIFIC MOLECULAR
    CONDUCTIVITY
    k
    This table shows limiting values of p = -.lo8 for infinite dilution for neutral salts, cal-
    m
    culated from Table 409.

    Salt B Salt B Salt lL Salt lL


    fKzSO4 ..... 1280 fBaCL ..... 1150 fMgSO4 .... 1080 ~ H z S O I.... 3700
    KCI ........ 1220 jKCl0, .... 1150 fNatSO4 .... 1060 HCI ....... 3500
    K I ......... 1220 fBaNzOe ... 1120 fZnCl2 ..... 1040 HNOJ ...... 3500
    N H L l ..... 1210 fCuSO, .... 1100 NaCl ... . . . . 1030 jHsPO, .... 1100
    K N 0 3 ...... 1210 AgNOa ..... 1090 NaNOa ..... 980 K O H ...... 2200
    - - $ZnS04 .... 1080 KzC2HaOz .. 940 fNazCOs ... 1400

    TABLE 411.-THE E Q U I V A L E N T CONDUCTIVITY O F T H E SEPARATE IONS

    Ion D'C 18' 25' 50' 75" 100' 128" 156"


    K ................... 40.4 64.6 74.5 115 159 206 263 317
    .~
    Na .................. 26 43.5 50.9 82 116 155 203 249
    NH, ................. 40.2 64.5 74.5 115 159 207 264 319
    Ag .................. 32.9 54.3 63.5 101 143 188 245 299
    4Ba ................. 33 55' 65 104 149 200 262 322
    fCa ................. 30 51' 60 98 142 191 252 312
    jLa ................. 35 61 72 119 173 235 312 388
    CI .................. 41.1 65.5 75.5 116 160 207 264 318
    NO3 ................. 40.4 61.7 70.6 104 140 178 222 263
    CzH302 .............. 20.3 34.6 40.8 67 96 130 171 211
    4.50, ................ 41 68' 79 125 177 234 303 370
    $C,O, ................ 39 63' 73 115 163 213 275 336
    jCsHsOI ............. 36 60 70 113 161 214
    aFe(CN)e ............ 58 95 111 173 244 321
    H ................... 240 314 350 465 565 644 722 777
    OH ................. 105 172 192 284 360 439 525 592

    T A B L E 412.-HYDROLYSIS O F AMMONIUM ACETATE A N D IONIZATION O F


    WATER

    Hydrogen.ion H ydrogen-ion
    Ioniza- concentration
    ..~ ~~ ~~~ Ioniza-
    . concentration
    ......................
    tion in pure water tion in pure water
    Tempera- Percentage constant Equivalents Tempera- Percentage constant Equivalents
    ture hydrolysis of water per liter ture hydrolysis of water per liter
    t loo,, K, x 101' C, x 107 t 100, K, X 101' C,x 101
    0°C .089 .30 .lOO"C 4.8 48. 6.9
    18 .45 .68 156 18.6 223. 14.9
    25 .82 .91 218 52.7 461. 21.5
    306 91.5 168. 13.0

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    400
    T A B L E 413.-THE E Q U I V A L E N T CONDUCTIVITY O F SALTS, ACIDS, AND BASES
    I N AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
    I n the following table the equivalent conductance is expressed in reciprocal ohms. The con-
    ccntration is expressed in milli-equivalents of solute per liter of solution at the temperature to
    which the conductance refers. (In the cases of potassium hydrogen sulfate and phosphoric acid
    the concentration is expressed in milli-formula-weights of solute, KHSO, or HJ'O,, per liter
    of solution, and the values are corrcspondingly the modal, or "formal," conductances.) Except
    in the cases of the strong acids the conductance of the water was substracted, and for sodium
    acetate, ammonium acetate and ammonium chloride the values have been corrected for the
    hydrolysis of the salts.
    g equivalents
    Concentration in
    1OooI .
    reciprocal ohm-cm
    Equivalent conductance in
    g equivalents per cm' *

    Equivalent conductance at the following " C temperatures


    Concen- -
    Substance tration $8. 2 5 O 50" 75" 100" 128' 156" 218" 281" 306'
    Pota;sium chloridc. .. 0 130.1 (152.1) (232.5) (321.5) 414 625 825 1005 1120
    ... 2 126.3 146.4 - - 393 588 779 930 1008
    ... 10 122.4 141.5 215.2 295.2 377 560 741 874 910
    'I
    ... 80 113.5 - - - 342 498 638 723 720
    ... 100 112.0 129.0 194.5 264.6 336 490
    Sodium chlqfide. . . . . 0 109.0 - _ - 362 555 760 970 1080
    ..... 2 105.6 - _ - 349 534 722 895 955
    'I
    ..... 'L
    10 102.0 - - - 336 511 685 820 860
    _ -
    ' .....
    "
    80 93.5 - 301 450 500 674 680
    100 92.0 - - - 296 442
    Silver nitrate. . . 0 115.8 - - - 367 570 780 965 1065
    ' ...
    I'
    2 112.2 - - - 353 539 727 877 935
    . .. . .. .. I0 108.0 - - - 337 507 673 790 818
    "
    ' .. .. .... ........
    "
    20 105.1 - - - 326 488 639
    40 101.3 - - - 312 462 599 680 680
    ... 80 96.5 - -
    - -
    - 294 432 552 614 604
    I'
    . .. . . . . .
    "
    100 94.6 - 289
    Sodium
    ' acetate.
    ' ........ ... 0 78.1 - - - 285 450 660 - 924
    2 74.5 - - - 268 421 578 - 801
    "
    ...... "
    10 71.2 - 253 396 542 - 702
    ' ...... "
    80 63.4 - 22 1 340 452
    M a g n + m sulpte. . . 0 114.1 - 426 690 1080
    ' ... 2 94.3 - 302 377 260
    ' ...
    "
    10 76.1 - 234 241 143
    ' ... 20 67.5 - 190 195 110
    ' ... 40 59.3 - 160 158 88
    "
    ' ... 80 52.0 - 136 133 75
    '
    "
    ' ... 100 49.8 - 130 126
    ... 200 43.1 - 110 109
    Ammonium chlqfide. .
    "
    ..
    0
    2
    131.1 152.0
    126.5 146.5
    (34;) (628)
    601
    (841)
    801
    - (1176)
    - 1031
    "
    .. ' 10 122.5 141.7 382 573
    _
    758
    -
    - 925
    - 828
    "
    .. 30 118.1 - -
    Ammonium acetate.. . 0 (99.8) - (523)
    "' ... ... 10 91.7
    88.2
    -
    -
    456
    25 286 426
    Barium nitrate.. . . . .. 0 116.9 - 385 600 840 1120 1300
    . . . .. . . 2 109.7 - 352 536 715 828 824
    . . .. . .. 10 101.0 - 322 481 618 658 615
    . . .. . .. 40 88.7 - 280 412 507 503 448
    . . . . . .. 80 81.6 - 258 372 449 430
    . . . . .. . 100 79.1 - 249
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    401
    T A B L E 413.-THE E Q U I V A L E N T C O N D U C T I V I ~ T YO F SALTS, ACIDS, A N D BASES
    IN A Q U E O U S S O L U T I O N S (concluded)
    Equivalent conductance at the following "C temperatures
    Concen- h \
    Substance tration (8' 25" 50" 75" 100' 128' 156' 218' 281" 306'
    Potassium sulfate.. .. 0 132.8 - 455
    -
    .... L. 124.8 - 402 605 806 893 867
    "
    ....
    ....
    10
    40
    115.7
    104.2
    -
    -
    365
    320
    -
    -
    537
    455
    672
    545
    687
    519
    637
    466
    .... 80 97.2 - 294 - 415 482 448 396
    .... 100 95.0 - 286
    Hydrochloric acid. ... 0 379.0 - 850 - 1085 1265 1380 1424
    ' ....
    "
    2 373.6 - 826 - 1048 1217 1332 1337
    .... 10 368.1 - 807 - 1016 1168 1226 1162
    ' .... 80 353.0 - 762 - 946 1044 1046 862
    .... 100 350.6 - 754 - 929 1006
    Nitric acid.. ........ 0 377.0 421.0 570 706 826 945 1047 (1230) - (1380
    .......... 2 371.2 413.7 559 690 806 919 1012 1166 - 1156
    ..........
    " 10 365.0 406.0 548 676 786 893 978
    .......... 50 353.7 393.3 528 649 750 845 917
    .......... 100 346.4 385.0 516 632 728 817 880 - - 454*
    Sulfyric add. ........ 0 383.0 (429) (591) (746) 891 (1041) 1176 1505 - (20;)
    ......... 2 353.9 390.8 501 561 571 551 536 563 -
    ......... 10 309.0 337.0 406 435 446 460 481 533
    ......... 50 253.5 273.0 323 356 384 417 448 502
    ......... 100 233.3 251.2 300 336 369 404 435 483 - 474*
    Postassium hydrogen 2 455.3 506.0 661.O 754 784 773 754
    sulfate .......... 50 295.5 318.3 374.4 403 422 446 477
    100 263.7 283.1 329.1 354 375 402 435
    PhosEhoric ac,id.. .... 0 338.3 376 510 631 730 839 930
    ' ...... 2 283.1 311.9 401 464 498 508 489
    ...... 10 203.0 222.0 273 300 308 298 274
    ...... 50 122.7 132.6 157.8 168.6 168 158 142
    ...... 100 96.5 104.0 122.7
    -
    129.9
    -
    128 120 108
    A g t i c acid.. ........ 0 (347.0) - (773) - (980)(1165) - (1268)
    .......... 10 14.50 - - - 25.1 - 22.2 14.7
    .......... 30 8.50 - -
    -
    -
    -
    14.7 - 13.0 8.65
    .......... 80 5.22 - 9.05 - 8.00 5.34
    .......... 100 4.67 - - - 8.10 - - 4.82 - 1.57
    SocIjum hydroxide. .. 0 216.5 - - - 594 - 835 1060
    ... 2 212.1 - - - 582 -
    -
    814
    ' ... ' 20 205.8 - - - 559 771 930
    ...
    Barium hydrexide. ...
    50
    0
    200.6
    222 256
    - - - 540 -
    645 (760)
    738 873
    847
    389 (520)
    .... 2 215 - 359 4 591
    .... 10 207 235 342 449 548 664 722
    ' .... 50 191.1 215.1 308 399 478 549 593
    'I
    .... 100
    0
    180.1 204.2 291 373 443 503 531
    (!%8)(1141) - (1406)
    (238) (271) (404) (526) (647) (764)
    Ammonium 10 9.66 - - - 23.2 - 22.3 15.6
    hydroxide ....... 30 5.66 - - - 13.6 - 13.0
    100 3.10 3.62 5.35 6.70 7.47 - 7.17 4.82 - 1.33
    .These values are at the concentration 80.0.

    SWITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    402
    T A B L E 414.-THE E Q U I V A L E N T C O N D U C T I V I T Y O F SOME A D D I T I O N A L
    S A L T S I N AQUEOUS S O L U T I O N

    Equivalent conductance at the following " C temperature


    Concen.
    Substance tration 0" 18' 25' 50" 75" 100" 128" 156"
    Potassium nitrate.. . . . .. 0 80.8 126.3 145.1 219 299 384 485 580
    I'
    ... . . . . 2 78.6 122.5 140.7 212.7 289.9 370.3 460.7 551
    . . .. . ..
    "
    12.5 75.3 117.2 134.9 202.9 276.4 351.5 435.4 520.4
    "
    . . .. . . . 50 70.7 109.7 126.3 189.5 257.4 326.1 402.9 476.1
    . ... ...
    '1
    100 67.2 104.5 120.3 180.2 244.1 308.5 379.5 447.3
    Potassium ox?late. . . . . . 0 79.4 127.6 147.5 230 322 419 538 653
    ...... 2 74.9 119.9 139.2 215.9 300.2 389.3 489.1 587
    I' '1
    ...... 12.5 6913 iii:i i29.2 199.1 275.1 354.1 438.8 524.3
    "
    ...... 50 63 101 116.5 178.6 244.9 312.2 383.8 449.5
    "
    ...... 100 59.3 94.6 109.5 167 227.5 288.9 353.2 409.7
    I'
    ...... 200 55.8 88.4 102.3 155 210.9 265.1 321.9 372.1
    Calcium nitKate . . .. . . .. 0 70.4 112.7 130.6 202 282 369 474 575
    . . . . . . .. 2 66.5 107.1 123.7 191.9 266.7 346.5 438.4 529.8
    "
    .. . . . .. . 12.5 61.6 98.6 114.5 176.2 244 314.6 394.5 473.7
    50 55.6 88.6 102.6 157.2 216.2 276.8 343 405.1
    "
    ..... 100 51.9 82.6 95.8 146.1 199.9 255.5 315.1 369.1
    .. .. . .. . 200 48.3 76.7 88.8 135.4 184.7 234.4 288 334.7
    Potassium ferrotyanide . 0 98.4 159.6 185.5
    -- 171.1
    288 403 527
    .5 916
    "
    2 84:s 137 158.9 243.8 335.2 427.6
    12.5 71 113.4 131.6 200.3 271 340
    ' 50 58.2 93.7 108.6 163.3 219.5 272.4
    '1
    100 53 84.9 98.4 148.1 198.1 245
    200 48.8 77.8 90.1 135.7 180.6 222.3
    ' 400 45.4 72.1 83.3 124.8 165.7 203.1
    Barium ferro;yanide. . .. 0 91 150 176 277 393 521
    ....
    ' 2 46.9 75 86.2 127.5 166.2 202.3
    .... 12.5 30.4 48.8 56.5 83.1 107 129.8
    CaI2ium ferroranide . . . 0 88 146 171 271 386 512
    ... 2 47.1 75.5 86.2 130
    ' ...
    "
    12.5 31.2 49.9 57.4
    ... 50 24.1 38.5 44.4 64.6 81.9
    "
    '
    ' ...
    ... 100
    200
    21.9
    20.6
    35.1 40.2
    32.9 37.8
    58.4 73.7 84.1
    55 68.7 77.5
    ' ' ... 400 20.2 32.2 37.1 54 67.5 76.2
    Potassium cit;$te . .... . 0 76.4 124.6 144.5 228 320 420
    ...... 0.5 __ 120.1 139.4
    ' ...... 2 71 115.4 134.5 210.1 293.8 381.2
    ...... 5 67.6 109.9 128.2 198.7 276.5 357.2
    "
    ...... 12.5 62.9 i o i . 8 ii8.7 183.6 254.2 326
    "
    ...... 50 54.4 87.8 102.1 157.5 215.5 273
    "
    ...... 100 50.2 80.8 93.9 143.7 196.5 247.5
    "
    ...... 300 43.5 69.8 81 123.5 167 209.5
    Lant,lynum nitrate ...... 0 75.4 122.7 142.6 223 313 413 534 651
    ...... 2 68.9 110.8 128.9 200.5 279.8 363.5 457.5 549
    'i
    ...... 12.5 61.4 98.5 114.4 176.7 243.4 311.2 383.4 447.8
    "
    ...... 50 54 86.1 99.7 152.5 207.6 261.4 315.8 357.7
    ...... 100 49.9 79.4 91.8 139.5 189.1 236.7 282.5 316.3
    " "
    ...... 200 46 72.1 83.5 126.4 170.2 210.8 249.6 276.2

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 415.-ELECTROCHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS 403
    Every gram-atom involved in an electrolytic change requires the same number of
    coulombs. or ampere-hours of electricity. per unit change of valency . This constant is
    96487.7 coulomb/g.atom. or 26.801 ampere-hours per g-atom hour. corresponding to an
    electrochemical equivalent of silver of 0.0011810 g sec.’amp.‘. It is to be noted that
    the change of valence of the element from its state before to that after the electrolytic
    action should be considered. T h e valence of a free. uncombined element is to be considered
    as 0. The same current will electrolyze “chemically equivalent” quantities per unit time.
    The valence is then included in the “chemically equivalent” quantity .

    Change of Mg per Coulombs G per


    Element valency coulomb per me amp hour
    Al .................... 3 .09317 10.733 .3354
    CI .................... 1 3749 2.7212 1.3230
    ...................... 3 .12250 8.1633 .4410
    ...................... 5 .07350 13.605 .2646
    ....................... 7 .05250 19.048 .1890
    c u .................... 1 .6585 1.5186 2.3706
    ...................... 2 .3293 3.0367 1.1855
    Au .................... 1 2.044 .4892 7.358
    ...................... 3 .6813 1.468 2.453
    H ..................... 1 .0104472 95.719 .0376099
    P b .................... 1 2.1476 .46564 7.7314
    ...................... 2 1.07379 .93128 3.8656
    “ .................... 4 .53690 1.8625 1.9328
    Hg .................... 1 2.0792 .48095 7.4851
    ...................... 2 1.0396 .961908 3.7426
    Ni .................... 1 60828 1.6440 2.1898
    ‘( .................... 2 .3041 3.2884 1.0948
    “ .................... 3 .20276 4.9319 .7299
    0 ..................... 2 .082914 12.0607 .298490
    ....................... 4 .041457 24.1214 .14945
    Pt .................... 2 1.01171 .98843 3.6422
    ...................... 4 SO585 1.97687 1.82107
    “ .................... 6 .33724 2.9652 1.2140
    K ..................... 1 A052 2.4679 1.4587
    Ag .................... 1 1.11810 .894374 4.02516
    N a .................... 1 .23835 4.1955 35806
    Sn .................... 2 .61512 1.6257 2.2144
    ...................... 4 .30756 3.2514 1.1072
    Zn .................... 2 .33881 2.9515 1.21972

    The electrochemical equivalent for silver is 0.00111810 g sec-’ amp-’. For other elements
    the electrochemical equivalent = (atomic weight divided by change of valency) and this
    divided by 96487.7 coulomb/g-atom .

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    404 TABLES 416-42S.-ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL
    CHARACTERISTICS OF WIRE
    T A B L E 416.--INTRODUCTION T O W I R E T A B L E S ; MASS A N D V O L U M E
    R E S I S T I V I T Y OF COP P E R A N D A L U M I N U M

    The following wire tables are abridged from those prepared by the Bureau of Standards
    at the request and with the cooperation of the Standards Committee of the American
    Institute of Electrical Engineers. The standard of copper resistance used is "The Inter-
    national Annealed Copper Standard" as adopted Scptember 5, 1913, by the International
    Electrotechnical Commission and represents the average commercial high-conductivity
    copper for the purpose of electric conductors. This standard corresponds to a conductivity
    of 58X10-6emu, and a density of 8.89, at 20°C. In the various units of mass resistivity and
    volume resistivity this may be stated as
    0.15328 ohm (m, g ) a t 20°C
    875.20 ohms (mi, Ib) at 20°C
    1.7241 microhm-cm at 20°C
    0.67879 microhm-in. a t 20°C
    10.371 ohms (mil, ft) at 20°C
    The temperature coefficient for this particular resistivity is aZo= 0.00393, or cro = 0.00427.
    The temperature coefficient of copper is proportional to the conductivity, so that where the
    conductivity is known the temperature coefficient may be calculated, and vice versa. Thus
    the next table shows the temperature coefficients of copper having various percentages of
    the standard conductivity. A consequence of this relation is that the change of resistivity
    per degree is constant, independent of the sample of copper and independent of the tem-
    perature of reference. This resistivity-temperature constant, for volume resistivity and
    Centigrade degrees, is 0.00681 microhm-cm, and for mass resistiyity is 0.000597 ohm (m, g).
    The density of 8.89 g per cm3 at 2O"C, is equivalent to 0.32117 Ib per in?
    The values in the following tables are for annealed copper of standard resistivity. The
    user of the tables must apply the proper correction for copper of other resistivity. Hard-
    drawn copper may be taken as about 2.7 percent higher resistivity than annealed copper.
    The following is a fair average of the chemical content of commercial high conductivity
    copper :
    Copper ........ 99.91%
    Silver ......... .03
    Oxygen ........ .052 Nickel . . . . . . . . . trace
    Arsenic ........ .002 Lead ..........
    Antimony ...... .002 Zinc ...........
    The following values are consistent with the data above :
    Conductivity a t O"C, in emu.. ...... ......... 62.969 x 10"
    Resistivity at O"C, in microhm-cm . . ......... 1.5881
    Density at 0°C .................... 8.90
    Coefficient of linear expansion per degree C .000017
    "Constant mass" temperature coefficient
    of resistance at 0°C ............................ .00427
    The aluminum tables are based on a figure for the conductivity published by the National
    Bureau of Standards, which is the result of many thousands of determinations by the
    Aluminum Co. of America. A volume resistivity of 2.828 microhm-cm and a density of
    2.70 may be considered to be good average values for commercial hard-drawn aluminum.
    These values give :
    Conductivity at 0°C in emu.. ..................... 38.36 X lo-'
    MZIS resistivity, if oh'ys (m, g ) a t 20°C ........... .0764
    (mi, lb) at 20°C.. ........ 436.
    Mass percent conductivity relative to copper . 200.7%
    Volume resistivity, in microhm-cm at 20°C . 2.828
    " in microhm-in. at 20°C ........ 1.113
    Volume percent conductivity relative to copper.. .... 61.0%
    Density, in g/cm* ............................... 2.70
    Density, in Ib/in? ............................... .0975
    The average chemical content of commercial aluminum wire is
    Aluminum ..................................... 99.57%
    Silicon .......................................... .29
    Iron ........................................... .14

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 417.-TABULAR COMPARISON O F W I R E GAGES 405
    Birming-
    American American Stubs,’ (British) ham wire
    wire gage wire gage Steel wire Steel wire steel wire standard gage
    Gage
    No.
    (B.P
    mils
    5.) (B. &
    mm
    S.) gage t
    mils
    gage t
    mm
    gage
    mils
    wire gage
    mils
    (Stubs’)
    mils
    Gage
    No.
    7-0 490.0 12.4 500. 7-0
    64 461.5 11.7 464. 6-0
    5-0 430.5 10.9 432. 5-0
    4-0 460. 11.7 393.8 10.0 400. 454. 40
    3-0 410. 10.4 362.5 9.2 372. 425. 3-0
    2-0 365. 9.3 331.0 8.4 348. 380. 2-0
    0 325. 8.3 306.5 7.8 324. 340. 0
    1 289. 7.3 283.0 7.2 227. 300. 300. 1
    2 258. 6.5 262.5 6.7 219. 276. 284. 2
    3 229. 5.8 243.7 6.2 212. 252. 259. 3
    4 204. 5.2 225.3 5.7 207. 232. 238. 4
    5 182. 4.6 207.0 5.3 204. 212. 220. 5
    6 162. 4.1 192.0 4.9 201. 192. 203. 6
    7 144. 3.7 177.0 4.5 199. 176. 180. 7
    8 128. 3.3 162.0 4.1 197. 160. 165. 8
    9 114. 2.91 148.3 3.77 194. 144. 148. 9
    10 102. 2.59 135.0 3.43 191. 128. 134. 10
    11 91. 2.30 120.5 3.06 188. 116. 120. 11
    12 81. 2.05 105.5 2 68 185. 104. 109. 12
    13 72. 1.83 91.5 2.32 182. 92. 95. 13
    14 64. 1.63 80.0 2.03 180. 80. 83. 14
    15 57. 1.45 72.0 1.83 178. 72. 72. 15
    16 51. 1.29 62.5 1.59 175. 64. 65. 16
    17 45. 1.15 54.0 1.37 172. 56. 58. 17
    18 40. 1.02 47.5 1.21 168. 48. 49. 18
    19 36. .91 41.0 1.04 164. 40. 42. 19
    20 32. .81 34.8 .88 161. 36. 35. 20
    21 28.5 .72 31.7 .81 157. 32. 32. 21
    22 25.3 .62 28.6 .73 155. 28. 28. n
    23 22.6 .57 25.8 .66 153. 24. 25. 23
    24 20.1 .51 23.0 .58 151. 22. 22. 24
    25 17.9 .45 20.4 .52 148. 20. 20. 25
    26 15.9 .40 18.1 .46 146. 18. 18. 26
    27 14.2 .36 17.3 .439 143. 16.4 16. 27
    28 12.6 .32 16.2 .411 139. 14.8 14. 28
    29 11.3 .29 15.0 .381 134. 13.6 13. 29
    30 10.0 .25 14.0 .356 127. 12.4 12. 30
    31 8.9 .227 13.2 .335 120. 11.6 10. 31
    32 8.0 .202 12.8 .325 115. 10.8 9. 32
    33 7.1 .180 11.8 ,300 112. 10.0 8. 33
    34 6.3 ,160 10.4 .264 110. 9.2 7. 34
    35 5.6 .143 9.5 241 108. 8.4 5. 35
    36 5.0 .127 9.0 .229 106. 7.6 4. 36
    37 4.5 .113 8.5 .216 103. 6.8 37
    38 4.0 .lo1 8.0 .203 101. 6.0 38
    * T h e American wire gage sizes have been rounded off to the usual limits of commercial accuracy.
    They are given to four significant figures in Tables 420 to 423. They can be calculated with any
    desired accuracy, being based upon a simple mathematical law. The diameter of No. 0000 is defined as
    0.4600 inch and of No. 36 as 0.0050 inch. The ratio of anv diameter to the diameter of the hext

    that has been known by the various names: “Washburn and


    Moen ” “Roebling ” “American Steel and Wire Co.’s.” Its abbreviation should be written “Stl. W. G.”
    to disiinguish it from “S. W. G.,” the usual abbreviation for the (British) Standard Wire Gage.
    (continued)

    SMITHMNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    406
    T A B L E 417.-TABULAR COMPARISON OF W I R E GAGES (concluded)
    Birming-
    American American Stubs’ (British) ham wire
    Gage
    NO.
    ware gage
    (B.,& $.)
    mils
    wire gage
    (B. &
    mm
    S.)
    Steel wire
    gage t
    mils
    Steel wire steel wire
    gage t
    mm
    gage
    mils
    standard
    wire, age
    mit
    (mils
    ~ Ts’)
    Gage
    NO.

    39 3.5 .090 7.5 .I91 99. 5.2 39


    40 3.1 .080 7.0 .178 97. 4.8 40
    41 6.6 .I68 95. 4.4 41
    42 6.2 .I57 92. 4.0 42
    43 6.0 .I52 88. 3.6 43
    44 5.8 .147 85. 3.2 44
    45 5.5 .140 81. 2.8 45
    46 5.2 .132 79. 2.4 46
    47 5.0 .127 77. 2.0 47
    48 4.8 .I22 75. 1.6 48
    49 4.6 .117 72. 1.2 49
    50 4.4 .I12 69. 1.o 50

    T A B L E 418.-TEMPERATURE C O E F F I C I E N T S O F COPPER F O R D I F F E R E N T
    I N I T I A L TEMPERATURES (CENTIGRADE) A N D DIFFERENT
    CONDUCTIVITIES

    Ohms
    (m, g ) Percent
    at 20°C conductivity a. Qi6 am Qm am QW

    .I61 34 95% .004 03 .003 80 .003 73 .003 67 ,003 60 .003 36


    .I59 66 96% .004 08 .003 85 .003 77 .003 70 .003 64 .003 39
    .I58 02 97% .004 13 ,003 89 .003 81 .003 74 .003 67 .003 42
    .157 53 97.3% .004 14 .003 90 .003 82 .003 75 .GO3 68 .003 43
    .156 40 98% .004 17 .003 93 .003 85 .003 78 .003 71 .003 45
    .I54 82 99% .004 22 .003 97 .003 89 .003 82 .003 74 .003 48
    .153 28 100% .044 27 .004 01 .003 93 .003 85 .003 78 .003 52
    .151 76 101% .004 31 .004 05 .003 97 .003 89 .003 82 .003 55

    NoTE.-The fundamental relation between resistance and temperature is the following :


    +
    Rr = R tl(l atl[t - t i ] ) ,
    where at1 is the “temperature coefficient,” and tl is the “initial temperature” or “tempera-
    ture of reference.”
    The values of a in the above table exhibit the fact that the temperature coefficient of
    copper is proportional to the conductivity. The table was calculated by means of the
    following formula, which holds dor any percent conductivity, n, within commercial ranges,
    and for centigrade temperatures. (n is considered to be expressed decimally: e.g., if
    percent conductivity = 99 percent, n .=0.99.)
    1
    at1 = 1
    1t(0.00393) 4- (‘l- ‘O)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 419.-REDUCTION OF OBSERVATIONS T O STANDARD 407
    T E M P E R A T U R E (Copper)

    Factors to reduce
    resistance to 20°C
    A

    Corrections to reduce resistivity to 20°C For96 For98 For 100


    Temper- percent percent percent Temper-
    atye, Microhm- Ohm Microhm- conduc- conduc- conduc. ature,
    C Ohm (m,9) cm (mi, Ib) in. tivity tivity tivity "C
    0 +.011 94 +.I361 + 68.20 +.053 58 1.0816 1.0834 1.0853 0
    5 +.008 96 +.lo21 + 51.15 +.040 18 1.06oO 1.0613 1.0626 5
    10 +.005 97 +.0681 + 34.10 +.026 79 1.0392 1.0401 1.0409 10
    11 +.005 37 +.0612 + 30.69 +.024 11 1.0352 1.0359 1.0367 11
    12 +.004 78 +.0544 + 27.28 +.021 43 1.0311 1.0318 1.0325 12
    13 +.004 18 +.0476 + 23.87 +.018 75 1.0271 1.0277 1.0283 13
    14 +.003 58 +.0408 + 20.46 +.016 07 1.0232 1.0237 1.0242 14
    15 +.002 99 +.0340 + 17.05 +.013 40 1.0192 1.0196 1.0200 15
    16 +.002 39 +.0272 + 13.64 +.010 72 1.0153 1.0156 1.0160 16
    17 +.001 79 +.0204 + 10.23 +.008 04 1.0114 1.0117 1.0119 17
    18 +.001 19 +.0136 + 6.82 +.005 36 1.0076 1.0078 1.0079 18
    19 +.000 60 +.0068 + 3.41 +.002 68 1.0038 1.0039 1.0039 , 19
    20 0 0 0 0 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 20
    21 -.COO 60 --.OM8 - 3.41 -.002 68 .9962 9962 ,9961 21
    22 -.001 19 -.0136 - 6.82 -.005 36 ,9925 .9924 .9922 22
    23 --.001 79 --.0204 - 10.23 -.008 04 .~~.9886
    .9888 .. ~ .9883
    . . ._. 23
    ~.
    24 -.002 39 -.0272 - 13.64 -.010 72 .9851 ,9848 .9845 24
    25 -.002 99 -.0340 - 17.05 -.013 40 .9815 .9811 .9807 25
    26 -.003 58 -.0408 - 20.46 --.016 07 .9779 ,9774 ,9770 26
    27 -.W 18 -.0476 - 23.87 -.018 75 .9743 .9737 .9732 27
    28 -.004 78 -.0544 - 27.28 --.021 43 ,9707 .9701 .9695 28
    29 -.m5 37 -MI2 - 30.69 -.024 11 .9672 .%65 .9658 29
    30 -.005 97 -.0681 - 34.10 -.026 79 ,9636 .9629 ,9622 30
    35 -.008 96 -.I021 - 51.15 --.040 18 .9464 .9454 .9443 35
    40
    .- -.011 94 -.I361 - 68.20 -.053 58 ,9298 .9285 .9271 40
    45 -.014 93 -.1701 - 85.25 -.066 98 .9138 .9122 .9105 45
    50 -.017 92 -.2042 -102.30 -.080 37 ,8983 .8964 ,8945 50
    55 --.020 90 -.2382 -119.35 -.093 76 ,8833 .8812 .8791 55
    60 -.023 89 -.2722 -136.40 --.lo7 16 3689 3665 .8642 60
    65 -.026 87 -.3062 -153.45 -.la 56 A549 .8523 3497 65
    70 -.029 86 -.3403 -170.50 -.133 95 ,8413 .8385 .8358 70
    75 -.032 85 -.3743 -187.55 -.I47 34 A281 .8252 .8223 75

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    408 TABLE 420.-WIRE TABLE, STANDARD ANNEALED COPPER
    American wire gage (B. dr 5 . )

    Ohms per 1000 ft


    Diameter Cross section at 20°C
    Gage in mils. 0°C 20°C 50°C 75°C
    No. at 2o0C Circular mils in.' (=32'F) (~68°F) (= 122'F) (= 167°F)
    oooo 460.0 211 600. .1662 .045 16 .049 01 .054 79 .059 61
    000 409.6 167 800. .I318 M 6 95 .06180 .069 09 .075 16
    00 364.8 133 100. .lo45 .07181 .077 93 .087 12 .094 78
    0 324.9 105 500. .082 89 .090 55 .098 27 .I099 .1195
    1 289.3 83 690. .065 73 .I142 .I239 ,1385 .1507
    2 257.6 66 370. .052 13 .I440 .I563 .I747 .1900
    3 229.4 52 640. .04134 .I816 .I970 .2203 .2396
    4 204.3 41 740. .032 78 .2289 .2485 .2778 ,3022
    5 181.9 33 100. .026 00 .2887 .3133 .3502 .3810
    6 162.0 26 250. .020 62 .3640 .3951 .4416 .4805
    7 144.3 20 820. .016 35 .4590 .4982 S569 .6059
    8 128.5 16 510. .012 97 .5788 .6282 .7023 ,7640
    9 114.4 13 090. .010 28 .7299 .7921 .8855 .%33
    10 101.9 10 380. .008 155 .9203 .9989 1.117 1.215
    11 90.74 8234. .006 467 1.161 1.260 1.408 1.532
    12 80.81 6530. .005 129 1.463 1.588 1.775 1.931
    13 71.96 5178. .004 067 1.845 2.003 2.239 2.436
    14 64.08 4107. .003 225 2.327 2.525 2.823 3.071
    15 57.07 3257. .002 558 2.934 3.184 3.560 3.873
    16 50.82 2583. .002 028 3.700 4.016 4.489 4.884
    17 45.26 2048. .001609 4.666 5.064 5.660 6.158
    18 40.30 1624. .001276 5.883 6.385 7.138 7.765
    19 35.89 1288. .001012 7.418 8.051 9.001 9.702
    20 31.96 1022. .OOO 802 3 9.355 10.15 11.35 12.35
    21 28.45 810.1 .000 636 3 11.80 12.80 14.31 15.57
    22 25.35 642.4 ,000 504 6 14.87 16.14 18.05 19.63
    23 22.57 509.5 .000 400 2 18.76 20.36 22.76 24.76
    24 20.10 404.0 .000 317 3 23.65 25.67 28.70 31.22
    25 17.90 320.4 .000251 7 29.82 32.37 36.18 39.36
    26 15.94 254.1 .OOO 199 6 37.61 40.81 45.63 49.64
    27 14.20 201.5 .000 158 3 47.42 51.47 57.53 62.59
    28 12.64 159.8 .ooO 125 5 59.80 64.90 72.55 78.93
    29 11.26 126.7 .000 099 53 75.40 81.83 91.48 99.52
    30 10.03 100.5 .000 078 94 95.08 103.2 115.4 125.5
    31 8.928 79.70 ,000 062 60 119.9 130.1 145.5 158.2
    32 7.950 63.21 .OOO 049 64 151.2 164.1 183.4 199.5
    33 7.080 50.13 .OOO 039 37 190.6 206.9 231.3 251.6
    34 6.305 39.75 .OOO 031 22 240.4 260.9 291.7 317.3
    35 5.615 31.52 .OOO 024 76 303.1 329.0 367.8 400.1
    36 5.000 25.00 .OOO 019 64 382.2 414.8 463.7 504.5
    37 4.453 19.83 ,000 015 57 482.0 523.1 584.8 636.2
    38 3.965 15.72 .ooo 012 35 607.8 659.6 737.4 802.2
    39 3.531 12.47 ,000 009 793 766.4 831.8 929.8 1012.
    40 3.145 9.888' .,000 007 766 966.5 1049. 1173. 1276.
    (continued)

    S U ~ u I N l A NPHYSICAL TABLES
    409
    T A B L E 420.-WIRE T A B L E , S T A N D A R D A N N E A L E D C O P P E R (continued)
    American wire gage (B. & S.)
    ft/ohm
    Diameter
    Gage in mils. 0°C 20°C 50°C 75°C
    No. at 20°C lb/(1000ft) ft/lb (= 32°F) (= 68°F) (= 122'F) (= 167'F)
    0000 460.0 640.5 1.561 22 140. 20 400. 18 250. 16 780.
    000 409.6 507.9 1.968 17 560. 16 180. 14 470. 13 300.
    00 364.8 402.8 2.482 13 930. 12 830. 11480. 10 550.
    0 324.9 319.5 3.130 11 040. 10 180. 9103. 8367.
    1 289.3 253.3 3.947 8758. 8070. 7219. 6636.
    2 257.6 200.9 4.977 6946. 6400. 5725. 5262.
    3 229.4 159.3 6.276 5508. 5075. 4540. 4173.
    4 204.3 126.4 7.914 4368. 4025. 3600. 3309.
    5 181.9 100.2 9.980 3464. 3192. 2855. 2625.
    6 162.0 79.46 12.58 2747. 2531. 2264. 2081.
    7 144.3 63.02 15.87 2179. 2007. 17%. 1651.
    8 128.5 49.98 20.01 1728. 1592. 1424. 1309.
    9 114.4 39.63 25.23 1370. 1262. 1129. 1038.
    10 101.9 31.43 31.82 1087. 1001. 895.6 823.2
    11 90.74 24.92 40.12 861.7 794.0 710.2 652.8
    12 80.81 19.77 50.59 683.3 629.6 563.2 517.7
    13 71.96 15.68 63.80 541.9 499.3 446.7 410.6
    14 64.08 12.43 80.44 429.8 396.0 354.2 325.6
    15 57.07 9.858 101.4 340.8 314.0 280.9 258.2
    16 50.82 7.818 127.9 270.3 249.0 222.8 204.8
    17 45.26 6.200 161.3 214.3 197.5 176.7 162.4
    18 40.30 4.91 7 203.4 170.0 156.6 140.1 128.8
    19 35.89 3.899 256.5 134.8 124.2 111.1 102.1
    20 31.96 3.092 323.4 106.9 98.50 88.1 1 80.99
    21 28.46 2.452 407.8 84.78 78.1 1 69.87 64.23
    22 25.35 1.945 514.2 67.23 6 1.95 55.41 50.94
    23 22.57 1.542 648.4 53.32 49.13 43.94 40.39
    24 20.10 1.223 817.7 42.28 38.96 34.85 32.03
    25 17.90 .9699 1031. 33.53 30.90 27.64 25.40
    26 15.94 .7692 1300. 26.59 24.50 21.92 20.15
    27 14.20 .6100 1639. 21.09 19.43 17.38 15.98
    28 12.64 .4837 2067. 16.72 15.41 13.78 12.67
    29 11.26 .3836 2607. 13.26 12.22 10.93 10.05
    30 10.03 ,3042 3287. 10.52 9.691 8.669 7.968
    31 8.928 .2413 4145. 8.341 7.685 6.875 6.319
    32 7.950 .1913 5227. 6.614 6.095 5.452 5.011
    33 7.080 .1517 6591. 5.245 4.833 4.323 3.974
    34 6.305 ,1203 8310 4.160 3.833 3.429 3.152
    35 5.615 .095 42 10 480. 3.299 3.040 2.719 2.499
    36 5.000 .075 68 13 210. 2.616 2.411 2.156 1.982
    37 4.453 .OGO 01 16 660. 2.075 1.912 1.710 1.572
    38 3.965 .047 59 21 010. 1.645 1.516 1.356 1.247
    39 3.531 .037 74 26 500. 1.305 1.202 1.075 .9886
    40 3.145 ,029 93 33 410. 1.035 .9534 .8529 .784
    (contiwed)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    410
    T A B L E 420.-WIRE T A B L E , S T A N D A R D A N N E A L E D COPPER (concluded)
    American wire gage (B. & S.). English units
    ohm/lb Ib/ohm
    Diameter c
    Gage in mils. 0°C 20'C 50'C 20'C
    No. a t 20°C (=32'F) (= 68'F) (= 122°F) (= 68°F)
    0000 460.0 .OW 070 51 .OOO 076 52 .000 085 54 13 070.
    000 409.6 .000 1121 .OW 1217 .000 1360 8219.
    00 364.8 .OOO 1783 .OOO 1935 .OW 2163 5169.
    0 324.9 .OOO 2835 .OOO 3076 .OW 3439 3251.
    1 289.3 .OOO 4507 .000 4891 .OW 5468 2044.
    2 257.6 .OOO 7166 .000 7778 .OOO 8695 1286.
    3 229.4 .001 140 .001237 .@I1 383 808.6
    4 204.3 ,001 812 ,001 966 ,002 198 508.5
    5 181.9 ,002 881 .003 127 ,003 495 319.8
    6 162.0 ,004 581 ,004 972 ,005 558 201.1
    7 144.3 .007 284 .007 905 .008 838 126.5
    8 128.5 .01158 .012 57 .014 05 79.55
    9 114.4 ,018 42 .019 99 ,022 34 50.03
    10 101.9 .029 28 ,031 78 .035 53 3 1.47
    11 90.74 ,046 56 ,050 53 .056 49 19.79
    12 80.81 .074 04 .080 35 .089 83 12.45
    13 71.96 ,1177 .1278 ,1428 7.827
    14 64.08 .1872 .2032 ,2271 4.922
    15 57.07 ,2976 .3230 .3611 3.096
    16 50.82 ,4733 .5136 S742 1.947
    17 45.26 .7525 ,8167 .9130 1.224
    18 40.30 1.197 1.299 1.452 .7700
    19 35.89 1.903 2.065 2.308 ,4843
    20 31.96 3.025 3.283 3.670 .3046
    21 28.46 4.810 5.221 5.836 ,1915
    22 25.35 7.649 8.301 9.280 .1205
    23 22.57 12.16 13.20 14.76 .075 76
    24 20.10 19.34 20.99 23.46 .047 65
    25 17.90 30.75 33.37 37.31 .029 97
    26 15.94 48.89 53.06 59.32 .018 85
    27 14.20 77.74 84.37 94.32 .01185
    28 12.64 123.6 134.2 150.0 .007 454
    29 11.26 196.6 213.3 238.5 .004 688
    30 10.03 312.5 339.2 379.2 .002 948
    31 8.928 497.0 539.3 602.9 .001 854
    32 7.950 790.2 857.6 958.7 ,001 166
    33 7.080 1256. 1364. 1524. .000 7333
    34 6.305 1998. 2168. 2424. .ooo 4612
    35 5.615 3177. 3448. 3854. .Ooo 2901
    36 5.000 5051. 5482. 6128. ,000 1824
    37 4.453 8032. 8717. 9744. .OW 1147
    38 3.965 12 770. 13 860. 15 490. .OOO 072 15
    39 3.531 20 310. 22 040. 24 640. .OOO 045 38
    40 3.145 32 290. 35 040. 39 170. .OOO 028 54

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 421.-WIRE T A B L E , S T A N D A R D A N N E A L E D COPPER 411
    American wire gage ( 6 . & S.). Metric units

    Diameter Crqss section ohm/km


    A
    Gage in mm in mmz
    No. at 20°C at 20°C 0°C 20°C 50°C 75°C
    0000 11.68 107.2 .1482 .1608 ,1798 .1956
    000 10.40 85.03 .1868 .2028 2267 .2466
    00 9.266 67.43 .2356 .2557 .2858 .3110
    0 8.252 53.48 ,2971 ,3224 .36OA .3921
    1 7.348 42.41 .3746 ,4066 .4545 .4944
    2 6.544 33.63 .4724 ,5127 .5731 ,6235
    3 5.827 26.67 S956 .6465 .7227 .7862
    4 5.189 21.15 .75 11 .8152 .9113 .9914
    5 4.621 16.77 .9471 1.028 1.149 1.250
    6 4.115 13.30 1.194 1.296 1.449 1.576
    7 3.665 10.55 1.506 1.634 1.827 1.988
    8 3.264 8.366 1.899 2.061 2.304 2.506
    9 2.906 6.634 2.395 2.599 2.905 3.161
    10 2.588 5.261 3.020 3.277 3.663 3.985
    11 2.305 4.172 3.807 4.132 4.619 5.025
    12 2.053 3.309 4.801 5.211 5.825 6.337
    13 1.828 2.624 6.054 6.571 7.345 7.991
    14 1.628 2.081 7.634 8.285 9.262 10.08
    15 1.450 1.650 9.627 10.45 11.68 12.71
    16 1.291 1.309 12.14 13.17 14.73 16.02
    17 1.150 1.038 15.31 16.61 18.57 20.20
    18 1.024 .8231 19.30 20.95 23.42 25.48
    19 ,9116 .6527 24.34 26.42 29.53 32.12
    20 .8118. S176 30.69 33.31 37.24 40.51
    21 .7230 .4105 38.70 42.00 46.95 51.08
    22 .6438 ,3255 48.80 52.96 59.21 64.41
    23 ,5733 .2582 61.54 66.79 74.66 81.22
    24 ,5106 .2047 77.60 84.21 94.14 102.4
    25 ,4547 .1624 97.85 106.2 118.7 129.1
    26 ,4049 .1288 123.4 133.9 149.7 162.9
    27 .3606 .lo21 155.6 168.9 188.8 205.4
    28 .3211 .080 98 1%.2 212.9 238.0 258.9
    29 ,2859 .064 22 247.4 268.5 300.1 326.5
    30 .2546 .050 93 311.9 338.6 378.5 411.7
    31 ,2268 .040 39 393.4 426.9 477.2 519.2
    32 ,2019 ,032 03 496.0 538.3 601.8 654.7
    33 .1798 .025 40 625.5 678.8 758.8 825.5
    34 .I601 .020 14 788.7 856.0 956.9 1041.
    35 .I426 .015 97 394.5 1079. 1207. 1313.
    36 .1270 .012 67 1254. 1361. 1522. 1655.
    37 .1131 .010 05 1581. 1716. 1919. 2087.
    38 .lo07 .007 967 1994. 2164. 24 19. 2632.
    39 .089 69 .006 318 2514. 2729. 3051. 3319.
    40 .079 87 .005 010 3171. 3441. 3847. 4185.
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    412
    T A B L E 421.-WIRE T A B L E , S T A N D A R D A N N E A L E D COPPER (continued)
    American w i r e gage (B. & S.). M e t r i c u n i t s
    Diameter m/ohm
    Gage In mm
    No. at 20°C kdkm m/g 0°C 20'C 50°C 75°C
    OOOO 11.68 953.2 .001049 6749. 6219. 5563. 5113.
    000 10.40 755.9 .001323 5352. 4932. 4412. 4055.
    00 9.266 599.5 .001 668 4245. 3911. 3499. 3216.
    0 8.252 475.4 .002 103 3366. 3102. 2774. 2550.
    1 7.348 377.0 .002 652 2669. 2460. 2200. 2022.
    2 6.544 299.0 .003 345 2117. 1951. 1745. 1604.
    3 5.827 237.1 ,004 217 1679. 1547. 1384. 1272.
    4 5.189 188.0 .005 318 1331. 1227. 1097. 1009.
    5 4.621 149.1 .006 706 1056. 972.9 870.2 799.9
    6 4.114 118.2 ,008 457 837.3 771.5 690.1 634.4
    7 3.665 93.78 .010 66 664.0 611.8 547.3 503.1
    8 3.264 74.37 .013 45 526.6 485.2 434.0 399.0
    9 2.906 58.98 .016 96 417.6 384.8 344.2 316.4
    10 2.588 46.77 ,021 38 331.2 305.1 273.0 250.9
    11 2.305 37.09 ,026 96 262.6 242.0 216.5 199.0
    12 2.053 29.42 ,034 00 208.3 191.9 171.7 157.8
    13 1.828 23.33 ,042 87 165.2 152.2 136.1 125.1
    14 1.628 18.50 ,054 06 131.0 120.7 108.0 99.24
    15 1.450 14.67 .068 16 103.9 95.71 85.62 78.70
    16 1.291 11.63 ,085 95 82.38 75.90 67.90 62.41
    17 1.150 9.226 ,1084 65.33 60.20 53.85 49.50
    18 1.024 7.317 .1367 51.81 47.74 42.70 39.25
    19 .9116 5.803 ,1723 41.09 37.86 33.86 31.13
    20 .8118 4.602 2173 32.58 30.02 26.86 24.69
    21 .7230 3.649 ,2740 25.84 23.81 21.30 19.58
    22 ,6438 2.894 ,3455 20.49 18.88 16.89 15.53
    23 .5733 2.295 .4357 16.25 14.97 13.39 12.31
    24 S106 1.820 .5494 12.89 11.87 10.62 9.764
    25 .4547 1.443 .6928 10.22 9.417 8.424 7.743
    26 .4049 1.145 .8736 8.105 7.468 6.680 6.141
    27 .3606 .W78 1.102 6.428 5.922 5.298 4.870
    28 .3211 .7199 1.389 5.097 4.697 4.201 3.862
    29 ,2859 S709 1.752 4.042 3.725 3.332 3.063
    30 .2546 .4527 2.209 3.206 2.954 2.642 2.429
    31 .2268 .3590 2.785 2.542 2.342 2.095 1.926
    32 .2019 .2847 3.512 2.016 1.858 1.662 1.527
    33 .1798 .2258 4.429 1.599 1.473 1.318 1.211
    34 .I601 .I791 5.584 1.268 1.168 1.045 .9606
    35 .I426 .1420 7.042 1.006 .9265 ,8288 .7618
    36 .1270 ,1126 8.879 .7974 .7347 .6572 .6041
    37 .1131 .089 31 11.20 ,6324 ,5827 ,5212 ,4791
    38 .I007 ,070 83 14.12 so15 .4621 .4 133 .3799
    39 .089 69 ,056 17 17.80 .3977 ,3654 ,3278 ,3013
    40 .079 87 .044 54 22.45 .3154 .29M .2600 .2390
    ( c o n tintred)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    413
    T A B L E 421.-WIRE T A B L E , S T A N D A R D A N N E A L E D COPPER (concluded)
    American wire gage (B. & S.). Metric units
    Diameter ohm/kg
    Gage in mm
    No. at 20°C 0°C 20°C 50°C
    0000 11.68 .000 155 4 .OW 168 7 .OOO 188 6
    000 10.40 .OOO 247 2 .OOO 268 2 .OOO 299 9
    00 9.266 .om393 0 .000 426 5 .OOO 476 8
    0 8.252 .OOO 624 9 ,000 678 2 .OOO 758 2 1 474 000.
    1 7.348 .OOO 993 6 .001078 .001206 927 300.
    2 6.544 ,001 580 .001715 .001917 583 200.
    3 5.827 .002 512 ,002 726 ,003 048 366 800.
    4 5.189 ,003 995 .o04 335 .004 846 230 700.
    5 4.621 .006 352 .006 893 .007 706 145 100.
    6 4.115 ,010 10 .010 96 .012 25 91 230.
    7 3.665 ,016 06 .017 43 .019 48 57 380.
    8 3.264 ,025 53 .027 71 ,030 98 36 080.
    9 2.906 ,040 60 .044 06 ,049 26 22 690.
    10 2.588 ,064 56 ,070 07 ,07833 14 270.
    11 2.305 .lo26 .1114 ,1245 8976.
    12 2.053 ,1632 .1771 .1980 5645.
    13 1.828 .2595 .2817 .3149 3550.
    14 1.628 .4127 .4479 .so07 2233.
    15 1.450 ,6562 ,7122 .7961 1404.
    16 1.291 1.043 1.132 1.266 883.1
    17 1.150 1.659 1.801 2.013 555.4
    18 1.024 2.638 2.863 3.201 349.3
    19 ,9116 4.194 4.552 5.089 219.7
    20 .8118 6.670 7.238 8.092 138.2
    21 .7230 10.60 11.51 12.87 86.88
    22 ,6438 16.86 18.30 20.46 54.64
    23 .5733 26.81 29.10 32.53 34.36
    24 ,5106 42.63 46.27 5 1.73 21.61
    25 .4547 67.79 73.57 82.25 13.59
    26 .4049 107.8 117.0 130.8 8.548
    27 .3606 171.4 186.0 207.9 5.376
    28 .3211 272.5 295.8 330.6 3.381
    29 ,2859 433.3 470.3 525.7 2.126
    30 .2546 689.0 747.8 836.0 1.337
    31 .2268 1096. 1189. 1329. .8410
    32 .2019 1742. 1891. 2114. 5289
    33 .1798 2770. 3006. 3361. 3326
    34 .1601 4404. 4780. 5344. .2092
    35 .1426 7003. 7601. 8497. .1316
    36 .1270 11140. 12090. 13510. .082 74
    37 ,1131 17710. 19220. 21480. .052 04
    38 .lo07 28150. 30560. 34160. .032 73
    39 .089 69 44770. 48590. 54310. .020 58
    40 ,079 87 71180. 77260. 86360. .012 94

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    414 TABLE 422.-WlRE TABLE, ALUMiNUM
    Hard-drawn aluminum wire at 20°C (680F)
    American wire gage (B.& S.). English units

    Cross section
    Gage Diameter
    No. in mils Circular mils in.2
    -ohm
    1000 f t
    _Ih_
    1000 f t Ib/ohm ft/ohm
    0000 460. 212 OOO. .166 ,0804 195. 2420. 12 400.
    000 410. 168 000. .132 .lo1 154. 1520. 9860.
    00 365. 133 000. .lo5 .128 122. 957. 7820.
    0 325. 106 000. ,0829 .161 97.0 602. 6200.
    1 289. 83 700. .0657 .203 76.9 379. 4920.
    2 258. 66 400. .0521 .256 61.O 238. 3900.
    3 229. 52 600. .0413 .323 48.4 150. 3090.
    4 204. 41 700. ,0328 ,408 38.4 94.2 2450.
    5 182. 33 100. .0260 .514 30.4 59.2 1950.
    6 162. 26 300. .0206 .648 24.1 37.2 1540.
    7 144. 20 800. .0164 ,817 19.1 23.4 1220.
    8 128. 16 500. .0130 1.03 15.2 14.7 970.
    9 114. 13 100. .0103 1.30 12.0 9.26 770.
    10 102. 10 400. .008 15 1.64 9.55 5.83 610.
    11 91. 8230. .006 47 2.07 7.57 3.66 484.
    12 81. 6530. .005 13 2.61 6.00 2.30 384.
    13 72. 5180. ,004 07 3.29 4.76 1.45 304.
    14 64. 4110. ,003 23 4.14 3.78 ,911 241.
    15 57. 3260. .002 56 5.22 2.99 .573 191.
    16 51. 2580. .002 03 6.59 2.37 .360 152.
    17 45. 2050. ,001 61 8.31 1.88 .z7 120.
    18 40. 1620. .00128 10.5 1.49 .143 95.5
    19 36, 1290. .00101 13.2 1.18 .0897 75.7
    20 32. 1020. .OOO 802 16.7 ..939 .0564 60.0
    21 28.5 810. .OOO 636 21.0 .745 .0355 47.6
    22 25.3 642. .000 505 26.5 .591 .0223 37.8
    23 22.6 509. .ooo 400 33.4 .468 .0140 29.9
    24 20.1 404. .OOO 3 17 42.1 ,371 .008 82 23.7
    25 17.9 320. .OW252 53.1 .295 .005 55 18.8
    26 15.9 254. ,000 200 67.0 ,234 .003 49 14.9
    27 14.2 202. .OOO 158 84.4 .185 .002 19 11.8
    28 12.6 160. .000 126 106. .147 .00138 9.39
    29 11.3 127. .OOO 099 5 134. .117 .000 868 7.45
    30 10.0 101. .OW 078 9 169. .0924 .000 546 5.91
    31 8.9 79.7 ,000 062 6 213. .0733 .om 343 4.68
    32 8.0 63.2 .OOO 049 6 269. .0581 .000216 3.72
    33 7.1 50.1 .000 039 4 339. .0461 .000 136 2.95
    34 6.3 39.8 .OOO 031 2 428. .0365 .000 085 4 2.34
    35 5.6 31.5 ,000 024 8 540. .0290 .OW053 7 1.85
    36 5.0 25.0 .OOO 019 6 681. .0230 .OOO 033 8 1.47
    37 4.5 19.8 .OW015 6 858. .0182 .Ooo 021 2 1.17
    38 4.0 15.7 .OOO 012 3 1080. .0145 .OOO 013 4 .924
    39 3.5 12.5 .000 009 79 1360. .0115 .om 008 40 .733
    40 3.1 9.9 .ooo 007 77 1720. .OO91 .ooo 005 28 ,581

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 423.-WIRE TABLE, A L U M I N U M 415
    Hard-drawn aluminum wire at 20°C (68°F)
    American wire gage (B. & S.). Metric units

    Gage Diameter Cross section


    NO. in mm in mmp ohm/km kg/km dohm m/ohm
    0000 11.7 107. .264 289. 1100000. 3790.
    000 10.4 85.0 .333 230. 690 000. 3010.
    00 9.3 67.4 .419 182. 434 000. 2380.
    0 8.3 53.5 .529 144. 273 000. 1890.
    1 7.3 42.4 .667 114. 172 000. 1500.
    2 6.5 33.6 .841 90.8 108 000. 1190.
    3 5.8 26.7 1.06 72.0 67 900. 943.
    4 5.2 21.2 1.34 57.1 42 700. 748.
    5 4.6 16.8 1.69 45.3 26 900. 593.
    6 4.1 13.3 2.13 35.9 16 900. 470.
    7 3.7 10.5 2.68 28.5 10 600. 373.
    8 3.3 8.37 3.38 22.6 6680. 296.
    9 2.91 6.63 4.26 17.9 4200. 235.
    10 2.59 5.26 5.38 14.2 2640. 186.
    11 2.30 4.17 6.78 11.3 1660. 148.
    12 2.05 3.31 8.55 8.93 1050. 117.
    13 1.83 2.62 10.8 7.08 657. 92.8
    14 1.63 2.08 13.6 5.62 413. 73.6
    15 1.45 1.65 17.1 4.46 260. 58.4
    16 1.29 1.31 21.6 3.53 164. 46.3
    17 1.15 1.04 27.3 2.80 103. 36.7
    18 1.02 ,823 34.4 2.22 64.7 29.1
    19 .91 ,653 43.3 1.76 40.7 23.1
    20 181 .518 54.6 1.40 25.6 18.3
    21 .72 .411 68.9 1.11 16.1 14.5
    22 .64 .326 86.9 .879 10.1 11.5
    23 .57 .258 110. .697 6.36 9.13
    24 .51 .205 138. .553 4.00 7.24
    25 .45 .162 174. ,438 2.52 5.74
    26 .40 .129 220. .348 1.58 4.55
    27 .36 .lo2 277. ,276 ,995 3.61
    28 .32 ,0810 349. .219 .626 2.86
    29 .29 .0642 440. ,173 .394 2.27
    30 .25 ,0509 555. .138 .248 1.80
    31 .227 ,0404 700. .lo9 .156 1.43
    32 .202 ,0320 883. .0865 .0979 1.13
    33 .180 ,0254 1110. ,0686 ,0616 .899
    34 .160 .0201 1400. .0544 .0387 .712
    35 .143 ,0160 1770. .0431 .0244 .565
    36 .127 .0127 ‘230. .0342 .0153 .448
    37 .113 ,0100 2820. ,0271 .009 63 .355
    38 .lo1 ,0080 3550. .0215 .OM06 .282
    39 ,090 .0063 4480. ,0171 ,003 81 .223
    40 ,080 .0050 5640. .0135 .002 40 .177

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    416
    T A B L E 424.-AUX!LlARY T A B L E FOR C O M P U T I N G W I R E RESISTANCES
    For computing resistances in ohms per meter from resistivity, p, in microhm-cm (see Table
    386, etc.). e.g., to compute for No. 23 copper wire when p = 1.724: 1 m = 0.0387 .0271 + +
    +
    .0008 ,0002 = 0.0668 ohms ; for No. 11 lead wire when p = 20.4 : 1 m = 0.0479 .0010 = +
    0.0489 ohms. The following relation allows computation for wires of other gage numbers:
    resistance in ohms per m of No. n wire = 2 x resistance of wire No. ( n - 3) within 1 percent:
    e.g., resistance of m of No. 18 = 2 x No. 15.

    p in microhm-cm
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    Diam.
    Gage in Section Resistaoce of wire 1 m. long in ohms
    No. mm mm2 , A

    0000 11.7 107.2 .0,933 ,03187 .03280 ,03373 .03466 ,03560 .03653 .08746 .038401 .05933
    00 9.27 67.43 ,03148 ,08297 ,03445 ,03593 ,08742 ,08890 .02104 ,02119 .02133 .02148
    1 7.35 42.41 ,09236 .03472 ,09707 ,03943 .02118 ,02141 .Oa165 .02189 .%212 .0~236
    3 5.83 26.67 ,03375 ,03750 .02112 .02150 .0z187 .02225 ,02262 .02300 .Ox337 ,02375
    5 4.62 16.77 ,03596 ,02119 ,02179 .02239 ,02298 ,02358 .02417 ,02477 .02537 .0a596
    7 3.66 10.55 ,03948 .02190 ,02284 .02379 .02474 ,02569 ,02664 ,02758 ,02853 .02948
    9 2.91 6.634 .02151 .02301 .02452 .0z603 ,02754 ,02904 ,0106 ,0121 .0136 .0151
    11 2.30 4.172 .02240 ,02479 .02719 .02959 ,0120 ,0144 ,0168 .0192 ,0216 ,0240
    13 1.83 2.624 ,02381 .Oz762 ,0114 ,0152 ,0191 ,0229 .0267 ,0305 ,0343 .0381
    15 1.45 1.650 .02606 ,0121 ,0182 ,0242 .0303 ,0364 .0424 ,0485 .0545 .0606
    17 1.15 1.038 .On963 .0193 .0289 ,0385 .0482 .0578 .0674 ,0771 ,0867 ,0963
    19 .912 .6527 .0153 ,0306 ,0460 .0613 ,0766 ,0919 .lo72 ,1226 .1379 ,1532
    21 ,723 .4105 ,0244 ,0487 .0731 .0974 .1218 ,1462 ,1705 ,1949 .2192 ,2436
    23 .573 2582 ,0387 ,0775 ,1162 ,1549 ,1936 ,2324 ,2711 ,3098 .3486 .3873
    25 .455 .1624 ,0616 .1232 .la47 .2463 ,3079 ,3695 .4310 .4926 3542 .6158
    27 .361 .lo21 ,0979 .I959 ,2938 ,3918 .4897 ,5877 ,6856 ,7835 .8815 ,9794
    29 ,286 .0642 ,1557 .3114 ,4671 .6228 .7786 ,9343 1.090 1.246 1.401 1.557
    31 ,227 .0404 .2476 ,4952 .7428 ,9904 1.238 ,486 1.733 1.981 2.223 2.476
    33 ,180 .0254 ,3937 .7874 1.181 1.575 1.968 ,362 2.756 3.150 3.543 3.937
    35 ,143 .0160 ,6262 1.252 1.879 2.505 3.131 ,757 4.383 5.009 5.636 6.262
    37 .113 .0100 ,9950 1.990 2.985 3.980 4.975 ,970 6.965 7.960 8.955 9.950
    39 .090 .0063 1.583 3.166 4.748 6.331 7.914 ,497 11.08 12.66 14.25 15.83
    40 .080 .0050 1.996 3.992 5.988 7.984 9.980 I .98 13.97 15.97 17.96 19.96

    -
    T A B L E 425.-SAFE C U R R E N T - C A R R Y I N G C A P A C I T Y OF COPPER W I R E , FOR
    D I F F E R E N T CONDITIONS, I N A M P E R E S P E R CONDUCTOR *

    Varnish cambric insuiators


    Impregnated paper insulation
    Not more Rubber insulators
    than three in enclosed and exposed conduit Three con-
    Wire conductors A Single ductor cable
    Single wire in raceway Single Three conductor in under-
    A”;;rG in free air or cable conductor conductor cable in air ground duct
    14 30 23 23 19
    10 54 38 40 33
    6 99 68 71 57 98 78
    3 155 104
    2 179 118 127 101 173 134
    0 245 157 i 67 i 33 234 177
    OOOO 383 237 256 203 352 264

    These values are for voltases in the range up to 5,000 or 7,000 and for 75 to 100 percent time load,
    ambient temperature 30°C and copper temperature 75-80°C. Adapted from Publication No. P-29-226 of
    the Insulated Power and Cable Engineers’ i\ssociation. For other values see these tables.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    417
    T A B L E 426.-THE C A L C U L A T I O N OF T H E H I G H - F R E Q U E N C Y R E S I S T A N C E
    OF C O N D U C T O R S *
    The resistance of a conductor to high-frequency alternating currents is not the same as
    it offers to direct or low-frequency currents. The linkages of flux with the inner portions
    of the conductor are more numerous than with the outer portions. That is, the reactances
    of the inner filaments are greater than those of the outer filaments. Consequently, the
    current density decreases from the outside toward the center of the conductor.
    This tendency of the current to crowd toward the outer portions of the cross section
    becomes more pronounced the higher the frequency, and at very high frequencies the
    current density is sensibly zero everywhere except in the surface layer of the conductor.
    This phenomenon is called the “skin effect.” It causes an increase in the effective resis-
    tance of the conductor over its resistance to a direct current.
    What is of interest in the calculation of the high-frequency resistance is the resistance
    ratio, the quotient of the resistance a t the given frequency by the direct-current resistance.
    The resistance ratio depends upon the distribution of current density in the cross section,
    and this is a function of the frequency and the shape of the crnss section. In general,
    however, the resistance ratio is a function of the parameter
    dZ
    -, in which f is the fre-
    quency, and Ro is the direct-current resistance per unit length. I n what follows Ro will be
    taken as the direct-current resistance per 1000 ft of conductor.
    The distribution of current in the cross section is affected by a neighboring conductor
    carrying high-frequency currents. This @oximity efect finds an explanation in that the
    value of the mutual inductance of any filament A of one conductor on a filament B of the
    other conductor depends upon the positions of A and B in their respective cross sections.
    The proximity effect may be very appreciable for conductors nearly in contact ; falling off
    rapidly as their distance increased, it is negligible for moderate ratios of distance apart
    to cross sectional dimensions. In such cases the resistance is sensibly the same as for an
    isolated conductor.
    Besides the spacing factor of the conductors, the proximity effect depends upon the
    frequency, and in lesser degree upon the shape of the cross sections. Quantitatively, the
    proximity effect may be expressed by the proximity factor, which is the quotient of actual
    resistance of the conductor by the resistance which it would have if removed to a great
    distance from the disturbing conductor, both values of resistance being referred to the
    same frequency.
    That is, if
    Ro= the direct current resistance
    Rt = the resistance of the conductor when isolated, frequency f
    R2= the resistance in the presence of the disturbing conductor
    at frequency f

    then the proximity factor is P=-,R and the resistance ratio2,R in the presence of the
    Ri - RO K
    disturbing conductor, is obtained from the resistance ratio when isolated by the rela-
    RO
    R Ri
    tion 2 - P - Resistance ratio may be obtained in any case if the resistance ratio
    Ro- Ro
    when isolated is known, together with the value of the proximity factor.
    Formulas for the high-frequency resistance ratio have been developed in only a few
    simple (but important) cases, and even then very complicated formulas result. For prac-
    tical work, tables are necessary for simplifying the calculations. The following tables cover
    the most important cases.
    Formulas have been derived for the high-frequency resistance ratio of single-layer coils
    wound with round wire. Generally, these differ from one another and from measured
    values, because simplifying assumptions are made which are not sufficiently realized in
    practice. No tables of values for coils such as are met in practical radio work are available
    As a rough guide, the high-frequency resistance ratio for a single-layer coil is often from
    two to five times as great as the resistance ratio of the same wire stretched out straight
    and carrying current of the given frequency. The experimental work available indicates
    that this factor is due to the coiling of the wire, that is, the total proximity effect of the
    turns of the coil is largely dependent upon the frequency and the ratio of wire diameter
    to pitch of winding, and in lesser degree to the ratio of length to diameter.
    .Prepared by F. W. Grover, Nat. Bur. Standards.
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    418
    T A B L E 426.-THE C A L C U L A T I O N O F THE H I G H - F R E Q U E N C Y R E S I S T A N C E
    O F C O N D U C T O R S (continued)
    P a r t 1.-Resistance ratio “F” f o r isolated round wires
    Resistance ratio F of isolated round wire, as a function of the square root of the fre-
    quency divided by the direct current resistance per 1000 ft of conductor.

    V f X 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
    F 1.000 1.000 1.0005 1.0025 1.008 1.019 1.038 1.069 1.114 1.173 1.247
    V f x 100 120 140 160 180 200 250 300 350 400 500
    F 1.247 1.427 1.631 1.836 2.036 2.231 2.715 3.201 3.688 4.176 5.152

    Part 2.-Values o f resistance ratio for isolated tubular conductors


    t, thickness of wall oi tube; d, outer diameter of tube

    ;
    - = 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.G5 0.06 0.07 o.on 0.09 0.10

    0 1.000 1.om 1.ooo 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.ooo 1.000 1.000
    50 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001
    100 1.001 1.001 1.002 1.002 1.004 1.008 1.007 1.009 ... 1.014
    150 1.001 1.003 1.006 1.011 1.017 1.024 1.033 1.044 1.056 1.070
    200 1.002 1.008 1.019 1.034 1.053 1.076 1.104 1.134 1.167 1.204
    250 1.005 1.020 1.046 1.081 1.125 1.176 1.233 1.296 1.365 1.440
    300 1.011 1.042 1.095 1.163 1.25 1.34 1.44 1.55 1.65 1.75
    350 1.020 1.076 1.167 1.285 1.42 1.56 1.70 1A 3 1.97 2.09
    400 1.032 1.127 1.27 1.44 1.66 1.81 1.99 2.13 2.28 2.42
    450 1.051 1.198 1.41 1.63 1.87 2.08 2.28 2.44 2.60 2.74
    500 1.079 1.30 1.57 1.86 2.14 2.34 2.56 2.73 2.88 3.03

    -t = 0.10 Solid
    0.12 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50

    0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.00F 1.000 1.000
    50 1.001 1.001 1.002 1.004 1.006 1.008 1.012 1.015 1.017 1.019
    100 1.014 1.021 1.032 1.063 1.094 1.132 1.175 1.202 1.224 1.247
    150 1.070 1.102 1.155 1.266 1.39 1.51 1.60 1.68 1.71 1.733
    200 1.204 1.294 1.42 1.65 1.845 1.995 2.095 2.15 2.20 2.231
    250 1.44 1.585 1.79 2.11 2.32 2.45 2.536 2.64 2.68 2.715
    300 1.75 1.94 2.19 2.51 2.735 2.90 3.03 3.12 3.17 3.201
    350 2.09 2.33 2.57 2.90 3.15 3.35 3.495 3.59 3.66 3.688
    400 2.42 2.66 2.92 3.27 3.58 3.80 3.96 4.07 4.14 4.176
    450 2.74 3.00 3.27 3.66 4.00 4.25 4.43 4.55 4.63 4.664
    500 3.03 3.33 3.62 4.07 4.42 4.69 4.90 5.03 5.12 5.152
    (c .ontiwed)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    419
    T A B L E 426.-THE CALCULATION O F T H E HIGH-FREQUENCY RESISTANCE
    O F CONDUCTORS (concluded)
    Part 3.-Coefficients in formula for proximity factor of equal parallel
    round wires
    The proximity factor of two equal parallel conductors may be calculated by the formula
    P = 1 [G.d2/~*I/[F(1+ - Hd'/J)l
    in which the coefficient F is to be obtained from Part 1 for the given value of V m E d
    the coefficients G and H are to be taken from the table below for the given value of VflRa.
    In the table below the values of H apply to currents in the same direction; in the case of
    currents in opposite directions H' is to be used. In the above formula d is the diameter of
    the wires and s their axial spacing. The proximity factor for two equal parallel tubular
    conductors does not differmuch from the value for two solid wires with the same axial
    spacing and a value of Vf/Ro one-half the value for two solid wires of the same diameter,
    except for conductors very close together.

    V f X G H H' VflRO G H H'


    0 0 +.0417 +.0417 200 .8491 -.I904 .5530
    25 .0036 .0395 .0443 250 1.0959 -.2017 S932
    50 .0519 +.0109 .0798 300 1.340 -.2093 .6200
    75 .1903 --.0659 .I838 350 1.585 -.2149 .6389
    100 ,3562 -.1379 .3112 400 1.830 --.2191 .6530
    125 .4914 --.1685 ,4114 450 2.073 -.2224 .6639
    150 .6096 -.1776 ,4787 500 2.319 --.2231 .6722
    175 ,7277 -.la39 S228

    T A B L E 427.-RATIO O F A L T E R N A T I N G TO DIRECT C U R R E N T RESISTANCES


    F O R COPPER W I R E S
    This table gives the ratio of the resistance of straight copper wires with alternating cur-
    rents of different frequencies to the value of the resistance with direct currents.

    Diameter of Frequency f=
    wire in r A

    mm 60 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1 ,000,000


    .05 __ -- __ __ -_ *1.001
    .1 __ -- __ -_ *1.001 1.008
    .25 _- -- __ - 1.003 1.247
    .5 __ -- -- *1.001 1.047 2.240
    1.o -- - - 1.008 1.503 4.19
    2.0 __ -- 1.001 1.120 2.756 8.10
    3. -- 1.006 1.437 4.00 12.0
    4. __ -- 1.021 1.842 5.24 17.4
    5. __ 1 .oo1 1.047 2.240 6.49 19.7
    7.5 1.001 ,002 1.210 3.22 7.50 29.7
    10. 1.003 .008 1.503 4.19 12.7 39.1
    15. 1.Of 6 ,038 2.136 6.14 18.8 -
    20. 1.044 ,120 2.756 8.10 25.2 -
    25. 1.105 ,247 3.38 10.1 28.3 -
    40. 1.474 ,842 5.24 17.4 - -
    100. 3.31 ,I9 13.7 39.1 - -
    Values between 1.000 and 1.001 are indicated by *1.001.
    The values are for wires having an assumed conductivity of 1.60 microhm-cm; for
    copper wires a t room temperatures the values are slightly less than as given in table.
    The change of resistance of wire other than copper (iron wirecxcepted) may be cal-
    culated from the above table by taking it as proportional to dVf/p where d=diameter,
    f the frequency (cycles/sec) and p the resistivity.
    If a given wire be wound into a solenoid, its resistance, at a given frequency, will be
    greater than the values in the table, which apply to straight wires only. The resistance in
    this case is a complicated function of the pitch and radius of the winding, the frequency,
    and the diameter of the wire, and i s found by experiment to be sometimes as much as
    twice the value for a straight wire.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    420
    T A B L E 428.-MAXIMUM D I A M E T E R O F W I R E S FOR H I G H - F R E Q U E N C Y
    RESISTANCE R A T I O O F 1.01

    FrequencytlV .... 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.0 3.0
    Wavelength, m ..... 3003 1500 750 500 375 300 250 200 150 100

    Material
    Copper . . . . . . . . . .0356 .0251 .0177 .0145 .0125
    Diameter in cm

    .0112 .0102 .0092 .0079 .0065


    -.
    Silver . . . . . . . . . . . 0345
    . .0244 .0172 .0141 .0122 .0109.0089 .0077 .0063
    .0099
    Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . .0420 .0297 .0210 .0172 .0149 .0133.0121
    .0108 .0094 .0077
    Platinum . . . . . . . . .1120 .0793 .0560 .0457 .0396 .0354.0323
    .0290 .0250 .0205
    Mercurv . . . . . . . . .264 .187 .132 .1080
    .0936 .0836.0763
    .0683 .0591 .0483
    Mangakn . . . . . . .1784 .1261 .0892 .0729
    .0631 .0564.0515
    .0461 .0399 .0325
    Constantan . . . . . . .1892 .1337
    .0946 .0772
    .0664 .0598.0488 .0423 .0345
    .0546
    German silver . . . .1942 .1372
    .0970 .0692
    .0792 .0614.0560
    .0500 .0434 .0354
    Graphite . . . . . . . . 765 . .541
    .383 .312
    271 .197 .171 .140
    .242 .221
    Carbon ......... 1.60 1.13 .801 .654
    .566 SO6 .462
    .414 .358 .292
    Iron p = 1000. . . . .00263 .00186 .00131 .00108 .00094 .00083 .00076 .00068 .00059 .00048
    p = 500 . . . . . .00373 .00264 .00187 .00152 .00132 .00118 .00108 .00096 .00084 .00068
    p = 100 . . . . . . 00838 .00590 .00418 .00340 .00295 .00264 .00241 .00215 .00186 .00152

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    421
    TABLES 429-452.-SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF DIELECTRICS

    TABLE 4 2 9 . P T E A D Y POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE I N VOLTS REQUIRED T O


    P R O D U C E A S P A R K I N A I R W I T H B A L L E L E C T R O D E S ( R A D I U S R)

    Spark
    length, R=O K = 0.25 R = 0.5 R=CO
    cm Points cm cm R=lcm R=2cm R=3cm Plates
    .02 1560 1530
    .04 2460 2430 2340
    .06 3300 3240 3060
    .08 - - 4050 3990 3810
    .1 372G 5010 4740 4560 4560 4500 4350
    .2 4680 8610 8490 8490 8370 7770 7590
    .3 5310 11140 11460 1i340 iii9O 10560
    ~.... 10650
    .4 5970 14040 14310 14340 14250 13140 13560
    .5 6300 15990 16950 17220 16650 16470 16320
    .6 6840 17133 19740 20070 20070 19380 19110
    .8 8070 18960 23790 24780 25830 26220 24960
    1.o 8670 20670 26190 27810 29850 32760 30840
    1.5 9960 22770 29970 37260
    2.0 10140 24570 33060 45480
    3.0 11250 28380
    4.0 12210 29580
    5.0 13050

    T A B L E 430.-ALTERNATING-CURRENT P O T E N T I A L R E Q U I R E D T O PRO-
    DUCE A SPARK I N AIR W I T H VARIOUS BALL ELECTRODES
    The potentials given are the maxima of the alternating waves used. Frequency, 33
    cycles per second.

    Spark length
    cm R=lcm R = 1.92 R=S R = 7.5 R=lO R=15
    .08 3770
    .10 4400 4380 4330 4290 4245 4230
    .15 5990 5940 5830 5790 5800 5780
    .20 7510 7440 7340 7250 7320 7330
    .25 9045 8970 8850 8710 8760 8760
    .30 10480 lo400 10270 10130 10180 10150
    .35 11980 11890 11670 11570 11610 11590
    .40 13360 13300 13100 12930 12980 12970
    .45 14770 14700 14400 14290 14330 14320
    .SO 16140 16070 15890 15640 15690 15690
    .6 18700 18730 18550 18300 18350 18400
    .7 21350 21380 21140 20980 20990 21000
    .8 23820 24070 23740 23490 23540 23550
    .9 26190 26640 26400 26130 26110 26090
    1.o 28380 29170 28950 28770 28680 28610
    1.2 32400 34100 33790 33660 33640 33620
    1.4 35850 38850 38850 38580 38620 38580
    1.6 38750 43400 43570 43250 43520
    1.8 40900 48300 47900
    2.0 42950 - 52400

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    422
    T A B L E 431.-POTENTIAL NECES S ARY T O PR OD U C E A S P A R K IN A I R
    B E T W E E N M O R E W I D E L Y S E P A R A T E D ELEC TR OD ES

    ! Steady potentials
    d I
    Cup electrodes
    -5 &
    R=
    Ball electrodes
    R=
    Projection
    Steady potentials
    Ball electrodes
    -? 1 cm 2.5 cm
    , -A- ,
    4.5 mm 1.5 mm
    P R= R=
    v1 1 cm 2.5 cm
    .3 - - - 11280 6.0 61000 - 86830
    .5 17610 17620 - 17420 7.0 - 52000 -
    .7 - 23050 - 22950 8.0 67000 52400 90200
    1.o 30240 31390 31400 31260 10.0 73000 74300 91930
    1.2 33800 36810 - 36700 12.0 82600 - 93300
    1.5 37930 44310 - 44510 14.0 92000 - 94400
    2.0 42320 56000 56500 56530 15.0 - - 94700
    2.5 45000 65 180 - 68720 16.0 101000 - 101000
    3.0 46710 71200 80400 81140 20.0 119000
    3.5 - 75300 - 92400 25.0 140600
    4.0 49100 78600 101700 103800 30.0 165700
    4.5 - 81540 - 114600 35.0 190900
    5.0 50310 83800 - 126500
    5.5 - - - 135700

    The specially constructed electrodes for the


    , columns headed “cup electrodes” had the
    i form of a projecting knob 3 cm in diameter
    i and having a height of 4.5 mm and 1.5 mm
    i f 22 cm +; respectively, attached to the plane face of the
    ; electrodes. These electrodes give a very sat-
    ; isfactory linear relation between the spark
    lengths and the voltage throughout the range

    T A B L E 432.-EFFECT O F T H E P RES S URE O F T H E A I R O N T H E D I E L E C T R I C


    STRENGTH
    Voltages are given for different spark lengths 1.

    Pressure,
    cmHg 1 = 0.04 1 r 0.06 I = 0.08 I = 0.10 1 = 0.20 I = 0.30 I = 0.40 l = 0.50
    2 - - - - 744 939 1110 1266
    4 - 483 567 648 1015 1350 1645 1915
    6 - 582 690 795 1290 1740 2140 2505
    10 - 771 933 1090 1840 2450 3015 3580
    15 - 1060 1280 1490 2460 3300 4080 4850
    25 1110 1420 1725 2040 3500 4800 6000 7120
    35 1375 1820 2220 2615 4505 6270 7870 9340
    45 1640 2150 2660 3120 5475 7650 %20 11420
    55 1820 2420 3025 3610 6375 8950 11290 13455
    65 2040 2720 3400 4060 7245 10210 12950 15470
    75 2255 3035 3805 4565 8200 11570 14650 17450

    T A B L E 433.-POTENTIALS I N V O L T S T O P RODU C E A SPA R K I N K E R O S E N E

    Spark Electrodes balls of diam. d Spark Electrodes balls of diam. d


    length , A length
    cm 0.5cm 1 cm 2cm 3cm cm 0.5cm lcm 2cm 3cm
    .I 3800 3400 2750 2200 .5 13050 12400 11000 6900
    .2 7503 6450 4800 3500 .6 14000 13550 12250 8250
    .3 10250 9450 7450 4600 .8 15500 15100 13850 10450
    .4 11750 10750 9100 5600 1.0 16750 16400 15250 12350

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    423
    T A B L E 434.-DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
    Potential necessary for puncture expressed in kilovolts per centimeter thickness
    of the dielectric

    Kilovolts Kilovolts Kilovolts


    Substance per em Substance per cm Substance per cm
    Ebonite .......... 300-1100 Oils : Thickness Papers :
    Emtire cloth .... 80-300 Ca$or .2m,p 190 Beeswaxed .. 770
    paper .... 450 1.0 130 Blotting ..... 150
    Fiber ............ 20 Cottonseed ........... 70 Manilla 25
    Fuller board ..... 200-300 Lard .2 " 140 Paraffined'::' 500
    Glass ............ 300-1500 " 1.0 " 40 Varnished ... 100-250
    Granite (fused) ... 90 Linseed, raw .2 " 185 Paraffin:
    Guttapercha ..... 80-200 " 1.0 " 90 Melted ...... 75
    Impregnated jute . 20 " boiled .2 " 190 Melt. point
    Leatheroid ....... 30-60 1.0 4 1 (8 80 Solid 43" 350
    Linen, varnished. . 100-200 Lubricating .......... 50 '( 47" 400
    Liquid air ....... 40-90 Neafsfoot .2 " 200 " 52' 230
    Mica : Thickness 1.0 " 90 " 70" 450
    Mairas .1 m,m 1600 Olive .2 " Presspaper .... 45-75
    Beyal
    1 .o
    .1 :: 300
    2200 Payffin
    1.0
    215 .2
    61

    6'
    ';: Rubber ........
    Vaseline .......
    160-500
    90-130
    Thickness
    1 .o 700 1.0 '' 160
    C a y d a .1
    1.o
    1: 1500
    snn
    Sperm, mineral .2 '' 180 Xyfi1"??
    .o 140
    ___ " 1
    -.0
    . " 85
    _. 80
    South America. 1500 " n a t y a l .2 " 195
    Micanite ....... 400 1.0 '' 90
    Turwntine .2 " 160
    1.0 " 110

    T A B L E 435.-Dl E LECTRIC CONSTANT (SPEC1F I C I N D U C T I V E CAPACITY)


    O F GASES
    Atmospheric pressure
    Wavelengths of the measuring current greater than 10000 cm

    Dielectric constant Dielectric constant


    Gas "C
    P
    Vacuum= 1 Air=1 Gas "C
    F
    Vacuum= 1 A i r = l
    Air 0 1.000588 1 .OOOOOO HCI 100 1.00258 1.00199
    NHa 20 1 .OO718 1.00659 H, 0 1.000264 ,999676
    CS, 0 1.00290 1 .OO231 CHI 0 1.000948 1.000360
    100 1.00239 1.00180 Na0 0 1.00108 1.00050
    co* 0 1 .OOO966 1 .OO0377 S Oa 0 1.00993 1.00934
    co 0 1.000692 1.000104 H ~ 0 , 4 a t m 145 1.00705 1.00646
    C~HI 0 1.00138 1.00079

    T A B L E 436.-VARIATION O F T H E DIELECTRIC CONSTANT W I T H


    T H E TEMPERATURE
    If KO= the dielectric constant a t the temperature 0°C of the above table, Kt at the tem-
    perature t"C, and a and p are quantities in the following table, then Kt = KO- a ( t - 0 )
    + p (t- w.
    Ammonia .................... a = 5.45 X lod 6 = 2.59 X lo-' Range, 15-110°C
    Sulfur dioxide ............... 6.19 X lod 1.86 x 10" 0-110
    Water vapor ................. 1.4 X lo-' .... 145

    The dielectric constant of air at 76 cmHg and varying temperature may be calculated
    since K - 1 is approximately proportional to the density. See Table 4.37.

    SMITHWNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    424
    T A B L E 437.-VARIATION OF T H E D I E L E C T R I C C O N S T A N T OF GASES
    W I T H T H E PRESSURE

    Pressure Pressure
    "C atm 'C atm
    Air . . . . . . . . . . . 19' 20 1.0108 Air . . . . . . . . . . . 11 120 1.0579
    ........... 40 1.0218 ........... 140 1.0674
    ........... 60 1.0330 ........... 160 1.0760
    ........... 80 1.0439 ........... 180 1.0845
    ........... "
    100 1.0548 COz . . . . . . . . . . 15 10 1.008
    ........... 11 20 1.0101 .......... ' 20 1.020
    ........... 40 i.oiW .......... 40
    ._ 1.060
    ........... ' 60 1.0294 NzO . . . . . . . . . . 15 10 1.010
    ........... 80 1.0387 'I
    .......... ' 20 1.025
    ........... ' 100 1.0482 ' .......... 40 1.070

    T A B L E 438.-DIELECTRIC C O N S T A N T O F LIQUI'DS ( K ) . PRESSURE E F F E C T la

    30°C 75'C 0" 30°C


    p 7-+- p r-----+r----+
    atm K Density K Density atm K Density K Density
    CsHn .... .. 1 1.82 .613 ... CzHjOH .. 1 27.8 ,806 23.2 ,781
    Pentane 1000 l.% .701 1:92 . .. Ethyl 1000 29.4 .864 25.3 .844
    4000 2.12 .796 2.11 . .. alcohol 8000 35.3 1.031 31.7 1.019
    8000 2.24 .865 2.22 ... 12000 57.6 1.082 33.7 1.073
    12000 2.33 .907 2.31 ... C,H,OH .. 1 21.1 219 17.3 .806
    CS, . .. . .. .1 2.61 1.241 i-butvl 1000 22.9. .877 18.7 -856
    Carbon 1000 2.82 1.332 2.69 1:29 alcbhol 8000 26.8 1.031 22.8 l:Oi8
    bisulfide 4 0 0 3.11 1.487 3.02 1.46 12000 28.2 1.080 23.9 1.069
    8000 3133 1.601 3.28 1.58 CSHBO,. . . . 1 49.9 1.272 42.8 1.254
    12000 3.52 1.689 3.45 1.66 Glycerine 1000 51.9 1.305 44.8 1.287
    (CsHs)iO . . 1 4.15 ... 4000 56.4 1.367 49.1 1.349
    Ethyl 1000 4.88
    4000 6.05
    :.911
    &Y 4.08
    5.17
    .74
    .87
    8000 61.1 1.429 53.8 1.410
    ether
    8000 6.93 .988 6.00 .94
    12000 7.68 1.047 6.94 1.00 Anomalous dispersion 247000 cycles
    GHsBr 1 5.22 1.465 4.87 1.40 e
    Bromo- 500 5.36 1.525 5.05 1.46 Isobutyl-alcohol : 0°C
    benzene lo00 5.47 1.558 5.16 1.50 p : ... 1. 2900 5810 9680 10830 12130
    4000 5.88 1.705 5.62 1.65 K : . . . 21.1 24.4 25.9 27.4 27.2 26.4
    8000 ... .. . 5.95 1.76 Glycerine . P 1 1940 4290 6330 8490
    GHoCI ....' 1 5.41 1.004 4.90 .96 0°C . . . . .K 49.9 53.4 55.6 52.2 40.1
    Chloro- 500 5159 1.038 5.12 1.00 Eugenol . . P 1 2960 5081 5680 6300
    benzene lo00 5.75 1.065 5.28 1.03 30°C .. . . K 9.42 10.79 11.09 10.57 6.05
    4000 6.33 1.152 5.88 1.13
    8000 . . . 6.29 1.20
    GHmOH .. 1 12.90 .812 8.55 .78
    Hexyl lo00 13.54 .861 9.32 .84
    alcohol 4000 15.06 .937 10.42 .92
    8000 ... . .. 11.15 .99
    148 Danforth, Phys. Rev., vol. 38, p. 1224, 1931.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 439.-DIELECTRIC CONSTANT O F LIQUIDS 425
    A wavelength greater than loo00 cm is designated by 00.

    Wave- Wave-
    TFmp. length, Dielectric T$mp. length, Dielectric
    Substance C cm constant Substance C cm constant
    Alcohol : Ethyl etter ...... 100 "
    ' 3.12
    A z y l .......... frozen 00 2.4 ...... 140 2.66
    .......... -100 30.1 'I "
    ...... 180 2.12
    ' .......... -50 "
    23.0 Crit.
    .......... 0 17.4 temp.

    "
    ..........
    .......... +::
    .......... frozen
    18
    200
    73
    16.0
    10.8
    4.7
    "
    'I
    ...... 192
    ...... 18
    Formic acid ...... +2
    ' 4

    'I
    83
    73
    1.53
    4.35
    19.0
    Ethyl .......... co 2.7 (frozen)
    .......... -120 "
    54.6 ...... 15 " 1200 62.0
    .......... -80 44.3 "
    ...... 16 I'
    73 58.5
    .......... -40 35.3 Glycerine ........ 15 1200 56.2
    .......... 0 28.4 ........ 15 200 39.1
    ..........
    .......... +;; 200
    75
    25.8
    24.4
    23.0
    'I

    ........
    ........
    ........ 15
    -
    -
    75
    8.5
    .4
    25.4
    4.4
    2.6
    .......... 53 20.6 Hexane .......... 17 00 1.880
    .......... 4 8.8 Hydrogen perox-
    ..........
    Metby1 ........ frozen co
    .4 5.O
    3.07
    ide 46% in K O
    Kerosene ........
    } l8
    -
    75
    -
    84.7
    .2
    ........ -100 58.0 Meta-xylene ..... 18 00 2 37
    .......
    ........
    -50
    0
    03 45.3
    35.0
    <I 6'
    ..... (frozen)
    17 73 2.37
    ........ +20 31.2 Nitrobenzol ...... -10 00 9.9
    ........ 17 75 33.2 ...... -5 42.0
    Prqpyl ........ -120 00 46.2 ...... 0 "
    41.0
    ........ -60
    ........
    ........
    0
    33.7
    24.8 ' ......
    ......
    ......
    +:: "

    "
    ' 37.8
    35.1

    Ac:tone
    'I

    ........
    ......... -80
    C' 75
    00
    22.2
    12.3
    33.8 Octane
    ......
    ..........
    18
    17
    17
    73
    00
    36.45
    34.0
    1.949
    ......... 0 ' 26.6 Oils :
    ......... 15 1200 21.85 Almond ....... 20 00 2.83
    ......... 17 73 20.7 Castor ......... 11 I
    4.67
    Acqjic aEid ...... 18 bo 9.7 Colza .......... 20 "
    3.11
    15 1200 10.3 Cottonseed ..... 14 "
    3.10
    I' "
    ...... 17 200 7.07 Lemon ........ 21 "
    ' 2.25
    "
    ......
    "
    19 75 6.29 Linseed ........ 13 3.35
    Amy1 acetate ..... 19 00 4.81 Neatsfoot ...... - "
    3.02
    Amylene ......... 16 2.20 Olive .......... 20 '1
    3.11
    Aniline .......... 18 00 7.316 Peanut ........ 11.4 "
    3.03
    Bey01 (beyene) . . 18 2.288 Petroleum ..... - 2000 2.13
    .. 19 73 2.26 Petroleum ether. 20 00 1.92
    Bromine ......... 23 84 3.18 Rape seed ...... 16 2.85
    Carbon bis$fide . . 20 co 2.626 Sesame ........ 13.4 '1
    3.02
    .. 17 73 2.64 Sperm ......... 20 'I
    3.17
    ChlorEform ...... 18 00 5.2 Turpentine ..... 20 "
    2.23
    ...... 17 73 4.95 Vaseline ....... - "
    2.17
    Decane .......... 14 00
    ' 1.97 Phenol .......... 48 73 9.68
    Decylene ........
    Et,$yl e t b y ......
    ......
    17
    -80
    -40
    00
    2.24
    7.05
    5.67
    To1:ene
    'I
    .........
    .........
    ......... $; 0

    73
    ' 2.51
    2.33
    2.31
    ...... 0 4.68 Water ........... 18 00 81.07
    ...... 18 4.368 (for temp. coeff, 17 200 80.6
    ...... 20 4.30 see Table 440.) 17 74 81.7
    ...... 60 "
    3.65 17 38 83.6

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    426 T A B L E 440.-DIELECTRIC CONSTANT O F LIQUIDS
    Temperature coefficients of the formula : KO= Ktll - a ( t - 9 ) + ,8(t - 9)*1
    Tempb
    Substance a B range, C
    -
    Amy1 acetate ........... .0024 _- -
    Aniline ................ .00351 - --
    Benzene ............... .00106 .0000087 10-40
    C a 5 w bisy!fide ........ .000966 - -
    ........ .000922 .00000060 20-181
    Chloroform ............ .00410 .000015 22-181
    Ethyl ether ............ .00459 - -
    Methyl alcohol ......... ,0057 - -
    Oils : Almond ......... .00163 .000026 -
    Castor ........... .01067 - -
    Olive ............ ,00364 __ -
    Paraffin ......... .000738 .0000072
    Tolfene ............... .OW921 - 0-13
    ............... .ooo977 .00000046 2G181
    WaAer ................. .004474 - 5-20
    ................. .004583 .oooO117
    -_
    0-76
    1'
    ................. .00436
    '
    4-25
    Meta-xylene ........... .000817 - 20-181

    T A B L E 441.-DIELECTRIC CONSTANT O F LIQUEFIED GASES


    A wavelength greater than 10000 crn is designated by w.

    E s
    LE- 6%
    T$mp. &B Dielectric Tfmp. $5 Dielectric
    Substance C 3" constant Substance C constant
    Air .............. -191 00 1.431
    .............. 75 1.47-1.50 Nitrous oxide
    Ammonia ........ -34
    ........ 14
    75
    I30
    21-23
    16.2
    . NzO
    .
    -88
    -5
    a? 1.933
    1.630
    Ca;- diozide ., , -5 OCI
    ' 1.608 . +5 1.573
    ... 0 1.58, . +15 1.520
    "
    _ _ _ +in
    ... 6
    +is 1.540 Oxygen .......... -182
    ' 1.491
    "
    ... 1.52s .......... 1.465
    Chlorine ......... -60 "
    2.150 Sulfur dioEide ... 14.5 120 13.75
    ' ......... -20 ' 2.030 ... 20 a? 14.0
    ' ......... 0 1.970 ' ... 40 12.5
    ......... +I; 1.940 "
    ' . .. ..
    . hn
    ..
    "
    10.8
    "
    ......... 2.08 ... 80 9.2
    '
    +;:
    "
    ......... 100 1.88 ' ... loo 7.8
    Cyanogen ........ 84 2.52 ' ... 120 6.4
    Hydrocyanic acid . 21 about 95 "
    ' ... 140 4.8
    HydrEgen sul$de . 10 00 5.93 Critical .......... 154.2 2.1
    50 4.92
    ' " . 90 3.76

    T A B L E 442.-DIELECTRIC CONSTANT O F ROCKS *

    Wave- Dielectric Wave- Dielectric


    length, constant, length. constant,
    Material cm range Material cm range
    Chalk, Limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0-12.0
    middle Devonian . . . . . 8.0-9.0 Marmorized limestone 3x10' 15.2
    Coral dolomite . . . . . . . . . 8.0-9.0 Mica schist . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.0-17.0
    Granite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0-9.0 Sandstone, variegated ... 9.0-11.0
    For reference, see footnote 45, p. 136.

    SMITHmNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 443.-DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF SOLID S 427
    Wave- Wave-
    Condi- length, Dielectric Condi- length, Dielectric
    Substance tion cm constant Substance tion ern constant
    Asphalt ..........
    Barium sulfate ...
    -
    -
    00 2.68 Tbmp.
    C
    75 10.2 P a y r (telephone). 2.0
    Caoutchouc ...... - 00 2.22 (cable) .... - '( 2.0-2.5
    Diamond ........ - "
    16.5 Paraffin ......... Melting "
    2.46
    ........ -
    -
    75 5.50 ........ point "

    Ebonite .......... -
    00 2.72 44-46
    .......... 2.86 ........ 5456
    .......... - lo00 2.55 ........ 7476
    Glass Density ........ 47.6"C 61 2.16
    Flint ........ 56.2 61 2.25
    (extra heavy). 4.5 00 9.90 Phosphorus :
    Flint Yellow ........ 7s
    .- 3.60
    (very light). . 2.87 " 6.61 Solid .......... 80 4.1
    Hard crown .... 2.48 " 6-96 Liquid ......... 80 3.85
    Mirror ........ - 6.44-7.46 Porcelain :
    ........ - 5.37-5.90 Hard
    ........ - 600 5.42-6.20 (Royal B:l'n) . 00
    ' 5.73
    Lead (Powell). . 3.C-3.5 co 5.4-8.0 Seger " .. 6.61
    Jena Figure " " .. 6.84
    Boron ....... - "
    5.5-8.1 Selenium ........ 7.44
    Barium ...... - 7.8-8.5 "
    ........ 75 6.60
    Borosilicate . . - 6.4-7.7 ........ - 00 6.13
    Gutta percha ..... 3.3-4.9 ........ - 1000 6.14
    T:mp. Shq!lac .......... - 00 3.10
    C
    ' .......... -
    - "
    ''
    2.95-3.73
    Ice .......... -5 1200 2.85 .......... 3.67
    .......... -18 5000 3.16 Amber .......... - - 2.86
    -190 75 1.761.88 Sulfur
    Iodine (cryst.) ... 23 75 4.00 Amo:yhous .... - 00 3.98
    Lead chloride .... - 75 3.80
    (powder). 42 C y t , fr;sh ..... - 8 4.22
    I' nitrate ...... 16 ..... - " 4.05
    " sulfate ...... 28 " 1'
    ..... - 75 3.95
    molybdenate . C y t , s f d ....... -

    ,'
    " 24 00 3.60
    Marble (Carrara) . 8.3 ....... - 75 3.90
    Mica ............ 5.66-5.97 near '1
    ............ 5.8M.62 Liquid .......{melting- 00 3.42
    Madras, brown . 2.5-3.4- - mint
    -
    ' green . . 3.9-5.5 Strontium sulfate . - 75 11.3
    ruby .. 4.4 Thaliium carbonate - 75 17
    Bengal, yellow . 2.8 nitrate . . - 75 16.5
    white . .
    'I 4.2 wood dried
    ' ruby .. 4.2-4.7 REd beech ..... 1) fikys 00 4.83-2.51
    Canadian amber. 3.0 " ..... 1 " 7.73-3.63
    South America . 5.9 O;k ........... (1 " " 4.22-2.46
    Ozokerite (raw) .. 2.21 ........... 1 " " 6.843.64

    T A B L E 444.-E L E CT ROST R I C T l ON *
    Electrostriction is a change in the dimensions of a dielectric proportional to the square
    of an applied electric field. The effect is very small except for bodies of very high dielec-
    tric constant or high mechanical compliance."*
    Typical values for-

    Barium titanate
    GI asse s Rubber pol ycrystalline
    0.1 to 0.7x10-' 7 x 10-o 100 x '
    0
    1 cm'/statvolt
    transverse longitudinal longitudinal

    .
    ",
    Prepared by Hans Jaffe, Brush Development Co., Cleveland, Ohio.
    Letters refer to references, p. 431.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    428
    T A B L E 4 4 5 . P T A N D A R D SOLUTIONS FOR T H E C A L I B R A T I O N O F APPARATUS
    FOR T H E M E A S U R I N G OF D I E L E C T R I C C O N S T A N T

    Ethyl alcohol in
    water at 19.S"C
    X=aO
    Did. Acetone in benzene at 19°C A = 75 cm
    A Per- Dielec-
    Substance
    *?Ek
    A=oO
    I
    Percent
    by weight
    Density
    16°C
    Dielectric Temp.
    constant coefficient
    cent by
    weight
    tric
    constant
    Benzene .............. 2.288 0 .885 2.26 .I% 100 26.0
    Meta-xylene .......... 2.376 20 .866 5.10 .3 90 29.3
    Ethyl ether ........... 4.36' 40 ,847 8.43 .4 80 33.5
    Aniline .............. 7.298 60 .830 12.1 .5 70 38.0
    Ethyl chloride ........ 10.90 80 .813 16.2 .5 60 43.1
    0-nitro toluene ....... 27.71 100 .797 20.5 .6
    Nitrobenzene ......... 36.45
    Water (conduct. lod) . 81.07 Water in acetone at 19'C A = 75 cm
    0 .797 20.5 .6%
    20 .856 31.5 .5
    40 9 3 43.5 .5
    60 .940 57.0 .5
    80 .973 70.6 .5
    100 .999 80.9 .4

    T A B L E 446.-DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF MINERALS *


    Dielectric constant
    Wavelength,
    Material cm Range iaxis I1 axis
    Asphalt ................... 2.7 ... ...
    Beryl ................. co ... 7.85 6.05
    Coal, anthracite ........... 5.6-6.3 ...
    Fluorite .................. 6.8 ...
    Glass, flint ex. heavy . . . . . . 9.9
    ... ... ...
    Glass, hard crown ......... 7.0 ... ...
    Glass, Jena barium . . . . . . . . 7.8-8.5 ...
    Glass, lead (Powell) ....... 5.48.0 ...
    Gypsum .................. 6.3 ...
    Ice (-2°C) .............. 93.9 ... ...
    Iceland spar ........... 75 ... 8.50 8.00
    Quartz, fused ............. 3.5-3.6 ... ...
    Sulfur, amorphous ......... 3.9 ... ...
    For reference, see footnote 45. p. 136.

    T A B L E 447.-THE D I E L E C T R I C PROPERTIES OF NONCONDUCTORS


    Results of tests at unit area and unit thickness of dielectric

    At 1000 cycles Mica Paper Celluloid Ice


    Max. breakdown volts per cm.. ........ 1.MX100 .71x10e 1.05x108 .001X10~
    Svecific induc. capacity. ............... 4.00 4.90 13.26 86.40
    Max. absorbable energy, watts-sec/cm*. .198 .lo8 .640 .00040
    90O-angle of lead.. .................... 0" 57' 2" 10' 3"40' 13" 39'
    Equiv. resistance (ohm-cm) X 10" ..... 3.91 9.84 48.3 1400
    Conductivity, l/(ohm-cm) X loern ..... 2.56 1.02 ,207 .00722
    Percent change in cap. per cycle X lo'. . 2.18 14.31 30.7 70.0
    Percent change in resistance per cycle. .. 258 .I46 .lo6 .127
    At 15 cycles
    Specific inductive capacity. ............ 4.09 5.77 18.60 429.0
    Max. absorbable energy, watt-sec/cm'. . 203 ,126 .90 .002
    Percent change in capacity per cycle.. .. .OO .306 1.74 1.59
    On direct current
    Conductivity, 1/ (ohm-cm) ............ 2.42Xlo-'' 2.27Xlo-'' 71% lo-'' 163.10-"
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSlCAL TABLES
    429
    T A B L E 448.-VALUES O F D I E L E C T R I C C O N S T A N T FOR S E V E R A L E L E C T R I C
    INSULATING MATERIALS A T RADIO FREQUENCIES

    Frequency Dielectric Frequency Dielectric


    Material Lc constant Material kc constant
    Glass . ... . . .. . . . . 30 5.1-7.9 Phenolic insulation :
    cobalt . .. . . . . . 7.3 laminated . . . .. 190 5.0-7.4
    crown . . . .. . . . 6.3 1000 4.7-7.0
    6.2 molded . . . .. . . 190 4.3-7.6
    flint .. . .. . . ... 7.0 lo00 4.9-7.0
    7.0 Rubber, hard ...... 135 3.7
    photographic .. 100 7.5 210 3.0
    1700 7.4 1126 3.0-3.7
    plate . . . . . .. .. 500 6.8-7.6 Wood :
    . . ...... .. .
    Pyrex . . . . . . . . 30 4.8 bay . . ... 3.8
    500 4.9-5.8 birch . .. 5.2
    Marble .. . . . . . . . . . 44 8.4 maple . . ..... . 4.4
    80-650 9.2-1 1.P oak . . . . . . . .. . 300 3.1 t-6.7
    1400 7.3 425 3.3
    Mica . . . . . . . . . . . . .loCriOOO 5.8-8.7 635 3.0t-6.5
    1060 3.3
    Range of 10 samples of various kinds of marble. t After drying sample for 48 hours at 80°C.

    T A B L E 4 4 9 . 4 O M P A R I S O N O F ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES O F I N S U L A T I N G
    M A T E R I A L S A T ROOM T E M P E R A T U R E **

    Intrinsic dielectric strength


    * Volume
    Thickness Dielectric resistivit
    Material (mm) (Kv/cm) constant (ohmsmf
    Cellulose acetate . . . . . . . ... . .. .025-.12 2300t 5.5 10-
    Glass :
    borosilicate No. 7740 (Pyrex) .10 4800* 4.8 We
    soda lead . . .. .. . .. . .. .... .. .10 3loo* 8.2 1014
    soda lime .................. .10 4500* 7.0 10"
    Mica, muscovite clear ruby . . . . .020-.10 3000-8200f 7.3 10"
    Phenolic resin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .012-.04 2600-3300i 7.5 10"
    Porcelain, electrical . . . .. . . . . . - 380t 4.4-6.8 10"
    Porcelain; steatite-low loss . . - 500t 6.0-6.5 10"
    Silica, fused .............. .... - sow* 3.5 10'8
    Rubber, hard . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-.30 2150t 2.8 10"
    * * Table from Corning Glass Works publication on Properties of Selected Commercial Glasses (B-83).
    *Values of P. H. Moon and A. S. Norcross, Trans. Amer. Inst. Electr. Engr., vol. 49, p. 775 (1930).
    t Values of S . Whitehead. World Power, p. 72, September 1936.

    Intrinsic dielectric strength can be realized only under test conditions and is very much
    higher than the working dielectric strength attainable in ordinary service. These data are
    listed for purposes of comparison.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    430 T A B L E 450.-DIELECTRIC CONSTANT O F CRYSTALS *
    =1
    cgs system, Kv.euum
    The dielectric constants,? K, given here have usually been determined at low field
    strength (order of 1 volt/cm). Unless specifically noted, the frequency is between 60
    cycles/sec and 5 megacycles/sec. Homogeneous crystals show little dispersion in this
    frequency range unless they are strongly piezoelectric or have very high dielectric constant.
    For some strongly piezoelectric crystals, the notation “free” appears in the frequency
    column. Dielectric constants so noted hold for the mechanically unconstrained condition
    which is usually fulfilled for frequencies below the principal mechanical resonances of the
    test body. The dielectric constants for the “clamped” crystal are smaller than for the
    “free” crystal. The difference does not exceed 10 percent except for K , of Rochelle salt
    (see fig. 16) and KII of barium titanate.
    K., Ka, and K Ofor orthorhombic crystals refer to electric field parallel to the crystallo-
    graphic a, b, and c axes.
    For monoc!inic crystals, Ka refers to electric field parallel to the b axis which is the
    symmetry axis; K , to field parallel to the c axis accepted by crystallographic convention;
    and K. to an electric field perpendicular to the b and c axes.
    Tables 444, 450, and 451 prepared by Hans Jaffe, Brush Development Co., Cleveland, Ohio. t All
    data refer to room temperature unless otherwise noted.

    Cubic crystals

    Compo- Author- Compo- Author-


    Name sition K ity 14@ Name sition K ity
    Silver chloride ... AgCl 12.3 g Sphalerite ....... ZnS 8.8 e
    Silver bromide ... AgBr 13.1 g Sodium chlorate . . NaCIOa 5.7 h
    Lithium fluoride .. L i F 9.00 f Sodium bromate . . NaBrOs 5.7 h
    Sodium chloride .. NaCl 5.90 f Magnesium oxide .
    Potassium bromide
    MgO
    KBr
    9.65
    4.90
    f
    f
    Potassium chloride KCI 4.68 g
    Barium oxide .... BaO 34. o Thallium chloride. TIC1 31.1 g

    Uniaxial crystals
    Name Composition KI K II Frequency Authority
    Quartz ............... S i 0 2 4.5 4.6 ...
    Calcite ............... CaC03 8.78 8.29
    Sapphire .............. Atz03$ 8.6 10.5 lozii&
    Rutile ................ T i O J 86 170 1O6-1 oo
    Barium titanate ....... BaTiOs 4400 200 ?-lo’
    Tourmaline .............. 8.2 7.5 ...
    Magnesite ............ MgCOa 6.91 8.1 ...
    Dihydrogen phosphates and arsenates :
    “ADF”’ ............ NHLH~POI 56 15.4 free d
    “KDP” ............ KH~PO. 46 22 free h
    “ADA” ............ N H ~ H ~ A s O I75 14 free d
    “KDA“ ............ K H I A s O ~ 52 22 free d

    Orthorhombic crystals
    AuYhor-
    Name Composition Ka Kh K. Frequency ity
    Sulfur ................ S 3.75 3.95 4.45 lO’X108 f
    Celestite .............. 7.7 18.5 8.3 4x10’ g
    Barite ................ 7.65 12.2 7.7 4x10’ g
    Anglesite ............. 27.5 54.6 27.3 5XlV- -lo8g
    Epsomite ............. 6.5 7.9 6.9 ... k
    Ammonium oxalate .... 8.2 5.5 6.0 free k
    Potassium pentaborate . 4.6 5.5 4.5 free d
    Iodic acid .............. HI03 7.5 12.4 8.1 free h
    149 For authorities, see references, p. 431.
    t Synthetic, Linde Air Products Company.
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    431
    T A B L E 450.-DIELECTRIC C O N S T A N T O F C R Y S T A L S (concluded)
    Author-
    Name Composition K. Kb KE Frequency ity
    Tartrates :
    Ro$elle s;!t ........ NaKC4H4Oe.4H20 8.0 ... ... 2.5x10'0 h
    30°C 5 . . 300 9.4 9.6 free c, j
    NaNH;C4H40a.4Hz0 9.0 8.9 10.0 free h
    LiKC4H40e.H,0 5.84 7.32 7.4 free h
    LiNH4C4H,0e*Hz0 7.2 8.0 6.9 free h

    Monoclinic crystals
    Lithium sulfate ........ LizS04.Hz0 5.6 10.3 6.5 free h
    Tartaric acid ......... C4H,0R 4.3 4.3 4.5 free h
    Potassium tartrate .... K2C4H40s-jH20 6.44 5.80 6.49 free h
    Ammonium tartrate ... (NH4)zC4H40e 6.45 8.2 6.0 free h
    Ethylene diamine
    tartrate (EDT) ..... CzN1Ha.GHeOe 5.0 8.22 6.0 free h
    8 See also figure 16.

    REFERENCES: a, Bechmann, H., and Lynch, A. C., Nature vol. 163 p. 915 1949. b, Cady, W. G.,
    Piezoelectricity, McCraw-Hill, New York, 1946. c, Hablitzel, J. Helvet. Phys. Acta vol. 12. p. 489,
    1939. d. Taffe. H.. The Brush Develooment co. Reoort to U.5. Sirrnal Corm on kvnthetic water-
    soluble piezoelectric crystals April I 1948. e, Jaffe' H. personal cGmmunication. f Laboratory
    for Insulation Research, Mlssachuseks Inst. Techn. Tables 6 Dielectric Materials I11 1948. and per-
    ~

    sonal communication. g, Landolt Bornstein Tables, 5th ed. h, Mason, W. P., Pie&electr& crystals
    and their application to ultrasonics, Van Nostrand Co., New York, 1950. i, M e n , W. J., Phys. Rev.,
    vol. 75. D. 687. 1949. i , Mueller. H.. Phys. Rev.. vol. 47. I). 175, 1935: vol. 58. D. 565. 1940. k.
    Naval Research Laboratory, Crystal Section. I,, S itzer, F., Dissertation, m t t h g e n , 1938. m;
    Standards on piezoelectric crystals, Proc. Inst. Radio kng., vol. 37, p. 1378, 1949. n, International
    Critical Tables, vol. 6. 0, Bever and Sproul, Phys. Rev., vol. 53, p. 801, 1951.

    10
    - 60 -40 -20 20 40 60
    temper.1ure or

    FIG.16.-Dielectric constant K. of Rochelle salt. Curve A : free condition (audio


    frequency) ; curve B : clamped condition (radio frequency).

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    432 T A B L E 451.-PIEZOELECTRICITY
    In this table are listed piezoelectric strain coefficients * d,, which are ratios of piezoelec-
    tric polarization components to components of applied stress a t constant electric field
    (direct piezoelectric effect) and also ratios between piezoelectric strain components to a p
    lied electric field components at constant mechanical stress (converse effect). The sub-
    3cripts n = 1 to 3 indicate electric field components, m = 1 to 6 mechanical stress or strain
    components. These components are referred to orthogonal coordinate axes. For correla-
    tion of these to crystallographic axes, we follow Standards on Piezoelectric Crystals.”’
    In the monoclinic system, indices 2 and 5 refer to the symmetry ( b ) axis, in distinction
    from the older convention relating indices 3 and 6 to the symmetry axis. Crystal classes
    are designated by international (Hermann-Mauguin) symbols. A dot in place of a coeffi-
    cient indicates that it is equal by symmetry from another listed coefficient ; a blank space
    indicates that the coefficient is zero by symmetry. If the sign of a coefficient is not given
    it is unknown, not necessarily positive.
    1
    Unit for d., = lo-’ statcoulomb/dyne = -3
    i< lo-” coulomb/newton
    1
    = 10.’ cm/statvolt = -
    3
    x lo-’’ meter/volt
    . T h e coefficient d14 of Rochelle salt is extremely dependent on temperature and on amplitude. The
    ratio of d14 to dielectric constant K (for the latter see figure 16) i s , however, nearly constant; 4 u d d K =
    old = 6.4X10-1 statvolt cm/dyne.
    m Letters refer to references, p. 431.

    Cubic and tetragonal crystals


    Name Composition Class dl4 dsa Authority“O
    Sphalerite ............ ZnS 43m 9.7 b
    Sodium chlorate ....... NaCIOa 23 5.2 1
    Sodium bromate ....... NaBrOa 23 7.3 1
    “ADP” ............... NH4HzPO 42m - 1.5 +48.0 d
    “KDP” ............... I< HzPO4 g m + 1.3
    “ADA” .............. NH4H2As04 42m +41 +31
    “KDA” .............. K HASO, 42m +23.5 +22 d

    Trigonal crystals
    Name Class dii dl4 dis d2z dal dR3 Authority
    Quartz ............... 32 +6.9 -2.0 b
    Tourmaline ........... 3m +11.0 -.94 +.96 $5.4 b

    Orthorhombic crystals
    Substance Class dir d 25 dso Authority
    Epsomite ............. 222 -6.2 -8.2 -11.5 1
    Iodic acid ............. 222 57 46 70 h
    Rochelle salt (30°C) ... 222 + 1500* -160 +35 b
    NaNH. tartrate ....... 222 +56 -150 +28 b
    LiK tartrate .......... 222 9.6 33.6 22.8 h
    LiNH, tartrate ....... 222 13.2 19.6 14.8 h
    (NH.)z oxalate ....... 222 50 11 25 e
    4 6 dir dai da? fi23 Authority
    K pentaborate ......... mm 9.5 1.7 -5.4 0 +5.6 d

    Monoclinic crystals (Class 2)


    Substance d14 dle dn dT1 d2, dZG d, dss Authority
    Lithium sulfate ........ t 1 4 . 0 -12.5 +11.6 -45.0 -5.5 +16.5 -26.4 +10.0 h
    Tartaric acid .......... +24.0 +15.8 -2.3 -6.5 -6.3 $1.1 -32.4 +35.0 h
    Kz tartrate ( D K T ) .... -25 +6.5 -2.2 +8.5 -10.4 -22.5 +29.4 -66.0 h
    (NH.), tartrate ....... +9.3 -8.5 +17.6 -26.2 +1.8 -5.9 -14.0 +5.6 1
    E D T ................. -31.1 -36.5 +30.6 +6.6 -33.8 -54.3 -51 -56.9 a
    (Ethylene diamine tartrate)
    Cane sugar ........... -3.7 -7.2 +4.4 -10 +2.2 -2.6 -1.3 +1.3 b
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 451.-PIEZOELECTRICITY (concluded) 433
    Polarized polycrystalline substance
    dis dsl &a Authority
    Barium titanate ceramic ...... .... 750 -235 +570 e
    K = 1700

    T A B L E 452.-VALUES FOR P O W E R FACTOR I N P E R C E N T F O R S E V E R A L


    ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS A T RADIO FREQUENCIES
    From the range of values given, an approximate figure can be taken for a particular
    material and its relative position with respect to other materials seen. Data of this kind
    are much affected by the condition and past treatment of the samples and by the conditions
    of the tests. The power factor and dielectric constant of dry air may be taken as 0 and 1.00.
    Fused quartz has the lowest power factor among the solid insulating materials, and is
    used for supporting the insulated plates of standard air condensers.

    Fre uency Power Frequency Power


    Material R C factor Material kC factor
    Amber . . . . . . . . 187.5 .459 Paraffin .... ... 14 .042
    300 .476 100 .017- .031
    600 .495 500 .026
    1000 .514 1070 .034
    Glass . . . . . . . . . . 30 .35 - 2.98* Phenolic
    600 .040- .653t insulation :
    cobalt ... .. 500 .70 laminated 11 . 190 2.62 - 8.0
    flint . . . . . . . 500 1000 3.85 - 6.65
    890 190 1.64 -10.9
    photographic 100 1000 1.56 - 8.4
    235 135 .68
    1700 315 .70
    plate . . . . . . 14 600 .62
    100 625 .70
    500 710 .88
    635 1000 .68
    1000 1085 .74
    Pyrex .... 14 1126 1.05
    30
    100 .58 - .74 bay . . . . . . . 870 3.76
    420 .50 birch . . . . . . 500 6.48
    500 .42 - .h7 maple . .. . . 500 3.33 - 3.63
    750 .68 oak . . . . . . . 300 2.948-13.8
    Marble .. . .. 80-650 .35 - 4.72z 635 3.24n-10.1
    Mica . . . . . . . 600 ,007- .93f 1060 4.20
    . Range of 9 samples. t Range of 27 samples.
    of samples from different localities.
    $ Range of 10 samples.
    11 Range of several samples.
    f Range of a number
    8 After drying 48 hours at 80'C.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    434 TABLES 453-465.-RXDIO P R O P A G A T I O N DATA *
    Antenna a r r a y s (figs. 17-19).-The basis for all directivity control in an-
    tenna arrays is wave interference. Ey providing a large number of sources of
    radiation, it is possible with a fixed amount of power greatly to reinforce radia-
    tion in a desired direction by suppressing the radiation in undesired directions.
    The individual sources may be any type of antenna.
    The radiation patterns of several common types of individual elements are
    shown in figure 17. The expressions hold for linear radiators, rhombics, vees,
    horn radiators, or other complex antennas when combined into arrays, pro-
    vided a suitable expression is used for A,the radiatidn pattern of the individual
    dir.cltriy
    Iyp. of <""."I
    radiolor dislribullon horizontal
    Fi8

    ClOl =

    Holl-wov fOS (5 I," 0)


    dipole K
    c3s 0

    Shortene<
    dipole

    Lengthene
    dipole

    Horizonic
    loop
    FM z KIII 101 = K cos @

    Horizontc
    turnstile
    i,and i2
    phased 9
    0'
    0 = horizontal angle measured from perpendicular bisecting plane

    @ = vertical angle measured from horizon


    K and K' are constants and K' 2 0.T

    FIG.17.-Radiation patterns of several common types of antennas.

    antenna. The array expressions are multiplying factors. Starting with an in-
    dividual antenna having a radiation pattern given by A,the result o f combining
    it with similar antennas is obtained by multiplying A by a suitable array factor,
    thus obtaining an A' for the group. The group may then be treated as a single
    source of radiation. The result of combining the group with similar groups, or,
    for instance, of placing the group above ground, is obtained by multiplying A'
    by another of the array factors given.
    The expressions given here assume negligible mutual coupling between in-
    dividual antennas. When coupling is not negligible, the expressions apply only
    if the feeding is adjusted to overcome the coupling and thus produce resultant
    currents that are of the amplitude and relative phases indicated.
    * Data arranged by Newbern Smith and Marcella Phillips, Central Radio Propagation
    Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards.
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    435
    One of the most important arrays is the linear multielement array where a
    large number of equally spaced antenna elements are fed equal currents in
    phase to obtain maximum directivity in the forward direction. Figure 18 gives
    expressions for the radiation pattern of several particular cases and the general
    case of any number of broadside elements.
    In this type of array a great deal of directivity may be obtained. A large
    number df minor lobes, however, are apt to be present, and they may be unde-
    sirable under some conditions, in which case a type called the binomial array
    may be used. Here again all the radiators are fed in phase but the current is not
    distributed equally among the array elements, the center radiators in the art'ay
    oonnourwion

    A A

    * a [ cos sin 0)]

    A + 2A [cos Iso sin 011

    sin (m sin e)
    m radiators
    (general case)
    A
    sin ti sin e)

    A c 1 for horizontal loop, vertical dipole

    cos sin e
    A= (2
    C O ~e
    ) for horizontal dipole

    so = spacing of successive elements in degrees

    FIG.18.-Linear multielement array broadside directivity.

    being fed more current than the outer ones. Figure 19 shows the configuration
    and general expression for such an array. I n this case the configuration
    is made for a vertical stack of loop antennas in order to obtain single-lobe
    directivity in the vertical plane. If such an array were desired in the horizontal
    plane, say n dipoles end to end, with the specified current distribution the
    expression would be

    The term binomial results from the fact that the current intensity in the SUC-
    cessive array elements is in accordance with the binomial expansion (1 I)''-', +
    where n is the number of elements.
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    436

    '0 I of loops in the array

    FIG.19.--Development of binomial array.

    T A B L E 453.-DIELECTRIC C O N S T A N T O F N O N P O L A R GASESlM

    at 0°C and 76cmHg


    ~

    Gas (K-l)xlOB Gas (K-I) x 10% Gas (K-1) xlOe


    Helium ........ 69.2 Hydrogen ...... 272 Carbon dioxide.. 988
    Neon .......... 134.1 Oxygen ........ 532.5 Air (COZ free). . 570
    Argon ......... 554.2 Nitrogen ....... 580
    *m Jelatis, J. G., Journ. Appl. Phys., vol. 19, p. 419, 1948; Hecter, L. G., and Woernley, D. C., Phys.
    Rev., vol. 69, p. 101, 1946.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    437
    T A B L E 454.-DIELECTRIC C O N S T A N T A N D LOSS T A N G E N T O F DIELECTRIC
    M A T E R I A L S 15'
    The following table presents values of dielectric constant,' e' (relative to that vacuum € 0 ) and
    loss tangent, tan 8, for various substances at the frequencies and temperatures indicated. The loss
    tangent, tan 6, is identical with the power factor, cos 0 (or sin a), for low loss substances. The
    table shows it multiplied by lo'.
    Part 1.-Solids

    Tzmp. Frequency, cycles per second


    Materials C I
    A. Inorcanic ixio* 1x103 1x100 1x108 1x1010
    1. Crystals
    Ice'* ......................... -12 e'le,,
    I -
    4.15 3.17
    tan 6 1200 7
    Sodium chloride* ............... 25 E'/B 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90
    tan6 <1 <1 <2 5
    2. Ceramics
    a. Steatite bodies
    AlSiMag 211' ............. 25 d/eo 6.00 5.98 5.97 5.96 5.90
    tan6 92 34 5 4 14
    b. Miscellaneous
    Ruby mica' ............... 26 d/eo 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4
    tan6 25 6 3 2
    Mycalex K lo5 ............ 24 d / ~ o 9.5 9.3 9.0 11.3**
    tan6 170 125 26 40
    Porcelain, dry process" ..... 25 e'/eo 5.50 5.36 5.08 5.04 4.74
    tan6 220 140 75 78 156
    3. Glasses
    Corning No. 790' ............ ... 20 d / ~ o 3.85 3.85 3.85 3.82
    tan6 6 6 6 9.4
    Corning No. 1990' .............. 24 d / ~ 8.40 8.38 8.30 8.20 7.94
    tan6 4 4 5 9 42
    Foamglas' ..................... 23 d / ~ o 90.0 82.5 17.5 5.49
    tan6 1500 1600 3180 455
    Fused quartz" ................. 25 d/eo 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78
    tan 6 8.5 7.5 2 1 1
    B. Organic, with or without inorganic components
    1. Crystals
    Naphthalene" .............. 25 ~'/g 2.85 2.85
    tan 6 19 3
    2. Plastics
    a. Phenol-formaldehyde
    Bakelite BM-169811a ....... 25 d/eo 5.05 4.87 4.72 4.62 4.52
    (powder preheated) ..... tan6 190 160 72 56 82
    Formica XX" ............ 26 d/eo 5.23 5.15 4.60 4.04 3.59
    (field 1 t o laminate) .... tan6 230 165 340 570 700t
    b. Phenol-aniline-formaldehyde
    Resinox 7013" ............ 25 a'/€, 4.64 4.55 4.37 4.30 4.25
    (preformed and preheated) tan6 160 137 62 77 124
    c. Melamine-formaldehyde
    Formica grade FF-41m
    (sheet stock) ............ 26 e'/e 6.15 6.00 5.75 5.5
    tan6 400 119 115 200
    Melmac resin 592" ........ 27 E'/Q 6.70 6.25 5.20 4.70 4.59
    tan6 590 470 347 360 434
    d. Urea-formaldehyde
    Plaskon urea, natural" ..... 24 d/~o 7.1 6.7 6.0 5.2 4.65
    tan6 380 280 310 500 782
    e. Hexamethylene-adipamide
    Nylon 610" ............... 25 d/eo 3.60 3.50 3.14 3.0
    tan6 155 186 218 200
    Nylon 610" ............... 25 d/~o 4.5 4.2 3.2 3.0
    90% humidity ........... tan6 650 640 380 220
    m These data were selected from Tables of Dielectric Materials, volume 3, Laboratory of Insulation Research,
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Mass. June 1918.
    a c is used for dielectric constant in' this table 6 the piace of K.
    Numbers refer to notes at end of table.
    ** Not corrected for variations of density.
    t Rod stock in HLI (TE11) made of circular wave guide.
    (continued)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    438
    TABLE 454.-DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND LOSS T A N G E N T O F DIELECTRIC
    MATERIALS (continued)
    Temp. Frequency, cycles per second
    Materials oc , A
    ,
    f. Cellulose derivatives 1x102 1x10~ lX l0B 1x108 1x10'0
    (1) Acetates
    Tenite I1 205A Hz". .
    (cellulose acetate) 26 €'/€a 3 54 3.50 3.28 3.05
    (butyrate) . . . . . . . . tan6 78 107 178 190
    (2) Nitrate
    Pyralin" . . . . . . . . . . . 27 d / ~ n 10.8 8.4 6.6 5.2 3 32
    tan6 6400 1000 640 1030 1310
    (3) Ethyl cellulose
    Ethocel No. 2840n .. 25 €'/€a 3.90 3.80 3.40 3.20
    tan6 75 210 275 240
    g. Silicone resins
    D C 2101*' ...... .......... 25 E'/s~ 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9
    tan6 70 56 45 45
    h. Polyvinyl resins
    Polyethylene DE-3401m . . . 25 €'/€a 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26
    tan6 <2 <2 <2 3.6
    Vinylite QYNA" . .. . . . . , 20 €'/€a 3.18 3.10 2.88 2.85
    tan6 130 185 160 81
    Saran B-11Y ............. 23 d / ~ o 4.88 4.65 3.18 2.82 2.70
    tan6 800 630 570 180 51
    Lucite HM-11920 . . . . . . . . . . 23 d/c, 3.20 2.84 2.63 2.58 2.57
    tan6 620 440 145 67 49
    Polystyrenen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 e'/s 2.56 2.56 2.56 2.55 2.54
    (commercially molded) tan6 <.5 <.5 .7 <I 4.3
    Sheet stock ...............
    3. Elastomers
    Hevea rubberZs . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . 25 €'/so 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4
    tan6 28 18 18 50
    Gutta-percha" . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . 25 €'/so 2.61 2.60 2.53 2.47 2.38
    tan6 5 4 42 120 50
    GR-S (Buna S)'" . . . . . . . .. . .. .. 26 d/co 2.66 2.66 2.56 2.52 2.44
    compound tan6 7 9 120 95 50
    GR-I (Butyl rubber)" . . . . . . . . . . 25 E'/E, 2.39 2.38 2.35 2.35 2.35
    tan6 34 35 10 10 8
    Neoprene GR-M8* . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 26 E'/E~ 7.5 6.5 5.7 3.4
    tan6 8000 860 950 1600
    4. Natural resins
    Amber" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... 25 d / b 2.7 2.7 2.65
    t a n 6 12.5 18 56
    Shellac, natural XL" . . . . . .. . . . . 28 E'/E~ 3.86 3.81 3.47 3.10
    tin6 65 74 310 300
    5. Asphalts and Cement
    Plicene cement= . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. 25 d / ~ o 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.47 2.35
    tan 6 43.9 35.5 25.5 15 6.8
    6. W axes
    Apiezon wax "W"sB ............ 22 E'/E~ 2.75 2.69 2.63
    tan6 186 120 25
    Beeswax, white" . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23 E'/E~ 2.65 2.63 2.43 2.39 2.35
    tan6 140 118 84 60 48
    Ceresin, whites8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 €'/€a 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.24
    tan6 8 6 4 4 6.5
    Paraffin wax" ................. 25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.24
    132" A S T M tan6 <2 <2 <2 <2 2.1
    Sealing wax'" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 E'/E~ 3.68 3.52 3.29 3.2
    Red express tan 6 249 150 80 120
    7. W oods
    Balsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26 E'/E~ 1.4 1.4 1.37 1.30 1.20
    tan6 50 40 120 135 83
    Fir, Douglas, plywood Z . . . . . .. .. 25 El/€" 2.1 2.1 1.90
    tan6 115 105 230
    Mahogany Z . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . , . 25 €'/€a 2.42 2.40 2.25 2.07 1.7
    tan6 86 120 250 320 210
    Field 1 to grain.

    (continued)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    439
    T A B L E 454.-DIELECTRIC C O N S T A N T A N D LOSS T A N G E N T O F D I E L E C T R I C
    M A T E R I A L S (continued)
    Part 2.-Liquids

    Tzmp. Frequency, cycles per second


    A
    Materials C r
    A. Inorganic 1x10s
    Water, conductivity" . . . . . .. . . . . 1.5 €'/€a 87.0 87.0 86.5 80.5 38
    tan6 1,900 190 320 3,100 10,300
    25 d / ~ o 78.2 78.2 77.5 76.7 55
    tan 6 4,000 400 160 1,570 5,400
    45 €'/€a 71.5 71.0 70.7 59
    tan 6 590 105 1,060 4,000
    65 C'/Q 64.8 64.5 64.0 59
    tan 6 865 84 765 3,200
    85 c'/E~ 58 58 57 56.5 54
    tan6 12,400 1.240 73 547 2,600
    B. Organic
    1. Aliphatic 1x102 1x10s l x l o a 1x10s
    Methyl . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 25 d/~o 31 31 8.9
    tan 6 2,000 380 8,100
    Ethyl . ... . .... ... . ... . 25 d / ~ o 24.5 23.7 1.7
    tan 6 900 620 680
    n-Propyl alcohol" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 d/~o 20.1 19.0 2.3
    tan 6 180 2000 900
    Carbon tetrachloride" . . . .. . . . . . 25 c'/E~ 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17
    tan6 60 8 <.4 <2 16
    2. Aromatic
    Nitrobenzene" . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. 25 d/~o 36
    tan 6 80
    Styrene N-IOO" . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. 22 €'/a 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.36
    tan6 38 5 <3 58
    3. Insulating oils
    Bayol" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24 B'/S 2.14
    12.6
    2.14
    2
    2.14
    tan6 18
    Fractol" . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26 €'/6 2.17 2.17 2.16
    tan6 <I <1 11.3
    Marcel'' .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 24 S'/S 2.14 2.14 2.14 2.14
    tan6 1 <I <2 11.2
    Primol-Dm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 d / ~ o 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.16
    tan6 <1 <I <2 10.6
    Cable oil 5314'' ................ 25 S'/S 2.25 2.25 2.22
    tan6 3 <.4 22
    80 d / ~ o 2.18 2.18
    tan6 38 4
    Pyranol 1467" . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 25 d / ~ o 4.40 4.40 4.40 4.04 2.65
    tan6 36 3 190 1300 750
    Halowax oil 1000" ............. 25 d / ~ o 4.80 4.77 4.77 2.99
    tan6 490 50 <2 1850
    4. Lubricants
    Vaseline . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . 25 S'/S 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16
    tan6 3 2 <I <4 10
    Silicone fluid No. 500," 22 d/eo 2.76 2.76 2.72
    100 cs. at 25°C . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. tan6 .4 < .4 240
    Silicone fluid No. 200,M 23 €'/a 2.76 2.76 2.70
    100 cs. at 25°C . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. tan6 .8 .4 320
    NOTES:1, From conductivity water. 2, Fresh crystals (Harshaw). Audio frequency loss decreases with
    time. For a discussion of low-frequency dispersion in ionic crystals see R. G. Breckenridge, Bull. Amer. Phys.
    SOC.,vol. 23, p. 33, 1948. 3, Magnesium silicate (American Lava). 4, Muscovite. 5 , Mica, glass, TiOl
    (Mycalex). 6 Knox. 7, 96% S O 2 . 8. Iron sealing glass. 9, Soda-lime (Pittsburgh-Corning).
    10, S O 2 (Gene;al Electric). 1.1, Eastman, Kodak; recryst. and resubl. Lab. Ins. Res. 12, Mica-filled
    (Bakelite). 13, 5% paper laminate (Formica). 14, 58% mica, 2% misc. (Monsanto). 15, 55% filler
    (Formica). 16, Mineral filler (American Cyanamid). 17, a.cellulose (Libhey-Owens-Ford). 18,
    DuPont. 19, 5.15% plasticizer, pigments, dyes (Tennessee Eastman). 20 25% camphor (DuPont). 21,
    2.73 ethoxy groups/glucose, plast. (Dow). 2, Cross-linked organo siloxane 'polymer (Dow Corning). 23.
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    440
    T A B L E 454.-DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND LOSS T A N G E N T O F DIELECTRIC
    MATERIALS (concluded)
    1% antioxidant Bakelite). 24, 10% polyvinyl chloride (Bakelite). 25 Polyvinylidene and vinyl chlorides
    (Dew). 26, holymethyl methacrylate (DuPont . 27 For sheet stock, 'various samples used for different
    frequencies; for rod stock, E'/<,, is the same as tbr sheet'stock. (Plax) 28, Pale crepe (Rubber Research
    Cor ). 29, Palaquium Oblongifolium (Hermann Weher). 30, 160 pts GR-S, 1 pt stearic acid, 5 pts
    K a z x , 5 t s Captax, 3 pts sulfur (Rubber Research C o y ) . . 31, Copolymer of 98.99% isobutylene, 1.2%
    k p r e n e (lubber Research Corp.). 32,Poly-2-chlorobuta iene 1, 3 stabilized with Methyl Tuads (DuPont).
    33 Fossil resin (Amber Mines). 34. Contains ca. 3.5% wax (Zinsser). 35, Central Scientific. 36,
    Sdell Oil. 37 Bromund. 38, Vegetable and mineral waxes (Kuhne-Libby). 39, Mainly C n to C20
    aliphatic, saturat)ed hydrocarbons (Standard Oil New Jersey). 40, Dennison. 41, Research Laboratory
    of Physical Chemistry Massachusetts Inst. Techn. 42 Absolute Analytical Grade (Mallinckrodt). 43
    Absolute (U. S. Inddstrial Chemicals). 44, Eastman ' Kodak. Dried and refractionated, Lab. Ins. Res:
    45 Purified Lab. Ins. Res. 46, Dow. 47, 72.0% arrffins, 28.0% naphtlienes (Stanco). 48, 57.4% a r
    a&, 42.6% naphthenes (Stanco). 49, 72.4% parafkns,' 27.6% naphthenes (Stanco). 50, 49.47 ara&ns:
    50.6% naphthenes (Stanco). 51, Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons (General Electric). 52, EhPorinated
    benzenes and di henyls (General Electric). $3, 6 P , mono-, 40% di- and trichloronaphthalenes (Bakelite).
    54, Methyl. or e t h siloxane polymer (Dow Corning).
    cs., centistoke.

    T A B L E 455.-DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND CONDUCTIVITY O F SOILS


    Measurements of samples of soil taken from different depths at various sites in England
    Dielectric
    Conductivity (in esu) at 20°C constant
    Moisture h
    Geological Depth Description content 7% ' '1.2 10
    classification ft of sample by weight 1 kc 100kc 1.2Mc 1 0 M c Mc Mc
    Lower
    lias .... Surface Dark fibrous loam.. .
    Loam and clay.. ....
    60
    33
    3.OX1O8 3.4XlOS
    6.5 7.0.
    3.9X1O86.OX1O8100
    7.0 9.0 95
    55
    43
    1
    2 Clay and sand.. .... 26 7.5 8.0 8.0 12.0 105 48
    3 Blue clay .......... 25 8.0 9.0 9.5 11.0 95 46
    Chalk. .... Surface
    1
    .
    Fibrous loam . ..... 21
    Chalky loam ....... 21
    .85
    .55
    .90
    .55
    .95
    .85
    1.4
    .95
    39
    41
    23
    25
    2 Chalk ............. 24 .28 26 .38 .61 28 21

    Upper
    greensand Surface Fibrous loam ...... 37 2.7 3.4 4.0 5.0 80 49
    1 Brown, sandy clay.. 19 2.2 2.4 2.4 3.8 39 19
    2 Brown sand ........ 15 1.8 2.0 2.1 3.3 33 19

    Upper
    lias ..... Surface Fibrous loam ...... 28 .85 .95 .1 1.6 48 30
    1 Sandy loam ........ 16 .34 .34 .40 .61 20 17
    2 Brown sand ........ 14 29 29 .33 .46 20 14
    5 Sand and sandstone.. 8.5 .075 .090 .12 .22 14 9

    Red mark. Surface Reddish-brown loam. 23 1.5 1.7 .8 2.3 46 32


    1 Reddish-brown clay. 20 1.5 1.7 .8 2.5 50 33
    2 Reddish-brown clay. 18 2.6 2.I3 3.1 3.6 80 45

    Devonian . Surface Black fibrous loam.. 21 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.5 90 65


    1 Loam and slate ..... 9.0 .026 .030 .040 .060 12 10
    10 Slate .............. - .00026 .0025 .0092 .046 9.5 8.0

    Granite ... 1 Gritty loam ........ 18 .12 .I2 .16 .18 22 15


    3 to 10 Granite ............ - .00090 .MI70 ,028 .ll 12 8.5
    3 to 10 Granite ............ - .00070 .0050 .019 .095 10.0 7.5

    Boulder
    clay .... Surface Fibrous loam ...... 38 .55 .65 .75 1.1 50 20
    2 Clay and loam ..... 19 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.7 60 21
    3 Dark grit and clay.. 18 .60 .70 .so 1.2 50 19

    Smith-Rose, Journ. Inst. Electr. Eng., London, vol. 75, p. 221, 1934.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 456m-ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENTS 441
    The dipole moments are given in Debye units (1 Debye unit = 1 X lo-" esu). The
    moments listed were obtained from gaseous measurements. The data are taken from
    Tables of Electric Dipole Moments, April 1947, compiled by L.G. Wesson, Laboratory for
    Insulation Research, Massachusetts Inst. Techn., Cambridge, Mass. Where several sources
    were given, a study was made to select the best value. Reference to original sources can be
    made from the above tables.

    P a r t 1.-Inorganic substances

    Electric Electric
    dipole dipole
    moment moment
    1x10-= 1x10-"
    Substance esu Substance esu
    Ammonia ..... . ............... 1.46 .
    Nitric oxide . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .1
    .
    Argon . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . .O Nitrogen . . ..
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .O
    .
    Arsine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 . .
    Nitrogen dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
    Boron fluoride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O .. .
    Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .O
    .
    Deuterium chloride . . . . . . . . .. . 1.089 .. .
    Phosphine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
    Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .O .
    Potassium chloride . . . . . 6.3 . .. .. .
    Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O Silane, SiH, .................. .O
    Hydrogen fluoride . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.91 Sodium iodide ................ 4.9
    Hydrogen iodide . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .38 . .
    Sulfur dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7
    ..
    Krypton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O . . .. .
    Water . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.84
    Neon . . . . . . . . . , . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. .O . . . . ..
    Xenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O

    Part 2.-Organic substances

    Electric Electric
    dipole dipole
    moment moment
    1x10-u 1x10-"
    Substance esu Substance csu
    Phosgene CCLO .
    Ethyl chloride CtH,CI . . . . . . . . . 2.00
    (carbonyl chloride) . . . . . . . . . 1.18 . Ethyl fluoride CzH,F . . . . . . . . . . 1.92
    Thiophosgene CCLS . . . . . . . . . . .28 . Ethyl iodide C,HJ . . . . .. .. .. . . 1.87
    Carbon tetrachloride CCI, . . . . . . .O Nitroethane C2H,NOs . . . . . . . . . 3.70
    Chloroform CHCI, . . . . . . .. . . . . 1.02 Ethane CZH, . ................. .O
    Hydrogen cyanide CHN ....... 2.94 Ethyl alcohol CzH,O ....... .... 1.68
    Formaldehyde CHzO .. . . . . . . . . . 2.27 Methyl sulfone CzH40zS. . . . . . 4.41 .
    Formic acid CH2O2 . . . . . . .. . . . , 1.51 Dimethylamine CzHIN . . . . . . . . . .99
    Methyl bromide CHaBr ........ 1.79 Cyanogen CtNz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O
    Methyl chloride CHIC1 .. ... ... 1.86 Propene (propylene) C3H4 , . . . . . .35
    Methyl iodide C H d . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.64 Acetone C3H,0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.85
    Formamide C H 3 N 0 ........... 3.22 Methyl acetate CaHaOz .. ..... .. 1.67
    Nitromethane CH,NO, . . . . . . . . . 3.49 Ethyl ether C,HloO ............ 1.14
    Methane CH, ................. .O .
    Ethyl sulfide CeHiaS . . . . . . . . . 1.51 .
    Methyl alcohol CH.0 . . . . . . . . . . 1.69 Diethyl carbonate C.nHiaOs . . . . . 1.06 .
    Carbon monoxide CO . . . . . . . . . . .11 Bromobenzene C4H5Br . . . . . . . . 1.74
    Carbon dioxide CO, . . . . . . . . . . . . .O Chlorobenzene GH,CI . . . . . . . . . 1.69
    Carbon disulfide CS, . . . . . . . . . . . .O Fluorobenzene C4HoF . . . . . . . . . . 1.57
    Acetylene C2Hz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O Nitrobenzene C6HsNOz . . .. . . . . 4.23
    Ethylene G H , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O Benzene C.H4 . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O
    Acetaldehyde C,H,O . . . . . . . . . . 2.71 Phenol CaHsO ................ 1.40
    .
    Acetic acid CzH,Oz . . . . . . . . . . . 1.73 Aniline CaHIN ................ 1.48
    Ethyl bromide C2H,Br .... ..... 1.96 . . ..
    Toluene C7Hs . . . . . .. .. . . . . .37

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    442
    T A B L E 457A.-ATTENUATION C O E F F I C I E N T S FOR V E R Y LOW F R E Q U E N C Y
    RADIO PROPAGATION
    F o r very low frequencies (100 kc and under), a n empirical transmission formula of
    the form

    has been found useful (Austin-Cohen; Austin ; Espenschied, Anderson, and Bailey), where
    F = received field intensity, in p vinz
    h = effective height of transmitting antenna, in km
    I = transmitting antenna current, in amp
    0 = transmission distance, in radians
    d = transmission distance, in km
    X = wavelength, in km
    Values of a and x were found t o vary somewhat.
    Since theoretical justification for the Austin-Cohen value of x = f has been given by
    Watson (Proc. Roy. SOC.London, A, vol. 95, p. 546, 1919), data furnished by the above
    observers have been reevaluated, assuming validity of the relationship
    --ad

    and the resulting values of a presented in the accompanying table, together with their rela-
    tive weights estimated from the number of observations used in their determination.
    a varies notably with frequency, time of day, and the type of ground along the trans-
    mission path, and less definitely with season, solar activity, and the location of the trans-
    mission path. The values presented here a r e for conditions where the entire transmission
    path, at the height of the ionospheric reflecting layer, lies in daylight or in darkness. For
    conditions of sunrise or sunset on the transmission path, a has generally been found to lie
    between day and night values, but under certain circumstances, t o far exceed these values.

    Transmission path
    Day Night Transmitter Receiver Observations
    f . kc a weight a weight Ground location location by
    12.8 .59X10-'97 Sea water Bordeaux, France Washington, D. C. Austin
    17.13 .66 112 .32X10- 48 " Rocky Point, N . Y. New Southport, Espenchied
    Andersoh, Bailey
    England
    22.9 1.49 59 Land San Diego, Calif. Washington, D. C. Austin
    23.4 1.01 97 Sea water Nauen, Germany Washington, D. C. Austin
    24.05 .61 93 .25 7 " Leafield, England Belfast, Maine Espenchied
    Andersoh, Bailey

    24.05 .80 42 .46 2 " Riverhead, L. I., N . Y.


    24.05 .81 52 .44 1 " Greenharbor, Mass.
    25.7 .76 104 .29 42 '' Marion, Mass. New Southgate,
    England
    52 1.45 29 .60 15 " Northolt. England Riverhead, L. I., N . Y.
    52 1.40 75 .84 21 '' Belfast, Maine
    54.5 1.49 45 .89 30 " Green Harbor, Mass.
    57 1.48 112 .55 48 ,, Rocky Point, N . Y. Npw Southgate,
    England

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    443
    T A B L E 457B.-ATTENUATION I N HIGH FREQUENCY PROPAGATION OVER
    LONG DISTANCES
    At high frequencies and distances where the radiation is chiefly received by means of
    sky-wave transmission, reference is given to the methods for calculation of received field
    intensities presented in Chapter 7, National Bureau of Standards Circular 462, “Ionospheric
    Radio Propagation.”
    For long transmission paths (over 4000 kni),
    +
    F = Fo f l o g P - S o J Q d
    PLV
    where F = log of the received field intensity, in -m
    F , = log of the ionospherically unabsorbed field intensity, in EZ‘
    m
    , for 1 kw
    effective radiated power
    = 1.6 - 1.44 [log d - 3.601
    d = transmission distance, in units of 1000 km
    P = effective radiated power, in kw
    log S o = 0.502 - 1.916 (log j - 0.477)
    f = frequency, in Mc
    Q = 1 +0.005 R
    R_= sunspot number
    K = average K for the transmission path
    +
    K = 0.142 0.858 cos 1c.
    1c. = solar zenith angle
    D‘
    + +
    E d = 0.142 D’ ( K , K 1- 0.284) tan -
    2R
    where D’= the length of the path in the region where K is not equal to zero, in
    units of 1000 km
    K1 and K,= values of K at transmitting and receiving stations
    R = radius of the earth in units of 1000 km
    I= seasonal variation factor. I has the values 1.0, 1.3, 1.15, respectively, if both ter-
    minals of the transmission path lie in summer, winter, or equinoctial regions. If one ter-
    minal lies in a summer region, the other in winter, I = 1.15.

    T A B L E 458.-E-LAYER M A X I M U M USABLE FREQUENCIES I N MC FOR


    2,000-km TRANSMISSION DISTANCE

    Local time
    June * Equinox
    of day: 00 04 08 12 16 20 00 04 08 12 16 20
    Sunspot number = 0 Sunspot number =0
    Latitude
    N.80” 7.5 9.7 11.3 11.8 11.3 9.7 8.2 10.0 8.6
    40 13.6 16.2 13.6 11.7 14.4 12.2
    0 12.3 15.6 12.3 13.2 16.8 13.0
    40 8.3 12.0 8.3 11.4 14.2 11.9
    s.80 7.3 8.7 7.5
    Sunspot number = 125 Sunspot number = 125
    N.80” 9.8 11.2 13.4 14.0 13.4 11.2 8.9 10.3 8.7
    40 17.4 20.2 17.4 15.1 18.6 14.7
    0 16.3 20.8 16.3 17.0 21.3 16.4
    40 10.7 15.4 10.7 13.5 16.8 13.3
    s.80 8.3 9.6 8.1
    For December, use reversed latitudes.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    444 T A B L E 459.-TRANSMlSSlON FACTORS'"
    Norton calculated from Van der Pol's and Bremmer's theory and checked at broadcast
    frequencies the following results for vertically polarized ground-wave propagation. I n
    many cases ionospheric waves will be much stronger than is indicated for ground-wave
    propagation in these tables. Some indication of when ionospheric waves may be expected
    IS given.

    Factor A for transmission over sea water


    e = 80, ( a = 5 X mhos/m)

    Freq.
    Ivlc 50 k m 100 k m 150 km
    .5 1.o .96 .90
    2 1.o .77 .72
    10 .71 .46 .33
    50 .025 .0050 .0016
    200 ,00075 __ --

    Factor A for transmission over good ground


    e = 15, u = lo-* mhos/m

    Freq.
    Mc 5 km 10 km 1 5 km 25 km 50 km 100 km 150 km
    .I 1.00 1.oo 1.o 1.o 1.o .90 .87
    .5 .98 .93 .90 .73 .68 .48 .35
    2.0 50 .30 .2 1 ,095 ,049 .018 ,0092
    10 .026 ,011 .0072 ,0036 ,0018 ,00054 .00020
    50 .0030 ,0015 ,0096 .00040 ,00017 __ __
    300 .00046 .00021 ,00013

    Factor A for transmission over poor ground


    E = 5, u = mhos/m

    Freq.
    h k 5 km 10 km 15 km 25 km 50 km 100 km 150 km
    1- 1.0
    . -99 -9.5 .92 .85 .73 .64
    .5 .64 .45 .35 .22 .096 ,038 ,022
    2.0 .056 ,027 ,018 .010 ,0050 ,0018 .00093
    10 0059 .0030 ,0019 ,0011 00048 ,00013 _-
    50 ,0012 ,00055 ,00036 ,00022 __ __ __
    100 .00080 .00026 ,00016 __ __ __ __

    CRITICAL F R E Q U E N C I E S A N D M A X I M U M USABLE F R E Q U E N C I E S FOR RADIO


    T R A N S M I S S I O N RY REFLECTION FROM THE E A N D Fz L A Y E R S O F T H E
    IONOSPHERE

    Values of ionospheric critical freqcencies and virtual reflection heights for all iono-
    spheric layers ( E , F,,F,. E.) observed at a large number of stations are regularly dis-
    tributed by the Central Radio Propagation Laboratory of the National Bureau of Stand-
    ards to lahoratories cooperating i n ionospheric research. The values presented in Tables
    458 and 461 are synthesized from the trends of these data. Values are not given here for
    the F , and E , layers since their trends are much less accurately estahlished than those of
    the E and F2 layers.
    Tahle 458 presents E-layer maximum usahle frequencies for a transmission distance of
    2,000 km, the maximum practical distance for 1-hop transmission by means of E-layer
    reflection.
    Table 461 presents Fz-layer ordinary-wave critical frequencies, and maximum usahle
    frequencies for a transmission distance of 4.000 km, the maximum practical distance for
    1-hop transmission by means of P2-layer reflection.
    153 Norton, K. A.. T h e calculation of ground wave ficld intensity over a finitely conductins spherical
    earth, Proc. Inst. Radio Eng., December 1941 ; V a n der Pol. Balth, and Rremmer, H., Philos. Mag..
    vol. 24, p. 141, 1937; vol. 24, p. 825, supi)lement. Novemher 1 9 3 7 .

    (rontiitzlcd)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    T A B L E 459.-TRANSMISSION FACTORS (concluded) 445
    Latitudes and local times are those of the ionospheric reflection points. The Fz-layer
    zones ( W , I , and E ) are those chosen for practical description of longitude effect by the
    International Radio Conference of April-May 1944. The W and E zones are centered on
    70"W. and 1lO"E.longitude, respectively; the two I zones a r e intermediate between these.
    Values are presented for sunspot numbers of 0 and 125. Since both critical frequencies
    and maximum usable frequencics show approximately linear variation with sunspot num-
    ber, values for any other sunspot number, X, may be obtained by interpolation.
    [World-wide charts of predicted M U F , three months in advance, for both E and Fz
    layers, are regularly published in Central Radio Propagation Laboratory Series D
    reports, "Basic Radira Propagation Prediction."]
    E - L a y e r o r d i n a r y - w a v e c r i t i c a l frequencies.-These may be obtained by dividing
    the E-layer 2,000 km M I J F by 4.78, since the minimum virtual height of reflection is
    nearly constant for this layer.
    E x t r a o r d i n a r y - w a v e c r i t i c a l f r e q u e n c i e s , f" (or zero-distance IMUF).-The or-
    dinary-wave critical frequency ,'f the extraordinary-wave critical frequency f", and the
    gyrofrequency f h are related by the equation
    (f")'= (f" -+ fh) f"
    The gyrofrequency, fh, varies with the intensity of the earth's magnetic field, H , and is
    given by
    e H
    f h = S

    where e and m are, respectively, the electronic (or ionic) charge and mass, c the velocity
    of light in free space, and H is given in gauss.
    Ion density.-The number of ions per cm3 at the reflection point may be obtained from
    the value of the ordinary-wave critical frequency, f " , by the equation
    N=- 7rm 1
    ez (f")'
    where m and e are, respectively, the ionic mass and charge.
    M i n i m u m v i r t u a l h e i g h t s of reflection.-The maximum usable frequency at any
    transmission (except for those nearly equal to zero) is equal to
    M U l ; = f " sec 9
    where 9 is the angle of incidence of the wave upcn the ionospheric reflecting layer.
    9 is approximately given by
    sin f 8
    9 = tan-'
    +
    1 ( h / R )- cos f 8 '
    where 8 is the angular distance of the transmission path, h the virtual height of reflection,
    and R the radius of the earth. (Cf. Smith, N., Proc. Inst. Radio Eng., May 1939, p. 232.)
    M a x i m u m usable f r e q u e n c i e s f o r o t h e r t r a n s m i s s i o n distances.-These may be
    obtained from the M U F of Table 461 by using the factors and procedure presented in
    Table 462.
    S k i p distances.-The M U I ; for a given distance is the frequency for which that dis-
    tance is the skip distance.

    T A B L E 460.-ATTENUATION OF M I C R O W A V E S BY W A T E R VAPOR I N T H E
    A T M O S P H E R E (in d b / k m )
    Measured at 45°C a t atmospheric pressure

    Wavelength (cm) .75 cm .% 1.16 1.28 1.37 1.69


    Frequency (kmc) 40.2 31.2 25.8 23.5 21.9 17.8
    Water vapor density
    (g/m8)
    10 .lo3 db/km ,081 ,149 .230 .224 .049
    30 .408 .321 .495 .69 ,672 .18
    50 .84 .665 .90 1.15 1.12 .355
    Adapted from Becker and Autler, Phys. Rev., vol. 70, p. 303, September 1946.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    446
    TABLE 461.-F,-LAYER CRITICAL FREQUENCIES AND M A X I M U M USABLE
    FREQUENCIES FOR 4,000-km TRANSMISSION DISTANCE liN Mc

    Lati-
    tude
    Tune
    Ah------
    F2-4000
    f"Fz MUF
    Local time of day: 00
    Sent.
    F2-4000
    f"F2 MUF
    E zone

    Dec.
    FI-4000
    f ° F 2 ML'F
    Sunspot number = 0
    - June
    F2-4000
    f ° F 2 MUF
    Time: 12
    Sevt.
    Fs-4000
    f"F2 MUF

    4.4
    Dec.

    f"F2 MUF
    Sunspot number = 0
    15.4 3.7 13.4
    N.80" 4.1 14.2 3.9 13.9 3.4 12.6 4.2 13.9
    40 4.18 13.9 3.8 12.9 2.9 9.6 5.8 19.0 6.1 21.4 6.8 24.7
    0 3.5 11.4 4.0 14.7 4.9 16.5 9.0 25.6 8.6 24.7 8.2 24.5
    40 2.7 9.2 3.0 10.3 4.3 14.7 5.0 18.8 5.6 19.5 5.9 19.4
    S. 80 2.4 8.8 2.8 9.9 3.9 13.5 3.3 11.9 3.6 12.9 4.5 14.9
    Sunspot number = 125 Sunspot number = 125
    N.80" 5.2 16.3 6.1 18.8 5.6 17.8 5.4 16.0 6.7 21.2 5.4 17.6
    40 8.6 24.9 7.0 21.3 3.5 10.8 9.0 25.6 11.4 35.3 11.1 36.4
    0 8.8 27.0 10.9 38.8 8.2 25.9 14.0 32.7 15.5 38.8 12.7 30.2
    40 4.1 12.8 5.9 18.2 8.2 24.7 10.8 36.4 10.5 34.1 8.3 22.7
    S.80 4.4 13.8 5.4 17.5 5.4 16.5 6.0 19.8 6.2 19.8 6.2 17.6
    Local time of day : 04 Sunspot number = 0 Time: 16 Sunspot number = 0
    N.80" 3.9 13.0 3.6 12.9 3.0 10.8 4.5 14.8 4.5 15.9 3.9 14.2
    40 3.7 11.8 3.7 12.3 2.9 9.9 5.6 18.2 5.6 20.0 5.0 18.3
    0 2.3 8.1 2.3 8.5 3.0 9.9 8.4 24.2 9.0 27.0 8.6 28.1
    40 2.9 10.1 2.0 6.9 2.6 8.9 5.0 18.2 5.1 18.3 5.9 19.9
    S.80 2.4 8.5 2.5 8.7 3.8 13.3 3.0 10.9 3.7 12.7 4.3 14.3
    Sunspot number = 125 Sunspot number = 125
    N.80" 5.2 15.4 5.5 17.5 4.4 14.0 5.6 16.3 6.5 20.0 5.4 17.3
    40 8.0 23.3 6.3 18.8 3.6 10.9 9.0 26.5 10.9 33.2 8.8 28.8
    0 4.9 15.3 7.2 23.5 6.2 20.0 14.0 34.0 16.2 41.2 12.2 29.6
    40 4.1 12.8 4.6 14.1 6.0 17.8 10.4 35.3 9.8 32.3 8.2 25.9
    S. 80 4.1 12.9 5.2 16.5 5.6 16.5 5.4 17.4 6.7 21.9 6.0 17.3
    Local time of day : 08 Sunspot number = 0 Time: 20 Sunspot number = 0
    N.80" 4.0 13.0 4.0 14.3 3.4 12.5 4.2 14.3 4.4 15.8 3.7 13.3
    40 5.8 19.4 5.7 20.9 5.2 19.4 5.5 18.8 5.1 18.2 2.7 9.6
    0 7.4 22.5 7.8 25.3 6.7 20.6 4.5 14.7 8.2 25.9 7.2 23.5
    40 3.9 14.1 4.3 15.9 5.0 17.4 2.7 9.6 4.0 13.9 5.4 19.4
    S. 80 2.4 8.8 3.4 11.8 4.3 14.7 2.5 9.3 3.3 11.4 4.4 14.9
    Sunspot number = 125 Sunspot number = 125
    N.80" 5.3 15.4 6.7 21.2 5.0 15.8 5.5 16.7 6.6 20.8 5.2 16.7
    40 9.4 28.2 10.0 33.2 8.2 29.4 8.6 26.0 8.0 25.9 4.3 14.1
    0 12.7 35.5 13.5 38.2 12.0 34.7 11.0 28.2 14.0 34.2 10.0 25.9
    40 7.5 26.0 8.1 28.1 7.4 21.4 5.5 17.6 7.9 24.7 8.4 25.9
    S. 80 4.3 13.6 5.9 19.3 6.2 17.6 4.4 13.9 6.3 20.6 6.0 17.6

    I zone
    Local time of day : 00 Sunspot number = 0 Time: 12 Sunspot number = 0
    N.80" 3.9 13.6 3.6 12.9 2.7 9.8 4.0 13.5 3.7 13.2 3.4 12.5
    40 3.8 12.9 3.0 10.1 3.0 9.8 5.2 17.2 5.5 19.4 6.8 25.9
    0 5.2 16.9 6.3 23.3 5.0 16.5 6.2 17.6 6.5 18.8 7.8 22.9
    40 2.9 9.8 2.6 8.9 5.4 17.9 4.7 17.9 5.2 18.3 6.6 21.9
    S. 80 2.4 8.8 2.8 9.9 3.9 13.5 3.3 11.9 3.6 12.9 4.5 14.9
    Sunspot number = 125 Sunspot number = 125
    N.80" 5.2 16.9 5.8 18.2 4.8 15.3 5.3 15.6 5.9 18.7 5.4 17.3
    40 6.4 18.6 5.0 15.3 3.3 10.3 7.9 21.9 10.2 31.9 11.0 37.7
    0 9.0 28.2 10.0 32.8 10.0 31.8 10.4 24.8 11.0 28.6 10.9 25.6
    40 4.1 12.7 5.8 18.2 8.4 24.7 11.5 38.7 10.8 34.7 9.4 26.5
    S. 80 4.4 13.8 5.4 17.5 5.4 16.5 6.0 19.8 6.2 19.8 6.2 17.6
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    447

    Lati-
    tude
    -
    T A B L E 461.-FgLAYER

    June
    F2-4000
    f"F2 MUF
    Local time of day: 04
    Sept.
    Ff "2F -z 4M0 U0F0 --GiG
    Dec.

    f"Fz MUF
    Sunspot number = O
    -
    CRITICAL FREQUENCIES AND M A X I M U M USABLE
    FREQUENCIES FOR 4,000-km TRANSMISSION DISTANCE IIN Mc (continued)
    June
    Fs-4000
    f"F2 MUF
    Time: 16
    7
    Sent.
    -
    Fz-4000
    f"Fz MUF
    h
    Dec.
    y J L ,
    F2-4000
    f"Fz MUF
    Sunspot number = 0
    N.80" 3.7 12.8 3.4 12.2 2.7 9.9 4.0 13.2 3.6 12.6 3.4 12.1
    40 3.1 10.7 2.9 9.9 2.9 10.0 5.2 17.0 5.5 19.8 5.6 20.6
    0 3.2 11.0 3.0 11.6 3.3 10.3 6.8 19.8 8.2 24.6 9.4 30.0
    40 2.8 9.6 2.2 7.5 3.5 11.9 4.6 17.2 4.8 17.0 6.4 21.8
    S. 80 2.4 8.5 2.5. 8.7 3.8 13.3 3.0 10.9 3.7 12.7 4.3 14.3
    Sunspot number = 125 Sunspot number = 125
    N.80" 4.8 15.4 5.7 17.4 3.9 12.2 5.2 15.6 5.9 18.8 5.2 16.6
    40 5.3 15.3 4.6 14.2 3.4 10.6 7.8 22.6 9.7 30.6 9.8 33.9
    0 6.9 21.8 5.4 17.6 7.2 22.9 10.8 26.8 12.5 31.8 12.4 35.0
    40 4.0 12.5 4.2 12.6 6.2 18.5 10.0 33.5 10.4 33.5 9.2 27.3
    S.80 4.1 12.9 5.2 16.5 5.6 16.5 5.4 17.4 6.7 21.9 6.0 17.3
    Local time of day : 08 Sunspot number = 0 Time: 20 Sunspot number = 0
    N.80" 3.9 12.8 3.6 13.2 3.0 10.9 3.8 13.2 3.6 12.8 3.1 11.5
    40 4.8 16.5 5.0 18.8 5.0 18.8 5.2 17.9 3.6 12.9 2.7 8.8
    0 6.2 18.6 5.6 17.9 7.4 22.9 6.0 20.8 7.0 21.6 7.6 24.9
    40 3.5 12.9 4.3 15.9 5.6 19.4 2.7 9.5 3.4 11.8 6.7 22.2
    S. 80 2.4 8.8 3.4 11.8 4.3 14.7 2.5 9.3 3.3 11.4 4.4 14.9
    Sunspot number = 125 Sunspot number = 125
    N.80" 5.1 15.0 5.9 18.8 4.3 13.5 5.1 16.0 5.8 18.3 4.9 15.5
    40 7.6 21.2 8.6 28.8 7.8 29.4 7.5 21.4 6.7 21.6 3.7 12.7
    0 8.9 24.9 11.6 33.0 10.3 29.3 9.4 23.4 10.2 25.9 10.5 27.0
    40 7.7 26.5 8.6 29.4 8.8 25.6 5.4 17.6 7.4 24.3 9.2 26.8
    S. 80 4.3 13.6 5.9 19.3 6.2 17.6 4.4 13.9 6.3 20.6 6.0 17.6

    W zone
    Local time of day : 00 Sunspot number = 0 T i m e : 12 Sunspot number = 0
    N.80" 3.9 13.6 3.6 12.9 2.7 9.8 4.0 13.5 3.7 13.2 3.4 12.5
    40 3.0 10.5 2.0 6.8 2.3 7.8 5.2 16.8 5.2 18.6 6.5 24.5
    0 4.4 14.6 5.5 20.6 3.6 12.0 7.6 21.8 10.6 30.3 8.6 26.5
    40 2.3 7.9 3.4 11.8 5.0 16.5 5.0 18.9 6.7 24.1 8.4 28.1
    S. 80 3.0 10.8 3.2 11.3 4.2 14.8 3.4 12.5 3.6 12.8 4.6 15.0
    Sunspot number = 125 Sunspot number = 125
    N.80" 5.2 16.9 5.8 18.2 4.8 15.3 5.3 15.6 5.9 18.7 5.4 17.3
    40 6.6 20.6 5.6 17.0 4.6 14.5 7.1 20.8 9.3 29.3 12.3 40.3
    0 10.5 31.8 12.2 39.2 9.0 28.3 11.7 28.2 14.9 37.0 14.1 33.3
    40 3.4 10.6 7.2 22.6 9.9 29.3 11.0 37.6 13.9 44.7 12.1 33.9
    S.80 5.1 16.3 6.2 20.0 5.9 17.5 5.7 18.3 7.6 24.7 7.0 19.8
    Local time of day : 04 Sunspot number = 0 Time: 16 Sunspot number = 0
    N.80" 3.7 12.8 3.4 12.2 2.7 9.9 4.0 13.2 3.6 12.6 3.4 12.1
    40 2.1 6.8 1.7 5.8 2.6 8.9 5.2 17.2 5.3 19.0 5.7 21.0
    0 3.2 11.0 3.5 12.8 2.3 7.8 9.2 26.9 10.2 31.5 8.6 27.3
    40 2.0 6.8 2.9 10.0 4.7 15.9 4.4 16.5 5.0 18.5 7.2 24.5
    S. 80 2.9 10.5 2.5 8.9 4.2 14.6 3.2 11.8 3.8 13.3 4.5 14.9
    Sunspot number = 125 Sunspot number = 125
    N.80" 4.8 15.4 5.7 17.4 3.9 12.2 5.2 15.6 5.9 18.8 5.2 16.6
    40 4.9 15.6 4.1 12.5 4.4 13.6 7.4 21.8 9.3 28.8 11.2 36.3
    0 7.0 22.1 6.2 21.5 4.9 14.5 11.8 29.4 14.0 37.5 13.8 34.3
    40 3.2 9.9 5.8 17.6 9.4 27.6 8.5 30.0 11.4 37.4 11.0 32.9
    S. 80 4.6 14.7 5.2 16.7 5.6 16.7 5.2 16.6 6.9 22.2 6.5 18.7
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    448
    T A B L E 461.-F,-LAYER CRITICAL FREQUENCIES A N D M A X I M U M USABLE
    F R E Q U E N C I E S FOR 4,000-km T R A N S M I S S I O N D I S T A N C E I” M c (concluded)
    Tune Sent. Dec. June Sept. Dec.
    Lati- F2-4000 F2-4000 Fn-4000 F2-4000
    tude f”F2 M U F f’F2 MUF f“P2 M U F f D F ? MIJF f”F, MUF faF2 MUF
    Local time of day : 08 Sunspot number = 0 Time: 20 Sunspot number = 0
    N.80” 3.9 12.8 3.6 13.2 3.0 10.9 3.8 13.2 3.6 12.8 3.1 11.5
    40 4.8 16.2 4.6 17.4 4.5 17.6 5.4 18.7 4.0 14.5 2.6 9.0
    0 5.8 17.4 7.5 24.1 7.6 22.9 6.8 22.3 8.4 26.0 5.7 19.0
    40 4.4 15.9 5.9 21.8 6.6 22.9 2.2 7.8 2.9 10.1 6.4 21.6
    S. 80 3.1 11.3 3.0 11.0 4.5 15.3 2.9 10.6 3.5 12.2 4.5 15.5
    Sunspot number = 125 Sunspot number = 125
    N.80” 5.1 15.0 5.9 18.8 4.3 13.5 5.1 16.0 5.8 18.3 4.9 15.5
    40 6.4 20.2 8.3 27.0 8.5 29.4 7.6 23.5 7.4 23.5 6.7 21.2
    0 9.4 27.0 11.3 34.1 14.5 42.4 10.7 27.6 13.5 34.0 11.9 30.1
    40 8.1 27.6 10.6 36.4 11.0 31.8 3.8 12.9 7.8 25.6 10.7 32.8
    S.80 5.0 15.9 6.8 22.1 6.7 18.9 4.9 15.8 6.5 20.6 6.5 19.3

    T A B L E 462.-FACTORS F O R O B T A I N I N G F,-LAYER M U F , A N D C O M B I N E D
    E, F,-LAYER M U F A T O T H E R D I S T A N C E S , F R O M F,-4,000 k m M U F A N D
    E-2,000 k m M U F

    T h e accompanying table presents (a) factors, F I W O ~ by - ~ .which


    ~ l r the 2,000 E-layer
    maximum usable frequencies may be multiplied in order to obtain values of maximum
    usable frequencies by combined E- and Fl-layer transmission for other distances, and (b)
    factors, F , M O F ~ by
    - F ~which
    , 4,000-km Fz-layer maximum usable frequencies may be multi-
    plied in order to obtain values of F2-layer maximum usable frequencies at other trans-
    mission distances. These factors become less accurate with decreasing transmission
    distance.
    For obtaining the maximum usable frequency for practical radio transmission, the
    following procedures may bc used :
    1. One-hop transmission:-Obtain both the combined E-, F1-layer, and F2-layer maxi-
    mum usable frequencies pertinent t o the midpoint of the transmission path. T h e higher of
    the. two will be the M U F for the path, neglecting possible transmission by sporadic-E
    ionization.
    2. Long-path transmission:--For transmission paths exceeding 4,000 km, the following
    procedure generally affords a sufficiently good value for practical use:
    (a) Determine the 2,000-km E-layer M U F for a point 1,OOO km along the transmission
    path from the transmitting station. Determine the 4,000-km F2-layer M U F for a point
    2,000 k m along the transmission path from the transmitting station. Select the higher of
    two values, for comparison with a value to be later obtained in procedure (b).
    (b) Determine the 2,000-km E-layer M U F for a point 1,000 km along the transmission
    path from the receiving station. Determine the 4,000-km Fz-layer M U F for a point 2,000
    km along the transmission path from the receiving station. Select the higher of these
    two values, for comparison with the value obtained in procedure (a).
    (c) Compare the values obtained in procedures (a) and (b) above. The lower of the
    two will be the M U F for the transmission path, neglecting possible transmission by
    sporadic-E ionization.
    F o r more detailed and accurate procedures, and for inclusion of sporadic-E layer effects,
    reference is given t o National Bureau of Standards Circular 462, “Ionospheric Radio
    Propagation,” and t o reports of the Central Radio Propagation Laboratory, Series D,
    “Basic Radio Propagation Prediction.”

    Distance Distance
    km F~WE-E,FI FiornFrFp km F-E-E,F, Florn~r~z
    200 .25 .35 2200 ... .79
    400 .36 .36 2400 ... .83
    600 .48 .38 2600 ... .86
    800 .62 .41 2800 ... .90
    1000 .72 .46 3000 ... .92
    1200 .82 .51 3200 ... .95
    141K) 88 57 3400 ... .97
    i 600 .95 .63 3600 ... .98
    1800 .98 69 3800 ... .99
    2000 1.oo .74 4000 ... 1.oo

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    449
    T A B L E 463.-CALCULATLD ATTENUATION OF MICROWAVES BY RAIN
    (db/km)

    Wavelength (cm)
    Rate of rainfall
    (.m m / h r )
    I ,
    1.25 3 5 10
    2.46 .................. .193 db/km .049 .004 .0007
    6.0 (moderate) ....... .615 .192 .012 .0017
    22.6 (heavy) .......... 2.40 .728 .053 .0070
    43.1 (cloudburst) ..... 6.17 1.64 .165 .016

    Adapted from article by L. Goldstein in Summary Technical Report of the National Defense
    Research Committee, Committee on Propagation, vol. 2, p. 164, published by Academic Press.

    T A B L E 464.-ATTENUATION O F M I L L I M E T E R W A V E S BY ATMOSPHERIC
    O X Y G E N (db/km) lJB

    Atteniia- Attenua- Attenua- Attenua- Attenua-


    tion tion tion tion tion
    Wave. coeffi. Wave- coeffi- Wave- coeffi- Wave- coeffi- Wave- coeffi-
    length cient length cient length cient length cient length cient
    (mm) (db/km) (mm) (db/km) (mm) (db/km) (mm) (db/km) (mm) (db/km)
    6.34 .05 5.60 1.8 5.19 12.7 5.10 13.9 4.96 14.7
    5.76 1.0 5.28 10.2 5.13 15.7 5.04 14.5 4.48 .4

    1m Lamonc, H. R., Proc. Phys. SOC.London, vol. 61, p. 562, 1948

    T A B L E 465.-EXTRATERRESTRIAL RADIO FREQUENCY RADIATION *


    P a rt 1.-Discrete sources

    Source
    Cygnus .........
    Cygnus A .......
    20"O'"
    1 9 59
    a 6
    +43-
    +41°41'
    Reported by LW
    Hey, Parsons, Phillips'
    Boltona
    Remarks
    Approx. position; X - 5m.
    Uncertainty of position about 1'.
    Observed on 100 Mc/s.
    Cygnus ......... 19h58m478f10" +41'41'+7' Bolton and Stanleyf Observed on 100, 60, 85, 200
    Mc/s.
    Cygnus ......... 19h56"'.5 +3 9' 50' Ryle and Smithd Observed on 80 Mc/s.
    Cygnus ......... 2 0 30 4-38" Hey, Parsons, Phillips g Observed on 64 Mc/s; position
    very uncertain.
    Ursa Major ...... 12 18.2 +58'00 Ryle and Srnithd Observed on 80 Mc/s.
    Taurus A ....... 5 13 +28O Bolton. Angular width < 30" ; uncertainty
    of position about 1'. Observed
    on 100 Mc/s.
    Taurus A ....... 51'31"'00s~30" + Z Z ' O l ' Bolton, Stanley, Sleeb Intensity measured a t 100 Mc/s.
    Taurus A ....... 5 31 20 +.30 +22'02'+.8' Bolton, Stanley Observed on 100 Mc/s.
    Cassiopeia ....... 23"17"'.5 +58°10' Ryle and Smithd Observed on 80 Mc/s.
    +46'11'
    +57 14
    Obsered on 8 0 Mc/s.
    Ryle
    Ryle
    Coma Berenices A . 12 04 f20'30' Bolton a Angular width < 15'; uncertainty
    of position about .'1 Observed
    on 100 Mc/s.
    Hercules A ...... 1 6 21 +15 Bolton a Angular width < '1 ; uncertainty
    of position about 1'. Observed
    on 100 Mc/s.
    Virgo A ......... 121'28"'06"k378 f 1 2 " 4 1 ' ~ 1 0 ' Bolton, Stanley, Sleeb Intensity measured at 100 Mc/s.
    Centaurus A ..... 13 22 20 k 6 0 -42'37'+.8' Bolton, Stanley, Sleeb Intensity measured at 100 Mc/s.

    -
    ls7
    Prepared by C. R. Burrows.
    For references, see p. 450.
    (continued)
    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSlCAL TABLES
    S319Vl lV'31SAHd NVINOSHIIWS
    45 1
    TABLES 466-494.-MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
    T A B L E 466.-DEFINITIONS *,
    BASIC EQUATIONS, A N D
    G E N E R A L DISCUSSION
    +
    B , flux density (magnetic) induction, = @/A = 4rZ H ; unit the gauss, maxwell per
    cm.
    Diamagnetic substances, p< 1, K negative. Most diamagnetic substance known is Bi, P =
    .998 K = - 14)<10-'.
    Ferromagnetic substances, p very large, K very large : Fe, Ni, Co, Heusler's alloy (see
    Table 476), magnetite and a few alloys of Mn. p for Heusler's alloy, 90 to 100 for B =
    2,200; for Si sheet steel 350 to 5,300.
    H , field strength, = No. of lines of force crossing unit area in normal direction ; unit =
    gauss = one line per unit area.
    Hall effect (galvanomagnetic difference of potential), Ettinghausen effect (galvano-
    magnetic difference of temperature), Nernst effect (thermomagnetic difference of poten-
    tial) and the Leduc effect (thermomagnetic difference of temperature), see Tables 519
    and 521.
    Hysteresis is work done in taking a cm' of the magnetic material through a magnetic
    cycle = $H d l = (1/4r)J'HdB. Steinmetz's empirical formula gives a close approximation
    to the hysteresis loss; it is aB" where B is the max. induction and a is a constant (see
    Table 482). The retentivity ( B , ) is the value of B when the magnetizing force is reduced
    to zero. The reversed field necessary to reduce the magnetism to zero is called the coercive
    force ( H e ) .
    I , intensity of magnetization or pole strength per unit area, = M/V = m/A where A is
    cross section of uniformly magnetized pole face, and V is the volume of the magnet.
    47rnf/A = 4 r 1 = No. of lines of force leaving unit area of pole.
    J , specific intensity of magnetism, = Z / p where p = density, g/cm'.
    J A , JM, similarly atomic and molecular intensity of magnetization.
    K , susceptibility ; permeability relates to effect of iron core on magnetic field strength
    of coil; if effect be considered on iron core, which becomes a magnet of pole strength m
    and intensity of magnetism I , then the ratio I / H = ( p - 1)/47r is the magnetic suscepti-
    bility per unit volume and is a measure of the magnetizing effect of a magnetic field on the
    +
    material placed in the field. p = 47r~ 1.
    M, magnetic moment = ml, where 1 is length between poles of magnet.
    Magneto-strictive phenomena :
    Joule effect: Mechanical change in length when specimen is subjected to a magnetic
    field. With increasing field strength, iron and some iron alloys show first a small incre-
    ment A l / l = (7 to 35) X lo", then a decrement, and for H = 1600. A l / l may amount to
    -(6 to 8) X 10". Cast cobalt with increasing field first decreases, Al/l = - 8 X lo-', H =
    +
    150, then increases in length, A l / l = 5 X lo", H = 2,000 ; annealed cobalt steadily con-
    tracts, A1 11 = - 25 X lo-", H = 2000. Ni rapidly then slowly contracts, AI/l = - 30 X
    lo-", H = 100 ; -35 X lo", H = 300 ; -36 X lo-", H = 2,000. A transverse field generally
    gives a reciprocal effect.
    Villari effect; really a reciprocal Joule effect. The susceptibility of an iron wire is in-
    creased by stretching when the magnetism is below a certain value, but diminished when
    above that value.
    Wiedemann effect : The lower end of a vertical wire, magnetized longitudinally, when
    a current is passed through it, if free, twists in a certain direction, depending upon circum-
    stances. A reciprocal effect is observed in that when a rod of soft iron, exposed to longi-
    tudinal magnetizing force, is twisted, its magnetism is reduced.
    p, magnetic permeability, = B / H . Strength of field in air-filled solenoid = H = (4r/!0)
    ni in gausses, i in amperes, n, number of turns per cm length. If iron filled, induction
    increased, i.e., No. of lines of force per unit area, B , passing through coil is greater than
    H;p=B/H.
    Paramagnetic substances, P> 1, very small but positive, K = lo-' to lo-": oxygen, espe-
    cially a t low temperatures, salts of Fe, Ni, Mn, many metallic elements. (See Table 486.)
    Paramagnetic substances show no retentivity or hysteresis effect. Susceptibility inde-
    pendent of field strength. The specific susceptibility for both para- and diamagnetic sub-
    stances is independent of field strength.
    +
    9, magnetic flux, = 4rm H A for magnet placed in field of strength H (axis parallel
    to field). Unit, the maxwell.
    Unit pole is of such strength that it will repel another unit pole with a force of one
    dyne ; at unit distance in free space, 47r lines of force radiate from it. m, pole strength ;
    4 r m lines of force radiate from pole of strength m.
    x, specific susceptibility (per unit mass) = K / P = J / H .
    X A , atomic susceptibility, = x x (atomic weight) ; X M = molecular susceptibility.

    . See pages 16-18.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    452
    T A B L E 467.-MAGNETlC PROPERTIES O F VARIOUS TYPES OF I R O N
    AND STEEL
    From tests made a t the National Bureau of Standards. B and H are measured in cgs units.

    Values of B 2000 4000 6000 8000 10,000 12.000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000
    Annealed Norway iron. . H A1 1.15 1.60 2.18 3.06 4.45 7.25 23.5 116. -
    p 2470 3480 3750 3670 3270 2700 1930 680 150 -
    Cast semi-steel . . . . . . . . .H 2.00 2.90 4.30 6.46 9.82 15.1 24.9 50.5 135. 325.
    p 1000 1380 1400 1240 1020 795 563 317 133 62.
    Machinery steel . .. ... .. H
    I.L
    5.0 8.8 13.1 18.6 25.8 35.8 50.5 76.0
    400 455 460 430 390 340 280 210
    142.
    127
    -
    -
    Very pure iron . . . . . . .H 3.30 4.48 6.35 9.10 13.0 18.9 28.8 47.0 103. 240.
    as received
    ... ..~~~ ~- } u 606
    .. 893
    .. . 945
    .. ~ 880 770 635 486 340 175
    .. . 83
    Annealed in va&o} . . . .H .46 .60 .80 1.02 1.36 2.00 3.20 11.3 72.0 194.
    from 900°C /.G 4350 6670 7500 7840 7250 6000 4380 1420 250 103
    As received.. . . . .. . . . .. . . . HVn,, 150, Bmas 18,900, B , 7,650, H, 2.8.
    After annealing ......... .. Hmaz 150, B,,, 19,500, Ha .53

    T A B L E 468.-MAGNETIC PROPERTIES O F ELECTRICAL SHEETS


    From tests made at the National Bureau of Standards. B and H are measured in cgs units.

    Values of B 2000 4000 6000 8000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18.000 20,000
    Dynamo steel . . . . . . . . . .H 1.00 1.10 1.43 .ZOO 3.10 4.95 9.20 34.0 114. -
    p 2000 3640 4200 4000 3220 2420 1520 470 158 -
    Ordinary trans-
    former steel } . .. . . . . 1.1H 3340
    .60 .87 1.10
    4600 5450
    1.48 2.28 3.85 10.9 43.0
    5400 4380 3120 1280 372
    149.
    121
    -
    -
    High silicon trans-
    former steel } ""':4000 5720 6670
    .50 .70 .90 1.28 1.99 3.60 9.80 47.4
    6250 5020 3340 1430 338
    165.
    109
    -
    -

    T A B L E 469.-MAGNETIC PROPERTIES O F IRON I N VERY WEAK FIELDS


    The effect of very small magnetizing forces has been studied by C . Baur and by Lord
    Rayleigh. The following short table is taken from Baur's paper, and is taken by him to
    indicate that the susceptibility is finite for zero values of H and for a finite range in-
    creases in simple proportion to H. H e gives the formula k = 15 100H, or Z = 15H
    IOOH'. The experiments were made on an annealed ring of round bar 1.013 cm radius, the
    + +
    ring having a radius of 9.432 cm. Lord Rayleigh's results for an iron wire not annealed
    + +
    give k = 6.4 5.1H, or Z = 6.4H 5.1H2. The forces were reduced as low as 0.00004
    cgs, the relation of k to H remaining constant.

    First experiment Second experiment


    r
    H k I H k
    41580
    ..__ ~ ~ 16.46 2.63 ,0130 15.50
    .03081 17.65 5.47 ,0847 18.38
    ,07083 23.00 16.33 .0946 20.49
    .I3188 28.90 38.15 .I864 25.07
    .23011 39.81 91.56 .2903 32.40
    .38422 58.56 224.87 .3397 35.20

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    v)

    5
    -I
    I
    0
    v)
    TABLE 470.-TYPICAL DATA F O R MAGNETIC MATERlALS15'"
    z
    b
    2 Part 1.-High-permeability materials
    01
    z Satura- Resis-
    r
    0 Approximate Typical Permeability Maxi- ation Hyster- Coer- tivity
    I-b *
    percent composition heat B=at 20 perme-
    mum flux
    density esis t force
    loss, Wh cive H
    $ C crohm-
    Mi- Den-
    sity,
    treatment
    Material Form Fe Ni Co Mo Other "C gausses ability B . gausses ergs/cms oersteds cm g/cms
    .
    Cold roiled steel . . . . .Sheet 98.5 - 950 Anneal 180 2,000 21,000 - 1.8 10 7.88
    .
    Iron . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .Sheet 200 5,000 21,500 1 .o
    Purified iron . . . . . . . . .Sheet
    .
    4% Silicon-iron . . . . .Sheet
    99.91
    99.95
    96
    -
    -
    -
    950 Anneal
    1480 Hz + 880
    800 Anneal
    5.000
    '500
    180.000
    7;OOO
    21.500
    19;700
    "E
    3,500
    .05
    .5
    10
    10
    60
    7.88
    7.88
    7.65
    Grain oriented* . . ..Sheet 97 - 800 Anneal 1,500 30,000 20,000 - .15 47 7.67
    45 Permalloy . . . . . . . .Sheet 54.7 45 1050 Anneal 2,500 25,000 16,000 1,200 .3 45 8.17
    45 Permalloyt . . . . . . .Sheet 54.7 45 1200 HZAnneal 4,000 50,000 16,000 - .07 45 8.17
    .
    Hipernik . . . . . . . . . . .Sheet 50 50 1200 Hi Anneal 4,500 70,000 16,000 220 .05 50 8.25
    .
    Monimax . . . . . . . . . . .Sheet -
    -
    -
    - -
    1125 Hz Anneal 2,000 35,000 15,000 -
    -
    .1 80 8.27
    Sinimax . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sheet - 1125 Hz Anneal 3,000 35,000 11,000 - 90 -
    78 Permalloy . . . . . . . .Sheet 21.2 78.5 - .3 Mn 1050 + 600 Q** 8.000 1OO.OOO 10.700 200 .05 16 8.60
    4-79 Permalloy . . . . . .Sheet
    .
    Mu metal . . . . . . . . . . .Sheet
    16.7
    18
    79
    75
    4 .3Mn +
    1100 Q
    - 2 C r , 5 C u 1175 H2
    20,000
    20,000
    lO0;OOO
    100,000
    81700
    6,500
    200
    -
    -05
    .05
    55
    62
    8.72
    8.58
    Supermalloy . . . . . . . . . Sheet 15.7 79 5 .3Mn 1300 H2 Q+ 100,000 800,000 8,000 - .002 60 8.77
    Permendur . . . . . . . . . .Sheet 49.7 - - .3 Mn 800 Anneal 800 5,000 24,500 12,000 2.0 7 8.3
    2V Permendur . . . . . . .Sheet 49 - - 2v 800 Anneal 800 4,500 24,000 6,000 2.0 26 8.2
    .
    Hiperco . . . . . . . . . . . . Sheet 64 - - Cr 850 Anneal 650 10,000 24,200 - 1.o 25 8.0
    Insulated
    2-81 Permalloy ..... powder 17 81 - 2 - 650 Anneal 125 130 8,000 - <LO loe 7.8
    Insulated
    Carbonyl iron ...... powder 99.9 - - - - - I
    55 132 - - - - 7.86
    Sintered
    Ferroxcube I11 . . . . . powder MnFez04+ZnFe10, - - 1,000 1,500 2,500 - .I 10' 5.0
    m a Compiled by R. A. Cbegwidden, Bell Telephone System Monogr. B-1605, Metal Progress, vol. 54, p. 705, 1948.
    Properties in direction of rolling. t Similar properties for Nicaloi, 4750 alloy, Carpenter 49, Armco 48. $ At saturation. ** Q, quench or controlled cooling.

    (cotttinued)

    R
    G,
    v)

    f
    I
    zz
    D T A B L E 470.-TYPICAL D A T A FOR M A G N E T I C M A T E R I A L S (concluded)
    2

    -s
    I
    -0
    Part 2.-Permanent magnet alloys
    d
    r Magnetizing Coercive Residual Energy
    Percent force force induction
    -I
    >
    m Material
    composition
    (remainder Fe)
    Heat treatmett
    (temperature, C)
    Hmoz.
    oersteds
    HO B.
    oersteds gausses
    gA%:.
    X 10“
    Me$od of
    fabrication t
    Mechan.ical Weight
    m
    r Properties $ Ib/in.s
    Carbon steel . .. . . . . . . . . . . 1 Mn, 0.9 C
    QaQ : 300 50 10,000 .20 HR, M , P H,S .280
    v)

    Tungsten steel . . . . . . . . . .. 5 W, 0.3 Mn, 0.7 C 300 70 10,300 .32 HR,M,P H, S .292
    Chromium steel . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Cr, 0.9 C, 0.3 Mn 830 300 65 9,700 .30 HR,M,P H,S .280
    17% Cobalt steel . . . . . . . . . 17 Co, 0.75 C, 2.5 Cr, 8 W - 1,000 150 9,500 .65 HR,M,P H. S -
    36% Cobalt steel . . . . . . . . . 36 Co, 0.7 C, 4 Cr, 5 W Q 950 1,000 240 9,500 .97 HR.M. P H; S .296
    Remalloy or Comol . . . . . . . 17 Mo, 12 Co Q 1200, B700 1,000 250 10,500 1.1 HR;M:P H .295
    Indalloy (sintered) . . . . . . . - Mo, - Co - - 1,OOO 240 9,000 .9 HR,M,P H .290
    Alnico I . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 12 At, 20 Ni, 5 Co A 1200, B 700 2,000 440 7,200 1.4 C, G H, B .249
    Alnico I1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 At, 17 Ni, 2.5 Co, 6 Cu A 1200, B 600 2,000 550 7,200 1.6 C, G H, B .256
    Alnico I1 (sintered) . ... 10A1, 17 Ni, 2.5C0, 6Cu A 1300 2,000 520 6,900 1.4 Sn G H .249
    Alnico IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 At, 28 Ni, 5 Co Q 1200, B 650 3,000 700 5,500 1.3 Sn; C, G H .253
    Alnico V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Al, 14 Ni, 24 Co, 3 Cu A F 1300, B600 2,000 550 12,500 4.5 C, G H, B .264
    - - 3,000 750 10,OOO 3.5 C, G H, €3 .268
    - - 3,000 950 5,800 1.5 C, G H. B .26
    B 600 1,000 300 8,800 1.0 C,CR,M,P D’ .295
    CW+B600 2,000 510 10,OOO 3.5 C,CR,M, P D 292
    CW+B600 2,400 550 5,400 1.5 C, CR, M, P D, M .311
    . . . . 50 Cu, 21 Ni, 29 Co - - 3,200 660 3,400 30 C,CR,M, P D.M .300
    Vectolite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 FetOs, 44 Fe30r, 26 C20, - - 3,000 1,000 1,600 .60 Sn, G W .I13
    Silmanal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.8 Ag, 8.8 Mn, 4.4 A1 - - 20,000 6,000 550 .075 C, CR, M, P D. M .325
    Platinum-cobalt . . . . . . . . . . 77 Pt, 23 Co Q 1200, B 650 15,000 3,600 5,900 6.5 C,CR,M D’ -
    Hyflux . . . ... .. . . . _ ... . .. Fine powder - - 2,000 390 6,600 .97 - - .176
    *Value given is intrinsic H c .
    CR-Cold rolled or drawn. M-Machined.*
    uenched in oil or water. A-Air cooled. B-Baked. F-Cooled in magnetic field.
    ‘E;pMust he ground. P-Punched. C-Cast. Sn-Sintered.
    CW-Cold worked. t HR-Hot rolled or forged,
    $ M-Hard. B-Brittle. S-Strong. D-Ductile. M-Malleable. W-Weak.
    T A B L E 471.-MAGNETIC PROPERTIES O F SO-ME ALLOYS * 455
    B & H MEASURED IN cgs U N I T S
    ~ ~

    Induction data
    Values of B 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
    Carbon steel ..............H 33 50 61 72 93 155 290 6 0 0 -
    .9 C, .5 Mn, .2 Si, Bal F e . . p 60 80 98 111 108 77 48 27
    Chrome ..................H 32 48 61 75 100 175 - - -
    Bar, 3.5 Cr, 0.9 C. ......... p 63 83 98 107 100 69 - - -
    Chrbme ..................H 30 44 52.5 62 75 155 235 - -
    Sheet, 5.75 Cr, 1.25 C . . .... p 67 91 114 129 133 104 60 - -
    Chrome ..................H 36 47.5 64 80 122 - - - -
    Sheet, 5.75 Cr, 10 C . . ...... p 56 84 94 100 82 - - - -
    Tungsten steel ............H 35 52.5 63 70 81.5 115 195 195 500
    0.6 C, 5 W, 0.5 Mn, 0.2 Si.. p 57 76 95 114 123 104 72 72 32
    Cobalt .................... H 140 203 240 269 313 413 649 - -
    Bar, 36 Co, 3.5 Cr, 3.0 W . . . p 14 20 25 30 32 29 22 - -
    Coma1 1 ..................H 134 201 237 258 290
    369 651 1355 2571
    12 Co, 17 Mo, Bal Fe ...... p 14.9 19.9 25.3 31 34.5
    32.5 21.5 11.8 7
    Alnico 1 ..................H 280 400 478 582 910 1820 -
    12 Al, 20 Ni, 5 Co, Bal F e . . p 7.1 10.0 12.6 13.8 11.0 6.6 -
    Alnico 2 ..................H 360 560 668 785 1020 1680 -
    Cast, 10 Al, 17 Ni, 12.5 Co.. p 5.6 7.1 9.0 10.2 9.8 7.1 -
    Alnico 2 ................ . . H 340 515 605 760 1200 1800 -
    Sintered, 10 Al, 17 Ni.. .... p 5.9 7.8 9.9 10.5 8.3 6.7 -
    Alnico 3 ..................H 305 473 565 698 1035 2000 -
    12 Al, 2.5 Ni, Bal Fe.. ..... p 6.6 8.5 10.6 11.5 9.7 6.0 -
    Up to 5/8x5/8" cross section
    Alnico 3 .................. H 279 395 478 575 940 1910 -
    Cast, 12 Al, 25 Ni, Bal Fe.. p 7.2 10.1 12.5 13.9 10.6 6.3 -
    5/8x5/8" cross section and over
    Alnico 4 ................. . H 500 850 1075 1350 1890 - -
    Cast, and sintered ......... p 4.0 4.7 5.6 5.9 5.3 - -
    12 Al, 28 Ni, 5 Co, Bal Fe
    Alnico 5 ..................H 468 560 580 580 598 640 945
    Cast, 8 Al, 14 Ni, 24 Co,
    3 Cu, Bal Fe ............p 4.3 7.1 10.3 13.8 16.7 18.8 148
    Alnico 6 ..................H 430 675 770 845 940 1110 1700
    Cast, 8 Al, 15 Ni, 24 Co,
    3Cu, 1.25 Ti, Bal Fe.. . . . . p 4.7 5.9 7.8 9.5 10.6 10.8 8.2
    Alnico 12 ................. H 610 1000 1300 1600 2000 3000 -
    Cast, 6 Al, 18 Ni, 35 Co,
    8 Ti, Bal Fe ............. p 3.3 4.0 4.6 5.0 5.0 4.8 -
    Cunife ................... .H 530 645 845 - - - -
    Under .155" dia. 60 Cu,
    20 Ni, Bal Fe ......... p 3.8 6.2 7.1 - - - -
    Cunico .................. .H 590 1000 1630 3200 - - -
    50 Cu, 21 Ni, 29 Co. ....... p 3.4 4.0 3.7 2.5 - - -
    Vectolite ................ .H 1110 2050 3700 - - - -
    30 Fe201, 44 Fer04,
    26 CoaOi ............... p 1.8 2.0 1.7 - - - -
    Silmanal .................. Maximum p 1.111
    Much of the data on magnetism was corrected by W. E. Ruder, of the General Electric Co.

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    456 T A B L E 472.-SPECIAL TRANSFORMER S H E E T
    Low induction values

    Special Hi silicon steel, (44% Si), .014" sheet


    H,annealed 875°C
    Values of H 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.018 0.020
    Values of B 3.0 5.0 7.0 10.0 13.0 16.0 21.0 24.0
    Values of p 750 833 875 1000 1083 1143 1167 1200
    Nickel-iron alloy 48% Ni, 52% Fe, .014" sheet
    Allegheny electrical alloy 4750
    Treatment 1100°C 6 hr p.d. Hz cooled to room temp. 5 hr
    Values of H 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.018 0.020
    Values of B 7.0 15.0 32.0 49.0 67.0 88.0 108.0 132.0 185.0 215.0
    Values of p 7000 7500 8000 8165 8375 8800 9ooo 9430 10280 10750
    Permalloy strip, 79% Ni, 21% Fe
    Treatment H, 1100°C 4 hr f. c. 625°C in air
    Values of H 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.018 0.020
    Values of B 15.0 30.0 67.0 115.0 180.0 260.0 365.0 458.0 683.0 805.0
    Values of p 15000 15000 16750 19160 22500 26000 30420 32710 37940 40250
    Monimax 47% Ni, 3%Mo bal Fe, strip .004
    Treatment annealed 2 h r 1150°C p.d. H,
    Values of H 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.018 0.020
    Values of B - - - - - 21 26 32 42 50
    Values of p - - - - - 2100 2160 2'290 2340 2500
    Mumetal strip .014", 77.2 Ni, 4.8 Cu, 1.5 Cr, 14.9 Fe
    Treatment annealed in p.d. H2at 1100°C .4 hr f. c.
    Values of H 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.018 0.020
    Values of B 20.0 50.0 158.0 300.0 443.0 600.0 758.0 923.0 1253.0 1420.0
    Values of p 20000 25000 39500 50000 55375 60000 63160 65930 69610 71000
    Cold rolled 3% Si, strip (oriented) .014"
    Annealed ill H, 980°C
    Values of H 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.018 0.020
    Values of B - 7 15 24 33 42 52 63 85 100
    Values of p - 3500 3750 4000 4100 4200 4300 4500 4700 5000

    T A B L E 473.-MAXIMUM CORE LOSSES I N ELECTRICAL STEEL S H E E T S

    Watts per Ib for 60 cycles


    Designation Thickness, in.: .0140 015s ,0170 ,0185 ,0220 .0250 .0280 ,0310
    At 10,000 gausses
    Armature A I S I M-43 _ . . . . . _ 1.30
    _ 1.38 1.46 1.55 1.75 1.98 2.23 2.50
    Electrical A I S I M-36.. . . . . . . 1.17 1.23 1.29 1.35 1.50 1.70 1.94 2.17
    Motor A I S I M-27 ........... 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.14 1.22 1.30 1.44 1.60
    Dynamo A I S I M-22.. ... . . .. .82 .86 .90 .94 1.02 1.10
    Transformer 72 AISI M-19.. .72 .76 .80 .83 .90 .97
    Transformer 65 A I S I M-17.. .65 .68 .72 .75
    Transformer 58 AISI M-15.. .58 .61 .65 .68
    Transformer 52 A I S I M-14.. .52
    Transformer 100 A I S I M-10..
    Transformer 90 A I S I M-9.. .
    At IS,OOO gausses
    Armature A I S I M-43 ._......4.30 4.37 4.44 4.50 4.80 5.30 5.85 6.50
    Electrical A I S I M-36. . . . . . . . 3.60 3.67 3.74 3.80 4.10 4.40 4.95 5.50
    Motor AISI M-27 ........... 2.65 2.75 2.85 2.95 3.20 3.40 3.70 4.10
    Dynamo A I S I M-22.. .... ... 1.85 2.23 2.31 2.40 2.60 2.80
    Transformer 72 A I S I M-19.. 1.65 1.93 2.02 2.10 2.25 2.40
    Transformer 65 A I S I M-17.. 1.50 1.72 1.80 1.88
    Transformer 58 A I S I M-15.. 1.40 1.57 1.65 1.73
    Transformer 52 AISI M-14.. 1.00
    Transformer 100 A I S I M-10.. .90
    Transformer 90 AISI M-9.. . .80

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 474.-MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF M ETALS 457
    Nickel at 0" and 100°C
    H S I B w H
    Cobalt at 0" and 100°C
    S I B w
    Magnetite
    H I
    . B w
    100 35.0 309 3980 39.8 200 106 848 10850 54.2 500 325 4580 9.16
    200 43.0 380 4%6 24.8 300 116 928 11960 39.9 loo0 345 5340 5.34
    300 46.0 406 5399 18.0 500 127 1016 13260 26.5 2000 350 6400 3.20
    500 50.0 441 6043 12.1 700 131 1048 13870 19.8 12000 350 16400 1.37
    700 51.5 454 6409 9.1 1000 134 1076 14520 14.5
    1000 53.0 468 6875 6.9 1500 138 1104 15380 10.3
    1500 56.0 494 7707 5.1 2500 143 1144 16870 6.7
    2500 58.4 515 8973 3.6 4000 145 1164 18630 4.7
    4Ooo 59.0 520 10540 216 6000 147 1176 20780 3.5
    6000 59.2 522 12561 2.1 9000 149 1192 23980 2.6
    9000 59.4 524 15585 1.7 At 0°C this specimen gave
    12000 59.6 526 18606 1.5 the following results :
    At 0°C this specimen gave 7900 154 1232 23380 3.0
    the following results :
    12300 67.5 595 19782 1.6
    These results are given by Du Bois for a specimen of magnetite.
    S = Magnetic moment per gram. I = Magnetic moment per cms.

    Professor Ewing has investigated the effects of very intense fields on the induction in iron and
    others metals. The results show that the intensity of magnetization does not increase much in
    iron after the field has reached a n intensity of 1000 cgs units, the increase of induction above this
    being almost the same as if the iron were not there, that is to say, d B / d H is practically unity.
    For hard steels, and particularly mangapese steels, much higher forces are required t o produce
    saturation. Hadfield's manganese steel seems to have nearly constant susceptibility up to a
    magnetizing force of 10,000. The following tables, taken from Ewing's papers, illustrate the
    effects of strong fields on iron and steel. T h e results for nickel and cobalt do not differ greatly
    from those given above.

    Lowmoor Vicker'q Hadfield's


    wrought iron tool steel manganese steel
    H I B p H I B w H I B p
    3080 1680 24130 7.83 6210 1530 25480 4.10 1930 55 2620 1.36
    6450 1740 28300 4.39 9970 1570 29650 2.97 2380 84 3430 1.44
    10450 1730 32250 3.09 12120 1550 31620 2.60 3350 84 4400 1.31
    13600 1720 35200 2.59 14660 1580 34550 2.36 5920 111 7310 1.24
    16390 1630 36810 2.25 15530 1610 35820 2.31 6620 187 8970 1.35
    18760 1680 39900 2.13 7890 191 10290 1.30
    18980 1730 40730 2.15 8390 263 11690 1.39
    9810 396 14790 1.51

    T A B L E 475.-EFFECT O F T E M P E R A T U R E ON P E R M E A B I L I T Y O F
    N I C K E L - I R O N A L L O Y (47-50 Ni) 1%

    B (gausses) at
    Maximum maximum Permeability
    Test B (gausses) at permeability permeability (B/H)
    Temp. 'F 30 H (oersteds) (B/H) (B/H) at 100 gausses
    390 11500 79000 4600 8000
    190 11850 59000 4400 7000
    80 12000 49000 4700 6100
    32 12000 44000 5200 5600
    - 42 12200 34000 6000 4500
    -100 12300 30000 7000 4200

    1% Hicks, Laurence C., Nickel-iron alloys for magnetic circuits, Electrical Manufacturing, January
    1946.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    458 T A B L E 476.-HEUSLER M A G N E T I C ALLOYS
    Several alloys have been experimented with that, although all the constitutents are non-
    magnetic or very weakly magnetic materials, have quite definite magnetic properties.
    Among these are Nos. 1-3 below, Heusler magnetic alloys. Some alloys made up for the
    most part of magnetic elements are nonmagnetic or very weakly magnetic, i.e., No. 4 below.
    1. 61 Cu, 25 Mg, 14 Al 3. Cu 61.5, Mn 23.5, A1 15
    magnetic with a permeability p B,=2550, H,=7.3, /I m a x =
    of 33. 236.
    2. 75.6 Cu, Mn 14.3, Al 10.1, P b 4. Cu 78, Fe 12, Mg
    magnetic B , = 480, H , = 3.8, p nonmagnetic.
    max = 80.

    T A B L E 477.-PERMEABILITY O F SOME SPECIMENS O F IRON A N D S T E E L


    This table gives the induction and the permeability for different values of the magnetiz-
    ing force of some of the specimens in 'Table 493. The specimen numbers refer to the same
    table. The numbers have been taken from the curves given by Hopkinson and may there-
    fore be slightly in error ; they are the mean values for rising and falling magnetizations.

    Specimt:n 8 Specimen 9 (same as Specimen 3


    Magnetir- Specimen 1 (iron) (annealed steel) 8 tempered) (cast iron)
    ing force 7
    H 7
    ? P ' B P B P ' B U

    1 - - 265 265
    2 100 700 350
    3 - - - - 1625 542
    5 10050 2010 1525 300 750 150
    ~~. 3000 600
    10 12550 1255 9000 900 1650 165 5000 500
    20 14550 727 11500 575 5875 294 6000 300
    30 15200 507 12650 422 9875 329 6500 217
    40
    .. 15800 395 13300 332 11600 290 7100 177
    50 16ooo 320 13x00
    .._.. 276 12000 240 7350 149
    70 16360 234 14350 205 13400 191 7900 113
    100 16800 168 14900 149 14500 145 8500 85
    150 17400 116 15700 105 15800 105 9500 63
    200 17950 90 16100 80 16100 80 10190 51

    Magnetir- A S T M 20 medium A S T M 30 medium ASTM 40 electric


    ing force (as cast) (as cast) furnace (as cast)
    H 7?-7 7-7? B P'
    5 1300 260 600 120 1750 350
    i.n. 3400 340 2550 255 4100 410
    20 5250 262 4450 222 5950 297
    30 6200 206 5450 181 6950 231
    40 6950 173 6100 152 7600 190
    50 7500 150 6700 134 8250 165
    70 8300 118 7600 108 9100 130
    100 9100 91 8600 86 10050 100
    150 10150 67 9800 65 11100 74
    200 11050 55 10650 53 11900 59

    T A B L E 478.-MAGNETIC P R O P E R T I E S O F SOFT IRON A T 0" and 100°C

    Soft iron at 0°C Soft iron at 100°C


    H S' It B U H S I B s
    100 180.0 1408 17790 177.9 100 180.0 1402 17720 177.2
    200 194.5 1521 19310 96.5 200 194.0 1511 19190 96.0
    400 208.0 1627 20830 52.1 400 207.0 1613 20660 51.6
    700 215.5 1685 21870 31.2 700 213.4 1663 21590 29.8
    lo00 218.0 1705 22120 22.4 1000 215.0 1674 22040 21.0
    1200 218.5 1709 22670 18.9 1200 215.5 1679 22300 18.6
    + Magnetic moment per grain. t Magnetic moment per cma.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSIC4L TABLES


    459
    T A B L E 479.-MAGNETIC P R O P E R T I E S O F S T E E L A T Oo and 100°C

    r
    Steel a t 0°C
    I
    .
    Steel at 100°C
    ,
    H St I$ B LL H S I B 5
    100 165.0 1283 16240 162.4 100 165.0 1278 16170 161.7
    200 181.0 1408 17900 89.5 200 180.0 1395 17730 88.6
    400 193.0 1500 19250 48.1 400 191.0 1480 19000 47.5
    700 199.5 1552 20210 28.9 700 197.0 1527 19890 28.4
    1000 203.5 1583 20900 20.9 1000 199.0 1543 20380 20.4
    1200 205.0 1595 21240 17.7 1500 203.0 1573 21270 14.2
    3750* 212.0 1650 24470 6.5 3000 205.0 1593 23020 7.7
    5000 208.0 1612 25260 5.1
    The results in this and other tables for forces above 1200 were obtained from a small piece of the
    metal rovided with a polished mirror surface and placed with its polished face normal to the lines of
    force getween the poles of a powerful electromagnet. Th; induction was then inferred from the rotation
    of thk plane of a polarized ray of red light reflected normally from the surface. (See Kerr's Constants,
    Tables 516 517 520.)
    t Magnelic mLment per grain. :! Magnetic moment per cma.

    T A B L E 480.-ENERGY LOSSES I N T R A N S F O R M E R S T E E L S
    D. C. Hysteresis data
    From Bmaz= 10.000 rrausses
    Thickness Ha Br Hm.Z
    Grade in. oersteds gausses oersteds HcXBr
    Transformer 52 .... . .. .0140 -.20 4800 2.03 960
    Transformer 58 . . .. .. . ,0140 -.24 5050 1.94 1210
    Transformer 65 .. . ... . .0140 -.31 5200 2.16 1610
    Transformer 72 .., .... ,0140 -.42 6200 2.19 2610
    Transformer 72 . . .. . . . ,0185 -.43 5050 2.58 2170
    Transformer 72 . . .. . . . .0250 --.SO 5300 2.72 2650
    Dynamo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0140 -.51 6650 2.30 3400
    Dynamo . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .O 185 -.53 5500 2.85 2920
    Dynamo . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .0250 -.59 5750 2.87 3400
    Motor . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .0140 -.55 6350 3.33 3500
    Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0185 -.58 6700 2.80 3890
    Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .0250 -.63 6900 2.99 4350
    Electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0140 -.62 7700 2.52 4770
    Electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0285 -.61 8100 2.16 4950
    Electrical . . . ... . . . . . . . .0250 -.68 8250 2.26 5610
    Armature .. .. . . . . . . . .. ,0140 -.64 8350 2.30 5350
    Armature . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0185 -.68 8300 2.20 5650
    Armature . . . . . . .. . .. . . ,0250 -.72 8230 2.26 5940

    T A B L E 481.-ENERGY LOSSES IN T R A N S F O R M E R S T E E L S
    a c core losses
    Watts/lb for 60 cycle at 10,000 gausses
    Eddy
    Thickness current
    Designation in. Gage loss Hysteresis Total
    Transformer 52 . . .. . .. ,0134 29 .149 .345 494
    Transformer 58 . . . . . . . ,0137 29 .163 .38S .548
    Transformer 65 . . . . . .. ,0136 29 .I93 .426 .619
    Transformer 72 .. . . . . . .0136 29 .205 .450 .675
    ..
    Dynamo . . . . . . . . . . . . .0137 29 218 .572 .790
    Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0140 29 245 .709 ,954
    Electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0137 29 262 352 1.114
    Armature . . . . . . . ... . . ,0139 29 .486 .741 1.227
    Oriented C . R. strio. . . . .0140 29 .164 236 .40

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 482.-DISSIPATION OF E N E R G Y I N T H E C Y C L I C M A G N E T I Z A T I O N
    O F VARIOUS SUBSTANCES
    C. P. Steinnietz concludes from his experiments that the dissipation of energy due to
    hysteresis in magnetic metals can be expressed by the formula e=uB'.', where e is the
    energy dissipated and u a constant. H e also concludes that the dissipation is the same for
    the same range of induction, no matter what the absolute value of the terminal inductions
    may be. His experiments show this to be nearly true when the induction does not exceed
    k 15000 cgs units per cm'. I t is possible that, if metallic induction only be taken, this may
    be true up to saturation; but it is not likely to be found to hold for total inductions much
    above the saturation value of the metal. The law of variation of dissipation with induction
    range in the cycle, stated in the above formula, is also subject to verification.
    T h e following table gives the values of the constant a as found by Steinmetz for a num-
    ber of different specimens. The data are taken from his second paper.

    Value of
    Kind of material Description of specimen a
    Iron ................. Norway iron . . . . . . . ................. .00227
    ................. Wrought bar . . . . . . ,00326
    ................. Commercial ferrotype plate .00548
    Annealed .00458
    ......... Thin tin plate ...... ,00286
    ................. Medium-thickness tin .00425
    Steel . . . . . . . . ......... Soft galvanized wire ,00349
    ................. Annealed cast steel . ,00848
    ......... ........ Soft annealed cast st ,00457
    ......... ........ Very soft annealed cast steel.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,00318
    . . . . . . . . . ........ Same as 8 tempered in cold water.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02792
    ......... ........ Tool stzel glass hard-tempered in water ,07476
    . . . . . . . . . ........ tempered in oil ....................... ,02670
    . . . . . . . . ......... " "
    annealed ............................. .01899
    ......... .......
    ................
    ......... .......
    Cast iron . . . . . ........
    . . . . . ........
    1 Same as 12, 13, and 14, after having been subjected
    to an alternating m. m. f. of from 4
    Gray
    "
    cast iron
    I' "
    -
    ampere turns for demagnetization .....
    .................................
    containing i"/o aluminum . . . . . . . . .
    000 .
    ... I
    ,06130
    .02700
    .01445
    .01300
    .01365
    ..... ........ " '1 "
    .01459
    1 A square rod 6 cm2 section and 6.5 cm long,
    Magnetite ............the Tilly Foster mines, Brewsters, Putnam County, ,02348
    Nickel ...............
    1New York, stated to be a very pure sample
    ............ ,0122
    ............... F Ewing's
    2 e Z Z
    experiments ...................... ,0156
    ............... Hardened, also from Ewing's experiments ... .0385

    I
    Cobalt Rod containing about 2'70 of iron, also calculated
    ................ from ,0120
    Ewing's experiments by Steinmetz .........
    Consisted of thin needle-like chips obtained by
    milling grooves about 8 mm wide across a pile of
    thin sheets clamped together. About 30% by vol-
    Iron filings ........... ume of the specimen was iron.
    1st experiment, continuous cyclic variation of m. m. .0457
    f. 180 cycles per second .........................
    2d experiment, 114 cycles per second . . ... ,0396
    3d " 79-91 cycles per second ... ,0373
    Nickel alloy .......... Permalloy .......................... ... ,0001
    Hipernik ...................................... ,00015
    Electrical sheet ........ Silicon steel 4.5'7 Si ............... ,00046
    Silicon steel 4.5% Si . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ooO51
    Silicon steel 4.4% Si ............................ .OW56
    Silicon steel 3.5'70 Si ............................ ,00065
    Silicon steel 2.5'70 si . . . .00081
    Silicon steel 1.0% Si ... .OOOS8
    Silicon steel 0.5% Si ... .001
    Low carbon sheet ........ ,003
    Cast steel annealed ............................. ,005
    Cast iron annealed .............................. .012

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 4 8 3 . 4 U R I E C O N S T A N T A N D T E M P E R A T U R E FOR 461
    PARAMAGN E T l C SUBSTANCES

    The relation deduced by Curie that x = C / T , where C is a constant and T the absolute
    temperature, holds for some paramagnetic substances over the ranges given in the follow-
    ing table. Many paramagnetic substances do not obey the law. See the following table.

    Substance C X 100 Range "C Substance C X 108 RangeOC


    Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . 33,700 20" to450'C Gadolinium sulfate.. 21,000 -259" to 17
    Air .......... . . .. 7,830 - - - Ferrous sulfate . . . . 11,000 -259 " 17
    Palladium .... .... 1,520 20 to1370 Ferric sulfate . . . . . . 17,000 -208 " 17
    Magnetite . . . . . . . 28,000 850 " 1360 Manganese chloride. 30,000 -258 " 17
    Cast iron .. . ... . . 38,500 850 " 1267

    T A B L E 484.-TEMPERATURE E F F E C T ( " C ) ON S U S C E P T I B I L I T Y O F
    DIAMAGNETIC E L E MENTS *

    No effect:
    B Cryst. 400 to 1200" P white Se - Sb -170t050~
    C +
    Diamond, 170 to200" S Crvst. ; p i k
    Zn -170 to 300"
    Br -170 to 18"
    Zr Cryst. -170 to 500"
    Cs
    Hg
    and Au
    +
    -39 to 350"
    C "Sugar" carbon
    Si Cryst. As - Cd -170 to 300" Pb 327to600"
    Increase with rise i n temperature:
    Be - C Diamond, 200 to 1200" I -170to114"
    B Cryst. + 170 to 400" Ag - H g -170 to -30"
    Decrease with rise in temperature:
    C Amorphous Gd -179to30' I n -I70to15O0 TI -
    C Ceylon graphite
    cu -
    Ge
    Zr
    -170 to 900"
    500to1200'
    Sb
    Te
    +
    -
    +
    50 to 631" Pb -170 to 327"
    Bi -170 to 268"
    Zn + 300 to700" Cd 300to700" I + +
    114 to 200"

    -Tables 484 and 485 are from Honda and Owen.

    T A B L E 485.-TEMPERATURE E F F E C T ( " C ) ON S U S C E P T I B I L I T Y OF
    PARAMAGNETIC E L E M ENTS

    No effect:
    Li - K -170 to 150" Cr -170to500" W -
    Na -170to97" Ca -170 to 18" Mn -170 to 250" 0 s -
    A1 657 to 1100" V -170to500" Rb -
    Increase with rise in temperature:
    T i -40 to 1100"
    V 500to 1100"
    Cr 500 to 1100"
    Mo -170 to 1200"
    Ru
    Rh
    + 550-to 1200" Ba -170 to 18"
    Ir and T h
    Decrease with rise in temperature:
    (0) - T i -180 to -40" Ni 350to800" Pd and T a
    AS -170 to 657" M n 250 to 1015" Co above 1150" Pt and U
    Mg - (Fe) - Nb -170 to 400" Rare earth metals

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    462 TABLE 486.-MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOME MATERIALS
    If I is the intensity of magnetization produced in a substance by a field strength H then the
    magnetic susceptibility K = I / H . This is generally referred to the unit mass ; italicized figures
    refer to the unit volume . The susceptibility depends greatly upon the purity of the substance.
    especially its freedom from iron . The mass susceptibility of a solution containing p percent by
    +
    weight of a water-free substance (susceptibility K) is K* = (p/100)~ (1 - p / 1 0 0 ) .~ ~( K ~ =
    sus-
    ceptibility of water.)

    T:mp . Re- '17emp. Re-


    Substance xx 106 C marks Substance h'x1oe "C marks
    Ag ................ -.19 18 Li ................ +.38
    AgCl ..............
    Air. 1 Atm .........
    -28
    +.024
    Mo ...............
    Mg ...............
    + .04 18
    15 +.55 18
    A1 ................ +.65 18 MgSO, ............ -.40
    At&( S0.).24H.O . . -1.0 Cryst . Mn ............... +11 . 18
    A. 1 Atrn ........... -.lo 0 MnCL ............. +122 . 18 Sol'n
    As ................ -.3 18 MnSO. . . . . . . . . . . . . +loo . 18 "
    Au ................ -.15 18 Nz, 1 Atm .......... .001 16
    B ................. -.71 18 N H3 .............. -1.1
    BaCL ............. -.36 20 Na ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . +.51 18
    Be ................ +.79 75 Powd . NaCl .............. -SO 20
    Bi ................ -1.4 18 Na2C0. . . . . . . . . . . . -.19 17 P:.wd .
    Br ................ -.38 18 NazC03-10 HzO ... -.46 17
    C. arc-carbon ...... -2.0 18 Nb ................ +1.3 18
    C. diamond ........ -.49 18 NiCI, .............. +40 . 18 Sol'n
    CH.. 1 Atm ........ +.a01 16 NiSO, ............ +30 . 20 "
    CO.. 1 Atm ......... +.002 16 0.. 1 Atm .......... +.120 20
    csz ............... -.77 18 0 s ................ +.04 20
    CaO .............. -.27 16 P:wd . P. white ........... -.90 20
    CaCL ............. -.40 19 P. red ............. -.50 20
    CaCOa. marble ..... -.7 Pb ................ -.12 20
    Cd ................ -.17 18 PbClz ............. -25 15 Powd .
    CeBrs ............. +6.3 18 Pd ................ +5.8 18
    Cb. 1 Atm ..........
    COCll .............
    -.59
    +90 .
    16
    18 S:n!'
    PrCb .............
    Pt ................
    + 13.
    +1.1
    18
    18
    Sol'n
    CoBr. ............. +47 . 18 .0 22 Sol'n
    COI................ 4-33 . 18 Rh ................ +1.1 18
    c o s o , ............ +57 . 19 -.48 18
    Co(N0a)z ......... +57 . 18 -.30 16
    Cr ................ t3.7 18 -.94 18
    CSCl .............. -.28 18 Powd . -.32 18
    c u ................ -.09 18 Si ................ -.12 18 Cryst .
    CUClZ ............. + 12. 20 Sol'n -.44 20
    c u s o , ............ +I0 . 20 Sol'n -Glass ............ 75%
    c u s ............... +.16 17 Powd . S n ................ +.03 20
    FeCh .............. +90 . 18 Sol'n SrCL .............. -.42 20 Sol'n
    FeCI, ............. +90 . 18 T a ................ +.93 18
    FeSO, ............. +82 . 20 -.32 20
    Fez(NO& ......... +50 . 18 +.18 18
    He. 1 Atm .......... -.002 0 +3.1 18
    Hz. 1 Atm ......... .000 16 v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +1.5 18
    Hz. 40 Atm ......... .000 16 +.33 20
    Hz0 .............. -.79 20 Zn ................ -.15 18
    HCl ............... -20 20 ZnSO, ............ -.40
    HA04 ............ +.78 20 Zr ..... 745 18
    HNOs ............. -.70 20 -.73
    H g ................ -.19 20 -.80
    I .................. -.4 20 -230
    I n ................ .1 2 18 -.60 20
    I r ................. +.15 18 -.58
    K ................. +.40 20 -.78
    KC1 ............... -.50 20 +1.1
    KBr .............. -.40 20 -64 22
    KI ................ -.38 20 Sugar ............. -.57
    KOH ............. 735 22 Sol'n Paraffin . . . . . . . . . . . -.58
    KzSO. ............. -.42 20 Petroleum ......... -.91
    KMnO. ........... +2.0 Toluene ........... -.77
    KNOa ............. -.33 20 Wood ............. -2-5
    Kc03 ............. -.50 20 Sol'n Xylene . . . . . . . . . . . . -.81

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    463
    T A B L E 487.-TEMPERATURE V A R I A T I O N O F RESISTANCE O F B I S M U T H
    I N TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC F I E L D ("C)
    Proportional values of rcsistance

    0 .40 .60 .70 .88 1.00 1.08 1.25 1.42 1.79


    2000 1.16 .87 .86 .96 1.08 1.11 1.26 1.43 1.80
    4000 2.32 1.35 1.20 1.10 1.18 1.21 1.31 1.46 1.82
    6000 4.00 2.06 1.60 1.29 1.30 1.32 1.39 1.51 1.85
    8000 5.90 2.88 2.00 1.50 1.43 1.42 1.46 1.57 1.87
    10000 8.60 3.80 2.43 1.72 1.57 1.54 1.54 1.62 1.89
    12000 10.8 4.76 2.93 1.94 1.71 1.67
    .. 1.62
    . .~ 1.67
    _. 1.92
    14000 12.9 5.82 3.50 2.16 1.87 1.80 1.70 1.73 i.94
    16000 15.2 6.95 4.11 2.38 2.02 1.93 1.79 1.80 1.96
    18000 17.5 8.15 4.76 2.60 2.18 2.06 1.88 1.87 1.99
    20000 19.8 9.50 5.40 2.81 2.33 2.20 1.97 1.95 2.03
    25000 25.5 13.3 7.30 3.50 2.73 2.52 2.22 2.10 2.09
    30000 30.7 18.2 9.8 4.20 3.17 2.86 2.46 2.28 2.17
    35000 35.5 20.35 12.2 4.95 3.62 3.25 2.69 2.45 2.25

    T A B L E 488.-lNCREASE O F RESISTANCE O F N I C K E L D U E T O A
    TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC FIELD, EXPRESSED AS yo O F
    RESISTANCE A T O°C AND H = O

    H -190" -75" 0" 4-18" +loo0 +18Z0


    0 +O 0 0 0 0 0
    1000 +.20 + .23 + .07 + .07 + .96 + .04
    2000
    3000
    +.17
    .oo
    +.16
    -.05
    + .03
    - .34
    + .03
    - .36
    + .72
    - .14
    - .07
    - .60
    4000 -.17 -.15 - .60 - .72 - .70 -1.15
    6000 -.19 -.20 - .70 - .83 -1.02 -1.53
    8000 -.19 -23 - 76 - .90 -1.15 -1.66
    10000 -.18 -27 - .82 - .95 -1 2 3 -1.76
    12000 -.18 -.30 - .87 -1.00 -1.30..
    ~ -1.85
    14000 -.18 -.32 - .91 -1.04 -1.37 -1.95
    16000 -.17 -.35 - .94 -1.09 -1.44 -2.05
    18000 -.17 -.38 - .98 -1.13 -1.51 -2.15
    20000 -.16 -.41 -1.03 -1.17 -1.59 -2.25
    25000 -.14 -.49 -1.12 -1.29 -1.76 -2.50
    30000 -.12 -.56 -1.22 -1.40 -1.95 -2.73
    35000 -.lo -.63 -1.32 -1.50 -2.13 -2.98

    T A B L E 4 8 9 . P H A N G E O F RESISTANCE O F VARIOUS M E T A L S I N A
    TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC F I E L D
    (Room temperature)

    Field strength Percent Field strength Percent


    Metal in gausses increase Metal
    NicFl .. ...... 10000 -1.2 Lead . . . . . . . . . 10000 + .0004
    . . . . . .. . -1.4 Tantalum ... .. " + .0003
    " . . . . ... . 6000 -1.0 Magnesium . . . 6000 + .01
    . . . . .. .. 10000 -1.4 Manganin .. .. + .01
    "
    Cobalt . . . . . . . . - .53 Tellurium . . ..
    "
    .> + .02 to .34
    Cadmium . . . . . + .03 Antimony .. .. .? + .02to .16
    Zinc . . . . . . . . . . + .01

    1
    Different specimens show
    Copper . . . . . . . + ,004 very divers'e results,
    Silver . . . . . . . . + .004 Iron . . . . . . . . usually an increase in
    Gold . . . . . . . . . + ,003 weak fields, a decrease
    Tin . . . . . . . . . . + .002 .. in strong.
    Palladium ... . + ,001 Nickel steel . Aljoys behave similarly to
    Platinum . . . . . + .0005 iron.

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    464 T A B L E 490.-MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF IRON AND STEEL

    Electrical sheets
    Electro- Good Poor
    l.ytic cast cast Cast Silicon
    iron steel steel Steel iron O r dinar y steel
    C ,024 ,044 .56 .99 3.11 .036 .036
    Chemical composi- si ,004 ,004 .18 .I0 3.27
    tion in percent Mn ,008 .40 .29 .40 .56
    ,008 ,044 .076 .04 1.05
    ,001 .027 ,035 .07 .06
    1.51 7.1 16.7 11.4
    Coercive force . . . . . . .. 1.371 (44.3) (52.4) C4.61 11.301 [.77]

    Residual B . . . . . . .. . . . { 11400
    I10800
    10600 10500
    I 110001 (10500)
    13000
    (7500)
    5100
    [5350 [94001 [9850]
    1850 3550 700 375 240
    Maximum permeability { 114400 I148001 (170) (110) I600 [32701 [6130]
    19200 18800 17400 16700 10400
    B for H = 150 ........ { I189001 I191001 (15400) (11700) I110001 [182001 [175501
    21620 21420 20600 19800 16400
    1 saturation.. . . . {
    4 ~ for I216301 I214201 (20200) (18000) I168001 r205001 [192601
    B racke ts indicate annealing a t 800OC in vacuum.
    Parentheses indicate hardening by quenching f r o m cherry-red

    T A B L E 491.-CAST IRON I N INTENSE FIELDS

    Soft cast iron H a r d cast iron


    A
    7
    H B I c I1 B I c
    114 9950 782 87.3 142 7860 614 55.4
    172 10800 846 62.8 254 9700 752 38.2
    433 13900 1070 32.1 339 10850 836 30.6
    744 15750 1200 21.2 684 13050 983 19.1
    1234 17300 1280 14.0 915 14050 1044 15.4
    1820 18170 1300 10.0 1570 15900 1138 10.1
    12700 31100 1465 2.5 2020 16800 1176 8.3
    13550 32100 1475 2.4 10900 26540 1245 2.4
    13800 32500 1488 2.4 13200 28600 1226 2.2
    15100 33650 1472 2.2 14800 30200 1226 2.0

    T A B L E 492.-CORRECTIONS FOR RI NG SPECIMENS


    I n the case of ring specimens, the average magnetizing force is not the value at the mean
    radius, the ratio of the two being given i n the table. The flux density consequently is not
    uniform, and the measured hysteresis is less than it would be for a uniform distrihution.
    This ratio is also given for the case of constant permeability, the values being applicable for
    magnetizations in the neighborhood of the maximurn permeability. For higher magnetiza-
    tions the flux density is more uniform, for lower it is less, and the correction greater.

    Ratio of Ratio of average H to Ratio of hysteresis for unif or m


    radial H a t mean radius distribution to actual hysteresis
    A
    width t o
    diameter Rxtangular Circular Rectangular Circular
    of rin g s cross section cross section cross section cross section
    1/2 1.0986 1.0718 1.112 1.084
    1/3 1.0397 1.0294 1.045 1.033
    1/4 1.0216 1.0162 1.024 1.018
    1/5 1.0137 1.0102 1.015 1.011
    1/ 6 1.0094 1.0070 1.010 1.008
    1/7 1.0069 1.0052 1.008 1.006
    1/8 1.0052 1.0040 1.006 1.004
    1/10 1.0033 1.0025 1.003 1.002
    1/19 1.0009 1.0007 1.001 1.001

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 493.-COMPOSITION A N D M A G N E T I C PROPERTIES O F IRON A N D S T E E L
    This table and Table 477 are from a paper by Dr. Hopkinson on the magnetic properties of iron and steel. The numbers in the columns headed
    “magnetic properties” give results for the highest magnetizing force used, which is stated i n the paper to have been 240. The maximum magnetiza-
    tion is not tabulated; but as stated by Hopkinson it may be obtained by subtracting the magnetizin,rr force (240) from the maximum induction and
    then dividing by 4r. ”Coercive force” is the magnetizing force required to reduce the magnetization to zero. The “demagnetizing force” is the
    magnetization force which had to be applied in order to leave 110 residual magnetization after previous magnetization in the opposite direction to the
    “maximum induction” stated in the table. The “energy dissipated” was calculated from the formula : Energy dissipated = coercive force X maxi-
    mum induction divided by r, which however, was only found to agree roughly with the the results of the experiment.

    Chemical analysis
    I Marnetic Dronerties
    Specific
    electri- Energy dis-
    cal resist- hlaxj- Residual Cper.. Demag- sipated per
    Description of Total Manga. Phos- ance mum in. induc- cive netizing cycle
    specimen Temper carbon nese Sulfur Silicon phorus x 100 duction tion force force ergs
    Wrought iron ............. Annf.aled - - - 13.78 18251 7248 2.30 - 13356
    Malleable Fast iron.. ....... - - - 32.54 12408 7479 8.80 - 34742
    Gray cast iron ............. - - - - 105.60 10783 3928 3.80 - 13037
    Bessemer steel . . . . . . . . . . . . - ,045 ,200 .030 No,;ie ,040 10.50 18196 7860 2.96 - 17137
    Whit%orth m,i)d steel. ...... AnyFaled ,090 ,153 ,016 ,042 10.80 19840 7080 1.63 I
    10289
    ....... ,320 .438 .017 ,042 ,035 14.46 18736 9840 6.73 - 40 120
    ‘( ‘1
    ....... 13.90 18796 11040 11.00 - 65786
    “ “
    ....... Annealed ,890 .165 ,005 .081 .019 15.59 16120 10740 8.26 - 42366
    “ ‘I
    .......{Oil-hard-
    ened 16.95 16120 8736 19.38 I
    99401
    Hadfield’s manganese steel - 1.005 12.360 .038 ,204 ,070 65.54 310 - - -
    Manganese steel ........... As forged .674 4.730 .023 .608 .078 53.68 4623 2202 23.50 37.13 34567
    <
    “ ........... Annealed <
    39.28 10578 5848 33.86 46.10 113963
    “ .{
    .......... Oil-hard-
    ened
    <
    55.56 4769 2158 27.64 40.29 41941
    ,L
    ‘‘ ........... As forged 1.298 8.740 ,024 .094 .072 69.93 747 - - - -
    ‘ ........... Annealed 63.16 1985 540 24.50 50.39 15474
    “ {
    ........... Oil-hard-
    ened
    , It ‘ I‘ “
    70.66 733 - - -
    Silicon steel ............... As forged .685
    ‘ .694 “
    3.438 ,123 61.63 15148 11073 9.49 12.60 45740
    I‘ “
    ............... Annealed ,I
    6 1.85 14701 8149 7.80 10.74 36485
    (continued) E2
    -
    ln
    P
    4
    i
    TABLE 493.-COMPOSITION AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES O F IRON AND S T E E L
    (concluded)
    0
    ln

    z Chemical analysis
    P
    2 < * properties
    Magnetic
    Specific 7
    I
    0
    electri- Energy dis-
    < cal resist. Max!- Residual Coer. Demag- sipated
    2 Description of Total Manga. Phos- ance mum in- induc- cive netizing per cycle
    0
    D
    I
    - specimen Temper. carbon nese Sulphur Silicon phorus x 108 duction tion force force ergs
    +
    D
    W
    Silicon steel ............... {yA;Frd- .685 .694 .024 3.438 .123 61.95 14696 8084 12.75 17.14 59619
    r-
    m
    ln Chrome steel ............a As forged .532
    ' .393 .020 220 ,041 20.16 15778 9318 12.24 13.87 61439
    1' "
    ............a Annealed 19.42 14848 7570 8.98 12.24 42425
    '' I'
    ............a { TLLFrd-
    27.08 13964 8595 38.15 48.45 169455
    'I " ............b As forged .687 .028 .134 ,043 17.91 14680 7568 18.40 22.03 85944
    '1 .I
    .......... . . bAnnealed 18.49 13233 6489 15.40 19.79 64842
    'I 1' .......... ..b{ Oil-hard-
    ened 30.35 12868 7891 40.80 56.70 167050
    TunEsten st:el ...........c As forged 1.357 .036 Nye .043 ,047 22.49 15718 10144 15.71 17.75 78568
    ...........c Annealed 22.50 16498 11008 15.30 16.93 80315
    Hardened
    " ...........c.; in cold ' 22.74 - - - - -
    water
    Hardened
    " ........... c / in tepid 22.49 15610 9482 30.10 34.70 149500
    water
    '' (French). . d { ~ ~ ~ ~ r d .511 - .625 None ,021 .028 36.04 14480 8643 47.07 64.46 216864
    '' ...........e Very hard ,855 .312 - .151 .089 44.27 12133 6818 51.20 70.69 197660
    Gray cast iron ............ f - 3.455 ,173 ,042 2.044 .151 114.0 9148 3161 13.67 17.03 39789
    Mottled ca$ 5' :". ........g - 2.581 .610 .lo5 1.476 .435 62.86 10546 5108 12.24 - 41072
    White .......... - -
    2.036 .386 ,467 .764 .458 56.61 9342 5554 12.24
    -
    20.40 36383
    -
    Spiegeleisen .............. 4.510 7.970 Trace .502 ,128 105.20 385 77 -
    Silicon steel .............. Annealed 4.5 65 10000 6500 3.5
    C. R. silicon steel (oriented). Annealed .03 3.25 5G 15000 10750 2.9
    Ingot iron ...............h Hot rolled .01 .01 15 19400 5500 2.9
    H2 annealed .o 1 15 19400 loo00 1.5

    Other substances present-a .621 Cr, b 1.195 Cr, c 4.649 W, d 3.444 W, e 2.353 W, f 2.064 graphetic carbon, g 1.447 graphetic carbon, h 99.75 Fe.
    T A B L E 494.-DEMAGNETIZING FACTORS FOR RODS 467
    H = true intensity of magnetizing field, H' = intensity of applied field, Z = intensity of magnet-
    ization, H = H' - NI.
    Shuddemagen says: The demagnetizing factor is not a constant, falling for highest values of
    I to about 1/7 the value when unsaturated; for values of B (=H +
    4 s I) less than 1000, N is
    approximately constant; using a solenoid wound on an insulating tube, or a tube of split brass,
    the reversal method gives values for N which are considerably lower than those given by the
    step-by-step method; if the solenoid is wound on a thick brass tube, the two methods practically
    agree.
    Values of K X 10' are given where B is determined by the step method and H = H' - KB.

    Values of N X 10'
    Cvlinder
    Ballistic step method
    Shuddemagen for range of'
    Ratio Dubois practical constancy
    of Magneto- Values of K X 10'
    length Uniform metric Diameter r ~

    to magneti- method , Diameter Diameter


    diameter Ellipsoid zation (Mann) 0.158 cm0.3175 cm 1.111 cm 1.905 cm 0.3175 cm 1.1 to 2.0 cm
    5 7015 - 6800
    10 2549 630 2550 2160 - - 1960
    15 1350 280 1400 1206 - - 1075 - 85.2
    20 848 160 898 775 - - 67 1 - 53.3
    30 432 70 460 393 388 350 343 30.9 27.3
    40 266 39 274 238 234 212 209 18.6 16.6
    50 181 25 182 162 160 145 149 12.7 11.6
    60 132 18 131 118 116 106 106 9.25 8.45
    70 101 13 99 89 88 - -
    80 80 9.8 78 69 69 66 63 5.5 5.05
    90 65 7.8 63 55 56 - -

    400 4.5 .39 - 2.8

    SYlfHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    468 TABLES 495-512.-GEOMAGNETISM *
    TABLE 495.-ELEMENTS OF THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD
    The elements commonly used to describe the natural geomagnetic field are :

    Symbol Name Remarks


    D Magnetic declination Rearing of magnetic north with respect
    to geographic north, counted positive
    from north around by east
    I Magnetic dip or inclination Positive when Z has downward direction
    H Horizontal intensity Positive regardless of direction
    X North intensity Referred to geographic north
    Y East intensity Referred to geographic east
    Z Vertical intensity Positive when downward
    F Total intensity Positive regardless of direction

    For a given time and place, the field is completely described by specifying the values of
    three magnetic elements, provided they include one from the group D , X , Y, and one from
    the group, I , Z , F . The ways in which the magnetic elements are interrelated may be
    seen from figure 20 and the formulas below. The formulas in the right-hand group are

    ZENITH
    t

    ,/'

    FIG.20.-Interrelation of the magnetic elements.

    obtained from the others by differentiation; they are useful when dealing with small incre-
    ments, such as those which describe annual and daily changes and minor local anomalies
    of the geomagnetic field. The formulas pertaining to values of AD and AI are expressed
    in minutes of arc.
    X = H cos D AX = cos D AH - H sin D sin 1' AD
    Y = H sin D A Y = sin D AH +
    H cos D sin 1' AD
    Y=XtanD AF = cos I 4 H sin I AZ +
    H = V W AI =
    H A Z - Z AH
    H = FcosI H Z sect I sin 1'
    Z= H t a n I
    Z = F sin I
    F=VH'+Z2
    A2 = t a n l AH + H sec2 I AI sin 1'

    F= VX'+ Yz+Z'
    . Prepared by E. H. Vestine, Carneaie Institution of Washington, and David G. Knapp, U. S. Coast
    and Geodetic Survey.
    1m For references, see bibliography following Table 511, p. 501.

    (copitinued)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    469
    TABLE 495.-ELEMENTS OF T H E EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD (concluded)
    For purposes of mathematical analysis, it is convenient to recognize that the magnetic
    intensity or field strength (like other vector fields) is derivable from a scalar function or
    potential. If V be the potential corresponding to the geomagnetic field, we may write
    I; = - grad V ,
    whence any of the magnetic elements may be expressed as functions of the potential.
    In polar coordinates ( r , 8, A ) with origin at the earth's center, we have

    v = a n=l
    z
    00
    { (r/a)" T"" + (a/r)n+' }
    Tn' = v" + V ' ,
    where a denotes the earth's mean radius (6.37 X 10'cm) (see Table 827).
    m
    T. z
    m=O
    (9."' cos m A + h." sin m A) p." (0).

    Here 0 is the colatitude and A the east longitude, and the affixes e and i refer to portions
    respectively of external and internal origin. The function

    where

    Z(21t - 1)
    Magnetic surveys of portions of the earth have been made by means of observations at
    many thousands of stations, the elcments usually observed being D , H , and I . Such sur-
    veys are repeated in part every few years in populated areas, and at intervals of one or
    more decades in most areas, because of a substantial and usually unpredictable change in
    the earth's field known as geomagnetic secular change. These changes are most accurately
    measured at fixed magnetic observatories to the number of about one hundred. The U. S.
    Coast and Geodetic Survey operates magnetic observatories at Cheltenham, Md. ; Tucson,
    Ariz.; Sitka, Alaska; Honolulu, T. H.; and San Juan, P. R. Other nations conduct
    similar measurements.
    Magnetic surveys by airplane will no doubt be commonplace in future years.
    The part of the earth's field having external origin does not exceed a few percent, and
    its existence has never been inditated with much certainty hy the spherical harmonic
    analyses. If the distinction between contributions of external and internal origin in the
    first formula is disregarded, the accompanying tables give the values of the principal har-
    monic terms at various epochs.
    The magnetic moment of the earth as given by the centered dipole approximation for
    1922 was 8.04 x 10'' cgs. The axis of this dipole intersects the earth's surface at points
    called the geomagnetic (axis) poles, located in 1922 a t latitude 78?5 N., and longitude
    270?0 E.; and at latitude 78?5 S., and longitude 111" E. In comparison with these cur-
    rently adopted values, the analysis of Vestine and Lange for 1945 shows only slight change
    that may have taken place since 1922.
    The dipole part of the earth's field diminishes with height h approximately as (1 - 3h/a).
    Values for 1945 have been estimated in tabulation to heights as great as h = 5000 km for
    spherical harmonic terms up to degree six.?
    The magnetic north and south poles of popular interest are those defined by H = 0, or
    by I = 2 90". As H changes with time, owinq to secular change, these poles must move
    with time, except in the unlikely event that the lines of zero change of X and Y both
    happen to pass through the poles. There are a principal north magnetic pole and a princi-
    pal south magnetic pole, which undergo substantial change in position with time. I n addi-
    tion there are undoubtedly local (secondary) magnetic poles near each principal pole. These
    secondary poles occur only in pairs. Of each pair, one pole has the character of a poten-
    tial focus (like the corresponding principal pole), while the other is a "false pole" or node
    of the equipotential lines. The secondary poles do not individually undergo large-scale
    migration, since they are associated with localized magnetic materials in the earth's crust.
    These occur when such materials succeed in reducing the changing value of H to zero, as
    the principal migrates.
    The principal north and south magnetic poles are not diametrically opposite, each being
    about 2,300 km from the antipodes of the other.
    t See bibliography, reference g. p. 501.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    470
    T A B L E 496.-THE F I R S T E I G H T GAUS S C O E F F I C I E N T S O F THE E A R T H ' S
    M A G N E T I C P O T E N T I A L ( V ) E X P R E S S E D I N U N I T S O F lo-' cgs

    Source Epoch g10 91' hi' gzo 92' h2' 922 h22
    Gauss .... ... ..... . .. 1835 -3235 -311 +625 + 51 +292 + 12- 2 +I57
    Erman-Petersen . . . . . 1829 -3201 -284 +60l - 8 +257 - 4 - 14 +146
    Adams .............. 1845 -3219 -278 +578 + 9 +284 - 10 +
    4 +I35
    A-dams ...... ........ 1880 -3168 -243 +603 - 49 +297 - 75 +
    61 +I49
    Fritsche . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1885 -3164 -241 +591 - 35 +286 - 75 +
    68 +I42
    Schmidt .. . ... ....... 1885 -3168 -222 +595 - 50 +278 - 71 +
    65 +I49
    Dyson and Frirner.. . . 1922 -3095 -226 +592 - 89 +299 -124 +I44 84 +
    Afanasieva . . . . . . . . . . 1945 -3032 -229 +590 -125 +288 -146 +I50 48 +
    Vestine and Lange.. . . 1945 -3057 -211 +581 -127 $296 -166 +I64 54 +

    T A B L E 497.-SPHERICAL H A R M O N I C C O E F F I C I E N T S OF T H E A V E R A G E
    A N N U A L S E CUL AR V A R I A T I O N E X P R E S S E D I N U N I T S O F lo-& cgs

    Source Epoch 9
    1' 91' hi' az0 92' hzl 92 h2'
    Dyson-Schmidt ....... 1922-1885 +20 - 1 -10- 1 +6 -14 +21 -18
    Bartels .... ........... 19220-1902 +42 -9 +I2 - 7 $8 -25 +I3 -8
    Carlheim-Gyllenskold .. 1920-1902 0 +I3 +4 0 -4 -12 +I3 -17
    1912.5 +25 + 1 -7 -7 -1 -9 +24 -17
    Vestine and Lange ..... 1922.5
    1932.5
    +28
    +23
    +
    + 4 - 7 -10
    1 - 5 -14
    +I
    +I
    -14
    -18
    +I7
    +10
    -17
    -14
    1942.5 +9 + 2 + 1 -18 0 -20 + 2 -14

    The magnetic moment of the earth (epoch 1922) = 8.06 X 10%cgs.


    Latitude 78.6 N.
    Geomagnetic north pole. . . . . . . . . . ILongitude 289.9 E.
    Latitude 78.6 S.
    Geomagnetic south pole. . . . . . . . . . Longitude 109.9 E.

    T A B L E 498.-COORDINATES OF NORTH MAGNETIC POLE

    North West
    Date or lati- lon i
    eDoch tude tuL- Observer Authority
    0 1 0 ,

    1831.4 78 05.4 96 53.5 J. C . Ross A. Nippoldt


    0

    1904.5 70.5 96.5 R. Amundsen Vestine et aLr-"


    1912.5
    1922.5
    1932.5
    1942.5
    1948.0
    70.9
    71.4
    71.9
    72.6
    73.0
    %.8
    97.2
    97.6
    97.9
    100.0
    ....
    ....
    ....
    ....
    P. H. Serson et al.
    IVestine et a1.t

    R. G. Madill, Arctic, vol. 1, p. 8, 1948.


    .For authorities see bibliography p. 501.
    t Based on the above position for i904.5 with reduction for secular change.

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 499.-COORDINATES OF SOUTH MAGNETIC POLE 471
    South Easf
    Date or lati- Ion I
    eooch tude tut' Observer Authority *
    0 1 D l

    1841.1 7500 15345 J.C.Ross C. C. Farr '


    1909.0 72 25 155 16 D. Mawson C. C. Farr '
    0 0

    1912.5 71.2 150.7 E. N. Webb Vestine et al.""


    1922.5
    1932.5
    1942.5
    1945.0
    70.2
    69.0
    68.3
    68.2
    149.2
    148.1
    146.2
    145.4
    For authorities see bibliography p. 501.
    t Based
    ....
    ....
    ....
    .... I
    on the above position for'1912.5 with reduction for secular change.
    Vestine et a1.t

    T A B L E 500.-DIP OR I N C L I N A T I O N , U N I T E D S T A T E S
    This table gives for the epoch January 1, 1950, smoothed values of the magnetic dip, I, cor-
    responding to the longitudes, A, west of Greenwich in the heading and the north latitudes, %, in
    the first column. The remarks about smoothing, in Table 502, apply to this table as well.

    +\A 65" 70" 75" 80" 85" 90" 95" 100" 105' 1100 1150 120" 1250
    0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
    21 ... ... 54.7 ... ... ...... ...
    23 ... ... 57.0 56.3 55.o 5i.i 52.7 si.4 50.i ...... ...
    25 ... ... 59.2 58.5 57.6 56.6 55.2 53.9 52.6 51:4 50.3 ...
    27 ... 61.1 60.8 59.9 58.8 57.6 56.3 55.0 53.7 52.6 si.6 ...
    29 ... 62.9 63.0 62.8 62.0 61.0 59.8 58.5 57.2 56.0 54.8 53.8 ...
    31 ... 64.5 64.8 64.7 63.9 63.0 61.8 60.6 59.4 58.2 57.0 55.9 ...
    33 ... 66.2 66.5 66.5 65.9 64.9 63.8 62.6 61.5 60.4 59.0 58.0 ...
    35 ... 67.8 68.2 68.2 67.7 66.8 65.8 64.7 63.6 62.4 61.1 60.0 ...
    37 ... 69.4 69.9 69.9 69.5 68.6 67.6 66.6 65.5 64.4 63.0 61.8 ...
    39 ... 70.7 71.3 71.4 71.1 70.4 69.4 68.5 67.4 66.2 64.9 63.6 62.7
    41 72.0 72.6 72.8 72.6 72.0 71.2 70.2 69.2 68.0 66.7 65.4 64.3
    43 72.3 73.2 73.9 74.2 74.0 73.6 72.5 71.9 70.9 69.6 68.4 67.1 65.9
    45 73.4 74.4 75.2 75.6 75.5 75.0 74.4 73.6 72.6 71.3 70.0 68.8 67.5
    47 74.4 75.6 76.3 76.8 76.9 76.6 75.9 75.1 74.1 72.8 71.6 70.4 69.2
    49 75.5 76.6 77.4 78.0 78.4 78.1 77.3 76.5 75.5 74.4 73.0 71.9 70.7

    T A B L E 501.-SECULAR C H A N G E O F DI'P, U N I T E D S T A T E S
    Smoothed values of the magnetic dip for the indicated places for January 1 of the years stated.
    The degrees are given in the third colunin and in the succeeding column. The remarks about
    smoothing, in Table 502, apply to this table as well.

    Lat. Long. 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 Lat. Long. 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950
    25" 80" 55' 179' 202' 214' 213' 210 12'
    25
    25
    90 53
    100 51
    i8s
    162
    zio 2%
    176 178
    2i6
    176
    Zis
    173
    43 is
    43 90 73
    so 76
    39
    80
    43
    i46s so
    40
    74
    33
    31 80 62 137 154 166 164 161 43 100 71 67 69 70 63 56
    31 90 60 163 178 185 181 178 43 110 69 50 50 51 45 39
    31 100 58 153 162 165 161 157 43 120 67 20 16 18 14 7
    31 110 57 72 77 77 75 71 47 70 75 49 46 49 44 36
    37 80 68 102 113 122 118 114 17 80 76 61 60 62 57 50
    37 90 67 92 101 108 102 97 49 90 78 23 22 21 15 7
    37 100 65 98 104 107 101 96 49 100 76 46 45 43 37 31
    37 110 63 89 91 93 88 82 49 110 74 35 32 31 26 21
    37 120 61 61 59 62 57 51 49 120 71 68 62 62 58 53

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    472
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL T A B L E S
    473
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    475
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    FIG.ZS.-World isodynamic lines, epoch 1945 (lines of equal total intensity, F, in cgs).
    477
    T A B L E 502.-SECULAR C H A N G E O F M A G N E T I C D E C L I N A T I O N I N THE
    U N I T E D STATES
    Smoothed values of the magnetic declination for the indicated places for January 1 of
    the years stated. The degrees are given in the fourth column, together with the indication
    E (east) or W (west); the minutes are given in the succeeding columns. The pattern
    depicted by this table for any date is highly smoothed and corresponds with that shown on
    “datum charts” discussed in current publications of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey,
    such as those cited.** The latter contain more detailed secular-change tables, as well as
    current magnetic charts which may be consulted for values reflecting a greater amount of
    local information than it is possible to show in tabular form.
    ** See bibliography, references d, e, p. 501.

    Locality Lat. Long. 1920 1930 1940 1950 Locality I.at. Long. 1920 1930 1940 1950
    At sea 44’ 68’ 13’W 319’ 357’ 377’ 377’ Mexico 28” 100’ 8 E 112’ 127‘ 142’ 135’
    Maine 46 68 16 W 269 299 312 307 Tex. 30 100 9 E 75 85 98 92
    Canada 48 68 19 W 241 263 269 258 Tex. 32 100 9 E 98 103 114 108
    A t sea 40 72 6 W 311 356 382 387
    Conn. 42 72 7 W 355 400 425 426 Tex. 34 100 in E 63 63 69 63
    N. H. 44 72 9 W 349 392 413 410 Okla. 36 100 10 E 89 82 83 76
    Kans. 38 100 11 E 52 38 35 25
    Canada 46 72 11 W 357 393 409 401 Kans. 40 100 11 E 74 52 47 34
    At sea 34 76 Ot 260 283 298 306 Nehr. 42 100 11 E 99 71 62 46
    N. C. 36 76 0 W 324 351 366 372 S. Dak. 44 100 11 E 129 94 79 59
    Md. 38 76 1 W 333 367 382 385
    Pa. 40 76 2 W 350 389 403 404 N. n a k . 46 100 12 E 105 63 40 16
    Pa. 42 76 3 W 376 420 434 432 N. Dak. 48 100 12 E 143 94 64 34
    Tex. 30 104 10 E 91 100 110 100
    N. Y. 44 76 5 W 357 402 415 409 Tex. 32 104 11 E 65 69 76 66
    At sea 26 80 0 E 72 77 75 59 N. Mex. 34 104 11 E 98 97 100 YO
    At sea 28 80 0 E 39 40 37 25 N. Mex. 36 104 12 E 72 66 65 52
    At sea 30 80 Ot 4* 0 3 11
    At sea 32 80 Ot 33 43 46 51 Cola. 38 104 13 E 45 33 26 12
    s. c. 34 80 Ot 81 96 98 101 Colo. 40 104 13 E 78 60 49 31
    Nebr. 42 104 13 E 118 94 79 58
    N. c. 36 80 Ot 132 153 157 157 S. Dak. 44 104 14 E 107 76 57 31
    Va. 38 80 Ot 191 218 221 219 N. Dak. 46 104 15 E 98 61 37 6
    Pa. 40 80 Ot 255 289 293 288 N. Dak. 48 104 15 E 154 110 79 44
    Pa. 42 80 0 W 326 365 371 365
    Canada 44 80 1 W 352 396 403 394 Mexico 30 108 11 E 95 100 108 95
    Fla. 30 84 2 E 28 31 39 35 N. Mex. 32 108 12 E 74 75 79 65
    N. Mex. 34 108 12 E 111 109 109 95
    Ga. 32 84 1 E 62 59 66 66 N. Mex. 36 108 13 E 90 84 80 63
    Ga. 34 84 1E 32 23 30 32 Colo. 38 108 14 E 69 59 51 32
    Tenn. 36 84 0 E 59 44 50 54 Colo. 40 108 15 E 56 40 26 5
    KY. 38 84 Ot 18* 5 0 6’
    Ohio 40 84 Ot 24 55 52 44 wyo. 42 108 15 E 111 90 73 47
    Mich. 42 84 Ot 77 114 113 105 wyo. 44 108 16 E 113 86 66 35
    Mont. 46 108 17 E 114 81 56 21
    Mich. 44 84 Ot 141 183 187 178 Mont. 48 108 18 E 117 78 47 8
    Mich. 46 84 Ot 212 260 270 263 Ariz. 32 112 12 E 125 125 126 112
    Ala. 30 88 4 E 42 50 64 64 Ariz. 34 112 13 E 107 104 103 86
    Ala. 32 88 4 E 28 30 42 44
    Ala. 34 88 4 E 12 7 18 22 Ark. 36 112 14 E 91 84 78 60
    Tenn. 36 88 3 E 54 42 53 58 Utah 38 112 15 E 80 70 60 39
    Utah 40 112 16 E 76 62 49 25
    Ind. 38 88 3 E 34 14 23 29 Utah 42 112 17 E 79 61 44 16
    Ill. 40 88 2 E 70 41 47 52 Idaho 44 112 18 E 84 61 41 9
    Ill. 42 88 2 E 41 6 8 12 Mont. 46 112 19 E 96 67 41 5
    Wis. 44 88 1 E 70 28 25 27
    Mich. 46 88 0 E 87 37 28 26 Mont. 48 112 19 E 163 129 99 59
    Mich. 48 88 Ot 35’ 20 35 42 Mexico 32 116 12 E 164 162 163 148
    Calif. 34 116 13 E 151 146 144 128
    La. 30 92 6 E 47 57 74 74 Calif. 36 116 14 E 141 134 128 109
    La. 32 92 6 E 44 49 64 66 Nev. 38 116 15 E 137 127 118 97
    Ark. 34 92 6 E 39 37 51 55 Nev. 40 116 16 E 138 126 113 89
    Ark. 36 92 6 E 40 29 38 42
    Ma. 38 92 6 E 39 20 27 29 Nev. 42 116 17 E 140 124 109 81
    Ma. 40 92 6 E 34 8 12 12 Idaho 44 116 18 E 152 133 114 83
    Idaho 46 116 19 E 168 143 120 85
    Iowa 42 92 5 E 87 52 50 49 Mont. 48 116 21 E 119 90 61 23
    Minn. 44 92 5 E 76 35 28 22 At sea 34 120 13 E 189 184 180 163
    Minn. 46 92 4 E 128 79 64 53 Calif. 36 120 14 E 184 ‘177 171 152
    Minn. 48 92 4 E 116 60 37 21
    At sea 28 96 7 E 85 101 119 115 Calif. 38 120 15 E 182 1/2 163 143
    Tex. 30 96 7 E 96 107 123 121 Calif. 40 120 16 E 180 168 156 13.2
    Calif. 42 120 17 E 184 169 154 129
    Tex. 32 96 8 E 48 54 67 66 Oreg. 44 120 18 E 200 181 163 135
    Okla. 34 96 8 E 61 61 70 69 Wash 46 120 19 E 213 192 172 140
    Okla. 36 96 8 E 75 66 71 69 Wash. 48 120 21 E 168 142 116 80
    I<ans. 38 96 9 E 27 10 12 9
    Kans. 40 96 9 E 38 13 12 6 At sea 38 124 15 E 213 202 194 175
    Iowa 42 96 9 E 48 16 11 2 Calif. 40 124 16 E 211 199 187 167
    Calif. 42 124 17 E 215 201 187 164
    Minn. 44 96 8 E 120 81 70 57 Oreg. 44 124 18 E 229 212 194 170
    Minn. 46 96 8 E 134 88 69 50 Orex. 46 124 19 E 241 222 203 175
    Minn. 48 96 8 E 154 100 71 48 Wash. 48 124 20 E 256 234 210 179
    -
    * East declination. t Values on this line are west, except those marked (*).

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    478 T A B L E 503.-HOURLY DEPARTURE OF MAGNETIC DECLINATION
    FROM NORMAL*
    The daily variation is not predictable in detail since it fluctuates in form and amplitude from
    day to day. However, the variations shown in this table appear with considerable regularity
    when the data are averaged over several months or years. Values ar e based on the 10 least-
    disturbed days of each month of the interval 1918-1928, using photographic registrations obtained
    at three of the magnetic observatories listed in Table 510. A plus sign signifies that east declina-
    tion is greater, o r west declination less, than the mean for the day.

    January, February, March, Aoril. May, June.


    November, December September, October July, August
    Hour, local Sitka, Chelten- Tucson, Sitka, Chelten- Tucson, Sitka, Chelten- Tucson,
    mean time Alaska ham, Md. Ariz. Alaska ham, Md. Ariz. Alaska ham, Md. Ariz.
    2 a.m. .o - .2 - .3 .o + .4 + .1 - .9 + .3 + .1
    4 a.m.
    6 a.m.
    ++ .2.7 ++ .8.2 -+ .2.2 ++2.4.5 +2.3
    +1.0 ++1.5.3 +
    +4.9
    .6 +1.0
    +4.1
    + .6
    +2.6
    8 a.m. +1.8 +2.5 +1.9 +4.8 +4.7 +4.0 +7.7 +5.9 +4.7
    10 a.m. +1.7
    - .2
    +2.5
    -2.0
    +2.3
    -1.1
    $3.6
    - .6
    $2.2
    -3.7
    +1.4
    -2.3
    +4.8
    -1.8
    +1.3
    -4.7
    + .4
    -4.2
    Noon
    2 p.m. -1.5 -3.2 -2.2 -2.9 -4.7 -2.8 -5.2 -5.4 -3.2
    4 p.m. -1.6 -1.5 -1.0 -3.2 -2.2 -1.4 -5.1 -2.5 -1.4
    6 p.m. - .9 - .2 .O -2.3 - .6 - .6 -2.5 - .2 - .3
    8 p.m.
    10 p.m.
    - .3
    .O
    ++ .5.6 ++ .32 -1.3
    - .8
    .o
    ++ .3.4
    - .2
    - .1
    -1.0
    -1.0
    - .4
    .o
    - .4
    - .2
    Midnight - .1 + .2 - .1 - .3 .o -1.1 + .2 - .1
    Expressed in minutes.

    T A B L E 504.--HORIZONTAL MAGNETIC INTENSITY, UNITED STATES


    This table gives for the epoch January 1, 1950, the smoothed horizontal intensity, H , expressed
    in cgs units, corresponding to the longitudes west of Greenwich in the heading and the north
    latitudes in the first column. The remarks about smoothing, in Table 502, apply to this table as
    well.

    +\' 65" 70" 75" 80' 85" 90" 95." 100" 105' 110" 115' 120' 125"
    21' ...... 267 .....................
    23 ...... 262 .26? .274 ,282 288 293 296 .........
    25 ...... 254 ,259 266 273 ,278 ,284 288 ,290 290 ......
    27 ...... ,246 ,251 ,257 264 ,270 ,276 280 ,282 ,282 282 ...
    29 ... 232 236 241 ,247 .254 260 266 ,271 273 274 276 ...
    31 ... 222 226 2 31 237 244 250 ,257 ,262 265 267 269 ...
    33 ... 212 215 220 225 ,232 ,239 246 252 256 259 261 ...
    35 ... 202 ,204 208 213 220 ,227 234 241 ,246 250 253 ...
    37 ... .192 .193 .196 ,201 20: ,214 ,222 229 236 240 244 ...
    39 ... .181 .181 .184 .188 .194 201 ,210 ,217 ,224 230 234 238
    41 ... .171 .170 .171 .176 .181 ,188 .196 ,204 212 219 ,224 230
    43 .165 .161 .160 .160 ,162 .167 ,174 .182 ,191 200 207 ,214 219
    45 .156 .151 ,148 .148 ,149 .153 .160 .168 .177 .186 .195 ,202 208
    47 .145 .140 .137 .135 .135 .140 .146 .154 ,164 ,174 .182 .190 .197
    49 .134 .129 .126 .123 ,122 .126 .133 .140 .150 .160 .170 ,178 .185

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    479
    T A B L E 505.-SECULAR CHANGE OF H O R I Z O N T A L I N T E N S I T Y , UNITED S T A T E S
    Smoothed values of horizontal intensity in cgs units at the indicated places for January 1 of
    the years stated. The remarks about smoothing, in Table 502, apply t o this table as well.

    Lat. Long. 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 Lat. Long. 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950
    25" 80" .2653 .2612 .2589 .2586 .2587 43" 70" .1627 ,1613 . l a 1 ,1608 .1613
    25 90 .2801 .2761 ,2741 2735 .2731 43 80 .1621 ,1604 .1589 .1595 .1598
    25 100 .2908 .2878 .2861 .2851 ,2843 43 90 .1693 .1675 .1664 .1671 .1671
    31 80 .2361 .2325 .2303 ,2304 .2306 43 100 .1838 .1822 .1814 .1820 .1820
    31 90 .2494 ,2461 .2442 .2441 .2438 43 110 .2015 .ZOO2 .1W4 .1997 .1996
    31 100 .2622 .2595 .2578 .2573 .2567 43 120 .2154 .2143 .2135 .2136 .2136
    31 110 ,2698 ,2677 .2662 2656 .2648 47 70 .1405 ,1398 .1389 .1398 .1403
    37 80 2003 .1974 ,1954 .1958 .1960 47 80 .1362 .1352 .1342 .1350 ,1353
    37 90 .2111 .2084 .2068 .2071 .2070 49 90 .1256 .1249 .1243 .1253 .1255
    37 100 ,2262 ,2239 .2226 .2227 .2223 49 100 .1406 .1398 .1394 .1403 .1405
    37 110 2389 ,2372 .2361 .2359 .2355 49 110 .1601 .1592 .1587 .1594 .1597
    37 120 ,2473 .24a .2449 .2446 .2442 49 120 ,1783 .1775 .1771 ,1775 .1777

    T A B L E 506.-VERTlCAL MAGNETIC INTENSITY, U N I T E D STATES


    This table gives for the epoch January 1, 1950, the smoothed vertical intensity, 2, expressed
    in cgs units, corresponding to the longitudes west of Greenwich in the heading and the north
    latitudes in the first column. The remarks about smoothing, in Table 502, apply to this table as
    well.

    4\' 65' 70" 75" 80" 85" 90' 95" 100" 10.5' 110' 115' 120" 125'
    21" . . . ... .378 ... ... ... ... ... .. . ...
    23 ... ... .402 .399 .39i .389 .3iS .36i .is4 ... ...
    25 . . . ... .425 .422 .419 .414 .401 ,390 ,376 .362 ,348 ... ...
    27 . .. ... .445 ,448 ,442 .435 ,426 .413 ,399 .383 .368 .356 ...
    29 . .. .454 .463 .468 .465 .458 .447 .434 .421 .404 .389 .376 ...
    31 ... .465 .480 .488 .484 .478 ,467 .456 ,442 .427 .411 .398 . ..
    33 .. . .480 ,494 SO5 SO3 .495 ,487 .477 .464 ,449 .432 ,418 .. .
    35 ... .493 ,511 .552 .520 .513 SO5 SO5 .485 .471 .453 .437 ...
    37 ... SO9 .526 .536 .536 .529 ,521 ,514 SO2 .491 .473 .456 ...
    39 ... S18 .536 .545 ,548 .545 .536 .531 .521 SO9 .491 .473 .461
    41 ,527 .544 .557 ,559 2158 .55 1 .546 .536 .524 SO9 .490 ,476
    43 .sii ,534 .554 .566 .569 .566 s63 .558 .ssi .538 .523 so6 .490
    45 .521 ,541 .561 .573 .575 .576 ,572 .571 .564 .550 .536 ,521 ,503
    47 .521 .546 .563 .578 .583 335 .583 .581 .576 ,559 ,548 ,533 .518
    49 ,518 .542 .565 .581 .595 .596 .591 .586 .581 ,570 .556 .543 ,527

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    480
    TABLE 507.-SECULAR CHANGE O F VERTICAL INTENSITY, U N I T E D STATES
    Smoothed values of vertical intensity in cgs units at the indicated places for January 1 of the
    years stated. The remarks about smoothing, in Table 502, apply to this table as well.

    Lat. Long. 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 Lat , Lona. 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950
    25" 80" .4243 .4240 .4236 .4228 .4222 43 70" S417 S382 S370 ,5365 .5343
    25 90 .4174 .4171 .4162 .4148 .4139 43 80 .5754 S719 ,5698 S687 ,5660
    25 100 .3959 .3952 .3933 .3914 .3896 43 90 S771 S734 ,5715 .5702 ,5659
    31 80 .4902 .4889 .4887 .4881 .4875 43 S618 5579
    31 90 .4835 .4823 .4810 .4794 .4778 43 110 S486 S451 S434 S413 5381
    31 100 .4644 .4624 .4603 .4582 .4559 43 120 ,5158 S115 S104 SO85 5061
    31 110 .4351 .4332 .4307 .4292 .4268 47 70 S559 S511 S496 S498 5464
    37 80 -541s
    ._ .. ~38 9 ~ 3 7 8 S370 S356 47 80 S907 5356 5328 S824 .5784
    37 90 S368 .5341 S332 S312 S287 49 90 .6110 .6067 .6029 .6024 ,5964
    37 100 ,5236 SO7 S189 S167 S137 49 100 S979 ,5937 ,5905 ,5897 3360
    37 110 SO05 .4977 .4961 .4938 .4908 49 110 3306 S754 S729 S722 ,5701
    37 120 .4654 .4623 .4612 .4591 .4564 49 120 S531 S474 S461 ,5452 5431

    TABLE 508.-TOTAL MAGNETIC INTENSITY, U N I T E D STATES


    This table gives for the epoch January 1, 1950, the smoothed total intensity, F , expressed in
    cgs units, corresponding to the longitudes west of Greenwich in the heading and the north lati-
    tudes in the first column. The remarks about smoothing, in Table 502, apply to this table as well.

    65" 70" 75" 80" 85" 90" 95" 100" 105' 110" 115" 120' 125"
    21" , .. ... .463 ... .. . .. . . ..
    23 ... ... .4so .is0 ,477 .iSi ,475 ,469 .46i .. . ... .. .
    25 .,. ... ,495 .495 ,496 .496 ,489 .482 ,473 ,464 .453 ... . ..
    27 ,.. ... ,508 .514 ,512 ,509 ,504 .497 ,487 .476 .464 .454 . ..
    29 . .. .510 .520 ,526 .526 .524 .518 ,509 ,501 .488 .476 ,466 . ..
    31 ... .515 .530 .539 ,539 ,536 .530 ,523 ,514 .502 ,490 .480 . ..
    33 ... .525 .539 ,550 ,552 .547 .543 ,536 .528 ,517 SO3 .493 . ..
    35 . .. ,533 S O .562 ,562 .558 ,535 ,549 ,541 ,531 S18 SO5 .. .
    37 ... .544 .561 .570 .572 ,568 ,564 .560 .552 .544 ,530 .518 ...
    39 ... ,549 .566 .575 .579 .578 .572 ,571 ,564 .556 .542 ,528 ,519
    41 .554 .570 ,582 ,586 336 ,582 ,580 .574 .566 ,554 .539 ,529
    43 ,543 .558 ,576 .588 ,591 .590 ,589 .587 333 .574 ,563 2149 .537
    45 .543 .562 .581 .592 .594 5% .594 .595 ,591 .581 .571 559 .545
    47 .541 .564 .580 .594 ,599 .601 .601 .602 .599 33.5 .577 .565 .554
    49 ,535 .557 ,579 ,594 .607 .609 ,606 ,603 ,600 .592 .581 .572 .559

    TABLE 509.-SECULAR CHANGE O F T O T A L INTENSITY, U N I T E D STATES


    Smoothed values of total intensity in cgs units at the indicated places for January 1 of the
    years stated. The remarks about smoothing, in Table 502, apply to this table as well.

    Lat. Long. 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 Lat. Long. 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950
    25" 80" ,5004 ,4980 .4964 ,4956 ,4951 43" 70" ,5656 ,5619 ,5604 S601 .558!
    25 90 SO26 SO02 .4984 ,4968 .4959 43 80 ,5978 S940 S915 ,5907 3381
    25 100 .4912 .4889 ,4864 ,4843 .4823 43 90 .6014 S974 S952 S942 S901
    31 80 S441 S414 S402 ,5398 ,5393 43 100 ,5985 S944 S923 S906 ,5869
    31 90 S441 S415 S394 ,5380 S364 43 110 ,5845 3307 ,5788 ,5770 S740
    31 100 ,5332 S303 ,5276 9 5 5 ,5232 43 120 ,5589 S545 ,5532 S516 S493
    31 110 ,5120 SO92 SO64 ,5047 SO23 47 70 ,5734 ,5686 S669 S673 342
    37 80 S773 ,5739 S722 ,5716 ,5703 47 80 ,6062 ,6010 S981 S979 S940
    37 90 .5768 S733 S719 S701 S677 49 90 .6237 .6194 ,6156 ,6153 ,6095
    37 100 S703 S668 S647 ,5626 ,5597 49 100 .6142 .6099 .6067 ,6061 .6026
    37 110 .5546 S513 ,5494 ,5473 ,5444 49 110 ,6022 ,5970 ,5945 ,5940 S920
    37 120 S271 S237 S222 ,5202 S176 49 120 ,5812 ,5754 ,5741 ,5734 S715

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 510.-MEAN A N N U A L V A L U E S O F M A G N E T I C E L E M E N T S A T OB SER VA TOR IES **
    The usual conventions are followed a s explained in connection with Table 502.
    In addition to permanent geomagnetic observatories, there are given the numerous series of magnetic records obtained for the better part of a
    year by special expeditions, as, for example, those obtained during the two International Polar Years of 1882-83 and 1932-33; all are listed in decreas-
    ing order of north latitude.
    Generally, values are from continuous magnetograph records for all days, and are for mean of year.
    The many special notes applying to individual observatories have been omitted in the tabulation; these may be obtained from the references cited
    below if desired. However, the following general types of notes should be taken cognizance of :
    * = Observatory so marked is in a region of local magnetic disturbance.,
    -_ = A break occurred between the preceding and following years due to change in procedure, method, standard, or site.
    a ) = Means quoted here are f o r all days, and may differ slightly from previously published means for 10 quiet days, given in offi-
    cial publication of U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.

    Components of intensity
    r __ - * ~~

    Latitude Horizontal North East Vertical Total'


    (+ = N , Longitude Declination Inclination H X Y Z F
    Observatory - = S) east Year D I Y+ Y Y Y Y
    Teplitz Bay (Camp Abruzzi). ....... +81"48' 57"59' 1904 +22"42!0 +83"12!4 6766 6242 +2611 +56798 57200
    Alger Island ...................... +80 22 56 06 1905 +20 28.4 +82 45.8 7161 6709 +2505 $56395 56848
    Bay Tikhaya (Calm Bay) .......... +8O 20 52 48 1933 +21 07.3 +83 06.3 6605 6159 +2380 +54616 55000
    1941 $23 07.7 $83 22.4 6355 5844 +2496 + 54699 55067
    Refuge Harbor (Greenland) ........ +78 32 287 37 g}; -99 49.5 +8S 47.1 4136 706 -4075 +56118 56270
    Cape Thordsen (Spitsbergen) ....... +78 28 15 42 :;$} - 5 54.6 +81 12.4 8187 8144 - 843 $52926 53555
    Sveagruvan (Spitsbergen) ......... +77 54 16 45 ;;) -4 53.7 +80 59.4 8328 8298 - 711 +52524 53180
    Chelyuskin ......................... +77 17 104 17 1935 +25 32.1 $86 '00.4 4024 3631 +1734 +57649 57789
    1940 +24 57.5 +8b 12.0 3850 3490 +1625 +57972 58100
    Thule ............................ +76 32 291 06 1933 -81 21.2 +85 18.9 4570 687 -4518 +55757 55944
    Jekman Island ..................... +76 26 95 08 1939 $29 14.2 +8S 11.6 4799 4188 +2344 +57070 57271
    Bear Island (Bjornoya) ............ +74 29 19 14 ;;} -1 53.9 +79 34.1 9498 9493 - 315 +51588 52455
    Dickson .......................... +73 30 80 25 1933 +28 31.6 +83 05.0 697 1 6125 +3329 +57430 57852
    1941 +29 14.0 +83 24.5 6614 5772 +3230 +57229 57610
    Matochkin Shar ...................+73 16 56 24 1938 +22 21.9 +80 39.6 8935 8263 +3400 +54325 55055

    Point Barrow ..................... $71 23 203 43 :;:}


    1940 +22
    +28
    41.1
    45
    +80 40.9
    +80 41
    8902
    9223
    8213
    8086
    $3433
    +4436
    +54251
    +56219
    54977
    56971
    ** For references, see bibliography, p. 501.
    t Y = 10-5 cgs. P
    (continued) s
    TABLE 510.-MEAN ANNUAL VALUES O F MAGNETIC ELEMENTS A T OBSERVATORIES (continued)
    v,
    %
    p3
    Components of intensity
    VI
    0 ~

    ;c Latitude Horizontal North East Vertical Totai


    D (f =N , Longitude Declination Inclination H X Y Z F
    z Observatory =S) east Year D I
    P
    - Y Y Y Y Y
    Jan Mayen ........................
    5
    G
    i;
    D
    r
    ~
    Scoresby Sund (Greenland)
    Tromso ..................
    +70°59 351'40'
    338 02
    18 57
    }:zi
    1933

    1930
    -21"43!8
    -34
    -4
    33.2
    07.7
    +76"5315
    +78 17.9
    11726
    10576
    11567
    10890
    8710
    11537
    -4340
    -5998
    - 833
    +SO352
    +51063
    51699
    52147
    ....
    D 1942 -2 ~ 10.6
    ~. ~ +77 25:s 11244 11236 - 427 +SO424 51662
    W
    r
    m 1944 - 1 54.3 +77 28.4 11213 11207 - 373 +SO647 51698
    v, Petsamo ... .. +69 32 31 15 1933 +5 46.2 +77 25.5 11341 11284 1-1140 +SO838 52088
    . . . . . . . . . . . . +69 18 14 25 1934 -5 42 +76 08 12233 12172 -1215 +49555 5 1042
    Godhavn .... ............ +69 14 306 29 1930 -57 41.1 +81 34.7 8227 4398 -6953 +55564 56 170
    1938 -55 28.0 +81 34.5 8174 4634 -6734 +55193 55795
    King Point ................
    Gjohavn ...................
    +69 07
    +68 37
    221 52
    264 07
    1906
    1905
    +42
    -6
    25
    06
    +81
    +89
    51.6
    17.3
    8448
    750
    6237
    746
    +5698
    - 80
    + 59061 59662
    +60434 60439
    Sodankyla ................. +67 22 26 39 1930 +2 36.5 +76 04.0 12207 12194 f 556 +49202 50693
    1942 + 4 25.1 +76 32.2 11882 11847 f 915 +49630 51033
    Kandalaksha ...................... +67 09 32 26 1932 +76 11.7 12318 12233 +I444
    1933) 44'0 +SO118 51609
    Wellen ........................... +66 10 190 10 1939 +15 41.2 +75 37.2 13707 13196 1-3706 +53460 55189
    1941 (+15 37.5 +75 36.7 13720 13213 +3695 +53478 55210)
    Angmagssalik ..................... +65 37 322 22 1933 -39 52.9 +78 18.1 10705 8215 -6864 $51699 527%
    College . . .................... $64 52 212 10 1942 (+29 52.4 +77 11.2 12582 10910 +6267 $55323 56736)
    1944 (+29 46.J +77 11.9 12587 10926 $6249 +55395 56807)
    Bowdoin Harbor (Baffin Island). . . . . $64 24 282 08 :;} -52 12.1 +85 29.2 4722 2894 -3731 +59824 60010
    Chesterfield Inlet .................. +63 20 269 18 }:;i -12 36.1 +86 23.4 3834 3742 - 836 +60762 60883
    Fort Rae ......................... +62 50 243 56 :;} +37 30.7 $82 39.0 7734 6135 +4709 +59956 60453
    Srednikan ......................... +62 26 152 19 1939 - 9 04.1 +73 24.1 16147 15945 -2545 +54169 56524
    1945 (- 9 14.8 +73 09.9 16393 16180 -2634 +54179 56605)
    Dombh ................. .... $62 05 9 06 1940 (- 7 08 +73 36.4 13900 13792 -1726 +47250 49252)
    1946 (- 6 16 $73 44.6 13837 13754 -1510 +47450 49426)
    Yakutsk .......................... $62 01 129 43 1940 -17 08.0 .... 14500 13857 -4272 ....
    1945 (-17 36.4 14524 13844 -4393 ....
    Julianehaab ....................... +60 43 313 58 1933 -43 20.8 +77 3i.i 11616. 8447 -7973 +52989 54247
    (covtinued)
    T A B LE 510.-MEAN A N N U A L VALUES OF M A G N E T I C E L E M E N T S A T OBSERVATORIES (continued)
    Components of intensity

    Latitude Horizontal North East Vertical Totai


    (+= N , Longitude Declination Inclination H X Y Z F
    Observatory - =S) east Year D I Y Y Y Y Y
    Lerwick .......................... +60"08' 358"49' 1930 -14"112 +72"4I:6 14527 14084 -3561 $46624 48835
    1944 -11 39.3 $72 58.0 14381 14084 -2905 +46937 49091
    1946 -11 21.3 +73 00.2 14364 14083 -2828 +46990 49136
    Oslo (Christiania) ................. +59 55 10 43 1929 - 8 07.0 .... 15934 15774 -2250 .... ....
    1930 - 7 58.9 15929 15775 -2212 ....
    Slutsk (Pavlovsk, succeed Leningrad) +59 41 30 29 1939 + 5 04.9 +72 1i.i 15260 15200 +1352 +4763i 50016
    .............................
    1941 + 5 16.8 +72 18.2 15228 15163 +1401 +47725 50096
    LOVO +59 21 17 50 1940 - 1 28.1 +71 52.6 15317 15312 - 393 +46979 49241
    1946 - n 42.4 +72 03.2 i 5231 15230 - 188 +47024 49429
    Sitka" ........................... +57 03 224 40 1920 +30 28.5 +74 22.3 15568 13417 +7896 +55655 57791
    1930
    ~
    +30 15.6 +74 22.8 15449 13344 +7785 f55256 57375
    1945 +29 30.2 +74 15.4 15513 13501 +7640 f55029 57174
    1947 (+29 22.6 +74 15.8 15503 13510 +7605 +55016 57159)
    Sverdlovsk (Katharinenburg) ...... +56 50 60 38 1899 + 9 59.6 +70 42.0 17795 17525 +3088 +50815 53840
    __.
    1929 +10 57.2 +72 20.3 16285 15988 $3094 +51145 53676
    1931 +10 54.6 +72 26.9 16200 15907 +3066 +51220 53721
    Vyssokaya Dubrava
    (succeeding Sverdlovsk) ......... $56 44 61 04 1940 +I2 57.2 +72 31.9 16085 15676 +3606 +51116
    1944 +13 03.0 +72 40.0 16030 15616 +3620 +51360
    Rude Skov (succeeding Copenhagen) +55 51 12 27 1930 - 6 00.4 +69 19.0 16893 16800 -1768 +44747
    1944 - 3 51.0 +69 45.6 16710 16672 -1122 +45318
    1946 - 3 34.8 +69 49.3 16680 16647 -1041 +45386
    Zaimishche (new site of Kasan). .... +55 50 48 51 1940 + 9 27.5 +71 10.5 16651
    ~~~~ 16425 +2736 +48441 51601
    1945 (+ 9 40.9 +71 21.7 16560 16324 +2785 +49096 51814)
    Kasan ............................ +55 47 49 08 1909 + 8 05.1 +69 09.1 18118 17938 +2548 +47575 -
    50908
    1913 + 8 10.9 +69 18.2 17959 17776 +2556 +47535 50815
    Kutchino .......................... +55 46 37 58 1927 + 6 36.1 +68 59.5 17875 17756 +2055 +46545 59859
    Copenhagen ....................... +55 41 12 34 1900 -10 12.2 +68 39.0 17513 17236 -3102 +44803 48104
    Eskdalemuir ...................... +55 19 356 48 1930 -14 47.1 +69 43.2 16585 16036 -4232 +44881 47847
    1946 -12 05.9 +69 54.0 16517 16150 -3462 +45134 48061
    Gross Raum ...................... $54 50 20 30 1925 - 2 18.3 +68 01.9 17771 17757 - 715 +44055 47504
    1935 - 0 43.1 j-68 33.5 17530 17529 - 221 +44636 47955
    Flensburg ......................... +54 47 9 26 1903 -11 28.0 .... .... .... .... .... ....
    (corttirtued) E
    -
    Ln
    L
    -I
    I
    T A B L E 510.-MEAN A N N U A L V A L U E S O F M A G N E T I C E L E M E N T S A T O B S E R V A T O R I E S ( o tinued)
    Components of intensity

    -
    ln
    2
    0

    D
    2
    Latitude
    (f= N , Longitude Declination Inclination
    Horizontal
    H
    North
    X
    East
    Y
    Vertical
    Z
    Totai
    F
    V
    Observatory - =S) east Year D I Y Y Y Y Y
    5 Meanook ....................... +54"37' 246"40' 1920 +27"38!6 +77"5316 12923 11445 +5996 +60246 61617
    !L? 1942 +25 33.6 +77 51.8 12729 11482 +5492 +59188 60541
    0
    D He1 ............................. +54 36 18 48 1934 - 2 35.5 +68 25.2 17553 17535 - 794 +44384 47729
    l-
    Neufahrwasser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +54 25 18 39 1903 - 7 13 .... .... .... ....
    +44i6i
    ~

    g Barth ........................... +54 22 12 45 1903 - 9 52.9 +67 37.6 18261 17990 -3134 47974
    Wustrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . +54 21 12 24 1903 -10 08 .... .... .... .... .... ....
    vI Rostock .............. +54 06 12 08 1903 -10 08 .... .... .... ....
    Stonyhurst . . . . . . . . . . . +53 51 357 32 1920 -15 52.9 +68 43.5 17303 16640 -4734 +44429 47679
    1943 -11 30.5 +68 54.5 17166 16820 -3425 +44504 47699
    Wingst ......................... +53 45 9 04 1939 - 5 59.1 +68
    +68 21.2
    12.0 17636 17540 -1839 +44092 47488
    1946 - 4 59.7 17601 17534 -1532 +44347 47712
    Stettin-Zabelsdorf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +53 27 14 34 1901 - 8 43 .... .... .... ....
    Witteveen ........................ +52 49 6 40 1940 - 7 09.2 +67 39:2 17959 17820 -2236 +43686 47233
    1946 - 6 14.7 +67 45.0 17946 17840 -1952 +43867 47396
    Zuy (new site of Irkutsk) . . . . . . . . . . +52 28 104 02 1899 + 2 08.8 +70 27.8 19948 19934 + 747 +56220 59654
    1930
    1945
    (+ 0 17.7
    (- 0 47.7
    +71
    +71
    21.5
    34.4
    19019
    19028
    19019
    19026
    +
    - 264
    98 +56380
    +57109
    59500)
    60196)
    Potsdam (succeeding Berlin) +52 23 13 04 1899 -10 00.7 +66 25.7 18818 18531 -3271 +43133 47060
    1920 - 7 29.4 +66 33.5 18606 18447 -2425 +42912 46772
    1927 - 6 09.1 +66 44.0 18489 18383 -1981 +43002 46809
    The Potsdam Observatory was set up in 1889 but electric-tram disturbances beginning in 1906 forced transfer of registration t o Seddin, which,
    in turn, for the same reason had to be transferred in 1932 t o Niemegk.
    Seddin ............................ +52 17 13 01 1920 - 7 31.2 +66 30.6 18645 18485 -2440 +4289y 46776
    1931 - 5 28.9 +66 49.8 18450 18365 -1762 +43106 46888
    Irkutsk (old site) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $52 16 104 16 1910 + 1 47.0 +70 36.0 19824 19814 + 617 +56293 59682
    1920 + 1 02.8 +70 51.9 19458 19455 + 355 +56081 59360
    Swide; ........................... +52 07 21 15 1930 - 1 57.3 +67 01.1 18476 18465 - 630 +43565 47310
    1943 -0 16.7 .... .... .... ....
    DeBilt (succeeding Utrecht) ........ +52 06 5 11 1930 - 9 26.3 +67 00.4 18282 18034 -2998 +43084 46801
    1938 -8 04.6 +67 09.3 18226 18045 -2561 +43263 46945
    Kiemegk (succeeding Seddin). ...... +52 04 12 40 1940 -4 09.6 +67 00.1 18434 18386 -1337 +43431 47182
    1944 (- 3 38.1 .... 18411 18374 -1167 .... . . . .)
    (continued)
    v) T A B L E 510.-MEAN A N N U A L V A L U E S OF M A G N E T I C E L E M E N T S A T OB SER VA TOR IES (continued)
    5
    4
    I Components of intensity
    VI
    0

    z Latitude Horizontal
    H
    North
    X
    East
    Y
    Vertical
    Z
    Totai
    F
    D
    z (f= N , Longitude Declination Inclination
    P
    Observatory - =S) east Year D I Y Y Y Y Y
    5 Valencia Cahirciveen ....... +51"56' 349"45' 1930 -17"27!6 +67"59!8 17813 16992 -5345 +44081 47546
    z? 1937 -16 11.7 +67 58.0 17802 17096 -4965 $43987 47453
    c)
    D Nizhnedevitsk....... 38 22 1935 + 5 33.6 +67 34.7 18588 18501 $1801 +45060 48743
    I-
    + 1940 + 5 54.0 .... 18472 18374 +1899 .... ....
    g Bochum .......................... $51 29 7 14 1934 - 7 52.4 .... .... .... ....
    E Kew ................ 359 41 1910 -16 03.2 +66 58.7 18503 17781 -5117 +43546 47313
    v)
    1924 -13 45.1 +66 56.5 18392 17865 -4372 +43205 46957
    Greenwich ..... 0 00 1920 -14 08.6 +66 53.6 18450 17890 -4510 $43250 47020
    1925 -13 09.9 +66 51.4 18410 17930 -4190 +43080 46850
    Abinger (succeeding Greenwich). ... +51 11 359 37 1940 -10 43.0 +66 43.9 18533 18210 -3446 $43099 46915
    1946 - 9 51.1 +66 45.4 18469 18295 -3177 +43235 47054
    Uccle (Brussels) ....... . . . . +SO 48 4 21 1910 -13 22.2 +66 00.8 19028 18512 -4400 $42764 46807
    1941 - 8 02.4 .... .... .... .... .... ....
    Hermsdorf ........................ +SO 46 16 14 1927 - 4 29.3 .... .... .... .... .... ....
    1929 - 4 10.6 .... .... .... .... ....
    Tellnitz ........................... +SO 44 13 58 1934 - 4 42.5 .... .... .... .... ....
    Beuthen .......................... +SO 21 18 55 1911 - 5 48.0 .... .... .... ....
    Manhay (succeeding Uccle) ......... +SO 18 5 41 1942 - 7 06.6 +65 54.6 19106 18959 -2365 +42733 46810
    Beuthen-Miklow .................. $50 09 18 54 1932 - 2 28.0 .... .... .... ....
    Falmouth ......................... +SO 09 354 55 1899 -18 32.7 +66 48.7 18663 17694 -5936 $43569 47398
    1912 -17 24.2 +66 26.6 18799 17938 -5623 +43118 47038
    Prague ........................... $50 05 14 25 1899 - 9 11.9 .... 19926 19670 -3185 .... ....
    1926 - 5 27.7 .... .... .... .... ....
    CraFow ....... .............. $50 94 19 58 1913 - 5 03.3 $64 'G.4 .... .... ....
    Janow ........ .............. +49 54 23 44 1933 + 0 06.4 +64 50.9 20110 20110 +"3i +42830 47316
    St. Helier (Jers .............. $49 12 357 54 1899 -17 03.7 +65 49.4 .... .... .... .... ....
    1907 +16 27.4 +65 34.5 .... .... .... .... ....
    Parc St. Muir
    (superseded by Val Joyeux) 2 30 1900 -14 45.4 $64 53.5 19738 19087 -5028 $42120 46515
    Val Joyeux
    (succeeding P a r c St. M u i r ) . ...... $49 49 2 01 1930 -10 59.3 $64 42.0 1%31 19271 -3742 +41529 45936
    1936 - 9 56.7 +64 45.4 19647 19351 -3393 $41668 46067
    Vienna (Auhof) .................. +48 13 16 14 1940 - 2 35.6 +63 48.9 20473 20452 - 926 +41634 46395
    1942 - 2 20.9 +63. 52.5 20467 20450 - 839 +41732 46481
    (continued) E2
    T A B L E 510.-MEAN A N N U A L V A L U E S O F M A G N E T I C E L E M E N T S A T OB SER VA TOR IES (continued)
    Components of intensity
    Latitude Horizontal North East Vertical Totai
    (+= N , Longitude Declination Inclination H X Y Z F
    Observatory - = S) east Year D I Y Y Y Y 7
    Maisach ......................... +48"12' ll"15' 1927 - 6'5215 +63"32!5 20314 20168 -2432 +40813 45593
    1932 - 5 59.3 +63 39.8 20299 20188 -2118 +41005 45754
    Furstenfeldbruck .................. +48 10 11 17 1944 - 4 13.6 $63 57.7 20314 20259 -1497 +41578 46275
    Munich ........................... +48 09 11 36 1910 - 9 31.5 +63 08.4 20638 20353 -3415 +40750 45678
    1920 - 8 03.8 .... .... .... .... ....
    1926 - 6 54.7 .... .... .... ....
    Kremsmiinster .................... +48 03 14 08 1904 - 9 02.4 +63 02.3 20730 20475 -3257 +4075i 45721
    Chambon-la-Foret
    (Succeeding Val Joyeux) ......... +48 01 2 16 1936 - 9 28.9 +64 11.3 20011 19737 -3296 +41374 45959
    1946 - 8 01.0 +64 15.6 20085 19889 -2801 +41658 46247
    O'Gyalla (Pesth) ................. +47 52 18 12 1910 - 6 34.5 +62 31.2 21076 20937 -2413 +40521 45674
    1918 - 5 21.1 .... 20917 20826 -1951 .... ....
    O'Gyalla (Stari Dila). ............. +47 52 18 11 1937 (- 2 16.8) .... .... .... ....
    Nantes ........................... +47 15 358 27 1940 -10 26.2 +63 41:5 20299 19963 -3677 +41058 45802
    1947 - 9 25.3 +63 42.3 20383 20 108 -3337 +41250 46011
    Toyohara ......................... +46 58 142 45 1940 - 9 18.2 +60 41.1 25067 24737 -4052 51199
    Toyohara (new site) ............... +46 57 142 45 1944 - 9 29.5 +60 37.9 25191 24846 -4154 51365
    Stepanovka (succeeding Odessa). ... +46 47 30 53 1938 + 0 35.4 +62 55.0 21413 21412 + 220 +41875 47032
    Otomari .......................... +46 39 142 46 1941 - 9 03.6 .... .... .... ....
    Odessa ............................ +46 26 30 46 1923 - 1 52.9 +63 i'i.9 21267 21256 - 698 +42098 47165
    1925 - 1 36.4 +63 18.9 21213 21205 - 595 +42206 47237
    Pola .............................. +44 52 13 51 1899 - 9 31.7 +60 22.5 22120 21815 -3662 +38899 44748
    1922 - 6 25.3 +60 19.3 22049 21911 -2466 +38690 44532
    Castellaccio ....................... +44 26 8 56 1940 - 6 07.2 +60 18.3 22137 22011 -2360 +38818 44686
    1943 - 5 43.2 22196 22086 -22 12 ....
    Agincourt ........................ +43 47 280 44 1940 - 7 32.3 $74 si.5 15290 15158 -2006 +56503 58535
    1942 - 7 31.4 $74 50.0 15303 15171 -2004 +56460 58497
    Nice ............................. +43 43 7 16 1899 -12 04.0 +60 11.7 22390 21895 -4681 +39087 45046
    Toulouse ......................... +43 37 1 28 1900 -14 17.7 +60 55.4 21913 21235 -541 1 +39408 45091
    1905 -13 59.7 +60 52.1 22013 21360 -5324 +39498 45218
    Mai-Tun (succeeding Vladivostok) . . +43 15 132 20 1941 - 8 40.9 +58 57.7 26826 26519 -4049 +44579 52028
    1944 - 8 43.9 +58 55.6 16913 2660 1 -4086 +44662 52144
    Perpignan ......................... +42 42 2 53 1899 -13 42.5 +60 00.0 224 18 21779 -5313 +38829 44836
    1910 -12 44.8 .... .... .... .... .... ....
    (continued)
    VI
    T A B L E 510.-MEAN A N N U A L V A L U E S O F M A G N E T I C E L E M E N T S A T OB SER VA TOR IES (continued)
    Components of intensity
    i; Latitude Horizontal North East Vertical Total
    2
    (f = N . Longitude Declination Inclination H X Y z F
    -0 Observatory .- = S) east Year D I Y Y Y Y 7
    I
    k?
    Dusheti (succeeding Karsani) ....... +42"05' 44'42' 1940 + 4"56!2 +59"2113 24142 24052 +2078 +40749 47364
    1945 (+ 5 00.8 +59 36.9 24135 24043 +2109 +41161 47715)
    Karsani (succeeding Tiflis).. ....... $41 50
    Tiflis (succeeded by Karsani) ....... +41 43
    44 42 1934 + 4 26.0
    + 2 11.0
    +58 41.2 24570 24496 $1899
    +
    $40390 47276
    2 44 48 1899 +55 52.1 25614 25599 976 +37785 45652
    m
    r 1905 + 2 41.6 +56 02.8 25451 25423 + 1196 +37799 45569
    c: Keles (succeeding Tashkent) ........ +41 25 69 12 1936 + 5 23.5 +60 11.9 25359 25247 $2383 +44276 51024
    1945 (+ 5 03.2 +60 20.7 25537 25438 +2249 +44854 51614)
    Tashkent .........................
    Capodimonte ......................
    +41 20
    +40 52
    69 18
    14 15
    1900
    1899
    +6 02.0 +57 34.0 26780
    24105
    26632
    23791
    $2815
    -3880
    +42171
    +36304
    49956
    43578
    - 9 15.8 +56 25.0
    1921 .... +56 11.8 .... .... .... ....
    Tortosa (Ebro) ................... +40 49 0 30 1905 -13 56.9 +58 07.6 23230 22545 -5600 +37359 43993
    1947 (- 7 56.1 +57 14.8 23724 23497 -3275 +36879 43851)
    Coimbra .......................... +40 12 351 35 1899 -17 24.2 +59 28.9 22724 21684 -6797 +38549 44748
    1940 -12 34.0 +57 30.7 23368 22808 -5084 +36463 43308
    1944 -12 02.3 23449 22933 -4891 ....
    Baldwin .......................... +38 47 264 50 1901 + 8 21.9 +68 34.5 21931 21698 +3190 +55890 60038
    Cheltenham *) ..................... +38 44
    1909 + 8 34.0 +68 50.2 21644 21403 + 3224 +55908 59951
    283 10 1901 - 5 05.0 +70 21.6 20 194 20115 -1789 +56586 60081
    1930 - 6 56.0 +71 08.4 18583 18447 -2243 +54402 57448
    1941 (- 7 04.8 +71 22.9 18176 18037 -240 +53953 56932)
    1947 (- 7 04.3 +71 18.4 18221 18082 -2243 +53852 56851)
    Lisbon ............................ +38 43 350 51 1900 -17 17.5 +57 55.6 23518 22455 -6990 +37530 44290
    Athens ........................... +37 59 23 42 1900 - 5 42.3 +52 07.7 26063 25934 -259 1 +33514 42455
    1908 - 4 53.0 +52 11.7 26197 26102 -2230 +33613 42616
    San Miguel (Ponta Delgada). ...... +37 46 334 21 1911 -19 56.0 +60 59.1 22993 21615 -7839 +41456 47405
    1947 -16 58.3 +58 47.4 23830 22792 -6956 +39333 45989
    Zinsen ............................ +37 30 126 38 1918 - 5 41.1 +53 16 29978 29831 -2970 +40170 50123
    1941 - 6 17.0 +53 11.0 30167 29986 -3302 +40301 50341
    Sail Fernando ..................... +36 28 353 48 1899 -16 02.8 +55 16.6 24594 23636 -6978 +35487 43176
    1930 -12 32.8 +53 29.9 25072 24473 -5447 +33881 42149
    1946 -10 30.4 +52 48.8 25525 25097 -4654 +33644 42231
    Kakioka (succeeding Tokyo) ........ +36 14 140 11 1913 - 5 10.1 +49 30.9 29749 29628 -2680 +34851 45822
    1947 - 6 13.0 +49 29.3 29916 29741 -3239 +35014 46054
    (CfJ%tinUt?d) e
    In
    3
    =i T A B L E 510.-MEAN A N N U A L V A L U E S O F M A G N E T I C E L E M E N T S A T OB SER VA TOR IES (continued)
    I
    In
    0
    Components of intensity
    z
    z
    D Latitude Horizontal North East Vertical Total
    (+ = N , Longitude Declination Inclination H X Y Z F
    -0
    <
    I Observatory - = S) east Year D I Y Y Y 7 7
    z0 Tsirigtao .......................... +36"04' 120"1 9 I908 - 3"43I6 +52"21!5 30766 30701 -2000 +39890 50376
    ? 1930 - 4 32.8 +52 06.6 30868 30771 -2447 +39667 50262
    1936 (- 4 37.6 +52 06.1 30935 30834 -2495 +39741 50361)
    -I
    D
    W
    Tokyo ............................ +35 41 139 45 1899 - 4 33.7 +49 02.7 29856 29761 -2374 +34400 45549
    r 1912 - 5 03.4 +48 53.7 29996 29879
    -. -. . -2644 . +34379 45625
    m
    In
    Ksara ............................ +33 49 35 53 1940 + 1 59.9 +48 21.2 28668 28651 +lo00 +32236 43139
    1945 + 2 09.4 +48 36.1 28780 28760 +lo83 +32646 43521
    Tuscon'' ......................... $32 15 249 10 1920 +13 48.0 +59 27.9 26894 26117 +6416 +45594 52935
    1940 +13 48.2 (+59 40.6 26136 25381 +6236 +44684 51766)
    1947 (+l3 35.3 +59 36.2 26034 25305 +6117 +44380 51452)
    Lukiapang (succeeding Zikawei) . . . . +31 19 121 02 1908 - 2 56.2 +45 35.2 33173 33129 -1700 +33879 47416
    1933 - 3 35.4 +45 23.7 33329 33263 -2087 +33791 47462
    Zikawei .......................... +31 12 121 26 1899 - 2 20.3 +45 47.6 32825 32798 -1339 +33747 47078
    1908 - 2 35.4 +45 35.4 33078 33044 -1495 +33766 47268
    Z6-si. ............................. +31 06 121 11 1920 - 3 10.7 +45 38.4 33066 33016 -1833 +33813 47293
    1940 - 3 25.7 $45 29.7 33372 33312 -1995 +33954 47609
    1947 (- 3 26.8 +45 27.3 33588 33527 -2019 t34125 47882)
    Dehra Dun ....................... +30 19 78 03 1910 + 2 31.9 +43 54.8 33257 33225 +1469 +32019 46165
    1930 + 1 11.9 +45 34.5 32963 32956 + 689 +33631 47091
    1937 + 0 51.6 +45 39.9 33223 33219 + 499 +34003 47539
    Helwan ........................... +29 52 31 20 1920 - 1 23.7 +41 12.8 29956 29947 - 730 +26236 39821
    1930 - 0 14.0 +41 43.0 30078 30078 - 122 +26814 40295
    1940 + 0 27.8 +42 09.5 30438 30438 + 246 +a560 41061
    1944 + 0 40.1 +42 20.2 30572 30570 + 357 +27854 41358
    Taihoku .......................... +25 02 121 31 1940 - 2 09.4 .... .... .... .... .... ....
    Minarnitori Shirna ................. +24 17 153 58 1941 + 0 15.3 .... ....
    Tamarasset ....................... +E 48 5 32 1938 - 7 33.1 +29 '3i.s 3i924 +3ik;47 -4 196 +18084 36690
    1940 - 7 21.5 +29 24.0 32013 +31749 -4100 +18039 36746
    Barrackpore ...................... +22 46 8 22 1910
    1914
    + 0 55.5
    + 0 32.2
    +30
    +30
    42.2
    58.9
    37329
    37403
    37324
    37401
    ++ 603
    350
    +22168
    +22459
    43415
    43628
    Au Tau (succeeding Hongkong) .... +22 27 114 03 1930 - 0 43.6 +30 37.3 37485 37482 - 475 +22187 43559
    1939 - 0 38.0 +30 24.8 37705 37703 - 417 +22133 43721
    Hongkong (superseded by Au Tau). . +22 18 114 10 1900 + 0 18.5 +31 24.7 36728 36727 + 198 +22430 43036
    1928 - 0 33.3 +30 36.3 37319 37317 - 361 +22075 43359
    (continued)
    T A B L E 510.-MEAN A N N U A L V A L U E S OF M A G N ETIC E L E M E N T S A T OBSERVATORIES (continued)
    Components of intensity

    1,atitude Horizontal North East Vertical Total'


    (+ = N. Longitude Declination Inclination H X Y z F
    Observatory - =S) east Year D I Y Y Y Y Y
    Honolulu a' ....................... +21"19' 201"56' 1902 + 9"19:1 +40" 1415 29254 28868 +4737 4-24758 38324
    1920 + 9 53.2 qm7 28838 28410 $4951 +23712 37335
    1940 (+lo 21.5 +39 08.2 28459 27995 +5117 +23158 36691)
    1946 (+I0 28.2 +39 14.0 28346 27874 +5151 +23146 36596)
    Honolulu (new site) ............... +21 18 201 54 1947 (+11 35.3 +38 40.2 28659 28075 +5757 +22935 36706)
    Teoloyucan ....................... 19 45 + 260 49 1922 + 909.9 +46 30.7 32160 31749 +5122 +33903 46730'
    1940 + 941.8 +47 09.3 30825 30385 +5192 +33235 45329
    1946 +9 37.6 +47 02.4 70192 4-5116 +32884 44934
    Toungoo .......................... +18 56 96 27 1905 +0 48.4 +22 58.3 38675 38671 + 544
    - 364
    +I6394 42006
    1923 -0 31.9 +23 06.1 39207 39205 416725 42625
    Colaba (superseded Alibag) ........ +18 54 72 49 1899
    1906
    +
    +
    0
    0
    26.6
    13.2
    +21 14.8
    +Z03.4
    37441
    37393
    37440
    37393
    ++290
    144
    +14558 40172
    Alibag (succeeding Colaba) ........ +18 38 72 5-3 1904 + 1 09.4 +22 54.6 36861 36853 + 744 +15150
    4-15578 40345
    40018
    1930 - 0 08.0 +25 30.6 37253 37253 - 87 +I7777 41277
    1937 - 0 21.8 +25 26.0 37652 37651 - 239 i17906 41693
    San Juan (superseding Vieques) ... +I8 23 293 53 1930 (- 4 50.6) +52 31.9 (27494 27398 -2321) +35872 45197
    1945 - 6 10.6 +52 35.7 27397 27238 -2948 +35827 45102
    1947 (- 6 18.2 +52 28.0 27430 27264 -3012 +35704 45024)
    Vieques ') (succeeded San Juan). .... $18 09 294 33 1910 - 2 20.6 +49 52.4 28828 28804 -1177 +34203 44731'
    1924 - 4 15.0 +51 42.2 27566 27490 -2n4n in4908 44480
    Antipolo (superseding Manila). ..... +14 36 121 10 1930 + 0 26.7 +€5 47.0 38253 38252 +-298 4iosi3 39752
    1938 + 0 36.2 +15 47.2 38356 38354 + 404 $10844 39859
    Manila (succeeded by Antipolo). .... $14 35 120 58 1900 + 0 52.1 +16 15.9 38029 35025 + 576
    + 571
    4-11095 39614
    1904 + 0 51.4 +16 00.2 38215 38211 +lo960 39756
    Kodakanai ........................ +I0 14 77 28 1910 - 0 55.0 + 3 45.2 -37485 37480 - 600 + 2459 37566
    1923 - 2 00.7 + 4 41.3 37950 37927 -1332 + 3112 38077
    Palau (Parao) .................... + 7 20 134 29 1941 + 2 07.1 .... .... .... .... .... ....
    Yaluit ............................ ++ 52 02
    55 169 39 1941 + 7 54.0 .... .... .... .... .... ....
    Mogadiscio ....................... 45 21 1932 + 9 55.8 -16 38.2 33142 33138 - 538 - 9904 34590
    1933)
    (continucd)
    In
    r T A B L E 510.-MEAN A N N U A L V A L U E S O F M A G N E T I C E L E M E N T S A T OBSERVATORIES (continued)

    2
    t I
    Horizontal North
    Components of intensity
    East Vertical Total
    P
    2 (+= N ,
    Latitude
    Longitude Declination Inclination H X Y z F
    V
    <
    Observatory - =S) east Year D I Y Y YY 7
    I
    Batavia-Buitenzorg ................ From magnetograph records at Buitenzorg (Latitude - 6"35', longitude 106'47') reduced to Batavia ; recording
    K
    -IP
    at Batavia discontinued April 1, 1899, because of electric-car disturbances.
    - 6"11' 106"49' 1902 + 1'0214 -30"20!2 36717 36711 + 666 -21487 42542
    -4
    P
    r
    0) 1926 + 0 51.6 -32 09.6 36826 36822 + 553 -23154 43500
    D Batavia-Kuyper ................... From magnetograph records at Kuyper (Latitude - 6" 02', longitude 106"44') reduced to Batavia ; in a letter
    dated November 15, 1941, the Director of the Observatory stated that the published values of 1928-35 (see
    Preface of "Report on magnetic observations in Batavia," 58B, 1935) are subject to correction because of pre-
    vious errors in the scale-values and that revised values will be supplied later.
    - 6 11 106 49 1940 + 1 20.3 -32 32.0 37035 37025 + 865 -23624 43928
    1944 (+ 1 31.1 -32 31.6 37145 37133 + 984 -23689 44055)
    Dar-es-Salaam .................... - 6 49 39 18 1898 - 8 18.1 -36 56.8 28966 28662 -4182 -21875 36244
    St. Paul de Loanda ................. - 8 49 13 13 1910 -16 12.3 -35 32.2 20125 19325 -5616 -14374 24732
    1918 -15 03.5 -36 04.2 19917 .... .... .... ....
    Elisabethville ..................... -11 40 27 28 1933 - 9 32.1 -46 01.3 23801 23472 -3943 -24665 34276
    1945 - 8 55.4 -46 53.9 23286 23004 -3612 -24883 34079
    Huancayo ......................... -12 03 284 40 1922 + 8 07.6 + 0 37.5 29735 29436 +4203 + 324 29737
    1944 + 6 34.8 + 2 10.3 29367 29174 +3365 + 1114 29388
    1946 + 6 26.7
    I ~
    + 2 06.6 29259 29074 +3284 + 1078 29279
    Samoa, Apia ...................... -13 48 188 14 1930 +10 34.2 -30 07.9 35195 34598 +6456 -20428 40694
    1940 +10 54.5 -30 38.1 34868 34238 +6598 -20650 40524
    - 1946 +11 14.0 -30 38.5 34839 34172 +6787 -20683 40493
    Tanarive .......................... -18 55 47 32 1910 - 9 01.3 -53 58.9 22585 22306 -3542 -31065 38407
    1941 - 9 38.5 -53 54.3 21082 20784 -3531 -28916 35785
    Mauritius* ........................ -20 06 57 33 1899 - 9 32.9 -54 16.8 23854 23524 -3957 -33171 40857
    1930 -12 05.5 -52 39.6- 22697 22193 -4753 -29750 37420
    1940 -13 58.9 -53 06.9 22419 21755 -5417 -29876 37352
    1945 -14 51.5 -53 23.1 22389 21640 -5741 -30131 37539
    LaQuiaca ........................ -23 07 294 25 1920 + 6 03.3 -12 39.6 2621
    __.~ 26472
    _ +2808 - 5979 27284
    1933 + 4 16.7 -12 21.2 26223 26150 +1956 - 5743 26845
    Vassouras (succeeding Rio de Janeiro) -22 24 316 21 1915 -10 28.1 -14 44.1 24700 24289 -4488 - 6496 25540
    1942 -13 58.8 -18 57.8 23683 22982 -5721 - 8138 25042
    1944 -14 12.7 -19 22.2 23563 22842 -5785 - 8284 24977
    (continued)
    T A B L E 510.-MEAN A N N U A L V A L U E S O F M A G N E T I C E L E M E N T S A T OB SER VA TOR IES (continued)

    Latitude Horizontal North


    Components of intensity
    East Vertical Total'
    -
    (+= N , Longitude Declination Inclination H X Y Z F
    0bserv atory - = S) east Year D I Y Y Y Y Y
    Rio de Janeiro
    (superseded by Vassouras) ........ -22"55' 316"49' 1900 - 7"55!7 -13"17!1 25040 24801 -3454 - 5912 25729
    1906 - 8 55.3 -13 57.2 24772 24472 -3842 - 6169 25529
    Watheroo ......................... -30 19 115 52 1919 - 4 22.8 -63 51.4 24925 24852 -1904 -50780 56567
    1930 - 4 08.0 -64 17.7 24623 24559 -1775 -51151 56769
    1945 -2 57.9 -64 25.4 24767 24734 -1281 -51746 57368
    Pilar ............................. -31 40 296 07 1905 + 9 51.7 -26 03.0 25894 25511 +4435 -12657
    -
    28822
    1940 + 5 24.9 -26 30.0 24137 24029 +2278 12034 26971
    1944 + 4 59.3 -26 48.1 23884 23794 +2077
    ....
    -12066
    ....
    26759
    ....
    Santiago (new station) ............ -33 27 289 18 1899 +14 59.5 .... .... ....
    1909 +13 57.9 -29 57.2 .... .... .... .... ....
    Cape Town
    (superseded by Hermanus). ....... -33 57 18 28 1933 -24 39.9 -63 09.2 15050 13677 -6281 -29733 33325
    1941 -24 13.1 -63 42.6 14357 13094 -5889 -29061 32413
    Hermanus (succeeding Cape Town). -34 25 19 14 1940 -23 54.5 -63 59.0 14328 13098 -5807 -29352 32663
    1946 -23 46.4 -64 17.5 13875 12697 -5594 -28819 31985
    Toolaiigi (succeeding Melbourne). .. -37 32 145 28 1919 + 8 12.7 -67 36.0 23071 22834 +3295 -55974 60542
    1930 + 8 20.8 -67 51.5 22872 22630 $3320 -56208 60683
    1944 + 9 07.4 -67 51.0 22884 22594 +3628 -56215 60694
    Melbourne (superseded by Toolangi) . -37 50 144 58 1899 + 8 25.1 -67 23.1 23323 23072 +3414 -55989 60653
    Amberley (succeeding Christchurch) -43 10 172 44
    1920 + 8 00.8 -67 55.1 22874 22651 +3189 -56384 60847
    1929 +17 45.0 -67 57.8 22365 21301 +a19 -55252 59607
    1940 +18 30.2 -68 03.4 22248 21098 +7060 -55220 59533
    1945 (+19 01.7 -68 04.8 22215 21001 +7243 -55203 59506)
    Christchurch
    (superseded by Amberley) ........ -43 32 172 37 1902 +16 15.1 -67 40.8 22694 21787 +6351 -55277 59754
    1930 +17 48.3 -68 18.3 22108 21049 +6760 -55570 59806
    Kerguelen ........................ -49 25 69 53 1902 -36 58.0 -70 25.3 16243 12978 -9768 -45672 48474
    New Year's Island (Staten Island). . -54 39 295 51 1902 +15 57.3 -50 13.8 27306 26254 +7505 -32808 43685
    1914 +15 10.3 -49 43.4 26878 25941 +7034 -31719 41575
    1916 +15 02.4 -49 39.4 26771 25854 +6947 -31520 41355
    Laurie Island ..................... -60 43 315 13 1905 + 5 16.6 -54 31.0 25667 25558 +2360 .... ....
    + 3 07.8 .... 23928 23892 +I307 ....
    (co 91 titwed)
    P
    W
    h,

    T A B L E 510.-MEAN A N N U A L V A L U E S O F M A G N E T I C E L E M E N T S A T OB SER VA TOR IES (concluded)


    Components of intensity
    7
    Latitude H
    Horizontal X
    North Y
    East Z
    Vertical Total
    (+ =N,
    - =S)
    Longitude Declination Inclination F
    Observatory east Year D I Y Y Y 7 Y
    Winter Station, Gauss.. ............ -66'02' 89'38' 1902 -62"22!6 -77"07!2 13309 6171 -11792 -58206 59708
    Cape Denison ..................... -
    Cape Evans .......................
    -67 00
    -77 38
    142 40
    166 24 :;:)
    1912 - 6 36.8
    +154 46.4
    -87 21.3
    -86 27.0
    3112
    4227
    3091
    -1802
    358
    +3824
    -67349
    -68146
    67421
    68277
    Little America (111) ............... -78 29 196 09 ):;i 54.0 -81 22.4 10038 -2581 +9700 -66166 66%3
    Little America (11) ................ -78 34 196 04 i;::} +lo6 34.7 -81 53.5 9445 -2695 +9053 -66296 66966
    Little America (I) ................. -78 35 1% 12 i;} +lo6 49.1 -82 18.7 8983 -2599 +8599 -66541 67145
    -2
    I
    a2
    T A B L E 511.-GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES OF PO SITIO N ON T H E E A R T H R E F E R R E D T O THE G EOMAGNE TIC A X I S P O L E
    O F 1922, FOR PO IN TS IN VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS

    -a
    z
    0

    D
    2
    Part 1.-Geomagnetic latitudes of points on the earth in various geographic latitudes and longitudes

    I
    -D G O - Geographic east longitude in degrees
    graphic A

    ..
    2 latitude
    +88"
    ' 0
    79
    10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170
    77
    180
    78
    79 78 78 78 77 77 77 77 77 77 76 77 77 77 77 77
    79 78 77 76 75 75 74 74 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 74 75 75
    78 76 75 74 73 71 71 70 69 69 69 69 69 69 70 70 70 71 72
    75 74 72 71 69 68 67 66 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 66 67 68 69
    73 71 69 67 66 64 63 62 62 61 61 61 61 61 61 62 63 64 65
    69 67 65 64 62 61 60 58 58 57 57 57 57 57 57 58 59 60 62
    66 64 62 60 58 57 56 55 54 53 53 53 53 53 54 54 55 57 58
    62 60 58 56 55 53 52 51 50 49 49 49 49 49 50 50 52 53 54
    58 56 55 53 51 49 48 47 46 45 45 45 45 45 46 47 48 49 51
    55 53 51 49 47 45 44 43 42 41 41 41 41 41 42 43 44 45 47
    51 49 47 45 43 42 40 39 38 37 37 37 37 37 38 39 40 41 43
    49 47 45 43 41 40 38 37 36 35 35 35 35 35 36 37 38 39 41
    47 45 43 41 39 38 36 35 34 33 33 33 33 33 34 35 36 37 39
    45 43 41 39 37 36 34 33 32 31 31 31 31 31 32 33 34 35 37
    43 41 39 37 35 34 32 31 30 29 29 29 29 29 30 31 32 33 35
    41 39 37 35 34 32 30 29 28 27 27 27 27 27 28 29 30 31 33
    39 37 35 33 32 30 28 27 26 25 25 25 25 25 26 27 28 30 31
    37 35 33 31 30 28 26 25 24 23 23 23 23 23 24 25 26 28 29
    35 33 31 30 28 26 24 23 22 21 21 21 21 21 22 23 24 26 27
    33 32 30 28 26 24 22 21 20 19 19 19 19 19 20 21 22 24 25
    32 30 28 26 24 22 20 19 18 17 17 17 17 17 18 19 20 22 23
    30 28 26 24 22 20 18 17 16 15 15 15 15 15 16 17 18 20 21
    28 26 24 22 20 18 17 15 14 13 13 13 13 13 14 15 16 18 I9
    26 24 22 20 18 16 15 13 12 11 11 11 11 11 12 13 14 16 18
    24 22 20 18 16 14 13 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 10 11 12 14 16
    22 20 I8 16 14 12 11 9 8 7 7 7 7 7 8 9 10 12 14
    20 18 16 14 12 10 9 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 7 8 10 12
    18 16 14 12 10 8 7 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 8 10
    16 14 12 10 8 6 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 6 8
    14 12 10 8 6 4 3 1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 1 2 4 6
    + = North latitude, - = south latitudes. P
    %
    +

    (con timed)
    ul TABLE 5 1 1 . 4 E O M A G N E T I C COORDINATES O F POSITION ON T H E E A R T H R E F E R R E D T O T H E GEOMAGNETIC A X I S P O L E
    ?i
    s O F 1922, FOR P O I N T S I N VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS (continued) 2
    e Geo-,
    graphrc
    Geographic east longitude in degrees
    A
    latitude ' 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
    S + 8" 12 10 8 6 4 2 1 -1 -2 - 3 -3 -3 - 3 -3 -2 -1 0 2 4
    G + 6 10 8 6 4 2 0 -1 -3 -4 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -4 -3 -2 0 2
    c + 4 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -3 -5 -6 -7 -7 -7 - 7 -7 -6 -5 -4 -2 0
    I
    -
    4
    + 2 6 5 2 0 -2 -4 -5 -7 -8 -9 -9 - 9 -9 -9 -8 -7 -6 -4 -2
    P 0 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -7 -9 -10 -11 -11 -11 -11 -11 -10 -9 -8 -6 -4
    ?
    m
    ul -2 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -9 -11 -12 -13 -13 -13 -13 -13 -12 -11 -9 -8 - 6
    -4 0 - 2 -4 -6 -8 -9 -11 -13 -14 -15 -15 -15 -15 -15 -14 -13 -11 -10 -8
    -6 -2 - 4 -6 -8 -10 -11 -13 -15 -16 -17 -17 -17 -17 -17 -16 -15 -13 -12 -10
    -8 -4 - 6 -8 -10 -12 -13 -15 -17 -18 -19 -19 -19 -19 -19 -18 -17 -15 -14 -12
    -10 -6 - 8 -10 -12 -14 -15 -17 -19 -20 -21 -21 -21 -21 -21 -20 -19 -17 -16 -14
    -12 -8 -10 -12 -14 -15 -17 -19 -21. -22 -23 -23 -23 -23 -23 -22 -21 -19 -18 -16
    -14 -10 -12 -14 -16 -17 -19 -21 -23 -24 -25 -25 -25 -25 -25 -24 -23 -21 -20 -18
    -16 -12 -14 -15 -17 -19 -21 -23 -24 -2.6 -27 -27 -27 -27 -27 -26 -25 -23 -22 -20
    -18 -14 -15 -17 -19 -21 -23 -25 -26 -28 -29 -29 -29 -29 -29 -28 -27 -25 -24 -22
    -20 -16 -17 -19 -21 -23 -25 -n -28 -30 -31 -31 -31 -31 -31 -30 -29 -27 -26 -24
    -24 -19 -21 -23 -25 -27 -29 -31 -32 -34 -35 -35 -35 -35 -35 -34 -33 -31 -29 -28
    -28 -23 -25 -27 -29 -31 -33 -35 -36 -38 -39 -39 -39 -39 -39 -38 -37 -35 -33 -32
    -32 -27 -29 -31 -33 -35 -37 -39 -40 -42 -43 -43 -43 -43 -43 -42 -41 -39 -37 -35
    -36 -31 -33 -35 -37 -39 -41 -43 -44 -46 -47 -47 -47 -47 -47 -46 -45 -43 -41 -39
    -4u -35 -37 -39 -41 -43 -45 -47 -48 -50 -51 -51 -51 -51 -51 -50 -48 -47 -45 -43
    -44 -39 -41 -43 -45 -47 -49 -50 -52 -53 -55 -55 -55 -55 -55 -54 -52 -51 -49 -47
    -48 -43 -45 -47 -49 -50 -52 -54 -56 -57 -58 -59 -59 -59 -59 -58 -56 -55 -53 -51
    -52 -47 -48 -50 -52 -54 -56 -58 -60 -61 -62 -63 -63 -63 -63 -62 -60 -58 -57 -55
    -56 -51 -52 -54 -56 -58 -60 -62 -64 -65 -66 -67 -67 -67 -67 -65 -64 -62 -60 -58
    -60 -54 -56 -58 -60 -62 -64 -66 -67 -69 -70 -71 -71 -71 -71 -69 -68 -66 -64 -62
    -64 -58 -60 -62 -63 -65 -67 -69 -71 -73 -74 -75 -75 -75 -74 -73 -72 -70 -68 -66
    -68 -62 -63 -65 -67 -69 -71 -73 -75 -77 -78 -79 -79 -79 -78 -77 -75 -73 -71 -69
    -72 -65 -67 -69 -70 -72 -74 -76 -78 -80 -82 -83 -83 -83 -&? -80 -78 -76 -75 -73
    -76 -69 -70 -72 -73 -75 -77 -79 -81 -83 -85 -86 -87 -87 -85 -83 -81 -79 -77 -75
    -80 -72 -73 -75 -76 -77 -79 -81 -82 -84 -86 -87 -88 -88 -86 -84 -83 -81 -79 -78
    -84 -75 -76 -77 -78 -79 -80 -81 -82 -83 -84 -84 -84 -84 -84 -83 -82 -81 -80 -79
    -88 -78 -78 -78 -79 -79 -79 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 -79 -79
    (continued)
    vI T A B L E 511.-GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES O F P O S I T I O N O N T H E E A R T H R E F E R R E D T O T H E GEOMAGNETIC A X I S P O L E
    2
    I O F 1922, FOR P O I N T S I N V A R I O U S GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS (continued)
    2 Geo-. Geographic east longitude in degrees
    graphic I A
    ~~

    latitude' 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360
    78 78 79 79 79 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 79 79
    76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 84 84 84 84 83 82 81 80 79
    73 75 76 77 79 81 82 84 86 87 88 88 86 85 83 81 79 78
    70 72 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 86 87 87 85 83 81 79 77 75
    67 69 70 72 74 76 79 80 82 83 83 83 82 80 78 76 75 73
    63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 78 79 79 79 78 77 75 73 71 69
    60 62 63 65 67 69 71 73 74 75 75 75 74 73 72 70 68 66
    56 58 60 62 64 66 67 69 70 71 71 71 71 69 68 66 64 62
    52 54 56 58 60 62 64 65 66 67 67 67 67 65 64 62 60 58
    48 50 52 54 56 58 60 61 62 63 63 63 63 62 60 58 57 55
    45 47 49 50 52 54 56 57 58 59 59 59 59 58 56 55 53 51
    43 45 47 49 51 52 54 55 57 57 57 57 57 56 54 53 51 49
    41 43 45 47 49 50 52 53 55 55 55 55 55 54 52 51 49 47
    39 41 43 45 47 48 50 51 53 53 53 53 53 52 50 49 47 45
    37 39 41 43 45 47 48 50 51 51 51 51 51 50 48 47 45 43
    35 37 39 41 43 45 46 48 49 49 49 49 49 48 46 45 43 41
    33 35 37 39 41 43 44 46 47 47 47 47 47 46 45 43 41 39
    31 33 35 37 39 41 42 44 45 45 45 45 45 44 43 41 39 37
    29 31 33 35 37 39 40 42 43 43 43 43 43 42 41 39 37 35
    27 29 31 33 35 37 38 40 41 41 41 41 41 40 39 37 35 33
    25 27 29 31 33 35 36 38 39 39 39 39 39 38 37 35 33 32
    23 25 27 29 31 33 34 36 37 37 37 37 37 36 35 33 31 30
    21 23 25 27 29 31 32 34 35 35 35 35 35 34 33 31 29 28
    19 21 23 25 27 29 30 32 33 33 33 33 33 32 31 29 28 26
    17 19 21 23 25 27 28 30 31 31 31 31 31 30 29 27 26 24
    15 17 19 21 23 25 26 28 29 29 29 29 29 28 27 25 24 22
    14 15 17 19 21 23 24 26 27 27 27 27 27 26 25 23 22 20
    12 14 16 17 19 21 23 24 25 25 25 25 25 24 23 21 20 18
    10 12 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 23 23 23 23 22 21 19 18 16
    8 10 12 14 15 17 19 20 21 21 21 21 21 20 19 17 16 14
    (continued)
    u) TABLE 5 1 1 . 4 E O M A G N E T I C COORDINATES O F PO SITIO N ON THE E A R T H R EFER R ED T O THE GEOMAGNETIC A X I S P O L E $
    5
    I
    O F 1922, FOR P O I N T S I N VA R IO U S GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS (continued) a
    cn
    z
    0

    5
    ceq
    graphic
    Geographic east longitude in degrees
    1
    P latitude* '190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360
    I
    0
    <
    ++ 68" 6
    4
    8
    6
    10
    8
    12
    10
    13
    11
    15
    13
    17
    15
    18
    16
    19
    17
    19
    17
    19
    17
    19
    17
    19
    17
    18
    16
    17
    15
    15
    13
    14
    12
    12
    10
    2 + 4 2 4 6 8 9 11 13 14 15 15 15 I5 15 14 13 11 10 8
    r
    D
    4
    D
    m
    I-
    +: -2
    0 2
    0
    4
    2
    6
    4
    8
    6
    9
    7
    11
    9
    12
    10
    13
    11
    13
    11
    13
    11
    13
    11
    13
    11
    12
    10
    11
    9
    9
    8
    8
    6
    6
    4
    cn
    m -2 -4 -2 0 2 4 5 7 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 7 6 4 2
    -4 - 6 -4 - 2 0 2 3 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 6 5 4 2 0
    -6 -8 -ti - 4 -2 0 1 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 2 0 -2
    -8 - 10 -8 - 6 -4 -2 -1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 0 -2 -4
    -10 -12 -10 - 8 -6 -4 -3 -1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 -1 -2 -4 -6
    -12 -14 -12 -10 -8 -7 -5 -3 -2 -1 -1 - 1 -1 - 1 - 2 -3 - 4 -6 - 8
    -14 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -7 -5 -4 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -4 - 5 -6 -8 -10
    -16 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -9 -7 -6 -5 -5 - 5 -5 -5 -6 -7 -8 -10 -12
    -18 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -11 -9 -8 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -8 -9 -10 -12 -14
    -20 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -13 -11 -10 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -10 -11 -12 -14 - 16
    -24 -26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -17 -15 -14 -13 -13 -13 -13 -13 -14 -15 -16 -18 -19
    -28 -30 -28 -26 -24 -22 -20 -19 -18 -17 -17 -17 -17 -17 -18 -19 -20 -22 -23
    -32 -33 -3 1 -30 -28 -26 -24 -23 -22 -21 -2 1 -21 -21 -21 -22 -23 -24 -26 -27
    -36 -37 -35 -33 -32 -30 -28 -27 -26 -25 -25 -25 -25 -25 -26 -27 -28 -30 -3 1
    -40 -41 -39 -37 -35 -34 -32 -3 1 -30 -29 -29 -29 -29 -29 -30 -31 -32 -33 -35
    -44 -45 -43 -41 -39 -38 -36 -35 -34 -33 -33 -33 -33 -33 -34 -35 -36 -37 -39
    -48 -49 -47 -45 -43 -42 -40 -39 -38 -37 -37 -37 -37 -37 -38 -39 -40 -41 -43
    -52 -53 -51 -49 -47 -45 -44 -43 -42 -41 -41 -4 1 -41 -41 -42 -43 -44 -45 -47
    -56 -56 -55 -53 -51 -49 -48 -47 -46 -45 -45 -45 -45 -45 -46 -47 -48 -49 -51
    -a -60 -58 -56 -55 -53 -52 -51 -50 -49 -49 -49 -49 -49 -50 -50 -52 -53 -54
    -64 -64 -62 -60 -58 -57 -56 -55 -54 -53 -53 -53 -53 -53 -54 -54 -55 -57 -58
    -68 -69 -67 -65 -64 -62 -61 -60 -58 -58 -57 -57 -57 -57 -57 -58 -59 -60 -62
    -72 -71 -69 -67 -66 -64 -63 -62 -62 -61 -61 -61 -61 -61 -61 -62 -63 -64 -65
    -76 -74 -72 -71 -69 -68 -67 -66 -65 -65 -65 -65 -65 -65 -65 -66 -67 -68 -69
    -84 -76 -75 -74 -73 -71 -71 -70 -69 -69 -69 -69 -69 -69 -69 -70 -70 -71 -72
    -84 -78 -77 -76 -75 -75 -74 -74 -73 -73 -73 -73 -73 -73 -73 -73 -74 -75 -75
    -88 - 79 -78 -78 -78 -77 -77 -77 - 77 -77 -77 -76 -77 -77 -77 -77 -77 -77 -78

    (con thrued)
    v, T A B L E 511.-GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES O F POSITION ON THE E A R T H R E F E R R E D T O T H E GEOMAGNETIC A X I S POLE
    :
    I
    0
    v)
    O F 1922, FOR P O I N T S I N VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS (continued)

    z
    h
    Part 2.-Geomagnetic longitudes of points on the earth in various geographic latitudes and longitudes

    I
    W Geo- Geographic east longitude in degrees
    3- graphic
    latitude 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
    A
    90 100 120 130 150 160 170 180
    ,
    110 140
    : 4-88"
    +84
    :I70 170 170 170 171 172 173 174 175 177 178 180 181 183 184 186 187 188
    + 149 150 152 154 157 160 163 166 169 173 176 180 183 187 190 193 197 200
    +80 I30 134 138 142 147 151 156 161 165 170 175 180 184 189 194 198 203 208
    fi +76 116 122 128 134 140 146 151 157 163 168 174 179 185 191 1% 202 208 213
    4-72 106 113 121 128 135 141 148 154 160 167 173 179 186 192 198 205 21 1 217
    99 107 116 123 131 138 145 152 159 166 173 179 186 193 200 207 214 221
    93 103 111 120 128 135 143 150 158 165 172 179 186 194 20 1 208 216 223
    89 99 108 117 125 133 141 149 157 164 172 179 187 194 202 210 217 225
    87 96 106 115 123 131 140 148 156 164 171 179 187 195 203 211 219 227
    84 94 103 112 121 130 138 147 155 163 171 179 187 195 204 212 220 :228

    82 92 102 111 120 129 137 146 154 162 171 179 187 196 204 213 221 230
    81 91 101 110 119 128 137 145 154 162 171 179 188 196 205 213 222 230
    80 90 100 109 118 127 136 145 153 162 171 179 188 196 205 213 222 231
    80 90 99 109 118 127 136 144 153 162 171 179 188 196 205 214 223 231
    79 89 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 170 179 188 197 205 214 223 232
    78 88 98 107 117 126 135 144 153 161 170 179 188 197 206 214 223 232
    77 88 97 107 116 125 134 143 152 161 170 179 188 197 206 215 224 233
    77 87 97 106 116 125 134 143 152 161 170 179 188 197 206 215 224 233
    76 86 96 106 115 124 134 143 152 161 170 179 188 197 206 215 225 234
    76 86 96 105 115 124 133 142 152 161 170 179 188 197 207 216 225 234
    75 85 95 105 114 124 133 142 151 161 170 179 188 198 207 216 225 235
    75 85 95 104 114 123 133 142 151 161 170 179 188 198 207 216 226 235
    74 84 94 104 113 123 132 142 151 160 170 179 188 198 207 217 226 235
    74 84 94 103 113 122 132 141 151 160 170 179 188 198 207 217 226 236
    73 83 93 103 112 122 132 141 151 160 170 179 189 198 208 217 227 236
    73 83 93 102 112 122 131 141 150 160 169 179 189 198 208 217 227 236
    72 82 92 102 112 121 131 141 150 160 169 179 189 198 208 218 227 237
    72 82 92 102 111 121 131 140 150 160 169 179 189 198 208 218 227 237
    72 82 91 101 111 121 130 140 150 159 169 179 189 199 208 218 228 237
    71 81 91 101 111 120 130 140 150 159 169 179 189 199 209 218 228 238
    (continued)
    T A B L E 511.-GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES OF P O S I T I O N O N THE E A R T H R E F E R R E D T O THE G E O M A G N E T I C A X I S P O L E
    O F 1922, FOR P O I N T S IN V A R I O U S GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS (continued)
    Geo- Geographic east longitude in degrees
    A
    graphic <
    latiiude 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
    ++ 68" 71
    71
    81
    80
    91
    90
    100
    100
    110
    110
    120
    120
    130
    129
    139
    139
    149
    149
    159
    159
    169
    169
    179
    179
    189
    189
    199
    199
    209
    209
    219
    219
    228
    229
    238
    238
    + 4 70 80 90 100 109 119 129 139 149 159 169 179 189 199 209 219 229 239
    + 2 70 80 89 99 109 119 129 139 149 159 169 179 189 199 209 219 229 239
    0 69 79 89 99 109 119 128 138 148 159 169 179 189 199 210 220 230 240
    -2 69 79 89 98 108 118 128 138 148 158 169 179 189 199 210 220 230 240
    -4 69 78 88 98 108 118 128 138 148 158 169 179 189 200 210 220 230 240
    -6 68 78 88 98 107 117 128 138 148 158 169 179 189 200 210 220 230 241
    -8 68 78 87 97 107 117 127 137 148 158 168 179 189 200 210 221 231 241
    -10 68 77 87 97 107 117 127 137 147 158 168 179 190 200 211 221 231 241
    -12 67 77 87 96 106 116 126 137 147 158 168 179 190 200 211 221 231 242
    -14 67 76 86 % 106 116 126 136 147 157 168 179 190 200 211 221 232 242
    -16 66 76 86 96 105 116 126 136 147 157 168 179 190 201 211 222 232 242
    -18 66 76 85 95 105 115 125 136 146 157 168 179 190 201 211 222 232 243
    -20 66 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 146 157 168 179 190 201 212 222 233 243
    -24 65 74 84 94 104 114 124 135 146 156 168 179 190 20 1 212 223 234 244
    -28 64 73 83 93 103 113 123 134 145 156 167 179 190 202 213 224 235 245
    -32 63 72 82 92 102 112 122 133 144 156 167 179 191 202 213 225 235 246
    -36 62 71 81 91 100 111 121 132 143 155 167 179 191 203 214 226 237 247
    -40 61 70 80 89 99 109 120 131 143 154 167 179 191 203 215 227 238 248
    -44 60 69 78 88 98 108 119 130 142 154 166 179 191 204 216 228 239 250
    -48 58 67 77 86 96 106 117 128 140 153 166 179 192 205 217 229 24 1 252
    -52 57 66 74 84 94 104 115 126 139 151 165 179 192 206 219 231 243 254
    -56 55 64 73 82 92 102 112 124 137 150 164 179 193 207 22 1 233 245 256
    -60 53 62 70 79 88 .99 109 121 134 148 163 178 194 209 223 236 248 259
    -64 51 59 67 76 85 95 105 117 130 145 161 178 196 212 227 241 253 263
    -68 48 55 63 71 80 89 99 111 124 140 158 178 198 217 233 247 259 270
    -72 44 51 58 65 73 81 90 101 114 130 151 177 204 226 243 256 268 277
    -76 39 45 51 57 63 70 77 84 95 108 131 175 223 249 263 273 281 289
    -80 32 37 41 45 49 53 56 59 61 59 49 7 316 302 299 300 303 306
    -84 23 25 28 30 31 32 31 30 26 20 12 1 350 341 335 331 329
    -88 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 6 4 2 0 358 356 354 353 352
    (coatinued)
    V) T A B L E 511.-GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES OF P O S I T I O N ON T H E E A R T H R E F E R R E D T O T H E GEOMAGNETIC A X I S P O L E
    5
    I
    O F 1922, FOR P O I N T S I N VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS (continued)
    Geo- Geographic east longitude in degrees
    5 graphic 7 ~

    g latitude 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360
    189 189 190 190 190 189 189 188 186 184 182 180 178 176 174 173 172 171 170
    203 205 208 210 211 212 211 210 206 200 192 181 170 161 155 151 149 148 149
    212 217 22 1 225 229 233 236 239 241 239 229 187 136 122 I19 120 123 126 130
    219 225 231 237 243 250 257 264 275 288 311 355 43 69 83 93 101 109 116
    224 231 238 245 253 261 270 281 294 310 331 357 24 46 63 76 88 97 106
    228 235 243 25 1 260 269 279 291 304 320 338 358 18 37 53 67 79 89 99
    231 239 247 256 265 275 285 297 310 325 341 358 16 32 47 61 73 84 93
    233 242 250 259 268 279 289 301 314 328 343 358 14 29 43 56 68 79 89
    235 244 253 262 272 282 292 304 317 330 344 359 13 27 41 53 65 76 87
    237 246 254 264 274 284 295 306 319 331 345 359 12 26 39 51 63 74 84
    238 247 257 266 276 286 297 308 320 333 346 359 12 25 37 49 61 72 82
    239 248 258 267 277 287 298 309 321 333 346 359 11 24 37 49 60 71 81
    240 249 258 268 278 288 299 310 322 334 346 359 11 24 36 48 59 70 80
    240 250 259 269 278 289 299 311 322 334 346 359 11 24 36 47 58 69 80
    241 250 260 269 279 289 300 311 323 334 347 359 11 23 35 47 58 68 79
    242 25 1 260 270 280 290 301 312 323 335 347 359 11 23 35 46 57 68 78
    242 25 1 261 271 280 291 301 312 323 335 347 359 11 23 34 46 57 67 77
    243 252 26 1 27 1 281 29 1 302 313 324 335 347 359 11 22 34 45 56 67 77
    243 252 262 272 282 292 302 313 324 336 347 359 11 22 33 45 55 66 76
    243 253 263 272 282 292 303 314 325 336 347 359 10 22 33 44 55 66 76
    244 253 263 273 283 293 303 314 325 336 347 359 10 22 33 44 55 65 75
    244 254 263 273 283 293 304 314 325 336 348 359 10 21 33 43 54 65 75
    245 254 264 274 284 294 304 315 326 336 348 359 10 21 32 43 54 64 74
    245 255 264 274 284 294 305 315 326 337 348 359 10 21 32 43 53 64 74
    246 255 265 275 285 295 305 315 326 337 348 359 10 21 32 42 53 63 73
    246 256 265 275 285 295 305 316 326 337 348 359 10 21 31 42 53 63 73
    246 256 266 276 285 296 306 316 327 337 348 359 10 21 31 42 52 62 72
    247 256 266 276 286 296 306 316 327 337 348 359 10 20 31 41 52 62 72
    247 257 267 276 286 2% 306 317 327 338 348 359 10 20 31 41 51 62 72
    248 257 267 277 287 297 307 317 327 338 348 359 10 20 31 41 51 61
    71 P
    \o
    (conhared) W
    e5
    v)

    T A B L E 511.-GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES O F P O S I T I O N ON T H E E A R T H R E F E R R E D T O T H E GEOMAGNETIC A X I S P O L E


    t O F 1922, FOR P O I N T S I N V A R I O U S GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS (continued)
    71
    I
    -c
    v)
    B
    Geo-
    graphic
    latitude
    r
    180 190 200 219 220 230 240
    Geographic east longitude in degrees
    250 260
    A.

    270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350


    -.
    360
    D
    I
    - + 8" 248 258 267 277 287 297 307 317 328 338 348 359 9 20 30 41 51 61 71
    2 $6 248 258 268 278 287 297 308 318 328 338 349 359 9 20 30 40 50 61 71
    F f 4 249 258 268 278 288 298 308 318 328 338 349 359 9 20 30 40 50 60 70
    z + 2 249 259 269 278 288 298 308 318 328 333 349 359 9 19 30 40 50 60 70
    0 249 259 269 279 289 299 308 318 328 339 349 359 9 19 30 40 50 60 69
    -2 250 260 269 279 289 299 309 319 329 339 349 359 9 19 29 39 49 59 69
    -4 250 260 270 280 289 299 309 319 329 339 349 359 9 19 29 39 49 59 69
    -6 25 1 260 270 280 290 300 309 319 329 339 349 359 9 19 29 39 49 58 68
    -8 25 1 26 1 271 280 290 300 310 319 329 339 349 359 9 19 29 39 48 58 68
    -10 25 1 26 1 271 281 29 1 300 310 320 330 339 349 359 9 19 29 38 48 58 68
    -12 252 262 271 281 291 301 310 320 330 339 349 359 9 19 28 38 48 57 67
    -14 252 262 272 282 29 1 30 1 311 320 330 340 349 359 9 18 28 38 47 57 67
    -16 252 262 272 282 292 301 311 32 1 330 340 349 359 9 18 28 38 47 57 66
    -18 253 263 273 282 292 302 311 321 330 340 349 359 9 18 28 37 47 56 66
    -20 253 263 273 283 292 302 312 321 331 340 350 359 9 18 28 37 47 56 66
    -24 254 264 274 284 293 303 312 322 331 340 350 359 8 18 27 37 46 55 65
    -28 255 265 275 285 294 304 313 322 331 341 350 359 8 18 27 36 45 55 64
    -32 256 266 276 286 295 304 314 323 332 341 350 359 8 17 26 35 45 54 63
    -36 257 268 277 287 296 305 314 323 332 341 350 359 8 17 26 35 44 53 62
    -40 259 269 279 288 297 306 315 324 333 342 350 359 8 17 25 34 43 52 61
    -44 260 270 280 289 298 307 316 325 333 342 351 359 8 16 25 33 42 51 60
    -48 262 272 282 291 300 309 317 326 334 342 351 359 7 16 24 33 41 50 58
    -52 264 274 283 292 301 310 318 327 335 343 351 359 7 15 24 32 40 48 57
    -56 267 276 286 295 303 31 1 320 328 336 344 351 359 7 15 23 31 39 47 55
    -60 269 279 288 297 305 313 321 329 337 344 352 359 7 14 22 30 37 45 53
    Q
    <
    I

    2
    c
    D
    TA BL E 511.-GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES O F POSITION ON T H E E A R T H R E F E R R E D T O T H E GEOMAGNETIC AXIS POLE
    OF 1922, FOR P O I N T S I N VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS (concluded)
    -I
    La
    -
    rn cro- Geoaraohic
    _ . east longitude in degrees
    gr&ic 7
    v) latitude* 150 190 200 21G 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360
    -64_ . _. -
    27.1 -28.1
    __ _291
    _ ._. .m
    300 ___ .?is
    _._.__ 323 ___
    3.30 338
    . . ~34s 352
    .. ~
    359 6 14 21
    ~~
    28 36 43 51
    -68 279 287 296 303 311 318 325 332 339 346 353 359 6 i3 20 27 34 41 48
    -72 286 293 301 308 315 321 328 334 340 347 353 359 6 12 18 25 31 37 44
    -76 296 302 308 314 320 326 331 337 343 348 354 359 5 11 16 22 28 33 39
    -80 310 314 318 322 327 331 336 341 345 350 355 360 4 9 14 18 23 28 32
    -84 329 330 332 334 337 340 343 346 349 353 356 360 3 7 10 13 17 20 23
    -88 350 350 350 350 351 352 353 354 355 357 358 360 1 3 4 6 7 8 9
    BIBLIOGRAPHY: a, Chapman, S., and Bartels, J., Geomagnetism vols. 1 and 2 Oxford, 1940. b Flcming J. A., ed., Terrestrial magnetism and electricity, Physics
    of the earth series, vol. 8, McGraw-Hill New York 1939. c, Lud; Albert K., aAd Herbert Howe, H.,’ Magnetiim of the earth U.S. Coast and Geodetlc Survey, SeriaZ
    663 Washington 1Y45. d. Drel, Sakuel A,, MLgnetic declination’in the United States 1945 idem Serial 664. 1946. e, beel, Samuel A, and Herbert Howe, H..
    United States magnetic tables and magnetic charts for 1945, idem, Serial 667, 1948. f, Vestin;, E. H., Laporte, L.,Lange, I., Cqoper, C., and Hendrix, W. C., Descrip-
    tion of the earth’s main magnetic field and its secular change 1905-1945, Carnegie Inst. Washington Puhl. No. 578, 1947. g Vestine E. H. Lange I. Laporte L. and
    Scott, W. E., The geomagnetlc field, its description and analysis. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. No. 580, 1947. h ’ Macht, ’H. G . , ‘Das erdm;gnetisch ’Fe16 der
    Polargebiete. Zeitschr. Meteorol., vol. 1. pp. 259.297 1947. I. Elsasser, W. M., Phys. Rev., vol. 60, p. 876, 1941; ;ol. 69, p. 106, 1946; vo?. 70. p. 202, 1946.
    j, Bullard,, E. C., The magnetic field within the e a r t i , Proc. Roy.,Soc. London, A, vol. 197, p. 433, 1949. k, Blackett, P. M. S., Nature, vo!. 159. p. 658, 1947. (Gives
    recent review, theories of earth’s field.) I, Journal of Geophysical Research vol. 56, p. 283 1951 Baltimore. m Nippoldt, A,, Prussla-Meteorologrshes Institut,
    Bericht uber die Tatigkeit des Preuss. Met. Inst. im Jahre 1929: Veriioffentlichuhgen Nr. 372, p. 137, 1530. n, Wasser~all,Terr. Mag., vol. 44, p. 263, 1939. 0, Aus-
    tralian Antarctic Research (B.A.N.Z.A.R.) Expedition 1929-31 (D. Mawson, ed.), Reports,- Ser. A, vol. 4, p. 1, Adelaide, 1944. p, Terr. Mag., vol. 48, pp. 97-108,
    171-182 and 237.242, 1943: vol. 49, pp. 47-52, 109-118, 199.205, and 267-269. 1944; and vol. 33, p. 199.240. 1945.
    Se; (a) above for sunspot numbers and international character-figures C, 1890-1937: also (4 for C, 1905-1942; geomagnetic indices C and K for 1940-1947 are given
    in H. F. Johnston W. E. Scott, and Ella Balsam, Internat. Union Geod. and Geophys., Terr. Mag. Electr., Bull. Nos. 12 and 12a, Washington, 1948. For current values, see
    ( l ) , Forecasts of keomagnetic activity, .National Bureau of Standards.
    World isomagnetic charts are issued by U.S. Hydrographic Office: for the United States and possessions, by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.
    502
    T A B L E BlP.--MAGNETIC A N D ELECTRIC DATA FOR S U N A N D E A R T H
    (Chapman, Cosmical magnetic phenomena, Nature, vol. 124, p. 19, 1929.)
    Sun's magnetic field too small to be measured by direct effects on earth; measured by
    Zeeman effect on spectrum lines.
    Earth's magnetic axis inclined 12" to rotation axis.
    Earth's field rotates at same speed as nearly rigid earth.
    Earth : Polar intensity of field j gauss.
    Sun : Intense local fields frequent, 3000 gauss. The magnetic field of spots reverses each
    cycle (Proc. Astron SOC.Pacific, vol. 41, p. 136, 1929). The polarity of leading spot in a
    bipolar group in the Northern Hemisphere is opposite that in the Southern Hemisphere-
    .
    relationship reverses each new sunspot cycle . complete magnetic cycle is double sun-
    spot cycle.
    Specific resistances : Earth Sun (Chapman, loc. cit.)
    Heaviside layer, 10" Reversing layer, 3 X 10"
    Dry earth, 10" to 10'' Photosphere, lo8,T , 10000°K.
    Sea water, 2 x 10" Center, 3 x 108, T , 4 x 10'
    200-600 m deep, 3 X 10"
    Further characteristics of spots : (Milne, Monthly Notices, Roy. Astion. SOC.,vol. 90,
    p. 487, 1930.) Umbra (dark center), 800 (very small) to 80,000 km across: penumbra
    may reach 240,000 km. Generally short-lived. A few last several (3) rotations, very
    rarely 6 ; one in 1840, 18 months. Most occur in 2 belts 5" to 40" N. and S. latitudes,
    often occur in pairs (see above). Umbra temperature 4000" K. Evershed gives velocity of
    outburst from spot 2 km/sec.

    SMlTHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLES 513-52l.-MAGNETO-OPTIC EFFECTS 503
    Faraday discovered that, when a piece of heavy glass is placed in magnetic
    field and a beam of plane polarized light passed through it in a direction parallel
    to the lines of magnetic force, the plane of polarization of the beam is rotated.
    This was subsequently found to be the case with a large number of substances,
    but the amount of the rotation was found to depend on the kind of matter and
    its physical condition, and on the strength of the magnetic field and the wave-
    length of the polarized light. Verdet’s experiments agree fairly well with the
    formula

    where c is a constant depending on the substance used, 1 the length of the path
    through the substance, H the intensity of the component of the magnetic field
    in the direction of the path of the beam, r the index of refraction, and A the
    wavelength of the light in air. If H be different, at different parts of the path,
    1H is to be taken as the integral of the variation of magnetic potential between
    the two ends of the medium. Calling this difference of potential v, we may
    write 6 = Av, where A is constant for the same substance, kept under the
    same physical conditions, when the one kind of light is used. The constant A
    has been called “Verdet’s constant,’’ and a number of values of it are given in
    Tables 514-517. For variation with temperature the following formula is
    given by Bichat :
    R = R, ( 1 - 0.00104t - 0.000014tZ),
    which has been used to reduce some of the results given in the table to the
    temperature corresponding to a given measured density. For change of wave-
    length the following approximate formula, given by Verdet and Becquerel,
    may be used :

    where p is index of refraction and A wavelength of light.


    A large number of measurements of what has been called molecular rotation
    have been made, particularly for organic substances. These numbers are not
    given in the table, but numbers proportional to molecular rotation may be de-
    rived from Verdet’s constant by multiplying in the ratio of the molecular weight
    to the density. The densities and chemical formulas are given in the table. In
    the case of solutions, it has been usual to assume that the total rotation is simply
    the algebraic sum of the rotations which would be given by the solvent and dis-
    solved substance, or substances, separately ; and hence that determinations of
    the rotary power of the solvent medium and of the solution enable the rotary
    power of the dissolved substance to be calculated. Experiments by Quincke
    and others do not support this view, as very different results are obtained from
    different degrees of saturation and from different solvent media. No results
    thus calculated have been given in the table, but the qualitative result, as to the
    sign of the rotation produced by a salt, may be inferred from the table. For
    example, if a solution of a salt in water gives Verdet’s constant less than 0.0130
    at 20°C, Verdet’s constant for the salt is negative.
    As a basis for calculation, Verdet’s constant for carbon disulfide and the
    sodium line D has been taken as 0.0130 at 20°C.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    504 T A B L E 513.--blSPERSION OF KERR EFFECT
    Wavelength .5r 1.oc 1.58 2.08 2.58
    Steel ............... -111 -161 -9i0
    -14: -1 1:
    Cobalt .............. - 9.5 -11.5 - 9.5
    -6.5 -11.
    . ...
    Nickel . . . . . . . . . . - 5.5 - 4.0 +3.0 0 + 1.75
    Field intensity = 10,000 cgs units. (Intensity of magnetization = about 800 in steel, 700
    to 800 in cobalt, about 400 in nickel.)

    T A B L E 514.-VERDET'S CONSTANT
    Part 1.-Solids

    Verdet's
    constant
    Suhstance Formula Wavelength in min
    B
    Amber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589 .0095
    Blende . . . . .......... . ... ... ................ ZnS ' 2234
    Diamond ..... .. ... ... .. . .. ........ ......... C I'
    .0127
    Lead borate ... ............ .... .... ......... PbBzO, .0600
    Selenium . .. ... ... ............ ..... ... ...... Se .687 .4625
    .
    Sodium borate . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NaJ3,0, .589 ,0170
    Ziqueline (Cuprite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cu20 .687 5908
    Fluorite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CaF, .2534 .05989
    .3655 ,02526
    .4358 .01717
    .4916 .01329
    .589 .00897
    1.oo .00300
    2.50 .00049
    3.00 .00030
    Glass :
    Jena, medium phosphate crn ....................... ..... .589 .0161
    heavy crown, 01143.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0220
    light flint, 0451 .... .... ... ... .... . . ... ... ... . 'I
    .0317
    heavy fli;it, 0500 ........ ............ .......... .0608
    S163 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
    .0888
    Zeiss, ultra;yiolet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,313 .0674
    ...................................... .405 .0369
    ...................................... .436 .0311
    Quartz, along axis, i.e., plate cut 1 to axis . . . . SiOa .2194 .1587
    .2573 .1079
    .3609 .04617
    .4800 .02574
    S892 .01664
    .6439 .01368
    Rock salt . ....... ... .................. ...... NaCl ,2599 ,2708
    .3100 .1561
    .4046 .0775
    .4916 .0483
    .6708 ,0245
    1.oo .01050
    2.00 .00262
    4.00 .00069
    Sugar, cane: along axis IIA .................. CiaHz,On .451 .0122
    .540 .0076
    .626. .0066
    axis IIA' ................. - .451 .0129
    .540 .0084
    .626 .0075
    Sylvite ... . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . KCl ,4358 .0534
    S461 .0316
    .6708 .02012
    .90 .01051
    1.20 .00608
    2.00 .00207
    4.00 .0w54

    (continued)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    T A B L E 514.-VERDET'S C O N S T A N T (concluded) 505
    Part 2.-Liquids (for = 0.589 p )

    Density Verdet's
    Chemical in g per constant Temp.
    Substance formula cm3 in min "C
    Acetone ........................... C3HsO -7947 .0113
    . ~ _ . 20
    Acids : Formic ..................... CHzOz 112273 .0105 15
    Acetic ...................... CsH,Oz 1.0561 .0105 21
    Hydrochloric ............... HCI 1.2072 .0224 15
    Hydrobromic ............... HBr 1.7859 .0343
    Hydroiodic ................. HI '
    Nitric ....................... HNOa 13
    Alcohols : Methyl .................. CHaOH 20'
    Ethyl ................... CzHsOH '
    Benzene ........................... CsHe .8786 .0297
    Bromides : Methyl .................. CH3Br 1.7331 .0205 0
    Ethyl ................... CzHsBr 1.4486 .0183 15
    Carbon bisulfide .................... csz 1.26 ,0420 18
    Chlorides : Carbon ................. CCI, 1.60 .0321 15
    Chloroform ............. CHCL 1.4823 .0164 20
    Ethyl .................. CzHECI .9169 .0138 6
    Iodides : Methyl .................... CHaI 2.2832 .0336 15
    Ethyl ..................... CzHsI 1.9417 .0296 '
    Nitrates : Methyl ................... CHaO * NO, 1.2157 .0078 '
    Ethyl .................... CzHsO. NO, 1.1149 .0091 "

    Paraffins : Pentane ................. .6332 .0118 "

    Hexane ................. .6743 ,0125 'I

    Toluene ........................... 8581 ..0269 28


    Water = 2 4 9 6 ~................... .... .I042 ..
    275 ..................... .... .... .0776 ..
    .4046 .................... .... .... .0293 ..
    ,589 ..................... .... .... .0131 ..
    1.000 ..................... .... .... .00410 ..
    1.300 ..................... .... .... .00264 ..
    Xylene ............................ CsHm .8746 .0263 27

    T A B L E 515.-VERDET'S C O N S T A N T FOR S O L U T I O N S O F ACIDS A N D S A L T S


    I N W A T E R (X=O.589p)

    Density Verdet's Density Verdet's


    Chemical g per cpnstant Temp. Chemical g per cpnstant Temp.
    formula cms in min "C formula cm3 in mrn "C
    HBr ........ 1.3775 ,0244 20" FezCle ....... 1.6933 -2026 15"
    HCI . . . . . . . . 1.1573 ,0204 '' ....... 1.5315 -.1140 "
    " ........ 1.0762 .0168 " ....... 1.1681 -.0015 "
    H I .......... 1.9057 ,0499 " ....... 1.0864 .0081 "
    I' .......... 1.1760 .0205
    ,' " ....... 1.0232 .om "
    HNOJ . . . . . . 1.3560 .0105 HgClz ....... 1.0381 .0137 16
    NH3 ........ ,8918 .0153 15 NiCL ....... 1.4685 .0270 15
    NHIBr ...... 1.2805 .0226 ' ....... 1.2432 .0196 "
    BaBr. ....... 1.5399 .0215 20 KCI ........ 1.6000 .0163 "
    CdBr? ....... 1.3291 ,0192 NaCl ........ 1.0418 .ni44
    ..... (6

    CaBrz ....... 1.2491 ,0189 SrCL ........ 1.1921 .0162 "


    KBr ........ 1.1424 .O 163 SnCL ....... 1.3280 .0266 ''
    " ........ 1.0876 .0151 ZnCL ....... 1.2851 .0196 "
    N$3r ....... 1.1351 .0165 N H J ....... 1.5948 ,0396 "
    ....... 1.0824 .0152 ' ....... 1.2341 .0235 "
    KzC03 . . . . . . 1.1906 .0140 K I .......... 1.6743 .0338 I'

    NalCOl ..... 1.1006 .0140 " .......... 1.1705 nl Q?


    ."I"-

    NH,CI- ...... 1.0718 .0178 15 KNOI ....... 1.0634 .0130 20


    BaCL ....... 1.2897 .O168 20 N a N 0 3 ...... 1.1112 ,0131
    "___
    CdCL . . . . . . . 1.3179 .0185 UzOsNzOs ... 2.0267 0053 "
    " ......... 1.1732 ,0160 . . . 1.1963 0115 "
    CaCL ....... 1.1504 .0165 BaSo. ....... 1.1788 0134 "
    ' ....... 1.0832 .0152 KzSOd ...... 1.0475 0133 "
    FeCL ....... 1.4331 .0025 15 NazSO, ..... 1.0661 0135 "
    ' ....... 1.1093 .0118 '

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    506 T A B L E 516.-VERDET'S C O N S T A N T FOR S O M E GASES
    Du Bois shows that in the case of substances like iron, nickel, and cobalt which have a
    variable magnetic susceptibility the expression in Verdet's equation, which is constant for
    substances of constant susceptibility, requires to be divided by the susceptibility to obtain
    a constant. For this expression he proposes the name "Kundt's constant." These experi-
    ments of Kundt and Du Bois show that it is not the difference of magnetic potential be-
    tween the two ends of the medium, but the product of the length of the medium and the
    induction per unit area, which controls the amount of rotation of the beam.
    Some data on the Verdet constant of gases by Ingersol (*) and by de Mallemann ( t )
    for wavelength 5780A, pressure 760 mmHg, and at temperature 0°C :

    Verdet Verdet Verdet


    cpnstant cpnstant constant
    Substance in nun Substance in min Substance in min
    Hydrogen t ... 6.29 X lod Helium * ..... .51 X Methane t ..... 17.4 X lo-'
    Hydrogen* ... 6.26 Oxygen* ..... 5.55 Ethylene+ .... 34.4
    Deuterium* ... 6.21 Oxygen? ..... 5.69 Ethylene* .... 34.6
    Nitrogen* .... 6.30 A r g o n t ....... 9.36 Carbon dioxide * 9.25

    The de Mallemann values are from numerous papers in Comptes Rendus, 1929 to date
    (See in particular R. de Mallemann, F. Suhner, and J. Grange, C. R., vol. 232, p. 1094,
    1915. See also P. Gabiano Ann. d. Physique, vol. 10, p. 68, 1933.). The Ingersoll values
    are from an O N R preliminary report (October 1952). The probable error of the de Malle-
    mann and the Ingersoll values is of the order of 1 percent. The dispersion of the rotation
    for most gases, except oxygen, is roughly as the inverse square of the wavelength.

    Verdet's
    cpnstant
    Substance Pressure Temp. in m m
    Atmospheric air ....................... 6.83 X lo-'
    Carbon dioxide ........................
    Carbon disulfide .......................
    Atmospheric
    74 cmHg
    Ordjnary
    70°C
    13.00
    23.49
    ::
    Ethylene ............................. Atmospheric Ordinary 34.48 "
    Nitrogen ............................. 6.92 "
    Nitrous oxide ......................... 16.90 "
    Oxygen ..............................
    Suffur dio'Tide ........................ - 1'
    6.28
    31.39
    "
    "
    ........................ 246cmHg 20°C 38.40 "

    T A B L E 517.-VERDET'S A N D K U N D T ' S C O N S T A N T S FOR SOME M A T E R I A L S


    The following short table is quoted from Du Bois's paper. The quantities are stated in
    cgs measure. circular measure (radians) being used in the expression of "Verdet's con-
    stant" and "Kundt's constant."

    Verdet's constant Wavelength


    Magnetic 7- of light Knudt's
    Name of substance susceptibility Number in cm constant
    Cobalt .............. - - 6.44 x 10.' 3.99
    Nickel .............. - - 3.15
    Iron ................ - - 6.56 '' 2.63
    Oxygen: 1 a t m . . .... +.0126 X !pP ,000179 X lo-' 5.89 I' ,014
    Sulfur dioxide ...... -.0751 "

    Water .............. -.0694


    Nitric acid .......... -.0633
    "
    "
    .302
    ,377
    ,356 ,'
    :: - 4.00
    - 5.4
    - 5.6
    Alcohol ............. --.0566
    Ether .............. --.0541
    Arsenic chloride ..... -.0876
    "
    "
    "
    ,330
    ,315
    1.222
    :: "
    - 5.8
    - 5.8
    -14.9
    Carbon disulfide ..... --.0716 " 1.222 -17.1
    Faraday's glass ..... --.0982 " 1.738 'I
    -17.7

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 5 1 8 . V A L U E S OF KERR'S CONSTANT 507
    Du Bois has shown that the rotation of the major axis of vibration of radiations normally
    reflected from a magnet is algebraically equal to the normal component of magnetization
    multiplied into a constant K. H e calls this constant K, Kerr's constant for the magnetized
    substance forming the magnet.

    Kerr's constant in minutes per cgs unit of magnetization


    Co!or Spectrum Wave- I
    of light line length Cobalt Nickel Iron Magnetite
    Red Li a .677 I.( -.0208 -.0173 -.0154 +.0096
    Red - .620 -.0198 -.0160 -.0138 +.0120
    Yellow D
    - .589 -.0193 --.0154 --.0130 +.0133
    Green b .517 -.0179 -.0159 -.oiii +.0072
    Blue F .486 -.0180 -.0163 -.0101 +.0026
    Violet G .43 1 -.0182 --.0175 --.0089 -

    T A B L E 519.-TRANSVERSE GALVANOMAGNETIC A N D THERMOMAGNETIC


    EFFECTS
    Effects are considered positive when, the magnetic field being directed away from the
    observer, and the primary current of heat or electricity directed from left to right, the
    upper edge of the specimen has the higher potential or higher temperature.
    E = difference of potential produced ; T = difference of temperature produced ; I =
    primary current; = primary temperature gradient ; B = breadth, and D = thickness,
    dX
    of specimen; H = intensity of field, cgs units.
    Hall effect (galvanomagnetic difference of potential), E = R-HI
    D
    Ettingshausen effect ( "
    'I
    'I temperature), T = P-H I
    D
    Nernst effect (thermomagnetic " " potential), E = Q H B ~
    dx
    Leduc effect ( " 'I temperature), T = S H B -dt
    dX

    Substance Values of R P X 108 QXlW


    Tellurium .............
    Antimony ..............
    +
    400 to 800
    +.9 " 2 2
    +zoo + 3 m
    +2 +goo0 to 18000
    Steel .................. +.012 " .033 -.07 -700 " 1700
    Heusler alloy .......... +.010 I' .026 - +1600 " 7000
    Iron ................... +.007 " .011 -.06 -1000 I' 1500
    Cobalt ................. +.0016 " .0046 +.01 +I800 2240
    Zinc ................... -
    'f
    - -54 " 240
    Cadmium .............. +.o0055
    Iridium ................ +.o0040 up to -5 0
    Lead .................. +.00009 -5.0 ( ?)
    Tin ................... -.oooo3 -4.0 ( ?)
    Platinum .............. -.0002 - -2
    Copper ................ -.o0052 -90 to 270 -18
    German silver .......... -.00054
    Gold .................. -.00057 to .00071
    Constantin ............. -.0009
    Manganese ............ -.00093
    Palladium ............. --.0007 to .0012 -j-50to 130 -3
    Silver ................. -.o008 " .0015 -46 " 430 -41
    Sodium ................ -.0023
    Magnesium ............ -.00094 to .0035
    Aluminum ............. -.00036 " .0037
    Nickel ................. -.0045 " .024 +.04 to .19 +zoo0 " 9000 -45
    Carbon ................ -.017 +5. +loo
    Bismuth ............... - UP to 16. +3 to 40 + UP to 132000 -200

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    508 T A B L E 520.-DISPERSION OF K E R R E F F E C T

    Field
    Mirror cgs .41~ .44p ,481~ .52p .56& ,601~ .64p .66p
    Iron ................ 21,500 -25 -.26 -28 -.31 -.36 -.42 -.44 -.45
    Cobalt .............. 20,000 -.36 -.35 -.34 -.35 -.35 -.35 -.35 -.36
    Nickel .............. 19,000 -.16 -.15 -.13 -.13 -.14 -.14 -.14 -.14
    Steel ............... 19,200 -27 -28 -.31 -.35 -.38 -.40 -.44 -.45
    Invar ............... 19,8CO -22 -.23 -24 -23 -23 -22 -.23 -23
    Magnetite .......... 16,400 -.07 -.02 +.04 +.06 +.08 +.06 +.04 +.03

    T A B L E 52l.-VARIATION OF H A L L CONSTANT W I T H T H E T E M P E R A T U R E

    Bismuth Antimony
    r r
    H -iwc -900 -23" +1i.s0 +loo0 H -186°C -79" +Zl.S' +58"
    1000 62.2 28.0 17.0 13.3 7.28 1750 ,263 ,249 .217
    2000 55.0 25.0 16.0 12.7 7.17 3960 ,252 ,243 211
    3000 49.7 22.9 15.1 12.1 7.06 6160 ,245 235 ,209 ,203
    4000 45.8 21.5 14.3 11.5 6.95
    5000 42.6 20.2 13.6 11.0 6.84
    6000 40.1 18.9 12.9 10.6 6.72

    Bismuth
    ' H +14.5'C +104' 125' 1890 zizo z w 259" 269" 270"
    890 5.28 2.57 2.12 1.42 1.24 1.11 .97 .83 .77*
    * Melting point.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    509
    TABLES 522-555.-OPTICAL GLASS AND OPTICAL CRYSTALS
    Optical glass and optical crystals are in general described by giving their
    indices of refraction for standard wavelengths, such as the D , A , C, F ,
    etc., lines and their v values = ( n D - l)/(nF - n c ) . Also, the spectral trans-
    mission and some other physical constants may be given. In addition, many
    crystals have different optical properties in different directions which require
    some consideration of their optical axes. For glasses used as filters the spectral
    transmission is an important item. A table of wavelength units and some data
    on various types of optical glass and crystals follow.

    T A B L E 522.-RADIATION WAVELENGTH UNITS

    Radio Radiation Colorimetry Spectroscopy X-rays Y rays


    meter micron millimicron angstrom X-ray units microangstrom

    Powers-of-10 eauivalent of units listed in column 1


    Units cgs
    unit
    Name Symbol p nip A XU pA cm mm m
    Micron ............. p 1 103 10' 107 loio lo-' lo-* 10-0
    Millimicron ......... mp lo-" 1 10 lo' lo7 lo-' 10.' lo-'
    4ngstrom ........... A 1O-l I 10" 10" 10" lo-' lo-''
    X-ray unit .......... X p IO-~ lo9 1 10s 10-11 10-10 10-18
    Microangstrom ...... p A lo-'" lo-' lo-'' lo-' 1 lo-" lo-" lo-''

    The X-ray unit as originally used referred to the measurement of x-wavelengths using a
    cClcite crystal. Such results are in error by a factor of 1.00203.

    OPTICAL GLASS
    T A B L E 523.-CHA R A C T E R l S T l C S O F A M E R ICAN-M A D € OPT1C A L GLASSES IB0

    Crown glasses-crown (CO), light barium crown (LBC), dense barium crown (DBC).
    extra dense barium crown (EDBC)
    Name ................. C -BL LBC -BL DBC -CG DBC -CG DBC -CG EDBC -BL
    Type .................. 518/596 573/568 612/595 620/603 638/555 617/539
    f i ~ ............... 1.51750 1.57250 1.61160 1.62030 1.63840 1.61700
    no' ............... 1.52886 1.58538 1.6246 1.6332 1.6532 1.63171
    ............. 1.52393 1.57962 1.61880 1.62750 1.64650 1.62511
    nc ................ 1.51524 1.56954 1.60852 1.61722 1.63500 1.61367
    Y ................ 59.6 56.8 59.5 60.3 55.5 53.9
    Flint glasses-crown flint (CF), light flint ( L F ) , short flint (SF), extra light flint ( E L F ) ,
    light barium flint (LBF), barium flint (BF), dense barium flint (DBF),
    dense flint ( D F ) , extra dense flint ( E D F )
    ............. CF-BL LBF-BL BF-BL DBF-BL DBF-CG ELF-BL
    ............. 526/546 548/537 570/481 617/385 670/472 541/475
    XD ............... 1.52560 1.54770 1.57040 1.61700 1.66990 1.54140
    no' ............... 1.53793 1.56081 1.58575 1.63811 1.6882 1.55618
    t~i+................ 1.53239 1.55491 1.57880 1.62843 1.67990 1.54949
    nc ................ 1.52277 1.54471 1.56695 1.61242 1.66572 1.53809
    Y ................ 54.6 53.7 48.1 38.5 47.2 47.5
    Name
    Type
    ........... E 559/455
    ..................
    LF-BL SF-CG
    613/442
    LF-BL
    575/429
    DF-BL
    596/397
    EDF-BL
    751/277
    ...............
    1.55850 1.61300 1.57510 1.59560 1.75060
    lza' ................
    1.57447 1.6308 1.59263 1.61538 1.78716
    W F ................ 1.56722 1.62280 1.58464 1.60632 1.77009
    nc ................ 1.55495 1.60893 1.57122 1.59130 1.74302
    Y ................ 45.5 44.2 42.9 39.7 27.7
    Adapted from data from Bausch & Lomb ( B L ) and Corning Glass Works (CG). F . A. Molby,
    West Virginia University assisted in selecting and arranging these data. For reference see Molby,
    Journ. Opt. SOC.Amer., k . 39, p. 600, 1949.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    In cn
    5 w
    0
    t
    T A B L E 524.-CHARACTERISTICS OF S O M E O P T I C A L GLASSES M A D E A T T H E N A T I O N A L B U R E A U OF S T A N D A R D S *
    D
    z Name ................. BSC BSC BSC LC LC LC BaC BaC BaC BaC BaC BaC BaC CF
    W 511/635 517/645 536/645 512/605 523/586 528/580 541/599 5725/574 574/577 6109/572 611/588 617/550 620/600 529/516
    I
    1
    Nominal
    !r4l ND ............... 1.511 1.517 1.536 1.5125 1.523 1.528 1.541 1.5725 1.574 1.6109 1.611 1.617 1.620 1.5286
    F v ................ 63.5 64.5 64.5 60.5 58.6 58.0 59.9 57.4 57.7 57.2 58.8 55.0 60.0 51.6
    -4
    E Typical glass
    h
    In nn ............... 1.51070 1.51728 1.53598 1.51310 1.52300 1.52882 1.54111 1.57283 1.57353 1.61118 1.61107 1.61727 1.61935 1.52900
    no’ ............... 1.52086 1.52736 1.54645 1.52385 1.53433 1.54035 1.55259 1.58549 1.58623 1.62484 1.62425 1.63169 1.63257 1.54225
    np ............... 1.51635 1.52289 1.54182 1.51906 1.52928 1.53520 1.54747 1.57984 1.58055 1.61873 1.61837 1.62523 1.62667 1.53628
    nc ................ 1.50829 1.51489 1.53349 1.51049 1.52037 1.52613 1.53843 1.56991 1.57060 1.60802 1.60801 1.61398 1.61626 1.52600
    v ................ 63.4 64.7 64.4 60.6 58.7 58.3 59.9 57.7 57.6 57.0 59.0 54.9 59.5 51.4

    Composition (batch) ....Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent
    50, ............. 68.8 66.3 63.4 71.9 70.2 68.3 58.8 45.2 47.4 38.25 38.3 37.3 37.8 65.j
    PbO ............. .2 .2 1.4 10.0
    BaO ............. 19.9 28.7 30.0 42.85 42.8 44.8 44.2 .2
    BzOa ............. 8.5 12.5 13.0 5.0 1.5 1.5 3.8 6.2 4.9 6.7 10.7 4.4 11.35
    NazO ............. 7.8 7.5 14.7 14.0 14.0 2.8 1.4 .9 .2 13.2
    KZO .............. 14.7 12.0 6.2 5.0 2.5 2.5 10.3 7.0 7.0 .4 5.6
    A S 2 0 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .5 .4 .3 .3 .3 .4 .4 .3 .3 .2
    sbzoa ............ 1.2 1.2 1.2 .7 .5 .2 .2 .7 .2 1.8
    ZnO ............. 1.2 4.1 7.5 7.5 4.2 5.6 3.6
    Be0 ............. 2.0 2.3
    SrO .............. 10.0
    Li20 ............. 5.0
    CaO ............. 2.2 9.4 11.3 2.3 4.5 3.6
    c1 ................ .7 .7
    so. .............. .5 .5
    A1202 ............ 3.0 4.9 2.9 4.9
    ZrO. ............. 25
    Data furnished by L . W . Tilton. National Bureau of Standards.
    (continued
    In
    I
    +
    I
    Lo
    0

    5 T A B L E 524.-CHARACTERISTICS O F SOME OPTICAL GLASSES M A D E A T T H E N A T I O N A L BUREAU O F STANDARDS


    z
    P (concluded)
    V
    I Name ................. F F F F F F F F F F F BF BF BF
    < 572/425 5795/410 605/381 617/366 620/362 649/338 666/324 672/322 689/309 720/295 754/277 584/460 588/534 604/435
    Nominal
    P no ............... 1.5725 1.5795 1.605 1.617 1.620 1.649 1.666 1.6725 1.689 1.720 1.754 1.584 1.588 1.604
    2 Y ................ 42.5 41.0 38.1 36.6 36.2 33.8 32.4 32.2 30.9 29.5 27.7 46.0 53.4 43.5
    Frn
    Typical glass
    no ............... 1.57184 1.57942 1.60490 1.61699 1.62042 1.64903 1.66600 1.67210 1.68884 1.72037 1.75410 1.58386 1.58835 1.60420
    na' ............... 1.58950 1.59800 1.62590 1.63936 1.64311 1.67470 1.69335 1.70003 1.71851 1.75349 1.79106 1.60030 1.60249 1.62240
    ?$F ............... 1.58146 1.58951 1.61630 1.62907 1.63268 1.66285 1.68069 1.68710 1.70475 1.73808 1.77380 1.59283 1.59614 1.61410
    IZC ................ 1.56796 1.56536 1.60030 1.61217 1.61556 1.64356 1.66021 1.66619 1.68259 1.71345 1.74644 1.58019 1.58513 1.60020
    Y ................ 42.4 40.9 37.9 36.5 36.2 33.7 32.5 32.1 31.1 29.2 27.5 46.2 53.4 43.4
    Composition (batch) .... Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent
    SiO, ............. 55.1 53.1 47.6 45.6 45.6 41.2 39.3 38.8 37.0 34.1 31.2 49.8 45.8 45.7
    PbO ............. 31.7 35.5 40.9 43.2 45.2 51.1 54.4 55.4 58.1 62.4 66.2 18.8 10.0 23.3
    BaO ............. 1.0 .6 13.4 25.9 14.3
    BzOa ............. 8.8
    Na10 ............. 5.0 .4 2.2 4.6 3.0 .7 1.5 .8
    Kz0 .............. 6.9 9.6 8.8 6.1 5.7 6.5 6.0 5.5 4.6 3.2 2.3 8.2 6.7 8.2
    AsiOs ............ .3 .3 .5 .5 .5 .5 .3, .3 .3 .3 .3 .5 .5 .4
    SbOS ............ .5
    ZnO ............. 7.8 8.1
    B e 0 .............
    SrO ..............
    LLO .............
    CaO .............
    CI ................
    so3 ..............
    ALOa ............ 1.5
    ZrO, .............
    5 12
    T A B L E 525.-INDEX O F R E F R A C T I O N OF E A S T M A N K O D A K CO. N O N S l L l C A
    GLASSES (1949)
    Pa rt 1

    Type .................. EK-110 EK-325 EK-330 EK450


    (EK-110 (EK-32 (EK-33 (EK-45
    -5328) EK--210 EK-310 -2641) -2734s) -29)
    Index
    t ~ h .............. 1.71786 1.75861 1.77301 1.77288 1.78280 1.83767
    np .............. 1.71227 1.75201 1.76538 1.76518 1.77532 1.82832
    IZF ............. 1.70554 1.74413 1.75638 1.75607 1.76643 1.81738
    nD ............. . 1.69680 1.73400 1.74500 1.74450 1.75510 1.80370
    ( 1.6973) (1.7442) (1.7555) (1.8016)
    nc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘1.69313 1.72979 1.74033 ‘1.73973 ‘1.75043 ‘1.79814
    ~ Z A ‘ .... . ... . . .. . 1.68877 1.72484 1.73491 1.73417 1.74499 1.79180
    Type numbers and %D values in parentheses are 1947 descriptions of E K glasses for
    which expansion data appear in Table 550.

    P a rt 2.-Dispe !rsion o f glasses


    Index
    nD ... 1.69680 1.73400 1.74500 1.74450 1.75510 1.80370
    (1.6973) (1.7442) (1.7555) (1.8016)
    1 ..... 56.15
    - 51.18 46.42 45.56 47.19 41.8
    nc (56.0) (47.2) (40.9)
    ..... ,01241 .01434 .01600 .O 1924
    (.O 1246) ( .O 1602) (.01959)
    ... ..... ,00874 .01013 ’.01133‘ .01368
    (.00877) (.01153) .
    (.01133) (.01394)
    . . . ..... ,00673
    ~ ~~~

    .00788 .00900 .00911 .00889’ .01094


    (.00677) (.00913) (.00890) (.01118)
    ,00559 .00660 .00763 .00770 ,00748 ,00935
    (.00562) (.00776) (.00750) (.00959)
    ... ..... ,00803 ,00916 .01009 .01033 ’.01011’ .01190
    (.00806) (.01018) (.O 1014)

    T A B L E 526.-TRANSMISSION O F O P T I C A L GLASS
    Thickness 10 mm, reflection deducted *
    BSC BSC C LBC DBC DBC CF BF DF EDF
    -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -3 -1 -1 -2 -3
    Cut-off in mp .... 300 296 301 306 328 320 310 316 326 350
    T at 360 mp.. ..
    900 76.0 84.0 47.5 22.0 82.5 97.0 94.0 72.5 6.5
    380 m f i . .. . 98.0 95.0 97.2 92.5 96.8 98.5 99.0 98.0 84.5 47.0
    400 m p . . .. 99.5 99.5 99.3 99.5 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.5 90.5 70.0
    460 m f i . .. . 99.5 99.5 99.3 99.5 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.5 97.0 96.2
    500 m p . . .. 99.5 99.5 99.3 99.5 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.5 98.9 99.3
    800 m p . . .. 99.5 98.5 99.3 99.2 99.4 99.4 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5
    1000 m p . . .. 99.5 94.5 99.3 97.2 96.6 99.4 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5
    2000 m p . . .. 88.8 85.0 95.0 90.5 65.0 80.5 70.0 88.5 99.5 99.5
    3000 m p . . .. .5 .O 17.5 .6 .O .O .9 .9 6.0 3.0
    Cut-off in mp. .. . 3200 3000 4000 3200 2900 2850 3350 3250 3500 4100

    Abbreviated from a list of results of measurements on freshly polished samples of Bausch & Lomb glasses.
    Data supplied by the Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    513
    T A B L E 5 2 7 . 4 H A N G E S W I T H T E M P E R A T U R E I N ABSOLUTE I N D E X OF
    R E F R A C T I O N (n) A T 20°C FOR A N U M B E R O F GLASSES t *
    Boro- Light Dense
    silicate barium barium Crown Barium Dense
    crown Crown crown crown flint flint flint
    ttD BSC-1 C-1 LBC--1 DBC-3 CF-1 BF-1 DF-2
    An/ 'C
    4360A.. .... ... ... ... ... ... ... .586
    4801A.. .... .lo1 .199 .085 .305 .261 246 .492
    5087A.. .... ,087 .171 .072 .276 .244 .218 .450
    5462A ...... ... .159 ... ... ... .405
    5894A ...... .059 .150 .036 256 205 .162 .370
    6440A. . .050 .131 ,025 .237 .184 ,140 .334

    . For references, see footnote 160, p. 509.


    t In units of the fifth decimal place.

    T A B L E 528.-INDEX OF R E F R A C T I O N OF GLASSES M A D E B Y S C H O T T A N D
    GENOESSEN, J E N A
    The following constants are for glasses made by Schott and Genoessen, Jena : nA, nc, % D , n ~ no,
    ,
    are the indices of refraction in air for A = 0 . 7 6 8 2 ~C~ = 0.6563p, D = 0.5893, F = 0.4861, G' =
    0.4341, Y = ( n - ~ l)/(nB - a,).

    Catalogue type = 0 546 0 381 0 184 0 102 0 165 s 57


    Designation z Zinc- Hiqher dis- Light Heavy Heavy Heaviest
    crown persion crown silicate flint silicate flint silicate flint silicate flint
    1092 1151 451 469 500 163
    60.7 51.8 41.1 33.7 27.6 22.2
    Cd .2763p 1.56759 -
    Cd ,2837 1.56372 - -
    58 Cd 2980 1.55723 1.57093 1.65397 - -
    Cd .3403 1.54369 1.55262 1.63320 1.71%8 1.85487
    a Cd .3610 1.53897 1.54664 1.61388 1.70536 1.83263
    $
    3 H .4340p 1.52788 1.53312 1.59355 1.67561 1.78800 1.94493
    H .4861 1.52299 1.52715 1.58515 1.66367 1.77091 1.91890
    g
    M < Na 5893 1.51698 1.52002 1.57524 1.64985 1.75130 1.88995
    2 H .6563 1.51446 1.51712 1.57119 1.64440 1.74368 1.87893
    -.-
    M K .7682 1.51143
    1.5103
    1.51368
    1.5131
    1.56669
    1.5659
    1.63820
    1.6373
    1.73530
    1.7338
    1.86702
    1.8650
    1.5048 1.5069 1.5585 1.6277 1.7215 1.8481
    1.5008 1.5024 1.5535 1.6217 1.7151 1.8396
    1.4967 1.4973 1.5487 1.6171 1.7104 1.8316
    - - 1S440 1.6131 - 1.8286

    Percentage composition of the above glasses :


    0 546, SiO,, 65.4; KzO, 15.0; NazO, 5.0; BaO, 9.6; ZnO, 2.0; Mnz03, 0.1 ; AszOa, 0.4; BzOs, 2.5.
    0381, SiO,, 68.7; PbO, 13.3; NazO, 15.7; ZnO, 2.0; Mn02, 0.1; AszOs,0.2.
    0 184, SiOz, 53.7; PbO, 36.0; KzO, 8.3; NazO, 1.0; Mnz03, 0.06; AszOs, 0.3.
    0 102, SiOz, 40.0; PbO, 52.6; KzO, 6.5; NazO, 0.5; Mnz03, 0.09; AszOs, 0.3.
    0 165, SiOz, 29.26; PbO, 67.5; KzO, 3.0; Mn203,0.04; Asz03, 0.2.
    S 57, SiO,, 21.9; PbO, 78.0; AszOs,0.1.

    T A B L E 529.-CHANGE O F I N D I C E S O F R E F R A C T I O N FOR l ° C I N U N I T S O F T H E
    F I F T H DECIMAL PLACE

    Mean -An
    No. and designation temp C D F GI
    -
    n
    I00
    S 57 Heavy silicate flint.. .... 58.8" 1.204 1.447 2.090 2.810 .0166
    0 154 Light silicate flint. ...... 58.4 225 ,261 .334 .407 .0078
    0 327 Baryt flint light.. ....... 58.3 -.008 .014 .080 .137 .0079
    0 225 Light phosphate crown.. . 58.1 -202 -.190 -.168 -.142 .0049

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    514 T A B L E 530.-TRANSMISSION OF R A D I A T I O N B Y J E N A GLASSES
    Part 1
    Coefficients, a, in the formula II = l o a t , where lo is the intensity before, and II after, trans-
    mission through the thickness t.

    Coefficient of transmission, a
    U nit t = 1 dm ' .375& 3908 ,4008 ,4348 ,4368 ,4558 ,4778 .503p .580p ,6778
    0 340, Ordinary light flint. ...... .388 .456 .614 .569 .680 334 ,880 ,880 378 .939
    0 102, Heavy sili;ate f l i p . . ...... - ,025 .463 SO2 .566 .663 .700 ,782 3 2 8 .794
    0 93,Ordi?ary ', ........ - - - - .714 307 .899 371 .903 .943
    0 203, crown.. ..... 333 .583 .695 .667 ,806 322 .860 372 .872 ,903
    0 598, (Crown) ................ - - _ - .797 .770 .771 .776 318 .860

    Unit t = 1 cm 0.78 0.958 1.18 1.48 1.78 2.08 2.38 2.58 2.7p 2.98 3.lp
    S 204, Borate crown ............ 1.00 .99 .94 .90 .85 .81 .69 .43 .29 .18
    S 179, Medium phosphate crown. - .98 .95 .90 .84 .67 .49 .87 .18 - -
    0 1143, Dense borosilicate crown. . .98 - .97 - .95 .93 .90 .84 .71 .47 .n
    0 1092, Crown .................. .99 .96 .95 .99 .% .91 22 .71 .60 .48 29
    0 1151, " .................. .98 - .99 .99 .98 .94 .% .79I - .45
    ..7s .32
    0 451, Light fli$ ............... 1.00 .99 - .98 .95 .92 .84 .78 .54 .34
    0 469, H y y ,I ............... 1.00 .98 - .99 .98 .98 .97 .XI .66 .so
    0 500, ............... 1.00 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 .99 .92 .74 .53
    S 163, " " ............... 1.00 .98 - .99 - .99 -- .94 .78 .60

    Part 2
    R is reflection factor yellow light for two surfaces. Values of transmission are for 1 mm
    thickness. Ordinary figures refer to wavelengths in p, .281 to .775, black-faced infrared.

    Glass Density .281 .302 ,334 ,366 ,436 .480 ,546 .578 ,644 .700 ,775
    durability R .850 .so 1.15 1.30 1.60 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00
    U G I 2.77 .oo .17 .69 .85 .oo .oo .oo .oo .oo .o 1 .34
    % .911 22 .ll .05 .04 .03 .04 .06 .11 .15 .19 .17
    B G 1 2.50 .04 .40 .93 .97 .86 .44 .04 .05 .01 .51 .94
    3 .915 .97 .93 .76 58 .40 .50 59 .69 .74 .75 55
    B G 4 2.41- .oo .oo .04 .74 37 .53 .01 .o1 .oo .07 .13
    5 .921 .12 .11 .13 .12 .14 21 .45 59 .63 .45 .40
    B G 10 2.60 .oo .oo .14 .64 .93 .95 .94 .88 .75 .62 .42
    % .916 .31 25 26 31 .47 .55 .56 58 .55 .47 A6
    V G l 2.93 .oo .oo .oo .oo .02 .47 .77 .56 .12 .06
    .69
    .04
    55
    2 .905 .05 .09 .18 27 .47 .65 .71 .76 .77
    G G 2 2.58 .oo .oo .oo .64 .99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.oo 1.oo
    3 .916 1.00 1.oo 1.00 1-00 1.oo .99 .99 .98 .94 84 .70
    G G 4 2.73 .oo .oo .03 .01 .67 .92 .97 .96 .94 .96 .99
    2 .913 .99 .99 .99 .99 .99 99 .99 .98 .94 .85 .64
    G G 11 2.54 .oo .oo .oo .oo .o1 .24 .99 .99 .99 .99 .98
    2 .913 .97 .96 .96 .99 .96 .97 .97 .95 .91 .82 .66
    R G 2 2.74 .oo .oo .oo .ooi .oo .oo .oo .oo .92 .98 .98
    2 .913 .98 .98 .98 .98 .98 .98 .97 .95 .92 81 .65
    R G 5 2.74 .oo .oo .oo .00 .oo .oo .oo .oo .02 .96 .98
    2 .913 .98 98 .99 -99
    ... .99 .99 .98 97 .92 .79 58
    N G 5 2.42 .oo .oo .oo .29 .59 .63 .66 .68 .70 .70 .65
    1 .919 .61 -59 .61 .65 .73 .78 -78 .76 .69 58 .40

    U G 1 dark purple (uv., extreme red). B G 1 blue (uv.. extreme red),. B G 4 blue ( ir.) . B G 10, light blue
    green, ir. absorption. V G 1 yellow-green. G G 2 colorless, uv. absor tion G G 4 almost colorless, strong UV.
    absorption. G G 1 1 dark yellow for contract filters. R G 2 pure red. I! G 5 dark red. N G 5 light neutral.

    OPTICAL CRYSTALS

    Not so many years ago physicists had to depend upon natural crystals for their various
    optical instruments. Now, owing to a great deal of work in this field, it has been found
    possible to grow artificial crystals of various materials for this purpose. Data on some of
    these artificial crystals are given in the following tables and the spectral transmission of
    some of them is shown in figure 26.

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    In
    r
    3 T A B L E 531.-SOME ARTIFICIAL OPTICAL CRYSTALS *
    t
    z
    D
    Part 1

    Size grown
    Type of I Refer-
    Material crystal Diameter Length WeiKht Transmission ranne Uses ence
    Sodium chloride (NaCl)?. . . . .. cubic 190 mm 125 mm 13 k g .2 to lSp, practical, Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectro-
    -4D 8.5 to 15p scopy, as lens elements for uv. and ir. a, b
    F Potassium chloride (KCI)S.. .. cubic 190 125 16 .38 to 21p About the same as NaCl c, d
    rn
    UI Silver chloride (AgCl) ........ cubic 95 125 4.5 Infrared to 30p Windows and prisms for uv. and ir. spectro- e
    (optical)# SCOPY
    Calcium fluoride (&Fa) 11 .. . .. cubic 125 100 5.0 .125 to 9.op Windows and prisms uv., v., and ir. Lens c,f
    parts
    Potassium bromide (KBr)T.. ..
    cubic 190 125 16 Practical, 15 to 25p Prisms and lenses for far infrared b, c, e
    .
    Potassium iodide (K1)T.. . . . . cubic 190 125 16 Long wavelength in- Prisms and windows for far infrared d, h
    frared, trans. 2 cm
    thickness, 50% at
    32.8~
    Lithium fluoride (LiF)I.. ... .. cubic 150 120 6 Practical, 1to 5.0p Windows and prisms for uv. and ir., and as b,g
    lens components
    Thallium bromide-iodide . ... . . cubic 125 87.5 6.8 20 to 37p Prisms and windows, ir., lens parts e, i
    (KR S-5) 7
    Barium fluoride (BaF,) . .. . .. . cubic 125 100 6.0 upto 12p Infrared windows, prisms
    Cesium bromide (CsBr) ... . . .. cubic 190 125 35 to 42p Windows, prisms
    Potassium iodide (KI) .. . . .. .. cubic 190 126 16 Scintillation
    (thallium activated) counters
    Sodium iodide (Na I ) . . . . . .. .. cubic 190 125 16 Scintillation
    (thallium activated) counters

    These crystals were grown by the Harshaw Chemical Company, Cleveland, Ohio, and t h e data were furnished by H. C. Kremers of that company. For index of refrac-
    tion see: t Table 534. t Table 536. 5 Table 538. I1 Table 539.- 1 Part 2- of thts &ble. T:
    K_RS--5 con&s Of about 42 percent TiBr-and 58 percect TII. -
    References: a. Gore. R. C., et al., Journ. Opl:. Sac. Amer vol. 37 23 1947. b, Kremers, H. C., Journ. Ind. Ong. Chem., vol. 32 p. 1478 1940 and Journ. Upt.
    SOC. Amer vol. 3 p 337 1947. c, Harrison, G. R. Lord R:’C and’l!kfbburow J. R. Practical s ectroscopy Prentice-Hall Inc. Nbw York’ 1948: d, Sawyer,
    K. A.. Ex&imen;al ’swcthscoov. Prentice-Hall. Inc.. h e w $ark. 1’9’44. e. Plyler. ’E. K.,’Nat. Bur. {tandards journ. Res., v d . 41,’p. 125, 194b. f, Stockbarger,
    1. Ovt. Sac. Amer., Val. 39. D. 731. 1949. g, Wright,
    .. Nat. Bur. Stand-

    (continued)
    516
    TABLE 531.-SOME A R T I F I C I A L OPTICAL CRYSTALS (concluded)
    Part 2

    Index of refraction
    Material ' A 1st sample 2d sample Reference
    KBr .. ... . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .486p 1.57181 1.57194 c, b, e
    .589 1.55986 1.55997
    .656 1.55503 1.55524
    to infrared (1-101~)
    . 1.54 to 1.53
    . .. ......... . ...... .. . .. . .. . . .. . . ..
    . I

    KI ' f l ~ nD d, h
    1.68755 1.6670 z588
    to infrared (1-2Op) 1.64, 1.62
    It
    LiF . . .. . . . . .... .. . .. .. . . . .. ..... .. . .. .4861 1.394810 f 2 x lo-' b, g
    3393 1.392057
    .6563 1.390862
    Thallium bromide-iodide (KRS-5)**. ... Na3, 2.629; la, 2.45; 4p, 2.4; i, e
    lop, 2.39; 35p, 2.30

    T A B L E 532.-nD, DISPERSION A N D D E N S I T Y O F JENA GLASSES

    n, - 1
    y=- Specjfic
    No. and type of Jena glass n,, for D nF - nc nF - nc gravity
    0 225 Light phosphate crown. .. 1.5159 ,00737 70.0 .00485 .00515 .00407 2.58
    0 802 Borosilicate crown . . . . .. 1.4967 0765 64.9 0504 0534 0423 2.38
    U V 3109 Ultraviolet crown . .. . 1.5035 0781 64.4 0514 0546 0432 2.41
    0 227 Barium-silicate crown . 1.5399 0909 59.4 0582 0639 0514 2.73
    0 114 Soft silicate crown.. . . 1.5151 0910 56.6 0577 0642 0521 2.55
    0 608 High-dispersion crown .. 1.5149 0943 54.6 0595 0666 0543 2.60
    UV 3248 Ultraviolet flint . . . . .. 1.5332 0964 55.4 0611 0680 0553 2.75
    0 381 High-dispersion crown 1.5262 1026 51.3 0644 0727 0596 2.70
    0 602Baryt light flint.. .. . . . 1.5676 1072 53.0 0675 0759 0618 3.12
    .
    S 389 Borate flint , .. . . . . . . .. 1.5686 1102 51.6 0712 0775 0629 2.83
    726 Extra light flint.. . . . . . .. 1.5398 1142 47.3 071 1 0810 0669 2.87
    154 Ordinary liEht flint.. . . .. 1.5710 1327 43.0 0819 0943 0791 3.16
    184 "
    .... 1.5900 1438 41.1 0882 1022 0861 3.28
    "
    . .. ... . .
    748 Barvt flint . . . .. . . .
    0 102 Heavy flint . . . . . . .
    1.6235
    1.6489
    1599
    1919
    39.1
    33.8
    0965
    1152
    1142
    1372
    0965
    1180
    3.67
    3.87
    0 41 " ............ 1.7174 2434 29.5 1439 1749 1521
    ~.~~ 4.49
    0 165 " " .. .
    . .. .. . ... 1.7541 2743 27.5 1607 i 974 1730 4.78
    S386Heavy flint ............ 1.9170 4289 21.4 2451 3109 2808 6.01
    S 57Heaviest flint .......... 1.9626 4882 19.7 2767 3547 3252 6.33

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    30 40

    FIG.26.--Spectral transmission of a number of infrared materials. Curves : 1, Fluorite, CaFz, 1 cm thick. 2, Rocksalt, NaCl, 1 cm. 3, Sil-
    vite, KCI, l cm. 4, KBr, l cm. 5, Crystal quartz, S O z , l cm. 6, Fused S O z , 1 cm. 7, Thallium bromide, K R S J , 4 mm thick. Taken from
    Baird Associates, Engineering Research Development Laboratories, Rep. W-44-009 Eng. 473, 1949.
    wl
    C-L
    v
    518 T A B L E 5 3 3 . 4 N D E X O F R E F R A C T I O N O F Q U A R T Z (SiO,), 15"Cmm.

    Wavelength Wayelength
    in air at 15" no nr n In air at 15" no nc n
    mu Quartz Quartz Vitreous mfi Quartz Quartz Vitreous
    185.467 1.67578 1168997 1.57436 533.85 1.546799 1.555996 1.46067
    193.583 1.65999 1.67343 1.55999 579.066 1.544667 1.553791 ....
    202.55 1.64557 1.65842 1.54727 589.29 1.544246 1.553355 1.45845
    214.439 1.63039 1.64262 1.53386 643.847 1.542288 1.551332 1.45674
    226.503 1.61818 1.62992 1.52308
    ~ . ~ . 667.815
    ~ ~ 1.541553 1.550573 ....
    250.329 1.60032 i.61139 1.50745 706.520 1.540488 1.549472 1.45517
    274.867 1.58752 1.59813 1.49617 794.763 1.538478 1.547392 1.45340
    303.412 1.576955 1.58720 1.48594 1000.00 1.53503 1.54381 ....
    340.365 1.56747 1.577385 1.47867 1200.00 1.53232 1.54098
    396.848 1.55813
    ~.~~~ 1.56772 1.47061 1400.00 1.52972 1.53826 ....
    ....
    ~

    434.047 1.553963 i.563405 1.46690 1600.00


    - ...... 1.52703 1.53545
    467.815 1.551027 1.560368 1.46435 2058.20 1.51998 1.52814 ....
    508.582 1.548229 1.557475 1.46191 2500.00 1.51156 1.5195 ....
    3000.00 1.49962 1.5070
    ~ ~~

    la* Sosman, Robt. B., The properties of silica, p. 591, Chemical Catalog Co., NewYork, 1927.

    T A B L E 534.-lNDEX O F R E F R A C T I O N O F ROCK S A L T IN A I R

    .185409 1.89348 .88396 IS34011 5.8932


    "
    1.516014
    .204470 1.76964 ,972298 1.532532 1.515553
    .291368 1.61325 .98220 1.532435 6.4825 1.513628
    .358702 1.57932 1.036758 1.531762 ' 1.513467
    .441587 1.55962 1.1786 1.530372 7.0718 1.511062
    .486149 1.55338 1.530374
    .. ~ 7.6611 1.508318
    "
    1.553406 1.555137 1.528211 7.9558 1.506804
    1.553399 1.7680 1.527440 8.8398 1.502035
    .58902 1.544340 1.527441 10.0184 1.494722
    .58932 1.544313 2.073516 1.526554 11.7864 1.481816
    .656304 1.540672 2.35728 1.525863 12.9650 1.471720
    1 ECIEQA 14.1436 1.460547
    1.540702
    .706548 1.538633 14.7330 1.454404
    .766529 1.536712 15.3223 1.447494
    .76824 1.53666 15.9116 1.441032
    .78576 1.536138 .
    "
    ,
    I 20.57 1.3735
    .88396 1.534011 5.0092 1.51895 22.3 1.340

    Talbot's bands (18°C) lBZ


    A(LL) n X(LL) n n
    18.1 . . . . . . 1.413 21.3 . . . . . . 1.352 25.8 ...... 1.229
    18.7 ...... 1.403 22.8 . . ..
    .. 1.318 26.6 . . . ... 1.203
    19.4 . . . . . . 1.394 23.6 . . .. .. 1.299 27.3 ...... 1.175
    20.0 .. .. . . 1.381 .
    24.2 . . . . . 1.278
    20.7 . . , . . . 1.368 25.0 . . . . . . 1.254

    where a*= 2.330165 At' = .02547414 b'= 5.680137


    MI= .01278685 k= .0009285837 MI = 12059.95
    Xi*= .0148500 h= .000000286086 xi' = 3600.
    Mt = .005343924
    Baird Associates, Infrared optical materials, Engineer Research and Development Laboratories,
    Fort Belvoir, Va.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 535.-INDEX O F REFRACTION O F S Y L V I T E 519
    ( P O T A S S I U M C H L O R I D E ) I N AIR

    A(&) n X(P) n A(P) n


    .185409 1.82710 1.1786 1.478311 8.2505
    "
    1.71870 1.47824
    1.64745 1.7680 1.475890 8.8398
    1.58125 " ' 1.46092
    1.55836 2.35728 10.0184 1.45672
    "
    1.54136 2.9466 1.45673
    1.52115 ' 1.47394 11.786' 1.44919
    3.5359 1.473049 1.44941
    ' 1.47304 12.965 1.44346
    4.7146 1.471122 '
    1.47129 14.144
    .67082 5.3039 1.470013 15.912
    .78576 1.483282 1.47001 17.680
    .88398 1.481422 5.8932 1.468804 20.60 1.3882
    .98220 1.480084 1.46880 22.5 1.369

    At 18°C1Bp
    A(&) n A(&) n .. .
    h(U) n
    18.2 . . . . . . 1.409 22.2 .. . ... 1.374 26.7 .. . . . . 1.300
    18.8 ...... 1.401 23.1 .. .. . . 1.363 27.2 . . . .. . 1.275
    19.7 . . . . . . 1.398 24.1 .. . . .. 1.352 28.2 .. . . . . 1.254
    20.4 . . . . . . 1.389 24.9 .. .... 1.336 28.8 ...... 1.226
    21.1 .. .. . . 1.379 25.7 . . . . .. 1.317

    a' = 2.174967 A?= .0255550 bP= 3.866619


    Mi = .008344206 k = .000513495 Ma = 5569.715
    AtP= .0119082 h = .000000167587 XI' = 3292.47
    n/il = .00698382

    T A B L E 536.-lNDEX O F R E F R A C T I O N O F P O T A S S I U M B R O M I D E * (22'C)

    Wavelength Index Wavelength Index Wavelength Index


    .4047 . . . . . . 1.589752 1.7011 ..... 1.53901 14.29 ...... 1.51505
    .4358 ...... 1.581479 2.440 . . . . . . 1.53733 14.98 ...... 1.51280
    .4861 ...... 1.571789 2.730 . . . . . . 1.53693 17.40 ...... 1.50390
    .5086 . . . . . . 1.568475 3.419 ...... 1.53614 18.16 . . . . ..
    1.50076
    .5461 . . . . . . 1.563928 4.258 ...... 1.53523 19.01 ...... 1.49705
    S876 , . . . . . 1.559%5 6.238 ...... 1.53288 19.91 _ . _ ... _ _
    1.49288
    . . . . . . 1.555858 6.692 . . . . . . 1.53225 21.18 ......
    1.48655
    . . . . . . 1.552447 8.662 . . . . . . 1.52903 21.83 ...... 1.48311
    . .. . . . 1.54408 9.724 . . . . . . 1.52695 23.86 ...... 1.47140
    . .. ... 1.54258 11.035 ...... 1.52404 25.14 ......
    1.46324
    ...... 1.54061 11.862 ...... 1.52200

    Prepared by Stephens, Plyler, Rodney, and Spindler, National Bureau of Standards, March 1952.

    T A B L E 537.-INDEX O F R E F R A C T I O N O F N I T R O S O - D I M E T H Y L - A N I L I N E (WOOD)

    A n x n x n h U A n
    .497 2.140 .525 1.945 .584 1.815 .636 1.647 .713 1.718
    SO0 2.114 .536 1.909 .602 1.7% .647 1.758 .730 1.713
    SO6 2.074 .546 1.879 .611 1.783 .659 1.750 .749 1.709
    SO8 2.025 .557 1.857 .620 1.778 .669 1.743 .763 1.697
    516 1.985 .569 1.834 .627 1.769 .696 1.723

    Nitroso-dimethyl-aniline has enormous dispersion in yellow and green, metallic absorption


    in violet.
    520
    T A B L E 538.-REFRACTIVE I N D E X O F S I L V E R C H L O R I D E (AgCI) A T 23.9"C *
    Tenths of microns
    Wave-
    length 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    fi
    0.. 2.09648 2.06385 2.04590 2.03485 2.02752
    I . . 2.02239 2.01865 2.01582 2.oijij z.oii89 2.01047 2.00931 2.00833 2.00750 2.00678
    2 . . 2.00615 2.00559 2.00510 2.00465 2.00424 2.00386 2.00351 2.00318 2.00287 2.00258
    3.. 2.00230 2.00203 2.00177 2.00151 2.00126 2.00 102 2.00078 2.00054 2.00030 2.00007
    Wave- Wave- Wave- Wave-
    length length length length
    P n P n P n P 3%
    1 2.02239 6 1.99483 11 1.97556 16 1.94358
    1.5 2.01047 6.5 1.99339 11.5 1.97297 16.5 1.93958
    2 2.00615 7 1.99185 12 1.97026 17 1.93542
    2.5 2.00386 7.5 1.99021 12.5 1.96742 17.5 1.93109
    3 2.00230 8 1.98847 13 1.96444 18 1.92660
    3.5 2.00102 8.5 1.98661 13.5 1.96133
    ~ ...
    . .. 18.5 1.92194
    4 1.99983 9 1.98464 14 1.95807 is- 1.91710
    4.5 1.99866 9.5 1.98255 14.5 1.95467 19.5 1.91208
    5 1.99745 10 1.98034 15 1.95113 20 1.90688
    5.5 1.99618 10.5 1.97801 15.5 1.94743 20.5 1.90149
    -

    Prepared by Leroy W . Tilton, Earle K. Plyler, and Robert E. Stephens, National Bureau of Standards.

    T A B L E 539.-INDEX O F R E F R A C T I O N O F F L U O R I T E (CaF,) I N A I R
    Part 1

    .1856 1.50940 .76040 1.43101 2.2100 1.42288 5.0092 1.39898


    .I9881 1.49629 ,8840 1.42982 2.3573 1.42199 5.3036 1.39529
    .21441 1.48462 1.1786 1.42787 2.5537 1.42088 5.5985 1.39142
    ,22645 1.47762 1.3756 1.42690 2.6519 1.42016 5.8932 1.38719
    2.5713 1.46476 1.4733 1.42641 2.7502 1.41971 6.4825 1.37819
    .32525 1.44987 1.5715 1.42596 2.9466 1.41826 7.0718 1.36805
    .34555 1.44697 1.6206 1.42582 3.1430 1.41707 7.6612 1.35680
    .39681 1.44214 1.7680 1.42507 3.2413 1.41612 8.2505 1.34444
    .48607 1.43713 1.9153 1.42437 3.5359 1.41379 8.8398 1.33079
    .58930 1.43393 1.9644 1.42413 3.8306 1.41120 9.4291 1.31612
    .65618 1.43257 2.0626 1.42359 4.1252 1.40855 51.2 3.47
    .68671 1.43200 2.1608 1.42308 4.4199 1.40559 61.1 2.66
    .71836 1.43157 4.7146 1.40238 m 2.63

    Part 2laS

    .404658 1.4415099 SO8585 1.4361735 ,770688 1.4308799 1.734047 1.4252000


    .407785 1.4412890 .546077 1.4359584 ,819115 1.4303704 1.767893 1.4250359
    ,435836 1.4394944 .579016 1.4341020 .%lo49 1.4291954 2.034339 1.4237262
    .447150 1.4388656 .589298 1.4338304 1.092154 1.4283523 2.184308 1.4229318
    .472219 1.4376377 .636238 1.4328439 1.156031 1.4279924 2.312063 1.4222226
    .480525 1.4372742 .643850 1.4327050 1.178596 1.4278658 2.357191 1.4219705
    .486138 1.4370381 .656286 1.4324825 1.441574 1.4265842 2.544951 1.4208398
    .501570 1.4364325 .706523 1.4316947 1.638231 1.4256500 2.575402 1.4206797

    where a'= 2.03882 f = .000002916 M 3 = 5114.65


    M,= .0062183 b3 = 6.09651 hr2= 1260.56
    A,'= .007706 M z = .0061386 A. = .0940p
    e = .0031999 Xuz= .00884 h, = 35.5p

    Change o f index o f refraction of fluorite for 1°C in units of the 5th decimal place
    C line, -1.220; D, -1.206; F, -1.170; G, -1.142.
    Schonrock, Zeitschr. Instrumentenkunde, vol. 4 0 , p. 94, 1920; vol. 41, p. 104, 1921.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    521
    T A B L E 540.-REFRACTIVE INDICES O F L I T H I U M FLUORIDE A T 23.6"C *
    Tenths of microns
    Wave-
    length 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    IL
    0.. .. .. 1.39430 1.39181 1.39017 1.38896 1.38797
    1.. i.38iii 1.38631 i.38ss.i i.3ij4ii 1.3~400 1 . 3 ~ 2 0 1.38238 1.38153 1.38064 1.37971
    2.. 1.37875 1.37774 1.37669 1.37560 1.37446 1.37327 1.37203 1.37075 1.36942 1.36804
    3.. 1.36660 1.36512 1.36359 1.36201 1.36037 1.35868 1.35693 1.35514 1.35329 1.35138
    4.. 1.34942 1.34740 1.34533 1.34319 1.34100 1.33875 1.33645 1.33408 1.33165 1.32916
    5. . 1.32661 1.32399 1.32131 1.31856 1.31575 1.31287 1,30993 1.30692 1.30384 1.30068
    6.. 1.29745

    Prepared by Leroy W. Tilton and Earle K. Plyler, National Bureau of Standards.

    T A B L E 541.-INDEX O F REFRACTION O F ICELAND SPAR (CaCO,) I N AIR

    X (c) no U< X (c) no n. X (P) no n-


    .198 - 1.5780 SO8 1.6653 1.4896 .991 1.6438 1.4802
    .200 1.9028 1.5765 .533 1.6628 1.4884 1.229 1.6393 1.4787
    208 1.8673 1.5664 .589 1.6584 1.4864 1.307 1.6379 1.4783
    ,226 1.8130 1.5492 .643 1.6550 1.4849 1.497 1.6346 1.4774
    .298 1.7230 1.5151 .656 1.6544 1.4846 1.682 1.6313 -
    .340 1.7008 1.5056 .670 1.6537 1.4843 1.749 - 1.4764
    .361 1.6932 1.5022 .760 1.6500 1.4826 1.849 1.6280 -
    .410 1.6802 1.4964 .768 1.6497 1.4826 1.908 - 1.4757
    .434 1.6755 1.4943 .801 1.6487 1.4822 2.172 1.6210 -
    .486 1.6678 1.4907 .905 1.6458 1.4810 2.324 - 1.4739

    T A B L E 542.-lNDEX O F REFRACTION FOR VARIOUS ALUMS

    .-2
    e,
    B Index of refraction fur the Fraunhofer lines
    --
    R 6 a B C D E b F C

    Aluminum alums RAl(S0I)z + 12Hz0


    Na 1.667 17-28 1.43492 1.43563 1.43653 1.43884 1.44185 1.44231 1.44412 1.44804
    NHs(CHs) 1,568 7-17 .45013 .45062 .45177 ,45410 ,45691 ,45749 ,45941 .46363
    K 1.735 14-15 ,45226 .45303 .45398 .45645 .45934 .45996 .46181 ,46609
    Rb 1.852 7-21 .45232 .45328 .45417 .45660 .45955 .45!499 ,46192 .46618
    Cs 1.961 15-25 .45437 .45517 .45618 .45856 .46141 .46203 .46386 .46821
    NHI 1.631 15-20 ,45509 .45599 .45693 .45939 .46234 .46288 .46481 .46923
    TI 2.329 10-23 ,49226 .49317 .49443 .49748 SO128 SO209 SO463 22076

    Chrome alums RCr(S0,)z + 12H20


    Cs 2.043 6-12 1.47627 1.47732 1.47836 1.48100 1.48434 1.48491 1.48723 1.49280
    K 1.817 6-17 .47642 ,47738 .47865 .48137 .48459 .48513 .48753 .49309
    Rb 1.946 12-17 .47660 .47756 .47868 .48151 .48486 .48522 .48775 .49323
    NH, 1.719 7-18 .47911 .48014 .48125 .48418 .48744 .48794 .49040 .49594
    TI 2.386 9-25 .51692 .51798 .51923 .52280 3 7 0 4 .52787 ,53082 .53808

    Iron alums R F e ( S 0 d z + 12Hz0


    K 1.806 7-11 1.47639 1.47706 1.47837 1.48169 1.48580 1.48670 1.48939 1.49605
    Rb 1.916 7-20 .47700 .47770 .47894 ,48234 .48654 .48712 .49003 .49700
    Cs 2.061 20-24 ,47825 .47921 .48042 .48378 .48797 .48867 ,49136 .49838
    NHI 1.713 7-20 .47927 ,48029 ,48150 .48482 ,48921 .48993 ,49286 .49980
    TI 2.385 15-17 ,51674 .51790 ,51943 S2365 .52859 .52946 .53284 .54112
    R stands for the different bases given in the first.column.
    For other alums see references on Landolt-Bornstein-Roth Tabellen.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    522
    T A B L E 5 4 3 . 4 N D E X O F REFRACTION O F SELECTED MONOREFRINGENT
    OR ISOTROPIC MINERALS
    The values are for the sodium D line unless otherwise stated and are arranged in the
    .
    order of increasing indices Selected by Edgar T. Wherry from a private compilation of
    . .
    E. S Larsen, of the U. S Geological Survey .
    Index of
    refraction
    Mineral Formula A = 0.589s
    Villiaumite ........................... NaF 1.328
    Cryolithionite ......................... 3NaF.3LiF.ZAIFa 1.339
    Opal ............ ....................
    i. SiOl*nHtO 1.406
    Fluorite .............................. CaFa 1.434
    Alum ................................ K i 0 .AIzOs*4SOa.24Hz0 1.456
    Sodalite .............................. 3Naz0- 3 A I z 0 ~6Si02-2NaCI
    * 1.483
    Cristobalite ........................... SiO, 1.486
    Analcite .............................. Naz0.A1zOa.4Si0,.2Hz0 1.487
    Sylvite ............................... KCI 1.490
    Noselite .............................. 5Na,0.3A1z0r.6Si0,.2SOa 1.495
    Hauynite ............................. Like preceding CaO+ 1.496
    Lazurite .............................. 4Na20.3AIz0.. 6SiOz. NarSa 1.5002
    Leucite ............................... KO*Al.O~*4SiOa 1.509
    Pollucite ............................. 2Cs10 *2AI.Oa*9SiO.* H. 0 1.525
    Halite ................................ NaCl 1.544
    Bauxite .............................. AlaOa * nH.0 1.5702
    Pharmacosiderite ...................... 3FeiOa.2AszOlr.3KzO * 5HzO 1.676
    Spinel ................................ MgO*AIzOa 1.7202
    Berzeliite ............................. 3(Ca. Mg. Mn)O.AszOs 1.727
    Periclasite ............................ MgO 1.736
    Grossularite .......................... 3Ca0 * A1,0s.3 SiOi 1.736
    Helvite ............................... 3(Mn, Fe)O*3BeO.3SiOz-MnS 1.739
    Pyrope ............................... 3MnO*AIiOa*3SiOz 1.745
    Arsenolite ............................ Asz08 1.754
    Hessonite ............................ 3Ca0 . (Al. Fe)z0~.3SiOn 1.763
    Pleonaste ............................. (Mg. Fe)O*AlrOa 1.7702
    Almandite ............................ 3Fe0-AlzOs.3SiO2 1.778
    Hercynite ............................. FeO *AlZOs 1.8002
    Gahnite .............................. ZnO * AlzOs 1.8052
    Spessartite ............................ 3MnO-AIzOa*3SiOa 1.811
    Lime ................................. CaO 1.838
    Uvarovite ............................ 3Ca0.CrZOa.3Si0~ 1.838
    Andradite ............................ 3Ca0 * FezOa .3 s i o z 1857
    Microlite ............................. 6Ca0.3TazO8*NbOFa 1.925
    Nantokite ............................ CUCl 1.930
    Pyrochlore ........................... Contains CaO. Ce.08. TiO.. etc. 1.960
    Schorlomite ........................... 3CaO.(Fe, Ti)zOa*3(Si.Ti)Oz 1.980-
    Percylite ............................. PbO * CuCla .Ha0 2.050
    Picotite .............................. (Mg. Fe)O.(Al, Cr)zOa 2.0502
    Eulytite .............................. 2BlzOa*3SiO. 2.050
    Cerargyrite ........................... AeCl 2.061
    Mosesite .............................
    Chromite .............................
    Senarmontite .........................
    FeO CrzO
    SbiOa
    . .
    Contains Hg. NH.. C1. etc. 2.065
    2.070
    2.087
    Embolite ............................. Ag(Br. C1) 2.1502
    Manganosite .......................... MnO 2.160
    Bunsenite ............................. NiO-
    ~ ~- 2.18 *
    Lewisite .............................. 5Ca0*2TiOz*3Sb20s 2.200
    Miersite .............................. CuI -4AgI 2.200
    Bromyrite ............................ AgBr 2.253
    Dysanalite ............................ .
    Contains CaO. FeO . TiOz etc. 2.330
    Marshite ............................. 2.346
    Franklinite ........................... 2.360*
    Sphalerite ............................ 2.370
    Perovskite ............................ 2.380
    Diamond ............................. C 2.419
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    523
    T A B L E 543.-lNDEX O F REFRACTION OF SELECTED MONOREFRINGENT
    OR ISOTROPIC M I N E R A L S (concluded)
    Index of
    refraction
    Mineral Formula X = 0.589s
    Eglestonite ........................... HgO-2HgCI 2.490*
    Hauerite .............................. MnS, 2.690*
    Alabandite ........................... MnS 2.700*
    Cuprite ............................... Cur0 2.849
    Li line.

    T A B L E 5 4 4 . 4 N D E X O F REFRACTION O F MISCELLANEOUS MONOREFRINGENT


    OR ISOTROPIC SOLIDS

    Spectrum Index ,of Spectrum Index .of


    Substance line refraction Substance line refraction
    Albite glass ............ D 1.4890 Gel:tin, Nel.son no. 1 .... D 1.530
    Amber ................. D 1.546 various ........ D 1.516-1.534
    Ammonium chloride .... D 1.6422 G;m ArrfPic ........... red 1.480
    Anorthite glass ......... D 1.5755 ........... red 1.514
    Asphalt ............... D 1.635 Obsidian ............... D 1.482-1.496
    'I
    ................ .67Op 1.621 Phosphorus ............ D 2.1442
    Bell metal ............. D 1.0052 Pitch .................. red 1.531
    Boric acid, melted.. ..... C 1.4623 Potassium bromide ..... D 1.5593
    'I " "
    ....... D 1.4637 " chlorstannate. D 1.6574
    " "
    ....... F 1'
    1.4694 iodide ....... D 1.6666
    Bo:ax, me$ed .......... C 1.4624 Resins: Aloes .......... red 1.619
    .......... D 1.4630 Canada balsam red . 1.528
    ............ F 1.4702 Colophony ..... red 1.548
    CamEhor .............. D 1.532 Copal ......... red 1.528
    .............. D 1.5462 Mastic ........ red 1.535
    Canada balsam ......... D 1.530 Peru balsam ... D 1.593
    Ebonite ................ red 1.66 Selenium .............. A 2.61
    Fwfisin ............... A 2.03 I'
    .............. B 2.68
    ............... B 2.19 I'
    .............. c 2.73
    "
    ............... c 2.33 "
    .............. D 2.93
    ' ............... G 1.97 Sodium chlorate ........ D 1.5150
    ............... H 1.32 Strontium nitrate ...... D 1.5667

    T A B L E 545.-INDEX O F REFRACTION O F MISCELLANEOUS U N I A X I A L CRYSTALS

    Index of refraction
    Spectrum Ordinary Extraordinary
    Crystal line ray ray
    Ammonium arseniate NH4H2AsO, ............... D 1.5766 1.5217
    B e n d (C,HKO)2 .............................. D 1.6588 1.6784
    Corundum, A1203, sapphire, ruby ................. D 1.769 1.760
    Ice at -8°C .................................... D 1.308 1.313
    I' " " 'I
    .................................... Li 1.297 1.304
    Ivory ......................................... D 1.539 1.541
    Potas:ium arseniate KH,AsO,. .................. F 1.5762 1.5252
    " "
    ' ................... D 1.5674 1.5179
    1'
    ' ................... c 1.5632 1.5146
    Socljum arseniate NasAsO,. 12HBO. .............. D 1.457 1.466
    nitrate NaNOa ......................... D 1.586 1.336
    " phosphate NaaPO1.12H20 ............... D 1.447 1.453
    Nickel sulfate NiSO,;fH,O.. ................... F 1.5173 1.4930
    ' ' ..................... D 1.5109 1.4873
    ..................... c 1.5078 1.4844
    Strychnine sulfate .............................. D 1.614 1.599

    SYITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    524
    TABLE 546.-lNDEX OF REFRACTION O F SELECTED U N I A X I A L MINERALS
    The values are arranged in the order of increasing indices for the ordinary ray and are for the
    sodium D line unless otherwise. indicated . Selected by Edgar T . Wherry from a private com-
    pilation of Esper S. Larsen. of the U . S. Geological Survey .

    Uniaxial positive minerals


    Index of refraction
    Ordinary Extraordinary
    Mineral Formula ray ray
    Ice .............. HzO 1.309 1.313
    Sellaite .......... MgFz 1.378 1.390
    Chrysocolla ...... CuO .SiO2.2H2O 1.460% 1.5702
    Laubanite ........ 2Ca0 * A l ~ 0 3 ~ 5 S i 0 ~ ~ 6 H ~ O 1.475 1.486
    Chabazite ........ (Ca. N ~ Z ) O ~ A I ~ O ~ * ~ S ~ O ~ ~ ~ H1.4802~ O 1.482Ifi
    Douglasite ....... 2KCI * FeCIa-ZHZO 1.488 1.500
    Hydronephelite ... 2Naz0.3 A l ~ 0.36SiOz.7 H z 0 1.490 1.502
    Apophyllite ...... KzO.8Ca 0 .16SiOz.16Hz0 1.535% 1.5372
    Quartz .......... SiOz 1.544 1.553
    Coquimbite ...... FeZO,.3SO3.9HzO 1.550 1.556
    Brucite .......... MPO’HSO 1.559 1.580
    Alunite .......... Kza .3Alz03*4S03.6Hz0 1.572 1.592
    Penninite ........ 5(Mg. F e ) 0 - A l z 0 3 ~ 3 S i 0 z ~ 4 H z 0 1.576 1.579
    Cacoxenite .. .. .. 2Fez0.. Pz05-12H20 1.582 1.645
    Eudialite ........ 6Naz0.6(Ca. Fe)0.20( Si. Zr) O2*NaCl 1.606 1.611
    Dioptase ......... CUO.SiOz.Ha0 1.654 1.707
    Phenacite ........ 2Be0 .SiOz 1.654 1.670
    Parisite ........... 2CeOF . CaO.3CO. 1.6762 1.757
    Willemite ........ 2Zn0 .SiO. 1.691 1.719
    Vesuvianite ...... 2(Ca. Mn,-Fe)O.(Al, Fe) (OH. F)0.2SiO2 1.7162 1.721
    Xenotime ........ Yzo3’ Pzo. 1.721 1.816
    Connellite ........ 20CuO .S0,.2CuCI,.20H,O 1.724 1.746
    Benitoite ........ 1.757 1.804
    Ganomalite ...... 1.910 1.945
    Scheelite ......... 1.918 1.934
    Zircon ...........
    Powellite ........
    Calomel .........
    CaO .MOO
    HgCl
    . ..
    1.9232
    1.974
    1.973
    1.968%
    1.978
    2.650
    Cassiterite ....... SnOz 1.997 2.093
    Zincite .......... ZnO 2.013 2.029
    Phosgenite ....... PbO .PbCIz .COz 2.114 2.140
    Penfieldite ....... PbO .PbCIz 2.130 2.210
    Iodyrite ......... AgI 2.210 2.220
    Tapiolite ........ FeO*(Ta. N ~ ) z O G 2.270 2.420 (Li line)
    Wurtzite ........ ZnS 2.356 2.378
    Derbylite ........ 6 F e 0 - Sbz03.5TiOz 2.450 2.510 (Li line)
    Greenockite ...... CdS 2.506 2.529
    Rutile ........... TiO, 2.616 2.903
    Moissanite ....... CSi 2.654 2.697
    Cinnabar ........ HgS 2.854 3.201

    Uniaxial negative minerals


    Chiolite ......... 2NaF.AIF3 1.349 1.342
    Hanksite ........ 1.481 1.461
    Thaumasite ...... 1.507 1.468
    Hydrotalcite ..... 1.512 1.498
    Cancrinite ....... 1.524 1.496
    Milarite ......... 1.532 1.529
    Kaliophilite ...... 1.537 1.533
    Mellite .......... 1.539 1.511
    Marialite ........ 1.539 1.537
    Nephelite ........ 1.542 1.538
    Wernerite ....... Me.Ma. 2 1.578 1.551
    Beryl ........... 3Be0 .AlzO3.6SiO2 1.5812 1.5752
    Torbernite ....... C ~ 0 . 2 l J O zPz06.8HzO
    . 1.592 1.582
    Meionite ......... “Me” = 4Ca0*3AIzO3.6SiO1 1.597 1.560
    Melili te .......... Contains NazO. CaO. AlzOa. SO.. etc. 1.634 1.629
    (continued)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    525
    T A B L E 546.-lNDEX OF REFRACTliON O F SELECTED U N I A X I A L MINERALS
    (concluded)
    Uniaxial negative minerals (continued)
    Index of refraction
    Ordinary Extraordinary
    Mineral Formula ray ray
    Apatite .......... 9Ca0.3P20a.Ca(F. C1)2 1.634 1.631
    Calcite .......... CaO * CO. 1.658 1.486
    Gehlenite ........ ~ca0~Alb3~~io2 1.669 1.658
    Tourmaline ...... Contains Na20. FeO. AbO3. B.03. 50.. etc. 1.6692 1.6382
    Dolomite ........ CaO .MgO .2CO. 1.681 1.500
    Magnesite ....... MeO.CO2 1.700 1.509
    Pyrochroite ...... 1.723 1.681
    Corundum ....... 1.768 1.760
    Smithsonite ...... ZnO .CO, 1.818 1.618
    Rhodochrosite ... MnO .CO, 1.818 1.595
    Jarosite ......... K. 0
    K20-3Fez03.4S03*61 320 1.820 1.715
    Siderite ......... Fe0.C02 1.875 1.635
    Pyromorphite .... 9Pb0.3PzOs. PbC1, 2.050 2.042
    Barysilite ........ 3Pb0.2SiOZ 2.070 2.050
    Mimetite ........ 9 P b 0 .'3AszO
    3 5 . PbClz 2.135 2.118
    Matlockite ....... PhO .PbCL
    PhO- PbCIz 2.150 2.040
    S tdzi te ......... PbO'WOa 2.269 2.182
    Geikielite ........ (Mg. Fe)O.TiO, 2.310 1.950
    Vanadinite ....... 9 P b 0 *3V.O. .PbCIz 2.354 2.299
    Wulfenite ........ PhO * MooI 2.402 2.304 (Li line)
    Octahedrite ...... Ti02 2.554 2.493
    Massicotite ...... 2.665 2.535 (Li line)
    Proustite ........ 2.979 2.711 " "
    Pryargyrite ...... 3.084 2.881 " "
    Hematite ........ 3.220 2.940 " "

    T A B L E 547.-INDEX O F REFRACTION O F MISCELLANEOUS LIQUIDS


    (see also Table 551). L I Q U E F I E D G A S E S . OILS. FATS. A N D W A X E S

    TFmp Index for D TFmp Index for D


    Substance C 0.589~. Substance C 0.589~.
    Liquefied gases : Oils :
    Brz . . . . . . . . . . .
    15 1.659 Lavender ..... 20 1.464 -1.466
    CIZ ........... 14 1.367 Linseed ....... 15 1.4820-1.4852
    coz . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.195 Maize ........ 15.5 1.4757-1.4768
    CzNz ......... 18 1.325 Mustard seed . . 15.5 1.4750-1.4762
    C.H. ......... 6 1.180 Neat's foot .... 15 1,4695-1.470s
    HzS . . . . . . . . . . 18.5 1.384 Olive ......... 15.5 1.4703-1.47 18
    Nz ............- 190 1.205 Palm . . . . . . . . . 60 1.4510
    NH, ......... 16.5 1.325 Peanut ........ 15.5 1.4723-1.4731
    NO ........... 90 1.330 Peppermint .... 20 1.464 -1.468
    Nz0 .......... 15 1.194 Poppy. . . . . . . . . 15.5 1.4770
    0, ............. 181 1.221 Porpoise ...... 25 1.4677
    so, .......... 15 1.350 Rape (Colza) . . 15.5 1.474S1.4752
    HCI .......... 16.5 1.252 Seal .......... 25 1.4741
    HBr .......... 10 1.325 Sesame ....... 15.5 1.4742
    HI . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5 1.466 Soya bean ..... 15.5 1.4760-1.4775
    Oils : Sperm ........ 15.5 1.4665-1.4672
    Almond . . . . . . . 15.5 1.4728-1.4753 Sunflower .... 15.5 1.4739
    Castor ........ 15 1.4799-1.4803 Tung ......... 19 1.503
    Citronella ..... 20 1.47 -1.48 Whale ........ 40 1.4649
    Clove .......... 20 1.5301-1.5360 Fats and Waxes:
    Cocoanut ...... 15.5 1.4587 Beef tallow .... 40 1.4552-1.4587
    Cod liver ...... 15 1.479~-1.4833 Beeswax ...... 75 1.4.398-1.4451
    Cotton seed ... 15.5 1.4737-1.4757 Carnauba wax . 84
    Croton ........ 27 1.4757-1.4768 Cocoa butter . . 40
    Eucalyptus . . . . 20 1.460 -1.467 Lard .......... 40
    Lard ......... 15.5 1.4702-1.4720 Mutton tallow . . 60 1.4510

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    526
    TABLE !%&-INDEX OF REFRACTION OF $ELECTED BlAXlAL MINERALS
    The values are arranged in the order of increasing 3, index of refraction and are for the
    sodium D line except where noted. Selected by Edgar T. Wherry from private compilation
    . .
    of Esper S Larsen. of the U S. Geological Survey .

    Mineral
    Biaxial positive minerals

    Formula
    Stercorite ........ NazO*(NH. ).O P.O.*9H. 0 .
    .
    "a
    1.439
    Index of rei'raction
    np
    1.441
    7
    9
    1.469
    Aluminite .......
    AlzOa*S01.9HaO 1.459 1.464 1.470
    Tridymite ........ SiOz 1.469 1.470 1.473
    Thenardite ....... NazO.SOa 1.464 1.474 1.485
    Carnallite ........ KC1 .MgCI. .6 H z 0 1.466 1.475 1.494
    Alunogen ........ ALOa.3SOs*16Hz0 1.474 1.476 1.483
    Melanterite ...... FeO.SOs.7HaO 1.471 1.478 1.486
    Natrolite ........ NazO.AI~Os*3SiOz*2H~O 1.480 1.482 1.493
    Arcanite ......... KzO'SOa 1.494 1.495 1.497
    Struvite ......... (NH,)zO.2MgO* P205-12Hz0 1.495 1.496 1.500
    Heulandite ....... Ca0~Al2Os-6SiOZ.3H20 1.498 1.499 1.505
    Thomsonite ...... (Naz. C a ) 0 ~ A 1 2 0 a ~ 2 S i 0 z ~ 3 H z 0 1.497 1.503 1.525
    Harmotome ......
    (Kz. Ba)O.A120a.SSiOa.5HzO 1.503 1.505 1.508
    .
    Petalite ......... Li20 AL03*8SiOa 1.504 1.510 1.516
    Monetite ......... 2Ca0.PzOs*Hz0 1.515 1.518 1.525
    Newberyite ...... 2MgO.PaOa.7HzO 1.514 1.519 1.533
    Gypsum ......... C a 0 . S 0 3 * 2 H z 0 1.520 1.523 1.530
    Mascagnite ...... (NH,)20.SOa 1.521 1.523 1.533
    Albite ........... "Ab" = Naz0.AlzOa.6SiOz 1.525 1.529 1.536
    Hydromagnesite ..
    4Mg0.3COz*4HzO 1.527 1.530 1.540
    .
    Wavellite ........ 3AI.O.*2PzO. 12(H20. 2HF) 1.525 i.534 1.552
    Kieserite ........ M g 0 . S 0 3 . H z 0 1.523 1.535 1.586
    Copiapite ........ 2FezOs.5SOa. 18Hz0 1.530 1.550 1.592
    Whewellite ...... CaO-Cz03-Hz0 1.491 1.555 1.650
    Variscite ........ AlzOa .Pa08 4HzO . 1.551 1.558 1.582
    Labradorite ...... AbzAn3 1.559 1.563 1.568
    Gibbsite ......... A120s*3Hz0 1.566 1.566 1.587
    Wagnerite ....... 3Mg0.P206-MgF2 1.569 1.570 1.582
    Anhydrite ....... CaO*SOa 1.571 1.576 1.614
    Colemanite ...... 2Ca0.3B~O3.5H~O 1.586 1.592 1.614
    Fremontite ....... N a z 0 * A 1 ~ 0 ~ - P(HzO.
    ~ 0 6 *2HF) 1.594 1.603 1.615
    Vivianite ........ 3FeOsP20.. 8 H z 0 1.579 1.603 1.633
    Pectolite ......... NaaO *4CaO.6SiO2 H2O . 1.595 1.604 1.633
    Calamine ........ 2ZnO*SiOz.H20 1.614 1.617 1.636
    Chondrodite .....
    4Mg0.Si02*Mg(F,OH)2 1.604 1.617 1.636
    Turquoise ....... C U O . ~ A ~ ~ O ~ * ~ P Z O ~ . ~ H ~1.610 O 1.620 1.650
    ...
    Topaz ........... 2AIOF.Si02
    ~

    1.619 1.620 1.627


    Celestite ......... SrO.SOs 1.622 1.624 1.631
    Prehnite ......... 2CaO*AlzOa*3SiO~*Hz0 1.616 1.626 1.649
    Barite ........... BaO*SOs 1.636 1.637 1.648
    Anthophyllite .... MgO.Si0. 1.633 1.642 1.657
    Sillimanite ....... AlzOs.Si02 1.638 1.642 1.653
    Forsterite ........ 2Mg0*SiO1 1.635 1.651 1.669
    Enstatite ........ MgO*SiOz 1.650 1.653 1.658
    Euclase .......... ~ B ~ O . A ~ Z O ~ * ~ S ~ O Z . H ~ O 1.653 1.656 1.673
    .....
    Triplite ......... 3MnO.PZOs-MnFz 1.650 1.6.60 1.672
    Spodumene ...... LizO~AlzOs~4SiO2 1.660 1.666 1.676
    Diopside ......... CaO.Mg0.2SiOz 1.664 1.671 1.694
    Olivine .......... 2(Mg. Fe)O*Si02 1.662 1.680 1.699
    Triphylite ....... Liz0.2(Fe, M n ) 0 . P z 0 5 1.688 1.688 1.692
    Zoisite ........... 4Ca0-3Al2Os*6SiO2.HZ0 1.700 1.702 1.706
    Strengite ........ Fe.0, .P z ~ .4Hz0
    . 1.708 1.708 1.745
    Diaspore ......... AlzOa-H20 1.702 1.722 1.750
    Staurolite ........ ~ F ~ O . ~ A I Z O S . ~ S ~ O Z . H ~ O 1.736 1.741 1.746
    Chrysoberyl ..... B e 0 - A1203 1.747 1.748 1.757
    Azurite .......... 3Cu0.2COz.HzO 1.730 1.758 1.838
    Scorodite ........ FezOs*As~Os*4H~0 1.765 1.774 1.797
    (contkued)

    SMlTHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    527
    T A B L E W.--INDEX O F REFRACTION O F SELECTED B l A X l A L M I N E R A L S
    (continued)
    Biaxial positive minerals (continued)
    Index of refraction
    P
    Mineral Formula na n,9 9
    Olivenite ........ 4CuO * ASzOs' HzO 1.772 1.810 1.863
    Anglesite ........ PbO*SOa 1.877 1.882 1.894
    Titanite ......... CaO*TiOz* SiO, 1.900 1.907 2.034
    Claudetite ....... AszOa 1.871 1.920 2.010
    Sulfur ........... S 1.950 2.043 2.240
    Cotunnite ........ PbCL 2.200 2.217 2.260
    Huebnerite ...... 2.170 2.220 2.320
    Manganite ....... 2.240 2.240 2.530 (Li)
    Raspite .......... 2.270 2.270 2.300
    Mendipite ........ 2 ........
    P b 0 * PbC1. 2.240 2.270 2.310
    Tantalite ........ (Fe, Mn ) O- Taz0 5 2.260 2.320 2.430 (Li)
    Wolframite ...... (Fe, Mn)O*WOa 2.310 2.360 2.460 (Li)
    Crocoite ......... PbO CrOJ 2.310 2.370 2.660 (Li)
    Pseudobrookite ... 2FezOa .3TiOz 2.380 2.390 2.420 (Li)
    Stibiotantalite .... Sbz03*Ta205 2.374 2.404 2.457
    Montroydite ..... HgO 2.370 2.500 2.650 (Li)
    Brookite ......... TiOz 2.583 2.586 2.741 .
    Massicot ......... PbO 2.510 2.610 2.710

    Biaxial negative minerals


    Mirabilite ........ Na.0. SO.. 10H20 1.394 1.396 1.398
    Thomsenolite .... NaF * CaFi- Al Fa .HZO 1.407 1.414 1.415
    Natron .......... NazO.COz-10HzO 1.405 1.425 1.440
    Kalinite .........
    Epsomite ........
    Sassolite ......... B,& .HzO
    .
    KzO * AIzOa*4SOs.24H,O
    MzO .SO 1 7 H_2 0-
    1.430
    1.433
    1.340
    1.452
    1.455
    1.456
    1.458
    1.461
    1.459
    Borax ........... NazO* 2Bz0a * 10HzO 1.447 1.470 1.472
    Goslarite ........ .
    ZnO SO, .7 H 2 0 1.457 1.480 1.484
    Pickeringite ..... MgO *AI~Oa*4SOa.22HzO 1.476 1.480 1.483
    Bloedite ......... .
    NazO h f g o '2SOa' 4HzO 1.483 1.487 1.486
    Trona ........... 3Naz0.4COz.5Hz0 1.410 1.492 1.542
    Thermonatrite ... Naz0 . C 0 2.H 2 0 1.420 1.495 1.518
    Stilbite.......... 1.494 1.498 1.500
    Niter ............ 1.334 1.505 1.506
    Kainite .......... 1.494 1.505 1.516
    Gaylussite ....... 1.444 1.516 1.523
    Scolecite ......... CaO .AlzOa .3SiOz .3 H 2 0 1.512 1.519 1.519
    Laumontite ...... CaO .AIzOa*4SiOz . HzO 1.513 1.524 1.525
    Orthoclase ....... KzO-AlZOs.6SiOz 1.518 1.524 1.526
    Microcline ....... Same as Drecedinz 1.522 1.526 1.530
    Anorthoclase ..... (Na. K)zO.AlzOa'6SiOz 1.523 1.529 1.531
    Glauberite ....... NazO.CaO-2SOs 1.515 1.532 1.536
    ..... .
    Cordierite
    Chalcanthite .....
    Oligoclase .......
    CLOYSOa 5HzO
    Ab4An
    '
    4(Ma Fe)O*4AIzOa*10SiO2*H2O . . . 1.534
    1.516
    1.539
    1.538
    1.539
    1.543
    1.540
    1.546
    1.547
    Beryllonite ...... Naz0 - 2 B e0 *P2O5 1.552 1.558 1.561
    Kaolinite ........ AlzOa *2SiOz * 2HzO 1.561 1.563 1.565
    Biotite ........... Kz0.4(Mg, F e ) O ~ 2 A 1 z 0 3 ~ 6 S i 0 z ~ H1.541
    z0 1.574 1.574
    Autunite ......... * .8 H z 0
    CaO * 2 U0 8P.O. 1.553 1.575 1.577
    Anorthite ........ "An" = Ca0*A1z0a.2SiOZ 1.576 1.584 1.588
    Lanthanite ....... LazO. .3coz '9HzO 1.520 1.587 1.613
    Pyrophyllite ..... AI2O9.4SiO~-H20 1.552 1.588 1.600
    Talc ............ 1.539 1.589 1.589
    Hopeite ......... 1.572 1.590 1.590
    Muscovite ....... 1.561 1.590 1.594
    Amblygonite ..... AlzOa .Pz05*2LiF 1.579 1.593 1.597
    Lepidolite ........ Al.0. * 3SiO.. 2 ( K . Li) F 1.560 1.598 1.605
    Phlogopite ....... 1.562 1.606 1.606
    Tremolite ........ 1.600 1.616 1.627
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    528
    T A B L E 548.-lNDEX O F REFRACTION O F SELECTED B l A X l A L MINERALS
    (concluded)
    Biaxial negative minerals (continued)
    Index of refraction
    Mineral
    Actinolite . . . . . . . . - .
    Cit0*3(Mg. Fe)O-4SiOz 1.614 1.630 1.641
    Wollastonite ..... C a u * >iuZ 1.620 1.632 1.634
    Lazulite ......... .
    (Fe. Mg) 0 * Al.0. P.O.. H 10 1.612 1.634 1.643
    Danburite ....... Ca0.Bz03.2SiOz 1.632 1.634 1.636
    Glaucophane ..... Na10 -2Fe0 * A1.03 .6SiOz 1.621 1.638 1.638
    Andalusite ....... AIzO3*SiOz 1.632 1.638 1.643
    Hornblende
    Datolite
    ......
    ......... Contains NazO. MgO. FeO. SiOz. etc. 1.634
    2Ca0-2SiOZ.B~O3.HzO
    1.647 1.652
    1.625 1.653 1.669
    Erythrite ........ 3CoO .AszO.. 8Hz0 1.626 1.661 1.699
    Monticellite ...... CaO .Mg0.SiOZ 1.651 1.662 1.668
    Strontianite ......
    Witherite ........
    Aragonite ........
    sr- --
    BaO*CO
    CaO.CO,
    . 1.520
    1.529
    1.531
    1.667
    1.676
    1.682
    1.667
    1.677
    1.686
    Axinite .......... 6(Ca. Mn) 0 ~ 2 A 1 z 0 ~ ~ B z 0 3 ~ 8 S i 01.678
    z ~ H z 0 1.685 1.688
    Dumortierite ..... 8 A 1 z 0 . ~ B z 0 ~ ~ 6 S i 00z ~ H . 1.678 1.686 1.689
    Cyanite ......... Al2OZ.SiO, 1.712 1.720 1.728
    Epidote .......... 4CaO.3(Ai, Fe)z03.6Si0z.Hz0 1.729 1.763 1.780
    Atacamite ....... 3CuO * CuCIz.3HzO 1.831 1.861 1.880
    Fayalite ......... 2Fe0 .Si0, 1.824 1.864 1.874
    Caledonite ....... 2( Pb. CU)O*SO3'HzO 1.818 1.866 1.909
    Malachite ........ 2CuO.COz.HzO 1.655 1.875 1.909
    Lanarkite ........ 2 P b 0 * so3 1.930 1.990 2.020
    Leadhillite ....... 4 P b 0 .SO,.2CO,*H,O 1.870 2.000 2.010
    Cerusite ......... P h 0
    ....... C 0 2 1.804 2.076 2.078
    Laurionite ....... PbCIz .PbO .HzO 2.077 2.116 2.158
    Matlockite ...... PbO .PbClz 2.040 2.150 2.150
    Baddeleyite ...... ZrOz 2.130 2.1W 2.200
    Lepidocrocite .... Fe.0 .. H. 0 1.930 2.210 2.510
    Limonite ........ ZFLO, ~ 3 ~ in 2 0part 2.170 2.290 2.310
    Goethite ......... Fe203.HZO 2.210 2.350 2.350 (Li)
    Valentinite ...... Sb. 0 s 2.180 2.350 2.350
    Turgi te .......... 2FezO3.H~Oin part 2.450 2.550 2.550 (Li)
    Realgar ......... ASS 2.460 2.590 2.610 (Li)
    Terlinguaite ..... HgzOCl 2.350 2.640 2.660 (Li)
    Hutchinsonite .... (TI. Ag)zS*PbS.ZAszS3 3.078 3.176 3.188
    Stibnite .......... SbzSs 3.194 4.303 4.460

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 5 4 9 . 4 N D E X OF REFRACTION O F MISCELLANEOUS 529
    BI A X I A L CRYSTALS

    Index of refraction
    7
    Spectrum
    Crystal line flu "B 9
    Ammonium oxalate, (NH,)zC20,*HZ0.. .... D 1.4381 1.5475 1.5950
    Ammonium acid tartrate,
    (NH,)H(C,H,Oa) ...................... D 1.5188 1.5614 1.5910
    Ammonium tartrate, (NH,)zC,HiOa., ...... D - 1.581 -
    Antipyrin, CuHlzNOz ..................... D 1.5697 1.6935 1.7324
    Citric acid, C E H ~ O T - H ..................
    ~O. D 1.4932 1.4977 1.5089
    Codein, Cl,Hz1N03*H~0.................. D 1.5390 1.5435
    Mag::sium carbonate, MgCO3.3H20....... D 1.495 1.501 1.526
    sulfate, MgSOI*7Hz0 ......... D 1.432 1.455 1.461
    ....................... Cd, 226p 1.4990 1.5266 1.5326
    ....................... H, .65& 1.4307 1.4532 1.4584
    Potassium bichromate, KzC1-207 ............ D 1.7202 1.7380 1.8197
    " chymate, K2Cr04 ............. D - 1.7254 -
    ' ........................
    nitrate, KNOI .................
    red 1.6873 1.722 1.7305
    D 1.3346 1.5056 1SO64
    sulfate. KZS 0, ................. F 1.4976 1.4992 1SO29
    ........................
    "
    D 1.4932 1.4946 1.4980
    ........................ C 1.4911 1.4928 1.4959
    Racemic acid, GHeOa.Hz0. ............... yellow - 1.526
    Resorcin, CeHeOZ ........................ D - 1.555 -
    Sodium bichromate, NazCrzO7-2H20. ....... D 1.6610 1.6994 1.7510
    -
    " acid tartrate, NaH(C,H,Oe) -2H20.. red - 1.5332
    Sugar (cane), C,zHtzOll. .................. TI 1.5422 i.568~ 1.5734
    ............................ D 1.5397 1.5667 1.5716
    ............................. Li 1.5379 1.5639 1.5693
    Tartaric acid, C'HaOa (right-), ............ D 1.4953 1.5353 1.6046
    Zinc sulfate, Z n S 0 4 . 7 H z 0 . ................ F 1.4620 1.4860 1.4897
    " 1'
    .............................. D 1.4568 1.4801 1.4836
    I'
    ..............................
    1'
    C 1.4544 1.4776 1.4812

    T A B L E 55O.-SPECIFIC GRAVITY, COEFFICIENT O F EXPANSION, A N D S T A I N


    CLASS O F OPTICAL GLASS *

    Cofficient of expansion Stain


    Specific gravity mean values X 107 class
    A for
    Glass type 5T----BL CG I - 40" to 0" 0" to 40' 0" to 100" 0" to 300" BL
    BL BL BL CG
    511635 ................. 2.48 ... 73.0 77.0 79.6 ..
    5 17645 ................ 2.53 2.53 62.0 65.2 67.5 80
    523586 ................. 2.53 ... 75.8 80.2 83.0 ..
    529516 ................. 2.73 ... 70.2 73.0 74.5
    573574 ................. 3.21 ... 74.2 78.0 80.0 ..
    ...
    ~ ~~

    580410 ................. 3.27 3.21 ... ... 99


    584460 ................ 3.31 ... 76.2 80.0 81.9 ..
    605381 ................. 3.49 3.47 ... ... ... 86
    611572 ................. 3.57 3.56 57.8 61.2 64.1 70
    611588 ................. 3.58 3.40 60.8 61.0 66.9 71
    617366 ................. 3~64 70.8 73.0 74.2 89 1
    617550 ................. 3.66 ... ... ...
    620362 ................. 3.67
    649338 ................. 3.91 ... ... ...
    720293 ................. 4.51 ... 73.5 75.2 77.3 ..
    Melt No.
    EK-110-5328 .................... 4.1 58.0 61.2 63.5 ...
    EK-32-2641 ..................... 4.5 57.8 61.2 63.9 ...
    EK-33-2734s .................... 4.7 53.5 57.0 59.4 ...
    EK-45-29 ....................... 4.6 57.0 60.5 63.4 ...
    B L Bausch 8. Lomh Optical glass. E K , Eastman Rodak glass. CG, Corning glass.
    Th; first 15 glass types in column 1 are described in Table 524 of N B S glasses.

    *Types of glass in class 1 or 2 are not likely to stain even when used a s exposed surfaces in tropical climates.
    Glasses in class 5 are liable to stain when exposed to rain, moisture condensation, or fingerprints in any climate.
    Other glasses are intermediate in stain resistance.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    530
    TABLE 551.-lNDEX OF REFRACTION O F SOME LIQUIDS RELATIVE TO AIR
    .
    Indices of refraction
    0.397r 0.4341 0.4861 0.589fi 0.656~
    Substance Density H G' F D C
    Acetaldehyde. C H 3 C H 0 ......... .780 20 . 1.3394 1.3359 1.3316 1.3298
    Acetone. CH3COCH3 ............ .791 20 . 1.3678 1.3639 1.3593 1.3573
    Aniline. CsHs.*NHz .............. 1.022 20 . 1.6204 1.6041 1.5863 1.5793
    Alcohol. methyl. CH3.OH ........ .794 20
    . ethyl. CzH5.0H ........ .808
    .................... .800 20
    0
    1.3399
    .
    .
    1.3362 1.3331
    1.3773 1.3739
    1.3700 1.3666
    1.3290 1.3277
    1.3695 1.3677
    1.3618 1.3605
    . .
    " dnldt ..............
    n-propyl C3H7.0H ...... .804 20
    Benzene CaHa .................. .880 20
    - 20 .
    .
    --.0004 -4004
    1.3938 1.3901
    -.0004 -.0004
    1.3854 1.3834
    . CsHa dn/dt ............ . 20
    Bromnaphthalene. CloHiBr ....... 1.487 20
    .
    .
    1.7289
    1.5236 1.5132
    --.OW7 -.om
    1.7041 1.6819
    1.5012 1.4965
    -.0006 --.o006
    1.6582 1.6495
    Carbon .
    disulfide CS, ............ 1.293 0 1.7175 1.6920 1.6688 1.6433 1.6336
    .
    "
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.263 20
    tetrachloride. CCl. ....... 1.591 20
    Chinolin. CoH7N ................ 1.090 20
    1.6994
    .
    .
    1.6748 1.6523
    1.4729 1.4676
    1.6679 1.6470
    1.6276 1.6182
    1.4607 1.4579
    1.6245 1.6161
    Chloral. CC13.CH0 ............. 1.512 20 . 1.4679 1.4624 1.4557 1.4530
    Chloroform. CHCL ............. 1.489 20 1.463 1.458 1.4530 1.4467 1.4443
    Decane. CloHz2 ...................728 14.9 . 1.4200 1.4160 1.4108 1.4088
    .
    Ether. ethyl. C,H~*O.C.Hs. . . . . . . .715 20
    dn/dt ............. . 20
    Ethyl nitrate. C 2 H 5 * O - N 0 3...... 1.109 20
    .
    .
    .
    1.3607 1.3576
    --.0006 --.0006
    1.395 1.392
    1.3538 1.3515
    --.0006 -.0006
    1.3853 1.3830
    Formic acid. H*CO,H ............ 1.219 20 . 1.3804 1.3764 1.3714 1.3693
    Glycerine. C3H803............... 1.260 20 . 1.4828 1.4784 1.4730 1.4706
    Hexane. CH3(CHz).CH3 ... !. . . . . .660 20 . 1.3836 1.3799 1.3754 1.3734
    Hexylene. CH3(CH,)3CH.CHz . . . .679 23.3 . 1.4059 1.4007 1.3945 1.3920
    .
    Methylene iodide CH.1. ........... 3.318 20
    dn/dt .......... . 20
    Naphthalene. CloH8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .962 98.4
    1.8027
    .
    .
    -
    -
    1.7692
    - -BOO7
    1.6031
    i.7417
    -.0007
    1.7320
    -.0006
    1.5823 1.5746
    Nicotine. GOHI.N. ............... 1.012 22.4 . 1.5439 - 1.5239 1.5198
    Octane. CHs(CHz)aCH3 . . . . . . . . . .707 15.1 . 1.4097 1.4046 i14007 1.3987
    Oil. almond ...................... 92 0 . - 1.4847 1.4782 1.4755
    anj;e seed ...................99 15.1 1.6084 - 1.5743 1.5572 1.5508
    ........................ 99 21.4 . - 1.5647 1.5475 1.5410
    bitter almond ............... 1.05 20 . 1.5775 1.5623 - 1.5391
    cassia ...................... - 10 1.7039 - 1.6389 1.6104 1.6007
    ....................... - 22.5 1.6985 - 1.6314 1.6026 1.5930
    cinnamon .................. 1.05 23.5 . - 1.6508 1.6188 1.6077
    olive ....................... .92 0 . - 1.4825 1.4763 1.4738
    rock ....................... . 0 . - 1.4644 1.4573 1.4545
    turpentine .................. .87 10.6 1.4939 - 1.4817 1.4744 1.4715
    ................... .87 20.7 1.4913 - 1.4793 1.4721 1.4692
    Pentane. CH3(CH&CH3 ......... .625 15.7 . 1.3645 1.3610 1.3581 1.3570
    Phenol. CeHsOH ................ .060 40.6 . 1.5684 1.5558 1.5425 15369
    .......................... 02 1 82.7 . - 1.5356 - 1.5174
    Styrene. CeH5CH.CHz . . . . . . . . . . .910 16.6 . 1.5816 1.5659 1.5485 1.5419
    Thymol. CloH1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982 . - . - 1.5386 - 1.5228
    Toluene. CH3.CaHs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 20 . 1.5170 1.5070 1.4955 1.4911
    Water. HzO .................... - 20 1.3435 1.3404 1.3372 1.3330 1.3312
    . 0
    ' ..........................
    .......................... . 40
    1.3444
    1.3411
    1.3413 1.3380
    1.3380 1.3349
    1.3338 1.3319
    1.3307 1.3290
    .......................... . 80 1.3332 1.3302 1.3270 1.3230 1.3213

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    53 1
    T A B L E 552.-lNDICES O F REFRACTION FOR SOLUTIONS O F SALTS A N D ACIDS
    R E L A T I V E T O AIR

    Indices of refraction for spectrum lines


    A
    Temp
    Substance Density "C C D F H, H
    Solutions in water
    Ammonium chlyide ....... 1.067 27.05 1.37703 1.37936 1.38473 - 1.39336
    ....... .025 29.75 .34850
    _.
    .35050 .35515 - .36243
    Calcium chloride .......... .398 25.65 .44ooo .44279 A938 - .46001
    ' .......... .215 22.9 .39411 .39652 .40206 - .41078
    "
    .......... .143 25.8 .37152 .37369 .37876 - .38666

    Hydrochloric acid ......... 1.166 20.75 1.40817 1.41109 1.41774 - 1.42816


    Nitric acid ................ .359 18.75 .39893 .40181 .40857 - .41961
    Potash (caustic) .......... .416 11.0 .40052 .40281 .40808 - .41637
    Potassium ch1:ride ........ normal solution .34087 1.35049 -
    ........ double normal .34982 .35994 -
    ........ triple normal .35831 .36890 -
    Soda (caustic) ............ 1.376 21.6 1.41071 1.41334
    - ~ . . 1.41936 - 1.42872
    -
    ~

    Sodium chloride ........... .189 18.07 .37562 .37789 .38322 1.38746


    ........... .035
    ,109 18.07 .35751 .35959 .36442 .36823 -
    ...........
    'I 18.07 .34000 ,34191 .34628 .34969 -
    Sodium nitrate ............ 1.358 22.8 1.38283 1.38535 1.39134 - 1.40121
    Sulfuric acid .............. 3 1 1 18.3 .43444 .43669 .44168 - .44883
    .............. .632 18.3 .42227 .42466 .42967 - .43694
    .............. .221 18.3 .36793 .37009 .37468 - .38158
    .............. .028 18.3 .33663 .33862 .34285 - 34938
    Zinc chloride .............. .359 26.6 1.39977 1.40222 1.40797 - 1.41738
    .............. .209 26.4 .37292 .37515 .38026 - .38845
    Solutions in ethyl alcohol
    Ethyl alcohol ............. 789 25.5 1.35971 1.35971 1.36395 - 1.37094
    .............. 932 27.6 .35372 .35556 .35986 - .36662
    Fuchsin (nearly saturated).
    Cyanin (saturated) ........
    . -
    -
    16.0 .3918 .398 .361 - .3759
    16.0 .3831 - .3705 - .3821
    NoTE.-cyanin in chloroform also acts anomalously ; for example, Sieben gives for a 4.5 percent
    solution PA = 1.4593, PS = 1.4695, PF (green) = 1.4514, PO (blue) = 1.4554. For a 9.9 percent
    solution he gives P A = 1.4902, PP (green) = 1.4497, PO (blue) = 1.4597.
    Solutions of potassium permanganate in water
    9 9

    g mp' Y
    c-
    c
    E N
    (
    crr,
    CI
    cv
    U U U
    .687/1 B 1.3328 1.3342 - 1.3382 .516/1 - 1.3368 1.3385 - I

    .656 C .3335 .3348 1.3365 .3391 .so0 - .3374 .3383 1.3386 1.3404
    .617 - .3343 .3365 .3381 .3410 .486 F .3377 - - .3408
    .594 - .3354 .3373 .3393 .3426 .480 - .3381 .3395 .3398 .a413
    .589 D .3353 .3372 - .3426 .464 - .3397 .3402 .3414 3423
    .568 - .3362 .3387 .3412 .3445 .447 - .3407 .3421 .3426 3439
    .553 - .3366 .3395 .3417 .3438
    - .434 - .3417 - - 3452
    .527 E .3363 - - .423 - .3431 .3442 .3457 3468
    .522 - .3362 .3377 .3388 - - - - - - T

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    532 T A B L E 553.-INDEX O F RE FRACTIO N O F A I R (15"C, 76cmHg)
    Corrections for reducing wavelengths and frequencies in air (15'C, 76 cmHg) to vacuo
    The indices were computed from the Cauchy formula ( $ 1 - l ) l O T = 2726.43 12.288/(A2 X +
    lo-') + 0.3555/(A4X lo-'"). For 0°C and 76 cmHg Ihc constants of the equation become 2875.66,
    13.412 and 0.3777 respectively, and for 30°C snd 76 cmHg 2589.72, 12.259 and 0.2576. Sellmeier's
    +
    formula for but one absorption band closely fits the observations : it2 = 1 0.00057378A2/(A2-
    595260). If n - 1 were strictly proportional to the density, then ( n - l)o/(n - 1)t would equal
    +
    1 at where a should be 0.00367. The following values of a were found to hold:
    X 0.85~ 0.75~ 0.65~ 0.55~ 0.45~ 0.35~ 0.25~
    a 0.0036720.003674 0.003678 0.003685 0.003700 0.003738 0.003872
    *
    The indices are for dry air (0.05 'jh Cot). Corrections to reduce to dry air the indices for
    +
    moist air may be made for any wavelength by Lorenz's formula, 0.000041(m/760), where m
    is the vapor pressure in mm. The corresponding frequencies in waves per cm and the corrections
    to reduce wavelengths and frequencies in air at 15°C and 76 cmHg pressure to vacuo are given.
    E.g., a light wave of 5000 angstroms in dry air at 15"C, 76 cmHg becomes 5001.391 A in vacuo;
    a frequency of 20,000 waves per cm correspondingly becomes 19994.44.

    F ~ ~ .Vacup F ~ ~ . Vacup
    nuencv
    ~, correction (Iuency
    . . correction
    Wave- Dry air Vacuo per for in air Wave- D r y air Vacuo per for in air
    (n - 1) correction A length, ( n - 1) correction cm X
    length,
    A
    ang-
    x 107 for x in air
    cm
    1 x
    ang-
    x 107 for A inair
    15°C (nX - X)
    -'
    X
    stroms 76cmHg add in air subtract strorns 76cmHa add in air subtract
    2000 3256 .651 50,000 16.27 5500 277 1 1.524 18,181 5.04
    2100 3188 ,670 47,619 15.18 5600 2769 1.551 17,857 4.94
    2200 3132 ,689 45,454 14.23 5700 2768 1.578 17,543 4.85
    2300 3086 ,710 43,478 13.41 5800 2766 1.604 17,241 4.77
    2400 3047 .731 41,666 12.69 5900 2765 1.631 16,949 4.68
    2500 3014 ,754 40,000 12.05 6000 2763 1.658 16,666 4.60
    2600 2986 ,776 38,461 I 1.48 6100 2762 1.685 16,393 4.53
    2700 2962 ,800 37,037 10.97 6200 2761 1.712 16,129 4.45
    2800 2941 324 35,714 10.50 6300 2760 1.739 15,873 4.38
    BOO 2923 ,848 34,482 10.08 6400 2759 1.766 15,625 4.31
    3000 2907 .872 33,333 9.69 6500 2758 1.792 15,384 4.24
    3100 2893 397 32,258 9.33 6600 2757 1.819 15,151 4.18
    3200 2880 ,922 31,250 9.00 6700 2756 1.846 14,925 4.11
    3300 2869 .947 30,303 8.69 6800 2755 1.873 14,705 4.05
    3400 2859 .972 29,411 8.41 6900 2754 1.900 14,492 3.99
    3500 2850 .998 28,571 8.14 7000 2753 1.927 14,285 3.93
    3600 2842 1.023 27,777 7.89 7100 2752 1.954 14,084 3.88
    3700 2835 1.049 27,027 7.66 7200 275 1 1.981 13,888 3.82
    3800 2829 1.075 26,315 7.44 7300 2751 2.008 13,698 3.77
    3900 2823 1.101 25,641 7.24 7400 2750 2.035 13,513 3.72
    4000 2817 1.127 25,000 7.04 7500 2749 2.062 13,333 3.66
    4100 2812 1.153 24,390 6.86 7600 2749 2.089 13,157 3.62
    4200 2808 1.179 23,809 6.68 7700 2748 2.116 12,987 3.57
    4300 2803 1.205 23,255 6.52 7800 2748 2.143 12,820 3.52
    4400 2799 1.232 22,727 6.36 7900 2747 2.170 12,658 3.48
    4500 27% 1.258 22,222 6.21 8000 2746 2.197 12,500 3.43
    4600 2792 1.284 21,739 6.07 8100 2746 2.224 12,345 3.39
    4700 2789 1.311 21,276 5.93 8250 2745 2.265 12,121 3.33
    4800 2786 1.338 20,833 5.80 8500 2744 2.332 11,764 3.23
    4900 2784 1.364 20,406 5.68 8750 2743 2.400 11,428 3.13
    5000 2781 1.391 20,000 5.56 9000 2742 2.468 11,111 3.05
    5100 2779 1.417 19,607 5.45 9250 2741 2.536 10,810 2.96
    5200 2777 1.444 19,230 5.34 9500 2740 2.604 10,526 2.88
    5300 2775 1.471 18,867 5.23 9750 2740 2.671 10,256 2.81
    5400 2773 1.497 18,518 5.13 10000 2739 2.739 10,000 2.74

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 5 5 4 . 4 N D E X O F RE FRACTIO N O F GASES A N D VAPORS 533
    A formula was given by Biot and Arago expressing the dependence of the index of refraction
    of a gas on pressure and temperature. More recent experiments confirm their conclusions. The
    formula is n l - 1 =! -% where n r is the index of refraction for temperature t, 1za for
    1+at'760'
    temperature zero, a the coefficient of expansion of the gas with temperature, and j the pressure
    of the gas in millimeters of mercury. For air see Table 553.
    Indices of refraction

    (n - 1 ) 1 0 s (n - 1 ) 105
    Wave- Wave- ,
    length Air 0 N H length Air 0 M H
    fi P
    .4861 2951 2734 .3012 .1406 ,4360 2971 .2743 C O ~ .1418
    S461 2936 2717 2998 .1397 S462 .2937 2704 .4506 .1397
    S790 ,2930 2710 - .1393 .6709 2918 .2683 .4471 .1385
    .6563 2919 2698 2982 .1387 6.709 .2881 .2643 .4804 .1361
    8.678 2888 .2650 .4579 .136l

    The values are for 0°C and 760 mmHg


    Kind of Kind of
    Substance light Indices of refraction Substance light Indices of refraction
    Acetone . . . . . . . . . D 1.001079-1.001100 Hydfpgen . . . . . . . white 1.000138-1.000143
    .
    Ammonia . . . . . . . white 1.000381-1.000385 ..... .. D 1.000132
    ... . . . .. D 1.000373-1.000379 Hydrogen sulfide. 1.000644
    Argon ........... D
    .
    Benzene .. . . . . . . D
    1.000281
    1.001700-1.001823 Methane
    {
    . . . . . . . . . white
    1.000623
    1.000443
    Bromine ......... D 1.001132 (' ... . .. ... D 1.000444
    Ca$on dioxide . . white . 1.000449-1.000450 Methyl alcohol . . . D 1.000549-1.000623
    ... D 1.000448-1.000454 Methyl ether . . . .. D 1.000891
    Nitric oxide . . . . . . white
    Carbon disulfide. { f$~~~-l.oo1485 << 'I
    ...... D
    1.000303
    1.000297
    Nitregen . . . . . . . . white 1.000295-1.000300
    Carbon monoxide{ $$: ::$:$! ........ D 1.0002961.000298
    Chlorine . . . . . . . . . white 1.000772 Nitrous oxide . . . . white 1.000503-1.000507
    ' ......... D 1.000773 " .... D 1.000516
    Chloroform . .. . . . D 1.001436-1.001464 Oxygen . . . . . . . . . white 1.000272-1.000280
    Cyarfpgen . . . . . . . . white 1.000834 "
    .. . ... .... . D 1.000271-1.000272
    ... ..... D 1.0007841.000825 Pentane . . . . . . . . . D 1.001711
    Ethyl alcohol . .. . D 1.000871-1.000885 Sulfyr dioxide . . . white 1.000665
    Ethyl ether . . . . . . D 1.001521-1.001544 ... D 1.000686
    Helium ... ....... D 1.000036 Water ........... white 1.000261
    Hydrochloric 1.000449 .... . . .. . . . D 1.000249-1.000259
    acid . . . . . . .. .{ 1.000447
    "

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 555.-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES O F SOME SPECIAL GLASSES

    Coefficient Thermal
    Young's of thermal conductivitY Softening
    tilass Composition
    Density modulus expansion cat Specific points
    "C
    Electric Dielectric
    resistance t constant
    g/cma kg/mmz cgs cmsec'C heat
    Fused quartz .................... SiOz 2.20 7100 5.5~10-~ .0033 .18 1660 10.48 4.1
    Pyrex (7740) ................... SO,, 80: Bz03,14 2.35 6900 32x10-' ,0027 2.5 775 6.6 4.5
    NazO,4 : AIZO3,2
    Vycor (7900) ................... S O 2 ,96: B,O,, 3: 2.18 6800 8x10-T .0022 ... 1500 8.1 3.8
    other oxides
    Lead glass ...................... S O z ,68 : PbO. 15 : 4.26 5400 91x10-' ... ... 580 9.7 9.5
    NazOJ,10 : KzO,6 :
    CaO, 1
    Soda lime glass.. ................ SiO,, 72: NazO, 15: 2.47 6900 92XW ... . .. 695 5.1 7.2
    CaO, 9 : MgO, 3 :
    AlzOz, 1

    Diameter Breaking Young's Torsion Al/!


    P strength modulus coefficient for failure
    units - dynes/cm2
    Quartz fibers t: .................. 1.5 .9oxlou ...
    3.0
    5.0
    .65 11.ix 1011 6.6X10" .059
    .48 9.8 5.8 .049
    10.0 .30 8.5 4.8 .035
    30.0 .145 7.1 3.5 .020
    Approximately. t Log R (microhm-cm) for 350°C. $ T h e tensile strength as measured from rods about 5 or 6 mm in diameter is about 5 kg/mmz. For quartz
    fibers the tensile strength varies from 6-20 times these values.
    TABLES 556-573.-TRANSMISSION OF RADIATION 535
    TABLE 5 5 6 . 4 O L O R SCREENS
    Although only the potassium salt does not keep well, it is perhaps safer to use freshly
    prepared solutions.

    Thick- Grams of ODtical


    ness substance center of
    Color mm Water solutions of in 100 cma hand II Transmission
    Red 20
    20
    Crystal-violet, 5BO
    Potassium monochromate
    .005
    10.
    .6659 {
    begins about .718~.
    ends sharp at . 6 3 9 ~ .
    Ye!Fw 20 Nickel sulfate, NiSO1.7aq 30. S919 .614-.574p,
    "
    15 Potassium monochromate 10.
    15 Potassium permanganate .025
    Gr:en 20 Copper chloride, CuCL.2aq 60. S330 .540-.505fi
    20 Potassium monochromate 10. 52G.494 and
    {
    i
    20 Double-green, SF .02 .4885 :494-.458~
    Bright 20 Copper sulfate, CuS04.5aq 15.
    20 Crystal-violet, 5BO .005 482 .478-.410~
    Dark 20 Copper sulfate, ~ u ~ 0 , . 5 a q 15.

    The following list is condensed from Wood's Physical Optics :


    Methyl violet, 4R. (Berlin Anilin Fabrik) very dilute, and nitroso-dimethyl-aniline trans-
    mits 0.365~.Methyl violet + chinin-sulfate (separate solutions), the violet solution made
    strong enough to blot out 0.4359~,transmits 0.4047 and 0.4048, also faintly 0.3984.
    +
    Cobalt glass aesculin solution transmits 0.4359~.
    Guinea green B extra (Berlin) +
    chinin sulfate transmits 0.4916~.
    +
    Neptune green (Bayer, Elberfeld) chrysoidine. Dilute the latter enough to just trans-
    mit 0.5790 and 0.5461 ; then add the Neptune green until the yellow lines disappear.
    +
    Chrysoidine eosine transmits 0.5790~. The former should be dilute and the eosine
    added until the green line disappears.
    Silver chemically deposited on a quartz plate is practically opaque except to the ultra-
    violet region 0.3160-0.3260 where 90 percent of the energy passes through. The film should
    be of such thickness that a window backed by a brilliantly lighted sky is barely visible.
    In the following those marked with a * are transparent to a more or less degree to the
    ultraviolet.
    * Cobalt chloride : solution in water, absorbs 0.50-.53~; addition of CaCL widens the
    band to 0.47-.50. It is exceedingly transparent to the ultraviolet down to 0.20. If dissolved
    +
    in methyl alcohol water, absorbs 0.50-.53 and everything below 0.35. In methyl alcohol
    alone 0.485-0.555 and below 0 . 4 0 ~ .
    Copper chloride : in ethyl alcohol absorbs above 0.585 and below 0.535; in alcohol f 50
    percent water, above 0.595 and below 0 . 3 7 ~ .
    Neodymium salts are useful combined with other media, sharpening the edges of the
    absorption bands. In solution with bichromate of potash, transmits 0.535-.565 and above
    0.60p, the bands very sharp ( a useful screen for photographing with a visually corrected
    objective).
    Praseodymium salts: three strong bands at 0.482, .468, .444. In strong solutions they
    fuse into a sharp band a t 0.43S.485~.Absorption below 0.34.
    Picric acid absorbs 0.36-.42~,depending on the concentration.
    Potassium chromate absorbs 0.40-.35, 0.30-24, transmits 0 . 2 3 ~ .
    * Potassium permanganate : absorbs 0.555-SO, transmits all the ultraviolet.
    Chromium chloride: absorbs above 0.57, between 0.50 and .39, and below 0 . 3 3 ~ .These
    limits vary with the concentration.
    Aesculin : absorbs below 0.363p, very useful for removing the ultraviolet.
    * Nitroso-dimethyl-aniline : very dilute aqueous solution absorbs 0.49-.37 and transmits
    all the ultraviolet.
    +
    Very dense cobalt glass dense ruby glass or a strong potassium bichrornate solution
    cuts off everything below 0.70 and transmits freely the red.
    Iodine : saturated solution in CS, is opaque to the visible and transparent to the infrared.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    536 T A B L E 557.-LIGHT F I L T E R S , N A R R O W S P E C T R U M REGIONSla
    Filters from the following components : Distilled HZ0 ; As. sol. CuSO.-SHZO ; NiSO,.
    7 H z 0 ; Glasses, Corning G 986A, G 586, G 980A ; dyed gelatin, Wratten filters 88A, 25,
    61, 49.
    Solution

    Filter and absorbent


    concen-.
    tration ness
    Wavelengths
    limits Max
    Transmission
    atmax
    88A ......................... .. .. .. .. .720-1.400 ... .80
    .. . .
    88A, HzO . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .... 2cm .720-1.380 .800 .72
    88A, G 986A * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .720-1.020 .770 .35
    25. CUSOI*SHZO. . . . . .. . . . . . . 5% 2cm .590- .690 .630 26
    61; . .. . . .. . . . . . . 5% 2cm .490- .690 .530
    ... . .52
    .. . . . . . . . . . . . 5% .380- ,500 .460 .26
    25*g,jf :
    . . . .. .. . . . . . .
    G 986A, NiS04*7Hz0 . . . . . . . .
    10%
    50%
    2cm
    2cm
    lcm
    ,330- .430
    .260- .360
    .380
    .310
    .69
    .so
    1% Tones, L. A , , Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. 16, p. 259, 1928.
    Thickness .32 cm.

    T A B L E 558.-NARROW B A N D PASS F I L T E R S *

    Thickness Wavelength Transmission


    Filter range limits Max at max
    C.S. 5- 74 ............. 5. - 7.5mm .402-.480/~ .430p 14.5 percent
    5- 76 ............. 5 . - 5.8 .400-.483 .430 27.5
    5- 75 .... ......... 3.2- 5.7 ,395-,495 .460 12.5
    4104 . . . . .. . . . . . . . 6. - 8.5 .467-.530 .485 5.3
    4-117 . ...... ...... 7. -12. .466-.580 .495
    4-105 ............. 9. -12.5 .483-.570 .515
    4-102 ....... ...... 9. -13.5 .528-.573 .550
    4-115t ........... 10. -14. .530-.575 .555
    3-110 . .. .. . .. . . . .. 5. - 9. S61-.620 .580 3.0
    3-120 ... ....... ... 6. -10. .565-,670 .590 19.5
    2- 77 ............. 6.5- 9.5 .585-.705 ,610 11.5
    2- 78 ... . . . . . . . . .. 4. - 7. .612-.760 .640 16.0
    2- 79 ............. 8.8-12. .665-.780 .715 9.5
    7- 84 ... .......... 10. -13. ,710-,900 ,750 15.0
    7- 85$ ........... 5. - 6. .800-1.101 .9m 25.0
    7- 86 .. . . . . . .. . .. . 7. - 8. 1.200-2.800 2.100 45.0
    4- 17 ............. 5.5-10. 1.700-2.800 2.400 21.0

    . Corning Glass Works. t Second max at 2.55 with transmission at 5.0 percent
    at ,605 with transmission at 1.0 percent.
    $ Second max

    T A B L E 559.-TRANSPARENCY OF WATER

    ---
    Values of a in I = ; t in cm ; lo,I, intensity before and after transmission through dis-
    tilled water at 20°C; wavelength X in p.
    ~

    b c d d e
    -7 v
    x a x a x a x a x a
    .1829 4.7 .20 .08 .40 .00080 .54 ,00044 .70 .0058
    .I854 1.11 .24 .0135 .42 .00061 .58 .00084 .75 .028
    .I862 .86 .28 .0077 .44 ,00046 .60 ,00197 .80 ,024
    .1878 .48 .30 .0064 .48 ,00037 .62 ,00265 .85 ,027
    .1916 .20 .34 .0028 .SO ,00038 .64 ,00292 .90 .06
    .I935 .I2 .38 .0013 .52 .00040 .68 ,00406 .95 .3

    l a b , Tsukamoto, K. Rev. d’Optique, vol. 7 89 1929. c Dawson L. H., and Hulburt, E. O . , Journ.
    Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. ’24, p. 175, 1934. d,’€f;lbirt, E. O . , Jburn. Opt). Soc. Amer., vol. 35, p. 698, 1945.
    e, Collins, J. R., Phys. Rev., vol. 26, p. 771, 1925.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 560.-SOME BAUSCH & L O M B L I G H T F I L T E R S * 537
    Percent transmission for a number of wavelengths. All values are for a thickness of
    3.5 mm unless otherwise noted. The values given include surface reflection losses. AH
    glasses except the sharp cutting reds and yellows will meet the standard value at 3.5 mm
    within a thickness range of 3.0 to 4.0 mm. The sharp cutting reds and yellows will meet the
    standard value at 3.5 within a thickness range of 2.0 to 6.0 mm.

    Filter .4Op .45 .so .55 .60 AS .7o Remarks


    .
    N-1 . . . . . . . . . . 80 64 69 69 68 68 79
    N-2 . . . . . . . . . .. 58 25 33 36 35 38 76
    ..
    N-3 . . . . . . . . . 36 7 12 13 12 13 52
    N-6 t . . . . . . .. . . .. .02 .15 .11 .08 .16 .. 0 at .43p; 9.8 at .68p
    R-1 . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . 28 86 87 0 at .58p
    R-2 . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. 1 69 85 84 0 at .54u
    . ,: 35 at .59rr.
    R-5 . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ,. .. 2 87 89 0 at .59p
    R-6 . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. 84 86 83 54% at .58p
    R-7 . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. 81 44% at .67p
    Y-4 . . . . . , . . , . . .. .. .. 68 89 89 89 0 at .51p
    Y-9 . . . . . . . . . . . 27 56 74 82 84 85 86
    Y-10 . . . . . . . . .. .. 1 73 87 90 89 87 0 at .44p
    G- 1 . . . . . . . . .. . .. 3 7 1 .. .. .. 0 at .41 and .56p
    G-9 . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 23 54 22 6 8 0 at .43p
    BG-1 . . . . . . . . . . 36 64 68 41 11 2 .. 0 at .69p
    B-1 . . . . . . . . . .. 87 82 46 33 14 15 68
    B-2 . . . . . . . . . . . 82 59 7 2 .. .. 39 0 at .58 and .66a
    B-4 . . . . . . . . .. . 42 11 .. .. .. .. 0 at .48p
    B-8 . . . . . . . . . . . 91 86 63 53 35 38 81
    .
    B-10 . .. . .. . . . 84 84 59 44 23 19 36

    Adapted from data furnished by J. W . Forrest, Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.
    t t = 2.0 mm.

    T A B L E 561.-SPECTRAL T R A N S M I S S I O N O F SOME R E D P Y R O M E T E R GLASSES

    Wavelengths p
    Thickness , 7
    Glass mm .60 .61 .62 .63 .64 .65 .66 .67 .68 .70 .72 .74 .76
    Jena 4512 ..... .... 2.93 .. .. 1.8 25.0 57.0 67.4 72.3 75.5 78.5 80.5 81.0 81.5
    Iena 2745.. . . . . . . 3.2 .. .8 2:s 6.5 10.5 13.8 18.0 22.3 26.0 33.5 39.5 44.5 47.5
    Corning high trans-
    mission red:
    150 percent.. . 5 .1 4.7 38.5 64.3 72.2 76.5 79.3 80.8 87.5 80.8 78.5 77.0 75.0
    50 percent.. . 5 .. .. .1 5.5 44.5 66.5 74.2 76.5 77.8 77.5 76.3 75.5 74.1
    28 percent.. 6 . .. .. . . . . 2.0 24.0 67.0 73.8 76.8 76.2 75.1 73.2 71.8

    T A B L E 562.-THE E F F E C T I V E W A V E L E N G T H A, O F C O R N I N G 50-PERCENT
    R E D P Y R O M E T E R G L A S S * 5 mm T H I C K FOR SOME T E M P E R A T U R E
    I N T E R V A L S 188

    Temperature Temperature
    interval A. interval x.
    1300-1 700”K ,6602~ 1827-1300°K .6601p
    1300-2100 .6599 1827-1500 .6598
    1300-2500 .6596 1827-2100 .6593
    1300-2900 ,6594 1827-2500 ,6589
    1300-3300 .6592 1827-2900 .6587
    2300-1300 .6596 1827-3300 .6585
    2300-3300 ,6581 1827-3600 .6584

    * See Table 77.


    188 “Temperature, Its Measurement and Control,’’ a symposium prepared by the American Institute
    of Physics, p. 1 1 1 5 , Reinhold Publishing Co.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    538
    T A B L E 563.-ULTRAVIOLET TRANSPARENCY O F ATMOSPHERIC COMPONENTS
    I =I0 d in cm O’C, 760 mmHg.

    Oxygen Oxygen Ozone Ozone


    , * “ A h
    ” ,
    .1900p a=.0014 .186p a=.OO89 .2378p 100.5 .230p 50 .290p 16.6
    .1920 .0007 .193 .0015 .2482 141 240 95 .300 4.6
    .1929 .0022 .2537 148.8 .250 120 ,310 1.23
    .1947 .0007 O,,air .2652 123 .260 120 .320 .35
    .1950 .0021 .2804 45.6 .270 91 .330 .093
    .1955 .00075 Air 2967 6.9 .280 46 .340 .024
    .1962 .0020 .186p a=.0019 .3125 .96
    .1970 .0007 .3341 .07 Nitrogen
    .2000 .00043 Water .186 = .000478
    .2050 .OM3 .1875p a=.0055
    .2100 .OW2 .1900 .0026
    .1950 .0012
    .2000 .0007

    Air a t sea level (Washington), 400 m practically no absorption h > .3p; < .28p about that
    due to molecular scattering. Air transmission reduced by 1/100: 22 km at .28p; 5 a t 2%; 0.57 at
    .22p; 20 km a t ,205~.
    Atmospheric transparency for ultraviolet

    Wavelength, p . . . . . . . .29 .30 .31 .32 .33 .34 .35 .37 .39 .41 .43 .45
    Percent transmitted . . 0 .9 9. 20. 27. 33. 38. 46. 51. 56. 60. 64.

    T A B L E 564.-TRANSMISSION O F D Y E S T U F F SOLUTIONS OF
    “A DJ U S T E D” CO NC E NT R A T I0 N S *
    The table gives the percentage transmittances (column 5 ) at various wavelengths, of the
    dye solutions, dissolved or buffered as indicated in the third column. All solutions are ad-
    justed to that concentration which gives unit density (10-percent transmittance) at the
    wavelength of maximum absorption, except for those solutions (marked * in column 4)
    that have the maximum absorption in the ultraviolet range. The wavelength of maximum
    absorption is given in column 2. In column 3 is given the serial number of the dye as
    listed and described in the Colour Index of the British Society of Dyers and Colorists
    (1924). Dyes having no Colour Index number are listed by the “prototype number”
    (abbreviated Pr.) of the 1949 Technical Manual and Year Book of the American Associa-
    tion of Textile Chemists and Colorists, p. 147. The names assigned to the dyes are not the
    names used by the individual American manufacturers but are older names assigned by
    the Year Book to each Colour Index number, p. 237; or to the “foreign prototype,” p. 261.
    I n column 4, A stands for acid buffer ( g H =4.6), K for alkaline buffer (pH=9.3).
    In this column, E stands for ethanol (ethyl alcohol) used as solvent, and Bz for benzene.
    Where A or K are used, the solvent was water. N stands for “no buffer,” with water as
    solvent.
    In some cases two or more sets of transmissions correspond to a given Colour Index
    number and name. For example, C.I. No. 326 corresponds to 62 dyestuffs listed as on the
    American market in 1939, and these may be classified as of several distinct types of Benzo
    Fast Scarlets and Benzo Fast Qranges. In less striking cases, the different types result
    from uncontrollable variations i i manufacture. In such cases, the transmissions should be
    considered as representative rather than as specifications of the dye. No manufacturer
    would guarantee the transmissions within a narrow range, though all data are accurate
    measurements on actual representatives of a t least one manufacturer’s products. Trans-
    missions vary somewhat with the exact gH of the buffer and with the characteristics of
    the instrument used for measurement, especially with the slit width. The present data
    obtained with the General Electric recording spectrophotometer, which has a 10-micron
    slit width.
    From the data of the table, approximate data for stronger solutions, whose transmission
    a t the wavelength of maximum absorption is only 1 percent, may be readily obtained by
    means of a table of squares. Such solutions are twice as concentrated as those of the table.
    Their transmissions at any given wavelength are approximately the squares of the tabu-
    lated transmissions. These relations depend on the validity of Beer’s Law for the solution
    in question.
    Data furnished by I. H. Godlove, General Aniline & Film Corporation.
    (continued)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    T A B L E 564.-TRANS M ISSl O N O F D Y E S T U F F SO LUTl O N S O F “ADJUSTED” CON C E N T R AT1 O N S (continued)

    Wavelength (microns)

    C.I. No . Buffer
    .40 .42 .44 .46 .48 .50 .52 .54 .56 .58 .60 .62 .64 .66 .68 .70
    or Transmittances (oercent)
    Name h Max . Or
    Pr No . .
    Primuline .................... 343 812 N* 0 4 21 49 73 87 92 95 96 97 97 98 98 99 99 99
    Celliton Fast Yellow G ........ 356 P r . 242 E* 3 7 15 36 70 90 96 98 99 99 99 100 100 100 100 100
    Milling Yellow 0 ............. 373 Pr . 139 A* 2 7 14 29 56 78 91 96 97 98 98 98 99 99 99 99
    Amido Azo Toluol ............ 379 17 BZ* 0 3 18 35 53 72 88 96 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
    Milling Orange .............. 380 274 A* 2 7 14 24 40 61 80 92 97 98 99 99 99 99 99 99
    Diamine Green G ............. 383 594 K 4 8 12 18 29 40 44 39 29 19 12 10 10 12 29 65
    (615.
    647)
    Diamine Catechine G .......... 389 Pr . 69 K* 6 8 13 20 30 41 51 60 68 76 84 89 93 95 96 97
    Naphthol Yellow S ............ 391 10 A* 11 10 12 30 70 94 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
    Supramine Yellow 3GL ........
    (;g) P r . 474 A* 3 6 18 49 82 96 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
    Mikado Yellow ............... 392 622 K* 3 6 18 50 82 94 98 98 99 99 99 99 99 100 100 100
    Chrysophenine ............... 392 365 K* 5 8 12 20 37 62 79 86 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 85
    Fastusol Yellow W G .......... 394 P r . 99 K* 1 4 20 57 90 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 99
    Mikado Yellow .............. 397 622 K* 4 6 17 47 78 92 97 98 99 99 99 99 100 100 100 99
    Diamine Fast Orange EG ...... 408 P r . 72 K 10 11 16 24 36 53 71 86 94 98 99 99 99 99 100 100
    Benzo Chrome Brown G ...... 408 Pr . 365 K 10 11 13 17 24 32 42 53 65 77 87 92 95 97 98 99
    Thioflavine T ................ 410 815 N 11 12 35 82 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
    Sun Yellow .................. 410 620 N 11 11 20 41 70 89 96 98 99 99 99 99 100 100 100 100
    Sun Yellow .................. 413 620 K 11 10 17 33 57 75 86 93 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100
    Sulphon Orange G ............ 414 Pr . 186 A 11 10 13 16 15 17 24 40 74 94 99 100 100 100 100 100
    Fastusol Orange LGGL ....... 415 Pr . 276 K 11 10 13 19 29 46 68 86 95 98 98 99 99 99 99 99
    Azosol Fast Yellow CGG ...... 426 .
    Pr 215 E 17 10 12 30 69 95 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
    Resorcin Brown .............. 428 234 A 13 10 10 14 24 39 59 79 91 96 99 99 100 100 100 100
    Benzo Fast Brown 3GL ....... 430 Pr. 28 K 12 10 10 13 18 26 38 53 68 79 87 92 94 95 % 97
    Auramine .................... 431 655 A 29 12 12 35 80 97 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
    Euchrysine 2G ............... 434 797 A 30 14 11 28 72 94 98 99 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100
    Pryazol Orange .............. 443 653 K 15 ii io iz 22 45 Si 91 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100
    Celliton Fast Brown 3R ....... 445 Pr . 230 E 23 13 10 11 16 24 37 55 72 85 93 97 99 99 99 100
    Benzamine Brown 3G0 ........ 447 596 K 10 10 10 10 15 24 39 58 74 84 90 94 96 97 98 98
    Trisulfon Brown B ............ 450 561 K 12 22 28 32 38 46 56 68 78 86
    (continued) g
    I”
    T A B L E 564.-TRANSMISSION O F D Y E S T U F F SOLUTIONS OF “ADJUSTED” C O N C E N T R A T I O N S (continued) x!
    6
    <
    .40 .42 .44 .46 .48 .50
    Wavelength (microns)
    .52 .54 .56 .58 .60 .62 .64 .66 .68 .70
    -.
    C.I. No. Buffer
    OK or Transmittances (percent)
    Name X Max . Pr. No . solvent r------ 7

    Bismarck Brown R ........... 455 332 A 20 14 11 10 12 18 28 42 56 69 80 88 93 95 96 97


    Congo Orange R .............. 466 459 K 13 16 13 10 10 13 21 46 79 94 98 99 99 99 99 100
    (<400)
    Polar Orange R .............. 475 Pr . 152 A 27 23 14 10 10 13 21 45 77 93 98 100 100 100 100 100
    (<400)
    Sudan I ..................... 478 24 Bz 23 17 16 12 10 14 29 85 98 99 99 99 100 100 100 100
    Orange I1 ................... 485 151 A 40 35 28 16 10 12 26 75 96 99 99 99 99 99 100 100
    Celliton Scarlet B ............. 486 Pr . 244 E 58 37 21 13 10 11 19 38 66 86 95 99 99 100 100 100
    Orange R ................... 490 161 A 43 38 33 20 11 11 16 46 87 98 100 100 100 100 100 100
    Supramine Red 2G ............ 490 P r . 194 A 50 48 32 18 11 11 18 44 83 96 98 99 99 99 99 99
    Victoria Blue B Base .........
    (it%) 729 Bz 31 28 26 17 11 11 16 29 46 62 74 81 86 91 94 97
    GG .........
    v;)
    Celliton Fast Red P r . 236 E 66 43 24 15 11 10 14 27 50 75 91 97 99 99 99 100
    Celliton Fast Rubine B ........ 494 P r . 238 E 67 43 24 14 11 10 14 27 51 76 91 97 99 100 100 100
    Congo Red .................. 495 370 N 42 34 25 17 12 10 14 26 50 75 91 96 97 98 98 99
    Palatine Fast Red R N ......... 498 P r . 327 N 45 40 30 19 12 10 13 21 41 73 91 96 97 98 98 98
    Benzo Fast Scarlet (S) ....... 499 326 K 42 36 31 22 13 10 12 21 52 86 98 100 100 100 100 100
    Paper Red A Extra ........... 500 Pr . 148 A 43 46 43 26 14 10 13 26 62 90 98 99 100 100 100 100
    Fast Red A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    504 176 A 55 46 39 28 16 10 13 21 37 64 88 97 99 99 99 99
    Cochineal Red A ............. 506 185 * 61 53 45 49 15 10 12 22 53 88 98 100 100 100 100 100
    Benzo Fast Scarlet (S) . . . . . . . 509 326 I< 54 48 42 31 19 11 11 16 27 59 89 98 100 100 100 100
    Crocein Scarlet 3BX .......... 510 183 A 56 51 45 31 17 11 11 19 47 81 96 99 100 100 100 100
    Azo Eosine G ................. 510 114 A 57 65 59 48 20 12 10 13 35 80 96 98 99 100 100 100
    <400)
    Polar Red ................... 511 430 A 24 29 32 25 16 11 11 15 25 43 63 72 74 75 76 76
    <400)
    Anthralan Red B-CF ......... 512 Pr . 210 A 50 47 40 29 17 11 11 18 38 70 90 97 99 100 100 100
    Diamine Scarlet B ............ 5 12 382 K 29 35 40 31 17 11 10 19 48 83 96 99 100 100 100 100
    (<400)
    Guinea Fast Red BL .......... 515 Pr . 101 A 61 59 49 34 20 12 10 15 40 81 96 99 100 100 100 100
    Alizarine Rubinol 3G . . . . . . . . . . 515 P r . 361 A 84 78 60 38 21 12 10 15 42 81 96 98 99 99 99 99
    (<400)
    v)
    5 T A B L E 564.-TRANSMISSION OF D Y E S T U F F S O L U T I O N S OF “ADJUSTED” C O N C E N T R A T I O N S (continued)
    Wavelength (microns)
    A
    .

    .40 .42 .44 .46 .48 .50 .52 .54 .56 .58 .60 .62 .64 .66 .68 .70
    .
    -
    D
    z C.I. N o Buffer
    or or Transmittances (percent)
    . .
    0
    <
    x Name A M a x. Pr N o solvent h
    v
    2 Eosine G .................... 517 768 A 93 92 88 74 46 27 11 74 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
    Z
    , Fast Red B .................. 518 88 A 61 59 53 39 22 13 10 15 26 46 74 92 98 100 100 100
    + Oxamine Brilliant Red B ...... 518 P r . 393 K 47 44 41 32 20 12 10 15 34 66 86 95 98 99 100 100
    D
    w Sudan Red BB ............... 519 P r . 182 Bz 46 45 39 31 20 13 10 13 28 70 94 98 99 99 100 100
    r
    g Diamine Scarlet B ............ 522 382 K 26 34 43 37 23 13 10 13 25 54 84 96 98 100 100 100
    (<400)
    Amaranth ................... 523’
    ~ 184 A 63 59 52 40 23 13 10 13 25 56 89 98 100 100 100 100
    Supra Light Rubine BL ....... 523 P r . 188 A 57 59 56 46 29 16 10 14 22 43 72 91 97 99 99 99
    (<400)
    Erythrosine Bluish ........... 527 773 A 92 90 88 79 57 36 13 28 80 97 99 99 99 99 99 99
    Azosol Brilliant Red B ........ 531 P r . 363 E 58 50 40 33 31 31 16 15 42 70 95 99 100 100 100 100
    (492?)
    Celliton Fast Pink B .......... 531 P r . 234 E 88 83 71 51 33 20 12 12 15 29 79 96 98 99 99 99
    (;;I
    Phloxine B .................. 778 N 95 94 93 85 68 42 25 12 67 99 100 100 100 100 100 100
    Palatine Fast ................ 535 P r . 394 A 53 48 43 40 30 19 13 10 12 23 69 92 96 96 96 96
    Claret BN ................. (562)
    Fuchaine .................... 538 677 A 92 83 65 47 34 28 18 10 35 78 94 98 99 99 99 99
    Formyl Violet S4B ............ 543 698 N % 97 96 93 82 58 25 10 15 26 35 58 81 95 99 100
    Brilliant Benzo ............... 546 P r . 35 K 69 71 71 62 46 29 17 10 12 21 32 51 72 87 95 98
    Violet B .................. (<400)
    Rose Beneale B ............... S48 779 A 93 91 90 84 69 45 28 14 30 93 100 100 100 100 100 100
    Azosol F i s t Red 3B ........... 548 P r . 213 E 84 86 87 84 70 47 26 12 18 66 92 97 99 100 100 100
    (<400)
    Methylene Violet ............. 551 842 N 92 85 75 65 51 33 18 11 11 27 66 91 98 99 99 100
    Anthraquinone Violet ......... 551 1080 A 79 74 60 45 32 22 15 11 10 14 24 44 68 85 95 98
    Rhodamine B ................ 553 749 A 92 93 96 95 84 63 40 19 15 75 98 99 99 100 100 100
    (<400)
    Sulpho Rhodamine B .......... 562 748 A 92 93 96 94 84 66 40 24 10 41 93 99 100 100 100 100
    (<400)
    Brilliant Sky Blue 5G . . . . . . . . . . 564’ 710 A 82 85 84 77 62 41 23 13 I0 11 16 26 38 51 63 72
    (<400)
    (continrrcd)
    VI
    T A BL E 564.-TRANSMl6SlON O F D Y E S T U F F S OLU TI ON S O F “ A D JU S TE D ’ CONCENTRATIONS (continued)
    Wavelength (microns)
    r.40 .42 .44 .46 .48 .SO .52 .54 .56 .58 .60 .62 .64 .66 .68 .70
    C.I. No. Buffer
    Or or Transmittances (percent)
    Name A Max. Pr. No. solvent.-, v
    Benzo Azurine G............. 565 502 K 69 67 69 64 53 38 24 14 10 12 19 28 37 53 70 84
    (422)
    New Blue R .................. 566 909 A 70 64 60 57 46 31 19 13 10 12 20 30 56 85 95 97
    Neolan Black W A . . .......... 566 Pr. 143 A 21 23 26 28 29 27 20 14 10 11 12 19 38 62 82 91
    1<400)
    _.._,
    Benzo Blue RW ..............
    ~

    568 512 K 70 68 66 64 53 41 27 16 11 11 15 22 30 45 64 81
    Sulphon Acid Blue R ......... 570 208 A 81 80 73 63 52 39 25 15 11 11 16 29 51 72 87 94
    Supramine Black B R . . ....... 570 Pr. 189 A 25 28 27 24 22 22 19 13 10 11 14 20 28 39 55 72
    Benzo Fast Black L . . ........
    Methyl Violet B. .............
    (<2
    583
    Pr. 24
    680
    K
    A
    42
    98
    35
    97
    30
    92
    27
    83
    25
    67
    24
    48
    20
    30
    14
    20
    11
    15
    10
    10
    13
    17
    19
    55
    29
    86
    44
    95
    63
    98
    80
    99
    Nigrosine P ................. 583 865 A 35 34 33 29 25 20 16 13 11 10 11 13 16 21 26 32
    Methyl Violet B .............. 585 680 A 97 96 92 83 68 50 31 20 15 10 16 52 86 96 99 100
    Diamine Fast Blue F F B . . .... 586 Pr. 71 K 73 72 69 62 54 45 34 22 14 10 12 20 30 41 55 69
    (<400)
    Benzo Blue BB ............... 587 406 K 72 71 70 67 59 47 32 20 13 10 11 23 51 78 90 95
    Crystal Violet ............... 590 681 A 99 99 96 90 88 61 39 24 19 12 13 46 83 97 99 100
    Ethyl Violet ................. 592 682 A 98 97 % 93 84 66 43 23 16 13 11 36 75 92 98 99
    Crystal Violet A P X . . ......... 592 681 A 98 97 95 89 78 60 39 24 19 13 13 44 82 95 99 100
    Alizarine Sky Blue B . ........ 594 1088 A 50 65 82 85 75 61 44 28 18 11 10 11 15 31 61 84
    Chlorazol Dark Green.. ....... 600 583 K 17 20 22 27 34 37 34 25 16 12 10 12 17
    Victoria
    ... Blue B Base.. .......
    ~-
    (<g) 729 E 88 95 95 94 91 84 70 47 24 13 10 12 20
    30
    44
    53 74
    72 89
    Benzo Sky Blue .............. 603 520 K 78 76 74 71 65 56 43 29 18 12 10 11 18 40 70 89
    Fastusol Gray LVGL ......... 605 Pr. 379 K 41 41 37 35 31 26 22 18 14 11 10 11 14 19 26 34
    Benzo Green 2B .............. Pr. 29 K 21 24 28 32 36 42 42 36 25 15 10 11 15 24 42 68
    Indigetin IA .................. 608‘ 1180 A 90 88 86 85 85 80 68 48 30 18 11 13 34 69 91 97
    Palatine Fast Blue B N . . ...... 612 Pr. 318 A 43 51 55 54 53 47 34 23 13 11 11 11 31 66 88 95
    (573.

    (continued)
    ln

    5
    -
    I TABLE 564.-TRANSMIdSION O F DYESTUFF SOLUTIONS O F "ADJUSTED" CONCENTRATIONS (continued)
    In
    f Wavelength (microns)
    z
    W C.I. No. Buffer
    ' .40 .42 .44 .46 .48 .50 .52 .54
    A

    .56 .58 .60 .62 .64 .66 .68 .70


    I
    < Or or Transmittances (percent)
    !0
    !
    Name A Max. Pr. No. solvent, A
    3

    p Setocyanine .................. 613 663 A 75 82 95 96 93 88 78 63 45 30 14 12 45 84 97 100


    -4
    (An<\
    ,.".,I
    5 Victoria Blue B ............... 615 729 A 86 95 94 91 84 73 57 38 24 16 12 10 24 55 79 91
    m
    I-

    v, Cyananthrol R ............... (<z)(582,


    1076 A 56 68 82 82 73 59 42 27 16 ll ll 10 21 55 82 92

    Naphthol Blue Black .......... <%I 246 A 59 62 60 60 60 56 48 35 23 14 11 10 20 54 84 95

    Malachite Green .............


    (<2)
    618 657 A 77 64 71 92 97 94 86 73 52 35 19 10 30 72 94 99
    Celliton Fast Blue FR.. ....... (%) Pr. 227 E 71 83 89 87 81 70 55 40 26 18 16 10 22 27 28 60
    (673,
    580,
    Diamine Green B ............. 593 K 27 31 35 36 39 44 45 40 30 20 13 10 11 15 27 52
    Brilliant Green .............. (<2 662 A 77 66 74 93 97 95 90 79 59 41 24 10 22 63 91 98
    Setoglaucine .................
    )2;( 658 A 77 75 87 94 93 91 86 76 60 41 28 13 14 49 85 %

    Neeland Blue GG .............


    2'(:; Pr. 144 A 48 58 67 67 65 62 54 39 28 17 14 13 11 34 77 94
    (593.
    <4ooj
    Alizarine Supra Sky R ........ 635 Pr. 207 A 82 91 93 88 81 70 55 37 25 15 10 12 10 23 59 84
    (595.
    <4ooj
    Xylene Blue A S . . ............ 637 673 A 79 81 96 99 99 97 94 87 74 53 36 19 11 37 80 95
    (412)
    (confinued) wl
    2
    T A B L E 564.-TRANSMIQSION OF D Y E S T U F F S O L U T I O N S O F “ADJUSTED” CONCENTRATIONS (concluded)
    Wavelength (microns)
    .40 .42 .44 .46 .48 .SO .52 .54 .56 .58 .60 .62 .64 .66 .68 .70
    C.I. No. Buffer
    or or Transmittances (percent)
    Name X Max. Pr. No. solvent r-p v
    Wool Green S ................ 637 737 A 85 86 86 88 90 92 89 80 65 47 34 17 11 41 82 96
    (<W,
    Xylene Blue V S . . ............ 672 A 81 82 96 99 99 97 93 86 72 52 38 20 10 38 80 95
    913 A 87 86 87 89 91 87 76 57 36 18 10 11 10 18 52 78

    1078 A 24 23 35 55 69 68 57 41 28 18 11 10 10 13 30 59

    Alizarine Astrol B. . . . . ..... . . 642’ 1075 .4 51 56 74 87 86 75 61 42 28 17 11 11 10 17 43 75


    (607,
    <400)
    Alkali Fast Green 10G ........ 662 Pr. 13 A 72 64 60 74 89 93 92 86 76 61 42 26 15 10 15 38
    (437)
    922 A 97 98 97 96 93 92 91 86 75 59 36 28 20 11 29 80
    5 A 12 18 25 40 56 64 70 74 71 59 42 28 18 14 M 10
    T A B L E 565.-TRANSPARENCY O F VARIOUS SUBSTANCES 545
    Alum: Ordinary alum (crystal) absorbs the infrared.
    Metallic reflection at 9.05~
    and 30 to 40p.
    R o c k salt: Rubens and Trowbridge give the following transparencies for a 1 cm thick
    plate in percent:
    A 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20.7 23.7~
    To 99.5 99.5 99.3 97.6 93.1 84.6 66.1 51.6 27.5 9.6 .6 0.
    Pfluger gives the following for the ultraviolet, same thickness : 280pp,95.5percent; 231.
    86 percent ; 210,77 percent ; 186,70 percent.
    Metallic reflection a t O.llOp,0.156,51.2,and 87p.
    Sylvite: Transparency of a 1 cm thick plate :
    A 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20.7 23.7~
    % 100. 98.8 99.0 99.5 99.5 97.5 95.4 93.6 92. 86. 76. 58. 15.
    Metallic reflection at 0.114p,0.161,61.1,100.
    F l u o r i t e : Very transparent for the ultraviolet nearly to 0.1~.
    Rubens and Trowbridge give the following for a 1 cm plate :
    X 8p 9 10 11 12p
    % 84.4 54.3 16.4 1.0 0
    Metallic reflection a t 24p,31.6,40p.
    Iceland s p a r : Merritt gives the following values of k in the formula i = i d r d ( d in cm) :
    For the ordinary ray :
    A 1.02 1.45 1.72 2.07 2.11 2.30 2.44 2.53 2.60 2.65 2.74~
    k .O .O .03 .13 .74 1.92 3.00 1.92 1.21 1.74 2.36
    X 2.83 2.90 2.95 3.04 3.30 3.47 3.62 3.80 3.98 4.35 4.52 4.83~
    k 1.32 .70 1.80 4.71 22.7 19.4 9.6 18.6 00 6.6 14.3 6.1
    For the extraordinary ray :
    A 2.49 2.87 3.00 3.28 3.38 3.59 3.76 3.90 4.02 4.41 4.67~
    k .14 .08 .43 1.32 .89 1.79 2.04 1.17 39 1.07 2.40
    X 4.91 5.04 5.34 5 . 5 0 ~ ~
    k 1.25 2.13 4.41 12.8
    Q u a r t z : Very transparent to the ultraviolet; Pfliiger gets the. following transmission
    values for a plate 1 cm thick : a t 0.222p,94.2percent ; 0.214,92; 0.203,83.6; 0.186,67.2
    percent.
    Merritt gives the following values for Iz (see formula under Iceland spar) :
    For the ordinary ray:
    h 2.72 2.83 2.95 3.07 3.17 3.38 3.67 3.82 3.96 4.12 4.50~
    k 20 .47 .57 .31 .20 .15 1.26 1.61 2.04 3.41 7.30
    For the extraordinary ray :
    X 2.74 2.89 3.00 3.08 3.26 3.43 3.52 3.59 3.64 3.74 3.91 4.19 4.36~
    k .O .ll .33 26 .11 .51 .76 1.88 1.83 1.62 2.22 3.35 8.0
    For A > 7 p, becomes opaque, metallic reflection at 8.50p, 9.02,20.75-24.4p,
    then trans-
    parent again.

    T A B L E 566.-TRANSPARENCY OF W A T E R VAPOR (steam)

    Wave- Absorp- Wave- Absorp- Wave- Absorp-


    length Steam tion length Steam tion length Steam tion
    .95p 1$9 cm 7% 6.5p 32.4cm 8Wo 2Op 32.4 8040
    1.13 14 11 104 15 22 22
    1.36 75 13 104 35 26 "
    30
    1.84 84 15 104 55 30 "
    50
    2.64 100 18 32.4 55 34 80
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    546
    T A B L E 567,TRANSMISSION O F R A D I A T I O N T H R O U G H M O I S T AIR (percent)
    The values of this table are of use for finding the transmission of energy through air contain-
    ing a known amount of water vapor. An approximate value for the transmission may be had if
    the amount of energy from the source between the wavelengths of the first column is multiplied
    by the corresponding transmission coefficients of the subsequent columns. The values for the
    wavelengths greater than 188 are tentative and doubtful.

    Range of Precipitable water in cm


    wavelengths
    P C .001 .003 .006 .01 .03 .06 .10 25 .so 1.0 2.0 6.0 10.0
    .75 to 1.0 - 100 99 99 98 97 95 93 90 83 78
    1.0 1.25 - 9 9 9 9 98 97 95 92 89 85 74 69
    1.25 1.5 - - 96 92 84 80 66 57 51 44 31 28
    1.5 2.0 - - 98 97 94 88 79 73 70 66 60 57
    *2 3 96 92 87 84 77 70 64 - - - - - -
    3 4 95 88 84 78 72 66 63 - - -
    *4 5 92 83 76 71 65 60 53 - - - -
    5 6 95 82 75 68 56 51 47 35 - - - - -
    6 7 85 54 SO 31 24 8 4 3 2 0 0 0 0
    7 8 94 84 76 68 57 46 35 16 10 2 0 0 0
    8 9 100 100 100 99 98 96 94 65 - - - - -
    t9 10 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
    +l
    12
    11
    12
    13
    100
    1w
    ~ .
    100
    100
    100
    .
    100
    100
    100
    100
    100
    100
    100
    100
    100
    99
    100
    99
    99
    100
    98
    97
    100
    96
    86
    ..
    100
    95
    82
    100
    93
    -
    100
    -
    -

    *13 14 100 100 100 99 97 94 90 80 60 - - - -


    *14 15 96 93 80 75 50 15 0 0 0 0 0
    *15 16 - - 70 55 40 0 0 0 0 0 0
    16 17 - - - 50 20 0 0 0 0 0 0
    17 :8 - - - 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0
    18 00 89 82 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
    These places require multiplication by the following factors to allow for losses in COa gas. Under average
    sea-level outdoor conditions the COz (partial pressure = 0.003 atm) amounts to about 0.6 g/cm*. Paschen gives
    3 times as much for indoor conditions.
    , ?, 5 :i 2 2 p:th (95) ; f: I?! 5 ;i nf p?!h (93) ;
    2~ tp 3 ~ fy
    4 5 (93) ; (70); more Cot no further effect;
    13 '' 14, slight allowance to be made;
    14 " 1 5 ,!
    ! g in *: p:,th redEces eneLgy p z y o ;
    1 5 " 16, " "
    t These places re uire multi lication by 0.90 and 0.70 respectively for one air mass and 0.85 and 0.65 for two
    air masses to allow lor ozone agsorptioii when the radiation comes from a celestial body.

    T A B L E 568.-bNFRARED T R A N S M I S S I O N OF VARIOUS
    SUBSTANCES (percent) Irn

    2Op 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130p


    Fused quartz . . . .. .2 m,m 0 0 2 20 35 51 53 52 .. .. ..
    'I "
    ..... 1.0 0 0 0 0 o o 5 6 i 8 30 22 27
    Crystal " ..... 1.0 " 0 1 7 42 57 62 59 72 71 78 70 72
    Sulfur, rhombic . . .9 " 30 40 10 6 39 37 52 58 51 56 58 38
    Paraffin . . . .. . . . . 2.0 " 19 35 42 51
    .~58 64 65 7s 85 79 76 70
    Cellophane . . . . ...
    .
    Mica . . . . . . . . . . . 68
    4oP
    6 18 50 53 46
    0 16 22 23 24
    57 50
    24 23
    .-
    21 27 50
    23 29 30
    (55)
    30
    (2;)
    Celluloid . . . . . . . . 1P 92 93 95 96 96 97 97 98 98 99 99 99
    Black paper . .. ... .1 mm
    * .. 2 5 13 19 22 23 26 28 30
    Camphor soot .. . . 60 76 79 80 81 82 84 85 86 87 89 90
    Pfund Bi black ... t 30 40 44 48 50 40 45 58 60 57 60 63
    Lampblack,
    water glass .... .8 0 (1) (3) 7 12 21 20 26 30 25 30 30

    '"Barnes, Phys. Rev., vol. 39, p. 562, 1932.


    On celluloid l p thick.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    547
    T A B L E 5 6 9 . 4 N F R A R E D T R A N S M I S S I O N , IN P E R C E N T , O F A N U M B E R O F
    MATERIALS

    Thallium
    bromide-
    Magne- P?tas- iodide
    Lead slum sturn Silver Thallium ( 5 W I . Thallium Ceaium
    Thick- chloride oxide chloride chloride bromide 4% Br) chloride Sapphire
    .. bromide
    , *
    6 .47 6 6 6 8 6 1.17 7

    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71.5
    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 77.8
    1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 79.8
    2 .. 88 .. 73 .. .. .. 86.5 82.0
    3 .. 87 .. 76 .. .. .. 89.0 82.0
    4 .. 89 .. 77 .. .. .. 89.2 82.0
    5 .. 90 .. 79 .. .. .. 82.5 82.0
    6 .. 89 .. 80 .. .. .. 50.0 82.0
    7 .. 84 .. 80 .. .. .. 4.0 83.0
    8 .. 78 .. 80 .. .. .. .. 83.0
    10 .. 11 .. 80 .. .. .. .. 83.5
    12 .. .. .. 80 .. .. .. .. 84.0
    14
    iB
    82
    82
    ..
    ..
    ..
    ..
    80
    82
    .... ..
    .... ..
    ..
    ..
    ..
    84.5
    85.0
    18 80 .. 87 82 .. .. .. 85.0
    20 77 .. 72 78 .. .. .. .. 85.0
    22 69 .. 37 62 61 .. 57 .. 85.0
    24 52 .. 12 46 61 .. 38 .. 84.0
    26 19 .. .. 27 60 66 18 .. 84.0
    28
    30
    *.
    ..
    ..
    ..
    ..
    ..
    ..
    ..
    57
    50
    62
    61
    6
    ..
    ..
    ..
    83.0
    83.0
    32
    34
    ..
    ..
    ..
    ..
    ..
    ..
    .... 39
    33
    58
    54
    ..
    ..
    ..
    ..
    83.0
    82.0
    36 .. .. .. .. 26 51 .. .. 80.0
    38 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 76.0
    Data from E. K. Plyler, Nat. Bur. Standards, Journ. Res., vol. 41, 1948, and E. K. Plyler, National
    Bureau of Standards, private communication. Cesium bromide data by 8;K.125,Plyler and F. A. Phelps.

    T A B L E 5 7 0 . 4 N F R A R E D T R A N S M I S S I O N O F GASES (percent) lm

    Length of cell, 4 inches.


    Material Pressure 6.7s 8.78 20.75s 22.98 27.38 29.4s 32.8s
    NHa ...... 760mmHg 24 26 79 93 83 82 62
    CaHa ......
    760 95 92 99 101 101 100 98
    Has ....... 760 97 98 98 97 92 90 83
    so1 ....... 760 98 5 7 58 100 100 96
    -. - ......
    CeHa 96 65 97 102
    ~.~ 99 100
    _.. 98 95
    .-
    CCL .......
    114 95 99 97 99 99 99 91
    CSa ....... 361 30 98 100 86 98 99 96
    CHCIS ..... 200 93 90 99 98 98 97 97
    (CsHt.)aO 526 ..
    17 6 61 45 69 71 61
    lmStrong, Phys. Rev., vol. 37, p. 1565, 1931, Restrahlung.

    T A B L E 571.-INFRARED T R A N S M I S S I O N O F SOLIDS (percent)

    Material Description 6 . 7 ~ 8.7s 20.758 2 2 . 9 ~ 27.38 2 9 . 4 ~ 32.8s


    Lacouer
    ___ zk.55~thickness
    film ........
    ------ 96 93 97 98 99 99 -1 _0_
    Mica ...............
    1---

    lop thickness 83 22 19 00 35 42 44
    Soot on lacquer.. ....
    Opaque to visible 25 22 67 53 60 67 60
    Quartz, fused .......
    lo+ thickness 86 02 01 03 51 55 68
    Glass ...............3p thickness 93 07 12 14 48 51 56
    Cellouhane ..........
    25s thickness 33 04 04 01 20 25 26
    MgO- ...............Deposit from burning
    Mg ribbon 88 86 04 02 90 93 87
    ZnO ................ Deposit from Zn arc 99 80 15 05 93 79 80
    SWTHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    548 T A B L E 572.-INFRARED R E F L E C T I O N OF SOLIDS (percent)

    Description of reflector 22,911 32.8~


    Deposit of MgO from burning Mg ribbon.. ...................... 0 0
    Reflection p M g O ............................................. 80 33
    Mica ......................................................... 32 ..
    Parafin ...................................................... 04 ..
    Pencil mark on paper .......................................... 09 ..
    Soot coating ............................... 43 48

    +
    i
    Silver covered with MgO coating ..............................
    ZnO coating ..............................
    Optical black ..............................
    Gold foil blackened with bismuth.. ..............................
    KBr 1.5p CaFl deposited by evaporation.. .....................
    08
    01
    31
    >19
    10
    91
    52
    ..
    ..
    ..
    +
    KI 1 . 5 ~CaF2 deposited by evaporation.. ...................... 13

    T A B L E 573.-ABSORPTION O F V A R I O U S M A T E R I A L S U S E D FOR
    B L A C K E N I N G R E C E I V E R S FOR MEASURIING R A D I A T I O N O F
    DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS
    Soot from a candle, acetylene, or camphor flame has been used and was found by Pfund
    to be very good to wavelengths about 1 . 2 ~ ;beyond this to longer wavelengths the soot
    becomes transparent until at about 1lp, for a film about as thick as will work satisfactorily,
    it transmits about 50 percent of the incident radiation.
    Very finely powdered metal such as zinc (4 parts Zn and 1 part Sb) and platinum were
    found to be very good. Even for wavelengths of about 14p the Zn powder absorbed over
    98 percent of the radiation and out to 51p the absorption was about 85 percent.
    For longer wavelengths powdered NaCI, KBr, TICS, and some other salts were found to
    be very good, as shown in the table.
    The figures given in the table for radiation absorption are relative, those with the highest
    values being the blackest. For instance, India ink and tellurium powder are the best
    absorbers for radiation shorter than 5p while for longer wavelengths than 5Op powdered
    glasses and CuSO, are probably the more nearly black.
    The absorptive power is an integrated effect over the entire far infrared. Litharge,
    powdered glass, white lead, copper sulfide, celestite, and red phosphorus were the best
    absorbers beyond 50p. A very thin coat of the absorbing material in most cases was an
    inefficient absorber of the extreme infrared waves. A very poor absorbing material in
    most cases such as copper or platinum will absorb if the surface is sufficiently rough.
    For radiometers, the absorbing material is better when mixed with turpentine and
    alcohol and painted on the vanes. For thermocouples, the absorbing material is better if it
    is mixed with lacquer. Sixty-fold sensitiveness and better steadiness comes from evacua-
    tion.
    The high absorption of glass in the near infrared suggests its use as a source of radiation.
    Two P t wires separated by 4 mm and covered with glass were heated by an electric cur-
    rent ; the hot portion of the glass between the wires served as a source of extreme infrared
    radiation. A convenient method of filtering out the near infrared is to grind the windows
    with emery so that the pits are about 4p deep. The apparatus may be adjusted with visible
    light by covering the rough surface with turpentine.
    Radiation Radiation
    absorbed for abnorbed for
    Suhstance h<Sp x>s0!4 Substance X<5# x>5o/.l
    Litharge .............. 10.8 4.3 Silver sulfide .......... 12.8 4.4
    Ground glass ........... 11.9 4.7 Copper sulfate crystals
    Powdered glass ... 11.7 5.0 from solution ........ 15.0 4.1
    White lead 2 Pb Wellsbach mantle
    CO,.Pb(OH)z ....... 14.9 4.9 material ............. 8.9 31
    White lead in lacquer.. . 14.3 4.4 Platinum black ........ 18.2 4.4
    Red phosphorus . . . . . . . . 18.3 5.0 Tartaric acid and
    Red phosphorus from sugar ............... 16.0 3.9
    a match box.. ........ 17.7 5.1 Talc .................. 12.5 3.8
    Cefestite, powdered Water glass ........... 12.1 3.7
    SrSO. .............. 14.7 4.6 Tellurium, powdered ... 19.2 33
    Brucite, powdered India ink .............. 18.8 3.8
    M g ( 0 H ) s ........... 11.4 4.2 Lacquer ............... 8.6 3.0
    Angelsite, powdered Castor.oil .............. 8.8 28
    PbSO, .............. 14.2 4.2 Glycerine .............. 11.2 3.1
    Copper sulfide . 17.1 5.2 Turpentine ............ 8.1 .2
    Copper oxide .......... 13.8 4.4 Clean receiver ......... 2.9 .2

    Cartwright Phys Rev. vol 35 415, 1930; Pfund, Rev. Sci. Instr., vol. 1, p. 397, 1930, and
    Journ. Opt. Soc: Arne;., vo1.’23, p. 3 > e 1933.
    ShllTHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    549
    TABLES 574-592.-REFLECTION AND ABSORPTION OF
    RADIATION
    According to Fresnel, the amount of light reflected by the surface of a trans-
    1 sin2 ( i - r )
    + }
    tan2 ( i - r )
    parent medium = 3 ( A B ) = - + {
    2 sin2 (i + r ) tan2 (i r )
    ;4
    . is ttir
    +

    amount polarized in the plane of incidence ; B is that polarized perpendicular


    to this ; i and r are the angles of incidence and refraction.

    T A B L E 574.-RADIATION REFLECTED W H E N j = O " OR I N C I D E N T L I G H T


    I S N O R M A L T O SURFACE ( n - l)'/(n I)' +
    (percent)

    1 .oo .oo 1.4 2.78 2.0 11.11 5. 44.44


    1.02 .01 1.5 4.00 2.25 14.06 5.83 50.00
    1.05 .06 1.6 5.33 2.5 18.37 10. 66.67
    11 -2.3 1.7 6.72 2.75 22.89 100. 96.08
    1.2 33 i.8 8.16 3. 25.00 cx 100.00
    1.3 1.70 1.9 9.63 4. 36.00

    T A B L E 575.-RADIATION R E F L E C T E D W H E N n = 1.55
    ___ --
    A-B"
    i
    0
    r
    ,
    A B dA t dB t t(A +B) A+B

    0 0 .o 4.65 4.65 .I30 .I30 4.65 .O


    5 3 13.4 4.70 4.61 .131 .I29 4.65 1.0
    10 625.9 4.84 4.47 .135 ,126 4.66 4.0
    15 9 36.7 5.09 4.24 .141 .121 4.66 9.1
    20 1244.8 5.45 3.92 .I50 .I14 4.68 16.4
    25 15 49.3 5.95 3.50 .I61 .lo5 4.73 25.9
    30 1849.1 6.64 3.00 .I75 .094 4.82 37.8
    35 21 43.1 7.55 2.40 .191 ,081 4.98 51.7
    250 24 30.0
    27 8.5
    29 37.1
    8.77
    10.38
    12.54
    1.75
    1.08
    .46
    ,210
    .233
    .263
    ,066
    .049
    .027
    5.26
    5.73
    6.50
    66.7
    81.2
    92.9
    55 31 54.2 15.43 .05 .303 ,007 7.74 99.3
    60 33 58.1 19.35 .I2 ,342 -.013 9.73 98.8
    65 35 47.0 24.69 1.13 .375 -.032 12.91 91.2
    70 37 19.1 31.99 4.00 .400 --.050 18.00 77.7
    75 38 32.9 42.00 10.38 .410 --.060 26.19 61.8
    80 39 26.8 55.74 23.34 .370 --.069 39.54 41.0
    8230 39 45.9 64.41 34.04 .320 -.067 49.22 30.8
    85 0 39 59.6 74.52 49.03 .250 --.061 61.77 20.6
    86 0 40 3.6 79.02 56.62 209 -.055 67.82 16.5
    87 0 40 6.7 83.80 65.32 .163 -.046 74.56 12.4
    88 0 40 8.9 88.88 75.31 .118 -.036 82.10 8.3
    89 0 40 10.2 94.28 86.79 ,063 -.022 90.54 4.1
    90 0 40 10.7 100.00 100.00 ,000 -.ooo 100.00 .O
    Angle of total polarization = 57" 10'.3, A = 16.99
    This column gives the degree of polarization. t Columns 5 and 6 furnish a means of determining
    A and B for other values of n. They represent the change in these quantities for a change of n of 0.01.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    550
    T A B L E 576.-REFLECTING F A C T O R O F P O W D E R S (WHITE L I G H T )
    (percent)
    Various pure chemicals, very finely powdered and surface formed by pressing down
    with glass plate. White (noon sunlight) light. Reflection in percent.

    Aluminum oxide .............. 83.6 Rochelle salt ....... ........... 79.3


    Barium sulfate . . . . .. . . . . . ..
    81.1 . .. .. .. . . .. .
    Salicylic acid . . . . . . . .. 81.1
    Borax ........................ 81.6 .. . ..
    Sodium carbonate . . . . . . . . . 81.8
    83.2 .
    Boric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
    Sodium chloride . . . . . . . . . . . 78.1
    .
    Calcium carbonate . . . . . . . . . ,
    95t . .. . .
    Sodium sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.9
    Citric acid ... .................
    81.5 Starch ........................ 80.3
    Magyesium car!mate ... .... ... 86.6 Sugar . ..... .................. 87.8
    (block) .. 94-97t . Tartaric acid ..
    .. .. . .. ... .. .. . . 79.1
    Magnesium oxide (6 mm. thick). 98*t
    The smoke of magnesium turnin s freely burning in air and deposited on a satisfactory base forms
    a uniform fine-grained diffusing surface of high reflectance. This oxide should he deposited 90 as not
    to he affected by the heat from the burning Mg. A satisfactor base may be Al silver- lated Cu block
    porcelain. The oxide adheres better to depolished surfaces. {urfaces of high And uniform refle'ctance
    throughout the spectrum are best. t Revised values.

    T A B L E 577.-VARIATION O F R E F L E C T I N G FACTOR O F SURFACES


    W I T H ANGLE ( R E L A T I V E VALUES)

    Illumination at normal incidence, 14-watt tungsten lamp, reflection at angles indicated


    with normal.

    Angle of observation 0" 1' 3' 5" 10" 15" 30" 45" 60"
    Magnesium carbonate block.. . . . .. .88 - - .88 .88 .87 .83 .72 .68
    Magnesium oxide ............... .80 - - .80 .80 .80 .77 .75 .66
    Matt photographic paper ......... .78 - - .78 .78 .78 .78 .76
    .72
    White blotter ... .. ... .. .. .. ... . .76 . - - .76 .76 .76 .73 .70
    .67
    .
    Pot opal, ground. . . . ... . , . . . . . , . .69 .69 .69 .69 .69 .69 .68 .66
    .64
    Flashed opal, not ground.. . .. . . . . 11.3 11.3 11.3 .31 .22 21 2 0 2 0 .18
    Glass, fine ground.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 2 9 .29 .29 2 7 2 0 .14 .13 .12
    Glass, coarse ground . . . . . . . . .. . . . 2 3 2 2 21 2 0 .19 .16 .ll .ll .12
    Matt varnish on foil.. . .. .. . . . . .. .83 - .78 .72 .62 .49 2 8 .21 .16
    Mirror with ground face ......... 4.9 - - 4.55 3.86 3.03 .78 .42 .35

    The following figures, taken from Fowle, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 58, No. 8, in-
    dicate the amount of energy scattered on each side of the directly reflected beam from a
    silvered mirror; the energy at the center of the reflected beam was taken as 1OO,OOO, and
    the angle of incidence was about 3".
    Angle of reflection, 3" 2 . . . . 0' .. 8' 10' 15' 20' 30' 45' 60' 100'
    Energy .... .................. 100,000 600 244 146 107 66 33 22 11
    Wavelength of max. energy of Nernst lamp used as source about 2p.

    T A B L E 578.-ULTRAVIOLET R E F L E C T I N G FACTOR O F S O M E M E T A L S *TI

    .250p .300 .350 .400 .450 SO0 .550 .600


    Aluminum, cast polished. .. . . . . . . .43 .45 .54 .62 .68 .72 .73 .74
    .
    rolled . . . . . ... . . . .. .21 28 .34 .41 .46 .SO .53 .56
    Rhodium . . . . . . . .. .
    . . . .. ... . ... .
    .30 .37 .44 .50 .53 .57 58 59
    . . .33
    Tin, polished .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 .45 .52 .60 .67 .72 .73
    . .. 2 4
    D u r $ m i n . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . .31 .44 .46 .46 .46 .46 .46
    .. . .20
    tarnished to. . . . . . . . 26 .32

    '7' Cohlentz, Stair, Nat. Bur. Standards Journ. Res., vol. 4, p. 189, 1930,

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    551
    T A B L E 579.-PERCENTAGE REFLECTION FROM METALS, V I O L E T E N D O F
    SPECTRUM IT*

    .. ..
    Wavelength in p . . . . . . . . . . .. . .05 .lo .15 .2O .25 .30 .35 .40 .SO .60
    $G electroplated ................. .. .. .. .. 40 44 51 53 56 (6J)
    vac. fused ... . .. . . .
    .. . .. ... .. . .. .. . . .. 48 42 45 52 62
    Ag (min. 7%, 33p) ............... .. .. .. .. 30 16 71 88 92 (94)
    Stellite (Co, Cr, Mo) ............ .. .. .. .. 46 49 55 60 64 (68)
    Stainless steel, 13% Cr. .. . . . . . ..... .. .. .. 40 47 52 56 59 (60)
    Cobalt .......................... .. .. .. .. 43 46 52 58 62 (67)
    . . ..
    Speculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 41 50 56 60 (aj
    Beryllium (98.7%) .............. 46 53 6i 79 84 87 .. ..
    .
    Chromium on steel.. . ... .. . .. ... 69 63 65 71 78 82 86 88 .. ..
    '"Coblentz, Stair, Nat. Bur. Standards Journ. Res., vol. 2, p. 343, 1929.

    T A B L E 580.-PERCENTAGE REFLECTING FACTOR O F D R Y POWDERED


    PIGMENTS
    The total reflecting power depends on the distribution of energy in the illuminant and is given
    in the last three columns for noon sun, blue sky, and for a 7.9 lumens/watt tungsten filament.

    Spectrum color Vio- Blue Green Yellow Orange Red


    p :G. g$ a
    Wavelength in p
    let --+-.56
    .44 .46 .48 .50 .52 .54 .58 .60 .62 .64 .66 .68 .70 Z
    R
    8S' E
    American vermilion.. . 8 6 5 5 6 6 9 11 24 39 53 61 66 65 14 12 12
    Venetian red ........ 5 5 5 5 5 6 7 12 19 24 28 30 32 32 11 10 13
    Tuscan red .......... 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 12 16 18 20 22 23 24 11 10 12
    Indian red ........... 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 11 15 18 20 22 23 24 10 9 11
    Burnt sienna ........ 4 4 4 4 5 6 9 14 18 20 21 23 24 25 11 9 13
    Raw sienna ......... 12 13 13 13 18 26 35 43 46 46 45 44 45 43 33 30 37
    Golden ochre .... .... 22 22 23 27 40 53 63 71 75 74 73 73 73 72 58 55 63
    Chrome yellow ochre.. 8 9 7 7 10 19 30 46 60 62 66 82 81 80 33 29 40
    Yellow ochre ........ 20 20 21 24 32 42 53 63 64 61 60 59 59 59 49 46 53
    Chromeyellowmedium 5 5 6 8 18 48 66 75 78 79 81 81 81 81 54 50 63
    Chrome yellow light.. 13 13 18 30 56 82 88 89 90 89 88 87 85 84 76 70 82
    Chrome green light ... 10 10
    7
    14 23 26
    21
    23
    17
    20
    13
    17 14 11 9 8 7 6 19 19 18
    Chrome green medium 7 10 21 11 9 7 6 6 6 5 14 14 12
    Cobalt blue .......... 59 58 49 35 23 15 11 10 10 10 11 15 20 25 16 18 13
    Ultramarine blue ..... 67 54 38 21 10 6 4 3 3 4 5 7 10 17 7 10 6

    T A B L E 581.-I N FR A R E D DI F F USE PERCENTAGE REFLECT1NG FACTORS


    O F DRY PIGMENTS

    .60* 3 - 27 52 26 74 70 84 86 82 86 85 86 88 85 76 68
    .95' 4 24 45 - 41 - - 88 - 86 - 84 93 89 79 72
    -
    -'

    4.4 14 15 33 51 30 34 41 21 47 8 16 22 23 29 11 -
    8.8 13 - 526 4 1 1 520 7 3 2 4 510 4 - -
    24.0 6 4 8 1 0 910 7 6 1 0 5 9 6 5 7 9 - -
    ' Nonmonocheomatic means from Coblentz.
    A surface of plate glass, ground uniformly with the finest emery and then silvered used at an angle
    of 75", reflected 90 percent at 4 ~ approached
    . 100 for longer waves only 10 at l p iess than 5 in the
    visible red and approached 0 for shorter waves. Similar results we& obtained with'a late of rock salt
    for transmitted energy when roughened merely by breathing on it. In both cases the iner the surface.
    the more suddenly it cuts off the short waves.

    SYlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    552 T A B L E 582.-REFLECTING FACTOR O F M E T A L S
    Perpendicular incidence and reflection (See also Tables 578, 579, 589)
    The numbers give the percents of the incident radiation reflected.

    .251 - 67.0 35.8 29.9 37.8 - 32.9 25.9 33.8 38.8 - 34.1
    .288 - 70.6 37.1 37.7 42.7 - 35.0 24.3 38.8 34.0 - 21.2
    .305 - 72.2 37.2 41.7 44.2 - 37.2 25.3 39.8 31.8 - 9.1
    .316 - - - - - - - - - _ _ 4.2
    .326 - 75.5 39.3 - 45.2 - 40.3 24.9 41.4 28.6 - 14.6
    .338 - - - - 46.5 - - - - - - 55.5
    ,357 - 81.2 43.3 51.0 48.8 - 45.0 27.3 43.4 27.9 - 74.5
    .385 - 83.9 44.3 53.1 49.6 - 47.8 28.6 45.4 27.1 - 81.4
    .420 - 83.3 47.2 56.4 56.6 - 51.9 32.7 51.8 29.3 - 86.6
    .450 85.7 83.4 49.2 60.0 59.4 48.8 54.4 37.0 54.7 33.1 - 90.5
    SO0 86.6 83.3 49.3 63.2 60.8 53.3 54.8 43.7 58.4 47.0 - 91.3
    .550 88.2 82.7 48.3 64.0 62.6 59.5 54.9 47.7 61.1 74.0 - 92.7
    .6Qo 88.1 83.0 47.5 64.3 64.9 83.5 55.4 71.8 64.2 84.4 - 92.6
    .650 89.1 82.7 51.5 65.4 66.6 89.0 56.4 80.0 66.5 88.9 - 94.7
    .700 89.6 83.3 54.9 66.8 68.8 90.7 57.6 83.1 69.0 92.3 - 95.4
    300 - 84.3 63.1 - 69.6 - 58.0 88.6 70.3 94.9 - 96.8
    1.0 - 84.1 69.8 70.5 72.0 - 63.1 90.1 72.9 - - 97.0
    1.5 - 85.1 79.1 75.0 78.6 - 70.8 93.8 77.7 97.3 - 98.2
    2.0 - 86.7 82.3 80.4 83.5 - 76.7 95.5 80.6 96.8 91.0 97.8
    3.0 - 87.4 85.4 86.2 88.7 - 83.0 97.1 88.8 - 93.7 98.1
    4.0 - 88.7 87.1 88.5 91.1 - 87.8 97.3 91.5 96.9 95.7 98.5
    5.0 - 89.0 87.3 89.1 94.4 - 89.0 97.9 93.5 97.0 95.9 98.1
    7.0 - 90.0 88.6 90.1 94.3 - 92.9 98.3 95.5 98.3 97.0 98.5
    9.3 - 90.6 90.3 92.2 95.6 - 92.9 98.4 95.4 98.0 97.8 98.7
    11.0 - 90.7 90.2 92.9 95.9 - 94.0 98.4 95.6 98.3 96.6 98.8
    14.0 - 92.2 90.3 93.6 97.2 - 96.0 97.9 96.4 97.9 - 98.3

    T A B L E 583.-LONG-WAVE ABSORPTION BY GASES


    Unless otherwise noted, gases were contained in a 20-cm long tube.

    Percentage absorption PercentageA absorption


    A
    r
    Long X. Long A,
    H g lamp H g lamp
    Fil- Fil-
    tered, tered,
    Gas llO& 314~ Gas a" 2 3 ~ 52p ll0p 314~
    Hz ..... 76 100 100 100
    ~ . .100 NH, . . .76 83.1 .5 99.2 43.3 66.7
    .. .
    Clz .... 76 100 99.6 99.5 98.5 97.6 CH; . . .76 91 94.3 99.2 100 100
    Bra .... 20 100 100 100 100 100 CzHz .. 76 99.5 87.4 97.3 97.9 100
    so2 ... 76 22.6 76.9 12.7 fi 4.8 CzHi . . .
    76 99 96.4 92.8 100 100
    CO, ... 76 100 100 100 lor, 100 csz ... 26 97.8 100 100 99.5 100
    co .... 76 100 100 94.1 92.1 91.6 CzHeO . 6 85.4 5.4 58 52.4 49.9
    HzS ... 76 99.6 11.6 5.4 10.3 21.4 GHmO. 51 26.8 46 34 21.8 10.7
    Nz0 ... 76 100 96.8 98.4 93.3 90.8 CsHxz .. 46 66 44.5 88.8 87 84.2
    NO ... 76 - 94 99 87.3 85.5 CHsCl . 14 98 100 100 95.4 94.7
    (CN )z . 76 100 97.8 100 99.3 - HzO+ . 76 39.6 .7 19.6 33.6 49.2
    Steam 100°C passed through tube 40 cm long, 150°C; 0.06 cm ppt. H20.
    t Pentane vapor, pressure 36 cmHg.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 584.-REFLECTING FACTOR O F BUlLDllNG MATERIALS 553
    The radiation used to measure the reflecting factors for the wavelengths given was ob-
    tained from the sun’s radiation transmitted through selected filters . T h e radiation from a
    “pointalight” transmitted through a thin gold filter may be used in place of the sun .
    .
    -
    Gold Com-
    Description (1.78~) 0 4 8 ) (.61~) (.SOP) film puted
    Magnesium carbonate ...................... 63 .99 .98 .96 .96 ..
    CLAYTILES
    Dutch: light red ........................... 68 .66 .56 .21 .57 .52
    Machine-made : red ....................... 72 .42 .34 .11 .38 .38
    red ........................ 55 .38 .31 .11 .34 .33
    lighter red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
    . .40 .32 .13 .34 .33
    dark purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 .22 .19 .13 .19 .18
    Hand-made : red ........................... 60 .47 .37 .12 .40 .39
    red brown .................... 55 .33 28 .13 .31 .31

    CONCRETE TILES

    Uncolored ................................ 37 .38 .36 27 .35 .33


    Brown ................................... 13 .17 .15 .09 .15 .13
    Brown: very rough ........................ 08 .13 .13 .10 .12 .11
    Black .................................... 06 .09 .09 .09 .09 .08

    SLATES
    Dark gray : smooth ........................ 09 .11 .11 .11 .11 .10
    fairly rough ...................10 .11 .10 .09 .10 .10
    rough ......................... 09 .10 .11 .11 .10 .10
    Greenish gray : rough ...................... 16 .11 .12 .13 .12 .13
    Mauve ................................... 14 .16 .13 .10 .14 .13
    Blue gray ................................ 20 .16 .13 .12 .13 .15
    Silver gray (Norwegian) ..................22 .21 .21 .19 .21 .20

    OT HE R ROOFING MATERIALS

    Asbestos cement : white .................... 35 .42 .41 .36 .41 .39


    red ..................... 33 .33 .29 .14 .31 .26
    Enamelled steel : white ..................... 35 .53 .53 .57 .52 .52
    green .................... 26 .34 .17 .13 .24 .25
    red ....................... 24 .26 .18 .08 .19 .19
    blue ...................... 23 27 .17 .18 .20 23
    Galvanized iron : new ....................... 58 .30 .34 .34 .35 .35
    very dirty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 .09 .09 .O 9. .09 .09
    whitewashed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 . .79 .79 .76 .78 .74
    Special roofing sheet : brown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 . .15 .12 .07 .13 .13
    green ...............13 .20 .12 .12 .14 .15
    Bituminous felt ............................ 10 .12 .11 .11 .12 .11
    Aluminized felt ........................... 67 .60 .61 .57 .62 .60
    Weathered asphalt ........................ 12
    Roofing lead : old ...........................
    .12 .11 .09 .11 .11
    46 .20 .19 .15 .21 .23

    BRICKS
    Gault : cream ............................. 74 .69 .64 .43 .64 .61
    Stock : light fawn .......................... 56 .47 .38 .19 .44 .39
    Fletton : light portion ....................... 67 .61 .57 .35 sa .52
    dark portion ...................... 54 .46 .37 .15 .41 .37
    Wire cut: red ............................. 56 .48 .41 .15 .44 .39
    Sand-lime : red ............. .37 .30 .11 .32 .30
    Mottled purple ............. .26 22 .15 .23 .23
    Stafford: blue ..... ................... 21 .12 .11 .08 .11 .12
    Lime-clay (French) ....................... 57 .63 .52 .29. .54 .49

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    554
    T A B L E 585.-REFLECTION A N D TRANSMISSION O F VARIOUS MATERIALS
    FOR V E R Y LONG W A V E L E N G T H S
    With quartz, 1.7 cm thick : 60 to 80p, absorption very great ; 63p, 99 percent ; 82p, 97.5 ;
    97p, 83.

    Percentage reflection
    Iceland Rock Fluo-
    Wavelength spar Marble salt Sylvite KBr KI rite Glass Water Alcohol
    X=82p* ...... - - 25.8 36.0 82.6 29.6 19.7 - 9.6 -
    A=108pt ..... 47.1 43.8 20.3 19.3 31.1 35.5 20.2 19.2 11.6 1.6

    Percentage transparency
    Uncorrected for reflections
    Thicknegs
    precipi-
    Trans- Thick- tabje Trans-
    Solid Thickness parency Liquid ness liquid parency
    Paraffin ............ 3.03 57.0 Benzene ....... 1.00 - 56.8
    Mica ............... .055 16.6 Ethyl alcohol .. ,158 - 7.9
    Hard rubber ........ .40 39.0 Ethyl ether ... .158 - 37.1
    Quartz 11 axis.. ...... 2.00 62.6 Water ........ .029 - 25.8
    Quartz, amorph ..... 3.85 0 Water ........ .044 - 13.6
    Rock salt ........... .21 21.5
    Fluorite ............ .59 5.3 Vapors :
    Diamond ............ 1.26 45.3 Alcohol ..... 2.00 .023 88
    Quartz 1 axis ....... 2.00 81.3 Ether ....... 2.00 .350 33.5
    “ ‘I “ ....... 4.03 66.4 Benzene . . . . . 2.00 ,063 100
    ‘I “ “ ....... 7.26 49.8 Water ...... 4.00 .2 1 19.6
    I‘ “ ‘I
    ....... 11.74 35.5 co, .......... 2.00 - 100
    “ “ “
    ....... 14.66 29.0
    Restrahlung from KBr. t Isolated with quartz lens.

    T A B L E 586.-TRANSPARENCY O F BLACK ABSORBERS


    (percent)

    Candle
    Black Black lampblack,
    silk paper,, bl ac
    O r qpaner,
    ue cardboard 10 cm2 = 1.8
    Method and wavelength ,025 mm thick .llmm thick .4 mm thick mg
    Spectrometer ........... 5 0 0 0 .5
    4 .9 0 0 8.6
    6 1.7 0 0 16.0
    12 8.2 1.4 0 37.6
    Fluorite “reststrahlen” ... 26 24.2 32 0 76.7
    Rock salt “reststrahlen” . . 52 46.0 15.1 0 91.3
    Quartz lens isolation. .... 108 61.5 33.5 1.6 91.5

    T A B L E 587.-RELATlVE R E F L E C T I V I T Y O F S N O W , SAND, A N D O T H E R
    M A T E R I A L S 1’3

    White
    Main: Florida Crushed Plaster White Sodium $ Sodium cotton
    sand sand t quartz Snow of parls paper carbonate chloride cloth 5
    .3 to .4p ... 8 15 40 35 40 8 14 38 26
    .4 to .8p ... 25 40 50 40 53 30 28 49 42
    .8 to 2.6p ... 33 50 53 15 60 30 35 54 40
    2.6 to 7p .... 31 30 28 18 63 15 18 55 20
    7p ........... 48 .. .. 26 .. .. .. .. ..
    111 Hulburt. Journ. Opt. SOC.Amer.. vol. 17. p. 23, 1928.
    Yellow-white grains of many kinds. t Very white. $ Anhydrous. 9 Handkerchief.

    SMITHWNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    555
    T A B L E 588.-P E R C E N T A GE DI F F U S E R E F L E C T l O N F R O M MI SCE L L A N E O U S
    SU BSTANC E S

    .60 3.2 25. 52. 84. 82. 89. 15. 1.8 14. 30.
    .95 3.4 1.3 1.1 .6 1.3 1.1 88. 86. 75. 93. 21.
    4.4 3.2 1.3 .9 .8 1.2 1.4 51. 21. 8. 18. 29. 3.7
    8.8 3.8 1.3 1.2 1.6 2.1 26. 2. 3. 5. 11. 2.7 12.
    24.0 4.4 3.0 4.0 2.1 5.7 4.2 10. 6. 5. 7.

    T A B L E 589.--INFRARED REFLECTIVITY O F TUNGSTEN


    (Temperature variation)
    Three tungsten mirrors were used-a polished Coolidge X-ray target and two polished
    flattened wires mounted in evacuated soft-glass bulbs with terminals for heating electrically.
    Weniger and Pfund, Journ. Franklin Inst.

    Percent increase in reflectivity in


    Absolute reflectivity going from room temperature to
    Wayelength 2t room temperature , *
    In P in percent 1377°K 1628°K 1853°K 2056°K
    .67 51 +6.0 +7.4 + 8.7 + 9.8
    .80 55 - - - + 8.2
    1.27 70 .o .O .O .o
    1.90 83 -6.6 -8.2 - 9.6 -11.0
    2.00 85 -7.5 -9.3 -10.9 -12.3
    2.90 92 -7.7 -9.4 -11.1 -12.5
    4.00 93 - - - -12.5

    T A B L E 590.-RESTRAHLUNG BANDS F R O M V A R I O U S M A T E R I A L S '"


    (percent)

    Filter
    Number of Crystal mm paraffin Wayelength Frequency
    reflections mirrors (fn each case) In P in .- /cm
    4 ...... Quartz 1 cm KCI 20.7 483
    3 ...... Fluorite 5 mm KCI 23 435
    1 . . . . . . Metal
    2 ...... Fluorite 3 mm KBr 27.3 366
    4 ...... Calcite 29.4 340
    3 ...... Fluorite .4 mm quartz 32.8 305
    1 ...... Metal 1.2 mm K B r
    3 ...... Aragonite .4 mm quartz 41 * 244
    1 ...... Metal
    4 ...... Wac1 2 mm,'quartz 52 192
    4 ...... KCl ' 63 159
    4 ...... KBr 83 120
    4 ...... KI "
    ' 94 106
    4 ...... TlBr 117 85
    4 ...... TI1 "
    152 66
    Magnesium oxide 22.5 444
    ?Strong, Phys. Rev., vol. 38, p. 1818, 1931.
    The use of a paraffin win4ow about 3 mm thick stops the short wavelength restrahlung of quartz at
    8 . 7 ~and of calcite at 6.7~. Weak reflection at 418.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    556
    T A B L E 591.-lNFRARED R E F L E C T I N G FACTOR O F V A R I O U S M A T E R I A L S *
    (percent)

    - A = 2ofi
    / c m = 500
    25
    400
    334
    300
    50
    200
    663
    150
    100
    100
    15Op
    661
    R o y h br;?ss................. 67 70 78 83 92 96 100
    ................. 24 33 42 58 68 81 99
    'I I'
    ................. 12 14 17 21 25 40 82
    Galena ...................... 31 30 21 51 73 76 76
    Zincite ...................... 50 35 18 21 18 20 15
    p magnesia, fused.. ........... 80 60 34 30 30 30 30
    Stibnite ..................... 21 20 4 39 48 52 39
    Sphalerite ................... 10 15 29 20 19 18 17
    Corundum ...................
    Cuprite ...................... (2) :; 26
    47
    31
    42
    29
    41
    24
    42
    22
    46
    .For reference, see footnote 174, p. 5 5 5 .

    T A B L E 592.-INFRARED TRANSMISSION OF VARIOUS MATERIALS *

    KBr
    -
    ..........................
    x = 20p
    /cm= 500
    25
    400
    61
    334
    300
    46
    50
    200
    3
    663
    150
    ..
    100
    100
    ..
    15Op
    664
    ..
    K1 ............................ 83 76 12 .. .. ..
    Amorphous SiOz ............. 3 27 64 63 62 70 87
    CCI, liquid ................... );;( 63 50 74 74 );;( ..
    KCI ........................ 97 96 93 80 ..
    .For reference, see footnote 174, p. 555.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    557
    TABLES 593-597.-ROTATION OF PLANE OF POLARIZED LIGHT
    T A B L E 593.-TARTARIC ACID, C A M P H O R , S A N T O N I N , S A N T O N I C ACID,
    C A N E SUGAR
    A few examples are here given showing the el'fect of wavelength on the rotation of the plane of
    polarization. The rotations are for a thickness of one decimeter of the solution. The following
    symbols are used :
    fi = number grams of the active subs!ance in 100 g of the solt$on.
    c= solvent " "

    q= " active " " cm'

    Right-handed rotation is marked +,


    left-handed -.
    - - .___
    Tartaric acid, C4HeOo. Camphor,,CmHd. Santonin, CiIHl~03.
    dissolved in water. dissolved in alcohol. dissolved in chloroform
    Line of q = 50 to 95. q = 50 to 95. q = 75 to 96.5,
    spectrum Wavelength temp = 24°C temp = 22.9"C temp = 2O'C
    B 6867 A -140'?1
    . . + .20850
    ~
    + .09446 q i:isssG
    ~

    C 6562 +2:748 38?549 - .0852 -149.3


    D 5892 +1.950 + .13030 q 51.945 - ,0964 q -202.7 + .3086q
    E
    bi
    5269
    5183
    + + .17514 q
    .153 74.331 - .1343 u -285.6
    -302.38
    + .5820a
    + .6557 q
    bz 5172 - .i32 + .i9i47 79.348 - ,1451 q
    F 4861 -3.598 + ,23977 q 99.601 - .1912 q -365.55 + .8284 9
    e 4383 -9.657 + ,31437 q 149.696 - .2346 q -534.98 + 1.5240 q
    Smtonin, ClaHiROa Santonic acid.
    Santonin,.CI5HlaOl, dissolved in
    A
    ,
    dissolved in
    dissolved
    ClKHloO4,in
    dissolved in alcohol. alcohol. chloroform. chloroform.
    c = 1.782 c = 4.046 c = 3.1-30.5 c = 27.192
    temp = 20°C temp = 20°C temp = 20°C temp = 20°C
    B 6867 -1 10.4" 442 484" - 49"
    C 6562 -118.8 504 549 - 57
    D 5892 -161.0 693 754 - 74
    E 5269 -222.6 99 1 1088 -105
    bi 5183 -237.1 1053 1148 -112
    bi 5172 - - - -
    F 4861 -261.7 1323 1444 -137
    e 4383 -380.0 2011 2201 -197
    G 4307 - - - -
    g 4226 - 2381 2610 -230

    Values obtained at the National Bureau of Standards for the rotation of sucrose are given below.
    Light Rot A Light Rot A
    source Rot X = 5461 A Cal2? source Rot X = 5461 "x" *
    Li 6708 .644 50.45 Cd 4678 1.403 109.9
    Cd 6438 .711 55.70 Hg 4358 1.644 128.8
    Na 5892.5 .84922 66.529 A g 4208 1.786 139.9
    Hg 5780 .8854 69.36 Hg 4047 1.95 152.8
    Hg 5461 1.oooo 78.342
    Ag 5209 1.108 86.80
    Cd 5086 1.167 9 1.43
    Cd 4800 1.323 103.65
    Degrees per dm. The above values are for a near normal solution, i.e., approximately 26 g of sucrose per
    100 cma.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    558 T A B L E 594.-SODIUM CHLORATE; QUARTZ

    Sodium chlorate Quartz


    h
    \ --
    Spec- Spec- Spec-
    trum Wave- T yp Rotation trum Wave- Rotation trum Wave- Rotation
    line length C per mm line length per mm line length per mm
    a 7164A 15.0 2"68 A 7604 W668 Cds 3609 63Y628
    B 6870 17.4 2.318 a 7164 14.304 N 3582 64.459
    C 6563 20.6 2.599 B 6870 15.746 Cdio 3465 69.454
    D 18.3 3.104 -
    0 3441 70.587
    E 16.0 3.841 C 6563 17.318
    F 11.9 4.587 Di 5896 21.684 Cd,, 3401 72.448
    G 10.1 5.331 D2 5890 21.727 P 3360 74.571
    G 4308 14.5 6.005 Q 3285 78.579
    H 4101 13.3 6.754 E 5270 27.543 Cdn 3247 80.459
    L 14.0 7.654 F 4862 32.773
    M 10.7 8.100 G 4308 42.604 R 3180 84.972
    N 12.9 8.861 Cdii 2747 121.052
    P 3361 12.1 9.801 h 4102 47.481 Cdia 2571 143.266
    B
    T
    3287
    3180
    3021
    11.9
    13.1
    12.8
    10.787
    ii.921
    12.424
    H
    K
    3969
    3934
    51.193
    52.155
    CdD
    Cd,
    2312
    2264
    190.426
    201.824
    Cdir 2747 12.2 13.426 L 3820 55.625 Cds 2193 220.731
    Cdia 2571 11.6 14.965 M 3728 58.894 Cdm 2143 235.972

    T A B L E 595.-REFLECTING FACTOR O F M E T A L S (See Table 584)


    Wave- Graph-
    length A l Sb Cd Co ite Ir Mg Mo Pd Rh Si Ta Te Sn W Va Zn
    P Percents
    . 5 - - - . - 22 - 72 46 - 76 34 38 - - 49 57
    .6 - 53 - - 24 - 73 48 - 77 32 45 49 51 - 58
    .8 - 54 - - 25 - 74 52 - 81 29 64 48 56 - 60 -
    1.0 71 55 72 67 27 78 74 58 72 84 28 78 50 54 62 61 80
    2.0 82 60 87 72 35 87 77 82 81 91 28 90 52 61 85 69 92
    4.0 92 68 96 81 48 94 84 90 88 92 28 93 57 72 93 79 97
    7.0 96 71 98 93 54 95 91 93 94 94 28 94 68 81 95 88 98
    10.0 98 72 98 97 59 96 - 94 97 95 28 - - 84 96 - 98
    12.0 98 - 99 97 - 96 - 95 97 - - 95 - 85 96 - 99

    The surfaces of some of the samples were not perfect so that the corresponding values have less weight. The
    followin more recent values are given for tungsten and stellite, an exceedingly hard and untarnishable alloy
    of Co, Er, Mo, Mn. and Fe (C. Si, S, P ).
    Wavelength, .IS .SO .75 1.00 2.00
    Tungsten,
    p,
    - -2 0 _.30 .SO .52
    3.00 4.00 5.00
    ,576 ,900 ,943 ,948 .953
    9.00
    -
    Stellite, .32 .42 .50 .64 .67 ,689 ,747 ,793 .825 ,848 ,880

    T A B L E 596.-OPTICAL CONSTANTS O F METALS


    Two constants are required to characterize a metal optically, the refractive index, n,
    and the absorption index, k, the latter of which has the following significance : the ampli-
    tude of a wave after traveling one wavelength, Xi measured in the metal, is reduced in the
    ratio 1 : exp (-2rk) * or for any distance a' 1 : exp (-2ra'k/X'), for the same wave-
    length measured in air this ratio becomes 1 : exp ( - ZrdnklX'), nk is sometimes called
    the extinction coefficient. Plane polarized light reflected from a polished metal surface is
    in general elliptically polarized because of the relative change in phase between the two
    rectangular components vibrating in and perpendicular to the plane of incidence. For a
    certain angle, 7 (principal inzidence) the change is 90" and if the plane polarized incident
    beam has a certain azimuth $ (principal azimuth) circularly polarized light results.

    k = t a n 24 (1 -cot );*
    sin 5 tan
    and n = (1 + k')*
    7 (1 + 4c o w .
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 596.-OPTICAL C O N S T A N T S OF M E T A L S (concluded) 559
    For rougher approximations the factor in parentheses may be omitted. R = computed
    percentage reflection.
    (The points have been so selected that a smooth curve drawn through them closely
    indicates the characteristics of the metal.)
    Comouted
    Metal x 7
    -
    lb tt k nk
    P %
    Cobalt .231 64"31' 29"39 1.10 1.30 1.43 32.
    .275 70 22 29 59 1.41 1.52 2.14 46.
    .500 77 5 31 53 1.93 1.93 3.72 66.
    .650 79 0 31 25 2.35 1.87 4.40 69.
    1.00 81 45 29 6 3.63 1.58 5.73 73.
    1.50 83 21 26 18 5.22 1.29 6.73 75.
    2.25 83 48 26 5 5.65 1.27 7.18 76.
    Copper .231 65 57 26 14 1.39 1.05 1.45 29.
    .347 65 6 28 16 1.19 1.23 1.47 32.
    .500 70 44 33 46 1.10 2.13 2.34 56.
    .650 74 16 41 30 .44 7.4 3.26 86.
    .870 78 40 42 30 .35 11.0 3.85 91.
    1.75 84 4 42 30 .83 11.4 9.46 96.
    2.25 85 13 42 30 1.03 11.4 11.7 97.
    4.00 87 20 42 30 1.87 11.4 21.3
    5.50 88 00 41 50 3.16 9.0 28.4
    Gold 1.oo 81 45 44 00 .24 28.0 6.7
    2.00 85 30 43 56 .47 26.7 12.5
    3.00 87 05 43 50 .80 24.5 19.6
    5.00 88 15 43 25 1.81 18.1 33.
    Iridium 1.oo 82 10 29 20 3.6 1.60 5.8
    2.00 84 40 28 10 6.0 1.48 8.9
    3.00 85 40 26 40 8.0 1.37 11.0
    5.00 87 20 24 00 12.5 1.13 14.1
    Nickel .420 72 20 31 42 1.41 1.79 2.53 54.
    .589 76 1 31 41 1.79 1.86 3.33 62.
    .750 78 45 32 6 2.19 1.99 4.36 70.
    1.00 80 33 32 2 2.63 2.00 5.26 74.
    2.25 84 21 33 30 3.95 2.33 9.20 85.
    Platinum 1.oo 82 00 30 30 3.4 1.82 6.2
    2.00 84 45 29 40 5.7 1.70 9.7
    3.00 86 00 28 50 7.7 1.59 12.3
    5.00 87 15 27 00 11.5 1.37 15.7
    Silver 226 62 41 22 16 1.41 .75 1.11 18.
    293 63 14 18 56 1.57 .62 .97 17.
    .316 52 28 15 38 1.13 .38 .43 4.
    .332 52 1 37 2 .41 1.61 .65 32.
    .395 66 36 43 6 .16 12.32 1.91 87.
    .500 72 31 43 29 .17 17.1 2.94 93.
    .589 75 35 43 47 .18 20.6 3.64 95.
    .750 79 26 446 .17 30.7 5.16 97.
    1.OO 82 0 442 24 29.0 6.96 98.
    1.50 84 42 43 48 .45 23.7 10.7 98.
    2.25 86 18 43 34 .77 19.9 15.4 99.
    3.00 87 10 42 40 1.65 12.2 20.1
    4.50 88 20 41 10 4.49 7.42 33.3
    Steel .226 66 51 28 17 1.30 1.26 1.64 35.
    .257 68 35 28 45 1.38 1.35 1.86 40.
    .325 69 57 30 9 1.37 1.53 2.09 45.
    .so0 75 47 292 2.09 1.50 3.14 57.
    .650 77 48 27 9 2.70 1.33 3.59 59.
    1.50 81 48 28 51 3.71 1.55 5.75 73.
    2.25 83 22 30 36 4.14 1.79 7.41 80.
    See footnote 5, P. 7.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    560
    T A B L E 597.-OPTICAL C O N S T A N T S O F M E T A L S (additional data)

    Metal x n k R Metal x n k R
    B I(
    A1 * .589 1.44 5.32 83 Ni * 275 1.09 1.16 24
    Sb * .589 3.04 4.94 70 .441 1.16 1.23 25
    Bi t t white 2.26 - - .589 1.30 1.97 43
    Cd * 5.01 85 Rh * .579 1.54 4.67 78
    Cr *
    Nb *
    ,589
    .579
    .579
    1.13
    2.97
    1.80
    4.85
    2.11
    70
    41
    Se * .400
    .490
    2.94
    3.12
    2.31
    1.49
    44
    35
    Au t 257 .92 1.14 28 .589 2.93 .45 25
    .441 1.18 1.85 42 .760 2.60 .06 20
    .589
    .~ .47 2.83 82 Si * .589 4.18 .09 38
    I crys .589 3.34 .57 30 1.25 3.67 .08 33
    I r '* .579 2.13 4.87 75 2.25 3.53 .08 31
    Fe 8 257 1.01 .88 16 N a (liq) .589 .004 2.61 99
    .441 1.28 1.37 28 Ta * ,579 2.05 2.31 44
    .589 1.51 1.63 33 Sn * .589 1.48 5.25 82
    339
    .. ~
    2.01 3.48 62 W* .579 2.76 2.71 49
    ,589 .37 4.42 93 V* ,579 3.03 3.51 58
    ,579 2.49 3.89 64 Zn * ,257 .55 .61 20
    .326 .68 2.26 66 .441 .93 3.19 73
    .441 1.01 3.42 74 .589 1.93 4.66 74
    .589 1.62 4.41 75 ,668 2.62 5.08 73

    ,668 2.91 3.66 59


    Solid. t Electrolytic. t Prism. $ Deposited as film in vacuo.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    561
    TABLES 598-601.-MEDIA FOR DETERMINATIONS OF
    REFRACTIVE INDICES WITH THE MICROSCOPE
    T A B L E 598.-LCQUIDS, n, (0.589,) = 1.74 t o 1.78
    I n 100 parts of methylene iodide at 20°C the number of parts of the various substances
    indicated in the following table form saturated solutions having the refractive indices
    specified. When ready for use the liquids can be mixed to give intermediate refractions.
    Commercial iodoform (CHIs) powder is not suitable, but crystals from a solution of the
    powder in ether may be used, or the crystallized product may be bought. A fragment of tin
    in the liquids containing the S n L will prevent discoloration.

    CHI. Snl, Asla SbIs S at 20°C


    12 1.764
    25 1.783
    25 12 1.806
    30
    ~. 6 1.820
    27 13 7 1.826
    40 27 16 1.842
    31 14 8 10 1.853
    35 31 16 8 10 1.868

    T A B L E 599.-RESINLIKE SUBSTANCES, n, (0.589,) = 1.68 t o 2.10


    Piperine, an inexpensive alkaloid, comes in very pure straw-colored crystals. Melted, it
    dissolves the tri-iodides of Sb and As very freely. The solutions are fluid at slightly above
    100" and when cold, resinlike. Three parts antimony iodide to one part of arsenic iodide
    with varying proportions of piperine are easier to manipulate than one containing either
    iodide alone. In preparing, the constituents, in powder of about 1 mm grain, should be
    weighed out and then fused over, not in, a low flame. Three-inch test tubes are suitable.

    Percent iodides 00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
    Index of refraction.. . . . . 1.683 1.700 1.725 1.756 1.794 1.840 1.897 1.968 2.050

    T A B L E 600.-PERMANENT STANDARD RESINOUS MEDIA,


    n, ( 0 . 5 8 9 ~ )= 1.546 t o 1.682

    Any proportions of piperine rosin form a homogeneous fusion which cools to a trans-
    parent resinous mass. On account of the strong dispersion of piperine the refractive indices
    of minerals apparently matched with those of mixtures rich in this constituent are 0.005
    to 0.01 too low. T o correct this error a screen made of a thin film of 7 percent antimony
    iodide and 93 percent piperine should be used over the eyepiece. Any amber-colored rosin
    in lumps is suitable.

    Percent rosin 00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


    Index of
    refraction . . . . . 1.683 1.670 1.657 1.643 1.631 1.618 1.604 1.590 1.575 1.560 1.544

    T A B L E 601.-SUBSTANCES, n, = 1.39 to 1.75

    U U n
    n-Heptane 1.39 Eugenol 1.54 Quinaldine 1.61
    Octylene 1.41 Nitrobenzene 1.55 Iodobenzene 1.62
    Cyclohexane 1.44 Anethole 1.56 a-Chloronaphthalene 1.63
    d-Limonene 1.47 o-Toluidine 1.57 a-Bromonaphthalene 1.66
    p-Xylene 1.50 o-Bromophenol 1.58 a-Iodonaphthalene 1.69
    Chlorobenzene 1.53 Bromoform 1.59 Methylene iodide 1.75

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    562 TABLES 602-609.-PHOTOGRAPHY *
    T A B L E BOP.-SENSITOMETRI~C CONSTANTS O F T Y P E P L A T E S AND FILMS,
    DEFINITIONS
    Density (D).-Density is a measure of the degree of blackening of an exposed film or
    plate after development. Density is defined in general terms as the logarithm of the ratio
    of the radiant flux, Po, incident on the sample to the radiant flux, Pr, transmitted by the
    sample.

    - - -
    3.0 2.0 I.o 0.0 1.0
    Log exposure (mcs)

    FIG.27.-Typical characteristic curve. Ordinates are diffuse transmission density (D) :


    abscissae, logs of exposure (log E). A-C = toe, C-E = straight line, E-F = shoulder,
    B = s p e d point, B-D = Alog E = 1.50. T a n a = y, Tan b = p , T a n a = 0.38.

    D =log (g)
    E x p o s u r e (E).--E = It (expressed in meter-candle seconds). I = illumination (meter-
    candles, mc) incident on the photographic material during exposure, t = exposure time in
    seconds.
    Gamma (y).-Gamma is defined as the tangent of the angle alpha (a) (fig. 27) which
    the straight-line part of the characteristic curve makes with the log-exposure axis.
    Gamma infinity ( y m ) . - - y ~ is defined as the limiting value to which gamma a p
    proaches as development time is increased.
    T i m e of development f o r t h e half g a m m a infinity (tY = -yJ2).-A convenient
    practical specification of development rate of significance in comparing developers.
    T i m e of development for g a m m a of unity ( t Y = l.O).-A convenient practical speci-
    fication of development rate of significance in comparing photographic materials. Compari-
    sons must be confined to materials in the same developer.
    Inertia (i).-i =the value of exposure where the straight-line portion of the character-
    istic curve (fig. 27) extended cuts the log E axis.
    Speed (S,).--S,=I/E, where E is the exposure corresponding to point B on the
    D-log E curve in figure 27. This point is located in the following manner : A log exposure
    range of 1.50, represented in the figure by the distance along the log exposure axis between
    B and D, is selected in a region where the slope of the curve at the low end of the range is
    0.30 of the average slope over the entire range. When the slope, or tangent of angle a, is
    0.30 of the tangent of angle b, the point B , a t the low end of the exposure range, represents
    the exposure value (E) from which the speed of the material is derived.

    The material on photography was prepared by L. A. Jones, of the Eastman Kodak Co.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 603.-FORMULAS FOR DEVELOPERS 563
    I n the determination of the values given in Table 604, developing solutions made up
    according to the following formulas were used (temperature, 20°C) :
    Developer A :
    Monomethyl para-aminophenol sulfate *. ........................ 2.0 gr$ms
    Sodium sulfite (anhydrous). .................................. 50.0
    Hydroquinone ...............................................
    Sodium carbonate (anhydrous). ...............................
    Potassium bromide ...........................................
    4.0 ''
    6.0
    .75
    ..
    Air-free distilled water to make.. .............................. 1.0 liter
    Developer B :
    hfonomethyl para-aminophenol sulfate *. ........................ 2.0 grtms
    ...................................
    Sodium sulfite (anhydrous).
    . -
    Hydroquinone .......... ....................................
    Borax .......................................................
    80.0
    4.0
    4.0
    ::
    Potassium bromide ........................................... .5 "
    Air-free distilled water to make. ............................... 1.0 liter
    Developer C :
    Water, about 125°F (50°C) .................................... 500.0 cc
    Monomethyl para-aminophenol sulfate *. ....................... 2.2 gr;ms
    Sodium sulfite (anhydrous). ................................... 96.0
    Hydroquinone ............................................... 8.8 "
    Sodium carbonate, monohydrated. .............................. 56.0 "
    Potassium bromide ........................................... 5.0 "
    Air-free distilled water to make.. .............................. 1.0 liter
    Sold under such trade names as Metol, Elon, Rhodol, and Pictol.

    T A B L E 604.-SENSITOMETRIC CONSTANTS O F T Y P E PLATES A N D FILM

    Reciprozal
    inertia Speed
    Material Developer ,
    y t,=ym/a t,= 1.0 (S4) (So)
    Motion-picture films
    Fast panchromatic ............ B 1.30 10.2 21.5 2300 400
    Medium-speed panchromatic ... B 1.70 9.8 13.0 1700 250
    Fine-grain panchromatic ...... B 2.00 10.8 10.8 600 100
    Positive (regular) ............ C 3.35 1.5 .9 25 ...
    Positive ( fine-grain) .......... C 4.30 1.4 .7 5 ...
    Sheet films and plates
    Fast panchromatic ............ A 1.45 2.6 5.2 2500 500
    Fast orthochromatic .......... A 1.50 2.o 4.2 1700 400
    Medium-speed panchromatic . . A 1.50 3.6 6.3 840 200
    Medium-speed orthochromatic. . A 1.25 2.7 9.9 850 200
    Blue-sensitive ................ A 1.35 2.7 5.7 430 100

    Amateur roll films


    Fast panchromatic ............ A 1.28 2.9 6.6 2500 400
    Fast orthochromatic .......... A 1.25 2.2 5.7 1300 200
    Fine-grain panchromatic ...... A 2.50 5.5 4.2 400 100

    Process films and plates


    Panchromatic ................ C 6.90 3.3 .8 60 ...
    Orthochromatic .............. C 5.00 2.00 .7 60 ...
    Blue-sensitive ................ C 4.00 2.7 1.7 35 ...
    Sc = 1 O / i where i is the inertia value at y = 1.0. Reci rocal inertia was originally ro scd hy
    Hurter and 6riffield as a sensitometric measure of the speec! of photographic materials. I t E a r s no
    direct relation to their effective spccd as determined by camera exposures, however. It is useful for
    comparing different types of materials which have no common basis of application in practice.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    564
    T A B L E 6 0 5 . 4 O M P A R I S O N OF NUCLE AR A N D OP TI C A L E M U LS I ON S
    Nuclear track plates differ markedly in physical composition and general characteristics
    from the ordinary photographic materials (optical type) as shown in the table, where a
    number of properties of optical and nuclear emulsions are compared.
    Property Optical type Nuclear type
    AgBr : gelatin (wt) ............ .47 :53 .......................... .80 :20
    AgBr : gelatin (vol) .............15 :85 ......................... .45 :55
    Grain diameter .................. .5 to 3p.. ....................... .1 to .4p
    Emulsion thickness ............. . l o p ............................ .25 - 300p
    Emulsion wt mg/cm'. ............ 2 - 4 .......................... .10 - 80
    Sensitivity to light.. ............ .Very high ..................... .Low
    Response to a-particles ...........High ........................... Individual tracks
    Response t o p-particles.. .........Moderate ....................... Individual tracks
    Response to 7-rays.. .............Low .......................... .Very low

    T A B L E 606.-RESOLVING P O WE R A N D EDGE GR A D I E N T V A LU E S
    ''l

    Part 1.-Definitions
    Resolving power (I?).-The resolving power of a photographic material is broadly
    defined as the ability to record fine detail distinguishably. Any quantitative evaluation de-
    pends on the type of detail, and for convenience parallel lines separated by spaces whose
    width is equal to the common width of the lines are almost universally used?'" Values are
    usually given as the number of lines per millimeter that can be resolved visually under
    adequate magnification.
    Resolving power increases with increasing exposure to a maximum and then decreases,
    It is relatively unaffected by the type of developer, although developers that markedly
    reduce the grain size improve resolution. As the development time increases from zero,
    resolving power rises rapidly to a maximum, decreases slightly, and then remains sensibly
    constant for all practical development times. It increases in a roughly exponential manner
    as the contrast in the test object increases from zero, becoming substantially constant for
    contrasts exceeding about 1OO:l. Its dependence on wavelength is less well known, but in
    general it increases as wavelength decreases because of the increasing opacity of the emul-
    sion. Although resolving power tends to increase as granularity decreases, this is by no
    means always the case. The values given in Table 608 apply when the ratio of brightness
    of the light to the dark lines is 1000: 1 and the test object is photographed with an espe-
    cially well-corrected f/5 lens in tungsten light with the optimum exposure : the materials
    were developed for practical times in the developer for which the data are given in
    Table 604.
    As thus specified, resolving power is a threshold phenomenon and is not a criterion of
    the clearness with which gross details will be reproduced. Furthermore, it is of questionable
    value when the image is to be scanned with a physical photometer because the effect of
    granularity depends upon the design of the instrument.
    Edge gradient (G).-The appearance of sharpness produced by a photographic image
    probably depends, among other factors, upon the rate of change of density across the edge
    of the image with distance measured normal to the boundary. The curve of density vs
    distance resembles the H and D curve, and its gradient, called edge gradient to distinguish
    it from the gradient of the H and D curve, passes through a maximum with respect to
    distance. The values of this maximum for the respective materials in density units per
    micron are given in Table 608. These values were determined with a test object consisting
    of an extremely sharp, clear line in an opaque background on a high-resolution plate. This
    test object was pressed firmly against the sample with a contact liquid between and the
    combination was exposed to light from an f/5 lens. The resulting image was scanned with
    a physical microphotometer having a comparatively narrow slit.
    The determinants of edge gradient have been less studied than have the determinants
    of resolving power, but it is known that the maximum gradient has a maximum with
    respect to exposure. It would be expected that the maximum gradient would increase in
    gamma, but present knowledge indicates that it increases less rapidly. The dependence
    on wavelength has not been studied with modern techniques, but older studies indicate that
    gradient increases with decreasing wavelength. The values in Table 608 are for y ~ / 2
    and tungsten light at the optimum exposure.
    Both resolving power and edge gradient are inherent properties of the emulsion and are
    relatively inflexible. It is possible to improve them by bathing the material in dye that
    absorbs the light to which the emulsion is sensitive, but this is rarely p r a c t i d because of
    the concomitant reduction in speed.
    1m Mces, C. E. K., The theory of the photographic process, chap. 21, Macmillan, 1942.
    "eMees, C. E. K., Proc. Roy. SOC.London, vol. 83, p. 10. 1909.
    (contittucd)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    565
    T A B L E 606.-RESOLVING POWER A N D EDGE GRADIENT VALUES
    (concluded)
    Part 2.-Values

    Edge
    Resolving gradient
    Material power (X 10-9
    Motion-picture films :
    Fast panchromatic ................................... 95 8
    Medium-speed panchromatic .......................... 100 9
    Fine-grain panchromatic ............................. 100 10
    Positive (regular) ................................... 105 18
    Positive (fine-grain) ................................. 130 22
    Professional sheet films :
    Fast panchromatic ................................... 85 11
    Fast orthochromatic ................................. 100 10
    Medium-speed panchromatic .......................... 75 10
    Medium-speed orthochromatic ........................ 75 11
    Blue-sensitive ....................................... 90 10
    Amateur roll films :
    Fast panchromatic ................................... 95 10
    Fast orthochromatic ................................. 100 11
    Fine-grain panchromatic ............................. 105 12
    Process films and plates :
    Panchromatic film ................................... 125 22
    Orthochromate film ................................. 130 23
    Blue-sensitive plates ................................. 110 18
    High resolution plates :........................... .approx. 2,500 *
    * This value was obtained by direct exposure to a line interference pattern. With conventiqnal meth-
    ods of measurement, the value is limited by the optical system rather than by the characteristics of the
    emulsion.

    T A B L E 607.-RELATIVE PHOTOGRAPHIC EFFICIENCY O F I LLUM I NANTS

    - . eticiencv.
    PhotonraDhic . . Er"
    Color /
    temperature Blue Ortho-
    Source rating sensitive chromatic Panchromatic
    Sun ................................... 100
    Zenith blue sky.. ....................... 700
    Carbon arc, white flame.. ................ 440
    Mercury arc, H-1....................... 135
    Mercury arc, H-4 ....................... 225
    Mercury arc, H-6 ....................... 340
    Fluorescent, standard warm white. ....... 70
    Fluorescent, daylight ................... 125
    Incandescent tungsten ............... 2848" 40
    Argon glow lamp. ...................... 21,000
    E v = relative photographic efficiency of source evaluated on basis of equal visual intensities.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    566
    T A B L E 608.-SPECTRAL SENSllTlVlTY OF PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS
    Spectral sensitivity is normally expressed in terms of the reciprocal of the energy
    (ergs/cm') at various wavelengths required to produce a given density under given condi-
    tions of development. The curves in figure 28 are shown for a scale of relative sensitivity
    values, with a value of 10 assigned to the point of maximum sensitivity. The curves
    should be regarded only as representative of the type of sensitizing for which they were
    determined and are not suitable for quantitative use. In figure 29 spectral sensitivity data
    are presented in a different form. Here the wavelengths to which classes of spectroscopic
    plates are sensitive are shown in a block diagram. No indications are given of the way
    in which sensitivity varies with wavelength. A solid portion of the block diagram indicates
    the spectral region for which the class is especially valuable, i.e., where the sensitizing is
    most effective.

    4
    *_---- -.'.
    _.--_/--
    '. '.
    I ,
    400 500 600 700 BOO 900 I( 0
    WAVELENGTH IN MILLIMICRONS

    FIG.28.-Spectral sensitivity curves for typical films : 1, blue sensitive ; 2, orthochromatic ;


    3, panchromatic ; 4, infrared sensitive.

    A 3000 4000 sow 6000 7000 8000 9000 too00 11ow 12000
    CLASS
    2
    M

    L
    R
    K
    N
    U
    F
    E
    C
    B
    0
    1
    G

    -
    J
    0

    A 30W 4000 Sow 6OOO 7000 BOO0 po00 IMXX) 11000 12ow
    TOTAL sENstrtvtry
    SPECTRAL REGION F O R WHICH CLASS IS ESPECIALLY VALUABLE
    *CLASS 0 REPRESENTS UNUODIFIEO SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY OF SILVER HALIDE

    FIG.29.-The range of spectral sensitivity of kodak spectroscopic plates.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    D
    2

    I
    0
    <
    I? T A B L E 609.-NUCLEAR TRACK P L A T E SPECIFICATIONS
    c-
    I-
    4
    D
    Nuclear track plates are designed to register the paths of charged particles. The choice of plate depends up011 the type of particle to be studied.
    Nuclear emulsions in general have about the same chemical composition and therefore have fairly uniform stopping power characteristics. The types
    of nuclear track plates can be divided broadly into four classes, depending upon the purposes for which they are to be used. A general classification
    of such emulsions for use in nuclear research is listed in the table. The emulsions are classified under the headings, A, B, C, and D, in terms of
    the maximum energy particle that they are capable of registering.

    A B C* D
    Nuclear particles a-particles 200 Mev a-particles 400 Mev a-particles of any energy Nuclear fission fragments
    recorded Protons 10 Mev Protons 50 Mev Protons 750 Mev of high ionizing power
    Deuterons 20 Mev Deuterons 100 Mev Deuterons 1500 Mev
    Electrons .05 Mev nmesons 110 Mev
    p mesons 85 Mev
    Electrons .4 Mev
    Sensitivity to light LOW Moderate High Very low
    Emulsion thicknesses 25, 50, and loop 10, 50, 100, 150, and 2OOp 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 20 and 5Op
    available and 2OOp
    Percent weight of 81 81 81 65
    AgBr in dry
    emulsion
    Specially fast hatches of the general type of plate can he made that register singly charged particles at the minimum of the ionization curve and thus will register
    particles of any energy value whatsoever.
    568
    TABLES 610-625A.-STANDARD WAVELENGTHS 177-102 AND
    S E R I E S RELATIONS I N ATOMIC SPECTRA *
    P r i m a r y standard of wavelength.-The red radiation, 6438.4696 A,
    emitted by a cadmium lamp of Michelson type was first chosen in 1907 by the
    International Union for Cooperation in Solar Research 177 as a primary stand-
    ard of wavelength and definition of the angstrom as a unit of wavelength meas-
    urement. This primary standard was adopted in 1922 by the International As-
    tronomical Union and in 1927 by the International Committee on Weights
    and Measures179with the statement that the wavelength of this radiation is
    6438.4696 x l P o meters when the light is propagated in dry air at 15°C
    (hydrogen thermometer) at a pressure of 760 mmHg, gravity being 980.665
    cm/sec2.
    Specifications for the standard cadmium lamp were last revised in 1935 ; I8O
    they designate that the lamp must be Michelson H-type with internal elec-
    trodes, excited with continuous or alternating current of industrial frequency,
    maintained at a temperature near 300°C (never exceeding 320°C) and contain
    air under a pressure between 0.7 and 1.O mmHg at that temperature. The con-
    striction must not be less than 2 mm diameter and the current must not exceed
    7 milliamps/mm2.
    A summary of nine directly measured values of the wavelength of the red
    radiation of cadmium in terms of the meter has been given by H. Barrel1 181
    as in Table 612.
    1TT-182 For footnotes 177-192, see p. 578.
    * Data furnished and arranged by W. F. Meggers, National Bureau of Standards.

    T A B L E 610.-PRELIMINARY V A L U E S O F Hg'" W A V E L E N G T H S
    I N ANGSTROMS

    N.B.S. (U.S.A.) N.P.L. (England) I.B.W.M. (France) Mean


    5790.6628 5790.6630 5790.6629
    5769.5985 5769.5986 5769.5985
    5460.7531 5460.7533 5460.7532

    International secondary standards of wavelength f r o m neon, krypton, and


    iron spectra.-Spectroscopic secondary standards of wavelength are derived from the
    primary standard (Cd 6438.4696 A) by means of the Fabry-Perot interferometer. The
    existing international secondary standards represent the mean of three or more independent,
    concordant values adopted by the International Astronomical Union. All values of sec-
    ondary standards of wavelength are valid for normal air (15°C and 760 mmHg). The
    most precisely determined secondary standards of wavelength have been obtained from
    discharge tubes of the Geissler t y p containing neon or krypton gas at a pressure not ex-
    ceeding 15 mmHg. In 1935 the International Astronomical Union laS adopted 8-figure
    values of 20 neon wavelengths with the reservation that they apply only to the conditions
    under which they were determined, viz, with interferometers of high resolving power but
    plate separations not exceeding 40 mm.
    For reference, see p. 578.

    T A B L E 611.-NEON SECONDARY S T A N D A R D W A V E L E N G T H S
    I N ANGSTROMS

    5852.4878 6074.3377 6266.4950 6532.8824


    5881.8950 6096.1630 6304.7892 6598.9529
    5944.8342 6143.0623 6334.4279 6678.2764
    5975.5340 6163.5939 6382.9914 6717.0428
    6029.9971 6217.2813 6506.5279 7032.4127

    New values of 20 krypton lines as secondary standards of wavelength were adopted in


    1935 by the International Astronomical Union.'" See Table 614.
    mi For reference, see p. 578.
    SMlTHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    569
    T A B L E 612.-VALUES OF T H E W A V E L E N G T H OF T H E C A D M I U M RED LINE
    x
    IN T E R M S O F T H E I N T E R N A T I O N A L M E T E R ( U n i t = 1 m)

    Differences
    Corrected from mean
    and adjusted
    Date of Original values in Parts per
    determination Observers values normal air 10-10 m 106
    1892-93 Michelson and Benoit 6438.4722 6438.4691 -.0005 -.08
    (B.I.P.M.)
    1905-06 Benoit, Fabry and Perot 6438.4696 6438.4703 +.0007 +.I1
    (B.I.P.M.)
    1927 Watanabe and Imaizumi 6438.4685 6438.4682 -.0014 -.22
    (Tokvo)
    1933 Sears and-Barrel1 6438.4711 6438.4713 +.0017 +.26
    (N.P.L.)
    1933 Kosters and Lampe 6438.4672 6438.4689 -.0007 -.11
    (P.T.R.)
    1934-35 Sears and Barrel1 6438.4709 6438.4709 +.0013 +.20
    (N.P.L.)
    1934-35 Kosters and Lampe 6438.4685 6438.4690 -.0006 -.09
    (P.T.R.)
    1937 Kosters and Lampe 6438.4700 6438.4700 +.0004 +.06
    (P.T.R.)
    1940 Romanova. Varlich. Kar- 6438.4677 6438.4687 -.0009 -.14
    tashev. and Batarchukova
    (Leningrad)
    Mean 6438.4696 2.0009 2.14

    The values originally reported (column 3) are corrected (column 4) to take account of
    subsequent conclusions (a) regardiag the values to be attributed to the standards of length
    employed, and adjusted (b), so far as the available information permits, to uniform stand-
    ard conditions of dry air at 15°C and 760 mmHg pressure, containing 0.03 percent CO,.
    The statistical mean deviation associated with the average value of 6438.4696 X lo-" m
    derived from these nine determinations amounts to & 0.0010 X lo-'' m.
    The recent production of purer monochromatic radiation (than the cadmium red line)
    suggests that eventually another wavelength from a single heavy isotype of even mass
    number may be adopted as the primary standard of length. Thus, since 1945 many milli-
    grams of Hg'" have been made by transmutation of gold in chain-reacting uranium piles.
    Electrodeless lamps containing Hgle8have been made and distributed by the National
    Bureau of Standards. When excited by ultra-high frequency (> 100 megacycles) and
    water cooled these lamps emit with high intensity ideally sharp mercury lines. Preliminary
    measurements, relative to Cd 6438.4696 A, of the yellow and green lines of Hg'= have
    been reported by the National Bureau of Standards, by the National Physical Labora-
    tory, and by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, as in Table 610.
    For reference, see p. 578.
    la*

    T A B L E 613.-RESULTANT S VALUES AND TERM MULTIPLICITIES

    Numher of
    electrons S Term multiplicities
    1 Doublets
    2 Singlets, triplets
    3 Doublets, quartets
    4 Singlets, triplets, quintets
    5 Doublets, quartets, sextets
    6 Singlets, triplets, quintets, septets
    7 Doublets, quartets, sextets, octets
    etc.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    570
    TABLE 614.-KRYPTON SECONDARY STANDARD WAVELENGTHS
    I N ANGSTROMS

    4273.9700 4319.5797 4453.9179 5649.5629


    4282.9683 4351.3607 4463.6902 5870.9158
    4286.4873 4362.6423 4502.3547 5993.8503
    4300.4877 4376.1220 5562.2257 6421.029
    43 18.5525 4399.9670 5570.2895 6456.291

    Neon and krypton secondary standards are used extensively for interference measure-
    ments in metrology and spectroscopy, but their spectral range and distribution does not
    make them generally suitable for wavelength measurements by interpolation in prismatic
    or in grating spectra. For the latter purpose a system of secondary standards should con-
    sist of lines of comparable intensity distributed as uniformly as possible throughout the
    entire range of wavelengths commonly observed in optical spectra. An approach to such
    a system is found in the internationally adopted secondary standards derived from the
    spectrum of the iron arc. The source for iron secondary standards is specifiedm as the
    "Pfund arc operated between 110 and 250 volts, with 5 amperes or less, at a length of
    12-15 millimeters used over a central zone at right angles to the axis of the arc, not to
    exceed 1.0-1.5 millimeters in width, and with an iron rod 6-7 millimeters diameter as the
    upper pole and a bead of oxide of iron as the lower pole. As the secondary standards to the
    red of 6000 A are all stable lines, and as the exposures with the above-mentioned arc
    may b5,rather long, it is recommended that the 6 mm, 6 ampere arc be retained for this
    region.
    The list of iron secondary standards adopted by the International Astronomical Union
    consists of 306 7-figure values ranging from 2447.708 to 6677.933 A, thus covering a little
    more than one octave.
    Internal evidence from the combination principle as well as the agreement between inde-
    pendent observers indicates that the average probable error in these standards is 20.001. A.
    Preliminary values of long-wave iron lines (6750.158 to 10216.351 A ) have been
    suggested.m
    Additional ultraviolet iron lines (2100.794 to 3383.980 A) have been suggested 188 and
    only one or two confirmatory observations are required to extend the secondary standards
    over a range of more than two octaves.
    m-188For references, see p. 578.

    T A B L E 6 1 5 . 4 VALUES FOR L E V E L S I N TERMS HAVING ODD AND E V E N


    MULTlPLlClTlES

    Values of J for -
    *
    Terms kinglets Doublets Triplets Quartets Quintets Sextets
    s o 1/2 1 3/2 2 5/2
    P 1 1/2,3/2 0 1 2 1/2.3/2,5/2 1 2 3 3/2,5/2,7/2
    D 2 3/2,5/2 1 2 3 1/2,3/2,5/2,7/2 0 1 2 3 4 1/2,3/2,5/2,7/2,9/2
    F 3 5/2,7/2 2 3 4 3/2,5/2,7/2,9/2 12 3 4 5 1/2,3/2,5/2,7/2,9/2,11/2
    G 4 7/2,9/2 3 4 5 5/2,7/2,9/2,11/2 2 3 4 56 3/2,5/2,7/2,9/2,11/2,13/2
    etc.

    T A B L E 616.-TERMS FROM NONEQUIVALENT ELECTRONS

    Electrons Terms (omitting J values)


    5s 'S,
    SP ' P BP
    sd

    df
    ff "G,
    etc.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    57 1
    TABLE 6 1 7 . 4 R O N SECONDARY STANDARDS O F WAVELENGTH
    IN ANGSTROMS

    2447.708 3175.447 3565.381 3767.194 3922.9 14 4267.830 4647.437 5270.360


    2584.536 3178.015 3576.760
    ._ 3787.883
    .. -. . . - ~ 3927.922 4271.764 4667.459 5307.365
    2635.808 3184.896 3581.195 3790.095 3930.299 4282.406 4678.852 5328.534
    2679.062 3191.659 3584.663 3795.004 3935.815 4285.445 4691.414 5341.026
    2689.2 12 3196.930 3585.320 3797.517 3940.882 4294.128 4707.281 5371.493
    2699.107 3200.475 3586.1M 3798.513 3942.443 4298.040 4710.286 5397.131
    2723,577 3205.40u 3589.107 3799.549 3948.779 4305.455 4733.596 5405.778
    2735.475 3215.940 3608.861 3805.345 3956.681 4307.906 4641.533 5429.699
    2767.523 3217.380 3617.788 3815.842 3966.066 4315.087 4745.806 5434.527
    2778.221 3222.069 3618.769 3824.444 3967.423 4325.765
    2804.521 3225.789 3621.463 3825.884 3969.261 4337.049
    2813.288 3226.223 3631.464
    3647..844 3827.825
    3834.~~25 4005.246 4352.737
    2823.276 3239.436 4014.534 4358.505
    2832.436 3244.190 3649.508 3839.259 4045.815 4369.774 4878.218 5506.782
    2838.120 3257.594 3651.469 3840.439 4063.597 4375.932
    2851.798 3271.002 3669.523 3841.051 4066.979 4383.547
    2869.308 3284.588 3676.314
    - -. -.- - . 3843.259
    - - .- .--. 4067.275 4390.954
    2912.158 3286.755 3677.630 3846.803 407 1.740 4404.752
    2929.008 3298.133 3679.915 3849.969 4107.492 4408.419
    2941.343 3340.566 3687.458 3850.820 4114.449 4415.125
    2953.940 3347.927 3695.054 3856.373 4118.549 4422.570
    2957.365 3370.786 3704.463 3859.913 4121.806 4427.312
    2965:255 3396.978 3705.567 3865.526 4127.612 4430.618
    2981.446 3399.336 3719.935 3867.219 4132.060 4442.343
    2987.292 3401.521 3722.564 3872.504 4134.681 4443.197
    2999.512 3407.461 3724.380 3873.763 4143.871 4447.722
    3037.388 3413.135 3727.621 3878.021 4147.673 4454.383
    3047.605 3427.121 3732.399 3878.575 4156.803 4459.121
    3057.446 3443.878 3733.319 3886.284 4170.906 4461.654
    3059.086 3445.151 3734.867 3887.051 4175.640 4466.554
    3067.244 3465.863 3737.133 3888.517 4184.895 4489.741
    3075.721 3476.704 3738.308 3895.658 4202.031 4494.568
    3083.742 3485.342 4203.987 4517.530
    309b.578 3490.575 4213.650 4528.619
    3116.633 3497.843 4216.186 4531.152
    3134.1 11 3513.820 4219.364 4547.851
    3157.040 3521.264 3763.790 3917.185 4250.790 4592.655
    3160.658 3558.518 3765.542 3920.260 4260.479 4602.944

    I r o n tertiary standards of wavelength.-The iron tertiary standards derived from


    diff raction-grating interpolation between secondary standards, and formerly adopted," have
    all been superseded by interferometer, or grating interpolated, values published in the
    M.I.T. Wavelength Tables (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1939).
    E x t r e m e ultraviolet standards of wavelength.-Provisional standards of wave-
    length in the extreme ultraviolet, measured relative to secondary and tertiary iron stand-
    ards in overlappinq spectral orders, have been published ; they include 57 carbon lines
    (1930.900 to 858.091 A), 23 nitrogen lines (1745.246 to 775.966 A), 25 oxygen lines
    (1306.038 to 580.974 A), and 10 argon lines (1066.660 to 871.099 A).
    Standard solar wavelengths.-The International Astronomical Union '"has adopted
    7-figure standards of wavelength in the solar spectrum when two or more accordant values
    have been reported. These values have resulted mainly from interferometer measurements
    of solar-absorption wavelengths relative to neon or to iron secondary standards. The
    standards represent integrated solar light, are corrected for Doppler-Fizeau displacement,
    and are valid for standard air at 15°C and 760 mmHg pressure. In the long-wave region
    many of the solar spectrum standards originate in the terrestrial atmosphere as absorption
    by oxvgen or water vapor.
    In Table 618 the +
    sign following the symbol of an element indicates ionization; a sym-
    bol like Fe -, solar line too strong to be due to iron alone; Fe, Co, coincidences of like
    order ; Fe Co, coincidence closer for preceding element ; F e - Co, F e wavelength smaller,
    Co larger than solar line; an italicized element indicates a more prominent contribution
    and boldface a decidedly predominant element.
    18D-101 For references, see p. 578.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    572
    T A B L E 618.-STANDARD SOLAR W A V E L E N G T H S MEASURED IN AIR A T 15OC
    A N D 1 ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE

    X Solar Origin Intensity X Solar X Solar Origin Intensity


    3592.027
    3635.469
    v+
    Ti
    ; 4348.947
    4365.904
    _....
    4832.7 19
    4839.551
    Ni - Fe:
    Fe
    3
    3
    3650.538 2 4389.253 4939.694 Fe 3
    3672.712 Fe 3 4398.020 4983.260 Fe 3
    3695.056 Fe 5 4416.828 4994.138 Fe 4
    3710.292 Y+ 3 4425.444 5002.798 Fe 2
    3725.4% Fe 3 4430.622 5014.951 Fe 3
    3741.065 Ti 4 4439.888 5028.133 Fe 2
    3752.4 18 Fe 3 4451.588 5079.745 Fe 4
    3760.537 Fe 4 4454.388 5090.782 Fe 5
    3769.994 Fe 4 4459.755 5109.657 Fe 2
    3781.190 Fe 3 4470 485 5150.852 Fe 4
    3793.876 Cr Fe 2 448 1.616 5159.065 Fe 2
    3804.0 15 Fe 3 4502.221 5198.718 Fe 3
    3821.187 Fe 4 4508.289 5225.534 Fe 2
    3836.090 T i + C r V ? 2 4512.741 5242.500 Fe 3
    2
    3843.264
    3897.458
    3906.752
    Fe
    Fe-
    Fe
    4
    4
    3
    4517.534
    4525.146
    4531.631
    3::::
    5288.533
    Fe
    Fe
    Fe
    3
    2
    3916.737 Fe 4 4534.785 5300.751 Cr 2
    3937.336 Fe 3 4541.523 5307.369 Fe 3
    3949.959 Fe 5 4547.853 5322.049 Fe 3
    3953.861 Fe- 3 4548.770 5332.908 Fe 4
    3960.284 Fe- 3 4550.773 5348.326 Cr 4
    3%3.691 Cr 3 4563.766 5365.407 Fe 4
    3977.747 Fe 6 4571.102 5379.581 Fe
    3991.121 C r - Z r + 3 457 1.982 5389.486 Fe
    4003.769 Fe-Ti 3 4576.339 5398.287 Fe -
    4016.423 Fe 2 4578.559 5409.799 Cr
    4029.642 F e - Z r + 5 4587.134 5415.210 Fe 5
    4030.190 Fe 2 4589.953 5432.955 Fe - 2
    A
    4037.121 2- 4598.125
    .. 5445.053 Fe
    4053.824 T i + F e 2 4602.008 5462.970 Fe
    4062.447 Fe 5 4602.949 5473.9 10 Fe 3
    4073.767 Fe 4 4607.654 5487ij55 Fe
    4079.843 Fe 3 4617.276 5501.477 Fe
    4082.943 Mn 4 4625.052 5512.989 Ca
    409iW Fe 3 4630.128 5525.552 Fe
    4094.938
    4107.492
    Ca
    Fe
    4
    5
    4635.853
    4637.510
    5534.848
    5546:514
    Fe
    Fe
    + 2
    4120.212 Fe 4 4638 017 5590.126 Ca 3
    4136.527 Fe 3 4643.470 5601.286 Ca 3
    4139.936 Fe 4 4647.442 5624.558 Fe V 4
    4154.814 Fe 4 4656.474 5641.448 Fe 2
    4163.654 Ti+Cr-Fe 5 4664.794 5655.500 Fe 2
    4168.620 F e F e + ? 2 4678.172 5667.524 Fe
    4178.859
    4I84.900
    Fe + 3 4678.854
    4683.567
    5679.032
    5690.433
    Fe
    Si
    Fe, Cr 4
    4 191.683 Fe 3 4690.144 5701.557 Fe
    4198.638 Fe 3 4700.162 5731.772 Fe
    4208.608 Fe 3 4704.954 5741.856 Fe
    4220.347 Fe 3 4720.999 5752.042 Fe 4
    4233.612 Fe 6 4728.552 5760.841 Ni 2
    4241.123 Fe 2 4733.598 5805.226 Ni 4
    4246.837 Sc+ 5 4735.848 5809.224 Fe 4
    4257.661 Mn 2 4736.783 5816.380 Fe
    4266.968 Fe 3 4741.535 5853.688 Ba
    ca
    +
    4276.680 F e Ti 2 4745.807 5857.459
    4282.412 Fe 5 4772.823 5859.596 Fe
    4291.472 Fe 2 4788.765 5862.368 Fe
    4318.659 Ca T i 4 4789.658 5866.461 T_
    i . 3
    4331.651 Ni 2 4802.887 5867:572 Ca 2
    4337.925 Ti+ 4 4824.143 5892.883 Ni 4
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    573
    T A B L E 618.-STANDARD SOLAR W A V E L E N G T H S MEASURED IN AIR A T 15°C
    A N D 1 ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE (continued)
    X Solar Origin Intensity A Solar Origin Intensity X Solar Origin Intensity
    5898.166 Atm 4 6213.437 Fe 6 6455.605 Ca 2
    5905.680 Fe 4 6215.149 Fe 3 6456.391 Fe+ 3
    5916.257 Fe- 3 6216.358 V 1 6471.668 Ca 5
    5919.054 Atm 5 6219.287 Fe 6 6475.632 Fe 2
    5919.644 Atm 7 6226.740 Fe 1 6482.809 Ni 1
    5927.797 Fe 3 6229.232 Fe 1 6493.788 Ca 6
    5930.191 Fe 6 6230.736 Fe-V 8 6494.994 Fe 8
    5932.092 Atm 5 6232.648 Fe 4 6498.945 Fe 1
    5934.665 Fe 5 6240.653 Fe 3 6499.654 Ca 4
    5946.006 Atm 3 6244.476 Si 2 6516.083 Fe+ 2
    5952.726
    5956.706
    Fe
    Fe
    4
    4
    6245.620
    6246.327
    Sc
    Fe
    + 1
    7
    6518.373
    6569.224
    Fe
    Fe
    _ .
    2
    4
    5975.353 Fe 3 6247.562 Fe + 2 6592.926 Fe 6
    5976.787 Fe 4 6252.565 Fe 7 6609.118 Fe 5
    5983.688 Fe 5 6254.253 SiFe 5 6643.638 Ni 6
    5984.826 Fe 6 6256.367 FeNi 6 6677.997 Fe 8
    6003.022 Fe 6 6258.110 Ti 3 6717.687 Ca 6
    6008.566 Fe 6 6258.713 Ti 3 68Io.267 Fe 2
    6013.497 Mn 6 6265.141 Fe 5 6858.155 Fe 4
    6016.647 Mn 6 6270.231 Fe 2 6870.946 AtmO 13
    6024.068 Fe 7 6279.101 Atm 0 3 6879.928 AtmO 10
    6027.059 Fe 4 6279.896 Atm 0 2 69 18.122 AtmO 8
    6042.104 Fe 3 6280.393 Atm 0 2 6919.002 AtmO 8
    6065.494 Fe 7 6280.622 Fe 3 6923.302 AtmO 6
    6078.499 Fe 5 6281.178 Atm 0 1 6924.172 AtmO 6
    6079.016 Fe 3 6281.956 Atm 0 2 6928.728 AtmO 5
    6082.718 Fe 1 6283.796 Atm 0 1 6934.422 AtmO 3
    6085.257 Ti - Fe 2 6289.398 Atm 0 1 6959.452 Atm 9
    6086.288 Ni 2 6290.221 Atm 0 2 6961.260 Atm 11
    6089.574 Fe 2 6292.162 Atm 0 2 6978.862 Fe 6
    6490.216 V 2 6292.958 Atm 0 3 6986.579 Atm 8
    6093:649 Fe 2 6295.178 Atm 0 3 6988.986 Atm 8
    6096.671 Fe 3 6295.960 Atm 0 3 7022.957 Fe 4
    6102.183 Fe 6 6297.799 Fe 5 7023.504 Atm 5
    6102.727 Ca 9 6299.228 Atm 0 3 7027.478 Atm 5
    6111.078 Ni 2 6301.508 Fe 7 7034.910 Si 5
    6116.198 Ni 3 6302.499 Fe 5 7122.206
    ~~~ ~. Ni 7
    6122.226 Ca 10 6302.764 AtmO 2 7568.906 Fe 5
    6127.912 Fe 3 6305.810 AtmO 2 7574.048 Ni 5
    6128.984 Ni 1 6306.565 AtmO 2 7586.027 Fe 8
    6136.624 Fe 8 6309.886 AtmO 2 7595.770 Ah02 12
    6137.002 Fe 3 6315.314 Fe 3 7599.462 Atm0; 0
    6137.702 Fe 7 6315.814 Fe 2 7602.995 AtmO; 0
    Ba+-Fe 7 6318.027 Fe 6 7611.194 Atm02 0
    Si 2 6322.694 Fe 5 7616.980 Ni 8
    Fe+ 2 6327.604 Ni 2 7619.214 Ni 4
    Fe 4 6330.852 Fe 2 7621.802 AtmO. 0
    6154.230 Na 2 6335.337 Fe 7 7625.354 Atm0; 1
    6157.733 Fe 5 6336.830 Fe 7 7638.306 AtmOz 3
    6161.295 Ca 4 6344.155 Fe 4 7647.202 Atm 0, 1
    6 162.180 Ca 15 6355.035 Fe 4 7649.553 Atm02 -1
    6165.363 Fe 2 6358.687 Fe 6 7651.963 Atm02 0
    6166.440 Ca 5 6378.256 Ni 2 7657.606 ME 9N
    6169.564 Ca 7 6380.750 Fe 4 7665.944 Atm"O2 10
    6170.516 Fe-Ni 4 6393.612 Fe 7 7671.669 AtmOr 10
    6173.341 Fe 5 6400.009 Fe 8 7676.565 Atm02 9
    6175.370 Ni 3 6400.323 Fe 2 7677.619 Atm02 9
    6176.816 Ni 5 6408.026 Fe 5 7682.758 Atm02 8
    6180.209 Fe 5 6411.658 Fe 7 7683.802 Atm02 8
    5186.717 Ni 2 6419.956 Fe 4 7690.218 AtmO. 6
    6187.995 -Fe 4 6421.360 Fe 7 7695.838 AtmO; 4
    6191.571 Fe 9 6430.856 Fe 7 7696.869 Atm02 4
    6200.321 Fe 6 6449.820 Ca 6 7714.310 Ni 6
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    574
    T A B L E 618.-STANDARD SOLAR W A V E L E N G T H S ' MEASURED IN AIR A T 15°C
    AND 1 ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE (continuod)
    A Solar Origin Intensity A Solar Origin Intensity A Solar Origin Intensity
    7727.616 Ni 5 8259.692 Atm 8 9073.134 Atm 1
    7748.284 Fe 6 8263.445 Atm 7 9074.306 Atm 7
    7751.116 Fe 2 8272.042 Atm 8 9092.482 Atm 5
    7780.568 Fe
    - _ 8 8279.600 Atm 9 9105.399 Atm 7
    7788.933 Ni 5 8300.408 Atm 10 9118.009 Atm 5
    7797.588 Ni 5 8304.300 Atrn 6 9132.443 Atm 3
    7807.916 Fe?-Fe 4 8311.956 Atm 6 9140.457 Atm 1
    7832.208 Fe 9 8316.224 Atm 5 9150.800 Atm 1
    7836.130 A1 4N 8327.061 Fe 10 9175.249 Atm 5
    7864.437 Atm 2 8329.682 Atm 8 9178.534 Atm 3
    7885.014 Atm Ti 1 8333.584 Atm 5 9181.203 Atm 3
    7887.117 Atm 3 8342.290 Atm 3 9190.208 Atm 3
    7893.512 Atm 4 8349.162 Atm 4 9192.568 Atm 5
    79 12.870 Fe 2 8357.040 Atm 6 9205.584 Atm 3
    7915.634 Atm 3 8362.302 Atm 5 9225.006 Atm 6
    7920.666 Atm 7 8367.331 Atm 6 9232.750 Atm 3
    7928.618 Atm 7 8376.381 Atm 4 9251.100 Atm 6
    7937.150 Fe 7 8394.020 Atm 3 9254.347 Atm 1
    7941.096 Fe . 2 8397.152 Atm 2 9275.072 Atm 2
    7945.858 Fe 7 8426.514 Ti 2 9289.856 Atm 2
    7958.492 Atm 7 8434.968 Ti 4 9301.910 Atm 5
    7971.522 Atm 4 8439.581 Fe 5 9311.734 Atm 6
    7984.342 Atm 4 8468.418 Fe 9 9314.006 Atm 4
    7994.488 Fe 3 8471.744 Fe 2 9320.768 Atm 7
    8000.300 Atm 6 8514.082 Fe 7 9321.650 Atrn 0
    8012.940 Atm 4 8515.122 Fe 5 9348.382 Atm 2
    8036.460 Atm 3 8526.676 Fe 3 9361.227 Atm 6
    8039.600 Atm 3 8556.797 Si 8N 9363.334 Atm 3
    8045.530 Atm 3 8571.807 Fe 2 9374.280 Atm 1
    8046.058 Fe 8 8582.271 Fe 6 9400.094 Atm 7
    8047.625 Fe 4 8595.968 Si 3N 9406.904 Atm 6
    8063.286 Atm 2 8598.836 Fe 3 9444.4 12 Atm 5
    8075.158 Fe 2 8611.812 Fe 7 9463.992 Atm 3
    8096.580 Atm 3 8613.946 Fe 1 9472.418 Atm 1
    8103.165 Atm 1 8616.284 Fe 2 9476.754 Atm 4
    8107.842 Atm 4 8648.472 Si 10N 9478.884 Atm 0
    8118.910 Atm 2 8674.756 Fe 7 9483.970 Atm 1
    8125.445 Atm 3 8699.461 Fe 4 9486.042 Atm 7
    8133.209 Atrn 2 8713.208 Fe 3 9504.434 Atm 3
    8139.718 Atm 3 8717.833 Mg? 7N 9507.742 Atm 1
    8146.213 Atrn 5 8747.438 Fe 0 9512.630 Atm 5
    8147.188 Atm 5 8773.906 A1 6 9533.411 Atm 4
    8165.337 Atm 3 8784.444 Fe 1 9549.958 Atm 2
    8169.386 Atm 6 8790.454 Fe Si 6 9550.362 Atm 2
    8177.932 Atm 7 8793.350 Fe 6 9558.836 Atm 2
    8178.491 Atm 4 8824.234 Fe 10 9575.680 Atm 3
    8181.848 Atm 9 8866.943 Fe 9 9587.126 Atm 5
    8194.836 Na 12 N 8868.444 Fe 3 9598.870 Atrn 7
    8200.694 Atm 6 8876.030 Fe 1 9601.170 Atm 3
    8207.749 Fe 4 8879.316 Atm 4 9624.496 Atm 3
    8212.132 Atm 5 8917.506 Atm 1 9629.997 Atm 1
    8218.114
    8221.553
    Atm
    Atm
    10
    6
    8927.392
    8930.270
    Ca
    Atm
    + 7
    4
    9643.105
    9651.932
    Atm
    Atm
    3
    2
    8225.688 Atm 5 8946.878 Atm 4 9664.646 Atm 6
    8229.762 Atm 8 8950.744 Atm 1 9686.386 Atm 3
    8233.906 Atrn 8 8958.402 Atm 4 9694.588 Atm 0
    8234.628 Atm 3 8963.492 Atm 4 9700.139 Atm 2
    8237.341 Atm 5 8969.030 Atrn 0 9708.922 Atm 6
    8239.132 Fe 2 8976.424 Atm 1 9730.638 Atm 4
    8239.924 Atm 4 8993.043 Atm 0 9755.979 Atm 0
    8248.137 Fe 4 9047.412 Atm 2 9765.495 Atm 4
    8248.802 0 4 9052.974 Atm 7 9768.637 Atm 2
    8252.727 Atm 6 9060.434 Atm 6 9776.818 Atm 3
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    575
    TABLE 618.-STANDARD SOLAR WAVELENGTHS MEASURED I N A I R A T 15°C
    AND 1 ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE (concluded)
    X Solar Origin Intensity h Solar Origin Intensity X Solar Origin Intensity
    9779.406 Atm 5 9803.241 Atm 3 9843.978 Atm 2
    9787.146 Atm 3 9821.754 Atm 3 9850.524 Atm -1
    9791.006 Atm 7 9831.960 A t m - T i 4 9873.638 Atm 4
    9795.288 Atm 1 9835.758 Atm 1 9878.200 Atm Fe 1
    9799.476 Atm 7 9840.092 Atm -1 9889.050 Fe 5

    Prominent lines i n simple spectra of elements.-The more prominent lines, in


    simple spectra, easily excited with high intensity, are universally employed in spectroscopy,
    refractometry, polarimetry, spectrophotometry, interferometry, and metrology either to
    calibrate the wavelength scales of dispersing instruments or to make optical measurements
    at various wavelengths. A brief tabulation of the wavelengths most commonly used for
    these purposes is given in Table 619, where numerical. values of wavelengths and approxi-
    mate relative intensities by elements are followed by graphical presentation (fig. 30). The
    spectral range is restricted to that easily observed photographically in air (2000 to
    10000 A). Values of wavelengths are quoted from the M.I.T. Wavelength Tables (John
    Wiley & Sons, New York, 1939) and relative intensities in individual spectra are estimated
    from arc spectrograms made a t the National Bureau of Standards.

    TABLE 619.-WAVELENGTHS ( I N ANGSTROMS) AND R E L A T I V E


    INTENSITIES O F PROMINENT LINES I N SIMPLE SPECTRA

    Wavelength Intensity Wavelength Intensity Wavelength Intensity


    H 6562.849 200 Mg 5183.618 75 Cu 5782.132 30
    6562.725 100 5172.699 45 5218.202 100
    4861.327 40 5167.343 15 5153.235 30
    4340.465 15 3838.258 75 5105.541 15
    4101.735 5 3832.306 50 4651.134 10
    3970.074 1 3829.350 20 4586.954 8
    2852.129 500 4062.698 25
    H e 7065.188 40 2802.695 400 4022.657 20
    6678.149 75 2795.53 800 3273.962 400
    5875.618 500 3247.540 800
    5015.675 45 A1 3961.527 500 2961.165 4
    4921.929 25 3944.032 250 2824.369 8
    4713.143 25 3092.713 100 2766.371 15
    4471.477 40 3082.155 50 2618.366 30
    4026.189 20 2660.393 5 2492.146 5
    3888.646 500 2652.489 4 2406.665 5
    3203.14 25 2575.100 10 2392.627 20
    3 187.743 50 2567.987 5 2293.842 15
    2945.104 25 2263.079 10
    2733.32 25 A 8521.441 200 2246.995 8
    2511.22 10 8424.647 250 2230.084 4
    2385.42 5 8408.208 300 2225.697 6
    8264.521 150 2199.583 5
    Li 8126.52 30 8115.311 400 2192.260 4
    6707.844 900 8103.692 200 2135.976 4
    6103.642 60 8014.786 80
    4971.990 5 8006.156 60 Zn 4810.534 100
    4602.863 10 7503.867 150 4722.159 60
    4132.29 3 7067.217 300 4680.138 20
    3232.61 4 6965.430 500 3345.572 15
    2741.31 2 6871.290 100 3345.020 80
    6752.832 100
    -.. 3302.941 15
    Na 8194.811 30 6677.282 80 3302.588 40
    8183.270 15 4200.675 50 3282.333 20
    5895.923 500 4158.590 50 3075.901 10
    5889.953 900 4044.418 20 2138.56 950
    5688.224 10 3948.979 20 206 1.91 15
    5682.657 6 2025.51 30
    3302.988 10 Cu 8092.634 30
    3302.323 20 7933.130 15
    (continued)

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    1'-
    I 5 H.
    577
    T A B L E 619.-WAVELENGTHS (IN ANGSTROMS) A N D R E L A T I V E
    I N T E N S I T I E S O F P R O M I N E N T L I N E S IN S I M P L E SPECTRA
    (concluded)
    Wavelength Intensity IVavelength Intensity \Vavelength Intensity
    Ne 9665.424 100 .\g 8273.519 30 Kr 9856.24 50
    9326.52 60 7687.779 15 9751.759
    .. - -.. -. 200
    9300.85 60 5471.551 50 8928.692 200
    9201.76 60 5165.487 100 8776.749 600
    9148.68 60 5209.067 50 8508.870 300
    8853.866 80 3382.891 400 8298.108 500
    8783.755 100 3280.683 800 828I.049 150
    8780.622 120 2437.791 4 8263.240 300
    8654.383 150 -7413.184 2 8190.054 300
    8377.607 80 8112.902 600
    7438.899 80 K 7698.979 400 8104.364 400
    7245.167 200 7664.907 800 8059.504 150
    7032.4127 300 6938.98 8 7854.821 80
    6929.468 300 691 1.30 4 7694.539 120
    6678.2764 400 4047.201 4 7685.246 100
    6506.5279 600 4044.140 8 7601.544 400
    6402.246 800 3446.722 3 7587.413 400
    6382.9914 500 5870.9158 300
    6266.4950 400 Ca 8662.140 40 5570.2895 200
    6163.5939 250 8542.089 80 4463.6902 20
    6143.0623 600 6439.073 40 4376.1220 50
    6096.1630 400 6162.172 60 4319.5797 80
    6074.3377 300 5588.748 50 4318.5525 40
    5944.8342 400 4226.728 200 4273.9700 40
    5881.8950 250 3968.468 400
    5852.4878 800 3933.666 800 Hg 5790.654 10
    5400.562 50 5769.59 10
    Cd 6438.4696 200 5460.740 75
    Rb 7947.60 400 6099.18 50 4358.35 50
    7800.227 800 5085.824 100 4046.561 25
    7757.651 50 4799.918 60 3650.146 50
    7618.933 50 3612.875 20 3131.833 10
    7408.170 20 3610.510 100 3131.546 10
    6298.327 40 3467.656 20 3125.663 15
    6206.309 30 3466.201 55 2967.278 30
    6070.751 10 3403.653 25 2536.519 600
    5724.453 20 3261.057 20
    4215.556 100 2288.018 ‘900
    4201.851 200 2265.017 100
    2144.38-7 200

    T A B L E 620.-WAVELENGTHS OF FRAUNHOFER LINES


    For convenience of reference the values of the wavelengths corresponding to the Fraun-
    hofer lines usually designated by the letters in the column headed “Index letter,” are here
    tabulated separately. The letters .I-. y, and 2 were assigned by Abney.‘B2 Except for Ds,
    the rest have been taken from Higg‘s map of the normal solar spectrum. The data in
    columns 2, 3, and 4 are from the following sources :
    For X > 6600, Babcock, H. D.. and Moore, C. E., Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 579,
    1947.
    For X 3062-6600, Revised Rowland Table, St. John, C . E., et al., Carnegie.1ns.t. Washing-
    ton Publ. 396, 1928, with additions and corrections by C . E. Moore, unpublished
    (1949).
    For X < 3062, Babcock, H. D., Moore. C. E., and Coffeen, hi. F., Astrophys. Journ., vol.
    107, p. 287, 1948 (Mount \Vilson Contr. S o . 745).
    102 For reference, see p. 578.

    (cotititiited)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 620.-WAVELENGTHS OF FRAUNHOFER LINES (concluded)

    Index Identi- Solar Solar Index Identi. Solar Solar

    {E; T i +
    letter fication wavelength intensity letter fication wavelength intensity
    Y Atm 8987.65 10 G 4307.912 6
    2-4 xi! 8806.775 14 4307.747
    4226.740
    3
    20d
    %a ca+ 8662.170 23 Ca
    %a
    2-1
    Ca
    Ca
    ++ 8542.144
    8498.062
    25
    20
    It
    H
    Ha
    Ca+
    4101.748
    3968.492
    405
    700
    z Atm 8226.962 (20) K
    L
    Ca+
    F e
    3933.682
    3820.436
    lo00
    25
    A Atm Oa 7593.695* 10 ~.
    4
    a Atm 7184.526 8 ;I i Fe 3727.634
    B Atm O2 6867.187 * 4 A’ Fe 3581.209 30
    C H. 0 Fe 3441.019 15
    a
    6562.808
    Atm 0, 6276.607*
    40
    2d
    P Ti+ 3361.193 8
    7N
    Q Fe 3286.772
    DI Sa 5895.940 20 CCa+ 3181.276 3
    R +
    [!##
    Da Na 5889.973 30 ICa 3179.342 5d?
    {;: +
    Di 5875.650 t 3 143.996 2
    5875.618 t r 3143.764 4
    E
    Ca 5270.388
    5270.268
    4
    3 S
    l i:{ 3 101.895
    3101.574
    3
    4s
    5269.550 8D Fe 3100.682 3
    bi
    ba
    br
    {Z+
    Mg 5183.619
    5172.698
    5169.050
    5168.908
    30
    20
    4
    3
    S
    2

    S Fe
    3100.325
    3099.987
    3099.896
    3047.614
    4x
    3
    3
    35
    bd

    F
    {Eg
    HB
    5167.508
    5167.328
    4861.342
    5
    15
    30
    T
    I Fe 3021.077
    3020.656
    3020.490
    30
    40
    20
    J! H, 4340.475 20N t Fe Xi 2994.436 40
    Band lines due to molecular oxygen in the earth’s ntmosphere. The wavelength of the first line of
    the hand is recorded here.
    t 1.ahoratory wavelengths listed. H e IiEes are conspicuous ,in the spectrum of the chromosphere.
    $ Rowland assigns the index letter “g to this line.

    R E F E R E S C E S F O R STASD.\RD IVAVELESGTHS
    ’“Trans Int. Union Coop. S o h i Res. vol. 2 p. 142, 1907.
    “BTrans. Int. Astron. Union vol. 1
    159 Pro&
    6. 35. (922.
    Verhaux Comiti IAt. Poi& et Mesures, Ser. 2, rol. 12, p. 67 , 1927.
    Ihid., vol. 17, p. 91, 1935.
    ‘81Proc. Roy. Soc. London vol A186 164, 1946.
    m* Journ. Opt. SOC.Amer.,’ vol: 38, p:
    964 1949.
    ?; 1948; vol. 40, p. 545, 1950. Comptes Rendus, vol. 228, p.
    1611 Trans.’ Int. Astron. Union, vol. 5, p. 86, 1935.
    1M Ihid vol. 5, p. 87, 1935.
    Ie-3 Ihid:’ vol 1, p. 36 1922.
    1sa Ihid.’ vol’ 3 p 86’ 1928. vol. 4 p. 234, 1932; \ol. 6, p. 79, 1938.
    i.
    Ihid.: vol: 5: 84, 1935’; vol. i, p. 146, 1949.
    Ihid., vol. 6, p. 80, 1938.
    Ihid., vol. I , p. 41, 1922; vol. 2, p. 42, 1925.
    1MPhys Rev vol 47 653, 1935.
    -1 Trans. Ini.’Asiron.’ bnion. vol. 3, p. 93, 1928; vol. 6, p. 90, 1938.
    laz Philos. Trans., vol. 177, p. 457, 1886.

    S e r i e s relations in a t o m i c spectra.-The analysis of atomic spectra began in 1889


    when J. R. Rydberg first found that the wave number (number of waves per cm) of a
    spectral line could be represented as the difference between two numerical quantities that
    he called spectral terms. From the data of alkali and alkaline-earth spectra Rydberg
    sorted singlet, doublet, and triplet terms that formed sequences of the form ___ R

    where R is Rydberg’s constant, I t is an integer, and a fraction. Rydberg also distin-


    (12 + P y

    guished between sharp, principal, and diffuse terms; the initial letters s, p. and d survive
    in spectroscopic notation today. To distinquish between successive terms of a series.
    cardinal numbers (n) were prefixed to the literal symbols, and to distinguish between the
    components of doublet and triplet terms numerical subscripts were arbitrarily attached.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    579

    Thus the wave numbers of the yellow doublet of sodium were represented symbolically:
    u = 1s - 2p1,2. More than 30 years passed before these arbitrary symbols could be given
    any atomic interpretation.
    The concept of atomic energy levels was first clearly stated in 1913 by S. Bohr who
    postulated (1) that stationary atomic states exist, and (2) that the frequency of atomic
    radiation is proportional to the difference between two atomic energy states, hu = (El -
    E d , the proportionality factor being Planck's constant, h . By 1919 the accumulation of
    singlet, doublet, and triplet terms found in arc and spark spectra barely sufficed to suggest
    two general laws of spectral structures: ( 1 ) the alternation law which states that even and
    odd multiplicities alternate in successive columns of the periodic chart of the atoms, and
    (2) the displacement law which states that the spectrum of an ionized atom resembles
    that of the preceding atom but the analogous lines are displaced toward higher frequencies.
    Term multiplicities of atoms or ions are thus determined solely by the number of electrons
    in the atoms, whereas the atomic charge controls the position of the spectrum. These two
    facts suggested that electrons and protons were involved in the exegesis of atomic spectra.
    The more complex spectra rtsisted all attempts a t interpretation until 1922 when M. A.
    CatalPn deliberately set out to discover a new or more general principle in spectral struc-
    ture. H e found in the arc spectra of chromium and manganese terms having five or six
    levels which combined to produce groups of lines that he called multiplets. I n a few
    years thousands of terms were found in atomic and ionic spectra, and contemporaneously
    the present quantum theory of ztomic encrgy levels was developed. As a result of these
    developments the arbitrary symbols that empirical spectroscopy devised for the yellow
    doublet of sodium were replaced by the following :
    u = 3 =sw- 3 =PO$$, I$$

    Each and every item of this spectroscopic notation now has definite physical meaning in
    terms of a vector model of the Rutherford-Bohr atom which is assumed to consist of a
    minute but massive nucleus (composed of protons and neutrons) with one or more elec-
    trons circulating about it. The normal number of electrons in any atom is equal to the
    atomic number, Z : identical with the number of protons in its nucleus.
    Spectral lines result from changes in atomic energies defined by the positions of one or
    more optical electrons in successive shells and by their orbital and axial momenta, each
    of which is associated with an appropriate quantum number. In general, the first large
    change in atomic energy occurs when an electron jumps from its normal shell, represented
    by the principal quantum number n, to another shell. These principal quantum numbers
    identify the successive shells of the periodic system and serve as coefficients to the spectral
    term symbols S,P, D, F , etc. If an electron is moved from its lowest value of n to n =a
    the atom is ionized, and the voltage necessary to remove this electron is called the ionization
    potential. This ionization energy is expressed in wave number (cm-') or in electron volts
    (ev) as in Tables 623 and 624. Increasing atomic energies are exhibited in absorption
    spectra, decreasing energies in emission spectra.
    After that due to a change in n, the next largest change in atomic energy is usually
    one associated with orbital angular momentum symbolized by an azimuthal quantum
    number 1 having integral values 0, 1, 2, 3, - - - corresponding respectively to the empirical
    term symbols S , P , D, F , - - -. Electrons with l = O are called s-electrons, those with
    1 = 1, #-electrons, etc. These four 1 values and the first seven n values suffice to describe
    the normal electron configurations of all possible atoms and ions. When two or more
    optical electrons are present, their individual orbital momenta 11. 12 ---are added vec-
    torially to form a resultant L which is restricted by quantum theory to integral values
    +
    ranging in the case of two electrons from lI 12 to I ll - 1, I. The types of spectral terms
    resulting from various simple configurations of electrons are shown in Table 621.

    T A B L E 621.-L VALUES AND SPECTRAL T ERM S RESULTING FROM


    T W O ELECTRONS

    Electrons L Terms
    ss 0 S
    1 P
    o i 2 S P D
    1 2 3 P n F
    0 1 2 3 4 S P E F G
    1 2 3 4 5 P D F G H
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 S P D F G H l
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    580
    T A B L E 621.-L V ALUE S A N D SPECTRAL T E R M S R E S U LTI N G FR OM
    T W O E LE CTRO NS (concluded)
    A third contribution to the total energy of an atom or ion comes from the rotation of
    each electron about its own axis. This axial angular mon~entuniis the same for all elec-
    trons; it is represented by the spin quantum number s = s.
    When two or more electrons
    are present the individual spin vectors s,, s,, - - - combine with each other to yield a
    resultant S, but (like L ) the resultant spin 5' can take only certain discrete values, the
    maximum being obtained when all the individual spins are parallel, and the minimum
    being either one-half or zero according as the number of electrons is odd or even. Electron
    spins account for the splitting of most spectral terms into two or more components (called
    levels) and give a physical meaning to the subscripts attached to these levels. These sub-
    scripts are called inner quantum numbers: they are symbolized by J to represent the
    vector sum of L and S. The largest and smallest values of J result from simple addition
    and subtraction of L and S and all intermediate values of J that differ by integral amounts
    are allowed :
    +
    J = ( L +s>, ( L s- 11,
    > +
    when L S the number of permitted J values is 2 s 1, which fixes the term multiplicity
    R and underlies the alternation law, since the maximum multiplicity will be even or odd
    according as the number of electrons is odd or even. The S values and spectral-term
    multiplicities associated with numbers of optical electrons are displayed in Table 613.
    Because s = for each electron the total angular momentum J of an atom or ion will
    have integral values for levels belonging to odd multiplicities, and half-integral values for
    levels if the term multiplicities are even, as shown in Table 615.

    T A B L E 622.-TERMS FROM E Q U I V A L E N T E LE C TR ON S

    Electrons Terms (omitting J values)


    s9 'S
    'S,'D,'P
    ' P . 'D.'.C
    'P,'0,
    'c,
    'S:'5: 'P,'F
    '0, 'F, 'G,' H , 'P,'F
    P 'S, 'D,'G,'I,'P,"F,' H
    etc.

    The actual types and multiplicities of terms arising from various configurations of
    optical electrons depend on whether the electrons are equivalent or nonequivalent, that is,
    have the same or different values of ~t and 1. I n any atom the maximum number of equiva-
    lent electrons is 2(2I+ I) , and no shell can contain more than two s electrons (?), six P
    electrons (PO)), ten d electrons (SO)or fourteen f electrons (f"). In simple cases the
    spectral terms arising from nonequivalent electrons may be obtained from the L values
    of Table 621 and the S values of Table 613, as shown in Table 616.
    When the optical electrons are equivalent, the Pauli exclusion principle introduces sim-
    plifications, some of which are evident by comparing Tables 616 and 622.
    An important consequence of the Pauli principle is that closed shells, in which the maxi-
    mum number of equivalent electrons is present, have L = 0 and S= 0 and therefore
    may be ignored in deriving the terms given by any electron configuration. Furthermore,
    any subgroup that lacks one or more electrons to fill the group behaves spectroscopically
    as if the lacking electrons were present, except that the terms are, in general, regular
    (smallest J level has least energy) when the group is less than half filled but inverted when
    more than half filled.
    Each configuration (excluding single eiectrons and closed shells) yields many energy
    states, and the object of swctrum analysis is to determine (1) the numerical values of the
    energy levels, ( 2 ) the quantum numbek that characterize them, and (3) the electron con-
    figurations from which they arise. The wave number of each observed spectral line meas-
    ures the energy difference between two quantized states of an atom or ion, but, because
    the same level can in general combine with many others, the number of levels is usually
    much smaller than the number of classified lines. The combining properties of atomic
    energy levels are governed by simple rules. Thus all terms or levels of a given atom fall
    into two groups of different parity called even and odd according as the arithmetical sum
    of the I values of the optical electrons is even or odd (distinguished by the sign and by

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    581

    level value in italics), and normally spectral lines are permitted only when terms of dif-
    ferent parity combine. Furthermore, an overwhelming majority of the transitions between
    atomic energy levels obey the following rules :
    AR= 0
    AL= f l
    AJ = 0, 2 1, excepting 0 to 0.
    I n complex spectra, especially of heavy elements, intersystem combinations are observed
    for AR = & 2, & 4. Likewise, transitions for AL = 0 give strong multiplets, and transi-
    tions for which AL = & 2, & 3 are observed but usually only faintly. Violations of theA/
    rule are extremely rare. Assignment of L values and electron configurations to energy
    levels implicitly assumes that LS coupling or interaction exists among the individual vec-
    tors. This means that the individual 1 vectors are strongly coupled to produce resultant L
    values of different energies, and the individual s vectors are also strongly coupled to pro-
    duce resultant S values. These L and S resultants are then less strongly coupled with each
    other to produce resultant J values. Other types of coupling such as J J or JL are some-
    times met with and in such cases L loses all or most of its significance. Also when the
    levels of two like-parity configurations overlap or dovetail, it is practically impossible to
    distinguish the two configurations or choose the levels that belong to each. However, be-
    cause LS coupling holds for all the higher elements, predominates in many others, and is
    either accurately or approximately valid for the ground states of all atoms and ions, it is
    basic for the standardized notation for spectral terms. Thus, any atomic energy level or
    spectral term is symbolically represented by four quantities. (1) its principal quantum
    number ?L written as a coefficient of the term-type symbol ; (2) its type-S, P, D, F , etc.-
    where the capital letters stand for azimuthal quantum numbers or orbital angular momenta
    L = 0, 1,2,3, etc., respectively ; (3) its inner quantum number or total angular momentum
    + +
    J = L S , written as a subscript to the term-type symbol ; and (4) its multiplicity num-
    ber, R = 2 s 1, written as a superior prefix t o the term-type symbol. In addition the
    parity, if the sum of p and f electrons is odd, is indicated by the sign attached like an
    exponent to the term-type symbol.
    For any given spectrum in which energy levels have been established, and in which
    LS coupling exists, it is possible to assign notation as well as electron configuration without
    ambiguity. Relative values of J are readily determined from the combining properties of
    the levels and the selection rule, AJ = 0 2 1. In terms of odd multiplicity the absolute
    value of J is fixed by the absence of the transition 0 to 0 which is forbidden. I n other cases
    the absolute value of J can often be deduced from the sum rule (the sum of the intensities
    of all the lines of a multiplet that belong to the same initial or final state is proportional to
    +
    the statistical weight 2J 1 of the initial or final state respectively), or from the interval
    rule (the interval between two successive components, J and J +
    1, of a polyfold term
    is proportional to J + 1). The most decisive determination of J and L (excepting singlet
    terms) results from the observation of completely resolved Zeeman patterns since an ex-
    +
    ternal magnetic field causes each energy level to be split into 2J 1 sublevels and the
    splitting factors indicate L values.
    It is a consequence of atomic structure that long series of spectral terms of the same
    parity, L, S, I , but increasing n, are observed only in one-electron spectra, as for example
    to n = 79 in the first spectrum of sodium. Five- six- or seven-electrons provide so many
    configurations and competing levels that it is often exceedingly difficult to detect the
    second or any higher members of a spectral series.
    Quantum principles having thus specified the various spectral terms arising from cer-
    tain electrons, it became possible in 1925 to determine from identified terms the electron
    configurations of all atoms and ions. By 1950 the ground states of 82 species of neutral
    atoms and 75 singly ionized atoms had been uniquely determined from spectral structure.
    Besides disclosing the ground level and normal electron configuration of each atom or
    ion, the discovery of series relations in atomic spectra has given exact values for many
    ionization potentials which measure the forces with which the optical electrons are bound
    to atoms and ions. Furthermore, since the most intense radiations are usually associated
    with the largest L and J values of low-lying levels, the analysis of spectra has aided in
    selecting the strongest spectral lines characteristic of atoms and ions. I n general, the
    strongest lines result from s@p electron transitions, but do not necessarily end on the
    ground state. Because these data are of great importance in spectroscopy, atomic physics,
    chemistry, and astrophysics, they are collected for neutral atoms in Table 623 and for
    singly ionized atoms in Table 624.'"
    For more detailed discussions of atomic spectra and complete compilations of atomic energy levels,
    see the list of references, page 585.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    582
    T A B L E 623.-SPECTROSCOPIC P R O P E R T I E S O F N E U T R A L ATOMS
    The wavelengths of strongest lines exceeding 2000 A are valid for standard air, the
    remainder for vacuum.

    Normal Ionization
    Period Neutral electron Ground potential Strongest
    n atom configuration level volts line, A
    1 1 H 1's 2so 1,4 13.595 1215.66
    2 He 1s2 'So 24.580 584.33
    2 3 Li 2s' ?SO% 5.390 6707.85
    4 Be 2.P 'So 9.320 2348.61
    5B 2s2 2p' 2P00*,4 8.296 2497.73
    6 C 2 2 2p2 'Po 11.264 1657.01
    7 N z S 2 2p3 'Sols 14.54 1134.98
    8 0 2 9 2p4 3P2 13.614 1302.19
    9 F 2s22p5 ZPOlX,j 17.418 954.80
    10 Ne 2s22pe 'So 21.559 735.89
    3 11 Na 3s' 2so.A 5.138 5889.95
    12 Mg 3s2 'So 7.644 2852.13
    13 A1 3 3 3p' 2P00.A 5.984 396 1.53
    14 Si 3 2 3p2 8Po 8.149 2516.12
    15 P 3s23p3 4SOl',4 10.55 1774.94
    16 S 3s' 3p4 3P2 10.357 1807.31
    17 C1 3 2 3p5 2P013,4 13.01 1347.2
    18 A 3 2 3pe 'So 15.755 1048.22
    4 19 K 4s' 2sow 4:339 7664.91
    20 ca 42 'So 6.111 4226.73
    21 s c 3 6 4s2 2D1.A 6.538 5671.80
    22 Ti 3d24s' 'Fz 61818 4981.73
    23 V 3 842 'F~H 6.743 4379.24
    24 Cr 3 8 4s' ?S3 6.74 4254.35
    25 Mn 3d64s2 S W 7.432 4030.76
    26 Fe 3 8 4s2 'D4 7.868 3581.20
    27 Co 3 6 4s' 'F4w 7.862 3453.50
    28 Ni 3dR4s' 'F4 7.633 3414.76
    29 Cu 3B4.8 2soo.A 7.724 3247.54
    30 Zn 49 'So 9.931 2138.56
    31 Ga 4s' 4p' 2POOW 6.00 4172.06
    32 Ge 4s24p= 'Po 7.88 265 1.18
    33 As 4 2 4p3 'SO'% 9.81 1890.43
    34 Se 4 2 4p' 'Pa 9.750 1960.91
    35 Br 4s24p5 2P01W 11.84 1488.4
    36 Kr 4 2 4pe 'So 13.996 1235.82
    5 37 Rb 5s'. 'Sou 4.176 7800.23
    -38 S r 59 'So 5.692 4607.33
    39 Y 4d' 5s2 'D1s 6.377 5466.47
    40 Zr 4d25s' 'Fz 6.835 4687.80
    41 Nb 4d45.8 'Do% 6.881 4058.94
    42 Mo 4d" 5s' 5 3 7.131 3798.25
    43 Tc 4 8 5s2 eSlW 7.23 3636.10
    44 Ru 4 6 5Sl "6 7.365 3498.94
    45 Rh 4ds 5s' '
    F4 u 7.461 3434.89
    46 Pd 46O 'So 8.33 3404.58
    47 Ag 5s' 2Sas 7.574 3280.68
    48 Cd 5s2 'So 8.991 2288.02
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    583
    T A B L E 623.-S P E C T ROSCOPI C P ROP E R T I ES 0 F N E U T R A L A T O M S
    (concluded)
    Normal Ionization
    Period Neutral electron Ground Spectral potential Strongest
    n atom configuration level multiplicities volts line, A
    49 In 'POO% 2,4 5.785 4511.32
    50 Sn 8P0 1,3 7.332 3175.04
    51 S h 4SOxw 2,4 8.64 2068.38
    52 Te 3P* A3,5 9.01 2142.75
    53 I 'PO1% 2,4 10.44 1830.4
    54 x e 'So 1,s 12.127 1469.62
    6 55 c s 'SO% 2 3.893 8521.10
    56 Ba 'So 43 5.210 5535.55
    57 La 'DIW 2,4 5.61 6249.93
    58 Ce ... ... ... 5699.23
    ...
    ..I

    59 P r 4f36s' 410,~~ 4 4951.36


    60 Nd 4f' 6 2 % 5 ... 4924.53
    61 Pm ... ... ...
    62 Sm 4is'ds' 'F. 7,9 5.6 4296.75
    63 E u 4f 6s' hSO,% 6, 8, 10 5.67 4594.02
    64 Gd 4f 5d' 6s' "DO2 7,9, 11 6.16 4225.85
    65 T h ... ... ... ... ...
    66 Dy ... ... ... ... ...
    67 Ho ... ... ... ... ...
    68 Er ... ... ...
    69 T m 4P6P 'F0at,4 2 ... 56ji.83.
    70 Yb 4f"6s2 'SO 1,3 6.2 3987.99
    71 Lu 5 8 6s' 'D~Y, 2 5.0 45 18.57
    72 Hf 56 6s' 'F2 1,3,5 5.5 3682.24
    73 T a 5d36s' 4,6 7.7 2647.47
    74 w 5d46s' GD" 5,7 7.98 4008.75
    75 Re 5dG6s' S H 4,6,8 7.87 3460.47
    76 0 s 5d" 6 2 GD. 3,5,7 8.7 2909.06
    77 I r 5 6 6s' 'Fx 4,6 9.2 2543.97
    78 P t 5d" 6s' 'Ds 1,3,5 8.96 2659.44
    79 Au 56'6s' 'SO% 2 9.223 2427.95
    80 Hg 6s' lS0 1, 3 10.434 1849.68
    81 T1 6s' 6p' 'P0"t,4 2 6.106 5350.46
    82 Ph 6s' 6p' =Po 1,3 7.415 4057.82
    83 Bi 6s' 6pq 4SDll,4 2,4 s+ 3067.72
    84 Po ... ... ... ... 2449.99
    85 At ... ...
    86 Rn 626pn lS:, 43 10.745 ij86.07
    7 87 F r ... ... ... ...
    88 Ra 7s' 'S" 43 5.277 482i.91
    89 Ac 6d' 7s' 'Dl% 2 ... ...
    90 T h 6 8 7s' 'F2 3,s ... ...
    91 P a ... ... ...
    92U 55"6d' 7s' "O,I 5,7 4 2 59ii.40
    93 Np ... ... ... ... ...
    94 P u ... ... ... ... ...
    95 Am ... ... ... ... ...
    96 Cm ... ... ... ... ...
    97 Bk ... ... ... ...
    98 Cf ... ... ... ...
    ..I

    ...

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    584
    T A B L E 624.-SPECTROSCOPIC P R O P E R T I E S O F S I N G L Y - I O N I Z E D ATOMS
    The wavelengths of strongest lines exceeding 2000 A are valid for standard air, the
    remainder for vacuum.

    Normal Ionization
    Period Ionized electron Ground potential Strongest
    n atom configuration level volts line, A
    1 1 H' ... ... 54.403 30j.78
    2 He+ 1s' =SO%
    2 3 Li' 1sz 'So 75.6193 1.99.26
    4 Be+ 2s' %O% 18.206 3130.42
    5 R' 2s2 'So 25.149 1362.46
    6 C+ 2s' 2p' ZP0O% 24.376 1335.71
    7 N+ 2s' 2pz JPO 29.605 1085.74
    8 0' 2s' 2pJ 'So1% 35.146 834.47
    9 F' 2sz 2p4 34.98 606.81
    10 N e + 2s' 2p' 'POllA 41.07 460.73
    3 11 Na' 2s' 2po 'So 47.29 372.07
    12 Mg' 3s' ZSO% 15.03 2795.53
    13 A l + 3s' S
    'O 18.823 1670.81
    14 Si' 3sz 3p' ZPOOlA 16.34 1817.0
    15 P ' 3s' 3p' JPo 19.65 1542.32
    16 S ' 3s' 3pJ 4S01% 23.4 1259.53
    17 Cl+ 3sz3p4 JPZ 23.80 1071.05
    18 A + 3s' 3p6 2POl% 27.62 919.78
    4 19 K ' 3s' 3po 'So 31.81 600.77
    20 Ca' 4s' 5 0 % 11.87 3933.67
    21 s c + 3 6 4s' 'Di 12.80 3613.84
    22 Ti+ 3d24s' 'F1u 13.57 3349.41
    23 V + 3d4 'Do 14.65 3093.11
    24 Cr' 3d' as*% 16.49 2835.63
    25 M n + 3d' 4s' 3 3 15.64 2576.10
    26 F e + 3 8 4s' QL)4% 16.18 2382.04
    27 Co' 3ds 'F4 17.05 2286.14
    28 N i Y 38 'DZH 18.15 2216.47
    29 CU' 3d" 'So 20.29 2135.98
    30 Z n + 4s' =SOH 17.96 2025 51
    31 Ga' 43 'SO 20.51 1414.44
    32 Ge+ 4s' 4p 'POOW 15.93 1649.26
    33 As' 4 2 4p' 8Po 20.2 1266.36
    34 Se' 4s' 4p3 'SO'lh 21.5 1192.29
    35 B r + 4s24p: JP2 21.6 1015.42
    36 K r + 4s24p 'Po'% 24.56 917.43
    5 37 R b + 4s' 4p0 S
    'O 27.5 741.4
    38 S r + 5s' 3 0 % 11.026 4077.71
    39 Y + 5sz 'So 12.233 3710.29
    $0 Z r + 4d' 5s' 'F1% 12.916 3391.98
    41 N b + 4d4 'Do 13.895 3094.18
    42 Mo+ 4d6 eszw ... 2816.15
    43 Tc+ 4d' 5s' 7SS ... 2543.24
    44 Ru' 48 'F4% ... 2402.72
    45 Rh' 4d8 'F4 ... 2334.77
    46 P d + 4d8 ZD2% 19.9 2296.53
    47 Ag: 4d" S
    'O 21.5 2246.41
    48 Cd 5s' %OH 16.90 2144.38
    49 I n + 52 ' S O 18.86 1586.4
    50 S n ' 5s' 5p; ZPOO% 14.6 2152.22
    51 S b + 5s' 5 p 8Po 19 1606.98
    52 Te' 5s' 5p' 4S'# 21.5 1161.52
    53 I + 5s25p4 aPz 19.0 1233.97
    54 Xe' 5s' 5p" ZPOl% 21.2 1100.42
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    585
    T A B L E 624.-SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES O F SINGLY-IONIZED ATOMS
    (concluded)
    Normal Ionization
    Period Ionized electron Ground Sbectral potential Strongesr
    n atom configuration level multiplicities volts line, A
    6 55 c s + 5sp 5 p O 'So 1.3 23.5 926.75
    56 Ba+ 6s' 5 0 % 2 10.00 4554.04
    57 La+ 5dl *Fa 1,3 11.43 3949.10
    58 Ce+ 4f 6s' 'HIS 2,4 ... 4186.60
    59 Pr+ 4$6s' T, 3,s ... 4179.42
    60 Nd+ 4f6 6s' %% 4,6,8 ... 4303.57
    61 Pm+ 4f66s' ... ... ...
    62 Sm+ 4f" 6s' 'Fan 68 11.2 3568.27
    63
    64
    Eu+
    Gd+
    4f 6s'
    4f 6s' 5 6 '5,
    OD0 2% 7,g
    6,8,10
    11.24
    12 2
    4205.05
    3422.47
    65 Tb+
    66 Dy+
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ... ...
    ...
    ... ... ... ... ...
    I . .

    67 Ho+
    68 Er+ ... ... ... ...
    69 T m + 4y6s' 'F", 1,3 ... 38i8.02
    70 Yb+ 4P6.Y' 'Sow 2 12.10 3694.20
    71 Lu+ 66 'So 1,3 14.7 2615.43
    72 Hf+ 5 6 63 'Dl% 2,4 14.9 2641.41
    73 Ta+ 5 8 6s' "1 1,3,5 ... 2685.17
    74 w + 5d' 6s' "Do% 4,6 ... 2204.49
    75+Re + 5 8 6s' 'SS 5,7 ... ...
    76 O s +
    ii Ir+
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ... ...
    ...
    ...
    78 P t + 58 *Da% i;i 18.54 iiii.09
    79 Au+ 56O 'So 1 20.5 1740.47
    6s' =so% 2,4 18.751 1649.%
    66 'So 193 20.42 1908.64
    8 82 Pb+ 6 6 6p' 'POL?% 3 4 15.03 1726.75
    83 Bi+ 6s'6p' 'Po 16.7 1902.41
    84 Po+ ... ... ... ... ...
    85
    86
    At+
    Rn+
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    87 Fr+ ... ... ... ...
    7 88 Ra+ 7s' 'SOW 2 10.14 38ii.42
    89 Ac+ 76 'So 1,3 ...
    90 T h + w 7s' 'Fl % 2,4 ... 4019.14
    91 P a + ... ... ... ...
    92 U + 5 f 7s' 4~o,% 4, 6 ... 3ii6.29
    93 N p + ... ...
    ...
    ... ... ...
    94 P u + ... ... ,.. ...
    95 A m + ... ... ... ... ...
    ...
    96 Cm+ ... ... ... ...
    97 B k + ... ... ... ... ...
    98 Cf ... ... ... ... ...
    References for series relations in atomic spectra: Meggers, W: F.. Journ. Opt. SOC. Amer., vol. 31,
    44 1941. vol 31 p. 606 1941 Pauling L., and Goudsmrt S. The structure of line spectra,
    kcG;aw-Hiil Book c o . , N e i York, 1930. White H. E. Intrdduchon to atomic spectra McGraw-
    Hill Book Co., New York, 1934. Herzberg, G., Atomic ipectra and atomic structure, Dov'er Publiea-
    tions, New York, 1944. Condon E U and Shortley G. H., The theory of atomic s ectra, Macmillan
    Co New York 1935 Bacher 'R.' F "and Goudsmh S., Atomic energy states, dcGraw-Hill Book
    Co:: New York: 1932: Moore,'C. E.:' Atomic energ; levels, Nat. Bur. Standards Circ. 467, vol. 1.
    1949; vol. 2, 1952.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    586
    T A B L E 625.-MOLECULAR CONSTANTS O F DIATOMIC MOLECULES *
    The energy, E, oi a molecule is the sum of three contributions, the electronic energy,
    E,, the vibrational energy, E,, and the rotational energy, E,, i.e.,
    + +
    E= Ea Eo Er (1)
    The electronic energy, E., gives the largest contribution and is entirely similar to the
    energy of atoms. Similar to S, P, D states of atoms, one distinguishes Z, II, A, .
    states of diatomic molecules depending on whether the electronic orbital angular momentum
    ..
    about the intei nuclear axis is 0, 1, 2 . . . in units of h/27r. Just as for atoms the resultant
    +
    electron spin 5 determines the multiplicity ( 2 s 1) of the electronic state which is added
    to the term symbol as a left superscript. Z states are designated 2' or Z- depending
    on whether their eigenfunctions remain unchanged or change sign upon reflection a t a
    plane through the internuclear axis. For molecules with idpntical nuclei (such as Nz, Hz,
    Oa, .. .) a subscript g or u indicates whether the eifenfunction upon reflection a t the
    center remains unchanged or changes sign (e.g. 'Xu+,. Xu+,'nu, . . .).
    In each electronic state the molecule may have various amounts of vibrational energy.
    Quantum mechanics shows that for diatomic molecules the vibrational energy is given by
    &
    hc -
    - G ( v ) = w e ( V + 3) - w e ~e (V + f) * +
    where '(I is the vibrational quantum number which can assume the values 0, 1, 2, . . . and
    where w. is the (classical) vibrational frequency (in cm-') for infinitesimal amplitudes.
    The constant w e x s is small compared to w s and is due to the anharmonicity of the vibration.
    If the vibrational energy is increased more and more, a point is reached at which the
    two atoms fly apart, that is, the molecule is dissociated. The dissociation energy, DO,
    corresponds to the maximum of the function G ( v ) and can in many cases be determined
    from the spectrum.
    In each vibrational level the molecule may have various amounts of rotational energy.
    For diatomic molecules, in the simplest case ( ' Z state), the rotational energy is given by
    _-
    E'-F(I)=B"I(J+l)-.
    hc
    .. (3)
    where I is the rotational quantum number which may take the values 0, 1, 2, . . and .
    where B, is the so-called rotational constant which is slightly different for different
    vibrational levels of a given electronic state: one has
    Bv=B,-aa,(v++) .. +. (4)
    Here a , is small compared to the rotational constant B e which refers to the equilibrium
    position. For B e one finds
    h
    (5)
    ml ma
    Here /L= ~

    mi +ma
    is the reduced mass of the molecule with ml and r n ~the masses of
    the two atoms, and re is the internuclear distance in the equilibrium position. The product
    pr.' is the moment of inertia of the molecule; in other words, B e , apart from universal
    constants, is the reciprocal moment of inertia.
    Each electronic state of a diatomic molecule is characterized by a certain set of values for
    . .
    the vibrational and rotational constants w e , w.xs, . . , , Do, re, B e , a., . . These con-
    stants have been determined for a large number of diatomic molecules in various electronic
    states from the analysis of band spectra. A comprehensive and up-to-date table may be
    found in "Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. I. Spectra of Diatomic Molecules,"
    by G. Herzberg (Van Nostrand. New York, 1950). The following table is an excerpt
    from the compilation just mentioned, but brought up to date, 1953. Here only the constants
    w e , Doo,and re for the ground states are listed and the type of the ground state is given.
    From re the rotational constant B , can be obtained according to the formula (5) given
    above. Do0 corresponds to dissociation into normal atoms. The values are given in ev
    (electron-volts) where 1 ev corresponds to 8068.3 cm-'. The numbers on the element sym-
    bols give the mass numbers of the isotopic species to which the constants refer.' When no
    mass number is given the data refer to the ordinary isotopic mixture. With the exception
    of the hydrogen molecule in each case only the data for one isotopic species are listed.
    More detailed explanation of the underlying theory, the methods of determination of
    these constants and references for each individual molecule may be found in the book
    already quoted.
    .Prepared by G. Herrberg, National Research Council of Canada.

    SMI'I'HSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    587
    T A B L E 625A.-MOLECULAR CONSTANTS FOR T H E GROUND STATES O F
    DIATOMIC MOLECULES
    The following symbols are used: ( ) Constants and symbols in parentheses are uncertain or of low
    accuracy. [ I Constants in brackets refer to the lowest vibrational levels rather than to the equilibrium
    position. Such a value under w e is the first vibrational quantum A Gl/a= G (1) - G (0)= w e -
    2wsxa+ ... . under re it is the effective value ro in the lowest vibrational level ( v = O), that is, it has
    been obtained from Bo rather than Be. An asterisk in the column "Type of state" indicates that it is
    doubtful whether the state whose constants are given is the ground state of the molecule. t A dagger
    after a value under r e indicates that it has been obtained from electron diffraction rather than from the
    spectrum of the molecule. { I n a few cases several values of the dissociation energy are compatible with
    the available data. These values are grouped together by braces.

    Molecule w (cm-1) DOo(ev) re (2)


    Ag'OgBrm 247.72 2.6
    Ag'Tl" 343.6 3.1
    AgH' 1760.0 2.5 1.617
    Ag'"Iln 206.18 2.98
    Ago" 493.2 (1.8)
    AlnBP 378.0 (2.4) 2.295
    A1"CI" 481.30 (3.1) 2.14
    APF'O 814.5 (2.5)
    AlnH' 1682.57 < 3.06 1.6459
    (AlnH') + (1610) 1.602
    APIm 316.1 (2.9)
    APO" 978.2 (C3.75) 1.6176
    As< + 429.44 63.96
    (A% ) 314.8 (2.4)
    As"N'~ 1068.0 (6.5)
    AS'^^'^ 967.4 65.0
    Au'"'Cln 382.8 (3.5)
    A$"H' 2305.01 3.1 1.5237
    B, 1051.3 (3.6) 1.589
    BaBr"' 193.8 (2.8)
    BamC1" 279.3 (2.7)
    BaF'O 468.9 (3.8)
    BaH' 1172 61.82 2.2318
    BaO" 669.8 4.7 1.940
    Bas (2.3)
    B"BP 684.3 1 (4.1) 1.89
    BW" 839.12 (4.2) 1.716
    BeQCIM 846.58 (4.3) (1.7)
    BeOF'O 1265.6 (5.4) 1.3614
    Be'H' 2058.6 (2.2) 1.3431
    (Be"H')+ 2221.7 (3.2) 1.'3122
    Be""
    BllFlO
    1487.32
    1400.6
    { g:;; 1.3308
    1.262
    (4.3)
    B"H' (2366) <3.51 1.2325
    ( B1'H1)+ (2435) [ 1.21461
    Bitrn 172.71 1.70
    Bi"Br" 209.34 2.74
    Bi"CIm 308.0 (3.0)
    BiPQDF'O 510.7 (3.2)
    Bi"H' 1698.9 (2.7) 1.809
    Bi"Im 163.9 (2.7)
    Bi"0" 702.1 (2.9)
    BllNl& 1514.6 1.281
    BllOle (5.0)
    1885.44 (9.1) 1.2049
    BPBP 323.2 1.971 2.284
    E4301 2.138
    673 2.16 1.75555
    BrO" 713 (2.2,
    C1" 1641.35 (3.6) 1.3117
    CaBr"' 285.3 (2.9)
    CaCY 369.8 62.76 ( 1.86s)
    Ca'OF" 587.1 43.15 ( L2.021)
    Ca'OH' 1299 L1.70 2.0020
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    588
    T A B L E 625A.-MOLECULAR CONSTANTS FOR T H E GROUND STATES O F
    DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued)
    Molecule Type of state ws(cm-1) Doo(ev) red)
    (Ca"H')+ 11.731
    CaIM
    Ca"0'" g'+ 242.0
    732.1
    (2.8)
    5.0 1.822
    CaS 45.2
    C"CI" 2II 846
    Cda .087
    CdBr * 230.0 (3.3)
    CdCI" 330.5 (2.8)
    CdF"
    CdH'
    (;a+
    I:
    (535)
    1430.7 .678 1.762
    (CdH')' 'I: + 1775.4 (2.0) 1.667
    CdIm '2 178.5 (1.6)
    CdS 43.9
    CdSe 43.2
    CeO" * 865.0 (7 7)
    CF =II 1308.4 (4.8) 1.27
    C"H' 'II 2861.6 3.47 1.1198
    (C"H')+ 'Z + 12739.541 3.6 1.13083
    a¶" 'I:.+
    '11 *
    564.9 2.475 1.988
    (a¶")+ 645.3 (4.4) 1.891
    CI"F" 'I: 786.3 2.616 1.62813
    CIO" * (780) 1.9
    C"N14 21:+ 2068.70 1.1718
    C
    120
    '"
    'Z + 2170.21 { 11.108
    9.844
    9.605
    1.1282
    (C"01,) '
    Z 2214.24 (9.9) 1.1151
    COCl
    +

    *+

    421.2
    CoH' n=4 (1890) 11.5421
    COO" * (850)
    C"P= '
    Z 1239.67 (6.9) 1.562
    CrO" * +

    898.8 4.4
    C"S" 'I: + 1285.1 (7.8) 1.534
    csam 'Z.+ 41.990 .45
    CPBr
    CPCl
    '
    '
    Z
    Z+
    +

    (2;) k3.9 13.141 t


    2.88
    C"Se 'Z + 1036.0 (6.8)
    CsF' 'Z +

    (270) 5.67 2.34


    CPH' '2 + 890.7 (1.9) 2.494
    CPIM 'I: + 142 3.377 13.411
    CsRb 49.4
    CU¶ (;I:.? 160 ( .17)
    Cu"BP I: 314.10 (2.5)
    CU"C1" '2 + 416.9 (3.0)
    Cu"F" 'I: ' 622.7 (3.0) 1.743
    Cu"H' 'I: + 1940.4 <2.89 1.463
    (.Cu=H')+ 118741 12.271
    CU"Irn '2 264.8 (3.0)
    cuw
    +

    (;" 628 4.9


    Farn Z@ 1892.11 <1.63 1.418 t
    FeCl" "I: * 406.6
    FeO'" 880 L4.24
    Ga-BP 'Z +
    263.0 (2.7)
    GamClm 'Z + 365.3 45.0 12.211
    Ga'OF' 'Z + 623.2 (6.3)
    Ga-P '2 + 216.4 62.88
    GaO'" 'Z 767.69 (2.9)
    GdO'" * 841.0 (5.9)
    GeBr 'II 296.6 (3.0)
    Ge7'Clm 'II 406.6 (4.0)
    GeF' '11 665.2 (4.9)
    ~ ~ 7 4 0 1 6 'I: + 985.7 (6.9) 1.651
    Ge7'SP 'Z + 575.8 (5.6)
    (continued)

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    589
    T A B L E 625A.-MOLECULAR CONSTANTS FOR T H E GROUND STATES O F
    DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued)
    Molecule Type of state w e (cm-1) Doo(ev) r d )
    Ge"Seso 'Z + 406.8 (4.1)
    Ge:Telm 'I: + 323.4
    H2 'I:,+ 4395.2 (:::$I5 .7416e
    H'H2 'Z,+ 3809.7 4.5 11 .7414,
    H'H' 'Z0+ 2853.8 4.570 (0.7416s)
    HzZ 'I:,+ 3118.5 4.554 (.7416s)
    H'H8 'Z,+ 3608.3 4.524 (.7416e)
    H,8 'Z,+ 2553.8 4.588 (.7416~)
    (€I{)+ 'Z0+ 2297 2.648 1.06
    H Br '2 +
    2649.67 3.75 1.414
    'Hl 3.5 11.4591
    '2 + 2989.74 4.430 1.27460
    ' 2675.4 4.48 1.3153
    'I:,+ unstable
    %+ 11627.21 (3.1) 1.08
    '2 +
    4138.52 5.8 .9171
    Hg', 'Z,+ (36) .060 3.3
    Hg Brm
    HgCl"
    p+
    I:
    186.2
    292.61
    .7
    1.o 12.233 t
    HgF"
    HgH'
    ('la 490.8 (1.8)
    Z+ 1387.09 .376 1.7404
    (HgH')' 'Z +
    2033.87 (2.3) 1.594
    HgIW ('2) 125.6 .36
    HgS 42.8
    HgSe 62.7
    HgTl 26.9 (.031)
    H'P 'I: + 2309.5 3.056 1.604
    3.11
    2u1 < 3.8 11.351
    1Z.f 214.25 1.5417 2.667
    'Z +
    268.4 1.817
    '2 + 384.18 2.152 2.32070
    'Z +
    610 1.98
    '2 +
    22 1.o 63.3 L2.571 t
    InTI" 'I: + 317.4 44.54 2.32
    InlmFB 'Z +
    534.7 (5.7)
    ItPH' 'Z 1474.7 42.48 1.8376
    Iniiqin
    +

    'Z + 177.1 62.7 12.861 t


    InO"
    Imo'6
    vI:; * 703.09 (1.3)
    687 (1.9)
    K,' 'Z,+ 92.64 .514 3.923
    KBr '2 +
    23 1 3.96 12.941
    KCI 'Z + 280 4.42 12.791
    KF" 'Z +

    (390) 45.9 12.551


    KmH' 'Z + 985.0 1.& 2.244
    Kiln 'I: +
    212 3.33 L3.231
    L?;mo'e '2 811.6 (9)
    LI? 'I:,+ 351.43 1.03 2 672
    LiBr 'Z +
    4.5
    LiCl '2 + 5.1
    Li7Csm '2 +
    (167)
    LiF'O 66.6
    LFHI 'I: +
    1405.65 (2.5) 1.5953
    LiP 'Z +
    450 3.6
    Li K 'I: +
    (207)
    LiRb 'Z +

    (185)
    Luo'B 841.66 (5.3)
    MgZ4Br" 373.8 43.35
    MgP'CI" )(;+
    : 465.4 (3.2)
    Mg"F'' '2 + 717.6 (4.2) 11.751
    Mg"H' 2Z +
    1495.7 42.49 1.7306
    (Mgl'H') + '2 + 1695.3 (2.1) 1.649
    MgP ('2 7 L3121
    (contiwed)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    590
    TABLE- 625A.-MOLECULAR CONSTANTS FOR T H E GROUND STATES O F
    DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued)
    Molecule we (cm-1) Doo(ev) 7.d)
    ~ ~ 2 4 0 1 6 785.1 5.2 1.749
    MgS 525.2 (2.9)
    Mn"Brcw, 289.7 (2.9)
    MnW
    MnMF"
    MnMH'
    384.9
    618.8
    [ 1490.581
    8;;
    < (2.4) 1.73075
    Mn"Im (240)
    Mn"0" 840.7 (4.4)
    Nz" 2359.61 9.756 1.094
    (N 2 4 r 2207.19 8.724 1.116
    Naz 159.23 .73 3.079
    NanBr 315 3.85 r2.641 t
    NaTI 380 3.58 L2.511 t
    NaZaCs1" (98)
    NaZ8F'" 65.3
    Na"H' 1172.2 (2.2) 1.8873
    Na"Iln 286 3.16 r2.901 t
    NaZnK 123.29 .62
    NanRb 106.64 (.57)
    N"Br 693 (3.0)
    N"H' (3300) (3.8) 1.038
    NiBr 334
    NiCl 419.2 (7.3)
    NiH' [ 1926.61 63.1 1.475
    NiO" (615) 64.2,
    ~ 1 4 0 1 6
    1903.85 6.49 1.1508
    (~l~ole)+
    NUS82
    10.6
    1220.0 (5.9)
    O1'e 1580.36 5.080 1.20740
    02' 1876.4 6.48 1.1227
    0"H' 3735.21 4.35 .9706
    ( O;'H')+ [29551 r4.4 1.0289
    P, 780.43 5.031 1.894
    Pbz 256.5 (.7)
    PbBr" 207.5 3.0
    PbCl" 303.8 3.1
    PbF'" 507.2 3.5
    PbH' 1564.1 61.59 1.839
    PbIln 160.5 2.8
    PbO" 721.8 (4.2) 1.922
    PbP8Sa2 428.14 (4.7) 2.395
    PbSe 277.6 (4.7)
    PbTe 211.8 (3.5)
    P"H' (2380) 11.4331
    palN14 1337.24 (6.3) 1.4910
    p"0" 1230.6 (6.2) 1.447
    pr141~l.l
    818.9
    Rbi" 57.28 .49
    RbBr 3.9
    RbCl (253) >3.96 r2.891 t
    RbCP 49.41
    RbF'" 340 5.4,
    RbH' 936.77 2.367
    RbSR
    725.68
    (;:%
    64.4
    r3.261 f
    1.889
    S2=
    Sbi 269.85 (3.7)
    SbBi- 220.0 (3.0)
    SbCI" 369.0 (4.6)
    SbF'O 614.2 (4.2)
    SbN" 942.0 (4.8)
    817.2
    SbO"
    ~ ~ 4 5 0 1 6 971.55 %?
    (Continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    591
    T A B L E 625A.-MOLECULAR CONSTANTS FOR T H E GROUND S T A T E S O F
    DIATOMIC MOLECULE'S (concluded)
    Molecule ws(cm-1) Dd(ev) re (A)
    Seam 391.77 43.55 2.16
    SeO" 907.1 (5.4)
    Si2 (750)
    SiBr 425.4 (3.7)
    Si"C1" 535.4 (4.0)
    SimF" 856.7 (4.8) C1.6031
    Si"H' (2080) 1.520
    SimN" 1151.68 (4.5) 1.572
    STO'" 1242.03 7.2 1.510
    ( Si"O'")+ (851) 1.504
    SimSm 749.5 (6.6) 1.929
    Si*Se 580.0 (5.8)
    Si"Te 481.2 (5.5)
    SnBr 247.7 (3.0)
    SnCP 352.5 (3.6)
    SnF" 582.9 (3.9)
    SnH' (1580) < 3.2 11.7821
    SnO'" 822.4 5.7 1.838
    SnS 487.68 63.0 (2.06)
    SnSe 33 1.2 (4.6)
    SnTe 259.5 (4.2)
    szzoie

    SrBP
    1123.7
    216.5
    {E:
    (2.8)
    1.4933

    SrCI" 302.3 (3.0)


    SrF" 500.1 (3.5)
    SrHl 1206.2 4.68 2.1455
    SrIln 173.9 (2.2)
    SrO" 653.5 (4.5) 1.921
    SrS 62.7
    Tez 25 1 63.18 12.591 t
    TeO"
    Ti"C1"
    796.0
    456.4
    {::%
    (1.0)
    ~i480ie
    1008.26 (6.9) 1.620
    TlBr" 192.1 63.19 12.681 t
    TlCI" 287.47 3.75 K2.551 t
    TIF" 475.00 4.72
    TlH' 1390.7 62.18 1.870
    TIIm 150 42.64 12.871 t
    V61016
    1012.7 (6.4) 1.899
    YbCl 293.6 (1.2)
    Y"o'e 852.5 (9)
    Znz (.25)
    ZnBr (220)
    ZnC1" 390.5 (3.0)
    ZnF" (630)
    ZnH: + 1607.6 .851 1.5945
    (;;glL 1916
    223.4
    (2.5)
    (2.0)
    1.515
    ZnO 44.0
    ZnS 44.4
    ZnTe 42.2
    Zr"0" 937.2 (7.8) (1.416)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLES 626-630.-THE ATMOSPHERE

    The atmosphere, with a total mass of about 5.3 x 1021g (about one-mil-
    lionth the mass of the earth), extends 7,000-60,OOO miles above sea level (de-
    pending upon the definition of the top) and for purposes of discussion may be
    divided into several regions or layers. From sea level up to about 10-15 km
    (the troposphere), about the next 30 km above this (the stratosphere), and
    the entire region above this (i.e., above about 40 km) is spoken of as the upper
    atmosphere. At heights above 80 km in the upper atmosphere strong ioniza-
    tion is found and thus this region is called the ionosphere. Again the iono-
    sphere may be divided into three or four layers ; first, the E layer (about 100
    km) moderately ionized ; next the F , layer (at about 200 km) more strongly
    ionized; the F , layer (about 300 kin) much more strongly ionized. Above
    this, there is some recent evidence indicating an additional ionized region,
    the G layer (400-700 km).
    The following tables give some characteristics of the atmosphere as a
    function of the height above sea level.

    T A B L E 6 2 6 . 4 O M P O S I T I O N O F T H E AIR NEAR GROUND LEVELl8'

    Molecular
    Gas weight Percent per volume
    Nitrogen ....................... 28 78.09
    Oxygen ........................ 32 20.95
    Argon .......................... 40 .93 100.00
    Carbon dioxide .................. 44 .02 - .04
    Neon ........................... 20.2 18 x lo-'
    Helium ......................... 4 5.3 x 10-4
    Krypton ........................ 83 1.1 x lo-'
    Hydrogen ...................... 2 .5 x 10-4
    Xenon .......................... 130 .08 x 10-4
    Ozone .......................... 48 .02 x increasing with altitude
    Radon .......................... 222 7 X lo-", decreasing with altitude
    Water vapor .................... 18 .2 - 4, variable

    1
    9' Regener, F The structure and composition of the stratosphere, No. 509, Headquarters Air Materiel
    Command, W&t Field, Dayton, Ohio, April 1946.

    T A B L E 627.-COMPOSITION O F T H E ATMOSPHERE U P T O T H E F, LAYER,


    L A T I T U D E 45" le6

    Molecular Mo!ecular
    Altitude Composition, weight of Altitude Composition weight of
    km 1 percent volume mixture, M km 1 percent volume mixture, M
    0 21 Oz,78 N,, .93 A 28.9 120 30.5 0,69.5 N , 24.35
    50 18 0,,82 Ns 28.66 300 30.5 0,69.5 Nz 24.35
    83 18 02,82 Nz 28.66 ( F z layer)
    led Grimminger, G., Analysis of temperature, pressure and density of the atmosphere extending to
    extreme altitudes, p. 18, Rand Corporation, November 1948.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 628.-STANDARD ATMOSPHERE 593
    A standard atmosphere is defined by an altitude-temperature-pressure relation. It is an
    aeronautic necessity in valuating the performance of airplanes and for the calibration of
    instruments. The followinrr standard has been officiallv adoDted bv the Armv Air Corns.
    National Bureau of Stanaards, National Advisory Commiitee for A e r o n a u h , and ihe
    Weather Bureau. See Table 343.

    Pressure Density
    Altitude
    Meters inHg Ib/fts’
    kdm*
    Temkerature
    C
    0 760.0 29.921 1.2255 .07650 15:0
    1000 674.1 26.54
    -- - 1.1120
    - ____ .n6942 8.5
    2000 596.2 23.47 1.0068 106286 + 2.0
    3000 525.8 20.70 .9094 .05678 - 4.5
    4000 462.3 18.20 3193 .05115 -11.0
    5000 405.1 15.95 .7363 .04597 -17.5
    6000 353.8 13.93 .6598 .04119 -24.0
    7000 307.9 12.12 396 .03681 -30.5
    8000 266.9 10.51 S252 .03279 -37.0
    9000 230.4 9.07 .4664 .02912 -43.5
    10000 198.2 7.80 .4127 .02577 -50.0
    11000 169.7 6.68 .3614 .02256 -55.0
    12000 145.0 5.71 .3090 .01929 -55.0
    13000 124.0 4.88 .2642 .om9 -55.0
    14000 106.0 4.17 .2259 .01410 -550
    15000 90.6 3.57 .1931 .01206 -55.0

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    v)

    2
    I
    0
    v)

    zD2 TABLE 629.-YALUES O F ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, AND DENSITY U P T O T H E FZ LAYER*


    Latitude 45", pa = 1014 mb,t p. = 1223 x 10- g/cma, d (diameter of particle) =3 X 10' cm
    -
    I
    0
    <
    in
    c)
    Height, h Appprmt, Number Mean particle Mean free Mean collision Speed of
    g - gravity, B T.K"P Pressure, fi Density, p density, n speed. v path, L freq. v sound, c
    4
    D
    ' h n mi em/& millibars g/cma particles/cma cm/sec cm I/SCC cm/see
    B 0 0 980.69 288.0 1014 1.223 x loJ 2.568 X 10' 4.590 x 10' 9.744 x lod 4.712 X 10' 3.410 X 10'
    in
    Ln i .524 .947 980.22 278.1 843.5 1.055 x 10" 2.213 x 10"' 4.511 1.130 X lo* 3.991 X 10' 3.351
    3.048 1.894 979.74 268.2 697.5 9.047 x 10' 1.898 x 10" 4.432 1.318 X lod 3.362 X 10' 3.291
    6.096 3.788 978.80 248.4 466.8 6.537 X lo-' 1.371 x 10" 4.264 1.825 x 10" 2.337 x 10' 3.167
    9.144 5.682 977.87 226.6 302.3 4.601 10" 9.652 X 10" 4.090 2.592 X lod 1.578 X lo0 3.038
    10.769 6.629 977.37 218.0 236.2 3.768 X lo4 7.905 2 i@ 3.996 3.165 X lod 1.262 X 10' 2.967
    13.716 8.523 976.46 218.0 149.2 2.381 X 10" 4.995 x 10" 3.996 5.010 x lod 7.976 X lo* 2.967
    16.764 10.417 975.52 218.0 92.88 1.482 x lo-' 3.109 X 10"' 3.9% 8.048 x lod 4.965 x 108 2.967
    22.860 14.205 973.66 218.0 36.14 5.761 X lo* 1.210 x 10" 3.996 2.069 X lo-' 1.931 X 1oB 2.968
    27.432 17.045 972.26 218.0 17.89 2.849 X lod 5.989 10'' 3.999 4.178 X 10" 9.572 x lo7 2.970
    32.000 19.884 970.87 218.0 8.901 1.415 x lod 2.979 X 10" 4.002 8.399 X lo-' 4.765 X lo7 2.972
    39.624 24.621 968.54 276.0 3.148 3.946 x lod 8.323 x 10" 4.508 3.006 X 10" 1.499 x lo7 3.348
    50.000 31.068 965.40 355.0 1.054 1.024 X lod 2.166 x 10'" 5.118 1.155 x lo-' 4.430 x 10' 3.802
    60.Ooo 37.282 962.39 355.0 4.136 X 10" 4.019 X lo-' 8.501 X loi5 5.118 2.943 x lo-' 1.739 X l@ 3.802
    68.581 42.614 959.81 300.2 1.740 j( io-l 2.000 x lo-? 4:230 X lou 4.706 5.915 x lo-* 7.956 x 106 3.496
    78.000 48.466 957.00 240.0 5.469 x 10-2 7.860 x 10' 1.663 x 10" 4.209 1.505 x 10" 2.797 .X 106 3.126
    83.OOo 51.573 955.51 240.0 2.752 x lo-* 3.956 x lo4 8.367 x 10" 4.209 2.990 x lo-' 1.408 X 106 3.126
    92.965 57.765 952.55 276.4 7.938 x lo4 9.507 X 10' 2.096 x 10" 4.612 1.194 3.862 X 10' 3.443
    100.58 62.500 950.30 304.2 3.526 x lo-' 3.713 x 10- 8.459 2 10" 4.916 2.958 1.662 X 10' 3.686
    120.00 74.564 944.60 375.0 6.677 x 10' 5.218 x lo-'' 1.299 X 10" 5.708 1.926 X 10 2.964 x l(r 4.322 -
    152.40 94.697 935.20 505.5 8.67 x lod 5.02 x lo-'' 1.25 x 10" 6.63 2.00 x lo* 3.32 X 10' 5.02
    213.36 132.58 917.88 751.O 5.99 x lod 2.33 X lo-" 5.83 X 10" 8.07 4.29 x l V 1.88 x 10 ....
    259.08 160.98 905.21 9352 1.40 x lod 4.38 x lo-" 1.09 x 10O
    ' 9.01 2.29 x 10' 3.93 x 10
    300.00 186.41 894.09 1100 4.84 x 10-7 1.29 x lo-" 3.21 x 10' 9.78 7.79 x 104 1.25 X 10 ....
    For referense, see footnote 195, p. 592.
    t 1 millibar (mb) = 101 dynes/crn*= 0.750 mmHg.
    TABLE 630.-VALUES O F TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, AND DENSITY ABOVE T H E F, LAYER (CALCULATED) *

    Height, h
    km mi
    ?mi)
    K
    Atomic
    oxygen
    Atomic
    nitrogen
    Latitude 45", pa = 1014 mb, pa = 1.223 X 10" g/cm3

    Percentage composition by mass


    Atomic
    helium
    Atomic
    hydrogen
    Mean
    mol wt Pressure, p
    M millibars
    Number
    Density, p density, n
    g/cmS I iarticles/cm'
    7
    Mean
    particle
    speed u
    cm/sec
    -
    dt = ZXIO-scm
    Mean free
    path, L
    cm
    Mean
    collision
    freq, Y
    l/sec
    300 186.4 894.09 1100 .... .... 24.35 4.84~ lo-' i . 2 9 ~ 1 0 - ~3.21X1Oo
    3 9.78x10' 1 . 7 6 ~ 1 0 5~. 5 6 ~ 1 0 - ~
    400 248.5 867.75 1500 22.22 77.78 1.i9XlO-4 14.40 9.70~ lo-' 1.12x 10-1' 4.72210' 1.48x lo5 1 . 2 0 ~ 1 0 1~ . 2 4 10-l
    ~
    500 310.7 842.75 1900 20.20 79.80 2 . 6 2 lo-'
    ~ 14.36 4.06x10-' 3 . 6 9 1045 ~ 1.56><10' 1.67X105 3.63x10a 4.62x10-'
    600 372.8 819143 2300 18.70 81.30 4.29)<10-' 14.33 2.05x10-8 1.54x 10-15 6.49X10' 1.84X105 8.69X10a 2.12X10-'
    700 435.0 795.40 2500 17.53 82.47 6.53X10-' 9.34x10-5 14.31 1 . 1 6 10"
    ~ 8 . 0 0 lo-''
    ~ 3.39x 10' 1.92X10' 1.f35~107 i . i 6 x i 0 - ~
    900 559.2 752.29 2500 15.48 84.52 1.41x lo-' 1.17x lo-' 14.28 4.01x10-0 2.75x lo-'' 1.17x 10' 1.93x lo5 4.81X10' 4.00X10-'
    2.41 x 10-o 1.65x10-1a 7.03X1O0
    ~~

    1000 621.4 732.04 2500 14.57 85.43 2.03x 10.' 1.88X lo-' 14.26 1.93X105 8.01)<107 2.41X10-'
    1500 932.0 642.07 2500 10.92 89.06 1.loxlo-, 1.67 X 14.19 2.31 x 1O-Io 1.58xlO-'' 6.73x lo5 1.93X 10' 8.36X10' 2.31x10-'
    2000 1234 567.73 2500 8.397 91.54 4.84%in+ 1.13X10'' 14.11 2.96)<10-11 2 . 0 1 ~ 1 0 -8.62K10'
    ~~ 1.94)<105 6.52X1O0 2.97X10-'
    4000 2485 370.01 3.392 89.32 3.887' 3.402 9.14 9 . 7 5 lo-''
    ~ 4 . 2 9 ~ 1 0 -2.84xio2
    ~ 2.41 X 10' 1.98x 10" 1.22x lo-'
    6000 3728 260.i i 2500 S616 26.86 23.13 49.44 1.76 2 . 5 8 ~ 1 0 - ~2.18)<10-=
    ' 7.52x 10 ~ 7.49X101' 7.32X104
    5 . 4 8 105
    10,000 6214 148.58 2500 3 . 3 8 10-3
    ~ .3451 13.12 86.53 1.12 1.58x lo-" 8 . 5 2 101" ~ 4.61X10 6.87~ lo5 1 2 2 x 1 0 ~5~6 2 x i 0 - ~
    20,000 12,427 57.28 2500 4.85%10-' 1.20X10" 3.847 96.23 1.04 9.82x lo-% 4.90~10-" 2.86)<10 7.14X1O5 1.96X1013 3.64X104
    30,000 18,641 30.12 2500 2.47% 10" 9.12Xio-6 2.152 97.85 1.02 7.90~10-~'3.94)<10-" 2 . 3 3 ~ 1 0 7 . 1 9 ~ 1 02.41X10"
    ~ 2.98X104
    40,000 24,855 18.53 2500 4.52x lo-' 2.10x10-' 1.541 98.46 1.02 7.11 x 10"' 3.49); lo-" 2.08x10 7.20x lo5 2 . 7 1 ~ 1 0 ' 2.66x10-'
    ~
    50,000 31,068 12.54 2500 1.51Xlo-' 8.11x10-e 1.241 98.76 1.02 6.60~ 10-15 3 . 2 3 lo-"
    ~ 1.93X10 7.21 X 10' 2.92X 10" 2.47X 10"
    60,000 37,282 9.05 2500 7.02x 10-o 3.92x10-' 1.067 98.93 1.02 6 . 2 7 10-15
    ~ 3.06x lo-" 133x10 7.22xlO' 3.08x 10" 2.34x lo-'
    70,000 43,496 6.83 2500 3.99x 10" 2 . 5 6 lo-'~ .9536 99.05 1.02 6.03x lo-'' 2.94~10-" 1.76x10 7.22X105 3 . 2 0 ~ 1 02.26x10-'
    ~~

    For reference see footnote 195, p. 592.


    t d = diameter bf particle.
    596 TABLES 631-640.-DENSITIES AND HUMIDITIES OF
    MOIST AIR*88
    T A B L E 631.-RELATIVE D E N S I T Y O F MOI,ST AIR FOR D I F F E R E N T
    PRESSURES A N D H U M I D I T I E S
    Part 1.-Values of
    h
    -, from h = 1 to h = 9, for the computation of different values
    760
    of the ratio of actual t o normal barometric pressure
    This gives the density of moist air a t pressure h in terms of the same air a t normal at-
    mosphere pressure. When air contains moisture, as is usually the case with the atmos-
    sphere, we have the following equation for pressure term : h = B - 0.378p, where p is
    the vapor pressure, and B the corrected barometric pressure. When the necessary psy-
    chrometric observations are made the values of p may be taken from Table 640 and then
    0.378p from Table 632, or the dew point may be found and the value of 0.378p taken from
    Table 632.

    Examples of use of the table


    h
    T o find the value of F~ when h = 754.3
    h
    -A
    760 h = 700 g i s s .92105
    1 .OO 13158 50 .065789
    2 .0026316 4 " .005263
    3 .0039474 .3 " .000395
    --- ----
    4 .0052632 754.3
    - ,992497
    -
    - -
    5 .0065789
    6 ,0078947 h
    To find the value of when h = 5.73
    7 .0092105 h = 5 gives .0065789
    8 .0105263 .7 '' .0009210
    9 .0118421 .03 " .0000395

    Part 2.-Values
    h
    of the logarithms o f - f o r values of h between 80 and 800
    760
    Values from 8 to 80 may be got by subtracting 1 from the characteristic, and from 0.8 to
    8 by subtracting 2 from the characteristic, and sc on.
    h
    Values of log -
    760

    h 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    80 i.02228 i.02767 i.03300 i.03826 1.04347 1.04861 1.05368 i.05871 1.06367 1.06858
    90 .07343 .07823 .08297 .08767 .09231 .09691 .I0146 .lo596 .I1041 .11482
    loo. 1.11919 i.rz351 i . i n 7 9 i.13202 i.13622 i.14038 i.14449 1.14857 i.15261' 1.15661
    110 .I6058 .I6451 .16840 .I7226 .I7609 .17988 ,18364 .I8737 .19107 .I9473
    120 .I9837 20197 ,20555 20909 21261 ,21611 21956 22299 22640 22978
    130 23313 23646 .23976 .24304 24629 24952 .25273 25591 25907 ,26220
    140 26531 26841 27147 27452 .27755 .28055 28354 28650 .28945 29237
    150 i.29528 1.29816 i.30103 i.30388 1.30671 i.30952 i.31231 i.31509 1.31784 1.32058
    160 .32331 .32601 .32870 .33137 .33403 .33667 .33929 .34190 .34450 .34707
    170 .34964 .35218 .35471 .35723 .35974 .36222 .36470 .36716 .36961 .37204
    180 .37446 .37686 .37926 .38164 .38400 .38636 .38870 .39128 .39334 .39565
    190 .39794 .40022 .40249 .40474 .40699 .40922 .41144 .41365 .41585 .41804
    200 1.42022 1.42238 i.42454 1.42668 i.42882 1.43094 i.43305 1.43516 1.43725 1.43933
    210 ~ 4 1 4 1 -44347 . 4 4 w -447.57 .449m .45162 .45364 .4.5565 .45764 .45963
    220 :46iBi 148358 :46554 :4$iib %543 147i37 147329 14752i i477i2 i47902
    230 .48091 .48280 .48467 .48654 .48840 ,49025 ,49210 .49393 .49576 .49758
    240 .49940 ,50120 .SO300 .50479 .SO658 .SO835 .51012 .51188 .51364 .51539
    '"The tables on densities and humidities have been adapted from the sixth edition of the Smithsonian
    Meteorological Tables, which see for more extensive data.
    (continued)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    597
    T A B L E 631.-RELATIVE D E N S I T Y O F M O I S T A I R FO R D I F F E R E N T
    P R E S S U R E S A N D H U M I D I T I E S (continued)

    P a r t 2.-Values of the logarithms of-


    h
    for values o f h between 80 and 800
    760
    (continued)
    h
    Values of log -
    760
    h 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    - - - -
    250 1.51713 1.51886 1.52059 is2231 i.52402 1.52573 is2743 is2912 is3081 1.53249
    260 .53416 .53583 .53749 .53914 .54079 ,54243 .54407 .54570 .54732 .54894
    270 .55055 .55216 .55376 .55535 .55694 .55852 .56010 .56167 .56323 .56479
    280 .56634 .56789 .56944 .57097 .57250 .57403 .57555 .57707 .57858 .58008
    290 .58158 .58308 .58457 .58605 .58753 .58901 .59048 .59194 .59340 .59486
    - - -
    300 1.59631 759775 i . 5 ~ 1 9 1.60063 i.60206 1.60349 1.60491 i.60632 i.60774 1.60914
    310 .61055 .61195 .61334 .61473 .61611 .61750 .61887 .62025 .62161 .62298
    320 .62434 .62569 .62704 .62839 .62973 .63107 .63240 .63373 .63506 .63638
    330 163770 .63901 .64032 .64163 ,64293 .64423 .64553 .
    .64682 .64810 .64939
    340 .65067 .65194 .65321 .65448 .65574 .65701 .65826 ,65952 .66077 .66201
    - - -
    350 1.66325 1.66449 i.66573 1.66941 i.67064 i.67185 i.67307 i.67428
    360 .67549 .67669 .67790 .68148 ,68267 .68385 .68503 .68621
    370 .68739 ,68856 .68973 .69090 .692Q6 .69322 .69437 .69553 .69668 .69783
    380 .69897 .70011 .70125 .70239 .70352 .70465 .70577 .70690 .70802 .70914
    390 .71025 .71136 .71247 .71358 .71468 .71578 .71688 .71798 .71907 .72016
    -
    400 1.72125 i.72233 i.72341 i.72449 i.72557 i.72664 i.72771 i.72878 i.72985 1.73091
    410 .73197 .73303 .73408 .73514 .73619 .73723 .73828 .73932 .74036 .74140
    420 .74244 .74347 .74450 .74553 ,74655 ,74758 .74860 .74961 .75063 .75164
    430 .75265 .75366 .75467 .75567 .75668 .75768 .75867 ,75967 .76066 .76165
    440 .76264 .76362 .76461 .76559 .76657 .76755 .76852 .76949 ,77046 .77143
    450 i.77240 i.77336 i.77432 i.77528 i.77624 i.77720 i.77815 i.77910 1.78005 i.78100
    460 ,78194 .78289 .78383 .78477 .78570 .78664 .78757 .78850 ,78943 .79036
    470 .79128 .79221 .79313 .79405 .79496 ,79588 .79679 .79770 .79861 .79952
    480 .80043 .80133 .SO223 .80313 .80403 .80493 30582 .80672 .80761 .80850
    490 .80938 NO27 .81115 .81203 .81291 .81379 .81467 .81554 .81642 .81729
    - - -
    500 1.81816 1.81902 1.~1989i.82075 i.82162 i.82248 i.82334 i.82419 i.82505 1.82590
    510 ,82676 .82761 32846 .82930 .83015 ,83099 .83184 .83268 .83352 .83435
    520 .83519 .83602 .83686 .83769 .83852 .83935 A4017 .84100 .84182 .84264
    530 .84346 .84428 .84510 .84591 34673 .84754 .84835 24916 34997 .85076
    540 .85158 .85238 .85319 .85399 ,85479 .85558 .85638 .85717 .85797 .85876
    - - -
    550 1.85955 1.86034 1.86113 i.86191 i.86270 i.86348 i.86426 i.86504 i.86582 i.86660
    560 .86737 .86815 .86892 .86969 .87047 ,87123 m200 . 8 7 m . m s 3 .8743n
    570 .87506 .87582
    . .~~ .87658 .87734 .87810 .87885 .8796i .88036 .&ii .88i86
    580 .88261 .88336 .88411 .88486 .88560 38634 .88708 .88782 .88856 .88930
    590 .89004 .89077 .89151 .89224 .89297 39370 .89443 .89516 .89589 .89661
    - -
    600 189734 1.89806
    610 .%I452 .90523 .90806 .90877 .90947 .91017 .91088
    620 .91158
    ~~~. .91228 .91298 .91367 .91437 .91507 .91576 .91645 .91715 .91784
    630 .91853 .91922 .91990 .92059 .92128 .92196 .92264 .92333 .92401 .92469
    640 .92537 .92604 .92672 92740 .92807 .92875 .92942 .93009 .93076 .93143
    650 i.93210 i.93277 i.93343 i.93410 i.93476 1.93543 i.93609 793675
    - .._ i.93741
    - _____
    - i.93sn7
    660 .93873 .93939 .94004 .94070 ,94135 .94201 .94266 .94331 .94396 .94461
    670 .94526 .94591 .94656 .94720 .94785 .94849 .94913 .94978 .95042 .95106
    680 .95170 .95233 .95297 .95361 .95424 ,95488 .95551 .95614 .95677 .95741
    690 .95804 .95866 .95929 .95992 .96055 .96117 .96180 .96242 .96304 .96366
    700 1.96428 1.96490 i.96552 i.96614 i.96676 i.96738 i.96799 i.96861 i.96922 1.96983
    710 .97044 .97106 .97167 .97228 .97288 .97349 -97411) -97471 ___
    -975.71
    ._. ___
    -97592
    ._.
    720 .97652 .97712 .97772 .97832 .97892 ,97951 .98012 198072 .98132 .98191
    730 .98251 .98310 .98370 .98429 .98488 .98547 .98606 .98665 .98724 .98783
    740 .98842 .98900 .98959 .99018 .99076 .99134 .99193 .99251 .99309 9367
    (conti1aurd)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    598
    T A B L E 631.-RELATIVE D E N S I T Y O F M O I S T AIR FOR D I F F E R E N T
    PRESSURES A N D H U M I D I T I E S (concluded)

    Part 2.-Values
    h for values of h between 80 and 800
    of the logarithms of -
    760
    (concluded)
    A
    Values of log -
    760
    h r 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    750 1.99425 1.99483 i.99540 1.99598 1.99656 i.99713 1.99771 i.wm i.99886 1.99942
    760 .OOOOO .00057 .00114 .00171 .00228 ,00285 .00342 .00398 ,00455 .00511
    770 .00568 .00624 .00680 .00737 .00793 .00849 .00905 .00961 .01017 ,01072
    780 .01128 .01184 .01239 .01295 .01350 .01406 .01461 .01516 .01571 .01626
    790 .01681 .01736 .01791 .01846 .01901 .01955 .02010 .02064 .02119 ,02173

    T A B L E 632.-DENSITY O F M O I S T AIR, V A L U E S O F 0 . 3 7 8 ~
    h
    This table gives the humidity term 0.378p, which occurs in the equation 6 = 6o -=
    B - 0.378p 760
    80 for the calculation of the density of air containing aqueous vapor at pres-
    760
    sure p ; 80 is the density of dry air at normal temperature and barometric pressure, B the
    observed barometric pressure, and h = B - 0.378p, the pressure corrected for humidity.
    h
    For values of -, see Table 631. Temperatures are in degrees centigrade, and pressures
    760
    in mmHg.

    P P P
    Vapor Vapor Vapor
    Dew pressure new pressure Dew pressure
    point (ice) 0.378p point (water) 0.378p point (water) 0.378p
    OC mmHg mmHg "C mmHg mmHg "C mmHg mmHg
    -50 .029 .o1 0 4.58 1.73 30 31.86 12.0
    -45 .054 .02 1 4.92 i.86 31 33.74 12.8
    -40 .096 .04 2 5.29 2.00 32 35.70 13.5
    -35 .169 .06 3 5.68 2.15 33 37.78 14.3
    -30 .288 .ll 4 6.10 2.31 34 39.95 15.1
    -25 .480 .18 5 6.54 42.23 16.0
    24 .530 .20 6 7.01 44.62 16.9
    23 .585 .22 7 7.51 47.13 17.8
    22 .646 .24 8 8.04 49.76 18.8
    21 .712 .n 9 8.61 52.51 19.8
    -20 .783 .30 10 9.21 3 48 40 55.40 20.9
    19 362 .33 11 9.85 3.72 41 58.42 22.1
    18 .947 .36 12 10.52 3.98 42 61.58 23.3
    17 1.041 .39 13 11.24 4.25 43 64.89 24.5
    16 1.142 .43 14 11.99 4.53 44 68.35 25.8
    -15 1.252 .47 15 12.79 4.84 45 71.97 27.2
    14 1.373 .52 16 13.64 5.16 46 75.75 28.6
    13 1.503 .57 17 14.54 5.50 47 79.70 30.1
    12 1.644 .62 18 15.49 5.85 48 83.83 31.7
    11 1.798 .68 19 16.49 6.23 49 88.14 33.3
    -10 1.964 .74 20 17.55 6.63 50 92.6 35.0
    9 2.144 .81 21 18.66 7.06 51 97.3 36.8
    8 2.340 .88 22 19.84 7.50 52 102.3 38.6
    7 2.550 .% 23 21.09 7.97 53 107.3 40.6
    6 2.778 1.05 24 22.40 8.47 54 112.7 42.6
    - 5 3.025 1.14 25 23.78 8.99 55 118.2 44.7
    4 3.291 1.24 26 25.24 9.54 56 124.0 46.9
    3 3.578 1.35 27 26.77 10.12 57 130.0 49.1
    2 3.887 1.47 28 28.38 10.73 58 136.3 51.5
    1 4.220 iio 29 30.08 11.37 59 142.8 54.0
    0 4.580 1.73 30 31.86 12.04 60 149.6 56.5

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    599
    T A B L E 633.-MAINTENANCE O F AIR A T D E F I N I T E H U M I D I T I E S

    -
    The relative humidity and vapor pressure of aqueous vapor of moist air in equilibrium
    conditions above aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid are given below.

    Vapor pressure Vapor pressure


    Density of Relative - -A- , Density of Relatiye
    acid sol humidity 20°C 30°C acid sol humidity
    mm mm mm mm
    1.00 100.0 17.4 31.6 1.30 58.3 10.1 18.4
    1.05 97.5 17.0 30.7 1.35 47.2 8.3 15.0
    1.10 93.9 16.3 29.6 1.40 37.1 6.5 11.9
    1.15 88.8 15.4 28.0 1.50 18.8 3.3 6.0
    1.20 80.5 14.0 25.4 1.60 8.5 1.5 2.7
    1.25 70.4 12.2 22.2 1.70 3.2 .6 1.0

    T A B L E 634.-PRESSURE O F AQUEOUS VAPOR IN T H E A T M O S P H E R E


    For various altitudes (barometric readings)
    The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere may be determined by the use of the
    wet-bulbdry-bulb hygrometer.
    The first column gives the depression of the wet-bulb temperature ti below the air tem-
    perature t. The value corresponding to the barometric height at the altitude of observation
    is to be subtracted from the vapor pressure corresponding to the wet-bulb temperature
    taken from Part 3, Table 635. The temperature corresponding to this vapor pressure
    taken from Part 3, Table 635 is the dew point. The wet bulb should be ventilated about
    3 meters per second. For sea-level use Table 640. Example : t = 35", tt = 30", barometer
    74 cmHg. Then 31.83 - 2.46 = 29.37 mm = aqueous vapor pressure ; the dew 'point is
    28.6"C.

    Barometric pressure in cmHg


    t-tl
    oc
    f

    74 72 70 68 66 64 62 60 58 56 54 52 50 48
    mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
    1" .50 .48 .47 .46 .44 .43 .42 .40 .39 .38 .36 .35 .34 .32
    2 .98 .96 .93 .90 .88 .85 .82 .80 .77 .75 .72 .69 .67 .64
    ..
    3 1.47 1.43 1.39 1.35 1.32 1.28 1.24 1.20 1.15 1.12 1.08 1.04 1.03 .96
    4 1.97 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.60 1.54 1.49 1.44 1.38 1.33 1.28
    5 2.46 2.39 2.32 2.26 2.19 2.13 2.06 1.99 1.93 1.86 1.80 1.73 1.66 1.60
    6 2.95 2.87 2.79 2.71 2.63 2.55 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.24 2.16 2.08 2.00 1.92
    7 3.45 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.08 2.99 289 2.80 2.71 2.61 2.52 2.43 2.33 2.24
    8 3.95 3.84 3.73 3.63 3.53 3.42 3.31 3.20 3.10 2.99 2.88 2.78 2.67 2.56
    9 4.44 4.32 4.21 4.09 3.97 3.85 3.73 3.61 3.49 3.37 3.25 3.13 3.00 2.88
    10 4.94 4.81 4.68 4.54 4.41 4.28 4.14 4.01 3.88 3.74 3.6i 3.48 3.34 3.21
    11 5.44 5.30 5.15 5.00 4.86 4.71 4.56 4.42 4.27 4.12 3.97 3.83 3.68 3.53
    12
    ~~ 5.94 5.78 5.62 5.46 5.30 5.14 4.98 4.82 4.66 4.50 4.34 4.18 4.02 3.85
    13 6.45 6.27 6.10 5.92 5.75 5.57 5.40 5.23 5.05 4.88 4.70 4.53 4.36 4.18
    14 6.95 6.76 6.58 6.39 6.20 6.01 5.83 5.64 5.45 5.26 5.07 4.88 4.70 4.51
    15 7.46 7.26 7.06 6.85 6.65 6.45 6.25 6.05 5.85 5.64 5.44 5.24 5.04 4.84
    16 7.96 7.75 7.54 7.32 7.11 6.89 6.68 6.46 6.24 6.03 5.81 5.60 5.38 5.17
    17 8.47 8.24 8.02 7.79 7.56 7.33 7.10 6.87 6.64 6.41 6.18 5.95 5.72 5.50

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    600
    T A B L E 635.-PRESSURE OF S A T U R A T E D W A T E R VAPOR FOR VA R IO U S
    CO NDI TI O N S OF T E M P E R A T U R E A N D SU R R O U N D IN G S
    Pressure in mmHg, temperature in "C
    Part 1.-At low temperatures over ice

    Temp 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    -60 .0081 ,0371 .0062 .0054 .047 . .0041 .0035 .0030 .0026 .0023
    -50 .0295 .0261 .0222 .0203 .0178 .0157 .0138 .0121 .0106 .0094
    -40 .0962 .0858 .0766 .0681 .0607 .0540 .0479 .0425 .0377 .0333
    -30 2855 2560 2308 2075 .1865 .1675 .1502 .1337 ,1205 .lo78
    -20 .7740 .7030 .6380 ,5780 ,5240 .4790 .4290 .3880 .3500 .3160
    -10 1.945 1.783 1.630 1.486 1.359 1.239 1.130 1.029 .9360 ,8510
    0 4.580 4.219 3.880 3.565 3.280 3.010 2.765 2.531 2.322 2.128

    Part 2.-At low temperatures over water

    Temp 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    -10 2.148 1.983 1.832 1.690 1.556 1.434 1.319 1.215 1.109 1025
    0 4.580 4.260 3.968 3.672 3.410 3.160 2.930 2.712 2.510 2.321

    Part 3.-Fcr temperatures 0" to 374" over water

    Temp 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
    0 4.580 4.615 4.648 4.685 4.712 4.750 4.784 4.820 4.855 4.888
    1 4.922 4.960 4.998 5.030 5.065 5.105 5.140 5.175 5.212 5.250
    2 5.289 5.328 5.365 5.404 5.442 5.482 4.525 5.566 5.602 5.642
    3 5.680 5.720 5.761 5.801 5.842 5.885 5.930 5.972 6.014 6.055
    4 6.095 6.139 6.182 6.125 6.270 6.314 6.358 6.401 6.445 6.490
    5 6.535 6.582 6.535 6.679 6.724 6.770 6.816 6.862 6.910 6.960
    G 7.01.0 7.058 7.106 7.155 7.204 7.254 7.306 7.356 7.408 7.460
    7 7.509 7.560 7.613 7.666 7.720 7.772 7.823 7.875 7.929 7.984
    8 8.039 8.095 8.149 8.205 8.260 8.315 8.370 8.425 8.482 8.542
    9 8.605 8.670 8.726 8.782 8.838 8.900 8.960 9.020 9.080 9.140
    10 9.200 9.263 9.325 9.390 9.455 9.520 9.580 9.645 9.707 9.770
    11 9.835 9.901 9.965 10.032 10.100 10.170 10.240 10.308 10.375 10.445
    12 10.518 10.580 10.655 i0.7is io.790 10.858 10.928 11.ooo 11.075 11.150
    13 11.225 11.300 11.375 11.750 11.525 11.600 11.677 11.755 11.829 11.905
    14 11.980 12.060 12.140 12.217 12.295 12.375 12.455 12.538 12.620 12.698
    15 12.776 12.860 12.945 13.025 13.110 13.195 13.280 13.365 13.450 13.540
    16 13.625 13.710 13.801 13.895 13.985 14.075 14.165 14.255 14.345 i4.440
    17 14.530 14.620 14.710 14.800 14.895 14.990 15.085 15.172 15.270 15.375
    18 15.460 15.560 15.660 15.760 15.960 15.960 16.060 16.160 16.260 16.360
    19 16.460 16.570 16.680 16.790 16.900 17.000 17.100 17.210 17.315 17.425
    20 17.525 17.635 17.745 17.855 17.965 18.080 18.195 18.310 18.425 18.540
    21 18.650 18.765 18.880 19.000 19.110 19.225 19.345 19.460 19.580 19.700
    22 19.820 19.940 20.060 20.185 20.310 20.430 20.580 20.690 20.800 20.930
    23 21.050 21.190 21.320 21.450 21.580 21.710 21.840 21.970 2.100 22.230
    24 22.365 22.500 22.630 22.763 22.905 23.050 23.190 23.310 23.450 23.600
    25 23.750 23.900 24.030 24.200 24.345 24.490 24.640 24.790 24.935 25.080
    Temp 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    20 17.53 18.65 21.05 22.37 23.75 25.21 26.74 28.32 30.03
    30 31.82 33.70 37.71 39.15 42.20 44.60 47.04 49.70 52.45
    40 55.30 58.35 64.85 68.30 71.90 75.65 79.55 83:OO 88.00
    50 92.50 97.25 107.1 113.0 118.0 123.9 129.9 136.2 142.6
    60 149.4 171.7 179.4 187.6 196.1 205.0 214.1 223.8
    265.9 275.2 289.1 301.5 314.2 327.3 340.9
    80 355.2 369.7 384.8 400.6 416.5 439.8 450.8 468.6
    .. . 487.0 506.0
    -...
    90 525.5 546.5 567.0 588.5 610.8 634.0 658.0 682.0 707:0 733.0
    100 767.0 786.5 815.5 845.0 875.1 906.0 937.8 970.5 1004.2 1038.8
    (cuntiikued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    601
    T A B L E 635.-PRESSURE O F S A T U R A T E D W A T E R VAPOR FOR V A R I O U S
    C O N D I T I O N S O F T E M P E R A T U R E A N D S U R R O U N D I N G S (concluded)
    Temp 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    110 1074 1111 1149 1187 1227 1268 1310 1353 1397 1442
    120 1489 1536 1585 1636 1687 1740 1794 1850 1907 1965
    130 2025 2086 2149 2214 2280 2347 2416 2487 2559 2633
    140 2709 2786 2866 2947 3030 3115 3201
    . ~. . 3290. 3381 3473
    150 3568 3665 3763 3864 3967 4072 4180 4290 4402 4516
    160 4632 475 1 4873 4997 5123 5252 5383 5518 5654 5794
    170 5936 6080 6228 6378 6532 6688 6847 7009 7174 7342
    180 7513 7688 7865 8046 8230 8417 8608 8802 8999 9200
    190 9404 9612 9823 10040 10260 10480 10700 10940 11170 11410
    200 11650 11890 12140 12400 12650 12920 13180 13450 13730 14010
    210 14290 14580 14870 15160 15470 15770 16080 16400 16720 17040
    220 17370 17710 18050 18390 18740 19100 19450 19820 20190 20560
    230 20950 21330 21720 22120 22520 22930 23350 23770 24 190 24620
    240 25060 25500 25950 26410 26870 27340 27810 28290 28780 29270
    250 29770 30280 30790 31310 31830 32360 32900 33450 34000 34560
    260 35130 35700 36280 36870 37470 38070 38680 39300 39920 40560
    270 41200 41840 42500 43160 43840 44520 45200 45900 46600 47320
    280 48040 48760 49500 50250 51000 51770 52540 53320 54110 54910
    290 55710 56530 57360 58190 59040 59890 60750 616zi 62510 63400
    300 64300 65210 66130 67060 68000 68960 69920 70890 71870 72860
    310 73870 74880 75910 76940 77990 79050 80120 81200 82290 83390
    320 84500 85630 86760 87910 89070 90250 91430 92630 93840 95060
    330 96290 97530 98790 100060 101350 102640 103950 105280 106600 108000
    340 109300 110700 112100 113500 114900 116300 117800 119200 120700 122200
    350 123700 125200 126800 128300 129900 131400 133000 134600 136300 137900
    360 139600 141200 142900 144600 146300 148100 149800 151600 153400 155200
    370 157000 158800 160700 162600 164400 - - -

    T A B L E 636.-WEIGHT I N GRAMS O F A CUBIC M E T E R O F S A T U R A T E D


    AQUEOUS VAPOR

    T:mp
    c o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    -20 1.074 .988 .909 .836 .768 .705 346 .592 .542 ,496
    -10 2.358 2.186 2.026 1.876 1.736 1.605 1.483 1.369 1.264 1.165
    - 0 4.847 4.523 4.217 3.930 3.660 3.407 3.169 2.946 2.737 2.541
    + 0 4.847 5.192
    10.01
    5.559
    10.66
    5.947
    11.35
    6.360
    12.07
    6.797
    12.83
    7.260
    13.63
    7.750
    14.84
    8.270
    15.37
    8.819
    16.21
    +10 9.399
    +20 17.30 18.34 19.43 20.58 21.78 23.05 24.38 25.78 27.24 28.78
    +30 30.38 32.07 33.83 35.68 37.61 39.63 41.76 43.96 46.26 48.67
    For higher temperatures see Table 166.

    T A B L E 637.-WEIlGHT I N GRAINS OF A CUBIC F O O T O F S A T U R A T E D


    AQUEOUS VAPOR

    Tym
    F O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    -20 .219 .208 ,198 .188 .179 .170 .161 .153 .146 .138
    -10 .355 .339 .323 .308 .293 ,280 .266 .254 .242 .230
    -0 .563 .540 .5 17 .492 .469 .448 .428 .408 ,390 .372
    + O .563 .587 .614 .642 .671 .701 .732 .768 .799 .834
    + 10
    +20
    370
    1.318
    .908
    1.375
    .947
    1.431
    .~
    .988
    1.488
    1.030
    1.548
    1.074
    1.612
    i.ii9
    1.676
    1.166
    1.746
    1.215
    1.815
    1.265
    1.886
    1.961 2.038 2.118 2.200 2.285 2.375 2.466 2.558 2.656 2.755
    2.862 2.970 3.081 3.195 3.315 3.438 3.563 3.691 3.822 3.965
    +50 4.105 4.256 4.410 4.565 4.722 4.890 5.060 5.235 5.420 5.608
    +60 5.805 6.000 6.195 6.410 6.628 6.855 7.080 7.317 7.560 7.810
    ++70
    80
    8.060
    11.06
    8.325
    11.40
    8.600
    11.76
    8.880
    12.12
    9.165
    12.50
    9.460
    12.87
    9.765
    13.27
    10.075
    13.70
    10.390
    14.09
    10.720
    14.52
    +90 14.96 15.41 15.98 16.34 16.84 17.32 17.82 18.34 18.90 19.39
    +loo 19.96 20.55 21.15 21.75 22.35 23.05 23.65 24.32 24.98 25.68
    +I10 26.35 27.12 27.90 28.62 29.40 30.20 3 1.OO 3 1.85 32.68 33.55
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    602
    TABLE 638.-RELATIVE H U M I D I T Y FOR VARIOUS PRESSURES AND
    DRY-BU L B TEMPERATURES
    Vertical argument is the observed vapor pressure which may be computed from the
    wet-bulb and dry-bulb readings through Tables 634 or 640. The horizontal argument is
    the observed air temperature (dry-bulb reading).

    Vapor
    pressure- (
    mmHg 0 -1
    .25 6 7
    -2
    7
    --
    -3
    8
    -4
    8 9
    -5
    Air temperatures, dry bulb, 0C
    -6
    10
    -7
    10 11
    -8 -9
    13 15
    -10-11
    15
    -12-13
    15 16
    -
    -14
    17
    -
    -15
    18 28
    -20

    SO 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 23 26 28 29 31 34 37 55
    .75 17 19 20 22 24 25 27 29 32 34 37 40 43 46 50 54 81
    1.00 23 25 27 29 32 34 36 39 42 45 49 53 57 61 67 72 ..
    1.25 29 31 33 36 39 42 45 48 52 56 60 65 70 76 82 87 .:
    1.50 35 37 40 43 46 49 53 57 61 67 71 77 83 90 97 .. ..
    1.75 40 43 46 48 53 57 62 66 71 77 82 87 92 98 .. ..
    2.00 45 48 52 56 60 65 70 75 81 87 94 .. . .
    .. .. mmHg 97 .. ..
    00 -1 -2 -3"
    ..
    2.25 51 54 59 63 68 73 79 84 91 98
    2.50 56 60 65 70 75 81 88 94 100 .. .. .. 3.50 78 84 90 97
    2.75 61 66 71 76 81 87 . . ..
    94 .. .. .. 3.75 84 90 96 ..
    3.00 67 72 78 83 88 94 .. ..
    99 . . . . . . 4.00 90 96 * . ..
    3.25 72 78 84 90 96 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.25 96 .. .. ..
    3.50 78 84 90 97 . . . . .. .. . . .. . . 4.50 m .. ..
    Vapor Air temperatures, dry bulb, O C
    pressure 7
    mmHg ' 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
    .5 12 11 11 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3
    1.0 24 23 21 20 18 ii 16 15 14 13 13 12 11 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7
    1.5 35 33 31 29 27 25 23 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 ii i i 16 10
    2.0 46 43 40 37 35 32 30 28 27 25 23 22 21 20 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
    2.5
    ~~ 56 52 48 45 42 39 36 34 32 30 28 26 25 23 22 21 19 18 17 16 15
    3.0 67 63 58 54 50 47 44 41 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 25 23 22 20 19 18
    3.5 78 73 68 63 59 55 52 48 45 43 40 38 35 33 31 29 28 26 24 23 22
    4.0 91 85 79 74 69 65 61 57 53 50 47 44 41 39 37 35 32 30 29 27 25
    4.5 99 93 87 81 76 71 67 62 58 55 52 49 46 43 40 38 36 33 31 29 28
    5.0 .. .. 95 89 83 78 73 68 64 60 56 53 50 47 44 41 39 36 34 32 31
    5.5 .. .. .. 96 91 86 81 75 70 66 62 58 55 51 48 45 42 40 37 35 33
    6.0 .. .. .. .. 1w 94 88 82 76 72 68 64 60 56 53 50 46 43 40 38 36
    6.5 .. .. .. .. .. 99 93 89 83 78 72 68 64 60 56 52 49 46 44 41 39
    7.0 .. .. .. .. .. 1M 94 88 82 77 72 68 64 60 56 52 49 47 44 42
    7.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 1w 94 88 83 77 73 68 65 61 57 54 51 48 46
    8.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100 94 88 83 77 73 68 65 61 57 54 51 48
    8.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 92 86 si 76 72 68 63 60 57 53 51
    9.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 91 86 81 76 72 67 64 60 56 53
    9.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 91 85 80 75 71 67 63 59 56
    10.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 95 89 84 79 74 70 66 62 59
    11.o .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 96 92 87 82 77 72 67 64
    12.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 94 89 84 79 74 70
    13.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 96 90 85 80
    14.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ., .. .. .. .. 98 93 88
    15.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 91
    16.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1w 92
    17.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98

    Vapor Air tempevatures, dry bulb, 0C


    pressure 7 - A -7
    mmHg 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
    1 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
    2 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 4
    3 18 17 16 15 15 14 13 12 12 11 11 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 6 6
    4 25 23 22 20 19 18 17 16 15 15 14 13 12 12 i i ii 10 10 9 9 8
    5 30 28 27 25 24 23 22 20 19 18 17 16 15 15 14 14 13 12 11 11 10
    6 36 34 32 30 29 27 26 24 23 21 20 19 18 17 17 16 15 14 13 12 12
    7 42 39 37 35 34 32 30 28 26 25 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 16 15 14
    8 48 45 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 29 27 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    603
    T A B 1.E 638.- - R E L A T I V E H U M I D I T Y FOR VARIOUS PRESSURES A N D
    DRY-BU LB T E M P E R A T U R E S (continued)
    Vapor Air temperatures, bulb, 0C
    pressure r -- A

    mmHg 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 46
    9 53 50 47 44 41 39 37 35 33 31 29 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18
    10 59 56 52 50 47 44 42 40 37 35 34 32 30 28 27 26 24 23 22 21 20
    11 64 61 57 53 50 48 45 43 41 38 36 35 33 31 29 28 26 25 24 23 22
    12 70 66 62 59 56 53 50 47 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 31 29 28 26 25 24
    13 75 71 67 63 60 57 53 50 48 45 43 41 38 36 35 33 32 30 28 27 26
    14 81 76 72 68 64 61 57 54 51 49 46 44 41 39 37 35 33 32 30 29 27
    15 86 82 77 72 68 ti5 61 56 54 52 49 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 Ji Z9
    16 92 87 77
    .. 73 69 65 62 58
    .. 55
    ~. 52
    .~ 49 47 45 42 40 38 36 34 33 31
    17 iw 92 82 77 73 69 65 62 58 55 52 49 47 45 42 40 38 36 34 33
    18 .. 100 86 82 77 73 69 65 62 58 55 52 50 47 45 42 40 38 36 35
    19 .. .. 99 93 86 81 77 73 69 65 61 58 55 52 50 47 45 42 40 38 36
    20
    -. .. .. .. 96 90 85 80 76 72 68 65 61 58 55 52 50 47 45 42 40 38
    21 .. .. .. 99 94 89 84 79 75. 72 68
    ~ ._ 64 61 58 55 52 49 47 44 42 40
    22 .. 98 93 88 83 79 75 71 67 63 60 57 54 51 49 46 44 42
    23 .. .. 97 92 87 82 78 74 70 66 62 59 57 54 51 48 46 44
    24 .. .. .. .. .. 96 90 85 81 77 73 69 65 62 59 56 53 50 48 46
    25 .. .. .. .. .. .. 100 94 89 84 79 75 71 68 64 61 SS 55 5i SO 4s
    26 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 92 87 83 78 74 70 67 63 60 57 54 52 49
    27
    28
    ..
    ..
    ..
    ..
    ..
    ..
    . . . . 96 Gi
    . . . . 99 94
    Si
    89
    sz85 78 73 69 65
    82 77 71 68
    62
    64
    59
    61
    56 53 51
    58 55 53
    29 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 92 87 83 78 74 70 67 63 60 57 54
    30 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 95 90 85 81 77 73 70 66 62 59 56
    31 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 93 88 83 79 75 71 68 64 61 58
    32 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 95 90 86 81 77 73 69 66 63 60
    33 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 95 89 85 80 76 72 69 65 62
    34 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. 98 93 88 84 79 75 72 68 65
    35
    .. .. .. . , .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. 100 95 89 85 81 77 73 69 66
    36 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 91 86 82 78 74 70 67
    37 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 94 89 84 80 76 72 69
    38 ..
    .I

    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
    96 91 86 82 78 74 70
    39 .. .. .. .. ,. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 93 88 84 80 76 72
    40
    41
    ..
    ..
    ..
    ..
    ..
    ..
    ......
    ..
    ..
    ..
    .. .. .. ..
    .. .. .. ..
    .. .. ..
    .. ..
    .. ioo 95
    .. .. .. 97
    90
    92
    86
    88
    82 38 74
    83 80 76
    42
    43
    ..
    ..
    ..
    ..
    ..
    .. ..
    .. ..
    .. ..
    .. .. .. ..
    . . .. .. .... .. .. ..
    . . .. .. ..
    .. ..
    .. ..
    icm 94
    97
    90
    92
    85 83
    87
    81 77
    79
    44 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 99 94 90 85 81
    45 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. 96 91 86 82
    46 .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 93 88 84
    47 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 95.. 90 86
    48 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
    97 92 88
    49 .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 99 94 89
    50 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 96 91
    51 .. .. .. .. . . .. ..
    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 92
    52 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
    . . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 99 94
    53 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97
    54 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
    .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98
    55 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1w

    Vapor Air temperatures, dry bulb,


    pressure - -- A ---
    oc
    - 1
    mmHg 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
    5 10 1 0 9 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4
    10 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 14 13 13
    ~~ 12 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 8 S i
    15 29 28 26 25 24 23 21 20 19 18 17 16 16 iS ill 14 13 12 12 11
    20 38 37 35 33 31 30 27 26 25 24 23 22 20 19 18 18 17 16 15 15
    25 47 45 43 41 39 37 33 32 31 29 28 27 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 19
    30 56 53 51 49 46 44 40 38 36 35 33 32 30 29 28 27 25 24 22 21
    35 66 62 59 57 53 si 46 44 42 40 38 37 35 33 32 30 29 28 26 24
    40 74 70 67 64 60 58 55 52 50 48 45 43 41 39 38 36 35 33 32 30 28
    45 82 78 75 71 68 65 61 58 56 53 51 48 46 44 42 40 39 37 35 34 32
    50 91 87 82 79 75 71 68 65 62 59 56 53 51 49 47 45 43 41 39 37 35
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    604
    T A B L E 638.-RELATIVE H U M I D I T Y FOR VARIOUS PRESSURES AND
    DRY-BU L B TEMPERATURES (concluded)
    Vapor Air temperatures, d r y bulb, O C
    pressure,
    mmHg 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
    55 iw 95 90 86 82 78 74 71 68 65 62 59 56 54 51 49 47 45 43 41 39
    60 . . . . 97 93 88 84 80 77 73 70 67 64 61 58 55 53 51 49 47 45 43
    65 . . . . . . . . % 91 87 83 79 75 72 69 65 62 60 57 55 52 50 48 46
    70 . . . . . . . . . . 98 93 89 85 81 77 74 70 67 64 61 59 56 54 52 49
    75 . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 95 91 86 83 79 75 72 69 66 63 60 58 55 53
    80 ................ 96 91 87 83 80 76 73 69 66 63 61 58 56
    85 .................. 97 92 88 84 81 77 74 70 67 64 62 59
    90 ...... ............ 96 92 89 85 81 78 74 71 68 65 62
    95 .. mmHg57'58 59 60" .......... 97 93 89 85 82 78 75 71 68 65
    100 .. 125 96 92 88 84 ............ 99 94 89 86 82 78 75 72 69
    105 .. 130 iw 96 92 88 .............. 98 94 90 86 82 78 75 72
    110 .. 135 .. 99 95 91 ................ 98 94 89 85 82 78 75
    115 .. 140 . . . . 99 94 .................. 97 93 89 85 82 78
    120 .. 145 . . . . . . 97 .................... 97 93 89 85 82
    125 .. 150 . . . . . . iw ...................... 96 92 88 84

    T A B L E 639.-RELATIVE H U M I D I T Y , W E T AND DRY THERMOMETERS


    This table gives the relative humidity direct from the difference between the reading
    of the dry (t"C) and the wet (f,'C) thermometer. It is computed for a barometer reading
    of 1000 mb. The wet thermometers should be ventilated about 3 meters per second. Changes
    due to different pressure can be calculated from the data given in Tables 634 and 640.
    Temperatures of dry thermometer, t o

    (to - tl") -15 -10 -5 0 5 (to - tl") 10 15 20 25 30 35 40


    .2 92 94 95 96 97 .5 94 95 96 96 97 97 97
    .4 84 89 91 92 95 1.0 89 90 92 93 93 94 94
    .5 80 86 89 91 93 1.5 83 86 88 89 90 91 91
    .6 76 82 88 90 92 2.0 77 81 83 85 86 88 89
    .8 68 77 83 87 89 2.5 72 76 80 82 83 85 86
    1.0 60 71 78 83 86 3.0 67 72 75 78 80 82 83
    1.2 52 65 74 80 84 3.5 61 67 72 75 ii 79 81
    1.4 43 59 72 76 81 4.0 56 63 68 71 74 76 78
    1.5 39 56 67 74 SO 4.5 51 58 64 68 71 73 76
    1.6 35 53 65 73 78 5.0 46 54 60 65 68 71 73
    1.8 27 49 61 69 75 6 36 46 53 58 62 65 68
    2.0 18 41 56 65 73 7 26 38 46 52 57 60 63
    2.5 .. 27 46 58 66 8 15 29 39 46 51 55 59
    3.0 .. 10 35 50 60 9 5 21 32 40 46 51 54
    3.5 .. .. 24 41 53 10 .. 13 25 34 41 46 50
    4.0 .. .. 12 33 47 11 .. 5 19 30 36 42 46
    4.5 .. . . . . 25 40 12 .. .. 13 23 31 37 43
    5 .. . . . . 16 34 13 . . . . .. 18 28 33 38
    6 .. . . . . . . 21 14 .. .. .. 13 25 29 34
    7 .. . . . . . . 8 15 . . . . .. 8 19 25 31
    16 .. .. .... 13 21 28
    17 ..
    . .
    __
    . .
    .... 9 18 24
    18 . . . . 5 14 21
    19 . . . . .... 3 10 18
    20 .. .. .... 2 7 14
    22 . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
    24 .. .. . . . 9

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    605
    T A B L E 640.-PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR IN T H E ATMOSPHERE:
    SEA L E V E L
    This table gives the vapor pressure corresponding to various values of the difference
    t - f l between the readings of dry-bulb and wet-bulb thermometers and the temperature tl
    of the wet-bulb thermometer. The difference t - tl is given by two-degree steps in the top
    line, and tl by degrees in the first column. Temperatures in Centigrade degrees, vapor
    pressures in millimeters of mercury are used throughout the table. The table was cal-
    culated for barometric pressure R equal to 76 cmHg. A correction is given for each
    centimeter at the top of the columns. Ventilating velocity of wet thermometer about 3
    meters per second.

    t - t1
    tl = 00 2" 4' 6
    ' 8' 10" 12" 14' 16" 18' 20' Differ-
    ence
    Corrections
    for B 0. i'rin
    per cmHg ,013 ,026 .040 ,053 .966 .079 .092 .lo6 .119 ,132 t - tl
    -10 1.96 -97
    .. . - - - ,050
    -9 2.14 1.15 .16 - - Example .050
    -8 2.34 1.35 .35 - -
    t=17.2; ti: = 10.0; B = 74.5 cmHg
    -7 255 1.56 .66 - - ,050
    .050
    -6
    -5
    -4
    2.78
    3.02
    3.29
    1.78
    2.03
    2.29
    .79
    1.03
    i.29
    -
    .03
    .29
    -
    -
    -
    t - t i = 7.2
    From table : 6.17 - 12 x 0.050 = 5.57
    For B, 1.5 x .048
    Hence p
    = .07
    = 5.64
    ::::
    .050
    -3 3.58 2.58 1.58 .58 - .050
    -2 3.89 2.89 1.89 .88 - - - - ,050
    -1 4.22 3.22 2.22 1.21 .21 - - _ .050
    0 4.58 3.58 2.57
    ~. 1.57 .57 - - _ - _ .050
    1 4.92 3.92 2.92 1.91 .91 - - - - - .050
    2 5.29 4.29 3.28 2.27 1.27 .26 - - - _ .050
    3 5.68 4.68 3.67 2.66 1.66 .65 - - _ _ .oso
    4 6.10 5.09 4.08 3.07 2.07 1.06 .05 - - - ,050
    5 6.54 5.53 4.52 3.51 2.51 1.50 .49 - - _ ,050
    6 7.01 6.00 3.98 2.97 1.96 .95 - - - .oso
    7 7.51 6.50 4.48 3.47 2.46 1.45 .43 - - - .050
    8 8.04 7.03 5.01 4 00 2.98 1.97 .96 - - - .050
    9 8.61 7.60 5.57 4.56 3.54 2.53 1.52 .50 - - .050
    10 9 5 8.20 7.18 6.17 5.15 4.14 3.12 2.11 1.09 .08 - .050
    11 9.85 8.83 7.81 6.80 5.78 4.77 3.75 2.73 1.72 .70 - .051
    1210.52 9.50 8.49 7.47 6.45 5.44 4.42 3.40 2.38 1.37 .35 .051
    1311.24 10.22 9.20 8.18 7.16 6.14 5.13 4.11 3.09 2.07 1.05 .051
    1411.99 10.97 9.95 8.93 7.91 6.90 5.88 4.86 3.84 2.82 1.80 .051
    1512.79 11.77 10.75 9.73 8.71 7.69 6.67 5.65 4.63 3.61 2.59 .051
    1613.64 12.62 11.60 10.58 9.95 8.53 7.51 6.49 5.47 4.45 3.43 .051
    1714.54 13.52 12.49 11.47 10.45 9.42 8.40 7.38 6.36 5.33 4.31 .051
    1815.49 14.46 13.44 12.42 11.39 10.37 9.34 8.32 7.30 6.27 5.25 .051
    1916.49 15.46 14.44 13.41 12.39 11.36 10.34 9.31 8.29 7.26 6.24 .051
    20 17.55 i6.52 is.50 14.47 13.44 12.42 11.39 10.36 9.34 8.31 7.29 .051
    21 18.66 17.64 16.61 15.58 14.56 13.53 12.50 11.47 10.45 9.42 8.39 .nsi
    22 19.84 18.82 17.79 16.76 15.73 14.70 13.67 12.64 11.62 10.59 10.57 .05l
    23 21.09 20.06 19.03 18.00 16.97 15.94 14.91 13.88 12.85 11.82 10.79 ,051
    24 22.40 21.37 20.34 19.31 18.27 17.24 16.21 15.18 14.15 13.12 12.09 .051
    25 23.78 22.75 21.71 20.68 19.65 18.62 17.59 16.56 15.52 14.49 13.46 .052
    26 25.24 24.20 23.17 22.14 21.10 20.07 19.04 18.00 16.97 15.94 14.90 .052
    27 26.77 25.73 24.70 23.66 22.63 21.60 20.56 19.53 18.49 17.46 16.42 .052
    28 28.38 27.34 26.31 25.27 24.24 23.20 22.17 21.13 20.10 19.06 18.02 ,052
    29 30.08 29.04 28.00 26.97 25.93 24.89 23.86 22.82 21.78 20.75 19.71 .052
    30 31.86 30.82 29.78 28.75 27.71 26.67 25.63 24.60 23.56 22.52 21.48 ,052
    31 33.74 32.70 31.66 30.62 29.58 28.54 27.50 26.46 25.42 24.38 23.34 ,052
    32 35.70 34.66 33.62 32.58 31.54 30.50 29.46 28.42 27.38 26.34 25.30 .052
    33 37.78 36.73 35.69 34.65 33.61 32.57 31.53 30.49 29.44 28.40 27.36 .osz
    34 39.95 38.90 37.86 36.82 35.78 34.73 33.69 32.65 31.61 30.57 29.52 ,052
    35 42.23 41.18 40.14 39.10 3805 37.01 35.97 34.92 33.88 32.83 31.79 .052
    _.44.62
    36 43.57 42.53 41.48 40.44 39.40 38.35 37.31 36.26 35.22 34.17 .052
    37 47:i3 4h.m 45.04 43.99 42.94 41.90 40.85 39.81 38.76 37.71 36.67 .052
    38 49.76 48X 47.66 46.61 45.57 44.52 43.47 42.43 41.38 40.33 39.29 .052
    39 52.51 51.46 50.41 49.37 48.32 47.27 46.22 45.17 44.12 43.08 42.03 ,052
    40 55.40 54.35 53.30 52.25 51.20 50.15 49.10 48.05 47.00 45.95 44.00 .052

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    606 TABLES 641-WS.-THE BAROMETER lQ7
    T A B L E 641.-PRESSURE O F COLUMNS OF MERCURY A N D W A T E R
    British and metric measures. Correct at 0°C for mercury and at 4°C for water.

    Metric measure British measure


    A

    Pressure Pressure Pressure Pressure


    cmHg g/cmz Ib/in.a inHg g/cm* Ib/in.2
    1 13.5954 .193367 1 34.532 .491152
    2 27.1908 .386734 2 69.065 .982304
    3 40.7862 S80101 3 103.597 1 A73457
    4 54.3816 .773468 4 138.129 1.964609
    5 67.9770 .966835 5 172.662 2.455761
    6 81S724 1.160204 6 207.194 2.946918
    7 95.1678 1.353566 7 241.726 3.438058
    8 108.7632 1.546936 8 276.259 3.929286
    9 122.3586 1.740303 9 310.791 4.420370
    10 135.9540 1.933670 10 345.323 4.911522

    cm of Pressure Pressure Inches of Prcssure Pressure


    Hz0 g/cm2 Ib/in.2 H20 g/cm2 Ib/im2
    1 1 .0142234 1 2.54 ,036127
    2 2 .0284468 2 5.08 .072255
    3 3 .0426702 3 7.62 .lo8382
    4 4 .0568936 4 10.16 .144510
    5 5 .0711170 5 12.70 .180637
    6 6 .0853404 6 15.24 .216764
    7 7 .0995638 7 17.78 .252892
    8 8 .1137872 8 20.32 .289019
    9 9 .1280106 9 22.86 .325147
    10 10 .I422340 10 25.40 361274

    The tables on the barometer have been adapted from the Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, sixth
    edition.

    T A B L E 6 4 2 . 4 O R R E C T I O N O F T H E BAROMETER FOR CAPILLARITY *


    Metric measure

    Diameter Height of meniscus in millimeters


    Of tube A

    In mm .4 .6 .8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8


    4 1.1 1.7 2.1 2.4 2.6
    .73 1.06 1.34 1.55 1.76
    .47 .71 .91 1.08 1.21 1.30 1.37 1.43
    .33 .48 .63 .76 .86 .96 1.03 1.08
    .24 .35 .46 .55 .63 .70 .77 .82
    .I8 .27 .35 .41 .47 .53 .57 .61
    10 .12 .I8 .24 .30 .35 .40 .44 .47
    12 .07 .I0 .13 .16 .20 .22 .25 .27
    14 .04 .06 .08 .I0 .I 1 .I3 .15 .17
    16 .02 .04 .05 .06 .07 .09 so .11

    Corrections to be added in millimeters.

    T A B L E 643.-VOLUME O F MERCURY MENISCUS I N mma

    Diameter of tube in mm
    Height of r
    meniscus 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
    mm
    1.6 214 245 280 318 356 444 492 541
    1.8 244 281 320 362 407 507 560 616
    2.0 278 319 362 409 460 571 631 694
    2.2 313 358 406 459 515 63I 704 776
    2.4 350 400 454 511 573 708 781 859
    2.6 291 338 388 444 503 565 633 782 862 948

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    607
    T A B L E 644.-CONSTANT a F O R R E D U C T I O N O F BAROMETRIC H E I G H T T O
    STANDARD T E M P E R A T U R E *
    ~

    Brass scale and Brass scale and Glass scale and


    English measure metric measure metric measure
    * 1

    Height of a Height of a Height of a


    barometer in in inches for barometer in in mm for barometer in in mm for
    inches temp "1; mmHg temp "C mmHg temp "C
    15.0 .00135 400 .0651 50 .0086
    16.0 .00145 410 .0668 100 .0172
    17.0 .00154 420 .0684 150 .0258
    17.5 .00158 430 .0700 200 .0345
    18.0 .00163 440 .0716 250 .0431
    18.5 .00167 450 .0732 300 .0517
    19.0 .00172 460 .0749 350 .0603
    19.5 .00176 470 .0765
    480 .0781 400 .0689
    20.0 .00181 490 .0797 450 .0775
    20.5 .00185 500 .0861
    21.0 .00190 500 .0813 520 .0895
    21.5 .00194 510 .0830 540 .0930
    22.0 .00199 520 .0846 560 .0965
    22.5 .00203 530 .0862 580 .0999
    23.0 .00208 540 .Of378
    23.5 .00212 550 .0894 600 .1034
    560 .0911 610 .1051
    24.0 .00217 570 .0927 620 .1068
    24.5 .00221 580 .0943 630 .1085
    25.0 .00226 590 .0959 640 .1103
    25.5 .00231 650 .1120
    26.0 .00236 600 .0975 660 .1137
    26.5 .00240 610 .0992
    27.0 .00245 620 .loo8 670 .1154
    27.5 .00249 630 .lo24 680 .1172
    640 .lo40 690 .1189
    28.0 .00254 650 .lo56 700 .1206
    28.5 .00258 660 .lo73 710 .1223
    29.0 .00263 670 .lo89 720 .1240
    29.2 40265 680 .1105 730 .1258
    29.4 .00267 690 .1121
    29.6 .00268 740 .1275
    29.8 .00270 700 .1137 750 .1292
    30.0 .00272 710 .1154 760 .1309
    720 .1170 770 .1327
    30.2 .00274 730 .1186 780 .1344
    30.4 .00276 740 .1202 790 .1361
    30.6 ,00277 750 .1218 800 .1378
    30.8 .00279 760 .1235
    31.0 .00281 770 .1251 850 .1464
    31.2 .00283 780 .1267 900 .1551
    31.4 .00285 790 .1283 950 .1639
    31.6 .00287 800 .1299 1000 .1723

    .The height of the barometer is affected by the relative thermal expansion of the mercury and the
    glass, in the case of instruments graduated on the glass tube and by the relative expansion of the
    mercury and the metallic enclosing case, usually of brass, in t i e case of instruments graduated on the
    brass case. This relative expansion is practically proportional to the first ower of the temperature.
    The above tables of values of the coefficient of relative expansion will be f a u n a t o give corrections almost
    identical with those given in the International Meteorolocical Tables. The numbers tabulated under a
    are the values of a in the equation H t = H I ' - a (t' - t ) where H I is the height at the standard tem-
    perature Ht' the observed height at the temperature t' and a (t' -t ) the correction for temperature.
    The stan'dard temperature IS 0°C for the metric system a'nd 28:s F for the English system. The English
    barometer is correct for the temperature of melting ice at a temperature of approximately 28.5 F. because
    of the fact that the brass scale is graduated so as to be standard at 6Z°F, while mercury has the standard
    density at 32-F.
    EXAMPLE.-Abarometer having a brass scale gave H = 765 mm at 25°C; required, the corresponding
    reading at 0°C. Here the value of a is the mean of .1235 and 1251, o r .1243; .'. a (t' - t ) y.1243 x
    25 = 3.11. Hence Ho= 765 - 3.11 = 761.89.
    Nom.-Although a is here given to three and sometimes to four significant figures, it is seldom
    worth while to use more than the nearest two-figure number. I n fact, all barometers have not the same
    values for a, and when great accuracy is wanted the proper coefficients have to be determined hy
    experiment.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    608
    T A B L E 645.-REDUCTION O F BAROMETER T O S T A N D A R D G R A V I T Y FOR
    DIFFERENT HEIGHTS
    Free-air altitude term. Correction t o be subtracted.
    The correction to reduce the barometer to sea level is [(gi - g)/gl X B where B is the
    barometer reading and g and g1 the value of gravity at sea level and the place of observa-
    tion respectively. The following values were computed for free-air values of gravity g1
    (Table 802). It has been customary to assume for mountain stations that the value of gi =
    say about 3 the free-air value, but a comparison of modern determinations of g1 in this
    country shows that little reliance can be placed on such an assumption. Where .91 is known
    its value should be used in the above correction term. (See Tables 803-805.) Similarly for
    the latitude term, see succeeding tables ; the true value of g should be used if known ; the
    succeeding tables are based on the theoretical values, Table 802.)

    Height Ohserved height of harorneter in mmHg


    above L

    sea level g1 - g 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
    meters
    100 .031 Correction in mmHg to be sub- .02 .02 .02 - -
    200 .062 tracted for height above sea level .04 .05 .05 - -
    300 .093 in first column and barometer read- .07 .07 .07 - -
    400 .123 ing in the top line. .09 .10 .10 - -
    500 .I54 - - - - - - . l l .12 .13 - -
    600 .I85 - - - - - .12 .13 .14 - - -
    700 .216 - - - - - .14 .15 .16 - - -
    800 .247 - - - - - .16 .18 .19 - - -
    900 ,278 - - - - - .18 .20 .22 - - -
    1000 .309 - - - .18 .19 .20 22 .24 - - -
    1100 .339 - - - .19 .21 .22 .24 - -
    1200 .370 - - - .2 1 .23 .24 .26 - -
    1300 .401 - - - .22 .24 .26 .29 - -
    1400 .432 - - - .24 .26 .28 .31 - -
    1500 .463 - - .24 .26 .28 .30 .33 - -
    1600 .494 - - .25 .28 .30 .32 - - -
    1700 .525 - - .27 .30 .32 .34 - - - - -
    1800 .555 - - .28 .31 .34 .36 - - ,020 .0463 15000
    1900 .586 - - .30 .33 .36 .39 - - ,019 .0447 14500
    2000 .617 - .28 .31 .34 .38 .41 - .021 .019 .0432 14000
    2100 .648 - .30 .33 .36 .40 .021 .018 .0416 13500
    2200 .679 - .31 .35 .38 .4 1 - - .020 .017 .0401 13000
    2300 .710 - .32 .36 .40 .43 - .021 .019 .017 .03% 12500
    2400 .740 - .34 .38 .42 .45 - .021 .018 .016 .0370 12000
    2500 .771 .31 .35 .39 .43 .47 - .020 .018 .015 .0355 11500
    2600 ,802 .33 .37 .41 - - ,021 ,019 .017 .015 .0339 11000
    2700 .833 .34 .38 .42 - - .020 .018 .016 .014 .0324 10500
    2800 264 .35 .40 .44 - - .019 .017 .015 .013 .0308 10000
    2900 .895 .36 .41 .46 - .020 .018 .016 .Ol5 ,013 ,0293 9500
    3000 .926 .38 .42 .47 - .019 .017 .016 .014 ,012 .0278 9000
    3100 .957 .39 .44 - - .018 ,016 .015 .013 - .0262 8500
    3200 .988 .40 .46 - - .017 .015 .014 .012 - .0247 8000
    3300 1.019 .42 .47 - .017 .016 .014 .013 - - .0231 7500
    3400 1.049 .43 .48 7 .016 .015 ,013 ,012 - - ,0216 7000
    3500 1.080 .44 .49 - .015 .014 .012 .011 - - .0200 6500
    3600 1.111 .45 - - .014 .013 .011 - - - .OM 6000
    3700 1.142 .46 - - .013 .012 .011 - - - .0170 5500
    3800 1.173 .48 - .012 .011 .011 .010 - - - .0154 5000
    3900 1.204 .49 - ,011 .010 .010 .0139 4500
    4000 1.235 .so - .010 .009 ,009 .0123 4000
    - - - .008 .008 .007 .007 Corrections in in. to .0092 3000
    - - .006 .005 .005 .004 - be subtracted for height .0062 2000
    - - ,003 .003 .003 - - above sea level in last .0031 1000
    column and barometer
    reading in bottom line.
    feet
    30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 gl- g Height
    " above
    Observed height o t harometer in inches sea level

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    609
    T A B L E 646.-REDUCTION O F BAROMETER T O STANDARD GRAVITY *
    METRIC MEASURES

    From latitude 0" to 45", the correction is to be added algebraically.

    Lati-
    tude 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760 780
    mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
    0 -1.39 -1.45 -1.50 -1.55 -1.61 -1.66 -1.71 -1.77 -1.82 -1.87 -1.93 -1.98 -2.04 -2.09
    5 -1.37 -1.42 -1.48 -1.53 -1.58 -1.64 - 1.69 -1.74 -1.79 -1.85 -1.90 -1.95 -2.00 -2.06
    6 1.36 1.42 1.47 1.52 1.57 1.63 1.68 1.73 1.78 1.83 1.89 1.94 1.99 2.04
    7 1.35 1.40 1.46 1.51 1.56 1.61 1.66 1.72 1.77 1.82 1.87 1.92 1.98 2.03
    8 1.34 1.39 1.44 1.49 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.91 1.96 2.01
    9 1.33 1.38 1.43 1.48 1.53 1.58 1.63 1.68 1.73 1.78 1.84 1.89 1.94 1.99
    10 -1.31 -1.36 -1.41 -1.46 -1.51 -1.56 - 1.61 -1.66 -1.71 -1.76 -1.81 -1.86 -1.92 -1.97
    11 1.29 1.34 1.39 1.44 1.49 1.54 1.59 1.64 1.69 1.74 1.79 1.84 1.89 1.94
    12 1.27 1.32 1.37 1.42 1.47 1.52 1.57 1.62 1.67 1.72 1.76 1.81 1.86 1.91
    13 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.54 1.59 1.64 1.69 1.74 1.78 1.83 1.88
    14 1.23 1.28 1.33 1.38 1.42 1.47 1.52 1.56 1.61 1.66 1.71 1.75 1.80 1.85
    15 -1.21 -1.26 -1.30 -1.35 -1.40 -1.44 - 1.49 -1.54 -1.58 -1.63 -1.67 -1.72 -1.77 -1.81
    16 1.19 1.23 1.28 1.32 1.37 1.41 1.46 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.64 1.69 1.73 1.78
    17 1.16 1.20 1.25 1.29 1.34 1.38 1.43 1.47 1.52 1.56 1.60 1.65 1.69 1.74
    18 1.13 1.18 1.22 126 1.31 1.35 1.39 1.44 1.48 1.52 1.57 1.61 1.65 1.70
    19 1.10 1.15 1.19 1.23 1.27 1.32 1.36 1.40 1.44 1.48 1.53 1.57 1.61 1.65
    20 -1.07 -1.11 -1.16 -1.20 -1.24 -1.28 - 1.32 -1.36 -1.40 -1.44 -1.49 -1.53 -1.57 -1.61
    21 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.20 1.24 1.28 1.32 1.36 1.40 1.44 1.48 1.52 1.56
    22 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.16 1.20 1.24 1.28 1.32 1.36 1.40 1.44 1.48 1.51
    23 .98 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.16 1.20 1.24 1.28 1.31 1.35 1.39 1.43 1.46
    24 .94 .98 1.01 1.05 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.19 1.23 1.27 1.30 1.34 1.37 1.41
    25 - .90 - .94 - .97 -1.01 -1.04 -1.08 - 1.11-1.15 -1.18 -1.22 -1.25 -1.29 -1.32 -1.36
    26 .87 .90 .93 .97 1.00 1.03 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.17 1.20 1.23 1.27 1.30
    27 .83 .86 .89 .92 .96 .99 1.02 1.05 1.08 1.12 1.15 1.18 1.21 1.24
    28 .79 .82 .85 .88 .91 .94 .97 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.18
    29 .75 .78 .81 .84 .86 .89 .92 .95 .98 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.12
    30 - .71 - .74 - .76 - .79 - .82 - .85 - .87 - .90 - .93 - .95 - .98 -1.01 -1.04 -1.06
    31 .67 .69 .72 .74 .77 .SO .82 8.5 .87 .90 .92 .95 .98 1.OO
    32 .62 .65 .67 .70 .72 .74 .77 .79 .82 .84 .86 189 .91 .94
    33 .58 .60 .63 .65 .67 .69 .72 .74 .76 .78 .SO .83 .85 .87
    34 .54 .56 .58 .60 .62 .64 .66 .68 .70 .72 .74 .76 .79 .81
    35 - .49 - .51- .53 - .55 - .57 - .59 - .61- .63 - .64 - .66 - .68 - .70 - .72 .74
    36 .45 .46 .48 .SO .52 .53 .55 .57 .58 .60 .62 .64 .65 .67
    37 .40 .42 .43 .45 .46 .48 .49 .51 .52 .54 .56 .57 .59 .60
    38 .36 .37 .38 .40 .41 .42 .44 .45 .46 .48 .49 .5 1 .52 .53
    39 .31 .32 .33 .34 .36 .37 .38 .39 .40 .42 .43 .44 .45 .46
    40 - 2 6 - 2 7 - 2 8 - 2 9 - .30 - .31- .32 - .33 - .34 - .35 - .36 - .37 - .38 - .39
    41 .2 1 22 23 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 .30 .30 .31 .32
    42 .17 .I7
    .~ -18 .19 .19 20 21
    ~ ~21 22
    ~~ 22 23 2.~4 24
    . ~~ 2.~5.
    43 .12 .12 .I3 .13 .14 .I4 .15 .15 .16 .16 .16 .17 .I7 .18
    44 .07 .07 .OS .08 .08 .08 .09 .09 .09 .10 .10 .10 .I0 .ll
    45 - .02 - .02 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .04
    .980.665 cm sec-2
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    610
    T A B L E 646.-REDUCTION OF BAROMETER T O S T A N D A R D G R A V I T Y (concluded)
    METRIC MEASURES

    From latitude 46" to 90", the correction is to be added algebraically.


    kik 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760 780
    mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
    45 - .02 - .02 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .04
    46
    47
    + .02
    .07
    + .03
    .08
    + .03
    .08
    + .03
    .n8
    + .03 + .03 + .03 + .03 + .03 + .03 + .03 + .03 + .04 + .04
    .ox .09 .09 .09 .09 .lo .lo .lo .lo .II
    48 .12 .12 .13 .I3 .14 .14 .15 .15 .I6 .I6 .17 .I7 .18 .18
    49 .I7 .17 .18 .19 .19 20 .2 1 .2 1 22 23 23 24 25 25
    50 22 .Z 23 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 .30 .3 1 .31 .32
    51 + 2 6 + 2 7 + 2 8 + 2 9 + .30 + 31 + .32 + .33 + .34 + .35 + .36 + .37 + .38 + .39
    , -~
    52 ' .31 ' .32 ' .33 ' .34 ' .36 .37 ' .38 ' .39 ' .40 .42 ' .43 ' .44 ' .45 ' .46
    53 .36 .37 .38 .40 .41 .42 .44 .45 .46 .48 .49 .51 .52 .53
    54 .40 .42 .43 .45 .46 .48 .49 .5 1 .52 .54 .56 .57 .59 .60
    55 .45 .46 .48 .50 .52 .53 .55 .57 .58 .60 .62 .64 .65 .67
    56
    57
    + .49
    .54
    + .51
    .56
    + .53 + .55 + .57 + .59 + .60 + .62 + .64 + .66 + .68 + .70 + .72 + .74
    .58 .60 .62 .64 .66 .68 .70 .72 .74 .76 .78 .80
    58 .58 .60 .62 .65 .67 .69 .7 1 .74 .76 .78 .80 .82 .85 37
    59 .62 .65 .67 .69 .72 .74 .77 .79 .81 .84 .86 .89 .9 1 .93
    60 .66 .69 .72 .74 .77 .79 .82 .84 37 89 .92 .94 .97 1.00
    61 + .71 + .73 + .76 + .79 + .81 + .84 + .87 + .89 + .92 + .95 + .98 +1.00 +1.03 +1.06
    62 .74 .77 .80 .83 .85 .88 .91 .94 .97 1.00 1.02 1.05 1.08 1.11
    63 .78 .81 .85 .88 .91 .94 .97 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.18
    64 .82 .85 .89 .92 .95 .98 1.01 1.04 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.23
    65 .86 .89 .93 .96 .99 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.13 1.16 1.19. 1.22 1.26 1.29
    66 + .90 + .93 + .97 +1.00 +1.04 +1.07 +1.10 +1.14 +1.17 +I21 + I 2 4 +1.28 +1.31 +1.35
    67 .93 .97 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.11 1.15 1.18 1.22 1.25 1.29 1.33 1.36 1.40
    68 .97 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.11 1.15 1.19 1.23 1.26 1.30 1.34 1.37 1.41 1.45
    69 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.11 1.15 1.19 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.34 1.38 1.42 1.46 1.50
    70 1.03 1.07 1.11 1.15 1.19 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.35 1.39 1.43 1.47 1.51 1.55
    71 +1.06 + l . l O +1.14 +1.18 +1.22 +1.26 + 1.31 +1.35 +1.39 +1.43 +1.47 +1.51 f1.55 +1.59
    72 1.09 1.13 1.17 1.22 1.26 1.30 1.34 1.38 1.42 1.47 1.51 1.55 1.59 1.63
    73 1.12 1.16 1.20 1.25 1.29 1.33 1.37 1.42 1.46 1.50 1.55 1.59 1.63 1.67
    74 1.14 1.19 1.23 1.28 1.32 1.36 1.41 1.45 1.50 1.54 1.58 1.63 1.67 1.72
    75 1.17 1.21 1.26 1.30 1.35 1.39 1.44 1.48 1.53 1.57 1.62 1.66 1.71 1.75
    76 +1.19 + I 2 4 +1.28 f1.33 +1.37 f1.42 + 1.47 +1.51 +1.56 +1.60 +1.65 +1.70 +1.74 +1.79
    77 1.21 1.26 1.31 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.49 1.54 1.59 1.63 1.68 1.73 1.77 1.82
    78 1.23 1.28 1.33 1.38 1.42 1.47 1.52 1.57 1.61 1.66 1.71 1.76 1.80 1.85
    79 1.25 1.3U 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.49 1.54 1.59 1.64 1.69 1.73 1.78 1.83 1.88
    80 1.27 1.32 1.37 1.42 1.47 1.51 1.56 1.61 1.66 1.71 1.76 1.81 1.86 1.90
    81 + I 2 9 +1.33 +1.38 +1.43 +1.48 +1.53 +1.58 +1.63 +1.68 +1.73 +1.78 +1.83 +1.88 +1.93
    82 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 1.95
    83 1.31 1.36 1.41 1.46 1.51 1.56 1.61 1.67 1.72 1.77 1.82 1.87 1.92 1.97
    84 1.32 1.37 1.42 1.48 1.53 1.58 1.63 1.68 1.73 1.78 1.83 1.88 1.93 1.98
    85 1.33 1.38 1.43 1.49 1.54 1.59 1.64 1.69 1.74 1.79 1.84 1.90 1.95 2.00
    90 +1.35 +1.41 f1.46 +1.51 +1.56 +1.61 + 1.67 +1.72 +1.77 +1.82 + I 3 7 +1.93.+1.98 +2.03

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    611
    T A B L E 647.-REDUCTION OF BAROMETER T O STANDARD GRAVITY *
    ENGLISH MEASURES

    From latitude 0" to 45", the correction is to be added algebraically.

    Lati- 19
    tude 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
    Inch Inch Inch Inch In-h Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch
    0 --.051 -.054 --.056 -.059 --.062 --.064 --.067 -.070 -.072 -.075 -.078 -.080
    5 -.050 -.053 --.055 -.058 -.061 -063 -.066 -.069 -.071 --.074 -.077 -.079
    6 .050 .052 .055 .058 .060 .063 .066 .068 .071 .073 .076 .079
    7 .049 .052 .055 ,057 .060 .062 .065 .068 ,070 .073 .075 .078
    8 .049 .052 .054 .057 .059 ,062 .064 .067 .070 .072 .075 .077
    9 .048 .051 ,054 .056 .059 .061 .064 .066 ,069 .071 .074 .076
    10 -.048 --.0.50
    ... --.053 --.055
    .... --.0.58 --.060
    .~~ --.063 -.066 -.068 -.071 -.073
    ~~~ -.076
    11 .047 ,050 .052 .055 ,057 ,060 .062 .065 .067 .070 .072 .075
    12 .047 .049 .05 1 .054 .056 .059 ,061 .064 .066 .069 .071 .074
    13 .036 .048 .051 .053 .055 .058 .060 .063 .065 .068 .070 .072
    14 ,045 .047 .050 .052 .055 ,057 .059 .062 .064 .066 .069 .071
    15 -.044 -.047 --.049 -.051 --.053 -.056 -.058 --.060 --.063 -.065 -.067 -.070
    16 .043 .046 .048 .OSO ,052 ,055 .057 .059 .062 .064 .066 .068
    17 .042 .045 .047 .049 .051 .053 ,056 .058 ,060 .062 .065 .067
    18 .041 .044 .046 .048 .050 .052 ,054 .057 ,059 .061 .063 .065
    19 .040 .042 .045 .047 ,049 .05 1 .053 ,055 ,057 .059 .062 .064
    20 -.039 -.041 --.043 -.045 -.047 -.050 -.052 -.054 -.056 -.058 -.060 -.062
    21 .038 .040 .042 .034 .046 .048 .050 .052 .054 .056 .058 .060
    22 .037 .039 .041 .043 ,045 .047 ,049 .050 .052 .054 .056 .058
    23 .036 .038 .039 .041 .043 .045 .047 .049 .05 1 .053 .054 .056
    24 .034 .036 ,038 .040 .042 .043 .045 .047 .049 .051 .052 .054
    25 --.033 -.035 -.037 --.038 -.040 -.042 --.043 --.045 -.047 -.049 --.050 --.052
    26 .032 ,033 .035 .037 .038 ,040 .042 .043 .045 .047 .048 .050
    27 .030 .032 ,033 .035 .037 .038 .040 .041 .043 .045 .046 .048
    28 .029 .030 .032 .033 .035 .036 .038 .039 .041 .043 .044 .046
    29 .027 ,029 .030 ,032 .033 .035 .036 ,037 .039 .040 .042 .043
    30 -.026 -.On -.029 -.030 -.031 -.033 --.034 -.035 -.037 -.038 -.OM --.041
    31 .024 .026 .027 ,028 .030 ,031 ,032 .033 .035 .036 .037 .038
    32 .023 .024 .025 .026 .028 .029 .030 .031 ,032 .034 ,035 .036
    33 .021 .022 .023 .025 .026 .027 ,028 ,029 .030 .031 .032 .034
    34 .020 ,021 .022 .023 .024 ,025 .026 .027 .028 .029 .030 .031
    35 -.018 -.019 -.020 --.021 -.022 -.023 -.024 -.025 -.026 -.On -.027 --.028
    36 .016 .017 .018 .019 .020 .021 ,022 .022 .023 .024 .025 .026
    37 .O 15 .O 15 .O 16 .O 17 .018 .019 .019 .020 .021 .022 .022 .023
    38 .013 .014 .014 .015 .016 ,016 .017 .018 .018 .019 .020 .020
    39 .011 ,012 ,012 .013 .014 .014 .015 .015 .016 .017 .017 .018
    40 --.010 -.010 --.011 -.011 -.012 --.012 -.013 -.013 --.014 -.014 -.015 -.015
    41 .008 .008 .009 ,009 .009 .010 .010 .011 .011 .012 .012 .012
    42 .006 .006 .007 .007 .007 .008 .008 .008 .009 .009 .009 .010
    43 .004 .005 .005 .005 .005 .005 .006 .006 .006 .006 .007 .007
    44 .003 .003 ,003 .003 .003 .003 .003 .004 .004 .004 .004 .004
    45 -.001 -.001 -.001 -.001 -.001 --.001 -.001 0,01 -.001 -.001 -.001 -.001
    . 32.17 in. sec-2
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    612
    T A B L E 647.-REDUCTION O F BAROMETER T O STANDARD GRAVITY (concluded)
    ENGLISH MEASURES

    From latitude 46" to 90", the correction is to be added algebraically.


    Lati- 19
    tude 20 21 22 23 24 26 26 27 20 29 30
    Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch
    45 --.001 -.001 -.001 -.001 -.001 -.001 -.001 -.001 -.001 -.001 -.001 -.001
    46 +.001 +.001 +.001 +.MI +.001 +.001 +.001 +.MI +.001 +.001 +.001 +.001
    47 .003 .003 .003 .003 .003 .003 .003 .004 .004 .004 .004 .004
    48 .004 .005 .005 .005 .005 .006 .006 .006 .006 .006 .007 .007
    49 .006 .006 .007 .007 .007 .008 .008 .008 .009 .009 .009 .010
    50 .008 .008 .009 .009 .010 .O 10 .010 .011 .012 .012 .012 .012
    51 +.010 +.010 +.011 +.011 +.012 +.012 +.013 +.013 +.014 +.014 +.015 +.015
    52
    .~ .011 ,012 .012 .013 .014 .014 .015 .015 .016 .016 .017 .018
    53 .013 .014 .014 .015 .016 .016 .017 .018 .018 .019 .020 .020
    54 .O 15 .015 .016 .O 17 .018 .019 .019 .OM .021 .022 .022 .023
    55 .016 .017 .O 18 .019 .020 .021 .021 .022 .023 .024 .025 .026
    56 +.018 +.019 +.020 +.021 +.022 +.023 +.024 +.024 +.026 +.026 +.027 +.OB
    57 .020 .021 .022 .023 .024 .025 ,026 .027 .028 .029 .030 .031
    58 .02 1 .022 .023 .025 .026 .027 .028 .029 .030 .031 .032 .033
    59 .023 .024 .025 .026 .028 .029 .030 .031 .032 .033 .035 .036
    60 .024 .026 .027 .028 .029 .031 .032 .033 .034 .036 .037 .038
    61 +.026 +.027 +.028 +.030 +.031 +.033 +.034 +.035 +.037 +.038 +.039 +.041
    62 .027 429 .030 .032 .033 ,034 .036 .037
    ... .039
    . ..~ .040 .042 .043
    63 .029 .030 .032 .033 ,035 .036 .038 .039 .041 .042 .044 .045
    64 .030 .032 .033 .035 .036 .038 .040 .041 .043 .044 .046 .047
    65 .03 1 .033 .035 .036 .038 .040 .041 .043 .045 .OM .048 .050
    66 +.033 +.034 +.036 +.038 +.040 +.041 +.043 +.045 +.047
    - - +.048I +.050 +.052 I

    67 .034 .036 .038 .039 .041 .043 .045 .047 .048 .050 .052 .054
    68 .035 .037 .039 .041 .043 .045 .046 .048 .050 .052 .054 .056
    69 .036 .038 .040 .042 .044 .046 .048 .050 .052 .054 .056 .058
    70 .038 .040 .042 .044 .046 .048 .050 .052 .053 .055 .057 .059
    71 +.039 +.041 +.043 +.045 +.047 +.049 +.051 +.053 +.055 +.057 +.059 + M I
    72 .040 .042 .044 .046 .048 .050 .052 .054 .057 .059 .061 .063
    73 .041 .043 .045 .047 .049 .052 .054 .056 .058 .060 .062 .064
    74 .042 .044 .046 .048 .051 .053 .055 .057 .059 .062 .064 .066
    75 .043 .045 .047 .049 .052 .054 .056 .058 .061 .063 .065 .067
    76 +.OM +.046 +.048 +.050 +.053 +.055
    +.057 +.MO +.062 +.064 .066 .069
    77 .044 .047 .049 .051 .054 .056 .058 .061 .063 .065 .068 .070
    78 .045 .047 .050 .052 .055 .057 .059 .062 .064 .066 .069 .071
    79 .046 .048 .051 .053 .055 .058 .060 .063 .065 .067 .070 .072
    80 .046 .049 .051 .054 .056 .059 .061 .063 .066 .068 .071 .073
    81 +.047 +.049 +.052 +.054 +.057 +.059 +.062 +.064
    .060 .062 .065 .067 .070
    +
    .067 +.069 +.072 +.074
    .072 .075
    82 .047 .050 .052 .055 .057
    83 .048 .050 .053 .056 .058 .06 1 .063 .066 .068 .071 .073 .076
    84 .048 .051 .053 .056 .059 .061 .064 .066 .069 .071 .074 .076
    85 .049 .051 .054 .056 .059 .061 .064 .067 .069 .072 .074 .077
    90 +.049 +.052 +.055 +.057 +.060 +
    .062 +.065 +.068 +.070 +.073 +.075 +.078

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    613
    TABLE 648.-DETERMINATlON OF HEIGHTS BY T H E BAROMETER
    Bo- B
    Formula of Babinet : 2 = C -

    C (in feet) = 52494 1 [ +


    C (in meters) = 16OOO 1
    [+ T I+ ') metric measures.

    I n which Z=difference of height of two stations in feet or meters.


    Bo, B =barometric readings at the lower and upper stations respectively, corrected for all
    sources of instrumental error.
    to, t = air temperatures a t the lower and upper stations respectively.

    VALUES OF C

    I
    t(to+t) c
    ..
    English measures
    Log
    \
    c 1 (to+ t)
    Metric measures
    C Log c'
    "F Feet "C Meters
    10 49928 4.69834 -10 15360 4.18639
    15 50511 .70339 -8 15488 .19000
    -6 i56i6 .i9357
    20 51094 4.70837 - 4 15744 .19712
    25 51677 .71330 -2 15872 .20063
    30 52261 4.71818 0 16000 4.20412
    35
    40
    52844
    53428
    .72300
    4.72777
    +: 6
    16128
    16256
    16384
    .20758
    .21101
    .21442
    45 54011 .73248 8 16512 .21780
    50 54595 4.73715 10 16640 4.22115
    55 55 178 .74177 .22448
    .22778
    60 55761 4.74633 .23106
    65 56344 .75085 .23431
    70 56927 4.75532 20 17280 4.23754
    75 57511 .75975 22
    __ 17408 .24075
    24 i7536 :24393
    80 58094 4.76413 26 17664 .24709
    85 58677 .76847 28 17792 .25022
    90 59260 4.77276 30
    ~~ 17920 4.25334
    95 59844 .77702 32 ko48 .25643
    34 18176 .25950
    100 60427 4.78123 36 18304 .26255

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 649.-TH U N D E RSTORM ELECTRIC I T Y 'un
    5
    z (Lightning strokes consist of current peaks and continuing currents.)
    I
    V
    Maximum Minimum Average
    3o Quantity discharged b? single current peaKs.. ......................................... 5 coulombs .2 coulombs
    ?- total stroke .................................................. >300 coulombs 18 coulombs
    5 Current amplitude i t current peaks ........... ............... 2 X lo5 amp
    continuing currcnt discharges.. .......................................
    lo' amp
    =
    -I
    Number of current peaks in strokes ................................. ............... 42
    Time interval between successive current peaks. .............................................
    1000 amp
    .5 sec 3x IO-'sec
    100 amp
    2
    .04 sec
    Variability in number of strokes (Empire State Bldg.). ..................................... 50/yr 3/yr 21hr
    Number of strokes per square mile per year a t an average isokeraunic level of 2 7 . . ............. 10 - 20
    Wave shapes of current peaks :
    Fronts ................................................. .... 10s sec 1 . 5 ~sec
    Tail-time to half value. ................................................................ >120p sec 38 psec
    Effective rate of rise of current.. ................. ................................. 4.5 x 10' 1.2 x 104
    amp/p sec amp/p sec
    Polarity of lightning strokes to ground from cloud (approximately) .......................... 95% -
    Cloud potential (estimated). ...................................................... 20 x lon volts to 10" volts
    Energy (depends on voltage and current in channel-estimated) .............................. 10'' ergs
    Potential gradient at earth's surface beneath a thundercloud (estimated). ...................... 50 V/cm to 1000 V/cm
    Number of lightning discharges over entire earth each second. ............................... 100
    Lightning channel : M
    Current density during formation.. ...................................................... 3 X 10' 1100 amp/cm2 r
    amp/ cm M
    Probable diameter ..................................................................... 5 cm c)
    4
    Cloud-to-ground s t r o k e characteristics.-First discharge in a stroke progresses from cloud to ground as stepped leaders (average velocity,
    1 foot per microsecond). After contacting earth a return stroke progresses toward the cloud (velocity, 65-450 feet/p sec; average, 100 feetlp sec). fi
    Subsequent discharges progress from the cloud as continuous leaders (average velocity, 10 feetlp sec) and again a return stroke is formed. c3
    In case of tall objects (skyscrapers) stroke leaders may start from the building toward the cloud. In such a case no thunder or very little thunder 4
    is heard unless initial discharge is followed by current peaks.
    McEachron, K. B., "Lightning and Lightning Protection," Encycl. Brit., vol. 14, June 1948. Used by permission.
    T A B L E 650.-ELEMENTS A N D CONSTANTS O F ATMOSPHERIC 615
    ELECTRICITY *
    The elements of atmospheric electricity show variations, both regular and irregular.
    Over land the irregular variations are very pronounced and the regular variations differ
    notably from place to place, in marked contrast to the corresponding characteristics over
    the ocean. Therefore, and because of the wider and more uniform geographical distribution
    of ocean observations, it seems best to give the greater weight to the ocean data when at-
    tempting to arrive a t values characterizing world-wide conditions. Because of the wide
    variation from place to place in the means from land stations, due to local factors, a
    general mean of these is of questionable significance. Hence it seems better to indicate
    the extremes of station means in the case of elements for which the data are sufficiently
    abundant.
    Certain disparities, which will be found between published tables of ocean data, arise
    largely from the inclusion of more recent data.
    Of the atmospheric-electric elements the potential gradient has been the most exten-
    sively observed. The sign of the average gradient is everywhere such as to drive positive
    ions toward the earth. The periodic variations in this element are of great interest because
    of their apparent relation with cosmic phenomena. Thus the potential gradient apparently
    increases with increase in sunspot numbers and varies throughout the year. The maxima
    in monthly means occur everywhere, with few exceptions, a t the time of northern winter,
    and the corresponding minima occur at the time of northern summer. The diurnal varia-
    tion observed over the weans is everywhere in phase when considered on a common-time
    basis, except for a minor phase-shift that depends upon the season. This diurnal variation
    derived from observatories made on the Carnegie during 1915 to 1921, given by the
    + + +
    Fourier expression A P / P = 0.15 sin ( 6 1S6") 0.03 sin ( 2 6 237") where 0 is reck-
    oned a t 15" per hour beginning at Oh Greenwich mean civil time, is in close agreement
    with that obtained from 1928-1929 observations.
    No general expression that will approximately characterize the diurnal variation over
    land can be given. These variations determined by local factors are apparently super-
    imposed upon a variation of the same world-wide character as that found to prevail over
    the oceans.
    Tables 650-653 prepared by G . R. Wait, Department of Terrestrial Magnestism, Carnegie Institution
    of Washington.

    T A B L E 651.-lONIC EQUILIBRIIUM I N T H E A T M O S P H E R E
    +
    Equilibrium for atmospheric ionization occurs when q = a d qlNon q2Nn, where n+
    and N are the number of pairs of small and large ions of one sign and N Othe number of
    uncharged nuclei ; a, vl, T ~ are, coefficients of recombination of small ions with small ions,
    with uncharged nuclei, and with large ions. If for both small and large ions the positive
    and negative are equally abundant, then hi,/N = qZ/ql, When n / N B 2 4 a , the equilib-
    rium-condition is expressed by q = pn ; p is designated the diminution-constant ; 1/p = 8
    is the "average life" of a small ion in air which contains an abundance of large ions; 8
    varies inversely as N .
    a: 1.6 X lo-' cm:[sec
    'I1 : 5 x lo-#
    6 x lo-' '*
    e
    82.
    Over land,
    Average, 30 sec
    Extremes, 10 to 60 sec
    Over sea, 230 sec
    N : Over land, 500 to 50,000 ions/cms
    Aitken nuclei, number per cm8:
    Over open country,-up to 10'
    Over midocean, about 800
    In free air,
    Altitude 1km 6,000 5 km 50
    3 k m 200 8.5kmabout5

    T A B L E 652.-CHARGE ON RAIN AND SNOW


    Specific net charge on precipitation :
    Average, 0.5 esu/g
    Maximum observed, 20 esu/g
    Specific charge on individual raindrops or snowflakes :
    Rain, +
    2.7 to - 3.2 esu/g
    +
    Snow, 11.6 to - 8.1 esu/g
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    616 T A B L E 653.-ATMOSPH ERIC-ELECTR IC D A T A

    Element Symbol Means Units Variations


    Range Percent of mean
    Potential gradient. P Land: 64 to 317 volfs/m Annual 22 to 145
    Diurnal 35 to 120
    Sea: 128 Annual 13
    Diurnal 35
    Free air .................. Percentage of surface values at
    various altitudes
    OkmlOO 6km8
    3 " 17 9 " 4
    Air-conductivity
    total ........... X = A+ + X- Land : 1 to 5 esu X lo-' Variations determined chiefly by
    local factors
    Sea : 2.6 " " Variations small and chiefly ir-
    regular
    Free air ................. .Ratio of value at various alti-
    tudes to that at surface
    Okm 1 6km20
    3 " 8 9 " 38
    Ratio of positive
    to negative
    conductivity .... X+/X- Land: 1.12
    Sea: 1.26
    Air-earth current
    density ........ i = XP/30000 Land: 7.0 esu X 10.'
    Sea: 11.0
    Density of small
    ions : Positive .. n+ Land: 750 ionslcm'
    Sea: 600 '1
    Negative. n- Land: 650 'I
    Sea: 500
    +
    (n+ n-)/2 Free air ................. .Values at variousaltitudes
    2 km 1300
    4 " 1900
    Ratio of positive 5 " 2300
    to negative ionic
    density ........ p=n,/n- Land: 1.23
    Sea: 1.23
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 653.-ATMOSPHERlC-ELECTRlC DATA (concluded) 617
    EI ement Symbol Means Units
    Space-charge, over land. . P At surface: * lO-'O esu/cma
    - 2000 to +
    1900
    p = - (%/1.2~) x lo-'' Free air:
    P
    (For h = height in km) 0 to 3 km 9.0 "
    'I
    3to6 0.9 'I
    6to9 0.4
    Mobility of small ions : k , = X+/300 en+
    Positive ............. k+ Land : 0.9 cm sec-I volt-' cm-'
    "
    Sea : 1.6
    Negative ............ k- Land : 1.o "
    II
    Sea : 1.7
    Rate of formation of Over land:
    ion-pairs ............. 9 Ra and Th
    products in air
    a rays 4.6 ions cm-' sec-'
    B rays 0.2 "

    Y rays 0.15 '6

    Radioactive
    matter in the
    earth's crust
    B rays 0.1
    Y rays 3.0
    Penetrating
    radiation 1.5
    Total 9.55
    At sea:
    Penetrating
    radiation 1.5 '
    'I
    ( ? ) .07
    Total 2.2 '6

    The sign and magnitude of surface values are exceedingly variable from place to place.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    618 TABLES 654-659.-ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR DATA

    Just ri few years ago it was held that the universe was made up of 92 ele-
    ments and that probably these elements were made of two elementary particles.
    While most of these 92 elements had been identified and their properties
    studied, there were several that had not been identified and thus very little
    was known directly about their properties.
    As a result of a great amount of study and investigation, during the past
    few years the number of known elementary particles has been extended to
    seven or eight (see Table 720), and all the elements missing from the periodic
    table (see Table 658) have been identified and some of their properties
    studied.1g9 In addition to this, the number of elements has been extended to
    five or six beyond uranium and some of the properties of these elements have
    been studied. (See Table 658.)
    It is now generally considered that the elements are made up of electrons,
    protons, and neutrons. Each element now has three designations : the name ;
    the atomic number, 2 , i.e., the charge on the atomic nucleus and the mass nuni-
    her, A,which is the number of protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus
    of the atom and extends from 1 for hydrogen (or the neutron) to 246 for the
    isotope of californium. This mass number is not too definite since, in many
    cases, several atoms have isotopes of the same mass number.
    Atoms of number greater than 83 and certain isotopes of eight atoms of
    lower atomic number, are unstable in that they break down into other isotopes,
    i.e., they are radioactive. (See Table 732.) There are in all about 1,220
    different isotopeslggthat have been identified and have had some of their
    properties studied. Of these only 274 are stable. A number of atoms
    ( 2 = 43, 61, 85, 93, 94, 95, 96) are so unstable that they are not now found
    on the earth. Two of the isotopes, A = 5, and 8, have so short a life that it is
    almost impossible to detect them. A radioactive material with a life shorter
    than about sec and longer than about 10 l4 years will be unobservable
    as such.
    The values given for certain physical dimensions of molecules, atoms, or
    nuclei depend upon the definition of the particular dimension and the method
    used in its calculation. Diameters may be calculated from Van der Waal's
    equation, from viscosity, and from certain force relations. Some values are the
    results of assuming the atom or nucleus to be a sphere. While these various
    methods give results that do not differ too much, neither are the results in
    good enough agreement for one to feel that the answer is final. The following
    tables give some results of physical dimension obtained by various means of
    calculation.
    Seaborg and Perlman, Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 20, p. 585, 1948.
    188
    mBethe, H. A,, Elementary nuclear theory, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1947. Reprinted
    by permission.

    T A B L E 654.-CONVERSION FACTORS FOR U N I T S O F MOLECULAR E N E R G Y *


    Electron-volt/ Wave No t
    Units Erg/molecule Joule/mole Cal/mole molecule (cm-1)
    1 erg/molecule = 1 6.02283X101e 1.43491XIOIR 6.2422 X10" 5.03581x10"
    1 joule/mole = 1.660349X10-'T 1 239006 1.036427x10-6 8.36121~10-~
    1 cal/mole = 6.94690 XIO-' 4.1840 1 4.33641 lo-' x
    .349833
    1 electron-volt/
    molecule = 1.601992)<10-'2 96.4853)<10' 2.30605)<10' 1 8.06734X10'
    1 wave.No (cm-') = 1.985776)<10-'e 11.95999 2.85851 1.239567x lo-' 1
    This tahle adapted from data furnished by the National Bureau of Standards. t This means hv/molecule
    where the values given are for Y = unity

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 655.4NTERNATIONAL ATOMIC WEIGHTS 619

    Element
    Actinium ........ Ac
    Symbol
    At
    No
    89
    Atomic
    weight
    227
    .. Element
    Molybdenum ..... Mo
    Symbol
    At
    No
    42
    Atomic
    weight
    95.95
    Aluminum ....... A1 13 26.98 Neodymium ...... Nd 60 144.27
    Americium ....... Am 95 [2431 Neon ............ Ne 10 20.183
    Antimony ........ Sb 51 121.76 Neptunium ...... NP 93 [2371
    Argon ........... A 18 39.944 Nickel ........... Ni 28 58.69
    Arsenic .......... As 33 74.91 Niobium ......... Nb 41 92.91
    Astatine ......... At 85 [2101 Nitrogen ........ N 7 14.008
    Barium .......... Ba 56 137.36 Osmium ......... 0 s 76 190.2
    Berkelium ....... Br 97 U451 Oxygen ......... 0 8 16
    Beryllium ........ Be 4 9.013 Palladium ....... Pd 46 105.7
    Bismuth ......... Bi 83 209.00 Phosphorus ...... P 15 30.975
    Boron ........... B 5 10.82 Platinum ........ Pt 78 195.23
    Bromine ......... Br 35 79.916 Plutonium ....... P u 94 12421
    Cadmium ........ Cd 48 112.41 Polonium ........ P o 84 210
    Calcium ......... Ca 20 40.08 Potassium ....... K 19 39.100
    Californium .....
    Cf 98 12463 Praseodymium ... Pr 59 140.92
    Carbon .......... C 6 12.010 Promethium ..... Pm 61 [1451
    Cerium .......... Ce 58 140.13 Protactinium ..... P a 91 231
    Cesium .......... Cs 55 132.91 Radium ......... R a 88 226.05
    Chlorine ......... C1 17 35.457 Radon ........... Rn 86 m
    Chromium ....... Cr 24 52.01 Rhenium ......... Re 75 186.31
    Cobalt ........... Co 27 58.94 Rhodium ........ Rh 45 102.91
    Copper .......... Cu 29 63.54 Rubidium ........ Rb 37 85.48
    Curium ........... Cm % r2433 Ruthenium ....... Ru 44 101.7
    Dysprosium ......
    Dy 66 162.46 Samarium ....... Sm 62 150.43
    Erbium .......... E r 68 167.2 Scandium . . . . . . . . Sc 21 44.%
    Europium ........ Eu 63 152.0 Selenium ........ Se 34 78.96
    Fluorine ......... F 9 19.00 Silicon .......... Si 14 28.06
    Francium ........ F r 87 12231 Silver ........... 47 107.880
    Gadolinium ......
    Gd
    Gallium .......... Ga
    64
    31
    156.9
    69.72
    Sodium ..........
    Strontium ....... Sr
    AN", 11
    38
    22.997
    87.63
    Germanium ...... Ge 32 72.60 Sulfur ........... S 16 32.066 t
    Gold ............Au 79 197.2 Tantalum ........ T a 73 180.88
    Hafnium ........Hf 72 178.6 Technetium ...... T c 43 [991
    Helium .......... H e 2 4.003 Tellurium ........ T e 52 127.61
    Holmium ........Ho 67 164.94 Terbium ......... T b 65 159.2
    Hydrogen ........ H 1 1.0080 Thallium ........ TI 81 201.39
    Indium .......... In 49 114.76 Thorium ......... T h 90 232.12
    Iodine ........... I 53 126.91 Tliulium ......... Tm 69 169.4
    Iridium .......... Ir 77 193.1 Tin ............. Sn 50 118.70
    Iron ............. Fe 26 55.85 Titanium ........ T i 22 47.90
    Krypton ......... Kr 36 83.80 Tungsten ........ W 74 183.92
    Lanthanum ...... La 57 138.92 Uranium ........ U 92 238.07
    Lead ............ Pb 82 207.21 Vanadium ....... V 23 50.95
    Lithium ......... Li 3 6.940 Xenon ........... Xe 131.3
    Lutetium ........ Lu
    Magnesium ...... Mg
    71
    12
    174.99
    24.32
    Ytterbium ....... Yb
    Yttrium ......... Y
    %
    39
    173 0 1
    88.92
    Manganese ...... Mn 25 54.93 Zinc ............. Zn 30 65.38
    Mercury ......... H g 80 200.61 Zirconium ....... Zr 40 91.22

    .
    Y W i c h e r s Edward Journ. Amer . Chem Sac vol . 74. p . 2447 1952 .
    A value &en in brackets denotes the mass ';umber of the isdtope of longest known half life .
    t Because of natural variations in the relative abundance of the isotopes of sulfur, the atomic weight of this
    element has a range of k.003.

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    620 TABLE 6MI.-ATOMIC NUMBERS

    1 Hydrogen H 34 Selenium Se 67 Holmium Ho


    2 Helium He 35 Bromine Br 68 Erbium Er
    3 Lithium Li 36 Krypton Kr 69 Thulium Tm
    4 Beryllium Be 37 Rubidium Rb 70 Ytterbium Yb
    5 Boron B 38 Strontium Sr 71 Lutetium Lu
    6 Carbon C 39 Yttrium Y 72 Hafnium Hf
    7 Nitrogen N 40 Zirconium Zr 73 Tantalum Ta
    8 Oxygen 0 41 Niobium Nb 74 Tungsten W
    9 Fluorine F 42 Molybdenum Mo 75 Rhenium Re
    10 Neon Ne 43 Technetium Tc 76 Osmium 0s
    11 Sodium Na 44 Ruthenium Ru 77 Iridium Ir
    12 Magnesium 45 Rhodium Rh 78 Platinum Pt
    13 Aluminum
    14 Silicon
    %Si 46 Palladium
    47 Silver
    Pd
    Ag
    79 Gold
    80 Mercury
    Au
    Hg
    15 Phosphorus P 48 Cadmium Cd 81 Thallium TI
    16 Sulfur S 49 Indium In 82 Lead Pb
    17 Chlorine C1 50 Tin Sn 83 Bismuth Bi
    18 Argon A 51 Antimonv Sb 84 Polonium Po
    19 Potassium K 52 Tellurium Te 85 Astatine At
    20 Calcium Ca 53 Iodine I 86 Radon Rn
    21 Scandium sc 54 Xenon Xe 87 Francium Fr
    22 Titanium Ti 55 Cesium cs 88 Radium Ra
    23 Vanadium V 56 Barium Ba 89 Actinium Ac
    24 Chromium Cr 57 Lanthanum La 90 Thorium Th
    25 Manganese Mn 58 Cerium Ce 91 Protactinium Pa
    26 Iron Fe 59 Praesodymium Pr 92 Uranium U
    27 Cobalt co 60 Neodymium Nd 93 Neptunium NP
    28 Nickel Ni 61 Promethium Pm 94 Plutonium Pu
    29 Copper cu 62 Samarium Sm 95 Americium Am
    30 Zinc Zn 63 Europium Eu 96 Curium Cm
    31 Gallium Ga 64 Gadolinium Gd 97 Berkelium Bk
    32 Germanium Ge 65 Terbium Tb 98 Californium Cf
    33 Arsenic As 66 Dysprosium DY
    Given below by atomic numbers are some foreign or obsolete names for certain of the
    elements.
    4 Glucinium, GI 41 Columbium, Cb 61 Illinium, I1 80 Hydragyrum
    11 Natrium 43 Masurium, Ma 71 Cassiopeium 82 Plumbum
    13 Aluminium 47 Argentum 72 Celtium 85 Alabamine, Ab
    19 Kalium 50 Stannum 75 Bohemium 86 Emanation, niton
    26 Ferrum 51 Stibium 79 Aurum 87 Virginium, Vi

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 657.-PERIODIC SYSTEM OF T H E ELEMENTSm
    z
    *z I I1 111 IV V VI VII VIII
    I
    I
    V ~ ~ f b \ a A ~ a b
    3
    0
    I 1H
    1.0080
    2 He
    4.003
    ?- 10 Ne
    I1 3 Li 4 Be 5B 6C 7N 80 9 F
    5
    -I
    6.940 9.013 10.82 12.010 14.008 16 19.00 20.183
    18 A
    lm
    n I11 11 Na 12 Mg 13 A1 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 C1
    22.997 24.32 26.98 28.06 30.975 32.066 35.457 39.944

    IV 19K 24 C r 25 Mn 26Fe 27Co 28Ni


    39.100 20 Ca
    40.08 21 sc
    44.96 22 Ti
    47.90 23 V
    50.95 52.01 54.93 55.85 58.94 58.69
    29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 A s 34 S e 35 Br 36 Kr
    63.54 65.38 69.72 72.60 74.91 78.96 79.916 83.80

    V 37Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 T c 44Ru
    101.7 45Rh
    102.91 46Pd
    106.7
    85.48 87.63 88.92 91.22 92.91 95.95 [991
    47 Ag 48 Cd 49 I n 50 S n 51 Sb 52 T e 53 I 54 Xe
    107.880 112.41 114.76 118.70 121.61 127.61 126.91 131.3

    VI 57 La
    73 Ta 74 w 75 Re 760s 771r 78Pt
    55 c s
    132.91 56 Ba
    137.36 138.92
    58 to 71 72 Hf
    178.6 180.88 183.92 186.31 190.2 193.1 195.23
    Rare earths
    79 Au 80 H g 81 TI 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 P o 85 At 86 Rn
    197.2 200.61 204.39 207.21 209.00 210 12101 222

    VII 87Fr 88 Ra 89 Ac
    223 226.05 227
    90-103
    Actinide rare
    earths t

    ax Meggers, W. P., Science, vol. 105, p. 514, 1947; G. T. Seaborg, private communication.
    Rare earths:
    57La 58Ce 59 P r 60 Nd 61 P m 6 2 S m 63Eu 64Gd 67Ho 68Er 6 9 T m 70Yb 71 Lu
    138.92 140.13 140.92 144.27 11471 150.43 152.0 156.9 I%.? I%.? ;
    164.94 167.2 169.4 173.04 174.99
    t Actinide rare earths:
    90Th 91 Pa 92U 93 Np 94Pu 95 Am 96Cm 97Bk 98Cf
    232.12 231 238.17
    622
    T A B L E 658.-ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS O F T H E ELEMENTS,
    NORMAL STATES *
    K L M N
    d A- 0
    -
    Is 2s 2P 3s 3P 3d' 45 4p 4d 55
    1H 1
    2 He 2
    3 Li 2 1
    4 Be 2 2
    SB 2 2 1
    6 C 2 2 2
    7 N 2 2 3
    8 0 2 2 4
    9 F 2 2 5
    10 Ne 2 2 6
    11 Na 2 2 6 1
    12 Mg 2 2 6 2
    13 A1 2 2 6 2 1
    14 Si 2 2 6 2 2
    15 P 2 2 6 2 3
    16 S 2 2 6 2 4
    17 C1 2 2 6 2 5
    18 A 2 2 6 2 6
    19 K 2 2 6 2 6 1
    20 Ca 2 2 6 2 6 2
    21 s c 2 2 6 2 6 1 2
    22 Ti 2 2 6 2 6 2 2
    23 V 2 2 6 2 6 3 2
    24 Cr 2 2 6 2 6 5 1
    25 Mn 2 2 6 2 6 5 2
    26 Fe 2 2 6 2 6 6 2
    27 Co 2 2 6 2 6 7 2
    28 Ni 2 2 6 2 6 8 2
    29 Cu 2 2 6 2 6 10 1
    30 Zn 2 2 6 2 6 10 2
    31 Ga 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 1
    32 Ge 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 2
    33 As 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 3
    34 Se 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 4
    35 Br 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 5
    36 Kr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6
    37 Rb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1
    38 S r 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 2
    39 Y 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 2
    40 Zr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 2 2
    41 Nb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 4 1
    42 Mo 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 5 1
    43 Tc 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 5
    44 Ru 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 7
    45 Rh 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 8
    46 Pd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10
    See column 3, Table 623. G. T. Seaborg, private communication.

    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    623

    47 Ag
    48 Cd
    49 In
    T A B L E 658.-ELECTRON

    K
    1s
    2
    2
    2
    A
    2s
    2
    2
    2
    L
    2;
    6
    6
    6
    )
    5,
    2
    2
    2
    M
    L

    6
    6
    6
    C O N F I G U R A T I O N S O F THE E L E M E N T S ,
    N O R M A L S T A T E S (concluded)

    3P 3d
    10
    10
    10
    ,
    '45
    2
    2
    2
    4€5
    6
    6
    6
    N
    n
    4d
    10
    10
    10
    4f'
    h
    5s
    1
    2
    2
    0
    5P

    1
    5d 5f
    -
    6s
    P
    6p 6d 7s

    50 Sn 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 2
    51 Sb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 3
    52 Te 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 4
    531 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 5
    54 Xe 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6
    55 c s 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 1
    56 Ba 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 2
    57 La 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 1 2
    58 Ce 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 2 6 2
    59 P r 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 3 2 6 2
    60 Nd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 4 2 6 2
    61 Pm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 5 2 6 2
    62 Sm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 6 2 6 2
    63 Eu 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 7 2 6 2
    64 Gd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 7 2 6 1 2
    65 Tb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 9 2 6
    6 2 6 10 2 6 10 10 2 6
    6 2 6 10 2 6 10 11 2 6
    6 2 6 10 2 6 10 12 2 6
    6 2 6 10 2 6 10 13 2 6
    6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6
    6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 1
    6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 2
    6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 3
    6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 4
    75 Re 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 5
    76 0 s 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 6
    77 Ir 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 7
    78 P t 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 9
    79 Au 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 1
    80 H g 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2
    81 TI 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 1
    82 Pb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 2
    83 Bi 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 3
    84 Po 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 4
    85 A; 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 5
    86 Rn 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6
    87 F r 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6 1
    88 Ra 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6 2
    89 Ac 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6 1 2
    90Th 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6 2 2
    91 Pa 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 2 6 1 2
    92U 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 3 2 6 1 2
    93 Np 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 4 2 6 1 2
    94 Pu 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 5 2 6 1 2
    95 Am 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 6 2 6 1 2
    96 Cm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 7 2 6 1 2
    97 Bk 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 8 2 6 1 2
    98 Cf 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 9 2 6 1 2

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    624

    -
    T A B L E 659.-RADll, I N ANGSTROM U N I T S , O F T H E E L E C T R O N I C ORBITS
    O F LIGHTER ELEMENTS

    K L M N
    7-
    EIem ent Is 2s 2P 3s 3P 3d 45 4P
    H .53
    He .30
    Li .20 1.50
    Be .143 1.19
    B .112 .88 .85
    C .090 .67 .66
    N .080 .56 .53
    0 .069 .48 .45
    F .061 .41 .38
    Ne .055 .37 .32
    Na .050 .32 .28 1.55
    Mg .046 .30 .25 1.32
    A1 .042 .27 .23 1.16 1.21
    Si .040 .24 .21 .98 1.06
    P .037 .23 .19 .88 .92
    S .035 .21 .18 .78 .82
    C1 .032 .20 .16 .72 .75
    A .031 .19 .155 .66 .67
    K .029 .18 .145 .60 .63 2.02
    Ca .028 .16 .133 .55 .58 2.03
    sc .026 .16 .127 .52 .54 .61 1.80
    Ti .025 .150 .122 .48 .so .55 1.66
    V .024 .143 .117 .46 .47 .49 1.52
    Cr .023 .138 .112 .43 .44 .45 1.41
    Mn .022 .133 .lo6 .40 .41 .42 1.31
    Fe .021 .127 .lo1 .39 .39 .39 1.22
    co .020 .122 .O% .37 .37 .36 1.14
    Ni .019 .117 .090 .35 .36 .34 1.07
    cu .019 .112 .085 .34 .34 .32 1.03
    Zn .018 .lo6 .081 .32 .32 .30 .97
    Ga .017 .lo3 .078 .31 .31 .28 .92 1.13
    Ge .017 .lo0 .076 .30 .30 .27 .88 1.06
    As .016 .097 .073 .29 .29 .25 34 1.01
    Se .016 .095 .071 .28 .28 .24 .81 .95
    Br .015 .092 .069 .27 .27 .23 .76 .90
    Kr .015 .ow .067 .25 .25 .22 .74 36
    PQP Slater, J. C., Introduction to chemical physics, 1939. Courtesy of McCraw-Hill Book Co.

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLES 660-668.-ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS 625

    T A B L E 660.-ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCE8 IN T H E U N I V E R S E 2oL


    (Atoms per 10,OOO atoms of Si *)

    Ele- Abun- Ele. Abun- Ele- Abun-


    Z ment dance Source 1I Z ment dance Source z ment dance Source
    1 Ht 3.5 x lo8 s 29 cu 4.6 M 58 Ce .023 M
    2 He t 3.5 x 107 s 30 Zn 1.6 M 59 Pr .0096 M
    3 Li 1 31 Ga .65 M 60 Nd .033 M
    4 Be .2 32 Ge 2.5 M 61 Pm ... ..
    5 B .L 33 As 4.8 M 62 Sm .012 M
    6 C 80,000 S 34 Se .25 M 63 Eu .0028 M
    7 N 160,000 S 35 Br .42 M 64 Gd .017 M
    8 0 220.000 S 36 Kr ... .. 65 Tb .0052 M
    9 F 90 P 37 Rb .071 M 66 DY .020 M
    10 Ne 9,000-24,000 P, SC 38 Sr .4 1 M 67 Ho .0057 M
    11 Na 4 6 2 k 36 M 39 Y .10 M 68 Er .016 M
    12 Mg 8,870 f 250 M 40 Zr 1.5 M 69 Tm .0029 M
    13 A1 882 f 81 M 41 Nb .009 M 70 Yb .015 M
    14 Si 10.000 M 42 Mo .19 M 71 Lu .0048 M
    15 P 43 Tc ... .. 72 Hf .007 M
    16 S 44 Ru .093 M 73 Ta .003 1 M
    17 c1 45 Rh .035 M 74 W .17 M
    18 A: 46 Pd .032 M 75 Re .0041 M
    .027 M 76 .035 M
    19
    20
    21
    K
    Ca 5
    sc
    47
    48
    49
    ti
    In
    .026 M
    .01 M
    77
    ’78
    0s
    Ir
    Pt
    .014
    .087
    M
    M
    22 Ti 50 Sn .62 M 79 All .0082 M
    23 V 51 Sb .017 M 80 Hg ? M
    24 Cr 95 M 52 Te ? .. 81 T1 ? M
    25 Mn 53 I .02 ..
    .. 82 Pb .27 M
    26 Fe 54 Xe t ... M 83 Bi .0021 M
    27 co 55 cs .001 M 90 Th .012 M
    28 Ni 56 Ba .039 M 92 U .0026 M
    57 La .021 M
    Brown and Harrison, Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 21, p. 625, 1949.
    Silicon is 12.3 percent by weight in meteorites. t The hydrogen-helium ratio and the ratio of hydrogen
    and helium to the “oxygen group” elements (C N 0 Ne Fe) are those com uted by J. Greenstein and reported
    by M Harrison Astroph s. Journ. vol. 108’ p.’ 3iO i940. t See Tabfe 663. 9 Stellar and meteorific
    value; have been’ combinei by equalizing the lalcium dbundances. I1 The letters S, P, Sc, Pe, and M d e s w
    nate the sources chosen (solar, planetary nebulae, 7-Scorpii, 7 Pegasi. or meteoritic).

    T A B L E 661.-ABUNDANCE OF E L E M E N T S IN OUR P L A N E T G I V E N IN
    PERCENTAGE BY W E I G H T *
    Lithosphere, t Lithosphere, t
    Earth hydrosphere, Earth hydrosphere,
    Element crust Earth atmosphere Element crust Earth atmosphere
    0 46.6 24.4 49.38 P ... .17 .12
    C ... .07
    C1 ... .05
    H ... .04

    As ... .o1 ...


    Ba ... ... .04
    F ... ... .04
    N ... ... .03
    Zr ... ... .02
    S ... 1.08 .07 V ... ... .02
    CO ... .26 .002 Sr ... ... .02
    Cr ... .22 .03
    This table was selected from several sources including the report by Brown (see footnote 204) and
    data furnished by Ingerson of the U. S. Geological Survey. t The lithosphere 10 miles of earth
    crust, makes up 93 ercent, the hydrosphere makes up 7 y t , and the atmosphere makes up 0.03
    .
    percent of the part oPthe earth considered. Proc. Nat. Aca Sci., vol. 8, p. 114, 1922.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    626
    T A B L E 662.-CHEMICAL C O M P O S I T I O N O F EARTH-METEORITES AND
    *
    SOLAR A T M O S P H E R E
    The table gives log N H , where N H =the number of atoms, neutral and ionized, per
    cm8. Constants added to data of Russell and Brown to give order of magnitude agreement
    with Unsold. : indicates less accuracy; ? origin doubtful.
    H and He are about 97 percent of the total solar mass, the oxygen group 2.7 percent,
    the metals 0.3 percent; and by numbers of atoms 99 percent, 0.9 percent, and 0.1 percent
    respectively.
    The level of ionization in the solar atmosphere is such that atoms of ZP = 8.33 ev are
    50 percent ionized ; ionization temperature = 5676°K ; electron pressure 32 bar ; 85
    percent of free electrons come from Mg, Si, Fe, according to Unsold.
    -
    Earth; Earth-
    Element meteorite t Sun t Sun 0 Element meteorite t Sun $ Sun P
    1 H 18.04 22.1 24.13 41 Nb 13.05 12.6: ....
    2 He .... 20.6? .... 42 Mo 14.38 13.0 13.40
    3 Li 14.91 13.6: .... 44 Ru 14.07 13.3 ....
    4 Be 14.23 13.4 .... 45 Rh 13.64 12.1 ....
    5 B 14.72 16.6 : .... 46 Pd 13.61 12.7 ....
    6 C 17.22 19.1 19.91 47 Ag 13.53 12 6 ....
    7 N 15.01 19.6 : 20.23 48 Cd 13.52 13.8: ....
    8 0 19.64 20.6 20.35 49 In 13.10 11.6 : ....
    9 F 15.48 17.6 : .... 50 sn 14.89 12.81 ....
    10 Ne .... ... .... 51 Sb 13.33 12.4 : ....
    11 Na 17.76 18.8 17.90 53 I 13.35 ... ....
    12 Mg 19.05 18.9 19.13 55 c s 12.10 ? ....
    13 A1 18.04 18.0 17.95 56 Ba 13.69 14.9 14.57
    14 Si 19.10 19.1 18.91 57 La 13.42 13.4 ....
    15 P 17.21 15.6 : .... 58 Ce 13.46 14.0 ....
    16 S 17.98 17.3 : 18.54 59 Pr 13.08 12.2 : ....
    17 C1 16.63 ... .... 60 Nd 13.62 13.6 ....
    18 A .... ... .... 62 Sm 13.18 13.1 ....
    19 K 16.94 18.4: 16.82 63 E u 12.55 13.0 : ....
    20 Ca 17.93 18 3 17.85 64 Gd 13.33 12.7 : ....
    21 s c 14.36 15.2 14.95 65 T b 12.82 ... ....
    22 T i 16.52 16.8 16.58 66 Dy 13.40 13.2 : ....
    23 V 15.50 16.6 15.67 67 Ho 12.85 ... ....
    24 Cr 17.80 17.3 17.20 68 Er 13.30 11.7: ....
    25 Mn 16.99 17.5 17.08 69 T m 12.56 12.1 : ....
    26 Fe 19.37 18.8 19.34 70 Yb 13.28 12.6: ....
    27 Co 17.10 17.2 16.65 71 Lu 12.78 12.6 : ....
    28 Ni 18.23 17.6 17.57 72 Hf 12.94 12.0 ....
    29 Cu 15.76 16.6 15.85 73 T a 12.59 11.6: ....
    30 Zn 15.30 16.5 16.40 74 w 14.33 11.8 ....
    31 Ga 14.91 13.6 : .... 75 Re 12.71 ... ....
    32 Ge 15.50 14.6 .... 76 0 s 13.64 12.1 : ....
    33 As 15.78 ... .... 77 Ir 13.25 11.4? ....
    34 Se 14.50 ... .... 78 P t 14.04 13.2 ....
    35 Br 14.72 ... .... 79 Au 13.01 ... ....
    37 Rb 13.95 13.3 : .... 82 P b 14.53 12.8 14.2
    38 Sr 14.71 14.9 14.97 83 Bi 12.42 ... ....
    39 Y 14.10 14.2 14.83 90 T h 13.18 ... ....
    40 Zr 15.28 14.1 13.99 92 U 12.51 ... ....
    *Prepared by B. Bell.
    Brown, Rev. Mod. Phys.. vol. 21, p. 625, 1949; Russell-Dugan-Stewart, Astronomy, vol. 2, p. 503,
    1938: UnsKld, Zeitschr. f. Astrophys., vol. 24, p. 307, 1948.
    t Brown. $ Russell. $Unsold.

    T A B L E 663.-COSMIC ABUNDANCES O F T H E RARE GASES*


    As estimated by interpolation of the abundance curves (abundances in atoms per 10,OOO
    atoms of silicon).
    Isotope used Estimated Estimated Isotone used Estimated Estimated
    for inter- ahundance ahundance for inter- ahundance ahundance
    Gas polation of isotope of element Gas polation of isotope of element
    Ne NeZ1 100 37,000 Kr Kran .I .87
    A A% 1000 1,000 Xe Xe181 ,004 .015

    For reference, see footnote 204, p. 625.


    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    T A B L E 664.-66 K N O W N E L E M E N T S IN T H E SUN’S A T M O S P H E R E * 627
    P a r t 1.-Approximate counts of atomic lines identified in solar and sunspot spectra

    q
    Y

    a
    Disk
    No. lines **

    He
    Neutral atoms

    B
    3
    e
    A

    c
    1-

    x
    --
    A
    s
    2
    E
    spot
    No. lines

    ;
    S
    c
    .-C
    x
    c
    8
    3
    -
    Singly ionized atoms
    Disk

    ? a 5 5 B 5 G 3 Gi
    1 Ht 9 40 251
    2 He11 1 5 5
    3 LiI 2 -3 3
    4 Be1 2 -3
    5 BS Be 11 2 1
    6 CI 41 7 12 10
    7 NI 8 6 -1 -2
    8 01 12 1 5 1
    9 FZ
    11 Na1 21 6 30 70?
    12 Mg1 55 4 (200) 30 Mg 11 12 2 (1000)
    13 A11 22 5 20 25
    14 SiI 156 29 (8): 12
    15 PI 6 1 Si 11 4 2 2
    16 SI 31 10 8 2
    19 KI 4 3 12 20
    20 CaI 108 21 20 40
    21 SCI 43 14 2 15 1 7 Ca 11 25 1000
    22 Ti1 687 264 7 134 2 10 s c I1 57 26 6
    23 VI 272 133 4 53 2 8 T i 11 255 ii9 12
    24 C ~ I 776 305 10 23 12 v I1 160 103 5
    25 Mn1 185 73 7 1 12 Cr 11 216 133 6
    26 FeI 4164 877 40 2 35 Mn 11 16 11 6
    27 COI 501 209 6 7 6 Fe 11 371 140 6
    28 Ni1 617 180 25 9 c o I1 6 7 0
    29 CUI 14 3 10 7 Ni 11 13 8 3
    30 Znr 9 3 3 1
    31 Gar 1 1 1 2
    32 GeI 5 3
    37 Rbr 1 -3 1 4
    38 Srl 13 2 1 6 3 Sr 11 8 2 9
    39 YI 17 10 0 12 1 3
    40 ZrI 59 41 0 41 3
    41 NbI 4 2 -1
    42 MOI 8 6 -2
    44 RUI 15 5 -1
    45 RhI 8 3 -2 Rh II? 3 2 -2
    46 PdI 8 7 0
    47 Ag1 3 0
    48 Cdr 1 -1
    49 In1 1 -2 -1
    50 Snr 2 2 -2
    51 SbI 1 1 -3 N
    56 BaI 1 1 Ba 11 6 3 8
    - PreDared by Charlotte E. Moore. National Bureau of Standards.
    The sources used are as follows:
    2935A-3062A. Babcock, H. D., Moore, C. E., and Coffeen, M. F., Astrophys. Journ., vol. 107, p. 287, 1948
    (Mount Wilson Contr. No. 745).
    3062A-6600A.. St. John, C. C., and othem, Revised Rowland Table, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 396,
    1928, with unpuhlished corrections and revisions hy C. E. Moore (September 1949).
    6600.\--13495A Bahcock H. D and Moore C. E:. Carnegie InSt. Washington Puhl. 579, 1947.
    T h e counts inc<uded alsd the r i i c ultime of‘ Mg I ’(2852A): the ultimate lines of Mg I I (2795A, 280ZA)
    and the strong Si I line a t 2881A. These lines,. ,among others, have been identified in the ultravio1e.t solaf spec-
    trum photographed from a V-2 rocket. Intensities in parentheses are quoted from the paper on this subiect hy
    Durand E Oherly J. and Tousey, R., Astrophys. Journ., vol. 109, p. 1, 1919. (See also Hopfield, J. J.,
    and Clharman H. 6.. P iys. ’ Rev vol. 73, p. 877, 1948.)
    For lines of’H and H e see Meizel, D. H., Lick Obs. Puhl. 17, p. 1, 1931; Mitchell, S. A., Astrophys. Journ.,
    vol. 105, p. 1. 1947.
    **These counts refer to lines not present in disk spectrum. t Lines of H and H e are prominent in the
    spectrum of the chromosphere. t B and F are identified only from their presence in compounds (see P a r t 2).
    (conti1ttred)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    628
    T A B L E 664.-66 K N O W N E L E M E N T S I N T H E SUN'S A T M O S P H E R E (concluded)
    Neutral atoms Singly ionized atoms
    Disk Spot Disk
    < h

    No. lines
    '7G&-- ' NO. lines
    r-+

    57 L a 1 1 -2 N La 11 44 20 1
    58 Ce11 106 81 0
    59 Pr II 11 16 -1
    60 NdIr 74 72 1
    62 SmrI 82 63 0
    63 EUI 2 -1 Eu II 10 4 1
    64 Gd 11 29 20 0
    65 T b II? 2 2 -1
    66 Dy11 29 25 1
    68 Er II 2 -1
    69 Tmn? 6 5 -1
    70 YbI 2 0 1 Yb 11 2 3)
    71 Lu 117 1 4 -3
    72 HfI 1 1 -3 Hf II 13 5 -1
    73 TaI? 3 -2
    74 WI 13 8 -1 -1
    76 OSI 2 4? 0 1 -1
    77 IrI 2 4 -2
    78 PtI 3 2
    79 Aur 1 -3 -2
    82 Pbr 2 -2
    90 ThI 1 -1

    Part 2.-Molecules in t h e sun-18 present (either disk or spot spectrum, o r both)2m

    OH Mg H sc 0 CH Mg 0 Y O
    NH C! A1 O ? Cn Ca H Mg F
    0, TI 0 Zr 0 Si H BH Sr F
    Babcock, H. D., Astrophys. Journ., vol. 102, p. 154, 1945 (Mount Wilson Contr. No. 708).

    T A B L E 665.-ABUNDANCES OF L I G H T E L E M E N T S I N E A R L Y T Y P E STARS
    The table gives the number of atoms per 1000 atoms oxygen fcr 7 Scorpii, spectrum
    dBo,": 10 Lacertae, 0 ; 2oQ; y Pegasi, B2.5 IV,?O";mean for 8 B-stars, weighted mean by
    Aller,m the last 3 columns from letters to the editor, 1950. : less certain.

    Element 7 sco 10 Lac Y Peg 8 B-stars Mean


    1 H 10x10~ 20x10~ 87x10' 20x105
    2 He 1.8X10' 1.68XlOs 5.5X10': 1.7X106
    6 C 170 200 120 150 160
    7 N 380 220 200 230 250
    ~..
    8 0 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
    10 Ne 1100 880 .... .... 1000
    12 Mg 59 62 310 93 120
    13 A1 3.7 .... 11 4.2 6
    14 Si 64 82 90 38 60
    15 P .... 1.1 .... 1.1
    16 S .... .... 40 22 30
    17 C1 .... .... 20 : .... 20 :
    18 A .... .... 100 : .... 100 :

    108 Unsald,Zeitschr. f. Astrophys., vol. 21. p. 1, 1941.


    am Aller, Astrophys. Journ., vol. 104, p. 34i, 1946.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 666.-GASES , I N I N T E R S T E L L A R SPACE *no 629
    The gases that have been detected are listed together with the means of detection and approxi-
    mate abundances. Both the observations and the application of ionization theory introduce con-
    siderable uncertainty in the determination of abundances. Values given are the best current
    estimates. I n general, the composition of the interstellar gas appears to be the same as for the
    stars.

    Density Density
    in clouds in clouds
    Gas atoms/cma Detection Gas atoms/cma Detection
    Hydrogen 10 Emission lines Titanium 10" t Absorption lines
    Oxygen .01 Emission lines Nitrogen ... N emission, CN ab-
    Carbon .003 Molecular absorp- sorption lines
    tion lines Potassium t Absorption lines
    Calcium 2)<10-' Absorption lines Sulfur ... Emission lines
    Sodium 4)<101s Absorption lines CH lo-' t Absorption lines
    Iron ... Absorption lines CN lo-@t Absorption lines
    Mean gas density. .... .3>(lo-'' g/cma
    The interstellar gas is strongly concentrated in clouds as evidenced by the multiplicity of
    interstellar absorption lines. Stromgren suggests density between clouds is about 1% of that
    in clouds.
    Pre ared by B Donn
    *10Acfarns, Astripbys. Journ., vol. 109, 1949; Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, vol. 60, p. 354, 1948; Dunham, Proc.
    Amer. Philos. Soc. vol. 81, p. 277, 1939. Ledoux, Pop. Astr.. vol. 49, p. 513, 1941. Stromgren, Astrophys.
    Journ., vol. 108, p."242, 1948. Struve, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 31, p. 217, 1941; Astrophys. Journ.,
    vol. 89. p. 517, 1939.
    t Values for apparently abnormally dense cloud.

    T A B L E 667.-THE ABUNDANCE O F C E R T A I N E L E M E N T S I N T H E N E B U L A E "


    (Given as the exponent of 10)

    Abun- Abun- Abun- Abun- Abun-


    Element dance Element dance Element dance Element dance Element dance
    H ...... 11- C ....... 9 Na ......=z7+ S ....... 8 Sc ......<6+
    H e ...... 10 N ....... 9- Mg ..... 7+ C1 ...... 7+ Ti ...... <7-
    Li .... ..<8- 0 ....... 9 A1 ......<8- A ....... 7 V ....... <8
    Be ......<8- F ....... 6 Si ......=z9 K ....... 6+ Cr ......<7
    B .......<9 Ne ...... 8 P .......<8- Ca ...... 7- Mn ..... <7
    Fe ...... 7+
    211 Bowen and Wyse, Lick Obs. Bull., vol. 19. D. 1. 1939.

    T A B L E 668.-MATTER I N I N T E R S T E L L A R SPACE *n'


    The interpretation of the interstellar absorption curve and of absorption by dark clouds
    requir.es the presence of small grains with radii ranging around lo-' cm. Polarization of
    starlight indicates that some, if not all, grains are elongated. Composition, from absorp-
    tion curve and scattering appears to be mainly dielectric.
    Density of matter

    Solid grains :
    Uniform region, abs 0.5 m/kpc.. ................................. 10-2"g/cma
    Large cloud, abs 1 mag (10 m/kpc) .............................. lo-= g/cma
    Dense condensation, abs 5-10 m (1000 m/kpc) ..................... lo-" g/cma
    Mean density, gas and grains. ..................................... 3)<10-Ug/cmS
    Oort limit (Max density, stars plus diffuse matter). ................. 6)<10-%g/cma
    Mean space density of stellar matter.. ............................. 3)<10-" g/cm8

    Prepared by B. Donn.
    21' Greenstein, Harvard Circ. 422, 1938. Spitzer, Astrophys. Journ.. vol. 93 p 369 1941. Van de
    Hulst, Rech. Astron. del'Obs. d'utrecht, vol. 11, pt. 1, 1946, pt. 2, 1949. Schal;n, PLbl. of Uppsala
    Oliservatory, 1930 on. Oort. Astron. Inst. Netherlands Bull. No. 283, 1932.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    630 TABLES 669-682.-COLLOID S

    Colloidal science originally dealt with that large field of small particles, but
    now it has been extended to cover also those materials that are small in one or
    two of the three dimensions. Thus, this field now includes chain molecules
    and films as well as the fine particles.
    The diameters of atoms range from 2 to 3 A (angstroms) while diameters
    of ordinary inorganic molecules extend from about 7 to 10 A. Organic mole-
    cules are much larger and their dimensions may extend to 20 A or larger.
    It is sometimes stated that colloid particles range in diameter from 20 A to a
    much larger value but it must be remembered that it is difficult to fix such
    dimensions.
    Many of the properties of colloids are due to their relatively very great sur-
    face as compared with their volumes. Some of the newer experimental tools,
    i.e., ultracentrifuges, X-rays, and the electron microscopes, have been a great
    help in studying these particles and their reactions. Several tables follow that
    give properties and characteristics of colloids and colloidal particles.

    T A B L E 669.-B ROW N 1,AN M O V E M E NT


    The Brownian movement is a microscopically observed agitation of colloidal particles.
    I t is caused by the bombardment of them by the molecules of the medium and may be used
    to determine the value of Avogadro's number. Perrin, Chaudesaignes, Ehrenhaft, and
    De Broglie found, respectively, 70, 64, 63 and 64 X 10'' as the value of this constant. The
    following table indicates the size and the dependence of this movement on the magnitude
    of the particles.

    Diameter Trmp Velocity


    Material x 106cm Medium C X 106 cm/sec
    Dust particles ................ 2.0 W7:er none
    Gold ........................ .35 20? 200.
    Gold ........................ .I "
    280.
    Gold ........................ .06 ' 700.
    Platinum .................... .4 to .5 Acetone 18 3900.
    Platinum .................... .4 to .5 Wtter 20 3200.
    Rubber emulsion ............. 10. ' 17 124.
    Mastic ...................... 10. 20 ? 1.55
    G a m k g e .................... 4.5 20 2.4
    .................... 2.13 3.4

    The movement varies inversely as the size of the psrticles; in water, particles of
    diameter greater than 4p show no perceptible movement; when smaller than .lp, lively
    movement begins, while at lOmp the trajectories amount to up to 20mp.

    T A B L E 670.-PARTICLE SIZES O F S OME I N D I V I D U A L DUSTS ""

    Dust Diameter, cm
    Milk powder (by evaporation of fine spray) ..................... 1.4XlO-'- .7X10-'
    Fine powder (300 mesh) e.g., cement.. .......................... lXlO-'- .7X10-'
    Smelter fumes ................................................ lXlO-'-- 1X10-6
    Atmosphere, fog particles. ..................................... 1.4X 10-'-3.5X lo-'
    Cement kiln flue dust. ......................................... 6XlO-'- .8X10-'
    mist from concentrators.. ............................... l.lX10~'--1.6X10~'
    NH.Cl fumes ................................................ lXIO-'- lXlO-'
    Oil smoke .................................................... lXIO-'- 5X10-'
    Resin smoke .................................................. lXlO-'- 1x10"
    Tobacco smoke ............................................... 1.5X10-5- 1x10"
    Alexander, J., Colloid chemistry, vol. 2, Chemical Publishing Co. Used by permission.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 671.-PROTEIN M O L E C U L E S ZI* 631
    M . molecular weight ; f/fo. dissymmetry constant ; a. short diameter ; b. long diameter .

    Substance M f/fo b/a a (4 b (A)


    Zein .................................... 35000 2.0 20.1 16 322
    Cytochromec C .......................... 15600 1.3 5.8 18 98
    Gliadin .................................. 26000 1.6 11.1 18 1%
    Hordein ................................. 27500 1.6 11.1 18 196
    Erythrocruorin (chironimzrs) .............. 31400 1.6 11.1 19 208
    Serum albumin. urea denatured ............ 67100 1.98 19.4 20 356
    Lactalbumin a ............................ 17500 1.2 4.3 21 91
    Erythrocruorin (lampetra) ................ 17100 1.2 4.3 22 94
    Bence- Jones p ........................... 37700 1.3 5.8 25 144
    Myoglobin ............................... 17200 1.1 2.9 24 70
    Crotoxin ................................ 30000 1.2 4.3 25 109
    Concanavalin B .......................... 42000 1.3 5.8 26 149
    Tuberculin protein ....................... 32000 1.2 4.3 26 112
    Lactoglobulin ............................ 41800 1.2 4.3 28 122
    Pepsin .................................. 35500 1.08 2.7 31 84
    Insulin .................................. 40900 1.13 3.3 31 102
    Egg albumin ............................ 40500 1.1 2.9 32 91
    Hemoglobin (horse) ...................... 69000 1.24 4.8 32 155
    Serum albumin (horse) .................... 67100 1.2 4.3 34 145
    Yellow ferment .......................... 82800 1.2 4.3 36 152
    Canavalin ................................ 113000 1.3 5.8 36 207
    Serum globulin .......................... 167000 1.4 7.5 37 280
    Diphtheria toxin ......................... 72000 1.2 4.3 34 145
    Antipneumococcus serum globulin (rabbit) . .
    157000 1.4 7.5 37 274
    Antipneumococcus serum globulin (man) ... 195000 1.5 9.2 37 338
    Concanavalin A .......................... 96000 1.1 2.9 43 124
    Erythrocruorin (arc a ) .................... 33600 1.0 1 . 43 43
    Bence- Jones a ............................ 35000 1.0 1 . 43 43
    Catalase ................................. 248000 1.3 5.8 46 297
    Antipneumococcus serum globulin (horse) . . 920000 2.0 20.1 47 950
    Phycoerythrin (seramiurn) ................ 290000 1.2 4.3 54 232
    Amandin ................................ 329000 1.3 5.8 51 291
    Tyroglobulin ............................ 628000 1.5 9.2 54 498
    Edestin .................................. 309000 1.2 4.3 55 237
    Excelsin ................................ 294000 1.1 2.9 62 179
    Urease .................................. 483000 1.2 4.3 64 274
    Hemocyanin (pulinurus) .................. 446000 1.2 4.3 62 268
    Tobacco mosaic virus ..................... 60000000 3.0
    Legumin ................................ 208000 1.02

    . .
    2mNeurath. Journ. Amer . Cbem SOC.,vol 61. p. 1841. 1939 .

    T A B L E 672.-lNFLUENCE O F P A R T I C L E S I Z E U P O N S O L U B I L I T Y *I4

    Size of
    particles
    Material /I Solubility at 25°C
    CaSO, ............. 2.0 ..................................... 2.085 g per liter *
    .3 ..................................... 2.476 g per liter
    B a S 0 4 ............. 1.8 ..................................... 2.29 mg per liter *
    .1 ..................................... 4.15 mg per liter
    H g O ............... Coarse red powder ....................... 50 mg per liter *
    Very fine yellowish powder ............... 150 mg per liter
    214 Thomas. Arthur W., Colloid chemistry. McCraw-Hill Book Co., 1934. Used by permission of the
    author. .
    These are the permanent saturated solutions The more concentrated solutions. obtained from con-
    tact with the more finely ground particles. slowly revert to the normally saturated solutions and the
    .
    particles grow to 2 p in size

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    632 T A B L E 673.-HEAT O F SORPTION *
    (In small calories)

    Dispersive
    Fuller's Bone power
    Substance earth charcoal Kaolin percent
    Amylene ............................. 57.1 ... 78.8 1.54
    Water ............................... 30.2 18.5 ... 2.82
    Acetone .............................. 27.3 19.3 ... 1.72
    Methyl alcohol ........................ 21.8 17.6 27.6 1.60
    Ethyl acetate ......................... 18.5 16.5 ... 1.05
    Ethyl alcohol ......................... 17.2 16.5 24.5 ...
    Aniline ............................... 13.4 ... ... ...
    Amy1 alcohol ......................... 10.9 10.6 20.4 ...
    Ethyl ether ........................... 10.5 ... ... .90
    Chloroform ........................... 8.4 14.0 15.7 36
    Benzene .............................. 4.6 11.1 9.9 .39
    Carbon disulfide ...................... 4.6 8.4 9.9 ...
    Carbon tetrachloride ................... 4.2 13.9 9.4 .27
    Hexane .............................. 3:9 8.9 7.2 .22
    .
    For reference. see footnote 214. p 631 .

    T A B L E 674.-EFFECT O F A C T I V A T I O N ON T H E ADSORBING P O W E R
    O F CHARCOAL zls

    Adsorption Granular
    Substance tested mg CClr/(g C) density Physical character
    Ironwood ............................. 22 .96 Fibrous. hard
    Primary ironwood charcoal ............. 30 .89 Hard
    Activated ironwood charcoal ............ 1160 .72 Hard. friable. granular
    Commercial wood charcoal .............. 11 .46 Firm. fibrous
    Highest activated wood charcoal * ...... 1480 .30 Soft. friable
    Cocoanut shell ........................ 18 1.20 Hard
    Primary cocoanut charcoal ............. 47 .96 Hard
    Activated cocoanut charcoal ............. 630 .84 Hard
    Lignite semi-coke ..................... 30 1.09 Firm
    Good activated lignite charcoal .......... 640 .89 Firm
    Highest activated lignite charcoal * ..... 2715 .31 Friable. grmular

    2'6 Weiser. H . B., Colloid chemistry. 2d ed., John Wiley & Sons. Inc., 1949 . Reprinted by permission.
    Further activation reduces the granules to a fine powder.

    T A B L E 675.-HEATS O F ADSORPTION O F VAPORS ON C H A R C O A L *

    Inteqral heat Heat of Net heat of


    of adsorption. liquefaction. adsorption.
    h Q h-Q h-Q/ml
    Vapor cal/mole cal/mole cal/mole cal/mole
    CzHaCl ............................... 12330 6220 61 10 86.4
    CSz .................................. 12630 6830 5800 99.1
    CHsOH .............................. 12950 9330 3620 90.8
    CzHsBr ............................... 14330 6850 7480 102.0
    C2H51 ................................ 14250 7810 6440 81.5
    CHCI. ............................... 14930 8000 6930 87.5
    HCOOCzH. .......................... 15420 8380 7040 90.1
    CeHa ................................. 15170 7810 7360 85.0
    C;H;OH ............................. 14980 10650 4330 76.8
    CCIr ................................. 16090 8000 8090 85.6
    (C&)zo ............................. 16090 6900 9190 80.3

    ' For .
    reference. see footnote 215. above

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    633
    T A B L E 676.-SPREADING C O E F F I C I E N T S , S, OF ORGANIC L I Q U I D S O N
    WAT E R A T 20°C*

    Spreading liquids S= w. - w.t Spreading liquids s= W . - W e


    Butyric acid ................ 45.66 Heptane .................... 22.40
    Ethyl ether ................. 45.50 Ethyl bromide ............... 17.44
    Isoamyl chloride ............ 33.88 Chloroform ................. 13.04
    Heptaldehyde ............... 32.22 Anisole ..................... 11.76
    Nitromethane ............... 26.32 Phenetole ................... 10.66
    Mercaptan .................. 24.86 p-Cymene ................... 10.10
    Oleic acid ................... 24.62 Isopentane .................. 9.44

    Liquids which form lenses S = W s - Wo


    Ethylene dibromide ......... .- 3.19
    Carbon disulfide ............ .- 6.94
    Monoiodobenzene ........... .- 8.74
    Bromoform ................ .- 9.58
    Liquid petrolatum ...........--13.64

    For reference, see footnote 215, p. 632. t Wa, work adhesion; W C ,


    work of cohesion.

    T A B L E 677.-HEATS O F ADSORPTION OF GASES BY CHARCOAL218

    Argon ............ 3636 1504 4180 Carbon dioxide .... 7300 2540 6100
    Nitrogen ......... 3686 1250 Ammonia ........ 7200 5000 7120
    Carbon monoxide.. 3416 1410 37is
    218 Lewis, Squires, and Broughton, Industrial chemistry of colloidal and amorphous materials, Macmillan
    Co., 1942. Used by permission of the publishers.

    T A B L E 678.-BOND E N E R G I E S * I N KILOCALORIES P E R MOLn'

    Intermolecular Intermolecular
    Covalent bonds cohesion Covalent bonds cohesion
    -C C- 123 >C=O *. H-N< 10-16 +C-N< 59 -COOR:ROOC- 6
    >C=O H-0-
    .. HOCt
    * * 7-10 54 -HC=O :O=CH- 5
    >C = C< 100 +C-H 14 +C-S-
    +C-C+ 59 HZO .. H-0-H 5 -S-S- 64 -a: c1- 3
    +C - 0- 70 -NOz:OzN- 7 +Si-Sit 42 -CH3:H3C- 2
    Intermolecular
    Covalent bonds cohesion
    +Si-0- 90 0 2 :0 2 2
    Ionic bonds -0-:-0- 1.6
    Na', C1- (dry) 128 -CHZ- :-CH2- 1.0
    -NH3+. -COO- 4.5 Hz :Hz .25
    in water

    For the energy per atom, divide these values by the Avogadro number, 6.023 X lorn.
    Pauling, Linus. The nature of the chemical bond. Used by permission of the author.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    634
    T A B L E 679.-lGNITION A N D PROPAGATION T E M P E R A T U R E S O F DUSTS
    I N AI.R*
    Degrees Centigrade

    Propa- Propa-
    Ignition gation Ignition gation
    temper- temper- temper- temper-
    Dust ature ature Dust ature ature
    Sugar ................ 540 805 Cork ................. 630 1000
    Dextrin .............. 540 940 Rice ................. 630 970
    Starch ............... 640 1035 Mustard .............. 680 1050
    Cocoa ................ 620 970 Wheat elevator . . . . . . . . . . . (1295)
    995 Oat and corn elevator . . . . . (995)
    Flour ................ 630 (1265) Oat hull ................. (1020)

    'For .
    reference. see footnote 214. p 631 .

    T A B L E 680.-LOWER EXPLOSIVE LI M I TS *
    Milligrams per liter of air

    Induc- Induc-
    Glowing tion Glowing tion
    Dust Pt wire Arc spark Dust Pt wire Arc spark
    Starch .......... 7.0 10.3 13.7 Sugar .......... 10.3 17.2 34.4
    Corn elevator .... 10.3 10.3 13.7 Aluminum ...... 7.0 7.0 13.7
    Wheat elevator .. 10.3 10.3 ... Coal ............ 17.2 24.1 No
    Sulfur .......... 7.0 13.7 13.7 ignition

    .For reference. see footnote 214. p 631. .

    T A B L E 681.-SOME M E A S U R E M E N T S O F EXPLOSION PRESSURES *

    Pressure Pressure Pressure


    generated. generated. generated.
    Dust Ib/in.2 Dust Ib/in.2 Dust 1b / in.2
    Lycopcdium ..... 17.5 Cornstarch ...... 12.7 Cocoa .......... 9.9
    Dextrin ......... 14.6 Wheat elevator . . 12.5 Sulfur flour ..... 8.8
    Wheat starch .... 14.0 Sugar ........... 12.2 Rice-bran dust ... 8.7
    Tanbark dust .... 13.3 Linseed meal .... 11.7 Ground-cork dust . 7.4
    Wood dust ...... 12.8 Pittsburgh coal . . 10.1

    For reference. see footnote 214. p. 631 .

    T A B L E 682.-pH S T A B I L I T Y RANGE OF SOME P R O T E I N S *

    Stable in the
    Protein Source OH range of
    Amandin .................... Almonds ............................. 4.3 to 10.0
    Bence-Jones ................. Pathological urine ..................... 3.5 to 7.5
    Edestin ...................... Hempseed ............................ 5.5 to 9.7
    Egg albumin ................. Hens' eggs ........................... 4.0 to 9.0
    Erythrocruorin .............. Blood of Areiiicola marina .............. 2.6 to 8.0
    Erythrocruorin .............. Blood of Lumbricus terrestris ........... 2.6 to 10.0
    Excelsin ..................... Brazil nuts ............................ 5.5 to 10.0
    Hemocyanin .................Blood of Helix p m t i a ................. 4.5 to 7.4
    CO-hemoglobin ..............Horse blood hemoglobin plus CO ....... 6.0 to 9.05
    Insulin ...................... Beef pancreas ......................... 4.5 to 7.0
    Legumin .................... Vetch ................................ 5.0 to 9.0
    Phycocyan ...................Ceramium rubrum .................... 1.5 to 8.0
    Serum albumin .............. Horse blood .......................... 4.0 to 9.0
    Serum globulin .............. Horse blood .......................... 4.0 to 8.0

    For reference, see footnote 214, p 631 .

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLES 683-689.-ELECTRO N E M ISSION * 635
    T A B L E 683.-ELECTRON EMISSION FOR H O T SOLIDS
    The electron emission from a solid varies with the temperature T (OK) in accordance
    with the Richardson-Laue-Dushman equation
    I = AT2 [exp (-b,/T)I (1)
    where Z = current in amps cm-', and A and b, are constants, characteristic of the material.
    The constant b. is ordinarily expressed in terms of electron volts (Go) where
    +,,
    = 8.620 X lo-' b,
    or b. = 1.160 X lo' Oo (2)
    The values of A and b. (or k) are customarily derived from a plot of log (ZIT?)
    versus 1/T, where
    b.
    log I = log A + 2 log T - - (3)
    2.303T
    and log = log to base 10.
    Hence, Go = 1.986 X lo-' (b,/2.303) (4)
    Theoretically, %, as determined from thermionic emission data, should be identical with
    the "work function" from contact potential measurements, and +e, the work function
    determined by means of Einstein's equation
    Ve= h ~ - + ~
    where Y = frequency for photoelectric emission, V = retarding potential, e = charge. on
    the electron, and h = quantum constant.
    Prepared by Saul Dushman, General Electric Research Laboratory, Schenectady, N . Y.

    T A B L E 684.-ELECTRON EMISSION CONSTANTS FOR M E T A L S AND CARBON


    The table gives emission constants (see preceding equations) for metals and carbon.
    For other values and comprehensive data on this topic see references in footnote 218.

    Element A 10-4b. IT T"K %


    Barium ............. 60 2.47 1.5x lo-' 2.48-2.51
    Calcium ............ 60 2.60 2 . 9 lo-'
    ~ 2.71
    Carbon ............. 30 5.03 1.4~10-~ 4.82
    Cesium ............. 162 2.10 2.5 x lo-" 500 1.91
    Chromium .......... 48 5.34 3.8XlO-* 1500 4.37
    Cobalt .............. 41 5.12 4.41 1.3)<10-' 1500 ...
    ...
    . .........
    Copper .:. 65 5.08 4.38 5.6x10-n 1000 4.46
    Hafnium ........... 15 4.10 3.53 2.8~10-~ 1600 ...
    Iron ............... 26 5.20 4.48 6 . 8 lo-''
    ~ 1000 4.63
    Molybdenum ........ 60 5.07 4.37 2000 4.12
    Nickel .............30 5.35 4.61 1500
    Niobium ............ 37 4.65 4.01 2000
    Palladium ..........60 5.79 4.99 1600 4.92
    Platinum ........... 32 6.17 5.32 1 . 8 1~0 - ~ 1600
    Rhenium ........... 200 5.92 5.1 1.ox lo-' 2000
    Rhodium ........... 33 5.57 4.80 1.1x lo-' 2000 4.92
    Tantalum ........... 55 4.86 4.19 6 . 2 10-3
    ~ 2000 4.05
    Thorium ............ 60 3.89 3.35 4.3X10-3 1600 3.3-3.6
    Tungsten ........... 60 5.24 4.52 1 . 0 0 10-3
    ~ 2000 4.3-4.5
    Zirconium .......... 330 4.79 4.13 8.5x10-6 1600
    218 Herring C and Nichols M. H., Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 21, p. 185, 1919. Rrimann, A. L., Therm-
    ionic emissio;, JAhn Wiley & 'Sons, Inc., 1934. Dushman, S.,Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 2, p. 381, 1930.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    636
    T A B L E 685.-ELECTRON EMISSION ( I = amp/cmz) A N D (W= watts/crnz) FOR A
    NUMBER O F MATERIALSns
    The table gives emission data for a range of temperature, for the most frequently used metals
    and for thoriated tungsten (ThW). Values of A and 0 . used in calculation of I (amp/cm*) are
    those given in Table 684. For ThW, the values used are A = 3.0 and +,,
    = 2.72, b, = 3.15X10'.
    Tungsten Molybdenum Tantalum Niobium
    Ty'
    TOK ' I W' I W' 'I W'
    1000 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
    1.73x10"
    1200 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3.95x lo-'
    1400 ... ... ...
    2.O3x1Od
    1600 9.27XlO-? 7.74 2.39Xlo-B 6.30 2.i9xio-5 6.40 4.06x10"
    1800 4.47x10-6 14.2 l.OSXlO-' 11.3 3.32><10-' 13.3 6.95x10-' 11.4 .428
    2000 1 . 0 0 ~ 1 0 - ~24.0 2.15x10-8 19.2 6.21X10-* 21.6 1.16x lo-' 18.5 2.864
    2200 1.33X 10.' 38.2 2 . 5 9 ~ 1 0 - ~30.7 6.78)<10-' 34.2 .115 29.9
    2400 .116 57.7 .215 47.0 SO9 51.3 .800 45.3
    2600 .716 83.8 1.29 69.5 2.25 75.4 5.20 67.0
    2800 3.54 117.6 6.04 98.0 12.53 105.5 60.67 130.6
    3000 14.15 160.5 23.28 116.0 45.60 144.4

    2'0 Dushman, Saul, T h e scientific foundations of vacuum technique, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1949. Reprinted
    by permission.
    ' Layer of thorium on tungsten.

    T A B L E 686.-P H O T O E L E C T R IC E F F E C T
    A negative charged body loses its charge under the influence of ultraviolet radiation
    because of the escape of negative electrons freed by the absorption of the energy of the
    radiation. The radiation must have a wavelength shorter than some limiting value XO
    characteristic of the metal. The emission of these electrons, unlike that from hot bodies,
    is independent of the temperature. The relation between the maximum velocity u of the
    expelled electron and the frequency v of the radiation is (+)ntd = hv - P (Einstein's y u a -
    tion) where h is Planck's constant (6.62 X erg sec), hv, the energy of a "quanta, P,
    the work which must be done by the electron in overcoming surface forces. (f)ni?3 is the
    maximum kinetic energy the electron may have after escape. Richardson identifies the P
    of Einstein's formula with the +e of electron emission of Table 683. The minimum fre-
    quency Yn (corresponding to maximum wavelength An) at which the photoelectric effect
    can be observed is determined by hv = P. P applies to a single electron, whereas w applies
    to 96,500 coulombs (6.02 X 10" electrons) ; therefore zc.?= N P = .00399~nergs. = (12.4 +
    X IO-')An volts.

    T A B L E 687.-THE ELECTRON A F F I N I T Y O F T H E ELEMENTS, I N VOLTS

    Photo-
    electric
    and Photo- Single-
    Contact Thermionic contact electric line Adjusted
    Metal (Henning) (Langmuir) (Millikan) (Richardson) spectra mean
    Tungsten ........... - 4.52 - - - 4.52
    Platinum ........... - - - 4.3 - 4.4?
    Tantalum ........... - 4.31 - - - 4.3
    Molybdenum ........ - 4.3 1 - 4.3
    Carbon ............. - 4.14 - 4.1
    Silver .............. 4.05 - - 4.1
    Cppper ............. (4.0) - - 4.0
    Bismuth ............ - - - 3.7
    Tin ................ 3.23 - - 3.8
    Iron ................ 3.86 3.2 i - 3.7
    Zinc ................ 3.46 - 4.04 3.4
    Thorium ........... - 3.36 - 3.4
    Aluminum .......... 3.06 - - 2.8 - 3.0
    Magnesium ......... 2.63 - - 3.2 4.35 2.7
    Titanium ........... - 2.4i - 2.4
    Lithium ............ - - 2.35 - 1.85 2.35
    Sodium ............. - - 1.82 2.1 2.11 1.82

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 6 8 8 . 4 O N T A C T (VOLTA) POTENTIALS 637
    There has been considerable controversy over the reality and nature of the contact
    differences of potential between two metals. At present, owing to the studies of Langmuir,
    there is a decided tendency to believe that this Volta difference of potential is a n intrinsic
    property of metals closely allied to the phenomena given in Tables 684 to 688 and that
    the discrepancies among different observers have been caused by the same disturbing
    surface conditions. The values are for freshly cut surfaces in vacuo. Freshly cut sur-
    faces are more electropositive and grow more electronegative with age. That the observed
    initial velocities of emission of electrons from freshly cut surfaces are nearly the same for
    all metals suggests that the more electropositive a metal is the greater the actual velocity
    of emission of electrons from its surface.

    Ag Cu Fe Brass Sn Zn Al Mg
    Contact potential with Ag.. ... 0 .05 .I9 21 .27 .59 .99 1.42
    Relative photosensitiveness .... 50 60 65 45 70 80 500 1000

    Pi Fe Cu Au Ag Al Mg Zn Ph Sn
    SiO, ...... +2.22 +1.99 +1.60 +1.60 +1.42 +.93 +.93 +.45 +.I6 - .30
    Glass ..... +1.15 +1.15 + .58 + .58 + .58 +.14 +.14 -.29 -.60 -1.14

    Cu Cr Ta Mo Ni
    W ............................ +.08 +.11 -.38 -.21 -.17

    From the equation w = R T log (NAINB),where w is the work necessary per gram-
    molecule when electrons pass through a surface barrier separating concentrations N A and
    NB of electrons, it can be shown that the Volta potential difference between two metals
    should be
    1
    ~ i - ~ z = - { ~ z - ~ i
    F
    + w2-WI
    R T I o ~ ( N A / N B )=) ~ = 4 2 - 4 1
    (see Table 686 for significance of symbols), since the number of free electrons in different
    metals per unit volume is so nearly the same that R T log (NAINB)may be neglected.
    The contact potentials may thus be calculated from photoelectric phenomena. They are in-
    dependent of the temperature. The following table gives a summary of values of @ in volts
    obtained from the various phenomena where an electron is torn from the attraction of
    some surface. In the case of ionization potentials the work necessary to take an electron
    from an atom of metal vapor is only approximately equal to that needed to separate it
    from a solid metal surface.

    T A B L E 689.-E LECT RO D E POTENT1A LS


    It should not be assumed that all the emf of an electrolytic cell is contact emf. Its emf
    varies with the electrolyte, whereas the contact emf is an intrinsic property of a metal.
    There must be an emf between the two electrodes of such a cell dependent upon the con-
    centration of the electrolyte used. The following table gives in its first line the electrode
    potential eh of the corresponding metals (in solutions of their salts containing normal ion
    concentration) on assumption of no contact emf at the junction of the metals. The second
    line, 4 - en - 3.7 volts, gives a n idea of the electrode potentials (arbitrary zero) exclusive
    of contact emf.

    Metal Ag Cu Bi Sn Fe Zn Mg Li Na
    er .................. +.80 +.34 +.20 -.lo -.43 -.76 -1.55 -3.03 -2.73
    +-e&-3.7 ........ -40 +.04 +.20 -20 -.43 -.46 - .55 -1.65 - .85

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    638 TABLES 690-696.-KINETIC THEORY OF GASES *
    T A B L E 690.-PRESSURE A N D NUMBER O F MOLECULES
    1. Units of Pressure
    A , = normal atmosphere
    = 760 mmHg at OPC and 45" latitude
    = 1.01325 x 100 microbars
    1 dyne cm-* = 1 microbar = 0.75 micron
    1 micron = lo-' mmHg = 1.333 microbars
    = 1p
    P,, = pressure in mmHg
    Pp = pressure in microns = lo-' P m m
    Ppb = pressure in microbars = 1.333 X lo-' PPnn,

    2. Number of molecules per unit volume


    For ideal gas,
    PV = ROT
    Where V = volume per gram-molecular weight
    P = pressure -
    T = absolute temperature in degrees Absolute (OK)
    = degrees Centigrade 273.16 +
    For ideal gas at 0°C and A , = 1,
    V = V , = 22,414.6 cm'
    Hence R, = 62.364 mm liter, deg-' K g mole-'
    - - -
    = 8.3146 .X. 10'ere dee-' K EI mole-'
    D = densitv of eas/e/cm'

    Where M = molecular weight in grams


    n = number of molecules per cm8
    = 7.244 X Ppb/T
    = 9.656 X 10" P,,/T

    3. The number of molecules per cm8 for different temperatures and pressures
    T("K) Pwb Pmm n T' P&b P mm n
    273.16 1.0133)<106 760 2.687X10" 298.16 1.333X10' 1 3.240X10'"
    298.16 " " 2.462X10'D 273.16 1.000 7.50~ 2.653~
    273.16 1.333 X108 1 3.536XlO" 298.16 " 2.430x 10"

    Prepared by Saul Dushman, General Electric Co. T h e formulae and calculations in this section a r e
    based on a more comprehensive discussion in chapter 1 of his "Scientific Foundations of Vacuum Tech-
    nique" (John Wiley 8: Sons, New York, 1949).

    T A B L E 691.-MEAN F R E E P A T H S , L, M O L E C U L A R D I A M E T E R S , 6, A N D
    R E L A T E D D A T A FOR W A T E R A N D M E R C U R Y V A P O R S *

    t"C Pmmx* iozq0 103~~1 LIP 1086: 10-"N1 t


    H,O 0 4.58 8.69 2.90 6.34X104 4.68 5.27
    15 12.79 9.26 ... ... ...
    25 23.76 9.64 3.37 1.iiXio-4 ... ...
    219.4 31.57 46.66 6.28 1.99x10-~ 4.27 6.32
    Hg 1500 2.807 39.04 4.87 1.74x10-' 4.50 5.70
    100.0 .2729 33.56 3.93 1.44x10-* 4.70 5.22
    25.0 .0018 25.40 2.66 1.45 5.11 4.42
    .o .... 16.2(J) ... .... 6.26(J) ...
    :*For reference, see footnote 219. p. 636.
    Pwm = vapor pressure at P C . t N. = number of molecules/cmz f o r monomolecular layer.
    I n the case of H20, for which the values of L (path length) and 6 (diameter) for a series of temper-
    atures are given in the table, the Sutherland relation was used with C = 650 and qla = 926x10-6 cgs
    units.
    I n the case of H g the values of (viscosity) used are based on t=219.4'C. Values at other tem-
    peratures were derived by means of xutherland's relations, with C = 942.2

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 692.-MOLECULAR VELOCITIES A N D ENERGIES 639
    P a r t 1.-Discussion
    Let a denote the niost probable velocity, va, the average velocity and v,, the mean velocity
    (the square root of the mean square). Then
    -
    a = V2ReT/Al = 12,895 V l / M cm &s
    v.= (2/V7r) a = 1.1284 a = 14,55XT/M cm sec"
    vr = V e a = 1.225 a = 15,794 V T / M cm sec-'
    The probability of a random velocity v = ca is
    f o= ( r / G ) c ' [exp - C'I
    The fraction of the total number of molecules, N , which have a random velocity equal to
    or less than v = ca is

    P a r t 2 of this table gives values of f. and of y for a series of values of c. The third
    column gives values of A y , which is the fraction of the total number that have values of c
    between that given in the same horizontal row and that in the preceding row.
    From the relation for f. we obtain the relation for the probability that a molecule pos-
    sesses the translational energy E. Let x = E / ( k T ) where x is a dimensionless quantity.
    Then
    fi = 2 ~ (exp 3- .-)
    and the average kinetic energy is E,. I(3/2)k7
    where k = Boltzmann constant
    x
    = 1.3805 lo-'' erg deg-' K
    The last two columns in Part 2, below, give values of fa for a series of values of X .

    P a r t 2.-Values of functions for application o f distribution laws

    C f. Y AY .? f=
    0 0 0 0
    .2 .0867 m.59 .0059 .1 .3229
    .3 .1856 .0193 .0134 .2 -4131
    . ~.~
    .5 .4393 .0812 .0619 .5 .4839
    .7 .6775 ,1939 .I127 .7 .4688
    1.o .8302 .4276 .2337 1.o .4152
    1.3 .7036 .6634 .2358 1.4 .3294
    1.6 .4464 3369 .1735 1.8 .2502
    1.8 .2862 9096 .0727 2.2 .1855
    2.0 .1652 .9540 .0444 2.5 .1464
    2.2 .0867 .9784 .0244 3.0 .0973
    2.5 .0275 .9941 .0157 3.5 .0637
    3.0 .0025 1 - 4.2X 4.0 .0413
    4.0 4.1X10" 1 - 5.1X10" 5.0 .0170
    5.0 7.8X 10-l0 1 - 7.9X1O-l1 6.0 .0069

    P a r t 3.-Rates of incidence and o f evaporation of molecules


    The rate a t which molecules strike a surface is given by
    Y = ( 1 / 4 ) ~ cm-'
    , sec-'
    = 2.635 X 10" ( P # b ) / ( e )cm-'sec-'
    x
    = 3.513 lo2' Pmm/VMT cm-'sec-'
    G= mass of gas of molecular wt, M ,
    x
    = 1.6604 lo-'' MY -
    = 4.375 x lo-' (Ppt,)( V M f g cm-' sec-'
    x
    = 5.833 lo-' (Pmm) (VM/T) g cm-' sec-'
    If we assume that the accommodation coefficient for condensation is unity, then the rate
    of evaporation is equal to the rate of condensation and the vapor presswe, P m m , is given
    by the relation
    P,, = 17.14G V T / M
    -

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    640
    TABLE 693.-MASSES, VELOCITIES, AND RATES OF INCIDENCE O F
    MOLECULES *
    Y, = rate of incidence of molecules per cm2 per sec, a t 0°C and 1 microbar.
    vY = rate of incidence of molecules per cm' per sec, at 0°C and 1 mm.
    G, = mass of gas corresponding to v1 ( g cm-' sec-').
    Glt = mass of gas corresponding to YX, (g cm-' sec-I).
    rn = mass of molecule in grams = 1.66035 X lo-" M ; M = molecular weight ; plo
    = density ( g cm-9 of gas at 0°C and 1 microbar.
    v, = average velocity (cm sec-I).

    1 0 4 x wn
    Gas or
    vapor fit 10"m 10'0p10 '0°C 25°C ' 10-17~~ 10-%1' 1OSG, 102G:
    Hz 2.016 .3347 .8878 16.93 17.70 11.23 14.97 .3759 5012
    He 4.003 .6646 1.7631 12.01 12.56 7.969 10.63 5297 .7062
    CH, 16.04 2.663 7.063 6.005 6.273 3.981 5.308 1.060 1.414
    NH3 17.03 2.827 7.498 5.829 6.089 3.865 5.152 1.092 1.456
    HzO 18.02 2.992 7.936 5.665 5.919 3.756 5.007 1.124 1.498
    Ne 20.18 3.351 8.886 5.355 5.594 3.550 4.733 1.190 1.586
    co 28.01 4.651 12.34 4.543 4.746 3.012 4.0 16 1.402 1.868
    Nz 28.02 4.652 12.34 4.542 4.745 3.011 4.015 1.402 1.868
    Air 28.98** 4.811 12.77 4.468 4.668 2.962 3.950 1.425 1.900
    0 2 32.00 5.313 14.09 4.252 4.442 2.819 3.758 1.497 1.996
    A 39.94 6.631 17.59 3.805 3.976 2.523 3.363 1.675 2.230
    coz 44.01 7.308 19.38 3.624 3.787 2.403 3.204 1.756 2.342
    CHJCI 50.49 8.383 22.23 3.385 3.356 2.244 2.991 1.881 2.508
    so, 64.06 10.64 28.21 3.004 3.139 1.992 2.656 2.118 2.825
    CIZ 70.91 11.77 31.23 2.856 2.984 1.893 2.524 2.229 2.973
    Kr 83.7 13.90 36.85 2.629 2.747 1.743 2.324 2.422 3.229
    GHio 100.2 16.63 44.12 2.403 2.510 1.593 2.123 2.650 3.533
    Xe 131.3 21.80 57.82 2.099 2.193 1.392 1.856 3.034 4.044
    CCI, 153.8 25.54 67.72 1.939 2.026 1.286 1.714 3.283 4.377
    Hg + 200.6 33.31 (88.33) 1.698 1.774 (1.126 1.501 3.750 4.998)

    For reference, see footnote 219, p. 636.


    ** Calculated from the valuep (density) = 1.293 X 10-8 at 0°C and 760 mmHg.
    t
    Since the vapor pressure of mercury at 0°C is 1.85 X 10-'mmHg (=0.247pb), the values given in
    parentheses have no Dhysical significance. Actual values at 0°C. corresponding to saturation pressure, are
    as follows: p = 21.79 x 10-10; Y = 2.777 X 10'6; G = 9.249 X 10-0.

    TABLE 694.-MOLECULAR VELOCITIES 220

    C C
    Root mPan square Average
    Gas velocities. N T P velocities, N T P
    . . .
    Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.38)<10'cm/sec 16.93X10' cm/sec
    .
    Helium . , . . . . . . . . . . . . .'.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 13.11 12.08
    Water vapor ................................ 6.15 5.65
    . . . .
    Neon . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.84 5.38
    Carbon monoxide ........................... 4.93 4.54
    Nitrogen . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.93 4.54
    .
    Ethylene . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.93 4.54
    Nitric oxide ................................ 4.76 4.38
    Oxygen . .. .. . .. ... ... . ... ..... ...... ....
    . .. . 4.61 4.25
    Argon ..................................... 4.13 3.80
    . ..
    Carbon dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.93 3.62
    Nitrous oxide . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.93 3.62
    .. . ..
    Krypton . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . 2.86 2.63
    Xenon ...................................... 2.28 2.10
    Mercury vapor .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. .... .. . . ... 1.84 1.70
    Air ........................................ 4.85 4.47
    Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.33 5.82

    Z%I- Newman and Searle, The general properties of matter, Edward Arnold & Co., London.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 695.-MEAN F R E E P A T H S O F MOLECULES 641
    Let L = mean free path, 6 = molecular diameter. Then

    and q = O.499pv0L
    when q = coefficient of viscosity
    p = density of gas at given pressure and temperature
    Unit of q is the poise= g cm-' sec-'

    Hence

    and

    q, as a function of T,-is given by the relation

    where qo = value at T o .q = value at T and c' is known as the Sutherland constant. For
    short ranges of temperature, the expoiicntiul relation is used, of the form
    (7T/V0) = ( T / T , ) " (7)
    In Tables 691 and 696, which give values of L, 6 and related data for a number of gases
    and vapors,
    q15= coefficient of viscosity at 15°C
    70 = " "0°C
    and 725 = " " 25°C

    x = value of exponent in equation (7)


    L.'= value of mean free path (in cm) at 0°C and
    1 mmHg
    value of mean free path (in cm) a t 0°C and
    760 mmHg
    LZ2= value of mean free path (in cm) a t 25°C and
    1 mmHg
    L2s?m= value uf mean free path (in cm) at 25°C and
    760 m m H g
    6 = value of molecular diameter (in cm) at 0°C
    N . = 1.154/8*= of molecules per cm2 to form a mono-
    layer (assuming that the spacing is that of
    close-packed or face-centered lattice)
    w = collision-frequency at 25°C and 760 mmHg
    = v,,/Lzsi*
    For the vapors of H z O and H g (Table 691), P = vapor pressure in mmHg at the tem-
    perature t, and Lt and 8, denote the values of the mean free path and diameter, respec-
    tively, at this temperature. For H 2 0 vapor, C = 650 and qls = 9.26 X lo-'. For Hg, C =
    942.2 and value of q at t = 219.4"C was used. The values of q o and 6, for Hg at 0°C are
    those given by Jeans.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    642
    TABLE 696.-VlSCOSITY, 7, M E A N F R E E PATHS, L, MOLECULAR DIAMETERS,
    6, AND RELATED DATA FOR A NUMBER OF GASES*

    Gas:
    Characteristic Hz He Ne Air 0 2 A COZ Kr Xe
    X - .69 .64 .67 .79 31 .86 .95 .85 .92
    10‘x718 t 87 1 1943 3095 1796 2003 2196 1448 243 1 2236
    107x~00 839 1878 2986 i 722 1918 2097 1377 2372 2129
    1 0 ~ ~ 892~ ~ ~i986 0 3166 1845 2059 2261 1496 2502 2308
    lO’XL,~’ t 8.39 13.32 9.44 4.54 4.81 4.71 2.95 3.69 2.64
    11.04 17.53 12.42 5.98 6.33 6.20 3.88 4.85 3.47
    1o*xL,O’ 9.3 1 14.72 10.45 5.09 5.40 5.31 3.34 4.06 2.98
    10ex~,07~ 12.26 19.36 13.75 6.69 7.10 6.67 4.40 5.34 3.93
    108x6 2.75 2.18 2.60 3.74 3.64 3.67 4.65 4.15 4.91
    c 84.4 80 56 112 125 142 254 188 252
    15.22 24.16 17.12 8.24 8.71 8.54 5.34 6.69 4.78
    14.45 7.16 1.68 6.98 6.26 5.70 8.61 6.48 5.71

    For reference, see footnote 219, p. 636.


    ** I from relations ?jT = UP. t C = a measure of strength of the attraction forces (in dynes) between
    molecules. t Loo1 = mean free path at 0°C and -1 mmHg, etc. D N . = number of molecules/cm2 for
    monomolecular layer. 7 w = collision frequency (sec-*) at 25°C and 760 mmHg.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    643
    TABLES 697-712.-ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR DIMENSIONS
    T A B L E 697.-EFFECTIVE ATOMIC RADII
    Goldschmidt, on the basis of reasonable though empirical assumptions, has calculated effective
    radii of atoms in various charged conditions; Pauling, on the basis of wave mechanics, has pre-
    sented theoretical values for most of the elements, the two series agreeing well in many cases. The
    latter values are printed in boldface type ; the values considered nontypical are in parentheses ; e.g.,
    for silicon we have : Si" (0.22-) 0.39-0.41, Si" (1.1%) 1.18, W4 (1.98) ; 2.71, signifying silicon,
    +-
    carrying 4 charges, has apparent radius between 0.22 and 0.41 ; but the lower values relate to
    compounds where the atoms appear to be deformed ; so Goldschmidt gives 0.39 as most significant.
    Wave mechanics yields 0.41. Neutral, the radius ranges from 1.2, in abnormal compounds, to 1.18
    in those typical ; when carrying 4 - charges, the value is 1.98, according to calculations deemed
    faulty, 2.71 according to theory.
    In applying the data to replacements, halides and oxides are usually ionized, and the values in
    the outer columns apply. Thus in fluorite the value for Cat* should be added to that for F-',
    giving between 2.32 and 2.42, or 2.37 as a mean ; and the observed Ca-F distance in the crystal is
    2.36 angstrom units. In the remaining types of compounds the atoms appear t o be largely neutral
    and the first column should be used.
    ..
    0 0
    z&. 5:-
    .I!
    &E
    e Radius neutral Radius positively
    .o
    EE
    e Radius neutral
    al
    F Radius positively
    32 atom .c charged ion $2 atom c charged ion
    <u angstroms V angstroms < u angstroms u angstroms
    1H 42 Mo 1.36 6 .62
    2 He Mo 4 .66(- .83)
    3 Li 1 - 6 6 .78(- .82) 44 R u 1.27-1.34 4 .63- .65
    4 Be 2 .31- .34 45 Rh 1.34-1.35 3 .69
    SB 3 -20 46 P d 1.37
    6C ( .45-) .77 4 .16 47 AK (1.17-) 1.44 1 (.79-) 1.13-1.26
    7N ( .65-) .71 5 .11 48 Cd (1.47-) 1.49(-1.60) 2 ( . 7 8 - ) .97-1.03
    8 0 .60(- .65) 6 -09 49 In 1.45-1.62 3 .81- .92
    9 F 67 7 A7 50 Sn (1.27-) 1.40 4 (.64-) -71(--.81)
    10 Ne (i:iZ) 51 S b (1.22-) 1.34 (-1.44) 5 .62
    11 Na ( 1.77-) 1.86 1 .96- .9R(--1.09) Sb 3 .sn ,.,
    12 Mg (1.42-) 1.62 2 .66- .78(- .85) 52 T e 1.33-1.43 6 .66
    13 Al ( 1 . 1 6 ) 1.43 3 -60- .57f- .66) Te 4 -81- .89
    14 Si
    15 P
    (1.~~-)1.18 4 .
    1.22-) , .39- .41 53 I
    I
    1.36-1.40 7 .60
    5
    5 .a4 .94
    16 S 1:6??-1.04 6 .29- .31 54 Xe (1.90)
    17 CI 1.05-1.07 7 -26 55 c s (2.37-) 2.55 1 1.65-1.69(-1.75)
    18 A (1.54) 56 Ba 2.10 2 1.35-1.43 (-1.49)
    19 K (2.07:)2.23 1 1.33(--1.84) 57 L a 3 1.16-1.22
    20 Ca (1.7&)1.97 2 .99-1.66(--1.50) 58 Ce 1.82-1.83 4 1.01-1.02
    21 s c 1.51 3 -81- .83 Ce 3 1.18
    22 T1 (1.4&) 1.49(--1.53) 4 (.58-) .64- .68 59 PI 4 -92-1.00
    23 V 1.32(--1.43) 5 69I Pr 3 1.16
    V 4 .69- .61 60 Nd 3 1.15
    24 C r ( 1 . 1 7 4 1.25 (-1.54) 6 .62- .65 62 Sm 3 1.13
    25 Mn (1.17-) 1.29(-1.59) 7 .46 63 E u 3 1.13
    Mn 4 .60- .52 64 Cd 3 1.11
    Mn 2 .80- .91 65 T b 3 1.09
    26 F e (1.21-) 1.26(--1.45) 3 (.49-) .67 66 Dy 3 1.07
    Fe 2 -76- .R3 67 Ho 3 1.05
    27 c o 1.26(--1.39) '3 .29- .47 68 EI 3 1.04
    co 2 .72- .82 69 T m 3 1.04
    28 Ni 1.24(--1.39) 3 7< 70 Yb 3 1.00
    Ni 2 .69- .78 72 Hf 1.66
    29 Cu (1.22-)1.27(--1.37) 2 .PO 73 T a 1.42- .44
    cu 1 (.58-) .96 74 W 1.37 6 .R8
    ...
    30 Zn 1.31-1.34 2 -71-.83 w 4 .66- .68
    31 Ga ( 1.28-) 1.3 3 (-1.4 5 ) 3 .62 76 0 s 1.30- .34 4 .66- .67
    32 Ge 1.22 4 .44- .&a 77 I r 1.35 4 34- .66
    33 As I1.04-) 1.I 6 (-1.26) 5 .47 78 P t 1.38(--1.43)
    As 3 .69 79 Au 1.40-1.44 1 1.37
    34 Se 1.13-1.17 6 .42 80 H g 1.46-1.49 2 1.10-1.12
    35 Br 1.19 7 .39 81 TI (1.71-)1.99(-2.25) 3 .96-1.05
    36 K r (1.69) T1 1 1.44-1.51
    37 Rb (2.25-)2.36 1 1.48-1.49(--1.88) 82 P b 1.74 (-1.90) 4 .84
    3.3 S r 1.95 2 1.13-1.27 (-1.45) Pb 2 (.98-)1.21-1.32
    39 Y 3 .sai.06 83 Bi (1.34-) 1.46(-1.55) 5 -74
    40 Z r 1.60-1.62 4 (.68--) .SO- .89 90 T h 1.80-1.82 4 1.02-1.10
    41 Nb 1.43(--1.50) 5 .69- -70 92 u 4 .97-1.05
    Nb 4 37- .69 -NH. 1 1.42-1.59

    2
    u
    ? Radius
    neqative 2
    0
    F Radius
    neyative 2
    al
    F Radius
    negative
    t* Radius
    negative
    u ion V ion V ion B ion
    1H -1 (1.27);2.08 14 Si -4 (1.98); 2.71 3 2 G e -4 2.72 50 Sn -4 (2.15); 8.94
    6C -4 2.60 15 P -3 2.12 33 A~ -3 2.28 51 Sb -3 2.46
    7N -3 1.71 If, S -2 1.74-1.84 34 S e -2 1.91-1.98 5 2 Te -2 2.03-2.81
    8 0 -2 1.32-1.40 17C1 -1 1.81 35 B r -1 1.96-1.96 53 I -1 2.16-2.20
    9 F -1 1.33-1.86 82 P b -4 2.16

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    644
    T A B L E 698*.-DIFFUSION

    Gas
    .
    Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    Oxygen .....................
    .
    Carbon dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    .
    Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .
    .. .
    .
    .
    ..
    -
    COEFFICIENTS O F GASEOUS IONS A T N T P

    ,028
    ,025
    ,023
    ,029
    .123
    Dry gas

    .043
    .0396
    .026
    ,0414
    .I90
    *Tables 698-700 and 702 prepared by J. D. Cobine. General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.
    v
    .032
    .0288
    .0245
    ...
    .I28
    .035
    Moist gas

    .0358
    .0255
    .142
    ...

    mCoh~ne, J. D., Gaseous conductors, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co. Used by permission of the
    publishers.

    T A B L E 699.-DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS O F N E U T R A L GASES A T O'C


    AND 760 m m H g *

    Gases D ** mt Gases D ** mt
    .
    A - He . . . . . . . . . .. .706 ... Hz - CO . . . . . . . . . . . .651 1.75
    Air- Cot ......... .134 ... Hz - COz . . . . . . . . . . .534 1.75
    .
    Air - 0, . . . . . . . . . . .I78 ... Hz - Nz . . . . . . . . . . . . .674 1.75
    CO - COz . . . . . . .. . .136 2.00 H: - NZ0 . . . . . . . . . . .535 1.75
    CO - HzO . .. . . . . . . .642 ... Hz - 0 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .679 1.75
    ..
    CO - Oz . . . . . . . . . .I83 1.75 H 2 0- Air . . . . . . . . . .220 1.75
    COZ- Air , . . . . . . . . .134 ... Hg - Air . . . . . . . . . . ,112 ...
    COz - HzO . . . . . . . . .528 ... 0 2 - Air . .. . . . . .. .. ,178 1.75
    He - A . . . . . . . . . . .. .641 1.75 .
    Oz - H2 . . . . . . . . . . . .722 ...
    H t - Air . . . . . . . . . . . .661 1.75 0: - CO . . . . . . . . . . .I85 1.75
    Oz - CO, . . . . . . . . . . .136 2.00

    For reference see footnote 221 above.


    ** D in cmZ/se'c. t D = D o ( f / T o ) m ( p 0 / f i ) , where D O is the value of D in the table, T o = O"C,
    PO = 1 atm.

    T A B L E 700.-MOBILITIES O F POSITIVE IONS I N NOBLE GASES A T


    760 mmHg AND O°C*
    (cm/sec per volt/cm)

    Ion He Ne A Kr Xe
    Gas t . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. 20.1 5.85 1.81 .88 .61
    Li .......................... 24.2 11.87 4.68 3.72 2.84
    Na . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    . . 22.7 8.16 3.03 2.20 1.69
    K- .......... ... .. ............ 21.5 7.51 2.64 1.86 1.35
    Rb . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . .. . . . . .. . 20.1 6.75 2.24 1.49 1.03
    Cs .......................... 18.4 6.10 2.10 1.33 .91

    ' For reference, see footnote 221, above.


    t Ions same as gas.

    TABLE 701.-MOLECULAR DIAMETERS, 6, FOR ATTRACTIVE SPHERES *

    Gas From v t From b t Gas From 1) t From b t


    .
    Argon . . .. 2.87)<1O-'cm 2.87)(10-scm Hydrogen . . 2.38)(10-8cm 2.53x10-scm
    Krypton ..
    3.15 3.16 Nitrogen . . 3.13 3.56-3.10
    Xenon .... 3.50 3.45 .
    Air .. . . .. 3.11 3.32
    Helium . . . . 1.91 1.97 Carbon
    Oxygen ...
    2.96 2.91 dioxide . . 3.23 3.22
    .. 3.30 3.42
    For reference, see footnote 220, p. 640.
    t Viscosity. t Van der Waal's equation.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    645
    T A B L E 702.-MOBILITY * O F SINGLY-CHARGED GASEOUS IONS A T
    760 mmHg A N D O°C**
    (cm/sec per volt/cm)

    Gas
    Air (dry) ....................
    (E .1)
    .000585
    t K.-
    2.2
    K
    1.6
    .+
    A (pure) .................... .00056 206.0 1.81
    c1z .......................... .... .74 .74
    CCI. ........................ .0030 .31 .30
    co ......................... .00070 1.14 1.10
    CO. (dry) ................... .00098 .98 .84
    Hz .......................... .00028 8.15 5.9
    H1 (pure) ................... .... 7900.0 13.8
    HC1 ......................... .0046 .62 .53
    H z O (at 100°C) .............. .... .95 1.1
    HzS ......................... .0040 .56 .62
    H e .......................... .000074 6.3 5.09
    He (pure) ................... .... 500.0 21.4
    Hg in H e .................... .... ... 13.4
    Hg in Nz ..................... ... 2.02
    K r .......................... .0007685 ... .94
    Nz .......................... .00058 1.84 1.27
    biz (pure) .................... 145.0 2.51
    N HZ ........................ .0072 .66
    ~~

    .56
    N H J in Nz.................... .... ... 3.06
    NzO ........................ .00113 .90 .82
    Ne .......................... .0001231 ... 5.64
    0 2 .......................... .00051 1.8 1.31
    so2 ......................... .0095 .41 .41

    K = K o p o / p . where PO is the gas density at NTP and p is the density at which K is desired .
    0.235 (7)
    ml+m t
    K=
    (P/PO)(€ 1)oMo -
    .
    where m l = mass of ion m2= mass of gas particle. e = dielectric constant. ( E
    . -
    1 ) q is calculated for
    N T P . , M = molecular &eight of gas Values of mobility in this table may not be absolute. but are of
    orienting value .
    ** For reference. see footnote 221. 644.
    t International Critical Tables; Tabris Annuelles Internationales de Constants .

    T A B L E 703.-MOLECULAR DIAMETER (BRAGG) *


    From From
    crystal measured viscosity Ratio.
    Gas in 2d rl Wrl
    Neon ........................ 1.30X10-scm 2.35x lo-" cm .553
    Argon ...................... 2.05 2.87 .714
    Krypton ..................... 2.35 3.15 .746
    Xenon ....................... 2.70 3.50 .771
    For reference. see footnote 220. p. 640.

    T A B L E 704.-NUMBER OF MOLECULES (PER cmp A T 0°C) OF MONOLAYER


    AND E Q U I V A L E N T VOLUME (cm3) *

    Vol gas Vol gas


    at 760 mmHg at 760 mmHg
    No molecules and 2O'C No molecules and 20°C
    Gas x 10-1' x 10s Gas x 10-14 .x. 105
    Hz ......... 15.22 6.08 CO ........ 8.07 3.23
    H e ......... 24.16 9.65 coz ........ 5.34 2.13
    A .......... 8.54 3.41 CH, ....... 5.23 2.09
    Nz ......... 8.10 3.24 N H j ....... 4.56 1.82
    0 2 ......... 8.71 3.48 HzO ....... 5.27 2.11
    * For reference. see footnote 219. p 636 . .
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    646 T A B L E 7 0 5 . 4 R O S S S E C TI O N A N D L E N G T H S O F SO M E
    ORGANIC M O L E C U L E S
    According to Langmuir, in solids and liquids every atom is chemically combined to
    adjacent atoms. I n most inorganic substances the identity of the molecule is generally lost,
    but in organic compounds a more permanent existence of the molecule probably occurs.
    When oil spreads over water evidence points to a layer a molecule thick and that the mole-
    cules are not spheres. Were they spheres and an attraction existed between them and the
    water, they would be dissolved instead of spreading over the surface. The presence of the
    -COOH, -CO or -OH groups generally renders an organic substance soluble in water,
    whereas the hydrocarbon chain decreases the solubility. When an oil is placed on water
    the -COOH groups are attracted to the water and the hydrocarbon chains repelled but
    attracted to each other. The process leads the oil over the surface until all the -COOH
    groups are in contact if possible. Pure hydrocarbon oils will not spread over water. Ben-
    zene will not mix with watcr. When a limited amount of oil is present the spreading
    ceases when all the water-attracted groups are in contact with water. If weight w of ail
    spreads over water surface A , the area covered b y each molecule is A M / w N where M
    is the molecular weight of the oil (0 = 16j, N , Avogadro's constant. The vertical length
    of a molecule I = M / a p N = W / p A where p is the oil density and a the horizontal area of
    the molecule.

    Cross section in I in cm
    Substance cm2 X 10'8 (length) x 108
    Palmitic acid Cl,H31COOH............................ 24 19.6
    Stearic acid CllH3,COOH ............................. 24 21.8
    Cerotic a.cid C,,H,,COOH. . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 25 29.0
    Oleic acid C,:H33COOH. ............. ........... 48 10.8
    Linoleic acid Cl1HslCOOH.. .......................... 47 10.7
    Linolenic acid CI7H2,COOH........................... 66 7.6
    Ricinoleic acid CIIHXZ(OH)COOH., ................... 90 5.8
    Cetyl alcohol CjeH3,0H ............. 21 21.9
    Myricyl alcohol C30He10 ............. 29 35.2
    Cetyl palmitate C15H3,COOCleH33.. .................... 21 44.0
    Tristearin (ClnH,502)3C,H5.... ............. 69 23.7
    Trielaidin (C18H3302),C,H, .... ............. 137 11.9
    Triolein (ClaH330~)sC3H5...... ............... 145 11.2
    Castor oil (C17H:42(OH)COO)3C ............... 280 5.7
    Linseed oil (C,7H31C00)3C3H5. ........................ 143 11.0
    ~~~ ~~

    T A B L E 706.-VOLUMES O F I N E R T GAS A T O M S *

    Volume
    from Volume
    Gas
    ionrc
    radius b
    - b
    volume
    of
    liquid
    Neon ................................. 3.33 17.1 5.1 16.7
    Argon ................................ 8.6 32.2 3.8 28.1
    Krypton .............................. 12.5 39.7 3.2 38.9
    Xenon ................................ 18.8 50.8 2.7 47.5

    .For reference, see footnote 203, p. 624.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 707.-LATTICE SPACINGS O F I O N I C C R Y S T A L S * 647
    ro ro Melting ro ro Melting
    observed calculated point. observed calculated ptint.
    Material A A "C Material A A C

    Sodium chloride structure


    LiF ......... 2.01 2.10 870 NH.1 ....... 3.62 3.65
    LiCl ........ 2.57 2.60 613 AgF- ........ 2.46 2.30 435
    LiBr ........ 2.75 2.75 547 AgCl ....... 2.77 2.80 455
    LiI ......... 3.00 3.00 446 AgBr ....... 2.88 2.95 434
    NaF . . . . . . . . 2.31 2.35 980 M a 0 ....... 2.10 2.15 2800
    NaCl ....... 2.81 2.85 804 M& ........ 2.60 2.60
    NaBr ....... 2.98 3.00 755 MgSe ....... 2.73 2.70
    NaI ......... 3.23 3.25 651 CaO ........ 2.40 2.40 2572
    K F ......... 2.67 2.65 880 CaS ......... 2.84 2.85
    KCI ......... 3.14 3.15 776 Case ........ 2.96 2.95
    KBr ........ 3.29 3.30 730 CaTe ....... 2.97 3.15
    K I .......... 3.53 3.55 773 SrO ........ 2.58 2.60 2430
    RbF . . . . . . . . 2.82 2.80 760
    .. SrS
    .. ......... 3.01 3.05 882
    RbCl ........ 3.27 3.30 715 SrSe ........ 3.12 3.15
    RbBr ....... 3.43 3.45 682 SrTe ........ 3.33 3.35
    RbI ......... 3.66 3.70 642 BaO ........ 2.77 2.75 1923
    CsF ......... 3.00 3.05 684 BaS ........ 3.19 3.20
    NHiCl ...... 3.27 3.25 Base ........ 3.30 3.30
    NHiBr ...... 3.45 3.40 BaTe ....... 3.50 3.50

    Cesium chloride structure


    CsCl ........ 3.56 3.55 646 NHIBr ...... 3.51 3.40
    CsBr ........ 3.71 3.70 636 N H J ....... 3.78 3.65
    CSI ......... 3.95 3.95 621 TIC1 ........ 3.33 430
    NH, CI ...... 3.34 3.25 TlBr ........ 3.44 460

    Zincblende structure
    CuCl ........ 2.34 2.30 422 ZnTe ....... 2.64 2.65
    CuBr ...... 2.46 2.45 504 CdS ......... 2.52 2.50 1750
    CuI ......... 2.62 2.70 605 CdSe ........ 2.62 2.60
    BeS ......... 2.10 2.10 CdTe ....... 2.80 2.80
    BeSe ........ 2.18 2.20 HgS ........ 2.53 2.50
    BeTe ....... 2.43 2.40 .
    HgSe .... .. 2.62 2.60
    ZnS ........ 2.35 2.35 1800 HgTe ....... 2.79 2.80
    ZnSe ....... 2.45 2.45

    Wurtzite structure (first distance is that to neighbor along axis. second to three neighbors in
    same layer)
    NHiF ...... 2.63,2.76 2.75 ZnS ......... 2.36,2.36 2.35 1850
    B e 0 ........ 1.64,1.60 1.65 2570 CdS ........ 2.52,2.56 2.50 1750
    ZnO ........ 1.94,2.04 1.90 CdSe ....... 2.63,2.64 2.60
    'For .
    reference. see footnote 203. p 624.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    645 T A B L E 708.-lONIC RADII *
    (Angstroms)

    Be++ Li'
    .20 .80
    Mg" Na' F- O--
    .70 1.05 1.30 1.45
    Cat+ K' CI- S-- Zn++ CU'
    .95 1.35 1.80 1.90 .45 .so
    Sr++ Rb+ Br- Se-- Cd" Ag'
    1.15 1.50 1.95 2.00 .a 1.oo
    Ba++ CS' I- Te-- Hg++
    1.30 1.75 2.20 2.20 .60
    NH.'
    1.45

    For reference, see footnote 203, p. 624.

    T A B L E 703.-CRYSTAL S T R U C T U R E A N D I N T E R A T O M I C D I S T A N C E S FOR
    M E T A L S (Angstroms) **
    Abbreviations : b.c., body-centered cubic ; f.c., face-centered cubic ; hex, hexagonal ; di,
    diamond ; *, other structures.

    Li b.c. Na b.c. K bs. Rb b.c. Cs b.c.


    3.03 3.72 4.50 4.86 5.25
    Be hex Mg hex Ca f.c. Sr f s . Ba b.c.
    2.28 3.20 3.93 4.29 4.35
    2.24 3.19
    B A1 f.c. sc Y La hex, f.c.
    2.85 3.58 3.72,3.73
    Ti hex Zr hex Hf hex
    2.95 3.23 3.32
    2.90 3.18 3.33
    V b.c. Nb Ta b.c.
    2.63 2.88
    Cr b.c. Mo b.c. W b.c.
    2.49 2.72 2.73
    Mn *
    2.50
    Fe f.c. Ru hex 0 s hex
    2.57,2.48 2.69 2.71
    2.65 2.67
    Co hex, f.c. Rh f.c. Ir f.c.
    2.71 2.69 2.70
    Ni f.c. Pd f.c. P t f.c.
    2.49 2.74 2.76
    c u f.c. Ag f.c. Au f.c.
    2.55 2.88 2.87
    Zn hex Cd hex Hg *
    2.65 2.97 2.99
    2.94 3.30
    Ga * In * T1 hex, f.c.
    2.56 3.24,3.33 3.45,3.43
    Si di Ge di Sn di P b f.c.
    2.35 2.43 2.80 3.49
    As * Sb * Bi *
    2.50 2.88 3.10
    Se * Te *
    2.32 2.88
    _-
    ** For reference, see footnote 203, p. 624.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    v) TABLE 710.-GREATEST BINDING ENERGY O F AN ELECTRON-NEUTRAL ATOMS P 1 l o
    E
    I
    4 The binding energy has been calculated by multiplying the absolute value of the appropriate energy level (in cm-'), referred to its proper limit.
    Z2 by the factor 0.00012395, to express it in electron volts. A dash indicates that no such term exists. Brackets denote an estimated value.
    i:
    Element 1s 2s 2P 3s 3P 3d
    ._ 4s 4b 4d 5s 5P 5d
    I
    -0 H I 13.59 3.40 3.40 1.51 1.51 1.51 .85 .85 .85 .54 .54 .54
    < He I 24.58 4.77 3.62 1.87 1.58 1.51 .99 .as .85 .62 .56 .54
    %? Li I ... 5.39 3.54 2.02 1.56 1.51 1.05 .87 .85 .64 .55 .54
    P
    0 Be I ... 9.32 6.60 2.86 2.03 1.63 1.32 11.151 .90 .77 1.691 .57
    l- R ,_
    - ... ... 8.30 3.33 1.51 1.48 .86 .84 .55
    4
    D
    CI
    NI
    ...
    ... ...
    ...
    11.26
    11.54
    3.79
    4.22
    2.73
    2.95
    1.64
    1.58
    1.58
    1.70
    1.33
    1.35
    .91
    .89
    .87
    .93
    .75 .58
    .57
    m
    m
    r 01 ... ... 13.61 4.47 2.88 1.54 1.78 1.33 .86 .96 .74 .55
    v) FI
    Ne I
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    17.42.
    21.56
    4.72
    4.94
    3.05
    3.18
    1.54
    1.54
    1.85
    1.90
    1.38
    1.41
    .87
    .86
    .98
    1.00
    .78
    .a0
    .55
    .55
    Na I ... ... ... 5.14 3.04 1.52 1.95 1.39 .86 1.02 .79 .55
    Mg I ... ... ... 7.64 4.94 1.89 2.54 1.71 1.06 1.21 .92 .66
    Al I
    Si I
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    5.98
    8.15
    1.96
    2.28
    2.84
    3.23
    1.90
    2.29
    1.16
    1.43
    1.31
    1.43
    .99
    1.15
    .75
    .83
    PI
    SI
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    [ 10.5SIb
    10.36
    1.83
    1.94
    3.62
    3.83
    2.45
    2.49 1.06 [IS91 1.20 .66
    CI I ... ... ... ... 13.01 4.09 2.74 1.15 1.30 .72
    AI ... ... ... ... 15.76 1.91 4.21 2.85 1.07 1.69 1.30 .66

    At BS A B A B A B A B A B A B
    KI ... ... ... ... ... 1.67 - 4.34 - 2.73 - ._
    94. - 1.73 - 1.28 - .60 -
    Ca I ... ... ... ... ... 3.59 5.28 6.11 3.37 4.23 1.44 1.49 1.92 2.20 1.45 1.58 .a1 .81
    sc I ... ... ... ... ... 2.97 5.13 5.73 6.56 3.56 4.62 1.96 1.96 2.30
    Ti I ... ... ... ... ... 3.38 6.02 6.13 6.83 3.66 4.87 1.51 1.73 2.10 2.38 1.65 .90
    VI ... ... ... ... ... 4.23 6.80 6.48 7.06 3.68 5.03 1.53 1.65 2.14 2.43 .90
    ... ... ... ... ... 2.38 8.25 6.76 7.29 3.87 5.15 1.53 1.66 2.19 2.49 1.53 .85
    Cr I
    Mn I
    Fe I
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ... 4.05
    5.32
    7.04
    7.09
    7.27
    7.43
    7.90
    4.03
    4.03
    5.15
    5.50
    1.55
    1.55
    1.64
    1.66
    2.24
    2.30
    2.54
    2.59
    1.73 .90

    co I ... ... ... ... ... 4.45 7.85 7.43 8.28 3.89 5.35 1.54 1.65 2.31 2.62
    Ni I ... ... ... ... ... 5.81 8.65 7.61 8.67 4.09 5.48 1.56 1.65 2.35 2.67 1.59 .87
    .86 .92
    .89
    cu I ... ... ... ... ... - 10.44
    -_
    7.72 9.05 3.94 5.61 1.53
    - 1.65
    1.66 2.38
    - 2.74
    2.71 1.60
    -
    1.73
    -
    Zn I ... ... ... ... ... -
    ...
    9.39 - 5.39 1.80 .92
    Ga I ... ... ... ... ... ...
    ... ...
    6.00 1.69 2.92 .94
    Ge I ... ... ... ... ...
    ... ... ...
    7.88 1.87 3.24 2.09 1.02
    As I ... ... ... ... ... ...
    9.81 2.03 3.53 2.28
    Se I ... ... ... ... ...
    ...
    ... ...
    9.75 1.89 3.78 2.41 1.03
    Br I ... ... ... ...
    ... ...
    11.84 3.98 2.59
    Krr ... ... ... ... ... 14.00 2.00 4.08 2.70 1.13
    A.
    . B A B A B A B
    Rb I ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1.78 - 4.18 - 2.62 - .99 -
    Sr I ... ... ... ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    ... ...
    ...
    ...
    ...
    3.44 5.69 3.37 3.92 1.39
    1
    'I ... ... ...
    ... ...
    ...
    ... ...
    3.89 5.27 6.16 6.63 3.96 4.78 1.86
    Zr I ... ...
    ...
    ... ...
    ... ...
    4.58 6.35 6.67 6 95 4.34 5.12 2.00
    Nb I ... ... ... ... ... 5.36 6.77 6.92 4.04 4.99

    222 Moore Charlotte E. and Russell Henry Norris Nat. Bur. Standards Journ. Res., vol. 48 p. 61 1952.
    ' A , Lidin, K., .\rk f: Fys. (Stocdholm), vol. 1. b. 260, 1949. B , Finkelnburg, W., and d e r n F: Phys. Rev., vol. 77, p. 303, 1950.
    t A , limit is lowest level of configuration 3d"-1 (K I -C u I ) , 4d"-1 (Rb I - Nh I ) in the singly ;onLed atom. See column 6, Table 623. X B , limit is lowest of configu-
    $!
    ration 3d"-2 4s (K I - Cu I), 4dn-2 5s (Rb I - Nb I) in the singly ionized atom.
    650 TABLE 711.-GREATEST BINDI,NG ENERGY O F A N ELECTRON-
    SINGLY-IONIZED ATOMS t *
    Element is 2s 2p 3s 3P 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s Sp 5d
    H e 11 54.40 13.60 13.60 6.04 6.04 6.04 3.40 3.40 3.40 2.18 2.18 2.18
    Li 11 75.62 16.61 14.35 6.86 6.27 6.05 3.73 3.49 3.40 2.34 2.22 2.18
    Be 11 .... 18.21 14.25 7.27 6.25 6.05 3.89 3.49 3.40 2.42 2.22 2.18
    B II .... 25.15 20.52 9.06 7.30 6.48 4.53 3.89 3.57 2.73 2.26
    c I1 .... .... 24.38 9.93 8.05 6.33 4.89 4.23 3.54 2.89 2.65 2.25
    N 11 .... .... 29.61 11.15 9.20 6.49 5.24 4.55 3.62 3.05 2.25
    0 I1 .... .... 35.15 12.19 9.87 6.48 5.57 4.68 3.60 3.20 2.80 2.27
    F II .... .... 34.98 13.08 9.86 6.33 5.81 4.40 3.49
    Ne 11 .... .... 41.07 13.91 10.55 6.47 6.12 3.60
    Na II .... .... 47.29 14.45 10.95 6.32 6.20 3.47 3.50
    Mg 11 .... ........ 15.03 10.61 6.17 6.38 5.04 3.47 3.53 2.95 2.21
    Al 11 .... ........ 18.82 14.19 6.98 7.51 5.76 3.77 3.94 3.24 2.36
    Si 11 .... ........ .... 16.34 6.51 8.22 6.28 3.82 4.20 3.47 2.41
    P I1 .... ........ .... 19.65 6.81 8.92 6.86 4.16 4.36 2.41
    ~~

    s I1 .... ........ .... 23.4 9.75 9.82 7.85 4.57 4:78 3.06
    CI I1 .... ........ .... 23.80 10.13 10.43 7.86 4.63 4.93 2.75
    A 11 .... ........ .... 27.62 11.22 10.98 8.40 4.85 5.11 4.05 2.28
    K 11 .... ........ .... 31.81 11.55 11.67 9.10 5.11 5.46
    Ca 11 .... ........ .... .... 10.18 11.87 8.75 4.82 5.40 4.36 2.85
    sc I1 .... . . . . . . . . .... .... 12.20 12.80 9.56 5.42 5.66
    Ti 11 .... . . . . . . . . .... .... 13.46 13.57 9.91 5.53 5.87
    v I1 .... . . . . . . . . .... .... 14.65 14.33 10.36 5.67
    Cr 11 .... . . . . . . . . .... .... 16.49 15.01 10.69 5.76
    6.24
    Mn 11 .... . . . . . . . . .... .... 13.86 15.64 10.88 5.78
    6.39 4.991 3.25
    Fe 11 .... . . . . . . . . .... .... 15.95 16.18 11.41 5.91
    6.53 5.35
    c o I1 .... ........ .... .... 17.05 16.64 11.45 6.64
    Ni 11 .... ........ .... 18.15 17.11 11.76 6.77
    c u I1 .... ........ .... .... 20.29 17.57 12.05 6.09 6.90 5.40 3.39
    Zn 11 .... ........ .... .... .... 17.96 11.95 5.95 7.00 5.39 3.34
    Ga 11 .... ........ .... .... .... 20.51 14.64 7.16 7.75 5.83 3.51
    Ge 11 .... ........ .... .... ........ 15.93 5.91 8.20 6.14 3.52
    As II .... ........ .... .... ........ 20.2 9.2 10.4 8.4
    Se 11 .... ........ .... .... ........ 21.5 9.70 7.50 4.36
    Br 11 .... ........ .... ........ 21.6 7.65 9.94 7.37 4.32
    Kr 11 .... ........ .... .... ........ 24.56 8.95 10.58 7.% 4.63
    R b II .... ........ .... .... 27.50 10.97 8.38 4.67
    Sr II .... ........ .... .... .. .... 9.22 11.03 8.09 4.42
    Y I1 .... ........ .... .... . . . . . . . . .... 11.40 12.29 9.15 5.14
    Zr 11 ........ .... .... . . . . . . . . .... 13.71 14.03 10.56 4.87
    N b 11 ........ ....................................
    See column 6 Table 623.
    t For referenc;. see footnote 222. p . 649.

    T A B L E 712.-CONSTANTS O F DIATOMIC MOLECULES *


    The attractive force between atoms varies with the distance between centers. When
    this distance = re. the sum of the two radii. the force changes from an attraction to a
    repulsion . The force. D. at this distance. re. is thus the force necessary to pull the two
    atoms apart . The energy of separation is generally given .

    .D
    kgcal
    ,D
    electron kgcal
    .D D
    electron
    Substance mole volts
    re
    A Substance mole volts 7
    Hz ........ 103 4.454 .75 CO . . . . . . . 223 9.6 1.13
    C H ....... 81 3.5 1.12 Cz ........ 128 5.6 1.31
    N H ....... 97 4.2 1.08 CI, ........ 57 2.47 1.98
    O H ....... 102 4.4 .96 Brz ....... 46 1.96 2.28
    HCI ...... 102 4.40 1.27 I2 ......... 36 1.53 2.66
    NO ....... 123 5.3 1.15 Li, ........ 26 1.14 2.67
    Oz ........ 117 5.09 1.20 Naz ....... 18 .76 3.07
    N, ........ 170 7.35 1.09 Kz ........ 12 .51 3.91

    For reference. see footnote 203. p . 624 .

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLES 713-730.-NUCLEAR PHYSICS 65 1

    Nuclear physics may be divided into three fields : radioactivity, cosmic rays,
    and artificial disintegration. The third division-artificial disintegration-is
    today the most active single experimental (and theoretical) problem of the
    physicist. This new branch of physics has introduced a number of terms,
    some of which are defined in Table 716. There is hardly a major physical
    laboratory that does not have at least one of the devices listed in Table 718 for
    producing high-energy particles of one kind or another.
    The study of nuclear physics started more than 50 years ago with the dis-
    covery of radioactivity. This was a study of natural disintegration up to about
    1919 when Rutherford produced and studied artificial disintegration by bom-
    barding nitrogen with swift =-particles from RaC'. However, he had to depend
    upon nature for the high-speed particles that he used. The value of the speed
    and energy of the a-rays from natural radioactive materials (Table 732)
    shows the nature of the particles then available. It was not until about 10
    years later that a start was made on the development of the various devices
    for producing the regulated high-speed and high-energy particles listed in
    Table 718.
    By bombarding different materials with one of the high-speed particles
    produced by various devices it has been found possible to produce one or more
    radioactive isotopes of each of the 92 elements and, in addition, to produce 6
    elements beyond uranium-each with a number of isotopes.* There are now
    9 or 10 known fundamental particles (Table 720), 5 or 6 of which are used
    in the bombardment of isotopes for the production of new reactions. Some
    examples of reactions thus brought about by the use of different ones of these
    high-speed particles together with the minimum energy of the particles neces-
    sary to produce the reactions are given in Table 726.
    The relative masses of the isotopes vary from 1.0081374 for H' to about
    242.14152 for Cmzrz. The actual mass in grams for H1is 1.67339 x
    grams, and thus the mass, in grams, of any atom may be determined from its
    atomic weight. The mass of the neutron is 1.67473 x g. The radius of
    a nucleus, r, is given approximately by 1.4 x lO-lSAllS cm, A being the atomic
    mass number. These values give for the density of the nucleus about 1014
    g/cm3 (see Table 872). The atomic weight, the magnetic moment, and the
    spin of a number of isotopes are given in Table 719.
    * For reference, see footnote 199, p. 618.

    T A B L E 713.-MASS, ENERGY, AND VELOCITY RELATIONS FOR


    T H E ELECTRON

    Electron mass '


    Energy I L > Velocity
    Mev g mo B cm/sec
    very small 9.1066~10-~
    .018 9.42X10-p8 1.035 .25 .75 X10'0
    .05 10.00x10-" 1.10 .42 1.26 x10'"
    .1 10.9ox 10- 1.20 ,548 1.65 x10'"
    .5 18.02x10-" 1.98 .863 2.585X1010
    1 26.93><10-" 2.96 .94 2.818XlO'"
    5 98.24x lo-" 10.8 .996 2.985 x 10"
    7 1 3 3 . ~ 1n-m9~ 14.7 .9976 2.990X 10"
    10 i87.38xiO43 20.6 .9988 2.994x 10"
    20 3 6 5 . 6 4 ~10'" 40.1 .w2 near the velocity of light
    100 1791.8 x10-" 196.6 .9998 n e y t k velq3ty c ~ light
    f
    lo00 17839~10~" 1960 .999999 'I " I' I' I'
    10000 178160X10-28
    .. 19580 .9999999
    See Tables 27, 28. and 714.

    SYITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    652 T A B L E 714.-PARTICLE ATTRACTION, VELOCITY, AND MASS
    The neutrons and protons are held together in a nucleus by attractive forces
    (nuclear force) which have a range of only about 2 x lo-'$ cm but are
    stronger than the electric Coulomb forces at distances less than this range.
    The energy which would be required to separate a nucleus into its constituent
    protons and neutrons (collectively denoted by nucleons) is called the nuclear
    binding energy. According to Einstein's mass-energy relation this binding
    energy is equal to cz times the difference between the nuclear mass and the
    mass in the free state of the nucleons contained in the nucleus. The binding
    energy per nucleon is of the order of magnitude of a few MeV, its actual
    amount depending on various factors. Starting at about 1 Mev for the deu-
    teron (nucleus of heavy hydrogen) the binding energy per nucleon increases
    on the average with increasing atomic weight A reaching a maximum of about
    10 Mev for A about 50 ;as A increases further the Coulomb repulsion between
    the constituent protons becomes more and more important and the binding
    energy per particle decreases again. In addition to this general trend there are
    individual variations in stability, a notable example being the great stability
    of the a-particle (nucleus of He4) with a binding energy of more than 7 Mev
    per nucleon.
    The theory of relativity shows that energy and mass are related and that
    mass may be converted into energy, giving an amount of energy in ergs = mc2,
    where c is the velocity of light expressed in cm/sec and m the mass in grams.
    This theory also shows that the velocity of light is the upper limit for the
    velocity for any particle. I t is to be noted that this theory tells us nothing as
    to the method of converting mass to energy !

    (at velocity v ) =
    v1 -P'
    -
    The mass m of a fast-moving particle depends upon its velocity v , thus, m
    mo
    where p = v/c. The kinetic energy of a particle
    moving with a velocity near that of light

    KE moc2 (V l 1- p z - 1)
    ~

    or
    m=mo+-
    KE
    C2

    Some calculated results of the above relations are shown in Table 713. This
    theory, together with nuclear physics, shows that each moving particle has a
    wavelength that is given thus: the wavelength, A = h/mv for a particle of
    mass m with a velocity v. (See Table 722.)

    T A B L E 715.-TWO INTERESTING RESULTS OF ARTIFICIAL


    DISINTEGRATION *

    Different results Different ways of


    from the same materigl producing the same materials
    ++
    I Z M R ~zHe4+lsAI" + lH1
    iH*+isAI" + ,H'
    +
    l A n
    nA!" od+irAl" + hr
    +
    MSI" oft1+ irAl" + lH1
    + +
    lap'' OW' +I ~ A l s ,He'

    For reference, see footnote 224, p. 665.

    SMITHSIMIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    653
    TABLE 716.-DEFINITIONS OF SOME TERMS USED I N NUCLEAR PHYSICS
    Alpha-particle.-A helium atom, stripped of its outer electrons, that is expelled from
    a radioactive material.
    Artificial disintegration.-Breaking down of an atom by a controlled experiment.
    Atom.-The smallest particle of any material substance that can exist as such.
    Atomic bomb.-A bomb depending upon atomic energy. ( U or P u fission.)
    A t o m i c energy.-Energy due to some breaking down of an atom.
    Atomic m a s s unit, aim.-( 1) The mass of a unit atomic weight (see Dalton). ( 2 ) An
    energy unit equal to the mass energy (mc') of a unit atomic mass (1/16 mass 0") =
    1.4921 x IO+ergs = 931.3 MeV.
    Atomic number.-The value of the positive charge of the atom. This determines the
    chemical properties.
    A t o m i c weight.-Chemical : The relative weight of an atom taking the oxygen atom,
    found in nature, as having a weight of 16. Physical : The relative weight of an atom taking
    the oxygen isotope 16 as having a weight of 16. This makes the ratio of physical to chemi-
    cal scale = 1.000272 & .000005.
    Barn.-Unit area cross section of nucleus = lo-'' cm'.
    Baryton.-See Table 720. See meson.
    Beta-ray.-An electron expelled from a radiozctive material.
    Betatron.-See Table 718.
    Binding energy.-The energy due to the packinz of an element assuming that the ele-
    ment is made up of protons, electrons, and neutrons.
    B u r s t s (cosmic ray).-A very great output of particles due to a cosmic-ray encounter
    with an atom.
    Cathode rays.-Electrons that are driven from the negative electrode (the cathode) of
    a discharge tube. (See Table 758.)
    Chain reaction.-A reaction in which one or more of the products of the reaction
    keeps it going, i.e., such as the fission of 92 U'".
    C o m p t o n effect.-The change in wavelength due to the scattering of radiation by a
    material substance.
    Cosmic rays.-A radiation that falls upon the outer atmosphere, generally thought to
    come from outer space. (See page 710.) ~

    Cosmos.-The entire universe.


    Cross section, u.-The proportionality constant between the beam intensity and the
    number of particles, considered, that strike a target. It has the dimension of an area. See
    - _ _...
    Barn
    Cyclotron.-See Table 718.
    De Broglie wavelength.-For a particle of mass m and velocity v , the De Broglie
    wavelength A = h / m v .
    Delta-rays.-Electrons that are emitted from certain materials due to a-ray bombard-
    ment.
    Deuterium.-See deuteron.
    Deuteron.-This isotope of hydrogen that has twice the atomic weight of the proton.
    Electron &.-The smallest particle of electricity that can exist.
    Positron, + +
    electron. (Charge 4.8025 X lo-"' esu.)
    Negatron, - electron. (Charge - 4.8025 x lO-"esu.)
    Electron shell.-The shell that is used to describe the location of the outer electrons
    of an atom. These are K, L, M , N , 0. (See Table 658.)
    Energy units.-See Table 654. E r g :
    ev-The energy equal to that of an electron moving under an emf of 1 volt = 1.602 X
    lo-" ergs.
    MeV-The energy equal to that of an electron moving under an emf of loa volts.
    amu-The mass-energy of a unit mass of atomic weight = 1.492 >( 1W3ergs.
    Mass unit-Energy value of one gram = 8.987 X 10" ergs.
    Fission.-The breaking down of a heavy atom into two parts of about equal mass.
    (See page 706.)
    Gamma-rays.-Radiation of very short wavelength that results from some radioactive
    breakdown. (See Tables 747-752.)
    H-rays.-Hydrogen atoms that are emitted from certain materials due to a-ray bom-
    bardment.
    h.-Planck constant. See quantum.
    h or f;= h/2*.
    Isobar.-One of two or more nuclei that have the same weight but different atomic
    numbers.
    (con t irturd)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    654
    TABLE 716.-DEFINITIONS O F SOME TERMS USED I N NUCLEAR PHYSICS
    (concluded)
    Isomer.-As applied to an isotope, it is one of two or more that have the same atomic
    number and weight but different radioactive properties.
    Isotope.-One of two or more atomic nuclei that differ in weight but have the same
    atomic number, thus the same chemical characteristics.
    eh
    Magnetic moment.-Nuclear unit of = -= 5.05 x lo-'' erg/oersted where M =
    4rMc
    mass of proton.
    eh
    Magneton (Bohr).-The magnetic moment of the electron = -
    M.2rc
    - 9.27 x lo-"
    erg/oersted.
    Mass-energy ratio.-The relativistic relation between mass and energy, i.e., E = mc'.
    Mass, rest.-The mass of a particle M . when at rest. See Table 714.
    Mass-velocity ratio.-The variation of mass with velocity. v = velocity, then

    +q
    M e = ___Mo c = velocity of light. (See Table 714.)
    27'

    Meson (Mesotron).-See Table 720.


    Maximum velocity.-The highest velocity for any material substance, i.e., the velocity
    of light.
    MeV.-A unit of energy ; an electron moving under an emf of 10' v. (1.603 X lo-' ergs).
    See energy units (Table 654).
    Molecule.-An aggregate of two or more atoms of a substance that exists as a unit.
    Momentum, angular of nucleus, measured in units H = A = h/2r.
    Negatron.-See negative electron. (Sometimes spelled negaton.)
    Neutrino.-See Table 720.
    Neutron.-A neutral particle with a mass about the same as the proton. See Table 720.
    Nucleon.-General name for protons and neutrons.
    Nucleus.-The central part of an atom, i.e., what is left of an atom after all the outer
    electrons are stripped off.
    MI-A
    Packing fraction.-Related to the mass lost when the atom was formed = -
    A
    where M is the atomic, weight of the atom and A the atomic number.
    Photon.-The quantum of radiation = hv.
    Proton.-The nucleus of the smallest unit mass, the smallest isotope of the hydrogen
    atom.
    Positron.-See electron. (Sometimes written positon.)
    Q u a n t u m = hv, a so-called atom of energy. h = Planck constant. See photon.
    Radioactivity.-Natural breakdown of atoms. (See page 672.)
    Range of a particle.-The distance it can move through different media.
    R e s t mass.-The mass of any particle at rest.
    Shower.-(Cosmic rays.) See Bursts. Showers may extend a very great distance, i.e.,
    several hundred meters, and have about ev energy.
    Spin.-Unit of nuclear spin = H = A = h / 2 r .
    Synchrotron.-See Table 718.
    Tritium.-See Triton.
    Triton.-The isotpe of hydrogen that has three times the atomic weight of the proton.
    Ultimate particle.-See Table 720.
    Valence electrons.-The electrons of an atom, in the outer shell that determines its
    chemical valency.
    V a n d e Graaff generator.-See Table 718.
    Volt-electron, ve.-A unit of energy equal to that of an electron moving under an
    emf of 1 volt = 1.602 X lO-"ergs.
    X-rays.-A radiation of very short wavelengths that results when an electron is stopped
    (or started) very quickly, as when striking a metal target. (See page 692.)

    SMITHSOMIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 717.-TABLE OF ISOTOPES * 655
    Naturally Artificially
    Atomic Isotopes radioactive radioactive
    number (total isoto es isoto es Relative abundance of
    Z Element number) (numter) (numler) natural isotopes
    1 Hydrogen 3 1 H' t : H*= 99.9844 : .0156
    2 Helium 3 1 He* : He' = 1.3X lo-' : 99.9999
    3 Lithium 3 1 Lie : Li' = 7.39 : 92.61
    4 Beryllium 4 3 Be' = 100.00
    5 Boron 3 1 B'O: B" = 18.83 : 81.17 ,

    6 Carbon 5 3 C" : C18= 98.9 : 1.1


    7 Nitrogen 5 N" :N" = 99.62 : .38
    8 Oxygen 6 0": 0": 0" = 99.757: .039:
    204
    9 Fluorine 4 F1° = 100.00
    10 Neon 5 Nem: NeZ1: New = 90.51: .28:
    9.21
    11 Sodium 5 4 Na" = 100.00
    12 Magnesium 5 2 Mg": Mg": Mg" 78.60:
    10.11: 11.29
    13 Aluminum 5 4 ~1~~ = IOO.OO
    14 Silicon 5 2 Si": Si": Si" =92.28: 4.67:
    3.05
    15 Phosphorus 5 4 P" = 100.00
    16 Sulfur 7 3 s:z: s:a: ~ 8 '. . S" = 95.06: .74:
    4.18: .016
    17 Chlorine 7 5 CI" : Cl" = 75.4 : 24.6
    18 Argon 7 4 AS': A 8 : A'' = .307: .Om:
    99.633
    19 Potassium 9 KO
    ' 6 KsO:I?": K" = 93.3: ,011 : 6.7
    20 Calcium 10 4 Cam: Cad'. Ca": Ca": Cam:
    Gals = 96.96: .64: .15: 206:
    .0033: .19
    21 Scandium 10 S C d 5 = 100.00
    22 Titanium 9 Ti*': Ti'?: Ti's: Ti40: Ti" =
    7.95 : 7.75 : 73.45 : 5.51 : 5.34
    23 Vanadium 5 VG1= 100.00
    24 Chromium 7 CrW: Crs': C P : CrM = 4.49:
    83.78 : 9.43 : 2.30
    25 Manganese 6 5 Mn" = 100.00
    26 Iron 8 4 FeM: Fe": FeG': Fe" = 5.81 :
    91.64: 2.21 : .34
    27 Cobalt 9 8 CO" = 100.00
    28 Nickel 10 5 Nim: Nim: Ni"': Ni": Ni" =
    67.76: 26.16: 1.25: 3.66: 1.16
    29 Cppper 10 8 Cum: Cum = 69.09 : 30.91
    30 Zinc 12 7 Zn": Znm: Zn": Zn": Zn" =
    48.89 : 27.81 : 4.07 : 18.61 : .620
    31 Gallium 10 8 Ga" : Ga" = 60.2 : 39.8
    '32 Germanium 14 9 Ge": Ge'2: Ge73: Ge": Ge" =
    20.55 : 27.37 : 7.61 : 36.74 : 7.67
    33 Arsenic 9 8 AS" = 100.00
    34 Selenium 16 10 Sell :TO :77 :?R :La :h2 = .87 : 9.02 :
    7.58: 23.52: 49.82: 9.19
    35 Bromine 14 12 Br70: BrR' = 50.5 : 49.5
    36 Krypton 22 16 Kr" :80 :" := :& :RB = .342 : 2.223 :
    11.50: 11.48: 57.02: 17.43
    37 Rubidium 16 Rb" 14 RbsJ: Rbs7= 72.8 : 27.2
    38 Strontium 14 10 . . - .56: 9.86: 7.02:
    Sr84.M.R7."B
    82.56
    39 Yttrium 11 10 Y" = 100.00
    40 Zirconium 12 7 ZrsO :01 .82 .04 .DB = 51.46: 11.23:
    v.ii : i7140: 2.80
    41 Niobium 15 14 NbW= 100.00
    *For reference see footnote 199 p. 618.
    t Numbers following symbol indi'cate names of isotopes of that element.
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    656 T A B L E 717.-TABLE O F ISOTOPES (continued)
    Naturally Artificially
    Atomic Isotopes radioactive radioactive
    number (total isoto es isoto es Relative abundance of
    z Flement number) (numger) (numfer) natural isotopes
    42 Molybdenum 12 5
    9.62
    43 Technetium 19 19 ..............................
    RuWl . . .lo1 .la
    44 Ruthenium 13 6 .88 .88 ,100
    = 5.68:
    .1M

    2.22 : 12.81 :* i2.70 : 16.98 :


    31.34: 18.27
    45 Rhodium 11 10 RhIm= 100.00
    46 Palladium 12 6 pdla .1M
    . .,106 ..lo8 .,108 ..110 -
    - .8: 9.3:
    22.6 : 27.2 : 26.8 : 13.5
    47 Silver 14 12
    48 Cadmium 16 8
    24.07 : 12.26: 28.86 : 7.58
    49 Indium 15 13 In"' : In"' = 4.23 : 95.77
    50 Tin 27 17 Sn112.114. ..11K.1lU.117.1l8.110 .120.122.124
    = .90: .6l:' .35 : 14.07:' 7.54 :
    23.98: 8.62: 33.03: 4.78: 6.11
    51 Antimony 19 17 Sb"' : Sh'" = 57.25 : 42.75
    T p l W . 1 2 2 . 123. 121. 126. 120. 1 2 8 . lSl -
    52 Tellurium 26 18 -- -
    .09i : 2.49: .i39:. 4.83 : .7.oi :
    18.72: 31.72: 34.46
    53 Iodine 17 16
    54 Xenon 22 13 __.
    .094: .088: 1.90: 26.23: 4.07:
    21.17: 26.96: 10.54: 8.95
    55 Cesium 16 15 CS'" = 100.00
    56 Barium 19 12 ~aim.i".i~.~86.im.im.i88 - .101:
    -
    .097 : 2.42 : 6.59 : '7.81 : 11.32:
    71.66
    57 Lanthanum 12 10 La'" : LaIm = .089 : 99.911
    58 Cerium 12 8
    59 Praseodymium 7 6 Prlrl = 100.00
    60 Neodymium 12 NdlM 4 Ndl42.lls.144.146.14U.148.160 -
    - 27.13 :
    12.20 : 23.87 :'8.30: '17.18 : 5.72 :
    5.60
    61 Promethium 8 8 ..............................
    S m 1 4 4 .147 .I48 2 4 0 ,160 .I62 .161 -
    62 Samarium 13 Smm2 6 . . - 3.16:
    15.07: 11.27: ' 13.84: 7.47:
    26.63: 22.53
    63 Europium 11 9 Eul" : Eu'" = 47.77 : 52.23
    64 Gadolinium 11 4 Gdl62 :161 :IS :I68 :IS? :la .I80 - - .20:
    2.15: 14.78: 20.59: 15.71:
    24.78: 21.79
    65 Terbium 7 6 Tb'" = 100.00
    66 Dysprosium 10 3 D,,I68 ,168 ,180 ,161 .1U2 .I- .I% - - .0524 :
    ,0962 : ' 2.294 : ' 18188 : 25.53 :
    24.97 : 28.18
    67 Holmium 7 Holm = 100.00
    68 Erbium 10 Er1@:lU4 .100 . 1 U 1 .188 .I70 - - . l : 1.5:
    32.9: 24.4: 26.9: 14.2
    69 Thulium 8 Tm'" = 100.00
    70 Ytterbium 10 ybl" .I70 .171 ,112 .173 . .I14
    . .17U = .06:
    4.2i : ' 14.26: 2 i h : 17.02:
    29.58: 13.38
    71 Lutetium 7 LU'70 5 Lu176.. LU'" = 97.5 : 2.5
    Hf174 .I70 ,171 ,178 .I78 ,180 -
    72 Hafnium 9 3 -.18: 5.30:
    18.47 :' 27.10: i3.84: 35.11
    73 Tantalum 9 8 Tala' = 100.00
    (continued)

    SMITHSDNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 717.-TABLE O F ISOTOPES (concluded) 657
    Naturally Artificially
    Atomic Isrtopes radioactive radioactive
    number (total isoto e s isoto es Relative abundance of
    Z Element number) (numger) (numb'er) natural isotopes
    74 Tungsten 10 5 w 1 m :I82 .lea .w.1m - .122: 25.77:
    14.24 :' 30.68: 29.17
    75 Rhenium 11 Re'" 9 ReIM:Re'" = 37.07 : 62.93
    76 Osmium 10 3 oSi=
    -~
    :m..I" ..lea .m
    . .m . -
    . .lea - .018:
    1.59: 1.64: 13.3: 16.1: 26.4 :
    41.0
    77 Iridium 6 4 Ir'" : Ir'- = 38.5 : 61.5
    pt10z .lW .lMl .loa ,188 -
    78 Platinum 11 6 - .78: 32.8 :
    33.7 : 25.4 : 7.23
    79 Gold 13 12 AdB?= 100.00
    80 Mercury 13 6 Hg1W .lo8 .108.200 .Po1 .POL - .15 :
    .pW

    1o.i: i7.0 : 23.3 : '13.27 29.6 :


    6.7
    81 Thallium 15 TIm(AcC") 10 TIm :TIm = 29.1 : 70.9
    TIm(ThC")
    TIno(RaC")
    82 Lead 14 PbZ1'(RaD) 6 Pbm :208 :m:20s = I .5 : 23.6 : 22.6 :
    PbZ"(AcB) 52.3
    PbYThB)
    Pb2l4(RaBj
    83 Bismuth 13 Biz'"( RaE) 8 Bim = 100.00
    BiZ1'(AcC)
    Biz"( ThC)
    Biz"( RaC)

    T A B L E 718.-DEVICES FOR PRODUCING HIGH-ENERGY PARTICLES *t$


    I m p u l s e generator.
    T r a n s f o r m e r rectifier.-Max about 2 MeV.
    Electrostatic generator, belt type.-Originated by R. J. Van de Graaff at M.I.T.
    Developed for use in nuclear physics a t M.I.T. by Van de Graaff and a t Carnegie Institu-
    tion in Washington by M. A. Tuve. About 1-3 MeV. Performance improved at Wisconsin,
    by enclosing equipment in pressure chamber (with freon added to air), up to 4-5 Mev
    (under pressure) 100 Ib/in.2 This device can accelerate any kind of charged particle.
    Under construction (M.I.T., Los Alamos) 12 MeV.
    Cyclotron.-Originated at Berkeley by E. 0. Lawrence. For accelerating any heavy
    charged particles (not electrons). 44 Mev alpha-particles, 22 Mev deuterons, 9.5 Mev
    protons.
    Betatron.-Originated at Illinois by D. W. Kerst. For accelerating electrons. 300 MeV,
    Illinois ; 100 MeV, General Electric Co.
    Synchro-cyclotron.-Developed at Berkeley. 390 Mev alpha-particles, 400 Mev pro-
    tons, 195 Mev deuterons.
    Synchrotron (electron).-Berkeley, 335 Mev electrons ; General Electric Co., Cor-
    nell, Michigan, Perdue, Berkeley, about 300 MeV; Harvard, 125 MeV.
    Linear accelerator.-Berkeley, 32 Mev protons ; Stanford, 5.7 Mev electrons (under
    construction, 1000 MeV) ; M.I.T., 20-30 Mev electrons.
    Proton synchrotron.-Berkeley, 3-6 Mev (under construction) ; Brookhaven, 3 Mev
    (under construction).
    Some of the smaller cyclotrons at various laboratories have been converted to F. M.
    cyclotrons. There are now in use, or under construction in this country, over 100 devices
    for producing particles of over 1 Mev energy.
    -This list was prepared by R. G . Herb, University of Wisconsin, and W . W. Brobeck, University
    of California. See Brookhaven National Laboratory Publication BNL-L-101 Particle accelerators 1948.
    t High-speed neutrons cannot, of course, be produced directly by any of 'these devices. Neutrdns are
    produced by bombarding certain materials with one of the high-speed particles produced by these devices.
    If heryllium, boron, or lithium are bombarded by a-particles neutrons are produced thus:
    ,Be0
    +++2 He'+sC"
    sB1l 2 He'+N14
    l H Z hv+,H1
    +
    ++
    'n1

    $ Machines up to about 6 Mev now produced commercially.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    658
    T A B L E 719.-ATOMIC W E I G H T S A N D O T H E R C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F ISOTOPES
    Part 1.-The neutron t o fluorine (I

    Quadrupole
    Atomic Magnetic moment **
    Z Element Isotope mass moment 9 (10-2' cm2)I
    0 n 1 1.008977 -1.91280 3-9
    1 H 1 1.0081374 +2.79254 Z O ......
    2 2.0147 19 + .85735229 +.002766*25
    3 3.016971 +2.978624228 ......
    2 He 3 3.01695 1 (-)2.12741423 ......
    4 4.0039 10 ...... ......
    3 Li 6 6.0 17043 + .82189 2 4 I <9x 1 0 - 4 I
    7
    8
    7.018242
    8.025031
    +3.25586 211
    ......
    +(.02) -t2
    ......
    4 Be 7 7.0 19169 ...... ......
    8 8.007916 ...... ......
    9 9.015098 (-).7849XI*-t5
    10 10.016774 ...... .....
    5 B 9 9.016246 .. .. .. ...... ......
    10 10.016173 +1.8004 &7 +.06&4
    11 ...... +2.68858 2 2 8 +.0322
    6 C 12 12.003900 ...... ......
    13 13.007554 + ,70225 2 1 4 ......
    14 14.007733 ...... ......
    7 N 13 13.009941 ...... ......
    14 14.007565 + ,40365 2 3 +.02
    15 ...... - ,28299 2 3 ......
    8 0 16 ...... ......
    17 17.004515 ...... I <.021
    18 ...... ...... 1<4X10dl
    9 F 19 19.004486 +2.6285 27 ......
    123 References and other footnotes at end of table, p. 663. Superior letters (a, 0 , etc) refer to authorities cited
    in footnote.

    Part 2.-Fluorine to thallium


    -
    Atomic Magnetic Quadrupole
    Z Element Isotope mass moment g moment t I
    10 Ne 18 (18.0114) ...... ....
    19 19.00781 ..... ....
    20 19.99877 -0 ....
    21 20.99963 <O ....
    22 2 1.99844 -0 ....
    23 23.0013 ....
    11 Na 21 21.0035 ..... ....
    22 21.9999 +1.74582 ....
    23 22.99618 +2.21711+25 .fO
    24 24.9975 ..... ....
    25 24.9967 ..... ....
    12 22 22.0062 ..... ....
    23 23.0002 ..... ....
    24 23.9925 "0 ....
    25 24.9938 - .9627 ....
    26 25.9898 GO ....
    27 26.9928 .....
    . . ....
    24.9981 ..... ....
    25.9929 ....
    26.9899 +3.6408 -4 + .156-+3
    27.9903 . . i .

    28.9893 ... ....


    (29.9954) ... ....
    26.9949 ....
    27.9866 ... -0
    29 28.9866 -0
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    659
    TABLE 719.-ATOMIC W E I G H T S AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF ISOTOPES
    (continued)
    Atomic Magnetic Quadrupole
    Z Element Isotope mass Spin 0 moment 0 moment t 0
    30 29.9832 (0) ..... -0
    31 30.9862 ... ..... ....
    32 (31.9849) ... ..... ....
    15 P 29 '28.9919' ... .....
    30 29.9873 ...
    31 30.9843 112 +1.ijiis k 2 0
    32 3 i 9827 ... ..... ....
    33 32.9826 ... ..... ....
    34 33.9826 ... ..... ....
    1B S 31 30.9899 ... .....
    32 31.98089 0 ..... ....
    33 32.98M
    ....... 312 (+)(.3+.2, .9) - .08
    34 33.97710 (0, ..... I <2><10-*l
    35 34.9788 3/2 ..... + .06
    36 35.978 (0) ..... < .01
    37 36.982
    17 c1 33 32.9860 ... ..... ....
    34 33.9801 ...
    35 34.97867 3/2 + .82i9i+22 - .Oi9S+-5
    36 35.9788 2 - .0172k4
    37 36.97750 3/2 + .6841&24 - .062lkS
    38 37.981 ... ..... ....
    39 (38.9794) ... .....
    18 A 35 34.9850 ... .....
    36 35.98780 (0) -0 ....
    37 36.9777 ... ..... ....
    38 38.974 ... ..... ....
    39 (38.9755) ... ..... ....
    40 39.9756 (0) -0
    41 40.9770 ... .....
    19 K 37
    38
    (36.9830)
    37.9795
    ...
    ...
    .....
    .....
    ....
    ....
    39 38.9747 "2 .391+1 ....
    40$ 39.9760 -1.2912 4
    41 40.974 3/2 - .21521 ....
    20 Ca 40 39.97530 (0) -0 ....
    42 41.9711 ... ..... ....
    43 42.9723 ..... ....
    21 sc 45 44.9669 i;i -4.7556-tlO ....
    22 Ti 46 45.9661 ... ....
    47 46.9647 ... ....
    48
    49
    47.9631
    48.9646
    ...
    ... .....
    ....
    ....
    50 49.9621 ... ..... ....
    51 50.5887 ....
    23 V 51 50.9577 i;i ....
    24 Cr 51 50.958 ... ....
    52 51.956 ... ....
    53 52.956 ....
    25 Mn 55 54.957 i;i +3.Gii14 ....
    26 Fe 54 53.957 ... ..... ....
    56 55.9568 ... ..... ....
    57 56.957 -0 ....
    27 co 59 58.94 iii +4.6482 ....
    28 Ni 58 57.9594 ... .. ....
    60 59.9495 ... ..... ....
    61 60.9537 ... -0 ....
    62 61.9493 ... ..... ....
    64 63.9471 ....
    29 cu 63 62.957 3;i +~.ii6ii+36 - .26+10
    65 64.955 3/2 +2.3845+4 - .14210
    30 Zn 64 63.955 (0) -0 ....
    (cont i m e d )

    SMITHMNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    660
    T A B L E 719.-ATOMIC W E I G H T S AND O T H E R CHARACTERISTICS O F ISOTOPES
    (continued)
    Atomic Magnetic Quadrupole
    z Element Isotope mass Spin moment 0 moment t 0
    66 65.954 (0) -0 ....
    67 66.954 5/2 + .9
    68 67.955 (0) -0 ...
    70 69.954 ...
    31 Ga 69 68.952 312 +z.oi67lii + .2318223
    71 70.952 3/2 +2.5614+10 + ,1461215
    32 Ge 70 ..... (0) ..... <7~10-~l
    72 ..... (0) ..... <7~10-~l
    73 ..... 9/2,> 9/2 ..... - .21+10
    74 ..... (0) ..... <7x lo-' I
    76 ..... (0) ..... < 7 x 10-'1
    33 As 75 74.91 3/2 +1.4 + .322
    34 Se 74 ..... (0) .....
    76 ..... (0) -0 <2X'i0-3 I
    77 ..... 7/221,(1/2) ..... <2 x 10-8I
    78 ..... -0 < 2 x 10-3 I
    80 ..... ..... < 2 x 10-81
    82 ..... -0 ....
    35 Br 79 ..... +2.10576237 + ,2628
    81 ..... +2.26%+5 + .21+7
    36 Kr 82 ..... -0 ..
    83 ..... - .9704 + .15....
    84 ..... -0
    86 ..... -0 ....
    37 Rb 85 ..... +1.3532&4 ....
    87$ ..... +2.7501+5 ....
    38 Sr 86 ..... .....
    87 ..... -1.1 ....
    88 ..... -0 ....
    39 Y 89 ..... - .14 ....
    40 Zr 91 ..... ..... ..
    41 Nb 93 ..... +6.165+32 -0
    42 Mo 92 ..... -0 ....
    94 93.945 -0 ....
    95 94.946 ..... ....
    96 95.944 -0 ....
    97 96.945
    98 97.943 -0
    43 Tc
    44 Ru 96 95.945 ..... ....
    98 97.943 ..... ....
    99 98.944
    100 99.942 .....
    101 100.946 .....
    102 101.941 ..... ....
    45 Rh 102 102.941 ..... ....
    103 ..... <O ....
    46 Pd 102 101.941 ..... ....
    104 103.941
    105 104.942 .....
    106 105.941 .....
    108 107.941 .....
    110 109.941 .....
    47 Ag 107 106.945 - ,086 ....
    109 108.944 - .160 ....
    48 Cd 110 -0 ....
    111 ..... - .59492*8 ....
    112 ..... -0
    113 ..... - .6223828
    114 ..... -0
    116 ..... -0 ....
    49 In 113 ..... +5.48623 1.144
    115 ..... +5.50023 1.161
    50 Sn 115 114.940 - .9177*2

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    661
    T A B L E 719.-ATOMIC W E I G H T S A N D O T H E R C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F ISOTOPES
    (continued)
    Atomic Magnetic Quadrupole
    Z Elemenl. .[sotope mass Spin moment 9 moment t g
    116 115.939 (0) -0 ....
    117 116.937 1/2 - ,999722 ....
    118 117.937 (0) -0 ....
    119 118.938 1/2 -1.045922 ....
    120 119.937 (0) -0 ....
    122 121.945 ... ....
    124 123.944 ... ....
    51 Sb 121 ..... 5/2 +3.359i15 - .3*2
    123 ..... 7/2 +2.546525 -1.2*2
    52 Te 123 ..... 1/2 ..... ....
    125 ..... 1/2 ..... ....
    126 ..... (0) -0 ....
    128 ..... (0) -0 ....
    130 ..... (0) -0 ....
    53 I 127 126.92 5/2 +2.808628 - .59220
    129 ..... 7/2 (+)2.74214h - .43*15
    54 Xe 129 ..... 1/2 - ,776621 ....
    131
    132
    .....
    .....
    3/2
    (0)
    +
    -0
    .7 I < .I1
    134 ..... (0) -0 ....
    136 (0) -0 ....
    55 cs 133 ijzbi' 7/2 +2.577129 I< .31
    135 ..... 71'2 +2.727 1233 ....
    137 ..... 7/2 +2.8397 2 3 0 ....
    56 Ba 134 ..... (0) -0
    135 ..... 3/2 + .8346*25 ....
    136 ..... (0) -0 ...
    137 ..... 3/2 -+ ,9351,227 ....
    138 ..... (0) -0 ....
    57 La 139 138.953 7/2 +2.7769228 #O
    58 Ce
    59 Pr 141 140.95 5/2 +4.5938 ....
    60 Nd i45 i44.w ... ..... ....
    146 145.962 ... ..... ....
    148 147.962 ...
    ... ..... ....
    61 Pr
    150: 149.964 ..... ....
    62 Sm 147 ..... (>1/2) .....
    149 ..... (>1/2) ..... ....
    63 Eu 151 ..... 5/2 +3.4 $1.2
    153 ..... 5/2 +1.5 +2.5
    64 Gd 154 153.971 ... ..... ....
    155 154.971 ... ..... ....
    156 155.972 ._.
    .. ..... ....
    ... ....
    ~~

    157 i56.973 .....


    158 157.973 ... ..... ....
    160 159.974 ..... ....
    65 Tb 159 159.2 iii ..... ....
    66 DY
    67 Ho 165 164.94 712 ..... ....
    68 Er
    69 Tm 169 169.4 ..... ....
    70 Yb 171 ..... + .45
    - .65
    ....
    173 ..... +3.924
    71 Lu 175 ..... +2.6 +5.9
    176 t ..... +3.8 +7+1
    72 Hf 177 ..... ..... ....
    178 ..... -0 ....
    179 ..... ..... ....
    180 ..... -0 ....
    73 Ta 181 180.88 +2.1 +6
    74 W 182 ..... ..... ....
    183 ..... ..... ....
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    662
    T A B L E 719.-ATOMIC W E I G H T S A N D O T H E R C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F ISOTOPES
    (continued)
    Atomic Magnetic Quadrupole
    Z Element Isotope mass Spin moment 0 moment t g
    184 ..... (0) ..... ....
    186 ..... (0,) ..... ....
    75 Re 185 ..... 5/L +3.3 (+2.8)
    186 ..... 5/2 ..... ....
    1871: ..... 5/2 +3.3 $2.6
    76 0 s 189 189.04 1/2 ..... ....
    190 190.03 ... ..... ....
    192 192.04 ..... ....
    77 Ir 191 191.04 (>iii) ..... ....
    193 193.04 (312) ..... ....
    78 Pt 194 194.039 (0) -0 ....
    195 195.039 1/2 - ,6059228 ....
    196 196.039 (0) -0 ....
    198 198.05 ..... ....
    79 Au 197 197.04 3;i f 20 ....
    80 Hg 198 ..... (0) -n ....
    199 ..... 1/2 SO413213 ....
    200 ..... (0) -0 ....
    201
    202
    .....
    .....
    3/2
    (0)
    + .5590k1
    -0
    + .5
    ....
    204 ..... (0) -0 ....

    P a r t 3.-Thallium to curium (1950) §

    The masses have been derived as outlined by Stern.d The mass of the a-particle is assumed
    to be 4.00389 mass units and the mass of Pbm is 206.04519 mass units. The masses of thallium,
    lead, and bismuth isotopes are determined from the following neutron binding energies (in MeV) :
    TIm ..... 6.5220.03 Pbm .... 8.15 k0.05 Pbm . . . . 3.87k0.05
    TI" .....7.4820.15 Pbm .... 6.719*0.016 Bim . . . . . 7.44k0.05
    Tlm .....6.3020.03 Pbm . . . . 7.38 k0.008 Biz'' . . . . . 4.6220.015
    The decay energies are taken from a paper by W a p s t r a " except for two corrections. The
    decay energy of RaZ3 is taken to be 170 Kev higher than that given by Wapstra as was assumed
    by Stern. Also, it is assumed that the decay of Razz' is 700 Kev, and the masses based on this
    assumption are in parentheses. A few other disintegration energies not given by Wapstra were
    taken from Perlman, et al.'

    Nuclear Nuclear
    z A M-A Spin 0 magnetons 0 Z A M-A Spin g magnetons 0

    81 T1 203 ,04187 1/2 +1.611 4 2 3 83 Bi 211 .05968* ... ....


    204 .04385 212 .06394$ ... ....
    205 .ow0 iii +1.6272k3 213 ,06720 ... ....
    206 .04702 ... .... 214 .07252$ ... ....
    207 .04854$ ... .... 84 Po 208 ,05244 ... ....
    208 .05339$ ... .... 209 ,05425 ... ....
    209 .05690 ... .... 210 ,05488: . .. ....
    210 .06261$ ... .... 211 .05899$ ... ....
    82 Pb 204 .04291 (0) -0 212 ,06152: ... ....
    205 .044% .... 213 ,06586 ... ....
    206 ,04519 iOj -0 214 ,06548: ... ....
    207 .04696 1/2 + .589421 215
    216
    ,07312:
    .07587:
    ...
    ...
    ....
    ....
    208 ,04802 (0) -0
    209 .05285 ... .... 218 ,083982 ... ....
    210 .05619$ ... .... 85 At 212 ,06138 ... ....
    211 .06117$ ... .... 214 ,06964 ... ....
    212 .06457$ ... .... 215 .07232$ ... ....
    214 .07353* ... .... 216 ,07636: ... ....
    83 Bi 208 .05114 217 .07877 ... ....
    209** .05213 9;2 +4.OSOi 2 5 218 .083652 ... ....
    210 .05614 ... .... 86 Rn 216 .07424 ... ....
    (continued)

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    663
    T A B L E 719.-ATOMIC W E I G H T S A N D O T H E R C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S OF ISOTOPES
    (concluded)
    Nuclear Nuclear
    Z A M-A Spin 0 magnetons Z A M-A Spin 0 magnetons
    86 Rn 216 .07424 ... .... 91 Pa 226 .lo494 ... ....
    217 .07822 ... .... 227 .lo631 ... ....
    218 .08015 ... .... 228 .lo874 ... ....
    219 .08447$ ... 229 .lo988 ....
    220 .08663f ... 231f .11479 jii ....
    222 .09387f ... 232 .11767
    87 Fr 218 .08211 . . . .. 233 (.11966)
    219 .08420 ... .... 234f .12317 ... ....
    220 .08756 ... .... 92 U 228 .lo931
    22 1 .08955 ... .... 229 .11142 ... ....
    223 .0%08f ... .... 230 ,11222 ... ....
    88 Ra 220 .08632 ... 232 .11624 ... ....
    221 .08944 . . . 233 (.119O8) . . . ....
    222 .09116 . . . 234f .12110 ....
    223 .09479f ... 23.9 .12392 (:5;2,7/2) ....
    224 .09673f . . . .... 237 (.129D) ... ....
    225 (.10053) ... .... 2383 .13226 ... ....
    226 .10300f ... .... 239 .13606 ... ....
    228 .10928f ... .... 93 NP 231 .11696 ... ....
    89 Ac 222 .09361 ... .... 233 .11985 ... ....
    223 .09535 . . . 235 .12421 ... ....
    224 .09819 ... 237 (.12874) 5 / 2 ....
    225 ,09978 . . . 238 .13248 ... ....
    227 .10539f ... .... 239 .13470
    228 .10926f ... .... 94 P u 232 ,12039
    90 Th 224 ,09808 . . . .... 234 .12283
    225 .loo51 . . . .... 236 .12641 ... ....
    226 ,10193 . . . .... 238 .13099 . . . ....
    227 .10528f ... .... 239 .13343 ... ....
    228 .10655f ... 241 ( ,13864) . . . ....
    229 (.10992) ... Am 239 .13440 . . . ....
    230 .11201f ... 241 (.13862) .... ....
    231 .11505 ... .... 242 .14206 . . . ....
    232 .11751f . . . .... 96 Cm 238 .13382
    233 (.12095) . . . 240 .13713
    234 ,12381f ... .... 242 .14152

    Z23References: a, Tollestrup, Fowler, and Lauritsen, Phys. Rev. vol. 78 p. 372 1950. 11, n e t h e H. A.
    Elementary nuclear theory. John Wilev & Sons, Inc., 1947; Rasetti,' F.. Elements oi nuclear physics. Prentice-
    Hall. Inc.. 1936; Poss, H. L., Phys. Rev.. vol. 75. D. 600, 1949. c , Harvey. J. A.. Bull. Amer. ,Phys. Soc.,
    vol. 25, D. U4, 1950. d. Stern. M. 0.. Rev. Mod. Phys.. Anril 19.49. e, W a p s t r a , A. H.. Phvslca, vol. 16,
    p. 33, 1950. f , Perlman, I., Ghiorso, A., a n d Seaborg, G. T. Phys. Rev., vol. 77, p. 26 1950; Kinsey R . B..
    et al., Phys. Rev.. vol. 78, p. 77 1950; also private communications; Hanson. et al.. Phys.' Rev., vol. 76,'p. 578,
    1949. K, Ramsey, Norman, Lxperimental nuclear physics (forthcominpl, John Wileu & S r n s . Inc.
    Note added in proof, 1953.-Because of recent mass measurements, the mass of PI, should be taken as
    206.03859. All mass values should be lowered 0.00660 mass units. See Stone, Martin O., Rep. Univ. California
    Radiation Lab., Ap:iI 1952.
    I = spin. Quadrupole moment = -0.4. t (10-24 cmr). $ Radioactive series. P Prepared by
    J. A. Harvey, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (see footnote 223, above, reference c).

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    664
    TABLE 720.-SOME F U N D A M E N T A L PARTICLES OF MODERN PHYSICS *
    Electron.-A negatively charged stable particle. The negative charge surrounding the
    nuclei in all neutral atoms consists entirely of electrons.
    Positron.-A particle of the same mass, Me,as an ordinary electron. It has a positive
    electrical charge of exactly the same amount as that of an ordinary electron (which is
    sometimes called negatron). Positrons are created either by the radioactive decay of cer-
    tain unstable nuclei or, together with a negatron, in a collision between an energetic (more
    than one MeV) photon and an electrically charged particle (or another photon). A positron
    does not decay spontaneously but on passing through matter it sooner or later collides
    with an ordinary electron and in this collision the positron-negatron pair is annihilated.
    The rest energy of the two particles, which is given by Einstein's relation E = mc'
    and amounts to 1.0216 Mev altogether, is converted into electromagnetic radiation in the
    form of one or more photons.
    Proton.-This is the nucleus of an ordinary hydrogen atom. It has a positive charge
    of exactly the same amount as that of an electron and a mass M P which is 1837 times
    larger than M e and is a stable particle. No experimental evidence of negative protons has
    been found as yet.
    Neutron.-An electrically neutral particle of mass only very slightly greater (by a
    factor of 1.0013) than that of the proton. Neutrons are produced in various nuclear re-
    actions. In the free state a neutron I S unstable, decaying spontaneously with a half-life of
    about 10 minutes into a proton, and electron and (presumably) a neutrino. When passing
    through matter a neutron can also be captured by atomic nuclei.
    Deuteron.7-Nucleus of H2.
    a-particle.?-Nucleus of He'.
    Meson.-Two types of particles of mass intermediate between that of the electron and
    proton have been discovered in cosmic radiation and in the laboratory. The one particle
    with mass about 215 me is called p-meson, the other with about 280 me r-meson. Mesons
    of both positive and negative charge have been found and there is now reasonably good
    evidence for neutral mesons. Both types of mesons decay spontaneously. Some evidence
    exists for a meson of mass aboqt 1000 ~ i i ~ .
    Neutrino.-An electrically neutral particle of mass very much smaller than that of the
    electron and possibly zero. There exists as yet no direct experimental evidence for the
    existence of neutrinos since they interact extremely weakly with matter (e.g., only a small
    fraction of neutrinos passing through a body of solar mass would be absorbed). There
    exist, however, extensive measurements on the momentum and energy of the parent and
    daughter nucleus and of the emitted ,!?-particle in a ,!?-decay process. These measurements
    show that energy and momentum (as well as spin and charge) in such a process can be
    conserved i f , and only if, a light neutral particle such as the neutrino is emitted together
    with the P-particle.
    Photon.-A photon (or y-ray) is a quantum of electromagnetic radiation which has zero
    rest mass and an energy of h (Planck's constant) times the frequency of the radiation.
    Photons are generated in collisions between nuclei or electrons and in any other process in
    which an electrically charged particle changes its momentum. Conversely photons can he
    absorbed (i.e., annihilated) by any charged particle.
    There have been some reports of other particles than those listed above.

    Magnetic
    moment
    Mass Spin Charge (nuclear
    (9) (W (esu) magnetons)
    Electron, negative (negatron) e - . .. 9.1066X10~2R 1/2 -4.8025X10-10 ....
    Electron, positive (positron) e + .. . 9.1066X10~28 ... +4.8025x lo-'' ....
    Proton, p ....................... 1.6725X10-2' 1/2 +4.8025X10-10 2.7926
    Neutron, II. ...................... 1.6747x10-" none -1.9135
    Deuteron, d ..................... 3.34486XIO-*' 'I
    1 2 +4.8025X10-'" ,8565
    a-particle ....................... 6.6442X10-2' none +9.6050X10-10 0

    Rest mass
    (electron Spin Charge Mean life Mode of Mode of
    Name Symhol mass) (20 esu (set) decay capture
    ++-meson p+ 209 1/2 +4.8025x10-10 2.15)<10-6 pt+e++2v ......
    p--meson p- 209 1/2 -4.8025X10-10 2.15XlO-' p---+e-+Zv p-+P+n.+ y
    r+-meson r+ 275 Oor 1 +4.8025X10-'0 2.96XlO-* r'-w++v
    rI-meson r- 275 Oor 1 -4.8025X10-'0 2.96x 10.' r-+fi-+v r-+p-W
    r -meson ro 265 0 0 <5x lo-" r"+Zr ......
    photon$ Y 0 integral 0 ...... ...... ......
    neutrino v <.005 1/2 0 ...... ...... ......
    .P r q n r e d by E. E. Salpeter and W . K. H. Wolfgang.
    quantum). hv: Y: value (A = . 6 p ) = 3.310X10-'* ergs.
    t Not fundamental. t The photon (radiation

    $MITHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 721.-NUCLEAR REACTIONS * 665
    If a neutron or proton (or a light nucleus) approaches a nucleus at a distance less than
    the range of nuclear forces it may interact with the nucleus in various ways. If the kinetic
    energy of the incident particle is not more than a few Mev it is usually first captured by
    the nucleus, forming a compound nucleus. This compound nucleus is in an excited state
    (having an excess energy due to the extra binding energy of the additional particle as well
    as its initial kinetic energy) and in a short time either (a) makes a transition to its ground-
    state releasing the excess energy in the form of photons, (b) re-emits the incident particle
    returning to the ground-state or an excited state of the original nucleus (elastic or inelastic
    scattering), or (c) emits some other particle (neutron, proton, deuteron or a-particle
    usually).
    A neutron does not experience any Coulomb repulsion on approaching a nucleus and
    hence can react with a nucleus however low its kinetic energy. However, if the incident
    particle is a proton or deuteron (and even more so if it is an a-particle) it has to overcome
    an energy barrier due to the electrostatic Coulomb repulsion of the nucleus. For a proton
    incident on a light nucleus (small 2 ) this barrier is a few hundred Kev and increases
    almost proportionately with 2. If the kinetic energy of an incident proton is larger than
    this barrier it can react about as easily as a neutron. If its energy is lower it can still
    react due to a purely quantum phenomenon called barrier penetration, but the probability
    of such a reaction's taking place decreases extremely rapidly as the kinetic energy is
    decreased relative to the barrier.
    Nuclear processes in stars.-There are no free neutrons in stellar interiors (any
    produced are quickly captured by nuclei), but there is a large proportion of ionized hydro-
    gen and helium (protons and a-particles). At a stellar temperature of, say, 2x10' "C the
    mean thermal kinetic energy of a proton is less than 2 Kev which is appreciably less than
    the Coulomb barrier of even light nuclei. This means that the reaction rate for protons
    being captured by a nucleus in stars is in general low and decreases very rapidly with
    increasing charge 2 of the nucleus, reactions with nuclei of 2 greater than 8 (oxygen)
    being negligible for practical purposes in stars.
    Two different cycles (the carbon and proton-proton cycle respectively) are of importance
    in connection with nuclear energy production in stars. In each of these cycles four protons
    are captured, separately, by certain light nuclei, two of the compound nuclei thus formed,
    beta-decay, emitting a positron and neutrino. Each positron subsequently finds an electron
    and the pair is annihilated, accompanied by the emission of photons. The net effect in each
    of these cycles is that four protons and two electrons have disappeared, an a-particle has
    appeared in their place and two neutrinos have been emitted. The energy generated is the
    total binding energy of an a-particle plus the rest-energy of two electrons which amounts
    to about 29 Mev per cycle. About 7 percent of this energy is lost in the form of kinetic
    energy of neutrinos, which escape without interacting any further. The remaining 93 per-
    cent of the energy is converted into thermal kinetic energy and radiation. The photons
    created in the original nuclear processes are absorbed after traversing only a short distance
    in the star and a larger number of photons of lower frequency are emitted, etc., so that
    the radiation finally leaving the star has approximately the spectral distribution of black-
    body radiation. The rate a t which these cycles take place and hence the rate of energy-
    production increases very much for even a small increase in the stellar temperature.
    -Prepared by E. E. Salpeter.

    T A B L E 722.-THE T H E O R E T I C A L D E BROGLIE W A V E L E N G T H S ASSOCI-


    A T E D W I T H VARIOUS P A R T I C L E S A N D BODIES O F GROSS M A T T E R m

    0 = h / ( m4 1
    De Broglie
    Velocity Energy wavelengths
    Particle Mass in g cm/sec ergs A
    Slow electron .............9.1 xlO-= 1 4.5 x10-m 7.3X108
    I-volt-electron ............9.1 xlO-= 5.9 XI07 1.G XIO-'~ 12.
    100-volt-electron .......... 9.1 xIO-" 5.9 X108 1.6 ~ 1 0 - ~ O 1.2
    10,000-volt-electron ........ 9.2 X ~ O - ~ ~ 5.0 x l o e 1.6 x10-8 .12
    HImolecule at 200°C.. ..... 3.3 x10-= 2.4 x10" 9.5 x10-14 .82
    100-volt proton ............ 1.67 lo-"x 1.38 10' x 1.6 x10-0 .029
    100-volt a-particle ......... 5.6 xlO-" 6.94x 10" 1.6 XlO-'* ,0143
    a-particle from radium. .... 6.6 xlO-" 2.1 XIOO 1.45xlo-' 6.6x lo-'
    22 rifle bullet .............. 1.9 32.000 9.5 X108 1.1 x lo-=
    Golf ball .................. 45 3,000 2.0 X108 4.9x10-"
    Baseball .................. 140 2,500 4.4 x108 1.9x lo-"
    .pl Stranathan, J. D., The particles of modern physics, Blakiston Co., 1942. Used by permission of
    the publishers.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    666
    TABLE 723.-RATES O F NUCLEAR REACTIONS IN S T A R S A N D O F ENERGY
    PRODUCTION AT VARIOUS T E M P E R A T U R E S * m

    Reaction Temnerature:
    iOXl0' 15x10' 17.5XlOe 20X10° 25x10' 30XlO'
    H1+H1-+H2+e+ 6~1010yr 1.2XlO"Jyr 6X10gyr 4XlOayr 2X109yr 1XlO'Yr
    H2+Hl-+He3+y 15 sec 2 sec 1 sec .5 sec .2 sec .1 sec
    HeS+He'+Be'+y ,;X,l;yr 1.5XlOgyr 1.2X108yr 1.5X107yr 5X106yr SXl(rYr
    Be'-+Li'-c- 70 days 70 days 70 days 70 days 70 days
    Ti7+H+He'+He' 10 hr 50 min 50 sec 15 sec 2 sec .4 sec
    Mean l i f e o f hydrogen 6XlO'Oyr 3X10Dyr 1.5X108yr lXIODYr 5X10'Yr 3X10*Yr
    Energy production in
    ergs/ ( g sec) .75 40 80 120 250 400

    P a r t 2.-Carbon cycle, t e m p e r a t u r e s in " K

    Reaction Temperature:
    10x10~ 15x100 17.5X100 20x100 25x100 30X10'
    C1z+H1-+N13+y 2XlODyr 1XlOayr 6XlO'yr 7XlOSyr 200 y r 15 Y'.
    NlJ-+C'3+e+ 10 min 10 min 1 0 mln 10 min 10 min 10 min
    C'"+H'-+N"+y <5X108yr <2.5X106yr 51.5XlO'yr <1.5XlOSyr 5 5 0 yr 5 3 yr

    Relative alnmdances of N": C'2: C'3: N'" at a temperature of 17.5X100 "K a r e in the approximate ratios of
    5,000: 200: 50: 1.

    Note that the energy-production for the carbon cycle increases much more rapidly with tem-
    perature than for the proton-proton cycle. At very "low" temperatures (<lo7 "K) the proton-
    proton reactions are the only ones of importance. ?'he net result at these te6peratures is the for-
    mation of He3 and a positron out of three H' nuclei, since the reaction between He' and He' is
    then too slow to be important. In Table 724 the reaction times of a few other nuclear reactions
    are given merely to show the rapid increase of the reaction time with increasing charge of the
    interacting nuclei especially a t lower temperatures. None of the reactions listed in Table 724 are
    of importance as sources of stellar energy.
    ~~

    Tables 723 and 724 prepared by E. E. Salpeter.


    226 Hethe, Phys. Rev., vol. 5 5 , p. 434, 1939; Astrophys. Journ., vol. 92 118, 1940. Gamow and Critch-
    field, Theory of atomc nucleus and nuclear energy sources, Oxford Univ.' bress, 1940. Fowler, W. A,. and
    Hall, R. N., Phys. Rev., vol. 77, p. 197, 1950, and private communication. Christy, R. F., and O'Reilly, J.,
    unpublished work.

    TABLE 724.-TIMES R E Q U I R E D FOR SOME O T H E R REACTIONS

    Reaction Temperature: 15x100 "K 20XlP'K 30x10' "K


    5x10" yr 1X lo7 yr 5x108yr
    1x10' yr 5x10' yr 5x10' yr
    5x 10l8yr 2XlO"yr 1x10' yr
    . . 5>< 10" yr 5x 10'' yr 5x10' yr
    Li'+ He'<B1'+Y 2x10" vr 2 X 10" vr 2XlO"yr
    Be'+ He'+C"+r 1x lomr; 2XlO"yr

    All mean reaction times are proportions1 to the density p of the stellar material and to
    CII, the percentage by weight of hydrogen (except the reactions in which one of the collid-
    ing nuclei is He' instead of H' in which case Cne replaces Crr). The figures in the above
    tahles are for CW= 67 percent, Crl. = 30 percent, and for p = 160 g/cm3. T h e calculations
    of Christy and O'Reilly* for the interior of the sun give these values for Crl, Crr, and p as
    well as a concentration of 1.5 percent for carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen combined and of
    1.5 percent for all other elements combined. Their calculations predict a temperature of
    about 17X lo" "K i n the interior of the sun. The mean life of all the hydrogen now present
    and the total energy production due to the proton-proton cycle and the carbon cycle are
    also given in Table 723. For the carbon cycle the mean life of hydrogen and the enerqy
    production depend on the concentration of the isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. These ele-
    ments play the role of a "catalyst" controlling the speed of the reaction and are reproduced
    at the end of each cycle. The figures in Part 2 of Tahle 723 are for a concentration of 1
    percent by weight for N".
    * For reference, see footnote 225 above.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    667
    T A B L E 7 2 5 . P L O W N E U T R O N PRODUCED R A D I O A C T I V I T I E S OF LONG
    HALF-LIFE *

    Max energy Max energy Percent


    0-particles y-fays Thermal neutron abundance
    emitted emitted cross section of parent
    Half-life Mev Mev in barns nucleus
    12.1 vr .O 179 none .016
    12.1 ;r .0179 none 7.5
    12.1 yr .0179 nme 1.2x lo-'
    2.7X10a yr .6 none 100.
    5700 yr .156 none 99.6
    5700 y r .156 none 1.12
    14.8 hr 1.39 2.76 100.
    170 min 1.8 none 3.05
    14.3 d 1.72 none 100.
    87.1 d .169 none 4.15
    2 x 10'yr .64 none 53. 75.4
    37.5 min 4.94 2.15 .6 24.6
    1.83 hr 2.55 1.37 1.2 99.6
    12.4 hr 3.5 1.5 1.o 6.6
    152 d .260 none .63 2.06
    2.5 hr 2.3 .8 .2 .19
    85 d 1.49 1.12 22. 100.
    72 d .36 1.o .04 5.34
    26.5 d K capture .32 16.2 4.49
    2.59 hr 2.81 2.06 12.8 100.
    4; zr
    5.3 y r
    K capture
    .46
    .3
    .07
    1.30
    1.3
    2.1
    .32
    22.5
    5.8
    100.
    .28
    2.6 hr 1.9 1.1 2.6 .88
    12.8 hr .66 1.35 4.3 69.1
    250 d .4 1.14 .51 50.9
    13.8 hr I.T. .44 .09 17.4
    57 min 1.o none .9 17.4
    14.1 hr 3.17 2.5 3.4 39.8
    40 hr 1.2 .... .073 21.2
    21.2
    11.4 d K capture .32 .45
    89 min 1.2 .... .60 36.7
    12 hr 2.0 .... .085 7.7
    26.8 hr 3.0 1.2 4.6 100.
    127 d K capture .5 24. .87
    58 min I.T. .10 .03 49.8
    4.4 hr I.T. .049 3.0 50.6
    34 hr .47 1.35 2.25 49.4
    34 hr .9 .2 .27 .34
    4.5 hr .94 .37 .96 57.
    9.4 yr .74 none .06 57.
    74 min 4. .... .06 17.4
    19.5 d 1.8 1.08 .72 72.8
    2.7 hr I.T. .386 1.3 9.9
    55 d 1.5 none .005 82.6
    62 hr 2.35 none 1.2 100.
    65 d 1.o .92 .1 17.
    17 hr 2.1 .8 2.8
    6.7 hr 3.7 1.6 .L 15.9
    67 hr 1.5 .75 .37 24.
    6.6 hr I.T. .136 from Momdecay
    2.8 d K capture .23 .01 5.7
    41 d .67 .55 1.2 31.3
    4 hr 1.35 .76 .67 18.3
    35 hr .78 .3
    13 hr 1.1 none 27.
    26 rnin 3.5 .... 13.5
    225 d .59 1.40 48.7
    7.5 d 1.o none
    48.6 miii I.T. .247 12.8
    Revised hy Jacoli I*. Rhodes 1.niversity of Pennsylvania.
    Ste hens, W. E.. (editor),'Nuclear fission and atomic energy, Science Press. Used by permission
    of the elitor.
    (continued)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    668
    T A B L E 725.-SLOW N E U T R O N PRODUCED R A D I O A C T I V I T I E S O F LONG
    H A LF-L I F E (conc I uded)
    Max energy Max energy Percent
    &particles y-rays Thermal neutron abundance
    emitted emitted cross section of parent
    Half-life Mev Mev in barns nucleus
    43 d 1.7 .5 .14 28.
    2.33 d 1.13 .55 1.1 28.
    2.8 hr 1.7 .... 1.4 7.3
    48 d I.T. .I9 61. 4.5
    53.9 min .85 2.32 56. 95.77
    105 d .080 ,085 1.1 1.1
    2.8 d 1.94 .57 6.8 57.
    60 d 2.37 2.06 2.5 44.
    9.3 hr .70 none .78 18.7
    72 mln 1.8 .8 .13 31.8
    25 min 2.02 ,428 6.8 100.
    8 d .687 .37 from Telal decay
    5.27 d .35 .085 .2 26.9
    3.1 hr 2.4 .7 .016 100.
    2.3 yr .66 1.40 26. 100.
    11.7 d K capture 1.2 24. .09
    85 min 2.27 .163 .5 71.7
    40 hr 2.12 2.3 9. 99.9
    30 d .6 .2 .95 88.5
    33 hr 1.35 .5 .31 11.1
    19.3 hr 2.14 1.9 11. 100.
    11.0 d .90 .58 1.5 16.5
    1.7 hr 1.5 .... 2.4 6.8
    47 hr .78 .61 280. 26.6
    25 min 1.9 .3 6. 22.5
    9.2 hr 1.88 ,725 1530. 49.1
    7 Yr .9 1.2 1000. 52.2
    18 h r .95 .38 1.1 24.8
    3.9 hr .... .... 11. 100.
    75 d .88 1.15 22. 100.
    2.5 hr 1.2 .8 2700. 27.3
    27.2 hr 1.6 .... 67. 100.
    9.4 d .33 none .... 27.1
    7.5 hr 1.5 .81 7. 14.9
    127 d .98 .83(?) 118. 100.
    33 d K capture .4 18,000. .I4
    4.1 d SO .35 50. 31.8
    2.1 hr 1.2 .... 5. 12.7
    3.7 hr 1.15 none 30. 97.5
    6.6 d .47 .2 3200. 2.5
    46d .46 .47 10. 35.1
    120 d .53 1.22 20.6 100.
    73 d .43 none 2.1 30.7
    24.1 hr 1.33 .69 37.2 29.2
    90 hr 1.05 none 101. 38.2
    18 hr 2.05 1.43 75. 61.8
    15 d .I42 .I29 3.4 26.4
    32 hr 1.2 1.58 3.9 41.0
    70 d .67 .a7 740. 38.5
    19 hr 2.2 1.4 130. 61.5
    3.3 d ... 4.5 25.4
    18 hr .7 .... 1.1 25.4
    31 min 1.8 .... 3.9 7.2
    2.7 d .96 .411 96. 100.
    51.5 d .21 .3 2.4 29.6
    3.5 yr .87 none 7.5 29.2
    3.32 yr .68 none .00045 52.3
    5.0 d 1.17 none .015 100.
    138 d ... . from Bizlodecay
    23.5 min 1.6 none 100.
    25 d 23 .30 from T€?' decay
    23.5 min 1.20 .076 99.
    2.3 d 1.18 .27 from Ug decay

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 726.-ARTIFICIAL DISINTEGRATION 669
    When various materials are bombarded with the high-speed particles produced by one of the de-
    vices given in Table.718, disintegrations, or the building up of elements higher in the atomic
    table, result. Some examples of these reactions are given in the table.
    P a r t 1.-Some values of the energy of artificial disintegration for different isotopes and
    for different reactions

    Neutron bombardment
    - 2.320 Mev - 9.57 Mev
    2.6
    - 2 8 Mev
    .60
    .764
    - 2.9 - .so
    6.69 -15.6
    4.785 - 2.31
    1.98 - 1.63 1.73
    2.79 - 7.43 - 4.10
    .22 -18.68 .626
    .20 - 3.94 -11.43
    - 6.66 - 9.97
    Proton bombardment
    5.53 Mev ,558 3.00
    4.021 8.70 4.92
    - 1.645 - 5.2 1.92
    17.21 1.146 'I4 7.56
    17.28 8.57 2.96
    559 - 2.762 8.113
    6.49 15.96 3.84
    - 1.84 2.455
    2.125 Mev

    Deuteron bombardment
    Li*(d,a) He' 22.23 Mev 8.03 Mev 5.99 Mev
    Lie(d,n) Bee 3.54 13.78 13.50
    Lin(d,p)Li7 5.012 .4 8.57
    LP(d,n) Be7 3.34 7:09 5.1
    Li'(d,a)He' 22.29 4.53 - 4.36
    Li7(d,p) Lie - .193 4.52 6.16
    LP(d,a)He" 14.3 2.726 7.62
    B'"(d,a) Bes,Bes a 17.81 - .279 3.07
    B lo( d,p ) B 11,B" a 9.24 5.10
    B"'(d,n)C'' 6.53
    a-ray bombardment
    Bes(a,a')Besfn - 1.63 Mev LiT(a,n)B'o,B'O - 2.78 Mev Bes(a,a')BeO. - 1.63 Mev
    Bes(a,a')Bee - 1.63 Blo( a,d) C'2 1.44 B"(a,n) N14 .28
    Bee(a,a')HeB
    'Bee(a,a')%a n
    LiO(a,p)Bea
    ++ -
    a- 2.4
    - 1.58
    2.12
    B'O(a,p)C'S,C''
    B'o(a,n) N18
    %e~(a,n)CIZ,CIZ
    4.14
    1.18
    5.75
    B''(a,p) C"
    C'2(a,n) 0 1 6
    .88
    - 8.4

    PnHornyak, W. F., and Lauritsen, T., Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 20, p. 191, 1948; Phys. Rev., vol. 78,
    p. 372, 1950.

    P a r t 2.-Photo-nuclear reactions, threshold' values 228

    2.20f .05 Mev 15.9 f .4 Mev 6.442 . I 5 Mc!V


    1.63f .3 13.8 f .2 6.51k .15
    9.0 + .5 10.15f .20 8.5Of .I5
    18.7 i l . 0 10.9 +- .2 9.252 .2
    10.65k .2 10.2 f .2 9.3 2 .2
    16.2 f .3 11.8Of .20 9.40-C .10
    il.5 fl.0 9.20f .20 7.402 .20
    14.0 f l . 0 10.7 f .20 7.7 +- .2
    14.0 f .4 10.2 f .20 8.OOf .I5
    16.8 f .4 12.48f .15 6.25f .20
    12.35f .2 7.20f .40 7.38f .15
    14.8 f .4 13.28f .I5 6.85f .20
    13.2 f .2 7.10k .30 7.45k .2

    ma McElhinney, J., Hanson, A. 0..Becker, R. A,, Duffield, R. B., and Diven, B. C., Phys. Rev., vol. 75,
    p. 542, 1949.

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    670
    T A B L E 727.-METHODS O F PRODUCING E L E M E N T S BEYOND URANIUM ppo

    The heavier elements, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, and Cf may be produced by artificial trans-
    formation of U, followed by radioactive breakdown. A few examples follow :
    ozu= + O d -+

    For quantity production :


    +
    84PUZW o d + "4PU"O + y
    WPU"O + 011' 3 WPU"' +y
    + p-
    +u2Amar1
    S~PU'''
    prPurn + ?He' j ,,,,Cine'' +
    or + + on1+ o~t'

    For quantity production :


    +
    05Am2'1 on'+ llsAm"2 y+
    u,Am212* +,,Cm"' +p
    SjAm'" + z H e ' j , K B ~+
    * ' ~ + on'
    d m * ' 2 + 2He' + ,,Cf"'+ "n' +

    G . T. Seahorg, private communication.


    Sixteen-hour+ 100-year isomers.

    T A B L E 728.-PlLE YIELDS OF SOME ISOTOPES*


    Calculated for 10 liters of material exposed to 10" neutrons cm-' sec-'

    Cross section
    in units of
    10-2' cmy Density
    times relative of Atomic Mean
    Radioactive isotope material Half-life weight of free path Yields
    isotope abundance g/cmS in hours material cm mc/hr
    H3 10-7 1 1.1~105 9 7 x 10' 10-7
    Be" ,0086 1.85 2.4X1010 9 570 7 x lo-*
    1.7 1.6 4x10' 30 12 2x10-s
    .4 .97 14.8 23 60 1100
    .23 2.2 343 31 60 45
    .066 .86 12.4 39 680 120
    Ca'5 .012 1.54 3650 40 2220 .12
    Fe5' .oo1 4.86 1110 56 7000 .1
    ZIP .26 7.14 6000 65 65 4.5
    As'" 4.6 5.7 26.8 75 2.86 1300
    BrH2 1.12 3.12 34 80 22.8 1300
    Rb" .52 1.53 469 85 106 20
    Sr" .0041 2.6 1770 88 8000 .I
    Ag"' 1.1 10.5 5400 108 .41 200
    IIPm 2.74 7.3 1150 115 5.7 150
    Taloz 20.6 16.6 2800 181 .48 680
    Biz10 .015 9.8 120 209 1420 6
    Revised by J. L. Rhodes. For reference, see footnote 226, p. 667.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    67 1
    T A B L E 7 2 9 . P O M P A R A T l V E PROPERTIES O F ORDINARY A N D
    HEAVY WATER*

    Property Hz0 H20


    Specific gravity at 25°C relative to ordinary water
    at 25°C ...................................... 1.0000 1.1079
    Temperature of maximum density. ............... 4.0"C 11.6"C
    Dielectric constant ............................. 81.5 80.7
    Surface tension ................................ 72.75 dynes/cm 67.8
    Viscosity at 10°C.. ............................. 13.10 millipoises 16.85
    Melting point .................................. .OOO"c 3.802"C
    Boiling point (76 cmHg pressure). ............... 100.OO"C 101.42"C
    Heat of fusion.. ................................ 1436 cal/mole 1510
    Heat of vaporization at 25°C.. .................. 10484 cal/mole 10743
    Refractive index at 20°C for N a D line.. .......... 1.33300 1.32828

    * For reference, see footnote 224, p. 665.

    T A B L E 730.-THE M E C H A N I C A L E F F E C T S OF R A D I A T I O N 230

    Wavelengths, Nature of Effect on Temperature, Where


    cm radiation atom O K found

    7500x104)
    3750~10-~
    Visible radiation Disturbs outermost
    electrons 7700
    Stellar
    atmosphere
    25ox Disturb inner 115,000
    X-rays Stellar
    lo-* electrons interiors
    5x10-0 Strip off all or nearly Central
    Soft y-rays all electrons regions of
    10-9 dense stars
    4x10-" y-rays of RaB Disturb nuclear 720,000,000 ?
    arrangements
    5><10-11 Hardest y-rays ...... 5 8 x 10'
    4.5x10-" ? Building of H e atom 64x10'
    out of H
    2X10-12 Highly penetrating Disintegrates nuclei 15x 10'0
    1.3x lo-" ? Annihilation or creation 22x10"
    of proton and accom-
    panying electron

    zm Nat. Res. Council Bull. 80; 1931.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    672 TABLES 731-758.-RADIOACTIVITY *
    A number of elements (12 ; 43 isotopes) of high atomic weight, now found
    in the earth, and one of the isotopes of each of six lighter elements (Table 732)
    are unstable in that they spontaneously break down into other elements, emit-
    ting a, p or rays. The study of artificial radioactivity shows some other
    types of breakdown. Some of the artificial radioactive nuclei break down by
    the emission of positive electrons or of neutrons ; a K electron may be captured
    (designated by K ) ; some internal conversion of electrons may take place ( e - )
    or there may be some isomeric transition of the nucleus (I.T.).
    The characteristics of the three rays-a, p, and y-are quite different. A
    3 Mev a-particle has a velocity of about 1/25 that of light, a range in air of
    1.7 cm, and produces some 4,000 ion pairs per mm in air at 760 mmHg at
    15°C. A 3 Mev &ray has a velocity of nearly 99 percent of that of light and
    a range in air of about 13 meters, and produces only about 4 ion pairs per mm
    in air. The energy of a y-ray, which is very short-wavelength radiant energy,
    is E = hv, and it has the velocity of light. Thus a 3 Mev y-ray has a wave-
    length of 4.1 XU. However, the y-rays given by the natural radioactive mate-
    rials have much less energy than this (4 MeV) , generally about 1 MeV. [Sonie
    artificial radioactive materials emit y-rays with very high energy (See Tables
    750-752.) .] The wavelengths of the y-rays from natural radioactivity particles
    range from about 4.5 to about 4,000 XU. y-rays have a very long range.
    A y-ray produces directly no ions along its path but spends almost its entire
    energy in producing a photoelectron. Rutherford says that the p r a y s are
    about 100 times as penetrating as the a-rays, and the 7-rays 10 to 100 times as
    penetrating as the P-rays.
    Today it should be stated that, in general, the radioactive isotopes (about
    43 in number) of these 12 elements change into other isotopes, either smaller
    or of the same weight, depending upon the type of breakdown. The nucleus
    of the resulting isotope may be smaller in weight by about four units and have
    a charge two units smaller than the parent due to the emission of an a-particle,
    or it may be of almost the same weight and have a charge one unit greater due
    to the emission of a p r a y . There are several changes in both the weight and
    charge that may take place for some of the artificial radioactive nuclei.
    The character of these changes varies with the element and seems to be
    determined by some probability law. It does not seem possible, by any ordinary
    physical or chemical means, to change these characteristics. (See artificial dis-
    integration, Table 726.)
    * Forreference, see footnote 199, p. 618.
    Rutherford,
    *mO. E., Chadwick, J., and Ellis, C. D., Radiation from radioactive substances,
    Cambridge Univ. Press, 1930.

    T A B L E 731.-UNITS FOR T H E R A T E O F R A D I O A C T I V E D I S I N T E G R A T I O N
    The curie, the adopted unit of the rate of radioactive decay, is defined as the number of
    disintegrations of 1 gram of radium (3.61)(10") in 1 second. As a working value for the
    curie the National Bureau of Standards some years ago adopted the value 3.700X10"
    disintegrations per second.
    The rutherford (abbreviated r d ) = 10" disintegrations per second, has been suggested
    as a smaller working standard. Then, 1 millirutherford ( m r d ) = 10' disintegrations per
    second and 1 microrutherford ( p r d ) = 1 disintegration per second.
    The rate of disintegration of an isotope that emits gamma-rays may be determined by a
    measure of the 7-ray emission in roentgens.
    A committee of the National Research Council recommended that the curie be defined
    as 3.70X10'0 disintegrations per second; the rutherford ( r d ) as just given. For quantita-
    tive comparison of radioactive sources emitting gamma-rays, for which disintegration
    rates cannot be determined, the roentgen per hour at 1 meter (rhm) is recommended.
    Physics Today. vol. 3, p. 5 , 1950.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    v) T A B L E 732.-NATURAL RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
    ;
    I
    v)
    Energy of radiation
    P in Mev
    5
    z Atomic Radioactive Decay &
    number Material Isotope name Half-life constant a or B Y 10product
    90End 230
    -u
    I
    < 92 Uranium 234 Uranium I1 2.5X106yr 2.8x10" yr -' 4.76 ...
    z! 92 Uranium 235 Actinouranium 8.9XlO"yr 7.8XlO-'O yr" 4.5 .1790 U Y 231
    0
    92 Uranium 238 Uranium I 4.5XlO'yr 1.54x lo-'' yr-' 4.2 ... 90 ux,-234
    ? 91 Protactinium 231 Protactinium 3.3X104yr 2.1X10-6yr-' 5.0 .25 89 Ac 227
    -I
    D
    a-
    I
    91 Protactinium 234 Uranium Z 6.7 hr .lo3 hr-' 1.2 .70 92 Uir 234
    rn 91 Protactinium 234 m Uranium X2 1.1 min .63 min-' 2.3 .&I 92 Uir 234
    v)
    1.2 min .58 min-' 92 U Z 234
    90 Thorium 227 Radioactinium 18.7
    ~. . d
    - 3.710-2d-1
    ... ~.- 5.8 ... 88 AcX 223
    90 Thorium 228 Radiothorium 1.90 yr .36 yr-' 5.3 ... 88 T h X 224
    90 Thorium 230 Ionium 8.1x 10' y r 8.510'yr-' 4.7 ... 88 Ra 226
    90 Thorium 231 Uranium Y 25.6 hr . 2.710.' hr" .2 .04 91 Pa231
    90 Thorium 232 Thorium 1.39XlO"vr < - 5.Ox lo-'' yr-' 88 MiThi 228
    90 Thorium 234 Uranium XI 24.1 d ' 2.9x10-2d-' 91 UX, 234m
    89 Actinium 227 Actinium 21.7 yr 3.2x10-' yr" 87 AcK 223
    90 RaAc 227
    89 Actinium 228 Mesothorium 2 6.1 hr .11 hr-' 1.5 ... 90 RaTh 228
    88 Radium 223 Actinium X 11.2 d 6.2x lo-' d-' 5.7 ... 86 An 219
    88 Radium 224 Thorium X 3.6 d .19 d-' 5.6 ... 86 T n 220
    88 Radium 226 Radium 1620 yr 4.3x 10" yr-' a;Y 4.8 .19 86 Rn 222
    88 Radium 228 Mesothorium 1 6.7 yr 8.101 yr-' P' .5 ... 89 MsTh. 228
    87 Francium 223 Actinium K 21 mm 3.3)(10'* min-' P-;r 1.2 .09 88 ACX 223-
    86 Radon 219 Actinon 3.9 sec .18 sec" a 6.8 ... 84 AcA 215
    86 Radon 220 Thoron 54.5 sec 1.28X 10.' sec-' a 6.3 ... 84 ThaA 216
    86 Radon 222 Radon 3.83 d .181 d-' a 5.5 ... 84 RaA 218
    85 AsLatine 215 Ast:tine -lO-'sec 7x10' sec-' a 8.0 ... 83 AcC 211
    85 Astatine 216 3X1O4 sec 2.3X 10" sec-' a 7.7 ... 83 T h C 212
    85 Astatine 218 several sec a 6.7 ... 83 RaC 214
    84 Polonium 210 Radium F 139 d 5.oxio-~d-1 a;Y 5.3 .75 82 P b 206
    84 Polonium 211 Actinium C' 5)<1O-'sec 1.4X102sec-' a 7.4 ... 82 AcD 207
    84 Polonium 212 Thorium C' 3.2X lo-' sec 2.2x loEsec-' a 8.8 ... 82 T h D 208
    84 Po1onium 214 Radium C' 1.5XlO'sec 4.6X 10" sec-' a 7.7 ... 82 R a D 210
    84 Polonium 215 Actinium A 1.8XlO-'sec 3.9x loz sec-' a 7.4 ... 82 At 211
    P- 85 AcB 215
    84 Polonium 216 Thorium A .16 sec 4.3 sec-I a 6.7 ... 82 ThB 212
    8- 85 At 216
    Many of these radioactive isotopes were known as radioactive decay products before it was known that they were isotopes of other elements.

    (confkiued)
    B
    G,
    B
    P

    T A B L E 732.-NATURAL R A D I O A C T I V E M A T E R I A L S (concluded)
    Energy of radiation
    in &lev
    2 Atomic Radioactive Decay
    m
    r
    number Material Isotope name Half-life constant Radiation a or Y End product
    rn
    v)
    84 Polonium 218 Radium A 3.1 min 2 2 min-' a 6.0 ... 82 RaB 214
    P- 85 At 218
    83 Bismuth 210 Radium E 5 d .14 d-' P- 1.2 ... 84 Po 210
    a 4.8 ... 81 TI 206
    83 Bismuth 21 1 Actinium C 2.16 min .32 m i d a 6.6 ... 81 AcC" 207
    P- 84 AcC' 211
    83 Bismuth 212 Thorium C 60.5 min 1.14x10~*
    min-' a 6.1 ... 81 ThC" 208
    P- 84 ThC' 212
    83 Bismuth 214 Radium C 19.7 min 3.5x10-' min-' a 5.5 1.8 81 RaC" 210
    P- 3.1 ... 84 RaC' 214
    82 Lead 210 Radium D 22 yr 3.2y 10.' yr-' P-;Y .026 .045 83 R a E 210
    82 Lead 211 Actinium B 36.1 rnin 1.92><10-'min-' P-;Y 1.o .8 83 AcC 211
    82 Lead 212
    ~._ Thorium B 10.6 hr 6.5X 10-' hr-' P-;Y .36 ... 83 T h C 212
    82 Lead 214 Radium B 26.8 min 2.59x10-* min-' P-;Y .65 ... 83 RaC 214
    81 Thallium 207 Actinium C" 4.76 min ,145 min-' P'; Y 1.5 ... 82 Pb 207
    81 Thallium 208 Thorium C" 3.1 min 2 2 m/nP P-;Y 1.75 2.6 82 Pb 208
    81 Thallium 210 Radium C" 1.32 min .52 mm-' P- 1.8 ... 82 RaD 210
    75 Rhenium 187 Rhenium 4 X 10" yr 1.7X10-'3 yr-' P- .04 ... 76 0 s 187
    71 Lutetium 176 Lutetium 7.3XlO'O yr 9 . 5 x lo-'* yr-' P-;Y .2 1 26 72 Hf 176
    62 Samarium 152 Samarium l.OX10"yr 6.9x 10-'syr" a 2.1 ... 60 Nd 148
    60 Neodymium 150 Neodymium -5X 10" vr 1.4XlO-" yr-' P- .01 ... 61 P m 150
    37 Rubidium 87 Rubidium 6.3X 10" yr 1.1x lo-" yr" P- ; Y ; e- .15 .1 38 S r 87
    19 Potassium 40 Potassium 1.6XlO'yr 4.3>(10-'O yr-' 8-;Y 1.7 1.5 20 Ca 40
    675
    T A B L E 733.-THE ORIGINAL N A M E S OF C E R T A I N RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS *
    Radioactive Radioactive
    name Element and isotope name Element and isotope
    Actinium 89 Actinium 227 " D 82 Lead210
    Actinium A 84 Polonium 215 Rad)m E 83 Bismuth 210
    " B 82 Lead 211 F 84 Polonium 210
    " c
    ~~

    83 Bismuth 211 " G 82 Lead206


    "
    "
    c '
    ,-*
    84 Polonium 21 1 Radon t 86 Radon222
    L 81 Thallium 207 Actinon 86 Radon219
    " D 82 Lead207 Emanation 86 Radon222
    " K 87 Francium 223 Niton 86 Radon222
    " x 88 Radium223 Thoron
    Actinouranium 92 Uranium 235 Thorium
    Brevium (see 91 Protactinium 234m Tho$m A
    Uranium X,) B
    Emanation 86 Radon222 " C'
    Meso$orium I 88 Radium228 Ii C"
    I1 89 Actinium 228 " D
    Niton 86 Radon222
    ~ ~ ~~~ " x
    Radioactinium 90 Thorium227 Thoron
    Radiothorium 90 Thorium 228 Urarfium I
    Radium 88 Radium226 I1
    Radium A 84 Polonium 218 " x*
    I' B 82 Lead 214 " XZ 91 Protactinium 2341x1
    " c 83 Bismuth 214 " Y 90 Thorium231
    " C' 84 Polonium 214 " z 91 Protactinium 234
    " C" 81 Thallium 210 Uranium lead 82 Lead206

    . At ti.mes the prefix cca was used to designate the element following certain elements either in the periodic
    table or in radioactive series. t At one time all these materials were called Emanation, i.e., RaEm, AcEm,
    ThEm.

    T A B L E 734.-THE FOUR RADIOACTIVE F A M I L I E S


    The radioactive isotopes of the heavy materials arrange themselves into four families,
    or series, that are known either by the parent of the family or by the member of the series
    with the longest life. Before the various isotopes had been established some of the differ-
    ent members of the families had special names. (See Table 733.) These families or series
    are also designated by the numerical relation of the particular isotopes of the family in-
    volved and the number 4. Thus the four families or series are: (1) Thorium, or 4n
    series; (2) Neptunium,, or 4n +. +
    1 ; (3) Uranium, or 4n 2 ; (4) Actinium, or 4n 3. +
    Generally, tables of these families show the type of radiation emitted, the energy of the
    radiation, the end product, and two or three factors that describe the time characteristics
    of the disintegrations; i.e., T the half-life (that is, the time it takes for one-half of the
    given material to disintegrate, which can be accurately measured T,, the average life, and
    A, the decay constant. From the law of disintegration which radioactive materials have
    been found to follow, the three constants are shown to be related as follows : A = -
    0 693
    1 T
    and T , =ha
    There are a number of isomers *'* in the series as shown in Table 742, as for instance,
    see Uranium XI, Radium C, Actinium, etc. As a result of recent work on the artificial
    production of radioactive isotopes many more isomers could be given. Also, the first
    member of some of the series might be different. Thus, the 4 n + 3 series (the Actinium
    group) might start in this manner :

    Rays and T Decay constant


    Element end products (half-period) sec-'
    92 Uranium 239 P-, NP- 23.5 min 4.9x
    93 Neptunium 239 p-, Pu- 2.3 days 3 . 5 10-7
    ~
    94 Plutonium 239 a , Urn 2.4X 10' yr 9 . 2 lo-"
    ~

    T o be sure, any trace of such members of this family would no longer be found in the
    earth.
    Almost all the isotopes of this family are artificial products and are not now found in the earth.
    2q2 Sergi, Emilio, and Helmholtz, A. C., Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 21, p. 271, 1949.

    (continued)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    ln T A B L E 734.-THE F O U R R A D I O A C T I V E F A M I L I E S (continued) %
    P a r t 1.-Thorium series (4 n)
    6
    5 -
    z
    D Decay Energy of radiation
    Atomic Radioactive Rays and end T constant in Mev
    number Element Isotope name product (half period) X sec-1 a or B Y
    90 Thorium 232 Thorium a MsTh 1 1.39X 10" yr 1.58x10-'8 4.0 -
    88 Radium 228 Mesothorium 1 p- MsTh 2 6.7 yr 3 . 2 8 lo-"
    ~ .05 -
    89 Actinium 228 Mesothorium 2 p - , ~ RaTh 6.13 hi- 3.14~10-5 1.5 -
    90 Thorium 228 Radiothorium a,y ThX 1.90 yr 1.16x 10.' 5.4 -
    88 Radium 224 Thorium X a Tn 3.64 days 2.2ox10-0 5.7 -
    86 Radon 220 Thoron a ThA 54.5 sec 1.27x10-* 6.3 -
    84 Polonium 216 Thorium A a ThB .158 sec 4.4 6.8 -
    82 Lead 212 Thorium B F,-Y T h C 10.6 hr 1.8 ~ 1 0 - 3 .36 -
    83 Bismuth 212 Thorium C a ThC" 60.5 min 1.91~10-~ 6.1 -
    p-,y ThC'
    84 Polonium 212 Thorium C' a ThD 3XlO-'sec 2.3 x10-* 8.8 -
    81 Thallium 208 Thorium C" F,T T h D 3.10 min 3.72x 1.7 2.6
    82 Lead 208 Thorium D Stable

    P a r t 2.-Neptunium series (4 n + 1)
    Decay Energy of radiation
    .\tomic Rays and end T constant in Mev
    number Element Isotope product (half period) X sec-1 a or 8 Y
    94 Plutonium t 241 p- Am -10 yr 2.2 X W D .01-.02 -
    a U
    95 Americium 241 a,T NP 500 y r 4.40x lo-" 5.46 .06
    92 Uranium 237 P, c - , y NP 6.7 days 1.20x lod .23 .2
    93 Neptunium 237 a Pa 2.6x 10' yr 8.4 x 1 0 - ~ ~ 4.7 -
    91 Protactinium 233 p-97, c- c' 27.4 days 2.93~ .4 .3
    92 Uranium 233 a, y, c- Th 1.63X103yyr 1.34x lo-'' 4.8 .3
    90 Thorium 229 a Ra 7000 yr 3.1 ><lo-'' 5. -
    88 Radium 225 6- Ac 14.8 days 5.4 NO-7 .2 -
    89 Actinium 225 a Fr 10 days 8.0 xlO-' 5.8 -
    t Not isolated from ores, artificially produced by bombarding uranium with a-particles.

    (contintred)
    v)

    5
    I
    T A B L E 734.-THE F O U R R A D I O A C T I V E F A M I L I E S (continued)
    0
    v) Decoy Energy of radiation
    zDz Atomic
    number Element Isotope
    Rays and end
    product
    T
    (half period)
    X sec-'
    constant
    a or ,9
    in hIev
    Y
    87 Francium 22 1 a At 5 min 2.3 X I O - ~ 6.31 -
    V
    <
    I 85 Astatine 217 a Bi .021 sec 33. 7.0 -
    2 83 Bismuth 213 p- Po 46 min 2.5 x 1 0 1.3 -
    0
    r
    D a TI 5.8 -
    84 Polonium 213 a Pb 4.2x10-' scc 1.6 K10" 8.4 -
    -I
    D
    m 81 Thallium 209 p- Pb 2.2 min 5.2 1.8 -
    -Irn 82 Lead 209 j3- Bi 3.3 hr 5.8 xlO-' .70 -
    v) 83 Bismuth 209 Stable

    P a r t 3.-Uranium series (4 + 2)
    Decav Energy of rodintion
    Atomic Radioactive Rays and end T constaiit in >lev
    number Element Isotope name product (half period) X sec-' a or ,9 7
    92 Uranium 238 Uranium I a UX 1 4.5XIO"yr 4.9 XlO.'fi 4.2 -
    90 Thorium 234 Uranium XI 6-97 ux 2 24.1 days 3.3 x10-' .15 .09
    I.T. UZ
    91 Protactinium 234 m Uranium X2 1.14 min 1.01K 10.: 2.0 .8
    91 234 Uranium Z 6.7 hr 1.o .70
    92 Uranium 234 Uranium I1 2% 10; yr 4.7 -
    90 Thorium 230 Ionium 8.0X 10' yr 4.7 -
    88 Radium 226 Radium 1620 y r 4.8 .19
    86 Radon 222 Emanation 3.825 days 2.10XlO-~ 5.5 -
    84 Polonium 218 Radium A a RaR 3.05 min 3.S5x lo-? 6.0 -
    p- Ac .65 -
    82 Lead 214 Radium B p- RaC 26.8 min 4.3 Xlo-' 5.4 1.8
    83 Bismuth 214 Radium C a,y RaC" 19.7 min 5.85x10-' 3.1 -
    p- RaC'
    84 Polonium 214 Radium C' a RaD 1.5X lo-' sec 4.5 X lo3 7.7 -
    81 Thallium 210 Radium C" 6- RaD 1.32 min 9.8 ~ 1 0 . ' 1.80 -
    82 Lead 210 Radium D F,-Y R a E 22 pr 1.0 x10-0 .025 .05
    83 Bismuth 210 Radium E @- RaF 5.0 days 1.6 x10-0 1.17 -
    84 Polonium 210 Radium F a,y RaG 138 days 5.35x10-s 5.3 .77
    82 Lead 206 Radium G Stable
    (uranium lead)

    (continued) %
    u
    T B L E 734.-THE F O U R R A D I O A C T I V E F A M I L I E S (concluded)
    P a r t 4.-Actinium series ( 4 + 3)
    Decay Energy of radiation
    .4tomic Radioactive Rays and end T constant in hIev
    number Element Isotope name product (half period) A sec-' a or B Y
    92 Uraniuni 235 Actinouranium a,y UY 8 X 10" yr 3.1 xlO-" 4.6 .16
    90 Thorium 23 1 Uranium Y P-,7 , 0- Pa 25.6 hr 7.52 X lo-' .2 .04
    91 Protactinium 23 1 Protactinium a.7 Ac 3.4x 10' yr 6.5 X ~ O - ' ~ 5.0 .3
    89 Actinium 227 Actinium @- RdAc 4.9 .04
    a AcK 21.7 y r 1.01x lo-"
    90 Thorium 227 Radioactitiium a,y AcX 18.6 days 4.3 x10-' 6.0 -
    87 Francium 223 Actinium K F,-r AcX 21 inin 5.5 x10-4 1.2 .1
    88 Radium 223 Actinium X a,y An 11.2 days 7.2 x10-7 5.7 -
    86 Radon 219 Act inon a AcA 3.9 sec .17S 6.8 -
    84 Polonium 215 Actinium A a AcB 1.8XW sec 3.9 X10' 7.4 -
    P- At
    85 Astatine 215 Astatine a AcC sec 6.9 XIOx 8. -
    82 Lead 21 1 Actinium B F,y AcC 36 niin 3.2 Xlo-' 1.5 .8
    83 Bismuth 211 Actinium C @-,r AcC' 2.2 min 5.2 x10-3 6.6 -
    a A d ." _
    ~ _
    84 Polonium 211 Actinium C' a AcD 5X10-3 sec 1.4 X102 7.4 -
    81 Thallium 207 Actinium C" P-,Y AcD 4.8 min 2.4 x10-3 1.5 -
    82 Lead 207 Actinium D Stable
    679
    T A B L E 735.-VARIATIONS I N T H E ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION O F C O M M O N L E A D *
    Relative isotope abundances
    Source of lead Locality Geological age ‘ 204 206 207 208
    . .
    Galena . . . . . .Great Bear Lake, Canada. . . Pre-Cambrian . . . . . . 1.000 15.93 15.30 35.3
    Galena . . . . . . .Broken Hill, N.S.W . . . . . . . Pre-Cambrian . . . . . . . 1.000 16.07 15.40 35.5
    Cerussite . . . . .Broken Hill, N.S.W. . . . . . . Pre-Cambrian . . . . . . . 1.ooo 15.92 15.30 35.3
    1.000 15.93 15.28 35.2
    Galena . . . . . . .Yancey Co., N. C . . . . . . . . . .Late pre-Cambrian . . 1.000 18.43 15.61 38.2
    ..
    Galena . . . .. Nassau, Germany . . . . . . . . .Carboniferous . . . . . . . 1.000 i8.10 15.57 37.85
    . ..
    Cerussite . . . . Eifel, Germany . . . . . . . . . . Carboniferous . . . . . . . 1.000 18.20 15.46 37.7
    Galena I . . . . . .Joplin, Mo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Late Carboniferous . . 1.000 21.65 15.88 40.8
    Galena I1 . . . . .Joplin, Mo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Late Carboniferous .. 1.ooo 21.60 15.73 40.3
    1.ooo 21.65 15.75 40.45
    .
    Galena . . . . . . Metalline Falls, Wash. . . . . . Late Cretaceous . . . . . 1.000 19.30 15.73 39.5
    .
    Cerussite . . . .Wallace, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . Late Cretaceous . . . . . 1.om 15.98 15.08 35.07
    1.Ooo 16.10 15.13 35.45
    Wulfenite and
    Vanadinite . .Tucson Mts.. Arizona. . . . . .Miocene . . . . . . . . . . . 1.000 18.40 15.53 38.1
    ..
    Galena . . . . . Saxony, Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.000 17.34 15.47 37.45
    1.000 17.38 15.44 37.3

    * For reference, see footnote 45, p. 136.

    T A B L E 736.-LEAD R A T I O S OF S E L E C T E D R A D I O A C T I V E M I N E R A L S *
    Age ratio in
    Mineral Locality Geologic age loe years
    Samarskite . . . . . . Glastonbury, Conn. . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . , .Pre-Triassic . . . . . . . . . . . . , . 270
    Pitchblende . . . . . . Jachymov, Bohemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Late-Paleozoic . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
    Thorite . . . . . . . . . .Brevig, Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... Permian ( ? ) . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 230
    Kolm . . . .. . .. .. .Gullhogen, Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
    .Latest Cambrian . . . . . . . . . . 400
    .
    Broggerite . . .. . Karlhus, Raade, Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . Pre-Cambrian . . . . . . . . . . . . 900
    Cleve.ite . . . . . . . . . Aust-agder, Arendal, Norway. . . . . . . . Pre-Cambrian . . . . . . . . .. .. 1000
    Uraninite . . . . . . . . Keystone, S. Dak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pre-Cambrian . . . . . . . . . . . . 1500
    Uraninite . . . . . . . . Sinyaya, Pala, Carelia, Russia. . . . . . . Prc-Cambrian . . . . . . . . . . . . 1850
    ’ For reference, see footnote 45, p. 136.

    T A B L E 737.-ANALYSIS OF T H O R I U M C” ( T H A L L I U M 208) BETA-RAY


    SPECTRUM zas

    $g
    8%
    ’5$ g
    c
    ‘5
    Energy of &ray
    line +ahsofption
    energy In
    Energy
    of ?-ray
    E’
    g% 5 .-
    ’C
    6
    Energy of 8-rav
    line +ahsoytion
    energy in
    Energy
    of y-ray
    Mev Mev Mev M ev
    1 V.S. I- I .0?52+ ,0158 ,0410 23 m. LI .2446+.0158 .2604
    2 S. I II .0259+.0152 ,0411 18 V.S. K .1915+.0875 2790
    3 m. LIII .0278+.0133 .0411 25 m.s. LI .2640+.0158 .2798
    4 V.S. MI .0369+ ,0038 ,0407 20 S. K .2042+.0875 .2917
    5 m. M” +
    ,0380 ,0025 ,0406 26 m.s. LI :256+ 0158 ,2914
    6 S. Nr .0398+.0009 ,0407 29 V.S. K .4281+.0875 S156
    7 m. N I or 0 .0404+.0001 .0405 30 V.S. LI .5025+.0158 S183
    8 f. K .0577+.0875 ,1452 31 m.f. MI .5 150+.0038 .5188
    13 f. LI .1283+.0158 ,1441 30 V.S. K .5025+.0875 ,5900
    12 m.s. K .1231+.0875 2106 33 m.s. Ll .5729+.0158 S887
    19 m.f. I I .1954+.0158 ,2112 35 m.f. K .6990+.0875 ,786
    14 ms. K .1458+.0875 .2333 36 f. LI .770 +.0158 .786
    21
    16
    m.f. Ll +
    .2165 .O 158 ,2323 40 S. K 2.558 +.0875 2.646
    ms. K .I661+.0875 .2536 41 m. LI 2i63.5 +.0158 2.651
    22 f. LI .2369+.0158 ,2527 42 f. MI 2.646 +.0034 2.649
    17 m. K .1706+ .0875 ,2581
    ’” Rutherford, E., Chadwick, J., and Ellis. C. D., Radiation from radioactive substances, Cambridge Univer-
    sity Press, 1930.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    680
    T A B L E 738.-ALPHA-RAY SPECTRA O F SOME N A T U R A L R A D I O A C T I V E
    MATERIALS
    It is sometimes stated that all alpha-particles from any one source are emitted with the same
    energy or velocity. This is in the main true for most of the particles but careful measurements
    have shown that this is not always the case. For some time it was known that occasionally an
    alpha-particle had a range much longer than average, which, of course, means a high initial
    velocity.
    -
    Energy
    Mean Disinte- differences
    ranpe Velocity a-ray gration from main Relative
    Atomic Element in air, (cm/sec) energy energy group number of
    No. and isotope a-ray cm x lo-" Mev Mev Mev particles
    92 Uranium 238 2.92 1.420 4.20 4.28 .... ....
    (Uranium I)
    Uranium 234 3.5 1.515 4.76 4.85 .... ....
    (Uranium 11)
    91 Protactinium 231 3.8 1.553 5.01 5.11
    90 Thorium 232 2.90 1.390 4.00 4.75 .. ...
    Thorium 230 3 1.500 4.66 4.67 .... ....
    (Ionium)
    Thorium 228 .... 1.6150 5.418 5.517 0 5
    (Radiothorium) .... 1.6020 5.335 5.431 ,086 1
    Thorium 227 .... 1.7063 6.049 6.159 0 80
    (Radioactinium) .... 1.7021 6.019 6.127 .32 15
    .... 1.6979 5.990 6.097 .62 100
    .... 1.6948 5.986 6.075 .84 15
    .... 1.6885 5.924 6.030 1.29 5
    .... 1.6806 5.870 5.975 1.84 10
    .... 1.6729 5.817 5.921 2.38 5
    .... 1.6558 5.766 5.869 .290 80
    .... 1.6627 5.744 5.847 .312 15
    .... 1.6589 5.719 5.822 .337 60
    .... 1.6524 5.674 5.776 .383 10
    88 Radium 226 3.5 1.520 4.793 4.879 0 ....
    3.4
    ....
    1.492 4.612 4.695 .184 ....
    Radium 224 1.653 5.681 5.786 .... ....
    (Thorium X)
    Radium 223 .... 1.6589 5.719 5.823 0 6
    (Actinium X ) 1.6424 5.607 5.709 .114 4
    .... 1.6316 5.533 5.634 ,186 1
    86 Radon 222 4.3 1.626 5.486 5.58867 .... ....
    (Emanation)
    Radon 220 4.967 1.7387 6.2872 6.3995 .... ....
    (Thoron)
    Radon 219 5.655 1.8117 6.824 6.953 0 10
    (Actinon) (5.308) 1.7763 6.561 6.683 ,270 1
    5.147 1.7593 6.436 6.556 .397 1
    84 Polonium 218 4.9 1.700 6.00024 6.11239 ....
    (Radium A )
    Polonium 216 5.601 1.8054 6.774 6.9038 .... ....
    6.420 1.8824 7.368 7.508 .... ....
    6.870 1.9220 7.68300 7.82934 0 loe
    7.755 1.9550 8.280 8.437 ,608 .43
    .... 2.0729 8.941 9.112 1.283 (.45)
    9.00 2.0876 9.068 9.242 1.412 22
    .... 2.1157 9.315 9.493 1.663 .38
    .... 2.1356 9.492 9.673 1.844 1.35
    .... 2.1543 9.660 9.844 2.015 .35
    .... 2.1678 9.781 9.968 2.138 1.06
    .... 2.1817 9.908 10.097 2.268 .36
    .... 2.2001 10.077 10.269 2.439 1.67
    .... 2.2079 10.149 10.342 2.513 .38
    .... 2.2274 10.329 10.526 2.697 1.12
    11.47 2.2466 10.509 10.709 2.880 23
    Polonium 213 3.805 1.59715 5.3006 5.4033 .... ....

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    681
    T A B L E 738.-ALPHA-RAY SPECTRA O F S O M E N A T U R A L R A D I O A C T I V E
    M A T E R I A L S (concluded)
    Energy
    Mean Disinte- differences
    Fange Velocity a-ray gration from main Relative
    Atomic Element in air, (cm/sec) energy energy group number of
    NO. and isotope a-ray cm x 10-0 Mev Mev Mev particles
    ~olonium-212 8.533 2.05405 8.7783 8.9476 0 1oe
    (Thorium C') 9.687 2.1354 9.4912 9.6736 .726 34
    11.543 2.2501 10.5418 10.7447 1.797 190
    Polonium 211 6.518 1.8911 7.434 7.581 .... ....
    (Actinium C')
    83 Bismuth 214 (4.039) 1.630 5.5068 5.6117 0 94
    (Radium C) (3.969) 1.620 5.4458 5.5495 .062 113
    Bismuth 212 f . . . 1.7108 6.081 6.20069 0 27.2
    (Thorium C) .... 1.7053 6.044 6.16069 .0400 69.8
    .... 1.665 1 5.762 5.8729 .3278 1.80
    .... 1.6446 5.620 5.7283 .4724 .16
    .... 1.6418 5.610 5.7089 .4918 1.10
    Bismuth 211 5.392 1.7832 6.619 6.739 0 100
    (Actinium C) 4.947 1.7356 6.262 6.383 .356 19

    T A B L E 7 3 9 . 4 H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F S O M E HIGH-SPEED A L P H A - P A R T I C L E S
    F R O M N A T U R A L R A D I O A C T I V E SOURCES *

    Atomic Common Energy Range t


    NO. Element Isotope name Velocity Mev cm
    92 Uranium 234 Uranium I1 1.516X1O0 4.76 3.4
    235 Actinouranium 1.483 4.56 3.2
    238 Uranium I 1.43 4.18 2.9
    91 Protactinium 23 1 .... 1.555 5.01 3.7
    90 Thorium 227 Radioactinium .... 6.05 4.8
    228 Radiothorium 1.616 5.42 4.1
    230 Ionium 1.500 4.66 3.3
    232 Thorium 1.498 3.98 2.7
    89 Actinium 227 Actinium 1.537 4.94 3.6
    88 Radium 223 Actinium X 1.660 5.72 4.4
    224 Thorium X 1.657 5.68 4.4
    226 Radium 1.520 4.79 3.5
    86 Radon 219 Actinon 1.814 6.82 5.8
    220 Thoron 1.729 6.28 5.1
    222 Radon 1.628 5.49 4.2
    85 Astatine 215 1.%4 8.00 7.4
    216 1.937 7.79 7.1
    218 1.802 6.72 5.7
    84 Polonium 210 Polonium 1.599 5.30 4.0
    211 Actinium C' 1.894 7.43 6.6
    212 Thorium C' 2.058 8.78 8.7
    214 Radium C' 1.925 7.68 7.0
    215 Actinium A 1.886 7.37 6.5
    216 Thorium A 1.805 6.77 5.8
    218 Radium A 1.701 6.00 4.8
    83 Bismuth 211 Actinium C 1.787 6.62 5.6
    212 Thorium C 1.713 6.08 4.9
    214 Radium C 1.630 5.51 4.2
    For reference, see footnote 199. 11. 618.
    t Approximate range in air (from curve).

    SYITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    682
    T A B L E 740.-CH A R A C T E R ISTICS 0 F SOM E H IG H-SPEE D A L P HA-P A R T I C L E S
    F R O M A R T I F I C I A L RADI'OACTIVE SOURCES *

    Atomic Velocity Energy Range in


    NO. Element Isotope cm/sec Mev air,t cm
    96 Curium ..... . . ... ......... 238 1.77)<10e 6.50 5.4
    240 1.74 6.26 5.1
    241 1.71 6.08 4.9
    242 1.72 6.1 4.9
    95 Americium . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. 239 1.67 5.77 4.5
    241 1.62 5.48 4.2
    94 Plutonium . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 232 1.78 6.6 5.5
    234 1.73 6.2 5.0
    236 1.66 5.75 4.5
    238 1.63 5.51 4.2
    239 1.57 5.15 3.8
    1.57 5.1 3.8
    93 1.73 6.2 5.0
    1.56 5.06 3.8
    1.51 4.77 3.4
    92 1.80 6.72 5.7
    1.76 6.42 5.3
    230 1.68 5.85 4.6
    91 1.81 6.81 5.8
    1.76 6.46 5.4
    1.71 6.09 4.9
    1.66 5.69 4.4
    90 Thorium .................. 224 1.86 7.20 6.3
    225 1.78 6.57 5.5
    226 1.74 6.30 5.1
    227 1.71 6.05 4.8
    229 1.56 5.02 3.7
    89 Actinium . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 222 1.83 6.96 6.0
    223 1.79 6.64 5.6
    224 1.73 6.17 5.0
    1.67 5.80 4.5
    88 1.90 7.49 6.7
    1.80 6.71 5.6
    1.77 6.51 5.4
    1.65 5.68 4.4
    87 Francium ....,............. 218 1.94 7.85 7.2
    219 1.88 7.30 6.4
    1.80 6.69 5.6
    1.74 6.30 5.2
    86 Radon . . . . . . 1.97 8.07 7.6
    1.93 7.74 7.1
    1.85 7.12 6.2
    85 Astatine . . . . 1.67 5.76 4.5
    1.65 5.66 4.4
    1.69 5.89 4.6
    2.06 8.78 8.4
    1.84 7.02 6.1
    84 Polonium 1.57 5.14 3.8
    1.61 5.35 4.0
    206 1.58 5.2 3.9
    213 2.01 8.34 8.0
    83 Bismuth .......... . . . . . .... 197 1.73 6.20 5.0
    198 1.68 5.83 4.6
    199 1.62 5.47 4.1
    200 1.58 5.15 3.8

    -
    t
    For reference see footnote 199, p. 618.
    Approximatel;, from curve.

    T A B L E 741.-VAPOR PRESSURE O F T H E R A D I U M E M A N A T I O N I N cmHg

    Temperature "C . . . . . . . .-I27 -101 -65 -56 -10 +I7 +49 +73 +lo0 +lo4 (crit)
    Vapor pressure ......... .9 5 76 100 500 1000 2000 3000 4500 4745

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    683
    T A B L E 742.-BETA-RAYS FROM RADIOACTIVE M A T E R I A L S - B O T H NATURAL
    ( M A R K E D W I T H *) A N D A R T I F I C I A L

    Atomic Radioactive Energy


    NO. Element Isotope name in Mev
    95 Americium 242 m .... .8
    93 Neptunium 239 .... .68
    238 1.39
    92 Uranium 239 1.20
    91 Protactinium 234 m* u r a i i u h ~2 2.32
    230 .... -1.1
    90 Thorium _2.1.1
    __ .... 1.2
    89 Actinium 228* Mesothorium 2 1.55
    87 Francium 223* Actinium K 1.20
    83 Bismuth 213 -1.3
    210* Radium E 1.17
    82 Lead 211*
    ~~ Actinium B 1.40
    209 .... .7
    81 Thallium 209 1.8
    208* Thd&m C" 1.82
    207* Actinium C" 1.47
    206 .... 1.70
    204 .... .8
    80 Mercury 205 .... 1.62
    79 Gold 200-202 .... 2.5
    198 .... .96
    78 Platinum 199 .... 1.8
    197 .... .65
    77 Iridium 194 .... 2.2
    192 .... .67

    Atomic Energy Atomic Energy


    NO. Element Isotope in Mev No. Element Isotope in Mev
    76 Osmium 193 1.5 54 Xenon 137 4.0
    75 Rhenium 188 2.5 135 .93
    186 1.07 53 Iodine 136 6.5
    74 Tungsten 187 .63 135 1.4
    73 Tantalum 182 1.o 133 1.4
    71 Lutetium 176m 1.15 128 1.59
    170 1.7 B+ 52 Telluriym 129 1.8
    70 Ytterbium 177 1.3 127 .76
    69 Thulium 170 1.o 51 Antimony 126 2.8
    68 Erbium 171 1.49 124m 3.2
    67 Holmium 166 1.8 124 2.37
    162-161 2.0 b+ 122 1.36
    65 Terbium 154 2.6 p' 120 1.53 8'
    64 Gadolinium 161 1.5 '118 3.1 p'
    63 Europium >154 -2.5 50 Tin >120 1.8
    157 -1. 125 -2.2
    154 .9 123 2.6
    152 1.88 49 Indium 117 1.73
    62 Samarium 155 1.9 116 2.8
    153 .78 114 1.98
    61 Promethium 149 1.1 112 1.5
    148 2.5 2.2 p+
    1.7 48 Cadmium 115m 1.8
    2.0 47 Silver 113 2.2
    60 Neodymium 149 1.6 112 3.6
    141 .78 p' 11c 2.6
    59 Praseodymium 145 3.2 108 2.8
    144 3.0 106 2.04 p'
    140 2.5 p' 46 Palladium 111 3.5
    58 Cerium 143 1.36 101 2.3 p'
    57 Lanthanum 141 2.9 45 Rhodium 106 3.55
    <139 2.1 104 2.3
    56 Barium 140 1.05 44 Ruthenium 107 -4.
    139 2.27 105 1.4
    55 Cesium 138 2.6 95 1.1 p+
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    684
    T A B L E 742.-BETA-RAYS F R O M R A D I O A C T I V E MATERIALS-BOTH NATURAL
    ( M A R K E D W I T H *) A N D A R T I F I C I A L (concluded)
    Atomic Energy Atomic Energy
    No. Element Isotope in Mev No. Element Isotope in Mev
    43 Technetium 101 1.3 28 Nickel 65 1.9
    100 2.3 57 .67'p
    95 1.3 27 Cobalt 62 2.5
    94 2.47 B' 56 1.5 'p
    92 4.3 p+ 26 Iron 52 .55 p:
    42 Molybdenum 101 2.0 25 Manganese 52 m 2.66 p
    99 1.3 51 2.0 8'
    93 2.65 'p 24 Chromium 49 1.45 p'
    41 Niobium 97 1.4 23 Vanadium 52 2.05
    96 1.8 47 1.9 pi
    92 1.38 22 Titanium 51 m 1.6
    40 Zirconium 97 2.2 45 1.2 p+
    89 1.07 p' 21 Scandium 49 1.8
    39 Yttrium 93 3.1 44 1.5 p+
    92 3.5 41 4.94.B'
    91 1.5 20 Calcium 49 2.3
    90 2.35 19 Potassium 42 2.04
    88 .83,9+ 40* 1.9
    38 Strontium 91 1.3 38 2.5 p+
    89 1.5 18 Argon 41 1.18
    37 Rubidium 88 4.6 35 4.4 p+
    86 1.8 17 Chlorine 38 1.19
    81 .9 p + 34 2.5 p'
    36 Krypton 87 -4. 33 4.1 'p
    85 1.o 16 Sulfur 37 4.3
    35 Bromine 85 2.5 31 3.85 p'
    84 5.3 15 Phosphorus 34 5.1
    80 2.0 32 1.7
    78 2.3 p' 30 3.0 'p
    76 3.15 'p 29 3.6 8'
    75 1.6 p' 14 Silicon 31 1.8
    34 Selenium 83 1.5 27 3.74 p+
    83 m 3.4 13 Aluminum 29 2.5
    81 1.5 28 3.0
    33 Arsenic 78 1.4 26 3.0 p'
    74 1.3 12 Magnesium 23 2.82 8'
    72 2.78 p' 11 Sodium 24 1.4
    32 Germanium 77 m 2.8 10 Neon 23 4.1
    77 2.0 19 2.2 p+
    71 1.2 p+ 9 Fluorine 20 5.0
    31 Gallium 73 1.4 17 2.1 8'
    70 1.68 8 Oxygen 19 4.5
    68 1.9 p' 14 1.8 p'
    66 3.1 'p 7 Nitrogen 17 3.7
    30 Zinc 69 1.o 16 3.5
    63 2.3 13 1.24p+
    29 Copper 66 2.9 6 Carbon -10 2 6'
    62 2.6 p" 5 Boron 12 12
    61 1.2 p + 3 Lithium 8 12
    60 1.8 p' 2 Helium 6 3.7

    T A B L E 743.-RELATIVE STOPPING P O W E R O F S E L E C T E D SUBSTANCES


    FOR a-PARTICLES ~ 3 '

    Relative Range in Range in


    stopping substance Relative
    stopping substance
    Substance power Range in air Substance power Range in air
    air . .. . .. . . . . 1 1 Ne . . . . . . . . . . .62 1.61
    Oz .......... 1.07 .93 A . . . . . . ... . . .98 1.02
    .
    Hz . . . . . . . . . .21 4.77 K r . . . ... .. . . 1.52 .66
    H e . . . . . . . . . . .17 5.88 Xe . . .. .. . ... 1.98 .50
    Al .. . . .. 1700.00.. . . . . . . . .5.8510-'
    ~ ~

    2.94 Rasetti, Franco, Elements of nuclear physics. Copyright 1936 by PrenticeHall, Inc., New York.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    T A B L E 744.-ANALYSIS O F THE BETA-RAY S P E C T R U M O F R A D I O A C T I N I U M
    ( T H O R I U M 227) *
    $3
    L
    g% 5
    'g2 ,z
    .s
    i;
    Energy of @-ray
    line 4-absorption Energy
    energy
    Mev
    of y-ray
    Mev
    i:
    zo B
    x
    .-c
    5 .=
    '6
    .-
    6
    Energy of @-ray
    line+ absorption
    energy
    Mev
    Energy
    of y-ray
    Mev
    1 20 Lr +
    .O 125 .O 192 .0317 26 40 Lr .0813+.0192 .lo05
    3 20 LIrI .0160+.0154 .0314 29 30 MI .0965+.0048 .lo13
    6 15 Mr .0262+.0048 .0310 30 30 NI .0990+.0012 .lo02
    7 10 MII .0271+.0044 .0315 18 100 K .0454+.1035 .1489
    9 15 Mv .0290+.0031 .0321 35 80 Lr .1305+.0192 .1497
    10 30 NI .0299+.0012 .0311 36 30 MI .1445+.0048 .1493
    11 20 Nvr .0305+.0003 .0308 28 50 K .0936+.1035 .1971
    12 15 .. ,0320 .0320 38 30 Lr .1753+.0192 .1945
    4 50 LI .0246+.0192 .0438 40 20 MI .1899+.0048 .1947
    5 20 LII .0255+.0185 .0440 37 60 K .1501+.lo35 .2536
    8 25 LIII .0281+.0154 ,0435 46 40 LI .2348+.0192 2540
    16 10 MI .0388+.0048 .0436 47 30 MI .2488+.0048 2536
    14 40 Lr .0340+.0192 ,0532 39 60 K .1796+.1035 2831
    19 20 MI .0486+.0048 .0534 48 20 LI .2618+.0192 2810
    17 90 LI +
    ,0425 .O 192 .0617 41
    49
    50
    20
    K
    Lr
    .1976+.1035
    .2800+.0192
    .3011
    2992
    20 70 611 .0567+.0048 .0615
    21 50 Nr .0598+.0012 .0610
    For reference, see footnote 233, p. 679.

    T A B L E 745.-ANALYSIS O F BETA-RAY S P E C T R U M O F M E S O T H O R I U M 2
    ( A C T I N I U M 228) *
    .-cx Energy of @-ray Energy of @.ray
    g ;: +
    line allsorption
    energy
    Energy
    of y-ray
    +
    line ahsorption
    energy
    Energy
    of y-ray
    5 6 Mev Mev Mev M ev
    1 100 Lr .0381+.0204 .0585 18 6 Mr .1782+.0052 .1834
    2 85 LIII .0416+.0162 .0578 16 18 K .1406+.1092 2498
    3 65 MI .0523+.0052 .0584 20 8 LI .2291+.0204 2495
    4 45 Nr .0566+.0013 .0579 19 16 K .2099+.1092 .319
    5 6 Lr .0593+.0204 .0797 21 6 Lr ,299+.0204 .319
    6 4 LrIr .0631+.0162 .0793 22 2 Nr .318 +.001 .319
    The M and N lines would be masked exactly 23 8 K .352 +.lo9 .461
    by the intense lines 8 and 9. 24 4 Lr .442 +.020 .462
    11 35 Lr .1093+.0204 ,1297 25 2 Mr .458 +.005 .463
    12 25 LiIr .1129+.0162 ,1291 26 6 K ,804+.lo9 .913
    13 22 MI .1245+.0052 .1297 28 2 LI .897 +.020 .917
    14 6 Nr .1279+.0013 .1292 27 3 K ,861 +.lo9 .970
    8 50 K .0749+.1092 .1841 29 2 Lr .949 t . 0 2 0 .969
    17 20 Lr .1644+.0204 .1848
    ~~ ~

    For reference, see footnote 233, p. 679.

    T A B L E 746.-ANALYSIS O F THE BETA-RAY S P E C T R U M O F P R O T A C T I N I U M *


    x
    L u
    42 .r:
    g 'ij,
    .=
    +
    Energy of #-ray
    line alisorption Energy
    8E.; g :.2 .-.=M Energy of &ray
    line +absorption Energy
    22 5 2 energy
    Mev
    of y-ray
    Mev
    ,g% 2 2 energy
    Mev
    of y-ray
    Mev
    1 60 LI .0753+.0198 .0951 10 30 MI .2869+.0050 .2919
    2 40 Lrrr .0788+.0158 .0946 6 70 K .2194+.1064 .3258
    3 40 Mr .0905+.0050 .0950 11 40 Lr .3016+.0198 .3214
    5 100 K .1896+.1064 .2%0 12 20 Mr .3182+.0050 .3232
    9 60 Lr .2746+.0198 .2944
    For reference, see footnote 233, p. 679.

    SYITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    686
    T A B L E 747.-GAMMA-RAY E N E R G Y O F S O M E H E A V Y ISOTOPESt N A T U R A L
    AND ARTIFICIAL
    ___
    y.r;is w a y
    Atomic energy Atomic energy
    NO. Element ISOtOllt. Mev NO. Element Isotope Mev
    95 ,41nericiuni 240 1.3 83 Bismuth 214 1.8
    94 Plutonium 239 .42 (Radium C *)
    93 Neptunium 238 1.2 206 .74
    234 1.9 82 Lead 211 .8
    92 Uranium 233 .31 (Actinium B *)
    91 Protactinium 234 .70 204 m 1.1
    (Uranium 2 * ) 81 Thallium 208 2.62
    (Uranium X2*)234m .81 (Thorium C")
    2.32 ~~ 1.05 199 1.5
    230 .Y4 198 1.3
    85 Astatine * 210 1.0 80 Mercury 198 m .4
    84 Polonium 210 .77
    (Radium F)
    207 1.3
    206 .8
    * N a t u r a l radioactive source

    T A B L E 748.-THE GAMMA-RAY SPECTRUM OF T h C " *


    These differences of energies, or velocities, of the a-ray from thorium C a r e sometimes
    explained on the energy-level basis of the nucleus. T h e aq-eement with the energies of
    the y-rays emitted from ThC", the daughter of T h C , and these apparent differences of
    disintegration energy of a-ray of T h C , given in the tahle show one agreement with this
    theory.

    Apparent Apparent
    difference difference
    of disinterration Energy of of disintep-ration Enerp-y of
    Transitions energy of a - r a y ohserved Transitions energy of a - r a y ohserved
    between groups of y-rav between groups of ?-ray
    levels ThC f r o m ThC" levels ThC from ThC"
    L. , - ~.
    I>, ,040 ,040 L,. - L2
    . ,433 .432
    1-3 - L , .328 ,327 L, - I., ,452 .451
    L, - L1 ,473 ,471 1-4 - L, ,145 ...
    1.; - L, ,492 ... L, - L , ,164 ...
    L , - L2 ,288 ,287 1.5 - L, ,019 ...
    * For refereme. see fuotnate 2 2 5 . p. 666.

    T A B L E 749.-DANGER R A N G E S FOR PERSONS W H O A R E W O R K I N G W I T H


    R A D I U M , FOR D I F F E R E N T A M O U N T S O F R A D I U M , P R O V I D I N G
    T H E R A D I U M 1's E N C L O S E D I N N O T L E S S T H A N 1 mm L E A D
    OR I T S E Q U I V A L E N T

    Daily exposure (in hours)


    1 2 4 8 16
    Amount of radium
    element milligrams 1)anrer range (in meters)
    100 ............................. .9 1.3 1.8 2.5 3.6
    200 ............................. 1.3 1.8 2.6 3.6 5.1
    400 ............................. 1.8 2.5 3.5 5 7.1
    1000 ............................. 2.9 4 5.7 8 11.3

    SYITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    687
    T A B L E 75O.-GAMMA-RAY ENERGY O F SOME A R T IF IC IA L RADIOACTIVE
    ISOTOPES O F L O W A T O M I C W E I G H T
    .
    y-ray y-ray
    Atomic energy Atomic energy
    NO. Element 1 sotolle hfev NO. Element Tsotope Mev
    4 Beryllium 7 .49 40 Zirconium 95 .73
    7 Nitrogen 15 6.7 41 Niobium 92 1.o
    8 Oxygen 14 2.3 96 1.0
    19 1.6 42 Molybdenum 93 1.6
    9 Fluorine 20 2.2 43 Technetium 92,93 2.4
    11 Sodium 22 1.3 45 Rhodium 100 1.2
    24 1.38 106 1.25
    12 Magnesium 27 1.o 47 Silver 110 1.40
    13 Aluminum 28 1.80 48 Cadmium 107 .84
    16 Sulfur 37 2.6 49 Indium 116 2.32
    17 Chlorine 34 3.4 50 Tin 126 1.2
    38 1.60 51 Antimony 118 1.5
    18 Argon 41 1.37 124 2.04
    19 Potassium * 38 2.15 52 Tellurium 119 1.4
    40 1.54 53 Iodine 135 1.6
    42 1.4 136 2.9
    20 Calcium 47 Xenon 127 .9
    48 Cesium 136 1.2
    21 Scandium 43 138 1.2
    44 Barium 140 .53
    48 Lanthanum 140 1.63
    22 Titanium 51 1.o 58 Cerium 139 1.8
    23 Vanadium 52 1.46 59 Praseodymium 142 I .9
    25 Manganese 52 m 1.46 146 1.4
    56 2.06 61 Promethium 143 .67
    26 Iron 59 1.10 63 Europium -156 2.0
    27 Cobalt 60 1.16 65 Terbium 154 1.4
    62 1.3 67 Holmium 162 1.1
    28 Nickel 65 1.1 69 Thulium 166 1.5
    29 Copper 60 1.5 71 Lutetium 170 1.5
    64 1.35 72 Hafnium 175 1.5
    66 1.32 73 Tantalum 176 1.7
    30 Zinc 65 1.11 182 1.2
    32 Germ an ium 75 1.1 75 Rhenium 182 1.5
    33 Arsenic 72 2.4 76 Osmium 193 1.58
    35 Bromine 76 Iridium 194 1.35
    82 Platinum 193 1.5
    37 Rubidium 81 Gold 192 2.3
    82 Thallium 198 1.3
    86 1.08 82 Lead 204 m 1.1
    38 Strontium 91 i .3 83 Bismuth 206 .74
    39 Yttrium 88 2.76
    93 .7
    .Natural radioactive source.

    T A B L E 751.-TOTAL M A S S ABSORPTION C O E F F I C I E N T , p / p , FOR 7-RAYS


    I N V A R I O U S E L E M E N T S ( I N CMZ/G)

    Wavelength
    A C A1 c11 Az Pb
    .1 .15 .16 .36 1.4 3.8
    .2 .16 .28 1.5 5.6 4.9
    .3 .19 .47 4.3 17. 14.
    .4 .25 1.1 9.8 38. 31.
    .5 .35 2.0 19. 71. 54.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    6%
    TABLE 752.-GAMMA SPECTRUM FOR SOME RADIOACTIVE BREAKDOWNS *

    It Y Conversion hv Conversion
    (Mev) A.4 oliserved (Mev) h .-I oliserved
    y-rays of y-rays of
    89 Actinium 228-90 Thorium 228 84 Polonium 210-82 Lead 206
    (MsThx) (RaTh) (RaF) (RaG)
    .0581 213 LILI~IMINI ,202 . ,062 K '
    ,0795 .156 LIMIII ,798 ,0156 K
    .1294 .096 LiLriiM~Ni 1.068 ,0116 K
    ,1841 .067 K LIMI y-rays of
    ,2497 .050 K Li 83 Bismuth 211-81 Thallium 207
    .319 .039 KLrNr (Ad) (AcC")
    .338 ,037 observed in 7-rays of
    Jexternnl 84 Polonium 211-82 Lead 207
    .408 .030 \photoeffect (AcC') (AcD)
    .462 ,027 K LiMr .354 ,035 K LIMI
    ,915 ,0135 KLi ,460 .027 K LI
    ,970 ,0128 K Li .480 ,026 KLr
    y-rays of y-rays of
    90 Thorium 227-88 Radium 223 83 Bismuth 214-84 Polonium 214
    (RdAc) (AcX) (RaC) ( RaC')
    ,0315 .390 LiL~iiMiMiiNvi ,6067 ,020s K L I M I N
    .0437 .284 LILIIL~~~MI ,766 .0162 K
    .0533 .237 Lidlr ,933 ,0133 K
    .0614 ,207 LiMrNi 1.120 ,0112 K L I M I
    .lo07 .123 L~MINI 1.238 ,0100 K L r
    ,1493 .083 KLiMr 1.379 ,0090 K ~-
    .1954 ,063 K LiMi 1.414 ,0088 K L i M r
    ,253 ,049 K LIMI 1.761 ,0071 K L I
    282 .044 K Li 2.198 ,0056 K L
    .300 ,041 K LI y-rays of
    y-rays of 82 Lead 212-83 Bismuth 212
    88 Radium 223-86 Radon 219 (ThB) (ThC)
    (AcX) (An) ,1147 .0108 LrLiiMrNi
    .1435 .086 K LIM~ ,1757 ,0071 K
    ,153 .081 K L~MINI ,2379 ,0052 K L I L I I L I ~ ~ M I N I
    .157 ,079 K LIM~ ,2494 ,0049 K
    ,200 .062 K Li .2990 ,0041 K L I M I
    ,269 ,046 K LI y-rays of
    a w nf
    vr - r--,- -- 83 Bismuth 212-84 Polonium 212
    90 Thorium 228-88 Radium 224 (TcC) (ThC')
    (RaTh) (ThX) ,726 ,0171 K
    ,0848 .146 LiMi 1.623 ,0076 K
    ,0881 .141 LIM~ 1.882 .0066 K
    . 88 Radium
    v-ravs of
    --<- -~
    226-86 Radon 222
    v-ravs of
    ' 8f Bismuth 212+81 Thallium 208
    .169 ,066 K I*rMi (ThC) ( T h C" )
    y-rays of ,399 ,0036 LrLrrLirrMr A411NrO
    82 Lead 210+83 Bismuth 210 ,287 ,0043 K L I
    (Ran) (RaE) ,298 ,0042 K
    ,0472 ,026 LILI~LII~MINI ,327 ,0039 K
    y-rays of ,432 ,0287 Ii
    91 Protactinium 231-89 Actinium 227 .451 427.5 IC
    ,0949 .0130 LiL~iiMr .471 .0263 k.
    ,294 .042 K LiMi .617 ,0201 K
    .323 .038 K LiMi y-rays of
    y-rays of 84 Polonium 212-82 Lead 208
    82 Lead 214-83 Bismuth 214 (ThC') (ThD)
    (RaB) ( RaC ) 2765 ,045 K L~LIII
    .0529 ,0235 L I L I I I . I I I M I M I IiiiNiO
    M ,5100 .0243 K L i M i
    ,2406 .052 KCiiMr ,5523 ,0224 K L I M I
    ,2571 ,048 K LI 2.620 .0047 K L I M I
    .2937 ,042 KLi
    .3499 .035 K L~MINI
    'For reference, see footnote 234, p. 684
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    689
    T A B L E 752.-GAMMA SPECTRUM FOR SOME RADIOACTIVE BREAKDOWNS
    (concluded)
    7-rays" from 82 Lead 210+83 Bismuth 210
    (RaD) (RaE)
    y-ray line E (kev) y-ray line E (kev)
    (2) 65
    46.7
    2 5
    f .1
    D
    E
    32 + 1
    23.2 f .6
    B 43 a1 F 7.3 f .7
    C 37 f l
    zm San Tsiang Tsien. Phys. Rev., vol. 69, p. 38, 1946.

    T A B L E 753.-THE ENERGY RADIATED BY A N U M B E R O F RADIOACTIVE


    MATERIALS *
    Energy of
    radiation
    in Mev
    h Disintegrations Radiation
    Material Half-life Radiation 'aorS Y No g"sec-' Mev g-lsec-1
    92 Uranium 238 4.5x 10' yr a 4.2 .. 1.23x10' 5.2 xi04
    (Uranium I)
    90 Thorium 232 1.39X1010yr a 4.1 .. 4.1 X10' 1.70X10'
    88 Radium 226 1620 yr 4.79 .19 3.6 XlO'O 1.8OX10"
    86 Radon 222 3.825 d a 5.486 .. 5.7 x10n 3.1 x10"
    86 Radon 220 54.5 sec a 6.282 .. 3.5 X10" 2.2 X10"
    (Thoron)
    86 Radon 219 3.92 sec a 6.824 .. 4.8 XlO" 3.3 x10"
    (Actinon)
    86 Radon 217 lod sec a 7.74 .. 1.93x101' 1.50Xlo=
    84 Polonium 214 l.SXlO-'sec a 7.680 .. 1.30x 10" 1.0 x10m
    (Radium C')
    84 Polonium 212 3.1XlO-'sec Q 8.776 .. 6.4 XIOn 5.6 XIOps
    (Thorium C')
    84 Polonium 211 5 ~ 1 0 -sec
    * a 7.434 .. 3.9 X10" 2.9 XIOu
    (Actinium C')
    84 Polonium 210 138 d a? 5.3 .77 1.57X 10'" 1.2 X10'6
    83 Bismuth 214 19.7 min a7 5.5 1.8 1.65)<10" 3.0 x1P
    81 Thallium 210 1.32 min B- 1.8 .. 2.51x 10" 4.5 xi019
    (Radium C")
    81 Thallium 208 3.1 min 8- Y 1.7 2.6 1.08X 10" 4.7 xi019
    (Thorium C")
    81 Thallium 207 4.76 min B- Y 1.47 .. 7.1 x10" 1.O4X1O1'
    (Actinium C")
    59 Praseodymium 142 19.3 hr B- Y 2.1 1.9 4.28x 10" 8X 10"
    53 Iodine 136 1.8 min B- Y 6.5 2.9 235x10" 8x10"
    19 Potassium 40 *c 1.8XlO"yr B- Y 1.9 1.54 1 . w 105
    ~ 3.9 x1v
    ' For reference see footnote 199 p 618
    **The radiatidn from potassiuxh may 'seem to be too intense as compared to that from thorium 232 or
    uranium 238 but it must be remembered that the active isotope of potassium constitutes only .01 percent of
    ordinary potassium while the active isotopes of uranium and thorium constitute about 100 percent of the mate-
    rial. I t is also to he noted that the active isotope of potassiuni has more disintegration than either uranium or
    thorium, in part due to its greater number of atoms per gram.

    T A B L E 7 5 4 . P A F E WORKING DISTANCES FOR D I F F E R E N T EXPOSURE


    T I M E S T O D I F F E R E N T AMOUNTS O F RADIUM

    Daily exposure Safe distance Daily exposure Safe distance


    milligram-hr meters milligram-hr meters
    100 1 800 23
    200 13 1600
    400 2 3200

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TA6LES


    690
    T A B L E 755.-COMBINATION O F L E A D S H I E L D T H I C K N E S S A N D DISTANCE
    FOR A D E Q U A T E P R O T E C T I O N FOR EXPOSURES T O D I F F E R E N T
    A M O U N T S O F R A D I U M , N O T E X C E E D I N G 8 HOURS PER D A Y
    Workers with radioactive materials must observe certain precautions to avoid being
    burned by the emitted radiations. Tables 749, 751, 754, 755, taken from the National
    Bureau of Standards Handbook H 23 on Radium Protection, give some of the necessary
    precautions. These precautions are for radium ; if some other radioactive product is being
    worked with, care must be taken to increase these precautions if the materials are more
    active than radium. See Table 732.
    The a-rays are much more easily stopped than the p- or y-rays. The most energetic
    a-rays are stopped by an ordinary sheet of paper or a sheet of aluminum .06 mm thick.
    The p r a y s are stopped by a few millimeters of aluminum, while many of the y-rays will
    penetrate a block of lead a number of inches thick.

    Amount of Thickness Amount of Thickness


    radium of lead Distance radium of lead Distance
    milligrams cm cm milligrams crn cm
    10 .......... .5 .......... 70 1000 .......... 1 ..........570
    1 .......... 60 3 ......... .340
    2 .......... 45 6 ..........I60
    100. ......... 1 ......... .I85 5000. ......... 4 ......... ,550
    2 ..........140 6 ......... .I60
    3 ..........lo5 10 ..........220

    T A B L E 756.-CONSTANTS FOR CATHODE-RAY SPEEDS I N M A T T E R


    Cathode rays whose direction of motion is perpendicular to the direction of a uniform
    magnetic field ( H ) describe a circular path of radius ( r ) according to the formula cor-
    rected for relativity change of mass of electron.
    Hr = 1704 [ p (1 - p2)-’’*l
    where H is expressed in gauss and r in cm.
    When cathode r a y s impinge on m a t t e r they are deflected from their original direc-
    tion of motion. These deflections grade all the way from 180” “reflections” to the “diffu-
    sion” corresponding to deflections through very small angles. The large-angle deflections
    are ordinarily comparatively infrequent. However, when the substance struck by the
    cathode rays is crystalline, certain directions may be preferred by the deflections. Here
    the beam of cathode rays behaves as though it consisted of a train of waves of wavelength
    A. = 0.02426/& where A, is in angstroms. The preferred directions for the “reflected”
    cathode-ray beams may be calculated from the Brae% formula (see Siegbahn’s “X-ray
    Spectroscopy”). The simple Bragg formula is quite limited in application here, however,
    since refraction in the crystal is very appreciable for the cathode-ray beams. In general,
    the cathode rays which have been deflected bv matter will have lost speed, but the rays
    which have undergone these “preferred” deflections remain of the same speed as the
    primary cathode beam.
    Cathode r a y s lose speed on penetrating matter. The losses of speed by individual
    cathode particles grade from complete stoppage to no loss of speed. The maiority of the
    cathode particles, however, lose speed according to the relation (Thomas-Whiddington-
    Bohr law)
    &’-p’=ax
    where PO is the initial speed, and p the speed after traversing a path length x in the mate-
    rial ( x to be measured in cm along the actual curved path). and a is a constant roughly
    equal to 6 . 5 ~where p is the density of the material in g/cm8. A convenient form for the
    expression is the following. Note that the two forms are not equivalent except at very
    low speeds (experiment has not yet decided between the two) :
    vo2- V Z= bx
    where V Oand V are the initial and final “equivalent voltages” (see above) of the cathode
    rays, in kv, and b is a constant roughly equal to 40 x 1O‘p. A tabulation of experimental
    values of a and b for various materials follows :

    Material a b
    ......... 12. .75 x loe
    1.1 “
    ......................... 56. 3.6 “
    ......................... 66. 4.2 I‘

    Gold ................................................ 138. 9.0 “


    Moist air, 76 cmHg 18” C . . ............ .. .0062 .44 x loa
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    691
    TABLE 757.-ENERGY I N CALORIES/HR DEVELOPED BY ONE GRAM OF
    RADIUM IN EQUlLliBRlUM W I T H ITS PRODUCTS *

    Enerrv radiation in Mev


    Material Radiation ' a B 'y
    88 Radium 226 .............. ay 17.3% 10" .... .69X1OU
    86 Radon 222 ................ a 19.80 .... ....
    84 Polonium 218 ............. 0 21.64 ....
    (Radium A )
    82 Lead 214 ................. B- 7 .... 2.3sx10'0 ....
    (Radium B)
    83 Bismuth 214 .............. a(.04%)j3-y .... 11.46 6.50
    (Radium C)
    84 Polonium 214 ............. a 27.70 ....
    (Radium C')
    81 Thallium i 6.50 ....
    (Rat
    82 Lead .09 .17
    (Radium
    83 Bismuth 2 4.22 ....
    (Radiun
    84 Polonium 2.78
    (Radium F )
    Radiation totals in MeV. .................. 105.99X 10" 24.62x 10'" 10.14)<1010
    Energy due to recoil of atom.. ............. 3.71
    Alpha rays and recoil ..................... 109.70X1010
    Total energy radiated (a,p-, y iri MeV) = 144.46X10'o = 199 cal/hr.
    The total heating effect developed by one gram of radium in equilibrium with its prod-
    ucts in 199 cal/hr.
    ~~ ~ ~ ~

    For reference, see footnote 199, p. 618.

    TABLE 758.-CATHODE RAYS


    Owing to the growth of the subject, electrons are treated under three separate headings ;
    cathode rays, the swiftly moving electrons from the cathode in a discharge tube ; beta rays,
    from radioactive breakdown ; and the general field, electrons. The velocity of the cathode
    rays (electrons) depends upon the applied voltage. At comparatively low pressures the
    cathode rays have a nearly uniform velocity. Free electrons are emitted from hot bodies
    (Table 683-489), especially if the heated substance is coated with barium, calcium, or
    strontium oxide (Wehnelt cathode). These electrons can be given any desired speed,
    always less than that of light, if the heated substance (usually in the form of a wire) be
    enclosed in a n evacuated tube and the difference of potential ( V ) applied between the wire
    (cathode) and another electrode (anode, anticathode, or target). The speed of the electron
    and also its kinetic energy is often designated by giving the applied voltage, i.e., a 10 kv
    electron has a speed of 10 kv, about .2 that of light, and a n energy of 10,000 ev, or
    1.602 X lO-'ergs. (See Table 713.) The speed (v) of the cathode rays, expressed as a
    fractional part ( p ) of the speed of light ( B = v/c, where c is the speed of light), .whFn
    they have fallen through the entire potential difference, is given by the formula (which 1s
    corrected for the relativity change of mass)
    V z S 1 0 . 8 [ ( l -flz)-l'z-ll
    where V is in kilovolts.
    A tabulation of the corresponding values of V (kilovolts) and p follows.

    .40 46.5 .. -
    .SO 79.0 .942 la.
    .548 100. .95 1085.
    .60 127.7 .98 2045.
    .80 340.4
    ~ ~

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    692 TABLES 759-784.--.X-RAYS
    X-rays, which are short wavelength (.06 - 1020A) radiant energy, are, in
    general, generated whenever swiftly moving electrons are suddenly stopped by
    striking any material substance. The electrons may come from a cold cathode
    (gas-filled tube) and the current increased by ionization of the gas in the tube,
    or they may come from a hot cathode (Coolidge tube) in a tube of very low
    gas pressure. Soft and hard X-rays are terms applied to X-rays produced by
    low or high applied voltage respectively.
    Two types of X-rays are generated when the electrons hit the target-con-
    tinuous spectrum (over a limited wavelength) and the radiation that is charac-
    teristic of the material of which the anode is made. The continuous X-ray
    spectrum has a very definite short-wave limit that depends upon the voltage
    applied to the tube. Thus
    Voe = hv, = hc/A,
    If V , is given in volts, this wavelength A,, will be in angstroms if the other
    units are properly chosen.
    12395
    A. (in A ) = -
    YO
    The characteristic spectra are designated K , L , M , N, 0, etc., where these
    letters refer to the various electron shells (Table 658).
    X-rays, like any type of radiant energy, have two characteristics ; intensity
    (i.e., the rate of energy transfer), and wavelength. These two quantities are
    connected thus: the energy E = hv = hc/A.
    This, of course, assumes monochromatic radiation or the energy for a nar-
    row wavelength interval, which is not always the case ; all electrons do not hit
    the anode with the same energy nor do all materials react alike to electron
    bombardment. Some of the characteristics of X-rays and the reaction of
    X-rays to various materials are given in the following tables.

    T A B L E 759.-X-RAY PRODUCTION
    Quantity of X-rays emitted by a tungsten-target tube per kilowatt of energy in
    cathode-ray beam.*

    Roentgens ( r )
    Power in total Effective per second at
    X-rays from wavelength 1 meter from
    focal spot (unfiltered) target
    watts angstrom units (unfiltered)
    2.5 .56 1.2
    3.5 .40 .62
    100 S.
    _. .28 .34
    200 10. .14 .39
    500 25. .056 1.1
    1000 48. .028 2.1
    2000 95. .014 4.0
    Clark,, George L., Applied X-rays, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1940. Used by permission
    of the publishers.
    *Compiled by A. H. Compton.

    T A B L E 76O.-CRITICAL ABSORPTION W A V E L E N G T H S (A), K SERIES *

    12 Mg ....... 9.5112 35 Br ........ .9182 74 W ........ .17807


    13 A1 ........ 7,9470 40 Zr ........ .6874 78 Pt ........ .1581
    17 C1 ........ 4.3938 42 Mo ....... .61842 79 Au ....... .I534
    24 Cr ........ 2.0663 47 Ag ....... .4852 82 Pb ........ .I410
    26 Fe ........ 1.7405 53 I ......... .3738 92 U ........ .lo75
    29 Cu ....... 1.3780 56 Ba ........ ,3308
    *For reference, see footnote 236, above.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    693
    T A B L E 761.-RELATIVE I O N I Z A T I O N PRODUCED I N V A R I O U S GASES B Y
    H E T E R O G E N E O U S X-RAYS *
    Density Ionization relative to air = 1
    relative r * \
    Gas or vapor to air = 1 Soft X-rays Hard X-rays
    Hydrogen, H, ........................... .07 .o 1 .18
    Carbon dioxide, CO,. ..................... 1.53 1.57 1.49
    Ethyl chloride, CZH~CI .................... 2.24 18.0 17.3
    Carbon tetrachloride, CCI,. ................ 5.35 67 71
    Nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO), ................. 5.90 89 97
    Ethyl bromide, CzHIBr.................... 3.78 72 118
    Methyl iodide, C H J . . ..................... 4.% 145 125
    Mercury methyl, Hn(CR,),. ............... 7.93 425 ...
    For reference, see footnote 236, p. 692.

    T A B L E 762.-WAVELENGTHS O F FLUORESCENT RADIATION EXCITED


    BY X - R A Y S *

    Position
    Region of maximum
    Material A A
    Fluorspar ........................................... 3640-2400 2840
    Fluorspar and iron spar ............................... 3900-2310 2800
    Scheelite (Ca tungstate) ............................... 4800-3750 4330
    Zinc sulfide .......................................... 5090-4120 4500
    K platinocyanide ..................................... 4900-4120 4500
    Ba platinocyanide .................................... 5090-4420 4800
    Ca platinocyanide .................................... 5090-4550 4800
    U NH, fluoride.. ..................................... 4400-3800 4100
    X-ray tube glass.. .................................... 5090-3000 3750

    ' For reference, see footnote 236, p. 692.

    T A B L E 763.-THE ABSORPTION O F X-RAYS


    The absorption of X-rays by materials follows the same law as the absorption of
    radiant energy, i.e.,
    I = loX e+=
    where I, is the initial intensity and I the intensity after a distance x , and p the absorption
    coefficient. p / p is the mass absorption (p density) of the material. p / p is really the sum of
    two coefficients--s/p the true or fluorescent X-ray mass-absorption coefficient-and u / p
    the mass-absorption due to scattering. For light elements u /p has a practically constant
    value of 0.17 independent of the wavelength for intermediate ranges.
    The following relations may be written
    PIP = -s/p +
    ./P = K A' U/P +
    The constants for this absorption equation for several materials follow : *

    Mo 42 A g 47 S n 50 w 74 Au 79 Pb 82
    KK 375 545 595 1870 2230 2570
    KL 50 70 90 330 395 476
    KK/KL 7.5 7.8 6.6 5.65 5.65 5.40
    7'4 (10-n) 13.3 11.0 8.90 3.19 2.57 2.37
    . For reference, see footnote 236, p. 692.

    T A B L E 764.-APPROXIMATE L E A D THICKNESS REQUIRED T O REDUCE


    R A D I A T I O N DOSAGE R A T E T O 5 P E R C E N T O F U S E F U L B E A M m

    Kilovolts .............. 50 75 100 150 200 250 400 500 1000 2000
    Lead thickness, mm.. ... .1 .3 .4 .7 1.0 1.3 3.0 7 32 50
    ~ ~ ~

    i?m National Bureau of Standards Handbook 41, Medical X-ray protection up to two million volts.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    694
    T A B L E 765.-MASS-ABSORPTION C O E F F I C I E N T S FOR A N U M B E R O F
    M A T E R I A L S FOR D I F F E R E N T W A V E L E N G T H S *
    Wavelength
    angstroms C A1 cu Sn
    ,010 ,061 .059 .056 .054
    .015 ,073 .070 .067 .067
    ,020 .081 ,078 .076 .082
    .088 ,085 .085 .102
    .097 .094 .097 .130
    .lo8 .lo4 .120 .M4
    .117 .113 ,150 .32
    .064 .130 ,130 ,198 .49
    .072 .136 ,143 .232 ,614
    .098 .142 .156 ,325 1.17
    .130 .152 .186 .45 2.15
    .175 .163 .228 1.12 4.50
    .zoo .175 .270 1.59 6.10
    .280 .188 ,402 3.25 12.8
    .417 ,256 1.18 11.4 45.5
    .497 .315 1.90 18.9 11.8
    ,631 .474 3.73 37.2 23.0
    .710 .605 5.22 51.0 34.0
    For reference, see footnote 236. p. 692.

    T A B L E 766.-EXPONENTIAL F O R M U L A E FOR T H E T O T A L MASS-ABSOPP-


    T l O N V AL UES , p / p , FOR S E V E R A L E L E M E N T S *

    Absorber h (A) PIP Absorber X (A) PIP


    A1 . . . . .1 to .4
    .
    Al . .. .4 to .7
    14.45X As
    14.30X X8
    +
    +
    .15
    .16
    Mo . . . .
    Mn . . .
    .1 to .35
    > X K . ~ ~
    450 X ha + .4
    51.5 X h a + 1.0
    F e .... .1 to .3 110 X h a + .I8 Ag . . . . .1 to .4 603 X As + .7
    Co ..
    . . .1 to .3
    Ni . . . . .1 to .3
    124 X X8
    145 X A'+
    + .18
    .20
    Ag . . . . >XK,~, 86 X ha + .6
    .
    Cu . . . .1 to .6 147 X A'+ .5 P b .... =.'XK.,,~ 510 x A s + .75

    For reference, see footnote 236, p. 692.

    T A B L E 766A.-X-RAY DOSAGE U N I T S
    The international unit of quantity or dose of X-rays (and gamma-rays), one roentgen,
    r, is obtained from that X-ray (or gamma-ray) energy which, when the secondary electrons
    are fully utilized and secondary radiation from the walls of the chamber avoided, under
    standard 'conditions 0°C and 760 mmHg, produces in a cubic centimeter of atmospheric
    air such a degree of conductivity that the quantity of electricity, measured at saturation,
    equals 1 esu.

    T A B L E 767.-PROTECTIVE POWERS O F MATERIALS R E L A T I V E T O L E A D *


    A lead screen is very effective in protecting against X-rays. The data in the table show
    the thickness of lead is as effective as 1 mm of certain other materials that are in common
    use for protection against X-rays generated by a 100,000-volt Coolidge tube.

    Lead glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12to .20 Woods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,001


    Lead rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25to .45 Barium sulfate plaster. . . . . . .05to .13
    Bricks and concrete.. . . . . . . .01 . .
    Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

    For reference, see footnote 236. p. 692.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    695
    T A B L E 768.-THE M I N I M U M T H I C K N E S S O F L E A D R E C O M M E N D E D FOR
    P R O T E C T I O N FOR V A R I O U S I N T E N S I T I E S O F X-RAYS

    X-rays generated X-rays generated


    by peak voltage Minimum equivalent by peak voltage Minimum equivalent
    not i n excess of thickness of lead not in excess of thickness of lead
    (kilovolts) : millimeters (kilovolts) : millimeters
    75 1.o 225 5.0
    100 1.5 300 9.0
    125 2.0 400 15.0
    150 2.5 500 22.0
    175 3.0 600 34.0
    200 4.0

    The National Bureau of Standards Handbook 41 on X-ray protection gives as the per-
    missible dosage rate 0.3 r per week. On the basis of a 48-hour week of uniform exposure
    the permissible dosage rate is 0.00625 r per hr (6.25 m r per hr).
    This booklet also gives safety rules for operating X-ray equipment and the thickness of
    lead or concrete necessary for protection against X-ray tubes operated at various intensities.

    T A B L E 769.-DISTANCE PROTECTION *

    Distance t for various applied voltages (kilovolts)


    Target
    current 50 75 100 150 200 250 400 500 1000 2000
    ma feet
    ,005 ....... 15 20 20 25 25 25 25 30 90 195
    .05 ....... 40 50 60 60 65 70 70 75 220 400
    .5 ....... 85 115 145 145 165 170 170 200 460 850
    2.5 ....... 120 185 235 245 270 285 295 340 ...
    6?0
    10 ....... 160 250 330 350 390 420 . . . . . . . . . . . .
    25 ....... 195 300 390 420 480 510 . . . . . . . . . . . .
    For reference. see footnote 237. p. 693.
    t These distances were computed by taking into account distance and air absorption. T h e air absorp-
    tion was determined hy assuming the radiation was monochromatic and of double the minimum wavelength
    of the polychromatic radiation given off by the tube a t the indicated potential.

    T A B L E 770.-PRI M A R Y PROTECT1VE-BARRI E R R E Q U I R E M E N T S FOR 10


    M I L L I A M P E R E S A T T H E P U L S A T I N G POTENTLALS *
    A N D DISTANCES I N D I C A T E D t

    Lead thickness with peak Lead thickness with peak


    Target
    distance 75 100
    .
    kilovolts of-
    150 200 250
    Target
    distance 75
    kilovolts of-
    100 150 200 250
    ft mm ft mm
    2 ( .61 m) 2.2 3.4 4.3 6.7 11.8 20 ( 6.1 m ) 1.0 1.7 2.4 3.6 6.4
    5 ( 1.52 m) 1.7 2.7 3.6 5.5 9.6 50 (15.2 m) S 1.1 1.7 2.4 4.3
    10 ( 3.05 m) 1.3 2.2 3.0 4.5 8.1

    Direct-current potentials require the order of 10 percent greater thickness than those given here for
    pulsating potential.
    t For reference, see footnote 237, p. 693.

    T A B L E 771.-PRIMARY PROTECTIVE-BARRIER R E Q U I R E M E N T S FOR


    400-KILOVOLTS P E A K P U L S A T I N G P O T E N T I A L
    W I T H REFLECTION TARGET *

    Lead thickness with target Lead thickness with target


    current of- current of-
    Target Target
    distance i m a 3 m a a distance m a
    ft mm ft mm
    5 ( 1.52m) 16.5 20 22 20 ( 6.1 m) 9.5 11.5 13.0
    10 ( 3.05m) 12.5 15.5 17.0 50 (15.2 m) 5.5 8.0 9.0

    'For reference, see footnote 237, p. 693.


    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    696
    T A B L E 772.-P R I M A R Y PROTECT1VE-BA R R I E R R E Q U I R EM E N T S FOR
    1000-KILOVOLT C O N S T A N T P O T E N T I A L W I T H
    TRANSM115SION T A R G E T *
    Barrier thicknesses with target current of-
    1 ma 2 ma 3 ma
    Target
    distance - L Lead Concrete e -
    ft mm in. mm in. mm in.
    5 ( 1.52 m) 123 30.5 131 32.5 136 33.5
    10 ( 3.05 m) 107 27.0 115 28.5 120 29.5
    20 6.1 m) 91 23.0 99 25.0 103 26.0
    100 (30.5 m) 53 15.0 61 17.0 66 18.0
    For reference see footnote 237 p. 693.
    t These concreie thicknesses a r e 'for a concrete density of 147 pounds per cubic foot.

    T A B L E 773.-FILTERS FOR O B T A I N I N G M O N O C H R O M A T I C X-RAYS *


    Lowest
    approximate
    voltage for x for
    K series K n Thickness.
    Target kilovolts doublet Filter millimeters g/cma
    Chromium 6 2.287 Vanadium .0084 .0048
    Iron 7 1.935 Manganese ,0075 .0055
    Copper 9 1.539 Nickel .0085 .0076
    Molybdenum 20 .710 Zirconium .037 .024
    Silver 25 .560 Palladium .03 .036

    For reference, see footnote 236, p. 692.

    T A B L E 774.-CRlTlCAL ABSORPTION W A V E L E N G T H S ( A ) , L SERIES *


    LI LII =I11 L, LII LIII
    Element (Lid (L,) (L,) Element (LId (Ln) (L,)
    47 Ag ..... 3.2474 3.5067 3.6908 78 P t ..... .8921 .9321 1.0709
    53 I ....... 2.3839 2.5475 2.7139 82 Pb ..... .7806 .8136 9500
    56 Ba ..... 2.0620 2.1993 2.3568 92 U ...... S687 S920 .7216
    74 W ...... 1.0205 1.0713 1.2116

    ' For reference. see footnote 236, p. 692.

    T A B L E 775.--CRITICAL ABSORPTION W A V E L E N G T H S ( A ) , M SERIES *


    Element MI MII MIV Mv Element M~ M~~ M ~ v Mv
    W .... 4.38 4.83 5.45 6.62 6.85 Th ... 2.338 2.571 3.058 3.552 3.721
    Bi .... 3.100 3.342 3.889 4.574 4.763 U .... 2.228 2.385 2.873 3.326 3.491

    For reference, see footnote 236, p. 692.

    T A B L E 7 7 6 . F H A R A C T E R l S T l C E M I S S I O N W A V E L E N G T H S (A). K SERIES *
    Element r(i32) a 82 ax a2
    24 Cr ........ 2.0667 (as) ' 2.0806 .... 2.28503 2.28891
    26 Fe ........ 1.74O80(85) 1.753013 1.75646 1.932076 1.936012
    28 Ni ........ 1.48561 1.49705 .... 1.65450 1.65835
    29 cu ........ 1.37824 1.38935 .... 1.53739 1.54123
    42 Mo ....... .61%98 ,630978 .631543 .707831 .712105
    45 Rh ....... .533% .54449 .54509 ,61202 ,61637
    47 Ag ........ .486030 .49m .49665 .55828 .56267
    74 W .17899 t .18397 .18477 20860 .21341
    78 Pt .I5887 .16370 .. .18523 .19004

    For reference. see footnote 236 p 692


    t 6 = 0 . 1 7 8 0 3 , 6p=O.17917 (Du&, 19j3).

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    697
    T A B L E 777.-WAVELENOTHS I N ANGSTROMS OF K-SERIES L I N E S REPRE-
    S E N T I N G TRANSITIONS I N T H E ORDINARY X-RAY ENERGY L E V E L
    DIAGRAM * ALLOWED BY THE SELECTION PRINCI,PLES=

    Siegbahn
    Sommerfeld
    transition
    4 Be 115.7
    5 B 67.71
    6 C 44.54
    7 N 31.557
    8 0 23.567
    9 F 18.275
    11 Na 11.885 11.594
    12 Mg 9.869 9.539
    13 A1 8.3205 7.965
    14 Si 7.1 1106 6.7545
    15 P 6.1425 5.7921
    16 S 5.3637 5.3613 5.0211
    17 C1 4.7212 4.7182 4.3942
    19 K 3.73707 3.73368 3.4468
    20 Ca 3.35495 3.35169 3.0834
    21 sc 3.02840 3.02503 2.7739
    22 Ti 2.74681 2.74317 2.5090
    23 V 2.50213 2.49835 2.2797
    24 Cr 2.28891 2.28503 2.0806
    25 Mn 2.10 149 2.09751 1.90620
    26 Fe 1.936012 1.932076 1.753013
    27 Co 1.78919 1.78529 1.61744
    28 Ni 1.65835 1.65450 1.47905 48.561
    29 c u 1.541232 1.537395 1.38935 .37824
    30 Zn 1.43603 1.43217 1.29255 28107
    31 Ga 1.34087 1.33715 1.20520 .1938
    32 Ge 1.25521 1.25130 1.12671 .11459
    33 As 1.17743 1.17344 1.05510 .04281
    34 Se 1.10652 1.10248 .99013 .97791
    35 Br 1.04166 1.03759 .93087 .91853
    36 Kr .9821 .9781 A767 3643
    37 Rb .92776 92364 32749 .82696 31476
    38 Sr .87761 .87345 .78183 .78130 .76921
    39 Y 233132 .82712 .73972 .73919 .72713
    40 Zr .7885 1 .78430 .70083 ,70028 .68850
    41 Nb .74889 .74465 .66496 .66438 ,65280
    42 Mo .712105 .707831 .631543 .630978 .619698
    43 Tc .675 .672 .601
    44 Ru .64606 .64174 .57193 .57131 .56051
    45 Rh .61637 ,61202 .54509 .54449 .533%
    46 Pd .58863 .58427 .52009 9947 50918
    47 Ag .56267 .55828 .49665 .4960 1 .48603
    48 Cd .53832 .53390 .47471 .47408 .*4m
    49 In .5 1548 3106 .45423 .45358 .44408
    50 Sn .49402 .48957 .43495 .43430 .42499
    51 Sb .47387 .46931 .41623 40710
    52 Te .45491 .45037 .39926 .39037
    53 I .43703 .43249 .38292 .38315 .37471
    54 Xe .417 .360
    55 cs .40411 .39959 .35436 .35360 .34516
    56 Ba .38899 .38443 .34089 .34022 .33222
    57 La .37466 .37004 .32809 .32726 .31966
    58 Ce .36110 .35647 .31572 .31501 .30770
    59 P r .34805 .34340 .30439 .30360 .2%25
    . ~ .
    60 Nd .33595 .33125 .29351 .29275 .28573
    62 Sm .31302 .30833 .27325 .27250 .26575
    63 Eu .30265 .29790 .26386 .26307 .25645
    This criterion cannot he strictly applied to the K a line from 4 Be to 9 F, nor to the K & line from
    11 Na to 29 Cu as reported in this table.
    zm Compton, A. H., and Allison, S. K., X-rays in theory and experiment, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc.,
    New York, 1935. Courtesy of the publishers.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    698
    T A B L E 777.-WAVELENGTHS IN ANGSTROMS O F K-SERIES L I N E S REPRE-
    S E N T I N G T R A N S I T I O N S I N T H E ORDINARY X-RAY E N E R G Y L E V E L
    DIAGRAM A L L O W E D BY T H E S E L E C T I O N P R I N C I P L E S
    (concluded)
    Siegbahn
    Sommerfeld
    transition
    64 Gd .29261 .25471 .25394 .24762
    65 T h .28286 .27820 .24629 .24551 .23912
    66 D; .27375 .26903 .23787 .23710 .23128
    67 Ho .26499 .26030 ....
    68 Er .25664 .25 197 .21671
    69 T m .24861 .24387 ....
    70 Yb .24098 .23628 .20322
    71 Lu .23358 .2282 .19649
    72 Hf .22653 .22173 ,19042
    73 Ta .21973 .21488 .18452
    74 w .21337 .20856 .I7906
    76 0 s .20131 .I9645 .I6875
    77 Ir .19550 .19065 .I6376
    78 P t .19004 .18Z3 .15887
    79 Au .18483 .179% .15426
    81 T1 .17466 .i6980
    _. .I5011 .14539
    82 P b .17004 .16516 .14606 .14125
    83 Bi .16525 .lo41 .14205 .I3621
    92 U .13095 .12640 .I1187 .lo842

    T A B L E 778.-WAVELENGTHS, TUNGSTEN L SERIES *


    1.02647 1.2208
    1.0439 1.2354
    1.05965 1.24191
    1.06584 1.26OOO
    1.0720 1.27917
    1.079 1.2871
    1.09553 1.29874
    1.1292 1.3344
    1.2021 1.4177
    1.2034 1.47348
    1.2094 1.48452
    1.2125 1.67505

    For reference, see footnote 236, p. 692.

    T A B L E 7 7 9 1 T Y P I C A L SAFE RATINGS O F DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY T U B E S


    ~

    General Electric Company Benson-type X-ray tube Westinghouse Corporation WL-355 tube
    Self- Self-
    Effective Full wave Half wave rectified Effective Full wave Half wave rectified
    focal area kv+ ma kv* ma kv" ma focal area kv ma kv ma kv ma
    Stationary target : 1 second Stationary target : 1 second
    1.5 mmz 110 20 110 15 .. 1.5 mm' 2770 2025 1520
    3.7 110 60 95 50 ... 2.1 4830 3410 2570
    5.2 90 150 100 100 78 i00 2.6 6500 4730 3400
    1/60 second 3.0 7680 5915 4150
    5.2 72 500 ... ... ... ... 4.2 11900 9650 6870
    104 350 . .. . .. ... ... 1/60 second
    Rotating target: 1 second 4.2 25000 ... ...
    80 280 ... ... ... ...
    1/60 second
    80 540 ... ... ... ...
    Peak kilovolts.
    ~~~ ~

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    699
    TABLE 7800.-WAVELENGTHS O F T H E MORE PROMINENT L-GROUP LINES
    I N ANGSTROMS *

    16 S .... .... 83.75


    20 Ca 36.27 .... 40.90 ....
    21 sc 31.37 .... 35.71
    22 Ti 27.37 .... 3 1.33 ....
    23 V 24.31 .... 27.70 ....
    24 Cr 21.53 21.19 23.84 23.28
    25 Mn 19.40 19.04 22.34 ....
    26 Fe 17.57 17.23 20.09 19.76
    27 Co 15.93 15.63 18.25 17.86
    28 Ni 14.53 14.25 16.66 16.28
    29 Cu 13.306 13.027 15.26 14.87
    30 Zn 12.229 11.960 13.97 13.61
    31 Ga 11.27 11.01 12.89 12.56
    32 Ge 10.415 10.153 11.922 11.587
    33 As 9.652 9.395 11.048 10.711
    34 Se 8.972 8.718 10.272 9.939
    35 Br 8.358 8.109 9.564 9.235
    37 Rb 7.3027 .... .... ....
    38 Sr 6.8486 6.610 7.822 7.506
    39 Y 6.4357 6.2039 .... 7.0310

    40 Zr 6.057 5.8236 5.5742 5.3738


    41 Nb 5.718 5.7120 5.4803 5.2260 5.0248
    42 Mo 5.401 5.3950 5.1665 4.9100 ....
    44 Ru 4.8437 4.8357 4.6110 4.3619 4.1728
    45 Rh 4.5956 4.5878 4.3640 4.1221 3.9357
    46 Pd 4.3666 4.3585 4.1373 3.9007 3.7164
    47 Ag 4.1538 4.1456 3.9266 3.6938 3.5149
    48 Cd 3.9564 3.9478 3.7301 3.5064 3.3280
    49 In 3.7724 3.7637 3.5478 3.3312 3.1553
    50 Sn 3.60 151 3.59257 3.3779 3.1686 1 2.99494
    51 Sb 3.4408 3.4318 3.2184 3.0166 2.8451
    52 Te 3.2910 3.2820 3.0700 2.8761 2.7065
    53 I 3.1509 3.1417 2.9309 2.7461 2.5775
    55 cs 2.8956 2.8861 2.6778 2.5064 2.3425
    56 Ba 2.7790 2.7696 2.5622 2.3993 2.2366
    57 La 2.6689 2.6597 2.4533 2.2980 2.1372
    58 Ce 2.5651 2.5560 2.3510 2.2041 2.0443
    59 Pr 2.4676 2.4577 2.2539 2.1148 1.9568
    60 Nd 2.3756 2.3653 2.1622 2.0314 1.8738
    62 Sm 2.2057 2.1950 1.9936 1.8781 1.7231
    63 Eu 2.1273 2.1163 1.9163 1.8082 1.6543
    64 Gd 2.0526 2.0419 1.8425 1.7413 1.5886
    65 Tb 1.9823 1.9715 1.7727 1.6790 1S266
    66 Dy 1.9156 1.9046 1.7066 1.6198 1.4697
    67 Ho 1.8521 1.8410 1.6435 1.5637 1.4142
    68 Er 1.79202 1.78068 1.58409 1.51094 1.3611
    69 Tm 1.7339 1.7228 1.5268 1.4602 1.3127
    70 Yb 1.67942 1.66844 1.4725 1.41261 1.26512
    71 Lu 1.6270 1.61617 1.42067 1.36731 1.21974
    72 Hf 1.57704 1.56607 1.3711 1.3235 1.1765
    73 Ta 1.52978 1.51885 1.32423 1.28190 1.13558
    74 w 1.48438 1.47336 1.27917 1.24203 1.09630
    75 Re 1.4410 1.42997 1.23603 1.2041 1.0587
    76 0s 1.39866 1.38859 1.19490 1.16884 1.02296
    77 Ir 1.3598 1.34847 1.15540 1.13297 ,98876
    78 Pt 1.32155 1.3 1033 1.11758 1.09974 ,95599
    79 Au 1.28502 1.27377 1.08128 1.06801 .92461
    For reference, see footnote 238, p. 697.

    (contirmcd)
    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    700
    T A B L E 780.-WAVELENGTHS OF T H E M O R E P R O M I N E N T L-GROUP L I N E S
    IN ANGSTROMS (concluded)
    Siegbahn a1
    a
    a
    B
    A
    2
    Sommerfeld
    transition L111-Mv LIiMV L I i N V L1I.NIV
    80 Hg 1.24951 1.23863 1.04652 1.03770 .8946
    81 T1 1.21626 1.20493 1.01299 1.00822 ,86571
    82 Pb 1.18408 1.17258 .98083 .98083 .83801
    83 Bi' 1.15301 1.14150 .95002 .95324 ,81143
    90 Th ,96585 .95405 .76356 .79192 .65176
    91 Pa .9427 .9309 .7407 .7721 .6325
    92 U .92062 .90874 ,71851 .75307 .61359

    T A B L E 781.-WAVELENGTHS O F M - S E R I E S L I N E S I N ANGSTROMS FROM


    73 T a T O 92 U *

    Transition 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 0 s 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 A u 81 TI 82 Pb 83 Bi 90 Th 92 U
    MIIOIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 2.613 .... 2.440
    MINIII .... 5.163 . . . . . . . . .... 4.45i 4.iSi i.86.i 3.732 2.938
    4.005 2.745
    MIINIV 5.558 5.342 .... 4.944 4.770 4.590 4.424 4.110 3.964 3.829 3.006 2.813
    MIIIOV ..... . . . . . . . . 4.859 4.682 4.514 4.207 4.063 3.926 3.124 2.941
    MIIIOI . 5.620 ........ ........ ....
    4.235 4.0% . . . . 3.114
    MIINI ... ....... .... 3.322
    r' ........ .... i.ic00 4.650 4.506 3.661 3.463
    MIIINV 6.299
    . . . .6.076
    ... 5.iis 5.670 5.490 5.309 s.ij5 4.815 4.665 4.522 3.672 3.473
    MIIINW 6.340 6.121 5.919 5.712 5.529 5.346 5.175 4.855 4.705 4.560 3.710 3.514
    MIVOII 7.083 6.794 . . . . . . . . .... 4.813 3.804 3.570
    B' 6.984 6.718 .... 6.233 6.009 5.796 5.595 5.20 5.045 4.881 3.924 3.698
    MIVNVI 7.008 6.743 6.491 6.254 6.025 5.8168 5.612 5.239 5.065 4.899 3.934 3.708
    h!VOIII ........ ....... . . . . 5.975 5.755
    a 7201 6932
    .............. 6440 6215 5.997 5794 5.416 5.239
    a' 7.219 6.948 .... 61459 6% 6:oii 5:Sii 5.433 5.256 5.087 4.112 3.886
    MVNVII 7.237 6.969 6.715 6.477 6.249 6.034 5.828 5.450 5.274 5.108 4.130 3.902
    MVNVI . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.262 6.045 5.842 5.461 5.288 5.119 4.143 3.916
    MIIINI 7.596 7.346 . . . . . . . . 6.653 6.442 6.241 5.870 5.694 5.526 4.554 4.322
    MIVNIII .... 8.559 8.222 .... 7.629 7.356 7.086 .... 6.371 6.149 4.901 4.615
    MVNI~I 9.297 8.943 8.612 8.293 8.002 7.722 7.451 6.960 6.726 6.508 5.229 4.937
    MIVNII 9.311 8.977 8.646 8.344 8.048 7.774 7.507 7.017 6.788 6.571 5.329 5.040
    . ~~

    E. Lindberg, Dissertation, Uppsala (1931). I n addition to the values listed here, measurements have been
    made in the range from Ce 58 to 72 H f . The wavelengths may be found in the dissertation, or in Siegbahn,
    Spektroskopie der Rthtgenstrahlen (1931). For reference, see footnote 238, p. 697.

    T A B L E 782.-X-RAY T E R M S FOR VARIOUS E L E M E N T S *


    YI'Rvalues ; Y in cm-', R = 109,737 cm-'
    Term 13 Al 20 Ca 29 Cu 42 Mo 47 Ag 74 W 92 IJ
    K 10.71 297.4 661.6 1473.4 1880.9 5120.7 8474
    LI ,... .... 81.0 211.3 282.7 890.8 1602.6
    LII 2.30 25.8 70.3 193.7 260.9 849.9 1542.7
    LIII 2.30 25.5 68.9 186.0 248.6 751.3 1264.2
    MI .... .... 8.9 37.5 54.4 207.3 408.5
    M,,__
    .. .63 1.9 5.7 30.5 46.7 189.3 381.5
    MI11 .63 1.9 5.7 29.2 44.4 167.5 316.8
    MIV .... .4 .4 17.3 29.2 137.5 274.2
    MV .... .4 .4 17.1 28.8 132.9 261.2
    NI .... .... 5.1 8.7 43.3 106.0
    NII .... .... 2.9 6.5 36.0 93.5
    NIII .... .... 2.9 6.5 31.0 76.6
    NIV .... .... 1.1 18.7 57.5
    Nv .... .... .... .4 2.0 17.6 54.3
    NVI .... .... .... .... .... 2.3 28.5
    NVII .... .... .... .... .... 2.0 27.6
    01 .... .... .... .... .... 5.4 23.7
    011 .... .... .... .... .... 2.9 18.3
    0111 .... .... .... .... .... 2.9 13.9
    OlVOV .... .... .... .... .... .... 7.0
    PIIPIII .... .... .... .... .... .... .8
    For reference, see footnote 238. p. 697.
    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    IA T A B L E 7 8 3 . 4 R I T I C A L ABSORPTION W A V E L E N G T H S IN ANGSTROMS *
    5
    I
    I -- .- . ~

    0
    v) K LI =I1 4 1 1 MI MI1 MI11 MIV MV Longer wavelengths
    3 1 H
    t
    D
    2 He 504.29
    I
    V 3 Li
    2 4 Be .... 1329.89
    P
    0 5B 64.3
    r 6C 43.5
    4
    D 7N 31.1
    W
    r
    m
    v)
    8 0 23.5
    9 F 18.0
    10 Ne .... 255.77 i; 2.4 i;4.9
    11 Na
    12 Mg 9.4962 .... ... 1621.48
    13 A1 7.9356 .... 181
    14 Si 6.7310 .... 126
    15 P 5.7749 .... 96.4
    16 S 5.0088 .... 75.7
    17 Ci 4.3838 60.9
    18 A 3.8657 50.1 124.03 78.0 'E 6.8
    19 K 3.4310 NI
    20 Ca 3.0643 .... 35.63 ... .. .. .... 2028.20
    21 s c 2.7517
    22 Ti 2.4912 27.29
    23 V 2.2630
    24 Cr 2.0659
    25 Mn 1.8916
    26 Fe 1.7394
    27 co 1.6040
    28 Ni 1.4839
    29 Cu 1.3774 .. 12.9 13.15 Nl
    30 Zn 1.2805 .. .... .... .., 708.18 722.08 1319.84
    31 Ga 1.1902
    32 Ge 1.1164
    33 As 1.04263
    34 Se .97773
    For reference. see footnote 238, p. 697.

    (continued)
    u
    T A B L E '83.-CRITICAL ABSOR PTION W A V E L E N G T H S IN A N GSTR OMS (co tinued) 0
    N
    K LI =I1
    LIII MI mi1 mi11 MIV MV Longer wavelengths
    35 Br .91809 NII NIII
    36 Kr A6372 .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 845.42 855.63
    37 Rb ,81410 5.9854 .... 6.8413 Or
    38 Sr ,76837 5.5713 6.1621 6.3620 2177.46
    39 Y .7255 5.2216 5.7373 5.9444
    40 Zr ,68738 4.8574 5.3659
    41 Nb .65 158 4.5717 ....
    42 Mo .61848 4.2897 4.7120
    43 Tc
    44 Ru .5584 .... 4.1648 4.3577
    NIV
    45 Rh .53303 3.61860 3.9340 4.1212 N V

    46 Pd .50795 3.4206 3.7512 3.9005 .... .... .... .... .... 1412.92 1487.30
    47 Ag .48448 3.2474 3.5067 3.6908 .... .... .... 30.82 31.14 N" Nvr 01
    48 Cd .46313 3.0773 3.3192 3.4963 .... .... .... 28.13 678.28 705.23 1378.57
    49 In ,44298 2.9194 3.1395 3.3155
    50 Sn .42394 2.7696 2.9723 3.1493 .... .... .... 24.28
    51 Sb .40609 2.6317 2.8219 2.9907
    52 Te
    53 I
    .38926
    ,37344
    2.5039
    2.3839
    2.6793
    2.5475
    2.8457
    2.7139 .,.. .... .... 19.66 { 011, 111
    1022.13
    54 Xe .35777 2.2691 2.4241 2.5872 .... .... .... .... ....
    55 c s .34404 2.1605 2.3073 2.4678 PI
    56 Ba .33070 2.0620 2.1993 2.3568 15.56 15.89 2379.29
    57 La .31814 1.9689 2.0989 2.2537
    58 Ce .30626 1.8856 2 0067 2.1579
    59 P r .2951 1.808 1.9197 2.0727
    60 Nd 28458 1.7317 1.8391 1.9907
    61 P m
    62 Sm ,2644 1.5954 1.6991 1.8408
    63 Eu .2548 1.5333 1.6228 1.7717
    64 Gd .2462 1.4740 1.5587 1.7062
    65 T b .2376 1.4181 1.4981 1.6453
    66 Dy .2301 1.3648 1.4414 1.5870
    67 Ho .22264 1.3146 1.3869 1.5322
    68 Er .... 1.2660 1.3349 1.4796
    69 T m .2085 1.21% 1.2849 1.4299
    70 Yb .2016 1.1764 1.2381 1.38264
    71 Lu .1951 1.1362 1.1945 1.3377
    (continued)
    T A B L E 7 8 3 . 4 R I T I C A L ABSORPTION W A V E L E N G T H S IN ANGSTROMS (concluded)
    -I
    Er K LI =I1 LIII MI MI1 MI11 MIV Mv Longer wavelengths
    C: 72 Hf .1901 1.097 1.1515 1.2930
    73 Ta .I836 1.057 1.1102 1.2517
    74 w .17822 1.Om5 1.0713 1.2116 4.365 4.800 5.427 6.487 6.702
    75 Re .1735 .9873 1.0354 1.1755
    76 0s .16755 .9558 .9998 1.1390 4.037 4.412 5.027 5.975 6.194
    77 Ir .16209 .9223 .9654 1.1038 .... 4.270 4.851 5.754 5.961
    78 Pt .15770 A914 .9321 1.0710 3.603 3.738 4.676 5.544 5.746
    79 Au .15320 23622 .9009 1.0382 3.742 4.085 4.508 5.330 5.529 OIV ov P I
    80 Hg .14893 .8342 .8708 1.0075 .... .... 4.340 5.139 5.331 742.22 835.47 1187.95
    81 T1 .14441 .SO72 .8419 .9778 .... .... 4.184 4.936 5.136
    82 Pb .14049 .7812 .8143 .9492 .... .... 4.034 4.747 4.945
    83 Bi .13678 .7559 .7878 .9221 .... .... 3.893 4.568 4.762
    84 Po
    85 At PIX, I11
    86 Rn .... .... .... .... .... .... 1153.52
    87 Fr
    88 Ra .... .... .670 .802
    89 Ac
    90 Th .I1270 .6039 .6293 .7600 2.388 2.571 3.062 3.550 3.722
    91 Pa
    92 u .I0658 .5680 ,5913 .7208 2.228 2.385 2.877 2.327 3.491
    ____.
    u)
    5 TABLE 784.-CALCULATED MASS ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS 298
    1
    I
    0 K series
    -z
    v)
    t
    I 1-
    Material ,010 ,020 .040 .080 .15 .25 .40 .80 1.50 2.50 4.00 6.00
    Q

    -
    I
    <
    Z
    1 Hydrogen
    2 Helium
    3 Lithium
    .1134
    .0571
    .0494
    .1577
    .0794
    .0687
    ,2083
    .lo49
    .0910
    .2628
    .1325
    ,1147
    ,3081
    ,1553
    .1347
    ,3366
    .1702
    .I489
    .3559
    .I841
    .1660
    ,3854
    .2171
    2417
    ,4318
    .3657
    ,6731
    ,5916
    .9970
    2.4945
    1.2080
    3.4658
    9.644i
    3.1420
    11.194
    ~~

    31.927
    ~

    -4
    4 Beryllium .0506 .0705 .0933 .I 176 ,1389 .1560 .1838 ,3552 1.3939 5.7894 22.972 76.193
    g 5 Boron ,0528 ,0734 ,0973 ,1228 .1455 .I662 206 1 .4864 2.2131 9.5170 37.995 125.84
    E 6 Carbon .0571 .0794 .I052 .I331 .1592 ,1884 .2588 ,8119 4.2565 18.768 74.928 246.27
    7 Nitrogen .0571 .0794 ,1053 .I335 ,1621 ,2013 .3111 1.2266 6.9494 30.958 123.19 401.64
    8 Oxygen ,0571 .0795 .lo55 ,1342 .I659 .2189 .3827 1.7915 10.591 47.288 186.85 601.92
    9 Fluorine .0541 .0753 .loo0 ,1278 ,1619 ,2292 .4513 2.3963 14.512 64.669 253.16 803.50
    10 Neon ,0566 .0788 ,1047 .1347 .1757 .2686 S896 3.4280 21.036 93.298 361.06 1125.3
    11 Sodium ,0546 ,0760 .lo12 ,1312 .I771 ,2938 ,7092 4.4007 27.180 119.74 457.04 1393.5
    12 Magnesium .0563 ,0784 .I046 .I367 .I920 .3461 .9060 5.8930 36.469 159.30 598.22 1775.8
    13 Aluminum ,0551 .0767 .lo24 ,1353 .1985 ,3882 1.0876 7.3182 45.240 195.61 720.70 2072.3
    14 Silicon ,0570 .0794 .lo62 ,1417 ,2167 .4532 1.3335 9.1794 56.745 244.02 889.43 2507.0
    15 Phosphorus .0553 .0771 .lo34 .I399 ,2255 ,5096 1.5725 11.052 68.006 288.75 1037.1 2766.9
    16 Sulfur .0570 .0795 .I069 ,1470 ,2506 ,6082 1.9568 13.914 85.069 355.96 1230.5
    17 Chlorine .0548 .0765 .lo31 ,1442 2607 .6754 2.2446 16.105 97.676 402.03 1343.4
    18 Argon .0515 .0719 .0973 S388 .2664 ,7318 2.4967 18.014 108.25 437.17
    19 Potassium .0555 .0776 .lo54 .I537 .3131 ,9065 3.1592 22.859 135.88 537.16
    20 Calcium ,0570 ,0798 ,1088 ,1623 ,3512 1.0651 3.7759 27.341 160.57 619.41
    22 Titanium ,0525 ,0736 ,1014 .1593 ,3871 1.2683 4.6098 33.257 189.78 689.33
    24 Chromium ,0528 .0741 .lo34 .1720 ,4664 1.6220 5.9875 42.804 235.77
    26 Iron .0533 ,0750 ,1061 .1880 S634 2.0502 7.6376 53.860 284.05
    28 Nickel .0546 ,0771 ,1110 ,2101 .6888 2.5938 9.7000 67.243
    29 Copper ,0523 .0739 ,1073 .2102 ,7180 2.7412 10.265 70.389
    30 Zinc .0526 ,0745 .lo92 ,2215 ,7862 3.0375 11.376 77.110 360.33
    32 Germanium ,0506 .0719 .lo77 2342 3909 3.5078 13.113 86.581
    34 Selenium .0494 ,0706 ,1082 2527 1.0204 4.0731 15.161 97.059
    35 Bromine .0503 ,0721 .1118 ,2703 1.1212 4.4985 16.696 105.02
    36 Krypton .0494 ,0710 ,1116 ,2794 1.1875 4.7850 17.698 109.22
    37 Rubidium .0498 .0717 A142 .2959 1.2866 5.2015 19.160 115.74
    38 Strontium .0499 .0721 ,1164 .3121 1.3520 5.6184 20.609 121.84
    -
    2"'8 Private communication from John A. Victoreen, T h e Victoreen Instrument Co., Cleveland, Ohio.

    (contirrued)
    T A B L E 784.-CALCULATED MA SS A B SOR PTION C O E F F I C I E N T S (concluded)

    K series
    ::
    0
    Material ,010 .020 ,040 .080 .15 2 5 .40 .80 1.50 2.50 4.00 6.00
    2 42 Molybdenum .0505 .0740 ,1269 .3873 1.8412 7.4923 26.879
    7 46 Palladium .0500 .0743 ,1364 .4680 2.3331 9.4481 32.893
    C: 47 Silver .0505 .0755 .1411 .497 1 2.5023 10.110 34.886
    50 Tin .0490 .0743 .1466 S581 2.8718 1 1.493 38,467
    52 Tellurium .0475 .0728 ,1492 .5950 3.0958 12.287 40.150
    53 Iodine .0488 .0752 .1570 .6397 3.3434 13.207
    54 Xenon ,0481 .0746 .1587 .6606 3.4660 13.621
    56 Barium .0478 .0750 .1661 .7190 3.7952 14.743
    58 Cerium .0486 .0762 .1685 7332 3.8080 14.536
    60 Neodymium .0490 .0778 .1785 .7959 4.1654 15.620
    65 Terbium .0485 .0798 2 0 13 ,9689 5.0766
    73 Tantalum .0488 .0858 2508 1.3152 6.7235
    74 Tungsten .0488 .0865 2575 1.3614 6.9253
    78 Platinum .0490 .0903 2878 1.5647 7.7673
    79 Gold .0493 .0917 ,2973 1.6253 8.0105
    80 Mercury .0493 .0925 ,3049 1.6759 8.1957
    82 Lead .0492 .0944 .3210 1.7806
    83 Bismuth .0496 .O% 1 .3320 1.8491 8.5986
    90 Thorium .0488 .0964 .3406 1.8609
    92 Uranium .0490 .0992 .3612 1.9814
    Air .0570 .0793 ,1052 .1337 .1643 2123 .3561 1.5759 9.1109 40.027 154.59
    Water .0634 .0882 .1170 .I486 ,1819 2321 .3801 1.6341 9.4547 42.061 166.08 534.90
    Nylon .0624 .0869 .1151 .1457 .-. ..
    -1747 -2084 2921 .9573 5.0960 22.460 89.240 291.00
    Polyethylene ,0651 .OW6 .I201 .I517 .1806 .2097 2733 .7506 3.7066 16.155 64.330 211.31
    Polystyrene .a614 ,0854 .1133 .1431 .l708 .1999 .2666 .7788 3.9958 17.358 69.209 277.40
    706 T A B L E S 785-793.-FISSION
    Artificial disintegration is generally considered in two parts : the first when
    the bombarded atom suffers a change not greater than the loss (or gain) of an
    alpha particle, and the second when the change in the bombarded atom is much
    greater-the bombarded atom being at times split into two nearly equal parts.
    This latter is called fission : the former, artificial disintegration. Fission was at
    first brought about by bombardment with neutrons but it can be caused by
    bombardment by almost any particle with the proper energy (see Table 726).
    This effect can be produced in a number of isotopes of the heavier atoms such
    as Np, U, Pa, Th, Pb, Sn, Eu, and Ni. Some other atoms such as Bi, Rb, TI,
    Hg, Au, Pt, W, and many others show no fission; at least if such an effect
    exists it is less than 1/1000 that of Th. There are a great many products of
    fission as shown by a paper by scientists of the Plutonium One
    example of fission is
    92U235 $- on1+ 4oZr97 52Te137 +
    + on1 + on1
    There is a considerable release of energy when fission takes place. Complete
    data are not available but such as are available give values of about 200 Mev
    per fission per atom of the heavier elements. (See Table 790.) It is also to
    be noted that there are two neutrons given as a result of the above reaction ;
    thus, it is self-sustaining.
    "O Journ. Amer. Chem. SOC.,vol. 68, p. 2411, 1946.

    T A B L E 785.-FISSION DATA *
    Target substance 02u=6 mPuz^p
    Compound nucleus .................. ozU2" e3Pu240
    Threshold energy for fast neutron fis-
    sion, in Mev.. .................... 0 0
    Energy released per fission, in Mev.. . 200

    I
    I
    Energy of fission neutrons, in Mev.. . <3.5_
    (Ave 1)
    Average number of neutrons released
    per fission ....................... 2.3 Estimated to be same as for w U ' ~
    (2 to 3.5)
    Average number of neutrons released
    per thermal neutron absorbed, q.. .. 1.4

    For reference, see footnote 226, I). 667.

    T A B L E 786.-FISSION THRESHOLDS *
    V

    s&? -
    O C
    2
    V
    c"l
    gz
    -
    0
    ..
    .oc u3

    t e
    i: Threshold energy g.2
    25
    *'
    %
    ;
    22
    Threshold energy %.z M5

    s E' for
    exciting fission V
    V exciting
    forfission 2
    V ; $2
    o o ThZs2 5.402.22 Mev y 5.08*.15 Mev Y
    mThm 1.10-f.05 n 1.0 2 . 1 n
    u1Pa2p -1 n <O slow n
    s1Paw3 <6.9 P <6.9 P
    slPaw -8 d -8 d
    .LJ- 5.18-C.27 Y 5.31rt.27 Y
    s2um 5.3 12.25 Y s4Pu2'0 <O slow n
    dJ= <O slow n
    ~

    Revised by J. L. Rhodes, University of Pennsylvania. For reference, see footnote 226, p. 667.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    707
    T A B L E 787.-ESTIMATED V A L U E S O F THE N E U T R O N B I N D I N G E N E R G Y
    O F T H E DIVI'DING N U C L E U S *

    Compound Neutron Neutron


    nucleus binding energy binding energy
    6.2 Mev 5.2 Mev
    5.2 6.1
    6.4 5.1
    5.4 -6.3
    6.5 -5.3
    5.4 -5.4
    6.4 -6.4

    * For reference, see footnote 226, p. 667.

    T A B L E 788.-THE C R I T I C A L E N E R G Y FOR F I S S I O N *
    The experimental values of the critical energy for fission of a number of isotopes have
    been determined by Koch, McElhinney, and Gasteiger *" who give the following photo-
    'fission threshold energies. (The work of Shoupp and Hill '" on the fast neutron fission
    energies for Thza2and U" was used for the values given for ThW and UwO.)

    Compound Compound Compound


    nucleus E. nucleus Ec nucleus E.
    wTh"2 . . 5.402.22 Mev ozU235. . . 5.312.25 Mev muw0. . . 6.1 MeV
    wThm .. 6.3 92uws . . . 5.082.15 MPum . . 5.312.27
    =Urn ... 5.18a.27
    Prepared by J. L. Rhodes, University of Pennsylvania.
    211Phys. Rev., vol. 77* p. 329, 1950.
    242Phys. Rev., voI. 75, p. 785, 1949.

    T A B L E 789.-HALF-LIVES F OR S P O N T A N E O U S F I S S I O N '"
    These half-lives are calculated on the basis of a half-life of 10l6 years for Urn

    Element
    Half-life Z A Half-life
    10l6years MPU'" . . ... 8.0x 10'' years
    , . . . . . 1.4X10" MPurj0 .. . . . 1.3X10"
    . . . . . 7.62 loi3 W P u z m .. . .. 1.6X1011
    ..... 6.8 x 10" 05AmU3 . . . . 6.6x 10"
    ..... 7.7x 1014 osAmZ'l ' . . . . 1.4X1010

    Z'STurner, Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 17, p. 292, 1945.

    T A B L E 790.-THE E N E R G Y R E L E A S E D B Y F I S SION O N D I V I S I O N O F SOME


    ATOMS I N T O E Q U A L P A R T S *

    Energy released
    Energy released in subsequent
    Original Two products on division beta decay
    2WNia1 ,,Si". 31 -11 Mev 2 Mev
    ~OSn"' Mn", SU 10 12
    eaEr'a' 94 13
    aPbm 4,Nb103,104 120 32
    B2UZ3" 4,,Pd11u, 200 31

    For reference, see footnote 226, p. 667.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    708 T A B L E 791.-FISSION PRODUCTS O F L O N G H A L F - L I F E *
    -u
    .-.u
    ?e .- 0 :> 2.
    zg .-
    0

    3
    +3

    $2 * m
    $.

    ::
    b
    E.5 E.5 E.5 E.9 M
    ;

    9
    z ,Ex uy
    'h
    z$-
    ...
    Xu
    2 2
    v uO
    G
    -
    0
    u
    .-
    r:
    .-;:
    x u
    L 22
    .- 2:
    Gal

    v
    C uf

    s6" g5 25 ClC
    m" 2
    mc
    z'
    x c
    m
    2"
    u
    a'-
    ClC

    9.4 yr .74 none .24 93 hr 1.2 .72 ...


    19 d 1.82 1.08 .00016 90 d I.T. ... ,033
    55 d 1.5 none 4.6 32 d I.T. ... .19
    25 y r .65 none -5 77 hr .28 .22 3.6
    62 h r 2.35 none ... 8 d 687 .37 2.8
    61 d 1.6 none 5.9 5.3 d .35 ,085 6
    65 d 1.0 .92 6.4 13 d .28 1.2 .008
    35 d .15 .77 ... 37 yr .8 .75 -6
    90 hr I.T. ... ... 12.8 d 1.05 .53 6.1
    67 hr 1.5 .75 6.2 30 d .6 .2 5.7
    41 d .67 .55 3.7 275 d .35 none 5.3
    1.0 yr -.03 none .5 13.8 d 1.0 none 6
    7.5 d 1.0 none .018 11 d .90 .58 2.6
    43 d 1.7 ... .oms 3.7 yr .23 none 2.6
    43 d 1.7 .5 .0008 2 yr .2 .084 .03
    130 d 1.3 .39 ... 15.4 d 2.4 2.0 .013
    2.7 yr .7 .6 .02

    'Revised by J. L. Rhodes, University of Pennsylvania. For reference, see footnote 226, p. 667.

    T A B L E 792.-CROSS SECTIONS O F F I S S I O N A B L E N U C L E I FOR N E U T R O N S


    (IN U N I T S OF cm2) *

    Cross section for energy ranges


    Target
    substance Process Thermal Resonance Fast t
    szu= fission 420+100 30 2.4
    scattering 6
    MUrn fission .5
    scattering 6
    absorption 0
    (resonance)
    Ordinary uranium fission 3 (ave) .2 (ave) .5
    scattering 17 17 6
    absorption 3 5000 0
    (resonance)
    fission ')assumed same as for wlUz"
    scattering
    fission 0 0 .1
    scattering 17 17 6
    absorption 8.3 .. ..
    fission 0 0 3
    scattering 17 17 6
    fission 0 0 .3
    scattering 17 17 6

    For reference, see footnote 226 p. 667.


    t Most of the scattering of fast 'neutrons is inelastic scattering, resulting in large energy, losses (as
    much as 90 percent). $ T h e resonance peak for Urn occurs at approximately 5 ev and IS taken to
    have an effective width of 0.16.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    709
    T A B L E 793.-CROSS S E C T I O N S O F S O M E F I S S I O N PRODUCTS FOR
    THERMAL NEUTRONS*

    Isotope (in units of 10-l2 cmZ)


    “Average nucleus”
    Relative
    Atomic
    number Element
    .Absorption
    a0
    Total
    at
    Mass
    number
    Absorption
    aa
    natural
    abundance
    35 Br 7 9.5 79 12 50.6
    81 2.25 49.4
    36 Kr .1 27 78 .27 .34
    84 .16 57.0
    86 .061 17.4
    37 Rb .7 12 85 .724 72.8
    87 .135 27.2
    38 Sr 1.5 11 86 1.3 9.8
    88 .005 82.56
    39 Y 1.1 ... 89 1.1 100
    40 Zr .4 15 90 .12 51.5
    91 1.54 11.2
    92 .27 17.1
    94 .53 17.4
    96 1.07 2.8
    41 Nb 1.o 6.9 93 1.o 100
    42 Mo 3.9 7.9 95 13 15.7
    97 2.3 9.5
    98 .37 24.1
    100 .23 9.25
    51 Sb 4.7 9 121 6.8 56
    123 2.5 44
    52 Te 5 10 126 .88 18.7
    128 .2 31.86
    130 .n 34.52
    53 I 6.1 9.4 127 6.1 100
    54 Xe ... 35 132 .2 26.9
    136 .15 8.9
    56 Ba 1.25 9.25 138 .56 71.66
    57 La 9 25 139 9 99.9
    62 Sm 8000 ... 149 53,000 15.5
    63 EU 2500 4500 151 5200 49.1
    153 240 50.9
    64 Gd 38,000 ... 155 50,000 14.8
    157 180,000 15.7
    Hevised by J. L. Rhodes, University of Pennsylvania. For reference, see footnote 226, p. 667.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    710 T A B L E S 794-80l.-COSMIC R A Y S 244
    Cosmic rays are an ionizing radiation that has been discovered in the atmos-
    phere of the earth. As generally discussed these rays are divided into primary
    and secondary cosmic rays, the primary rays being the high-energy particles
    that fall upon the outer atmosphere of the earth. I n general, the intensity of
    cosmic radiation is given as the number of rays per cm' per second. The in-
    tensity (i.e., number of particles per cm2) increases for about the first one-
    tenth of the atmosphere where it is about 5 times the initial intensity and from
    there down to sea level the intensity decreases. These primary rays appear to
    come from all directions from outer space and to consist almost entirely, if
    not altogether, of particles charged positively 2 4 5 (i.e., protons, alpha-particles,
    and probably other nuclei). Several theories have been advanced for the origin
    of this primary radiation: (1) Annihilation of matter; (2) speeding up of
    stripped atoms in outer space either by electrical fields o r by changing magnetic
    fields; ( 3 ) from some activity in stars in distant space; o r even (4) that it is
    radiation remaining from the original explosion some lo9- 10" years ago
    when the present known universe was started. These assumptions are based
    upon the theory that this radiation comes from the cosmos or outer space.
    Some '''ipresent arguments for the sun as the source of the cosmic rays and
    argue that the magnetic field of the sun traps at least a part of the radiation
    from the sun, which give the results as now found on the earth. There are
    seemingly very great difficulties to explain away in establishing any one of
    these theories.
    Owing to the effect of the earth's magnetic field there is less of this energy
    that reaches even the outer atmosphere at or near the magnetic equator than in
    higher latitudes, the lower-energy particles being screened off by the strong
    magnetic fields of the earth near the magnetic equator. The energy of the
    cosmic-ray particles that strike the upper atmosphere extends from about loo
    to 10'' ev, or even higher, with a maximum numher for ahout 6~ log ev. T h e
    average energy of all particles entering the atmosphere a t the equator is about
    3 x 10'O ev and for geomagnetic latitudes above ahout 40 the average is about
    6 x lo9 ev.
    In Tables 794 and 797 are given some data on the primary radiation reaching
    the outer atmosphere for different geomagnetic latitudes.
    "'Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 21, p. 1, 1949; Stranathan, T h e "particle" of modern physics,
    D. Blakiston Co. ; Montgomery, D. J. X., Cosmic ray physics, Princeton University Pr ess ;
    Johnson, T. R., Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 10, p. 193, 1938; Swatin, W. F. G., Reports on prog-
    ress in physics, vol. 10, p. 1, 1946.
    '"Korff, Physics Today, vol. 3, p. 9, 1950.
    246Teller,Edward, Physics Today, vol. 2, p. 6, 1949

    T A B L E 794.-PROBABLE CHARACTERISTICS O F COSMIC RAYS FALLING


    UPON T H E T O P OF T H E ATMOSPHERE A T VARIOUS
    MAGNETIC LATITUDES
    All energies a r e given in electron volts.

    Ceornnjinetic latitude
    r -
    30 39- 5'0
    Energy falling per sec un each cmz of the atmosphere.. 1x10" 1.7X10° 3 2 XIOo
    Tota l number of ions formed per sec below each cm2
    of the upper surface of the atm o sp h er e.. . . . . . . . . . . . 3x10' 54x10' 7.4 X10'
    Low energy limit of oncoming particles imposed by the
    earth's magnetic field.. ........................... 15X10" 8x10" 2x10''
    Average energy per particle striking the atm o sp h er e.. 3x10'' 1.6X10"' .88X10'0
    Probable number of particles striking each cm2 of outer
    surface of the atmosphere per m i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 6.5 21.8

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 7 9 5 . 4 E C O N D A R Y COSMIC R A Y S 711
    The secondary cosmic rays, which are due to the ionization and other actions of the high-
    energy particles of the primary cosmic rays, have been studied by various methods for
    various positions with respect to the geomagnetic latitude on the earth's surface and for
    different elevations up to such heights that only about 0.5 percent of the atmosphere, by
    weight, is above the measuring instrument. The secondary rays consist of all sorts of
    particles such as electrons, both positive and negative ; protons, and other heavy particles ;
    mesons ; neutrons, traveling with various speeds, and radiant energy of very short wave-
    length.
    A t the surface of the earth (sea level) the cosmic rays are of such intensity that they
    produce 1.63 ion pair cm4sec-'. The intensity is about constant, within a very few per-
    cent, for geomagnetic latitudes higher than above 40 and from this point to the equator
    the intensity drop-off is about 9 percent.
    The ionization increases with altitude up to about 16,000 m for geomagnetic latitudes
    >40,, where it is about 150-200 times as large as at sea level. Above this altitude the in-
    tensity of ionization drops off until, at an elevation where the amount of the atmosphere
    above the measuring instrument is only about 0.5 percent (35,300 m), the intensity is about
    0.2 percent of that at the maximum, or about the same as that observed at 0.4 atmosphere
    above the earth. The variation with altitude is much less at the geomsgnetic equator.
    Cosmic rays react with the atoms of the atmosphere and produce a variety of effects;
    the production of a simple ion pair, the production of neutrons and electrons, the produc-
    tion of mesons, the production of extensive showers, where the released energy is so great
    that the cosmic ray must be only the cause of some explosion or some artificial disintegra-
    tion. Mesons are particles that may have a unit positive or negative charge or they may be
    neutral as to charge. The mass of the meson is about 200 times that of an electron; it is
    very penetrating and is radioactive, with a life of about 2><10-esec. Some evidence exists
    for mesons with a mass of about 1000 me.
    Thus, there are formed bursts, an extensive production of ionization, and stars when a
    group of particles have a common origin as shown by cloud-chamber pictures. Stars are
    probably so named because these pictures show a number of tracks that have a common
    origin. These tracks vary from 2 to 10 with an average of about 4. The number of stars
    increases with the elevation above sea level. At an elevation of about 4,500 m the average
    energy ionization star particle was about 12 MeV.
    Cosmic-ray showers, extensive ionizations of exceedingly complex reactions taking
    place in the atmosphere, extend over distances up to several hundred meters. These
    showers contain millions of particles and represent a total of about 10'' ev.
    These secondary rays may be roughly divided into a hard and a soft component. The
    separation is generally made by filtering out the soft component with about 10 to 12 cm
    of lead. The hard component consists of mesons, a small number of protons, possibly some
    fast-moving electrons, and short-wavelength photons. The soft component consists of
    electrons, photons, and some slow-moving mesons, protons, and neutrons. The number of
    rays of the hard component does not reach a maximum with height but seems to increase
    to as great a height as measurements have been made, i.e., up to a height where the pres-
    sure is above 0.8 mmHg, where it is about 15 times as intense as at sea level. The soft
    component increases in intensity down from the top of the atmosphere to a pressure of
    75 mmHg, then decreases to sea level, where the intensity is about 1 percent of that at its
    maximum. At its maximum intensity the soft component is about 5 times that of the hard
    component, in the vertical direction. At the earth's surface this hard component makes up
    about 75 percent of the cosmic radiation and a much smaller part a t high altitudes. This
    hard component is very penetrating, since it will pass through many meters of water or
    lead. Cosmic rays have been detected in a mine at a depth of 384 meters, and by tipping
    the apparatus, the thickness through which the cosmic rays passed was equivalent to 1,408
    meters of water (about 124 meters of lead!). Another observer detected this radiation in
    a coal mine at a depth of 610 meters, which is equivalent to 1,600 meters of water! In this
    case, the intensity measured at the depth corresponding to 1,600 meters of water was only
    about 1/20000 of that a t the surface! These highly penetrating rays are thought to be
    mesons, produced by the primary cosmic rays.

    T A B L E 796.-MEAN I O N I Z A T I O N E N E R G Y OF -/-RAY NECESSARY T O


    PRODUCE AN ION P A I R *
    (See Table 799.)

    Gas ev Gas ev Gas ev


    Hz ....... 33.0 Na ........ 35.0 Ne ....... 27.4
    He ....... 27.8 Oa ........ 32.3 A ........ 25.4
    For reference, see footnote 203, p. 624.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    712
    T A B L E 797.-THE CRITICAL E N E R G Y * A N D T H E T O T A L ENERGY O F
    COSMIC R A Y S E N T E R I N G T H E A T M O S P H E R E A T F O U R LOCATIONS

    .-U
    u
    0
    ..
    c
    "
    m
    -0
    .-
    -.-
    0
    0
    U
    %
    0 *
    I. q:
    %
    2.2 c)xg
    'C tQ-.
    <$
    " 6 2 -z>
    Location $1 p g &;;
    Saskatwn ..... 60" 1.4 2.36 San Antonio ... 38" 6.7 1.81
    Omaha ........ 51" 2.9 2.25 Madras ....... 3" 17.0 .94

    T h e e n e r g y of a cosmic ray which enables i t t o e n t e r t h e earth's atmosphere.

    T A B L E 798.-ESTIMATED COSMIC R A Y I N T E N S I T I E S A T 50" G E O M A G N E T I C


    L A T l TU DE
    In this table are given some data on cosmic rays for various altitudes for geomagnetic lati-
    tudes of 50"

    -
    Total intensity H a r d component S o f t comoonent
    P, n
    Omni- Lati- bmni- Lati- bmni- Lati-
    direc- tude direc- tude direc- tude
    tional Vertical effect tional Vertical effect tional Vertical effect
    Altitude
    meters atm
    narticle
    ^ _ _ -

    seccms
    particle
    seccmzw
    per-
    cent
    -~
    particle particle
    seccm2 seccmp w
    per-
    cent
    ~
    particle particle
    see cm2 sec cm2 w
    per-
    cent
    0 1.000 ,020 ,015 10 ,013 .009 10 ,007 .006 10
    2,000 .784 ,035 .025 15 .018 ,012 15 ,017 .013 15
    4,500 .570 .I0 .07 25 .03 .020 25 .07 .05 25
    10,000 .261 .7 .3 45 .10 .05 30 .6 .25 30
    16,100 .lo0 1.5 .5 75 .25 .08 ? 1.25 .42 80
    30,000 .0115 .5 .15 85 .4 .13 .06 .02
    a 0 .3 .1 90 ? ?
    ?
    ? ? ? ;?
    w = solid angle.

    T A B L E 799.-SOME COSMIC-RAY D A T A

    Total number of rays at top of the atmosphere.. ........ 8x10" sec-'


    Total energy carried to earth per second (outer atmos-
    ...................... 9x10'' Bev/sec, 1.4X10' watts
    rged this stream gives
    a current of *. .... .. .. .
    Average number of r f atm .......... .16 cmP sec-'
    Average energy of all incident particles, latitude >40.. . . 7 Bev
    Average energy of all incident particles, all areas, about. . 11 Bev

    1 cm2 in cross section extending to top of atmosphere


    at 60 N geomagnetic latitude.. ...................... 3.8X10-' erg cm'* sec-'
    Thus in this column there ar ... 7.4x 10' ion pairs
    This means about .......... ... 90 ion pair, cm-' sec-'
    Total number of rays at sea 1 ons.. ... 1.2 ray min-' cm-'
    Cosmic ray at sea level prod ... 1.63 ion pair, cm-' sec-'
    Total cosmic energy reaching earth per second at sea level. 40 joules
    Radiant energy flux reaching earth from all stars.. ..... 3.02XlO" erg cm-' sec-'
    If t h e r e were no compensating effects t h e potential of t h e e a r t h would increase about lBOV/sec. t The
    n u m b e r varies with t h e geomagnetic latitude. being about 0.33 particles cm-2 sec-' a t high latitudes ( > 4 0 " )
    a n d ahout 0.032 particles cm-2 sec-1 a t the equator. T h i s d a t a is based upon a n energy of 3 2 e v necessary t o
    produce one ion pair. ? T h u s t h e average r a y e n t e r i n g t h e cm3 a t sea level h a s a n energy of about 10' ev.
    ~~

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    713
    T A B L E 800.-RADIATION A T E A R T H ' S SURFACE, MASS A N D R A D I A T I O N
    D E N S I T Y I N O U R G A L A X Y , A N D IN T H E U N I V E R S E

    Our galaxy:
    Total number of stars... .................................. 30x10;
    Average mass of stars.. ................................... 2x10 q4
    Total mass of galaxy ..................................... 3.27X10 g
    Total volume ............................................ 1 P cm3
    Diameter (disk) ......................................... 5x10" cni
    Average mass density.. ................................... 3X10-" 8 cm-'
    Total mass energy. ....................................... 2.95X10 ergs
    Total kinetic energy ...................................... 1.6x1OBDergs
    Average mass-energy-density ............................. 3X 10- erg cm4
    Average kinetic energy-density
    -. ............................ 1.6X 10" erg cm"
    Universe :
    Mass density ............................................ 3)<10-= g cm4
    Mass-energy-density ..................................... 3)(10-' erg cm-a
    Radiant-energy-density ................................... 6 x lo-'' erg cmd
    Cosmic ray energy-density ................................ 1.7XlO-" erg cm4
    A t earth's surface (top of atmosphere) :
    Total radiant energy from all stars.. ....................... 1.78)(10a erg cm-' sec-'
    Total radiant energy density (our galaxy).. ................ 5.8x10-" erg cmd
    Total. radiant energy (sun directly overhead)*. .............. 1.2~10"erg cm-' sec-'
    Cosmic ray energy ....................................... 3.8X10-' erg' cm-* sec-'
    Cosmic ray energy-density.. ............................... erg cm-'
    Astrophysical data.

    T A B L E 8 0 1 . 4 O M P O S I T I O N O F COSMIC R A D I A T I O N A T G E O M A G N E T I C
    L A T I T U D E 30" a
    '
    ~

    Relative No. of particles Relative No. of particles


    7
    Nuclei Sun T Sco Cosmic rays Nuclei dun T sco Cosmicrays
    ....
    H
    He
    6<2<8
    ....
    3200
    1.6x10"
    2.9XlV
    2500
    1.6x10"
    4.0X10'
    14OOO
    11<2<14
    16<2<20
    Fe
    157
    28
    150
    215
    5
    ... -
    -2600
    -.lo00
    400
    ' Brsdt and Peters, Phys. Rev., vol. 77, p. 54, 1950.
    a

    SMlTHSUNlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    714 TABLES 802-S07.-GRAVITATION *
    T A B L E 802.-ACCE L E R A T l ON 0 F G R A V I T Y
    For sea-level and different latitudes. Calculated from the International Gravity Formuia :
    +
    g = 978.0490 [ 1 0.0052884 sin' @ - 0.0000059 sin' 2 $1
    Latitude g 9 Latitude 9
    @ cm/sec2 log 9 ft/secz cm/secz log 9 ft7secz
    0" 978.0490 2.9903607 981.0786' 2.9917038 32.19
    5 .0881 .9903780 .1673 917431 .19
    10 .2043 .99042% ,2554 .9917821 .19
    12 .2716 .9904594 .3427 .9918207 .20
    14 .3504 904944 .10 54 ,4291 9918589 .20
    15 978.3940 9905138 981.5146 9918968 32.20
    16 .4404 .9905344 .5990 .9919341 .20
    17 ,4893 S905561 ,6822 ,9919709 -.21
    18 .5409 .9905790 .7642 ,9920072 .21
    19 S951 .9906031 ,8448 .9920428 .21
    20 978.6517 .9906281 98 1.9239 .9920778 32.21
    21 .7107 .9906543 .11 ~~ 61 982.0015 9921 122 .22
    22 ,7721 .9906815 .ll 62 .On3 .9921457 .22
    23 A357 .9907098 .ll 63 .1515 ,9921785 .22
    24 ,9015 .9907390 .12 64 ,2238 .9922105 .n
    25 978.9694 .9907691 32.12 65 982.2941 ,9922415 32.23
    26 979.0394 .9908001 .12 66 .3624 .9922718 .23
    27 .1113 .9908321 .12 67 ,4287 ,9923010 -23
    28 ,1850 .9908648 .12 68 ,4927 923293 .23
    29 .2606 .9908983 .13 69 .5545 .9923567 .24
    30 979.3378 .9909325 32.13 70 982.6139 9923829 32.24
    31 ,4165 .9909674 .13 71 .6709 ,9924081 .24
    32 ,4968 .9910030 .14 72 ,7254 .9924322 .24
    33 ,5785 .9910392 .14 73 .7774 ,9924552 .24
    34 .6614 910760 .14 74 ,8267 .9924769 .24
    35 979.7455 ,9911133 32.14 75 982.8734 .9924976 32.25
    36 2308 .9911511 .15 76 .9173 .9925170 .25
    37 .9170 ,9911893 .15 73 ,9585 ,9925351 .25
    38 980.0041 .9912279 .15 78 .9968 .9925521 .25
    39 .0919 .9912668 .15 79 983.0322 ,9925678 .25
    40 980.1805 .9913060 32.15 80 983.0647 ,9925821 32.25
    41 .2696 .99 13455 .16 81 ,0942 .9925951 .25
    42 .3591 ,9913852 .16 82 .1207 .9926068 .25
    43 .4490 ,9914250 .17 83 .1442 .9926172 .25
    44 S391 ,9914649 .17 84 .1645 ,9926262 .26
    45 980.6294 ,9915049 32.17 85 983.1818 .9926338 32.26
    46 ,7197 ,9915449 .18 86 .1960 ,9926402 .26
    47 ,8098 ,9915848 .18 87 ,2071 .9926450 .26
    48 ,8998 .9916246 .18 88 ,2150 .9926485 .26
    49 ,9894 ,9916643 .18 90 983.2213 ,9926513 .26

    T A B L E 803.-FREE-AIR CORRECTIlON O F ACC ELER A TION O F G R A V I T Y


    FOR A L T I T U D E
    To reduce log g (cm per sec per sec) to log g (ft per sec per sec) add log 0.03280833 =
    8.5159842 - 10.
    The standard value of gravity, used in barometer reductions, etc., is 980.665. I t was
    adopted by the International Committee on Weights and Measures in 1901. I t corresponds
    nearly to latitude 45" sea-level.
    -0.0003086 cm sec-2 m-* when altitude is in meters.
    -0.000003086 ft s e c 2 ft-' when altitude is in feet.
    Altitude Correction Altitude Correction
    200 m --.0617 cm/sec2 200 ft -.000617 ft/sec2
    300 ,0926 300 .000926
    400 .1234 400 ,001234
    500 .1543 500 .OO 1543
    600 .1852 600 ,001852
    700 ,2160 700 .002160
    800 ,2469 800 ,002469
    900 ,2777 900 .002777
    I'reiiared under the direction of K . T. Adams, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    71 5
    T A B L E 804.-ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY, VARIOUS WORLD STATIONS

    Gravity. cm/seca

    Name Latitude Longitude


    Elevatio?
    meters
    Reducedtd
    sea level
    Observed
    Santiago. Chile ................. 33"27!1 S 70"39:8 W 541.3 979.429 979.596
    Rio. Brazil ..................... 22 53.7 S 43 13.4 W -29.0 978.805 978:814
    Tacna. Peru .................... 18 01.0 S 70 15.0 W 557.1 978.298 978.470
    Chala. Peru .................... 15 49.0 S 74 18.5 W 14.0 978.452 978.456
    Lima. Peru ..................... 12 01.1 S 77 02.3 W 143.6 978.289 978.333
    .
    Minkindani. E Africa ............ 10 16.6 S 40 07.6 E 3 978.224 978.225
    Timor Sea ...................... 9 36 S 128 07 E . 340 978.233 978.233
    Trujillo. Peru .................. 8 07.0 S 79 02.3 W 29.4 978.095 978.104
    Mafia. E. Africa ................. 7 54.9 S 39 39.4 E 5 978.168 978.169
    Indian Ocean ................... 7 35 S 106 55 E . 230 978.292 978.292
    .
    Kaliwa. E Africa ................ 5 04.2 S 31 47.5 E 1080 977.783 978.1 16
    Banda Sea ...................... 1 45 S 126 57 E -1390 978.058 978.058
    Limuru. E. Africa ............... 1 07 S 36 40 E 2193 977.412 978.089
    Marigal. E. Africa ............... 0 28 N 35 59 E 1036 977.664 977.984
    Kanifuri. India .................. 5 Z.2 N 73 19.2 E 1 978.107 978.107
    Indian Ocean ................... 7 56 N 68 46 E -4390 978.102 978.102
    Punalur. India .................. 9 01.0 N 76 55.8 E 34 978.107 978.117
    Pacific Ocean ................... 9 52 N 132 46 E -6050 978.212 978.212
    Pacific Ocean ................... 13 35 N 95 27 W -3870 978.360 978.360
    Dharwar. India ................. 15 27.6 N 75 00.2 E 728 978.18 978.407
    Musmar. E. Africa ............... 18 13.0 N 35 58 E 493 978.399 978.551
    Tacubaya. Mexico ............... 19 24.3 N 99 11.7 W 2299 977.941 978.650
    Pacific Ocean ................... 19 58 N 164 56 W -4960 978.660 978.660
    Atlantic Ocean .................. 20 44 N 65 37 W -5510 978.704 978.704
    Santiago. Cuba ................. 22 30.9 N 80 30.4 W 67 978.826 978.847
    Atlantic Ocean .................. 23 21 N 47 05 w -3550 978.880 978.880
    Key West. Fla ................... 24 33.6 N 81 48.4 W 1 978.973 978.973
    Dholpur. India .................. 26 42.0 N 77 54.8 E 176 978.999 979.054
    Nagasaki. Japan ................. 32 44.7 N 129 52.? E 30 979.594 979.603
    Mount Wilson. Calif .............. 34 13.4 N 118 03.4 W 1719.4 979.253 979.783
    Batna. Algeria .................. 35 33.0 N 6 10 E 1050 979.468 979.792
    Atlantic Ocean .................. 36 23 N 26 43 W -3610 979.890 979.890
    Sevilla. Spain ................... 37 23.0 N 5 59.5 w 11 979.965 979.%8
    Denver. Colo.................... 39 406 N 104 57.1 W 1639.5 979.612 980.118
    Buffalo. N . Y .................... 42 57.1 N 78 49.3 W 210 980.363 980.428
    Atlantic Ocean .................. 43 14 N 19 36 W -4100 978.520 978.520
    Ottawa. Ontario ................. 45 23.6 N 75 43.0 W 83 980.622 980.648
    Miichen. Germany ............... 48 09 N 11 37 E 525 980.733 980.895
    Greenwich. England ............. 51 28.6 N 47 981.189 981.204
    .
    Saskatoon Saskatchewan ........52 07.8 N
    Vladimirskaja. Siberia ........... 54 57 N
    0 00.3 E
    106 38.1 W
    85 59 E
    497
    265
    981.138
    981.424
    981.291
    981.506
    Tomsk. Siberia .................. 56 28 N 84 57 E 125 981.582 981.621
    Oslo. Norway ................... 59 54.7 N 10 43.5 E 28 981.927 981.936
    St. Michael. Alaska .............. 63 28.5 N 162 02.4 W 1 982.197 982.197
    .
    Arctic Red River N . T ........... 67 26.6 N 133 44.3 W 41 982.438 982.451
    Whales Point. Spitzbergen ........ 77 30.4 N 20 58.8 E 458 982.897 983.038
    Hellwald. Spitzbergen ........... 78 44.1 N 20 50.2 E 660 982.871 983.075
    Ile deRosse .................... 80 49.6 N 20 20.6 E 31 983.145 983.155
    Arctic Ocean ................... 81 48 N 19 25 E -3402 983.096 983.096
    *For sea stations. the depth is recorded in this column; the observations were made in submarines and
    .
    reduced to sea level

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    716
    T A B L E 805.-ACCELERATION OF G R A V I T Y (8) I N T H E UNITED STATES

    .
    The following table is abridged from the table of Principal Facts in U S. Coast and Geodetic
    Survey Special Publication No . 244. Pendulum Gravity Data in the United States. The observed
    values depend on relative determinations and on an adopted value of 980.118 for the Commerce
    Building Base in Washington. D . C .
    There are also given two types of gravity anomalies . The free-air anomaly is the difference
    between the observed value of gravity and the theoretical values of gravity for the latitude of the
    station corrected for the elevation of the station . The isostatic anomaly is the difference between
    the observed values of gravity and the theoretical value of gravity for the latitude of the station
    corrected for the elevation of the station. topography and isostatic compensation in the earth's
    crust to a depth of 113.7 kilometers.

    Observed Free-air Isostatic


    Elevation gravity anomaly anomaly
    Station Latitude Longitude m gal gal gal
    Atlanta. Ga ..................... 33"45!3 84"23!5 324.0 979.527 -.014 -.030
    Austin. T e x. (university) ........ 30 17.2 97 44.2 189 979.286 -.016 --.017
    Baltimore. Md ................... 39 17.8 76 37.3 30.5 980.1 14 +.005 +.002
    .
    Beaufort. N C................... 34 43.1 76 39.8 1.5 979.732 +.011 -.026
    Birmingham. Ala ................ 33 30.8 86 48.8 179 979.539 -.027 -.038
    Bismarck. N . Dak ................ 46 48.5 100 47.1 514.4 980.628 -.006 --.001
    Boise. Idaho .................... 43 37.2 116 12.3 822.0 980.215 -.036 +.010
    Boston. Mass .................... 42 21.6 71 03.8 22 980.399 +.014 + .002
    Burbank. Okla ................... 36 42.2 96 41.0 345 979.788 +.003 --.001
    Calais. Maine ................... 45 11.2 67 16.9 38 980.634 .000 -.008
    Cambridge. Mass................ 42 22.8 71 07.8 14 980.401 +.012 + .001
    Charleston. S. C .................. 32 47.2 79 56.0 6.1 979.549 --.010 -.026
    Charlottesville. Va . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 02.0 78 30.3 166 979.941 -.015 -.017
    Chicago. Ill ...................... 41 47.4 87 35.9 182 980.281 -.003 -.004
    Cincinnati. Ohio ................. 39 08.3 84 25.3 245 980.007 7022 -.024
    Cleveland. Ohio ................. 41 30.4 81 36.6 210 980.244 -.006 -.006
    Cloudland. Tenn . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 36 06.2 82 07.9 1890 979.386 +.129 -.001
    Colorado Springs. Colo........... 38 50.8 104 49.5 1841.8 979.493 -.017 -.008
    Columbus. Ga ................... 32 27.0 84 57.6 73.5 979.526 +.015 +.014
    Columbus. Ohio ................. 39 57.8 82 59.4 231.0 980.092 --.014 -.014
    Denver. Colo.................... 39 40.6 104 57.1 1639.5 979.612 -.034 -.016
    Duluth. Minn .................... 46 47.0 92 06.4 215.8 980.761 +.037 +.048
    Durham. N . C................... 36 00.2 78 56 126 979.838 + .046 +.034
    El Paso. Tex .................... 31 46.3 106 29.0 1146.0 979.127 +.002 +.009
    Empire State Building. N . Y ...... 40 44.9
    Eugene. Oreg. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 44 02.7
    73 59.2 16.2 980.269 +.027
    --.010
    + .020
    123 05.6 129 980.493 +.005
    Fort Dodge. Iowa ................ 42 30.8 94 11.4 340.1 980.314 +.014 +.Oll
    Grand Canyon. Ariz .............. 36 05.3 112 06.8 847.0 979.466 --.111 -.014
    Grand Canyon. Wyo .............. 44 43.7 110 29.7 2386.0 979.902 +.033 -.002
    Grand Rapids. Mich .............. 42 58.0 85 39.5 235.8 980.375 + .002 --.004
    Green River. Utah ............... 38 59.4 110 09.9 1243 979.639 --.068 --.025
    Iowa City. Iowa ................. 41 39.6 91 32.2 212.3 980.250 --.013 -.012
    Ithaca. N . Y ..................... 42 27.1 76 29.0 246.9 980.303 -.020 -.022
    Key West. Fla ................... 24 33.6 81 48.4 1 978.973 +.034 --.011
    Knoxville. Tenn ................. 35 57.7 83 55 280 979.715 -.027 --.026
    Lancaster. N . H .................. 44 29.5 71 34.3 261.8 980.489 -.014 -.014
    Las Vegas. N . Mex ............... 35 35.8 105 13.1 1959.6 979.207 +.015 -003
    Little Rock. Ark ................. 34 44.9 92 16.4 89.0 979.724 +.027 + .028
    Madison. Wis ................... 43 04.6 89 24.0 270 980.368 -.005 -.008
    Memphis. Tenn .................. 35 08.7 90 03.3 80.3 979.743 +.010 +.008
    Miles City. Mont ................. 46 24.2 105 50 718 980.542 +.008 +.028
    Minneapolis. Minn ............... 44 58.7 93 13.9 980.600 +.052 +.055
    .
    Mitchell S. Dak .................. 43 41.8
    Mount Hamilton. Calif ............ 37 20.4
    98 01.8
    121 38.6
    256.1
    408
    1281.7
    980.378
    979.663
    -.003
    +.112
    --.002
    -.004
    New Orleans. La ................. 29 56.9 90 04.3 2.4 979.326 -.007 -.020
    New York. N . Y ................. 40 48.5 73 57.7 38.1 980.270 +.029 +.019
    Oberlin. Ohio ................... 41 17.5 82 13.2 248 980.208 -.011 -.013
    Philadelphia. P a ................. 39 57.1 75 11.7 15.8 980.199 +.028 +.OM
    Pike's Peak. Colo................. 38 50.4 105 02.5 4293.1 978.957 +.203 +.018
    Pittsburgh. Pa................... 40 27.4 80 00.6 235 980.121 -.027 --.027
    Prestonsburgh. Ky ............... 37 40.6 82 45.6 193 979.884 --.032 -.028
    Princeton. N . J ................... 40 21.0 74 39.5 64.0 980.181 -.011 --.025
    (to1ntinued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    717
    T A B L E 805.-ACCELERATION O F GRAVITY ( 8 ) I" T H E U N I T E D STATES
    (concluded)
    Observed Free-air Isostatic
    Elevation gravity anomaly anomaly
    Station Latitude Lonnitude m gal gal gal
    Richmond, Va. . . ... .... ... ...... 37"32!2 77">6!1 29.9 979.963 +.009 .OOO
    St.Louis, Mo. ................... 38 38.0 90 12.2 153.9 980.004 -.008 -.007
    St. Petersburg, Fla. . .. .. .. . ... . . . 27 48.9 82 40.2 15 979.191 +.025 +.006
    Salt Lake City, Utah.. . . . . . . . .. .
    . 40 46.1 111 53.8 1322 979.806 -.035 +.006
    SanFrancisco. Calif. ............ 37 37.5' 122 25.7 114.3 979.968 +.018 -.022
    Seattle, Wash. (university).. ..... 47 39.6 122 18.3 58 980.736 -.I15 -.095
    I . _ . . . _ . . _ . ..
    Sheridan., Wvo. . ... _
    44_4_
    8.0_ 106 58.7 1149.9 980.244 -.012 +.010
    .
    Smith College, Mass ... .. . .. ... . . 42 19.0 72 38.2 54.6 980.376 +.005 +.006
    . . ..
    State College, Pa.. . . . . . . . .. . . 40 47.9 77 51.8 357.8 980.127 -.014 -.014
    Terre Haute, Ind .... ... . ......... 39 28.7 87 23.8 150.9 980.075 -.013 -.011
    Traverse City. . ..
    _ .Mich. . . .. ... .. 44 45.8 85 37.2 180.1 980.553 +.001 +.001
    Wallace, Kans. .................. 38 54.7 101 35.4 1005 979.758 -.016 -.016
    Washington, D. C.:
    Geophysical Laboratory ....... 38 56.6 77 03.4 88.1 980.104 +.044 +.036
    National Bureau of Standards.. . 38 56.5 77 03.9 95.1 980.100 +.042 +.034
    Smithsonian Institution . . .. ... . 38 53.3 77 01.5 10.4 980.118 +.039 +.038
    Wheeling, W. Va ... .... . .. . ...... 40 04.0 80 43.3 205 980.088 --.035 -.032
    Winnemucca, Nev. .............. 40 58.4 117 43.8 1311 979.847 -.016 -.012
    Worcester, Mass. . . .. . . . . . ... . .. 42 16.5 71 48.5 170.0 980.328 --.003 7022
    Wright Field, Ohio .............. 39 46.6 84 05.9 247.8 980.094 +.010 +.008
    Yuma, Ariz. .............. . .... . 32 43.3 114 37.0 53.9 979.532 --.007 + .006

    T A B L E 806.-LENGTH O F SECONDS P E N D U L U M A T SEA L E V E L AND FOR


    DIFFERENT LATITUDES

    Length Length Length Length


    Lat cm Log in. Log Lat cm Log in. Log
    0" 99.097 1.996061 39.014 1.591221 50" 99.404 1.997404 39.135 1.592565
    5 99.101 1.996078 39.016 1.591243 55 99.449 1.997597 39.153 1.592765
    10 99.113 1.996131 39.020 1.591287 60 99.490 1.99778 39.169 1.592943
    15 99.132 1.996215 39.028 1.591376 65 99.527 1.997942 39.184 1.593109
    20 99.158 1.996329 39.038 1.591488 70 99.560 1.998084 39.1% 1.593242
    25 99.190 1.996469 39.051 1.591632 75 99.586 1.998198 39.207 1.593364
    30 99.228 1.996633 39.066 1.591799 80 99.605 1.998283 39.214 1.593441
    35 99.269 1.996814 39.082 1.591977 85 99.618 1.998335 39.219 1.593497
    40 99.313 1.997006 39.099 1.592166 90 99.622 1.998352 39.221 1.593519
    45 99.359 1.997205 39.117 1.592366

    Calculated from Table 802 by the formula 1 = g/2. For each 100 ft of elevation subtract
    0.000953 cm or 0.000375 in. or 0.0000313 ft. This table could also have been computed by either
    of the following formulas derived from the gravity formula a t the top of Table 802.
    I = 0.990961 ( 1 + 0.0052884 sinx@ - 0.0000059 sill' 2 @ ) meters.
    I = 0.990961 + .0052406 sin' @ - 0.0000058 sin2 2 @, meters.
    1 = 39.014135 ( 1 + 0.0052884 sin2@ - 0.0000059 sin22 6 )inches.
    +
    I = 39.014135 0.2063214 sin' @ - 0.0002302 sin' 2 @, inches.

    S M I T H W I A N PHYSICAL TABLES
    718 T A B L E 807.-SOME PLACES O F ANOMALOUS GRAVITY
    The departures are from values of gravity normally expected, from Table 802.

    Departure
    Elevation Gravity from values
    Latitude Longitude meters * cm/sec2 of table Place
    $9'2918 N 155"34!8 W 3970 978.096 +698 Mauna Loa
    19 42.2 N 155 27.9 W 2030 978.504 +495 Kalaieha
    19 25.4 N 155 15.7 W 1211 978.673 +428 Kilavea
    23 47.0 N 166 12.5 W 2 979.201 +315 East Island
    32 21 N 6440 W 2 979.806 +282 St. Georges
    37 30.0 N 2 45.0 W 858 979.669 +265 Baza
    38 06.7 N 3 04.5 W 805 979.792 +248 Villacarrillo
    42 55.8 N 0 08 E 2877 979.779 +224 Pic du Midi
    37 11.0 N 3 36.0 W 669 979.669 +206 Granada
    45 50 N 652 E 4807 979.401 f 180 Mont Blanc
    45 57.5 N
    45 59.5 N
    67 53.6 N
    7 48.9 E
    7 42.7 E
    13 02.0 E
    2797
    2582
    19
    980.019
    980.080
    982.622
    %
    +I42
    Betempshiitte
    Schwarzsee
    Sorvaagen
    33 48.5 N 74 33.3 E 3338 978.752 +133 Korag
    51 48 N 10 37 E 1140 981.O 15 +129 Brocken
    35 44.5 N 15 39.5 E - 460 979.926 +118 Mediterranean Sea
    40 38 N 17 57 E 16 980.337 + 107 Brindisi
    23 06.1 N
    42 08 N
    46 21.9 N
    74 58.5 W
    41 42 E
    9 07.6 E
    2
    3
    1030
    978.941
    980.317
    980.374
    zl;
    - 61
    Clarence Town
    Poti
    Augio
    56 08.0 N 91 18.0 E 339 981.435 - 70 Kosulka
    8 14 S 30 35 E 783 977.835 - 78 Moliro
    30 19.5 N 78 03.4 E 683 979.063 - 89 Dehra Dun
    50 30.2 N 116 03.4 W 828 980.767 -100 Invermere
    1 50 N 31 19 E 623 977.753 -109 Butiaba
    750 S 120 48 E -5140 978.024 -121 Java Sea
    5 12 N 94 12 E -2555 977.962 -129 Indian Ocean
    40 26 N 50 00 E 57 980.065 -136 Surachany
    848 S 128 26 E -2120 978.019 -151 Timor Sea
    26 41.8 N 88 24.8 E 118 978.887 -166 Siliguri
    2 09 N 126 59 E -2200 977.877 -179 Celebes Sea
    10 17 N 126 41 E -8740 978.013 -200 Philippine Sea
    0 29 S 125 59 E -2390 977.833 -216 Celebes Sea
    536 S 131 08 E -7330 977.843 -255 Banda Sea
    19 32 N 6646 W -8040 978.284 -341 Atlantic Ocean
    ~

    Heiskanen W., Catalogne of the isostaticall reduced gravity stations, Helsinki, 1939,
    For sea stations. the depth is recorded in t l i s column; the observations were made in submarines
    and reduced to sea level.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLES 808-824.-SOLAR RADIATION * 719
    T A B L E 808.-THE SOLAR C O N S T A N T
    A long series of measurements has been made *" a t widely separated, selected stations
    by the astrophysicists of the Smithsonian Institution on both the total intensity of the
    solar radiation and the spectral distribution of this radiation. One result of these measure-
    ments is the value of the solar constant, that is. the total solar radiation (cat cm-' h n - l )
    at normal incidence outside the atmosphere a t the mean solar distance. As a result of the
    work up to 1913 the solar constant was found to be 1.9408 ly. min-' (langley; see Table 2,
    Part 2). .Later investigations showed that the standard used in these measurements was
    somewhat in error. Observations showed that the correction employed for the unmeasured
    ultraviolet radiation was too :ow ; also solar radiation in the infrared region beyond about
    2.5 p introduced some error. As a final result of all the corrections it was found that this
    1913 value of the solar constant was very good. I t should be pointed out that there is
    evidence'" that the solar constant fluctuates as much as.% 1.5 percent. In addition, the
    varying distance between the sun and earth (see Table 827) produces a change in the actual
    solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere of about f 3.5 percent from the mean value.
    Now in 1951 the value of the solar constant (amount of energy falling a t normal incidence
    on one square centimeter per minute on body a t earth's mean distance) = 1.946 calories =
    mean 6430 determinations 1924-47. Subject to variations, usually within the range of 2.8
    percent, and occurring irregularly in periods of a week or 10 days. New data on the ultra-
    violet and infrared corrections to the solar constant given by F. S. Johnson (in press)
    indicate that the value 1.946 should be increased by 2.6 percent. Johnson's best value is
    2.00 2 2 percent.
    Computed effective temperature of the sun: from form of blackbody curves, 6000" to
    7000" Absolute ; from Amax T = 2930 and max = 0.470p, 6230" ; from total radiation, J =
    76.8 x lo-'' x T', 5830:
    Sun radiates ................................. 3.8 X 10merg/sec
    6.25 x 10"' erg sec-' cm-'
    of this ....................................... 1.72 x 10" erg/sec strikes the earth.
    Prepared by L. B. Aldrich and W. H . Hoover,, Astrophysical Ohservatory, Smithsonian Institution.
    248 Abbot, C. G . , Solar radiation and weather studies, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 94, No. 10. 1935.
    260 Aldrjch, L. B., and Abbot, C. G . , Smithsonian pyrheliometry and the standard scale of solar radia-
    tion, Smitbsonian MISC. Coll., vol. 110, KO. 5, 1948. See also Annals, Smithsonian Astrophysical
    Observatory, vol. 7, ch. 3 (in press).

    T A B L E 809.-AT MOSP H E R I C T R A N S M I SS I 0 N CO E F F l C I E N T S
    Montezuma, Table Mt., Miami,
    Wave. Chile Calif. Fla.
    length &
    P High Low High Low High Low'
    .34 .620 .568 .605 .552 .5I2 .464
    .35 .656 ,600 .641 .585 .541 .492
    .36 .687 .630 ,672 .615 .567 .519
    .37 .714 .657 .701
    .~ .643 .593 .545
    .38 .738 .681 .726 .668 .617 .57I
    .39 .759 .703 .749 .692 .642 ,595
    .40 .778 .722 .769 .712 ,662 .615
    .45 .848 .792 .840 .783 .755 ,709
    .50 .890 .838 ,883 .831 .818 ,763
    .55 .900 .849 .890 .838 .850 .788
    .60 .913 .863 ,905 .854
    .65 .936 .884 .933 .880
    .70 .963 .924 ,961 .922
    .75 ,972 .936 .970 .934
    .80 .980 ,945 .978 .943
    -8.5 .984
    .- .9S2
    .. _ _ ,983 ,950 '954 ,917
    .90 .985 .956 .984 .954 .957 ,922
    .95 .986 .957 .985 .956 .960 .925
    1.oo .987 .958 .986 -957
    ... ,962 ,928
    1.25 .989 .960 .989 .959 .. - .
    -964 ,933
    1.50 .994 .965 .994 .968 ,969 ,942
    1.75 .997 .970 .997 ,970 ,973 ,946
    2.00 .996 .975 996 ,974 ,969 .945
    2.25 .988 .970 .987 .965 .955 ,930
    High transmissions are for every clear day and low precipitable water, 2 mm for Monte-
    zuma and Table Mt., and 3.5 mm for Miami.
    Low transmissions are for very hazy days and high precipitable water, 10 mm for Monte-
    zuma and Table Mt., and 25 mm for Miami.
    Transmission coefficients in the rang-e .70 - 2.25 A are all smooth-curve values drawn over
    the tops of the water-vapor bands.
    Unit air mass.
    SMITHSONIAN PHVSICAL TABLES
    720
    T A B L E 8lO.-THE SOLAR CONSTANT, M O N T H L Y A N D Y E A R L Y M E A N S *

    Yearly
    Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov Dec. mean
    1920 1.945 1.950 1.953
    21 1.957 1.955 1.949 1.947 1.950 I .939 1.950 1.943 1.950 55 57 52 1.950
    22 47 46 36 30 30 18 14 21 17 25 26 24 28
    23 42 29 32 31 36 28 36 34 53 45 44 43 38
    24 44 41 47 42 50 52 51 46 47 52 53 50 48
    25 46 55 50 50 48 48 49 47 49 48 46 48 49
    26 45 38 40 38 40 41 42 46 43 38 36 37 40
    27 39 39 40 44 43 46 44 43 48 42 46 44 43
    28 41 42 46 44 48 49 43 42 42 43 46 47 44
    29 48 41 41 43 43 37 41 39 40 39 43 46 42
    1930 44 44 43 42 47 50 50 49 46 46 48 52 47
    31 48 46 47 46 51 47 48 47 49 47 45 46 47
    32 45 39 39 41 39 42 44 41 41 39 39 46 41
    33 50 48 42 40 41 43 46 43 49 49 50 50 46
    34 48 45 47 43 44 48 47 44 48 51 51 50 47
    35 48 45 47 46 47 47 47 49 45 47 50 51 47
    36 47 46 44 46 47 49 47 47 48 49 52 51 48
    37 49 48 43 41 43 47 44 46 48 46 48 51 46
    38 47 46 48 44 44 43 44 45 46 49 52 51 47
    39 47 42 44 43 42 41 42 40 46 44 51 47 44
    1940 47 45 43 48 48 48 49 47 49 46 45 49 47
    41 48 48 50 47 51 48 52 50 48 50 49 51 49
    42 49 48 43 45 47 48 48 45 44 44 48 44 46
    43 42 44 43 45 46 51 48 49 47 46 43 48 46
    44 48 52 44 44 46 44 45 43 40 43 46 46 45
    45 39 46 44 48 47 44 47 41 42 42 47 43 44
    46 46 39 38 46 53 52 51 48 50 48 53 54 48
    47 53 49 45 49 50 51 47 49 47 52 53 54 50
    48 51 53 49 51 52 56 57 53 56 52 56 55 53
    49 55 56 47 49 51 44 49 49 47 50 52 54 50
    1950 56 49 47 45 49 49 47 50 47 52 51 49 49
    1951 50 52 55 43 40 44 46 48 47 47 42 46 46
    1952 45 41 36 44 46 47 40 43 42 43 40 47 43

    . Calories per cm per min.

    T A B L E 811.-AIR MASSES
    T h e transmission, both total and spectral, of the atmosphere depends upon several vary-
    ing factors besides the actual air masses, that is, the length of the path of the rays in the
    atmosphere ; thus, corrections must always be determined for different tests.
    Values of the transmission of the atmosphere for any position of the sun except when it
    is directly overhead are calculated from measurement when the sun is in the zenith, i.e.,
    em= eoamwhen em is the intensity of the radiation at air mass m, eo the intensity for the
    sun in the zenith, and a the transmission for unit air mass. m is unity when the sun is in
    the zenith and approximately equals the secant of the zenith distance for the other positions.
    Besides values derived from the pure secant formula, the table contains those derived
    from various other more complex formulas, taking into account the curvature of the earth,
    refraction, etc. The most recent is that of Bemporad.

    Zenith dist 00 200 40° 60° 700 750 800 850 880
    Secant 1.00 1.064 1.305 2.000 2.924 3.864 5.76 11.47 28.7
    Forbes 1.00 1.065 1.306 1.995 2.902 3.809 5.57 10.22 18.9
    i3oueuer 1.00 1.064 1.305 1.990 2.900 3.805 5.56 10.20 19.0
    LapLce 1.00 -- -- 1.993 2.899 -- 5.56 10.20 18.8
    Bemporad 1.00 -- -- 1.995 2.904 -- 5.60 10.39 19.8

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    721
    T A B L E 812.-THE A M O U N T O F S O L A R R A D I A T I O N IN D I F F E R E N T
    S E C T I O N S O F THE S P E C T R U M , U L T R A V I O L E T , V I S I B L E ,
    AND INFRARED
    Calories, min-'cm-', Smithsonian scale of 1913

    Miami, Fla. Montezuma, Chile


    Air mass Air mass
    Wavelength 7 ,
    L

    fi 0 1 2 3 4 . 5 1 2 3 4 5
    .OO to .400 .151 .070 .036 ,018 .OlO .005 .094 .061 .041 .028 ,019
    ,400 to ,770 ,925 ,740 .591 .476 .386 ,314 .813 ,734 .664 .603 .549
    ,770 to 4, ,874 .606 .517 .450 .398 .359 .742 ,695 .657 .630 ,608
    .OO to" 1.950 1.416 1.144 .944 .794 .678 1.649 1.490 1.362 1.261 1.176

    Average clear day a t Miami, Fla. (sea level) precipitable water about 2.00 cm.
    Average clear day at Montezuma, Chile (altitude 9,000 feet) precipitable water 0.25 cm.

    T A B L E 813.-SPECTRAL D I S T R I B U T I O N O F SOLA R R A D I A T I O N O U T S I D E
    THE A T M O S P H E R E
    On the bases of the Smithsonian and other observations, Moon"' in 1940 proposed a
    spectral solar-radiation curve at normal incidence outside the atmosphere a t the mean solar
    distance and also a like curve for solar radiation a t the earth's surface for air mass 2
    (Table 815). More recently a rocket observation'662 has given a direct measurement (at
    55 km) of the ultraviolet spectrum of the sun at wavelengths below 0 . 3 4 ~ . Since less
    than 1 percent of atmospheric ozone is above this level, this observation should be closely
    representative of ultraviolet solar radiation at wavelengths above 0.22 p at the top of the
    atmosphere. Moon's values for wavelengths above 0 . 3 3 ~and data from the rocket observa-
    tion for wavelengths below 0 . 3 3 ~were used in constructing the table.

    P a r t 1.-Intensity o f solar radiation outside the atmosphere

    Wave- Intensity Wave- Intensity Wave. Intensity Wave- Intensity


    length Relative length Relative length Relative length Relative
    P units P units P units P units
    .220 14 .420 1766 .68 1473 2.5 50
    .230 33
    .~ .424 1742 .69 1439 2.6 43
    .240 40 .430 1788 .70 1405 2.7 38
    .250 55 .44 1939 .71 1371 2.8 33
    .260 126 .45 2036 .72 r337 2.9 30
    ,265 174 .46 2096 .73 1304 3.O 26
    .270 162 .47 2119 .74 1270 3:1 23
    ,275 136
    ~~ ~ .48 2127 .75 1236 3.2 21
    .280 145 .49 2103 .80 1097 3.3 19
    .290 378 .so 2061 .85 976 3.4 17
    .295 418 .51 2000 .90 871 3.5 15
    .300 386 .52 1954 .95 781 3.6 14
    .310 538 .53 1912 1.o 706 3.7 12
    .320 621 .54 1894 1.1 590 3.8 11
    .330 796 .55 1878 1.L 488 3.9 10
    ,335 826
    . ~ . .56 1861 1.3 395 4.0 9
    .340 856 .57 1841 1.4 319 4.1 8
    .345 886 .58 1819 1.5 260 4.2 8
    .350 916 .59 1795 1.6 214 4.3 7
    .360 976 .60 1762 1.7 177 4.4
    ,370 1046 .61 1727 1.8 148 4.5
    .380 1121 .62 1690 1.9 124 4.6
    .390 1202 .63 1653 2.0 105 4.7
    .400 1304 .64 1616 2.1 89 4.8
    ,405 1427 .65 1579 2.2 76 4.9
    ,410 1728 .66 1543 2.3 66 5.0
    .413 1803 .67 1508 2.4 57
    251Moon P. Journ. Franklin Inst. vol. 230 p. 583 1940.
    z5z Hulbirt, E. O., Journ. Opt. Soc: Amer., bol. 37, 'p. 405, 1947.

    (c0nti;zzued)
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    722
    T A B L E 8 1 3 . 4 P E C T R A L D I S T R I B U T I O N OF SOLAR R A D I A T I O N O U T S I D E
    T H E A T M O S P H E R E (concluded)
    Part 2.-Energy distribution of solar radiation outside the atmosphere

    Wavelength Energy Wavelensth Energy Wavelength Energy Wavelength Energy


    interval cal cm-2 interval cal cm-2 interval cal cm-2 interval cal cm-2
    c min-1 c min-1 c min-1 P min-1
    .22-.23 .0004 .45-.46 .0303 .68-.69 .0213 .91-.92 .O123
    23-.24 ,0006 .46-.47 .0309 .$9-.70 .0208 .92-.93 .0121
    .24-.25 .oo 10 .47-.48 ,0312 ./0--.71 ,0203 .93-.94 .0118
    25-26 .OO 11 .48-.49 ,0311 .71-.72 .0198 ,94795 ,0116
    26-.27 .0025 .49--.50 .0306 .72-. 73 .0194 .95-.96 ,0113
    .27-.28 .0021 .50-.51 .0299 .73-.74 .O189 .96-.97 .0111
    .28-.29 .0029 .51-S2 ,0290 .71-.75 .0183 .97-.98 .0109
    .29-.30 .0059 .52-.53 .0283 .75-.76 ,0179 .98-.99 ,0107
    .30-.31 .0067 .53-.54 .0279 .76-.77 ,0175 .99-1 .O .0105
    .31--;32 .0085 .54-.55 .0277 .77-.78 .0171 1.o-1.1 .0948
    .32-.33 .0107 .55-.56 .0274 .78-.79 .0167 1.1-1.2 ,0792
    .33-.34 .0121 .56-S7 .On1 .79-.80 .0163 1.2-1.3 ,0643
    .34-.35 .0130 .57-.58 .0268 .80-.81 .O159 1.3-1.4 .0518
    .35-.36 .0138 .58-S9 .0264 .81-.82 ,0155 1.4-1.5 .0424
    .36-.37 .0149 .59-.60 .0260 .82-.83 ,0152 1.5-1.6 ,0348
    .37-.38 .0159 .60-.61 .0255 .83-.84 .0148 1.6-1.7 .0288
    .38-.39 .0171 .61-.62 .0251 .84-.85 ,0145 1.7-1.8 ,0240
    .39-.40 .0184 .62-.63 .0245 .85-.86 ,0142 1.8-1.9 .0197
    .40-.41 ,0212 .63-.64 .0240 .86-.87 .O 138 1.9-2.0 ,0168
    .41-.42 .0262 .64-.65 .0234 .87-.88 .0135 2.0-3.0 .0719
    .42-.43 .0256 .65-.66 .0229 .88-.89 .0132 3.0-4.0 .0227
    .43--.44 .0276 .66-.67 .0224 .89-.M) .0129 4.0-5.0 ,0084
    .44-.45 .0292 .67-.68 .0219 .90--.91 .0126

    T A B L E 814.-DISTRIBUTION O F I N T E N S I T Y (RADIATION)
    O V E R SOLAR DISC
    Fraction of radius

    Wave-*
    length
    c .oo .30 .so .60 .70 .80 .90 .95 ,975
    .3149 1.000 .959 .857 .760 .721 .607 ,446 ,337 251
    .3518 1.000 .977 .895 .841 .785 .679 ,524 .407 ,328
    .3665 1.OOO .980 ,881 .841 .787 .703 ,546 .437 ,359
    .4030 1.000 .959 ,877 .859 .767 .664 .533 ,423 .346
    .4487 1.OOO .977 .912 ,859 .804 .720 .594 .500 ,389
    S186 1.OOO .975 ,929 .877 .832 .759 .644 .551 .466
    S485 1.000 .967 .919 ,884 .832 .756 .650 .565 ,487
    .6151 1.000 .980 .936 .900 .853 .790 .687 .600 ,528
    .6980 1.000 .983 .946 .916 ,644 ,574
    .8384 1O
    . OO .984 .952 .926 ,695 ,640
    .9920 1.OOO .987 .957 .933 .727 ,670
    1.1973 1.000 .988 .965 .944 ,758 .702
    1.5397 1.OOO 993 .973 ,960 .811 .763
    1.7093 1.000 .994 .980 .967 .832 ,786
    2.0664 1.000 .994 .980 .970 .955 .929 ,888 .849 .811
    2.2870 1O
    . OO .995 .980 .968 .953 .931 ,891 ,850 ,814
    3.5 1.ooo .996 .988 .980 .969 .952 .928 .902 ,875
    8.3 1.000 .998 99.2 .990 .986 .977 ,960 .942 .928
    10.2 1.000 .998 994 .991 .988 .982 .966 .953 .946
    *Values .3149 through .4487c from Cavanaggia and Chalonge Ann. d'Astrophys., vol. 9, p. 143,
    1946: ,5186 through 10.2 fi from Pierce, McMath, Goldberg. and Mohler, Astrophys. Journ., vol. 112,
    p. 289, 1950.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 815.-SOLAR IRRADIATION A T SEA L E V E L W I T H SURFACE 723
    PERPENDICULAR T O SUN'S RAYS m = 2 *
    (Watts per square meter per micron)
    -

    A x x x
    microns A' microns J, microns JA microns JA

    .295 2.09 a .60 1167 1.15 216 1.65 173


    ,296 2.35 .6 1 1168 1.16 27 1 1.66 163
    .297 2.87 .62 1165 1.17 328 1.67 159
    .298 9.87 .63 1176 1.18 346 1.68 145
    .299 .0346 .64 1175 1.19 344 1.69 139
    .300 .0810 .65 1173 1.20 373 1.70 132
    ,301 .177 .66 1166 1.21 402 1.71 124
    .302 .342 .67 1160 1.22 43 1 1.72 115
    .303 .647 .68 1149 1.23 420 1.73 105
    .304 1.16 .69 978 1.24 387 1.74 97.1
    .305 1.91 .70 1108 1.25 328 1.75 80.2
    .306 2.89 .71 1070 1.26 311 1.76 58.9
    .307 4.15 .72 832 1.27 381 1.77 38.8
    .308 6.11 .73 965 1.28 382 1.78 18.4
    .309 8.38 .74 1041 1.29 346 1.79 5.70
    .310 11.0 .75 867 1.30 264 1.80 ,920
    .311 13.9 .76 566 1.31 208 1.81 ...
    .312 17.2 .77 968 1.32 168 1.82 ...
    ,313 21.0 .78 907 1.33 115 1.83 ...
    ,314 25.4 .79 923 1.34 58.1 1.84 ...
    .315 30.0 .80 857 1.35 18.1 1.85 ...
    .316 34.8 31 698 1.36 .660 1.86 ...
    .317 39.8 .82 80 1 1.37 ... 1.87 ...
    .318 44.9 .83 863 1.38 ... 1.88 ...
    ,319 49.5 .84 858 1.39 ... 1.89 ...
    .32 54.0 .85 839 1.40 ... 1.90 ...
    .86 813 1.41 1.91 1.91 .705
    .87 798 1.42 3.72 1.92 2.34
    .33 101 .88 614 1.43 7.53 1.93 3.68
    .34 151 .89 517 1.44 13.7 1.94 5.30
    .35 188 .90 480 1.45 23.8 1.95 17.7
    .36 233 .91 375 1.46 30.5 1.96 31.7
    .37 279 .92 258 1.47 45.1 1.97 37.7
    .38 336 .93 169 1.48 83.7 1.98 22.6
    .39 397 .94 278 1.49 128 1.99 1.58
    .40 470 .95 487 1.50 157 2 .oo 2.66
    .41 672 .96 584 1.51 187 2.01 19.5
    .42 733 .97 633 1.52 209 2.02 47.6
    .43 787 .98 645 1.53 217 2.03 55.4
    .44 911 .99 643 1.54 226 2.04 54.7
    .45 1006 1.oo 630 1.55 22 1 2.05 38.3
    .46 1080 1.01 620 1.56 217 2.06 56.2
    .47 1138 1.02 610 1.57 213 2.07 77.0
    .48 1183 1.03 601 1.58 209 2.08 88.0
    .49 1210 1.04 592 1.59 205 2.09 86.8
    .so 1215 1.05 551 1.60 202 2.10 85.6
    .51 1206 1.06 526 1.61 198 2.11 84.4
    .52 1199 1.07 519 1.62 194 2.12 83.2
    .53 1188 1.08 512 1.63 189 2.13 20.7
    .54 1198 1.09 5 14 1.64 184 2.14 ...
    .55 1190 1.10 252
    .56 1182 1.11 126
    .57 1178 1.12 69.9
    .58 1168 1.13 98.3
    .59 1161 1.14 164

    -For reference, see footnote 251, p. 721.


    .X 1 0 4 b X 10-

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    724
    T A B L E 816.-T H E BI 0 LOG I CA L L Y E F F E C T I V E C O M P O N E N T 0 F U L T R A V I0L E T ,
    SOLAR, A N D S K Y RADIATbON P E R M O N T H P E R C M2 ( U V Q I N W A T T
    M I N U T E S ) A N D T H E T O T A L SOLAR A N D S K Y R A D I A T I O N ( Q I N
    CAL OR I ES P E R M O N T H P E R CM2) I N C I D E N T I" W A S H I N G T O N ,
    D. C., 1941-1946, M O N T H L Y A V E R A G E

    UVQ. Q UVQ Q
    watt min cal watt min cal
    Month month-' cm-2 month-' cm-2 Month month-' cm-2 month-' cm-2
    Jan. .......... ,112 4,982 July .......... 1.091 15,239
    Feb. .......... 209 6,987 Aug. ......... 1.012 14,470
    Mar. ......... .466 10,847 Sept. ......... .72 1 11,158
    Apr. ......... .692 12,916 Oct. . . . . . . . . . . .406 8,767
    May ......... 390 15,203 Nov. ......... .177 6,085
    June ......... 1.108 16,019 Dec. ......... .087 4,690

    WCohlentz, W. W., Bull. Amer. Meteorol. SOC.,vol. 28, p. 465, 1947.

    T A B L E 817.-DURATION O F SUNSHINE *

    A prox
    decKnation
    o f s u n : -23"27' -15" -10" -5" 0' +5" +lo" +15O +20" f23'27'
    Approx Feh. 9 Feb. 23 Mar. 8 Mar. 21 Apr. 3 Apr. 16 May 1 May20 June 21
    date: Dec. 22 Nov. 3 Oct. 19 Oct. 6 Sept. 23 Sept. 10 Aug. 28 Aug. 13 July 24
    Latitudehm h m h m h m h m h m h , m h m h m h m
    0" 12 07 12 07 12 07 12 07 12 07 12 07 12 06 12 06 12 07 12 07
    10" 11 32 11 45 11 53 12 00 12 07 12 14 12 21 12 29 12 37 12 43
    20" 10 55 11 23 11 38 11 52 12 07 12 22 12 37 12 53 13 08 13 21
    30" 10 12 10 58 11 21 11 44 12 08 12 31 12 54 13 19 13 45 14 05
    40" 9 20 10 26 11 01 11 35 12 09 12 43 13 16 13 53 14 32 15 01
    50" 8 04 9 43 10 35 11 23 12 12 12 59 13 47 14 39 15 37 16 23
    55" 7 10 9 15 10 16 11 14 12 12 13 11 14 08 15 11 16 24 17 23
    60" 5 52 8 36 9 53 11 03 12 15 13 25 14 35 15 54 17 30 18 53
    65" 3 34 7 42 9 21 10 50 12 17 13 45 15 14 16 58 19 16 22 03
    70" 6 14 8 32 10 29 12 21 14 14 16 13 18 44
    80" 3 10 8 46 12. 38 16 44

    Prepared by G. M. Clemence U. S. Naval Observatory. F o r more extensive tables, see "Tables of Sunrise,
    Sunset, and Twilight," Supplemint to the American Ephemeris, 1946.

    T A B L E 818.-RELATIVE DI S T RI BUT I I ON I N N O R M A L S P E C T R U M O F S U N L I G H T
    AND SKY LIGHT A T MOUNT WILSON
    Zenith distance about 50"
    This table is abstracted in modified form from the Annals of the Smithsonian Astrophysical
    Observatory. The observations, which were visual, made on October 17, 1906, probably represent
    the most ideal sky conditions on Mount Wilson.

    C D b F
    Place in spectrum ( p ) ......... .422 .457 ,491 .566 ,614 .660
    Intensity sunlight ............. 186 232 227 211 191 166
    Intensity sky light.. .......... 1194 986 701 395 231 174
    Ratio at Mount Wilson ........ 642 425 309 187 121 105 102 143 246 316
    Ratio computed by Rayleigh.. . - - - - - - 102 164 258 328
    Ratio observed by Rayleigh. . . . - - - - - - 102 168 291 369

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    725
    T A B L E 819.-lLLUMINATION DUE T O D I R E C T S U N L I G H T , SKY L I G H T , A N D

    - -
    T O T A L O N HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL PLANESm

    *
    Direct sunlight
    Ihd Ipd ,L---
    Skylight
    ~ I$ Ip;
    Total

    Solar Air
    altitude mass ft -c f t -c ft --c
    h m & & /-
    3 15.36 19.6 374 256 587 277 961
    5 10.39 100 1150 325 746 425 1900
    7 7.77 252 2050 395 848 647 2900
    10 5.60 590 3350 49 1 953 1080 4300
    15 3.82 1310 4910 629 1070 1940 5980
    20 2.90 2130 5860 750 1140 2880 7000
    25 2.36 2980 6J90 856 1180 3840 7570
    30 2.00 3820 6620 945 1210 4760 7830
    35 1.74 4650 6640 1020 1220 5670 7860
    40 1.55 5440 6490 1090 1220 6530 7710
    45 1.41 6170 6170 1160 1220 7330 7390
    50 1.30 6850 5750 1210 1200 8060 6950
    55 1.22 7450 5220 1270 1180 8720 6400
    60 1.15 8000 4620 1310 1150 9310 5770
    65 1.10 8470 3950 1350 1090 9820 5040
    70 1.06 8860 3230 1390 1020 10250 4250
    75 1.04 9160 2450 1420 930 10580 3380
    80 1.02 9380 1650 1440 834 10820 2480
    85 1.01 9510 833 1460 728 10970 1560
    90 1.oo 9570 00 1480 615 11050 615

    The solar altitude, h, is expressed in angular units, the illumination, I, in foot-candles.


    The subscripts p and h designate the evaluation of illumination on the perpendicular
    (facing the sun) and horizontal planes. The additional subscripts, d, s, and t, designate
    direct sunlight, sky light and total light (direct sunlight plus sky light).
    ='Jones, L. A., and Condit, H. R., Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. 38, p. 147, 1948.

    T A B L E 820.-MEAN I N T E N S I T Y J FOR 24 H O U R S O F SOLAR R A D I A T I O N O N A


    H O R I Z O N T A L S U R F A C E A T THE T O P O F THE A T M O S P H E R E A N D
    T H E SOLAR R A D I A T I O N A, I N T E R M S O F THE SOLAR R A D IA TIO N ,
    A,, A T E A R T H ' S M E A N D I S T A N C E F R O M T H E S U N

    J
    Motion of Relative mean vertical intensity -
    the, sun Ao
    in Latitude north
    Date
    longi-
    tude
    7
    Oo 100 200 30° 400
    A
    500 600 70° SOo 900
    \ -
    A
    Ao
    Jan. 1 0: 99 .303 265 .220 .169 .117 .066 .018 1.0335
    Feb. 1 3 1.54 ,312 .282 .244 .200 .150 .lo0 ,048 .006 1.0288
    Mar. 1 59.14 .320 ,303 279 .245 .204 .158 ,108 .056 .013 1.0173
    Apr. 1 89.70 ,317 ,319 .312 ,295 .269 235 .195 .148 ,101 .082 1.0009
    May 1 119.29 ,303 ,318 .330 ,329 .320 .302 .278 .253 255 .259 .9841
    June 1 149.82 .287 .315 .334 .345 .349 .345 ,337 .344 ,360 .366 .9714
    July 1 179.39 ,283 ,312 ,333 .347 .352 .351 ,345 .356 .373 .379 .9666
    Aug. 1 209.94 .294 ,316 ,330 .334 .330 ,318 .300 ,282 .295 ,300 .9709
    Sept. 1 240.50 .310 .318 ,316 ,305 ,285 ,256 ,220 .180 .139 ,140 .9828
    Oct. 1 270.07 ,317 .308 ,289 ,261 .225 ,183 .135 .084 ,065 .9995
    Nov. 1 300.63 ,312 286 ,251 .211 .164 .114 .063 .018 1.0164
    Dec. 1 330.19 .304 .267 ,224 ,175 .124 .072 ,024 1.0288
    Year . . ,305 .301 ,289 .268 241 .209 .173 .144 .133 .126

    Average annual solar energy received per square dekameter of horizontal surface in kilowatt
    hours. U. S. : Lincoln, 160,906; Mount Weather, 148,824 ; Washington, 145,403 ; New York,
    106,460; Chicago, 97,856. Other countries : Toronto, 139,523; Johannesburg, 175,696 ; Davos
    Platz, 174,043 ; South Kensington, 78,569 ; Stockholm, 79,267.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    726 T A B L E 821.-MEAN M O N T H L Y A N D Y E A R L Y TEMPERATURES, "C

    Mean temperatures of a few selected American stations, also of one station of very high and
    two of very low temperature, and one of very great and one of very small range of temperature.

    Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
    1 Hebron-Rama (Labr.). -20.7 -20.9 -15.6 - 6 9 +
    + i 3 i-10.9
    .2 + 45c 7 6 + 8.0
    + 17.6
    + 4.5 - .8 - 6.2 -16.2 - 5.2
    + +
    2 Winnipeg (Canada) . . -21.6-18.8-11.0 +17:i +lS:G +11.6 4.1 - 7.6-15.7 .6
    .
    3 Montreal (Canada) . . -10.9 - 9.1 - 4.3
    +
    +
    +
    4.8 +12.6 f18.3 +20.5 +19.3 +14.7 + 7 8 -
    +
    2-
    f 2 0 . 6 16.9 + i i 3 + 4:8-
    7 1 + 5.s
    .:S + 92
    4 Boston . . . . . . . . . . . .. . - 2.8 - 2.2 1.2 7.3 +13.6 +19.1 +21.8
    5 Chicago . . . . . . _ _ _ _ . . - 2.9 + 1.2 + 7.9 +13.4
    -. 4.8 +19.7 +22.2 +21.6 +17.9 +11.1 + 3.6- 1.5 + 9.1
    6 Denver . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 2.1 + . I + 3.8 + 8.3 +13.6 f19.1 +22.1 +21.2 +16.6 +10.3 + 3.3 .O + 9.7
    7 Washinqton . . . . . . . . . + .7 + 2.1 + 5.2 +11.7 1-17.7 f22.9 +24.9 +23.7 f19.9 +13.4 + 6.9 +2.3 f 1 2 . 6
    8 Pikes Peak .......... -16.4 -15.6 -13.4 -10.4 - 5.3 + +
    .4 4.5 + 3.6 - .3 - 5.8 -1 1.8 -14.4 - 7.1
    .
    9 St. Louis . . . . . . . . . . . - +13.4 +18.8 f24.0 +26.0 +24.9 +20.8 +14.2 + 6.4 +2.0 f 1 3 . 1
    10 San Francisco . . . . . . . 1 +12.6 t 1 3 . 7 +14.7 +14.6 f14.8 +15.8 f15.2 +13.5 +10.3 +13.2
    11 Yuma .............. f21.0 +25.1 +29.4 f 3 3 . 1 +32.6 +29.1 +22.8 +16.6 +13.3 f 2 2 . 3
    12 New Orleans . . . . . ... 1-20.6 t 2 3 . 7 +26.8 +27.9 +27.5 +25.7 +21.0 +15.9 +13.1 +20.4
    ..
    13 Massaua . . . . . . . . . . +29.0 +31.1 +33.5 +34.8 +34.7 +33.3 +31.7 +29.0 +27.0 +30.3
    14 Ft. Conger (Greenl'd). -25.3 -10.0 + +
    .4 2.8 + 1.0 - 9.0 -22.7 -30.9 -33.4 -20.0
    1 5 Verkhoyansk . . . . . . . . -13.7 + 2.0 +12.3 + 1 5 . 5 f10.1 + 2.5 -15.0 -37.8 -47.0 -16.7
    16 Batavia ............. f25.3 f 2 5 . 4 1 2 5 . 8 +26.3 +26.4 f 2 6 . 0 f25.7 +25.9 +26.3 +26.4 +26.2 +25.6 +25.9

    Lat., Long., Alt. respectively: (1) +


    58:5, 63:O W, - ; (2) 49.9, 97.1 W, 233m; (3) 45.5, + +
    73.6 W, 57m; (4) +42.3, 71.1 W, 38m; (5) +41.9, 87.6 W, 251m; (6) +39.7, 105.0 W, 1613m;
    + +
    (7) 38.9. 77.0 W. 34m: (8) 38.8. 105.0 W. 4308m; (9) 38.6, 90.2 W, 173m; (10) 37.8, + +
    lZZ.SW, 47m; (11) +32.7, 114.6 W, 43m; (12) + 3 0 0 , 90.1 W, 16m; (13) +15.6. 37.5 E, 9m;
    (14) +81.7, 64.7 W , - ; (15) +67.6, 133.8 E, 140m; (10)-6.2, 106.8 E, 7m.
    Note.-Highest recorded temperature in world = 57°C in Death *Valley, California, July
    10, 1913. Lowest recorded temperature in world = - 68°C a t Verkhoyansk, Feb.
    1892.

    T A B L E 822.-TEMPERATURE VARIATION OVER EARTH'S SURFACE (HANN)


    Maximum values for month in italics.

    Temperatures "C Mean Land


    , ocean surface
    Latitude Jan. Apr. July Oct. Year Range temp %
    North pole -41.0 -28.0 - 1.0 -24.0 -22.7 40.0 - 1.7 -
    +80° -32.2 -22.7 + 2.0 -19.1 -17.1 34.2 - 1.7 20
    70 -26.3 -14.0 7.3 - 9.3 -10.7 33.6 + .7 53
    60 -16.1 - 2.8 14.1 - 1.1 30.2 4.8 61
    50 - 7.2 + 5.2 17.9 -I- 6:; + 5.8 25.1 7.9 58
    40 + 5.5 13.1 24.0 15.7 14.1 18.5 14.1 45
    30 14.7 20.1 27.3 21.8 20.4 12.6 21.3 43.5
    20 21.9 25.2 28.0 26.4 25.3 6.1 25.4 31.5
    +10
    Equator
    25.8
    26.5
    27.2
    26.6
    27.0
    25.7
    26.9
    26.5
    26.8
    26.3
    1.4
    .9
    27.2
    27.1
    24
    22
    -10 26.4 25.9 23.0 25.7 25.5 3.4 25.8 20
    20 25.3 24.0 19.8 22.8 23.0 5.5 24.0 24
    -30- 21.6.
    _. 18.7 14.5 18.0 18.4 7.1 19.5 20
    40 15.4 iZ.5 8.8 11.7 11.9 6.6 13.3 4
    50 8.4 5.4
    -
    3.0
    - 9.3
    4.8
    -
    5.4
    - 3.2
    5.4
    12.5
    +6.4
    .o
    2
    0
    60 3.2
    70 - 1.2 - -21.0 - -12.0 19.8 - 1.3 71
    80 (- 4.3) - (-28.7) - (-20.6) (24.4) - 100
    South pole (- 6.0) - (-33.0) - (-25.0) (27.0) - (100)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 823.-TEMPERATURE V A R I A T I O N W I T H DEPTH 727
    Table illustrates temperature changes underground at moderate depths due to surface
    warming (read from plot for Tiflis, Lehrbuch der Meteorologie, Hann and Suring, 1915).
    Below 20-30 m (nearer the surface in Tropics) there is no annual variation. Increase
    *
    downward a t greater depths, 0.03 "C per m (1" per 35 m) 1. c. A t Pittsburgh, 1524 m,
    49.4", ,0294 per m ; Oberschlesien, 2003 m, 70", .0294 per m ; or West Virginia, 2200 m ;
    70", ,034" per m (Van Orstrand). Mean value outflow heat from earth's center, 0.00000172
    g cal cm-' sec", or 54 g cal cm-* yr-' (39 Laby). Open ocean temperatures: Greatest
    mean annual range (Schott) 40" N., 4.2"C ; 30" S., 5.1' ; but 10" N., only 2.2" ; 50" S., 2.9:
    Mean surface temp. whole ocean (Kriimniel) 17.4"; all depths, 3.9:. Below 1 km nearly
    isothermal with depth. I n Tropics, surface 28"; at 183 m, l l " , 80 percent water less than
    4.4". Deep-sea (bottom) temps. range -0.5" to +
    2.6". Soundings in South Atlantic:
    0 km, 18.9"; 2.5 km. 1 5 " ; .5 km, 8.3"; 1 kin, 3.3"; 3 km, 1.7"; 4.5 km, 0.6".

    Maximum values in boldface.


    Temperature " C
    Depth, ,
    m Jan. Feb. Mar. .2pr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. NOV. Dec.
    0 1 4 10 14 21 29 32 32 24 16 9 4
    .5 4 4 9 13 18 23 26 28 24 18 12 6
    1.
    . .o 6 6 8- 12
    ~~ 1.5
    ._ 20
    -. 24 26 23 18 14 10
    1.5 9 9 11 14 18 21 23 22 18 15 12
    2.0 11 10 10 11 13 16 19 21 21 18 16 14
    3.0 14 12 12 11 13 14 16 17 18 18 17 15
    4.0 15 13 12 12 12 13 14 16 16 17 17 16
    5.0 15 14 13 13 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 16
    6.0 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15

    T A B L E 824.-WOLF'S SUNSPOT NUMBERS, A N N U A L MEANS * 255

    Sunspot number = !i (10 X number of groups and single spots observed total number +
    of spots in groups and single spots). k depends on observer and telescope, equaling unity
    for Wolf with 3-in. telescope and power of 64. Wolf's numbers a r e closely proportional
    to spotted area on sun, 100 corresponds to about 1/600 of visible disk covered (umbras
    and penumbras). Periodicity : successive outbursts about 11 years apart, extremes 7.3
    years and 17.1 years. See references for daily and monthly values.
    Smoothed monthly numbers are formed from monthly means of observed number by
    weighting the sixth months preceding and following 1, all 11 intervening months 2.
    Smoothed monthly sunspot numbers, annual means
    Maximum and minimum values for period in boldface

    Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    1750 83.1 52.2 45.9 28.9 13.5 9.3 12.2 31.9 47.2 54.5
    1760 64.7 80.2 60.1 48.5 36.7 21.4 14.2 35.9 66.8 103.4
    1770 98.5 86.7 65.7 39.7 27.5 8.8 21.7 92.2 151.3 123.4
    1780 89.2 66.5 38.7 22.5 10.3 26.7 81.2 128.2 133.3 117.0
    1790 90.6 67.6 59.8 47.3 38.5 24.0 15.6 6.5 4.6 6.9
    1800 15.0 33.7 44.1 43.0 46.8 42.5 27.3 11.6 7.6 3.1
    1810 .O 1.7 4.5 12.1 15.5 35.1 46.1 39.8 30.0 23.4
    1820 16.6 6.6 4.0 2.6 8.3 16.9 35.3 51.6 62.1 67.1
    1830 67.2 50.5 26.3 9.4 13.3 59.1 121.1 137.0 103.4 83.4
    1840 61.9 38.5 23.0 13.2 17.7 38.4 59.7 97.3 125.0 95.4
    1850 69.8 63.2 52.8 38.6 21.0 7.7 5.2 23.0 56.3 90.3
    1860 94.5 77.7 61.1 45.4 45.2 31.4 14.7 8.8 36.9 78.6
    1870 131.8 113.8 99.7 67.9 43.1 18.9 11.7 11.0 3.9 7.7
    1880 31.6 54.4 58.1 65.4 63.3 51.3 25.1 12.6 7.0 6.3
    1890 8.4 37.7 70.0 83.7 79.1 61.5 43.1 28.1 24.6 13.8
    1900 8.8 3.4 5.7 23.0 44.1 58.7 60.3 56.0 51.2 40.6
    1910 21.0 6.5 3.4 2.2 11.8 46.4 59.1 96.2 83.1 65.5
    1920 36.9 27.0 13.0 6.3 16.8 43.7 66.5 70.0 74.5 62.0
    1930 38.8 21.1 12.1 5.9 9.4 36.5 79.6 113.2 103.9 89.6
    1940 66.8 50.5 30.3 15.3 11.1 36.4 91.7 145.6 141.2 134.7
    1950 83.9 69.4
    * Prepared hy .411an 1;. Cook 11.
    2ss Astron. Mitt. Zurich No. 115. 1935. Tljurn. Gronh:,s. R e s . . vol. 54. p. 317. 1 9 4 9 ; Wnldmeier, M..
    Ast:o,n. Mitt Zurich; Ter;. Mae.; J o u r n . ' Geophys. Res.. Trans. Tnt. Astron. ,I.nion Quart. Bull. Solar
    Activity : American Sunspot Numlier Rerluctions, Central Radio Propagation Laboratory, National
    n u r e a u of Standards.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    728 TABLES 825-884.-ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS *
    Astronomy, including astrophysics, is a study of the geometry and physics of
    the heavenly bodies and the material in the intervening space. This experi-
    mental science requires some very special apparatus-in general, used in con-
    nection with large telescopes. Table 825 gives a list of the larger telescopes
    that are now (1949) in active scientific use. Some definitions and standards
    and other data on astronomy follow.
    *These tables were prepared under the supervision of D. H. Menzel, of Harvard University, and
    Edith Janssen Tebo, of Harvard College Observatory.

    T A B L E 825.-THE LARGEST TELESCOPES IN A C T I V E SCIENTIFIC USE


    (1949) t

    Reflectors
    (60-inch mirrors and larger)
    Hale Telescope, Palomar Mountain, Calif., U. S. A.. ........................ 200-inch
    Hooker Telescope, Mount Wilson, Calif., U. S. A.. ........................... 100-inch
    MacDonald Observatory, Mount Locke, Tex., U. S. A.. ....................... 82-inch
    Radcliffe Observatory, Pretoria, South Africa. .............................. 76-inch
    David Dunlap Observatory, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada. ................ 74-inch
    Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Victoria, B. C., Canada.. ............... 72-inch
    Perkins Observatory, Delaware, Ohio. U. S. A.. ............................. 69-inch
    Wyeth Reflector, Harvard 3bservatory, Oak Ridge, Mass., U. S. A ............ 61-inch
    Southern Station of the Harvard Observatory, Bloemfontein, South Africa.. ... 60-inch
    Mount Wilson Observatory, Mount Wilson, Calif., U. S. A... ................. 60-inch
    Cordoba Observatory, Bosque Alegre, Argentina. ............................ 60-inch

    Refractors
    (30-inch lenses and larger)
    Yerkes Observatory, Williams Bay, Wis., U. S. A ............................ 40-inch
    Lick Observatory, Mount Hamilton, Calif., U. S. A.. ......................... 36-inch
    Astrophysical Section, Observatory of Paris, Mundon, France. ................ 33-inch
    Allegheny Observatory, Pittsburgh, Pa,, U. S. A.. ............................ 30-inch
    University of Paris Observatory, Nice, France. ............................... 30-inch

    Schmidt-type telescopes
    (of large aperture)
    48-inch correction plate, 72-inch mirror, Palomar Observatory, .Calif., U. S. A.
    24-inch correction plate, 36-inch mirror (Burrell Telescope), Warner & Swasey Observa-
    tory, Case Institute of Technology, Cleveland, Ohio, U. S. A.
    24-inch correcting plate, 33-inch mirror (Jewett Telescope) Harvard Observatory, Oak
    Ridge, Mass., U. S. A.

    t Prepared by J. J. Nassau, Case Institute of Technology.

    T A B L E 826.-APPROXIMATE EQUATION OF T I M E **
    The equation of time in this table is to be added algebraically to local apparent solar time to
    obtain local mean solar time.
    Accurate values of the equation of time may be obtained from the American Ephemeris and
    Nautical Almanac.

    inin min min min


    Jan. 1 +3
    + Apr. 1 +4 July 1 ++ 45 Oct. 1 -10
    11
    21
    Feb. 1
    8
    +ll
    +14 May 1
    ;: 2- ;3 11
    21
    Aug. 1
    +6
    +6
    11
    21
    NOV.1
    -13
    -15
    -16
    11 +14 11 - 4 11 +5 11 -16
    21 +14 21 - 4 21 +3 21 -14
    Mar. 1 +I3 June 1 - 2 Sept. 1 0 Dec. 1 -11
    11 +10 11 - 1 11 -3 11 -7
    21 + 8 21 + 1 21 -7 21 -2
    -
    ** Prepared by G. M. Clemence, U. S. Naval Observatory.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    T A B L E 827.-MlSCELLANEOUS ASTRONOMICAL DATA * 729
    A b e r r a t i o n constant.-20!'47 (conventional value ; work of Doolittle, Spencer Jones,
    and others, indicates a value of 20'.'50).
    Aphelion.-Point where earth is farthest from sun = 1.520 X 10" cm.
    Astronomical unit (A. U.)-Distance : mean distance earth to sun, 149,500,000 km.
    (Conventional value, solar parallax 8!'79 would give 149,700,000.) Mass : the combined
    mass of the sun and earth which means, practically, the sun's mass = 1.987 X 10" g.
    Color index.-Ordinary stellar magnitudes are supposed to correspond to observations
    with the normal eye. This is by no means easy to define, for the brightness of a red star
    compared with a white, appears greater when the amount of light entering the eye is
    increased for both in the same ratio (Purkinje effect) for low brightness.
    Owing to differences in the actual distribution of the energy with wavelength, the rela-
    tive brightness of stars of different temperatures and colors measured with receptors
    sensitive to different spectral regions vary greatly.
    On ordinary photographs, red stars appear much fainter than to the eye. If the measures
    are calibrated so that the visual and photographic magnitudes average the same for spec-
    tral class A , the difference for any other group of stars is called color index. This ranges
    +
    from about -0"'.3 to 1.8 for class &f and reaches 5" for the reddest stars of class N .
    The difference in color index between the two standard types, e.g., A 0 and K O is
    called the color-equation. It varies over a wide range with the spectral sensitivity of the
    receiver, very large and positive for the violet and ultraviolet and negative for the red and
    infrared.
    Photoelectric devices, combined with screens and measurable transmission have at last
    provided standard systems for stellar photometry of at least approximately definite physi-
    cal significance for spectral regions ranging from the ultraviolet t o the infrared. Kndio-
    metric magnitudes correspond to the measures of the whole observable energy radiition.
    Bolometric magnitudes are supposed to represent the total energy radiation of all wave-
    lengths, and must be found bv calculation.
    Date line.-Established by convention not far from the 180th meridian from Green-
    wich. Where the line runs across a group of islands, the change of the date line is diverted
    to one side so that the group has the same day. Ships crossing from the east, skip a day ;
    going east, count the same day twice.
    Dav.-Mean solar day = 1.440 minutes = 86.400 seconds = 1.0027379 sidereal day.
    Sidereal day (ordinary, two successive transits of vernal equinox, might be called equinoc-
    tial day) = 86,164.09054 mean solar seconds = 23 hr, 56 min. 4.09054 sec mean solar time.
    Two successive t r a n s i t s of s a m e fixed star = 86,164.09967 mean solar seconds.
    Declination.-If 6 = declination, t , hour angle measured west from meridian, h,
    altitude, @, latitude and A , azimuth measured from S. point through W. Then
    ++
    sin h = sin @ sin 6 cos @ cos 6 cos t
    cos h sin A = cos 6 sin t
    sin6= sin @ sin h -cos @ cos h cos A
    }
    cos h cos A = - cos @ sin 6 sin @ cos 6 cos f given 6, t, @

    +
    cos 6 sin t =
    Delaunay's y = sin 1/2 I = 0.04488716 (Brown).
    cos h sin A }
    cos 6 cos t = cos @ sin h sin cos h cos A given h, A, @

    Dip of horizon.-In minutes of arc = V elevation in ft (anproxivately).


    Earth.-Mean r = 6.3712XlO' cm. Equatorial diameter = 12,756.78km ; polar diameter
    = 12,713.82 km. Area = 5.101 x 10" cm2. Angular velocity = 72.9X 10" radians/sec. Volume
    = 1.083X10" cm8. Mass = 5.975X1On g. Density = 5.517 g/cm8. Mean distance to sun =
    1.495)<10"cm. Distance to the moon = 3.844XlO'O cm. Light traverses mean radius of
    earth's orbit in 498.6 sec. Semimajor axis orbit = 1.4950X1018cm ; semi ninor axis =
    1.4948X10'8 cm. Viscosity = 10.9X10'' cgs. Velocity of equatorial point on earth, because
    of rotation: 1,050 mi/hr = 1,550 ft/sec = 1,650 km/hr = 460 m/sec. I n orbit : 18/5 mi/sec
    = 30 km/sec. See Tables 831 and 833. Rotational energy =2.16X10merg.
    Earth's orbital velocity = 18.5 miles/second. 1,550 ft/sec (rotation at Equator).
    E c c e n t r i c i t y of earth's o r b i t = e = 0.01675104 - 4.180X10-' ( t - 1900) - 1.26)<10-"
    ( t - 1900)'.
    E c c e n t r i c i t y of moon's o r b i t = el = 0.05490056 (Brown).
    Gal.-Unit of gravity acceleration = 1 cm sec-'.
    General precession (westward movement of the equinoxes) = 5072564 07000222 +
    ( t - 1900) per year (Newcomb). Probably requires correction of about -{- 0701. See
    Table 838.
    Gravitation constant = (6.670 2 0.005) X lo-* dyne cmzg-* (Heyl, 1930).
    Gravity, acceleration due to, g = 978.0495 cm sec-' (conventional value at sea level at
    equator. See Table 802). Unit, gal = 1 cm sec-'.
    . Prepared by G. M. Clemence, U. S. Naval Observatory.
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    730
    T A B L E 827.-MISCELLANEOUS ASTRONOMICAL DATA (continued)
    H e a t index.-Radiometric (heat or bolometric), zero taken to agree with Class AO,
    +
    (radiometric - visual magnitude) = heat index, for red stars.
    Horizon.-Distance at sea is approximately, miles = d (3/2) height in feet. Local
    refraction (mirage) may introduce large percentage changes in either direction for obser-
    vations from altitudes of 30 feet or less.
    Inclination of moon's o r b i t = I = 5O843.5" (Brown).
    Julian period, 1950= 6663.-January 1, 1950, Julian-day number = 2433283.
    L a t i t u d e variation.-The direction of the axis of the earth in space changes approxi-
    mately 20'.'5 per year owing to precession. The change is roughly periodic in 25,800 years
    with an amplitude of 23". This does not affect terrestrial latitudes, but a variation in
    them is caused by a shift of the earth's body about this axis. The two ascertained com-
    ponents of the polar motion have periods of 1.00 and nearly 1.20 years (the annual and
    Chandlerian components, respectively), so that the oscillations in X and Y, as well as the
    resultant total motion have variations in amplitude with a "beat period" of about 6 years.
    In contrast to the annual terms, Chandler's term shows striking variations in am litude.
    There is, further, a variation in the period of the Chandlerian term (1.18, 1.20, 1.17, 1.15,
    1.19 years) which appears nearly proportional to the corresponding amplitude variations
    according to the relation P = 0.185 A +1.128, where P is the period in years and A the
    amplitude in 0'.'01 units. (See T. Nicolini, appendix to Commission 19 Report, Trans. Int.
    Astron. Union, Zurich, 1948.)
    Light, velocity of.-(Mean value) in vacuo, 299773 rt 10 km sec-' (Dorsey).
    299792.5 k 0.8 km sec-' (Bearden).
    *
    299776 0.00004 km sec-' (Birge).
    Light year.-The distance light travels in 1 year = 9.5 X 10" kilometers = 5.9 X 10"
    miles. Light traverses mean radius of earth's orbit in 498.6 sec.
    L u n a r inequality of earth = L = 6.454:'
    L u n a r n o d e d = daily motion = - O"52954.
    L u n a r parallax = 3422.70" (Brown).
    +
    L u n a r perigee, daily motion = 0?111404.
    Lunar-solar precession = p' = 50.3714" per year (De Sitter, 1927). Of this 0.0191",
    Einstein, orbital motion earth.
    Magnitudes.-The observed intensity of light received on the earth from astronomical
    bodies ranges over a factor exceeding 10". I t is therefore expressed on a logarithmic
    scale-the system of stellar magnitudes. This system, which was adopted by Hipparchus
    more than 2,000 years ago, is closely represented by the equation
    m = 2.5 loglo ( l o / l )
    where 1 is the observed light and 10 a standard value corresponding roughly to the light
    of Arcturus or Vega. Decrease of light by a factor of 100 increases the stellar magnitude
    by 5.00 ; hence the brightest objects have negative magnitudes. (Sun : - 26.8 ; mean full
    moon : - 12.5 ; Venus at brightest : - 4.3 ; Jupiter at opposition : - 2.3 ; Sirius : - 1.6 ;
    Vega : + +
    0.2 ; Polaris: 2.1). The faintest stars visible to the naked eye on a clear dark
    night are of about the sixth magnitude (though on a perfectly black background the limit
    for a single luminous point approaches the eighth magnitude). The faintest stars visible
    with a telescope of aperture A (in inches) is one approximately of magnitude 9 5 +
    log,o A. The magnitude of the faintest stars which can be photographed with the 200-inch
    telescope is about + 22.7. The apparent magnitude of a standard candle at a distance of
    1 meter is - 14.2.
    Absolute macnitude, M, is that which the body would exhibit if placed at a distance of
    10 parsecs, and corresponds to its actual luminosity. For a star of magnitude m, and
    parallax p , in seconds of arc
    + +
    M = m 5 5 log$
    +
    For the sun, M = 4.7. The brightest stars probably exceed M = - 7 and the faintest
    +
    observed value is M = 18, a range of 10". The full moon (could it be observed without
    +
    interference from the standard distance) would have M = 32 and a standard candle
    + 72.8.
    M e a n distance earth t o moon = 60.2678 terrestrial radii.
    = 384,411 kilometers = 238,862 miles. (See Table 834.)
    M e a n distance earth to sun = 149,500,000 kilometers = 92,900.000 miles. (See As-
    tronomical unit.) See Table 833.
    Month.-Sidereal = 27.321661 days, synodical (ordinary) = 29.530588 days (Brown).
    Nutation constant (periodic motion of celestial pole) = 9.21". conventional value ;
    9.207:' Principal in long = A 6 = (-17.234" - .017" T) sin 0 ; principal term in obliq-
    +
    uity = A o = (+9.210 . O W T) cos 0 (Newcomb). T centuries from 1900.
    Obliquity of ecliptic = 23"27'8.26" - 0.4684 ( t - 1900)" (Newcomb).
    (continwd)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    73 1
    T A B L E 827.-MISCELLANEOUS ASTRONOMICAL DATA (concluded)
    Parallactic inequality m o o n = Q = 124.785" (Brown.)
    Parsec.-Distance of star whose parallax is 1 sec = 31 X lo'* km = 19.2 X 10" miles
    = 3.263 light years.
    Perihelion.-Point where earth is nearest sun = 1.4700 X lo" cm.
    P l a n e t a r y precession = X = 0.1247" (Newcomb).
    Pole of M i l k y W a y = R. A., 12 hr 48 min; Dec., 27:+
    Refraction.+ in. (") = [983 X (barometer in in.)/(460
    zenith distance. Error < l", 2 < 75", ordinary t and pressure.
    + t"F)I tan 2,where 2 =
    Solar diameter = 864,408 miles.
    Solar parallax = 8230 (conventional value), 8Y79 (Newcomb, Spencer Jones).
    Sun.--r = 6.965 x 10" cm. Area = 6.093 X lomcm'. Volume = 1.412 X 10" cm'. Mass
    = 1.987 x 10mg. Density = 1.41 g/cmS. Mean distance to earth 1.495 X 10"cm. See
    Table 831.
    Twilight.-There are three definitions of twilight : civil, nautical, and astronomical.
    Civil twilight lasts until the sun is about 6" below the horizon, after which motor-car
    lights must be turned on. Nautical twilight lasts until the sun is about 12" below the
    horizon. This is the limit for observations of stars with the sea horizon. Astronomical
    twilight is considered to end when the sky is dark in the zenith. It lasts until the sun is
    about 18" below the horizon. For latitudes > 50" there is a faint twilight at midnight
    in midsummer.
    Year.-Anomalistic
    x lo-' ( t - 1900) days. Eclipse (time taken by sun to pass from a node of the moon's
    +
    (two successive passages of the perihelion) = 365.25964134 3.04
    +
    orbit to the same node) = 346.620031 3.2 X lo-' ( t - 1900) days. Sidereal (from given
    star to same star again) = 365.25636042 + 1.1 x lo-" ( t - 1900) days. Tropical (ordinary)
    (two successive passages of vernal equinox by sun) = 365.24219879 - 6.14 X lo-'
    ( t - 1900) days.

    T A B L E 828.-ELEMENTS O F SOLAR MOTION *


    Because of the asymmetry in stellar motions (Table 876), determinations of the speed
    and direction of the sun's motion are very sensitive to the selection of stars to which it is
    referred. Ideally we wish to refer the sun's motion to the circular velocity with respect to
    the galactic center; this may be called the basic solar motion. It is possible to determine
    this basic solar motion from detailed studies of the distribution of motions among nearby
    stars and it is found that such a determination made from the giant K stars is in excel-
    lent agreement with an independent determination from the A stars (Janssen and Vyssot-
    sky). This value is given in the last line of the table. The figures listed for the first five
    groups are smoothed values obtained from a combination of the best observational re-
    sults.m The values for the next four groups come from investigations made at Leiden,
    Mount Wilson, an& McCormick Observatories. The solar motion with respect to B stars,
    c-stars, and Cepheids is difficult to determine satisfactorily because of uneven distribu-
    tion in space, very small proper motions, etc.

    Coordinates of the apex


    Stellar group Solar Gal Gal
    of reference velocity RA Dec long lat
    B8 to A3. ................. 16 km/sec 263" +zoo 11
    0 +24"
    A5 to F2 ..................
    F5 to GO ..................
    17
    18
    266
    269
    +23
    +26 18
    15 22
    +21
    +
    KO to K 2 . . ................ 20 273 +29 23 +19
    gK5 to gM8 ............... 22 276 27 +17
    dK8 to dM5 ...............
    Irregular var ..............
    23
    35
    275
    265 :
    +31
    +44
    +38 :
    39
    30 :
    22
    +28 :
    +
    Long-period var ........... 54 295 +46 47 +10
    Cluster-type var ..........
    Basic solar motion .........
    130
    15
    297
    260
    +52
    +17
    53
    7
    12
    +25
    +
    -~~
    Prepared by A. N. Vyssotsky, University of Virginia.
    Astron. Journ., vol. 53. p. 87, 1948.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    732 T A B L E 829.-PERPETUAL CALENDAR *
    This calendar gives the day of the week for any known date from the beginning of the Christian
    Era down to the year 2400.
    Dominical letters

    Century Julian Calendar Gregorian Calendar


    0 100 200 300 400 500 600 1500$ 1600 1700 1800 1900
    700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 2000 2100 2200 2300
    Year 1400 1500t
    0 DC ED FE GF AG BA CB -_ BA C E G
    1 29 57 85 B C D E F G A F G B D F
    2 30 58 86 A B C D E F G E F A C E
    3 31 59 87 G A B C D E F D E G B D
    4 32 60 88 FE GF AG BA CB DC ED CB DC FE AG CB
    5 33 61 89 D E F G A B C A B D F A
    6 34 62 90 C D E F G A B G A C E G
    7 35 63 91 B C D E F G A F G B D F
    8 36 64 92 AG BA CB DC ED FE GF ED FE AG CB ED
    9 37 65 93 F G A B C D E C D F A C
    10 38 66 94 E F G A B C D B C E G B
    11 39 67 95 D E F G A B C A B D F A
    12 40 68 96 CB DC ED FE GF AG BA GF AG CB ED GE
    13 41 69 97 A B C D E F G E F A C E
    14 42 70 98 G A B C D E F D E G B D
    15 43 71 99 F G A B C D E C D F A C
    16 44 72 ED FE GF AG BA CB DC -_ CB ED GF BA
    17 45 73 C D E F G A B~ -_ A C E G
    18 46 74 B C D E F G A -_ G B D F
    19 47 75 A B C D E F G F A C E
    20 48 76 GF AG BA CB DC ED FE ED GF BA DC
    21 49 77 E F G A B C D C E G B
    22 50 78 D E F G A B C B D F A
    23 51 79 C D E F G A B A C E G
    24 52 80 BA CB DC ED FE GF AG GF BA DC FE
    25 53 81 G A B C D E F E G B D
    26 54 82 F G A B C D E D F A C
    27 55 83 E F G A B C D C E G B
    28 56 84 DC ED FE GF AG BA CB BA DC FE AG
    Month Dominical letter
    A B C D F G
    D E F G B C
    G A B C E F
    B C D E G A
    June E F G A C D
    Aug. C D E F A B
    Sept., Dec. F G A B D E
    1 8 15 22. 29 Sun. Sat. Fri. Thurs. Wed. Tues.
    ~. ~ Mon.
    2 9 16 23 30 Mon. Sun. Sat. Fri. Thurs. Wed. Tues.
    3 10 17 24 31 Tues. Mon. Sun. Sat. Fri. Thurs. Wed.
    4 11 18 25 Wed. Tues. Mon. Sun. Sat. Fri. Thurs.
    5 12 19 26 Thurs. Wed. Tues. Mon. Sun. Sat. Fri.
    6 13 20 27 Fri. Thurs. Wed. Tues. Mon. Sun. Sat.
    7 14 21 28 Sat. Fri. Thurs. Wed. Tues. Mon. Sun.

    T o find the calendar for any year of the Christian Era, first find the Dominical letter for the
    pear in the upper section of the table. Two letters are given for leap years ; the first is to be used
    for January and February, the second for the other months. I n the lower section of the table,
    find the column in which the Dominical letter for the year is in the same line with the month
    f o r which the calendar is desired ; this column gives the days of the week that are to be used with
    the month.
    E.g., in the table of Dominical Letters ,ve find that the letter for 1951 is G ; in the line with
    July, this letter occurs in the first column; hence July 4, 1951, is Wednesday.
    Prepared by G . hf. Clemence, U. S. Naval Observatory. t On and before 1582, Oct. 4 only. $On
    and after 1582, Oct. 15 only.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 8 3 0 . 4 U L l A N DAY CALENDAR * 733
    Days are numbered consecutively, beginning with the number 0, from Greenwich mean noon
    on Jan. 1, 4713 B.C. The number of days since that time that have elapsed at Greenwich mean
    noon on any given date is the Julian Day Number of that day.
    For A.D. 0 to A.D. 1580 inclusive, the Julian Day Numbers in this table are the days elapsed
    at Greenwich mean noon up to January 0 of the Julian Calendar in each leap year.
    For 1584 t o 2096 inclusive, the Julian Day Numbers are for January 0 of the Gregorian Calen-
    dar, except that in 1700, 1800, and 1900, which were not leap years, they are for January - 1.

    A.D. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
    0 1721057 1757582 1794107 1830632 1867 157 1903682 1940207 1976732 2013257 2049782
    4 1722518 17 59043 1795568 1832093 1868618 1905143 1941668 1978193 2014718 2051243
    8 1723979 1760504 1797029 1833554 1870079 1906604 1943129 1979654 2016179 2052704
    12 1725440 1761965 1798490 1835015 1871540 1908065 1944590 1981115 2017640 2054165
    16 1726901 1763426 1799951 1836476 187300 1 1909526 1946051 1982576 2019101 2055626
    20 1728362 1764887 180 14 12 1837937 1874462 19 10987 1947512 1984037 2020562 2057087
    24 1729823 1766348 1802873 1839398 1.875923 1912448 1948973 1985498 2022023 2058548
    28 173 1284 1767809 1804334 1840859 1877384 1913909 1950434 1986959 2023484 2060009
    32 1732745 1769270 1805795 1842320 1878845 10 15370 195 1895 1988420 2024945 2061470
    36 1734206 1770731 1807256 1843781 1880306 191683 1 1953356 1989881 2026406 2062931
    40 1735667 1772192 1808717 1845242 1881767 1918292 1954817 1991342 2027867 2064392
    44 1737128 1773653 1810178 1846703 1883228 1919753 1956278 1992803 2029328 2065853
    48 1738589 1775114 1811639 1848164 1884689 1921214 1957739 1994264 2030789 2067314
    52 1740050 1776575 1813100 1849625 1886150 1922675 1959200 1995725 2032250 2068775
    56 1741511 1778036 1814561 1851086 1887611 1924136 1960661 1997186 2033711 2070236
    60 1742972 1779497 1816022 1852547 1889072 1925597 1962122 1998647 2035172 2071697
    64 1744433 1780958 1817483 1854008 1890533 1927058 1963583 2000108 2036633 2073158
    68 1745894 1782419 1818944 1855469 1891994 1928519 1965044 2001569 2038094 2074619
    72 1747355 1783880 1820405 1856930 1893455 1929980 1966505 2003030 2039555 2076080
    76 1748816 1785341 182 1866 1858391 1894916 1931441 1967966 2004491 204 1016 2077541
    80 1750277 1786802 1823327 1859852 1896377 1932902 1969427 2005952 2042477 2079002
    84 1751738 1788263 1824788 18613 13 1897838 1934363 1970888 2007413 2043938 2080463
    88 1753199 1789724 1826249 1862774 1899299 1935824 1972349 2008874 2045399 2081924
    92 1754660 1791185 1827710 1864235 1900760 1937285 1973810 2010335 2046860 2083385
    96 1756121 1792646 1829171 1865696 1902221 1938746 1975271 2011796 2048321 2084846
    AD 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
    0 2086307 2122832 2159357 2195882 2232407 2268932 2305447 234197 1t 2378495t 2415019t
    4 2087768 2124293 2160818 2197343 2233868 2270393 2306908 2343432 2379956 2416480
    8 2089229 2125754 2162279 2198804 2235329 2271854 1308369 2344893 2381417 24 17941
    12 2090690 2127215 2163740 2200265 2236790 2273315 2309830 2346354 2382878 2419402
    16 20921 5 1 2128676 2165201 2201726 2238251 2274776 2311291 2347815 2384339 2420863
    20 2093 6 12 2130137 2166662 2203187 2239712 2276237 2312752 2349276 2385800 2422324
    24 2095073 213 1598 2168123 2204648 2241173 2277698 2314213 2350737 2387261 2423785
    28 2096534 2133059 2169584 2206109 2242634 2279159 2315674 2352198 2388722 2425246
    32 2097995 2134520 2171045 2207570 2244095 2280620 2317135 2353659 2390183 2426707
    36 2099456 2135981 2172506 2209031 2245556 2282081 2318596 2355120 239 1644 2428168
    40 2100917 2137442 2173967 22 10492 2247017 2283542 2320057 2356581 2393105 2429629
    44 2102378 2138903 2175428 2211953 2248478 2285003 2321 5 18 2358042 2394566 2431090
    48 2103839 2140364 2 176889 2213414 2249939 2286464 2322979 2359503 2396027 2432551
    52 2105300 2141825 2178350 2214875 2251400 2287925 2324440 2360964 2397488 2434012
    56 2106761 2143286 2179811 22 16336 2252861 2289386 2325901 2362425 2398949 2435473
    60 2108222 2144747 2181272 2217797 2254322 2290847 2327362 2363886 2400410 24 369 34
    64 2109683 2146208 2182733 2219258 2255783 2292308 2328823 2365347 2401871 2438395
    68 21 11144 2147669 2184194 2220719 2257244 2293769 2330284 2366808 2403332 2439856
    72 2112605 2149130 2185655 2222180 2258705 2295230 2331745 2368269 2404793 2441317
    76 2114066 2150591 2187116 2223641 2260166 2296691 2333206 2369730 2406254 2442778
    80 2115527 2152052 2188577 2225102 2261627 2298152$ 2334667 2371191 2407715 2444239
    84 2116988 2153513 2190038 2226563 2263088 22996035 2336128 2372652 2409176 2445700
    88 2118449 2154974 2191499 2228024 2264549 2301064 2337589 2374113 2410637 2447161
    92 2119910 2156435 2192960 2229485 2266010 2302525 2339050 2375574 2412098 2448622
    96 2121371 2157896 2194421 2230946 2267471 2303986 2340511 2377035 2413559 2450083
    2000 2451544 2020 2458849 2040 2466154 2060 2473459 2080 2480764
    2004 2453005 2024 2460310 2044 2467615 2064 2474920 2084 2482225
    2008 2454466 2028 2461771 2048 2469076 2068 2476381 2088 2483686
    2012 2455927 2032 2463232 2052 2470537 2072 2477842 2092 2485147
    2016 2457388 2036 2464693 2056 2471998 2076 2479303 2096 2486608

    Days to be added to reduce to the beginning of each month: For dates from 1582 October 15
    to 1583 December 31, inclusive, Gregorian Calendar, dimitzish all numbers in this table by 10.
    I n 1700, 1800, and 1900, Gregorian Calendar, f o r January 0 use the number 1 instead of the
    tabular value 0, and for February 0 use 32 instead of 31.

    Year Jan. 0 Feb. 0 Mar. 0 Apr.0 May 0 June 0 JULY 0 Aug. 0 Sept. 0 Oct. 0 Nov. 0 Dec. 0
    0 0 31 60 91 121 152 182 213 244 274 305 335
    i 366 397 425 456 486 517 547 578 609 639 670 700
    2 731 762 790 821 851 882 912 943 974 1004 1035 1065
    3 1096 1127 1155 1186 1216 1247 1277 1308 1339 1369 1400 1430

    *Prepared by G. M. Clemence, u. S . Naval Observatory. t For January - 1. $ Julian Calendar.


    p Gregorian Calendar.
    SMITHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    734
    T A B L E 831.-PHYSICAL DATA; P L A N E T S A N D PRINCIPAL SATELLITES
    ( F r o m unpublished compilation by G. P . Kuiper and I). L. Harris, Yerkes Observatory.)
    hrean Mean Surface Velocity Rotation
    Planet or Mass diameter t density gravity of escape period
    satellite (Earth = I ) (E = I) HeO = 1 ( E = 1) km/sec (days)
    Llercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0543 .38 5.46 .38 4.3 88.0
    Venus . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . ,8136 ,967 4.96 .87 10.4 15-30?
    Earth _ . , . . _ . . . , . . . , . 1.0000 1.000 5.52 1.oo 11.3 1.oo
    l f a r s . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . ... ,1009 ,523 4.12 .39 5.1 1.03
    _luniter
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318.35 10.97 1.33 2.65 61.0 .41
    Saturn .~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.3 9.03 .71 1.17 36.7 .43
    1-Jranue . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . 14.58 3.72 1.56 1.05 22.4 .45
    Neptune , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.26 3.38 2.47 1.23 25.6 .66
    Pluto . . . . . . , . ... . . . . . . . < . l ? .45 <5.5? <.5? <5.3? ?
    Moon , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0123 ,273 3.33 .16 2.4 27.3
    Jupiter I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0121 ,255 4.03 .19 2.5 1.77
    _ . I 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0079
    luniter ,226 3.78 .16 2.1 3.55
    ,
    Iuni ter I I I . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    l
    ,0261 ,394 2.35 .17 2.9 7.15
    Jupiter I V . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0160 ,350 2.06 .13 2.4 16.69
    Titan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0235 ,371 2.54 .17 2.8 15.95
    Triton . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . ,022 .35 ’ 2.8i .18? 2.8? 5.88
    * Mass of the E a r t h is 5.975 X lo ” g r a m s ; of the S u n 332.488 ( 1 & 0.00013) E = 1.987 >: 1Om g r a m s ; of the
    Moon (0.012289 f 0.000004) 6F
    = 7.313 X 10’5 grams. t Equatorial diameter of the E a r t h = 12,756.78 k m ;
    polar diameter 12,713.82 k m ; niean diameter” 12,742.46 km. See Table 827

    T A B L E 832.-PLA N E T A RY T E M P E R A T U R ES

    Calculated
    7,4-----
    Measured A B
    Mercury (sunlit side). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690” K 445” K 631” K
    Veilus (dark side). . . . . . 250 __ __
    (bright side) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 327 464
    E a r t h (mean) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 277 392
    Moon (center of illuminated hemisphere) 400 277 392
    M a r s (warmest portions). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~~~ 285 222 316
    ~~.
    Jupiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 122 273
    Saturn . . . . . . . .. 120 90 128
    Uranus . . . . . . . . . ......................... less than 90 63 89
    Neptune ....................................... __ 51 72
    ~

    All temperatures a r e given on the absolute scale. T o change to centigrade, slihtract 273.
    T h e column headed “measured” presents values determined by Coblentz and Lampland,
    and by Pettit and Nicholson. T& column headed “A” gives black sphere temperatures;
    “B” gives these multiplied by d 2 or the calculated maximum temperatures of the center
    of the illuminated hemisphere of atmosphereless black planets. T h e observed values lie,
    a s expected, between A and B in nearly -.zry case.

    T A B L E 833.-PLANETARY ORBITS ’zfiT

    Sidereal period
    Mean distance to Sun vI
    Mean Tropical Inclina. Eccen.
    Body A I. km days years tinn tricity
    Mercury . . . . . . _ . . . . . .387 57.9 t 87.97 .241 7:004 ,2056
    Venus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,723 108.1 224.70 ,615 3.a94
    ~.
    E a r t h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.000 149.5 365.26 1.000 ,000
    M a r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.524 227.8 686.98 1.881 1.850
    Jupiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.203 777.8 4332.58 1 1.862 1.306
    Saturn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.539 1426.1 10759.20 29.458 2.490
    Uranus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.191 2869.1 30685.9 1 84.015 ,773
    Neptune . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.071 4495.6 60187.60 164.788 1.774 ,0086
    Pluto . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . 39.457 5898.9 90469.27 247.697 17:143 .2485

    * Prepared G. P. Kuiper. Y r r k e s 0l)scrvatory.


    zm .lmerican Eiihemeris a n d Nautical Almanac for 19.50.
    t x 100 t >lean distance in km c?mputcil f r o m earth’s equatorial radius (6378.388 k m ) and
    solar parallax of 8.”80. Recent determinations by Spencer Jones (Monthly Notices. Roy. Astron. Soc..
    vol. 101, p. 356, 1941) a n d Rahe (ilstron. Journ., vol. 55, p. 112, 1950) give 8.”790 k 0.”001 a n d
    8.”7984 0.”0004, respectively.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 834.-SATELLITE ORBITS * 735
    Mean disrance Sidereal vjs
    from planet period magnitude Direction
    Body (km) (days) at mean opp of motion t
    Earth
    Moon ............ 384,400 27.322 -12.7 D
    Mars
    Phobos ........... 9,400 ,319 11.5 D
    Deimos ........... 23,500 1.262 13.0 D
    Jupiter
    v .............. 181,200 ,498 13.0 D
    I I0 ............ 421,400 1.769 5.0 D
    I1 Europa ...... 670.500 3.551 5.3 D
    I11 Ganymede ... .. 1,069;500 7.155 4.6 D
    IV Callisto ..... .. 1,881,200 16.689 5.6 D
    V I ............. .. 11,500,000 250.6 13 7 D
    VII ............ 11,750,000 259.6 16. D
    x .............. 11,750,000 260. 17.8 D
    VIII ........... .. 23,500,000 739. 16. R
    IX .............
    .... 23,700,000 758. 17.6 R
    XI ............. 22,500,000 692. 17.4 R
    Saturn
    Mimas ........... 185,500 .942 12.1 D
    Enceladus ........ 238,000 1.370 11.6 D
    Tethys ........... 294.600 1.888 10.5 D
    Dione ............ 377;300 2.737 10.7 D
    Rhea ............. 526.900 4.518 9.7 D
    Titan ............ 1,220;800 15.945 8.2 D
    Hyperion ......... 1,482,000 21.277 13.0 D
    Iapetus ........... 3,558,000 79.330 10.1-1 1.8 D
    Phoebe ........... 12,950,000 550.48 16. R
    Uranus
    Miranda .......... 129,700 1.413 16.8 D
    Ariel ............. 190,700 2.520
    Umbriel .......... 265,700 4.144
    Titania ........... 435,800 8.706
    Oberon ........... 582,800
    Neptune
    Triton ............ 353,700 5.877 13.5 R
    Nereid ............ 5,580,000 368. 18.5 ?

    Compiled hv D. L. Harris, Yerkes Oliservatory. t With respect to rotation of planet. D=


    direct motion, R = retrograde motion.

    T A B L E 835.-NUMBER O F STARS [@(M)] P E R C U B I C PARSEC N E A R T H E


    SUN W I T H A B S O L U T E ( P H O T O G R A P H I C A N D V I S U A L )
    M A G N I T U D E S M - 1/2 T O M +
    1/2 * 258

    I
    log 6 (M) + 10 +
    Ion 6 ( M ) 10
    M Phot Visual M Phot Visual
    - 6.0
    - 5.0
    2.10
    3.07
    1.63
    2.77
    + 5.0
    + 6.0
    7.35
    7.49
    7.40
    7.45
    - 4.0 3.65 3.58 + 7.0 7.53 7.45
    - 3.0
    - 2.0
    4.25
    4.75
    4.12
    4.71
    +
    + 8.0
    9.0
    7.46
    7.49
    7.55
    7.75
    - 1.0 5.07 5.32 +10.0 7.64 7.84
    .O 5.68 5.98 +11.0 7.81 7.99
    + 1.0 6.34 6.59 +12.0 7.97 8.02
    + 2.0 6.77 6.71 +13.0 8.01 8.05
    + 3.0 6.86 6.98 $14.0 8.06 ...
    + 4.0 7.19 7.29
    Prepared by S. W . McCuskey. Case Institute of Technology.
    p68van Rhijn, Groningen Puhl. No. 47, 1936.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    736 T A B L E 836.-LUNAR AND T E R R E S T R I A L CRATERS *
    Relationship between diameter and depth of terrestrial explosion craters, terrestrial meteoritic
    craters and lunar craters. (All explosions occurred slightly belo-.v the surface.)

    where
    +
    D = 0.1083 d2 0.6917 d 0.75 +
    D = log diameter (feet)
    d = log depth (feet)
    Examples :
    Observed Calculated
    Diameter depth depth
    Shell crater ........................ 10 ft 3 ft+ 2.20 ft
    Arizona meteorite crater.. ........... 4150 ft 700 ft (originally) 732 ft
    Lunar crater Moretus .............. 77 mi 14,600 ft 16,900 ft
    Relationship between diameter of crater and rim height above ground level for terrestrial ex-
    plosion craters, terrestrial meteoritic craters, and lunar craters.

    where
    E = -0.097 D' +1.542 D - 1.841
    E = log rim height (feet)
    D = log diameter (feet)
    Examples :
    Observed Calculated
    Diameter rim height rim height
    Shell crater ........................ 10 ft .4 ft -c .40 ft
    Arizona meteorite crater. ............ 4150 ft 165 ft (Dast erosion 295 ft
    neglected)
    Lunar crater Cleomedes ............. 80 mi 5200 ft 5830 ft

    Terrestrial meteoritic craters

    Present Original
    Diameter de th denth Present
    (ft) (8, (ft) rim height Discovered
    American craters :
    Arizona ......................... 4150 570 700 165 1891
    Odessa 1, near Odessa, Tex ........ 550 14 130 12 1921
    Odessa 2 ........................ 70 shallow 17 0 1921
    At least one other small crater
    identified nearby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ..
    Brenham crater (near Brenham,
    Kans., also called Haviland
    crater) ........................ 56x36 shallow >10 0 1933
    Chuhb (Quebec) ................. 24 mi filled-ice-covered lake 550 1950
    Sohth American craters : Pits known
    Campo del Cielo, Argentine ; many since 1576
    craters ........................ 20 to 254 ... ... ...
    Australian craters :
    Henbury 1, near Henbury cattle
    station ........................ 75 shallow ... 0 1930
    2 ................................ 90 shallow ... 0 1930
    3 .................. . . . . . . . . . 135 18
    ... 2
    ... 4
    ... 12
    ... high
    high 1930
    ... ... 1930
    low 1930
    ... 1930
    12 ............................... 60 ... ... 12 1930
    13 ............................... 30 3 10 low 1930
    Boxhole crater, 200 miles N. E. of
    Henbury ...................... 600 50 ... ... 1937
    Dalgaranga crater ................ 230 16 ... prominent 1923
    .Prepared hy R. B . Baldwin. Oliver Machinrry Co., Grand Rapids, Mich.
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 836.-LUNAR A N D T E R R E S T R I A L C R A T E R S (concluded) 737
    Present Original
    Diameter de th de t h Present
    (ft) (8, (&) rim height Discovered
    Wolf Creek ...................... 3700 200 ... 100 1947
    Eurasian craters :
    Kaalijarv, on Baltic Island of Oesel . 300-360 50 ... 25
    Oesel 2 .......................... 120
    3 ................................ 100
    4 ................................ 65 ... ... ... 1827
    5 ................................ 35 ... ... ... 1827
    6 (probably double), .............. 120x175 ... ... ... 1827
    At least three small craters nearby. .
    Wabar 1 in Rubhlkhali of Arabia.. 328 40 high
    2 ................................ 130X180 30 high
    At least two smaller craters nearby.
    Great Siberian craters. About 200 Formed
    in number ..................... 30-175 ... ... ... June 30,1908
    Silkhote-Alinsk, U.S.S.R., about 100 Formed
    craters ........................ <lo0 Feb. 12,1947

    The 1947 meteorite probably disintegrated high i n the air. The 1908 meteorite exploded vio-
    lently either just before striking the ground or immediately after a ricochet. All others seem to
    have struck the ground, penetrated a short distance, and then exploded.
    I t will be noticed that there is a tendency for several craters to be formed simultaneously as if
    the meteorites traveled in clusters.
    Only authenticated craters are here listed. Possible or doubtful c a w have been omitted.

    T A B L E 837.-A L B E DOS

    Photo-
    Visual Color graphic
    Object m <I U P 4 albedo index albedo
    Moon ........... -12.66 + .29 2740 ,104 ,694 .072 + .75 .059
    Mercury . . . . . . . . - 2.20 - .14 3.34 .080 .72 .058 +1.00 ,038
    Venus . . . . . . . . . . . - 5.12 -4.41 8.50 ,630 1.20 .76 + .62 .70
    Mars . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1.88 -1.39 4.60 ,133 1.11 ,148 +1.00 .088
    Jupiter . . . . . . . . . . - 2.53 -9.23 95.19 .424 1.2: .51 + .67 .45
    Saturn .......... + .76 -8.80 78.95 .416 1.2: SO + .90 .36
    Uranus .......... + 5.55 -7.17 32.4 ,548 1.2: .66 + .42 .73
    Neptune . . . . . . . . . + 7.80 -6.91 29.7 ,514 1.2: .62 + .42 .68
    Pluto . . . . . . . . . . . . +14.74 -1.17 4.0 .I46 1.1: .I6 + .67 .14

    Table compiled hy 11. L. Harris on the basis of measures by G. Miiller and E. S. King
    antl reduced to the Iiiternational Photovisual System. Long-period variations of the outer
    planets have been suspected by W. Recker "!' hut a r e suhjzct to confirmation.
    The albedo, according to Rond. is defined as follows: Let a sphere .'? be exposed to
    I)arallcl light. Then its alhetlo is the ratio of the whole amount reflected from S to the
    whole amount of light incident 011 it." In the above table, rrz = the stellar magnitude at
    nieau opposition: = magnitude it would have at full phase and unit distance from earth
    and sun ; u = assumed mean semidiameter at unit distance ; p = ratio of observed bright-
    ness at full phase to that of a flat disk of sanlc size and same position, illuminated and
    vicwcd normally antl rcflectiiig all the incitlent light according to Lanihert's law ; 9 depends
    on law of variation of light with phasc ; albetlo = pq.
    Albedo of the earth : 0.39.'"'
    ?m3 Itecker, W . , Astrrrn. Nnchs.. vol. 277. 1,. 65. 1949.
    2oa Il:inJnn, .\nn. S l r a s l m u r ~ vol.
    . 3, lit. 3, 11. 168, 1937.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    738
    I
    Y
    rn
    rr
    a
    w
    >
    0
    Ln
    w
    0
    L1.
    Z
    0
    rn
    rn
    w
    0
    W
    w
    n
    I
    d
    m
    w
    A
    rn
    a
    I-
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    T A B L E 839.-CHARACTERISTICS O F EARTH’S INTERIOR * 739
    Part 1.-Density and pressure
    T h e density distribution in the earth’s interior is obtained by a series of approximations
    made t o conform with known data as boundary conditions. These known facts, with which
    any density distribution must harmonize, include the following :
    (1) The average density is 5.522, obtained by comparing the attraction of the earth
    with that of a known mass. Dr. Heyl’s value for the constant of gravitation is used,
    6.664 X lo-* dyne cm2 ,9-’ (Table 27).
    (2) Th,e precession constant and other astronomic and geodetic data (Table 827) give
    the earth s moments in inertia. I = 0.33344 Er2 where I is the moment of inertia about
    the polar axis, r the equatorial radius, and E the mass of the earth ; further

    where a is the polar semi-axis and p = f (a, Y ) , the density. If the earth were a homoge-
    neous sphere its moment of inertia would be 0.4 M r 2 and density 4.6.
    (3) The known flattening of the earth from geodetic data is 1/297. If the earth were
    homogeneous the flattening would be larger. These should be sufficient t o give a unique
    density distribution but, as Lambert of the Coast and Geodetic Survey pointed out, a
    distribution satisfying condition (2) also satisfies condition (3).
    (4) T h e last boundary condition results by comparing the elastic behavior at various
    depths with the known elastic constants of rocks. Time-distance curves of earthquake ini-
    pulses enable one to calculate the velocities of the compressional, V,, and distortional, V,.
    waves at various depths in the earth. Assuming isotropy there are simple relations between
    K , R, E (moduli of compression, rigidity, Young’s respectively), u (Poisson’s ratio), V ,
    and, V s such that if the density and any two of them are known the others can be had. The
    Variation in elastic constants for different rocks is small but sufficient to permit discrimina-
    tion when compared with the elastic properties a t different depths computed by means of
    the eauations

    The uncertainties result from extrapolating low pressure and temperature laboratory data
    to high pressures and temperatures.
    Whence we deduce: “granitic” material to a depth of 10 to 30 k m ; below this the rock
    is denser, about 3.0, and corresponds to a basalt or gabbro. A t about 45 km depth a dis-
    continuity occurs ; the change in elastic properties corresponds with a transition to peri-
    dotite, density 3.4. From this depth to 1,600 km the variation is uniform, the density in-
    creasing slowly with pressure. From 1,600 to 2,900 km the earthquake velocities remain
    somewhat constant and could be accounted for by a slow addition of iron and nickel t o the
    material, the density changing from 3.4 to 9.0. Below 2,900 km V, begins t o decrease
    slightly and the assumption is that this core consists of’ nickel-iron with a density at the
    center of about 10.7.

    Depth Density Pressure Rock type


    0 km 2.7 c/cms Granitic
    10 2.7 ‘>

    __
    .m 3.0 Basaltic
    60 3.4 Peridotitic
    120 3.5
    400 3.75
    800 4.0 .30
    1200 4.25 .47
    1700 4.4 .h8
    2000 5.8 .84
    1.135
    1.5 Transition layer
    1.7
    2.8 Ni-Fe core
    3.1

    ’Compiled by R. W. Goranson.
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSlCAL TABLES


    710
    T A B L E 839.-CHARACTERISTICS O F E A R T H ’ S I N T E R I O R (concluded)
    P a r t 2.-Elastic constants of earth’s interior

    Bulk modulus Rigidity Ilulk modulus Rigidity


    Depth x lo-“ x 10-12 Depth x 10-12 x 10-12
    km dynes/cmz dynes/cmZ km dynes/cmn dynes/cmz
    0 .415 .26 1200 3.6 f .3 2.2 f. .3
    0-20 .5 f .05 .3 f .05 1700 4.2 f .3 2.7 f .3
    20-45 .7 f .1 .4 f .1 2850 8 f 2 4.0 f 1.0
    45-120 1.4 f .2 .6 f..1 2900 7 f 1 Smaller than at
    120400 1.6 f..2 1.0 f .2 6370 12 f 10 ? surface, perhaps
    zero.

    Part 3.-Velocities o f earthquake waves


    V , is the velocity in km/sec of the primary or condensational wave, V 8 ,of the secondary
    or distortional wave. Turner speaks of them as the push and shake waves.

    Layer V p , km/sec V.9, km/sec


    0 t o 20 f 10 km depth, depending on 5.4 to 5.6, depending on locality.
    locality May reach 6.1 3.2 f .3
    20 f 10 to 45 f.10 km depth, depend- 6.25 to 6.75, depending on
    ing on locality locality 3.5 f .3
    Between 45 f.10 and 2900 km depth:
    45 f 10 8.0 f .1 4.4 f..2
    1300 12.5 f .1 6.9 f .2
    2400 13.5 f .1 7.5 f..2
    <2900 13.5 f .1 7.4 -c .2
    Core, 2700 to 6370 km (center) :
    >2900 8.7 f .2 7
    6000 10.9 f .2 ?

    T A B L E 840.-BULK M O D U L I O F ROCK-FORMING M I N E R A L S *
    The bulk modulus, K , of a compact holocrystalline rock can be obtained with a fair
    degree of accuracy except for low pres’sures by adding the proportionate bulk moduli of
    the constituent minerals.
    Pressure, P , and K X lo-’ are in bars.

    Pressure in hars
    Mineral ‘ 1 2,000 10,000
    Feldspar : Orthoclase .............................. ,527 ,538 .603
    Oligoclase, AbTRAnD2 ..................... .582 ,592 .641
    Labradorite, AbrBAnsz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,654 ,671 .758
    Pyroxene : Orthorhombic ......................... 1.00 1.oo 1.oo
    DioDside .............................. .935 ,935 .935
    Augite ................................ .981 .981 .981
    Hornblende : Actinolite ............................ .769 .769 .769
    Mica : Phlogopite ................................. .431 .451 .516
    Quartz ...........................................
    ~~

    ,373 ,383 ,437


    Calcite ........................................... .736 .741 .758
    Magnetite ........................................ 1.818 1.852
    Corundum ........................................ 2.44 - -
    Tourmaline ....................................... 1.22 - -
    Rutile ............................................ 1.72 - -
    . Compiled by R . W. Goranson.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 841.-ELASTIC C O N S T A N T S O F ROCK * 741
    P (pressure), and K , R. E (bulk, rigidity, and Young's moduli resp), are given in bars (1 bar
    = 10' dyiies/cm*). Vp and V , (compressional and distortional wave velocities respectively), are
    in kni/sec. u is Poissoii's ratio acid p is the dcnsity. p is in g/crnS.
    Dynamically determined elastic constants are surroundcd by parentheses (single parenthesis
    represents seismic data) ; the others are static determinations. Italicized figures are calculated.
    I n places where insuflicient data were present to complete the calculations, figures in square
    brackets have been assumed. 111 the "P" column m.s. denotes mean stress.
    The hasis of this table includes data of L. H. Adams and Williamson, F. D. A d a m and Coker,
    Bridgman and others.

    Name P KX 10-0 0 xx10-0 EX10-6 p VP V.


    Granite ............... 1 (.439) (.32) (.W (.46) 2.62 (5.05)
    -
    (2.62)
    -
    m.s. 350 .303 .23 .20 .50 -
    2000 ,472 1.281 .26 .62 2.62 5.53 3.05
    10000 .552 I.281 .29 .73 2.67 5.91 3.26
    Basalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 (.476) ( .30 ) (.22) (.58) 2.91 (5.06) (2.72)
    2000 ,538 I.281 .28 .71 2.91 5.59 3.08
    10000 .654 F.281 .34 .86 2.95 6.11 3.38
    - -
    4
    ,606 24 .35
    Gahhro, norite. diabase. . (.641) (.27) (.35) (6.22) (3.49)
    - - - - -
    600 .641 - - - - - -
    2000 ,700 t.271 .38 .97 2.85 6.50 3.65
    ,714 c.271 .39 .99 2.R9 6.54 3.67
    Olivine diahase, olivine loooo .38
    gabbro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .736 28
    - - - (t:90;5)) 3."? 6.46 3.57
    m.s. 350 ,741 28 .37 .95 3.00
    600 ,752 - - - -
    - _ _ .,806
    2nn0 C.281 .42 1.06 3.01 6.7 3.7
    10000 ,826 L.281 .43 1.09 3.08 6.7 3.7
    Peridotite dunite ....... 1 1.064 c.271 .58 1.47 3.28 7.5 4.2
    2000 1.191 r.271 .65 1.64 3.28 7.9 4.4
    10000 1.265 r.271 .69 1.74 3.29 8.15 4.57
    Obsidian ............... 1 .345 .17 - ((.682)) 2.34 - -
    2000 ,352 - - - 2.35 - -
    Basalt glass ............ 10000 ,352 - - - 2.41 - -
    2000 - - 2.85 - -
    Cryst limestone, parallel
    bed ................. m.s. 350
    loo^} ,690
    ,437
    { 1.271
    .26
    .37
    24
    .95
    .61
    2.89
    -
    6.4
    -
    3.6
    -
    7000 ,715 L.281 .37 .94 2.71 6.68 3.69
    1 (.439) (.29) ( ~ 7 ) (.55) 2.71 (5.2) (2.81)
    Quartzitic sandstone ....
    { 1
    1
    ,402
    .374
    .26
    .21
    .23
    .27
    .57
    .65
    2.69
    2.64 5.3
    - -
    1.9
    2000 ,383 - - - - - -
    10000 ,437 L.271 .24 .60 2.70 5.4 2.9

    + Compiled by R . W. Goranson.

    T A B L E 842.-AGE O F E A R T H , MOON, A N D S T R A T A
    The age of the earth is probably from (1.3 t o 3) x lo8 years (radioactive data). Its
    liquefaction was probably complete within 5,000 years, solidification within 15,000 years
    from start. The age of the earth'5 crust may be taken as roughly 2,000 million years.
    Ages of geologic strata

    .
    Late Oligocene . . . . . . . .
    Cretaceous ( ? ) . . .
    Permian-Carboniferous .
    37,000,000 yr
    59,000,000
    204,000,000 "
    . Late pre-Cambrian ( ? ) . 587,000,000 yr
    Upper pre-Cambrian . . . 640,000,000 .
    Middle P r e c a m b r i a n . . 987,000,000 to
    Permian to Devonian.. . 239,000,000 t o
    374,000,000 y r Lower pre-Cambrian ... 1,800,000,000 .
    1,087,000,000 yr

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    742 T A B L E 842A.-ECLIPSES OF THE S U N
    The diagram, figure 31, prepared by the U. S. Naval Observatory, shows the paths of total
    and total-annular eclipses i n the Unitcd States during the twentieth century. The following
    data for total United States solar eclipses between 1950 and 2000 are taken from the complete
    table of eclipses from A.D. 1900-A.D. 2000, given by D. H. Menzel.20z

    Date
    *
    tude
    Beeinnine
    Lati- Longi-
    tude
    "Noon"

    tude tude
    'Lati-.
    tude
    End

    tude
    Maximum
    duration
    June 30, 1954.. . . . . . . . . . +42" -I- 99" +62" 4- 5" +26" -74" 2" 40'
    October 2, 1959. . . . . . . . .
    July 20, 1963. . . . . . . . . . .
    +42
    +4:
    + 72
    -143
    +23
    +62
    + 6
    +I26
    +
    +33
    7 -56
    +44
    3
    1
    ..
    ..
    March 7, 1970.. ........ - +149 +25 + 88 +55 +23 3 ..
    ..
    February 26, 1979. . . . . . . +47 +I40 +61 -t 77 +77 +34 3

    m* Menzel, D. H . , Our Sun, p. 260, Harvard Univ. Press, 1949. T'sed by permission

    FIG.31.-Curves showing the paths of solar eclipses during the twentieth century.

    T A B L E 843.-SPECTRUM CLASS A N D PROPER MOTlONS *


    Limits of p m O B A F G K M N
    !'00 to '.'02.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 238 392 97 107 218 48 3
    .02 to .04.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 164 533 115 91 327 54 4
    .04 to .lo. ................. 1 88 476 231 168 393 99 2
    .10 to 2 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 160 245 70 242 27 1
    20 to .45.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 31 168 56 88 8 ..
    .45 to 3 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 46 20 23 1 _.
    .80 to 2.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 12 19 13 ....
    Over 2:'OO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 1 6 6
    Mean p m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ('22 :'03 706 !'17 :'18 '(12 'rO7 r!04
    Percentage of stars with
    p > '(20 ................. 0 .2 5 25 18 10 4 0

    'This table, after Boss, gives the numher of stars in his catalox hrighter than 6"'.S which have proper
    niotions between given limits. For reference, see footnote 272, p. 746.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 844.-SOLAR FLARES * 743
    Mean area in Mean area in
    10-8 of sun’s Mean 10-8 of sun’s Mean
    Class hemisphere duration Class hemisphere duration
    1 217 17 xnjn 3 1266 62 min
    7 570 29 3+ 2350 3 hr

    The following paragraphs are reprinted from F. Hoyle, “Some Recent Researches in
    Solar Physics,” p. 36, Cambridge Lniversity Press, 1949.t
    Flares a r e a particular class of bright reversal characterized by sudden commence-
    ments. T h e properties of flares a r e :
    ( a ) They are roughly classified in order of increasing importance as 1, 2, 3, and 3 +.
    The area of the flare, seen in projection against the solar disk, is, at present, used as the
    criterion of importance. Flares of class 3 +
    are rare, occurring on an average only once
    or twice per year. A t the other extreme, flares oi class 1 occur every few hours during
    periods of marked solar activity.
    (b) The effective line width in H a at peak intensity varies between 1.75 A and 16 A .
    being approximately proportional to the importance of the flare. If p , H y show lesser
    widths, but the data for these are somewhat meager.
    ( c ) The contour of the bright emission is iieur!y symmetrical about the normal position
    of H a and is independent of the position of the flare upon the disk (there is invariably a
    greater extension in the red wicg than in the blue wing, which increases with the impor-
    tance of the flare, reaching 0.7 A for those of the greatest intensity). Doppler displace-
    ments of the contour indicating large-scale turbulence of the emitting material in the line
    of sight have not been observed in excess of -C- 10 km/sec.
    ( d ) , Flares are associated with sunspots, and i n particular with complicated spot groups.
    The size of a sunspot, however, is not always a criterion of flare activity, some large spots
    being relatively inactive. The emitting material is mainly situated either in the reversing
    layer or the lower chromosphere. and the emission occurs i n a region with fixed position
    relative to the position of the spot group. The areas of flares projected on the solar disk
    vary from a few hundred millionths up to the values exceeding 10,000 millionths of the
    area of the disk. The duration of a flare is usually of the order of an hour or less, but
    lifetimes > 5 hours occasionally occur.
    ( e ) Flares are strongly correlated with a number of terrestrial effects. Radio fadeouts,
    due to increased ionization in the U-layer, occur simultaneously with the visible appearance
    of intense flares. Great magnetic storms are associated with flares of classes 3 and 3 +.
    The magnetic disturbances commence about 26 hours after the appearance of the flare,
    and are most marked when the flare is near the center of the disk. Finally, there is a
    growing body of evidence that the sun emits exceptionally high intensities in the radio
    meter wave-band during flares.
    Prepared by Edith J. Tebo, Harvard College Observatory. t Used with permission of the author.

    T A B L E 845.-CO N S T E L L A T l ON A BBR E V I AT1 O N S ( Astron. Union, 1922)

    Andromeda ... 4nd Circinus ......Cir Lacerta . . . . . . L a c Pisces Austr . . P s A


    Antlia ........ Ant Columba . . . . . . Col Leo . . . . . . . . . . L e o Puppis ...... . P u p
    Apus ......... Aps Coma Beren ..Corn Leo Minor LMi Pyxis ....
    Aquarius ..... Aqr Corona Aust . . CrA Lepus . . . . Lep Reticulum
    Aquila ........Aql Corona Ror . . . CrB Libra . . . . . . . . . L i b Sagitta ...
    Ara ..........Ara Corvus . . . . . . . Crv Lupus . . Lup Sagittarius . . . . S g r
    . . . .Ari Crater .. . Crt Lynx . . Lyn Scorpius . . . . . . Sco
    .... Aur C r u x ... .Cru Lyra . . Lvr Sculptor
    Roiites .......Boo Cygnus ....... Cyg Mensa . .Men Scutum .
    .... Cae Delphinus . . . . Del Microscopium . Mic Serpens . . . . . . Ser
    alis.Cam Dorado ....... Dor Monoceros . . . . Mon Sextans . . . . . . Sex
    Cancer .......Cnc Draco . . . . . . . . Dra Musca . . . . . . . . Mus Taurus . . . . . . . T a u
    Canes Venatici. CVn Equuleus . . . . . Equ Norma . . . . . . . N o r Telescopium . . Tel
    C$s Major . . CMa Eridanus Eri Octans . . . . . . . Oct Triangulum ... T r i
    Minor . . C M i Fornax For Ophiuchus Oph “ Austr ... T r A
    Capricornus ...Cap Gemini Gem Orion ... Ori Tucana ....... T u c
    Carina ........ Car Grus . . . . . . . . . Gru Pavo . . . .
    Cassiopeia .... Cas Hercules ..... H e r Pegasus . . . . . . P e g
    Centaurus ..... Cen Horologium .. H o r Perseus ..... . P e r Vela ......... Vel
    Cepheus ...... Cep Hydra . . . . . . . . H y a Phoenix Phe Virgo . . . . . . . . V i r
    Cetus ......... Cet Hydrus ....... Hyi Pictor .. Vol
    Chamaeleon ... Cha Indus . . . . . . . . Ind Pisces . . . . . . . . Psc Vulpecul Vul

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    744 TABLE 846.-EMISSION L I N E S IN T H E SOLAR CORONA*
    The following table was taken from Edlkn's paper.m I t summarizes the results of the
    identification of 19 of the coronal lines caused by forbidden transitions. F e X, XI, XIII,
    XIV, X V ; Ni XII, XIII, XV, X V I ; Ca XII, XIII, X V ; A X,XIV. Two of these iden-
    tifications, namely A 4359 attributed to A XIV and A 5694 attributed to Ca XV, are some-
    what questionable and therefore these two identifications are given with a ( ? ) in the
    table. All these identified lines are caused by magnetic dipole radiation.
    The first column gives the wavelengths of the coronal lines taken from Mitchell's com-
    pilationw and reduced values from later work by Lyot.zna The second column gives the
    corresponding wave numbers. The third and fourth columns give the intensities as meas-
    ured by Grotrian and Lyot respectively. The proposed identification is given in column five
    and the transition probabilities in column six. The seventh and eighth columns give the
    excitation potential and ionization potentials of the next preceding ionization stages.

    A ))I
    A cm-1 Intensity Identification sec-1 EP IP f
    3 328 30 039 i~n 488 3.72 589
    3 388.1 29 507 16 87 5.96 325
    3 454.1 28 943 2.3 ........
    3 601.0 27 762 2.1 Ni XVI 3s23p 'P1sh ; 'PH 193 3.44 455
    3 642.9 27 443 .. Ni XI11 3s' 3p4'D, - PI 18 5.82 350
    3 800.8 26 303 ..
    .. ........ ... ...
    3 986.9 25 075 .7 F e XI 3s23p' ID' - 3P, 9.5 4.68 261
    4 086.3 24 465 1.0 Ca XI11 2s22p' 'PI - 3Pz 319 3.03 655
    4 231.4 23 626 2.6 Ni XI1 3s' 3p''Pah -'P1% 237 2.93 318
    4 311 23 190 .. . .. .. ... ... ... ...
    4 359 22 935 .. ? A XIV2sZ2p 'PI, --'Psh 108 2.84 682
    4 567 21 890 1.1 ........ ...
    5 116.03 19 541.0 4.3 2.2 Ni XI11 3s'3p"P1 - 'P, 2.42 isi jso
    5 302.86 18 852.5 100 100 Fe XIV 3s23p 'Pl,h - 'Px 60 2.34 355
    5 536 18 059 .... A X ~ s ' ~ ~ " P I ~ - ~ '106
    P~I~ 2.24 42 1
    5 694.42 17 556.2 1.2 ? Ca XV 2s2Z~''P4- Po 95 2.18 814
    6 374.51 15 683.2 8.i 18 - 69 1.94
    I.
    233
    6 701.83 14 917.2 5.4 2.0 Ni XV 3s23~3i'1''-'Pu 57 1.85 422
    7 059.62 14 161.2 2.2 Fe XV 3s 3p 'P,-'P, ... 31.7 390
    7 891.94 12 667.7 13 Fe XI 3 ~ ' 3 p ' ~ P ~ - ~ P ~44 1.57 26 1
    8 024.21 12 458.9 .5 Ni XV 3 ~ ' 3 p ' ~ P ~ - ' P ~ 22 3.39 422
    10 746.80 9 302.5 55 Fe XI11 3s' ~D"P,- 'PO 14 1.15 325
    10 797.95 9 258.5 35 Fe XI11 3s23 2 'Pi - 'PI 9.7 2.30 325
    ~

    Prepared by Edith J. Tebo, Harvard College Observatory.


    285 Zeitschr. Astrophys., vol. 22, p. 30, 1943.
    2M Handhook d'Astro hys , vol. 4 , 324, 1929; vol. 7, p. 401, 1936
    285 Monthlv Notices. &ov.'Astron. koc.. vol. 99. n. 580. 1939.
    t The io nkitio n potenthl refers to the next lower stage.

    TABLE 847.-THE CEPHEID PERIOD-LUMINOSITY CURVE *

    .O F2.5 - .31 - .85 1.2 C6 -2.39 -3.77


    .2 F 5.5 - .68 -1.26 1.4 G8 -2.80 -4.31
    .4 F 7.5 -1.01 -1.74 1.6 iY .5 -3.25 -4.99
    .6 G0 -1.33 -2.25 1.8 K2.5 -3.73 -5.87
    .8 G2 -1.66 -2.74 2.0 11/10 -4.24 -7.52
    1.0 G4 -2.02 -3.26

    * Prenared hv H . Shaoley, Harvard University.


    Shapley Harvard Bull. vol. 861 1928.
    *'Shanley: Proc. Nat. A c h . S c i . . ;"I. 26. D. 544. 1940
    188 Kuiper,Astrophys. Journ.. vol. 88, p. 453, 1938.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 848.-A LIST O F NEBULAR LINES* 745
    Intensity

    A Classification
    Excitation
    potential
    +
    7027
    - 7662
    H I
    4340.5 2 *S, P - 5 ' S , P, D 13.0 34 40
    4861.3 2 'S, P -4 'S, P, D 12.7 100 100
    6562.8 2 'S, P - 3 ' S , P, D 12.0 580 500
    He I
    3888.6 2s ' S - 3p 'P 22.9 <13 <25
    4471.5 2~ 'P - 4d 'D 23.6 6 5
    5015.7 2s ' S - 3p 'P 23.0 54 ...
    5875.6 2p 'P - 3d 'D 23.0 50 30
    6678.1 2p 'P - 3d 'D 23.0 8 6
    H e I1
    4541.6 4 'S,P,D,F-9 'S,P,D,F,G 53.5 4 3
    4685.8 3 ' S , P, D - 4 'S, P, D, F 50.8 39 60
    5411.6 4 'S,,P, D, F - 7 ' S , P, D, F, G 53.1 25 10
    c I1
    4267.2 3d 'D-4f 'F 20.9 3 1
    N I1
    5755.0 [2pZ1D-2p2'S1 4.0 30 ...
    6548.4 [Zp' 'PI - 2p' 'Dl 1.9 150 5+:
    6583.9 [2p2'P2 - 2p' 'D1 1.9 260 102
    01
    6300.2 12p' 'PZ- 2p' 'D1 2.0 50 1
    0 I1
    3726.2 [2pz'S-22p"ZD~hl 3.3 20 8
    3729.1 [2p' 'S - 2p8' D z ~ l 3.3 11 5
    7319.0 r2p82~pU - 2p3'PI 5.0 P ...
    7330.4 r2pa2- ~ ~2p32~1
    ~~ 5.0 P ...
    0 I11
    4363.2 [2p2'D-22p2'S1 5.3 23 19
    4959.5 [2p2'P, - 2p2'Dl 2.5 430 350
    5007.6 [2p2'P, - 2p' 'D1 2.5 1200 1000
    Ne I11
    3868.7 [2p' 'P, - 2p' 'D1 3.2 95 80
    3967.5 t2p' 'PI - 2p"DI 3.2 24 <80
    Ne I V
    4714.1 7.7 << 6 <: 10
    4719.7 7.7 ... ...
    Ne V
    3345.8 12p2'PI - 2p2'Dl 3.8 43 P
    3425.8 I2p''P2 - 2p' 'Dl 3.8 109 P
    s I1
    4068.5 3.0 <8 <3
    4076.5 3.0 5 .5
    6717.3 1.8 5
    6731.5 1.8 1 9
    A IV
    4711.4 2.6 <6 <10
    4740.3 2.6 10 10
    Fe XI 4.7 << 95 <<80
    3871.9 t3p"Pi - 3p"DI

    The above table, containing most of the strongest and/or imrmrtant lines under nebular
    conditions, is taken from a more complete list.'"'" The brackets t I about a.classification
    indicate a forbidden transition. These wavelengths are in all cases except Ne 111 and
    Ne V the values calculated from series analyses of the ions concerned. The last two
    columns give the observed intensities in the objects NGC 7027 and 7662. P indicates the
    line is present but out of the range covered by the observations and intensity estimates;
    < represents a blend with a line classified otherwise, transition indicated probably an
    appreciable contributor ; G is also a blend with a line classified otherwise, transition
    indicated probably is not a n appreciable contributor.
    * Prepared hy Edith J. Teho. Harvard College Observatory.
    209Bowen, I. S., and Wyse. A. B.. 1,ick 01,s. null., vol. 19, p. 1, 1939.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    746 T A B L E 849.-STE LL A R S Y S T E M S
    The s o l a r n e i g h b o r h o o d distance of 50 light-years, explored chiefly through the
    motions of nearby stars. A large majority a r e of less than solar luminosity, most below
    naked-eye visibility. Only 40 percent of the stars known to be nearer than 16 light-years
    a r e brighter than the sixth magnitude. Exploring the solar neighborhood therefore in-
    volves a search for telescopic dwarf stars. Any body 1/100 of sun’s mass within 1,000 as-
    tronomical units (.015 light year) would be detected by its disturbance on Neptune and
    Uranus even if invisible (Russell). Nearest known star is 4 light-years distant ( P r o x i m a
    Centauri, m = 11, M = 15.5).
    R e g i o n of b r i g h t e r s t a r s extending SO0 li!/ht-years. T h e great majority of naked-eye
    stars lie in this region, though some of unusually high intrinsic luminosity a r e farther
    away. I t includes probably 500,000 telescopic stars. Studied by proper motions, trigono-
    metric and spectroscopic parallaxes, and photometry.
    T h e M i l k y W a y with a radius of about 50,000 /i(qhf-years. T h e stars within 5,000
    light-years of the sun are a trifling part of thc galactic system outlined by the globular
    clusters and Milky W a y clouds. T h e stars a r e so remote that proper motions and spectro-
    scopic analyses hopelessly fail. Statistical counts a r e of some help in the nearer parts.
    But most of our knowledge comes from eclipsing binaries, long-period variables, and
    Cepheids. T h e pcriod-luminosity relation for Cepheid variables i s the key to practically all
    distances > a few 1,000 light-years.
    T h e C l o u d s of M a g e l l a n , nearly 100,000 light-years distant, nearest of all external
    galaxies and the most easily studied. Great advantage, all of its varied manifestations a r e
    seen a t practically the same distance. These phenomena include gaseous nebulae, star
    clusters, giant and supergiant stars, some 1,500 known Cepheids in the Larger Cloud.
    I n this cloud 750 stars brighter than - 5.0 abs mag and over 200,000 brighter than the
    0.0 have been estimated.
    T h e SuDernalaxies. 1.000.000 t o 500.000.000 liciht-wars distant. Comnosed of clusters
    of extragakic& nebulae. T h e relative diameters ”and brightnesses have ‘heen determined
    ’

    for some of the supergalaxies. The most conspicuous is the Coma-Virgo cloud A , a stream
    of several hundred bright spiral, spheroidal, and irregular galaxies, about lo’ light-years
    distant ; its greatest length about one-half this. One of the richest and most distinct super-
    galaxies is in Centaurus.

    T A B L E 850.-STELLAR SPECTRA A N D R E L A T E D CHARACTERISTICS *


    T h e o n e - d i m e n s i o n a l classification system.-The spectra of almost all the stars
    can be arranged in a continuous sequence, the various types connected in a series of im-
    perceptible gradations. W i t h two unimportant exceptions, the sequence is linear. Accord-
    ing to the now generally accepted Harvard (or Draper) system of classification, certain
    principal types of spectrums a r e designated by letters-P, W . 0,B , A , F , G . K , M, R , N,
    and S-and the intermediate types of suffixed numbers. A spectrum halfway between
    B and A is denoted by B 5 while those differin:: slightly from class A in the direction of
    Class B a r e called B 8 or B 9. Classes R and N apparently form one side chain, and class
    5’ another chain, both branching from the main series near class K .
    T h e t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l classification system.-In addition to the larger character-
    istics used to determine the spectral class (temperature differences) there a r e smaller
    luminosity effects that depend mainly on differences in densities in the atmospheres of the
    stars. T h u s one can distinguish hetween dwarfs, giants, and supergiants. A t Harvard,
    in 1897, Miss Maury was actually the first to denote certain stars hy prefixing the
    letter “c” t o the spectral class. These stars a r e now known t o he supergiants. Mount
    Wilson observers still use this letter “c” to denote supergiants. “g” for giants, and “d”
    for dwarfs. T h i s d M 5 denotes a dwarf star of spectral type hf 5 (see Table 874). Morgan,
    Keenan, and Kellman have extended the clsssification even further.”’ Their luminosity
    classes include not only giants (111) and dwarfs (V)hut subgiants (IV) and several classes
    of supergiants ( I : Ia. and Ih) and intermediates (11).
    Almost all the stars can he classified on the above system. I n addition t o individual
    peculiar stars there are. howcver, groups of stars that cannot be given specific classifica-
    tions, such as the A-type spectrum variables I”’ and the “metallic-line” stars.“’
    T h e colors of the stars, the degree to which they a r e concentrated into the region of the
    sky, including the Milky W a y (Table 854). and the average magnitudes of their peculiar
    velocities in space (Tables 828 and 876) all show important correlations with spectral type.
    I n the case of colors, the correlation is so close a s to indicate that both spectrum and color
    depend almost entirely on the surface temperature of the stars. T h e correlation in the
    other two cases, though statistically important, is by no mean so close.
    .
    p7n
    Prepared hy Edith J. Teho. H a r v a r d College Observatory.
    An Atlas of Stellar Slrectra. 1 - n i v e r s i t y of Chicaso Press. 193.7.
    211 Deutsch. .\stmphys. Journ., vol. 105, n. 383. 1947.
    2iz Roman. Morznn. and Eggen, Astrophys. Journ., vol. 107, p. 107. 1948. Greenstein. i\stroi,hys.
    Journ.. vol. 107, p. 151, 1948; vol. 109, p. 121. 1919.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 851.-STELLAR SPECTRA * 747
    P a r t 1.-The H a r v a r d spectrum classification
    ~

    Number
    brighter Percent
    than in
    Principal spectral lines 6.25, galactic
    Class (absorption unless otherwise stated) Example mag region
    P Gaseous nebulae. Emission lines and .... ....
    bands of H , H e I and 11, and 0 11.
    W Wolf-Rayet objects divided into two y Velorum 5 100
    sequences: carbon, WC, have emis-
    sion lines attributed to H e I and 11,
    C 11, 111, and IV, and 0 11, 111, IV.
    V, and V I ; nitrogen sequence, WN,
    have emission lines attributed to H e
    I and 11, and N 111, IV, and V.
    0 Lines of H. H e I and 11, 0 I1 and 111, 5 Puppis 20 100
    and N I1 and 111.
    B Xeutral H and He, N 11, and 0 11, c Orionis 696 82
    and a few ionized lines of metals.
    A H series at maximum, Ca I1 ( H and Sirius 1885 66
    K), and weak ionized metallic lines.
    F Ca I1 ( H and K) strong, H lines Canopus 720 57
    fainter, metallic lines more abundant.
    G H lines faint, Ca I1 ( H and K) strong, The sun 609 58
    many fine metallic lines.
    K Ca I1 ( H and K) very strong, many Arcturus 1719 56
    neutral metallic lines. Spectrum
    faint in the violet.
    M Molecular bands of TiO, lines of Ca I Antares 457 54
    and 11, and other metals. Long-pe-
    riod variables have emission H lines.
    S ZrO bands and metallic lines. Long- r;, Gruis 0 ....
    period variables have emission H
    lines.
    R Bands of C,, CN, and C H ; many me- BD 0 63
    tallic lines. -10”5057
    N Bands of C2, CN, and C H ; very little 19 Pisciym 8 87
    violet light.
    Q Novae. Rapid spectral changes from .... ....
    early supergiant type near maxi-
    mum, through nebular stage, and
    finally to a Wolf-Rayet type.

    Part 2.-Prototypes for luminosity classification ns

    Super- Main Super- Main


    Class giants Giants sequence Class giants Giants sequence
    BO c Ori K Ori l Oph G5 9 Peg y Hya K Cet
    B5 67 Oph 6 Per K Hya K2 56 Ori K Oph Eri
    A2 a Cyg h UMa ( Vir M1 a Sco 75 Cyg
    56 Leo BD
    ++
    B D 42.2296
    4.3561
    FO a Lep Leo p Cap M5 a Her
    F8 y Cyg 1 Com fi Vir

    For description of classification of Wolf-Rayet stars see reference, footnote 274. The “galactic
    region” here means the zone between galactic latitudes f 30”, and including half the area of the
    heavens. 96 percent of the stars of known spectra belong to classes A , F, G, K, 99.7 percent
    including B and iM (Innes, 1919). Henry Draper Catalog, 9 vols., i918-24, and H. D. Extension,
    2 vols., 1925-49, givc positions, magnitudes, and spectra of nearly 360,000 stars. See also Yale
    Zone Catalogs, and the Bergedorf and Potsdam Spectral-Durchmusterungen.
    * Prepared by M. W. Mayall, Harvard College Observatory.
    m3Trans. Int. >\stron. Union, vol. 7 , p. 408, 1950.
    n*Trans. Int. Astron. Union, vol. 6 , p. 248, 1938.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    748
    T A B L E 852.-PERCENTAGE O F STARS O F V A R I O U S S P E C T R A L CLASSES *
    Visual B A F G K M
    magnitude ( B O to B 5 ) ( B 8 to A 3 ) ( A 5 to F 2 ) ( F 5 to G O ) ( C 5 to K2) ( K 5 to M 8 )
    < 2.24 28 28 7 10 15 12
    2.25 to 3.24 25 19 10 12 22 12
    3.25 t o 4.24 16 22 7 12 35 8
    4.25 to 5.24 9 27

    9.5 to 10.4 1 16 12 24 38 9
    Photographic
    magnitude ( B 0 to B 5) ( B 6 to A 4 ) ( A 5 to F 4) ( F 5 to C 4) (C 5 to K 4) (K5 to Mc)
    8.5 to 9.5 2 31 16 24 24 3
    9.5 to 10.5 1 24 16 31 26 3
    10.5 to 11.5 1 17 13 40 27 3
    11.5 to 12.5 0 10 13 47 26 3
    12.5 to 13.5 0: 3: 10 : 58 : 26 : 2:

    The data are taken from the publications of the Harvard, McCormick, and Bergedorf Observ-
    atories. The discontinuity in trend appearing between the visual and photographic groupings is
    in the sense to be expected. Ninety-nine pcrcent of the stars brighter than magnitude 8.5 belong
    to the six classes listed; less than one percent have spectra of classes P, W R , 0 , R, N , S, and
    Peculiar, and such stars are even more uncommon among the fainter groupings.
    Among stars brighter than sixth magnitude the percentages of dwarfs are as follows (6pik
    et at.) :
    F5 F8 GO G5 KO K2 K5 M
    75 60 50 15 5 3 2 0
    A limited sampling in the Milky Way yields the following percentages of dwarfs among
    fainter stars (Nassau and McCrae) :
    Photographic
    magnitude F 8 to C 2c5 G 8 to K 3
    8 to 10 75 23 7
    10 to 11 77 31 8
    11 to 12 82 42 10
    I n higher galactic latitudes the percentages of dwarfs are higher ; thus in latitudes 31" to 90"
    dwarfs constitute about 17 percent of the K 0 and K 2 stars of visual magnitude 10.4 (Janssen
    and Vyssotsky). Among the MO and M 8 stars of all latitudes between visual magnitudes 8.5
    and 10.5 3 percent are dwarfs (Dyer and Vyssotsky).
    Prepared by A. N. Vyssotsky, University of Virginia.

    T A B L E 853.-THE LOCAL F A M I L Y O F GALAXIES"'

    Distance
    Modulus t (corrected Diameter
    Member Type
    &
    Ohs Corr
    for
    lat effect) Mpg
    + -
    Apparent Linear
    Our galaxy ......... Sb 24 kpc
    M 31 ..... ........ . S B 22.4 21.8 231 kpc -17.9 3.2" 12.9
    L M C .............. I 17.1 16.7 22 -15.9 12" 4.6
    M 33 . . . . .. . . . .. . . . S C 22.3 21.9 239 -14.9 62' 4.3
    S M C .............. I 17.3 17.0 25 -14.5 8" 3.6
    M 32 .. . . . .. . . . .. . . k 2 22.4 21.8 23 1 -12.9 ... ..
    Fornax system . . . . . . E 21.0 : 20.8 : 142 : -11.9: 50' 2.1 :
    NGC 205 ..........
    NGC 6822 . .. .. ...
    .
    .. ;
    5P 22.4
    21.6
    21.8
    21.0
    231
    161
    -11.5
    -10.8
    15!8
    20
    1.1
    .94
    IC 1613 ... ......... I 22.0 21.8 225 -10.8 17' 1.1
    Sculptor system , . . . . E 19.4 19.2 69 -10.6 45' .90
    NGC 185 ...... ..... El 22.4-C 21.5-C 204C -10.6 i415 .86
    NGC 147 ........... E 22.42 21.52 2042 -10.3 1411 .83
    ms Baade Walter Astrophys. Journ. vol. 100, p. 150. 1944.
    t Modulds in steilar magnitude is m'- M = 5 (log d - l ) , where d is distance in parsecs and M is
    absolute magnitude.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    749
    T A B L E 8 5 4 . 4 A L A C T I C C O N C E N T R A T I O N O F S T A R S OF V A R I O U S
    S P E C T R A L CL ASS E S *
    P art 1.-Number of stars per 100 square degrees

    Spectrum B A F G K M
    Visual Galactic latitude 00 to So
    magnitude
    < 6.0 4.5 6.0 1.7 2.1 3.5 1.3
    6.0 to- 7.0 6.3 15 3.4 3.0 12 2.6
    7.0 to 8.25 19 76 14 21 54 14
    8.5 to 9.4 46 190 85 96 200 57
    9.5 t o 10.4 a2 610 240 310 490 150
    PhotogFaphic
    magnitude
    9.5 to 10.5 38 510 150 220 180 19
    10.5 t o 11.5 87 970 430 720 460 42
    11.5 to 12.5 100 1390 1200 1960 940 140
    Visual Galactic latitude 600 to
    magnitude
    < 6.0 .
    '
    d
    ?
    2.6
    6.0 to- 7.0 0 3.8
    7.0 to 8.25 0 7.4
    8.5 to 9.4 0 X
    9.5 to 10.4 0 8 20 170 210 16
    Photographic
    magnitude
    9.5 t o 10.5 0 9 32 120 75 9
    10.5 to 11.5 0 10 27 290 160 12
    11.5 t o 12.5 .9 14 34 680 270 26

    The data are taken from the publications of the Harvard, McCormick, and Bergedorf
    Observatories. The spectral groupings are the same as in the preceding table. Absorp-
    tion accounts for the apparent discrepancy in low latitudes between the numbers of early
    type stars in the last line of the visual magnitudes and those in the first line of the photo-
    graphic magnitudes.
    A measure of apparent galactic concentration may be found from the ratios of the star
    numbers in low latitudes t o those in high latitudes. W e obtain the figures given in P a r t 2 :

    P art 2.--lndex of apparent galactic concentration

    Visual
    magnitude B A F G K M
    < 6.0 22 2.8 2.3 2.1 1.2 1.9
    6.0 to 7.0 .. 4.0 1.9 1.2 1.5 3.7
    7.0 to 8.25 .. 10 1.5 1.3 1.7 2.2
    8.5 to 9.4 24 4.2 1.2 2.7
    9.5 to 10.4 76 12 1.8 2.3 9
    Photographic
    magnitude
    9.5 to 10.5 .. 56 4.8 1.8 2.4 2.1
    10.5 to 11.5 .. 97 16 2.5 2.9 3.5
    11.5 t o 12.5 .. 99 35 2.9 3.5 5.5

    The irregularities here are attributable in part to inadequate sampling.


    Among the stars of the main sequence the true concentration increases with the stellar
    mass; the true concentration of the red giants is relatively low. The W , 0, and N stars
    show high apparent concentration to the Milky Way as do the Cepheids, and planetary
    nebulae; on the other hand, the long-period variables show little concentration and the
    cluster-type variables even less.
    *Prepared by A. N. Vyssotsky, University of Virginia.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    750 T A B L E 855.-MEAN A N N U A L P A R A L L A X FOR S T A R S *
    P a r t 1.-Stars of given visual magnitude and galactic latitude

    Mag 0"--20" 20'-40" 40"-90" Mag no--w 2n0-4n0 4n0-900


    3.0 7027 '.'036 "0036 9.0 '.'0043 YO047 '(0073
    4.0 ,020 ,025 ,027 10.0 ,0032 ,0037 .0057
    5.0 ,015 .017 .020 11.0 ,0023 ,0030 .0045
    6.0 ,011 .012 ,015 12.0 ,0018 ,0024 ,0034
    7.0 ,0080 .0086 ,0117 13.0 ,0014 ,0020 .OOn
    8.0 ,0059 ,0062 .0092 14.0 ,0011 ,0016 .0021

    These tabular values have been obtained by combining and smoothing the secular paral-
    laxes derived at Groningen and McCormick together with mean parallaxes for fainter
    stars derived a t Leiden. To obtain annual parallaxes from secular parallaxes a solar veloc-
    ity of 19 kilometers per second has been assumed. Similarly the Leiden figures rest on cer-
    tain assumptions as to the peculiar motions of faint stars. Recent studies of the space
    motions of stars more than 500 parsecs from the plane of the galaxy indicate that the annual
    parallaxes listed here may well be systematically too large for stars fainter than tenth
    magnitude in the higher latitudes.
    Some idea of the dependence of the mean parallaxes on the spectral type may he gained
    from P a r t 2. H e r e the probable error of a secular parallax is approximately 0'.'001.

    P a r t 2.-Mean parallaxes according t o spectral class for stars o f visual magnitude


    10.0 (latitude 0" to 90")

    Spectral Secular Solar Annual


    class parallax velocity parallax
    L38 to A 3 '.I007
    A 5 to F 2 ,011
    1 ; s t o GO ,022
    KO to K 2 .014
    Y M O to g M 8 ,005 22 ,0011

    . Prepared by .2. N. Vyssotsky, University of Virginia.

    T A B L E 856.-SPECTRUM C L A S S E S A N D T E M P E R A T U R E S OF S T A R S *

    b r
    Observed

    H e a t Water-cell H e a t index
    -
    T e m p e r a t u r e hy several methods, " K

    index :ilrsorption --'- Water-cell ('"lor Ioniza


    Mag Mag X 0.555 p A 0.529 fi absorption index m tion
    I? 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .05 20 25000" 20000
    23 1.5500 15000
    26 10700 10000
    A 5 ................. .OZ .30 7500" 8530 8400
    I; 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    .15 .36 6750" 7300" 6200 7500 7500
    F 5 ............ . .30 .41 5760 6160 5450 6470 7000
    dG 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 -42 5700 0100 5350 GOO0
    dG 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 .47 5350 5750 4920 5360
    DKO . . . . . . . . . .55 S4 4820 5100 4460 4910
    dK5 . ......... 1.10 .76 3720 3980 355n 4150
    d M O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.40 37 3400 3650 3200 3600
    d M 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 1.14 2870 3060 2780 3200
    gG 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 ,so 5000 5450 4700 5200 5600
    yG 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5 .60 4550 4870 4140 4620 5000
    .70 4020 4300 3750 4230 4000
    .93 3240 3480 3130 3580 3000
    gM0 ................ 1.86 1.01 3030 3250 2980 3400 3000
    g M 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 1.14 2810 3000 2810 3200
    g M 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 1.30 2400 2590 2550 2930
    g M 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 1.46 2050 2200 2390 2750
    {Jh'I8 . . . . . . . . . . 1.62 1780 2000 2250
    M c Max . . . 1.5 1990 2160 2350
    M r Lfin 2.2 1830
    * Prepared Ily S. 1%. Xichnlson, Mount Wilwn Olrservatory.
    Ruiper. G. I'., i t s t r o p h y s . Jniirn., vol. 88. 11. 4 6 4 , 1938.
    t l'aync, Stellar atmospheres, 1925. t Interpolated.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    75 1
    T A B L E 857.-STARS K N O W N T O BE W I T H I N 5 PARSECS O F T H E S U N *

    a Cen A
    K A 1950 Dec
    h m
    . . . . . . . . 14 36.2-60"38
    mu

    .3
    SP

    dG 3
    P
    N

    .755
    M

    4.7
    .
    /L

    3.68
    8

    281'
    V d

    .22
    a Cen B ........ 14 36.2-60 38 1.7 dK2 .755 6.1 3.68 281 .22
    a Cen C . . . . . . . . 14 26.3-62 29 11.5 dM : .778 16.0 3.85 282 ....
    +4: 3561 . . . , .... 17 55.4+ 4 33 9.4 dM5 .544 13.1 10.26 356 -110
    W 359 . . . . . . . . . . 10 54.1+ 7 19 13.8 dM6 .402 16.8 4.70 235 +13
    L 726-8 A ...... 1 36.4-18 13 12.4 tlM 6r .4 : : 15.4 3.38 80
    L 726-8 F, . . . . . . 1 36.4-18 13
    +36: 2147 A t . . . 11 00.6+36 18
    a C M a A . . . . . . . 6 42.9-16 39
    12.9
    7.5
    -1.6
    dM 6e
    dM 2
    A0
    .4 . :
    .390
    .378
    15.9
    10.5
    1.3
    3.38
    4.78
    132
    80
    187
    203
    +30
    5
    - 8
    ::
    a C M a B ....... 6 42.9-16 39 8.5 F .378 11.4 1.32 203 - 8
    R 154 . . . . . . . . . . . 18 46.7-23 54 10.5 dM 5 .354 13.2 .74 106 0
    R 248 ........... 23 39.4+43 55 12.2 dM 6 .318 14.7 1.82 176 .81
    e E r i . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 30.6-
    61 Cyg A . . . . . . . 21 04.7+38 30
    61 Cyg B . . . . . . . 21 04.7+38 30
    9 38 3.8
    5.6
    6.3
    dk' 2
    dK5
    dK7
    .301
    .298
    .298
    6.2
    8.0
    8.7
    .97
    5.21
    5.21
    271
    52
    52
    t.64 ;:
    T Cet . . . . . . . . . . . 1 41.7-16 12 3.6 dG 7 .298 6.0 1.92 296 .16
    a CMi A ....... 7 36.7+ 5 21 .5 dF 4 .294 2.8 1.25 214 - 4
    a CMi B ........ 7 36.7+ 5 21 10.8 .294 13.1 1.25 214 - 4
    L 789-6 ......... 22 35.7-15 36 12.3 dM 6 .293 14.6 3.27 46 .60
    e Ind . . . . . . . . . . . 21 59.6-57 00 4.7 tlh' 5 .288 7.0 4.69 123 .40
    R 128 .......... 11 45.1+ 1 07 11.0 dM 5 .288 13.3 1.39 153 .12
    +59: 1914 A . . . . 18 42.2+59 33 8.9 dM 3 .285 11.2 2.28 324 + 2
    +59: 1915 B . . . . 18 42.2+59 33 9.7 dM 4 .285 12.0 2.28 324 + 2
    +43: 44 A t ..... 0 15.4+43 44 8.1 dM 3 .279 10.3 2.90 82 + 8
    +43: 44 B . . . . . . 0 15.4+43 44 10.8 sdM 4c .279 13.0 2.90 82 + 8
    -36: 9694 . . . . . . . 23 02.6-36 09 7.3 dM 1 .277 9.5 6.91 79 +10
    -44: 612 ........ 5 109.7-45 :00 9.0 sdM 0 .262 11.1 8.74 131 +242
    + 5 : 1668 ....... 7 24.7+ 5 28 10.1 dM 5 262 12.2 3.76 171 +27
    -39: 8920 . . . . . . . 21 14.3-39 04 6.6 dMO .257 8.8 3.46 251
    +56: 2783 A .... 22 26.6+57 26
    +5G: 2783 B . . . . 22 26.6+57 26
    9.8
    11.2
    dM 4
    dM 6
    .256
    .256
    11.8
    13.2
    .86
    .86
    246
    246
    31
    .24
    R 614 AB ..... 6 26.8- 2 46 11.6 d M 6e .256 13.6 1.00 131 +25:
    -12: 4523 ....... 16 27.5-12 32 9.9 dM 4 .253 11.9 1.18 182 .18
    vMa 1 . . . . . . . . . . 0 46.6+ 5 10 12.3 I1 F .245 14.2 2.98 155 +238
    W 424 A ....... 12 30.8+ 9 18 12.7 diM 7 .225 14.5 1.80 279 - 5
    W 424 B . . . . . . . . 12 30.8+ 9 18 12.7 dM 7 .225 14.5 1.80 279 - 5
    C0-46: 11540 . . . 17 24.9-46 51 9.7 dM 3 .224 11.5 1.04 147
    -37 : 9435 . . . . . . . 0 02.5-37 36
    +68: 946 . . . . . . . . 17 36.7+68 23
    +SO: 1725 . . . . . . . 10 08.3+49 42
    8.5
    92
    6.7
    dM 3
    dM 3
    dK8
    .222
    .218
    .218
    10.2
    10.8
    8.4
    6.07
    1.31
    1.45
    113
    197
    249
    +
    .
    .27
    ;;
    -49: 11439 . . . . . . 21 30.3-49 14 9.0 dM 2 .212 10.6 .81 185 ....
    -15: 6290 . . . . . . . 22 50.7-14 31 10.2 dill 5 .2 11 11.8 1.11 123 +10
    CO-44: 11909 . . . 17 33.4-44 16 10.5 dhl 5 .210 12.1 1.1s 217 ....
    a Aql . . . . . . . . . . . 19 48.3+ 8 44 .9 A4 .206 2.5 .66 55 .26
    L 145-141 . . . . . . . 11 42.7-64 34 12.1 I )A .204 13.6 2.68 97
    +43 : 4305 . . . . . . . 22 44.7+44 05 10.1 dM 5 .203 11.6 .86 237
    02 E r i A

    02 E r i B
    . . . . . . . . 4 13.0- 7 44
    . . . . . . . . 4 13.0- 7 44
    4.5
    9.4
    dK 0
    DA
    .200
    .200
    6.0
    10.9
    4.08
    4.08
    213
    213
    22
    .42
    CP Eri C . . . . . . . . 4 13.0- 7 44 11.1 d i l l 5r .200 12.6 4.08 213 .42
    Grwf79: 3888 . . . 11 45.4+78 58 11.0 dM 4 .200 12.5 .87 57 -120

    T h e stars have been designated by their R I1 or C P D numbers and only if neither of these
    was available. by their Cordoba Durchmusterung numbers : for very faint stars the discoverer's
    numbers have had to be used . p = parallax. p = proper motion. 17% = magnitude. M = absolute
    magnitude. Vrn..= radial velocity. S p = spectrum. 8 =position angle.
    * Prepared by W . I.uyten. LJniversity of Minnesota . t These stars have invisible companions .

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    752
    T A B L E 858.-MASSES O F S T A R S FOR B I N A R I E S W I T H I N 10 PARSECS
    FROM T H E SUN*
    This table contains all visual binary stars within 10 parsecs for which the orbital ele-
    ments and parallax are well determined.
    The sum of the masses follows from the harmonic relation :

    where a is the semimajor axis of the relative orbit, expressed in astronomical units, P the
    period in years ; the masses are referred to the sun's mass as unit. For the majority of these
    binaries the mass-ratio is known, thus permitting a determination of the masses of the
    individual component.
    ~~

    Sum of Separate masses


    a P masses ,--
    Star Para11ax AU vears _. -
    M. 4- M. M, MZ
    7 Cas ................. !'I84 67.9 526 ~ 1.13 .69 .44
    p Eri. .................. ,161 52 251 2.22 .. ..
    02 E r i B, C ............ ,202 34.1 248 .64 .44 20
    Sirius ................. ,381 20.0 49.94 3.21 2.15 .06
    Procyon ............... ,287 15.8 40.65 2.37 1.74 .63
    5 UMa ................ .129 19.7 59.86 2.13 .98 .I5
    a Cen A, B ............ ,756 23.2 80.09 1.92 1.06 .86
    6 Boo ................. .I42 34.4 149.95 1.81 .96 .85
    { H e r ................. .I02 13.24 34.42 1.96 1.12 .84
    -SO4352 ............... ,148 1.28 1.72 .70 .. ..
    F u 46 ................. ,155 4.58 13.12 .56 .31 .25
    H R 6416 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I32 37.4 242 .89 ..
    H R 6426 .............. ,147 12.5 42.2 1.09 .. ..
    p H e r B, C ............ ,109 11.8 43.0 .87 .. ..
    7" Oph ................ ,197 23.14 87.85 1.61 .89 .72
    61 Cyg ................ 294 83.5 720 1.12 .69 .43
    Krii 60 ................ .256 9.23 44.52 .40 .26 .I4

    Prepared by Peter van de Kamp, Swarthmore College.

    T A B L E 859.-THE F I R S T - M A G N I T U D E S T A R S ARRANGED I N ORDER O F


    BRIGHTNESS *

    R I\ 1950 Dec mu Sp P 0 V P Mabs


    Name h m m km/s
    Sirius+ ............... 6 42.9 -16"39'--1.6 A0 1!'32 203" -8 "378 +1.3
    Canopus .............. 6 22.8 -52 40 - .9 cFO .02 47 +20 ,012 -5.5
    a C e n t a u r i t $ .......... 14 36.2 -60 38 .I dG3 3.68 28 1 -22 ,755 +4.5
    V e g a f ................ 18 35.2
    Capella 11 .............. 5 13.0
    +38 44
    +45 57
    .1
    .2
    A0
    GI
    .34
    .44
    36
    168
    -14
    +30
    .122
    .073 - .5
    +
    .5
    Arcturus .............. 14 134 +19 27 .2 KO 2.28 209 - 5 .09 1 .o
    Rigel t I/ .............. 5 12.1
    Procyon t ............. 7 36.7
    - 8 15
    + 5 21
    .3
    .5
    cB8
    dF4
    .oo ...
    1.25 214
    '4
    -
    ,002 :
    .294
    -8. :
    +2.8
    Achernar .............. 1 35.9
    p Centauri t /I ......... 14 00.3
    -57 29
    -60 08
    .6
    .9
    B7
    B3
    .10
    .04
    110
    217
    + 19 .032
    -12 : .036 :
    -1.9
    -1.3 :
    Altair f ............... 19 48.3 + 8 44 .9 A4 .66 55 -26 ,206 +2.5
    Betelgeuse 1I f .......... 5 52.4 + 724 .9: M2 .03 75 +21 .013 -3.5
    Atdebarant ........... 4 33.0
    a Crucis t II .......... 12 23.8
    +16 25
    -62 49 1.1
    .8 K5
    B1
    .20
    .04
    160
    235
    + 54 ,058
    - 8: .03 :
    - .4
    -1.5
    Spica 11 ................ 13 22.6
    Pollux 0 ............... 7 42.3
    -10 54 1.2
    +28 09 1.2
    B2
    G8
    .06
    .62
    230
    265
    + 2: .011: -2.6 :
    +1.2
    Antares t .............. 16 26.3 -26 19 1.2 M 1 .03 200 2: .loo
    .020 : -2.3 :
    Fomalhaut ............ 22 54.9 -29 53 1.3 A3 .37 116 + 6 .145 +2.1
    Deneb f ............... 20 39.7 +45 06 1.3 cA2 .GO - 5: ,002 : -7. :
    Regulus t $ ............ 10 05.7
    p Crucis I1 ............. 12 44.8
    +12 13 1.3
    -59 25 1.5
    B8
    B1
    .25 270 + 3 : .042
    .006 :
    - .6
    .05 235 +20 -4.4 :
    Prepared by W. Luyten, University of Minnesota. t Visual binary. $ Has distant companion.
    8 Has an ontical companion. The magnitude shown is the combined visual magnitude. 11 Spectroscopic
    binary. m = magnitude, Sp = spectrum, p = proper motion, B = position angle, V = radial velocity, p = parallax,
    M = absolute magnitude.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSlCAL TABLES


    T A B L E 860.-STELLAR T E M P E R A T U R E S A N D DIAMETERS * 753
    Main sequence mu SP P M" T R d P P
    p Centauri ...... .9 B3 !'036 --1.3 21,000" K 11 !'001 (25) ,018
    P Scorpii ........ 4.3 B3 .009 -- .8 2 1,000 3.2 .0003 (5.2) .16
    p Aurigae A . . . . 2.8 A0 .034 .6 10,700 2.4 .0008 2.2 .13
    a Lyrae ......... .I A0 ,122 .5 10,700 2.4 .003 (3.0) .I1
    a Can Maj A ....-1.6 A0 .378 1.3 10,700 1.8 .006 2.4 .42
    a Aquilae ....... .9 A4 206 2.5 8,800 1.4 .003 (1.7) .6
    a Can Min ...... .5 dF4 294 2.8 6,100 1.9 .006 1.1 .16
    a Centauri A .... .1 dG 3 .755 4.5 5,850 1.o .007 1.1 1.1
    70 Ophiuchi A .. 4.3 dKO .192 5.7 5,740 1.o .002 .9 .9
    61 Cygni A ..... 5.6 dK5 298 8.0 4,300 .7 .003 (.45) 1.3
    Kriiger 60 A .... 9.8 dM 4 256 11.8 3.180 .34 .0008 .26 9.
    Barnard's Star ... 9.4 dM 5 .544 13.1 31020 .I6 .0008 (.IS) 45:
    Giants
    a Aurigae A .... .2 gG 1 .073 - .5 5,150 12 .007 4.2 .0024
    a Bootis ........
    a Tauri .........
    p Pegasi ........
    .2
    .8
    2.2
    gK 0
    9K 5
    gM 3
    ,091
    ,058
    .oi6
    - .4
    -1.0
    .O 4,620
    3.940
    30
    70
    3;390 160
    ::?:!!{
    .025 (6j
    .OW3
    1.4X104
    1.5~10~
    a Orionis ........ .9 cM 2 .017 -4.0 3,060 480 .048 (35) 3x10-'
    a Scorpii A ..... 1.2 CM 2 .0095 -3.5 3,060 380 .042 (22) 5X10-7
    White dwarfs
    a Can Maj B ... 8.5 F .378 11.4 7,500 .034 .00012 .96 5x10'
    40 Eridani B .... 9.4 A .200 10.9 11,000 ,018 .00004 .44 7x10'
    van Maanen's Star. 12.3 F .245 14.2 7,500 .009: .oooO2 (.14) lo"-lOe

    Many of the data were taken from the reference given in footnote 277. The spectra, magni-
    tudes, radii, parallaxes, and densities have been revised for some of the stars. Th e letters A and
    D denote the brighter and fainter components, respectively, of binary stars.
    Apparent (visual) magnitude is denoted by mu, spectral class by Sp, parallax in seconds of arc,
    p , absolute (visual) magnitude by Mu, radius in terms of the sun by R, apparent diameter in
    seconds of arc by d, mass in terms of the sun by p, and density by p (in g/cm*).
    Prepared hy Edith J. Teho Harvard College Observatory.
    m Russell, Dugan, and StewArt, htronomy, p. 740, Ginn & Co., 1926. Used by permission.

    T A B L E 861.-SPECTRUM T Y P E AND M E A N VISUAL


    ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE *
    ~~

    Main Super. Main Super- Sub-


    Type sequence gian:s Type sequence Giants giants giants
    0 -3.8 .. + 3.7 ..
    BO
    B1
    -3.1
    -2.6
    -5.4
    -5.4
    F5
    F8
    GO
    + 4.1
    + 4.4 +++1.2.8.6 -4.2
    -4.0
    -3.8
    ..
    ..
    +++ .5.6.5
    B2 -2.2 -5.3 G2 + 4.7 -3.6
    B3
    B5
    -1.7
    -.8
    -5.3
    -5.2
    G5
    G8
    +
    + 5.1
    5.5
    -3.2
    -2.8
    +3.0
    B8
    B9
    +.2
    C.4
    -5.0
    -5.0
    KO
    K2
    + 5.9
    + 6.3 ++ .5.5 -2.6
    -2.3
    +3.0
    ..
    A0
    A2
    +.7
    +1.2
    -4.9
    -4.8
    K5
    K8
    + 7.1
    + 7.7
    + .2.O
    -2.0
    ..
    ..
    ..
    A3 +1.5 -4.8 MO + 8.4 - .2 -4.5 ..
    A5 +1.7 -4.7 MI + 9.0 .. ..
    A8 t.2.3 -4.5 M2 + 9.6 .. .. ..
    FO +2.6 -4.4 M3 +10.4 .. .. ..
    FZ +3.1 -4.3 M4 +11.5 .. .. ..
    M5 +13.6 .. .. ..
    -
    For Type R, = -0.5; and for Type N , M = -2.0.
    * Prepared hy R. E. Wilson, Mount Wilson Ohservatory.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    754
    T A B L E 862.-REDUCTION OF VISUAL T O BOLOMETRIC MAGNITUDE *

    The bolometric corrections ( R C) given in the table are added algebraically to visual
    magnitudes. From tables by G. P. Kuiper,"' slightly revised for 0 and B stars by same
    author. The (effective) temperature, Te, scale of the 0 and early B stars is still to be re-
    garded as provisional. The corrections for 0, - Fo stars are based on the stellar tem-
    perature scale and on theoretical spectral-energy curves. For F,-MM, stars they are
    based on radiometric observations by Pettit and Nicholson.

    Giants Supergiants
    Main seq Main seq ( M = 0) ( M = -4)
    Jc JI n
    Type ' BC Te Type BC T, ' BC Te RC T.'
    0 5 -5.3 : 100,000 : F0 .o 6500 .o 6500 .o 6500
    0 6 -4.8 70,000 : F2 - .04 6100 - .04 6100 - .04 6100
    0 7 -4.3 50,000 F5 - .04 6100 - .08 5850 - .12 5720
    0 8 -3.9 41,600 F8 - .05 6050 - .17 5500 - .28 5150
    0 9 -3.5 35,000 GO - .06 6000 - 25 5240 - .42 4830
    BO -3.0 28,500 G2 - .07 5900 - .31 5070 - .52 4650
    ni -2.8 26,300 G5 - .10 5770 - .39 4880 - .65 4480
    B2 -2.5 23,000 G8 - .I0 5770 - .47 4720 - .so 4330
    B3 -2.3 21,000 I< 0 - .ll 5740 - .54 4620 - .93 4240
    B4 -2.1 19,300 K2 - .15 5580 - .72 4420 -1.20 4060
    B5 -1.9 17,800 K3 - .31 5070 - .89 4260 -1.35 3940
    B6 -1.6 15,600 I< 4 - .55 4600 -1.11 4120 -1.56 3780
    B7 -1.4 14,300 K5 - .85 4300 -1.35 3940 -1.86 3590
    B8 -1.2 13,100 K6 -1.14 4100 f . . . ....
    B9 - .9 11,600 MO -1.43 3880 -1.55 3800 -2.2 3420
    A0 - .7 10,700 44 1 -1.70 3700 -1.72 3680 -2.6 3230
    A1 - .6 10,150 M2 -2.03 3540 -1.95 3560 -3.0 : 3060
    A2 - .5 9,600 M3 -2.4 : 3320 -2.26 3390 -3.6 : 2840 :
    A3 - .4 9,000 M 4 -2.7 : 3180 -2.72 3160 ....
    A5 - .3 8,500 44 5 -3.1 : 3020 -3.4 : 2920 :
    A7 - .2 7,900
    FO - .o 6,500

    * Prepared by G. P. Kuiper. Yerkes Observatory.


    E' Astrophys. Journ., vol. 88, p. 446, 1938.

    T A B L E 862A.-R U S S E L L - H E RTZSP R U N G D I A G R A M *
    Absolute magnitudes (ordinates) of 3,915 stars of different spectrum types (abscissae)
    determined by the spectroscopic method by W. S. Adams and his associates (courtesy of
    Mount Wilson Observatory, 1932). The diagram shows distinctly the division of types
    G, and later, into giants (high-luminosity stars) and dwarfs (low-luminosity) with few
    intermediate stars. The curve simulates the mirror image of the figure 7, and with the
    addition of much new material confirms fully that first drawn by Russell in 1913.
    The majority of the stars may be divided into dwarfs, giants, and supergiants (a few
    stars do appear to have luminosities intermediate between these classifications). The
    luminosity of the dwarfs decreases reqularly with advancing spectral type (reduced sur-
    face temperature); it drops abruptly for the coolest. Among the giants the luminosity
    decreases until about class F 5 and then increases with decreasing temperature at least as
    far as the early subdivisions of class M. For supergiants, the luminosity does not appear
    to change appreciably with spectral class.
    In the diagram, the concentration into vertical columns is purely an effect of rough
    snectral classification. Most of the stars on this diagram belong to Population Type I
    (Table 874). The white dwarfs occupy the lower left corner (Table 872).
    Kuiper ~ 7 ' has more recently derived the empirical mass luminosity relation for (1) the
    visual binaries. (2) some selected spectroscopic binaries, and (3) Trumpler's massive stars
    in clusters. His diagram is reproduced in figure 33. Morgan, Keenan, and Kellman 2M
    have presented a preliminary calibration of their luminosity classes in terms of visual ab-
    solute magnitudes, which includes B stars 2s well as subclasses (intermediates between
    giants and dwarfs and between giants and supergiants).
    Prepared by Edith J. Tebo, Harvard College Observatory.
    Astrophys. Journ. vol. 88 p. 472 1938.
    An atlas of stella; spectra', p. 34,' University of Chicago Press, 1943.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    755

    FIG.32.-The Russell-Hertzsprung Diagram

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    756
    T A B L E 863.-LOG (NO. STARS)/(SQ. D E G R E E ) B R I G H T E R T H A N P H O T O -
    G R A P H I C M A G N I T U D E , m, A T S T A T E D G A L A C T I C L A T I T U D E S *

    Ratio N o s . Ratio
    successive Nos. at
    magnitudes 0" & 90'
    -
    ,-
    .Ap-. I i.__

    m +90' +40" +ZOO +loo 0' -10' -20" --40" -90" +90" 0" -90" +90" -90"
    5.0 8.15 8.24 8.37 8.49 8.77 8.658.50 8.25 8.07 4.1 5.0
    6.0 8.59 8.72 8.85 8.95 9.22 9.108.94 8.71 8.62 2.8 2.8 3.5 4.3 4.0
    7.0 9.02 9.18 9.31 9.41 9.64 9.519.35 9.16 9.08 2.7 2.6 2.9 4.1 3.6
    8.0 9.44 9.62 9.77 9.87 .09 9.939.79 9.60 9.50 2.6 2.8 2.6 4.5 3.9
    9.0 9.86 .05 2 1 .33 .55 .37 23 .04 9.92 2.6 2.9 2.6 4.9 4.3
    10.0 2 5 .47 .65 .77 1.02 .82.67 .47 .32 2.5 3.0 2.5 5.9 5.0
    11.0 .63 .87 1.08 1.21 1.49 1.261.11 .89 .72 2.4 3.0 2.5 7.2 5.9
    12.0 1.01 1.26 1.50 1.64 1.95 1.701.54 1.29 1.12 2.4 2.9 2.5 8.7 6.8
    i3.n
    . . . . . .1.38 1.63
    ..... . . . .1.9~)
    . 2.05 2.39 2.141.95 i.08 1.48 2.3 2.8 2.3 in 8.1
    14.0 1.70 1.97 2.28 2.45 2.82 2 3 2.34 2.03 i.78 2.1 2.7 2.0 ij 11
    15.0 1.98 2.30 2.66 2.85 3.22 2.99 2.72 2.34 2.02 1.9 2.5 1.7 17 16
    16.0 2.26 2.61 3.02 3.25 3.60 3.39 3.07 2.64 2.26 1.9 2.4 1.7 22 22
    17.0 2.53 2.90 3.36 3.64 3.96 3.76 3.40 2.92 2.48 1.9 2.3 1.7 27 30
    18.0 2.79 3.15 3.67 3.97 4.32 4.10 3.68 3.18 2.70 1.8 2.3 1.7 34 42
    19.0 1.6 2.0
    20.0 Seares.. .. 1.5 1.9
    21.0 1.4 1.9

    (Characteristic 8. or 9. means, of course, -2. or -1.)


    Fo r values averaged over all galactic longitudes see reference, footnote 281. An excess
    of stars, relative to the averages, between longitudes 230" and So", and a deficit elsewhere,
    reflect the eccentric position of the sun within the stellar system, which, in a first approxi-
    mation, may be regarded as a greatly flattened spheroid. For more detailed values for both
    longitude and latitude see references, footnote 282. The Groningen numbers are generally
    larger than the Mount Wilson values, notably so in low galactic latitudes. This defference
    arises partly from the irregular influence of the highly complex structure of the stellar
    system and especially of the obscuring dust clouds in and near the Milky Way. Mount
    Wilson results were derived from counts of stars in small areas at and north of declination
    -15" ; Groningen results from sample counts over the whole sky. The Groningen magni-
    tude scale for faint stars south of declination -15" is, however, somewhat in doubt and
    may also affect the totals.
    Prepared by F. H . Seares, Mount Wilson Observatory.
    van Rhijn Groningen Publ. No. 43, Table 6 , 1929.
    281 vanRhijn: Groningen Publ. No. 43, Table 10; Seares and Joyner, Mount Wilson Contrihutions
    Nos. 346, 347; Astrophys. Journ., vol. 67, p. 24, 123, 1928; Publ. Astron. SOC.Pacific, vol. 40, p. 303,
    1928.

    T A B L E 864.-STARS OF L A R G E PROPER M O T I O N *

    + 4 : 3561 ..... 9.4 dM 5 1 0 2 6 356" W 489 ........ 14.8 DC 3'.'92 252"


    -44: 612 ...... 9.0 SdMO 8.74 131 Proxima Cen ... 11.5 d-M : 3.85 282
    +38: 2285 .. , . . 6.4 d G 6 7.04 145 + 5:1668 . . . . . 10.1 d M 5 3.76 171
    -36: 9694 ..... 7.3 dM 1 6.91 79 p Cassiowiae . . 5.3 dG 5 3.75 115
    -37: 9435 ..... 8.5 dM 3 6.07 113 a Centauri . . . . . .3 d G 3 3.68 281
    R 619 ......... 12.6 d M 6 5.40 167 -15:4041/2 ... 9.3 sdG6 3.68 235
    61 Cygni ...... 5.6 d K 5 5.21 52 -39: 8920 ..... 6.6 d M 0 3.46 251
    -+36:2147 ..... 7.5 d M 2 4.78 187 L 7268 ....... 12.4 d M 6 r 3.38 80
    W 359 ......... 13.8 d M 6 4.70 235 L 789-6 . . . . . . . 12.3 d M 6 3.27 46
    c Indi ......... 4.7 d K 5 4.69 123 R 451 . . . . . . . . . 12.7 d K 8 3.20 174
    +44: 2051 ..... 8.7 dM 1 4.49 282 -43: 354 ...... 4.3 d G 5 3.15 76
    o2 Eridani ..... 4.5 d K O 4.08 213 R 578 . . . . . . . . . 14.1 s d M 2 3.06 152

    m = magnitude, Sp = spectrum, fi = proper motion, 0 = position angle.


    Stars have been identified with their B.D. or C.P.D. numbers. I n case of multiple stars the
    magnitudes and spectra of the brightest component are given. For further information on stars
    possessing large proper motions see references, footnote 283.
    Prepared by W. Luyten University of Minnesota.
    =Lick Obs. Bull. No. 344; Harvard Circ. 283; Publ. Cincinnati Obs. LO 18; Publ. Astronomical Ohs.
    Univ. Minnesota, vol. 3, No. 1.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    T A B L E 865.-NUMBERS AND EQUIVALENT LIGHT OF T H E STARS* 757
    Equiva- Equiva-
    l e n t no. l e n t no.
    Photographic 1st mag Totals I'hotographic 1st mag Totals
    magnitude N u m b e r of stars tomay magnitude N u m b e r of stars to m a g
    m stars (photogr) m m stars (photogr) m
    -1.6 Sirius 11 11 8.0- 9.0 40,600 40 258
    - .9 a Carinae 6 17 9.0-10.0 116.000 46 304
    .O a Cinta u r i 2 19 10.0-1 1.0 304:OOO 48 352
    .o- 1.0 8 14 33 11.0-12.0 789,000 50 402
    1.0- 2.0 24 15 48 12.0-13.0 2,000,000 50 452
    2.0- 3.0 66 17 65 13.0-14.0 4,950,000 50 502
    3.0- 4.0 188 19 84 14.0-15.0 11.500.000 46 548
    4.0- 5.0 767 31 115 15.0-16.0 25,400,000 40 588
    5.0- 6.0 2.000 32 147 16.0-17.0 56.000.000 35 623
    6 0- 7.0 5,360 34 181 17.0-18.0 115;000,000 29 652
    70- 8.0 14,800 37 218 18.0-x ...... 48 700

    This tahle derived from van Rhijn's counts (Tahle 7 of reference 281) shows that t o photo-
    graphic magnitude 18.0 the total of starlight received is equivalent t o 652 stars of photographic
    magnitude 1.0. If all the remaining stars a r e included, the equivalent addition is only 48 lst-mag-
    nitude stars, giving a total of 700, equal to ahout a hundredth part of full moonlight. T h e corre-
    sponding total of stars of visual magnitude 1.0 would he ahout 1,320, which agrees reasonably
    well with the equivalent total of 1,440 stars (zenith) found hy van Rhijn from direct measure-
    ment of the visual brightness of the s k y ; or 1,074 stars outside the earth's atmosphere. Density
    of stellar radiation = 0.8 X erg/cm'. Cosmic radiation density = 1.3 X erg/cm3 (near
    the e a rth).
    T h e number of stars in each magnitude interval is still increasing rapidly at in = 18, but the
    run in the iiumhers in the second coluinn of the tahle indicates t h at somewhere ahout w z = 30
    the numhers hegin to decrease and eventually to approach zero as the limit of the stellar system
    is reached. T h e extrapolated total number of stars in the system 'given by different investiga-
    tions ranges from 30 to 100 billion. Th e great inherent uncertainty of this total is f u r t h er in-
    creased by the unknown influence of interstellar ahsorption.
    Practically all the stars visihle to the naked eye lie within 1,000 parsecs of the sun, and most
    of them a r e more than 100 parsecs distant. In the vicinity of the sun, the majority of the stars
    lie within 200 or 300 parsecs of the galactic plane; hut along this plane the star-filled region
    extends far beyond 1,000 parsecs in d l directions, and may reach 30,000 parsecs in t h e g r eat
    southern star clouds (Shapley).
    * P r e p a r e d hy F. 1%. S e a r e s , M o u n t Wilson Ohservatory.

    T A B L E 866.-BRIGHT OR W E L L - O B S E R V E D N O V A E *

    Dura- Expansion velocities in


    .\pparent
    twn k m / s e c (ahsorntion lines)
    magniturles
    3 mags
    +y decline Prin. Diffuse
    S n v a a n d year >lax >Iin day\ cilia1 enhanced Orion
    Aquilac 1918 -1.1 10.8~ 8 430 -9.3 +2.6 1:'o +1500" -2200 -4000
    T Aurigae 1891 3.8 14.8 100 800 -5.3 +5.7 .12 - 400 - 870 -1200
    Carinae 1843 - .8 7.9 6000: 170 I' - 7 : 1 + 1 . 7 : ,. .... ....
    T Coronae B 1946' 3.0 11 :v 9 850 -7.0 +1: .. -iio6 -4360 ....
    Cygi?i 1920 2.0 15.5 16 1470 -8.9 +4.6 .09 - 725 -1400 -2500
    Geminorurn 1912 3.5 14.7 37 790 -6.4 +4.8 . . - 800 -1400 -2100
    IIQ Herculis 1934 1.4 15 :v 100 230 -5.5 +7.5 27 - 318 - 800 -1100
    CP 1-acertae 1936 2.1 15.3 9 1350 -8.6 +4.6 25 -1500t -3200 -3800
    KS Ophiuchi 1933' 4.3 1 1 . 0 ~ 9 1150" -8.01 -1.3 .. Note
    Persei 1901 .2 13:v 13 470 -8.4 +4:v .4 -1300 -3566 -3760
    Rfi Pictaris 1925 1.2 12.7 150 500 -7.3 +4.2 .17 - 320 - 750 -1500
    CP Puppis 1942 .4 117 7 500 : - 8 : r t s . 5 .. -1000 .... . . ..
    KT Serpentis 1909" 10.5 [I0 8000: 3300 " 1 3 . 6 ' ' .. .. small
    T Pyxidis 1944' 6.4 13.6 130 1370 I' -5.4'' t 1 . 6 .. - 94.0 -iioo -is00
    Tauri 1054'-5: 15.9 . . . 1180 -16 t 4 . 3 20 -1100 .... .. ..
    * P r e p a r e d 1,y D. R . JlcI.aunhlin. C-nivcrsitv of Michigan. a. .\lisorption velocities increased with t i m e :
    N .\ill, t o -1700 k m / s r c ; C P I a c , to --2500.km/wc. 11, i2lriolute magnitu<le a s s u m e d ; di5tance based o n
    : ~ w i m r d :ilisolute m a u n i t u d e . c, R e c u r r e n t nova?: T Cr13; RS O p h 1898; T P y x , 1890, 1902, 1920.
    'r, (' rI{, rlistancr IlasrO on sliectroxoj)ic l,:tra~~:t,xof c l a s s M comlnninn.' ( I , Nova (;ern ancl C P P U P :
    rli\tance\ 1i:isetl o n s t r e n g t h of i n t r r s t e l l a r calcium l i n e \ . e, R T S e r p e n t i s reached m a x i m u m in 1919.
    f, S o v a T a u r i 10.54; ,a s u p e r nov?; now the ('rali Netniln. Note on velocity of R S O p h i u c h i : t h e r e w a s no
    system of ahsorption lines at t h e short-wavelength edge of the emissions as in other nnvae.

    SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    75s T A B L E 866A.-MASS LUMINOSITY RELATION *
    T h e mass-luminosity relation is shown in figure 33, which is based on data by G. P.
    Kuiper.'" Dots and open circles represent visual and spectroscopic binaries, each com-
    ponent being shown separately. Crosses represent several visual binaries in the cluster of
    the Hyades. Squares represent the white dwarfs. T h e symbol 0 stands for the sun.
    Prepared by 0. Struve, University of California, Berkeley.
    zm Astrophys. Journ., vol. 88, p. 472, 1938.

    t
    -.
    - 2

    m
    ..
    .*
    m

    I WOWl
    *I0 o, ,,I I/? '0 2 5 '0 20 y1 w
    "All

    FIG.33.-The mass luminosity relation for stars.

    T A B L E 867.-CLASSIFlCATlON OF NEBULAE

    Symbol e . 8.
    I Galactic nebulae- A Planetaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P N.G.C. 7662
    B Diffuse ...................... L)
    (1) Predqfninantly luminous. DL N.G.C. 6618
    (2) obscure . DO Barnard 92
    (3) Conspicuously mixed . . . DLO N.G.C. 7023

    (2) Spirals
    ( a ) Normal spirals . . . . . S
    (1) Early . . . . . . . . . Sa N.G.C. 4594
    (2) Intermediate . . . Sb 2841
    ' I

    (3) Late .......... Sc " 5457


    (b) Barred spirals . . . . . SO
    (1) Early . . . . . . . . . SBa N.G.C. 2859
    (2) Intermediate . . . SBc " 3351
    (3) Late . . . . . . . . . . SBc l1 7479
    B Irregular .................... Irr N.G.C. 4449
    Extragalactic nebulae too faint to be classified, "Q"

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 868.-STELLAR RADIATION MEASUREMENTS * 759
    Radiometric magnitude of any star = visual (or photographic) magnitude of a spectral
    class A" star giving the same radiometric deflection. If v i r , n t p l . , and ltzpg are, respectively,
    radiometric, photovisual, and photographic magnitude, then Color Index, C I = (?itpr-
    T M ~ , ;~ )heat index, HI,, = i i i p l i - iiz, ; HI,, = w i P g - m,. Spectral class : Henry Draper,
    revised by 1). Holteit ( D H ) ; by W . W. Morgan ( W W M ) . All measures reduced to
    zenith at Mount Wilson ; two reflections from fresh silver ; zinc-antimony black thermo-
    junction; rock salt window. Stars of known or suspected variability are rejected from
    this list.
    All the stars were in both the Mount Wilson and Harvard observing programs.%
    The reduction of the Mount Wilson and Harvard data to a common basis has been
    rather difficult. The following are the principal factors that differ between the Mount
    Wilson and Harvard observations.
    (1) The Atmosphere.-There was more water vapor over Oak Ridge than Mount Wil-
    son ; hence, early-type stars would be too faint at Oak Ridge.
    (2) The thermocouple blacking.-Probably the surfaces were equally "black" in the
    ultraviolet and visible regions ; the Harvard surfaces were blacker in the infrared;
    hence, late-type stars would be too faint at Mount Wilson.
    (3) The cell window.-Rock salt was used at Mount Wilson; fluorite was used at H a r -
    vard. These are equally good throughout the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared to
    the region of 6 to 8 microns. For longer wavelengths, rock salt is better. The effect
    of this differelice is in the opposite direction to the thermocouple blacking in (2)
    above. However, the very small percentage of stellar energy beyond 8 microns and
    absorption bands in the earth's atmosphere means that the difference in the cell
    windows has a very much smaller effect than the thermocouple blacking and, there-
    fore, (2) above dominates.
    A systematic difference exists between the Mount Wilson and Harvard observations
    which follows a pattern predicted in accordance with factors (1) and (2) above. There-
    fore, corrections which are usually less than 0.1 magnitudes have been applied. T h e largest,
    0.16 magnitudes, is for 51 Gem. This correction brings the two sets of data into better
    agreement but there remains an apparent difference in zero-point of about 0.13 magnitudes.
    Since it is impossible to determine which of these two sets of observations is in error, the
    mean of the Mount Wilscn and Harvard data has been taken, corrected as indicated for
    factors (1) and (2) above. These mean values are the data given in the m, column.

    Magnitude Spec.ral ciass M agnitude Spectr al class


    *-r --7& +L-
    ---
    --- &
    Star mpv my0 m, DH WWM Star m,, mpo m, DH WWM
    a And 2.11 2.08 2.12 B, .. .. 51 Gem 4.85 ... 2.17 Ma ....
    P Cas 2.34 2.82 2.11 F, F, I11 a CMi .40 .83 .10 Fa R V
    y Peg 3.00 2.67 2.83 B, . ... p Gem 1.13 2.31 .37 KO KO 111
    p And 2.07 3.94 28 K, K, I11 e Leo 2.96 ... 2.44 GO G, I1
    a Cet 2.54 4.47 .53 M, M,, I11 r Leo 4.52 . .. 2.77 M, .. ..
    a Per 1.78 2.43 1.47 F, FJ I p UMa 2.34 2.40 2.50 A; .. . .
    7 Tau 2.90 2.92 2.86 R5: . .. . a UMa 1.70 309 1.02 G, KO 111
    a Tau 77 2.70 -.80 Ks K, I11 a Cyg 1.24 1.40 1.17 . . ..
    a Aur .14 1.03 -.53 G, G, I p Peg 2.25 4.39 .ll M, ....
    p Tau 1.68 1.52 1.66 Bs . . .. a Peg 2.56 2.53 2.59 A, , . ..

    * P r e p a re d Iiy I<. M . Emherson, Research a n d Development B o a rd, Washington, D . C .


    *M P e t t i t a n d Nicholson, Astrophys. Journ., vol. 56, p. 295, 1 9 2 2 ; vol. 68, p. 279, 1928; vol. 78, p. 320, 1933.
    S t e r n a n d Emherson, i\strophys. J o u rn . , vol. 94, p. 412, 1941.

    T A B L E 869.-NONGALACTIC NEBULAE
    Some 400 considered. Distribution of magnitudes appears uniform throughout sequence.
    For each stage in the sequence the total magnitude ( M T ) is related to the max diameter
    ( d ) by the formula: M T = C-5 log d. When minor diameter is used, C approx constant
    throughout sequence ( C = 10.1). Mean absolute visual magnitude -15.2. The statistical
    +
    expression for distance in parsecs is log I1 = 4.04 0.2 M T . Masses appear to be of the
    order of 2.6 X 10" X our sun's. Apparently nebulae as far as measured are distributed
    uniformly in space, one to 10" parsecs3 or 1.5 x lo-'' in cgs units.
    Corresponding radius of curvature of the finite universe of general relativity is of order
    of 2.7 X 10" parsecs, about 600 times the distance at which normal nebulae can be detected
    with the Mount Wilson ]@-inch reflector.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    760
    T A B L E 870.-VARIABLE STARS, G E N E R A L C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S * ''"
    T h e task of cataloging and naming variable stars was delegated in 1946 by the lnter-
    national Astronomical Union to the Sternberg Astronomical Institute i n Moscow. T h e
    1948 General Catalogue lists 10,912 variable stars ; a supplement lists 265 additional vari-
    ables discovered in 1948. Several thousands of variable stars in glohular clusters, in the
    Magellanic Clouds, and in the nearest galaxies a r e not included in this catalog, nor a r e
    thousands of stars whose variability has been announced, hut which a r e not officially
    recognized pending confirmation. T h e total number of variable-star discoveries announced
    until 1950 probably amount to 20,000.
    Classification.-Variable stars, with the exception of eclipsing binaries (see Tahle
    879), can he divided roughly into three major groups: (1) Piilsating sfars. T h e variables
    of this group a r e all giants, located above the main sequence in the Russell diagram.
    (2) Explosive stars. T h e variables of this group are, as f a r a s is known, dwarfish;
    located below the main sequence in the Russell diagram. (3) Erratic variables, whose
    light, fluctuations, mostly of an erratic nature, a r e produced by external causes (nebulosity)
    or by peculiar phenomena in their atmospheres.
    P u l s a t i n g stars.-CCcphcids. Usually- divided into cluster-type variables, with periods
    shorter than one day, and classical Cepheids, with periods longer than one day, although
    at least five subgroups are indicated.
    Cluster-type variables belong t o Population 11, have spectra ranging from A to I;,
    absolute magnitudes close t o zero : most variables found in qlohular clusters belong to
    this group. Periods range from Od.061 ( C Y Aquarii) to l'l.35 ( a star in the w Centauri
    cluster), with the greatest concentration around 01.53. Typical variable : R R Lyrae (7".1
    - 8".0 ; period O"S7 ; spectrum .4 2 - F O)., About 1,700 galactic objects and 600 stars in
    globular clusters a r e known to belong to thls group.
    Classical Cepheids belong t o Population I, have spectra ranging from F to K , with
    marked dependence on period, and intrinsic luminosities increasing with the period (period-
    luminosity law) from -0".5 to -3M (ahsolute visual magnitudes). Periods range from
    ld.13 ( B Q Coronae Austrinae) to 45".2 (SV Vulpeculae), with the greatest concentration
    around 2'.7. Typical variable : 6 Cephei (3".8 - 4".6, period S'I.37, spectrum F 5 - G 2).
    About 500 galactic stars and 2,500 stars in the Magellanic Clouds and other extragalactic
    systems a r e known to belong to this group.
    For both cluster-type and classical Cepheids the shape of the light curve is a function
    of the period; the rise to maximum is always faster than the decline. Avcrage visual am-
    plitude 0".75 ; photographic amplitudes 50 percent larger. Radial-velocity curves a r e in
    phase with light curves (maximum approach at maximum light) ; Average amplitude
    30-40 krn/sec.
    Long-period varia6lcs. Typical variable : o ( M i r a ) Ceti ( P . 0 - 10"l.l : period, 331";
    spectrum J 4 6 c ) . Characterized by very large amplitudes (from 4 to 10 magnitudes, visual),
    late spectra ( M , S,X,N ) with bright hydrogen emission lines near maximum light, un-
    stable light curves and periods ranging from 120" ( W Puppis) t o 1379' (BX Monocerotis).
    Greatest concentration of periods around 275". Long-period variables seem to fall into
    two major groups, whose periods overlap to a great extent. Stars of the first group have
    nearly symmetrical light curves with moderate amplitudes and periods ranging from 120"
    to 450"; they seem to belong to Population 11. Stars of the second group have strongly
    asymmetrical light curve (rise faster than decline), large amplitudes and periods upward
    of ZOOd; they seem t o belong to Population 1.
    T h e enormous visual (and photographic) amplitudes a r e accounted for by a shift in the
    effective wavelength of the radiation with phase and by the formation of strong absorption
    hands at minimum light in the visilal region of the spectrum. T h e total (bolometric)
    radiation has an amplitude of only one magnitude. Absolute bolometric magnitudes near
    -4. About 2,600 stars are known to belong to this group.
    Scnzivcyrlar rcd variahlrs. Typical variables : Af Cygni (6m.3- 8"I.O ; period 89' ;
    spectrum M 6). Spectra similar tc. those of long-period variables, except for much weaker,
    o r entirely absent, hydrogen emission lines. Amplitude mostly comprised between 1 and 3
    magnitudes (both visual and photographic). Light curves very irregular, often erratic ;
    periods ranging from 42d ( T X Tauri) t o 810" (S Persei), hut mostly comprised between
    100' and 200"; several unrelated periods often occur in the same star and for many vari-
    ables periods have only a statistical significance. Then mean brightness often changes
    slowly, with cycles of 1,000-2,000 days. Absolute visual magnitudes high, between 0 and
    -4. Their galactic distribution suggests Population 11. Total number of recognized
    variables 600.
    RV Tazrri sfars. Typical variable: RV Tauri ( P . 7 - 11"'.8; period 39'.3; spectrum
    K I V ) . Spectra Cepheid-like, hut light curves similar to those of the preceding group.
    Deep and shallow minima often alternate. Periods (intervals between two successive
    . Prepared Iiy 1.. Tacchia Massachusetts Institute of Technoloxy.
    288 Kukarkin. B. V.. and 'Parenago. P. P.. Fiziceskie Peremennye Zvjozdy, 1937; Gaposchkin, C. P.,
    a n d Gaposchkin, S., Vnriahle stars, 1938; Campbell, I.., and Jacchia, I.., T h e story of variable stars, 1941.
    (contiriitrd)

    SMITHMNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    76 1
    T A B L E 870,VARIABLE STARS, G E N E R A L C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S (concluded)

    minima, irrespective of principal and secondary) range from 16‘S (SX Centauri) to 73’
    (R. Scuti). Galactic distribution suggests Population I. Only 60 stars can be safely
    assigned to this group.
    E x p l o s i v e stars.--li Gentiiiorzim stars. Typical variable : U Geminorum (8”.8 -
    14”.0 ; average cycle 97‘). Characterized by long permanence at minimum light, interrupted
    by brief, sudden explosions which bring the star almost always t o the same maximum mag-
    nitude; the time between explosions might vary as from 1 to 4 for an individual star, but
    the average length of cycles over long periods of time are constant for each star. Average
    cycle length ranges from 13” ( A B Draconis) to 340’ ( A W Geminorum). A few stars
    undergo temporary spells of continuous, irregular fluctuations. The amplitude increases
    from 3 magnitudes for short-cycle stars to 5 magnitudes for long-cycle stars. Spectra are
    of early type and peculiar ; hydrogen lines in emission at minimum in absorption a t mnxi-
    mum galactic concentration low for short-cycle variables, greater for long-cycle ones.
    Group numbers about 70 stars.
    2 Camelopardalis stars. Typical variable : 2 Camelopardalis (10”’.5 - 13“.3 ; average
    cycle 22”.1). Similar to the preceding, but with shorter minima and smaller amplitudes;
    erratic variation is the rule rather than the exception : Less than a dozen stars are known
    of this type.
    Novae, repeating novae, and novaelike stars. Novae a r e stars that suddenly blaze up
    with startling rapidity and then gradually fade out again. For data on bright or well-
    observed novae see Table 866. A repeating (or recurrent) nova, such as T Pyx, has
    several outbursts, any one of which would have identified it as a nova. A novalike star,
    e.g., 2 Andromeda, from time to time shows novalike characteristics with the formation
    of a shell spectrum and displaced absorption lines and later emission lines. Nebular lines
    are often associated with these objects.
    E r r a t i c variables.-R Coronae Borealis stars. Supergiants with G and R spectra and
    an abnormal abundance of carbon i n their atmospheres. For long periods of time (often
    years) the light remains constant at maximum. At entirely irregular intervals the light
    is dimmed, probably by a carbon veil, with resulting fluctuations which may reach 9 or 10
    magnitudes. Typical stars : R Coronae Borealis (variable from 5”.8 to lSm.O), RY Sagit-
    tarii (variable from S”I.9 to 15”’.0 and probably fainter). Only 23 stars are known to
    belong to this type.
    Variables assorintrd z&th nchulosities. Stars in gaseous nebulae of the diffuse or of the
    cometary type, or even in dark nebulae, often show erratic variations with various ampli-
    tudes and speeds. At least three subtypes are indicated, typified by the following stars:
    T Orionis (9“’.6 - 11”.9 ; rapid ; often constant at maximum) ; R Monocerotis (10”’- 14” :
    slow) ; R W Aurigae (9”I.O - 13”’.5; very rapid, no constant light at any time). About 200
    stars can be attributed to one or the other of these groups.
    P Cyg~iiand Be Stars. These early-type giants are normally quiescent, but occasionally
    some of them undergo slow fluctuations of moderate amplitude (1” - 4“) which last over
    a series of years. Typical : P Cygni (3”’ - 6”), active in the 17th century ; 7 Cassiopeiae
    (lm.6- 3”.0), active after 1936.

    T A B L E 871.-VISUAL BINARY STARS *


    A. Visual binary stars are cafaloqrd as follows:
    1. “New General Catalog of Double Stars within 120” of the North Pole” (abbre-
    viated: A D S = Aitken Double Stars), by R. G. Aitken, Carnegie Inst. Wash-
    ington Publ. 417, 1932 (2 vols.) ; contains 17,180 objects.
    2. ADS is the successor to BIIS= “A General Catalog of Double Stars within
    121” of the North Pole,” by S. W. Burnham, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ.
    5, 1906 (2 vols.) ; this catalog contains 13,665 pairs. About one-third of these
    (mostly wide objects) are not repeated in A D S .
    3. SD.S or “Southern Double Star CataloQ,” from -19” to -90” declination, by
    R. T . A. Innes, B. H. Dawson, and W. H. van den Bos, Union Observatory,
    Johannesburg, South Africa, 1927 (4 vols.).
    4. Many zctidc double stars of interest are contained in “Measures of Proper Motion
    Stars,” by S. W. Burnham, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 168, 1913.
    B. A full discussion of niass dctcrmbiations of visual binary stars is found in “The
    Masses of the Stars with a General Catalog of Dynamical Parallaxes,” by H. N.
    Russell and C. E. Moore, Univ. Chicago Press, 1940.
    C. OrOits of visual binaries are listed in W. H. Finsen, “Second Catalog of Orbits of
    Visual Binary Stars,” Union Obs. Circ. 100, 1938. Supplementary orbits are found
    in later Union Observatory Circulars and in the Astronomical Journal.
    Prepared hy G . P. Kuiper. Yerkes Observatory.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    762 T A B L E 872.-WHITE DWARFS AND DEGENERATE STARS *
    7
    Star m CI .<P B P MU c=l cgs
    m m
    V M a 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 +.69 DF 2!'98 "245 14.7 .009: 105--10a
    o1 Eridani B . . . . . . . 9.4 .O: DA 4.08 ,200 10.9 ,018 7x10'
    Sirius B . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 .. DF 1.32 ,378 11.4 .034 5x10'
    H e 3 ............... 12.0 -30 DB .90 ,066 11.1 .002: 106--10'
    LDS 275 A ........ 14.7 +.15 DC .35 ... ... .ou: 105--106
    LDS 275 B ........ 15.0 +.I5 DC .35 ... ... .012: 1O6-IO"
    L 39-44 ............ 17.2 +.2: ... .57 ... ... .005: loa
    W 489 ............. 14.8 +.77 DC 3.92 ,129 15.4 .012: 106--108
    LDS 678 A . . . . . . . . 12.0 -.14 DA .20 ... ... .014 105

    p = parallax, p = proper motion, S p = spectrum, m = magnitude, M = absolute magnitude.


    A representative selection of white dwarfs is given above, including the two stars for
    which the masses a r e known ( o p Eri B and Sirius B ) , the bluest white dwarf ( H e 3), the
    reddest degenerate star ( W 489), the only known double white dwarf (LDS 275), the
    faintest known white dwarf (I, 39-44) and a typical example of a white component of
    red-white dwarf double (LDS 678 which has a red component of 13.7 vis with a color index
    of +1.81).
    T h e values given for the radii and the densities ( P ) are in most cases very uncertain
    estimates based o n very approximate parallaxes and estimated masses.
    * Prepared by W . Luyten, University of Minnesota.

    T A B L E 873.-LOW-DENSITY STARS, G I A N T S *
    Visual Density Radius Mass
    Star Type ahs mag sun = 1 sun= 1 sun= 1
    a Orionis . . . . . . . . . . . . . cM 2 -4.0 3 x 10.' 480 (35)
    a Scorpii A ........... cM2 -3.5 5x10-' 380 (22)
    p Pegasi .............. gM3 -1.0 1.5x 160 ( 6)
    a T a u r i ............... gK5 - .4 1.4x 70 ( 5)

    * Prepared by W . S. Adanis, Mount Wilson Observatory.

    T A B L E 874.-GIANT AND DWARF STARS*


    T h e table gives a list of typical supergiznts, giants, and main-sequence stars. T h e rela-
    tions between the absolute magnitudes and spectral types of the stars a r e conspicuous and
    complicated. Along the main sequence iM (visual) falls very rapidly from about -4 for
    class 0 to + I 4 for M 6 . For identical spectra, the scatter about the mean is of the order
    of Aln'. T h e normal giants form a sequence with M ranging from about 0 for class G 2
    to -1.5 for M 8 with a somewhat greater scatter. Supergiants, with M from -4 t o -7,
    are found sparingly in all spectral classes. T h e white dwarfs, of which nearly 100 a r e
    now known, form a widely separated g r o u p with spectra from A (or perhaps B ) t o G and
    with AB from + l o to +IS. Subgiants, one or two magnitudes fainter than the normal
    giants, a r e recognizable and the existence of other sequences is indicated by recent precise
    work.
    T h e above discussion applies to stars of Population T y p e I, which is found in many
    parts of the galaxy, the arms of spiral nebulae, and other regions where absorbing inter-
    stellar material is present. Population 11, in regions far from such matter, includes no
    supergiants or hright hlue stars and the relation of the sequences a r e different. This type
    is found in the globular clusters, the elliptical nebulae, and the central regions of spiral
    nebulae and the galaxy. Both types occur near the sun.
    T h e majority of the stars visible to the naked eye a r e giants, since these, being brighter,
    can be seen a t much greater distances. Classes I; and G comprise the greatest percentage
    of dwarf stars among those visihle to the eye. T h e dwarf stars of classes K and M a r e
    actually much more iiumerotis per unit of volume, hut a r c so faint that few of the former,
    and none of the latter, a r e visible to the naked eye.
    Prepared by R . E. Wilson, Mount Wilson Ol)servatory, and E. M. Janssen, Harvard College
    Observatory,
    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 874.-GIANT A N D D W A R F S T A R S (concluded) 763
    Typical supergiants, giants, and main-sequence stars

    Mount
    Wilson 1950
    type Star Boss Vis mag A

    h
    cB 0 e Ori 1370 1.8 5 73; - l"14'
    3;
    dB 3
    : K
    q
    q
    Ori
    Ori
    Aur
    1435
    1301
    1204
    2.2
    3.4
    3.3
    5 45.4
    5 22.0
    5 03.0
    - 9 41
    - 2 26
    +41 10
    cB 5 7 CMa 1934 2.4 7 22.7 -29 12
    ; 58
    3cB 6
    7
    B
    Per
    Her
    Ori
    838
    4162
    1250
    3.1
    3.9
    .3
    3 39.4
    16 18.2
    5 12.8
    +47 38
    +46 26
    - 8 15
    p 1304 1.8 5 23.1 +28 34
    ,2; 9" a
    Tau
    Peg 5944
    5048
    2.6
    3.O
    23 02.3
    19 43.4
    +14 56
    +45 00
    .9A 0 6 CYg
    dA 1 a Lyr 4722 .1 18 35.2 +38 44
    cA2 a CYg 5320 1.3 20 39.7 +45 06
    dA2 a CMa 1732 1.6 6 42.9 -16 39
    gA 5 p Tri 482 3.1 2 06.6 +34 45
    d'4 5 p Ari 428 2.7 1 51.9 +20 34
    % ;
    .9F 2
    Y Roo
    y Vir
    p Cas
    3722
    3307
    12
    3.0
    2.9
    2.4
    14 30.1
    12 39.1
    0 06.5
    +38 42
    - 1 11
    +58 52
    dF 3 a CMi 2008 .5 7 36.7 + 5 21
    cF5 a Per 772 1.9 3 20.7 +49 41
    Df 5 y Ser 4055 3.9 15 54.1 +15 49
    cF8 7 CYg 5229 2.3 20 20.4 +40 06
    gF 8 e Hya 2354 3.5 8 44.1 + h 36
    dF 8 p Vir 3105 3.8 I1 48.1 + 2 03
    dG 0 6 Tri 514 5.4 2 14.0 +34 00
    gG 1 a Aur 1246 .2 5 13.0 +45 57
    cG 2 GC 10756 2099 4.4 7 54.7 -22 45
    sG 5 Y Hya 3449 3.3 13 16.2 -22 55
    dG 5 K Cet 752 5.0 3 16.7 + 3 11
    cG 8 e Gem 1717 3.3 6 40.8 +25 11
    .9K 0 a Boo 3662 .2 14 13.4 +19 27
    dKO 70 Oph 4571 4.3 18 02.9 f 2 31
    cK5 5 CYg 5431 3.9 21 03.1 +43 44
    sK 5 a Tau 1077 1.1 4 33.0 +16 25
    dK6 61 Cyg A 5433 5.6 20 04.7 +38 30
    dM 0 61 Cyg B 5434 6.3 20- 04.7 +38 30
    .9M 0 p And 259 2.4 1 06.9 +35 21
    cM 1 a Sco 4193 1.2 16 26.3 -26 19
    cM 2 a Ori 1468 .9 5 52.5 + 7 24
    sM 2 a Cet 69 1 2.8 2 59.7 + 3 54
    dM 2 GC15183 2935 7.6 11 A +36 18
    cM 5 a Her 4373 3.6 17 12.4 +14 27
    .df 5 56 Leo 2915 6.0 10 53.4 + 6 27
    dM 5 GC %3 .... 9.2 15 16.9 - 7 32

    T A B L E 875.-TEMPERATURE IN I N T E R S T E L L A R SPACE * 2[n

    Because interstellar matter is far from being in thermodynamic equilibrium, the tempera-
    ture of space will depend on the measuring process used.

    Temperature from energy density of starlight. ........ 3°K


    Color temperature of starlight.. ..................... 10,000 - 15,000"K
    dilution factor 10-l'
    Temperature of gas (kinetic)
    H I region (hydrogen neutral) ................ 60°K
    H I1 region (hydrogen ionized) ................ 10,000"K
    Temperature of grains (internal energy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20°K

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    764 T A B L E 876.-MOTIONS OF T H E S T A R S *
    The motions of the stars show various well-marked features, of which the ellipsoidal
    distribution and the asymmetry are a consequence of the rotation of the galaxy; the sig-
    nificance of certain other features is not yet fully understood. If we assume the circular
    velocity around the galactic center (Table 828) as our origin, and plot the individual mo-
    tions of the stars of any group as vectors from this origin, the ends of these vectors do
    not form a spherical distribution (as they would if the motions of the stars were at ran-
    dom) but rather an elongated distribution which is more or less asymmetrical and in
    which the area of highest concentration of the vector points is centered about the origin.
    If for the moment we ignore the asymmetry, the distribution may be characterized as
    roughly ellipsoidal and the approximate extent and shape of the distribution may be
    inferred from the dispersions of the velocity components along each of the three principal
    axes, u.,, U b , and uc, in km/sec.

    Spectral group 288 UG Ub UC zuoz


    (main sequence) (km / sec)
    A 0 to A9 17 12 84 180
    FO to
    F 5 to
    GO t o
    F9
    GO
    K6
    ;32? 16
    17
    16
    123
    134
    164
    250
    240
    270
    K 8 to M5 37 25 17 170
    (Giant branch)
    KO to K 9 231 17 20 1300
    M O to M 9 27 19 : 19 : 1800 :

    The direction of the a-axis is called the direction of the preferential motion; the two
    opposite points on the sky at the extremities of this axis are called the vertices. The
    a-axis for any group of stars is always nearly parallel to the plane of the galaxy. In the
    case of most groups of stars fainter than eighth magnitude, it appears that the a-axis is
    directed approximately toward the galactic center a t longitude 325: Among stars brighter
    than sixth magnitude the direction deviates from the direction of the galactic center toward
    greater longitudes and the deviation is most marked in the case of the A stars, for which
    the longitude of the vertex is close to 350: In every case the c-axis is directed toward
    some point close to the galactic pole. The asymmetry referred to above characterizes
    the distribution of the components parallel t o the 6-axis. I t is relatively slight when the
    dispersions are small as with the A stars, but becomes very pronounced in the case of
    groups with large dispersions, there being practically no large motions in the direction of
    the galactic rotation (longitude 55").
    The last column in the table contains the product of the mean stellar mass (in terms of
    the sun's mass) and the square of the dispersion along the c-axis. This quantity (analo-
    gous to kinetic energy) is practically constant for the various groups of the main sequence
    but is much larger for the giant branch.
    The dispersions of velocities for the B stars, the c stars, and the Cepheids are of the
    order of 10 km/sec and difficult to determine accurately. For long-period variables the
    dispersions average about 50 km/sec and for the cluster-type variables 90 km/sec.
    A general card catalog of radial velocities is kept at Mount Wilson Observatory. I t
    now contains approximately 14,000 entries and will be published in the near future. The
    proper motions of all stars brighter than magnitude 7.0 and of many fainter stars may be
    found in the Albany General Catalog. The Transactions of the Yale Observatory contain
    the proper motions of many thousands of stars down t o magnitude 9.5 and north of
    declination -30" and two catalogs of the Cape Observatory contain 40,000 proper motions
    in the zone -40" to -52:
    * Prepared by A. N. Vyssotsky, University of Virginia.
    288Astron. Journ., vol. 53. p. 94, 1948.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    765
    TABLE 877.-STARS W I T H LARGE SPACE VELOCITY GREATER T H A N
    20.0 km/scc. BASED ON PARALLAXES 2 YO05 p80 *

    .
    Apex
    Vis Rad vel Vel
    Star mag Spec Par km/sec 1 ba kmjsec
    20 C 1321 ..... 10.8 dG 1 ?005 -178 163" -29" 699
    20 C 879 ...... 10.2 dG 2 .008 -138 190 +13 546
    H D 134439 . . . . . 9.4 dG 2 .040 +295 273 - 3 521
    H D 104800 . . . . . 9.3 dG 0 .006 4- 11 286 -17 488
    H D 111980 . . . . . 8.3 dl: 6 .009 +144 296 -26 472
    H D 177095 .....
    H D 160693 . . . . .
    9.4
    8.4
    dG 3
    dF8
    .009
    .011
    ++ 78
    40
    246
    299
    -6
    +1;
    433
    432
    H D 224618 . . . . . 9.0 dG 6 .014 . 44 178 . 388
    18 C 560 . . . . . . .007
    H D 179626 . . . . .
    H D 6755 .......
    8.9
    9.3
    7.8
    dA 8
    dF4
    dG 0
    .007
    .018
    +338
    .
    -325
    71
    187
    264
    248
    ++ 1070 380
    358
    352
    H D 64090 . . . . . . 8.2 sdC 0 .038 -242 294 -15 345
    20 C 825 . . . . . . 10.2 sdA 4p .009 -164 289 -18 324
    H D 230409 ..... 10.0 dG 4 .009 . 19 288 -1 316
    H D 222766 . . . . . 9.7 dG 4 .009 . 98 188 + 1 307
    18 C 3002 . . . . . 8.4 dK 0 .023 . 26 162 -10 304
    H D 103095 . . . . . 6.5 sdG 5 .108 . 98 299 -12 296
    18 C 2348 ..... 9.1 dl; 1 .008 -240 23 1 + 2 276
    H D 113083 ..... 8.2 dF4 .014 +227 242 +18 275
    H D 33793 . . . . . . 9.2 sdK 2 .262 +242 243 -8 273
    20 C 58 . . . . . . . 12.3 sdF 3 .243 +263 97 -66 264
    H D 134113 . . . . . 8.7 dF8 .009 . 60 197 +2 1 263
    H D 193901 ..... 8.2 dl.' 5 .027 -179 34 1 -13 258
    18 C 756 ...... 9.2 dF8 .031 -191 307 +I2 243
    H D 5223 . . . . . . . 8.8 R3 .019 -234 275 +41 235
    H D 148816 ..... 7.4 dF7 .029 . 52 256 -16 223
    H D 219175 ..... 8.3 dF5 .011 . 32 173 -13 223
    H 1) 102158 ..... 8.0 dG 0 .014 162 +21 221
    H D 74000 ...... 9.4 dF5 .005 $2:; 238 +13 215
    H D 25329 . . . . . . 8.6 dKO .047 .30 229 214
    H D 140283 ..... 7.3 sdA 5 p .033 -170 179 2! 214
    H D 219962 .....
    H D 219617 .....
    6.4
    9.0
    gK1
    shA 8p
    .006
    .030
    +
    + 6
    23 161
    293
    -10
    -6
    210
    202
    . Revised by H . E . Wilson Mount Wilson Observatory ..
    *m Micraika. G., Astron . dachs., vol . 271. p . 265. 1940

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    766 T A B L E 878.-STARS W I T H RADIAL VELOCITIES GREATER
    T H A N 200 k m / s e c *

    Radial
    Proper velocities
    Star Mag Spec A (1950) D motion km/sec
    h m
    CD -29"2277 ..... 11.5 sdl; 6 5 26.9 -29"56' "4 1 +540
    V X Her . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 5 A6 16 28.5 +18 28 .05 -390
    H D 209621 ........ 8.8 R3 22 02.1 +20 48 .0 1 -381
    T U Per ........... 1 2 . 1 ~ A5 3 05.4 t 5 3 00 .05 -380
    GC 24145 .......... 6.9 A4 17 44.6 +25 46 .06 -362
    GC 5108 . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 dA 8 4 11.6 +22 14 .54 +338
    AR Her ........... 1 0 . 4 ~ A5 15 59.0 +47 04 .. -335
    sz Gem ........... 1 1 5 A6 7 50.8 +19 24 .. +330
    H D 6755 .......... 7.8
    1 dl: 5 1 06.5 +61 17 .62 -325
    AC +25"67928 ..... 10.6 sdF 0 20 22.6 +24 54 -319
    GC 20393 . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 sdC 9 15 07.5 -16 13 3.69 +306
    20 c 993 ......... 11.5 sdG 1 16 26.8 +44 48 .74 -301
    S Lib . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . 5 ~ M 2e 15 18.5 -20 13 .05 +294
    GC 20394 .......... 9.4 sdG 2 15 07.5 -16 08 3.68 +292
    S Car . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . 9 ~ K 9e 10 07.8 -61 18 .12 +289
    BD +30"2611 . . . . . . 8.8 dG 2 15 04.8 +30 13 .02 -279
    20 C 491 . . . . . . . . . 11.4
    BD +72"94 . . . . . . . . 10.1
    sdC 6 8 47.8 + 7 49 .67 +276
    sdF 2 1 42.9 +73 13 .25 -266
    20 C 58 .......... 12.3 sdF 3 0 46.5 + 5 10 2.98 +263
    20 C: 1263 ........ 13.4 sdM 1 21 07.1 +59 33 2.14 -260
    AC +64"4188 . . . . . . 12.8 sdA 8 13 17.7 +64 26 .33 +252
    20 c 1206 . . . . . . . . 8.5 dF 5 20 23.8 + 9 18 .56 -247
    Luy Ye 24 . . . . . . . . . 12.5 dM 0 21 26.7 +11 58 .57 -247
    H D 6833 . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 dG 5 1 06.8 +54 28 .05 -244
    GC 6369 . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 dK2 5 09.7 -45 00 8.72 +242
    H D 64090 . . . . . . . . . 8.2 dF8 7 50.4 +30 46 1.98 -240
    18 C 2348 ........ 9.1 dF1 17 36.1 +18 35 1.35 -240
    R Z L y r ........... 1 1 . 9 ~ A2 18 41.8 +32 45 .03 -240
    HD 5223 .......... 8.8 R3 0 51.6 +23 48 .14 -234
    R D -17"484 ....... 9.4 r: 1 2 29.1 -17 13 .43 +233
    GC 17670 . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 dF 4 12 58.8 -27 06 .55 +226
    LPM 661 . . . . . . . . . . 11 0 sdF 8 17 53.2 -16 23 .60 -216
    H D 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 SJIG2P 0 02.8 + 8 30 26 -213
    H D 74000 . . . . . . . . . 9.4 dA 9 8 38.5 -16 09 .63 +204
    R Pic ............ 6 . 7 ~ M Oe 4 44.8 -49 20 .05 +204
    -~
    . .

    ' Prepared by R . E. Wilson. Mount Wilson Observatory .

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 879.-SPECTROSCOPIC ECLIPSING BINARIES * 767
    Radius Mass

    Star
    Period
    days 2
    Lm
    SP 1 SP 2
    Ri
    ( i n 0) (in
    R?
    0) (ifb) (i,M6, Ref 180

    V 444 Cyg ... 4.212 8.4 06 WN6 13 ... 35 20 a


    A 0 Cas ...... 3523 5.8 0 8.5 0 8.5 16 10 31 29 b
    y Cyg ........ 2.996 7.0 0 9 0 9 5.9 5.9 17.4 17.2 C
    S Z Cam ..... 2.698 7.0 BO ;( ); 12.7 5.6 36 10.3 d
    AH Cep ..... 1.775 6.6 BO 6.1 6.1 16.5 14.2 e
    6 Ori ........ 26
    V 478 Cyg ...
    VV Cep ...... 7430
    5.733
    2.881
    2.4
    8.9
    6.6
    BO
    B
    B .5 (E 2!5
    cM 2
    17
    7.1
    13
    10
    7.1
    1200
    15.4
    33
    10
    15.2
    47
    f
    s
    h
    V Pup ....... 1.454 4.5 B1 B3 6.1 5.5 16.6 9.8 t
    V 470 Cyg ... 1.873 8.7 B2 B2 6.0 7.2 13 11 I
    p' s c o ........ 1.446 3.0 B3 B6 5.2 5.7 14.0 9.2 k
    TT Aur ..... 1.333 8.1 8 3 3.8 3.4 6.7 5.3 1
    EO Aur ..... 4.066 7.6 B3 13 16 27 27 m
    u Her ........ 2.051 4.6 B3 4.4 4.4 6.8 5.4 !
    CW Cep ..... 2.729 7.6 B3 B3 4.5 4.0 10.0 9.8 1
    A G P e r ...... 2.029 6.5 B3 B4 2.7 2.6 5.0 4.4 0
    SX Aur ...... 1.210 8.2 B 3.5 B 3.5 5.1 4.4 10.7 5.6
    E Aur ........ 972.15 10 22
    U CrB .......
    U Oph .......
    3.452
    1.677
    6.6
    7.6
    5.8
    B6
    8 5
    B5
    '.;z
    cK4
    ); 3:3.1: 200
    5.5
    3.0
    6.4
    5.3
    2.4
    4.6
    P
    q
    r
    V 599 Agl . . . 1.849 6.5 B5 B8 7.8 4.4 12 6.4 S
    z Vul ........ 2.455 7.0 B3 ... 4.6 4.3 5.3 2.4 t
    6 Agl ........ 1.950 5.0 B8 B8 3.6 3.6 6.8 5.4 U
    T X UMa . . . . 3.063 6.8 B8 "F 2 2.1 3.4 2.8 .9 V
    p Per ........ 2.867 2.2 B8 2.7 2.8 2.3 .6 W

    AR Aur ..... 4.135 5.8 B9 A0 1.8 1.8 2.6 2.3 C


    p Lyr ........ 12.908 3.4 cB 9 ... 47 31 52 43 W
    U Sge ....... 3.381 6.4 B9 G2 4.5 5.8 6.7 2.0 X
    GO Cyg ...... .718 8.3 B9 ... 2.0 1.4 1.6 1.3 Y
    p Aur ........ 3.960 2.1 A0 A0 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.4 Z

    TV Cas ...... 1.813 7.3 A0 ... 2.4 2.5 1.7 1.0 a1


    RX Her ..... 1.779 7.1 A0 A0 2.3 1.8 2.1 1.9 bl
    MR Cyg ..... 1.677 8.5 A0 ( A 0) 3.2 3.6 3.0 2.6 cl
    W X Cep . . . . . 3.378 9.1 A2 ( A 5) 3 3 1.0 1.o d l
    T X Her ..... 2.060 8.3 A2 A2 1.6 1.6 2.0 1.8 el
    CM Lac . . . . . 1.605 8.3 A2 A8 1.3 1.7 2.0 1.5 fl
    UX Mon ..... 5.905 8.7 A3 G2 1.8 6.6 3.4 1.5 gl
    RX Gem ..... 12.208 8.5 A4 KO 2.2 5.5 3.1 .6 11 1
    WW Aur . . . . 2.525 5.7 '47 A7 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 r
    S Aut . . . . . . . . ,648 8.8 A8 A8 1.4 1.1 1.o .9 il
    Z Her ....... 3.993 7.2 P2 ;( ); 1.5 3.1 1.5 1.3 9
    R S CV . . . . . .
    V Z H y a .....
    WUMa . . . . . .
    4.798
    2.904
    .334
    8.0
    9.2
    8.3
    F4
    E5
    E8
    F3
    F8
    1.6
    1.3
    .8
    5.3
    1.o
    .6
    1.9
    1.2
    1.o
    1.7
    1.1
    .9
    L:
    11
    W Z Oph ..... 4.183 9.7 GO GO 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.3 ml
    U V L e o ..... ,600 8.5 GO G2 1.1 1.2 I .3 1.2 nl
    R T And ..... .629 9.0 GO K1 .8 1.4 1.5 1.0 01
    t Boo ........ .268 6.6 G2 G2 .7 .6 1.o .5
    2.5
    P l
    WW Dra . . . .
    A r L a c ......
    4.630
    1.983
    8.8
    7.3
    gG 2
    G5 ""K 4.8
    1.8
    8.3
    3.0
    3.5
    1.4 1.4
    q l
    kl
    R T Lac ...... 5.074 8.8 G9 K1 4.9 4.9 1.o 1.9 rl
    A H V i r ..... .408 9.7 KO KO 1.3 .8 1.4 .6 sl
    Y Y Gem ..... ,814 8.6 M1 M1 .6 .6 1.o .9 t l
    Prepared by Z. Kopal Harvard College Observatory.
    Keferences: a , Keep'ing, Pub!. Dominion Astrophys. Obs., vol. 7 , p. 349, 1947. h, Wood, Astrophys.
    Journ., vol. 108, p. 28, 1948. C , Dugan, Princeton Contr., No. 12, 1931. d, Kopal (unpublished). e,

    (coirtiitued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    768 T A B L E 879.-SPECTROSCOPIC ECLl PSI NG BI N A R l ES (concluded)
    Huffer and Eggen Astrophys. Journ., vol. 106, 313 1947. f Luyten-Struve-Morgan Yerkes Publ. vol. 7
    gt.4, 1939. g,'McDonald, Publ. Dominion .Pstrophys. Obs., vbl. 7, p. 135, 1949.
    ubl., vol. 8. No. 1. 1939. I , Popper, Astrophys. Journ., vol. 97, p. 394, 1943.
    h, Geodicke, Michigar;
    j, Gaposchkin, Astron.
    Tourn.. vol. 53. n. 112. 1948. k. Stihbs. Monthlv Notices. Rov. Astron. SOC..vol. 108. n. 398. 1948. 1. Tov

    ~~

    Astrophys. Journ. vol. 105, p. 217, -1917. 6 , Kopal, Astrophys. Journ., vol. 93, p. 92, 1941. x. Joy,
    Astronhvs. Tourn..' vol. 71. n. 336. 1930. v. Pierce. Astron. Tourn.. vol. 48. 0. 113. 1939. z. Piotrowski.
    As!rophks. sourn.; vol. 1 0 8 , ' ~ . 510, 1918; Sm.ith. Astrophys. JoGrn., v d . 108. p. '504, 1948. a 1, McDiarmid;
    Princeton Contr. No. No, 7, 1924. t) 1, Wood, Astrophys. Journ., vol. 110, p. 465, 1949. c 1, Fracastaro,
    Arcetri Pulil.. v h . 55, 37, 1937. d 1, Sahade and Cesco, Astrophys. Journ., vol. 102, p. 128, 1945.
    e 1. Baker, Laws Bull., &.31, 1921.
    Astrophys. Journ. vol. 106, p. 255, 1947.
    f 1, Wachmann.
    Wachmann, Astron. Journ., vol. 259, p. 323, 1936. g 1, Struve,
    h 1, Gaposchkin. Astrophys. Journ., vol. 104, p. 376, 1946. 946.
    Joy, AstrophGs. Journ., vbl.
    Ii I , JOY, vol. 64, p. 293, 1926. 1 1, Sitterly, Princetonn Contr..
    Contr., No. 11,-1930.
    11, 1930. k 1.
    k1.
    Wood, Princeton Contr.. No. 21. 1946. 1946 11. Huffer. Astroohvs. Tourn.. vol. 79. n. 369. 1934.. m 1. GaDosch-
    kin H a r v a r d Bull. Nb. 907 '1938. n 1,' Gaposchkin, Asirop,ys. Journ., voi., 104, p. 370 1946. . p 1,
    E d e n , iktrophys. journ., vof. 108. p. 15. 1948. q 1, Plant, ISS. Leiden, 1939. r 1 Fowier Astrophys.
    p r n . , vol. 52, p. 261, 1920. s 1, Chang, .\strophys. Journ., vol. 107, p. 96, 1948. t i, Kuipe;, Astrophys.
    ourn., vol. 88, p. 456, 1938.

    T A B L E 880.-SPECTROSCOPIC BINARY STARS *


    These binary systems were di>covered and investigated by measuring the Doppler dis-
    placements of the spectrum lines. All except the widest systems are too close t o each
    other to he observed a s double stars through the telescope. T h e data given a r e from J. H.
    Moore's "Fifth Catalogue of Spectroscopic Binaries." 2u1 In the table a designates the semi-
    major axis of the orbit in kilometers and refers to the center of gravity of the system;
    i is the inclination of the orbit plane t o the plane of the s k y ; and llz designates the mass of
    each component. W h e n both components of a binary system are bright enough to record
    their spectral lines, individual mass functions can be derived and these a r e shown in
    column 8. When only the spectrum of one star is visible a more complicated mass function
    is obtained involving the total mass of the system and the mass ratio. Several systems in
    the table a r e eclipsing stars and for them the inclination is nearly 90: Hence for them
    the quantity sin' i in columns 8 and 9 is nearly equal t o 1.

    Period Eccen- a sin i m, sjn3 i m2s sin3 i


    Star Mas Class days tricity 100 km m2 sins i ( m 1 - t m - 2
    13 Ceti A . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 F7 2.08 .1 1.06 .... .o 1
    13 Ceti A B . . . . . . . . . 5.2 ... 6.91 y r .7 .... .... ...
    a U r s a Minoris . . . . . 2.5 1: 7 29.6 y r .6 466 .... .04
    e Aurigae . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 F2 27.1 vr .3 2014 .... 3.34
    [ Turigae . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 K 4+B 973 .4 294 1.03
    (i:d$ ...
    a Aurigae .......... .2
    VV Orionis ah . . . . . 5.3
    G1
    R2
    104
    1.49
    .02
    .OO
    (43; 2.7 ....
    ...
    .36
    VV Orionis a h c . . . . . . . . ... 120 .3 20.5 .... .02
    p Aurigae . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 A0 4.0 .oo 5.9 .._. 2.21
    29 Canis Majoris . . . . 4.5 07 4.39 .O6 13.0 .... 4.60
    a Geminorum . . . . . . 2.8 .oo ....

    t!r
    ' A8 2.93 1.28 ,010
    'a Geminorum . . . . . . 2.0 A3 9.21 .SO 1.42 .... ...
    + a2 Gem . . . . . . . . . ... 340 y r .43 .... ...
    :::: { -..j
    '
    a
    ...
    Y Y Gem . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 M1 .81 .OO { ...
    ...
    V Puppis . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 B1 1.45 .OO i:;"6 { %: ...
    { ::: ::; ...
    W Ursae Majoris . . . 8.3 F8 .33 .oo ...
    ...
    a Virginis . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 B2 4.01 .1O !:;: { :::: ...
    1 ...
    e Aquilae . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 8 9 17.12 .61 { 1;:; { :$ ...
    Y Cygni . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 09 3.00 .14 ...
    ...
    Prepared by 0. Struve, University of California, Berkeley.
    Lick Obs. Bull. No. 521, 1949.
    t System of Castor.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    769
    T A B L E 88I.-PROPERTIES A N D C L A S S I F I C A T I O N O F STAR C L U S T E R S *
    Star clusters fall into two distinctly different types:
    Globular.-Typical, Messier 13 ; open, Messier 4 ; elongated, Messier 19. Have strong
    central condensations, rich in faint stars. Scattered widely in latitude, restricted in longi-
    tude. Many variables-nearly 1,300 in 62 clusters. Radial velocities > 100 km/sec. All
    more than 5,000, and one-third more than 50,000 light-years away. Very few new ones
    found-about 100 known. Very definitely part of galaxy. Although concentrated toward
    its plane, only 2 within 4" of it (obstruction by interstellar dust clouds). Diameters about
    35 parsecs. Many stars, tens and hundreds of thousands. Many giants and supergiants
    with maximum luminosity about -2.5.
    Galactic.-Very varied : rich, M 11 ; irregular, M 35 ; nebulous, Pleiades ; accidental,
    M 103. Almost exclusively in Milky Way, all longitudes ; apparently no variables. Radial
    velocities rarely > 40 km/sec, generally less. Almost all less than 4,000 light-years dis-
    tant. Almost exclusively in galactic region devoid of globulars. Tens and hundreds,
    rarely thousands of stars. Hyades type, yellow stars as dominant as A type. Pleiades
    type, almost all B's and A's, on Russell's main sequence.
    Prepared hy H . Shapley, Harvard University.

    Part 1.-Globular star clusters


    This table contains those with galactic latitudes 5 20", for which space absorption can
    be evaluated and distance correctly estimated (also the giant cluster Omega Centauri in
    lower latitude)."*

    Galactic Apparent Distance Ahsolute No. of


    magni- (kilo- magni- van-
    NGC RA (1900) Dec I.(inx I.at tude parsecs) tude ables
    h m
    104 (47Tuc) . 0 19.6 -72"38' 272" -45" (4.5) 7.6 -10.2 8
    288 . . . . . . . . . . 0 47.8 -27 08 157 -88 8.96 14.5 - 6.8 2
    362 . . . . . . . . . . 0 58.9 -71 23 268 -47 8.0 10.0 - 7.3 14
    1261 .......... 3 9.5 -55 36 237 -51.5 9.5 22 - 7.2 0
    1851 . . . . . . . . . . 5 10.8 -40 09 212 -34.5 7.72 14 - 8.1 3
    2419 . . . . . . . . . . 7 31.4 +39 06 148 +26 11.51 56.2 - 7.7 36
    4147 . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.0 +I9 06 226 +79 11.01 20.0 - 5.5 4
    4590 ( M 68) . . . 12 34.2 -26 12 269 +36 9.12 13.5 - 6.8 28
    5024 ( M 53) ... 13 8.0 +I8 42 305 +79 8.68 20.2 - 7.8 42
    5053 . . . . . . . . . . 13 11.5 +18 13 310 +78 10.9 17.4 - 5.3 10
    5139 ( w Cen) . . 13 20.8 -46 47 277 +15 (4.7:) 6.8 -10: 168
    5272 ( M 3) . . . . 13 37.6 +28 53 8 +78 7.21 12.2 - 8.2 186
    5466 . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.0 +29 00 8 +72.5 10.39 17.0 - 5.8 18
    5634 .......... 14 24.4 - 5 32 310 t48.5 10.8 32 - 6.7 7
    5694 . . . . . . . . . . 14 33.8 -26 36 299 +29 10.87: 33.1 - 7.1 : 0
    5897 . . . . . . . . . . 15 11.7 -20 39 312 +29 9.61 13.8 - 6.5 0
    5904 ( M 5 ) . . . . 15 13.5 + 2 27 332 +46 7.04 10.1 - 8.0 97
    6205 ( M 13) ... 16 38.1 +36 39 27 +40 6.78 9.5 - 8.1 15
    6218 ( M 12) . . .
    6229 ..........
    6254 ( M 10) . . .
    16 42.0
    16 44.2
    16 51.9
    - 1 46
    +47 42
    - 3 57
    344
    40
    343
    2:
    -4-22
    1;:
    7.64
    8.3
    30
    8.3
    - 7.3
    - 7.1
    - 7.6
    1
    21
    2
    6341 ( ~ 9 2 j. . . 17 14.1 +43 15 36 +35 7.30 10.3 - 7.8 16
    6752 . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.0 -60 48 303 -26.5 7.2: 5.8 - 7.4: 1
    6809 ( M 5 5 ) . . . 19 33.7 -31 10 336 -25 7.08 5.8 - 7.7 2
    6864 ( M 75) ... 20 .2 -22 12 347 -27 9.50 42 - 8.9: 11
    6934 . . . . . . . . . . 20 29.3 + 7 04 20 -20 10.01 18 - 7.0 51
    6981 ( M 72) ... 20 48.0 -12 55 3 -34 10.24 16.6 - 6.6 31
    7006 . . . . . . . . . . 20 56.8 +15 48 32 -21 11.45 44 - 7.3 20
    7078 ( M 15) ... 21 25.2 +11 44 33 -28 7.33 11.5 - 8.3 66
    7089 ( M 2 ) . . . . 21 28.3 - 1 16 21 -36 7.30 13.8 - 8.5 17
    7492 .......... 23 3.1 -16 10 22 -64 12.33 25.1 - 4.7 9
    ma Shapley, Proc. Nat. Acad. S c i . , vol. 30, p. 63, 1944; Pop. Astron., vol. 5 7 , p. 9, 1949. For num-
    her of variables see Sawyer, Helen I%., Puhl. David Dunlap Obs., vol. 1, p. 388, 1947.

    (continued)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    770
    T A B L E 881.-PROPERTIES A N D CLASSIFICATION O F STAR CLUSTERS
    (concluded)
    P a r t 2.-Galactic star clusters
    Columns 2 through 6 from Shapley."* Distances from R. J. Trumpler, unpublished.
    Linear diameters computed on basis of revised distances. 1 kiloparsec = 31x00" km =
    3X107 light-years.

    Diameter
    Galactic & Distance
    %
    *r- Ayg L inear No. (kilo-
    NGC RA (1900) Dec Long Lat pc star s parsecs)
    h m
    663 . . . . . . . . 1 39.2 +60"44' 98" .4" 11 5.8 80 1.8
    869 . . . . . . . . 2 12 +56 41 102.5 - 3.1 36 15.7 ... 1.5
    884 . . . . . . . . 2 15.4 +56 39 103 - 3.1 36 15.7 ... 1.5
    Pleiades . . . 3 41 +23 48 134.5 -22.3 .. .. ... .15
    Hyades . . . . 4 14 +15 23 147 -22.6 .. .. .. .04
    1960 . . . . . . . 5 29.5 +34 04 143 + 2.4 12 3.5 60 1.0
    2099 . . . . . . . 5 45.8 +32 31 145 + 4.5 20 5.8 150 1.0
    2632 . . . . . . . 8 34.3 +20 20 173.5 +34.0 .. .. ... .15
    Me1 111 . . . . 12 20 ;t26 40 200 +85.4 .. .. ... .07
    6705 . . . . . . . 18 45.7 - 6 23 355 - 4.2 10 3.8 200 1.30
    7654 . . . . . . . 23 19.8 +61 03 80.5 + .5 12 4.9 120 1.40
    ~3 S t a r clusters, p. 228, McCraw-Hill, 1930.

    T A B L E 882.-OUR GALAXY, I T S CENTER AND R O T A T I O N *


    The center of the galaxy apparently lies among the dense Milky Way clouds in Sagittarius, at
    a distance of about 9,000 to 10,000 parsecs from the sun. About this center the sun revolves with
    a period of some 200 million years at an orbital speed of nearly 300 km/sec. The amount of
    matter within the sun's orbit is probably more than 200 billion times the sun's mass. In the
    table, A is the differential orbital radial velocity per kiloparsec of distance from the sun, rA is
    the maximum group velocity for a distance r , and 1, is the longitude of the galactic center. The
    sun is about 33 parsecs above the galactic plane.""

    Dist
    Vis Max to
    mag Distance rA A center
    Stars No. limit k pc km/sec km sec-' kpc-1 10 kpc Source 2(15

    0-M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 8.0 .2- 1.1 35 19.0 324 6.3 a


    0 - B 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849 7.5 .2- 1.4 22.2 15.0 324.4 10.0 b
    Interstellar . . . . . . . . . 261 8.6 .4- 1.2 13.5 16.6 331.7 .. c
    R-I< . ..... .. . . . . . 3786
    . . . . .... .. ... . .. ... ... 15.0 324 6.5 d
    P G C and 18 C . . . . 4233 .. ... 15.0 8.8
    K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 7.5 .2 ... 17.0 17 ..
    Plan Neb . . . . . . . . . . . 110 .. .5--12.0 264 14.0 333.0 9.4
    Cenheids . . . . . . . . . . . 156 14.1 .4- 2.3 39.4 20.9 325.3 10.0
    0 B. Cenh. c. e a s . . . . . . . 2--10.0 39.6 17.7 326.0 9.4
    c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
    ~ . I

    ... ..
    1 l Y

    8.4 .2- 1.3 26.6 324.4


    05-I3 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 957 6.4 .3- 1.1 18.8 ... .... ..
    ..
    k
    Irreg var ........... 116 .. .5 9.5 ... 325.7 1
    -
    PI-el>are(l11:) A . H . Joy. Mount Wilson Ollservatory.
    "1 Gerasimif, T.uyten, Proc. Na t . Acad. Sci., vol. 13, p. 180, 1927.
    n l s a , Oort. ISull. Astron. Inst. Netherlands, vol. 4, p. 83, 1927. 1). Plaskelt, Pearce. Publ. Dominion
    Astrophys. 0l)s.. vol. 5. p. 241, 1936. r , Plaskett, Pearce, Puhl. Dominion Astrophys. Obs.. vol. 5, 167,
    1933. d. I.indl)lail, Monthly Notices, Roy. Asti-on. SOC., vol. 90, p. 503, 1930. e, Wilson, R., k t r o n .
    Tourn.. vol. 40, 1). 121. 1930. f , Retlman. Puhl. Dominion Astrophys. Ohs.. vol. 6 . p. 27, 1931. g, Ber man,
    1,ick 01,s. Dull.. vol. 18, p. 57, 1937. h. Jov. Astr-ophys. Journ.. vol. 89. p. 356, 1939. 1, Wilson,
    Astrophys. Tourn.. vol. 93. p. 212. 1941. k. Wilson, Astrophys. Jour n., vol. 94. p. 12, 1941. I , Wilson,
    Astrophys. .lourn., vol. 96, p. 371, 1942.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    T A B L E 883.-ROTATION OF S T A R S * 771
    The maximum component ( v sin i) along the line of sight of the equatorial velocity v
    of rotation is found from the distortion of a n absorption line produced by differential
    Doppler effect across the observed hemisphere. For stars in the following groups, v >
    50 km/sec very rarely, and 'J <<
    50 km/sec usually : supergiants, giants ; main-sequence
    stars later than 1; 5 and not close spectroscopic binaries. For main-sequence stars of early
    type, and not spectroscopic binaries or cluster members, the distribution function f ( v ) is
    found to be well represented by the formula
    f (v) = ( j / G ) { exp r-j' (v- vl)'l +
    exp 1-j (v vl)'l 1, +
    where the parameters j-', vl, and V have the following values :
    Spectral t y p e
    Be 0-B A FO-FZ
    j-' (km/sec) 70 63 107 90
    vl (km/sec) 350 95 107 0
    5 (km/sec) 348 94 112 51
    In an idealized Roche model, rotational instability sets in a t v = 560 km/sec. The Be
    stars are surmised to he rotationally unstable B's. Number of B 8's per B 8e = 123; num-
    IS -
    ber of ( B 0-B 5)'s per ( B Oe-B 5 e ) = 15. In the Pleiades and in h and x Persei, v for B's
    2 X 5 for noncluster B's. For 13 Pleiades earlier than B 9, number of B's per Be =
    3. In many close spectroscopic binaries of both late and early types, the components rotate
    with the orbital period. In some eclipsing systems, the sense of rotation is found from the
    Doppler shift of an absorption line at partial phrase. The sense is always that of the
    orbital motion. For the sun, v = 2.1 km/sec.
    . P r e p a r e d by A. J. Deutsch, H a r v a r d University.

    T A B L E 884.-TRANSMISSION O F L I G H T T H R O U G H SPACE *
    The obscuring matter in space is too irregularly distributed to be described by a mean
    extinction coefficient for the galaxy. For bright Milky Way regions a minimum value of
    0.2 m/kpc has been found.n4
    Photoelectric measurements by Stebbins and Whitford indicate that the wavelength
    dependence of the interstellar extinction is essentially the same throughout the galaxy.
    Their results are given with the table. See references to Oort and Strohrneier for
    possibility of variations in bright and obscured regions.

    3200 3.12 1.307 5700 1.75 .64


    3550 2.83 1.18 7190 1.39 .35
    4220 2.37 1.oo 10300 .97 .oo
    4 880 2.05 .81 21000 .48 --.25t

    An unknown constant must be added to these values to give the actual extinction. T h e
    scale has been adjusted arbitrarily to give 1 mag differential extinction between h 4200
    and 10,300.
    A value of 4 for the ratio of total photographic absorption to international color excess
    IR = Arrm/(Alroo - A,,,,) I is obtained by extrapolation of the above table to l/X = 0.
    Most observational determinations are between 3 and 5."O
    Light from distant stars shows polarization up to 5 percent, approximately proportional
    to reddening. Plane of polarization variable hut generally perpendicular t o galactic plane."'
    P r e p a r e d Iiy B. Donn, H a r v a r d University. t P r e l i m i n a r y values, c u r r e n t l y u n d e r investigation
    by W h i t f o r d .
    .. Stebbins, Huffer, a n d W h i t f o r d , Astrophys. Journ., vol. 96, p. 209, 1939; Bok, Pop. Astron., vol.
    5.2. p. 261, 1Y44.
    2 Stehhins a n d W h i t f o r d , Astrophys. Journ., vol. 98, p. 323, 1943; W h i t f o r d . Astrophys. Journ.,
    '
    8
    vol. 107, p. 102, 1948.
    O o r t , A n n . d'Astrophys., vol. 1, p. 91, 1938.
    28Q Strohmeier Zeitschr. Astrophys. vol. 1 7 p. 83 1939.
    90 Greenstein,' Astrophys. Journ., &I. 87, p.' 151, i 9 3 8 ; O o r t , Bull. Astron. Inst. Netherlands, vol. 8,
    p. 308, 1938; Stelihins. ilstrophys. J o u r n . , vol. 90, p. 209, 1939; v a n R h i j n , Groningen Puhl. 51, 1916;
    W e a v e r Astrophys. Jourii. vol. 110 p. 190 1949.
    801 Hail, Science, vol. 106, p. 166,' 1949; H i l t n e r , Science. vol. 109, p. 165, 1949, Astrophys. Journ.,
    1949.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    772 TABLES 885-899.-OCEANOGRAPHY *
    T A B L E 885.-SOME D A T A O N THE E A R T H A N D I T S S U R F A C E
    P a r t 1.-Dimensions
    'The earth is a great oblate spheroid with the oceans making up about 71 percent of the
    area. T h e dimensions of the earth are as follows :

    Equatorial radius ............ 6378.388 km


    Polar radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6356.912 km
    Area of surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510,100,934 km2
    Volume of geoid .............. 1,083,319,780,000 kma
    The surface consists of:
    Oceans and seas.. ............ 351.059X10" km2or 70.8 percent
    Land ........................ 148.892X10"km20r29.2percent

    The land surface is of various elevations above sea level, the mean being about 840 m,
    while the average depth of the three great oceans and adjacent seas is about 3800 m (Table
    886). The highest elevation and the lowest elevation in each continent are given in P a r t 2.

    P a r t 2.-Area and elevation o f continents

    Area Highest Height Lowest Depth


    100 km2 mountain m point m
    Africa ............ 298 Kiho 5970 Libian Desert 133
    North America . . . . 21.5 McKinley 6150 Death Valley 85
    South America . . . . 17.6 Aconcagua 6960 Sea level ...
    Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.0 Everest 8880 Dead Sea 392
    Europe . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 Elhrus 5640 Caspian Sea 28
    Australia ......... 7.7 Korciusko 2230 Lake Eyre 12

    T A B L E 886.-SEA-WAVE H E I G H T I N F E E T FOR V A R I O U S W I N D V E L O C m l E S
    AND DURATIONS

    Wind
    duration
    in hours 10 20
    Wind velocity in knots
    30
    n
    40 50
    - 60
    6 2 5 10 14 20 25
    12 2 7 13 20 30 35
    24 2 9 17 30 40 55
    48 2 10 22 35 45 70

    Waves consistently higher than the values given are not found because stronger winds
    blow the tops of the waves off. Isolated waves up to 80 feet are due to the addition of two
    or more crests.
    One of the longest swell periods recorded was 23 seconds. Accordinq to the relations
    given, its length in deep water would equal 2,650 feet, and its velocity 69 knots. A 28-second
    swell has been recorded near Cape of Good Hope. Its length must have been almost
    three-quarters of a mile and its speed 84 knots.

    T A B L E 887.-APPROXIMATE H E I G H T O F S W E L L I N F E E T A T VARIOUS
    DISTANCES F R O M T H E STORM AREA

    Distance from storm area in nautical miles


    0 500 1000 2000 3000'

    5 2 1 .5 -

    Tables 888 to 894, and 897 prepared by R . H . Fleming, U. S. Hydrographic Office.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    773
    T A B L E 888.-AREA, VOLUME, A N D M E A N D E P T H OF OCEANS AND SEAS:"

    Mean
    Area Volume depth
    10" km2 108 kma m
    82.441 323.613 3.926
    165.246 707.555 4;282
    73.443 291.030 3,963
    321.130 1.322.198 4,117
    14.090 16.980 1;205
    American Mediterranean ........... 4.319 9.573 2.216
    2.966 4.238 11429
    8.143 9.873 1,212
    29.518 40.664 1.378
    ................................ ,422 .023 55
    1.232 ,158 128
    .438 .215 491
    ,239 ,006 25
    2.331 ,402 172
    31.849 41.066 1,289
    ,575 .054 94
    .......................... .075 ,004 54
    .lo3 ,006 60
    .238 ,030 127
    ,798 .694 870
    2.268 3.259 ,437
    1.528 1.279 838
    1.008 1.361 ,350
    ......... 1.249 .235 188
    Gulf of Californ ......... .162 .132 813
    ,075 .005 70
    8.079 7.059 874
    39.928 48.i25 1,205
    106.463 354.679 3,332
    179.679 723.699 4,028
    74.917 291.945 3,897
    361.059 1,370,323 3,795

    Mean elevation of land = 840 m


    Mean depth of oceans = 3,800 m
    Mean sphere depth = 2,440 m
    Continental shelves extend out with small gradients to depths of about 100 to 150 m.
    Average width about 30 miles but varies from zero to several hundred. Continental slopes
    have about 2" to 3" inclination. Volcanic islands, fault scarps, etc., may have slopes as
    steep as similar features on land.
    Greatest depths known are in the Pacific Ocean--10,800 m
    Deepest sounding in the Atlantic Ocean is 9,200m
    Deepest sounding in the Indian Ocean is 7,450m
    Greatest depths occur in troughs or trenches paralleling mountainous coasts and insular
    arcs. These areas are centers of seismic and volcanic activity.
    Topography of the ocean floor is in general similar to major features found on land.
    Submerged features such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are comparable in size and extent
    to the combined Rockies and Andes Mountains. In the Pacific are hundreds of isolated
    guyots, flat-topped seamounts rising thousands of feet from the ocean bed with minimum
    depths of 1,000-2,000m. Many isolated seamounts rise more than 3,000m from the sea
    floor. Continental and insular shelves and slopes are not regular but generally show topo-
    graphic relief such as shoals, terraces, canyons and valleys. Certain areas such as the
    Mediterranean, Black Sea, Sea of Japan, Red Sea, etc., are isolated at depth by ridges
    separating the deep water from the adjacent sea or ocean.
    802 Reprinted by permission of the publishers from The oceans; their physics, chemistry, and general
    biology, by H . U. Sverdrup, Martin W. Johnson, and Richard H . Fleming. Copyright 1942 by Prentice-
    Hall, Inc.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    774
    T A B L E 889.-PERCENTAGE AREA OF D E P T H ZONES I N T H E O C E A N S *
    ~~

    Depth Including adjacent seas Excluding adjacent seas


    interval A
    All 7 All
    (m) Atlantic Pacific Indian oceans Atlantic Pacific I ndian oceans
    0- 200 13.3 5.7 4.2 7.6 5.6 1.7 3.2 3.1
    200-1000 7.1 3.1 3.1 4.3 4.0 2.2 2.7 2.8
    1000-2000 5.3
    _ . 3.9 3.4 4.2 3.6 3.4 3.1 3.4
    2000-3000 8.8 5.2 7.4 6.8 7.6 5.0 7.4 6.2
    3000-4000 18.5 18.5 24.0 19.6 19.4 19.1 24.4 20.4
    4000-5000 25.8 35.2 38.1 33.0 32.4 37.7 38.9 36.6
    5000-6000 20.6 26.6 19.4 23.3 26.6 28.8 19.9 26.2
    6000-7000 .6 1.6 .4 1.1 .8 1.8 .4 1.2
    >7000 ... .2 ... .1 ... .3 .. . .1

    F o r reference., see footnote 302, p. 773.

    T A B L E 890.-PHYSICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F SEA W A T E R (Fig. 34)


    T e m p e r a t u r e s in the sea range from -2" to 30°C. The lower limit is set by the for-
    mation of ice and the higher limit by the balance between incoming radiation, back radia-
    tion, and evaporation.
    P r e s s u r e s in the sea vary from zero at the sea surface to about 1,000 atm in the greatest
    depths (10,000 m ) . Standard unit is the bar = 10' dynes/cm2. Approximately 10 m of
    sea water = 1 atm.
    C o n c e n t r a t i o n of the dissolved constituents varies from nearly zero in river mouths to
    40"/,, (parts per thousand) in isolated seas in arid regions. In most ocean waters the
    total solids are between 33 and 37"/,,. In addition, sea water contains dissolved gases,
    dissolved organic matter, and variable amounts of particulate material of biological or
    terrigenous origin.
    S a l i n i t y is defined as the total amount of solid material in grams in one k g of sea
    water when all carbonates are converted to oxides, the bromine and iodine replaced by
    chlorine, and all organic matter completely oxidized.
    C h l o r i n i t y , determined by titration with A g N 0 3 , is essentially equal to the amount of
    chlorine in grams in one k g of sea water when all the bromine and iodine have been
    replaced by chlorine.
    Salinity = 0.03 + 1.805 X Chlorinity
    D i s t r i b u t i o n of t e m p e r a t u r e and s a l i n i t y is most variable in the surface layers.
    Low temperatures occur in high latitudes with relatively low salinities. In the Tropics
    surface temperatures and salinities are high. The great Ocean basins are filled with high-
    density water produced in high latitudes during the winter when ice forms or when water
    of high salinity is cooled. Deep temperatures are therefore generally between 0" and 2°C.
    Convection and wind mixing produce a stirface layer in which uniform conditions prevail.
    This may be as thick as several hundred meters. Immediately beneath this there is a
    rapid change in temperature called the tlzermoclinr. Diurral variations of temperature
    at the surface rarely exceed 1°C. Annual variations of surface temperature are greatest
    in midlatitudes (about 10°C). Annual variations diminish with depth and rarely extend
    below 200 m.
    D e n s i t y of sea water is a function of salinity as well as temperature and pressure. The
    range in values is from 1.00 to about 1.04 g/cm3. Most of the other properties a r e functions
    of temperature, salinity, and pressure. The difference from the values for pure water
    depends then on the effects of the dissolved organic compounds. Light absorption and
    color will also be primarily determined by suspended or dissolved debris. Processes of
    heat conduction, diffusion, and transfer of momentum are dominated by turbulent water
    movements and consequently the laboratory coefficients of conductivity, diffusion, and
    viscosity have to be replaced by "eddy" coefficients of vastly greater magnitude.
    A b s o r p t i o n of light.-Water is essentially opaque t o electromagnetic radiation except
    in the visible spectrum. Below several hundred meters, even in the clearest water, all the
    solar radiation is absorbed. (See Tabie 891 and fig. 35.) In coastal waters that contain
    suspended debris, the radiation may be absorbed in only a few meters. The rapid absorp-
    tion of radiation limits photosynthesis t o the surface layers.
    Evaporation.-The principal source of heat is radiation from sun and sky. The chief
    heat losses are due to long-wave radiation to space and evaporation. Evaporation is
    greatest when the air is dry and colder than the water. Regional variations are generally
    between 50 and 150 cm/year.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    775

    FIG. 34.-Osomotic pressure, vapor pressure, of sea water, relative to that of pure
    water, freezing point, and temperature of maximum density as functions of chlorinity
    and salinity.

    TABLE 891.-PERCENTAGE O F RADIATION OF GIVEN WAVELENGTH


    T R A N S M I T T E D BY 1 M O F W A T E R *

    Wavelength (c)
    T y p e of water .46 .48 ,515 .53 ,565 .60 .66
    .....................
    P u r e water 98.5 98.5 98.2 97.9 96.8 88.3 75.9
    highest .......... 96.4 97.5 96.6 96.3 92.9 81.8 ...
    ...
    {
    Oceanic water highest ..........
    average .........
    91.8
    85.1
    average ......... 80.0
    92.7
    85.7
    79.4
    92.5
    86.7
    82.6
    91.8
    86.9
    84.5
    89.8
    84.5
    ...
    75.9
    71.6
    68.7
    ...
    62.0
    .......... 64.7 71.6 75.9 76.4 ... 64.6 53.6
    lowest .......... 60.0 63.5 67.1 70.6 ... 61.4 46.7

    For reference, see footnote 302, p. 773.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    Wavelengths in microns.
    FIG.35.-Extinction coefficients of radiation of different wavelengths in pure water and
    in different types of sea water.

    T A B L E 892.-COMPOSITION OF SEA W A T E R *
    The major ions present (over 99.9 percent of dissolved solids) are given in the table
    for Cl= 19.00 o/oo.

    Ion ~ / O O Cl-ratio Equiv/kg I on O/OO C1-ratio Equiv/kg


    CI- ....... 18.9799 .99894 .5353 Na' ...... 10.5561 .5556 .4590
    SO,- ..... 2.6486 .1395 .0551 Mg' . . . . . 1.2720
    + .06695 .lo46
    HCO,-- .. .1397 .00735 ,0023 Ca' ..... .4001
    + ,02106 .0200
    Br- . . . . . . ,0646 .00340 .0008 K' ....... .3800 .02000 .0097
    F- ........ .0013 .00007 .0001 Sr' ..... .0133 ,00070 ,0003
    .... .... ___
    +

    H3BOa .0260 .00137


    I-
    S936
    .5936

    Salinity .=34.325 o/oo. Total solids = 34.48 "/.. .


    The CI-ratios are constants for oceanic waters except for HCOJC- and Ca++which are
    affected by biological activity. Ratios are not valid in areas of river dilution.
    + For reference,see footnote 302, p. 773.

    T A B L E 893.-GEOCHEMISTRY O F T H E OCEANS
    The oceans contain about 5 x 10" metric tons of dissolved solids. The amount in tons
    of any element can be estimated by multiplying the values in Table 894 by 1.42 X 10".
    Rivers each year add about 2.7 X 10" metric tons.

    SMITHWNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    777
    TABLE 894.-ELEMENTS PRESENT I N SOLUTION I N SEA W A T E R *
    Elements present in solution in sea water in terms of Cl= 19 o / o o are listed in order
    of abundance in the table. Adding the dissolved gases HI, Nn, Oz,He, and A, a total of
    some 49 elements are known to occur.
    Ranges are indicated for Si, N, P , As, Fe, Mn, and Cu. The distribution of these ele-
    ments, present in small quantities, is affected by biological activity. Lower values are
    usually near surface.
    All atmospheric gases are found in the sea. Their solubility decreases with increasing
    temperature and salinity. At O"C, Cl= 19 o / o o , surface water contains 8.08 m l / l of 0,
    and 14.40 m1/1 of Nz. At 20°C corresponding values are 5.38 and 9.65. Distribution of
    dissolved NZ is determined by temperatures and salinity. Oxygen at middepths is reduced,
    but only in the waters of isolated basins such as the Black Sea is there stagnation and
    H S present. Plant activity near the surface may increase 0 2 above saturation values.
    Carbon dioxide is present in large quantities (about 50 n t l / l ) chiefly as HCOs- and CO,--
    balanced against basic cations. Strong acid must be added to drive off all CO,. The pH
    in the sea varies between 7.4 and 8.4 depending upon the OZP COz changes due to respira-
    tion or phdtosynthesis.
    (Dissolved gases not included)

    mg/ku mu/ku
    Element CI = 19.00 o / o o Element CI = 19.00 O / m

    Chlorine ................... 18980 Cppper ...................... .OO1-.01


    Sodium .................... 10561 Zinc ........................ .005
    Magnesium ................ 1272
    Sulfur ..................... 884
    Calcium ................... 400
    Potassium ................. 380
    Bromine ................... 65
    Carbon .................... 28 Thorium .................... .0005
    Strontium .................. 13 Cerium ..................... .0004
    Boron ..................... 4.6 Silver ...................... .0003
    Silicon .......... Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0003
    Fluorine .........
    Nitrogen t .................01 - .7 .............. ,0003
    Aluminum ................. .5 Nickel ...................... .0001
    Rubidium .................. .2 Scandium ................... .00004
    Lithium .................... .1 Mercury .................... .00003
    Phosphorus ............... ,001- .10 ...... .000006
    Barium .................... .05 .... .2-3)<10-'"
    .05 Cadmium . . . . . . . . . . . traces
    Arsenic ................... .01 - .02 Chromium .................. traces
    Iron ...................... ,002- .02 ........... traces
    Manganese ................ ,001- .01

    For reference, see footnote 302, p. 773.


    t Computed.

    T A B L E 895.-WAVE VELOCITY I N V E R Y SHALLOW W A T E R


    - .
    -
    Ikpth Sliced
    of water of wave
    feet knots
    15 13
    ..
    10 11
    5 8

    T A B L E 896.-VELOCITY O F EARTHQUAKE WAVES W I T H


    DEPTH O F WATER

    Depth in feet .................... 500 1,000 2,000 5,000 10,000 15,000


    Velocity in knots. ............... 70 100 150 240 340 420

    I f a large swell or an earthquake wave approaches a shoreline great damage may be done
    before the energy of the moving water is absorbed.
    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
    778 T A B L E 897.-OCEAN CURRENTS
    The permanent currents of the Ocean are maintained by differential heat and cooling
    and by the indirect effects of the wind. They may extend to depths as great as 1,000 m
    and their speed is usually less than 50 cm/sec. In the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio, speeds
    may exceed 250 cm/sec. Volume transparents of the large current systems exceed 50
    million tons/sec.
    Wind-driven currents induced by the drag of the wind are generally shallow, less than
    100 m, flow with speeds about 2 percent of wind, and deviate about 30" from the wind
    direction, to the right in the Northerti Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern
    Hemisphere.
    Tidal currents follow elliptical orbits during each tidal cycle. Motion probably extends
    to the bottom. In restricted coastal channels the currents are reversing and sometimes
    exceed 250 cm/sec.
    WAVES A T S E A *

    Whenever the wind blows over the water, the surface is formed into waves which grow
    under the influence of the wind and form a most irregular surface known a s a sea. Such
    waves traveling out from a storm area are called swells. As waves break near the shore
    surfs are formed.
    Waves may also he formed by earthquakes, fault movements, submarine landslides, or
    volcanic eruptions beneath the sea.
    The height of a wave, H , is the vertical distance from crest t o trough. The length, L,
    is the horizontal distance between adjacent crests. The wave period, P , is the time interval
    between passage of successive crests at a fixed point. The velocity, V , of a wave is the
    speed with which the wave travels along the sea surface.
    The following relations hold for depths greater than one-quarter wavelength with good
    approximation :
    L=5P', V=3P
    where the wavelength, L , is in feet, the period, P , in seconds, and the velocity, V , in knots.
    The waves move along the surface of the water hut the water, on the other hand, advances
    very little-about one percent only of the wave velocity.
    The height of the sea is determined by three factors :
    Wind velocity, average speed of wind over fetch.
    Fetch, distance over wind blows.
    Wind duration, how long the wind blows.
    Tables 886 and 898 show the wave heights for some conditions.
    * Ahstracted from an article prepared for the Encyclopedia Britannica, by Walter Munk, Scripps
    Institute of Oceanography. Used by permission.

    T A B L E 898.-WAVE H E I G H T I N F E E T FOR VARIOUS W I N D V E L O C I T I E S


    AND FETCHES

    Fetch in Wind velocity in knots


    nautical
    miles 10 20 30 40 50 60
    10 2 3 5 7 9 10
    20 2 4 7 14
    50 22
    100 30
    500 2 10 20 31 45 55
    1000 2 10 21 35 50 70
    -~

    (See also Tables 886, 887, and 895.)

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    TABLE 899.-TlDES, SEA LEVEL, LEVEL NET 779
    (Nat. Res. Council Bull. 78, 1931.)
    S p r i n g tides.-When moon (new or full) is in line with sun (large tide).
    N e a p tide.-When moon is in quadrature with sun (small tide),
    Generally two high and two low each day. Variation in heights of two high and two
    low = “diurnal inequality.”
    River-type tide, steep short-period graph for flood, more inclined and longer for ebb.
    Extreme case = “bore,” tide rises so rapidly it assumes form of wall several feet high.
    Most famous bores, Tsientang Kiang, China; Turnagain Arm, Alaska; Severn and the
    Wye, England ; Seine in France ; Hoogly, India ; Petitcodiac, Canada.
    Mean sea level (geodetic).-The equipotential surface which the oceans woud as-
    sume if undisturbed by the tides and effects of wind and weather. Starting with mean sea
    level at any given initial point the geodesist can determine by precise spirit leveling, the
    equipotential surface.
    Mean sea level (geographic) .-Determined by averaging actual tidal heights over a
    sufficient period. It is a local or geographic va!ue. It is much disturbed by prevalent winds
    and local contours. Note difference between average of hourly readings (mean sea level)
    and half-tide point (because of the shape of the tide height as related to time). On Atlantic
    coast 3 tide level lies below mcaii by about 1/10 f t : on Pacific above by 1/20 ft. Mean
    tide near rivers varies with rainfall. Nineteen years’ observation used for full tide cycle.
    A fundamental level net has been connected with mean sea level at Portland, Me., via
    Boston, Mass., Ft. Hamilton, N. Y., Sandy Hook and Atlantic City, N. J., Old Point Com-
    fort and Norfolk, Va., Brunswick, Ga., Fernandina, St. Augustine, and Cedar Keys, Fla.,
    Biloxi, Miss., Galveston, Tex., San Diego, San Pedro, San Francisco, Calif., Ft. Stevens,
    Oreg., and Seattle, Wash. The accuracy of high precision leveling is measured by the
    correction necessary to close circuits, about 0.00063 foot/mile. Mean sea level difference
    indicated by special adjustment of leveling network in 1929: Portland, Maine, 9 cm
    higher than Ft. Hamilton ; Vancouver, 2 cm higher than Seattle ; Galveston, 27 cm higher
    than St. Augustine; San Diego, 33 cm higher than Galveston ; Fort Stevens, 26 cm higher
    than San Diego; Isthmus of Panama, Pacific coast, 20 cm higher than Atlantic ; Death
    Valley, 280 ft (84.1) below sea level ; Mount Whitney, 14,495 ft (4418.1 m) above.

    SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES


    780
    T A B L E 900.-THE EARTH'S ROTATION: ITS VARIATION

    From observations, Spencer Jones (Monthly Notices, Roy. Astron. SOC.,vol. 99, p. 541,
    19.39) deduces as the best value of the apparent solar acceleration 2S"/(century)'. Lunar
    theory predicts 12.0"/(century)2 leaving part attributable t o tidal friction IO"/(century)*.
    Estimates of tidal friction losses (Jeffreys, Philos. Trans., A , vol. 221, p. 239, 1920) :
    ... .6X10::
    Irish Sea . . . . . erg/sec So. China S e a . . -XlO:: erg/sec .
    Hudson Str. . . .ZXlO:: er,!sec
    Eng. Channel 1.1 " Okhotsk Sea . . . . 4 " Hudson Bay . . . -
    North Sea ..... 1.7 " Bering Sea .... 15.0 " " Fox Strait ..... 1.4 " "
    . .
    I'
    Yellow Sea . . . . 1.1 " " Malacca Str. . . 1.1 " '' Bay Fundy . . . .4 " "

    Other contributions are small. Total for spring tides 22 X 10'' erg/sec. 1.1 X 10" erg/sec
    average, corresponding to about 7" secular acceleration per century per century. If 52
    is earth's angular velocity of rotation, dO/dt = - 2.5 X 10-"/sec2. O = 7.3 X lo-' rad./sec.
    S2 changes by lo-' of its amount in 3 X 10" sec or 10' years. The day should have
    lengthened by 1 sec in 120,000 years.
    The fluctuations in the earth's rate of rotation indicated by astronomical evidence are
    of a quite greater order of magnitude. Moreover the changes vary in sign whereas fric-
    tional effects should not. The observations come from deviations of the sun and moon
    frcm their gravitational orbits, the transits of Mercury, and eclipses of Jupiter's satellites.
    Changes in the speed of rotation of the earth rotation seem the only explanation. This
    may be due to shifts of matter within or on the earth. The following figure by Brown
    indicates that in 1928 the earth was about 25 sec ahead of its average rotational motion
    during the last three centuries. The greatest apparent change in the loss or gain of one
    sec in a whole year. (1 part in 30,000,000.)

    FIG.36.-Irregularities in the earth's rotation derived from the


    moon's motions.

    Tidal friction should make the earth rotate more slowly and the moon recede from the
    earth. The rate of dissipation of energy by friction is about 1.4 X 10" erg/sec. The earth's
    rotation from this cause should have slowed by 4 hours during geologic time. The moon
    should continue to recede until its period of revolution and that of the earth's rotation are
    equal to 47 of our present days. The moon should then gradually approach the earth,
    ultimately coming within Roche's limit (about twice the earth's radius) breaking up
    possibly into a ring like Saturn's.
    W J Jeffreys. The earth, Macmillan, 192Y; Innes. Changes in the length of the day, Scientia, vol. 42,
    p. 69. 1917. llrown Nature vol. 119 p. 200 1927. Jo lrn. Roy. Astron. SOC. Canada, vol. 24. p. 177,
    1930. Keviied by 6. M. Cl&mence. U. S. Naval Observatory.

    S M I T H M N I A N PHYSICAL TABLES
    T A B L E 9 0 1 . 4 E NE R A L C O N V E R S I O N F A C T O R S

    Area (See Tables 31-33) Density


    Multiply by to obtain Multiply by to obtain
    acre 40.47 are g/ft' 35.31 g/m'
    1.60X lo2 rodZ g/liter 8.345X10d Ib/gal
    4.356X 10' ftZ g/cm' 62.43 Ib/ft'
    are 1OJ mz g/cm' 1.94 slug/ft'
    cir mils 5.067X1Od cmz lb/1000 ft' 1.602 kg/ 100 ma
    ft' 9.290x loz cm2 Ib/ft' 1.602x10-* dcm'
    in.' 6.452 cm2 Ib/in? 27.68 g/cm'
    siug/ft' ,5153 g/cm2
    Capacity units (See Tables 31-33) 32.17 Ib/ft'
    barrel 31.5 gal Electrical units (See Tables 6-8)
    tushei 1.244 f t'
    2.1504X 10' in.' amu 9.32XlO' Mev
    1.492X10d ergs
    Energy units (See Tables 7, 654)
    cat 4.185x 10' erg
    chaldrons erg 9.4801x10-" Btu *
    (US., dry) 36 2.389x10-' cal *
    firkin 9 1.O197X1O6 g-cm
    ftS 7.48 7.376X 10" ft-lbs
    ft' 28.32 2.373x10-0 ft-poundals
    gallon 3.7854XlO' cm' 624x10' Mev
    .1337 ft' electron-volt 1.602x lo-'' erg
    2.31 x 10' in? ft'-atm 28.32 liter-atm
    3.7853 liter ft-lb 1.356X10' ergs
    8 pt (liquid) 3.766>(10-' kw-hr
    4 qt (liquid) .3238 cat
    hogsheads 8.423 ft' 32.17 ft-poundal
    63 gal 1.285X loJ Btu
    liter 1.000028X10' cm' ft-poundal 4.214)<10' ergs
    Ib of HzO 1.602x lo-' ft' of HzO 3.108~10-* ft-lb
    27.72 in.' of H 2 0 g-cm 9.806X lo2 erg
    .1200 gal hp-hr 2.684x 10" ioule
    pt (liquid) 28.88 in.' 2.545X 10' Btu
    qt (dry) 67.20 in.' 6.413X1OZ kg-cal
    qt (liquid) 57.75 in.' .7457 kw-hrs
    1.164 qt ( d r y )
    In this table the calorie = 4.185 jilules and the Btu = 252 calories (See Table 7 ) .
    (continued)
    T A B L E 901.-G E N E R A L CON V E RSI 0 N FACTORS (continued)
    Energy units (copttiitued) Heat flow units (See Tables 129-130)
    Multiply by to obtain
    joule 107 ergs Heat content (See thermal units)
    9.48ZX, .10" Btu Illumination (See Tables 71-72)
    23.73 ft-poundals Multiply by to obtain
    ,7376 ft-lbs
    3.021X10'8 quanta ( A = .6 p ) lu/ft' 1 f t -candles
    kg-cm 9.807x 105 ergs Linear units (See Tables 31-33, 522)
    7.233x ft-lb
    Iw-hr 3 . 6 ida
    ~ joule A x
    1 10-10 m
    3.414X 10' Btu 1x cm
    8.602x lo" cal 1 x 10-4
    3Iev 1 . 6 0 210.'
    ~ ergs barleycorns 1/3 rn.
    pound-foot 1.3553XlO' ergs cubits 1.5 ft
    poundal-foot 4.2130 x 10' ergs ells 45 Ill.

    quantum (A = .6 p ) 3.310X10-'* ergs 1.143X1O2 cm


    ft 30.48 Cm
    Energy flow (See Tables 129-130) 12 in.
    ft ,3048 m..
    .
    Flow 1/3 yd
    f t3/min 4.720x 10' cm3/sec fathom 6 ft
    ,1247 pal Iser
    0 ----~ - 1
    furlong .125 mile
    .4720 liter/sec 2.20x102 yds
    aal!rnin 2 . m 10-3
    ~ ft3/sec hand 4 in.
    liter/min 5.885X lo-' ft3/sec league 1 /3 nautical mile
    4.403x gal/sec light yrs 9.4602~ 1017 cm
    line 1/12 in.
    Force m 39.37 in.
    dyne 7 . 2 3 3 10-5
    ~ poundal mil 10.~ in.
    2.248x 10-o poundweight mile (statute) 5.280x 10' ft
    1.0197x kg weight mile (nautical) 6.08O2x1O3 ft
    newton t 105 dyne micron ( p ) 10-3 mm
    pound (see lb) 10-4 cm
    poundal 1.3827x 10' dyne parsec 3.1X10's cm
    pound (weight) 4.448X lo5 dyne span 9 in.
    gram (weight) 9.81 x 10' dyne
    Metric system prefixes (See Tables 31-33)
    Gravitational micro .000001
    cm/sec2 milli .oo1
    ft/sec2
    iThe unit of force in the M K S system.
    (continued)
    T A B L E 901.-G E N E R A L CO NVE RSI 0N FACTORS (continued)
    Metric system prefixes (coiltiilrrrd) Pressure units (continued)
    Multiply by to obtain Multiply by to obtain
    centi .01 atm 1.01325x 10" barye
    deci
    _..~ .1 33.90 ft water (4°C)
    deka i.n. 1.0332X103 cm water (4°C)
    hecto 1.oox 10' 1.0332X10' Wm'
    kilo 1.00x10: 76x10-' PHg
    myra 1.oox10 7.6OX1O2 mmHg
    .... ...... 2.1168)<103 Ib/ftz
    mega 1.00X10" bar .9869 atm
    7.5O1x1O2 mmHg
    Paper measure 1.0197X loa g/cm'
    reams 5.00X 10' sheets 1.O 197x 10' kdm'
    1O6 dynes/cm2
    Photometric units (See Tables 66 and 69-74) 10" barye
    1.0197 kg/cm2
    Power units barye 1.00 dyne/cm'
    Btu/min 12.96 f t-lb/sec 9.869X lo-' atrn
    1.758)<10-' kw 7.50~10-' mmHg
    cal/min 5.145X10-z f t-lb/see cmHg 1.316)<10-* atm
    6.975X lo-' kw ,4461 ft of H,O
    ft-lb/sec 1.82XlO-* hP 1.3596Xloz kg/m2
    hP 42.43 Btu/min 27.85 Ib/ft2
    .7457 kw .1934 lb/in.*
    5.50X 10' ft-lb 1.333X lo' dynes
    m o
    .. -. Btu Isec dynes/cmz 1 . 4 5 0 5lo-'
    ~ lb/in.2
    10.69 kq c'al/min 2.0888x lo-' Ib/ft2
    7.457X10' watts 9.869x lo-' atm
    kw 1oJ watts 10" bar
    1.341 hP 2.953K10-' in. H g (0°C)
    kg/m2
    Pressure units (See Table 260) mmHg
    atm 1.033X10a g/cm' ft of water atm
    14.70 Ib/in.' .8826 in. H g
    76 cmHg (0°C) 3.048K10'
    ,. kp./mZ
    7.60X 10' Tor 62.43 lb7ft'
    1.0332 kg/cmz .4335 Ib/in.2
    29.921 in. H g (0°C) in. Hg 3.342XlO-* atm
    1.01325XlO" dynes/cm2 3.386X lo' dynes
    1.01325 bar
    (corttinued)
    T A B L E 901.-GENERAL C O N V E R S I O N FACTORS (continued)
    Pressure units (c .ontinued) Temperature (See Table 1)
    by to obtain Multiply by to obtain
    1.133 ft of water deg F/in. 2187 "C/cm
    3.453X10' kdm' deg C/cm 4.572 "F/in.
    70.74
    . . Ib/ft2
    .4913 Ib/in.' Thermal (heat) units (See Tables 1, 7)
    2.458x atm Btu 2.52X102 cal
    7.355x10-2 in. Hg 7.782k 10' ft-lb
    25.40 kg/m' 3.929x io-. hphrs
    ,5808 oz/in.' 2.929)<10-' kw-hrs
    5.203 Ib/ft' 2.5026XlO' ft-poundals
    3.613~10-' Ib/in.' 1.0546x 10s joules
    kg/m' 1.422x 10- lb/in.' 1.0754x 10' kg-m
    kg/cm2 .9681 atm 10.41 liter-atm
    kips/in.' .7030 kg/mmz Btu/lb ,5556 cal/g
    10s 1b:in.l Btu/fta 8.898x Wa cal/cm*
    lb/ft2 4.725X104 atm 8.898 kp. cal /ma
    lb/in.l 6 . 8 0 3 ~10'' atm Btu/(lb O F ) 1 C&(g "C)
    7.03x10-' kg/cm' cal .4267 kg-m
    7.03X lo-' Wmm' 4.185 joule
    m.zn
    . g/cmZ 4.185x10' ergs
    mmHg 1.3332X 10' dynes 4.130~ liter-atm
    1.3158X 10- atm 3.968x lo4 Btu
    29.97 Ib/mz 3.088 ft-lb
    1.3595 g/cm' 1.559x lo-" hp-hrs
    1.3595X1Od kg/cm' 1.163 X 10" kw-hrs
    1 Tor 1.264x 10'' quanta (k = .6 a)
    psi 1 lb/in.P 1.8 Btu/lb
    Tor 1 mmHg 3.968 Btu
    1/760 atm lo3 cal
    1 cal cm-' min-'
    Resistivity 1/60 cal cm-* sec-'
    ohms-cm 6.016x loa ohms-mil-ft t 6.97x lo-' watt/cm'
    Speed Time (See Tables 3, 729)
    knot 1 nautical mile/hr year 5 3.155715XlO' sec
    1 6080.2 ft/hr day 8.64X10' sec
    T This means the resistance of a wire 1 f t long and 1 mil in diameter. 9 Tropical year.
    (continued)
    T A B L E S(il.-GENERAL CONVERSION FACTORS (concluded)

    Volume units (See Table 31) Weight (mass) units


    Multiply by to obtain Multiply by to obtain
    in.' 16.387 cm' 15.43
    f ta 2.8317><10' cms 1 x lo-'
    1 os
    Volume capacity 3.527~10-' 02
    ft'//sal 7.482 ms/kl 2.205x 10- lb
    ga1/(1000 ft') 13.37 ]/lo0 ma kips 103 Ib
    s/100 kg .02 lb/ton Ib 7.00x 1oJ grains
    e/m' ,437 grains/fts 4.536X1OZ g
    gaI/ton .4172 liter/( 100 kg) 16 02
    Ib (troy) ,8229 lb (av)
    Weight (mass) units (See Table 31) slug 1 gee Ib
    carat (1877) 3.168 grains 32.17 lb
    2.053)<10' mg slug (metric) 9.80X lo2
    carat (metric) 2.00x 1v mg
    drams (av) 1.772 g Weight per volume
    6.25~ 02 fts of gas/lb 6.243 msof gas/100 k g
    g 9.807)<102 dynes fts of water 62.43 lb.
    (4°C)
    Index terms Links
    Abampere 10 20
    Abbreviations: common units of measurement 56
    constellations 743
    Abcoulomb 10 20
    Aberration constant 729
    Abfarad 20
    Abhenry 20
    Absolute units (see under name of unit) 20
    Absorption (see also Transmission):
    for air (atmosphere) 538 546
    components 538
    moist 546
    for crystals 517 545
    for filters 535 536 537
    for gases, long wavelengths 552
    for glass 512
    red pyranometer 537
    various 512
    for mass: γ-rays 687
    X-rays 694
    for materials for blackening receivers 548
    for radiant energy 517 535-546
    for screens, color 535
    for various materials 535
    for water 536
    of gases by liquids 360
    of vapors by liquids 360
    of various radiations: alpha rays 672 684
    beta rays 672 690
    cathode rays 672 690
    gamma rays 672 687
    radiant energy 549
    X-rays 693 694 701
    critical 701
    Abundance (see Elements, chemical): elements 625 626 627 628 629
    isotopes 655
    Abvolt 12 20
    Acceleration: angular 4
    gravity (see Gravitation) 714
    linear 6
    Acoustics (see also Sound) 309
    architectural 315
    attenuation coefficient 315
    definition of terms 315
    hearing 314
    differential sensitivity 314
    distribution of hearing losses 315
    sensitivity of ear 314
    reverberation time 315
    calculations 315
    optimum 316

    787
    Index terms Links
    Acoustics, Continued
    room type 317
    sound type 317
    Actinium 228
    Beta-ray spectrum 685
    Activity (power) 4
    Adsorption, heats of 632 633
    charcoal 632 633
    Aeronautics 337
    air flow 337 349
    compressible 348
    force, parameters 337 343
    illustrations 349
    isentropic 348
    formulas 348
    normal-shock 348
    formulas 348
    oblique-shock 348
    parameters (force) and Mach numbers 350 352
    speed vs. pressure 338
    supersonic 348
    types 339 349
    vs. Mach number 349 352
    vs. Reynolds number 349
    bodies moving through a liquid 337
    forces on 337
    angle of attack 339
    aspect ratio 339
    depends upon 337
    for air: attitude to wind 337
    center of pressure 339
    drag coefficient 339 340 342
    lift coefficient 339
    Mach number 337 340
    and flow paramcters 342 350
    pressure, dynamic 338
    vs. air speeds 358
    Reynolds number 337
    critical 341
    shape of body 337
    speed 338
    surface, roughness 337
    turbulence of air 337
    sample bodies:
    airfoils 353
    air flow around 352
    angle of attack 352
    Mach number 352
    Reynolds number 352
    surface roughness 352 353
    flow parameters 353

    788
    Index terms Links
    Aeronautics, Continued
    vs. Mach number 353
    force coefficients 353
    illustrations 352
    cylinders, nonrotating 340
    drag coefficient 340 341
    aspect ratio 340
    Mach number 340 341 342
    Reynolds number 340 341
    inclination of axis to wind direction 341
    flat plates, thin 339
    force coefficients 339
    angle of attack 339
    drag 339 340
    lift 339
    Mach number 340
    Reynolds number 340
    local skin friction 343 345
    moment thickness 344
    skin friction 343
    laminar flow 343 344
    Reynolds number 343
    turbulent flow 343 344
    miscellaneous bodies 343
    drag coefficient 343
    Reynolds number 343
    various bodies 343
    forces on 343
    spheres 341
    drag coefficient 341
    Mach number 342
    Reynolds number 342
    forces on 342
    pressure coefficient 342
    Reynolds number 341
    critical 341
    sphere size 341
    standard atmosphere for 345
    basis of 345
    characteristics of 347
    extension of 347
    properties 347
    ratio specific heats 345 348
    velocity of sound in 347
    viscosity 347
    kinematic 347
    Age, earth 741
    moon 741
    radioactive materials 679
    strata 741
    universe 710

    789
    Index terms Links
    Air (see also Atmosphere) 592
    aqueous vapor, pressure in atmosphere 599
    sea-level 605
    composition, ground level 592
    up to F2 layer 592
    compressibility 265
    density of moist air 596 597 598
    dry, thermal properties 269 270
    effects on weighing 69
    corrections 69
    flow (see under Aeronautics) 337
    compressible 348
    heat capacity 163
    height 592
    humidity, relative 602
    determination 602 603 604
    dry-bulb temperature 604
    maintenance 599
    various vapor pressures 601
    wet and dry temperature 604
    index of refraction 532
    infrared transmission 546
    Joule-Thomson effect in 278
    mass 592 720
    different values 720
    with direction of sight 720
    moist:
    density, calculated 596
    relative 598
    transmission 546
    saturated water vapor 600
    pressure 600
    weight 601
    sound, speed in 306 594
    thermal conductivity 142
    thermal properties 270
    dry 269 270
    transmission of radiation 538 546
    components 538
    ultraviolet 538
    viscosity, kinematic 345
    weight 592
    Albedos (see Astronomy) 737
    Alcohol: compressibility 282
    Density, mixtures with water 302
    melting point, with pressure 118
    vapor pressure 370
    viscosity 320
    Alloys: alnico 454
    aluminum 192 220
    Babbitt 226

    790
    Index terms Links
    Alloys: alnico, Continued
    brazing 223
    carboloy 224
    conductivity, electrical 390 391
    super 394
    thermal 138
    copper 198
    density 293
    Heusler 458
    latent heat of fusion 165
    low melting point 125 225
    composition 125 225
    magnetic 458
    alnico 454
    Heusler 458
    permalloy 453
    silmanal 454
    superpermalloy 453
    melting points 125
    low 125
    miscellaneous 217
    resistivity 384
    soldering 223
    special purpose 220
    thermal emf vs. lead 379
    thermal expansion 149
    invar 221
    low expansion 221
    special purpose 220
    Alnico 454
    Alpha particles (see also Radioactivity) 664 672 680
    charge 50
    characteristics 672 680 681
    high-speed, artificial radioactive sources 682
    natural radioactive sources 681
    ionization 672
    mass 49
    range in air 672 684
    relative stopping power of selected
    substances 684
    velocity 672
    Alpha-ray spectra, artificial radioactive
    substances 682
    natural radioactive substances 681
    Altitude, by barometer 613
    Aluminum: alloys, properties 192
    atomic weight 619
    boiling point 117
    conductivity 404
    mechanical properties 192
    melting point 117

    791
    Index terms Links
    Aluminum: alloys, properties, Continued
    oxide 162
    solder 223
    wire 414
    Alums 521
    index refraction 521
    American candle (see Photometry) 94
    after 1948 94
    Ammonia: compressibility 266
    hydrolysis 399
    latent heat of vaporization 167
    pressure variation 167
    liquid, density 178
    heat content 162 178
    latent heat 178
    pressure variation 167
    pressure effects 167
    properties 178
    specific heats 178
    thermal properties 162
    Ampere 20
    Ampere-turn units 18
    Amu 21
    Angle 4
    Angstrom 4 63
    Angular acceleration 4
    Angular momentum 4
    Angular velocity 4
    earth 729
    Antenna arrays 434
    Antifreeze solutions 135
    Aphelon 729
    API scale 290
    Apostilb 93
    Apothecary mass unit 63 64 66
    Aqueous solutions 300-305
    density 300 -305
    diffusion into water 354
    Arcs (see under name of)
    Area 4
    Argon: compressibility 264
    melting point vs. pressure 117 118
    parameters 117
    volume-pressure 118
    Artificial disintegration 653 669 706
    bombardment 669 670
    alpha-ray 669
    deuteron 669
    neutron 667 669
    photonuclear 669
    products 669

    792
    Index terms Links
    Artificial disintegration, Continued
    proton 669
    interesting results 652 669
    methods of producing elements beyond
    uranium 670
    parts 706
    pile yields 670
    results of 666 667 668 669 670
    Artificial radioactivity 667
    slow-neutron-produced 667
    Asbestos, thermal conductivity 139
    Astronomical units 729
    Astronomy 728
    albedos 737
    planets 737
    calendars 728 732 733
    equation of time 728
    Julian day 733
    perpetual 732
    clouds of Magellan 746
    constellation abbreviations 743
    craters 736
    lunar 736
    terrestrial 736
    data, miscellaneous 729
    day (see also under Definitions) 729
    definitions 729
    change of 780
    earth 734 741
    age 741
    strata 741
    diameter 729
    dimensions 729 734
    distance, to moon 730
    to sun 730
    interior, characteristics 739
    density 739
    with depth 739
    elastic constants 740
    rocks 740 741
    pressure 739
    temperature 727
    velocity, earthquake waves 739 740
    mass 729
    orbit 729 734
    physical data 729
    precession for 50 years 738
    quake waves 739
    velocity in ocean 777
    rigidity 740
    rotation 729 780

    793
    Index terms Links
    Astronomy, Continued
    variation 780
    satellites 734
    strata 741
    temperature 734
    various places 726
    velocity, earthquake waves 739
    viscosity 729
    galaxies, local family 748
    our galaxy 713 770
    center 770
    rotation 770
    stars, mass 713
    number 713
    interstellar space 771
    matter 629 771
    temperature 763
    Magellanic clouds 746
    moon (see also Moon) 741
    nebulae (see also under stars), classification 758
    nebulae lines 745
    novae, well observed 757
    orbits, planets 734
    planets 734
    albedos 737
    distance to sun 730
    orbits 734
    period 734
    physical data 734
    satellites 735
    orbits 735
    temperature 734
    precession for 50 years 738
    rotation, earth 780
    our galaxy 770
    stars 771
    Russell-Hertzsprunging diagram 754
    Satellites, orbits 735
    physical data 734 735
    planets 735
    solar constant 719
    variation 720
    solar corona, emission lines 744
    solar eclipses 742
    solar flares 743
    solar motion, elements of 731
    stars:
    binary mass of, within 10 parsec of sun 752
    spectroscopic 768
    spectroscopic eclipsing 767
    visual 761

    794
    Index terms Links
    Astronomy, Continued
    brighter than magnitude m 756
    Cepheids 760
    period-luminosity curve 744
    clusters, classification 769
    galactic 769
    globular 769
    properties 769
    concentration 749
    near sun 751
    constellations, abbreviations 743
    near sun 751
    degenerate 762
    diameters 753
    dwarfs 762 763
    degenerate 762
    density 762
    white 762
    equivalent light from 757
    explosive 761
    first magnitude 752
    galactic concentration 749
    magnitude 749
    galaxies 746 748
    local family 748
    our galaxy 770
    center 770
    rotation 770
    stars, number 770
    giants 762
    low density 762
    magnitude 730
    absolute 730
    bolometric 754
    first, and brightness 752
    per cubic parsec 735
    number and brightness 756
    near sun 735
    per square degree 756
    photographic 735 749
    radiometric 730
    reduction to visual 754
    spectrum type 753
    visual, absolute 753
    to bolometric 754
    mass, total our galaxy 713
    mass-luminosity 758
    masses, binaries 752
    motion of 764
    large 756
    velocities 765

    795
    Index terms Links
    Astronomy, Continued
    near sun 751 752
    masses 752
    nebulae, brightness 757
    classification 758
    nongalactic 759
    variables with 760
    novae 757
    brightness 757
    well observed 757
    characteristics 757
    classification 758
    Milky Way 746
    nongalactic 759
    number of 757
    and galactic latitude 756
    and light 757
    and magnitude 756
    log. No. per sqnare degree 756
    near sun 735 751 752
    per cubic parsec 735
    our galaxy 713
    universe 713
    various classes 748
    within 5 parsec of sun 751
    within 10 parsec of sun 752
    of large proper motion 756
    parallax, mean annual 750
    magnitude 10 750
    rotation of 771
    Russell-Hertzsprung diagram 754
    spectrum classes 748 750 753
    galactic concentration 749
    proper motion 742
    temperatures 750
    and diameters 753
    visual magnitude 753
    spectrum types 753
    magnitude 750 753 754
    temperatures 750
    and diameter 753
    variables: Be stars 761
    classification 760
    Cepheids 760
    period-luminosity curve 744
    erratic 760
    explosive 760
    general characteristics 760
    long period 760
    luminosity curve 744
    nebulosities 761

    796
    Index terms Links
    Astronomy, Continued
    novae 761
    repeating 761
    pulsating 760
    P Cygni 761
    red 760
    RV Tauri 760
    semi-irregular red 760
    semiregular 760
    temperature 750
    with large radial velocities 766
    Z Camelopardalis 761
    stellar (see stars)
    stellar diameters 753
    stellar radiation measurements 759
    stellar spectra: classes 748 750 753
    dwarf 762 763
    galactic concentration 749
    luminosity classification 747
    percentage various classes 748
    proper motion 742
    related characteristics 746
    systems 746
    brighter stars 746
    clouds of Magellan 746
    Milky Way 746
    supergalaxies 746
    temperature 753 754
    types and magnitudes 753
    strata, age 741
    sun (see Sun), eclipses 742
    telescopes, largest in use 728
    temperature, interstellar space 763
    time, calendars 732 733
    equation 728
    transmission of light through space 771
    Astrophysics 728
    Atmosphere (see also Air) 592
    aqueous vapor 599
    pressure, sea level 605
    characteristics, above F2 layer 595
    up to F2 layer 594
    density, above F2 layer 595
    up to F2 layer 594
    vs. height, 594 595
    electricity (see Lightning) 614
    extent of 592
    humidity 596
    maintenance 599
    pressure 602
    relative, dry-bulb temperature 602

    797
    Index terms Links
    Atmosphere (see also Air), Continued
    temperature 602
    vapor pressure 602
    wet-dry thermometer 604
    ionic equilibrium 615
    layers:
    ionosphere 592
    E layer 592
    F1 layer 592
    F2 layer 592
    G layer 592
    stratosphere 592
    troposphere 592
    upper atmosphere 592
    mass 592
    and solar altitude 725
    path through (radiation) 720
    potential gradient 614
    pressure, above F2 layer 595
    up to F2 layer 594
    vs. height 594 595
    regions 592
    standard 4 47 345
    basis 345
    characteristics 347
    above F2 layer 595
    height 594 595
    ratio specific heats 345 349
    up to F2 layer 594
    density 347
    extension of 347
    properties 347
    stratosphere 592
    temperature, above F2 layer 595
    harmonic mean 346
    up to F2 layer 594
    vs. height 594 595
    transmission of radiation 538 546
    components 538
    ultraviolet 538
    with direction 720
    troposphere 592
    unit of pressure 4
    viscosity 345 347
    water-vapor pressure 600 605
    saturated, weight 601
    Atmospheric electricity 615
    charge 615
    rain 615
    snow 615
    space 615

    798
    Index terms Links
    Atmospheric electricity, Continued
    conductivity, air 615
    current 614
    density 614
    ions 615
    equilibrium 615
    life of 615
    mobility 617
    rate of formation 615
    lightning (see also Lightning) 614
    potential gradient, air 614
    Atom 653
    angular momentum 579
    Bohr 579
    bomb 653
    composition 618
    data 582 618-624
    diameters 643
    elements 643
    diffusion coefficient 644
    gaseous ions 644
    neutral gases 644
    dimensions 618
    effective radii 643
    electric orbits 624
    electron configuration 622
    elements 622
    neutral atoms 582
    ionization potential 582
    normal states 622
    singly ionized 584
    ionization potential 584
    elementary particles 618 664
    energy 579 653
    heat, elements 160
    ionized 584
    singly 584
    isotopes 654
    mass 50 51
    mass units 654
    molecular data 618
    names 620
    foreign 620
    obsolete 620
    neutral, electron binding energy 649 650
    spectroscopic properties 582
    number 620
    periodic system 621
    radii 643
    effective 643
    radioactive 672 673

    799
    Index terms Links
    Atom, Continued
    specific heats 160
    spectra (see also Series relations) 582
    spectroscopic properties 582 583 584 585
    neutral 582
    singly ionized 584
    susceptibility 451
    volume (elements) 160
    inert gas 646
    weights 47 619
    international 619
    physical to chemical 47
    units 47
    Atomic (see Atom) 653
    Attenuation coefficient, radio waves 442 443
    Avogadro’s number 4 47 51 54
    Avoirdupois 62 63 64 66

    Babbitt metal, physical properties 226


    Bakelite 152
    Bar 4 277
    Barn 653
    Barometer 606
    capillarity, correction for 606
    metric units 606
    determination of heights 613
    expansion, correction for 607
    mercury meniscus, volume 606
    pressure: columns of mercury 606
    columns of water 606
    reduction: barometric height to standard
    temperature 607
    to standard gravity (different heights) 608
    English units 611
    metric units 609
    temperature correction 607
    Barye 4 277
    mega 6
    Baryton 653 664
    Batteries 377
    composition 377
    emf 377
    standard cells 378
    Baumé scale: density of cane sugar 305
    specific gravity of 289
    Bel 309
    Beta particles 651 653 691
    Beta rays (see also Radioactivity) 653
    characteristics 651 672 683 691
    from radioactive materials 683 685
    energy 683 684

    800
    Index terms Links
    Beta rays (see also Radioactivity), Continued
    isotopes 683 684
    spectrum: actinium 228 685
    protactinium 685
    thallium 679
    thorium 227 685
    Betatron 653 657
    Binding energy of electron, neutral atoms 649 652 653
    singly-ionized atoms 650
    Blackbody 7 79 80
    brightness 95 96
    calculated values 81 82 85 95 104
    changes due to changes in C2 86
    precautions in using C1 80
    constants (radiation) 80
    value of c2 at different times 80
    crova wavelength 96
    efficiency of radiation 96
    luminous 93
    equations 7 79
    Planck 7 79
    Stefan-Boltzmann 7 80
    Wien 79
    displacement 80
    laws 7 79
    lumens/cm 93 96
    lumens/watt 93 96
    luminous efficiency 93
    temperature 96
    luminous intensity 93
    spectral vs. temperature 95
    mechanical equivalent of light 96
    plane, lumens per unit 80
    solid angle 80
    radiant energy 79
    calculated values: effect of change in
    c2 86
    short method 85
    spectral 82
    temperature 82
    spectral intensity vs. temperature 95
    spectral luminous intensity 95
    standard radiator 79
    symbols 79
    total radiation 81
    calculated values 81
    Blackening receivers of radiation 548
    Body moving through a liquid (see also under
    Aeronautics) 337
    Bohr atom 581
    magnetic moment 49

    801
    Index terms Links
    Bohr atom, Continued
    magnetron 49 52 54
    radius first orbit 51
    Boiling points: elements 117
    inorganic compounds 120
    metals with pressure 119
    organic compounds 122
    pressure 119
    salts in solution 131
    rise in 133
    water 133
    pressure effect 118 169
    rise of boiling point due to salts in
    solution 133
    Boltzmann’s constant 49 52 54 80
    Bond energies 633
    Bougie decimal 92
    Brass, mechanical properties 195
    Brazing alloys 223
    brass 223
    iron 223
    steel 223
    Brazing flux 223
    Brightness 93
    blackbody 94 96
    blue and candlepower, various materials 104
    candle 104
    flames 104
    fluorescent lamp 110
    lamps, acetylene 104
    filaments 104
    molybdenum 103
    moon 104
    Nernst glower 104
    oxides 104
    sky 104
    sun 104
    tantalum 103
    temperature 7
    correction to true 100
    materials 104
    various illuminants 104
    tungsten 102
    units of 93
    various materials 104
    Welsbach mantle 104
    Brinell hardness 187
    British Imperial system of weights and measures 64
    metric equivalents 64
    British Thermal Unit, btu 7 21 60
    Brix degrees 305

    802
    Index terms Links
    Bronze, mechanical properties 197
    Brownian movement 630
    Btu 7 21 60
    Building materials 229
    brick masonry 231
    strength 231
    bricks: characteristics of 230
    coefficient of expansion 152
    water absorption 230
    weighted average strength 230 231
    characteristics 229
    concrete: compressive and tensile strengths 230
    elastic properties 230
    strength 230
    effect of quantity of mixing water 230
    compressive, effect of entrained air 230
    tensile 229
    masonry mortars 229
    reflection factor 553
    stone: American 231
    stiffness 231
    ultimate strength 231
    Bursts (cosmic ray) 653

    c1 80
    c2 80
    at different times 80
    Cadmium red line 569
    lamp 568
    Calendar, Julian day 733
    perpetual 732
    Calcite: density 48
    grating space 48
    molecular weight 48
    ratio grating vs. Seigbahn 48
    structural constant 48
    Calcium fluoride 515
    Calorie 7 21
    international 8 60
    Candle 93
    foot- 91 94
    international 94
    meter 93
    1948 94
    old 92
    spherical 93
    Waidner-Burgess 94
    color 94
    Candlepower 93
    distance 95
    inverse square law 95

    803
    Index terms Links
    Candlepower, Continued
    disk 95
    line 95
    Capacitance 11
    Capacity, electric 16
    physical 60
    Carat 4
    metric 4
    Carboloy, characteristics 224
    Carbon 105
    arc 105
    light output 105
    cycle 666
    energy 666
    lamps 104 105
    untreated 105
    Carbon dioxide, compressibility 265
    Joule-Thompson effect 280
    values of pv 285
    Carcel unit 92
    Castor oil, density 322
    viscosity 322
    Cathode rays (see also Electron) 653 691
    constants for speed 690 691
    impinge on matter 690
    ionization 672
    path 690
    speed in matter 690
    three headings 691
    velocity 691
    and voltage 691
    voltage 691
    Cells (batteries), composition 377
    emf 377
    standard 378
    Celsius temperature scale 8
    Centigrade temperature scale 8
    Centipoise 318
    Centistoke 321
    Cgs 15
    Chain (Gunter) 62
    Chain reaction 653
    Charcoal:
    adsorbing power 632
    activation 632
    increased by treatment 632
    heats of 632
    gases 633
    vapors 632
    physical properties 632
    types of 632

    804
    Index terms Links
    Charge, electron 47
    hydrogen atom 49
    rain 615
    snow 615
    unit 10
    Chemical composition, earth 626
    meteors 626
    sun (atmosphere) 627
    Chemical energy data 185
    Circular area 4
    Circular functions 32
    Circular inch 4
    Coal 181
    analysis 181
    heats of combustion 181
    Coefficient of thermal expansion 8
    Colloids 630
    bond energies 633
    Brownian movement 630
    charcoals, adsorbing power 632
    effect of activation 632
    heats of adsorption, gases 633
    vapors 632
    dimensions 630
    dusts, explosion limits, lower 634
    explosion pressures 634
    ignition temperatures 634
    particle size 630
    propagation temperature 634
    field 630
    heat of sorption 632
    particle size 630
    dusts 630
    influence of solubility 631
    protein molecules 631
    properties due to 630 631
    solubility 631
    proteins: characteristics 631
    molecules 631
    pH stability range 634
    spreading coefficients, organic liquids 633
    types 630
    Color, equation 729
    index 729
    of light emitted by various sources 103
    screens 535
    temperature 8
    blue brightness and candlepower,
    various materials 104
    illurninants 104
    materials, various 103 104

    805
    Index terms Links
    Color, equation, Continued
    minus brightness temperature, carbon 104
    Combustion, constants (some substances) 179
    flame temperatures 179
    heats of, carbon 179 180
    carbon compounds 179
    coals 181
    gases 182
    liquid fuels 181
    miscellaneous compounds 180
    peat 181
    petroleum (crude) 182
    various sources 182
    solids 181
    sugars 182
    values, fuels 181
    woods 181
    Common units of measurement, spelling and
    abbreviations 56
    Compressibility: ammonia 266
    carbon dioxide 261
    compounds 286
    crystals 287
    elements 285
    ether 282
    gases 267
    low temperature 264
    under high pressure 265
    glasses 288 289
    liquids 282
    mercury 282
    metals, high pressure 286
    petroleum oils 284
    quartz 288
    rocks 288
    rubber 235 237
    solids 283
    sulfur dioxide 266
    water 283
    Compton effect 49 52 55
    Concrete (see Building materials)
    Conductance 11 12
    electrolytic 397
    temperature effects 397
    Conduction (see also Thermal conduction): gases 115
    heat across air space 114
    high temperature 115
    Conductivity (see also Resistivity): acid solutions 398
    air 616
    alloys 384 390
    temperature coefficient 390

    806
    Index terms Links
    Conductivity (see also Resistivity): acid solutions, Continued
    bases, solutions 398
    calculating 417
    dielectrics 395
    electrical 11 12
    electrolytic solutions 397
    molecular 398
    temperature coefficient 397
    equivalent vs. temperature 397
    ions 399
    separate 399
    solutions: acids 400
    bases 400
    salts 400
    glass 396
    high-frequency 396
    metals 384 389
    molecular (specific) 398
    nonconductors 428
    oxides 395
    plastics 239
    pressure effects 388
    rocks 395
    salts (solutions) 398
    soils 395 440
    solids 395
    solutions 397
    specific molecular 398
    super 394
    alloys 394
    compounds 394
    metals 394
    tellurium 380
    temperature coefficient 390 391
    tension effects 387
    thermal (see Thermal conductivity)
    Conductor, resistance of 11
    Cones in eye (see also under Eye) 90
    Constants: critical gases 276
    mathematical 25
    physical (see also Units) 47 51 54
    Bearden and Watts 54
    Birge 47
    DuMond and Cohen 51
    radiation 80
    Constellations, abbreviations 743
    Contact potentials: liquids 376
    solids 376
    various metals 379 380 381
    Continents 772
    area 772

    807
    Index terms Links
    Continents, Continued
    highest point 772
    lowest point 772
    Convection of heat 114
    air 114
    cooling by 112
    gases 115
    pressure 115
    temperature 114 115
    Conversion factors 2 57
    Centigrade to Fahrenheit iv
    dimensional formulas 2 58 59
    Fahrenheit to Centigrade iv
    formulae 57
    methods of calculating 2 57
    units: ampere turns to ordinary 18
    area 60 781
    atomic mass to MeV 54
    British imperial to metric 67
    capacity 60 62 781
    changing 57
    conduction of heat 137
    density
    API 290
    Baumé 289
    electrical equivalents 20
    former 22
    electricity 10 20 781
    international to 1948 20
    National Bureau of Standards to
    international 20
    three systems 20
    energy 17 20 21
    flow 781
    molecular 618
    gage pressure (lb./h.2) to atmosphere 267
    gas laws 260 267
    gaseous states (thermal) 268
    general 781 785
    gravitational 782
    heat 58 784
    flow 136
    for different gradients 137
    illumination 93 94
    length 60
    linear 60 782
    magnetic quantities 16 18
    mass 60
    metric, to British 64 66
    to U.S.A. 61 63
    Mev to atomic mass 21 53 54

    808
    Index terms Links
    Conversion factors, Continued
    miscellaneous 63 781 785
    molecular energy 618
    paper measure 783
    photometric 93 94 783
    photometry 93
    brightness 93
    illumination 93
    pressure 277 783
    radiation 136
    resistivity 784
    speed 784
    temperature 784
    per area 784
    thermal 784
    time 784
    U.S. customary to metric 61 62 63
    volume 60 785
    wavelength 509
    weight 785
    per volume 785
    Cooling: by convection 112
    by radiation 112
    effect of pressure 112
    platinum wire 113
    Copper (see also under Wire) 198
    alloys, properties 198
    freezing point 72
    high conductivity 404
    mechanical properties 198
    resistance standards 404
    wire 208
    annealed 208
    characteristics 408 409 410 411 412 413 414
    medium hard 208
    ratio, ac-dc resistances 419
    resistance, to compute 416
    temperature coefficient 406
    safe carrying capacity 416
    soft 208
    specification values 208
    standard annealed 408
    Core losses, electric steel sheets 456
    Cosines 32
    Cosmic rays 653 710
    bursts 711
    characteristics 711
    top atmosphere 710
    critical energy 712
    composition
    at geometric latitude 30° 713

    809
    Index terms Links
    Cosmic rays, Continued
    data 712
    earth's magnetic field 710
    energy 710
    critical 712
    total 712
    entering atmosphere 712
    hard component 711
    ionization 710 711
    intensity 710
    50° geometric latitude 712
    sea level 711
    top atmosphere 710
    meson 711
    origin 710
    penetration 711
    variation with latitude 712
    primary 710
    characteristics 710
    source 710
    radiation, composition and latitude 712
    earth's surface 712
    our galaxy 713
    universe 713
    reaction, atmosphere 711
    secondary 711
    hard, characteristics 711
    intensity and altitude 711
    earth's surface (sea level) 711
    latitude 710
    soft 711
    showers 711
    soft component 711
    source 710
    stars 711
    theories 710
    total energy 710
    variation, latitude 710
    Cosmos 653
    Cotangents 32 33 34 35 36
    Cotton, thermal conductivity 139
    Craters (see also Astronomy) 736
    Critical constants: gases 276
    light hydrocarbons 293
    Cross section (particle) 653
    fission products 709
    fissionable nuclei 708
    organic molecules 646
    Crova wavelength 96
    Cryostats, liquids for (noninflammable) 183
    viscosity 183

    810
    Index terms Links
    Crystals: artificial (optical) 515
    biaxial 529
    characteristics 515 529
    compressibility 287
    cubic 430
    dielectric: constant 430
    monoclinic 431
    strength 430
    index of refraction 516 518 525 529
    temperature 520
    infrared 516 523 527
    transmission (spectral) 517 545
    inversion 126
    ionic, lattice spacing 647
    radii 648
    isotropic minerals 522
    metals, interatomic distances 648
    structure 648
    optical 515 516 517 518 519 520 521
    orthorhombic 430 432
    phases 126
    size 515
    thermal expansion 152
    transitions, reversible 126
    pressure 126
    transmission 517 545
    range 515
    spectra1 517
    types 515
    uniaxial 430
    uses 515
    Cubical expansion (thermal): elements 148
    gases 154
    leather 233
    liquids 153
    organic 153
    water 153
    Cubit 4
    Curie (unit radioactive decay) 672
    Curie constant for paramagnetic substances 461
    Current, electric 12 20
    effect on human body 375
    Cyclotron 653 657

    811
    Index terms Links
    Dalton 5
    Data, experimental 1
    treatment of 37 38 39 40
    average deviation 37
    errors 37
    equations for: least squares solutions 38
    linearly related quantities 38
    quadratic and other related
    quantities 39
    indexes of precision 37
    least squares: relations 37 38 39 40
    solutions 39
    terms, even 42
    odd 42
    tables 41 42 43
    methods of averaging 37
    modulus of precision 37
    precision constants 37
    average deviation 37
    probable error 37 43
    reciprocal 37
    modulus of precision 37
    relation of 37
    standard deviation 37
    Date, international line 729
    Day (see Astronomy) 729
    change of 780
    De Broglie wavelength 653 665
    Debye unit 441
    various particles 441
    Decibel 309
    Declination 729
    magnetic 468
    Definitions: astronomy 729
    atomic physics 653
    blackbody 79
    electric: 10
    international units 20
    1948 units 20
    electromagnetic 10
    gas laws 259
    geomagnetism 468 469
    geometric 4
    heat 7
    illumination 93
    magnetic 10 451
    magnetism 451
    mechanical 4
    nuclear 653
    photography 562
    photometry 93

    812
    Index terms Links
    Definitions: astronomy, Continued
    physical properties 187
    radiation 79
    temperature 9 70
    viscosity 319
    Degeneration (see Artificial disintegration)
    Delaunay’s γ 729
    Delta rays 653
    Demagnetization factor for rods 467
    Denier 242
    Density 5 291
    air 269 270
    moist 598
    alloys 293
    API 290
    aqueous solutions 300
    alcohol, ethyl 302
    methyl 304
    cane sugar 304
    Baumè and Brix degrees 305
    sulfuric acid 304
    Baumè scale 305
    Brix 305
    calcite 48
    castor oil 322
    critical 276
    earth 48
    variation with depth 739
    elements 291
    liquids 291
    solids 291
    ethyl-alcohol mixtures 302
    gases (various units) 269
    gasolene 322
    glycero1-water 321
    hydrocarbons 329
    inorganic compounds 120
    kerosene 295
    leather 233
    liquids 295
    methyl alcohol and water solutions 304
    cane sugar 304
    sulfuric acid 304
    mercury 299
    and volume 299
    minerals, artificial 294
    natural 294
    organic compounds 122
    photographic 562
    planets 734
    plastics 238 239

    813
    Index terms Links
    Density, Continued
    reduction in air to vacuum 69
    salts 531
    satellites 734
    solids, various 292
    cgs 292
    English 292
    stars, high 753 762
    low 753 762
    sugar: Baumè degree 305
    Brix 305
    solutions 304 305
    sulfuric acid and water solutions 304
    sun 731
    vapors 269
    water 295 296
    air-free 296
    and volume 298
    woods 246 258
    Derivatives and integrals 23
    Deuterium 653
    Deuteron 653
    Developers, photographic 563
    Deviation in experimental data (see under Data),
    average 37
    standard 37
    Diamagnetic elements, temperature effect 461
    Diamagnetic substance 451
    susceptibility 451
    temperature effects 461
    Diatomic constants 586
    Diatomic molecules 586
    energy: electronic 586
    rotational 586
    formula 586
    vibrational 586
    formula 586
    level 589
    states 586 589
    molecular constants 587
    Dielectric constant (specific inductive capacity) 10 423
    air 423 424
    pressure 422 424
    alcohol 424
    ceramics 437
    crystals 437
    clamped 430
    free 430
    elastomers 438
    gases 423 424
    liquefied 426

    814
    Index terms Links
    Dielectric constant, Continued
    nonpolar 436
    pressure 424
    temperature 423
    glasses 427
    guttapercha 427
    ice 427
    insulating materials 429
    at radio frequencies 429
    kerosene 425
    liquids 425
    formula 426
    pressure 424
    temperature 426
    coefficient 426
    wavelengths, long 426
    loss tangent of dielectric materials 437
    lucite 438
    materials (various) 427 428
    dielectric 437
    oils 425 426
    organic 425
    pressure effects 424
    silicone 438
    soils 440
    Vaseline 439
    mica 427
    minerals 428
    nonconductors 428
    radio-frequencies 429
    paper 427
    paraffin 427
    plastics 437
    quartz (fused) 428
    quartz crystals 430
    rochelle salt 431
    rock salt 430
    rocks 426
    rubber 438
    artificial 438
    shellac 427 438
    soils 440
    solids 427
    standard solutions 428
    sulfur 430
    unit 10 423 430
    water 425
    woods 438
    Dielectric materials (dielectric constant and loss
    tangent): amber 438
    ceramics 437

    815
    Index terms Links
    Dielectric materials: amber, Continued
    crystals 437
    frequency 437
    glasses 437
    guttapercha 438
    liquids 439
    inorganic 439
    organic 439
    lucite 438
    nylon 437
    oils 439
    paraffin 438
    plastics 437
    rubber 438
    shellac 438
    solids 437
    temperature 423
    Vaseline 439
    water 439
    waxes 438
    woods 438
    Dielectric properties of nonconductors 428
    Dielectric strength 421
    air 421
    electrodes 421
    spacing 421 422
    potential 421
    pressure 422
    voltage for spark: ac 421
    voltage for spark: dc 421 422
    materials (various) 423
    glass 423
    guttapercha 423
    kerosene 422
    voltage for spark 422
    liquid air 423
    mica 423
    oils 423
    paper 423
    paraffin 423
    rubber 423
    unit 423
    Diffusion: aqueous solutions into water 354
    coefficients
    gaseous ions 644
    gases, neutral 644
    constants, water vapor through leather 232
    gases 356
    ions, positive, mobility in noble gases 644
    metals into metals 356
    vapors 355 356

    816
    Index terms Links
    Diffusivities for materials 143
    Digit 5
    Dimensional equations 2
    examples 57
    Dimensional formulas 2 58
    use of 3
    Dimensional formulas of units 2
    derived 58
    dynamical 58
    electrical 59
    fundamental 57
    geometrical 58
    heat 58
    light 58
    magnetic 59
    mechanical 58
    photometric 58
    thermal 58
    use of 57
    Diopter 5
    Dip: horizon 730
    magnetic 468
    Dipole moment 441
    inorganic 441
    organic 441
    unit 441
    Debye 441
    Discharge in air 421
    ac 421
    dc 421
    effect of electrode shape 421
    effect of pressure 422
    length of gap 421 422
    voltage required 422
    Disintegration, artificial 651 653 669
    types 669
    Disk source 95
    Dispersion, glass 509
    Displacement constant (Wien) 80
    Displacement law (Wien) 79 80
    Dominica1 letter 732
    Dowmetal 220
    Duralumin 220
    Dusts (see under Colloids)
    Dyestuffs, transmission of radiation 538
    Dyne 5

    Ear (see also under Sound) 308 314


    Earth (see also under Astronomy) 728
    age 741
    angular velocity 780

    817
    Index terms Links
    Earth, Continued
    area 729 772
    land 772
    oceans and seas 772
    atmosphere (see also Atmosphere) 592
    characteristics 734 739
    composition 625
    constants, various 729 772
    craters 738
    density 48 739
    vs. depth 739
    depth, oceans 773
    dimensions 729 772 773 774
    distance to moon 729 730
    distance to sun 729 730
    earthquake waves, velocity 740
    electrical data 502
    elements, percent 625
    elevation, mountains 772
    energy, rotational 729
    gravitation (see also Gravitation) 714
    interior characteristics: density 739
    elastic constants 739
    pressure 739
    land area 772
    liquefaction 740
    magnetic data 502
    magnetism (see also under Geomagnetism) 470
    mass 729
    moment of inertia 739
    oceans and seas 772
    orbit 729
    dimensions 729 774
    eccentricity 729
    general precession 729
    obliquity 734
    physical data 729 734
    radius 729 734 772
    equatorial 729 734
    polar 729 734
    rigidity 740
    rotational energy 729
    solidification 741
    temperature: depth 726 727
    oceans 774
    surface 726
    highest 726
    lowest 726
    selected stations 726
    variation 726
    velocity: in orbit 729

    818
    Index terms Links
    Earth, Continued
    rotation 729
    volume 729
    Earthquake waves (see also under Astronomy) 740
    Effective wavelength, red pyrometer glass 537
    Efficiency, lamps 105 110
    Elastic limit 187
    Electric arcs 105 109
    capacity 18
    current 11
    effect on human body 375
    dipole moment 441
    field intensity 11 12
    inductance 17
    potential 11 12 20
    difference 11
    power 17
    quantity 13
    standards 13 19
    surface density 11
    units 10 15 16
    definitions 10 15 20
    1948 19
    relative values, three systems 20
    Electrical capacity 16
    characteristics of materials 375 380
    conductivity 12
    alloys 390
    metals 390
    conversion factors 18 20
    definitions 10 15 20
    effect on human body 375
    equivalents, former 22
    fundamental standards 13 19
    inductance 17
    properties of insulating materials 429
    resistivity, metals 393
    sheets, magnetic properties 456 459
    standards 10 20
    steel sheets, core losses 456
    units: ampere turn 18
    basis of each 16
    capacity 18
    conversion factors 20
    electromagnetic 10 20
    electrostatic 10 20
    unit quantity 10
    former 22
    international prior to 1948 16 19
    new (1948) 19
    absolute 19

    819
    Index terms Links
    Electrical capacity, Continued
    how maintained 19
    relation to electromagnetic 20
    relation to electrostatic 20
    relation to international (prior to
    1908) 20
    old 22
    practical 20
    relation of three systems 20
    Electricity:
    atmospheric 614
    constants 615
    charge on rain 615
    charge on snow 615
    elements 615
    ionic equilibrium 615
    lightning 614
    piezo 432
    quantity 16 20
    specific heat 379
    thunderstorm 614
    characteristics 614
    unit quantity 10
    Electrochemical equivalents 397
    iodine 48
    normal solutions 397
    silver 48
    Electrode potential 637
    Electromagnetic properties 451
    Electromagnetic systems 10 11 12 13
    Electromagnetic units 10 451
    definitions 10
    difference of potential between metals in
    solutions of salts 378
    Electrolytes 397
    solutions 397
    vs. temperature 397
    Electron 653 664
    affinity, elements 636
    angular momentum 580
    atomic weight 49
    binding energy 649 650
    neutral atoms 649
    singly-ionized atoms 650
    charge 47 50 51 54
    specific 47
    configuration 622
    neutral atoms 582
    normal states 622
    singly ionized atoms 584
    emission 635

    820
    Index terms Links
    Electron, Continued
    carbon 635
    equation 635
    hot solids 635
    materials, various 636
    metals 635 636
    temperature 635 636
    photoelectric effect 636
    potentials 637
    contact (volta) 637
    electrode 637
    solids, hot 635
    formula 635
    energy levels 579
    energy relations 651
    energy-velocity 651
    mass 651
    mass-velocity relations 651
    negatron 654
    positron 654
    shell 622 653
    terms: from equivalent electrons 580 581
    from nonequivalent electrons 580
    velocity relations 651
    volt 49 54 654
    weight 50 51 54
    work function 635
    Electronic charge 47 51 54
    orbits 624
    Electrostatic capacity 12
    definitions 11
    generator 657
    units 10
    Electrostriction 427
    Elementary particles 651 664
    alpha particle 664
    deuteron 664
    electron 664
    negative 664
    positive 664
    meson (several types) 664
    neutrino 664
    neutron 664
    photon 664
    proton 664
    Elements:
    atomic: heats 160
    numbers 620
    radii 643
    volume 160
    weights 619

    821
    Index terms Links
    Elements, Continued
    beyond uranium 623 651 663
    production 670
    binding energy: neutral atoms 649
    singly-ionized atoms 650
    boiling point 117
    chemical: absorption wavelength 701
    abundance: atmosphere 592 625
    early type stars 628
    earth 625
    earth-meteorites 626
    gases, interstellar space 629
    matter, interstellar space 629
    meteorites 626
    nebulae 629
    rare gases, cosmos 626
    sun 627 628
    sun’s atmosphere 626
    universe 625
    composition 618
    compressibility 285
    configuration 622
    density 291
    diameters 643
    electrochemical equivalents 403
    electron configuration 622
    neutral atoms 582
    normal states 622
    radius of orbits 624
    singly-ionized atoms 584
    electron emission 635
    emissivities 98
    energy levels, x-ray 697
    energy units 618 653
    evaporation 363
    hardness, relative 228
    heat: capacities 155 157
    evaporation 165
    fusion 157
    ionization potential: neutral atoms 582
    singly-ionized atoms 584
    isotopes 654 655
    abundance 655
    atomic mass 658
    radioactive 655-663
    K-wavelength series 697
    L-wavelength series 698
    latent heat of fusion 157
    latent heat of vaporization 165
    mass absorption 704
    mechanical properties 189

    822
    Index terms Links
    Elements, Continued
    melting points 117
    standards 9 117
    number 1952 651
    optical constants (metals) 558
    periodic system 621
    physical properties 189
    Poisson’s ratio 227
    radii, electronorbits 624
    resistivity 384
    temperature coefficient 384
    specific heat 155 160
    formula for 157
    true 157
    spectroscopic properties: neutral atoms 582
    singly-ionized 584
    symbols 117
    thermal conductivity 138
    thermal expansion: crystals 145
    cubical 148
    linear 145
    vapor pressure 362 363
    Emf (thermal), alloys vs. lead 379
    alloys vs. platinum 381
    aluminum vs. platinum 376
    batteries 377
    cadmium vs. platinum 383
    low temperature 381
    metals, in solution of salts 378
    vs. platinum 381
    vs. silver alloys 381
    vs. zinc solutions 377
    nickel, vs. copper 381
    vs. platinum 389
    platinum-rhodium vs. platinum 381 387
    vs. lead 379
    zinc vs. platinum 390
    Emissivity 8 98
    spectral 8 98
    alloys 99
    correction to brightness temperature 99
    liquids 98
    materials 98
    metals and oxides 101
    at melting point 98
    out-gassed 99
    molybdenum 103
    solids 100 101 102
    tantalum 103
    tungsten 99 102
    total: glass 100

    823
    Index terms Links
    Emissivity, Continued
    materials 100
    metals 101
    at low temperatures 101
    oxides 101
    relative 100
    Emu 20
    Energy 5 17 21
    blackbody radiation 79 85 96
    bond 633
    conversion factors 20 21
    cosmic ray 712
    dissipation in cycle (magnetism) 460
    electron-volt 49
    levels 581
    losses, magnetic 459 460
    radiant 9 79
    radiated by a number of radioactive materials 689
    temperature for 1 ev 55
    transformer steel (losses) 459
    units 21 653 618
    conversion factors 21 618
    Enthalpy 8 270
    Entropy 8 270
    Equation of time 728
    Erg 5
    Erichsen value 187
    Error, probable 37
    Esu/emu 48
    Ether, volume-pressure 283
    Ethylene 265
    Ettinghausen effect 507
    Eutectic mixtures 130
    Ev 618 653
    Evaporation of metals 363
    formulas 363
    constants (various metals) 364
    rate of 363
    Expansion (thermal) 145
    cubical 148
    linear 145
    Experimental data (see also under Data) 37 38 39 40
    Explosives 183
    analysis 184
    chemical properties 184
    ignition temperatures 183 634
    physical properties 184
    pressures 634
    time of heating 183
    Exponential formulas for mass absorption values,
    elements 694

    824
    Index terms Links
    Exponential functions 43
    Exposure, photographic 562
    Eye: as measuring instrument for radiation 87
    blind spot 90
    contrast sensibility 89
    diameter of pupil 90
    and flux density 90
    distribution coefficients 91
    glare sensibility 89
    I.C.I. standard observer 90 91
    distribution coefficients 91
    instantaneous thresholds 88
    luminosity factors 87
    and brightness 88
    macula lutea 90
    minimum energy to produce sensation 89
    miscellaneous data 90
    physical properties 90
    Purkinge effect 87
    rate of adaptation 89
    relative luminosity factors 87
    various brightnesses 87 88 89
    sensitivity 87 89
    standard observer 90
    distribution coefficients 91
    thresholds 88
    various field brightness 88
    vision, persistence of 90
    visual range for white light 92

    Factorials 26
    log of 26
    Factors, conversion (see Conversion factors)
    Fahrenheit temperature scale 8
    conversion to Centigrade iv
    Farad 20
    Faraday 47 51 54
    constant 47 54
    Fathom 62
    Ferromagnetic substances 451
    Fibers:
    artificial 243
    acetate 244
    glass 244
    nylon 244
    polyethylene 244
    quartz 534
    rayon 243
    resin 243
    characteristics 242
    miscellaneous 244

    825
    Index terms Links
    Fibers, Continued
    natural 242
    cotton 242
    flax 242
    hemp 242
    jute 242
    linen 242
    ramie 242
    silk 242
    spider 242
    wool 242
    properties of 241 243
    rope 245
    various kinds 245
    Filaments, incandescent, heat loss from 116
    temperature 102 116
    Filters (see also Color, screens), for obtaining
    monochromatic x-rays 696
    light 537
    narrow spectrum region 536
    Fine structure constant 49 51 54
    First radiation constant 80
    units 80
    Fission 653 706
    binding energy 707
    cause 706
    critical energy for 707
    cross section of fissionable nuclei for
    neutrons 708
    cross section of fission products for thermal
    neutrons 708
    data 706
    elements 706
    energy 706
    critical 707
    released by 707
    examples 706
    neutron-binding energy of divided nucleus 707
    produced 706
    elements 706
    products of long life 708
    spontaneous, half-life 701
    thresholds (Mev) 706
    Fixed points, temperature scale, primary 71
    secondary 72
    Flame temperatures 179 182 183
    Flash lamps 110
    Flash tubes 111
    Fluidity 5 318
    Fluorescent lamps, characteristics of 110
    Fluorescent powders, characteristics of 107

    826
    Index terms Links
    Fluorite 515 520
    Flux (see under type o f ) 93
    Foot-candle 93
    Foot-lambert 93
    Foot-pound 5 21
    Foot-poundal 5
    Force 5
    magnetic 18
    Formulas (see under name of)
    Fourier 144
    Fraunhofer lines, wavelengths 577
    Freezing mixtures 134
    anti, for radiators 135
    Freezing point, lowered by various salts in solution 131
    water-prcssurc effect 118
    Fresnel formula, reflection of light 549
    Friction, different materials 336
    interior, at low temperatures 227
    Frictional electric series 375
    Fuels (see also under Combustion) 180
    coal 181
    analysis 181
    gas 182
    gravity 182
    heat values 180
    liquid 181
    gravity 181
    petroleum 182
    density 182
    woods 181
    analysis 181
    Fundamental particles 664
    alpha-particles 664
    deuteron 664
    electron 664
    negatron 664
    positron 664
    meson: µ (charge +, - ) 664
    Π (charge +, -, O ) 664
    neutrino 664
    neutron 664
    photon 664
    proton 664
    Fundamental standards 1 13
    maintenance of 14
    primary 13
    qualities of 13 14
    secondary 13 14
    selection of 1 2
    standards of, international temperature scale 14 70
    length 14

    827
    Index terms Links
    Fundamental standards, Continued
    mass 14
    temperature 14
    Celsius scale (Centigrade) 14
    Fahrenheit 8
    Kelvin scale 9
    Reaumur 9
    thermodynamic 9
    time 14
    Fundamental units (see under Units)
    Fusion, latent heats of 157
    alloys 165
    metals 165
    substances, various 165

    Gage pressure to atmospheres 267


    Gages, wire 405
    Gal 5
    Galvanometric effects (see under Magnetic)
    Gamma (photography) 562
    Gamma infinity (photography) 562
    Gamma-rays 653 686
    absorption, mass 687
    characteristics of 672 687 688
    energy, of artificial radioactive isotopes, low
    atomic weight 687
    of heavy isotopes 686
    artificial 686
    natural 686
    to produce ion pair 711
    ionization energy 672
    mass absorption 687
    various elements 687
    spectrum, radioactive breakdowns 686
    Thorium “C” 686
    total mass absorption coefficient 687
    Gas, absorption by liquids 360
    abundance, cosmic 626
    combustion values 182
    compressibility (various gases and vapors) 264
    low temperature 264
    under high pressure 267
    conduction of heat by 115
    conductivity, thermal 142
    constant 49 259
    convection of heat by 115
    critical points 276
    definition of laws 259
    densities 163
    critical 276
    dielectric constant 423

    828
    Index terms Links
    Gas, absorption by liquids, Continued
    liquefied gases 426
    nonpolar 436
    variation, with pressure 424
    with temperature 424
    diffusion coefficient 356 644
    neutral gases 644
    energy 259
    fuels 182
    heat, absorption 633
    capacity 164
    combustion 182
    helium 260 261
    hydrogen 260 261 268
    ideal gas state 638
    ideal 261
    in interstellar space 629
    inert, atomic volume 646
    infrared transmission 546
    ions (see also Ions), diffusion coefficient 644
    Joule-Thompson effect 278
    kinetic theory 638
    calculations 638
    collision frequencies 641
    discussion 638
    incidences ratios of 640
    mass 640
    mean free path 641
    molecular 640
    diameters 638
    energies 639
    mass 640
    mean free path 638
    number 638
    velocities 639 640
    average 639
    distribution law 639
    pressure, units 638
    laws 259
    simple 259
    value of R 259
    different conditions 259
    units 259
    long-wavelength absorption 532
    mean free path 641
    mixtures 259
    ignition temperature 186
    mobility, of positive ions 644
    of singly charged ions 645
    mol 6 259
    molecules:

    829
    Index terms Links
    Gas, absorption by liquids, Continued
    diameters 638 644
    attractive spheres 644
    Bragg 645
    number per cm3 638
    velocities 639
    neon 262 264
    perfect 261
    volume 47 54
    pressure 268
    critical 276
    high 260
    temperature 263
    Van der Waal’s equation 261
    constants 262
    volume 261
    with vapors 260
    properties 259
    saturated 263
    correcting factor 263
    temperature, critical 276
    thermal expansion 154
    thermal properties 259
    Van der Waal’s equation 261
    constants of (imperfect gases) 262
    velocity of sound in 306
    Verdet’s constant 506
    viscosity 331 642
    liquefied gases 329
    volume:
    conversion 259 260
    factor (Z) 260
    correction factor 260
    saturated gas 263
    ideal gas 47 54
    inert gas atoms 646
    pressure relations 263 265
    relative with pressure 263 264 265 266 267
    weight 259
    Gasoline, density 322
    viscosity 322
    Gauss 18
    Gaussian system of units 15
    Gem lamps, color temperature 104
    General physical constants 46
    discussion of 46
    tables according to Bearden and Watts 54
    Birge 47
    Du Mond and Cohen 51
    General precession 738

    830
    Index terms Links
    Geographical data (see also under Astronomy and
    Oceanography) 728 772
    Geologic strata, ages 741
    Geomagnetism 468
    coordinates 468
    north magnetic pole 470
    position on earth 493
    south magnetic pole 471
    earth, asadipole 469
    geomagnetic coordinates of position 493
    magnetic-
    axis 502
    characteristics 502
    data 502
    dip in U.S.A. 471
    disinclination, hourly departure
    from normal 477 478
    isogonic 472
    secular change in U.S.A. 479
    field, elements of 468
    horizontal intensity (isodynamic) 474
    inclination (isoclinic) 473
    intensity, horizontal, U.S.A. 478
    total, U.S.A. 480
    vertical, U.S.A. 479 480
    moment 470
    pole (earth) 470 471
    potential, Gauss coefficients 470
    spherical harmonic coefficients 470
    surveys 469
    United States, dip or inclination 471
    horizontal magnetic intensity 478
    secular change of dip 471
    secular change of horizontal
    intensity 479
    secular change of magnetic
    declination 478
    secular charge of total intensity 480
    secular change of vertical
    intensity 480
    total magnetic intensity 480
    vertical magnetic intensity 479
    values of magnetic elements at
    observatories 481
    variations 469
    world isoclinic lines 473
    world isodynamic limes 474
    horizontal intensity 474
    total intensity 476
    vertical intensity 475
    world isogonic lines 472

    831
    Index terms Links
    Geomagnetism, Continued
    sun, magneticdata 502
    Geometrical units 4
    definitions 3 4
    Geophysical data 739 740 741
    Giga 5
    Gilbert 18 22
    Glass, compressibility 289
    emissivity at low temperatures 100
    optical 509
    characteristics, American made 509
    foreign made 514
    National Bureau of Standards 510
    coefficient of expansion 529
    index of refraction 509
    change with temperature 513
    nu values 509
    temperature 513
    physical properties, special glasses 534
    specific gravity 529
    stain class 529
    physical properties 529
    transmission 512 514 535
    red pyrometer, effective wavelength 537
    transmission 537
    reflection, Fresnel formula 549
    resistivity 396
    special, physical properties 534
    stain 529
    expansion 529
    specific gravity 529
    vessels, volume 68
    viscosity 330
    Glycerol-water 321
    Gram 5
    Gram-centimeter 5 21
    Gram-mass 21
    Gram-molecule 5
    Gravitation 714
    acceleration of gravity at different latitudes 714
    free-air correction for altitude 714
    log 714
    United States 716
    various world stations 715
    anomalous gravity, some places of 718
    constant 5 47
    length of seconds pendulum 717
    Gravity, specific 5
    unit 5 729
    API scale 290
    Specific, Baumé scale 289

    832
    Index terms Links
    Graybody 8
    Gunter’s chain, length 62
    Gyration, radius of 27

    h 653
    ħ or ħ 653
    H-ray 653
    Hall constant 507
    variation with temperature 508
    Hall effect 451
    Hardness 187 227
    Brinell 187
    Relative, of elements 228
    of plastics 239
    of various materials 228
    Poisson’s ratio 227
    scale of 227
    Shore scleroscope 188
    Hearing (see also Sound), differential sensitivity 314
    distribution of hearing losses (population) 315
    sensitivity of the ear 314
    Heat 7
    atomic 160
    of elements 160
    capacity, gases 163
    materials, various 157
    vapors 163
    combustion (see also Combustion, heats of) 179
    conduction, across a i r spaces 114
    at high temperatures (gases) 115
    content, ammonia 162
    steam 169
    convection in air 114
    at high temperature 115
    definitions 7
    dilution of H2SO4 186
    dimensional formulas 2 57 58 59
    entropy 8
    steam 169
    flow 136
    conversion factors of units 136
    different gradients 137
    formation compounds 185
    ions 186
    index 730
    latent 165
    formula for 167
    fusion 165
    elements 165
    materials, various 165
    steam 175

    833
    Index terms Links
    Heat, Continued
    vaporization 166
    elements 166
    liquids 166
    formulas 167
    loss, effect of pressure 113
    from incandescent filaments 116
    from platinum wires 116
    mechanical equivalent 8
    neutralization 186
    Peltier 383
    radioactive materials 689 691
    specific 155
    elements 155
    gases 163
    liquids 161
    mercury 161
    solids 159
    vapors 163
    water 161
    Thomson 383
    units 7 8
    values, fuels 181
    Hefner unit 92
    Height, determination by barometer 613
    Helium:
    abundance, early type stars 628
    nebulae 629
    sun’s atmosphere 627
    universe 625
    atomic numbers 620
    atomic weights 47 619
    boiling point 117
    compressibility 264
    high pressure 267
    conductivity, thermal 142
    density 269 291
    critical 276
    dielectric constant 436
    electric dipole moment 441
    electron configuration 582
    expansion, thermal 154
    heat, latent 166
    heat capacity 163
    index of refraction 533
    ionization, energy for production of ion pair 711
    isotopes 655
    Joule-Thomson effect 278
    magnetic susceptibility 462
    melting point 117
    molecular data 640

    834
    Index terms Links
    Helium, Continued
    diameter 644
    velocities 640
    molecules, number of 645
    percent in air 592
    physical properties 189
    pressure, critical 276
    resistivity, thermal 144
    Rydberg constant 48 51 54
    temperature, critical 276
    Van der Waal’s constant 261 262
    vapor pressure 360
    velocity of sound in 306
    viscosity 331
    volume conversions 260
    relative 261
    Henry 17 20
    Heusler magnetic alloys 451 458
    High-energy particles 657
    Horizon 730
    dip 729
    Horsepower 5
    Horsepower-hour 5 21
    Human body, electrical resistance of 375
    Humidity 596
    and density 597
    relative, and vapor pressure 602 604
    water-vapor pressure 605
    at sea level 605
    wet- and dry-bulb thermometer 602 604
    Hydrocarbons, physical properties (light) 293
    viscosity 329
    Hydrogen:
    abundance 625
    early type stars 628
    earth 625
    interstellar space 629
    meteorites 626
    nebulae 629
    sun 626 627
    universe 625
    atomic number 620
    atomic weight 619
    Bohr atom 579 622
    boiling point 117
    charge on one gram 49
    combustion constant 179
    compressibility 264
    factor 264
    high pressure 267
    low temperature 264

    835
    Index terms Links
    Hydrogen, Continued
    cycle 666
    De Broglie wavelength 665
    density 276 291
    critical 276
    dielectric constant 423
    doublet separation 55
    electric dipole moment 441
    electron configuration 582 584
    heat, latent 166
    heat capacity 163
    heavy 54 653 655
    index of refraction 533
    ions, diffusion coefficient 644
    ionization energy necessary for
    production of ion pair 711
    ionizing potential 53
    mobility 644
    isotopes 655
    deuteron 653
    triton 654
    long-wave absorption 552
    magnetic susceptibility 462
    mass 50
    relative to mass of proton 50
    mass absorption coefficient 704
    melting point 117
    molecular, properties of 268
    molecules, diameter 642 643
    mass 640
    mean free path 642
    number of 645
    rate of incidence 640
    velocity 640
    percent in air 592
    physical properties 189
    pressure, critical 276
    radii of electronic orbit 624
    Rydberg constant 48 54
    Schrődinger constant 51 54
    temperature, critical 276
    thermal conductivity 142
    thermal properties 268
    thermal resistivity 144
    Van der Waal’s constant 261 262
    velocity of sound in 306
    viscosity 642
    volume, relative 261 264
    with pressure 267
    Hydrolysis, ammonium acetate 399
    Hysteresis 451
    Losses, Steinmetz constant 460

    836
    Index terms Links
    Ice crystals, modifications of 119
    Ice point 47 71
    effect of pressure 119
    Iceland spar 521 545
    I.C.I. standard observer 90
    distribution coefficients 91
    Ignition temperature: dusts in air 634
    gas mixtures 186
    Illuminants (see also Lamps): brightness 104
    brightness temperature 104
    color temperature 104
    photographic efficiency 565
    Illumination 93
    expressions 93
    on surface 93
    symbols 94
    units, relative magnitudes 91
    conversion factors 91 94
    Impulse generator 657
    Incandescent filaments, heat losses 116
    Incandescent lamps (see also Lamps): efficiency
    of, 1878 to date 105
    efficiency of tungsten 106
    miniature 107
    photoflash 110
    sealed-beam 108
    temperature of tungsten 106
    Inclination: magnetic (see also under
    Geomagnetism) 471
    moon’s orbit 735
    Index of refraction: air 532
    alums 521
    crystals 515 529
    artificial 515
    fats 525 530
    fluorite 520
    calcium 520
    lithium 521
    gases 533
    liquefied 525
    glasses: change with temperature 513 520
    foreign-made 513
    nonsilica 512
    Iceland spar 521 545
    isotropic materials 522
    monorefringent 522
    liquefied gases 525
    liquids 530
    relative to air 530
    lithium fluoride 521
    media for determination with microscope 561

    838
    Index terms Links
    Iceland spar, Continued
    minerals, biaxial 526
    monorefringent 522
    uniaxial 524
    nitroso-dimethyl-aniline 519
    oils 525
    plastics 240
    potassium bromide 519
    potassium chloride 519
    formula 519
    potassium iodide 516
    quartz 518
    reflection vs. 549
    rock salt 518
    formulas 518
    silver chloride 520
    silvite 519
    solutions, acids, relative to air 531
    salts, relative to air 531
    thallium bromide-iodide 516
    vapors 533
    waxes 525
    Inductance (electrical) 17
    mutual 13
    self- 13
    standards 17
    Inertia: moment of 27
    photography 562
    Infrared reflectivity: solids 548
    tungsten 555
    Infrared transmission 545
    air, moist 546
    crystals 545
    gases 547
    solids 547
    various substances 546 547
    Inorganic compounds: boiling point 120
    density 120
    melting point 120
    solubility 357
    and temperature 357
    Insulating materials: electrical properties 429
    values: of dielectric constant 429
    of power factor 433
    Integrals 23
    Intensity: magnetic (see also under Geomagnetism) 478
    of magnetization 12
    Interior friction at low temperatures 227
    International date line 729
    International electrical units 16
    Interstellar gases 629

    839
    Index terms Links
    Interstellar matter 629
    Interstellar temperature 763
    Inverse square law (photometric), disk or source 95
    Ionic crystals, lattice spacings 647
    Ionic equilibrium, atmospheric 615
    Ionic radii 648
    Ionization: energy, production of ion pair 711
    gamma rays 711
    potentials, elements 582
    neutral 582
    singly ionized 584
    water 399
    Ions: equilibrium in atmosphere 615
    equivalent conductivity 399
    gaseous, diffusion coefficient 644
    mobility, positive 644
    singly charged 645
    heat of formation 186
    mobility, in noble gases 644
    of singly charged 645
    positive, mobilities 644
    Iron: arc lines 571
    magnetic properties 452 453 454 455 456
    cast, in intense fields 464
    in very weak fields 452
    soft 458
    mechanical properties 209
    permeability 458
    resistivity 384
    spectral lines 571
    Irradiancy 79
    Isobar 653
    Isomer 654
    Isotope 654 655
    abundance, relative 655
    atomic weight 658
    characteristics 655 658
    gamma-ray energy 686 687
    lead 679
    life 667
    magnetic moment 658
    masses 658
    nuclear magnetron 662
    number 655
    pile yields of 670
    quadrupole moment 658
    radioactivity: artificial 655
    natural 655
    number 655 658
    spin 658
    table of 655 658

    840
    Index terms Links
    Jena glasses 513
    Joule 5 20
    Joule's equivalent 8 47
    Joule-Thomson effect 278
    air 278
    argon 279
    carbon dioxide 280
    helium 278
    mixtures, of helium arid argon 280
    of helium and nitrogen 281
    nitrogen 279
    Julian day: calendar 733
    number (days) 733
    period 730
    Jupiter 734

    K. Boltzmann constant 49 52 54
    K-wavelength series (see also under X-rays) 697
    Kelvin temperature scale 9 14
    Kerosene: density 295
    dielectric constant 425
    dielectric strength 422
    discharge in 422
    viscosity 322
    Kerr constant 507
    Kerr effect, dispersion 504 508
    Kilodyne 5
    Kilowatt-hour 21
    Kinematic viscosity 318
    Kinetic energy 6
    Kinetic theory 638
    mercury vapor: mean free paths 638
    molecular diameters 638
    molecular constants 640
    molecular diameters 638 642
    molecular distribution laws 639
    molecular energies 639
    molecular velocities 639 640
    molecules:
    gases: mean free path 638
    molecular diameters 638
    viscosity 642
    masses 640
    mean free path 641
    number of 638
    pressure 638
    rate of evaporation 639
    rate of incidence 639 640
    velocities 640
    Kundt's constant 506

    841
    Index terms Links
    L series (see also under X-rays) 696
    Lambert 93
    Lamps (see also Illuminants):
    arcs, carbon 105
    mercury 109
    automobile 107
    carbon 105
    carbon arcs 105
    coiled-coil 106
    color of light 111
    CX 106
    early (incandescent) 105
    efficiencies 105
    filaments, coiled-coil 106
    temperature 106
    flash tube 111
    fluorescent 110
    gem 105
    incandescent (see Incandescent lamps)
    large 106
    mercury arcs 109
    miniature 107
    photoflash 110
    photoflood 106
    photographic 106
    projection 106
    sealed-beam (all glass) 108
    small 107
    street series 106
    tungsten 106
    characteristics 106
    efficiency, 1968-1948 106
    temperature 106
    different types 106
    efficiency 106
    various 106
    Langley 9
    Latent heat 9 165
    fusion 615
    alloys 165
    beeswax 165
    ice 165 167
    metals 165
    vaporization 167
    ammonia 167
    liquid 167
    elements 165
    formulas 167
    liquids 166
    metals 165 366
    substances, various 165

    842
    Index terms Links
    Latent heat, Continued
    total heat 167
    Latitude variation 730
    Lead: age ratios, radioactive materials 679
    atomic weight 619
    common, isotope variation 679
    isotopes 657 662
    composition, locality 679
    protective thickness, X-rays 693 695
    materials relative to 694
    Least squares solutions 37-44
    tables for 40-47
    Leather: diffusion constant 232
    density 233
    elongation 232
    physical properties and humidity 232 233
    tensile strength 232
    thermal conductivity 233
    thermal expansion
    cubic 233
    types of 232
    Leduc effect 507
    Length, unit of, standard 14 60
    Light: color, various sources 104
    defined 87
    definitions 93
    filters, red pyrometer glass 537
    mechanical equivalent 93
    minimum 93
    minimum energy for 89
    polarization, rotation plane 557
    quantity 94
    reflected 549
    scattering of 3
    sources and source materials 102 103
    characteristics 102 103
    standards of intensity 92 94
    symbols 94
    transmission through space 771
    velocity 47 51 54 80
    visual range of white 92
    white 96
    year 731
    Lightning 614
    channel 614
    diameter 614
    constants 614
    current 614
    data 614
    peaks 614
    interval between 614

    843
    Index terms Links
    Lightning, Continued
    polarity 614
    potential 614
    cloud 614
    gradient, air 614
    beneath cloud 614
    quantity of electricity discharged 614
    single current peak 614
    total stroke 614
    strokes:
    cloud to ground 614
    polarity 614
    potential gradient 614
    energy 614
    number strokes per mile2 614
    number strokes per year 614
    thunder 614
    velocity 614
    Light-year 730
    Lime-alumina-silica compounds 130
    eutectic mixture 130
    melting point 130
    transformation 130
    Linear acceleration 6
    Linear accelerator 657
    Linear expansion: alloys 149
    elements 145
    materials, various 152
    Linear measurements 62
    Linear units 62 509
    wavelength 509
    Liquids: absorption of gases by 360
    Combustion, heats of 181
    compressibility 282
    conductivity, thermal 143
    contact difference of potential 376
    cubical expansion, thermal 153
    density 295
    dielectric constant 424 425
    pressure effect 424
    temperature coefficient 426
    expansion, thermal 153
    fuels 181
    index of refraction 530
    latent heat of evaporization 166
    magnetic susceptibility 462
    media for determining refractive indices with
    microscope 561
    melting temperatures 118
    vs. pressure 118
    noninflammable, for cryostat 183

    844
    Index terms Links
    Liquids: absorption of gases by, Continued
    organic: spreading coefficient 633
    vapor pressure 368
    viscosity 323
    potential difference vs. other materials 376
    specific heat 161
    surface tension 361
    thermal conductivity 143
    thermal expansion 153
    vapor pressure 371
    velocity of sound in 307
    Verdet’s constant 505
    viscosity 319 323 326 328
    pressure effect 333
    Liter 6 47 61
    Liter-atm 21
    Lithium fluoride, index refraction 515 520 521
    Logarithms 28 29 30 31
    Loschmidt number 6 49 51 54
    Lubricants 335
    for cutting tools 335
    Lumen 93
    Luminosity 93
    factors 87 93
    field brightnesses 88
    Luminous efficiency 93
    Luminous flux 93
    Luminous intensity 93
    spectral 95
    Lunar craters 736
    inequalities 730
    Lunar node 730
    Lunar orbits 735
    Lunar parallax 730
    Lunar parigee 730
    Lunar solar precession 730
    Lux 93

    M series (see also under X-rays) 696


    Mach number 337
    Magnet, permanent 454
    Magnetic (see also Magnetism)-
    data, earth 470 502
    sun 502
    definitions 451
    effects (galvanometric) 451
    Ettinghausen 451 507
    Hall 451 508
    temperature 508
    hysteresis 451
    Joule 451

    845
    Index terms Links
    Magnetic, Continued
    Laduc 451 507
    Nernst 451 507
    Villari 451
    Weidemann 451
    field strength (intensity) 12 451
    flux 12 451
    Maxwell 18 451
    force 12 451
    hysteresis 451
    energy lost 451 460
    Steinmetz constant 460
    induction 12 17 451
    intensity 12 18 451
    moment 12 451
    permeability 451
    and temperature 457 458
    iron 453
    steel 458 459
    pole strength 12
    unit pole 10 451
    poles, of earth (see also under
    Geomagnetism) 470 471
    potential 12
    properties of materials:
    alloys 455
    alnico 454 455
    comal 455
    Heusler 458
    nickel-iron 457
    nonmagnetic 458
    permalloy 453
    permanent magnet 454
    composition 454
    atomic susceptibility 451
    basic equations 451
    cobalt 457
    composition 453
    correction to ring specimens 464
    demagnetization factor for rods 467
    dissipation of energy 460
    Steinmetz constant 460
    earth (see under Geomagnetism) 470 502
    electrical sheets 456
    energy loss 460
    high permeability 453
    iron 452 457 458 464 465
    annealed 452
    cast 464
    composition 465
    intense field 464

    846
    Index terms Links
    Magnetic, Continued
    soft 452 458
    temperature 461
    very pure 452 453
    weak fields 452
    magnetite 457
    metals 4.57
    nickel-iron alloy 457
    temperature 457
    sheets (electrical) 456
    core losses 456
    steel 456
    carbon 454
    composition 465
    electrical sheets 456
    permeability 458
    sheets 156
    temperature 459 461
    transformer 459
    core loss (ac) 456
    energy loss 459
    tungsten steel 454
    reluctance 12
    susceptibility 13 18
    atomic 451
    materials 462
    molecular 451
    specific 451
    temperature effects 461
    units 16 18
    Gauss 18
    Gilbert 18
    Maxwell 18
    Oersted 18
    pole 451
    Magnetism (see also Magnetic): Curie constant 461
    definitions 18 451
    demagnetization factor for rods 467
    diamagnetic substances 451 461
    susceptibility vs. temperature 461
    dissipation of energy 460
    energy losses 460
    ferromagnetic substances 451
    hysteresis 451 460
    Steinmetz constant 460
    magnetic substances 451
    moment 451
    paramagnetic substances 451 461
    susceptibility vs. temperature 461
    quantity of 12
    and resistance (see Resistance) 463 465

    847
    Index terms Links
    Magnetism: Curie constant, Continued
    resistance effects: bismuth 463
    nickel 463
    various metals 463
    Steinmetz constant 460
    susceptibility 462
    vs. temperature 461
    terrestrial (see under Geomagnetism) 468
    Magnetization intensity 12 18
    energy loss, various materials 460
    specific: atomic 451
    molecular 451
    Steinmetz constant 460
    Magnetizing force 12 451
    Magnetomotive force 12 18
    Magneton, Bohr 49 54 654
    Magneto-optic rotation 503
    definitions 503
    Faraday effect 503
    Verdet constant (see also Verdet constant) 504
    Magneto-strictive effects: Joule 451
    Villari 451
    Weidemann 451
    Magnets, permanent 454
    Magnitudes (stellar): absolute 730
    bolometric 759
    Mass: electron 50
    H1 50
    H1 to electron 50
    neutron 654 664
    rest 654
    standard 14 16
    units of 14
    Mass-energy ratio 654
    Mass-velocity ratio 654
    Mathematical tables: constants 25
    derivatives 23
    exponentials 43
    factorials 26
    log of 26
    formulas: moment of inertia 27
    radius of gyration 27
    weights 27
    integrals 23
    least squares 42 43 44 45
    logarithms 28 29 30 31
    moment of inertia 27
    radius of gyration 27
    series 24
    trigonometric functions 31-36
    weights 27

    848
    Index terms Links
    Maximum velocity 654
    Maxwell 18 451
    Mean free path 641
    Measurements (see also Data): definitions 4
    derived 2
    two factors 1
    units 1 2
    choice of 1
    Mechanical equivalent: definition 8 93
    heat 8
    light 93 94 96
    Mechanical properties (see also Physical
    properties) 187
    Alloys, miscellaneons 217
    special purpose 220
    aluminum 192
    Babbitt metal 226
    brass 195
    bronze 195
    building materials (see also under Building
    materials) 229
    carboloy 224
    concrete (see also under Building materials) 229
    copper (see also Wire) 198
    alloys 198
    wire 208
    hard-drawn 208
    soft 208
    definitions 187
    elements 189
    fibers (see also under Fibers) 241
    artificial 243
    miscellaneous 244
    natural 242
    quartz 534
    ropes 245
    iron 209
    leather (see also Leathers)
    masonic mortars (see also under Building
    materials) 229
    plastics 239
    ropes 245
    special-purpose alloys 220
    steel 209
    wire 215
    experimental value 216
    plow 215
    rope 215
    tungsten 225
    white metal (Babbitt) 226
    woods, hard 246

    849
    Index terms Links
    Mechanical properties, Continued
    soft 254
    zinc 225
    Mechanical units 4 187
    Megabarye 6
    Melting point: alcohol vs. pressure 118
    argon, with pressure 117 118
    compounds, inorganic 120
    organic 122
    effect of pressure 119
    elements 117
    inorganic compounds 120
    lime-alumina-silica compounds 130
    liquids, as a function of pressure 118
    low-melting-point alloys 125 225
    metals, mixtures 125
    pressure 119
    nitrogen, with pressure 118
    organic compounds 122
    salts in solution 131
    standard 8 14 70 71 72 117
    secondary 725
    water 119
    vs. pressure 118 119
    Melting temperatures: elements 117
    eutectic mixtures 130
    lime-alumina-silica compounds 130
    metals 72
    standard 8 14
    Meniscus, volume of mercury 606
    Mercury:
    arcs, characteristics 109
    types 109
    atomic: heat 160
    radius 643
    volume 160
    weight 619
    boiling point 117
    pressure 119
    compressibility 282
    conductivity, super 394
    critical points 276
    density 48 177 299
    and volume 299
    diffusivity 143
    electrochemical equivalents 403
    electron configuration 582 583 622
    entropy 177
    evaporation 365
    expansion, cubical 153
    linear 147

    850
    Index terms Links
    Mercury, Continued
    freezing point 72
    heat: content 177
    latent fusion 165
    vaporization 166
    of formation of ions 186
    specific 156 160 161
    isotopes 657
    magnetic susceptibility 462
    mean free path 638
    melting point 72 119
    effect of pressure 334
    meniscus, volume 606
    molecular diameter 638
    optical constants 560
    planet 734
    physical properties 177
    pressure, columns 606
    resistance 389
    resistivity 385
    pressure effect 389
    specific gravity 48
    specific heat 161
    and temperature 299
    surface tension 362
    at solidifying point 362
    temperature of equilibrium with vapor 72
    thermal conductivity 138
    thermal emf 378
    thermal properties 177
    thermal resistivity 144
    thermometers: corrections 73
    stem 73
    vapor: mean free path 638
    molecular diameter 638
    pressure at low temperature 369
    pressure vs. temperature 372
    properties of 177
    velocity of sound in 307
    viscosity 328 331 332
    effect of pressure 119
    volume 299
    and temperature 161
    of glass vessel from weight of Hg 68
    wavelength, Hg198 568
    Meson 654 664
    Mesotron 654
    Metals: boiling points 119
    compressibility 285 286
    crystal structure 648
    diffusion of, into metals 356

    851
    Index terms Links
    Metals: boiling points, Continued
    electrical conductivity 384 390
    emf vs. platinum 376 381
    emmissivities 98
    evaporation 363 364 365 366 367
    equations for 363
    constants 363
    rate of 363
    friction, interior 227
    interatomic distances 648
    magnetic properties 453 457 458 459 460 461
    melting temperature of mixtures 125
    molten, viscosity 327
    optical constants 558
    reflecting factor 558 559 560
    resistance, with pressure 388 389
    effect of tension on 387
    temperature, high and low 393
    resistivity 384
    rigidity 226
    vs. temperature 227
    superconductivity 394
    thermal conductivity 138
    vapor pressure 363
    variation of volume with pressure 286
    Meteorology (see also Air and Atmosphere) 592
    Meteors, composition 626
    Meter 6 61
    candle 93
    Metric slug 337
    Metric system: conversion to British Imperial 64 66
    conversion to U.S. 61
    prefixes 782 783
    values in British Imperial 64
    Mev 21
    Micro- 6 782
    Micron 6 63
    Microscope, media for determination of refractive
    index 561
    Mil 6 63
    Mile 6 62
    nautical 62
    statute 6 62
    Milky Way 746
    pole 731
    Milli- 6
    Millilambert 93
    Milliphot 93
    Minerals: density 294
    dielectric constant 428
    electrical resistivity 395

    852
    Index terms Links
    Minerals: density, Continued
    index of refraction
    biaxial 526
    monorefringent 522
    uniaxial 523
    rock-forming, bulk moduli 740
    specific heat 162
    MKS system of units 15
    Mobility of ions 644 645
    Modulus of elasticity 6 189
    Modulus of rupture 188
    Mol (mole) 6
    Molecular constants of diatomic molecules 586
    energy 586
    conversion factors 618
    dissociation 586 587
    electronic 586
    rotational 586
    states 587
    characterized 586
    designated 586
    electronic 586
    for ground state 587
    intermolecular distances 586
    equilibrium position 587
    moment of inertia 586
    Molecule 618 654
    diameter 638 642 644 645
    diatomic 586
    constants 587
    ground state 586 587
    dimensions 631 644
    evaporation 639
    masses 640
    mean free path 641
    formula 641
    number 638
    of monolayer and equivalent volume 645
    pressure 638
    temperature 638
    organic 646
    cross section 646
    length 646
    pressure, gases (units) 638
    protein 631
    rates of incidence 639
    velocity 639 640
    formula 639
    value 640
    volume, inert gas atoms 646
    Molybdenum, radiation and other properties 103

    853
    Index terms Links
    Moment of inertia of various bodies 27
    Momentum 6
    Angular, of nucleus 654
    Month 730
    Moon: age 741
    albedo 737
    craters 736
    dimensions 734
    mass 734
    orbit 735
    eccentricity 729
    general precession 730
    inclination 730
    parallactic 731
    physical data 734
    temperature 734
    Mortars (see under Building materials)
    Mountains 772
    Musical instruments (see also under Sound) 310 311
    peak power 310
    Musical scales 312
    Mutual inductance 13

    Nebulae (see also under Astronomy), lines 745


    Neptune 734
    Neon, compressibility 264
    standard wavelengths 568
    Nernst effect 451
    Nernst glower 103 104
    Neutralization, heats of 186
    Neutrino (see under Particles, fundamental) 664
    Neutron 654
    slow to produce radioactive isotopes 667
    radioactivity 667
    Newton 6
    Nickel, radiation from 101
    soot covered 101
    Nickel-iron alloy, temperature effects 457
    Nitrogen, abundance 625 626 628
    atomic weight 47
    boiling point 117
    compressibility 264
    high pressure 267
    conductivity, thermal 142
    density 269
    critical 276
    dielectric constant 436
    diffusion, coefficient of 356
    electric dipole moment 441
    electron configuration 582 584 622
    expansion, thermal 154

    854
    Index terms Links
    Nitrogen, abundance, Continued
    heat, latent 166
    heat capacity 163
    index of refraction 533
    ionization energy for production of ion pair 711
    isotopes 655 658
    Joule-Thomson effect 279
    magnetic susceptibility 462
    melting parameters 118
    melting point 117
    pressure 119
    molecular diameter 643
    molecular velocity 640
    molecules, number of 638 642
    percent in air 592
    percent in atmosphere 592
    physical properties 190
    pressure, critical 276
    solubility in water 358
    temperature, critical 276
    thermal properties (molecular) 272
    Van der Waal’s constant 262
    vapor pressure 360
    at low temperatures 360
    relations 119
    velocity of sound in 306
    Verdet’s constant 506
    viscosity 331
    volume, conversions 260
    pressure relation 119
    relative 261
    Nitroso-dimethyl-anilene 519
    Noise (see also Sound) 309
    Novae (see also under Astronomy) 757
    Nuclear physics 651
    artificial disintegration 651
    produced 651
    binding energy 653
    cosmic rays 653
    definition of terms 653
    fields 651
    mass-energy 654
    mass-velocity 654
    particles 652
    attraction 652
    fundamental 664
    high-energy, device for producing 657
    mass 654
    formulas 654
    velocity and mass 654
    radioactivity 654

    855
    Index terms Links
    Nuclear reaction 665
    barrier penetration 665
    cycles, carbon 666
    proton-proton 666
    temperature 666
    energy produccd 666
    rates 666
    stars 665
    carbon cycle 666
    proton-proton cycle 666
    time required 666
    Nucleon 652 654
    Nucleus 654
    mass 651
    Nutation 730
    constant 730
    Nylon 244

    Obliquity of ecliptic 730


    Observatories, magnetic values (see also
    Geomagnetism) 481
    Oceans 772
    area 773
    area vs. depth 773 774
    currents 778
    depth and velocity 778
    volume transported 778
    depth, greatest mean 773
    dissolved, material 777
    earthquake waves, velocity 777
    geochemistry 776
    greatest depth, Atlantic 773
    Indian 773
    Pacific 773
    physical data 773
    topography, ocean floor 773
    volume 773
    waves (see Waves at sea)
    Oersted 18
    Ohm 20
    Oils, index of refraction 530
    petroleum, compressibility 284
    thermal expansion 284
    viscosity 334
    Optical constants, metals 558
    crystals (see also Crystals) 509 513
    glass (see dso Glass) 509 510 511 512 513 514
    pyrometry 97
    brightness temperature 7 97
    correction to true 99
    calibration of pyrometer 97

    856
    Index terms Links
    Optical constants, metals, Continued
    effective wavelengths 97
    emissivity 98
    monochromatic screen 97
    effective wavelengths 97
    true temperature 97 99
    wavelength used 97 537
    Orbits, planets 734
    Orchestral instruments, frequency range 311
    Organic compounds, boiling point 122
    density 122
    liquids, dielectric constant 424 439
    spreading coefficients 633
    vapor pressure 368
    melting point 122
    solubility vs. temperature 358
    Osmium filament, color temperature 104
    Oxides, brightness 104
    blue brightness 104
    electrical resistivity 395
    molten, viscosity 326
    percentage emissivities 101
    Oxygen, abundance 625
    atomic weight 47 619
    boiling point 117
    combustion constant 179
    compressibility 264
    conductivity, thermal 142
    density 48
    critical 276
    diameter 644
    dielectric constant 436
    diffusion, coefficient of 356
    electric dipole moment 441
    electrochemical equivalents 403
    electron configuration 582 584 622
    entropy 274
    expansion, thermal 154
    factor to ideal gas 48
    heat capacity 163
    index of refraction 533
    ionization energy for production of ion pair 711
    isotopes 655 658
    magnetic susceptibility 462
    melting point 117
    molecular data 274
    molecular diameter 644
    molecular velocity 640
    molecules, number of 642
    percent in air 592
    percent in atmosphere 592

    857
    Index terms Links
    Oxygen, abundance, Continued
    physical properties 190
    point 71
    pressure, critical 276
    solubility in water 358
    temperature, critical 276
    thermal properties (molecular) 274
    Van der Waal’s constant 262
    vapor pressure 360
    at low temperatures 360
    velocity of sound in 306
    Verdet’s constant 506
    viscosity 331 642
    volume, relative 261
    volume conversions 260

    Packing fraction 654


    Palladium point 72
    Paramagnetic substances 451
    Curie constant 461
    temperature 461
    Parsec 63 731
    Particles
    attraction 652
    range 652
    De Broglie wavelength 653
    elementary 651 664
    force, attractive 652
    range 652
    fundamental 664
    alpha particle 664
    characteristics 664
    deuteron 664
    electron 664
    negative 664
    positive 664
    meson 664
    neutrino 664
    neutron 664
    production 664
    photon 664
    positron 664
    proton 664
    high-energy, devices for producing 657
    mass and velocity 652
    range 654
    various, De Broglie wavelength 665
    velocity 665
    Peltier effect (see also Emf, thermal) 13 379
    coefficient of 13
    iron-constantan 381

    858
    Index terms Links
    Peltier effect, Continued
    metals vs. lead 380
    nickel-copper 381
    Peltier heats, pressure effects 382
    Pendulum, length of seconds 717
    vs. latitude 717
    Pentane candle 92
    Perihelion 731
    Periodic system 621
    Permalloy 453
    Permeability 10 457
    iron 457 458
    nickel-iron 456
    steel 458
    Petroleum (see also Oil): combustion values 182
    compressibility 284
    density 284
    thermal expansion 284
    viscosity 284
    pH 634
    sea water 777
    Phot 93
    Photoelectric effect 636
    equation 636
    Photoflash Lamps, characteristics 110
    Photographic materials 563
    range of 566
    Photography 562
    characteristic curves 562 566
    comparison of nuclear and optical emulsions 564
    definitions 562
    developers (formulas) 563
    edge gradient values 564
    formulas for developers 563
    illuminants, relative photographic efficiency 565
    lamps for 110 111
    nuclear track plates 567
    emulsions 567
    nuclear 567
    specification 567
    optical emulsions 564
    photoflash lamps 110
    range of spectral sensitivity 566
    resolving power 564
    edge gradient 564
    value 565
    sensometric constants for type plates and
    films 563
    spectral sensitivity 566
    films 566
    range 566

    859
    Index terms Links
    Photometric standards 92 94
    candle 94
    color temperature 94
    international 92
    low brightness 95
    standard of 1948 94
    units, definitions 93
    obsolete 92
    Waidncr-Burgess standard 94
    color 94
    value 94
    Photometry 87
    apostilb 93
    apparent candlepower with distance 95
    brightness 93
    candle 93
    Waidner and Burgess 94
    conversion factors 94
    definitions and units 93
    equivalents 94
    eye as measuring instrument 89
    effect of color 90
    Fechner law 90
    foot-candle 91 93
    flux, luminous 93 94
    radiant 93 79
    glare, effect on sensibility 89
    illumination 93
    light 57
    lumen 93
    luminosity factors 87
    vs. field brightness 88
    lux 91 93
    mechanical equivalent of light 93
    phot 93
    photon 93
    relation, instantaneous threshold to field
    brightness 88 90
    vs. field brightness 90
    spherical candle 93
    standards (see Photometric standards) 92 94
    obsolete 92
    Waidner-Burgess 94
    stilb 93
    symbols and definitions 94
    units 93 94
    Photon 93 654
    Physical constants (see also under name of ) 20 46
    relations 46

    860
    Index terms Links
    Physical properties of materials (see also
    Mechanical properties) 187
    alloys: aluminum 192
    Babbitt metal 226
    bearing metal 226
    beryllium 220
    brass 195
    brazing 223
    bronze 195
    carboloy 224
    copper 198
    Dow metal 220
    hardness 187 224
    iron 209
    low expansion 221
    low melting 225
    magnetic 455
    alnico 454 455
    Heusler 458
    permalloy 453
    superpermalloy 453
    mirror 222
    miscellaneous 217
    resistance 221
    sealing to glass 220 221
    soldering 223
    special purpose 220
    steel 209
    stainless 213
    tungsten 214 224
    wire 215
    strength with lightness 220
    thermocouples 221 222
    white metal bearing 226
    aluminum 192
    concrete (see under Building Materials)
    copper 198
    crystals 515 529
    definitions: elastic limit 187
    Ericksen values 187
    hardness 187
    Brinell 187
    Shore sceleroscope 188
    modulus of elasticity 188
    Young’s 188
    proportional limits 188
    ultimate strength 188
    compression 188
    tension 188
    elements 189
    fibers (see Fibers)

    861
    Index terms Links
    Physical properties of materials, Continued
    glass 534
    special 534
    hardness 187
    elements, relative 228
    measuring 187
    units 187
    interior friction 227
    iron 228
    isolated tubular conductors 418
    leather 232
    light hydrocarbons 293
    masonic mortars 229
    plastics 239
    optical 240
    Poisson’s ratio 227
    rigidity modulus 226
    temperature effects 227
    rope 245
    rubber 234
    artificial 236
    compression 237
    natural 235
    rupture, modulus 188
    steel 228
    strength, ultimate 188
    tungsten 225
    wood 246
    zinc 225
    Pi (values) 6 25
    Piezoelectricity 432
    crystals 432
    strain coefficient 432
    unit 432
    Pile yield of isotopes 670
    Planck’s constant 49 51 54 79 80
    Planck’s law 7 79
    Planetary precession 731
    Planets (see also under Astronomy) 734
    orbits 734
    physical data 734
    satellites 735
    temperature 734
    Plastics, characteristics 239
    dielectric constant 239
    dielectric strength 239
    elasticity 239
    index refraction 240
    optical 240
    properties 240
    specific gravity 239

    862
    Index terms Links
    Plastics, characteristics, Continued
    thermal conductivity 239
    thermal expansion 239
    Platinum, color temperature 103
    cooling by radiation 116
    emissivity 98
    freezing point 72
    thermocouples 75
    Pluto 734
    Poise 318
    Poisson’s ratio 227
    Polarized light, rotation of plane 557
    various materials 557
    Pole, Milky Way 731
    North 470
    South 471
    Positron 651
    Potassium bromide 515 516
    Potassium chloride, index refraction 515
    Potassium iodide 515 516
    Potential difference, contact 376
    alloys 379
    aluminum vs. platinum 376
    electrode 637
    metals 376 378 380
    in solution of salts 378
    solids vs. liquids 376
    voltaic cells 377
    Potential excitation 745
    Pound (see under name of)
    Pound weight 6
    Poundal 6
    Power 6 17 22
    factor 433
    insulating materials 433
    radio frequency 433
    Precession 738
    Pressure, boiling point 119
    columns of mercury and water 606
    conversion factors 267
    freezing point of water 119
    gases, critical 276
    melting point 119
    units of 4 638
    Van der Waal’s equation 262
    volume relation (see also Compressibility):
    argon 118
    compounds 286
    gases 261
    metals 286
    nitrogen 119

    863
    Index terms Links
    Pressure, boiling point, Continued
    solids 286 287 288 289
    Probable error 37
    Propagation temperature, dust 634
    Proportional limit 188
    Proteins (see also Colloids) 631
    Proton 50 654 664
    mass 50
    molecules 631
    pH stability 634
    synchrotron 657
    Pyrometer, optical (see also Optica lpyrometer) 97
    glass 537
    Pyron 9

    Quantity of electricity 10 11 20
    Quantity of light 94
    Quantum 21 89 654
    Quartz, crystal 517 518
    compressibility 287
    dielectric constant 428 430
    fibers, characteristics 534
    fused 518
    index of refraction 518
    physical properties 534
    relative, volume with pressure 289
    resistivity 396
    rotation of plane of polarized light 558
    transparency 517 546

    864
    Index terms Links
    Radian 6
    Radiancy 79
    Radiant energy 79
    absorption (see also Absorption) 517 535 546
    blackbody 79
    constants 50 80
    first (c1) 50 54 80
    density 50
    second (c2) 50 54 80
    different values 80
    definitions 79
    Stefan-Boltzmann constant 50 52 80
    Wien displacement constant 54 80
    cooling by 112
    definitions 79
    density 50
    flux 79 93 94
    density 79
    intensity of source 79
    mechanical effects 671
    nickel 101
    reflection, formula 549
    light 549
    solar (see Solar radiation)
    spectral 79
    standard radiator (see also under Blackbody) 79
    symbols 79
    temperature 70
    total, earth’s surface 713
    our galaxy 713
    universe 713
    transmission, various substances 535
    units 36
    wavelength units 509
    Radiation, alpha ray 653
    beta ray 653
    cathode 653
    constants 50 54 80
    cosmic 651 653 710
    earth’s surface 713
    electromagnetic (see Radiant energy)
    extraterrestrial 449
    gamma 653 672
    mechanical effects 671
    our galaxy 713
    radioactivity 654 672
    receivers 548
    solar 721 723
    over disk 722
    spectral, outside atmosphere 721
    sea level 723

    865
    Index terms Links
    Radiation, alpha ray, Continued
    universe 713
    Radioactivity 654 672
    actinium family 678
    alpha rays 680
    artificial 682
    long life 667
    slow neutron produced 667
    atoms (natural) 672 680
    number 672 680
    beta rays (see also Beta rays) 672
    breakdown: character 672
    decay constant 673 675
    rate 672
    units of, Curie 672
    Rutherford 672
    danger from 686 689
    range 686 689
    disintegration 672
    units for rate of 672
    elements, number 672
    emission characteristics 672
    three rays 672
    energy of 672
    radiated 689
    families (natural) 675
    artificial additions 675
    characteristics 675
    actinium (4n+3) 678
    neptunium (4n+1) 676
    thorium (4n) 676
    uranium (4n+2) 677
    gamma rays (see also Gamma rays) 653 672
    isotopes 672
    characteristics 667
    neutron produced 667
    life
    range for determination 618
    materials 673 675
    age 679
    alpha-ray spectrum 680
    beta-ray spectrum 683
    energy emitted by 689
    radium in equilibrium 691
    isotopes 675
    number 672
    natural 673
    characteristics 673
    spectra 680
    original names of 675
    neptunium family 676

    866
    Index terms Links
    Radioactivity, Continued
    protection, distances 686 689 600
    lead, thickness 690
    other materials 684
    radiation: alpha rays (see also Alpha rays) 672
    beta rays (see also Beta rays) 672
    gamma rays (see also Gamma rays) 672
    ionization 672
    radium in equilibrium 691
    thorium family 676
    uranium family 677
    Radio propagation 434
    antenna array 434
    direction control 434
    formula 435
    pattern 434
    attenuation 443
    coefficient 442
    constant 442
    formulas 443
    ground 444
    low frequency 442
    formula 442
    oxygen (atm) 449
    rain 449
    sea water 444
    water vapor 445
    formulas 443
    frequency: critical 444 445
    different layers 448
    high 446
    low 442
    maximum usable (muf): 445
    2000 km, E-layer 448
    4000 km, F2-layer 446
    factors for calculating 448
    F2-layer muf 448
    other distances 448
    path length layers 448
    reflection 444
    different layers 444
    frequency 444
    ion density 445
    layers 445
    minimum height 445
    skip distance 445
    Radio radiation 434
    directivity 434
    extraterrestrial 449
    patterns 434
    reflection 444

    867
    Index terms Links
    Radio radiation, Continued
    atmosphere layers 444
    transmission 444
    factors 444
    over ground 444
    bad 444
    good 444
    over sea water 444
    Radium:
    danger ranges for persons working with Ra 686 689 690
    amounts of radium 690
    emanation, vapor pressure (cmHg) 682
    energy emitted by 1 g Ra in equilibrium 691
    protection for 8 hours per day exposure 686
    distance 686
    thickness of lead 690
    safe working distance 689
    Radius: atomic 643 644
    gyration 27
    ionic 648
    molecules 645
    Range of particles 654
    Rankin temperature scale 9
    Rayon 243
    Reaumur temperature scale 9
    Receivers for radiation 548
    blackening 548
    Reflection factor: angle 549 550
    building materials 553
    diffuse 551 555
    formula 549
    long wavelengths 554 555
    materials for 554 555 556
    metals 550 552
    ultraviolet 550
    pigments, dry 551
    powders 550 551
    sand 554
    snow 554
    surfaces, with angle 550
    tungsten 555
    Refraction, index of (see also Index of Refraction) 509 532
    Refractive indices with microscope 561
    materials for 561
    Reluctance 18
    Resilience 6
    Resistance (electric) 11
    alternating to direct current 419
    diameter wire for ratio 1.01 420
    average pressure coefficients for metals 389
    bismuth, temperature variation, transverse

    868
    Index terms Links
    Resistance (electric), Continued
    magnetic field 463
    change of: metals, transverse magnetic field 463
    nickel 463
    high-frequency, conductors 417 418 419
    calculation of 417 418
    resistance ratio 418
    temperature 393
    human body 375
    increase of, due to transverse magnetic field,
    nickel 463
    manganin, under pressure 389
    mercury, under pressure 389
    metals, effect of tension 387
    pressure 388
    nickel, magnetic field 463
    of conductor 11
    pressure coefficient 388 389
    proximity factor 419
    ratio, wire diameters, ac to dc resistances 419
    skin effect 417
    standard 16 19
    annealed copper 404
    temperature
    high 393
    low 393
    tension 387
    tubular conductors 418
    frequency 418
    variation with pressure (metals) 388
    Resistivity (see also Conductivity) 12 13 19
    alloys 384 390
    aluminum 404
    at high and low temperatures 393
    copper 404
    temperature coefficient 406
    dielectrics (solid), surface 395
    volume 395
    elements 384 387
    glass vs. temperature 396
    mercury vs. pressure 389
    metals 384
    vs. pressure 388
    vs. temperature 385
    minerals, miscellaneous 395
    oxides 395
    plastics 239
    pressure effect 388
    rocks 395
    sea water 396
    soils 395

    869
    Index terms Links
    Resistivity (see also Conductivity), Continued
    solutions (electrolytic) 397
    surface, solid dielectric 395
    temperature: coefficient 384
    low 393
    thermal 44
    volume, of solid dielectrics 395
    water, natural 396
    sea (high-frequency) 396
    Resolving power (photography) 564
    Rest mass 654
    Restrahlung bands, various materials 555
    Reverberation time 315
    optimum 316
    room type 317
    Reynolds number 337
    Rigidity modulus, number of materials 226
    and temperature 227
    Ring (magnetic) specimens, corrections for 464
    Rock salt: index of refraction 518
    transmission 517
    Rocks: bulk modulus (rock forming materials) 740
    dielectric constant 426
    elastic constants 740 741
    electrical ‘resistivity 395
    specific heat 162
    Rods, demagnetizing factor 467
    Rope 245
    fiber 245
    wire 215
    plow 215
    specification 215
    steel 215
    values 215
    Rotation of plane of polarized light 557
    Rubber:
    artificial 236
    physical properties 236
    comparison 237
    compressibility 237
    natural 235
    physical properties 235
    strength 235
    Rupture, modulus 188
    Rutherford 672
    Rydberg constant 48
    deuterium 48 51 54
    helium 48 51
    hydrogen 48 51 54
    infinite mass 48 51 54

    870
    Index terms Links
    Sackur-Tetrotle constant 52
    Satellites (see also under Astronomy) 734 735
    Saturn 735
    Schrődinger constant 51 54
    Screens (woven wire ) 188
    Sealed-beam lamp 108
    Seas, physical data (see also Oceans) 773
    Sea water (see also Water ) 774
    Second radiation constant 50 80
    precaution for use 80
    value 80
    Seconds pendulum, length vs. latitude 717
    Self-inductance 13
    Series, mathematical 24
    Series relations in atomic spectra 578
    Bohr atom 579
    energy levels, designations 579
    J values 570 580
    L values 579
    quantum principle 581
    Rydberg constant 578
    S values 569
    symbols 580
    spectral designation 580 581
    quantum principles 581
    spectral levels 581
    Pauli principle 580
    spectral terms 579
    means of identification 580
    spectroscopic properties, neutral atoms 582
    singly-ionized atoms 584
    terms from electrons 579 580
    wave numbers 578 579
    Showers, cosmic rays 654
    Siegbahn, wavelength scale 48 54
    Silver chloride 520
    Sines 32
    Sky, illumination due to 725
    Slug 6 337
    metric 337
    Snow reflection factors 554
    Sodium carbonate 550
    Sodium chloride 531 550
    Solar constant 719
    monthly means 720
    1920-1952 720
    yearly means 720
    Solar corona 744
    emission lines 744
    flares 743

    871
    Index terms Links
    Solar irradiation at sea level 723
    latitude 725
    monthly 720
    Solar motion 731
    elements 731
    Solar parallax 731
    Solar radiation 719
    air masses 720
    vs. sun’s elevation 720
    atmospheric transmission 719
    biological effective component 724
    constant 720
    corona emission 744
    distribution over disk 722
    flares 743
    illumination 725
    sky 725
    sun 725
    intensity 721 725
    outside atmosphere 721
    mean intensity 721
    relative intensity 724
    spectral distribution 724
    Mount Wilson 724
    outside earth’s atmosphere 721 722
    sea level 723
    sunlight, distribution over Mount Wilson 724
    illumination due to 725
    sunshine, duration 724
    total 719
    to earth 719
    variation with time and latitude 725
    Wolf’s sunspot number 727
    Solder 223
    flux 223
    hard, for aluminum 223
    for brass 223
    for copper 223
    for gold 223
    for iron 223
    soft, for brass 223
    for copper 223
    for gold 223
    for iron 223
    for lead 223
    for zinc 223
    Solids, compressibility 286
    contact difference of potential 637
    dielectric constant 427
    electron emission 635 636
    infrared reflection 548

    872
    Index terms Links
    Solids, compressibility, Continued
    infrared transmission 547
    specific heat 155 156 157 158
    velocity of sound in 306
    Vcrdet’s constant 504
    Solubility 357
    gases in alcohol 360
    gases in water (tcmperature variation) 358 360
    inorganic salts (temperature variation) 357
    organic salts (temperature variation) 358
    organic solvents 359
    pressure effect 359
    vapors 360
    alcohol 360
    water 360
    Solutions, density 300 301 302 303 304 305
    molecular conductivity 398 399
    Solvents, organic 359
    boiling point 359
    Sound (see also Acoustics) 309
    acoustics, architectural 315
    attenuation coefficient vs. humidity 316
    reverberation time 315
    and frequency 317
    as function of volume 317
    calculated 315
    optimum 316
    and volume of room 317
    bel 309
    consonants, frequency of occurrence 309
    power, relative 309
    decibel 309 314
    ear sensitivity to: binaural 314
    differential 314
    frequency range 314
    monaural 314
    threshold 314
    fundamental frequency, female voices 310
    male voices 310
    hearing acuity: and frequency 314
    loss by groups 315
    thresholds 314
    levels, various locations 309
    musical: power peak, various instruments 310
    range frequency, orchestral instruments 311
    scales 312
    cent 312
    equally tempered 312
    frequency and piano key numbers 313
    frequency ratios, two scales 312
    intervals 312

    873
    Index terms Links
    Sound, Continued
    just 312
    semitone 312
    noise levels, various locations 309
    pressure levels 309
    pressure unit 309
    sensitivity of ear 314
    speech:
    consonants 309
    frequency of occurrence 309
    relative power 309
    power 309
    men 310
    women 310
    pressure field around head 313
    vowels, frequency of occurrence 309
    relative power 309
    resonance values 311
    velocity:
    in air 306
    for various densities and
    heights 594
    in gases 306
    in liquids 307
    in sea water 307
    in solids 306
    in vapors 306
    Spark in air, voltage required vs. distance 421 422 423
    ac 421
    dc 421
    Specific gravity 291
    API 290
    Baumé scale 289
    Specific heat 9 155
    aluminum oxide 162
    ammonia, liquid 162
    saturated 162
    at fusion 157
    atomic 160
    electricity 379
    elements 155
    formula for (true) 157
    gas 163
    ratio 164
    hydrocarbons, light 293
    liquids, various 161
    materials, various 158
    mercury 161
    metals 157
    minerals 162
    rocks 162

    874
    Index terms Links
    Specific heat, Continued
    silicates 164
    solids, various 158
    true 157
    temperature 157
    vapor 163
    water 161
    Specific inductive capacity (see Dielectric constant) 11
    Specific intensity of magnetization 461
    Specific luminous radiation 93
    Specific susceptibility 451
    Spectra:
    alpha ray 681
    artificial 682
    natural 680 681
    atomic, series relations 578
    energy state 581
    beta ray 653
    blackbody 95
    Bohr atom 579
    Catalán's analysis 579
    Classes, stars 746 747 753
    emissivities 8 98 99 100 101 102 103
    energy levels 581
    quantum numbers 579
    rotation of electron 580
    Rydberg constant 578
    spinning electron 580
    terms 579 580
    symbols 579
    X-rays 699
    Spectral intensity 79 82 85
    Spectral luminosity factors 87 90
    Spectral luminous flux 93
    Spectral luminous intensities 95
    blackbody at various temperatures 95
    brightness of blackbody 96
    crova wavelength 96
    mechanical equivalent of light 93 96
    Spectral radiant energy 79
    Spectral radiation 79
    Spectral sensitivity (photographic) 566
    Speech (see Sound)
    Speed (photography) 562
    Spherical candlepower 93
    Spin 580
    Spreading coefficient (see Colloids)
    Square statute mile 62
    Standard atmosphere 47 345 593
    Standard observer, 1931 I.C.I. 90
    Standard temperature 9 71

    875
    Index terms Links
    Standard wavelengths 568
    cadmium red line, value of 569
    elements, prominent lines in simple spectra 575 577
    extreme ultraviolet standards 571
    Fraunhofer lines, wave lengths 577 578
    preliminary values of mercury198 568
    primary standard 568
    cadmium 568
    mercury 568
    secondary standards 568 569 570 571
    iron 571
    krypton 570
    neon 568
    simple spectra, wavelengths and relative,
    intensities 575 577
    solar wavelengths 571 572
    tertiary standards, iron 571
    Standards, fundamental 13
    Stars (see also under Astronomy) 728 746
    Statahenry 20
    Statampere 11 20
    Statcoulomb 20
    Statfarad 20
    Statohm 20
    Statute mile 63
    Statvolt 11 20
    Steam: saturated, properties 169 175
    superheated, properties 176
    Steel, composition of 465
    high speed 224
    magnetic properties 452 457
    mechanical properties 209
    permeability 457 458
    stainless 213
    transformer, energy losses 459
    wire 215
    specifications 215
    wire rope 215
    specifications 216
    Stefan-Boltzmann constant 50 80
    Stellar system (see also under Astronomy) 728 746
    Steradiancy 79
    Stilb 93
    Stoke 321
    Stone (see under Building materials)
    Strain 7
    Stress 7
    Sugar, combustion values 182
    Sugar solutions:
    density 304

    876
    Index terms Links
    Sugar solutions, Continued
    Baumé degrees 305
    Brix degrees 305
    specific gravity 305
    Sulfur dioxide 266
    compressibility 266
    Sun (see also under Solar): area 731
    brightness 92
    calculated 92
    density 731
    diameter 731
    distance to earth 731
    eclipses 1950-2000 742
    electric data 502
    illumination due to 725
    magnetic data 502
    mass 731
    orbit 770
    matter within 770
    radiation 719 720 721 722 723 724 725
    at sea level 723
    biological effective 724
    over surface 722
    radius 731
    shine, duration 724
    latitude 724
    time 724
    spots 727
    annual means 727
    volume 731
    Sun and sky illumination 725
    Mount Wilson 724
    Superconductivity 394
    Surface tension 361
    liquids 361 362
    miscellaneous 361
    metals at solidification point 362
    salts in water 361
    solutions of salt and water 361
    various materials 362
    water plus alcohol 361
    Sylvite 519
    Synchro-cyclotron 657
    Synchroton 654 657

    Tangents 32
    Tantalum: physical properties 98 103
    radiation characteristics 103
    Telescopes, largest in use 728
    Temperature 7
    brightness 97

    877
    Index terms Links
    Temperature, Continued
    correction to true 99
    variation with c2 86
    color 8
    and brightness 104
    carbon 104
    various substances 104
    conversion tables iv
    correction to true 99
    corrections to mercury thermometer 72
    critical (gas and vapors) 276
    definition in different ranges 70
    earth:
    highest 726
    lowest 726
    selected stations 726
    surface 726
    variation with depth 727
    electron volt, equivalent 21 54
    fixed points: °C 1948 71
    primary 71 72
    gold point 71
    ice point 47 71 72 73
    oxygen point 71
    silver point 71
    steam point 71
    sulfur point 71
    secondary 70 72
    flames 182 293
    ice point 47 73
    international temperature scale of 1927 70
    and older scales 74
    international temperature scale of 1948 71
    and 1927 scale 74
    interpretation for different ranges 74
    Wien's equation 72
    interstellar space 763
    measurement 71 72 87 97
    correction for emergent mercurial thread 72 73
    old thermoelectric scales 74
    planets 734
    reduction to gas scale 73
    reduction to thermodynamic scale 73
    reference tables for thermocouples 75
    scales 75
    Celsius 8
    Centigrade 8
    Fahrenheit 8
    gas to thermodynamic 73
    international:
    1927 70 71

    878
    Index terms Links
    Temperature, Continued
    1948 70 72
    comparison with 1927 scale 71
    Kelvin 9
    old 74
    radiant 9
    Rankin 9
    Reaumur 9
    thermodynamic 9
    secondary points (1948) 70 71
    standard 71
    standard fixed points (see also Fixed points) 8
    thermocouple data 75
    true 99
    less brightness 99
    various places (monthly means) 726
    Wien equation, corresponding temperatures
    on 1948 scale 72
    Tenth-meter 7
    Terrestrial magnetism (see Geomagnetism)
    Thallium brome-iodide 515
    Thermal capacitance 9
    Thermal conduction vs. temperature 114
    Thermal conductivity 9
    alloys 138
    cork 139
    cotton 139
    fireclay 141
    fourier 144
    various materials 144
    gases 142
    insulating materials 139
    leather 233
    liquids: as a function of pressure 143
    organic 142
    materials, various 136 139 141
    metals 138
    organic liquids 142
    plastics 239
    rocks, various 136 140
    rubber 140
    salt solutions 136
    substances, various 136 141
    water 142
    salt solutions 136
    woods 140
    wool 140
    Thermal emf (see Emf)
    Thermal expansion, coefficient of 8 145
    alloys 149
    crystals 152

    879
    Index terms Links
    Thermal expansion, coefficient of, Continued
    cubical 148 153
    elements 145
    gases 154
    leather 233
    liquids 153
    metals 145
    miscellaneous materials 152
    plastics 239
    rubber 235
    Thermal properties: gases 259
    liquid ammonia 178
    saturated steam 168 169 175
    saturated water 168
    superheated steam 176
    Thermal resistivity in fouriers 144
    Thermochemistry, various materials 185
    heat of formation 186
    Thermocouples, reference tables for 74 75 76 77 78
    chromel-alumel, °F 78
    iron-constantin, °C-°F 76 77
    platinum to platinum 10 percent, °C-°F 75
    Thermodynamic laws 9
    Thermodynamic temperature 9 14
    Thermodynamics 9
    Thermoelectric effect 13 379
    properties at low temperatures 381
    vs. copper 379
    vs. lead 379
    alloys 379
    metals 379
    pressure effect 382
    temperature 387
    vs. platinum
    alloys 381
    aluminium 376
    cadmium 383
    376-390
    metals
    nickel 389
    zinc 390
    Thermomagnetic effects 508
    Thermometry: correction for emergent thread 72
    mercury thermometers 72
    reduction, gas thermometer to thermodynamic
    scale 73
    corrections for various gas thermometers 73
    Thomson effect, microvolt per degree 382
    Thomson heats 382 383
    pressure effects 382
    temperature 383

    880
    Index terms Links
    Thunderstorm electricity (see also Lightning) 614
    Tides: height at various places 779
    mean sea level 779
    geodetic 779
    geographic 779
    neap 779
    spring 779
    Time, equation of 728
    unit 14
    Torque 7
    Transformation: eutectic mixtures 130
    lime-alumina-silica compounds 130
    of units 1 57
    Transformer rectifier 657
    Transitions, crystals 126
    Transmission of radiation:
    air 538
    components 538
    moist 546
    alum 545
    atmospheric transparency for ultraviolet 538
    cesium bromide 547
    color screens 535
    crystals 515 517
    dyestuff solutions 538
    gases 547
    glass 512
    Jena 514
    lead chloride 547
    optical 512
    red pyrometer glass 537
    effective wavelength 537
    light filters: Bausch and Lomb 537
    Corning glass 536
    narrow band pass 536
    spectral regions 536
    Wratten 536
    light through space 771
    long wavelength 545 547
    magnesium oxide 547
    optical crystals 517 545
    red pyrometer glass 537
    rock salt 517 545
    sapphire 547
    silver chloride 547
    solids 547
    substances, various 546 547
    sylvite 517
    thallium bromide 517
    thallium bromide-iodide 517
    thallium chloride 547

    881
    Index terms Links
    Transmission of radiation, Continued
    various materials 554 556
    water 536
    Transparency:
    atmospheric, for ultraviolet 538
    substances, various, infrared 546
    various, for long wavelengths 555
    ultraviolet, for atmospheric components 538
    water 536
    water vapor (steam) 545
    Transverse galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic
    effects 507
    Treatment of experimental data (see under Data)
    Triboelectricity, series 375
    vs. silica 375
    Trigonometric functions 32
    cosine 32
    cotangent 32
    sine 32
    tangent 32
    Tritium 654
    Triton 654
    Troy measurements 63 64 66
    Tnngsten (Wolfram), characteristics 102
    color temperature 102 103
    emissivity 99
    lamp 106
    melting point 72
    pressure 119
    radiation 102
    Twilight 731

    Ultimate particles 654 657


    strength, materials 187 188
    Ultraviolet, transparency for atmospheric
    components 538
    Uniform point source 92
    Unit pole 451
    United States system of weights and measures 60 61 63
    metric to 60 61
    to metric 60 62
    Units: absolute 2
    ampere turn 18
    capacity
    carrying copper wires 416
    electrical 16
    mechanical 60
    physical 60-67
    specific inductive 11
    cgs 15
    changing 57

    882
    Index terms Links
    Units: absolute, Continued
    choice of 1
    common 56
    abbreviations 56
    spelling 56
    conversion (see Conversion factors)
    cubic 63
    defined (see under name of unit)
    derived 2 58
    dimensions 58
    electrical and magnetic 59
    geometric and heat 58
    different systems 15
    absolute, electric and magnetic (1948) 19
    relation to international (1927) 20
    ampere turns 18
    cgs 15 20
    electrical 10
    dimensional equations 11 59
    equivalents of discarded systems 22
    relative value of 3 systems 20
    Gaussian 15
    heat 58
    dimensional equation 58
    flow 136
    international electrical 19
    magnetic units 451
    ampere turn 18
    Gauss 18
    Gilbert 18
    Maxwell 18
    Oersted 18
    ordinary 18
    pole 12
    practical 16
    some proposed 15
    MKS 15
    dimensional formulas 2 58 59
    use of 2 57
    dimensions 58 59
    electric 10 15
    absolute (1948) 19
    maintained 19
    vs. international 20
    electromagnetic 12
    practical 16
    electrostatic 12
    energy 17 618 653
    established 2
    extensive 1
    former electrical equivalents 22

    883
    Index terms Links
    Units: absolute, Continued
    fundamental 1 56 60
    area 60
    capacity 60
    choice of 2
    dielectric constant 1
    dimensions 57 58 59
    heat 58
    length 1 60
    magnetic permeability 10 451
    mass 60
    number of 2
    temperature 1 14 70
    scale of 1948 70
    time 14
    volume 2 60
    Gaussian system 15
    geometrical 4
    heat 7
    intensive 1
    legal definitions 60
    linear 60
    list of 56
    magnetic 18 451
    mass 60
    measurements 1
    numeric 1
    unit 1
    mechanical 4
    metric 61 62
    MKS 15
    number of 2
    numerically different 15
    photometric 94
    proposed systems 15
    radiant energy 136
    radiant wavelength 509
    relations among wire size units 404
    resistivity 11
    square 60
    transformation of 1 57
    Universe:
    abundance of elements 625
    cosmic rays 713
    mass density 713
    radiant energy 713
    Uranium:
    elements beyond 619 623 670
    americium 619 670
    berkelium 619 670
    californium 619 670

    884
    Index terms Links
    Uranium, Continued
    curium 619 670
    methods of producing 670
    neptunium 619 670
    plutonium 619 670
    radioactive properties 676 677
    Uranus 734

    Valence electrons 654


    Value of e 47 51 54
    Van de Graff generator 654
    Van der Waal’s equation 261
    constants for different gases 262
    Vapor pressure:
    alcohol, ethyl 370
    methyl 370
    argon 117
    critical 276
    diffusion 354 355
    elements (some) 362
    ethyl alcohol 370
    gases (low temperature) 360
    hydrocarbons, light 293
    liquids 371
    organic 368 371
    mercury 372
    metals 362 363
    rate of evaporation 362 363
    methyl alcohol 370
    organic liquids 368
    rate of evaporation 362
    solutions of salts in water 373
    temperature effects 368 369
    Vaporization, latent heat of 167
    ammonia 167
    elements 165
    formula for 167
    liquids 166
    pressure variation 167
    water 167
    Vapors: density 269
    diffusion 354
    molecules 640
    mass 640
    velocity 640
    Velocity 7
    maximum 654
    of light 47 51 54
    in different materials (see under name of
    material)
    of sound: in gases 306

    885
    Index terms Links
    Velocity, Continued
    liquids 307
    sea water 307
    solids 306
    vapor 306
    Verdet’s constant: acids 505
    gases 506
    liquids 505
    salts in water 505
    solids 504 505 506
    Viscosity 318
    air 331
    alcohol-water mixtures 320
    boron trioxide 326
    castor oil 322
    temperature 322
    centipoise 319
    coefficient 318
    constants 331
    Couette correction 318
    definition 318
    equations 318
    dimensions 318
    dimethyl-siloxane polymers 325
    diopside-albite-anorthite 327
    fluids 319 320 321 322 323 324
    formulas 319
    gases and vapors 331 332
    pressure and temperature 331 332
    gasoline, with temperature 322
    glasses, with compositions 330
    with temperature 330
    glucose 321
    thermal effect 321
    glycerin-water mixtures 322
    glycerol in aqueous solution 321
    with temperature 321
    heavy water 320
    hydrocarbons 329
    pure 329
    ice glacier 319
    kerosene, with temperature 322
    kinematic 318 321
    unit 321
    liquefied gases and vapors 329
    liquids 328 333
    miscellaneous 328
    pressure effects 333 334
    pure 333
    lubricants 334
    oils, crank case 334

    886
    Index terms Links
    Viscosity, Continued
    metals, molten 327
    methods of measuring 318 319
    equations 318
    Meyer’s formula, constants 331
    molten metals 327
    oxides 326
    number of gases 331
    oils 328 334
    pressure 328
    organic liquids, temperature effect 323
    orthoclase-albite 325
    oxides, molten 326
    pitch 319
    pressure effects 328 333
    liquids 328
    silicon dioxide 325
    sodium silicates (temperature) 324
    solids 319
    equations 319
    Southerlands formula 331
    specific 318
    stoke 321
    temperature variation 322 323 324 325 326
    units of 318 321
    poise 318 319
    vapors 319
    Venice turpentine 319
    water: at high temperatures 320
    at low temperatures 319
    heavy water 320
    pressure 334
    water-alcohol mixture 320
    wax, shoemaker’s 319
    Volt 20
    Voltaic cells 377
    composition 377
    emf 377
    standard 378
    Volt-electron 654
    Volume 60
    gas, correction factor 260
    relative at various pressures 261
    glass vessel 68
    pressure relation: argon 117
    compounds 286
    gases 261
    metals 119 286
    nitrogen 118

    887
    Index terms Links
    Water:
    absorption, gases 360
    vapors 360
    barometric pressure, column of water 606
    boiling point 71
    with pressure 169
    compressibility 283
    cubical expansion 153
    density 295 296 298
    free from air 296
    maximum 48 297
    water and alcohol 302
    ethyl 302
    methyl 304
    dielectric constant 425
    dielectric loss tangent 439
    diffusion of aqueous solution into 354
    diffusivity 143
    electrical resistivity 396
    freezing point, effect of pressure 119
    heat capacity 161
    heat of sorption 632
    heavy water, comparative properties 671
    viscosity 320
    humidity 602
    and wet-dry bulb temperature 602
    index of refraction 530
    ionization 399
    latent heat of vaporization, formula 167
    magnetic susceptibility 462
    mean free path 638
    melting temperatures, effect of pressure 118
    mixture, with alcohol, density 302 304
    molecules, diameter 638
    phases 119
    freezing point 119
    pressure of columns 606
    properties, heavy 671
    ordinary 295
    pure, free from air 296
    relative volume, different pressures 283
    saturated, thermal properties 168
    sea:
    absorption of light 774
    with wavelength 776
    chlorinity 774
    composition 776
    concentration of dissolved material 774
    density 774
    elements in 777
    evaporation 774

    888
    Index terms Links
    Water, Continued
    geochemistry 776
    osmotic pressure 775
    pH 777
    physical properties 775
    absorption of light 775
    chlorinity 774
    concentration 774
    pressure, osmotic 775
    vapor 775
    salinity 774
    transmission of radiation 775
    pressure 774
    resistivity 396
    salinity 774
    solids dissolved 776
    amount of 776
    yearly addition 776
    specific heat 161
    temperature 774
    vapor pressure 775
    vaporization 774
    velocity of sound in 307
    solubility: of gases in 358
    of salts in 357
    inorganic 358
    organic 358
    solution of salts in 300
    specific heat 161
    spreading 633
    surface tension 362
    thermal conductivity 136 142
    thermal properties 168
    total heat of vaporization 169
    transmission of radiation 775
    transparency 538
    vapor: coefficient of diffusion 356
    density 276
    diffusion of 355
    heat capacity 163
    index of refraction 533
    mean free path 638
    molecular diameter 638
    molecular velocities 640
    pressure in atmosphere 599
    at sea level 605
    saturated: pressure 600
    temperature 600
    weight 601
    transparency 545
    variation of dielectric constant 423

    889
    Index terms Links
    Water, Continued
    velocity of sound in 306
    viscosity 332
    weight of 601
    wet-dry bulb 602
    vapor pressure of salts in 373
    velocity of sound in 307
    Verdet's constant for 505
    viscosity 319
    effect of pressure 334
    effect of temperature 319
    volume, and density 298
    and temperature 298
    at temperature of maximum density 297
    free from air 296
    influence of pressure 297
    of glass vessel from its weight in water 68
    Watt 20
    Wavelength: cadmium red line 569
    conversion factor 509
    De Broglie 665
    elements, prominent lines in simple spectra 577
    extreme ultraviolet 571
    Fraunhofer lines 577
    Mercury198= 568
    primary standards 568
    sample spectra of some elements 577
    secondary standards (international) 570
    iron 571
    krypton, neon 570
    solar lines 572
    standard 568
    cadmium 569
    mercury 568
    tertiary standards, iron 571
    units 509
    ultraviolet 571
    Wave number 578 581
    absolute volt 50
    electron volt 54
    moment of inertia and band spectra 49
    one volt 50
    Waves at sea: earthquake 777 778
    fetch 778
    height 778
    vs. fetch 778
    vs. wind duration 772
    vs. wind velocity 772 778
    length 778
    deep water 777 778
    shallow water 777 778

    890
    Index terms Links
    Waves at sea: earthquake, Continued
    sea 778
    surf 778
    swell 778
    height
    vs. distance from source 772
    vs. wind 778
    velocity: deep water 777
    shallow water 777
    Weighing: effect of the air 69
    reduction to vacuo 69
    Weight, calculated, various bodies 27
    Wet-dry bulb temperature and humidity 602
    Wien displacement constant 80
    Wien displacement law 80
    Wire (see also Copper):
    aluminum, properties of 415
    mass resistivity 404
    copper, properties of 406
    annealed 408
    characteristics of 408
    electric 408
    carrying capacity (safe) 416
    mass resistivity 404
    resistance, computing 417
    resistance to standard temperature 407
    temperature coefficient of resistance 404
    electrical and mechanical characteristics 408
    gages, comparison of 405
    high-frequency resistance 417
    calculations 417 419
    of conductors 417 419
    maximum diameter for high-frequency
    resistance ratio of 1.01 420
    ratio of alternating to direct current resistance 419
    rope 216
    steel 216
    tables, comparison (gages) 405
    for computing resistances 416
    tubular conductors, resistance 418
    Wolf’s sunspot number 727
    Wolfram (see Tungsten)

    X-rays 654 692


    absorption 693
    coefficients 693 694
    formulas 693
    constants 693
    critical 692
    K series 696 698
    L series 696 699

    891
    Index terms Links
    X-rays, Continued
    M series 696
    mass absorption 704
    calculated 704
    elements 695 697
    materials 696
    formula 693
    wavelengths, critical 692
    elements 697
    voltage 692
    characteristics, intensity 692 693
    wavelength 692 693
    dosage units 694
    lead thickness to reduce 695
    rate 695
    emission, characteristic, materials 696
    K series 696
    energy, radiated 692
    filters for obtaining monochromatic 696
    fluorescence, excited by 693
    materials 693
    wavelength 693
    generated 692
    ionization 693
    gas and vapors 693
    mass absorption 694
    formula 694
    nature 692
    production 692
    quantity 692
    protection against 693 694 695
    concrete 694
    distance vs. voltage 695
    lead 695
    materials vs. 694
    minimum thickness vs. intensity 693
    requirement vs. voltage 693 695
    for 400 kv pulsating 695
    for 1000 kv pulsating 696
    for 10 ma pulsating 695
    thickness vs. voltage 695
    quantity, tungsten target 692
    safe rating of tubes 698
    spectrum 692
    limit 692
    terms, various elements 698
    tubes, safe operating 698
    types 692
    characteristics 692
    continuous spectrum 699
    wavelength limit 692

    892
    Index terms Links
    X-rays, Continued
    wavelength 692
    characteristic 692
    critical absorption for elements 701
    fluorescent 693
    K series, elements 696 697
    L series, elements 699
    M series (72Ta to 92 U) 700
    tungsten L series 698
    various elements 700
    various transitions 697
    voltage and 692
    X-unit 509

    Year: anomalistic 731


    light 730
    sidereal 731
    tropical 731
    Yearly means: magnetic characteristics 481
    solar constant 719
    sunspots 727
    temperature 726
    Yield point (materials) 188
    Young’s modulus 7 188

    Zeeman effect 50
    Zero, absolute 9 47 73
    Zinc, physical properties 225

    893

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